THE
CHARACTER
OF
Queen
ELIZABETH
.
ELIZABETH
,
Queen
The
Birth
and
Parenrage
of
Queen
Elizabeth
.
of
England
,
was
born
at
Greenwich
the
7th
of
September
1533.
Her
Father
was
Henry
the
VIIIth
,
Her
Mother
was
the
Lady
Anna
Boleyn
the
Daughter
of
Sir
Thomas
Boleyn
,
a
Knight
of
great
Estate
and
Esteem
.
After
She
came
to
wear
the
Royal
Crown
of
England
,
She
had
a
particular
Affection
for
Greenwich
,
that
Pleasant
Seat
upon
the
Thames
,
as
for
the
place
of
Her
Nativity
:
and
upon
that
account
,
amongst
many
others
,
She
preferr'd
Her
Palace
there
before
all
Her
other
Country
Seats
near
London
;
as
in
truth
it
enjoys
one
of
the
Noblest
Prospects
in
the
World
,
and
an
healthful
,
and
a
pleasing
Air.
From
Her
very
Cradle
She
was
exposed
to
the
Hazards
and
Hardships
of
an
unkind
Fortune
.
Anna
Boleyn
Her
Mother
,
upon
the
Death
of
Queen
Catherine
,
in
the
Year
1535.
the
8th
of
January
,
was
Arraigned
for
Treason
;
and
in
1536.
being
Sentenced
,
was
freed
by
Death
from
a
bloody
Marriage
,
the
19th
of
May.
The
Inveterate
Malice
of
the
Popish
Clergy
having
ever
since
pursued
this
Match
with
their
Reproaches
as
unlawful
and
void
;
because
Queen
Catherine
his
first
Wife
was
then
still
living
,
and
very
much
inraged
at
it
,
tho'
to
no
purpose
.
Hereupon
soon
after
a
Parliament
was
summoned
,
which
began
the
8th
of
June
;
In
which
the
Issue
of
both
the
King
's
former
Marriages
was
declared
Illegitimate
,
and
for
ever
excluded
from
claiming
the
Inheritance
of
the
Crown
as
the
King
's
Lawful
Heirs
by
Lineal
Descent
;
and
the
Attainder
of
Queen
Ann
,
and
her
Complices
,
was
Confirmed
.
So
that
by
Authority
of
Parliament
She
stood
wholly
incapacitated
as
to
the
wearing
the
Crown
of
England
.
Her
only
Support
in
the
mean
time
under
all
these
Injuries
and
Afflictions
was
the
Goodness
of
God
.
The
King
Her
Father
observing
in
Her
Education
.
Her
a
Noble
Presence
of
Mind
,
a
good
Memory
,
great
Apprehension
,
an
Excellent
Nature
,
and
good
Dispositions
towards
Piety
and
Vertue
,
caused
Her
to
be
diligently
educated
and
brought
up
in
Learning
,
and
taught
whatever
was
suitable
to
Her
Birth
and
Age.
Her
Tutoress
was
the
Lady
Champernon
,
a
Person
of
great
Worth
,
who
formed
this
great
Wit
from
Her
Infancy
,
and
improved
Her
Native
Modesty
with
wise
Counsels
,
and
a
Liberal
and
Sage
Advice
.
Thus
Her
Natural
Parts
were
in
progress
of
time
polished
and
improved
by
the
knowledge
of
many
of
the
best
and
most
useful
Arts
:
That
when
She
came
to
Reign
(
which
was
even
then
supposed
)
She
might
manage
Her
Affairs
with
a
steady
hand
,
happily
and
regularly
Administer
Justice
,
and
shew
Mercy
,
cure
Her
Anger
,
and
govern
prudently
all
Her
other
Passions
and
Affections
.
The
King
Her
Father
,
the
day
after
Her
Mother
was
beheaded
,
married
the
Lady
Jane
Seymour
;
and
this
New
Queen
,
what
from
the
sweetness
of
Her
Disposition
,
and
out
of
compliance
with
the
King
,
who
loved
Her
very
much
,
was
as
kind
to
Her
as
if
She
had
been
Her
Mother
.
There
is
still
extant
two
Letters
written
by
this
Young
Princess
to
Her
,
the
one
in
Italian
,
and
the
other
in
English
,
in
a
fair
Hand
,
the
same
She
wrote
all
the
rest
of
Her
Life
,
when
She
was
not
full
Four
years
of
Age.
The
English
Letter
is
Page
209
printed
in
the
First
Part
of
Dr.
Burnet's
History
of
the
Reformation
,
and
bears
date
in
July
1537.
This
Ripe
and
Flourishing
Infancy
Her
Tutors
in
the
Greek
and
Latin
Tong●…e
.
was
a
good
Omen
,
that
the
next
Stage
of
Her
Life
would
be
most
Excellent
;
and
accordingly
,
before
She
was
17
years
of
Age
,
She
had
made
a
very
great
progress
in
all
the
Liberal
Sciences
;
so
easily
did
She
apprehend
,
and
firmly
retain
whatever
She
was
taught
.
The
Learned
Mr.
Roger
Ashcam
(
a
man
born
and
bred
for
that
Age
,
which
was
to
refine
the
Greek
and
Latin
to
a
Politeness
,
and
raise
them
to
an
Eloquence
)
was
Her
Tutor
for
the
Latin
Tongue
;
and
by
his
Industry
and
Diligence
he
directed
Her
so
well
,
that
from
Cicero
,
Pliny
and
Livy
,
She
became
the
Mistress
of
an
Even
,
Beautiful
,
pure
,
unmixed
,
and
truly
Princely
Stile
,
which
She
could
speak
with
Elegance
and
Facility
.
As
She
became
thus
Eloquent
,
and
was
well
furnished
with
Knowledge
by
the
means
of
this
Tongue
;
so
upon
all
Occasions
She
was
ready
afterwards
to
express
Her
Love
and
Esteem
for
the
Latin
Tongue
.
She
became
so
perfect
in
it
,
that
she
spoke
it
with
all
the
Advantages
of
Eloquence
;
so
that
some
of
Her
Extemporary
Orations
were
deservedly
approved
by
both
the
Universities
,
and
they
too
are
consigned
to
Eternity
,
and
left
a
lasting
Impression
on
the
minds
of
them
that
heard
them
,
though
few
of
them
are
now
extant
;
but
however
,
there
is
one
preserved
and
published
by
Mr.
Fuller
in
his
History
of
Cambridge
,
Page
138.
In
this
Tongue
She
did
not
make
it
Her
business
,
whilst
She
was
reading
the
best
Latin
Authors
,
to
furnish
Her
Memory
with
Grammatical
Observations
,
or
a
plenty
of
high
sounding
Words
,
or
Elegant
Phrases
,
which
might
help
to
exalt
her
Reputation
for
Learning
,
or
adorn
Her
Stile
:
But
She
treasured
up
those
Precepts
very
carefully
,
which
were
useful
for
the
government
of
Her
Life
,
or
for
the
managing
Her
Private
Affairs
,
or
those
of
the
State
,
well
and
wisely
.
To
this
end
She
read
Livy's
History
,
Tacitus
his
Annals
,
the
Acts
of
Tiberius
the
Emperor
,
and
all
Seneca's
Works
.
By
all
which
She
at
last
furnished
Her
Judgment
with
the
best
Remedies
against
all
the
Attacks
of
Fortune
:
With
an
equal
Industry
She
read
over
all
the
best
of
the
Greek
Orators
and
Historians
;
with
the
Assistance
of
Mr.
Ashcam
She
read
Isocrates
,
Aeschinis
and
Demosthenes
.
She
was
curious
,
not
only
to
understand
the
Propriety
of
the
Greek
Idiom
,
and
the
Sense
of
the
Author
,
but
pried
into
the
Antiquities
that
occurr'd
,
the
Causes
they
managed
,
the
Decrees
of
the
People
,
the
Customs
of
the
Gr●…cians
,
and
the
Manners
of
that
Famous
City
of
Athens
,
till
She
throughly
understood
them
.
She
caused
Sir
John
Fortescue
,
a
great
Master
in
the
Greek
and
Latin
Tongue
,
to
read
to
Her
Thucidides
,
Xenophon
and
Polybins
,
and
after
them
Euripides
,
Aeschines
and
Sophocles
:
And
to
reward
him
for
this
Service
,
She
afterwards
made
him
Master
of
her
Wardrove
,
and
Chancellor
,
and
Under-Treasurer
of
the
Exchequer
;
And
She
would
afterwards
say
,
that
Fortescue
for
Integrity
,
and
Walsingham
for
Subtilty
,
out-did
Her
Expectation
;
no
wonder
then
that
he
was
ever
of
Her
Privy
Council
.
She
had
afterwards
a
great
Love
for
Sir
Henry
Savil
,
a
Gentleman
of
various
and
great
Learning
,
who
afterwards
composed
many
noble
Volumes
,
and
arose
to
Honout
purely
by
his
Learnning
.
In
Her
reading
She
did
not
only
aim
Her
Observations
in
Reading
.
to
understand
Her
Author
,
and
observe
the
softness
of
the
Attick
,
and
the
sweetness
of
the
Greek
Tongue
,
which
may
serve
for
Ostentation
:
But
She
mado
many
Observations
for
the
Tempering
of
Manners
;
The
Sanctity
of
Justice
,
and
the
allaying
Humane
Passions
,
that
nothing
might
be
done
by
Her
Angrily
,
Proudly
,
Injuriously
,
and
beyond
the
Rules
of
Civility
.
There
was
not
one
remarkable
Story
or
Expression
in
all
the
Works
of
Thucidides
and
Xenophon
,
pertaining
to
the
Governmene
of
Life
or
Manners
,
or
to
the
ordering
Publick
Affairs
,
but
She
had
it
by
heart
.
She
was
as
great
an
Admirer
of
Philosophy
,
as
of
Eloquence
;
by
which
She
attained
the
Knowledg
of
many
excellent
Things
;
and
that
civil
Prudence
or
Policy
which
is
so
absolutely
necessary
for
all
Princes
,
And
besides
all
that
civil
Prudence
and
the
Knowledge
of
Governing
,
by
which
the
Publick
Utility
is
acquired
and
improved
,
She
drew
from
the
Ancient
and
most
Noble
Philosophers
all
those
Precepts
that
they
have
set
down
for
the
gaining
Moral
Prudence
and
Vertue
:
For
Her
greatest
Care
was
spent
in
the
Cultivating
these
two
beautiful
Parts
of
Philosophy
.
I
will
omit
the
common
Philosophers
,
of
whose
Learning
and
Doctrine
She
was
a
great
Lover
.
The
Divine
Plato
,
that
illustrious
Light
of
Greece
,
was
made
more
Noble
by
the
Hands
of
this
Heroick
Princess
.
Aristotle
,
the
Prince
of
the
Philosophers
,
the
acute
Master
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
was
read
by
Her
:
She
was
throughly
acquainted
with
Xenophon's
Cyrus
;
a
Piece
not
writ
with
the
Truth
of
an
Historian
;
but
to
represent
the
lively
Image
of
a
Just
and
Moderate
Prince
,
accomplished
with
all
those
Endowments
which
the
Great
Soerates
had
set
sorth
,
for
the
living
well
and
happily
.
Being
thus
prepared
by
Philosophy
,
G
Grindal
Her
Tutor
in
Theology
.
she
was
,
by
the
Learned
Dr.
Grindal
,
Professor
of
Divinity
,
initiated
in
Theology
;
which
above
all
other
Sciences
,
teacheth
the
Worship
of
God
,
Pure
Religion
,
and
the
Knowledge
of
Heavenly
Happiness
;
and
by
these
disposeth
men
to
Justice
,
Modesty
,
Clemency
,
Magnanimity
,
and
Humanity
.
She
chearfully
and
readily
embraced
a
genuine
and
true
Theology
,
free
from
fictitious
Legends
,
and
the
Popish
Superstitions
,
which
she
afterwards
made
more
venerable
,
by
an
holy
and
pious
Life
,
without
any
Ostentation
.
And
being
of
a
Great
Wit
,
and
a
Strong
Memory
,
She
drew
from
the
Annals
of
all
Nations
and
People
the
Actions
of
the
Greatest
Princes
,
and
an
innumerable
number
of
their
Fights
,
and
most
Illustrious
Victories
.
She
would
frequently
set
before
Her
the
Monuments
of
Her
Predeccssors
,
the
●…riumphs
and
incredible
Victories
obtained
by
the
English
at
Cressy
,
Poictiers
,
Agincourt
,
or
Blagni
,
and
at
Vernevil
,
against
the
French
,
with
a
vast
effusion
of
their
blood
;
and
she
would
frequently
say
,
These
Victories
were
owing
more
to
the
Assistances
of
Heaven
,
than
the
Arms
of
her
Ancestors
.
Besides
the
French
,
Italian
,
and
English
She
spoke
French
and
Italian
,
and
understood
many
other
European
Tongues
.
Tongues
,
which
She
spake
freely
,
She
well
understood
most
of
the
common
Languages
now
spoken
in
Europe
;
but
as
to
these
Three
I
have
mentioned
,
it
was
hard
to
say
which
she
knew
best
.
Of
this
there
were
many
witnesses
,
when
She
answered
the
Imperial
Ambassador
in
Italian
;
the
French
,
in
French
;
and
the
Sweden
in
Latin
,
Sharply
,
Prudently
,
Pertinently
,
Elegantly
,
and
Politely
,
without
any
time
taken
to
consider
of
it
.
She
gave
de
Ronsard
,
a
French
Poet
,
a
Diamond
of
great
Value
,
as
a
Testimony
of
Her
approving
his
elegant
and
splendid
Poems
in
that
Tongue
.
She
understood
Musick
very
well
,
and
could
Sing
,
Dance
,
and
Play
on
the
Lute
,
with
a
composed
Motion
of
Body
,
attended
with
a
Countenance
,
Habit
,
and
Gesture
,
which
became
a
Queen
.
She
was
a
great
Lover
of
Consorts
,
when
Voices
were
mixed
with
Instruments
of
Musick
;
and
at
such
times
She
would
be
strangely
Facetious
and
Pleasant
.
She
spent
Her
times
of
Leisure
and
Diversion
,
with
the
greatest
Pleasure
that
was
possible
to
Her Self
,
and
those
about
Her
.
Yet
after
all
,
Her
Virtues
procured
Her
more
Honour
and
Esteem
in
all
Nations
,
than
all
these
Ornaments
of
Industry
,
Learning
,
and
Ingenuity
,
though
they
appeared
in
Her
to
an
higher
and
more
illustrious
degree
,
than
ever
was
found
in
any
other
Lady
;
and
were
attended
also
with
the
greatest
Sagacity
and
Judgment
:
For
there
was
not
any
Person
in
Her
Times
,
that
exceeded
Her
in
Chastity
,
Piety
,
Justice
,
and
Magnanimity
.
Now
I
have
shortly
shown
the
Beginnings
Her
Progress
and
Improvement
under
the
Reign
of
Edward
VI.
and
Progress
of
Her
Virtues
,
and
the
Means
and
Degrees
by
which
She
attained
to
them
:
It
will
be
pleasant
to
shew
how
she
brought
them
into
Act
under
the
Reign
of
Her
Brother
,
EDWARD
the
VIth
,
(
who
by
the
Consent
of
the
Three
Estates
in
Parliament
,
abolished
the
Popish
Religion
,
and
introduced
the
Reformed
)
.
She
having
then
attained
to
great
degrees
of
Piety
,
Eloquence
,
and
Learning
,
went
on
in
the
commendable
Improvement
of
all
those
Perfections
She
had
received
from
the
Bounty
of
Nature
or
Fortune
.
She
rendred
Her
Royal
Extraction
more
illustrious
,
by
the
Assistances
She
took
every
day
from
Books
;
and
when
She
had
spent
the
time
She
had
assigned
to
Polite
Learning
,
She
betook
Her self
every
day
to
the
more
severe
Studies
of
Religion
,
with
a
vigorous
and
lively
Affection
.
She
read
over
Melancth●…n's
Common-Places
;
and
gained
very
much
by
an
exact
and
acurate
Perusal
of
the
Sacred
Scriptures
:
There
were
innumerable
Sentences
in
the
New
Testament
,
and
the
Oracles
of
the
Prophets
,
which
She
had
treasured
up
in
Her
Memory
,
and
which
She
would
afterwards
upon
occasion
mention
;
and
She
attended
the
Offices
of
Religion
and
Piety
,
with
great
Devotion
and
Care
.
She
often
addressed
Her
devoutest
Prayers
to
God
,
and
implored
his
Assistance
,
for
the
obtaining
a
Chast
Heart
,
a
Pure
and
Unspotted
Life
,
and
a
Steady
and
Constant
Soul
.
The
Wills
of
the
Subjects
of
England
were
then
divided
,
and
their
Opinions
distracted
in
the
matters
of
Religion
;
and
She
then
shewed
to
mankind
the
true
and
salutary
Doctrine
,
not
so
much
by
Words
,
as
by
a
holy
Life
,
and
good
Actions
.
She
attentively
heard
the
Sermons
of
the
Clergy
,
not
only
to
please
Her self
with
their
Oratory
,
but
admitted
them
into
the
most
intimate
Recesses
of
Her
heart
,
with
an
incredible
satisfaction
;
and
She
joined
devoutly
and
constantly
in
the
Liturgy
and
Prayers
of
the
Church
.
The
Death
of
Edward
the
VIth
,
Her
The
Untimely
D●…th
of
Her
B●…loved
Brother
〈◊〉
VI.
beloved
Brother
,
in
his
Childhood
,
in
the
very
Blossom
of
a
promising
Spring
,
tho
he
was
snatched
away
from
Her
by
an
immature
Fate
,
to
the
damage
of
his
Countrey
;
yet
it
gave
no
stop
or
affright
to
Her
Piety
,
but
She
consolated
Her self
with
the
Immortal
Glory
he
had
acquired
in
the
short
time
he
lived
.
●…o
him
succeeded
MARY
Her
Sister
,
And
the
Succession
of
Q.
Mary
.
who
always
adhered
stifly
to
the
old
way
of
Worship
,
and
the
Ceremonies
and
Superstitions
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
even
when
they
were
abolished
by
Acts
of
Parliament
;
and
having
now
got
the
Crown
,
made
it
Her
greatest
Design
not
only
to
restore
the
Pomp
and
Splendor
of
it
as
before
,
but
also
to
compel
all
her
Subjects
to
submit
to
it
by
Force
,
Threats
,
Banishment
,
and
most
Ba●…barous
Deaths
and
Cruelties
.
To
this
purpose
also
she
called
over
Cardinal
Reginald
Pool
,
a
Person
of
rare
Learning
,
and
of
a
very
Innocent
Life
and
Conversation
;
and
which
is
rarely
to
be
found
in
the
men
of
that
Persuasion
,
of
a
great
Pro●…ity
,
Candor
,
and
Sweetness
of
Temper
.
The
Popish
Religion
being
thus
restored
,
there
were
New
Bishops
,
and
New
Preachers
,
sought
for
,
to
recommend
it
to
the
Nation
;
and
the
Honest
,
Innocent
,
Religious
,
Good
men
,
who
had
set
the
Crown
upon
Her
Head
,
upon
Her
Promise
to
Protect
the
Religion
which
She
found
Established
,
were
oppressed
by
the
Fury
of
their
Enemies
,
which
spread
it self
over
the
whole
Kingdom
of
England
,
and
there
was
no
place
free
from
their
Religious
Butchery
.
The
Princess
ELIZABETH
,
in
these
doleful
times
seeing
her self
deprived
of
the
Protection
of
a
Kind
Brother
,
deserted
by
Her
Friends
,
and
betrayed
by
Her
Enemies
,
had
not
the
least
hope
of
enjoying
the
Free
Exercise
of
the
True
Religion
.
Nor
was
this
Calamity
thought
enough
;
but
Her
Popish
●…nemies
persecuted
Her
,
under
the
pretence
She
had
Conspired
with
Sir
●…homas
Wiat
to
Destroy
Her
Sister
;
tho
at
his
death
he
declared
to
all
the
world
,
She
had
no
hand
in
his
Insurrection
;
but
however
,
Her
Sister
was
glad
of
this
pretence
to
use
Her
ill
;
and
being
spurr'd
on
by
Her
Popish
Bishops
,
who
were
highly
cnraged
against
Her
,
as
the
Head
of
the
Reformed
Religion
,
She
was
sent
close
Prisoner
to
the
Castle
of
WOODSTOCK
,
in
the
year
1554.
Thus
She
saw
Her self
deprived
at
once
of
all
her
Friends
,
and
Her
Liberty
too
:
Her
Servants
and
Friends
abroad
were
many
of
them
Attainted
,
and
others
forced
to
seek
their
Safety
in
Foreign
Countries
:
And
the
Protestants
in
great
Numbers
became
a
Sacrifice
to
the
Rage
of
the
Popish
Bishops
:
So
that
no
Orator
is
able
truly
and
effectually
to
represent
in
words
the
Desolations
and
Calamities
of
those
times
.
Many
,
however
,
of
the
most
Learned
of
the
English
Nation
,
during
this
storm
,
betook
themselves
to
Germany
,
as
to
their
safest
Harbour
:
The
rest
who
could
not
make
a
timely
Escape
were
committed
to
Prisons
,
tormented
with
various
Arts
of
Cruelty
,
and
at
last
burnt
alive
:
The
Publick
places
of
our
Cities
were
bathed
with
the
Blood
of
Innocent
and
Holy
men
;
and
our
streets
were
filled
with
the
dreadful
shrieks
and
groans
of
the
miserable
;
men
from
their
souls
detesting
the
Cruelty
of
the
Popish
Clergy
,
and
the
infamous
Inhumanity
of
these
Marian
The
Princess
Elizabeth
a
sorrowful
Spectator
of
the
Popish
Cruelty
.
Times
.
The
Princess
Elizabeth
was
a
sorrowful
Spectator
of
this
Tragedy
;
but
for
all
the
fear
she
lived
in
,
and
the
repeated
Threats
of
Her
Sister
,
She
stood
her
ground
,
and
would
not
be
withdrawn
from
the
Religion
She
had
embraced
,
and
in
Her
Conscience
approved
;
but
bore
all
with
an
undaunted
and
Heroick
Courage
The
Chearfulness
of
Her
Temper
soon
overcame
the
Greatness
of
the
Calamity
,
the
Melancholy
of
a
Prison
,
and
the
Fear
of
Her
Sister
The
Bitterness
of
Her
Misfortunes
was
much
allayed
also
,
by
discovering
to
Her
how
tenderly
the
People
loved
her
;
so
that
the
Joy
of
this
,
over
balanced
the
Calamities
of
the
Times
,
and
the
Frowns
of
Fortune
.
In
the
midst
of
such
over-whelming
Sorrows
,
Suspicions
,
and
the
Fears
of
an
Ignominious
Death
,
no
mortal
ever
saw
her
dejected
or
dispirited
.
When
the
fears
of
Her
Treacherous
and
Perfidious
Enemies
,
and
that
of
Violence
encompassed
Her
,
Good
Reason
encouraged
Her
;
a
Sound
Mind
,
and
a
Quiet
Conscience
supported
Her
under
Her
Misfortunes
,
and
Her
Hope
and
Trust
in
the
Goodness
and
Mercy
of
God
,
overcame
all
assaults
of
Despair
.
It
is
not
my
Purpose
to
make
the
She
was
hated
by
the
P.
Bishop●…
for
Her
Religion
.
Reigns
of
Henry
the
VIII
,
and
Qeeen
Mary
odious
;
and
therefore
I
will
not
spend
my
time
in
representing
the
Cruelties
that
were
then
put
in
Practice
;
the
manifold
Murthers
extending
to
all
Sexes
and
Ages
;
or
the
Miseries
that
followed
those
that
fled
hence
into
Foraign
Countries
.
For
tho
the
mischievous
Example
of
the
Popish
Clergy
,
who
by
their
Authority
,
Counsel
,
and
the
specious
pretences
of
Retrieving
and
Preserving
the
Ancient
Piety
and
Worship
,
raised
and
augmented
these
Persecutions
,
and
is
for
ever
to
be
detested
;
yet
the
Faults
of
Princes
,
like
those
of
our
Parents
,
are
to
be
concealed
as
much
as
is
possible
;
and
the
Injuries
they
do
us
are
patiently
and
silently
to
be
suffered
.
The
Popish
Clergy
,
and
especially
some
of
the
Bishops
,
foreseeing
what
hazard
their
Religion
was
exposed
to
as
long
as
the
Princess
Elizabeth
lived
,
and
was
the
next
Heir
to
the
Crown
of
England
,
because
she
had
from
her
Infancy
been
bred
up
in
the
Protestant
Religion
,
made
it
their
Great
Design
to
hasten
her
Death
with
an
implacable
Malice
,
that
so
they
might
at
one
blow
cut
off
the
Head
of
that
Party
which
was
here
formed
against
their
Church
.
She
in
the
mean
while
,
during
all
this
calamitous
time
saw
herself
under
Custody
,
her
faithful
Servants
in
Prison
,
and
she
had
perpetually
before
her
eyes
the
Images
of
a
violent
Death
.
The
People
of
England
saw
her
Danger
,
but
could
not
so
prudently
conceal
their
Fears
,
but
upon
all
occasions
openly
and
with
great
Anxiety
said
,
This
Royal
Off-spring
was
designed
for
Slaughter
:
Truth
and
Innoccnce
were
not
secure
;
and
the
Ruin
and
Undoing
of
the
Nation
would
be
the
effects
of
her
Death
.
Queen
Mary
in
the
mean
time
was
distracted
between
the
Shame
of
offending
the
whole
Nation
,
which
generally
believed
the
Princess
Elizabeth
to
be
innocent
;
and
the
Fear
of
exposing
her
Religion
(
which
she
loved
above
all
things
)
to
the
Hazard
of
another
Protestant
Reign
.
She
saw
herself
in
danger
of
Conspiracies
if
her
Sister
lived
,
and
that
on
the
other
hand
she
could
not
take
away
her
Life
without
being
guilty
of
a
great
Wickedness
.
Philip
the
Her
Life
was
saved
by
King
Philip.
II.
a
King
of
Spain
,
the
Husband
of
Queen
Mary
,
upon
wise
Reasons
of
State
,
delivered
the
poor
,
distressed
,
and
helpless
Princess
out
of
this
horrid
Danger
,
out
of
pure
Aversion
to
the
Kingdom
of
France
,
his
most
dreadful
Rival
:
For
he
wisely
considered
,
That
Mary
Q●…een
of
Scotland
,
and
Grandchild
to
Henry
VII
.
was
married
to
Francis
the
Eldest
Son
of
Henry
II.
King
of
France
;
and
that
if
the
Princess
Elizabeth
were
cut
off
,
she
would
be
the
undoubted
Heiress
of
England
,
Scotland
,
and
Ireland
,
and
would
transfer
and
unite
these
Three
Northern
Crowns
to
that
of
France
,
and
make
the
House
of
●…aloise
dreadful
to
that
of
Austria
.
This
Thought
put
a
stop
to
their
Cruelty
;
God
by
it
procuring
her
Safety
,
and
with
her
,
preserving
the
English
Nation
,
to
the
universal
joy
of
all
who
wished
well
to
her
or
their
Countrey
.
Queen
Mary
her
Sister
died
the
17th
.
The
Death
of
Queen
Mary
.
of
November
,
1558
,
when
she
had
Reigned
Five
Years
,
Four
Months
,
and
Eleven
days
,
being
then
in
the
XLIII
.
Year
of
her
Age
,
concluding
an
unhappy
Reign
,
and
an
unfortunate
Life
.
She
at
her
Death
by
her
last
Will
left
the
afflicted
and
disconsolate
Lady
the
Princess
Elizabeth
,
the
Heir
of
the
Crown
of
England
,
rather
out
of
an
unavoidable
Necessity
,
than
any
thing
of
Choice
.
There
was
then
a
Parliament
sitting
,
which
began
the
5th
.
of
that
month
in
which
she
died
;
and
as
the
Government
was
then
wholly
in
the
hands
of
the
Roman-Catholicks
,
none
of
the
other
Party
daring
to
appear
,
or
if
they
did
,
not
daring
to
own
their
Opinions
,
the
Death
of
Queen
Mary
was
concealed
for
some
hours
,
for
what
purpose
is
not
known
;
but
about
Nine
of
the
Clock
the
Lord
Chancellor
went
to
the
House
of
Lords
,
and
first
acquainted
them
with
it
.
This
gave
a
great
terror
to
the
Bishops
,
and
those
Counsellors
who
hadbeen
severe
against
the
Princess
Elizabeth
;
yet
they
all
agreed
to
Proclaim
her
Queen
;
so
they
sent
for
the
House
of
Commons
,
and
the
Chancellor
told
them
also
the
Queen
was
dead
,
and
that
the
Princess
Elizabeth
was
the
indisputed
Heir
to
the
Crown
,
of
whose
Right
and
Title
none
could
make
any
Question
;
and
therefore
the
Lords
intended
to
Proclaim
her
Queen
,
and
desired
their
Concurrence
;
which
was
joyfully
entertained
by
them
,
and
they
all
cried
,
God
save
Queen
Elizabeth
;
long
and
happily
may
she
reign
.
She
being
thus
advanced
to
the
Throne
,
not
only
by
her
own
undoubted
Right
,
and
the
Providence
of
God
,
but
by
the
Confent
and
with
the
Approbation
of
all
the
Three
Estates
then
Assembled
in
Parliament
,
(
which
,
I
think
,
never
before
hapned
to
any
of
our
Princes
besides
her
)
,
she
was
received
by
the
whole
Nation
with
incredible
Transports
of
Joy
and
Affection
,
and
the
loudest
Acclamations
they
could
make
;
men
highly
valuing
the
Innocence
of
her
former
Life
,
and
commiserating
the
hardships
she
had
suffered
in
the
former
Reign
,
to
the
hazard
of
her
Life
.
When
God
had
thus
brought
this
Queen
to
the
Throne
of
her
Ancestors
,
of
a
sudden
the
course
of
things
,
and
the
current
of
affairs
took
a
new
bias
;
the
heavy
Tempests
and
Misfortunes
that
attended
England
we●e
instantly
blown
over
,
and
a
serene
and
prosperous
course
of
things
succeeded
in
their
place
.
Thus
in
a
moment
she
was
not
only
freed
from
the
Miseries
of
an
Imprisonment
,
but
adorned
with
the
highest
degree
of
Honour
and
Power
;
and
this
Lady
with
a
Masculine
,
or
rather
Heroick
Soul
,
which
was
worthy
to
have
governed
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
for
almost
Forty
five
years
after
,
managed
the
Royal
Scepter
of
England
,
and
was
the
Arbitrator
,
prescribing
the
Conditions
of
Peace
and
War
to
all
the
Princes
of
Christendom
,
with
a
Greatness
of
Mind
,
and
a
Wisdom
that
became
so
high
a
Station
.
This
Virtue
,
which
was
almost
Divine
,
joined
with
so
admirable
a
Prudence
,
renders
her
worthy
of
the
Applause
and
Honour
of
all
mankind
.
Thus
one
may
see
and
admire
the
great
force
and
power
of
Time
,
and
the
wonderful
Changes
of
Human
Affairs
;
and
how
useful
it
is
to
arrive
at
Prosperity
by
the
Waves
of
Adversity
.
Whilst
she
was
in
her
private
Station
,
she
was
perpetually
under
the
fear
and
danger
of
Death
;
but
by
the
Goodness
of
God
she
escaped
all
the
Insults
of
Adverse
Fortune
;
her
Innocence
procured
her
Safety
,
that
made
way
for
her
Liberty
,
so
her
Soveraignty
was
acknowledged
;
and
from
her
prudent
Management
of
that
Royal
Station
,
she
gained
an
●…ndless
Glory
,
and
an
Immortal
Name
.
Thus
attaining
the
Possession
of
a
Kingdom
with
Glory
,
and
the
Publick
Safety
,
and
the
Good
Will
of
her
Subjects
,
she
on
all
occasions
shewed
the
Greatness
and
Brightness
of
her
Wit
and
Soul
:
That
she
had
well
studied
and
digested
the
best
Arts
,
and
had
had
an
excellent
Education
,
and
wise
Instruction
,
the
good
Effects
of
which
were
now
made
known
,
by
her
wise
promoting
the
Good
and
Safety
of
her
People
.
In
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
she
The
Nation
divided
into
Factions
.
found
the
Nation
at
home
filled
with
Divisions
and
Heart-burnings
,
by
reason
of
the
contrary
methods
used
in
the
two
preceding
Reigns
:
Abroad
she
had
never
an
Ally
she
could
trust
to
;
all
was
in
War
,
or
an
uncertain
and
unsteady
Peace
.
The
Spanish
Government
was
b●…come
odious
here
,
and
the
English
called
their
Assected
Gravity
,
Pride
and
Insolence
:
The
French
had
equally
incensed
us
by
the
late
Surprize
of
Calais
.
Calais
newly
lost
.
The
T●…easury
was
at
the
lowest
Ebb
;
and
our
Bulwark
,
which
our
ncestors
had
preserved
Two
hundred
and
ten
years
,
was
taken
from
us
in
one
weeks
time
,
in
the
beginning
of
January
,
in
this
year
:
The
New
Queen
proposed
to
herself
the
common
Safety
and
Welfare
of
her
People
,
and
pursued
it
with
the
utmost
Care
and
Asfection
.
She
was
then
Twenty
five
years
of
Age
,
and
something
more
,
when
the
Royal
Diadem
of
England
descended
to
her
;
and
she
began
the
difficult
work
of
raising
the
low
and
calamitous
state
of
England
,
and
redressing
those
Grievances
which
the
opposite
Interests
and
Designs
of
the
former
times
had
brought
upon
this
Nation
She
was
not
only
ripe
and
sit
for
Government
,
but
she
had
by
this
time
acquired
a
strange
and
unusual
degree
of
Civil
Prudence
.
She
knew
the
Publick
or
Royal
Laws
of
England
,
not
only
by
reading
them
in
Books
,
but
also
by
the
great
Reflection
she
had
made
on
our
History
,
and
on
what
had
happened
in
her
own
times
;
and
by
her
Conversation
with
great
men
,
and
the
application
she
had
ever
made
of
her
Mind
to
whatever
was
worth
regarding
.
The
14th
.
of
January
after
her
Sister's
Death
,
1558/9
,
she
was
Crowned
with
the
Ancient
and
Usual
Ceremonies
,
when
her
People
gave
her
fresh
Instances
of
their
Loyalty
and
Affection
,
by
crowding
in
unusual
Numbers
to
see
and
partake
in
the
Joy
of
this
Solemnity
:
And
she
(
having
observed
that
her
Sister
,
by
the
sullenness
of
her
Behaviour
,
had
much
disobliged
the
People
)
,
frequently
looked
on
them
with
a
chearful
and
pleasing
Countenance
,
and
returned
the
Respects
they
paid
her
,
with
great
sweetness
.
She
took
the
Ancient
and
Usual
Coronation-Oath
,
That
she
would
govern
her
Kingdom
according
to
the
Ancient
and
Laudable
Laws
and
Customs
of
England
;
which
she
observed
more
willingly
than
most
of
her
Predecesfors
had
before
her
;
and
this
gained
her
both
the
Love
and
Reverence
of
her
People
.
At
first
she
cherished
in
her
Roman
S●…e
at
first
dissembled
b●…r
Religion
.
Catholick
Subjects
a
belief
she
would
Imbrace
that
Religion
they
prosessed
.
She
changed
nothing
in
the
Publick
Service
,
or
the
Administration
of
the
Sacraments
,
that
she
might
not
enrage
her
Papists
,
and
give
them
a
pretence
for
Separation
before
she
had
well
Established
herself
.
The
Kingdom
of
England
was
then
very
unsetled
,
and
had
received
great
Damages
both
at
home
and
abroad
;
the
French
had
wrested
from
us
the
strong
Town
of
Bologne
in
the
Year
1546.
before
the
death
of
Henry
the
VIII
●h
,
and
Calais
in
the
beginning
of
this
Year
:
The
Sea
was
full
of
Privateers
,
and
there
was
scarce
any
thing
to
be
trusted
to
.
In
this
Disorder
of
Affairs
she
wisely
thought
,
That
the
only
way
to
settle
and
preserve
the
Nation
from
Imminent
Ruine
,
was
to
chuse
wise
and
upright
Men
to
manage
the
Publick
Affairs
:
She
declined
the
use
of
Rash
and
overbold
Men
,
who
have
commonly
brought
mischief
on
the
States
that
have
trusted
to
them
.
Being
weary
of
the
Popish
Ceremonies
,
and
their
Conversation
,
she
retired
for
some
time
to
one
of
her
Country
Houses
,
as
it
were
,
for
Diversion
and
Pleasure
,
but
in
truth
that
she
might
with
the
greater
Leisure
and
Secrecy
consider
of
the
Methods
she
should
take
for
the
removing
the
Dangers
which
threatned
her
Kingdom
,
for
the
Preservation
of
its
Peace
,
for
the
Abating
the
Power
of
the
Popish
Party
,
and
the
setling
that
Religion
here
,
which
she
believed
was
most
for
the
Glory
of
God
,
as
being
most
agreeable
to
the
Sacred
●…criptures
.
The
Men
that
she
most
relied
on
in
this
great
and
difficult
Work
,
were
William
Lord
〈◊〉
P●…ime
Counsellors
.
Parre
of
Kendal
,
Marquess
of
Northampton
,
whom
she
had
restored
to
his
Honours
.
Francis
Russel
,
Earl
of
Bedsord
.
Sir
Nicholas
Bacon
,
Lord
Keeper
of
the
Great
Seal
of
England
,
and
Sir
William
Cecil
,
Prime
Secretary
of
State
;
all
of
them
men
of
great
Prudence
and
Courage
,
who
had
with
much
difficulty
escaped
the
Marian
Tempest
.
These
were
the
Chief
Managers
of
her
Secret
Councels
,
and
acquainted
with
her
most
private
Thoughts
and
Designs
for
the
good
and
safety
of
her
People
,
and
were
all
of
them
Protestants
:
The
Popish
Nobility
and
great
Men
were
either
contented
with
a
Vote
in
the
Privy
Council
(
in
which
many
of
them
still
sat
)
and
others
of
them
refusing
however
to
be
any
otherwise
concerned
;
or
foreseeing
the
Change
that
was
intended
,
had
withdrawn
themselves
altogether
,
and
deserted
their
former
Stations
Of
these
,
she
relied
mostly
on
the
C●…cil
and
Bacon
her
Prime
Ministers
.
Council
of
Cecil
and
Bacon
,
who
were
closely
united
each
to
other
,
and
both
equally
in
her
Favour
,
and
were
besides
men
of
great
Judgment
.
They
were
also
her
Chief
Ministers
,
and
most
trusted
by
her
for
their
Integrity
and
Industry
.
Having
throughly
consider'd
the
state
of
the
Nation
,
she
resolved
at
first
to
promote
a
Peace
abroad
;
and
that
she
might
gain
her
point
in
this
with
the
greater
case
,
she
used
some
Dissimulation
.
Philip
the
IIᵈ
,
King
of
Spain
,
had
lost
the
possession
of
England
by
She
dissembled
with
the
King
of
Spain
.
the
death
of
Queen
Mary
,
and
to
recover
it
,
had
begun
a
Treaty
of
Marriage
with
Queen
Elizabeth
,
which
she
declined
with
much
civility
and
modesty
;
so
that
he
still
insisted
upon
it
for
some
time
,
and
she
was
not
willing
wholly
to
undeceive
him
till
she
saw
an
end
of
the
Treaty
of
Cambray
.
Francis
the
Eldest
Son
of
Henry
the
IIᵈ
,
King
of
France
,
having
married
Mary
Steward
,
Queen
of
the
Scots
,
and
the
next
Heir
after
her
of
the
Crown
of
England
,
the
French
were
forming
a
Design
against
her
,
and
made
a
kind
of
Claim
of
the
Crown
for
the
Dauphiness
.
The
Queen
feared
the
King
of
Spain
the
mo●…t
of
the
two
,
as
being
a
Prince
of
deep
Designs
,
and
formidable
to
all
his
Neighbours
on
the
score
of
his
vast
Dominions
;
and
was
resolved
,
as
time
and
opportunity
should
serve
,
to
abate
his
Power
,
and
cross
his
Designs
:
She
was
as
much
offended
with
the
King
of
France
for
the
ravishing
Calais
from
us
,
and
for
assuming
the
Arms
of
England
to
hers
and
the
Nation
's
Dishonour
;
yet
she
resolved
to
make
a
Peace
with
him
as
soon
as
she
could
.
Thus
this
Heroick
Lady
,
which
had
tried
both
Adverse
and
Prosperous
Fortune
,
being
by
Nature
endowed
with
a
strange
Sagacity
and
Prudence
,
which
is
very
rarely
to
be
found
in
that
Sex
;
and
which
she
had
also
much
improved
by
the
Afflictons
she
had
suffered
;
by
her
wise
Counsels
soon
brought
this
almost
Shipwrack'd
Vessel
to
a
safe
Port
,
and
governed
it
all
her
days
with
much
ease
and
Peace
;
by
which
she
gave
the
World
a
noble
Specimen
of
her
Virtue
,
Justice
and
Prudence
.
She
discovered
all
the
Inclinations
,
Forces
,
Leagues
and
Counsels
of
her
Neighbouring
States
;
She
laid
aside
all
her
Feminine
Indignation
,
and
would
not
suffer
her
most
intimate
Affections
to
have
any
place
or
consideration
with
her
,
when
she
was
to
consult
the
Peace
,
and
secure
the
safety
of
her
People
.
Of
which
this
may
serve
for
a
clear
Proof
;
From
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
she
had
established
this
as
a
Maxim
,
That
the
King
of
Spain
was
the
most
formidable
Enemy
the
English
then
had
;
but
then
because
that
Nation
was
strong
,
rich
,
and
powerful
,
she
seemingly
paid
,
for
some
time
,
a
great
respect
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
that
he
and
the
French
King
might
not
join
against
her
;
and
she
also
sent
an
Ambassador
to
renew
the
Amity
between
her
and
the
House
of
Austria
.
Yet
considering
that
it
was
necessary
She
makes
a
Peace
with
France
,
and
resolves
on
a
War
with
Spain
.
that
she
should
in
a
short
time
have
a
War
with
Spain
,
and
that
part
of
his
Dominions
lay
near
her
,
and
that
others
were
more
remote
,
and
very
rich
and
fruitful
,
so
that
they
would
well
pay
her
Subjects
for
the
pains
and
danger
of
attacking
them
;
She
upon
the
whole
concluded
,
That
it
was
her
Interest
to
enter
into
a
Treaty
of
Peace
and
Amity
with
the
King
of
France
;
and
accordingly
she
kindly
received
his
Ambassadors
,
who
were
sent
hither
to
renew
the
Peace
.
She
put
out
a
Proclamation
to
forbid
all
her
Subjects
the
offering
any
violence
or
wrong
to
the
French
that
were
then
in
England
,
that
she
might
prevent
their
enraging
the
Foreign
Nations
against
her
or
her
Subjects
.
And
in
The
Treaty
of
Cambray
.
the
Castle
of
Cambray
she
by
her
Ambassadors
concluded
a
League
with
France
,
upon
Condition
,
That
the
Town
of
Calais
,
and
all
that
belonged
to
it
,
should
after
eight
years
be
restored
to
the
English
;
and
if
the
same
was
not
done
,
that
the
French
King
should
pay
to
her
,
at
the
ex●…iration
of
the
said
Term
,
50000
Crowns
,
and
give
Hostages
of
the
Children
of
Noble
Families
for
the
persormance
of
the
said
Condition
in
the
mean
time
;
and
the
assurance
of
an
Oath
,
that
they
would
punctually
and
truly
keep
the
said
Agreement
.
When
this
Peace
came
to
be
discovered
by
a
Proclamation
in
London
,
and
all
the
Sea-port
Towns
,
almost
all
the
good
men
of
England
were
inwardly
offended
at
it
;
and
they
whispered
their
Discontents
in
all
places
.
Yet
I
cannot
but
think
the
Queen
in
this
League
(
how
much
soever
it
was
spoken
against
)
did
rather
consult
her
own
Honour
and
Reputation
,
and
the
safety
and
welfare
of
her
People
,
than
trust
to
the
Faith
of
the
King
of
Franc●…
,
as
to
the
restitution
of
Calais
.
The
Hostages
indeed
fled
away
,
and
the
French
broke
their
Faith
(
as
it
was
to
be
thought
they
would
)
when
they
were
to
restore
Calais
;
but
then
the
Advantages
which
England
then
gained
by
that
seasonable
Peace
,
abundantly
overbalanced
the
Damages
sustained
by
the
disappointment
.
When
the
time
was
expired
for
the
restitution
of
Ca●…ais
,
the
English
Ambassadors
in
the
Court
of
France
endeavoured
to
make
that
Nation
appear
odious
and
detestable
to
all
Mankind
,
because
they
had
fraudulently
departed
from
the
Terms
of
the
League
so
solemnly
made
at
Cambray
,
and
afterwards
sworn
to
by
that
King
:
But
The
French
Plea
against
the
Restitution
of
Calais
.
Monsieur
de
l'Hospital
,
Sieur
de
Vitry
,
Chancellor
of
France
,
a
Learned
and
a
Cunning
Lawyer
,
replied
,
That
Calais
was
lost
by
a
War
,
and
regained
by
another
;
That
the
Promise
of
restoring
it
was
a
Necessity
imposed
upon
the
French
by
the
Iniquity
of
the
Times
,
which
had
enforced
t●…em
to
yield
so
far
to
the
English
for
the
safety
of
their
State
;
but
that
in
truth
the
English
had
as
much
right
to
Paris
,
as
they
had
to
Calais
;
and
might
with
as
good
justice
demand
the
first
,
as
the
last
.
Yet
after
all
,
this
Wise
man
never
endeavoured
to
clear
his
Nation
from
the
Guilt
and
Infamy
of
Fraud
and
Perjury
,
which
was
a
Task
above
his
strength
.
In
all
Revolutions
and
Changes
,
the
Queen
always
in
the
first
place
took
care
to
secure
the
True
Worship
of
God
,
and
the
safety
of
all
her
Subjects
.
When
therefore
she
had
thus
secured
her
Peace
abroad
,
or
at
least
had
gained
a
Cessation
of
War
till
she
might
take
breath
,
and
recover
her
strength
,
and
was
now
freed
thereby
She
resolved
to
resorm
the
Religion
.
from
all
fear
of
Foreign
or
Domestick
Dangers
,
she
made
it
her
next
great
business
to
reform
the
Religion
of
England
.
She
foresaw
,
that
if
she
suffered
Popery
to
continue
,
she
could
never
establish
her
own
Government
.
Therefore
she
resolved
with
pious
and
holy
care
to
establish
the
Reformation
that
had
been
begun
by
her
Father
,
and
carried
on
by
her
Brother
;
and
to
suppress
and
eradicate
by
degrees
,
by
the
Authority
of
her
Parliaments
,
without
force
or
violence
,
the
Popish
Superstition
,
which
she
esteemed
a
Corrupt
and
Immoderate
Religion
,
and
equally
i●…jurious
to
Princes
and
their
Subjects
.
In
these
times
the
contending
Religions
The
contending
Religions
equally
ballanced
.
were
so
near
an
Equality
,
and
so
balanced
each
against
other
,
that
the
Authority
of
the
Prince
was
able
to
turn
the
scale
.
Henry
the
VIIIth
.
was
able
to
settle
a
Mongrel
sort
of
Popery
:
Edward
the
VIth
.
advanced
this
to
a
thorough
Reformation
:
Queen
Mary
,
without
much
difficulty
,
re-setled
the
old
Mass
of
unrefined
Popery
:
And
now
when
it
was
become
ten
times
more
hated
than
before
,
on
the
account
of
the
Perfidy
and
Bloodshed
that
had
been
employed
to
establish
it
,
Queen
Elizabeth
comes
upon
the
stage
,
resolved
to
use
all
her
Skill
and
Authority
for
the
intire
Extirpation
of
it
;
and
the
People
readily
and
willingly
complied
with
her
in
it
,
or
rather
in
truth
led
her
the
way
,
and
were
a
little
too
hot
on
the
work
.
She
presently
summoned
a
Parliament
,
which
was
opened
the
25th
of
January
,
Her
first
Parliament
.
after
her
Accession
to
the
Crown
;
the
great
Design
of
which
was
,
To
put
an
end
to
the
Distractions
of
the
Nation
in
matters
of
Religion
;
and
to
that
end
,
by
the
Lord
Keeper
Bacon
,
she
desired
,
They
would
consider
of
it
without
heat
,
or
partial
affection
,
or
using
any
reproachful
terms
of
Papist
,
or
Heretick
;
and
that
they
would
avoid
the
Extremes
of
Idolatry
and
Superstition
on
the
one
hand
,
and
Contempt
and
Irreligion
on
the
other
;
and
that
they
would
settle
things
so
,
as
might
bring
the
People
to
an
Uniformity
and
cordial
Agreement
in
them
.
And
as
to
the
State
,
she
promised
she
would
use
her
utmost
endeavour
to
advance
the
Prosperity
,
and
preserve
the
Affections
of
her
Subjects
.
And
tho
she
had
need
then
of
their
Assistance
,
yet
she
professed
she
would
desire
no
Supply
,
but
what
they
did
freely
and
chearfully
offer
.
And
at
the
same
time
she
represented
Calais
as
a
thing
which
they
could
not
at
that
time
hope
to
recover
.
Thus
she
would
neither
wheedle
nor
deceive
her
Subjects
,
but
with
an
English
Sincerity
laid
before
them
the
Truth
of
the
Case
,
and
left
it
to
God
to
direct
them
to
what
was
best
to
be
done
.
The
Houses
having
heard
and
well
considered
what
was
offered
on
both
sides
,
came
at
last
to
a
full
Resolution
,
That
all
the
Acts
and
Laws
of
Mary
her
Sister
,
in
favour
of
the
Romish
Religion
,
should
be
Repealed
.
That
the
good
Laws
of
Edward
the
VIth
.
and
Henry
the
VIIIth
.
in
favour
of
the
Reformation
,
should
be
Revived
and
Confirmed
.
That
the
Mass
,
which
had
been
Restored
by
the
Laws
ena●…ted
in
Queen
Mary's
time
,
should
be
Abolished
as
a
thing
that
was
full
of
Vanity
and
Levity
.
That
all
Images
should
be
taken
away
out
of
the
Churches
:
And
all
use
of
Holy
Water
.
That
the
Liturgy
and
Publick
Prayers
should
be
all
performed
in
the
English
Tongue
,
and
by
a
Form
prescribed
,
and
then
by
Act
of
Parliament
Confirmed
and
Allowed
,
as
it
had
been
before
in
her
Brother's
Reign
,
that
so
the
People
having
a
full
and
clear
knowledg
of
the
Service
of
the
Church
,
might
the
better
and
more
devoutly
join
both
Voice
and
Heart
in
it
.
By
this
her
prudent
Care
she
gave
the
Romish
Church
one
of
the
most
mortal
Wounds
she
ever
received
from
any
hand
,
by
Rupudiating
and
Despising
,
Abolishing
and
Exposing
all
her
Pagan
Pageantry
,
and
Jewish
Ceremonies
.
She
commanded
all
her
Magistrates
to
take
effectual
Care
,
That
the
Romish
Religion
should
not
be
exercised
in
Publick
,
or
in
any
open
Churches
or
Chappels
:
That
all
the
Priests
which
should
exercise
the
Romish
Rites
and
Ceremonies
,
should
be
excluded
out
of
the
Church
,
and
deprived
of
their
Benefices
.
That
they
should
exercise
at
all
times
a
severe
and
wholesom
Discipline
:
That
the
minds
of
men
might
thereby
be
reclaimed
from
Vice
,
and
fixed
in
the
true
Worship
of
God
,
She
commanded
them
to
get
as
many
of
the
Popish
[
](A28556-e9360-b)*
*
I
do
not
remember
that
I
have
read
elsewhere
this
Order
for
burning
the
Popish
Books
.
Books
together
,
as
they
could
possibly
,
and
burn
them
;
and
that
they
should
take
away
and
destroy
all
the
Preparations
and
Vestments
belonging
to
the
Mass
,
all
the
Images
,
and
all
other
the
Ceremonies
of
that
Church
.
She
commanded
,
That
for
the
future
no
Respect
or
Obedience
should
be
paid
to
the
Pope
as
the
Head
of
the
Church
.
Nor
did
she
scruple
to
assume
the
Authority
of
a
Governour
of
the
Church
in
her
own
Dominions
,
in
all
cases
Sacred
and
Civil
,
which
is
called
with
us
,
The
ECCLESIASTICAL
SUPREMACY
.
And
she
abolished
by
Act
of
Parliament
all
that
Authority
and
Jurisdiction
which
had
heretofore
been
Usurped
or
used
by
the
Bishops
of
Rome
in
this
Kingdom
,
in
Publick
or
in
Private
,
which
is
called
the
Popish
Tyranny
,
and
was
a
pretended
Supreme
,
both
Spiritual
and
Secular
Jurisdiction
.
She
also
restored
the
Oath
of
Supremacy
,
which
had
been
first
introduced
by
Henry
VIII
.
her
Father
;
continued
by
Edward
VI.
her
Brother
;
and
was
taken
away
and
abolished
by
●…ueen
Mary
;
by
which
she
was
acknowledged
to
be
the
Supreme
Governor
in
all
Causes
,
as
well
Ecclesiastical
as
Temporal
,
within
her
Dominions
;
and
that
they
renounced
all
Foreign
Power
and
Jurisdiction
;
and
should
bear
the
Queen
Faith
and
True
Allegiance
.
She
declined
the
use
of
the
word
,
Supreme
Head
,
in
this
Oath
,
which
had
been
used
before
by
her
Brother
and
Father
,
both
in
Reverence
to
our
Saviour
,
to
whom
she
thought
that
Title
only
belonged
;
and
also
to
abate
,
by
this
Verbal
Compliance
,
the
Reluctance
she
feared
from
the
Popish
Party
:
For
if
she
gained
her
Point
,
she
was
unconcerned
for
the
Form
of
Words
,
as
all
Wife
Princes
ever
were
.
Against
the
Passing
this
Act
Nine
Bishops
and
Two
Peers
Protested
,
viz.
the
Earl
of
Shrewsbery
,
and
Viscount
Montacute
;
and
they
added
some
words
which
were
very
injurious
to
the
Queen
and
the
States
;
but
she
wisely
dissembled
it
,
and
gave
them
no
disturbance
on
that
account
.
The
Popish
Bishops
and
Priests
in
The
Complaints
of
the
Popish
Bishops
.
the
mean
time
were
not
idle
and
unconcerned
Spectators
;
but
being
agitated
by
Hopes
and
Fears
,
and
a
confused
Expectation
what
would
be
the
Event
of
these
Counsels
,
they
made
loud
and
bitter
Complaints
,
That
men
were
drawn
away
from
the
Ancient
and
Established
Roman
Rites
and
Ceremonies
.
That
Christ's
Vicar
(
the
POPE
)
was
robb'd
of
his
Supremacy
and
Divine
Jurisdiction
.
That
the
Reverence
to
the
Holy
and
Apostolick
See
was
brought
to
nothing
;
and
that
now
the
Pope's
Authority
was
despised
,
intolerable
Heresies
were
daily
minted
.
So
they
endeavoured
to
retain
the
Nation
in
the
Profession
of
their
Religion
,
and
to
uphold
their
Ceremonies
by
any
means
;
and
when
this
failed
,
to
alienate
the
minds
of
the
People
from
the
Queen
,
and
to
dispose
them
to
Sedition
and
Rebellion
.
The
Queen
saw
the
Tendence
of
this
,
and
did
not
think
it
was
fit
to
despise
their
Complaints
:
That
therefore
she
might
prevent
the
ill
effects
of
their
Malice
,
and
withdraw
the
matter
that
fed
their
Fury
,
and
threatned
her
Kingdom
with
Schisms
and
Factions
,
which
would
be
the
Causes
of
great
Calamities
,
she
appointed
a
Conference
or
Disputation
between
the
Roman
Catholicks
and
the
Protestants
,
at
London
,
Concerning
the
Authority
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Supremacy
of
the
Pope
;
the
Ceremonies
in
use
in
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
the
Change
of
the
Elements
in
the
Holy
Eucharist
;
that
she
might
by
this
means
unite
the
disagreeing
minds
of
her
Subjects
,
in
one
and
the
same
opinion
,
and
mutual
Love
and
Charity
to
each
other
.
In
this
Conference
many
of
the
most
reverend
Mysteries
of
the
Christian
Religion
were
on
both
sides
debated
with
great
Warmth
and
Heat
,
and
much
Learning
;
yet
nothing
was
gained
on
either
side
,
by
reason
of
the
immoderate
Opposition
,
and
the
implacable
Hatred
they
bore
each
to
other
.
So
when
the
Popish
Party
saw
that
the
Pope's
Authority
,
which
was
once
reverenced
as
Divine
,
was
now
become
contemptible
and
infamous
;
2nd
that
all
the
Reasons
they
could
pretend
for
the
Justification
of
their
Ceremonies
,
were
overwhelmed
by
the
load
of
Infamy
their
Pride
and
Cruelty
had
brought
upon
them
;
so
that
it
was
not
possible
for
them
to
abate
the
Hatred
,
or
remove
the
Contempt
the
people
were
then
possessd
with
,
against
the
Popish
Clergy
;
they
sullenly
pretended
,
That
in
the
Matters
of
Religion
there
was
no
need
of
Reason
and
Disputation
;
and
defended
themselves
with
more
Passion
and
Anger
,
than
Reason
and
Judgment
.
After
this
Disputation
there
were
The
Reformation
estab●ished
.
Acts
of
Parliament
passed
for
the
Establishing
the
English
Service
,
and
concerning
the
Ministers
of
the
Church
,
as
also
for
Restoring
the
Queen's
Supremacy
,
with
the
unanimous
Consent
of
the
Peers
,
and
the
Applause
of
the
Commons
.
But
however
,
the
Popish
Party
refused
still
to
comply
;
and
openly
said
,
These
Laws
were
not
to
be
submitted
to
;
and
thereupon
began
a
Dissention
which
is
not
yet
ended
.
The
turbulent
Bishops
and
Clergy
,
who
still
adhered
to
the
old
Rites
and
Ceremonies
,
being
thereupon
bereaved
of
their
Sees
,
made
great
Complaints
of
the
Iniquity
and
Injustice
of
these
Laws
;
and
concealing
themselves
as
well
as
they
could
in
corners
and
lurking-holes
,
for
fear
of
being
prosecuted
for
their
disobedience
,
they
said
the
Queen
was
guilty
of
Heresie
;
and
solicited
that
part
of
the
Nobility
and
Commonalty
which
still
stuck
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
to
renounce
their
Obedience
to
her
,
and
stoutly
to
maintain
the
Old
Service
.
They
also
sent
their
Agents
to
Rome
,
to
perswade
the
Pope
to
Excommunicate
her
by
Name
,
as
one
that
had
brought
a
New
Heresie
into
the
Church
,
and
had
confined
the
Bishops
of
Winchester
and
Lincoln
,
and
many
of
the
inferior
Clergy
,
for
sticking
firmly
to
the
Romish
Ceremonies
:
And
lastly
,
That
she
had
assumed
a
Jurisdiction
and
Royal
Authority
,
as
well
in
all
Spiritual
Causes
as
Secular
.
The
Queen
on
the
other
side
,
had
by
this
time
found
the
Inclination
of
her
People
,
and
being
now
well
setled
in
her
Throne
,
did
not
think
fit
to
act
any
longer
with
that
Reservedness
she
did
at
first
,
when
she
feared
the
Number
and
Authority
of
the
Papists
,
who
had
then
the
Law
on
their
side
;
but
by
her
Proclamation
she
couragiously
and
openly
commanded
them
,
That
they
should
embrace
the
True
Religion
,
which
was
most
acceptable
to
God
,
and
leave
their
Popish
Rites
;
or
otherwise
depart
out
of
her
Kingdoms
,
Royal
City
,
and
Dominions
,
within
so
many
months
.
And
upon
this
,
she
removed
all
those
Popish
Noblemen
which
had
in
her
Sister's
time
been
advanced
to
any
Publick
Employments
or
Stations
in
the
Court
or
Kingdom
,
and
she
setled
Protestants
in
all
those
Places
,
and
put
the
whole
Management
of
Publick
Affairs
into
their
hands
;
affirming
very
stoutly
,
That
she
would
sooner
lay
down
her
life
,
than
desist
from
that
Zeal
and
Resolution
she
had
taken
up
,
for
the
bringing
down
the
Wickedness
of
the
Papists
.
This
Bravery
encouraged
all
her
Friends
,
and
struck
her
Enemies
dumb
.
Thus
was
the
Popish
Religion
abolished
in
England
,
when
it
had
flourished
many
Ages
in
great
Wealth
,
by
the
help
of
a
profitable
Ignorance
,
and
a
fallacious
and
deceitful
Interpretation
of
the
Sacred
Scriptures
.
And
the
Protestant
Religion
being
restored
to
that
Liberty
,
Esteem
,
and
Splendor
it
had
had
in
the
times
of
Edward
the
VIth
.
it
was
soon
after
by
the
means
of
their
common
Language
and
Vicinity
,
communicated
to
the
Scots
,
and
spread
it self
not
only
in
their
Cities
and
great
Towns
,
but
also
in
their
Villages
and
Countrey
Habitations
.
It
is
impossible
to
the
Life
The
Miseries
of
Scotland
in
the
Reform●…tion
.
to
describe
the
Calamities
this
Revolution
brought
upon
the
Scots
Nation
.
The
most
sacred
and
venerable
Churches
,
which
seem'd
to
be
secured
from
Violence
by
the
Awe
of
Religion
,
were
burnt
down
;
the
most
sacred
Chappels
were
first
Rifled
,
and
then
Demolished
by
the
Rabble
:
The
Sepulchres
of
their
Ancestors
were
pulled
down
,
their
Statues
beaten
down
,
and
trodden
under
foot
,
and
the
basest
and
most
lewd
Injuries
done
to
the
Altars
,
as
if
the
Papists
had
been
mere
Pagan
Idolaters
.
I
am
so
enraged
(
saith
my
Author
,
a
Learned
Scot
)
against
these
men
,
on
the
account
of
the
great
Ruin
they
wrought
in
my
Native
Countrey
,
that
I
cannot
forbear
expressing
my
Resentment
:
For
I
am
of
opinion
,
That
these
Popish
Mo●…ments
ought
indeed
to
have
been
shut
up
,
not
to
have
been
demolished
,
because
they
were
the
Ornaments
of
our
Countrey
.
But
The
Happines●…
of
England
.
to
teturn
to
Queen
Elizabeth
,
she
made
it
no
part
of
her
business
to
find
out
those
peaceable
Ro●…ish
Priests
who
had
betaken
themselves
to
private
lurking
holes
,
and
secret
places
,
more
out
of
Fear
than
any
Legal
necessity
:
And
if
any
of
them
by
chance
happened
to
be
taken
,
they
were
committed
to
an
honourable
and
easie
restraint
in
the
Cities
,
or
delivered
up
into
the
hands
of
their
own
Bishops
,
to
the
end
that
by
this
her
Moderation
she
might
in
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
create
an
opinion
of
her
Clemency
in
all
her
Subjects
;
and
at
the
same
time
deprive
these
Priests
of
the
opportunity
of
doing
Mischief
.
There
was
not
one
of
these
men
put
to
death
,
till
Pope
Pi●…s
the
Vth
.
in
the
year
1570
,
excommunicated
her
by
his
Bull
,
upon
which
there
followed
a
Rebellion
of
the
Papists
in
the
No●…th
:
This
was
in
the
Twelfth
Year
of
her
Reign
;
and
in
the
next
Ten
Years
that
followed
,
there
was
but
Twelve
men
of
that
Religion
executed
,
who
were
all
Convicted
of
very
great
Crimes
,
by
the
most
Legal
Trials
.
The
name
of
Papist
was
not
punished
in
any
man
that
was
not
guilty
of
great
Wickednesses
;
because
in
the
beginning
of
a
Reign
it
is
a
dangerous
thing
to
punish
Offences
with
too
much
Rigor
;
whereas
Clemency
is
of
good
use
:
And
she
accordingly
took
care
,
by
her
Benefits
to
allure
the
minds
of
her
Popish
Subjects
to
her
,
rathet
than
by
Cruelties
to
fright
them
:
Thus
the
Entrance
of
her
Reign
was
made
happy
and
blessed
;
and
she
was
able
by
the
Blessing
of
God
to
settle
her
Religion
,
and
to
lay
the
Foundations
of
a
Long
Peace
at
Home
and
Abroad
.
Having
thus
totally
abolished
all
Her
Care
to
settle
Pious
and
Learned
Bishops
and
Clergymen
.
that
Papal
Superstition
and
Pomp
,
which
for
so
many
Ages
had
domineered
over
the
English
,
so
that
there
was
scarce
any
sign
left
that
it
had
once
been
here
;
her
first
and
greatest
care
was
to
advance
men
of
Piety
and
Learning
to
the
Bishopricks
and
Preferments
in
the
Church
.
There
were
many
Protestant
Clergy-men
of
great
Integrity
and
Honesty
,
Innocency
and
Holiness
,
who
during
the
Marian
Persecution
had
fled
into
Germany
;
or
being
driven
from
their
Churches
,
lurked
up
and
down
the
Nation
in
obscure
and
remote
places
;
these
she
recalled
and
restored
to
their
former
or
better
Stations
,
with
more
honour
than
they
had
been
in
before
.
So
that
after
a
Recess
of
Five
years
Duration
,
thesemen
,
who
had
been
banished
with
Ignominy
,
were
with
Honour
and
Reputation
repossessed
of
their
Countrey
,
their
Good
Names
,
and
their
Liberties
and
Fortunes
.
She
regranted
to
them
all
their
Ancient
Privileges
,
with
some
Improvements
;
and
she
took
such
as
were
of
good
report
for
their
Learning
and
exemplary
Lives
,
and
set
them
to
Govern
the
Church
as
BISHOPS
.
When
any
man
was
commended
to
her
as
a
man
of
Learning
,
she
would
ask
if
there
were
not
others
to
be
found
,
of
more
Learning
and
Piety
,
to
whose
Authority
,
Fidelity
,
and
Prudence
,
she
might
recommend
the
Care
of
the
Church
?
She
took
great
care
to
curb
the
immoderate
And
to
curb
the
immoderate
liberty
of
the
Protestant
Dissenters
.
Liberty
of
the
PURITANS
,
who
licentiously
began
to
sow
Discords
and
Divisions
in
the
Church
,
and
with
a
Fiery
Zeal
in
their
Preachments
endeavoured
to
excite
the
common
people
,
(
who
were
then
quiet
and
at
ease
)
to
Sedition
,
by
declaiming
against
the
Jurisdiction
and
Authority
of
the
Bishops
;
and
by
her
Prudence
and
Authority
she
reduced
many
of
the
first
Leaders
,
from
their
rash
courses
to
a
moderate
Temper
.
In
the
Eighteenth
year
of
her
Reign
,
(
A.
C.
1575.
)
the
Anabaptists
Anabaptists
discovered
.
first
appeared
,
or
at
least
were
discovered
to
be
in
England
;
a
Conventicle
of
Dutch-men
of
that
Sect
,
being
then
detected
without
Aldgate
in
London
,
and
Twenty
seven
of
the
Meeters
were
taken
up
and
Imprisoned
;
of
which
Four
bearing
Faggots
at
Paul's
Cross
,
recanted
their
dangerous
Opinions
,
and
one
Dutch-man
and
ten
Women
were
condemned
to
be
burnt
;
one
of
the
Ten
Women
also
recanted
;
eight
others
were
banished
;
but
two
of
the
number
continued
so
obstinate
,
that
the
Queen
ordered
the
Writ
de
Heretico
Comburendo
,
to
be
issued
against
them
,
tho
Mr.
John
Fox
,
the
Author
of
the
Book
of
Martyrs
,
interceded
with
the
Queen
to
spare
their
lives
,
and
banish
them
.
In
this
Letter
he
blesseth
God
,
that
none
of
the
English
were
infected
with
these
m●…d
Opinions
.
And
(
saith
he
)
I
will
most
readily
grant
,
That
these
FANATICK
Sects
are
by
no
means
to
be
cherished
in
any
State
,
but
are
to
be
severely
corrected
;
but
to
exterminate
them
with
Fire
and
Faggot
is
,
I
think
,
too
hard
.
The
Queen
thereupon
gave
them
a
Months
Reprieve
,
and
ordered
that
Learned
Divines
should
endeavour
in
that
time
to
reduce
them
;
which
proving
without
effect
,
these
two
were
burnt
in
Smithfield
,
Two
of
which
were
burnt
.
the
22d
.
of
July
,
and
they
died
in
great
horror
,
with
crying
and
roaring
.
In
the
Twenty
sixth
Year
of
her
Reign
,
one
Robert
Brown
,
an
English
The
〈◊〉
.
Clergy-man
,
began
a
new
Sect
also
in
the
City
of
Norwich
,
his
Hearers
being
half
Dutch
,
half
English
:
The
Queen
endeavoured
to
suppress
this
Schism
in
its
Rise
,
and
prohibited
his
Books
,
but
that
not
taking
effect
,
Thacker
and
Coping
,
two
of
his
Disciples
,
were
hanged
at
St.
Edmonds-Bury
in
Suffolk
.
The
Queen
was
the
more
severe
upon
these
Sects
,
because
her
Subjects
were
then
untainted
;
and
these
men
made
it
their
business
to
draw
in
the
unlearned
multitude
,
and
enflame
them
both
against
the
Eccle
siastick
and
Civil
Government
;
and
the
Queen
besides
having
before
this
time
been
forced
to
be
very
severe
against
some
Popish
Traitors
that
had
conspired
against
her
,
she
did
not
think
it
became
her
to
be
less
concerned
for
the
Majesty
of
God
,
than
for
her
own
Personal
Safety
.
After
this
she
caused
their
Conventicles
to
be
carefully
Conventicles
suppressed
.
watched
,
and
seized
the
Effects
of
all
Foreign
Sectaries
she
found
in
England
.
She
dealt
more
gently
in
the
mean
time
with
the
English
Puritans
,
who
were
the
first
beginners
of
the
English
Separation
,
and
left
them
to
the
Discipline
of
the
Bishops
and
the
High
Commission
,
where
they
were
often
call'd
to
account
,
for
Reproaching
the
Church
,
Licentious
Preachments
,
and
Libelling
the
Bishops
in
their
Prints
.
Having
taken
these
effectual
Cares
for
the
Adorning
and
Confirming
the
Church
,
she
committed
all
the
other
Concerns
of
Religion
to
the
Management
of
Peaceable
,
Moderate
,
and
Judicious
men
,
and
spent
her
whole
Care
and
Solicitude
in
preserving
,
adorning
,
and
strengthning
her
State
and
Kingdoms
.
In
all
this
time
she
was
never
severe
against
Any
Papist
,
who
had
not
first
been
clearly
convicted
to
have
raised
Sedition
,
armed
the
People
against
her
,
or
by
Rumors
and
false
Insinuations
to
have
endeavoured
to
render
the
Queen
odious
and
contemptible
to
her
People
.
PIUS
IV.
Pope
of
Rome
,
in
The
Behaviour
of
Pope
Pius
IV.
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
(
A.
C.
1561.
)
having
deeply
considered
the
Dangers
and
Ruin
which
then
threatned
the
Papacy
and
Church
of
Rome
,
though
he
was
enraged
against
the
Protestants
to
the
utmost
degree
,
yet
seeing
how
little
the
Passions
and
Violences
of
the
last
Pope
Paul
IV.
had
profited
them
;
he
thought
it
became
him
to
act
a
contrary
part
;
and
●…called
the
Council
of
TRENT
,
The
Council
of
Trent
recalled
.
which
had
been
some
years
before
indicted
by
the
Authority
of
the
See
of
Rome
,
rather
for
the
up●…olding
the
Pope's
pretended
Ecclesiastical
Authority
,
than
for
the
promoting
the
Salvation
of
men
;
and
which
,
when
things
succeeded
contrary
to
the
expectation
of
his
Predecessors
in
that
See
,
had
been
frequently
intermitted
,
and
had
not
been
assembled
since
the
year
1552
,
but
was
now
again
renewed
,
as
the
only
means
left
for
the
healing
the
Wounds
of
Christendom
.
In
this
Council
many
things
which
had
by
the
Mistakes
,
Ambition
,
and
Avarice
of
the
Popes
of
Rome
,
been
changed
and
corrupted
,
were
considered
and
debated
;
and
particularly
that
grand
Question
was
to
be
determined
,
Concerning
the
Authority
The
Plea
of
the
Protestant
Princes
against
it
.
and
Power
of
the
Pope
in
Sacred
and
Civil
Ca●…ses
.
When
the
Protestant
Princes
were
call'd
to
this
Council
,
they
answered
,
That
they
did
not
own
the
Pope
had
any
Power
to
call
a
Council
.
That
it
did
not
belong
to
him
,
but
to
the
Emperor
to
Indict
Councils
.
That
he
had
no
Right
to
give
or
take
away
Kingdoms
.
And
having
sharply
declaimed
against
the
corrupt
Manners
of
his
Clergy
,
and
deplored
the
Calamities
of
the
times
on
that
account
,
they
represented
the
Pride
,
Pomp
,
Luxury
,
Ambition
,
Avarice
,
and
Cruelty
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
in
which
mere
Wolves
took
upon
them
the
Office
of
the
Pastors
of
the
Church
.
And
they
said
,
this
Council
at
Trent
was
not
called
to
Establish
Religion
and
true
Piety
,
but
to
confirm
the
Inventions
of
men
,
or
rather
of
Satan
;
not
for
the
reforming
the
Lives
and
Manners
of
men
,
but
to
defend
the
Pretended
Dignity
of
the
See
of
Rome
,
and
the
vast
and
boundless
Authority
of
the
Pope
.
That
it
was
not
intend●…d
for
the
Purging
the
Christian
Flock
,
but
for
the
Establishing
and
Confirming
their
inveterate
Errors
.
Tho
the
Pope
had
had
these
sharp
Replies
from
the
German
Protestant
Princes
;
and
the
Guise's
and
Spanish
Faction
had
represented
to
him
,
That
it
would
be
an
undervaluing
of
his
Power
and
Person
,
to
send
a
Nuncio
to
England
,
where
he
would
certainly
be
rejected
;
yet
Pius
IV.
would
not
be
discouraged
,
but
said
,
He
would
humble
himself
even
to
Heresie
it self
,
in
regard
that
whatsoever
was
done
to
gain
Souls
to
Christ
,
did
beseem
that
See
.
And
accordingly
he
sent
Abbot
Martiningo
Martiningo
sent
Nuncio
into
England
.
to
the
Queen
,
who
came
as
far
as
Flanders
,
and
there
he
met
with
her
Commands
not
to
cross
the
Seas
,
but
at
his
Peril
;
and
altho
the
King
of
Spain
and
the
Emperor
of
Germany
did
earnestly
intreat
he
might
be
heard
,
yet
the
Queen
stood
her
ground
,
And
rejected
by
theQueen
.
and
replied
,
That
she
could
not
treat
with
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
whose
Authority
was
for
ever
excluded
out
of
England
by
Act
of
Parliament
.
Nay
,
she
would
give
the
Pope's
Nuncio
no
other
Answer
,
but
a
flat
Denial
;
tho
she
gave
this
reason
to
the
French
and
Spaniards
,
to
give
them
some
satisfaction
:
For
she
well
perceived
this
Remedy
did
not
tend
to
the
healing
the
Wounds
of
the
Church
,
but
to
the
making
them
incurable
;
and
the
Event
justified
her
Conduct
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Queen
clearly
The
Popish
Party
well
disposed
to
rebel
.
foresaw
,
that
the
Restoring
the
Protestants
to
their
Native
Countrey
,
and
their
former
Stations
,
would
disoblige
all
the
Popish
Nobility
of
England
;
who
tho
for
the
present
they
suppressed
their
Resentment
,
yet
when
occasion
was
offered
,
they
would
not
fail
to
do
her
the
utmost
Mischief
that
was
in
their
Power
.
The
only
noise
of
the
coming
of
a
Nuncio
from
the
Pope
,
encouraged
many
to
break
the
Laws
made
against
the
Pope
and
his
Authority
,
with
great
boldness
;
and
they
spread
false
Reports
abroad
,
That
the
Queen
was
going
to
change
her
Religion
,
and
alter
the
Government
of
the
Realm
;
to
dispose
the
Protestants
to
join
with
the
Papists
in
a
Rebellion
to
her
Ruin
.
She
saw
also
,
that
at
length
she
should
be
involved
in
a
Foreign
War
,
and
that
the
Pope
would
fulminate
against
her
;
all
which
Dangers
the
Greatness
of
her
Soul
despised
.
She
also
changed
her
Privy-Council
,
into
which
she
chose
Protestants
of
famed
Prudence
and
Moderation
;
and
she
openly
and
avowedly
broke
the
Power
,
and
lessened
the
Authority
of
her
Popish
Nobility
and
Gentry
.
The
Pope
having
at
this
time
sent
a
Legate
into
Ireland
,
who
had
joined
himself
to
some
desperate
Traytors
then
in
Rebellion
against
her
,
and
endeavouring
to
deprive
her
of
all
Right
and
Title
to
that
Kingdom
;
Some
others
of
that
Persuasion
were
found
also
to
have
practised
with
the
Devil
by
Conjurations
,
Charms
,
and
casting
Figures
,
to
be
informed
of
the
Length
and
Continuance
of
her
〈◊〉
;
but
Heaven
would
not
,
and
Hell
could
not
help
them
.
The
Affairs
of
the
Church
being
thus
The
Settlement
of
the
Civil
State
taken
into
consideration
.
setled
,
she
applied
her
mind
to
restore
the
Civil
State
of
England
to
its
Ancient
Strength
and
Happiness
,
it
having
been
strangely
shaken
by
the
Factions
and
Divisions
in
the
Three
Reigns
that
preceded
hers
:
To
this
purpose
she
passed
many
Acts
of
Parliament
,
and
other
State-Orders
for
her
own
Security
,
and
the
Welfare
of
her
Subjects
.
She
made
some
new
Additions
to
the
old
Laws
,
for
the
better
Administration
of
her
Civil
Government
,
for
the
Promoting
the
common
Interest
of
her
Subjects
,
or
for
the
Regu
lating
her
Parliaments
:
She
enriched
her
Kingdom
also
;
and
whereas
she
found
a
great
part
of
the
current
Money
of
England
adulterared
and
mixed
with
Brass
,
she
reduced
it
all
to
the
old
Standard
,
and
made
it
good
STERLING
.
The
Money
reduced
to
the
old
Standard
.
She
furnished
all
her
Havens
,
Sea-Ports
,
Cities
,
and
Frontier
places
,
with
Garisons
,
Forts
,
Castles
,
Cannon
,
Ball
,
Gun
powder
,
and
Provisions
.
She
took
care
to
have
her
The
Security
of
the
Nation
providently
taken
care
for
.
own
Gunpowder
made
in
England
,
which
before
had
been
fetch'd
in
from
abroad
.
She
cast
great
quantities
of
Brass
and
Iron
Ordnance
,
after
she
had
discovered
a
plentiful
Mine
of
Brass
at
KESWICK
in
Cumberland
.
She
fortified
BERWICK
anew
,
and
caused
all
the
Frontier
places
towards
Scotland
to
be
repaired
,
and
placed
Garisons
of
good
Soldiers
in
them
.
Tho
she
was
upon
better
terms
with
the
Scots
,
than
any
of
her
Ancestors
for
many
Ages
had
been
,
especially
after
they
embraced
the
Reformed
Religion
,
yet
she
would
not
so
wholly
rely
on
their
good
affections
,
as
to
neglect
a
timely
provision
for
her
own
Security
:
And
when
all
these
great
Designs
had
brought
a
Debt
upon
the
Crown
,
she
chose
rather
to
sell
a
part
of
her
Crown-Lands
to
pay
it
,
than
be
over-burthensome
to
her
People
.
She
ordered
also
the
Debts
contracted
by
her
Father
and
Brother
(
but
neglected
by
her
Sister
)
to
be
paid
.
She
provided
Maga●…ines
and
Naval
Stores
provided
.
a
great
Magazine
,
and
furnished
her
Kingdom
with
plentiful
Stores
of
Arms
and
Ammunition
,
and
all
sorts
of
Warlike
Provisions
,
that
she
might
always
have
at
hand
whatever
was
needful
to
secure
her
against
the
sudden
Insults
of
her
Foreign
Enemies
,
or
any
Insurrections
which
might
be
raised
at
home
.
She
caused
her
Forces
to
be
often
drawn
out
,
viewed
,
and
mustered
,
and
with
Honours
and
other
Rewards
she
recompenced
those
that
in
this
kind
had
deserved
well
of
her
;
by
which
she
much
encouraged
her
Soldiers
and
Sea-men
.
She
encreased
her
Fleet
,
and
built
many
large
Men
LargeShips
of
War
built
.
of
War
,
and
furnished
her
Naval
Stores
with
whatever
was
needful
;
and
she
encreased
the
Wages
of
her
Mariners
and
Seamen
,
and
appointed
a
Guard
of
Ships
to
ride
always
in
the
Downs
,
for
the
Security
of
the
British
Seas
;
and
carefully
scoured
the
Seas
by
her
Men
of
War
,
and
purged
them
from
Pyrates
and
Sea-Robbers
;
so
that
in
all
her
time
the
Seas
were
secure
,
safe
,
and
open
.
Dr.
Heylin
in
his
History
of
the
Reformation
,
acquaints
us
that
she
began
these
Preparations
in
the
year
1560.
Ahd
that
holding
it
a
safer
Maxim
in
the
Schools
of
Policy
,
not
to
Admit
,
than
to
endeavour
by
strong
hand
to
Expel
an
Enemy
,
she
entertained
the
fortunate
thoughts
of
Walling
her
Kingdom
round
about
with
a
puissant
Navy
;
for
ou●…
Merchants
had
already
encreased
their
Shipping
,
by
managing
some
part
of
that
Wealthy
Trade
which
formerly
had
been
Monopolized
by
the
Hanse-Towns
or
Easterlings
.
And
thereupon
she
resolved
not
to
be
wanting
to
her self
in
Building
Ships
of
such
Burthen
,
and
so
fit
for
Service
,
as
might
enable
her
in
a
short
time
not
only
to
Protect
her
Merchants
,
but
to
Command
the
Ocean
:
Of
which
the
Spaniard
found
good
proof
,
to
his
great
Loss
,
and
almost
to
his
total
Ruin
,
in
the
last
Twenty
years
of
her
Glorious
Government
.
At
the
same
time
,
by
her
Proclamation
,
dated
November
15.
1560.
she
commanded
all
the
Easterling
,
Flemish
,
and
Spanish
Moneys
to
be
brought
into
the
Mint
,
to
take
the
Stamp
of
her
Royal
Authority
,
or
otherwise
not
to
pass
for
current
Money
in
her
Kingdom
;
which
had
a
strange
effect
,
and
enriched
both
her
and
her
People
.
She
invited
all
sorts
of
Artificers
into
The
means
by
which
she
improved
and
enriched
her
Kingdom
.
England
;
and
by
proposing
to
them
good
terms
and
great
Privileges
,
she
repeopled
the
almost-desolate
City
of
NORWICH
,
and
the
Towns
of
COLCHESTER
and
MAIDSTON
:
She
encreased
the
Inhabitants
of
many
of
her
other
Ancient
Towns
;
and
she
by
her
Laws
reduced
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey-Villages
from
Laziness
and
Beggary
,
to
Labour
and
Husbandry
;
so
that
there
was
no
part
of
her
Kingdom
but
was
cultivated
and
improved
to
the
best
advantage
.
When
she
was
to
settle
any
thing
relating
to
her
Revenues
,
her
Treasury
,
or
the
Administration
of
justice
,
she
admitted
none
to
advise
her
,
but
men
of
good
Knowledge
and
Experience
in
those
Affairs
.
If
she
considered
of
any
Military
Concerns
,
she
always
call'd
to
her
Assistance
the
old
Experienc'd
Commanders
,
which
had
spent
much
time
in
Camps
.
She
was
as
careful
to
give
a
good
and
a
prudent
Dispatch
of
Publick
Transactions
,
and
the
great
Affairs
of
private
men
,
Ambassies
,
the
Petitions
of
her
Subjects
,
the
Requests
of
her
Allies
and
Confederates
,
and
all
matters
concerning
Commerce
and
Trade
with
Foreigners
.
She
took
the
opportunity
of
the
times
,
and
her
Subjects
Affections
to
her
,
to
curb
the
Luxury
of
Youth
,
all
immoderate
Expences
and
waste
in
Cloathes
and
other
Furniture
,
and
by
severe
Laws
carefully
put
in
Execution
.
She
reduced
her
People
to
the
Ancient
Thrift
,
when
they
were
declining
towards
Effeminacy
and
over-great
Expences
,
which
are
ever
the
fore-runners
of
Poverty
,
and
the
Causes
of
great
Calamities
and
Revolutions
in
all
those
States
they
have
prevailed
in
.
She
went
on
to
consider
and
provide
Laws
and
Orders
made
for
the
publick
good
of
her
people
.
whatever
was
recommended
to
her
as
useful
to
any
part
of
her
State
,
carefully
viewing
the
Conveniencies
and
the
Inconveniencies
that
were
annexed
to
every
Change
.
And
whatever
was
at
last
found
useful
and
profitable
to
the
Body
of
her
People
,
was
setled
by
the
Authority
of
her
Council
or
Parliament
,
as
the
case
required
.
She
procured
the
Repeal
of
all
those
Laws
which
were
either
unprofitable
or
unjust
;
and
she
brought
others
which
were
out
of
use
,
into
esteem
again
,
and
amended
the
defects
that
were
found
in
them
.
It
was
a
Maxim
with
her
,
That
Equitable
Laws
,
and
Equal
Justice
are
the
two
sure
and
lasting
Foundations
of
a
State
.
She
was
as
much
reverenced
and
feared
on
the
account
of
her
Justice
,
T●…mperance
,
and
Continence
,
as
on
that
of
her
Royal
Authority
and
Majesty
.
She
favoured
the
Protestant
Bishops
,
The
Bishops
and
Commons
favoured
,
as
a
Balance
to
the
Nobility
.
and
the
Commons
of
England
,
as
a
means
to
curb
the
Insolence
of
the
Nobility
.
She
would
never
gratifie
any
great
Ambitious
man
with
the
grant
of
any
thing
which
might
inflame
his
Avarice
,
or
make
him
arrogant
.
She
had
a
true
value
,
and
a
good
esteem
for
all
men
of
illustrious
Parts
,
and
of
good
Learning
;
and
she
preferr'd
such
men
to
all
Employments
,
and
rewarded
their
Virtue
with
Honours
.
When
the
meaner
people
at
any
time
crowded
about
her
Coach
,
with
great
desire
to
see
and
salute
her
with
loud
Shouts
,
and
fervent
Prayers
for
her
Prosperity
,
and
long
and
happy
Reign
over
them
;
she
would
ever
return
their
Loyal
Zeal
with
much
Courtship
and
Civility
;
so
that
some
said
she
was
too
Theatrical
in
her
Carriage
towards
them
;
but
as
by
her
Meekness
,
Clemency
,
Lenity
,
Justice
,
and
the
setling
good
Laws
and
exact
Justice
,
she
had
won
their
hearts
,
so
by
this
Condescention
and
Flattery
she
fixed
their
Affections
,
so
that
they
would
have
willingly
sacrificed
all
they
had
,
to
her
Service
and
Safety
.
She
exercised
a
moral
Friendship
and
Familiarity
with
many
private
persons
;
and
ever
reserved
in
her
sole
disposal
all
the
Rewards
of
Virtue
and
good
Service
.
She
would
never
suffer
any
Immunities
or
Privileges
,
Benefices
,
Church-Livings
,
Governments
,
or
the
Rights
of
her
Kingdom
,
to
be
openly
sold.
She
advanced
her
Friends
,
Kinsmen
,
and
Relations
,
with
great
Kindness
and
Affection
,
and
no
less
Moderation
and
Prudence
.
She
made
Sir
Henry
Cary
,
Lord
H●…nsdon
,
who
was
her
Cousin-German
;
and
she
gave
him
Riches
,
Employments
,
and
Attendance
suitable
to
that
Station
.
She
advanced
William
Lord
Howard
of
Effingham
,
She
f●…oured
her
Kindred
,
and
advanced
them
.
on
the
score
of
his
being
related
to
her
,
and
of
his
good
Deserts
,
to
be
Lord
Chamberlain
of
England
;
of
her
own
free
motion
,
without
any
solicitation
from
themselves
or
others
.
She
preserved
the
Family
of
Seymour
,
(
which
was
ruin'd
by
the
Attainder
of
Edward
Seymour
,
Duke
of
Somerset
,
Uncle
and
Lord
Protector
of
King
Edward
VI
in
the
year
1552.
)
and
in
the
first
year
of
her
Reign
she
restored
Edward
his
Son
to
the
degree
of
Earl
of
Hertford
:
She
restored
also
several
of
the
Nobility
,
whose
Families
had
been
ruined
by
her
Sister
,
and
put
them
into
the
same
condition
they
were
before
.
She
Attainted
no
man
in
all
her
Reign
,
by
Act
of
Parliament
.
No
man
ever
could
perceive
,
that
the
least
remainders
of
any
Offence
were
left
in
her
mind
;
but
when
she
could
most
easily
have
revenged
her self
,
she
always
chose
rather
to
forget
the
Injury
;
so
that
every
man
presently
promised
himself
a
better
Fortune
for
the
future
.
If
there
was
any
Quarrel
between
any
of
the
great
Nobility
,
she
presently
made
it
her
business
to
reconcile
them
each
to
other
;
and
she
would
on
such
occasions
exhort
them
,
Her
advice
to
the
Nobility
.
not
to
suffer
any
Enmity
to
settle
between
their
Families
▪
that
they
should
not
involve
their
Children
,
and
educate
them
in
the
Dissentions
of
their
Families
,
and
a
desire
of
Revenge
:
That
they
should
cut
off
those
Feuds
that
had
descended
to
them
from
the
Contests
of
their
Ancestors
;
and
with
an
invincible
Courage
repress
the
Foreign
Fury
of
their
Enemies
abroad
;
but
with
one
heart
and
one
mouth
provide
for
the
Safety
and
Security
of
their
Native
Countrey
at
home
.
As
she
took
this
care
to
put
an
end
Her
care
to
change
or
abolish
evil
Customs
and
Laws
of
former
times
.
to
the
Dissentions
of
her
Nobilty
,
so
she
was
no
less
careful
to
root
up
those
evil
Customs
which
had
crept
into
the
Nation
in
the
former
Reigns
,
and
tended
apparently
to
the
Ruin
of
it
;
some
of
these
she
corrected
,
and
others
she
totally
abolished
.
She
rescinded
all
Sales
that
were
made
for
the
cheating
Creditors
;
she
dealt
very
severely
with
all
those
that
were
found
guilty
of
any
Frauds
or
Cheats
in
the
Management
of
the
Publick
Revenues
,
or
the
purveyance
for
her
Court
;
which
she
was
wont
to
call
Harpies
,
which
fouled
and
ravaged
all
they
could
come
at
;
and
she
discouraged
as
much
as
was
possible
,
all
the
tricks
and
corruptions
of
the
Courts
of
Justice
:
She
encreased
the
Wages
and
Salaries
of
the
Judges
;
and
that
they
might
the
better
be
enabled
and
encouraged
to
go
their
Circuits
,
and
administer
Justice
to
her
people
,
she
allowed
them
Travelling-Money
and
Purveyance
.
The
effect
of
this
prudent
Administration
was
the
enriching
her
and
her
Subjects
,
attended
with
great
Glory
,
and
a
willing
obedience
from
those
under
her
happy
Government
.
The
Countrey
was
rarely
well
Tilled
and
improved
.
The
Subject
quiet
and
rich
,
and
her
Councils
and
Parliaments
honoured
and
reverenced
.
In
short
,
all
those
Perfections
which
separately
have
made
so
many
Great
Men
admired
,
met
in
this
one
Lady
,
viz.
Civil
Prudence
,
for
the
Government
of
a
State
;
the
knowledge
of
Equity
and
Laws
;
and
an
exact
Skill
of
managing
a
Kingdom
,
and
the
Publick
Affairs
of
it
.
Her
Goverment
was
not
like
that
of
most
other
Women
,
turbulent
and
insolent
;
but
was
grateful
to
her
Subjects
,
pleasing
to
the
People
,
acceptable
to
the
Nobility
and
Gentry
,
equal
and
just
to
her
Allies
,
and
admired
by
the
Neighbour
Nations
.
She
has
been
celebrated
not
only
in
her
own
times
,
but
in
all
that
have
since
followed
,
and
will
be
to
the
end
of
the
world
,
on
the
account
of
these
Divine
Virtues
and
Deserts
;
For
she
was
truly
accounted
the
Parent
of
her
●…eople
,
a
Prince
by
her
Nobles
,
and
the
Patroness
of
true
Piety
and
Religion
,
by
the
Protestant
Nations
about
her
.
Nor
was
there
ever
any
Prince
that
was
equally
esteemed
and
loved
by
the
Nobility
and
Commonalty
too
of
his
own
Kingdom
,
as
Queen
ELIZABETH
was
by
hers
.
If
she
happened
at
any
time
to
be
sick
,
or
ever
so
little
disordered
in
her
health
,
her
Nobility
would
be
so
alarmed
at
it
,
that
they
would
willingly
never
stir
from
her
to
eat
or
drink
,
or
take
any
care
of
themselves
;
and
all
degrees
of
people
would
fly
in
vast
Numbers
to
the
Churches
,
and
with
Tears
and
the
most
devout
Prayers
beg
her
Life
and
Health
,
and
the
Continuance
of
her
Government
over
them
,
till
God
heard
their
Petitions
,
and
restored
her
to
her
Health
.
Nor
was
this
an
enjoined
and
formal
Devotion
,
but
it
was
as
hearty
and
as
earnest
as
that
which
is
made
for
the
nearest
and
dearest
Relations
:
And
when
they
had
obtained
their
desire
,
the
Joy
and
the
Gratitude
they
expressed
,
shewed
they
took
her
Preservation
and
Life
for
a
Publick
and
an
Universal
Blessing
.
When
in
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
she
had
first
taken
care
to
reform
and
settle
Religion
,
and
after
that
to
redress
and
restore
the
Civil
State
or
Government
of
England
,
(
which
had
been
brought
by
the
Calamities
of
the
foregoing
Reigns
,
not
only
into
a
deplorable
,
but
almost
into
a
desperate
condition
,
but
now
were
by
her
Authority
,
Prudence
,
and
Moderation
,
with
the
Assistance
of
her
Council
,
brought
to
the
state
of
Tranquility
,
Order
,
and
Equity
she
designed
)
;
the
Fears
of
England
which
before
oppress'd
the
Nation
in
relation
to
Foreign
Dangers
as
well
as
Domestick
,
expired
.
When
her
first
Parliament
had
setled
1559.
The
Parliament
Address
to
the
Queen
to
Marry
.
the
Succession
and
Religion
,
their
next
care
was
for
the
Marriage
of
the
Queen
,
and
the
providing
for
future
times
;
and
accordingly
,
the
Commons
,
by
common
consent
resolved
to
Address
to
the
Queen
,
(
fearing
,
though
without
just
cause
)
,
That
she
should
Marry
a
Foreign
Prince
,
and
thereby
bring
the
English
Liberties
,
and
the
Protestant
Religion
,
into
the
same
dangers
they
had
been
exposed
to
in
the
former
Reign
.
They
therefore
represented
the
Affections
of
the
Nation
to
her
,
and
said
,
If
they
could
hope
she
might
be
Immortal
,
they
would
rest
satisfied
;
but
that
being
a
vain
Imagination
,
they
earnestly
besought
her
to
chuse
such
an
Husband
as
might
make
her self
and
the
Nation
happy
;
and
by
the
Blessing
of
God
bring
such
Issue
as
might
Reign
after
her
Death
,
which
they
prayed
God
might
be
very
late
.
To
this
she
replied
,
That
tho
the
Subject
they
came
about
was
not
acceptable
to
Which
she
refused
.
and
in
a
set
Speech
told
them
,
she
resolved
to
live
in
Celebacy
.
her
,
yet
it
was
a
great
satisfaction
to
her
,
to
see
how
zealous
they
and
her
other
Subjects
were
for
her
Welfare
,
and
that
she
b●…lieved
they
desired
it
for
her's
and
the
Nation
's
Good
.
And
as
to
the
changing
my
present
state
,
(
said
she
)
and
Marrying
,
which
you
so
earnestly
desire
I
would
do
,
I
have
long
since
pe●…suaded
my self
,
That
I
was
brought
into
the
world
by
the
special
Providence
of
God
,
that
I
might
in
the
first
place
think
and
do
what
tended
most
to
his
Glory
:
Therefore
I
have
chosen
that
state
of
Life
which
is
the
freest
from
human
cares
,
that
so
I
might
be
at
leisure
only
to
attend
the
Service
of
God
And
if
it
had
been
possible
for
the
Marriage
of
a
Potent
Prince
to
have
allured
me
,
or
the
Fears
of
Death
to
have
affrighted
me
from
this
Resolution
,
I
might
have
been
long
since
engaged
in
the
Honourable
State
of
Matrimony
:
and
these
were
my
thoughts
when
I
was
●…et
a
Subject
:
But
now
when
all
the
Cares
which
attend
the
Governing
of
a
Kingdom
,
are
come
upon
me
,
it
would
appear
a
very
inconsiderate
and
imprudent
thing
in
me
,
to
add
to
them
the
Cares
of
a
Married
State
.
In
truth
(
said
she
)
I
am
already
married
(
if
〈◊〉
else
will
satisfie
you
)
to
the
Kingdom
of
ENGLAND
.
See
(
what
I
wonder
you
could
forget
)
the
Pledge
of
my
Marriage
and
betrothing
to
the
Nation
:
And
stretching
out
her
hand
,
she
shewed
them
on
one
of
the
Fingers
of
her
Right
Hand
,
the
Gold
Ring
had
been
put
upon
it
,
according
to
the
Custom
,
at
her
Coronation
.
And
after
a
short
pause
,
she
thus
went
on
:
And
I
desire
you
would
not
look
upon
me
as
Childless
,
and
on
that
account
weak
and
defenceless
;
for
you
and
all
other
English-men
are
my
Children
and
Kinsmen
;
and
if
God
doth
not
deprive
me
of
you
,
(
as
I
hope
he
will
not
)
,
there
can
be
no
reason
why
I
should
be
thought
Childless
.
Yet
I
cannot
but
commend
you
for
this
;
That
you
have
not
prescribed
or
appointed
who
should
be
my
Husband
;
for
this
would
have
been
a
very
great
Affront
to
a
Sovereign
Prince
as
I
am
,
and
very
misbecoming
you
who
are
my
Subjects
born
:
But
if
ever
it
should
please
the
Divine
Majesty
to
incline
me
to
change
my
Condition
,
I
promise
you
I
will
never
do
any
thing
that
shall
tend
to
the
Damage
of
the
State
;
but
will
to
the
utmost
of
my
power
take
such
an
Husband
,
as
shall
take
as
much
Care
of
the
Kingdom
as
I
do
.
But
then
if
I
should
continue
in
my
present
State
of
Life
,
I
do
not
doubt
,
but
that
God
will
so
direct
mine
and
your
Counsels
,
that
there
shall
be
no
doubt
of
my
Successor
,
who
may
be
more
beneficial
to
the
Kingdom
,
than
one
born
of
me
;
for
it
is
often
observed
,
That
the
Children
of
the
Best
Princes
do
degenerate
from
the
Virtues
of
their
Parents
.
And
as
for
me
,
it
will
be
the
best
Memorial
and
the
greatest
Honour
I
can
wish
to
leave
behind
me
,
to
have
this
Inscription
after
my
Death
upon
my
Tomb
,
HERE
LIES
A
QUEEN
THAT
REIGNED
SO
LONG
,
AND
LIVED
AND
DIED
A
VIRGIN
.
And
she
concluded
,
That
she
took
their
Address
in
good
part
,
and
desired
them
to
carry
back
her
Thanks
for
the
Care
the
Commons
had
of
her
.
By
this
means
it
came
to
pass
,
that
Her
wonderful
Temperance
and
Chastity
.
many
Noblemen
of
great
Estate
and
Power
,
especially
such
as
enjoyed
the
Blessings
of
Nature
and
Fortune
,
Beauty
and
Wealth
,
united
together
,
conceived
an
almost
certain
hopes
,
that
they
should
win
their
Maiden
Queen
,
and
were
by
her
Arts
carried
on
in
that
expectation
.
But
on
the
contrary
,
tho
she
lived
in
a
Royal
Plenty
,
and
was
attacked
by
the
Blandishments
of
Nature
,
and
a
multitude
of
external
pleasing
Objects
,
yet
she
persisted
in
the
Resolution
she
had
taken
,
and
with
a
constant
and
unmoveable
Soul
preferred
her
Maiden
State
to
any
Marriage
.
Though
she
was
almost
every
night
tempted
to
change
her
Resolution
,
by
the
Luxury
,
Chearfulness
,
and
Wantonness
of
a
Court
which
shewed
it self
in
Interludes
,
Banquets
,
and
Balls
,
and
was
surrounded
on
all
sides
with
the
Enticements
of
Pleasures
,
and
the
things
which
might
provoke
the
most
cool
and
languid
Lust
;
yet
she
preserved
her self
from
being
Conquered
or
broken
by
them
:
For
the
Fear
of
God
,
and
a
true
Sense
of
Piety
extinguished
in
her
all
Feminine
Intemperance
and
Lust.
Though
she
was
the
Sovereign
and
Mistress
of
all
,
she
did
nothing
that
was
insolent
;
tho
she
ha●…
an
abundance
of
Wealth
at
her
Command
,
she
was
not
dissolute
,
but
she
governed
her self
by
the
severest
Rules
of
Chastity
and
Continence
.
Yet
her
Juvenile
Age
,
(
for
she
was
then
about
Twenty
five
years
old
)
and
the
Intemperance
which
will
ever
attend
a
Court
,
gave
occasion
to
some
injurious
Reports
;
but
then
she
as
casily
washed
off
that
slanderous
Infamy
,
which
was
one
of
the
most
raging
Crimes
of
the
Age
,
by
the
incredible
Continence
and
Chastity
of
her
whole
Life
;
her
Modesty
and
Prudence
over-ruling
and
controuling
the
Natural
Inclination
and
Disposition
.
Her
Maids
of
Honour
,
who
waited
on
her
,
took
a
wonderful
pleasure
in
her
Manners
,
her
Discourses
,
and
Conversation
,
and
wholly
applied
themselves
to
imitate
her
,
borrowing
from
her
examples
of
Modesty
and
Chastity
;
so
that
they
would
never
suffer
any
young
Nobleman
to
have
any
familiar
Acquaintance
with
any
of
them
,
if
he
had
not
recommended
himself
to
them
by
some
Generous
Manly
Action
in
the
Wars
.
Amongst
those
who
in
the
several
The
Princes
and
Great
men
that
Cou●…ted
her
parts
of
her
Life
aspired
to
the
Honour
of
her
Bed
,
Edward
Courtney
,
Earl
of
Devonshire
,
and
Marquess
of
Exeter
,
was
the
first
who
courted
her
in
her
youngest
years
:
And
after
him
,
Christian
III.
King
of
Denmark
,
for
his
Son
Frederick
;
after
this
,
●…erdinand
the
Emperor
desired
her
for
his
Son
Charles
;
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
,
[
](A28556-e12150-b)*
*
In
1560.
Erix
King
of
Sweden
,
and
[
](A28556-e12180-b)*
*
In
1560.
Adolph
Duke
of
Holstein
;
the
Dukes
of
[
](A28556-e12210-b)†
†
In
1568.
Anjou
and
[
](A28556-e12230-b)⸫
⸫
In
1574.
Alenzon
,
both
Princes
of
the
House
of
France
,
desired
to
have
Married
her
;
but
all
this
was
to
no
purpose
;
for
when
she
had
by
these
Treaties
deluded
them
,
and
secured
her self
,
she
ever
after
pretended
,
That
at
her
Coronation
she
had
obliged
her self
not
to
Marry
a
Foreign
Prince
.
Yet
there
were
some
at
home
,
who
after
this
deceived
themselves
with
these
deluding
hopes
;
amongst
whom
was
James
Earl
of
Arran
,
a
Scotch
Nobleman
,
who
was
recommended
to
the
Queen
for
an
Husband
,
by
the
Protestants
of
that
Kingdom
,
as
the
best
means
of
Uniting
England
and
Scotland
;
but
though
she
commended
this
Gentleman
,
yet
she
rejected
the
Proposal
.
There
was
also
one
Sir
William
Pickering
,
a
Gentleman
who
had
improved
himself
by
Ambassies
and
the
French
Breeding
,
who
aspired
to
it
,
tho
it
was
so
much
above
his
Fortunes
.
And
Thomas
Howard
,
Earl
of
Arundel
,
asterwards
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
one
descended
of
one
of
the
Noblest
and
Richest
Families
in
the
English
Nation
,
and
a
person
of
great
Interest
and
Authority
,
though
he
was
advanced
in
years
,
yet
he
would
also
very
fain
have
married
the
Queen
;
but
when
he
perceived
his
Old
Age
was
ridicul'd
and
despised
,
he
left
the
Court
,
and
went
abroad
,
and
never
came
back
again
into
England
.
She
persisted
in
this
Resolution
of
By
degrees
she
became
more
averse
to
Marriage
than
the
seemed
at
first
to
be
.
Celebacy
,
with
a
Constancy
that
was
admired
then
,
and
ever
since
;
and
at
last
she
would
grow
angry
when
any
of
her
Subjects
spake
to
her
of
Marriage
,
which
they
as
passionately
desired
,
as
she
declined
it
.
The
reason
of
this
was
wonderfully
exagitated
in
the
thoughts
of
men
,
and
some
were
very
unmannerly
(
to
speak
the
best
of
it
)
in
their
Conjectures
;
whilst
others
ascribed
it
,
with
much
more
probability
,
to
an
habit
of
Chastity
,
which
put
a
Curb
upon
all
irregular
Desires
;
or
the
fears
of
changing
her
Fortune
,
and
diminishing
her
Authority
;
it
being
but
reasonable
she
should
●…spect
,
that
whosoever
had
Married
her
,
would
have
taken
upon
him
the
principal
Administration
,
and
so
have
abated
her
Power
and
Reputation
:
others
ascribed
it
to
the
Counsel
of
her
Friends
,
who
yet
prevailed
with
her
to
suffer
Treaties
of
Marriage
to
be
carried
on
,
to
render
Foreign
Princes
more
favourable
to
her
Interests
,
by
the
hopes
of
attaining
her
at
last
.
But
whatever
was
the
true
Cause
of
it
,
which
can
be
certainly
known
to
none
but
God
,
had
this
Queen
been
of
the
Communion
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
this
single
Virtue
would
have
gone
a
great
way
to
the
Canonizing
of
her
,
as
it
has
of
many
others
;
and
she
certainly
would
have
much
more
deserved
it
,
than
any
of
the
best
that
have
been
Sainted
on
that
account
only
.
The
common
people
of
England
for
The
character
of
the
the
Earl
of
Leicester
,
a
long
time
most
firmly
believed
,
That
Robert
Dudley
,
Earl
of
Leicester
,
and
Lord
Steward
of
the
House
to
her
Majesty
,
would
be
the
man
that
would
marry
the
Queen
:
He
was
youngest
Son
to
John
Dudley
Duke
of
Northumberland
,
who
with
his
Eld●…r
Sons
,
●…ohn
call'd
Larl
of
Warwick
,
Sir
Am●…rose
,
Sir
Guilford
,
and
Sir
Henry
Dudley
,
had
been
found
Guilty
of
High
●…reason
,
and
the
Father
,
an●…
Sir
Guilford
a
younger
Son
,
was
behead●…d
in
the
fi●…st
year
of
Queen
Mary
s
Reign
;
when
this
Ro●…ert
(
who
was
the
youngest
Son
his
●…ather
had
then
living
)
was
spared
merely
on
the
account
of
his
youth
,
and
never
Tried
or
Dishonoured
.
This
Gentleman
in
his
younger
years
was
a
very
goodly
Person
,
of
a
B●…autiful
and
Lovely
Complexion
and
Features
,
but
high
foreheaded
,
which
yet
was
not
then
thought
any
diminution
of
his
Beauty
;
he
was
a
very
great
Politician
,
but
no
great
Soldier
;
and
tho
he
was
not
over-righteous
in
his
Actions
,
yet
in
his
Letters
there
was
not
known
a
Stile
more
Religious
,
and
fuller
of
the
strcams
of
Devotion
.
This
Favourite
was
then
in
the
Verdure
and
most
Flowering
Spring
of
his
Youth
,
of
a
Stately
Carriage
,
a
Modest
and
Grave
Look
,
a
great
Flatterer
,
of
a
pleasant
and
easie
nature
in
outward
shew
or
appearance
;
and
being
endowed
with
all
those
Accomplishments
the
City
or
Court
could
teach
him
,
in
which
he
had
had
his
Education
,
he
had
insinuated
himself
into
the
Favour
and
Familiarity
of
the
Queen
,
by
his
specious
shews
of
Loyalty
,
Industry
,
and
Vigilance
in
her
●…ervice
,
and
for
a
long
time
managed
the
greatest
Station
in
the
Court
,
and
was
reputed
the
First
Minister
of
State
,
though
his
Counsels
were
not
over-fortunate
.
His
Brother
Ambrose
was
Heir
to
the
Estate
,
and
he
to
the
Wisdom
of
that
Family
;
for
he
had
all
the
Arts
of
the
Publi●…an
Dudley
,
his
Grandfather
,
and
the
Policies
of
Northumberland
his
Father
.
He
was
the
most
reserved
man
of
that
Age
,
that
saw
all
,
and
was
invisible
,
carrying
a
depth
not
to
be
fathomed
,
but
by
the
Searcher
of
He●…rts
.
He
became
in
his
latter
times
sullen
to
his
Superiors
,
haughty
towards
his
Equals
,
insolent
to
his
Inferiors
,
ungrateful
to
his
Friends
,
and
pernicious
to
his
Enemies
,
and
in
a
word
,
intolerable
to
all
but
the
Queen
.
She
made
him
first
Master
of
her
Horse
,
and
after
Earl
of
Leicester
,
for
the
Sufferings
of
his
Ancestors
,
both
in
her
Father's
and
Sister's
Reign
:
But
the
common
people
,
who
very
rarely
penetrate
into
the
Thoughts
of
Princes
,
ascribed
all
his
Power
and
good
Fortune
to
his
Wit
and
Carriage
,
which
was
formed
by
Nature
and
Art
,
to
the
alluring
of
the
softer
Sex
,
he
being
of
a
very
taking
Behaviour
,
and
an
excellent
Dancer
,
so
that
one
of
the
b●…st
Dances
of
that
Age
,
was
called
by
his
Name
,
The
Leicester
Dance
.
When
he
found
the
Tide
of
Fortune
flowing
according
to
his
Ambitious
Wishes
,
his
heart
was
too
much
lifted
up
;
and
being
sometimes
confounded
by
the
Number
of
his
Attendants
,
and
those
that
waited
upon
and
visited
him
,
he
would
forget
their
Names
,
and
call
them
by
that
of
other
men
.
He
oft●…n
changed
his
Cloathes
,
and
affected
Gallantry
to
an
Excess
.
He
put
himsels
forward
,
and
took
up
the
distant
Employments
of
Peace
and
War
,
in
exclusion
of
others
who
had
more
Experience
,
(
especially
in
War
)
and
were
Nobly
born
.
He
was
continually
plodding
to
find
the
Studies
,
Abilities
,
Forces
,
and
Dispositions
of
other
men
;
and
so
great
was
his
Application
and
Parts
,
that
he
rarely
miscarried
in
his
Enquiries
He
would
terrifie
and
sometimes
destroy
his
Enemies
,
and
allure
his
Friends
by
the
shews
of
Rewards
:
He
by
his
Interest
advanced
his
Dependants
,
Kindred
and
Relations
,
to
Honours
and
Employments
;
And
when
he
found
his
opportunity
,
he
as
craftily
sold
his
Mistress's
Favours
,
and
the
Employments
he
had
taken
from
others
:
He
did
the
same
by
the
Livings
of
the
Church
,
but
then
he
took
Bonds
and
other
Securities
,
to
avoid
the
Penalties
of
Simony
.
Yet
there
were
few
for
a
great
while
called
to
the
Council-Table
,
or
admitted
to
Titles
of
Honour
,
but
by
his
Commendation
and
Procurement
;
so
that
he
seemed
not
so
much
to
be
the
Queen
's
particular
Favourite
,
as
her
Partner
in
the
Royal
Power
;
and
he
was
accordingly
courted
and
revered
by
the
rest
of
the
Nobility
.
The
Queen
made
him
Earl
of
Leicester
in
the
year
1564.
she
gave
him
also
a
considerable
Estate
out
of
the
Crown
Lands
,
and
advanced
him
from
Master
of
the
Horse
,
to
Lord
Steward
of
her
Houshold
.
She
had
made
Ambrose
Dudley
,
his
eldest
Brother
,
(
then
living
,
for
John
the
eldest
of
them
died
a
Prisoner
in
the
Reign
of
Queen
She
Prefer'd
him
in
Title
and
estate
,
and
advanced
his
Brother
.
Mary
,
without
Issue
)
,
about
two
years
before
Earl
of
Warwick
;
and
enriched
him
with
the
Grant
of
a
plentiful
Estate
to
bear
the
Charge
of
that
Honour
;
much
of
which
being
made
up
out
of
the
Estates
that
had
been
forfeited
to
the
Crown
,
this
and
the
sudden
Rise
of
these
two
Brothers
,
who
had
not
done
any
considerable
Service
to
the
Nation
,
that
was
known
,
either
in
Peace
or
War
,
made
them
envied
and
hated
not
only
by
the
Nobility
and
Courtiers
,
but
by
the
Populace
:
And
Leicester
encreased
the
Aversion
of
all
men
,
by
his
licentious
and
expensive
way
of
living
,
and
by
his
Rapins
which
he
craftily
made
upon
many
;
he
in
other
Instances
perverted
the
Laws
,
and
invaded
the
last
Wills
and
Testaments
of
the
Dead
:
He
ruined
many
of
his
Neighbours
by
cunning
and
tedious
Law-Suits
to
get
their
Estates
which
lay
convenient
for
him
:
In
the
mean
time
he
gave
himself
up
intirely
to
the
exercise
of
a
most
wicked
and
univerfal
Luxury
,
and
brought
into
England
from
Foreign
Countreys
,
many
new
and
unheard-of
Pleasures
,
and
invented
new
kinds
of
Dishes
to
gratifie
his
Gluttony
:
He
would
drink
dissolved
Pearls
and
Amber
to
excite
his
Lust
;
and
had
so
accustomed
himself
to
the
scents
of
Musk
and
Civet
,
that
when
he
went
General
into
the
Low-Countries
,
he
could
not
live
without
them
;
so
that
in
short
,
he
very
much
exceeded
the
Intemperance
of
all
former
times
,
and
made
an
accursed
addition
to
the
ruining-disorders
of
men
.
His
Example
corrupted
many
of
the
younger
Nobility
also
,
who
being
prone
to
Luxury
,
very
easily
imitated
his
Vices
,
and
thought
that
the
height
of
human
Happiness
was
in
Pleasures
;
and
therefore
wholly
neglecting
the
Care
and
Improvement
of
their
Minds
,
spent
all
their
Time
,
Money
,
and
Thoughts
on
the
Dressing
themselves
after
the
French
Fashion
,
and
pleasing
their
Senses
.
The
ill
effects
of
Luxury
.
Who
can
conceive
the
Poverty
that
followed
these
immense
Expences
?
And
the
bold
Adventures
these
impoverished
Gallants
were
forced
upon
to
supply
their
Wants
?
Desperation
and
Effeminacy
making
them
outragious
to
the
Ruin
of
the
State
.
Certainly
there
is
nothing
that
is
more
destructive
to
a
Nation
,
and
consequently
more
to
be
avoided
,
than
the
Feasts
and
Riots
of
a
prodigal
Apicius
,
or
the
Luxury
and
Banquets
of
a
profuse
〈◊〉
.
Thus
was
Fitz-Alan
the
last
●…arl
of
Arundel
,
and
Edward
de
Vere
,
Lord
High
Chamberlain
of
England
,
and
Earl
of
Oxford
,
the
Baron
of
Windfor
,
and
many
rich
Knights
and
Gentlemen
,
who
might
have
been
the
Ornaments
of
their
Countrey
,
by
his
ill
Example
and
Conversation
drawn
into
great
Expences
,
Chargeable
Feasts
,
Balls
,
and
Interludes
,
and
an
excessive
Gallantry
,
the
common
Attendants
of
too
much
Ease
and
Plenty
;
by
which
they
much
wasted
their
Estates
,
and
impoverished
their
Families
;
and
their
Bodies
also
were
much
softned
and
unmann'd
by
their
Excesses
and
Sloth
;
and
the
generous
Inclinations
and
Faculties
of
their
Souls
stifled
and
weakned
by
the
Charms
of
Pleasures
.
There
are
some
who
think
that
the
His
designs
in
debauching
the
Nobility
.
crafty
Earl
of
Leicester
designed
this
debauching
the
Prime
Nobility
of
England
,
when
he
entred
upon
this
way
of
living
,
that
he
might
by
it
render
them
weak
and
contemptible
:
But
however
,
it
is
most
certain
,
the
great
influence
he
had
upon
the
Queen
,
and
his
being
the
Prime
Minister
of
State
;
and
acquainted
with
all
her
Counsels
and
Intentions
,
made
him
extremely
hated
by
all
the
rest
.
He
had
by
his
cunning
and
crafty
Projects
and
Counsels
,
engrossed
all
the
Rewards
of
Virtue
,
Riches
,
Honours
,
Attendants
,
and
the
first
Place
of
Minister
of
State
,
and
he
managed
them
,
and
lived
without
any
Religion
towards
God
,
or
Fidelity
to
men
,
making
it
his
great
design
to
cover
all
things
with
Luxury
,
Cruelty
,
and
Rapines
.
With
whom
did
he
continue
in
a
constant
Friendship
?
What
good
man
did
not
find
him
an
Enemy
?
He
was
to
the
utmost
degree
ungrateful
to
all
his
Friends
;
and
if
any
of
his
Enemies
had
at
any
time
a
little
too
freely
expressed
their
Resentments
against
his
Dishonesty
,
Wickedness
,
Injuries
,
Power
,
or
Perfidy
,
(
as
he
gave
men
too
frequent
occasions
to
reflect
on
them
)
he
seldom
failed
to
cause
them
to
be
treacherously
murdered
.
Many
fell
in
his
time
(
saith
a
Great
Man
of
that
Age
)
who
saw
not
the
hand
that
pull'd
them
down
;
and
as
many
died
,
that
knew
not
their
own
disease
:
He
would
not
trust
his
Familiars
above
one
year
,
but
either
Transported
them
to
Foreign
Services
,
or
wafted
them
to
another
world
.
In
the
year
1583
,
he
caused
one
Mr.
Edward
Adern
,
a
Generous
,
but
Imprudent
and
Rash
Gentleman
,
a
zealous
Roman-Catholick
,
and
a
great
Defamer
of
others
,
to
be
drawn
into
Troubles
,
by
the
means
of
one
Somervil
(
a
mad
Papist
)
his
Father-in-Law
,
and
one
Hall
,
a
Popish
Priest
;
and
being
found
guilty
of
Treason
,
he
,
his
Wife
,
Somervil
,
and
the
Priest
,
were
all
sentenced
to
die
.
Somervil
hanged
himself
in
Prison
,
Adern
was
executed
,
and
Hall
the
Author
and
Procurer
of
all
this
Mischief
,
was
preserved
by
the
Intercession
of
Leicester
.
This
was
by
all
men
looked
upon
a
Spectacle
of
great
Compassion
.
He
laid
Snares
for
many
of
the
Nobility
,
ruining
the
Reputation
of
some
of
them
,
endangering
the
Lives
of
others
;
and
some
Noble
Families
he
utterly
extinguished
.
He
impiously
and
sacrilegiously
invaded
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
,
and
brought
some
of
the
Bishops
into
Danger
and
Dis-favour
.
He
incensed
the
Queen
against
the
Lord
Archbishop
Grindal
,
a
Prelate
of
great
Integrity
and
Honesty
,
by
his
Calumnies
and
Slanders
.
This
Grave
and
Religious
Prelate
was
(
as
Mr.
Cambden
Anno
1583.
saith
)
first
made
Bishop
of
London
,
then
Archbishop
of
York
,
and
afterwards
of
Canterbury
,
and
for
many
years
enjoyed
the
Favour
of
the
Queen
,
till
by
the
crafty
Insinuations
of
Leicester
,
she
was
set
against
him
,
upon
a
pretence
and
slanderous
Report
,
That
he
was
a
Favourer
of
the
Conventicles
of
the
turbulent
Puritan
Preachers
,
and
of
their
Preachments
;
but
in
truth
because
he
would
not
patiently
dissemble
the
Disorders
of
one
Julio
an
Italian
Physician
,
and
a
Favourite
of
Leicester's
,
who
had
Married
another
man's
Wife
,
for
which
the
good
Prelate
stoutly
prosecuted
him
,
though
Leicester
appeared
for
the
Criminal
.
The
best
of
Princes
,
after
all
the
Leicester
recommends
Robert
Earl
of
Essex
to
the
Queen
.
Care
and
prudent
Foresight
that
Mortality
is
capable
of
,
are
yet
sometimes
deceived
in
the
choice
of
their
Servants
.
Leicester
having
married
the
Countess
Dowager
of
Essex
,
who
was
a
Widow
when
his
first
Lady
died
,
and
having
no
Children
of
his
own
,
was
easily
perswaded
by
his
Wife
to
recommend
Robert
Devereux
,
the
young
Earl
of
Essex
,
her
Son
,
to
the
Queen
,
as
one
fit
to
serve
her
Majesty
;
and
by
this
he
opened
the
way
to
that
great
man
,
and
brought
him
with
good
advantage
into
the
Court
,
and
into
Business
.
Nor
would
this
Nobleman
afterwards
refuse
to
acknowledge
,
That
all
the
Authority
and
Favour
he
had
acquired
with
the
Queen
,
was
owing
in
a
great
measure
to
the
Assistance
his
Step-Father
had
at
first
given
him
.
When
he
had
some
time
served
as
a
The
Actions
of
that
Earl
in
Holland
.
Volunteer
,
first
under
his
own
Father
in
Ireland
,
and
after
in
other
places
,
he
was
made
General
of
the
Horse
,
and
Field-Marshal
,
under
the
Earl
of
Leicester
;
when
in
the
year
1585
,
he
went
General
of
the
English
Forces
in
the
Low
Countries
.
In
this
Expedition
this
Noble
Gentleman
behaved
himself
with
that
Courage
,
Bravery
,
Moderation
,
and
Prudence
,
that
he
won
the
Love
and
Esteem
of
the
whole
Army
;
and
by
that
Reputation
he
became
very
Popular
,
which
afterwards
was
the
occasion
of
his
Ruin
.
The
truth
was
,
His
Character
.
he
for
Honesty
,
Valour
,
Liberality
,
and
Sincerity
,
was
equal
to
the
best
of
the
Nobility
of
his
time
;
but
in
Prudence
and
Discretion
he
was
inferior
to
many
.
He
for
a
long
time
enjoyed
the
Favour
of
the
Queen
,
which
his
goodness
prompted
him
freely
to
employ
to
the
doing
good
,
and
to
the
relief
of
the
indigent
and
oppressed
;
so
that
all
his
Greatness
seemed
only
to
be
lodged
in
him
as
Water
in
a
Cistern
,
for
the
good
of
others
He
was
not
observed
to
be
addicted
to
any
Vice
,
but
that
of
Missing
and
Luxury
;
but
as
to
all
his
other
Appetites
,
he
had
them
in
a
tolerable
subjection
to
his
Reason
.
In
the
year
1587
,
he
was
made
Master
of
the
Horse
.
In
1590
,
he
was
sent
into
France
with
an
English
Army
,
to
assist
Henry
the
IVth
.
In
1596
,
he
was
made
Earl
Marshal
of
England
,
and
after
that
,
Master
of
the
Ordnance
the
same
year
.
In
the
year
1597
,
he
was
Admiral
of
the
second
Squadron
of
that
Fleet
which
was
sent
against
Cadiz
.
In
1599
,
he
was
made
Lord
Deputy
of
Irel●…nd
,
with
more
ample
power
than
had
been
given
to
any
of
his
Predecessors
,
and
a
good
Army
.
This
Expedition
was
the
occasion
of
the
Ruin
of
this
Great
Man
;
his
Army
being
wasted
,
without
any
considerable
Advantage
.
Cambden
attributes
this
to
the
Discontent
of
the
Earl
of
Essex
,
Because
Sir
Robert
Cecil
was
made
Master
of
the
Wards
;
which
so
netled
him
,
who
desired
to
engross
all
h●…s
Mistress's
Favours
,
that
he
left
Ireland
without
leave
,
and
returned
to
England
,
where
he
perished
in
his
Discontent
and
Folly
,
in
the
year
1600.
The
Queen
was
in
her
own
Temper
The
Queen
very
much
oppressed
by
the
Inf●…my
and
Villanies
of
Leicester
.
a
Person
of
an
extraordinary
Piety
and
Goodness
,
and
without
any
exception
;
yet
her
Virtue
was
scarce
able
to
secure
her
from
being
made
infamous
and
unhappy
by
the
Wickedness
of
the
Earl
of
Leicester
;
she
in
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
relying
too
much
upon
his
Counsel
,
and
as
it
were
committing
her self
and
her
Kingdoms
to
his
Industry
and
Care
,
to
the
neglect
of
the
rest
of
the
Nobility
,
who
hated
this
Minister
;
Whilst
the
rest
of
the
Peers
withdrew
from
Danger
,
or
stood
as
it
were
at
a
gaze
in
a
stupid
amazement
,
or
servilely
and
patiently
complied
with
him
:
But
Thomas
Ratcliff
,
Earl
of
Sussex
,
and
Lord
Chamberlain
of
the
Houshold
to
the
Queen
,
and
President
of
the
North
;
agoodly
Gentleman
,
of
a
Brave
and
The
Character
of
Thomas
Ratcliff
,
Earl
of
Sussex
.
Noble
Nature
;
constant
to
his
Friends
and
Servants
,
and
the
best
Soldier
the
Queen
then
had
,
would
not
so
tamely
yield
to
Leicester
;
there
being
in
his
Nature
as
well
as
Morals
,
a
perfect
Antipathy
to
the
other
;
so
that
the
Court
for
a
long
time
stood
divided
between
them
,
and
they
kept
Spies
upon
each
other's
actions
:
The
Queen
did
what
she
could
to
reconcile
them
,
but
it
was
utterly
impossible
;
they
were
equal
in
Power
and
Estate
,
but
so
differing
from
each
other
in
their
Designs
and
Interests
,
and
so
unwilling
on
both
sides
to
yield
,
that
nothing
but
Death
could
determine
this
mortal
Feud
between
them
.
This
Noble
Martial
Earl
died
in
the
year
1583.
He
would
often
remonstrate
,
That
Leicester's
Covetousness
and
his
other
Vices
were
intolerable
;
that
he
had
more
Authority
with
the
Queen
,
than
all
the
rest
of
the
Nobility
;
that
he
disposed
of
all
the
Rewards
of
Virtue
and
Industry
,
and
all
the
rest
were
forced
to
truckle
under
,
and
serve
him
;
that
his
Pride
,
Laziness
,
Luxury
,
and
dissolute
Manners
were
not
to
be
born
;
and
there
was
hardly
a
good
man
in
the
Nation
,
who
was
not
in
his
heart
convinced
of
the
truth
of
all
this
,
and
did
not
wish
to
see
this
ill
man
humbled
.
The
truth
is
,
Sussex
was
the
honester
man
,
and
the
better
Soldier
;
Leicester
the
more
accomplished
Courtier
,
and
the
deeper
Politician
,
not
for
the
general
Good
,
but
his
own
partitular
Profit
.
Sir
William
Cecil
was
a
Person
of
The
Character
of
Sir
William
Cecil
,
afterward
Lord
Burleigh
.
great
Learning
,
singular
Judgment
,
and
admirable
Moderation
and
Prudence
;
unto
which
is
justly
attributed
very
much
of
the
Prosperity
which
England
for
so
many
years
enjoyed
under
this
most
auspieious
Government
.
He
was
made
Secretary
of
State
the
5th
.
of
Ed●…
.
the
6th
.
1551.
His
opposition
to
the
Exclusion
of
Queen
Mary
,
preserved
him
in
her
fair
Esteem
,
tho
he
was
of
a
differing
Religion
.
In
the
first
of
Queen
Elizabeth
he
was
again
call'd
to
the
Council-Table
.
In
the
3d.
year
of
her
Reign
he
was
made
Master
of
the
Wards
;
and
in
the
14th
.
Anno
1572.
he
was
made
Lord
Treasurer
of
England
,
upon
the
Death
of
William
Lord
Pa●…let
,
havingthe
25th
,
of
February
of
the
preceding
year
,
obtained
his
Patentof
Baron
Lord
Burleigh
;
so
that
he
was
the
first
Peer
of
this
Illustrious
House
,
though
his
Father
and
Grandfather
had
enjoyed
good
Employments
under
Henry
the
8th
.
In
all
the
Contests
between
Sussex
and
Leicester
,
this
Great
Man
stood
Neuter
,
and
would
engage
in
neither
of
the
Parties
;
which
made
him
the
Head
of
a
Third
,
and
enabled
him
to
serve
himself
of
both
the
other
,
in
whose
ways
he
laid
many
rubs
.
Others
were
raised
to
balance
Factions
,
he
to
support
a
Kingdom
;
as
he
was
the
best
Statesman
in
that
Age
,
so
he
was
constantly
on
the
watch
for
the
Safety
of
his
Mistress
and
her
Kingdoms
.
Leicester
was
the
Cunningest
man
of
the
Age
,
but
Cecil
the
Wisest
,
the
Stoutest
;
and
being
without
Guile
or
Pride
;
made
it
his
business
to
baffle
all
Leicester's
Projects
for
th●…
Marriage
of
the
Queen
,
and
the
enslaving
the
Nation
.
He
and
Sussex
threw
themselves
once
at
the
Feet
of
the
Queen
,
and
presumed
to
tell
her
,
That
all
her
good
subjects
were
concern'd
to
see
the
Danger
and
Dishonour
Dudley
had
brought
upon
her
;
That
he
had
transgressed
all
the
bounds
of
a
Subject
,
and
very
much
exceeded
the
Crimes
of
Northumberland
his
Father
:
That
he
had
bragg'd
of
Marrying
her
:
That
this
was
a
Dishonour
to
her
Majesty
,
and
would
bring
Mischief
on
her
Kingdoms
;
for
her
Subjects
would
never
endure
the
Soveraignty
of
an
unchaste
and
wicked
man
.
And
they
advised
her
to
put
a
stop
to
the
Jealousies
of
her
People
,
and
to
consult
her
own
Honour
,
and
the
Safety
of
her
Friends
.
They
represented
to
her
very
warmly
,
the
Dignity
,
Power
,
and
Wealth
of
a
Foreign
Match
;
and
recommended
to
her
Charles
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
,
second
Son
of
Ferdinand
the
Emperor
,
and
Brother
of
Maximilian
II.
as
a
Prince
worthy
of
her
Affections
.
These
Discourses
of
these
Great
Men
made
a
very
deep
Impression
on
the
The
Earl
of
Sussex
sent
Ambassador
to
the
Emperor
.
mind
of
the
Queen
;
and
thereupon
this
Noble
Earl
was
sent
in
the
year
1567
,
to
carry
the
George
to
Maximilian
II.
Emperor
of
Germany
;
and
had
Commission
at
the
same
time
to
treat
of
this
Marriage
;
which
he
endeavoured
to
effect
with
all
his
Power
,
though
the
Earl
of
Leicester
opposed
it
.
The
Gallantry
of
his
Behaviour
,
and
the
Splendor
of
his
Equipage
and
Retinue
,
gain'd
him
a
Familiarity
from
the
Emperor
,
and
a
Reverence
from
the
Arch-Duke
,
a
Respect
from
the
People
,
and
his
Mistress
a
kindness
in
that
Court
,
which
stood
her
in
great
stead
against
the
Attempts
of
the
King
of
Spain
,
and
Pope
of
Rome
;
which
perhaps
was
all
that
was
designed
by
the
Treaty
;
for
it
is
said
,
the
Lord
North
,
who
went
with
him
,
had
Orders
under
hand
to
oppose
all
his
Negotiations
,
as
he
did
,
and
by
a
few
fond
Scruples
disappointed
and
at
last
defeated
the
whole
Design
.
It
is
supposed
by
some
,
this
Obstruction
was
procured
by
Leicester
,
to
secure
his
own
Greatness
.
When
this
The
Ruin
of
Leicester
.
Great
but
Ill
Man
had
struggled
many
years
with
the
opposite
Parties
which
arose
one
after
another
against
him
in
the
Court
,
and
found
himself
sinking
in
the
Favour
of
the
Queen
,
by
his
private
Marrying
the
Countess
of
Essex
during
the
Life
of
his
first
Wife
;
fearing
the
Divine
Justice
,
the
Change
of
the
Times
,
and
the
great
Numbers
of
men
he
had
exasperated
against
him
,
he
in
the
year
1585
,
obtained
a
Commission
of
the
Queen
for
Levying
500
men
,
to
be
sent
into
Holland
and
Zealand
;
and
was
after
that
,
by
another
,
constituted
Lieutenant
and
Captain-General
of
the
whole
Army
designed
for
the
Service
of
the
United
Provinces
,
against
the
Spaniard
,
whither
he
went
the
same
year
;
he
had
no
good
Success
in
this
Expedition
;
and
the
next
year
the
Hollanders
made
loud
and
dreadful
Complaints
against
him
,
for
mis-spending
their
Money
,
and
ill-managing
their
Affairs
;
whereupon
he
was
re-called
;
and
the
Complaint
following
him
hither
,
he
told
the
Queen
,
That
she
having
sent
HisDeath
and
Dishonour
.
him
thither
with
Honour
,
(
he
hoped
)
she
would
not
receive
him
back
with
Disgrace
;
and
that
whom
she
had
raised
from
the
Dust
,
she
would
not
bury
alive
.
Thereupon
he
left
the
Court
,
and
the
4th
.
of
Septemb●…r
,
1588
he
died
at
Cornbury-Park
in
Oxfordshire
.
Thus
died
this
Favourite
,
having
in
one
year
in
the
Wars
lost
all
that
Reputation
and
Favour
he
had
acquired
in
so
many
years
in
the
Court.
Peregrine
Lord
Willoughby
,
a
Noble
The
Character
of
the
Lord
Willoughby
.
Gentleman
,
a
good
Soldier
,
and
a
Virtuous
Man
,
who
was
one
of
the
Commanders
under
the
Earl
of
Leicester
,
succeeded
him
as
General
of
the
English
Forces
in
the
Netherlands
:
He
had
more
Experience
,
more
Courage
,
and
also
more
Success
than
his
Predecessor
;
so
that
he
was
stiled
the
Queen's
first
Sword-man
,
and
a
great
Master
of
the
Military
Art
,
by
the
Historians
of
those
times
:
He
did
the
States
of
Holland
great
Service
,
by
his
brave
Defence
of
Bergen
ap
Zoom
,
against
the
Prince
of
Parma
,
in
the
year
1588
:
But
for
all
that
,
he
had
some
of
the
Fate
of
his
Predecessor
,
which
fell
to
his
lot
,
for
he
was
complained
of
by
the
Hollanders
,
as
well
,
tho
not
so
justly
as
Leicester
;
but
his
Innocence
clear'd
him
.
In
the
year
1589
,
he
was
sent
General
of
4000
men
,
in
aid
of
the
King
of
Navarre
,
into
France
;
and
he
died
in
the
year
1601.
The
Queen
in
all
the
time
of
her
The
Character
of
Sir
Francis
Walsingham
.
Reign
,
took
care
to
Establish
her
Government
by
the
Counsel
,
Virtue
,
and
Fidelity
of
many
Wise
and
Learned
Men
,
who
spent
their
whole
time
in
promoting
the
Publick
Welfare
and
Peace
of
her
Kingdoms
.
Sir
Francis
Walsingham
,
Secretary
of
State
,
was
one
of
the
greatest
of
these
,
and
an
Ornament
to
her
Court
and
Council
.
He
so
sedulously
attended
the
execution
of
the
Office
committed
to
him
,
and
took
his
Measures
for
the
Safety
of
her
Person
and
Kingdoms
,
and
the
Security
of
the
Protestant
Religion
,
with
that
Prudence
and
Caution
,
that
it
was
scarce
possible
any
thing
should
happen
,
which
his
Care
and
Industry
had
not
foreseen
,
or
his
Spies
discovered
to
him
before-hand
.
His
Maxim
was
,
Knowledge
is
never
too
dear
;
and
accordingly
he
spent
his
whole
Income
and
Time
in
her
Service
,
and
died
in
the
year
1590
,
so
poor
,
that
the
Queen
gave
his
Daughter
her
Portion
.
The
Queen
has
been
heard
to
say
,
That
his
Diligence
and
Sagacity
exceeded
her
Expectation
.
The
Lord
Burleigh
was
made
Lord
Burleigh
made
Lord
Treasurer
for
his
Virtue
.
Treasurer
of
England
by
her
,
because
he
was
the
Cato
of
his
Time
;
a
man
well
versed
in
the
Affairs
of
the
Treasury
,
and
a
Provident
and
Careful
Manager
of
them
:
He
would
insinuate
to
the
Queen
,
That
the
Treasury
was
not
her
own
Money
,
but
committed
to
her
Care
for
the
Safety
of
her
People
;
and
therefore
it
was
not
to
be
spent
in
useless
ways
,
or
in
satisfying
the
Avarice
and
Knavery
of
her
Ministers
,
but
for
the
Benefit
and
Welfare
of
the
State
;
and
that
the
best
thing
which
could
possibly
be
done
by
any
person
,
was
to
do
that
which
tended
to
the
good
of
his
Countrey
.
Mary
the
Daughter
of
James
V.
King
of
Scotland
,
was
a
young
Lady
The
Character
and
Story
of
Mary
Queen
of
Scotland
.
of
great
Beauty
;
and
by
the
Arts
of
her
Mother
,
who
was
a
French
Lady
,
and
descended
of
the
House
of
Lorain
,
she
was
perswaded
to
marry
Francis
the
Eldest
Son
of
Henry
II.
then
King
of
France
,
by
which
he
obtained
the
Title
of
King
of
Scotland
in
her
Right
.
After
Mary
Queen
of
England
was
dead
,
the
House
of
Guise
in
France
perswaded
this
Prince
and
his
Lady
to
assume
and
use
the
Royal
Arms
of
England
,
because
she
was
of
the
Royal
Family
;
and
accordingly
it
was
Engraven
on
all
their
Plate
,
and
put
upon
all
their
other
Furniture
,
and
they
used
it
in
their
Seals
,
to
the
great
Injury
and
Exasperation
of
Queen
Elizabeth
:
She
suffered
also
her self
to
be
stiled
Queen
of
England
,
which
highly
incensed
the
English
Nation
against
her
and
the
French
Court
;
it
being
thought
the
greatest
Contempt
that
could
possibly
be
offered
to
us
,
to
assume
that
Title
at
a
time
when
France
was
engaged
in
a
War
with
Spain
:
But
however
,
the
Civil
War
which
soon
after
broke
out
in
France
,
and
lasted
many
years
,
the
defeating
their
Designs
in
Scotland
,
the
Deaths
of
Henry
II.
and
Francis
II.
and
all
other
the
Calamities
that
followed
this
foolish
Attempt
,
sufficiently
revenged
the
Injury
offered
to
the
Queen
and
the
English
Nation
.
Sir
Nicholas
Throgmorton
was
an
Industrious
,
The
Character
of
Sir
N.
Throgmorton
.
Wise
,
and
an
Active
Statesman
,
but
apt
to
be
heat
,
and
of
a
fiery
Temper
:
He
was
at
that
time
the
English
Leiger
Ambassador
in
the
Court
of
France
,
and
was
highly
exasperated
to
see
this
Affront
put
upon
his
Mistress
,
and
he
made
sharp
and
loud
Complaints
of
it
to
the
Council
of
France
:
After
a
tedious
Debate
,
and
many
Hearings
,
he
at
last
by
the
means
of
Montmorancy
,
Constable
of
France
,
obtained
an
Order
or
Promise
,
That
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
should
no
more
use
the
Royal
Arms
of
England
,
nor
the
Title
of
Queen
of
England
or
Ireland
,
during
the
Life
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
or
of
any
Children
born
of
her
.
The
Envy
and
Hatred
which
was
occasioned
by
this
imprudent
Contest
between
these
two
great
Ladies
,
who
were
equal
in
Authority
and
Beauty
,
had
an
ill
effect
upon
them
in
all
the
after-parts
of
their
Lives
,
and
at
last
ended
in
the
violent
Death
of
Mary
Queen
of
the
Scots
.
The
French
seemed
then
to
desire
nothing
The
French
desirous
of
a
War
with
England
.
more
than
a
pretence
for
a
War
with
England
:
Throgmorton
the
Ambassador
was
made
the
subject
of
their
Court-Jesters
and
Comedians
Raillery
;
one
of
his
Servants
was
,
contrary
to
the
Laws
of
Nations
,
taken
violently
and
unjustly
from
him
,
and
sent
to
the
Gallies
by
the
Brother
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
;
the
English
which
Traded
in
France
,
were
without
any
provocation
or
complaint
made
of
them
to
their
own
Queen
,
most
unjustly
Imprison'd
,
and
otherwise
exposed
to
Contempt
and
Blows
:
The
Ambassador
bore
all
things
with
an
invincible
Resolution
,
and
resolved
,
whatever
he
suffered
,
not
to
be
frighted
from
his
Post
,
but
to
watch
the
first
opportunity
to
revenge
the
Contempt
was
offered
to
his
Character
,
and
their
violations
of
the
Laws
of
Nations
:
He
complained
openly
and
freely
to
the
Council
of
France
,
of
the
Affronts
offered
to
his
Mistress
,
of
their
Violence
,
Injuries
,
and
Rapins
committed
upon
her
Subjects
:
And
as
for
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
he
considered
him
only
as
a
Subject
of
France
,
and
said
many
things
of
him
with
the
utmost
Freedom
and
Sharpness
;
and
the
Duke
of
Guise
answered
him
with
some
vehemence
:
The
Council
on
the
other
hand
laid
all
the
blame
on
the
common
people
of
France
,
and
offered
a
specious
T●…rogmorton
kindles
the
Civil
Wars
in
France
.
but
un●…rue
Excuse
for
what
had
been
done
.
The
Ambassador
thereupon
calling
God
and
man
to
bear
witness
how
much
they
had
violated
the
Law
of
Nations
,
and
the
Liberty
of
an
Ambassador
,
which
was
Sacred
by
the
Laws
of
God
and
man
,
returned
to
his
House
;
and
from
thenceforward
made
it
his
business
to
imbroil
France
;
he
exasperated
by
his
Arts
Anthony
King
of
Navarre
,
the
Prince
of
Conde
his
Brother
,
Montmorancy
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Peers
of
that
Kingdom
,
till
he
made
all
France
the
Scene
of
a
Civil
War
,
and
filled
it
with
inexpressible
Calamities
,
which
ended
in
the
utter
Ruin
of
the
exorbitant
Power
and
Greatness
of
the
House
of
Guise
.
Tho
this
Great
man
did
all
this
;
yet
upon
his
return
into
England
he
did
not
meet
with
a
Recompence
proportionable
to
his
Integrity
,
Courage
,
and
Industry
;
because
the
Lord
Burleigh
was
his
Enemy
,
and
sought
by
all
means
to
curb
and
conquer
this
lively
,
free
,
and
haughty
Spirit
,
which
too
often
appeared
against
him
.
The
French
having
obtained
a
Matrimonial
The
French
design
to
improve
their
Interest
in
Scotland
,
to
the
Ruin
of
England
.
Right
to
the
Crown
of
Scotland
,
thought
it
afforded
them
a
fair
pretence
,
and
an
happy
introduction
into
the
Island
,
and
designed
to
employ
these
Advantages
for
the
Conquest
of
England
also
.
They
thereupon
taking
hold
of
the
Disorders
their
own
Cruelty
and
Perfidy
had
caused
in
Scotland
,
raised
a
Potent
Army
under
the
Command
of
the
Count
de
Martigues
,
and
Monsieur
La
Brosse
,
two
Expert
Commanders
,
and
sent
them
into
Scotland
:
These
French
Gentlemen
did
all
that
was
possible
to
Establish
the
Faction
that
favoured
France
in
Scotland
;
they
wasted
and
destroyed
all
that
durst
oppose
them
;
and
threatned
the
intire
Destruction
of
all
that
any
way
opposed
their
designs
:
Their
Violence
and
Cruelty
in
the
mean
time
highly
exasperated
the
common
people
of
that
Kingdom
,
and
they
began
to
whisper
,
That
the
Destruction
of
all
the
Scotch
The
Scotch
complain
,
and
arm
against
them
.
Nobility
,
and
the
Extirpation
of
their
Government
,
was
intended
:
Thereupon
the
Scots
began
in
good
earnest
to
think
how
they
might
preserve
themselves
,
and
defend
their
Lands
and
Territories
from
the
Incursions
and
Depredations
of
the
French
.
The
French
,
on
the
other
side
,
meeting
with
Repulses
,
and
seeing
the
whole
Nation
arm
against
them
,
when
they
expected
the
most
profound
Submission
,
retired
to
Leith
,
which
they
had
then
Fortified
for
their
The
French
retire
to
Leith
.
security
,
whither
the
Scotch
Nobility
sollowed
them
;
and
there
were
frequent
but
small
Skirmishes
between
them
and
the
French
:
But
however
,
still
the
storm
fell
heaviest
on
that
part
of
the
Scots
which
had
embraced
the
Reformation
,
(
for
that
was
made
the
pretence
for
sending
over
these
French
Forces
)
;
and
they
on
the
contrary
saw
,
that
during
the
Marriage
of
their
Queen
with
Francis
II.
King
of
France
,
there
was
no
hopes
of
Security
against
the
Pride
and
Cruelty
of
their
new
The
Scots
send
into
England
for
assistance
.
Masters
,
and
that
they
were
not
able
to
defend
themselves
,
without
Assistance
from
abroad
.
Whereupon
they
sent
their
Agents
with
Letters
to
Queen
Elizabeth
,
laying
before
her
Majesty
the
miserable
Estate
they
were
reduced
to
,
and
imploring
her
Protection
and
Assistance
for
the
prevention
of
their
Ruin
.
The
Queen
being
before
exasperated
by
the
ill
usages
she
had
received
from
the
Guifes
,
and
compassionating
the
Dangers
of
Scotland
;
foreseeing
also
at
the
same
time
the
great
and
almost
unavoidable
danger
which
was
approaching
her
own
Kingdom
,
if
the
French
were
suffered
by
force
or
fraud
to
subdue
that
part
of
the
Scots
which
were
of
the
Protestant
Religion
;
she
couragiously
and
prudently
resolved
to
undertake
the
Defence
and
Protection
of
this
Nation
;
A
Fleet
sent
into
Scotland
.
and
broke
with
the
French
,
whose
Friendship
is
at
all
times
doubtful
and
uncertain
:
Thereupon
she
sent
Mr.
William
Winter
,
the
Master
of
her
Naval
Cannon
,
with
a
Fleet
into
the
Fryth
of
Edinburgh
,
in
the
year
1560
;
which
took
the
Island
of
Keth
from
the
French
,
and
expelled
their
Garifo●…
and
relieved
the
Scots
that
were
then
in
Arms.
She
made
also
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
a
Peer
of
good
Experience
in
Warlike
〈◊〉
,
President
of
the
North.
At
the
same
time
she
sent
the
Lord
Grey
of
WILTON
,
who
had
been
very
unsuccessful
in
the
Defence
of
GUINES
,
a
Fortress
belonging
to
Calais
,
in
her
Sister's
Reign
,
with
an
Army
by
Land
into
Scotland
.
He
entred
Scotland
with
And
an
Army
,
which
besieged
Leith
.
this
Army
,
which
consisted
in
Six
Thousand
Foot
,
and
Two
Thousand
Horse
,
in
a
peaceable
and
civil
manner
treating
the
Countries
through
which
he
passed
,
as
a
Friend
and
an
Ally
that
came
to
help
them
;
and
sat
down
before
Leith
,
a
Sea-Port
which
was
then
Garison'd
by
the
French
.
Martigues
,
who
was
a
young
and
a
fiery
Gentleman
,
being
spurr'd
on
by
the
over-warm
desires
of
Glory
,
would
needs
undertake
with
Twelve
Companies
of
Foot
,
to
beat
the
English
Army
,
upon
their
first
approach
,
from
the
Hills
on
which
they
were
posted
,
tho
the
French
were
to
charge
up
the
Hill
;
whereupon
there
was
presently
a
sharp
and
bloody
Fight
for
that
Ground
;
the
French
for
a
great
while
sustained
with
much
Bravery
the
Charge
of
the
English
Army
on
their
Front
;
but
the
Scotch
Horse
Wheeling
about
,
and
Charging
them
on
the
flank
too
,
they
were
at
last
beaten
with
great
Loss
from
their
ground
,
and
forced
into
the
Town
of
Leith
;
and
very
few
of
them
had
escaped
,
if
the
English
Horse
had
done
their
part
,
as
well
as
the
Scotch
did
theirs
The
French
however
,
were
not
quiet
,
tho
thus
beaten
,
but
making
a
Sally
after
this
,
the
15th
.
of
April
,
they
surprized
the
Advanced
Guards
,
and
cut
them
off
,
broke
into
the
Lines
,
and
Nailed
up
Three
of
the
English
Cannons
,
and
took
Maurice
Berkley
,
one
of
the
Commanders
,
Prisoner
:
But
Robert
Crof●…s
,
and
Cuthbert
Vaghan
,
two
other
English
Officers
,
fell
on
the
French
who
pursued
their
point
too
far
,
and
forced
them
back
into
the
Town
.
In
this
Sally
,
Arthur
the
Eldest
Son
of
the
Lord
Grey
,
who
then
commanded
in
the
Trenches
,
was
wounded
in
the
Shoulder
by
a
Musket-Bullet
,
whilst
he
valiantly
opposed
the
French
.
This
Sally
exasperated
the
English
,
and
they
observingthat
their
Batteries
had
not
any
considerable
effect
on
the
Walls
,
by
reason
of
their
distance
,
they
came
nearer
to
the
Town
,
and
erected
new
Batteries
.
There
was
nothing
wanting
in
the
Town
which
was
needful
to
enable
the
Garison
to
make
a
stout
Defence
;
the
Walls
and
Bastions
were
full
of
men
excellently
Armed
,
and
they
played
furiously
on
the
English
,
wounding
some
,
and
killing
others
,
and
both
by
day
and
by
night
making
furious
Sallies
besides
;
which
the
English
bore
with
so
much
Patience
and
Bravery
,
that
they
sur●…ounted
all
these
difficulties
.
The
last
day
of
April
a
Fire
happened
in
the
Town
,
which
b●…rned
all
that
night
;
and
the
English
by
turning
their
Cannon
upon
those
parts
that
were
burning
,
terrified
the
Inhabitants
,
and
spread
the
Fire
;
and
the
same
night
they
passed
the
Dike
,
and
measured
the
heighth
of
the
Walls
:
The
French
within
the
Town
,
were
no
less
industrious
than
the
English
were
without
,
and
at
last
they
had
the
good
fortune
to
put
out
the
Fire
,
and
to
prevent
the
English
from
turning
the
Terror
of
it
to
the
best
advantage
:
After
this
the
English
burnt
the
Water-Mills
upon
the
River
Leith
,
which
here
falls
into
the
Fryth
of
Edinburgh
,
and
gives
name
to
the
Town
;
and
what
they
could
not
burn
,
they
demolished
:
The
5th
.
of
May
the
English
storm'd
the
Town
,
with
the
Assistance
of
the
Scots
,
under
the
Command
of
one
Vincer
;
the
French
,
tho
much
terrified
with
the
bold
approaches
of
the
English
,
yet
manfully
defended
the
Walls
;
and
the
Ladders
proving
too
short
,
and
the
Waters
being
restrained
by
the
Garison
,
were
also
found
deeper
than
was
expected
,
to
their
great
damage
;
so
that
160
of
the
English
were
slain
,
and
nothing
gained
.
The
whole
blame
of
this
Misfortune
was
cast
upon
Crofts
,
who
stood
stone
still
in
the
plac●…
he
was
appointed
to
act
in
,
and
neither
diverted
the
Enemy
,
or
sent
any
Assistance
to
them
that
were
engaged
;
and
thereupon
he
was
accused
to
the
Queen
by
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
and
th●…
Lord
Grey
,
for
which
he
afterwards
being
called
be●…ore
the
Council
,
was
deprived
of
the
Government
of
Berwick
.
The
Duke
of
Norfolk
in
the
mean
time
took
care
to
revive
the
droopi●…g
Spirits
of
the
English
,
by
a
fresh
Supply
of
2000
men
,
which
he
soon
after
sen●…
to
reinforce
the
Camp
,
and
to
curb
the
Insolence
of
the
French
,
which
rose
higher
upon
this
Misfortune
of
the
Besiegers
,
so
that
they
made
more
frequent
Sallies
,
after
i●…
than
they
had
done
before
.
At
the
same
ti●…e
the
Duke
sent
a
Letter
to
the
Lord
Grey
,
to
co●…fort
the
Army
for
the
late
〈◊〉
,
and
to
assure
him
,
that
within
a
short
time
he
would
follow
with
all
the
Forces
he
had
under
his
Command
.
This
Recruit
blew
off
the
Memory
of
their
Loss
,
and
kindled
in
the
minds
of
the
Besiegers
a
strong
desire
to
revenge
the
Baffle
they
had
received
,
and
recover
their
former
Reputation
:
By
this
time
the
Besieged
had
tried
all
the
ways
their
prudence
could
suggest
,
to
raise
the
Siege
without
any
success
,
and
were
now
as
much
oppressed
by
Famine
within
,
as
by
the
Enemy
without
;
and
having
no
hopes
of
any
Relief
,
they
at
last
began
,
with
the
consent
of
the
French
King
,
to
Capitulate
with
the
Queen
,
(
for
he
scorned
to
Treat
with
the
Scots
who
were
his
Subjects
)
;
who
to
that
end
sent
Sir
William
Cecil
,
and
Sir
Nicholas
Throgmorton
,
to
Edinburgh
.
The
Lord
James
,
a
Scotch
Peer
,
proposed
some
things
on
the
behalf
of
the
Scots
in
this
Treaty
,
which
Sir
William
Cecil
told
him
,
did
not
become
Subjects
to
ask
,
or
Princes
to
grant
:
And
the
French
on
the
other
side
offered
the
Queen
,
that
if
she
would
withdraw
her
Forces
out
of
Scotland
,
he
would
restore
Calais
to
the
English
;
to
which
she
generously
replied
,
She
did
not
value
that
Fisher-Town
so
much
,
as
to
hazard
for
it
the
State
of
Britain
;
so
even
did
she
hold
the
Balance
between
that
King
and
his
Subjects
,
suffering
neither
of
them
to
wrong
the
other
:
At
last
it
was
agreed
,
That
the
French
should
within
Twenty
days
depart
out
of
Scotland
,
and
the
Fortifications
of
Leith
and
Dunbar
should
be
Leith
dismantled
.
slighted
:
The
16th
.
of
July
the
French
accordingly
embarked
on
the
English
Fleet
for
France
;
and
the
same
day
the
Lord
Grey
began
his
March
with
the
English
Army
for
England
,
where
he
was
rewarded
for
this
Service
with
the
Government
of
Berwick
,
which
he
did
not
long
enjoy
,
for
he
died
the
14th
of
December
,
1562.
This
War
,
saith
Mr.
Cambden
,
preserved
all
Britain
from
Ruin
,
restored
the
Scots
to
their
Ancient
Liberty
,
and
setled
the
Peace
,
and
enlarged
the
Reputation
of
the
English
Nation
;
so
that
from
thenceforward
during
all
her
happy
Reign
,
she
had
no
reason
to
apprehend
any
danger
from
Scotland
,
the
Protestants
of
that
Nation
esteeming
the
Queen
their
Patroness
and
Deliverer
;
and
the
English
acknowledging
she
had
laid
a
sure
foundation
for
their
future
Security
,
Thus
she
delivered
Scotland
from
those
Foreigners
who
designed
by
Violence
and
Force
to
suppress
not
only
the
Protestant
Religion
,
but
their
Civil
Rights
and
Liberties
also
,
and
to
bring
upon
that
Free
Nation
an
intolerable
French
Slavery
.
Of
this
the
Scots
were
then
so
extremely
sensible
,
(
saith
my
Author
,
who
was
of
that
Nation
)
That
they
being
delivered
by
her
means
from
Foreign
Servitnde
,
they
thereupon
subscribed
to
a
League
to
maintain
the
Protestant
Religion
,
and
to
use
the
English
Worship
and
Rites
.
After
this
a
Civil
War
arose
in
The
first
Civil
War
in
France
.
France
,
and
the
Queen
sent
Supplies
under
the
Earl
of
Warwick
,
in
1562.
to
the
Prince
of
Conde
,
the
Count
de
Rohan
and
Coligny
,
the
Defenders
of
the
Protestant
Religion
,
and
of
the
Liberties
of
that
Kingdom
;
To
these
Forces
,
when
the
Protestants
themselves
opposed
th●…m
,
she
sent
afterwards
Additional
Forces
and
great
Sums
of
Money
:
At
this
time
the
French
Protestants
put
Havre
de
Grace
into
her
hands
as
a
Cautionary
Town
,
and
it
was
Garison'd
with
English
Soldiers
;
but
so
soon
as
their
Fear
of
the
Popish
Party
was
a
little
abated
by
a
Peace
granted
to
them
,
which
yet
wa●…
of
no
duration
,
they
joined
with
their
Popish
Countreymen
to
drive
out
their
Benefactors
,
and
with
equal
Violence
endeavoured
to
reduce
the
Town
under
the
Crown
of
France
again
:
The
Earl
of
Warwick
seeing
his
men
consumed
by
a
War
without
,
and
a
Pla●…ue
within
the
Town
,
and
no
Relief
to
be
expected
in
due
time
,
he
thereupon
began
a
Treaty
with
the
Enemy
,
and
the
28th
.
of
July
,
1563.
the
Articles
of
Surrender
were
signed
;
the
next
day
there
came
a
Fleet
of
60
Sail
of
English
Ships
into
the
Haven
,
on
which
the
Garison
was
Transported
into
England
:
And
the
Protestants
of
France
had
the
chief
hand
in
the
driving
them
out
,
as
all
sides
acknowledge
.
The
Death
of
Francis
II.
King
of
The
Death
of
Francis
II
King
of
France
.
France
,
the
5th
.
of
December
,
1560.
when
he
had
Reigned
but
Seventeen
Months
,
put
an
end
to
all
the
French
Ambitious
Designs
of
Conquering
England
,
and
Reducing
Scotland
,
and
to
the
Fears
of
both
these
Kingdoms
on
that
score
.
Mary
Queen
of
Scotland
being
thus
deprived
of
her
Beloved
Husband
,
soon
grew
weary
of
that
Kingdom
,
and
getting
a
small
Number
of
Ships
together
for
that
purpose
,
she
went
on
board
at
Calais
,
the
14th
of
August
,
and
she
landed
at
Leith
the
20th
.
of
the
same
month
in
the
year
1561
,
being
attended
by
many
of
the
Nobility
,
and
some
great
Ladies
of
both
the
French
and
Scots
Nation
.
Not
long
after
the
Queen
of
England
having
opposed
this
Princess's
designs
of
Marrying
Charles
Archduke
of
Austria
,
and
rather
recommending
to
her
choice
the
Lord
James
Darnley
,
Eldest
Son
to
the
Earl
of
Lenox
,
and
the
next
Heir
after
her
of
the
Crowns
of
England
and
Scotland
;
so
that
this
Match
would
undoubtedly
Mary
Queen
of
the
Sco●…s
Marrieth
.
secure
her
Title
to
England
too
,
after
the
Death
of
Queen
Elizabeth
;
whereupon
she
married
him
at
Edinburgh
,
in
the
year
1565
;
and
the
next
year
after
,
James
their
only
Son
James
1.
borr
.
was
born
,
to
the
great
Joy
of
both
the
Nations
;
for
he
was
then
thought
one
of
the
Pillars
of
Christendom
,
the
Ornament
of
his
Native
Countrey
and
Family
;
and
all
men
presaged
,
That
he
would
one
day
become
the
King
of
Great
Britain
,
as
it
came
afterwards
to
pass
,
by
the
wonderful
good
Providence
of
God
.
This
Marriage
was
attended
with
The
beginni●…g
of
the
Mi●…ortunes
of
Mary
Qu.
of
Scotland
.
a
Catastrophe
and
Tragick
Event
,
which
is
grievous
to
the
thoughts
,
and
scarce
possible
to
be
enough
lamented
;
Mary
Stewart
,
the
Relict
of
Francis
II.
King
of
France
,
and
the
Immediate
Heiress
,
and
Lawful
Queen
of
Scotland
,
and
the
Presumptive
Heir
of
the
Kingdoms
of
England
and
Ireland
,
the
Mother
of
James
VI.
soon
after
became
a
Lamentable
Example
of
the
Unsteadiness
of
Human
Affairs
.
The
Lord
Darnley
her
Husband
,
having
out
of
Jealousie
ordered
the
Murther
of
one
David
Rixio
,
the
Queen's
Secretary
,
was
afterwards
himself
Poisoned
first
,
and
then
Murdered
at
Edinburgh
,
in
the
year
1567
:
The
effect
of
which
was
,
the
Deposing
the
Queen
her self
,
(
who
was
suspected
to
have
an
hand
in
it
)
,
and
the
Imprisoning
her
in
a
Castle
in
the
Lake
of
Locklevin
,
where
she
was
forced
to
subscribe
a
Resignation
of
the
Crown
and
Government
of
Scotland
,
in
the
year
1568.
The
Queen
by
the
Providence
of
God
escaped
afterwards
out
of
this
Restraint
the
2d
.
of
May
,
and
raised
some
Forces
to
recover
her
Crown
again
,
which
were
intirely
routed
and
dispersed
by
the
Forces
of
the
Regent
of
Scotland
:
So
that
having
nothing
more
to
trust
to
in
that
Kingdom
,
she
took
shipping
with
intention
to
pass
into
France
;
but
being
by
stress
of
Weather
,
or
the
Treachery
of
those
that
carried
her
,
brought
into
England
,
she
was
landed
at
Warkinton
in
Cumberland
the
17th
.
of
the
same
Month
,
and
not
long
after
committed
Prisoner
to
the
Castle
of
Carlisle
;
so
that
being
driven
Her
Impri●…onment
at
Carl●…
.
from
her
Native
Countrey
by
her
own
Subjects
,
she
found
an
uneasie
and
cruel
Restraint
,
where
she
expected
a
Refuge
and
a
Sanctuary
:
The
Laws
of
Hospitality
,
and
that
Kindness
which
Nature
teacheth
all
men
to
use
towards
those
that
are
of
the
same
Lineage
and
Blood
,
not
being
able
to
protect
her
against
the
Jealousie
of
a
Rival
Queen
.
When
Mary
Queen
of
the
Scots
saw
her self
reduced
to
this
Calamitous
Condition
,
forsaken
of
all
her
Subjects
and
Servants
,
and
forced
to
flee
in
one
day
about
Sixty
Miles
,
and
then
not
thinking
her self
secure
till
passing
to
Sea
,
she
was
thrown
upon
the
English
shore
;
She
wrote
a
Letter
to
the
Queen
of
England
,
before
she
left
Scotland
,
and
sent
it
by
one
Beton
,
and
she
gave
him
a
Diamond
which
the
Queen
had
sent
her
before
this
as
a
Pledge
of
her
Friendship
;
she
also
ordered
him
to
tell
the
Queen
,
That
she
intended
to
leave
Scotland
,
and
to
come
into
England
;
and
did
most
earnestly
beseech
her
to
send
her
such
Help
and
Assistance
as
was
necessary
,
in
case
the
Scots
should
persist
in
the
same
Methods
of
Oppression
.
Queen
Elizabeth
assured
this
Gentleman
,
That
she
would
shew
the
Queen
of
Scots
all
that
Affection
that
she
could
possibly
expect
from
a
Sister
.
Before
this
Gentleman
could
get
back
again
,
she
left
Scotland
,
contrary
to
the
Advice
of
all
her
Friends
,
and
came
into
England
,
and
as
soon
as
she
was
on
shore
she
sent
the
Queen
a
Second
Letter
in
French
,
in
the
Conclusion
of
which
she
tells
the
Queen
of
England
,
That
she
was
come
into
her
Kingdom
with
The
Queen
of
Scots
Letter
to
Q.
Elizabeth
upon
her
first
Landing
in
England
.
an
intire
Reliance
upon
her
Majesties
most
unquestionable
good
affections
towards
her
,
not
doubting
but
her
Majesty
would
assist
her
,
and
that
by
her
Example
and
Encouragement
others
would
be
won
over
to
her
.
I
do
most
earnestly
therefore
(
said
she
)
beseech
you
,
That
I
may
presently
be
admitted
to
come
to
you
,
because
I
am
now
in
great
Distress
,
as
I
will
more
at
large
inform
you
,
when
you
shall
please
so
far
to
have
Compassion
on
me
.
God
grant
your
Majesty
a
long
and
an
happy
Life
,
and
me
that
Patience
and
Consolation
which
I
●…ope
to
obtain
from
him
by
your
seasonable
Assistance
.
Queen
Elizabeth
sent
Sir
Francis
Knolles
and
some
others
to
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
,
to
comfort
her
,
and
promised
her
all
that
Protection
and
Assistance
which
the
Equity
of
her
Cause
would
allow
,
but
she
would
not
suffer
her
to
come
to
her
.
And
she
ordered
her
to
be
removed
to
Carlisle
,
which
was
a
place
of
great●…r
Safety
to
her
,
than
that
she
was
at
present
in
,
where
the
Scots
might
perhaps
surprize
her
:
Upon
this
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
wrote
a
Third
Letter
to
the
Queen
,
and
sent
it
by
the
Lord
Herris
,
desiring
that
she
might
be
suffered
to
come
before
her
Majesty
,
to
propose
the
Injuries
The
Thi●…d
Letter
.
which
had
been
done
to
her
by
her
Subjects
,
and
to
answer
the
accusations
they
did
pretend
to
bring
against
her
.
That
it
was
most
equitable
and
just
,
that
Queen
Elizabeth
should
admit
her
who
was
her
Nearest
Kinswoman
,
and
was
now
an
Exile
,
into
her
presence
,
and
hear
what
she
had
to
say
for
her self
,
and
restore
her
to
her
Kingdom
,
which
she
had
most
unjustly
been
deprived
of
,
by
those
who
had
been
most
justly
banished
for
their
Treasons
against
her
,
and
w●…re
Pardoned
and
Restored
upon
your
Majesty's
Intercession
with
me
,
to
my
own
R●…
,
as
now
it
plainly
appeareth
,
(
said
she
)
if
your
Majesty
d
th
not
prevent
it
.
Wherefore
I
once
more
Conjure
your
Majesty
either
to
Admit
me
into
your
Presence
,
and
to
Assist
me
,
or
otherwise
to
suffer
me
forthwith
to
go
out
of
England
to
seek
help
elsewhere
,
and
that
you
would
not
detain
me
as
a
Captive
and
a
Prisoner
any
longer
in
the
Castle
of
Carlisle
,
because
I
came
freely
into
England
,
trusting
in
your
many
kind
Letters
,
Messages
,
and
the
Pledges
of
an
Honourable
Reception
.
This
Letter
wrought
very
much
upon
the
heart
of
the
Queen
,
and
she
could
not
but
pity
the
desolate
and
deplorable
Estate
of
so
near
a
Relation
,
who
being
by
Force
of
Arms
taken
by
her
own
Subjects
,
had
been
thrust
from
a
Throne
into
a
Prison
,
brought
into
the
utmost
danger
of
her
Life
,
Condemned
without
being
heard
,
and
was
deprived
of
a
Kingdom
,
and
had
now
fled
to
her
out
of
a
Confidence
of
her
Assistance
,
and
was
now
at
last
willing
and
desirous
that
the
Queen
of
England
should
be
her
Judge
,
and
when
she
had
heard
both
her
and
her
Subjects
,
pronounce
what
Sentence
she
thought
fit
and
just
.
Princes
are
certainly
the
most
unhappy
The
deplo●…ble
state
of
the
Princes
of
the
earth
.
part
of
Mankind
,
because
they
are
frequently
reduced
to
those
straits
,
that
they
can
scarce
tell
which
way
to
turn
them
;
Sin
or
Misery
,
Ruin
or
Dishonour
,
surround
and
encompass
them
,
so
that
there
is
no
possibility
of
avoiding
both
at
once
.
Had
Queen
Elizabeth
dismissed
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
she
would
without
doubt
have
found
enough
who
would
have
entertained
her
as
an
Instrument
and
Pretence
to
ruin
both
England
and
Scotland
too
.
If
she
The
Difficulties
attending
the
keeping
or
dismissing
the
Queen
os
the
Scots
.
detained
her
in
England
,
it
was
feared
that
her
Wheedling
Humour
,
Youth
,
and
Beauty
,
and
her
stout
Attachment
to
the
Popish
Religion
,
would
draw
in
many
of
the
English
to
take
her
part
,
as
long
as
she
was
considered
as
the
nex●…
Heir
of
the
Crown
,
after
the
Queen
then
Reigning
;
and
this
would
very
much
endanger
the
Peace
of
England
:
Foreign
Ambassadors
would
have
Orders
from
their
Masters
,
(
when
her
Case
was
once
known
)
to
espouse
her
Interest
,
and
promote
her
Affairs
;
and
a
part
of
the
Scots
would
certainly
endeavour
to
restore
her
,
and
suppress
the
Opposite
Party
,
when
they
had
so
fair
a
Prospect
of
making
their
own
Fortunes
into
the
bargain
.
The
Faith
of
those
that
were
trusted
with
the
keeping
this
Precious
Depositum
,
was
not
to
be
relied
on
,
and
if-she
should
happen
to
dye
by
a
Natural
Death
,
the
Queen
must
expect
to
be
defamed
and
slandered
as
the
Murtherer
of
her
.
So
that
the
Queen
saw
that
every
day
new
and
unforeseen
Difficulties
grew
upon
her
.
If
she
were
suffered
to
go
into
France
,
it
was
feared
the
House
of
Guise
which
was
related
to
her
by
her
Mother
,
might
renew
their
old
Pretences
in
her
Right
to
England
,
and
again
set
on
foot
her
former
Claim
of
this
Throne
,
and
might
win
many
over
to
assist
her
,
either
on
the
score
of
her
Religion
,
or
the
Probability
of
her
Right
,
or
lastly
,
merely
out
of
a
mad
desire
of
changing
the
present
Government
,
which
is
never
so
easie
or
sweet
as
to
please
all
.
That
the
parting
with
her
would
put
an
end
to
the
League
and
Friendship
between
England
and
Scotland
,
which
was
then
considered
as
a
thing
of
the
greatest
use
that
could
possibly
be
conceived
to
England
;
and
it
was
to
be
feared
if
by
her
means
the
Popish
part
of
Scotland
prevailed
against
the
Protestant
,
the
League
with
France
would
be
renewed
;
and
this
would
be
so
much
the
more
mischievous
to
England
now
,
because
heretofore
we
had
the
Friendship
of
the
House
of
Burgundy
,
to
balance
that
of
Scotland
;
but
the
Estates
of
that
Family
being
all
at
this
time
united
in
the
Person
of
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
,
England
had
not
one
Ally
near
it
which
could
be
relied
on
,
but
the
Scots
:
If
she
were
resetled
in
Scotland
,
it
was
to
be
feared
that
those
of
the
English
Faction
would
be
ruined
,
and
those
of
the
French
would
be
alone
intrusted
with
all
the
Power
:
The
young
Prince
would
be
exposed
to
Dangers
;
the
Religion
which
was
now
well
Established
there
,
would
be
changed
;
the
French
and
other
Foreigners
would
be
invited
thither
and
entertained
;
and
Ireland
would
be
more
infested
by
the
Highland-Scots
,
than
heretofore
,
and
Queen
Mary
her self
would
be
in
danger
of
losing
her
Life
amongst
her
own
Subjects
.
Hereupon
the
far
greatest
part
of
the
Council
of
England
were
A
Resolution
taken
to
detain
her
as
a
Prisoner
of
War
.
of
an
Opinion
,
That
she
ought
to
be
detained
here
as
a
Prisoner
of
War
,
till
she
had
given
sufficient
satisfaction
for
her
assuming
the
Title
of
the
Crown
of
England
;
and
answered
for
the
Death
of
the
Lord
Darnly
,
who
was
a
Subject
of
England
.
For
this
,
the
Countess
of
Lenox
had
furnished
them
with
a
Pretence
,
by
her
coming
to
the
Queen
,
and
with
Tears
in
her
eyes
demanding
Justice
in
her
own
and
her
Husbands
name
;
and
had
also
besought
the
Queen
,
That
Mary
Queen
of
the
Scots
might
be
Arraigned
for
the
Death
of
her
Son
.
To
whom
the
Queen
had
calmly
and
wisely
answered
,
That
the
Countess
ought
not
to
bring
so
grievous
an
Accusation
,
or
charge
so
black
a
Crime
as
this
was
,
upon
a
Princess
so
nearly
related
to
the
Crown
;
which
yet
could
not
be
proved
by
certain
Evidence
.
That
the
times
were
unjust
and
wicked
,
and
Malice
was
blinded
with
Prejudice
,
and
made
no
scruple
to
charge
the
most
Innocent
with
horrid
Crimes
:
●…hat
,
however
,
there
was
an
All-seeing
Justice
.
which
attended
at
the
Throne
of
God
,
which
was
the
best
Avenger
of
all
secret
Villanies
.
It
will
appear
by
all
this
what
Difficulties
The
Queen
of
England
not
acted
by
a
spirit
of
Jealousie
and
Revenge
.
there
were
on
all
hands
in
this
great
Affair
;
and
that
the
Queen
was
not
acted
only
by
a
spirit
of
Jealousie
and
Revenge
for
what
was
past
,
or
out
of
a
Personal
and
Selfish
Humour
oppressed
this
Banished
Queen
,
without
considering
all
things
with
great
application
of
mind
.
The
Lord
Herris
,
who
attended
the
Court
for
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
was
not
idle
in
the
mean
time
,
but
earnestly
sollicited
Queen
Elizabeth
,
That
she
would
not
rashly
believe
any
Accusation
which
should
be
brought
against
a
Sovereign
Queen
,
till
she
had
been
heard
:
and
that
the
Meeting
of
the
States
of
Scotland
should
not
be
precipitated
by
the
Earl
of
Murray
,
the
Prime
Regent
,
to
the
Prejudice
of
the
Deposed
Queen
,
and
the
Ruin
of
all
her
Loyal
and
Good
Subjects
.
The
Queen
of
England
accordingly
did
interpose
her
Authority
with
Murray
,
as
to
the
lattter
of
these
;
but
the
Regent
went
on
for
all
that
,
Assembled
the
States
of
Scotland
,
and
attainted
several
of
those
that
had
taken
Arms
for
the
Queen
,
and
seized
their
Estates
and
Houses
:
The
Queen
of
England
being
highly
incensed
upon
this
,
sent
Sir
Walter
Mildmay
to
the
Regent
,
to
Mildmay
sent
into
Scotland
to
threaten
the
Regent
.
tell
him
from
her
,
That
she
could
not
sit
still
and
see
the
Sacred
Power
of
Princes
be
brought
into
Contempt
amongst
their
Subjects
,
and
be
trodden
under
foot
at
the
Will
and
Pleasure
of
Factious
men
.
That
altho
they
had
forgot
all
that
Duty
and
Respect
which
they
owed
to
their
Queen
;
yet
she
for
her
part
could
not
forger
the
Affection
and
Compassion
her
Piety
obliged
her
to
shew
to
a
Sister
and
a
Neighbour
Queen
:
That
therefore
Murray
should
either
come
to
her
himself
,
or
send
some
able
men
who
might
answer
the
Complaints
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
against
the
Regent
and
his
Partakers
;
and
shew
the
Causes
for
which
they
had
Abdicated
(
Deposed
)
the
Queen
;
which
if
they
did
not
forthwith
do
,
she
would
dismiss
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
and
lend
her
all
her
Forces
,
in
order
to
the
resettling
her
in
her
Kingdom
.
And
at
the
same
time
she
admonished
them
not
to
sell
the
Queen's
Jewels
and
Wardrobe
,
tho
the
States
had
given
him
leave
to
do
it
.
The
Earl
of
Murray
accordingly
,
Murray
upon
Q.
Elizabeth's
threats
comes
into
England
.
and
some
other
of
the
Nobility
came
into
England
,
and
the
case
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
was
heard
at
York
by
several
of
the
Lords
of
the
English
Council
,
but
could
be
brought
to
no
Issue
by
reason
of
the
cross
Interests
,
and
the
mutual
Fears
on
all
sides
:
Tho
the
Queen
of
England
to
the
last
declared
,
That
she
detested
the
Insolence
of
the
Scots
in
her
soul
,
who
had
presumed
to
Abdicate
their
Queen
.
But
then
,
when
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
thought
it
reasonable
that
Murray
should
be
stayed
in
England
,
and
be
prosecuted
for
the
Death
of
the
Lord
Darnley
,
which
the
Queen
of
Scots
said
she
would
prove
against
him
;
tho
this
was
approved
by
the
Earls
of
Arundel
,
Sussex
,
Leicester
,
and
Clinton
,
afterwards
Earl
of
Linco●…n
,
yet
the
Queen
was
very
angry
at
the
Motion
,
and
openly
said
,
The
Queen
of
Scots
would
never
want
an
Advocate
as
long
as
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
lived
.
So
that
upon
the
whole
,
it
is
strongly
probable
Q
Elizabeth
durst
not
restore
the
Qu.
of
the
Scots
to
her
Throne
.
she
durst
not
dismiss
or
restore
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
for
fear
it
should
involve
both
England
and
Scotland
in
Wars
and
Calamities
which
would
have
very
much
endangered
the
utter
Ruin
of
both
the
Nations
;
but
then
she
was
desirous
as
much
as
was
possible
,
to
keep
the
Example
from
spreading
,
to
the
Damage
of
other
Princes
,
and
the
Endangering
other
States
in
other
Circumstances
,
as
much
as
it
tended
now
to
their
Preservation
.
Many
have
endeavoured
to
blacken
this
Act
of
the
Queen's
,
and
others
to
defend
and
excuse
it
;
but
for
my
part
,
I
think
the
Character
God
gave
of
King
David
,
may
be
applied
to
Queen
Elizabeth
here
;
David
did
that
which
was
right
in
the
eyes
of
the
Lord
,
and
turned
not
aside
from
any
thing
that
he
commanded
him
,
all
the
days
of
his
life
;
save
only
in
the
matter
of
Uriah
the
Hittite
.
And
what
if
upon
the
whole
,
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
is
to
be
excepted
only
in
our
Instance
?
This
Reflection
will
appear
so
much
The
Queen
prevailed
upon
to
put
the
Queen
of
Scots
upon
her
Trial.
the
more
reasonable
,
if
we
take
into
Consideration
her
Death
too
.
The
Queen
of
Scots
had
been
now
a
Prisoner
in
England
almost
XVIII
.
Years
,
when
the
Queen
of
England
was
prevailed
upon
by
the
earnest
Solicitation
of
many
of
the
Peers
and
Commons
of
England
,
who
fell
down
upon
their
Knees
,
humbly
requesting
her
Majesty
(
as
Melvil
expresseth
it
)
to
have
Compassion
upon
their
unsure
Estate
,
albeit
she
should
slight
her
own
:
Alledging
,
That
her
Life
was
in
hazard
by
the
Practices
of
the
Queen
of
Scotland
,
and
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
also
.
Now
as
it
was
possible
for
the
English
to
have
kept
all
those
ill
men
from
her
,
which
might
put
the
Queen
of
Scotland
upon
such
Practices
,
so
it
was
utterly
unreasonable
that
Queen
Elizabeth
should
expect
the
Queen
of
Scots
would
desist
from
endeavouring
by
all
the
ways
that
were
possible
,
to
recover
her
Liberty
and
her
Kingdom
,
tho
with
the
Death
of
her
Oppressor
.
But
by
this
time
the
King
of
Scotland
her
Son
was
become
a
man
,
and
he
would
have
secured
the
Peace
and
Possession
of
that
Kingdom
;
and
the
Queen
of
Scots
was
now
XLIV
.
Years
of
Age
,
and
so
not
so
likely
if
she
had
escaped
,
to
have
been
Courted
,
or
to
have
wrought
her
any
great
Mischief
in
the
world
,
as
she
might
have
done
in
her
Younger
years
;
besides
,
by
this
time
the
States
of
Holland
had
pretty
well
establishtd
themselves
to
balance
the
Spaniards
;
but
then
the
House
of
Guise
was
then
in
its
greatest
Pride
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
was
preparing
his
Invincible
Armado
,
which
came
two
years
after
;
and
these
two
may
seem
to
have
been
the
real
Motives
to
it
:
But
whatever
they
were
,
the
thing
cannot
be
justified
,
neither
ought
it
;
and
Queen
Elizabeth
seems
to
own
as
much
,
by
her
ruining
Davison
the
Secretary
,
to
conceal
her
own
fault
,
tho
in
truth
it
made
it
much
worse
.
When
the
Queen
of
Scots
was
The
Trial
of
the
Q.
of
the
Scots
.
brought
before
the
Lords
that
were
to
Try
her
for
her
Life
,
she
declined
their
Jurisdiction
(
as
well
she
might
)
and
alledged
she
was
a
Sovereign
Queen
;
to
which
the
Chancellor
,
the
Lord
Hatton
Hatton's
wheedling
Speech
.
replied
,
You
are
accused
,
but
not
condemned
:
You
say
you
are
a
Queen
,
be
it
so
;
if
you
are
innocent
,
you
wrong
your
Reputation
in
avoiding
Tryal
:
You
protest
your self
Innocent
;
the
Queen
feareth
the
contrary
,
not
without
grief
and
shame
:
To
examine
your
Innocence
are
these
Honourable
,
Prudent
,
and
upright
Commissioners
sent:
Glad
will
they
be
with
all
their
hearts
,
if
they
may
return
and
report
you
guiltless
;
believe
me
,
the
Queen
her self
will
be
much
affected
with
Joy
,
who
affirmed
to
me
at
my
coming
from
her
,
That
never
any
thing
befel
her
more
grievous
to
her
,
than
that
you
were
Charged
with
such
a
Crime
:
Wherefore
lay
aside
the
bootless
Privilege
of
a
Royal
Dignity
,
which
here
can
be
of
no
use
to
you
;
appear
in
Judgment
,
and
shew
your
Innocence
;
lest
by
avoiding
Tryal
you
draw
upon
your self
suspicion
,
and
lay
upon
your
Reputation
an
Eternal
Blot
and
Aspersion
.
This
short
Speech
is
highly
commended
The
Speech
censured
.
for
the
Ingenuity
and
Softness
of
it
;
but
it
was
a
detestable
piece
of
Wickedness
to
wheedle
a
poor
Captive
Queen
,
who
was
ignorant
of
the
Laws
of
Nations
,
and
destitute
of
all
Advice
and
Counsel
,
out
of
her
Reputation
,
Majesty
,
Innocence
,
and
Life
;
and
under
the
false
Pretences
of
the
Queen's
Tenderness
for
her
,
her
Judges
Uprightness
,
and
her
own
alledg'd
Innocence
,
to
bring
her
by
a
Pretended
Shew
of
Justice
,
to
a
Scaffold
as
a
Subject
,
who
was
an
Equal
,
an
Enemy
,
and
a
Sovereign
.
The
Queen
of
Scots
Innocence
did
not
consist
in
her
having
never
contrived
any
thing
against
Queen
Elizabeth
,
but
in
her
Right
to
contrive
all
that
was
possible
,
to
recover
her
Liberty
and
her
Kingdom
;
and
therefore
when
they
had
proved
her
in
their
Notion
Guilty
,
they
had
done
nothing
;
she
was
no
Subject
to
Queen
Elizabeth
,
and
so
ought
her
no
Allegiance
,
and
consequently
could
commit
no
Treason
against
her
;
and
the
Queen
of
England
ought
to
have
set
her
at
Liberty
,
and
commanded
her
out
of
her
Kingdom
,
before
she
could
justly
treat
her
as
an
Enemy
.
So
that
this
was
all
of
it
Pretence
,
Injustice
,
and
Oppression
;
and
had
Nathan
the
Prophet
been
sent
to
the
Queen
of
England
,
he
would
certainly
have
told
her
as
he
did
David
,
Thou
hast
slain
her
with
the
sword
of
the
children
of
Ammon
.
And
the
Complaint
that
she
made
to
the
Lord
Hatton
,
and
all
that
she
did
after
to
excuse
her self
,
shew
that
she
had
a
reluctance
within
,
and
acted
against
the
Dictates
of
her
own
Conscience
;
so
that
this
can
be
no
Example
,
for
the
future
,
to
any
Prince
or
Subject
,
but
ought
to
be
looked
upon
as
the
Dishonour
and
Shame
of
that
otherwise
most
Excellent
Princess
.
Yet
after
all
,
the
Queen
is
not
to
be
Foreign
Princes
,
and
the
Popish
Priests
guilty
of
the
Murther
of
the
Q.
of
the
Scots
.
charged
with
the
whole
Guilt
of
this
Royal
and
Innocent
Blood
;
but
those
Foreign
Princes
,
and
the
Priests
and
Jesuits
are
justly
chargable
with
the
greatest
part
of
the
blame
,
because
when
they
saw
the
Queen
of
Scots
in
so
much
danger
of
her
Life
,
they
would
never
suffer
her
to
be
quiet
,
but
were
eternally
Plotting
and
Contriving
,
Bribing
and
Conspiring
,
how
to
murder
Queen
Elizabeth
,
and
to
set
up
the
Queen
of
Scots
in
her
stead
,
to
restore
their
Beloved
Popery
here
in
England
:
To
demonstrate
the
Truth
of
this
Assertion
,
I
must
in
the
next
place
give
an
account
of
the
Troubles
and
Conspiracies
of
the
Popish
Party
against
this
Princess
,
which
to
the
shame
of
their
Religion
were
all
began
and
carried
on
under
the
pretence
of
a
mighty
Zeal
for
their
Faith
,
and
in
Obedience
to
its
Principles
.
Pope
Pius
Quintus
,
in
the
year
Pins
V
Excommunicates
the
Qu
and
absolves
all
her
Subjects
.
1570
,
thought
it
became
his
Piety
,
and
would
be
an
excellent
Argument
of
his
deserving
that
name
,
to
Arm
all
the
Queen's
Subjects
against
God
,
and
their
Prince
and
Countrey
,
and
foolishly
presumed
the
Avenger
of
Perjury
would
permit
him
to
free
them
from
the
obligations
of
their
Natural
and
sworn
Allegiance
to
their
Lawful
Sovereign
and
his
Vicegerent
:
Thereupon
he
sent
out
his
BULL
,
to
declare
the
Queen
an
Heretick
,
and
that
she
had
forfeited
all
her
Right
to
Reign
and
Govern
:
And
he
excited
all
the
Neighbour
Catholick
Princes
to
take
Arms
against
her
,
and
put
this
Bull
in
Execution
.
And
one
Dr.
Morton
,
the
Pope's
Legate
à
Latere
here
,
then
lay
lurking
amongst
the
Papists
in
the
North
of
England
,
and
with
impatience
expected
the
Roaring
of
this
Bull
,
as
the
Signal
to
Treason
and
Rebellion
;
and
in
the
mean
time
made
it
his
business
to
excite
their
Madness
and
Rage
,
and
inflame
their
Hatred
by
vain
hopes
and
promises
,
that
so
he
might
engage
them
in
a
miserable
destructive
War
.
The
Popish
Subjects
of
England
,
being
Thereupon
followed
Rebellions
and
Insurrections
in
England
.
thus
debauched
from
their
Allegiance
,
by
the
Pope's
Authority
and
Approbation
,
there
presently
followed
a
great
many
Seditions
and
Insurrections
,
and
some
of
the
Nobility
and
Gentry
of
that
Persuasion
,
in
compliance
with
their
Religion
,
began
to
be
very
ill
affected
towards
their
Prince
.
Thus
Religion
became
a
Pretence
for
,
and
a
Promoter
of
Rebellion
and
Treason
.
The
first
of
the
Nobility
that
entred
into
Action
against
the
Queen
,
was
Thomas
Piercy
,
Earl
of
The
E.
of
Northumberland
leads
the
way
.
Northumberland
,
who
in
the
year
1569
,
had
been
privy
to
the
Intended
Marriage
of
Mary
Queen
of
the
Scots
,
with
Thomas
Howard
,
Duke
of
Norfolk
;
and
being
discovered
thereupon
,
he
submitted
himself
to
the
Earl
of
Sussex
,
at
that
time
President
of
the
North
;
yet
after
this
he
joined
with
Charles
Nevil
,
And
is
followed
by
the
E.
of
Westmorland
.
Earl
of
Westmorland
,
and
great
Multitudes
of
people
began
to
resort
to
them
,
and
they
began
to
be
suspected
again
by
the
Government
as
designing
some
Mischief
.
The
President
of
the
North
sent
for
them
both
at
one
time
,
and
freely
told
them
what
he
had
heard
,
and
they
both
stoutly
disclaimed
the
having
a
Conspiracy
in
hand
against
the
Queen
,
and
promised
to
adventure
their
Lives
very
zealously
against
any
Traytor
whatsoever
,
that
should
take
Arms
against
their
Sovereign
:
Yet
after
all
,
Piercy
began
to
raise
what
Forces
he
could
in
the
year
1569
,
which
being
discovered
to
the
Queen
,
she
sent
her
Letters
to
them
,
requiring
them
to
come
both
to
Court
.
The
Earl
of
Northumberland
was
so
easie
a
man
,
and
so
far
from
that
fiery
Activity
that
is
requisite
in
the
Head
of
a
Faction
,
that
upon
the
receit
and
reading
of
the
Queen's
Letter
,
he
was
almost
resolved
to
go
to
Court
,
and
cast
himself
at
the
Queen's
Feet
,
as
in
all
probability
he
had
done
,
if
his
Servants
and
Followers
who
were
more
bent
upon
Mischief
than
he
,
had
not
allarm'd
him
in
the
dead
of
the
night
,
and
frighted
him
into
a
Rebellion
by
their
crafty
arts
;
persuading
him
at
the
same
time
,
That
all
the
Catholicks
in
England
were
ready
prepared
to
assert
that
Religion
;
and
that
if
they
neglected
it
any
longer
,
Foreign
Princes
would
take
this
work
in
hand
,
to
the
great
Damage
of
the
Nation
:
Whereupon
he
fled
to
Branspeth
in
the
Bishoprick
of
Durham
,
to
the
Earl
of
Westmorland
,
and
they
joining
in
a
Rebellion
,
summoned
their
Confederates
,
and
issued
out
a
Proclamation
in
the
Queen's
Name
,
commanding
the
people
to
put
themselves
in
Arms
for
the
Defence
of
her
Majesty's
Person
.
In
their
Banner
was
a
Cross
Painted
,
with
the
Five
Wounds
of
Christ
;
yet
after
all
,
they
never
could
assemble
more
than
2000
Horse
,
and
5000
Foot
;
so
that
tho
they
designed
to
have
marched
to
York
,
they
durst
not
do
it
;
and
upon
the
first
News
that
the
Earl
of
Sussex
was
advancing
towards
them
,
they
disbanded
these
Tumultuous
Forces
before
he
came
up
to
them
,
and
both
the
Farls
fled
into
Scotland
.
The
Earl
of
Northumberland
was
not
long
there
before
he
was
discovered
by
the
Regent
Northumberland
taken
in
Scotland
.
of
Scotland
,
and
was
sent
a
Prisoner
to
the
Castle
of
Lo●…klevin
,
and
in
1572
,
delivered
into
the
Queen's
hands
;
and
the
22d
of
August
in
that
year
,
he
was
Beheaded
at
York
.
The
Earl
of
Westmorland
Westmorland
fled
into
Flanders
.
fled
into
Flanders
,
and
was
received
into
the
Protection
of
the
Spaniards
,
where
he
lived
to
a
great
Old
Age
,
and
died
in
the
year
1584
,
having
lived
all
that
while
he
was
there
in
great
Penury
and
Want
.
This
was
the
last
Earl
of
that
Noble
Family
,
which
had
enjoyed
that
Earldom
Six
Descents
,
from
the
year
1398
,
and
was
now
wholly
extinct
,
he
being
Attainted
in
Parliament
,
and
leaving
none
but
Daughters
behind
him
.
As
their
Forces
were
small
,
they
did
but
very
little
mischief
to
any
besides
themselves
:
First
they
marched
to
Durham
,
which
they
entred
without
Resistance
,
in
a
kind
of
silly
Triumph
,
and
entring
the
Churches
,
they
cast
to
the
ground
the
Bibles
,
and
trod
upon
them
,
because
they
were
English
;
and
then
they
plundered
all
the
Church-Treasures
,
threatning
great
Calamities
to
all
those
they
called
Hereticks
:
Then
they
went
Northward
,
and
Besieged
Bernard-Castle
,
which
Sir
George
Bowes
defended
against
them
Eleven
days
,
and
by
that
time
they
had
taken
it
,
Sussex
was
upon
them
,
and
they
were
forced
to
disband
and
fly
for
it
;
so
little
did
the
Popish
Religion
gain
by
this
Abortive
Insurrection
.
When
the
Queen
heard
of
this
sudden
The
Causes
of
the
Miscarriage
of
this
Insurrection
.
Insurrection
,
she
forthwith
by
the
Advice
of
her
Privy
Council
,
issued
out
a
sharp
Proclamation
against
the
two
Earls
and
all
the
rest
of
the
Commanders
and
Abettors
of
this
Rebellion
;
and
exhorted
all
her
Subjects
to
join
heartily
with
her
to
revenge
the
Injury
which
was
hereby
offered
both
to
her
and
them
.
The
Popish
Religion
,
which
in
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
was
not
able
to
preserve
it self
,
tho
Established
by
Law
when
she
came
to
the
Crown
,
in
the
Thirteen
years
which
she
had
now
Reigned
,
was
become
so
much
less
in
Numbers
than
it
was
at
her
coming
to
the
Crown
,
and
her
Throne
was
now
so
well
established
,
that
many
of
the
Roman-Catholicks
which
were
desirous
enough
of
Innovation
,
durst
not
be
too
forward
to
appear
,
for
fear
the
Event
should
prove
ruinous
to
them
:
So
that
many
of
them
sent
the
Earls
Letters
to
them
,
to
the
Queen
,
and
promised
to
assist
her
towards
the
suppressing
this
Rebellion
.
And
the
two
Earls
being
by
their
Servants
and
a
company
of
hot-headed
Priests
,
trick'd
into
a
Rebellion
,
had
made
so
little
Preparations
,
that
they
seemed
only
to
rise
that
they
might
fall
the
lower
,
and
rise
no
more
.
But
that
which
hastned
the
Reduction
of
them
mostly
,
was
the
Reputation
and
Valour
of
Thomas
Ratcliff
,
Farl
of
Sussex
,
then
President
of
the
North
:
He
was
a
Gentleman
of
great
Industry
and
Experience
,
and
having
now
the
supreme
Command
in
the
North
,
he
would
not
give
them
time
to
fill
up
their
Numbers
,
but
getting
what
Forces
he
could
on
a
sudden
together
,
he
marched
against
them
with
an
Army
of
7000
men
;
and
by
his
bold
and
quick
approach
struck
Terror
into
the
Rebels
,
and
extinguished
this
dangerous
Fire
in
its
beginning
.
The
two
Earls
were
by
this
time
sensible
that
a
great
part
of
the
Popish
Faction
would
not
Rise
,
and
that
they
had
neither
Numbers
,
nor
Officers
,
nor
Ammunition
,
nor
Money
to
carry
on
a
War
;
and
besides
,
they
heard
that
the
Earl
of
Warwick
and
Clinton
were
Raising
Forces
in
the
South
,
and
had
got
together
12000
men
,
and
were
marching
towards
them
:
So
that
if
they
had
beaten
Sussex
,
they
had
been
sure
of
another
Army
in
a
few
days
,
that
would
have
ruined
the
Remains
of
their
small
Forces
.
So
that
they
had
no
other
course
to
take
,
than
to
disband
their
men
,
and
skulk
away
as
well
as
they
could
Whilst
the
Earl
of
Northumberland
The
Calamities
of
the
Earl
of
Northumberland
.
continued
at
Liberty
in
Scotland
,
he
was
forced
to
lurk
in
a
small
Cottage
destitute
of
Meat
and
Drink
and
all
other
Necessaries
of
human
life
,
suitable
to
a
Person
of
his
Birth
and
Quality
,
as
living
amongst
the
bordering
Thieves
;
and
it
was
not
long
before
they
grew
weary
of
him
,
and
discovered
him
to
the
Regent
of
Scotland
:
Morton
,
the
next
Regent
of
Scotland
,
sold
him
after
this
,
tho
he
had
formerly
been
very
kindly
entertained
by
this
Earl
,
when
he
was
forced
to
flec
out
of
Scotland
:
So
that
as
he
had
broke
his
Faith
to
his
Mistress
,
he
found
no
Faith
,
nor
Pity
,
or
Gratitude
,
amongst
others
,
but
was
pursued
to
the
Block
by
a
Divine
Vengeance
,
which
turned
every
thing
against
him
.
But
it
was
,
however
,
the
happiness
of
this
Family
,
that
by
his
Attainder
the
Estate
descended
with
the
Title
to
Sir
Henry
Piercy
,
his
younger
Brother
,
upon
whom
it
was
by
Name
entailed
by
Queen
Mary
,
when
she
re-granted
this
Earldom
to
this
Thomas
,
in
1556
;
whereas
the
Family
of
the
Nevils
was
intirely
ruined
,
and
never
got
up
again
.
The
Earl
of
Sussex
prosecuted
the
The
Earl
of
Sussex
prosecutes
the
Rebels
with
great
Severity
.
Rebels
with
great
Severity
,
tho
he
had
obtained
so
easie
a
Victory
,
and
without
any
Bloodshed
,
hanging
many
of
them
who
had
the
misfortune
to
fall
into
his
hands
,
plundering
their
Houses
of
all
they
had
,
and
confiscating
and
seizing
their
Estates
.
And
not
contented
with
this
,
he
led
his
Army
into
Scotland
,
in
hopes
to
catch
the
Fugitive
Earls
,
and
wasted
Tivedale
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
and
then
returned
into
England
,
without
gaining
what
he
sought
.
The
Queen
was
so
incensed
against
them
too
,
that
she
Attainted
all
that
she
could
find
were
concerned
in
it
,
that
were
men
of
Estate
,
but
shewed
more
Mercy
to
the
Poorer
people
,
whose
Ignorance
might
bespeak
her
Compassion
.
She
ordered
also
her
Thanks
to
be
given
to
those
Noblemen
and
Gentlemen
,
who
in
the
heat
of
this
Affair
had
taken
Arms
and
come
into
her
Assistance
,
commanding
competent
Rewards
to
be
given
to
all
that
deserved
them
;
and
that
they
should
spare
the
Lives
of
all
those
miserable
men
,
who
should
beg
her
Pardon
,
and
acknowledge
their
Fault
.
Out
of
the
Ashes
of
this
Rebellion
Another
Rebellion
springeth
out
of
this
.
there
arose
another
at
Naworth
in
the
North
part
of
Cumberland
,
upon
Severus's
Wall
,
which
was
headed
by
Leonard
the
second
Son
of
William
Lord
Dacres
of
Gillesland
.
This
Gentleman
was
discontented
,
because
the
Estate
of
his
Family
was
by
Law
so
vested
in
the
Daughters
of
Thomas
Lord
Dacres
,
his
Elder
Brother
,
that
it
would
pass
into
other
Families
with
them
;
and
this
was
the
first
spring
of
this
Motion
:
He
was
in
the
Conspiracy
of
the
Two
Earls
,
and
was
then
at
Court
managing
an
Intrigue
with
some
Foreign
Ambassadors
,
for
some
Assistance
to
be
sent
to
them
;
but
finding
the
War
began
unseasonably
,
he
went
to
the
Queen
,
and
tendred
her
his
Assistance
against
the
Earls
,
and
she
granted
him
her
Commission
for
the
Raising
men
to
that
purpose
:
He
thereupon
sent
some
to
encourage
the
Earls
to
persist
,
and
to
assure
them
,
That
he
would
join
them
with
what
Forces
he
could
raise
;
but
before
he
could
get
down
and
get
into
a
Posture
of
Assisting
them
,
he
saw
all
their
Army
dispersed
,
and
they
forced
to
flee
into
Scotland
;
whereupon
he
formed
a
Design
to
Murder
the
Bishop
of
Carlisle
,
and
the
Lord
scrope
,
Warden
of
the
West
Marshes
;
which
when
he
saw
he
could
not
effect
,
he
recommended
the
Two
Earls
to
the
Scots
,
and
seized
Greistoke
and
Caworth
Castles
as
his
own
,
which
belonged
to
the
Family
of
the
Dacres
;
and
he
got
together
about
3000
Borderers
,
with
some
others
who
were
the
Friends
of
that
Ancient
and
Splendid
Family
.
The
Lord
Hunsdon
hearing
of
this
Insurrection
,
drew
out
a
part
of
the
Garison
of
Berwick
(
of
which
he
was
Governour
)
,
and
marched
against
this
Incendiary
,
who
met
Hunsdon
,
and
fought
stoutly
at
the
Head
of
his
Party
;
which
was
yet
at
last
over-powered
and
broken
;
the
Lord
Hunsdon
having
no
great
reason
to
be
overjoyed
at
the
Victory
,
by
reason
of
the
Number
of
men
he
lost
:
Dacres
fled
into
Scotland
,
and
was
with
the
two
Earls
Attainted
in
the
next
Parliament
.
Both
these
Rebellions
were
caused
by
Pope
Pius
his
Bull
,
tho
they
broke
out
before
the
Bull
was
Published
here
in
England
,
which
was
one
great
reason
that
they
spread
no
further
.
The
Delivery
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
who
was
then
in
the
Custody
of
George
Earl
of
Shrewsbury
;
the
Restoring
the
Popish
Religion
,
and
the
suppressing
the
Protestant
,
was
the
last
thing
they
aimed
at
;
and
the
King
of
Spain
was
the
Fomenter
of
these
Troubles
,
and
had
sent
them
Assurances
that
he
would
send
them
Assistance
from
Flanders
,
and
had
his
Agent
at
Court
to
promote
it
.
But
all
these
Projects
being
disappointed
,
England
soon
returned
to
her
former
state
of
Peace
;
and
the
rest
of
the
Popish
Party
seeing
their
Weakness
,
and
the
Severity
of
the
Government
against
these
Ring-leaders
,
soon
found
how
much
it
was
their
Interest
to
be
quiet
.
The
secret
Head
of
all
these
Motions
,
The
Duke
of
Norfolk
the
secret
Head
of
these
Rebellions
.
was
Thomas
Howard
,
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
who
was
the
Richest
,
most
Noble
,
and
Wisest
Peer
then
in
England
,
and
of
the
greatest
Authority
with
the
Queen
,
and
no
less
beloved
by
the
People
.
This
Great
Man
having
appeared
a
little
over-inclined
to
favour
the
Interest
of
the
Captive
Queen
of
the
Scots
,
in
the
XIth
.
year
of
the
Queen's
Reign
,
he
drew
upon
himself
both
the
Suspicion
of
the
Queen
,
and
the
Practices
of
his
Enemies
at
Home
and
Abroad
:
The
Pope
,
the
King
of
Spain
,
and
many
of
the
Nobility
of
England
,
for
different
and
very
contrary
ends
,
promoting
a
Marriage
between
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
and
this
Duke
;
which
being
by
the
means
of
these
Rebellions
discovered
in
part
to
the
Council
of
England
,
in
the
latter
end
of
the
year
1669
,
he
was
first
Committed
;
he
left
the
Court
in
Discontent
,
and
resolved
to
Marry
the
Queen
of
S●…ots
,
without
the
Queen
of
England's
Leave
,
tho
he
had
promised
the
Queen
he
would
proceed
no
further
in
this
business
:
Whereupon
he
was
committed
Prisoner
to
the
Tower
,
in
the
year
1571
;
and
the
16th
.
of
January
,
1572.
he
was
found
Guilty
of
High-Treason
,
and
Beheaded
the
15th
.
of
June
following
.
The
Greatness
of
his
Fortunes
and
Soul
,
and
the
wonderful
Affection
the
People
of
England
on
all
occasions
shewed
to
this
Noble
Gentleman
,
added
to
his
Compassion
for
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
who
was
a
Lady
of
great
Wit
and
Beauty
,
first
stirred
in
him
the
thought
of
Marrying
her
upon
her
first
coming
into
England
;
which
coming
to
the
Queen's
ears
,
he
was
a
little
before
the
Rebellion
of
the
North
,
put
under
Confinement
;
yet
he
found
means
to
send
Money
to
the
Earls
of
Northumberland
and
Westmorland
,
but
so
privately
,
that
after
this
he
had
his
Liberty
again
.
By
the
procurement
of
one
Robert
Ridolf
,
Agent
for
Pope
Pius
Quintus
here
in
England
,
under
the
pretence
of
Merchandize
,
he
was
again
drawn
into
a
secret
Practice
for
the
Marrying
that
Captive
Queen
;
which
being
discovered
to
the
Lord
Treasurer
Burleigh
,
by
the
Duke's
Secretary
,
out
of
mere
Treachery
,
he
was
again
Imprisoned
,
Tried
,
and
Convicted
,
by
one
whom
he
most
trusted
,
and
leaft
suspected
of
Designing
against
him
.
Thus
wonderfully
did
God
appear
for
this
Religious
Queen
,
turning
all
the
Crafty
Imaginations
of
her
Enemies
,
and
all
their
intended
Violences
,
upon
their
own
heads
,
for
the
Preservation
of
this
Church
and
Nation
.
Saith
Mr.
Cambden
,
The
Love
that
The
Character
of
the
D.
of
Norf●…
the
People
of
England
bore
to
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
is
incredible
,
which
he
had
acquired
by
a
Courtesie
and
Goodness
which
was
worthy
of
so
great
a
Prince
.
The
Wiser
part
of
the
Nation
were
very
differently
affected
towards
him
,
some
being
affrighted
at
the
Danger
which
was
threatned
to
the
Nation
from
his
Numerous
Party
,
whilst
he
lived
to
Head
them
:
And
others
very
heartily
commiserating
this
Noble
Gentleman
,
who
was
of
an
excellent
Temper
,
of
great
Beauty
,
and
of
a
Manly
Aspect
,
and
would
have
been
the
Ornament
and
Securer
of
his
Countrey
,
if
the
fraudulent
Arts
of
his
Enemies
had
not
turned
him
out
of
his
former
course
and
way
of
living
,
by
the
deceivable
hopes
of
greater
things
,
and
the
specious
pretences
and
shews
of
promoting
the
Publick
Welfare
.
His
End
renewed
the
Memory
of
his
Father's
most
unhappy
Fate
,
who
Twenty
Five
Years
before
was
Beheaded
in
the
same
place
,
only
because
he
wore
the
Scutcheon
of
Edward
the
Confessor
,
in
his
Arms
;
which
were
granted
to
the.
Mowbrays
,
Dukes
of
Norfolk
,
from
whom
he
was
descended
Lineally
,
by
King
Richard
the
IId
.
This
Bull
of
Pope
Pius
V.
and
his
Practises
After
these
Rebellions
followed
a
shoal
of
Treasons
and
Conspiracies
.
against
England
,
produced
a
shoal
of
Traytors
to
plague
that
Generation
;
for
they
were
ever
after
it
restlefly
plotting
and
conspiring
against
their
Sovereign
,
their
Countrey
,
and
their
Kindred
,
with
an
invincible
perfidy
and
obstinacy
,
which
the
Executions
of
many
could
not
extinguish
:
But
yet
the
Calamity
did
not
end
there
;
for
from
the
same
Exuberant
Fountain
of
Mischief
,
issued
those
refractory
and
stabborn
Recusants
,
who
separating
from
the
Communion
and
Service
of
the
Church
of
England
(
which
till
then
they
had
frequented
without
the
least
scruple
or
difference
)
they
set
up
Popish
Conventicles
,
and
the
Latin
Mass
,
and
called
over
a
swarm
of
Jesuits
,
Priests
,
and
Monks
,
to
infest
the
Nation
,
and
incense
those
that
entertained
them
,
against
the
Religion
and
Government
that
was
established
,
and
so
perpetuated
our
Quarrels
,
and
kept
open
the
bloody
wounds
of
this
Kingdom
.
This
is
the
thing
we
have
most
reason
to
complain
of
,
because
it
has
brought
upon
all
the
succeeding
Times
,
great
miseries
and
distresses
;
and
the
Wisdom
of
our
Forefathers
has
not
been
able
to
cure
this
Disease
.
The
Queen
seeing
in
the
mean
time
the
mischief
this
would
bring
upon
her
Kingdoms
,
and
being
roused
by
the
Rebellions
in
the
North
,
and
the
intimations
she
had
,
that
there
were
Designs
on
foot
against
her
Person
and
Life
,
took
up
a
resolution
to
put
a
stop
to
it
;
and
to
that
end
,
passed
an
Act
in
the
next
Parliament
for
the
levying
20
l.
Which
occasioned
the
Acts
of
P.
against
the
Recusants
.
the
Month
,
upon
all
that
should
refuse
to
go
to
Church
,
and
attend
at
the
Service
of
God
;
or
to
take
the
Oath
of
Supremacy
.
And
finding
that
the
Iesuits
and
Secular
Priests
were
,
under
the
Mask
and
Pretence
of
Religion
,
the
Spies
and
Partisans
of
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
,
and
the
Emissaries
and
Promoters
of
the
Papal
Tyranny
and
Disorder
;
and
that
their
greatest
business
was
to
pervert
her
Subjects
,
and
to
entice
them
to
commit
the
most
unnatural
and
horrid
Crimes
,
she
banished
them
for
ever
from
her
Kingdoms
and
Territories
,
and
made
it
Treason
for
them
to
return
,
and
Felony
for
any
of
her
Subjects
(
knowing
them
to
be
such
)
to
entertain
,
conceal
,
or
harbor
them
.
This
,
which
was
designed
by
the
Queen
and
the
Government
to
cure
,
or
rather
to
prevent
their
Treachery
and
Malice
,
by
keeping
them
at
a
distance
,
inflamed
their
rage
against
her
,
so
that
concealing
themselves
under
the
Habits
and
Dresses
of
Lay
men
,
and
sometimes
under
the
Disguise
of
Mechanick
and
mean
Trades
and
Employments
,
they
lay
as
it
were
in
ambush
,
expecting
and
ready
to
catch
at
any
opportunity
that
offered
it self
to
murther
her
.
In
the
year
1578.
which
was
the
The
Colleges
of
the
Jesuits
opene
lin
Eanders
,
&c.
12th
year
of
her
Reign
,
and
the
very
year
when
the
Popish
Schism
began
;
several
of
the
Popish
Priests
fled
over
into
Flanders
,
where
Philip
II.
had
already
prepared
for
them
a
College
at
Doway
;
and
here
they
put
themselves
under
the
Government
of
one
William
Alan
,
a
Divine
of
Oxford
;
who
having
obtained
a
large
Pension
from
the
Pope
,
opened
here
a
School
for
Rebellion
and
Treason
;
To
the
end
(
say
they
)
that
as
the
Papal
Priests
in
England
are
by
time
extinguished
,
there
might
always
be
a
new
Race
to
supply
their
Places
,
and
sow
the
Seeds
of
the
Roman
Religion
in
England
;
and
therefore
they
called
these
Places
And
called
Seminaries
.
Seminaries
,
and
those
that
were
educated
in
them
Seminary
Priests
.
The
first
of
these
Seminary
Priests
sent
Parson
and
Campian
the
two
first
Seminary
Priests
sent
into
England
.
over
,
were
Robert
Parson
,
and
Edmund
Campion
,
in
the
year
1580.
Parson
was
a
Somersetfhire
man
,
of
a
furious
and
hot
Temper
,
and
of
an
ungenteel
behaviour
:
Campian
was
a
Londoner
,
well
bred
,
sweet
and
elegant
,
and
both
of
them
had
been
bred
up
in
the
University
of
Oxford
,
and
had
profess'd
the
Protestant
Religion
.
These
men
,
upon
their
coming
over
into
England
,
appeared
sometimes
in
a
Military
Habit
,
sometimes
in
the
Dress
of
a
Gentleman
,
and
at
others
in
the
Habits
of
the
Clergy
,
and
sometimes
like
Paritors
,
and
frequented
the
Country
Houses
,
and
Seats
of
the
Popish
Nobility
and
Gentry
.
Parson
was
so
hot
with
them
for
the
deposing
of
the
Queen
,
that
some
of
them
were
strongly
inclined
to
deliver
him
up
into
the
Hands
of
the
Magistrates
.
Campian
made
it
more
his
business
to
pervert
the
People
by
his
Writings
,
to
the
Popish
Religion
;
but
his
Reign
was
not
long
,
for
in
the
year
1581.
he
was
taken
and
executed
for
High-Treason
.
The
Queen
had
before
this
,
put
out
a
Proclamation
to
give
these
men
a
caution
before-hand
,
That
seeing
they
had
put
off
all
that
Love
which
they
owed
to
their
Countrey
,
and
the
Allegiance
which
was
due
to
her
,
they
should
yet
behave
themselves
prudently
and
modestly
,
and
not
irritate
her
Justice
any
farther
against
them
;
for
she
was
now
resolved
not
to
be
cruel
to
her self
and
her
good
Subjects
any
longer
,
by
sparing
such
Miscreants
,
as
she
had
found
them
to
be
:
So
that
how
severely
soever
they
were
used
,
they
had
the
less●…ason
to
complain
,
because
she
had
fairly
before-hand
told
them
what
she
meant
to
do
,
and
what
usage
they
might
expect
at
her
hands
.
In
the
year
1583.
Francis
Throgmorton
,
the
eldest
Son
of
John
Throgmorton
,
Chief
Justice
of
Chester
,
Thomas
Lord
Paget
,
and
Charles
Arundel
,
and
others
of
the
Popish
Religion
,
conspired
to
deliver
the
Queen
of
Scots
out
of
her
Confinement
.
Henry
,
Earl
of
Northumberland
,
and
Philip
his
Son
,
Earl
of
Arundel
,
were
suspected
,
and
confined
to
their
own
Houses
:
and
some
others
were
suspected
,
and
difficultly
delivered
themselves
.
For
about
this
time
,
the
outragious
Malice
of
the
Popish
Party
against
the
Queen
,
broke
out
to
that
degree
,
that
they
printed
Books
to
exhor●…
the
Queens
Servants
to
serve
her
as
Judith
did
Holofernes
The
Author
of
which
was
never
fully
discovered
,
but
i●…
was
suspected
that
it
was
written
by
Gregory
Martin
of
Oxford
;
but
Carter
,
a
Printer
that
printed
it
,
was
hanged
;
Throgm●…
had
the
same
Fate
;
but
Paget
,
and
Charles
Arundel
,
left
the
Nation
,
and
went
into
France
.
Stafford
,
the
Queen's
Ambassador
,
desired
they
might
be
sent
out
of
France
,
which
was
denied
,
because
the
Queen
had
at
the
same
time
entertained
the
Count
de
Montgomery
,
and
had
then
with
her
,
Sagner
an
Advocate
of
Berne
,
an
Ambassador
for
the
King
of
Navar
,
who
was
endeavouring
to
promote
a
War
in
France
.
In
the
year
1585.
William
Parry
,
a
Parry's
Conspiracy
against
the
Queen
.
Welshman
by
Birth
,
and
of
a
very
mean
Extraction
,
meanly
learned
in
the
Civil
Law
,
but
proud
and
gallant
beyond
his
Means
,
being
chosen
a
Member
of
the
Lower-House
,
declaimed
very
furiously
against
a
Bill
then
proposed
in
Parliament
against
the
Jesuits
,
averring
t●…at
it
was
a
cruel
,
bloody
,
desperate
Bill
,
and
would
be
destructive
to
the
Kingdom
of
England
.
Being
desired
to
shew
his
Reasons
for
what
he
said
,
he
refused
to
answer
before
any
other
than
the
Privy
Council
,
whereupon
he
was
commit●…ed
,
and
afterwards
upon
his
submission
,
readmitted
into
the
House
;
but
was
afterwards
accused
by
Edmund
Nevil
,
the
Heir
Male
of
the
House
of
Westmorland
,
to
have
a
Design
against
the
Life
of
the
Queen
,
which
he
confessed
afterwards
in
the
Tower
,
upon
which
he
was
tryed
and
executed
.
In
the
year
1586.
J.
Ballard
,
a
Ruffling
Babington's
Conspiracy
.
Priest
of
the
College
of
Reims
,
came
over
to
embroil
the
Nation
,
and
made
his
visit
to
most
of
the
Popish
Nobility
and
Gentry
in
England
and
Scotland
,
being
every
where
accompanied
by
one
Mand
,
who
was
a
Spy
employed
by
Sir
F.
Walsingham
.
This
Silken
Priest
His
Character
.
came
into
England
about
Easter
,
and
contracted
a
great
acquaintance
and
friendship
with
Mr.
Anth.
Babington
,
of
Dethick
in
Derbyshire
,
a
young
Gentleman
of
good
Birth
and
Estate
,
of
great
Wit
,
and
Learned
above
his
years
;
but
being
a
great
Zealot
for
the
Romish
Religion
,
he
about
a
year
before
this
,
without
the
Queen's
leave
,
went
into
France
,
and
there
was
first
debauched
as
to
his
Loyalty
by
Morgan
,
an
Agent
for
the
Scotchmen
in
that
Court
.
Ballard
informed
this
Gentleman
,
that
the
Queen
of
England
would
not
live
long
,
because
there
was
one
Savage
come
over
Savage
sent
to
assassinate
the
Q●…en
.
to
assassinate
her
.
This
Project
did
not
please
Babington
,
so
he
formed
a
new
Design
,
in
which
were
Edward
,
Brother
The
Persons
in
Babington's
Conspiracy
.
to
the
Lord
Windsor
,
Thomas
Sarisbury
,
of
the
County
of
Denbigh
,
Charles
Tilney
,
one
of
the
Gentlemen
Pensioners
that
waited
upon
the
Queen
,
and
the
only
hope
of
his
Family
;
but
reconciled
to
the
Church
of
Rome
under-hand
by
this
Ballard
;
Chidick
Tichburn
,
of
the
County
of
Southampton
,
Edward
Abington
,
Son
of
the
Queen's
Cosserer
;
Robert
Grage
of
Surry
,
John
Traverse
,
John
Charnock
of
Lancaster
,
John
Jones
,
whose
Father
had
been
Master
of
the
Wardrobe
to
Queen
Mary
;
Sava●…e
,
and
one
Barnwell
of
a
Noble
〈◊〉
Family
;
;
Henry
Dun
,
a
Clerk
in
the
Tenth
and
First
Fruits
Office
;
and
there
was
one
Polle
,
who
pretended
to
be
a
great
Friend
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
and
was
trusted
very
much
in
her
Affairs
,
though
he
was
a
Spy
employed
by
Walsingham
the
Secretary
.
Nave
,
the
Scotch
Queens
Secretary
,
had
in
some
degree
scented
the
Treachery
of
this
false
Brother
,
and
had
given
them
a
caution
to
beware
of
him
;
but
he
appeared
so
active
to
promote
the
Conspiracy
,
and
pushed
them
on
in
the
Design
with
so
much
Zeal
and
Warmth
,
that
they
had
no
manner
of
suspicion
of
him
,
tho
he
every
day
discovered
to
the
Secretary
what
they
did
or
said
.
Babington
was
the
great
Manager
of
Babington
the
great
Actor
in
it
.
this
Plot
,
and
assigned
to
every
one
of
them
his
business
,
without
communicating
to
all
the
Orders
he
had
given
to
the
several
Parties
.
He
was
very
earnest
that
Tilney
and
Tichburne
should
be
the
men
that
should
assassinate
the
Queen
,
which
they
at
first
stoutly
refused
,
till
Ballard
and
Babington
undertook
to
prove
to
them
,
That
it
was
lawful
to
kill
an
Excommunicated
Prince
;
and
that
if
Justice
was
in
any
cause
to
be
violated
,
it
was
for
the
sake
of
the
Catholick
Religion
;
Yet
they
at
last
did
not
hear●…ily
consent
,
but
in
some
sort
yielded
,
but
with
great
reluctance
,
Abington
,
Barnwell
,
●…barnock
,
and
Savage
,
were
on
the
other
hand
prepared
and
ready
for
mischief
,
and
so
needed
no
Perswasion
.
Sarisbury
would
never
be
perswaded
to
have
any
hand
in
the
Death
of
the
Queen
;
but
then
he
promised
his
assistance
for
the
freeing
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
.
Whilst
they
were
contriving
the
Design
,
and
talting
care
for
Foreign
Forces
to
second
it
,
Gilbert
Giffard
a
Priest
,
was
sent
over
to
put
Savage
in
mind
of
his
Promise
,
who
was
born
of
a
good
Family
at
Chellington
in
Staffordstire
,
not
far
from
Chartley
Castle
,
where
the
Queen
of
Scots
was
then
a
Prisoner
;
and
he
came
over
under
the
Name
of
Luson
.
His
other
Business
was
to
take
care
to
transmit
beyond
Sea
the
Queen
of
Scots
Letters
,
which
several
others
of
Greater
Quality
had
refused
.
This
Giffard
betrayed
the
whole
Business
to
Secretary
Walsingham
,
and
sent
him
all
theirs
,
and
the
Queen
of
Scots
Letters
;
So
that
the
whole
Design
was
discovered
,
and
to
be
proved
as
clear
as
the
Light
in
Heaven
.
Whereupon
the
Queen
ordered
Ballard
to
be
taken
up
,
and
Babington
to
be
so
closely
observed
,
that
he
could
not
stir
.
Giffard
was
sent
into
France
,
where
being
suspected
,
he
was
clapt
up
in
Prison
,
and
perished
miserably
.
The
13th
of
September
,
seven
of
the
Conspirators
were
arraigned
,
and
confessed
the
Crime
,
viz.
Ballard
,
Babington
,
Savage
,
Barnwell
,
Tichburn
,
Tilney
,
Abington
;
seven
denied
it
,
and
put
themselves
upon
their
Tryal
.
Babington
was
executed
with
great
severity
;
Savage
broke
the
Rope
,
and
was
cut
up
alive
,
without
any
hanging
:
These
two
,
with
Savage
,
Barnwell
,
Tichburn
,
Tilney
,
and
Abington
,
were
executed
with
great
rigour
the
20th
of
Sept.
in
St.
Giles's
Fields
.
The
next
day
the
other
seven
were
executed
with
more
mercy
,
the
Queen
detested
the
cutting
them
up
alive
,
as
had
been
done
the
day
before
:
These
were
Sarisbury
,
Duns
,
Jones
,
Charnock
,
Traverse
,
Gage
,
and
one
Bellamy
,
who
was
not
in
the
Plot
,
but
had
a
Brother
in
it
,
who
hanged
himself
in
Prison
;
and
Bellamy
was
executed
for
concealing
Babington
,
after
he
was
declared
to
be
a
Traytor
.
This
Conspiracy
being
thus
detected
,
This
Conspiracy
proved
fatal
to
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
.
proved
fatal
to
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
and
was
the
Cause
and
Pretence
of
her
Death
,
she
being
tryed
as
one
of
them
that
had
an
hand
in
it
,
as
without
doubt
she
had
.
The
Papists
in
that
,
and
all
the
succeeding
A
Justification
of
Queen
Elizabeth
against
the
Reproaches
of
the
Papists
.
Ages
,
have
belched
out
against
Queen
Elizabeth
,
the
Hellish
Steams
of
an
enraged
Mallce
,
traducing
her
as
the
most
bloody
and
unmerciful
Tyrant
that
ever
yet
swayed
a
Scepter
;
and
averring
that
the
Roman
Catholicks
suffered
as
much
or
more
in
her
Reign
,
than
all
the
Primitive
Christians
did
under
the
Pagan
and
Arian
Roman
Emperors
.
Now
if
this
were
literally
true
,
yet
they
have
no
reason
to
complain
,
because
they
brought
all
this
upon
themselves
,
by
their
abominable
Perfidy
and
Treasons
,
which
the
other
never
were
guilty
of
.
For
could
they
think
she
was
bound
to
sit
still
,
and
suffer
them
to
depose
and
murther
her
?
No
;
but
if
they
find
the
Person
of
a
Prince
is
out
of
their
reach
,
that
they
cannot
destroy
it
,
their
next
care
is
,
to
defame
them
to
Posterity
,
and
so
to
murther
their
Reputation
.
But
the
necessary
Inference
is
,
That
this
is
the
worst
Religion
that
ever
got
foot
amongst
men
,
and
equally
destructive
to
its
own
Votaries
,
and
others
,
by
putting
them
that
embrace
it
,
upon
such
base
and
detestable
Practices
,
as
must
ruin
both
Body
and
Soul
,
and
make
their
Names
infamous
to
Posterity
.
Who
can
consider
the
Untimely
End
of
Mr.
Babington
,
a
hopeful
Young
Gentleman
,
and
not
detest
to
the
Pit
of
Hell
,
the
Baseness
and
Treachery
of
Ballard
and
Gifford
,
those
Firebrands
of
Hell
,
that
brought
him
to
so
Untimely
a
Grave
,
with
Infamy
and
Horrible
Tortures
;
for
he
was
perfectly
alive
when
he
was
cut
open
,
and
said
after
he
was
cut
down
,
Parce
mihi
Domine
Jesu
;
Lord
Jesus
spare
me
.
And
however
unjustifiable
the
Execution
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
is
,
these
were
the
men
that
brought
her
too
to
an
Untimely
Grave
,
and
betrayed
her
into
the
hands
of
her
Enemies
;
and
in
the
Day
of
Judgment
thty
shall
answer
for
her
Blood
.
The
Queen
in
the
mean
time
finding
The
Queen
has
a
plentiful
Supply
given
her
in
Parliament
.
her
Treasury
exhausted
by
the
vast
Expences
she
had
been
put
to
for
the
upholding
the
Hollanders
against
the
Spaniards
;
to
whom
in
the
year
1576.
she
Lent
20000
l
and
after
that
time
she
furnished
them
several
times
:
And
in
the
year
1585.
she
had
Cautionary
Towns
given
her
,
and
openly
espoused
their
Cause
,
and
undertook
the
protection
of
them
.
All
these
great
Expences
,
and
her
Troubles
at
home
,
enforced
her
to
demand
Assistance
of
her
Subjects
in
Parliament
,
which
was
accordingly
given
by
the
Temporality
and
the
Clergy
most
freely
and
liberally
,
and
with
a
kind
of
Emulation
which
should
give
most
.
The
Queen
finding
on
the
other
side
,
that
of
four
Subsidies
that
were
given
her
,
three
would
do
her
business
,
she
by
her
Proclamation
discharged
the
She
dischargeth
a
Part
of
what
was
granted
by
her
Proclamation
.
fourth
,
and
so
much
of
the
other
three
as
was
not
levied
;
presuming
that
the
backwardness
of
the
payment
was
occasioned
only
by
the
poverty
of
those
that
should
have
paid
it
.
Thus
her
Care
and
Thrift
enabled
her
to
maintain
a
vast
Charge
with
a
small
Revenue
;
and
at
the
same
time
relieve
the
needy
part
of
the
Nation
,
by
her
remitting
one
Part
,
and
the
whole
Nation
by
releasing
another
Part
;
which
won
the
Hearts
of
her
People
to
that
degree
,
that
they
never
after
denied
her
whatever
she
asked
.
The
Spaniards
finding
their
Naval
The
Spaniards
send
Lopez
and
two
others
to
murther
the
Queen
.
Preparation
in
1588.
defeated
;
all
their
Designs
against
the
Hollanders
baffled
;
their
Attempts
in
Ireland
disappointed
;
their
Forces
wasted
,
and
the
Floods
of
Treasure
the
New
World
then
sent
them
,
exhausted
to
small
or
no
purpose
;
in
the
Year
1594.
out
of
meer
spite
and
desperation
they
condescended
so
low
,
as
to
employ
one
Roder●…ck
Lopez
a
Jew
,
and
a
Physician
by
Profession
,
to
Poyson
the
Queen
;
Stephen
Ferreira
Gama
,
and
Emanuel
Loisio
,
two
Portuges
,
to
stabher
;
but
all
this
was
so
seasonably
discovered
to
the
Queen
by
the
Letters
that
were
sent
to
them
,
and
intercepted
by
her
Subjects
,
that
they
were
all
three
taken
up
,
and
they
all
confessed
their
several
Treasons
,
and
had
Sentence
of
Death
sor
it
,
and
they
were
all
three
executed
for
it
;
together
with
one
Cullin
,
an
Irish
Fencing-Master
,
who
was
hired
by
the
Fugitives
in
Cullin
,
York
,
and
Williams
,
sent
from
Flanders
on
the
same
Errand
.
Flanders
,
and
sent
over
to
Murther
the
Queen
,
which
he
also
confessed
.
And
not
long
after
,
Edmund
York
,
and
Richard
Williams
were
hired
by
D.
Ybarra
,
a
Spaniard
,
and
these
Fugitives
,
and
sent
into
England
on
the
same
Errand
,
and
here
taken
up
.
When
the
Queen
was
told
of
all
the
base
Conspiracies
against
And
executed
in
1595.
her
Life
,
she
was
no
way
terrified
at
the
danger
,
tho
she
saw
Henry
the
III.
fall
by
their
Hands
in
the
Year
1589.
in
France
;
but
repeated
that
Passage
in
the
Psalms
,
Thou
art
my
God
,
my
time
is
in
thy
hand
,
(
Psalm
31.
)
And
with
a
Maseuline
Courage
,
despising
all
their
Rage
and
Baseness
,
she
took
great
care
of
her self
,
and
put
her
whole
trust
in
God
:
For
the
rest
,
persisting
She
spared
none
of
those
who
fell
into
her
hands
.
to
her
dying
day
in
her
first
Resolution
,
not
to
spare
one
of
these
Traytors
that
fell
into
her
hands
,
as
she
at
first
told
them
in
a
Proclamation
she
would
not
:
And
this
is
the
true
way
of
dealing
with
these
Implacable
Monsters
,
who
are
neither
worthy
of
Mercy
,
nor
capable
of
Repentance
.
This
Censure
may
possibly
seem
too
A
Digression
concerning
William
Parry
.
severe
to
those
that
are
not
perfectly
acquainted
with
the
Principles
and
Tempers
of
these
Men
;
and
therefore
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
confirm
it
with
an
Example
:
William
Parry
,
mention'd
above
,
was
employed
by
the
Jesuits
to
murther
the
Queen
,
and
they
had
thoroughly
pèrswaded
him
,
That
there
was
nothing
more
Glorious
than
to
die
for
the
service
of
the
Church
;
and
that
he
would
be
reputed
a
Martyr
,
if
he
could
extirpate
her
who
was
the
Favourer
of
Heresie
,
and
the
Enemy
of
the
Church
.
To
this
End
he
came
into
England
,
in
the
Year
1583.
And
to
insinuate
himself
into
the
Queen's
Favour
(
whose
Servant
he
had
formerly
been
)
and
to
obtain
her
belief
,
he
freely
and
openly
told
her
,
that
he
had
been
solicited
to
Murther
her
,
by
Morgan
and
other
Fugitive
Priests
beyond
the
Seas
;
Pretending
that
he
had
entred
into
a
Familiarity
with
them
to
no
other
end
,
than
to
discover
their
secret
Designs
against
her
,
and
to
take
care
of
her
Safety
,
to
whom
he
owed
his
Life
;
she
having
pardoned
him
when
he
had
forfeited
it
to
Justice
,
in
the
year
1580.
The
Queen
heard
all
this
Story
with
an
unconcerned
Courage
,
and
told
him
,
That
none
of
the
Catholicks
should
be
called
in
question
on
account
of
his
Religion
,
or
of
the
Pope's
pretended
Supremacy
,
if
they
behaved
themselves
in
all
other
things
like
good
Subjects
.
Which
words
he
afterwards
confessed
made
such
an
impression
on
his
mind
,
that
he
could
not
forget
them
:
And
after
this
he
was
so
much
in
her
good
opinion
,
that
he
solicited
for
an
Employment
;
but
receiving
a
Letter
from
the
Cardinal
of
Coma
,
wherein
he
commended
the
Design
he
was
engaged
in
,
(
saith
he
)
and
sending
him
an
Absolution
Parry's
Confession
.
in
the
Pope's
Name
;
tho
he
shewed
the
Letter
to
the
Queen
,
yet
he
persisted
in
his
Resolution
to
Assassinate
her
;
and
from
thenceforward
had
no
scruple
in
his
mind
concerning
the
Lawfulness
of
the
Fact
.
But
then
he
pretended
he
was
resolved
first
to
try
if
he
could
perswade
her
by
fair
means
to
use
the
Catholicks
more
favourably
:
And
when
at
any
time
he
went
to
the
Queen
,
he
would
lay
by
his
Dagger
,
for
fear
the
Opportunity
should
be
too
strong
a
Temptation
to
him
.
When
he
looked
upon
her
,
and
considered
her
Royal
Virtues
,
he
confessed
he
was
staggered
in
his
mind
:
But
his
Vows
were
in
Heaven
,
and
his
Letters
and
Promises
on
Earth
,
that
he
would
do
it
;
and
this
perpetually
disquieted
him
,
and
put
him
on
.
At
last
he
fell
upon
a
Book
written
by
Alan
a
Jesuit
,
to
prove
,
That
Princes
that
were
Excommunicated
,
might
be
Deposed
or
Slain
;
and
this
Book
was
a
strong
Motive
to
him
to
go
on
with
the
Treason
.
And
he
communicated
it
to
Nevil
,
(
who
afterwards
Accused
him
)
;
and
they
two
having
taken
an
Oath
of
Secrefse
each
to
other
,
formed
a
Design
to
set
upon
her
with
Ten
Horsemen
when
she
was
in
the
Countrey
,
and
so
Murther
her
.
They
could
,
however
,
never
find
the
opportunity
;
and
about
six
months
after
this
the
Earl
of
Westmorland
dying
,
and
Nevil
being
his
next
Heir
,
he
discovered
His
Design
discovered
by
one
Nevil
.
to
Secretary
Walsingham
this
Conspiracy
.
By
the
Queen's
Order
he
sent
for
Parry
,
and
asked
him
,
If
he
had
had
any
Treaty
with
any
Dissatisfied
or
Suspected
person
;
opening
him
a
door
for
his
Escape
;
but
he
plainly
denied
he
ever
had
;
for
if
he
had
confessed
it
,
and
said
he
did
it
to
try
Nevil
,
he
had
without
doubt
escaped
;
but
the
Crime
he
had
resolved
upon
,
had
blinded
his
eyes
so
,
that
he
could
not
see
it
:
Nay
,
he
had
the
Impudence
to
say
,
That
tho
the
Queen
had
twice
spared
his
Life
,
yet
he
was
not
beholden
to
her
for
it
,
because
it
had
been
unjust
to
have
taken
it
.
The
greatest
part
of
this
Narrative
is
extracted
from
his
own
Confession
before
the
Lord
Chancellor
Hatton
,
and
others
;
so
that
there
can
be
no
doubt
of
the
Truth
of
it
.
This
her
Severity
to
them
struck
a
The
Queen's
Severity
to
these
Conspirators
made
her
terrible
to
the
English
Papists
.
great
Terror
into
the
minds
of
the
English
Papists
,
when
they
every
where
saw
the
Heads
and
Quarters
of
their
Party
exposed
to
the
publick
view
,
but
nothing
could
cure
or
appease
their
festered
Malice
.
Her
Majesty
and
Presence
,
we
see
,
was
able
to
excite
the
Admiration
,
and
her
undaunted
Valour
to
terrifie
this
Cut-throat
,
as
he
confessed
;
but
tho
she
charmed
his
hands
,
yet
neither
was
her
Mercy
or
Goodness
able
to
melt
his
hardned
heart
;
nor
was
her
Severity
towards
him
and
other
such
Miscreants
,
sufficient
to
mitigate
the
enraged
Malice
of
the
rest
of
the
Jesuits
and
Popish
Villains
,
but
they
still
went
on
with
their
Hellish
Designs
to
destroy
her
.
But
when
all
was
done
,
the
Goodness
of
God
watched
over
her
to
preserve
her
,
and
frustrated
all
the
Designs
of
wicked
men
against
her
:
and
without
this
,
all
the
wise
Counsel
of
Burleigh
and
Walsingham
,
and
the
rest
of
her
Servants
would
have
signified
nothing
.
We
may
see
Henry
the
But
it
was
God
that
preserved
her
.
IIId
.
of
France
,
and
Henry
the
IVth
.
his
Successor
,
tho
they
both
professed
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
,
were
Assassinated
in
the
day
time
,
in
the
midst
of
their
Servants
and
Friends
,
by
these
Religious
Villains
,
when
it
was
not
possible
they
that
did
it
could
escape
;
and
yet
this
Queen
,
who
was
more
hated
than
either
of
them
,
and
less
able
to
defend
her self
,
in
the
spite
of
all
their
Malice
Reigned
above
Forty
four
years
,
and
died
in
Peace
.
And
it
is
worth
the
observing
,
That
in
all
the
times
since
the
Reformation
began
,
which
is
now
One
hundred
seventy
five
years
,
though
they
have
been
engaged
in
endless
Plots
against
the
Protestant
Princes
,
yet
they
There
has
been
but
one
Protestant
Prince
Murthered
since
the
Reformation
,
by
them
.
have
been
so
far
disappointed
by
the
special
Providence
of
God
,
that
I
do
not
know
of
any
Prince
they
have
been
able
to
Assassinate
,
but
Willian
the
First
,
Prince
of
Orange
;
and
him
they
attempted
twice
before
it
succeeded
.
In
the
year
1567.
there
broke
out
a
The
second
Civil
War
in
France
.
second
Civil
War
in
France
,
on
the
score
of
Religion
,
which
filled
that
once
most
flourishing
Kingdom
with
Factions
and
Seditions
,
and
strangely
exagitated
the
Towns
and
great
Cities
of
that
Kingdom
;
so
that
the
people
of
France
ran
upon
each
other
as
if
they
had
been
divided
and
set
on
by
a
Divine
Judgment
.
Catherine
de
Medicis
,
the
Queen
Dowager
of
France
,
had
then
assumed
the
Supreme
Government
,
as
Guardian
to
CharlesIX
.
herSon
,
who
was
then
a
Minor
:
She
and
her
Council
were
contriving
by
all
the
ways
that
were
possible
,
to
suppress
the
Protestants
of
France
,
which
grew
numerous
during
the
Minority
of
the
King
,
and
under
the
Favour
and
Protection
of
the
last
Treaty
;
to
this
end
they
had
ordered
some
men
to
be
Levied
in
Champagne
,
and
had
sent
for
Six
thousand
Swiss
:
The
Prince
of
Conde
,
and
Coligny
,
observing
these
Preparations
,
concluded
they
were
made
against
them
,
and
resolved
to
begin
first
;
and
they
formed
a
Design
to
surprize
the
King
and
the
Queen-Mother
at
Meaux
;
but
she
being
informed
of
it
,
withdrew
in
the
night
time
towards
Paris
;
the
Prince
of
Conde
being
thus
disappointed
,
followed
them
to
Paris
,
and
Besieged
that
City
,
which
being
reduced
to
some
streights
,
there
followed
a
Fight
at
St.
Dennis
,
in
which
Montmorancy
was
slain
,
but
the
Protestants
were
driven
out
of
the
Field
;
and
they
fell
next
upon
Chartres
,
which
they
besieged
.
Queen
Elizabeth
thereupon
ordered
her
Ambassador
Norris
to
interpose
between
the
Parties
,
and
bring
them
to
a
Peace
,
as
he
did
,
but
it
was
short
,
and
full
of
Insincerity
and
Treachery
.
The
Queen-Mother
of
France
was
now
so
afraid
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
that
to
prevent
her
sending
Succours
to
the
Protestants
,
she
caused
a
Marriage
to
be
proposed
between
her
and
the
Duke
of
Anjou
her
Second
Son
,
who
was
afterwards
King
of
France
,
by
the
name
of
Henry
III.
and
was
now
about
Seventeen
years
of
Age
,
but
this
Treaty
ended
with
the
Peace
,
for
the
procuring
of
which
it
was
began
.
In
the
year
1568.
the
War
broke
The
third
Civil
War
of
France
.
out
again
,
by
the
Perfidy
of
the
Popish
Party
,
who
had
now
joined
with
the
Spaniards
,
by
a
Treaty
made
in
a
clandestine
manner
at
Baionne
,
in
the
year
1565.
for
the
Extirpating
the
Protestant
Religion
in
France
and
Flanders
,
and
the
mutual
assisting
each
other
to
that
purpose
.
And
the
Duke
de
Alva
,
the
Spanish
Governor
of
the
Low-Countries
,
had
Orders
to
join
with
the
Guises
in
this
Religious
work
;
and
tho
the
King
of
France
had
in
the
beginning
of
this
year
promised
them
of
that
Persuasion
Liberty
of
Conscience
,
yet
he
soon
after
put
out
an
Edict
to
forbid
all
publick
Exercise
of
any
other
Religion
in
France
but
the
Roman-Catholick
;
and
commanding
all
the
Protestant
Ministers
to
depart
out
of
France
within
a
certain
time
.
This
was
followed
by
a
severe
Prosecution
,
and
in
many
places
they
were
Assassinated
or
Robbed
,
and
all
France
was
thereupon
in
Arms
:
Queen
Elizabeth
ordered
her
Ambassador
to
use
all
his
Endeavours
to
procure
a
solid
and
a
sincere
Peace
,
shewing
the
King
,
the
Methods
prop●…sed
would
only
serve
to
exasperate
the
minds
of
his
People
,
and
deprive
him
of
the
Service
of
his
most
faithful
Subjects
;
so
that
the
Forces
of
France
being
diminished
with
his
People
,
his
Kingdom
would
be
exposed
to
the
Violence
of
its
Enemies
:
A
Consideration
which
Lewis
the
XIVth
.
may
have
reason
one
day
to
think
more
seriously
of
:
But
now
it
was
rejected
,
and
the
young
King
of
France
sent
into
Spain
to
borrow
Money
,
and
into
Germany
and
Italy
to
raise
Auxiliary
Forces
to
carry
on
the
War
:
Whereupon
the
Queen
resolved
not
to
be
wanting
to
the
common
Protestant
Interest
(
which
was
now
plainly
struck
at
)
;
and
upon
the
French
Protestants
assuring
her
,
That
they
had
not
taken
up
Arms
against
the
King's
Authority
,
but
for
their
own
sale
Defence
,
she
sent
them
One
She
sends
100000
Crowns
,
and
great
Stores
of
Arms
and
Ammunition
into
〈◊〉
to
the
Protestants
.
hundred
thousand
Crowns
in
Money
,
and
great
Stores
of
Ammunition
,
and
entertained
all
the
French
that
fled
into
England
,
with
great
Humanity
.
It
is
worth
the
observing
here
,
the
Wild
Notions
of
Passive
Obedience
,
which
have
been
since
set
on
foot
,
were
not
in
being
in
these
times
,
the
Queen
desiring
no
other
Security
or
Justification
,
than
this
Protestation
,
which
being
A
Reflection
concerning
Passive
Obedience
.
joined
with
her
own
knowledg
of
the
Designs
of
the
Guises
,
was
then
thought
sufficient
to
warrant
a
Defensive
War
,
when
nothing
less
than
the
Extirpation
of
the
Protestant
Religion
was
intended
.
She
did
not
think
these
Subjects
of
France
were
obliged
to
submit
to
an
Extirpation
,
because
it
was
the
Will
of
their
Monarch
to
have
it
so
;
nor
that
she
Assisted
Rebels
and
Traytors
against
their
Lawful
Prince
,
when
she
undertook
the
Defence
of
those
of
her
own
Religion
against
a
Tyrant
,
who
contrary
to
all
Faith
and
Humanity
,
had
designed
the
Destruction
of
those
he
was
bound
and
had
promised
to
protect
.
The
King
of
France
seeing
by
this
time
a
destructive
War
would
follow
,
The
King
of
France
laboureth
to
divide
the
Protestants
,
without
Success
.
to
distract
the
●…inds
and
divide
the
Forces
of
the
Protestants
,
promised
that
all
those
that
continued
quiet
at
home
,
should
be
tolerated
;
but
this
Facility
,
as
a
Jesuit
calls
it
,
when
it
was
a
mere
Treachery
,
had
no
effect
,
the
Perfidy
of
it
was
palpable
:
If
he
was
in
good
earnest
,
why
had
he
Revoked
the
former
Edict
,
and
began
the
War
?
Who
could
reconcile
these
two
contrary
Edicts
,
That
they
should
and
should
not
be
tolerated
at
one
and
the
same
time
?
The
Pope
to
promote
this
War
,
gave
the
King
leave
to
sell
Church-Lands
,
to
the
Value
of
50000
Crowns
by
the
year
;
and
saith
the
same
Jesuit
,
Never
were
Church
Revenues
better
employed
,
or
granted
away
upon
a
better
reason
.
The
destruction
of
Hereticks
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
contrary
to
the
Publick
Faith
,
is
certainly
a
most
Holy
Work
,
and
an
Excellent
Subject
to
spend
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
on
.
The
next
year
the
Armies
drew
into
the
Field
,
and
in
March
there
followed
a
Fight
at
Jarnac
,
in
which
the
Prince
of
Condé
was
slain
,
and
Coligni
became
General
of
the
Protestants
;
and
after
this
another
at
Moncontour
,
in
which
the
Protestants
lost
20000
men
:
They
renewed
their
Forces
,
however
,
with
that
Alacrity
,
that
in
the
year
1570
they
forced
the
King
,
after
a
vast
Expence
of
Blood
and
Treasure
,
when
he
saw
he
could
not
any
longer
continue
the
War
without
apparent
Ruin
,
to
make
a
Peace
on
the
same
terms
with
the
former
.
The
Queen-Mother
The
true
Causes
of
this
and
the
other
Civil
Wars
of
France
.
was
the
Firebrand
of
France
,
and
by
her
Dissimulation
and
Hypocrisy
,
raised
all
these
Combustions
there
.
She
was
jealous
of
the
Princes
of
the
Blood
,
of
the
House
of
Bourbon
,
who
were
become
the
Heads
of
the
Protestants
in
that
Kingdom
;
and
she
was
perpetually
Plotting
how
to
ruin
them
,
or
force
them
to
preserve
themselves
by
War
.
The
King
of
Spain
pushed
on
rhe
Incendiaries
of
France
,
under
pretence
of
securing
the
Catholick
Religion
,
but
with
a
Design
at
the
bottom
to
weaken
that
Kingdom
by
their
intestine
Wars
,
and
at
last
to
subdue
it
.
Queen
Elizabeth
observed
all
this
,
and
saw
whither
it
tended
;
and
by
her
seasonable
Supplies
upheld
the
Protestant
Party
,
The
Queen
of
England
preserv'd
the
Protestants
of
France
.
which
was
the
weaker
,
till
she
forced
the
Court
of
France
to
see
its
Error
,
and
lay
aside
,
or
rather
change
their
destructive
Methods
,
for
others
that
were
more
infamous
,
and
as
ineffectual
.
In
the
mean
time
the
noble
Kingdom
of
France
was
desolated
by
Fire
and
Sword
,
their
Populous
Towns
destroyed
,
their
Rich
Churches
and
Monasteries
plunder'd
,
their
Nobility
and
Gentry
slain
on
both
sides
,
and
by
their
own
Swords
;
their
Matrons
Ravished
,
and
the
Children
Murdered
in
the
Arms
of
their
Parents
,
and
France
was
more
wasted
by
this
War
in
her
bowels
,
than
by
all
the
Foreign
Wars
she
had
been
engaged
in
from
the
time
the
English
were
expelled
,
to
that
time
.
Was
ever
Church-Treasures
better
spent
?
At
the
same
time
that
France
was
thus
miserably
harass'd
by
an
intestine
The
beginning
of
the
Low-Countrey
War
.
War
,
the
Spaniards
were
as
busie
in
the
Low-Countries
to
extirpate
Heresie
,
as
they
pretended
,
but
in
truth
to
deprive
those
Provinces
,
under
that
pretence
,
of
their
Ancient
Liberties
and
Civil
Privileges
,
and
to
submit
them
to
the
Servitude
of
the
Insolent
Spaniards
,
that
so
they
might
from
thence
pass
on
to
the
Conquest
of
England
and
France
,
and
so
erect
an
Universal
Monarchy
in
Europe
;
which
Design
they
had
Vanity
enough
to
discover
.
To
this
end
,
in
the
year
1564.
they
erected
Seven
new
bishopricks
to
curb
that
people
.
In
the
year
1565.
he
commanded
the
Council
of
Trent
to
be
Revived
,
together
with
the
Inquisition
,
and
a
strict
observation
of
the
Edicts
concerning
Religion
.
Upon
this
the
Nobility
of
those
Countries
,
as
well
those
that
persisted
in
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
,
as
those
that
were
well
inclined
to
the
Reformation
,
seeing
the
Liberty
and
Riches
,
Trade
and
Commerce
of
their
Countrey
must
be
ruined
,
if
these
courses
were
taken
,
they
interceded
with
Margaret
the
King's
Sister
,
their
Regent
,
that
the
King's
Letter
might
not
be
put
in
execution
;
but
she
went
on
,
however
,
and
they
on
the
other
hand
stood
upon
their
guard
,
and
as
much
as
was
possible
hindred
it
.
The
next
year
the
Quarrel
grew
higher
,
and
the
multitude
rose
in
many
places
with
an
irresistible
fury
,
and
destroyed
all
the
Images
in
the
Churches
of
many
of
the
great
Cities
;
the
Torrent
ran
so
high
,
and
was
so
impetuous
,
that
the
Regent
was
forced
to
publish
an
Edict
of
Liberty
Liberty
of
Conscience
treacherously
granted
,
and
re-called
.
of
Conscience
,
to
appease
the
people
,
the
Spaniards
being
not
able
by
any
other
means
to
secure
the
Possession
of
these
Countries
;
but
so
soon
as
the
people
were
quieted
,
the
Edict
was
recalled
;
which
they
owned
was
granted
only
to
gain
time
to
send
for
Men
and
Moneys
,
to
force
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Netherlands
to
submit
to
the
King's
Will
,
and
to
punish
them
for
their
disobedience
.
Yet
however
,
in
the
mean
time
,
whilst
this
Edict
was
observed
,
all
places
returned
to
the
former
state
of
Peace
,
and
Trade
went
on
successfully
;
so
that
if
the
King
of
Spain
could
have
perswaded
himself
to
have
complied
with
his
Interest
in
this
Affair
,
he
and
his
Posterity
had
continued
in
the
Peaceable
Possession
of
these
Provinces
,
which
would
have
been
worth
the
owning
,
Rich
,
Populous
,
and
Potent
,
and
able
to
defend
themselves
against
the
French
.
But
by
pursuing
contrary
Methods
,
he
brought
a
War
upon
himself
,
which
wasted
Spain
,
ruined
his
Treasures
,
erected
a
part
of
these
Provinces
into
an
Independent
Commonwealth
;
and
so
depopulated
and
impoverished
the
rest
,
that
they
are
not
able
to
defend
themselves
against
the
French
:
So
that
the
breaking
this
Edict
,
proved
the
Ruin
of
all
the
Spanish
Greatness
.
This
Liberty
of
Conscience
,
which
The
King
of
Spa●…n
enraged
at
the
Edict
for
Liberty
of
Conscience
.
was
extorted
from
the
Regent
by
pure
Force
and
Fear
,
being
sent
into
Spain
to
be
confirmed
by
the
King
,
he
was
highly
displeased
at
it
,
and
ordered
some
of
his
Council
to
let
the
Prince
of
Orange
and
Count
Egmont
know
,
That
if
they
or
either
of
them
had
opposed
these
Insurrections
with
that
Bravery
they
had
shewed
on
other
occasions
,
and
as
they
were
bound
in
Duty
to
have
done
,
things
could
never
have
been
brought
by
the
Populace
into
the
state
they
were
now
in
:
That
if
yet
they
would
do
their
Duty
without
mincing
or
dissembling
,
absolutely
,
they
might
reduce
things
into
the
former
state
,
or
at
least
keep
them
as
they
were
,
till
the
King
could
come
thither
himself
to
settle
them
.
That
it
was
the
Duty
of
a
good
Subject
,
when
he
once
knew
his
Prince's
Pleasure
,
to
set
himself
roundly
,
(
without
considering
what
should
be
the
event
to
himself
or
others
)
,
to
put
the
same
in
execution
,
and
that
willingly
,
readily
,
and
effectually
,
tho
he
himself
were
of
a
contrary
opinion
;
for
that
it
did
not
become
them
to
think
themselves
wiser
than
their
Prince
,
since
they
were
his
Subjects
and
Vassals
.
They
had
Advices
at
the
same
time
from
Spain
,
That
the
King
was
fixedly
resolved
to
oppose
these
Grants
of
his
Sister
the
Regent
,
both
to
prevent
the
Example
as
to
his
other
Provinces
,
and
also
preserve
the
Popish
Religion
in
these
.
And
they
were
informed
The
Spaniards
design
to
settle
an
Absolute
and
Arbitrary
Government
in
the
N●…therlands
.
also
,
that
under
the
pretence
of
preserving
the
Catholick
Religion
in
the
Netherlands
,
there
was
a
Design
formed
to
advance
the
King's
Power
;
and
that
they
were
not
displeased
ai
Court
,
that
they
had
this
occasion
given
them
to
bring
the
whole
under
,
and
settle
in
them
a
new
and
more
Absolute
Form
of
Government
,
because
they
concluded
in
Spain
,
That
all
the
Obstinacy
the
people
had
shewn
,
proceeded
from
their
Reliance
upon
their
great
Freedoms
and
Privileges
.
But
then
this
was
to
be
concealed
with
the
utmost
care
from
them
;
and
the
King
and
the
Regent
to
delude
and
deceive
them
,
wrote
the
kindest
Letters
,
and
spoke
the
sweetest
Words
to
the
Confederate
Lords
,
and
especially
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
that
the
Wit
of
man
could
invent
.
But
in
the
mean
time
,
the
Regent
Levied
Two
Regiments
in
Flanders
,
under
the
Earls
of
Arenbergh
and
M●…em
,
and
Two
more
in
Germany
,
unde●…
Count
Philip
of
Overstein
,
and
Three
of
Walloons
,
and
a
German
Regiment
of
Horse
,
under
Count
Mansfield
:
These
Forces
were
Levied
in
distant
places
,
and
upon
different
pretences
,
and
brought
into
,
or
near
the
Provinces
;
and
then
the
Regent
began
to
throw
off
her
Mask
by
degrees
;
And
she
ordered
The
Regent
grows
severe
against
the
Protestants
,
on
various
pretences
.
the
Protestant
Meetings
and
Sermons
in
many
places
to
be
disturbed
,
pretending
they
were
not
kept
just
in
the
same
place
that
they
were
at
first
allowed
.
And
after
,
she
went
on
and
seized
on
and
imprisoned
some
of
the
Preachers
on
the
same
pretence
;
and
she
hanged
one
of
them
near
AELEST
.
And
when
complaint
was
made
of
these
Proceedings
to
the
Regent
,
she
would
sometimes
say
,
Her
Consent
was
not
free
,
but
extorted
from
her
by
fear
,
and
therefore
she
was
not
bound
to
keep
her
Promise
.
And
at
other
times
she
would
say
,
She
promised
them
a
Liberty
to
Preach
,
but
she
never
meant
they
should
Marry
,
Bury
,
Baptize
,
Administer
the
Lord's
Supper
,
and
hold
Consistories
,
and
the
like
.
When
the
Regent
saw
her
Forces
at
Valenciennes
commanded
to
receive
a
Garison
.
hand
,
she
wrote
to
the
City
of
Valentiennes
to
receive
a
Garison
,
in
the
year
1566
,
because
that
City
was
more
inclined
to
embrace
the
Reformed
Religion
,
than
any
of
the
rest
in
the
Low-Countries
,
and
had
rescued
some
that
were
condemned
to
be
burnt
for
Heresie
heretofore
,
and
also
because
it
was
near●…r
to
France
,
and
so
more
suspected
.
They
refused
to
comply
with
this
Command
,
alledging
many
Reasons
and
Privileges
to
the
contrary
;
and
were
thereupon
proclaimed
Rebels
the
14th
.
of
December
.
After
this
,
all
means
good
and
bad
were
used
to
prevent
the
exercise
of
the
Protestant
Religion
;
which
had
its
effect
in
all
places
,
but
Amsterdam
,
Antwerp
,
Sherlogen-bosk
,
Maestricht
,
Utrecht
,
and
Ghent
;
for
these
Cities
still
upheld
it
.
These
Proceedings
alarm'd
the
Cities
of
Flanders
;
and
Antwerp
sent
a
Committee
of
the
principal
Inhabitants
to
consult
with
the
Deputies
of
the
Cities
in
Brabant
,
The
rest
of
the
〈◊〉
petition
for
a
General
Assembly
of
the
States
.
who
all
joined
in
a
Petition
to
the
Regent
,
That
there
might
be
a
General
Assembly
of
the
States
,
to
take
present
order
concerning
the
business
of
Religion
,
by
provision
,
That
then
new
Orders
might
be
therein
made
for
the
preserving
the
true
Christian
Religion
,
the
Authority
and
Majesty
of
their
King
,
and
for
the
promoting
the
Prosperity
of
these
Provinces
:
That
in
the
mean
time
assurance
should
be
given
to
those
of
the
Reformed
Religion
,
That
they
should
not
be
molested
or
disquieted
during
this
Suspension
:
That
after
the
said
States
have
resolved
with
the
King
how
they
will
settle
these
things
,
those
that
were
not
satisfied
with
their
Orders
,
might
have
some
Months
time
given
them
to
retire
in
,
whither
they
pleased
;
and
those
that
would
submit
,
should
have
a
general
Pardon
granted
them
.
This
reasonable
Request
was
very
little
debated
,
because
they
of
the
Council
knew
the
King's
mind
;
but
was
altogether
rejected
.
The
principal
Nobility
of
these
Countries
thereupon
met
at
Dermond●…
:
And
here
was
read
the
Letter
written
by
the
Lord
Montigni
,
giving
an
account
how
much
the
King
of
Spain
resented
the
present
state
of
Affairs
in
the
Low·Countries
:
And
there
was
also
read
a
Letter
written
by
Francis
Davala
,
the
Spanish
Ambassador
in
the
Court
of
France
,
to
the
Regent
of
Flanders
,
the
29th
.
of
Au●…ust
,
The
Design●…
of
Spain
discovered
to
the
Nobility
of
the
Netherlands
.
1566.
which
was
intercepted
;
wherein
he
endeavoured
to
confirm
her
Highness
in
her
opinion
,
That
all
the
Calamities
of
the
Netherlands
sprang
from
the
Triumvirate
,
(
meaning
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
and
the
Counts
of
Egmont
and
Hoorne
)
:
That
it
was
fit
nevertheless
to
shew
these
all
the
respect
that
was
possible
;
and
to
tell
them
,
that
the
King
owned
the
preserving
those
Countries
to
have
been
the
effect
of
their
Loyalty
and
good
Service
:
But
yet
when
time
served
he
would
punish
them
:
And
also
the
two
Lords
that
were
now
in
Spain
,
who
should
be
kept
there
still
to
that
purpose
,
with
Counsellor
Rennert
;
and
that
the
King
had
sworn
at
Madrid
,
That
he
saw
well
that
what
had
happened
in
the
Netherlands
,
was
not
only
prejudicial
to
his
Honour
,
but
also
to
the
Service
of
God
,
which
touched
him
so
near
,
that
he
would
run
the
hazard
of
losing
all
the
Dominions
he
had
,
rather
than
not
chastise
this
Rebellion
exemplarily
in
the
sight
of
all
Christendom
;
and
that
he
would
go
thither
in
Person
,
and
send
to
the
Emperor
and
the
Pope
for
Assistance
.
That
his
Majesty
would
certainly
reap
great
Advantages
from
the
ill
things
that
had
been
done
;
and
expected
to
see
those
Countries
brought
under
his
Absolute
Command
;
and
to
settle
after
this
,
both
the
Religion
and
the
Civil
Government
,
as
he
thought
fit
;
which
the
King
could
never
have
done
,
if
these
things
had
not
hapned
.
That
the
King
had
desired
this
a
long
time
,
and
they
had
now
given
him
means
to
bring
them
under
as
to
the
Civil
State
,
and
to
quiet
them
as
to
the
matters
of
Religion
,
as
he
thought
fit
.
Thus
the
Crafty
Spaniard
made
up
The
Discovery
at
the
first
only
terrified
and
divided
them
.
his
reckoning
without
his
host
,
and
in
the
end
found
himself
deceived
.
The
Nobility
were
never
able
,
howev●…r
,
to
come
to
any
Resolve
,
because
Count
Egmont
was
resolved
to
throw
himself
upon
the
King's
Mercy
,
and
the
Prince
of
Orange
durst
not
undertake
to
Head
the
Leaguers
against
so
Potent
and
Implacable
a
Prince
as
Philip
the
IId
.
was
then
:
So
this
Discovery
terrified
and
divided
,
instead
of
uniting
them
:
And
Valenciens
besieged
.
the
City
of
Valenciens
in
the
mean
time
defended
it self
very
resolutely
,
from
the
14th
.
of
December
to
the
24th
.
of
March
,
and
then
was
forced
to
submit
to
Mercy
:
Norcarmes
,
the
General
for
the
King
of
Spain
,
thereupon
hanged
up
their
Ministers
,
and
about
Two
hundred
of
the
best
of
the
Inhabitants
;
whereupon
the
Regent
forced
or
perswaded
a
great
part
of
the
Nobility
to
take
an
Oath
to
maintain
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
;
but
yet
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
and
some
few
others
,
refused
it
,
and
retired
.
After
this
,
she
fell
to
shut
up
all
the
Protestant
Meeting-Houses
,
and
opened
the
Popish
Churches
,
furnishing
them
splendidly
with
new
Images
,
and
other
such-like
Necessaries
;
and
they
hanged
up
the
contrary
Party
by
whole-sale
,
fifty
or
an
hundred
in
a
place
,
some
for
pulling
down
their
Images
,
and
others
for
bearing
Arms
against
the
Government
:
And
in
some
of
the
greater
Cities
they
A
bloody
Persecution
against
the
P●…otestants
of
the
Netherlands
.
hanged
up
two
,
three
,
or
four
hundred
men
,
making
Gallows
of
the
Timber
of
their
Meeting
Houses
Upon
this
many
thousands
of
the
Inhabitants
of
these
Countries
retired
,
some
into
England
,
and
others
into
Germany
;
so
that
by
the
beginning
of
May
,
1567.
the
Regent
was
intirely
Mistress
of
all
the
Seventeen
Provinces
,
and
there
was
not
the
least
opposition
any
where
made
to
whatsoever
she
was
pleased
to
order
.
Yet
the
King
was
never
the
more
appeased
;
but
so
soon
as
he
heard
the
Inhabitants
were
mastered
and
brought
under
,
he
put
John
Marquess
of
Bergen
ap
Zoom
,
and
the
Marquess
Van
Montigni
,
two
Flandrian
Noblemen
,
both
of
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
,
who
went
into
Spain
to
inform
him
of
the
state
of
Affairs
,
and
to
induce
him
to
shew
pity
to
his
good
Subjects
,
into
Prison
;
where
they
both
perished
,
by
what
means
was
not
known
;
and
besides
,
he
seized
both
their
Estates
.
In
truth
,
after
long
consultation
it
was
resolved
,
That
the
first
L●…gal
Pretence
that
should
be
offered
,
should
be
taken
to
bridle
these
provinces
,
that
they
might
so
be
brought
into
the
new
form
of
Conquered
Kingdoms
,
and
be
put
under
other
Laws
:
They
pretended
also
,
that
it
was
impossible
without
this
to
keep
these
Countries
in
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
,
because
they
were
on
all
sides
surrounded
with
Heretick
Countries
,
and
relied
very
much
upon
their
Civil
Privileges
and
Liberties
;
and
this
reason
was
very
much
pressed
upon
the
King's
Conscience
by
the
Fathers
of
the
Inquisition
.
So
that
these
Countries
were
doom'd
to
Slavery
and
Oppression
,
as
the
only
means
to
preserve
Popery
,
which
can
never
thrive
in
a
free
enlightned
Countrey
:
And
their
case
was
perfectly
like
ours
;
for
we
too
of
late
were
to
be
Conquered
,
and
our
Laws
changed
for
the
same
end
.
It
was
observed
with
great
wonder
on
all
sides
,
That
when
they
took
so
many
,
and
punished
so
severely
those
The
Breakers
of
Images
not
put
upon
it
by
the
Reformed
.
that
had
pull'd
down
and
destroy'd
the
Images
,
there
was
not
one
of
them
to
be
found
,
that
would
confess
that
they
had
been
put
upon
this
,
or
persuaded
to
it
,
by
those
of
the
Reformed
Religion
;
but
they
all
said
it
proceeded
from
an
Impulse
upon
th●…ir
minds
,
of
which
they
could
give
no
account
:
But
however
,
in
Spain
it
was
resolved
to
take
the
opportunity
The
use
Spain
designed
to
make
of
this
Disorder
.
of
these
Troubles
,
to
bring
under
and
subdue
all
these
Provinces
,
and
to
deprive
them
,
by
way
of
Punishment
,
of
all
their
Privileges
and
Liberties
;
and
altho
all
was
quiet
in
the
beginning
of
the
year
1567
,
yet
they
were
not
satisfied
with
the
Punishment
of
the
particular
persons
that
had
offended
,
but
resolved
to
extend
their
Revenge
to
all
the
Provinces
,
and
to
those
of
their
own
Religion
,
as
well
as
to
their
Opposers
:
And
to
fulfil
this
Bloody
Tyrannical
The
Character
of
the
Duke
of
Alva
.
Resolution
,
the
Duke
d'
Alva
was
chosen
,
a
man
of
great
Experience
in
Warlike
Affairs
,
and
well
acquainted
with
these
Countries
,
and
of
a
merciless
violent
Temper
.
The
Inquisition
and
Clergy
of
Spain
opened
their
Treasures
,
and
furnished
the
King
liberally
with
Money
also
,
for
they
looked
upon
this
as
an
Holy
War
,
and
hoped
to
make
it
the
dawning
to
a
general
Destruction
of
the
Protestants
.
This
Duke
arrived
at
Brussels
the
22d
.
of
August
,
He
comes
into
Fland●…rs
.
1567.
with
8678
Spanish
and
Italian
Foot
,
and
1600
Horse
;
and
12000
German
Horse
and
Foot
;
tho
all
was
quiet
,
and
no
opposition
to
be
feared
,
if
they
he
brought
with
him
did
not
cause
it
:
He
concealed
a
great
part
of
his
Commission
;
yet
what
he
produced
of
it
,
went
very
much
beyond
that
which
had
been
given
to
the
Regent
that
now
was
recalled
and
discharged
of
the
Government
.
The
Duke
usurped
presently
an
Absolute
and
Uncontroulable
Authority
;
and
having
appointed
a
Council
The
Council
of
Blood
setled
.
of
Twelve
Bloody
Men
,
he
disposed
of
the
Lives
and
Fortunes
of
the
Subjects
of
the
Low-Countries
,
of
all
States
and
Conditions
,
contrary
to
their
Laws
,
without
any
Appeal
,
Reformation
,
or
Revision
of
his
Sentence
.
He
proceeded
to
that
height
of
Cruelty
and
Tyranny
,
that
Nine
of
the
Twelve
left
the
Council
out
of
pure
shame
,
and
went
home
:
For
he
had
obtained
from
the
King
before
he
came
thither
,
a
Full
,
Absolute
,
Sovereign
Authority
,
which
was
not
bounded
by
any
L●…ws
or
Instructions
,
and
was
not
to
be
contradicted
by
any
body
:
Which
was
contrary
to
all
the
Laws
of
that
people
,
and
to
the
King's
Oath
and
Promise
;
but
he
relied
upon
his
Forces
,
and
was
not
at
all
concerned
what
men
thought
or
said
of
him
.
Amongst
the
Eighteen
Rules
which
the
Council
of
Blood
prescribed
to
themselves
to
judge
by
,
these
were
some
.
1.
All
Petitions
made
by
the
States
,
Their
Rules
.
Cities
,
or
Nobility
of
the
Land
,
against
the
New
Bishops
and
the
Inquisition
,
or
to
have
any
of
the
Placaets
made
by
the
King
or
Council
moderated
,
were
Conspiracies
against
God
and
the
King
.
2.
That
all
the
Lords
,
Nobility
,
and
Governors
,
that
had
not
appeared
against
the
Petitions
,
Preachings
,
and
breaking
down
of
Images
,
are
guilty
of
the
same
Crime
,
tho
they
appeared
discontented
at
them
,
and
ashamed
.
3.
And
all
those
that
took
the
Proceedings
of
this
Court
for
Tyrannical
,
Unjust
,
or
Illegal
.
The
First
this
Council
began
with
,
The
Counts
of
Egmont
and
Hoorne
the
first
they
seized
.
was
Count
Egmont
,
the
Count
Van
Hoorne
,
and
Anthony
Van
Straten
,
Burgomaster
of
Antwerp
,
who
were
treacherously
summoned
to
a
great
Council
,
and
there
Arrested
by
the
Order
of
the
Duke
d'
Alv●…
,
the
9th
.
of
September
,
1567.
which
put
the
Countrey
into
such
an
affright
,
that
all
degrees
of
men
fled
into
all
the
Neighbour
Countries
;
but
however
,
they
went
on
,
and
filled
the
Prisons
with
the
remainder
,
and
such
as
they
hapned
to
take
;
and
it
was
observed
,
that
they
had
before-hand
taken
good
care
to
Repair
,
Strengthen
,
and
enlarge
these
places
;
yet
in
some
places
they
were
broken
up
,
and
the
Prisoners
discharged
by
Force
.
Having
spent
the
rest
of
this
year
in
Ruining
and
Attainting
the
Nobility
,
they
in
the
year
1568.
began
to
Persecute
the
meaner
sort
of
people
,
citing
And
after
them
vast
numbtrs
of
the
meaner
Inhabitants
.
Thirty
,
Forty
,
or
Fifty
at
a
time
,
out
of
every
City
in
the
Provinces
,
to
appear
before
this
Council
;
and
upon
their
not
appearing
,
(
as
none
but
the
Imprisoned
durst
)
,
they
seized
upon
their
Estates
,
and
confiscated
their
Goods
to
the
King's
use
:
Thus
they
dealt
with
the
Rich
;
but
as
for
the
poorer
people
,
they
took
them
up
and
hang'd
them
,
without
any
more
Ceremony
.
They
pretended
by
this
Violence
to
enrich
the
King
,
and
to
establish
the
Romish
Religion
;
but
they
frighted
away
the
people
,
alienated
their
hearts
from
him
,
and
drove
many
Roman
Catholicks
into
Protestant
Countries
,
where
they
embraced
that
Religion
they
had
only
a
moderate
opinion
of
before
.
To
remedy
a
part
of
these
Inconveniencies
,
they
published
an
Order
,
That
whosoever
harboured
or
assisted
any
person
that
was
fled
,
or
held
any
Correspondence
by
Letters
or
otherwise
,
should
be
thought
guilty
of
the
same
Crime
;
and
that
any
Ship
that
carried
off
any
of
their
Goods
,
or
any
Wagon
or
Boat
that
furthered
their
Escape
,
or
conveyed
away
their
Goods
,
should
be
forfeited
.
The
noise
of
these
Proceedings
alarmed
all
the
Protestants
in
France
,
and
These
Proceedings
alarm
all
the
Protestants
in
France
,
and
Queen
Elizabeth
.
was
the
principal
Cause
of
the
renewing
the
War
there
;
of
which
I
have
already
given
a
short
account
.
Queen
Elizabeth
was
a
sorrowful
Observer
of
all
these
Tyranical
Encroachments
on
the
Lives
,
Liberties
,
and
Fortunes
of
her
Neighbours
;
and
such
as
fled
into
England
from
the
bloody
and
outragious
treatment
of
the
Duke
of
Alva
,
and
the
Spaniards
,
found
here
in
England
a
secure
Sanctuary
,
and
had
her
They
fly
into
England
,
and
set
up
many
Manufactures
.
leave
to
settle
at
Norwich
,
Colchester
,
Sandwich
,
Maidstone
,
and
Hampton
,
to
the
great
Advantage
of
the
English
Nation
,
and
the
great
Impoverishing
of
the
King
of
Spain's
Territories
,
by
setting
up
here
the
making
of
SAYES
,
BAYES
,
and
STUFFS
,
which
the
English
before
fetched
out
of
France
and
Flanders
.
The
King
of
Spain
would
have
no
Hereticks
(
as
he
call'd
them
)
and
none
of
his
Subjects
should
have
any
Civil
Liberties
to
secure
them
against
his
Will
or
Humour
:
But
then
he
might
have
soreseen
he
should
have
lost
his
Subjects
,
his
Trade
,
his
Wealth
,
and
he
had
reason
to
fear
he
should
lose
his
Countrey
too
;
but
he
trusted
in
The
Conduct
of
this
Prince
considered
.
Force
,
and
it
deceived
him
;
but
no
Force
could
secure
the
other
Three
;
Men
are
not
like
Beasts
of
Burthen
;
they
must
be
well
treated
,
or
they
will
flye
,
or
not
work
,
or
be
poor
,
or
fail
,
and
the
Land
become
desolate
,
and
not
be
able
to
defend
it self
.
How
happy
had
Philip
II.
and
Lewis
XIV
.
been
,
if
they
had
but
understood
this
?
The
ignorance
of
this
has
ruined
many
flourishing
Empires
,
I
might
say
all
;
and
this
is
that
first
Cause
of
the
Ruin
of
the
Ottoman
Empire
,
which
has
sapped
its
Foundations
,
and
brought
a
Consumption
upon
it
,
which
in
a
few
years
will
destroy
it
.
Thus
also
fell
the
Roman
,
and
all
the
other
Empires
,
when
the
fatal
time
was
come
.
Not
that
Religion
was
then
the
pretence
of
the
oppressing
their
Subjects
,
but
Oppression
is
the
same
thing
,
and
will
eternally
have
the
same
effect
,
be
the
Pretence
or
Motive
what
it
will
.
Emanuel
Van
Meteren
,
in
his
Third
Book
of
the
History
of
these
times
,
deploring
the
Loss
his
Countrey
sustained
by
being
deprived
at
once
of
all
its
Trades
,
and
so
many
of
its
useful
and
industrious
Subjects
,
saith
,
That
there
was
not
less
than
an
Hundred
thousand
people
that
then
fled
into
strange
Countries
to
earn
their
bread
;
and
tho
some
of
these
afterwards
returned
,
yet
the
main
body
of
them
never
did
;
and
their
Trades
were
lost
to
the
English
and
other
Nations
,
who
learned
them
of
these
people
,
and
exercise
them
to
this
day
.
The
Queen
of
England
seeing
the
King
of
Spain
was
deaf
to
all
her
and
her
Neighbour
Princes
Entreaties
and
Intercessions
with
him
for
the
mitigating
The
reasons
which
mov'd
the
Queen
of
England
to
oppose
the
Spaniards
.
his
Sanguinary
and
Cruel
Edicts
concerning
Religion
;
and
that
he
had
set
up
in
the
Netherlands
a
Spanish
Inquisition
for
the
more
grievous
Torturing
the
Consciences
of
his
Subjects
:
That
he
had
denied
an
Assembly
of
the
States
of
the
Netherlands
,
(
which
was
the
only
and
the
usual
way
of
composing
their
Affairs
,
when
they
were
in
any
disorder
)
:
That
he
governed
them
rather
by
Arbitrary
Orders
sent
from
Spain
,
than
by
the
Laws
of
the
Countrey
,
or
Counsels
of
the
Natives
:
That
he
made
use
of
the
Tumults
which
the
meanest
of
the
people
had
fallen
into
upon
the
account
of
the
Images
,
tho
they
were
presently
suppress'd
,
and
that
by
the
Natives
,
to
bring
one
of
the
Freest
Nations
of
Europe
under
the
intolerable
yoke
of
an
Arbitrary
Government
;
turning
unjustly
the
rash
Folly
and
Madness
of
a
few
mean
people
,
to
the
great
Damage
of
this
whole
Nation
,
by
pretending
All
that
people
had
rebelled
against
him
,
and
thereby
Forfeited
their
Ancient
Liberties
.
She
saw
also
that
he
had
sent
Ferdinand
Alavares
,
Duke
of
Alva
,
a
Bloody
man
,
to
usurp
this
Arbitrary
Government
,
who
being
no
way
related
to
the
Royal
Family
,
was
now
constituted
the
Supreme
Governor
of
these
Provinces
,
contrary
to
their
Laws
,
and
that
he
had
abolished
and
suspended
the
Jurisdiction
and
Authority
of
all
their
Legal
Courts
,
and
brought
in
amongst
them
a
new
unheard
of
Tribunal
,
which
had
proceeded
illegally
against
several
of
the
Nobility
of
that
Countrey
,
and
condemned
them
to
death
,
and
they
had
been
thereupon
executed
.
That
Spanish
Garisons
were
quartered
,
and
Citadels
built
in
the
great
Towns
and
Cities
;
and
the
Twentieth
Penny
of
all
their
Real
Estates
,
and
the
Tenth
of
their
Personal
had
been
illegally
assess'd
,
and
by
force
levied
.
She
saw
also
that
the
Duke
d'
Alva
the
29th
.
of
December
,
1568.
had
furiously
and
impatiently
seized
the
Goods
and
Persons
of
her
own
Subjects
,
and
put
them
into
the
Custody
of
his
Soldiers
,
on
the
pretence
of
some
Moneys
stopped
in
England
,
which
belonged
to
the
Merchants
of
Genoua
,
who
had
consented
to
the
Embargo
;
and
she
concluded
this
enraged
man
was
not
content
to
oppress
the
Netherlands
,
but
would
needs
make
himself
a
Terror
to
her
and
her
people
too
;
whereupon
this
Heroick
Lady
commanded
all
the
Ships
and
Goods
of
the
Netherlands
which
were
in
her
Ports
,
to
be
stopp'd
;
which
were
of
greater
value
than
those
the
Duke
had
been
able
to
find
in
the
Low-Countries
;
whereby
she
humbled
that
proud
,
hasty
man
,
and
made
him
see
how
little
she
could
fear
either
him
or
his
Master
.
This
Action
of
the
Queen
's
opened
The
Inhabitants
of
the
Netherlands
follow
the
Example
of
Q.
Elizabeth
.
the
eyes
of
the
poor
oppressed
people
of
these
Countries
,
and
shewed
them
the
way
to
deal
with
their
Oppressors
was
to
attack
them
by
Water
,
and
not
by
Land
.
They
had
made
several
attempts
on
the
side
of
Germany
,
under
the
Command
of
some
of
their
banished
Nobility
,
in
the
year
1568
;
and
they
had
been
unfortunate
in
all
of
them
.
Lewis
Van
Nassau
,
Brother
of
William
Prince
of
Orange
,
tho
he
had
7000
men
,
Horse
and
Foot
,
and
was
a
good
and
a
prudent
Commander
,
and
had
taken
all
the
care
that
was
possible
to
prevent
Misfortunes
,
yet
he
was
defeated
near
Emden
The
Prince
of
Orange
,
who
followed
after
,
was
in
a
short
time
forced
to
retire
into
France
,
tho
he
had
11000
men
under
him
.
The
two
next
years
he
served
the
Prince
of
Conde
in
France
;
and
in
the
year
1569.
he
took
up
the
Resolution
to
grant
Letters
of
Mart
to
all
that
would
put
out
Ships
to
Cruise
against
the
Spaniards
in
the
Low
Countries
;
the
Heer
Van
Dolhain
being
Admiral
,
who
in
that
year
took
,
and
spoiled
,
and
ransomed
many
Ships
.
This
good
success
encouraged
more
in
the
year
1570.
to
take
this
course
;
and
as
they
grew
stronger
and
more
numerous
,
so
they
had
better
success
.
In
1571.
they
set
upon
the
Fleet
that
was
going
to
Spain
,
and
took
and
plundered
a
great
part
of
it
in
the
Texel
.
The
Duke
of
Alva
sent
out
some
Men
of
War
against
these
Privateers
,
but
to
small
purpose
,
because
they
were
small
and
too
nimble
for
his
great
Ships
;
and
Germany
and
England
protected
,
victuall'd
,
and
harboured
them
.
Whereupon
in
the
year
1571.
he
sent
to
the
Queen
of
England
to
complain
of
the
He
com-plains
to
Q.
Elizabeth
of
her
Harbouring
the
Netherland
Pyrates
.
Harbouring
these
Pyrates
as
he
called
them
.
The
Queen
was
in
no
haste
to
do
his
business
after
he
had
so
far
provoked
her
,
but
in
the
year
1572.
when
they
were
become
Rich
,
and
very
Numerous
,
she
put
out
a
severe
Proclamation
against
them
,
commanding
them
to
be
gone
by
a
limited
time
,
or
to
be
feized
in
her
Harbours
;
whereupon
in
March
this
year
they
put
themselves
under
the
Command
of
William
Van
Marck
,
Lord
Lumey
,
to
the
number
of
about
Thirty
Ships
or
Fly-Boats
,
well
mann'd
and
victuall'd
;
and
these
had
the
good
fortune
to
find
the
Briel
without
They
seize
the
Sea-Ports
of
Holland
and
Zealand
.
any
Garison
,
and
so
they
took
Possession
of
it
without
any
opposition
,
the
first
of
April
.
The
eighth
of
the
same
month
,
Flushing
joined
with
them
,
and
cast
out
the
few
Spaniards
were
there
.
And
after
this
,
in
a
short
time
the
whole
Provinces
of
South
and
North
Holland
,
as
fast
as
they
could
by
any
means
get
rid
of
the
Spanish
Garisons
,
revolted
from
them
,
and
took
up
Arms
against
the
Duke
of
Alva
,
declaring
at
first
for
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
as
Stadtholder
to
the
King
of
Spain
in
these
Provinces
.
Thus
were
the
Foundations
of
the
Liberties
Which
was
the
beginning
of
the
United
Provinces
.
of
the
United
Provinces
in
the
Low
Countries
,
laid
in
the
blood
of
its
Inhabitants
,
and
as
heartily
at
first
promoted
by
the
Roman-Catholick
Subjects
,
to
preserve
their
Civil
Privileges
,
as
by
the
Protestants
to
secure
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
from
the
Arbitrary
Violence
of
the
Spaniards
:
So
that
if
☞
either
of
them
were
Rebels
,
it
was
because
Philip
the
IId
.
would
not
be
contented
with
the
same
degree
of
Power
the
former
Princes
his
Predecessors
had
enjoyed
;
but
made
use
of
a
Ferment
the
Providence
of
God
and
his
own
Cruelty
and
Imprudenee
had
raised
in
the
minds
of
his
Subjects
,
to
enslave
the
Innocent
and
the
Guilty
.
And
altho
he
made
Religion
his
Pretence
,
yet
Ambition
and
Worldly
Greatness
,
and
the
subduing
his
own
People
and
all
his
Neighbours
,
was
the
Real
Motive
at
the
bottom
.
I
conclude
therefore
,
That
he
was
a
Tyrant
,
and
a
Perfidious
Man
;
and
his
Subjects
that
revolted
from
him
upon
such
horrid
Provocations
,
and
after
they
had
done
all
that
was
possible
to
bring
him
to
better
courses
,
were
no
Rebels
.
I
cannot
here
but
observe
how
frequently
and
passionately
of
late
the
Hollanders
were
called
Rebels
and
Traytors
here
,
by
a
sort
of
men
who
were
going
to
act
upon
us
all
the
ill
things
the
Spaniards
did
there
;
but
wanting
Numbers
,
they
were
forced
to
go
slowly
on
,
and
had
great
thoughts
of
heart
,
that
our
Doctrine
of
Non-Resistance
might
fail
them
when
they
stood
most
in
need
of
it
to
bind
up
our
hands
till
they
should
cut
our
Throats
;
and
therefore
they
declaimed
furiously
against
these
Hollanders
,
to
fright
us
into
the
snare
.
But
certainly
the
man
must
be
very
silly
,
that
would
at
all
regard
the
being
called
a
Rebel
by
the
Roman-Catholicks
;
or
part
with
all
that
is
valuable
,
to
avoid
that
Reproach
from
such
men
of
all
others
.
But
to
return
from
this
Digression
Q.
Elizabeth
undertakes
the
Protection
of
her
oppressedNeighbours
.
concerning
the
Cause
of
this
War
:
The
Queen
seeing
her
Neighbours
in
the
Netherlands
thus
oppressed
by
the
Savage
Tyranny
of
the
Duke
De
Alva
,
and
so
injuriously
exhausted
by
his
Arbitrary
and
Illegal
Exactions
,
Prosecutions
and
Murthers
,
and
all
the
other
Calamities
of
an
unjust
War
;
and
the
distressed
Inhabitants
of
these
Provinces
flocking
in
great
numbers
into
her
Kingdom
,
to
shelter
themselves
from
the
Affronts
,
Assassinations
,
Pride
and
Cruelty
of
this
Enemy
and
Executioner
,
with
all
they
could
bring
away
with
them
,
she
opened
her
Ports
to
receive
them
,
and
with
great
compassion
heard
their
bitter
Complaints
,
whilst
they
deplored
the
Miseries
of
their
Country
,
and
begged
her
Protection
,
pursuant
to
the
Treaties
and
Leagues
between
England
,
and
the
House
of
Burgundy
.
She
always
expressed
a
great
regard
for
those
Nations
and
Countries
that
lay
near
hers
,
and
were
by
Leagues
united
to
her
;
and
she
was
the
more
afflicted
for
this
People
,
because
she
saw
the
extirpating
the
Protestant
Religion
,
was
made
the
Pretence
of
one
of
the
most
flagrant
Injuries
that
was
ever
offered
to
a
Free
People
:
And
therefore
she
was
the
more
easily
induced
to
deliver
these
her
nearest
Allies
out
of
the
Jaws
of
this
Pyratc
and
Enemy
of
Mankind
;
and
to
curb
the
Insolence
of
these
Spanish
Forccs
,
that
from
all
quarters
were
poured
in
upon
these
miserable
Countries
,
to
enslave
and
destroy
them
.
She
thought
there
was
nothing
in
this
world
which
so
well
became
the
Majesty
of
a
Prince
,
and
tended
more
to
her
Reputation
and
Glory
,
than
the
taking
Arms
against
such
men
as
these
,
and
in
the
Defence
of
such
Supplicants
,
to
deliver
them
at
once
from
the
most
intolerable
Dangers
,
and
from
Slavery
.
It
is
very
probable
she
would
for
a
longer
time
have
dissembled
the
Injuries
the
King
of
Spain
had
done
to
her
and
her
Subjects
,
if
he
would
have
mitigated
his
Rigors
in
the
Low
Countries
;
but
seeing
that
was
not
to
be
hoped
for
,
she
resolved
to
put
a
stop
to
his
Rage
by
Force
;
and
for
the
Glory
of
God
,
and
the
common
Safety
of
the
Protestant
Interest
,
to
assist
the
Netherlanders
with
Men
,
Money
,
Arms
,
Ammunition
,
and
whatever
else
was
necessary
to
keep
them
out
of
the
hands
of
their
Oppressors
.
She
neither
feared
the
Greatness
of
Philip
the
IId
nor
the
Threats
of
France
,
nor
the
Secret
and
Treacherous
Machinations
and
Plots
of
her
own
Popish
Subjects
at
home
;
nor
the
Hazards
,
Expences
,
or
Calamities
of
a
very
dangerous
and
lasting
War
abroad
,
with
the
Richest
and
most
Potent
Princes
in
her
Times
;
but
putting
her
sole
Trust
and
Confidence
in
the
Providence
and
Protection
of
God
,
she
chearfully
and
undauntedly
entred
the
Lists
with
these
men
,
that
her
Neighbours
and
Friends
,
Confederates
and
Allies
,
might
enjoy
their
Ancient
Liberties
and
Privileges
,
their
beloved
Countrey
,
their
Estates
and
Fortunes
,
and
the
Liberty
of
their
Consciences
,
and
live
happily
.
She
thought
no
Labour
,
no
Danger
,
no
Expence
too
great
to
be
hazarded
,
to
obtain
so
great
a
Blessing
for
them
;
but
went
through
all
that
stood
in
her
way
,
with
Courage
,
Equinimity
,
Fidelity
,
and
Constancy
:
By
which
she
acquired
an
Immortal
Glory
,
and
is
still
esteemed
the
Deliverer
and
Preserver
of
this
People
,
and
in
truth
of
the
whole
Protestant
Interest
in
Christendom
.
The
Kings
of
France
and
Spain
in
the
mean
time
threatned
to
expel
her
out
of
her
Kingdoms
;
and
promoted
Rebellions
in
England
and
Ireland
to
that
end
against
her
;
but
there
happened
such
dreadful
Civil
Wars
in
both
their
Kingdoms
,
that
they
were
very
much
disabled
from
prosecuting
these
Designs
to
the
degree
they
intended
.
And
she
for
her
part
was
not
wanting
,
but
sent
her
Forces
both
into
France
and
Flanders
,
to
find
these
two
Monarchs
work
at
home
,
and
by
kindling
Fires
in
their
Kingdoms
,
prevented
their
laying
her
own
in
Ashes
.
Thus
at
the
same
time
she
delivered
Britain
from
the
fear
of
a
War
with
France
and
Flanders
;
and
whilst
she
protected
her
Oppressed
Neighbours
,
she
preserved
her
own
Subjects
from
an
intolerable
Foreign
Servitude
.
Thus
she
preserved
England
for
ever
from
the
Danger
of
a
Spanish
Invasion
and
Conquest
,
upon
which
they
were
then
bent
,
and
slew
vast
numbers
of
their
best
Commanders
and
Forces
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
France
for
the
first
Thirty
Years
of
French
Affairs
.
her
Reign
was
perpetually
involved
either
in
an
actual
Civil
War
within
its
own
bowels
,
or
enjoyed
an
uneasie
and
a
suspected
Peace
;
so
that
this
Kingdom
was
never
so
quiet
,
as
to
be
able
to
look
abroad
,
and
give
any
disturbance
to
its
Neighbours
.
The
Protestant
Party
was
strong
and
numerous
,
and
every
day
grew
greater
,
and
was
headed
by
the
Princes
of
the
Royal
Family
of
the
House
of
Bourbon
:
And
the
Popish
Party
on
the
other
side
was
the
far
greater
Party
,
and
was
headed
by
the
Royal
Family
that
was
in
Possession
of
the
Crown
of
France
:
So
that
Henry
II.
and
Francis
II.
Charles
IX
.
and
Henry
III.
his
Sons
,
who
were
all
successively
Kings
of
France
one
after
the
other
,
did
all
that
was
possible
,
by
Wit
and
Policy
,
Force
,
Perfidy
,
Wars
,
Massacres
,
Breach
of
Faith
,
and
Surprizes
,
to
extirpate
this
Party
;
and
when
all
was
done
,
the
End
of
Seven
Civil
Wars
one
after
another
,
was
a
Toloration
;
and
the
End
of
every
Toleration
,
but
the
last
,
was
a
Civil
War
,
began
by
the
Popish
Party
,
upon
the
Principle
,
That
no
Faith
was
to
be
kept
with
Hereticks
;
which
Maxim
was
so
often
alledged
,
either
by
way
of
Excuse
,
or
by
way
of
Incitement
,
or
Justification
,
that
nothing
but
the
Weakness
of
the
Protestant
Party
could
possibly
have
induced
them
to
accept
a
Security
,
which
had
been
so
often
forfeited
,
and
which
they
were
certain
would
last
no
longer
,
than
till
the
Popish
Party
were
in
a
condition
to
break
it
.
And
yet
the
keeping
of
the
Seventh
,
that
was
granted
by
Henry
the
IVth
.
in
the
year
1596.
did
them
more
damage
than
the
breach
of
all
the
other
Six
that
went
before
it
;
because
by
its
long
duration
it
disarmed
and
effeminated
that
Party
,
and
robbed
them
of
their
Fears
,
their
Martial
Courage
,
and
that
keen
Zeal
for
their
Religion
,
which
the
Perfidy
and
Violence
of
the
former
Times
had
kept
alive
.
We
desire
Peace
and
good
days
;
but
God
who
knows
our
temper
,
and
what
will
follow
very
often
,
sends
us
Troubles
for
our
good
,
which
like
Physick
keeps
us
alive
,
tho
it
doth
not
please
us
.
In
the
year
1565.
there
was
a
secret
A
Private
League
between
France
and
Spain
against
the
Protestants
.
League
made
at
Bayone
,
between
the
Crowns
of
France
and
Spain
,
which
was
called
,
The
Holy
League
,
because
chiefly
designed
for
the
Extirpating
the
Protestant
Religion
out
of
France
and
Flanders
;
tho
it
was
managed
with
all
the
Privacy
and
Secrecy
that
was
possible
,
yet
the
suspicion
of
the
Protestant
Party
gave
them
the
first
hint
to
dive
into
it
;
and
within
a
little
time
it
was
discovered
both
by
its
effects
,
and
by
the
cross
Interests
of
many
of
the
Roman-Catholicks
,
who
were
to
be
deprived
of
their
Civil
Privileges
,
in
lieu
of
having
their
Religion
established
and
preserved
.
This
gave
the
occasion
to
all
those
fearful
Commotions
in
Flanders
,
which
I
have
just
now
related
:
And
in
France
there
followed
a
Civil
War
in
the
year
66.
another
in
the
year
1568.
which
in
the
year
1572.
was
ended
by
a
Treaty
of
Marriage
between
Henry
of
Bourbon
,
King
of
Navarre
,
Head
of
the
Protestants
,
and
Margaret
Sister
of
Charles
the
IXth
.
then
King
of
France
.
Here
the
Roman-Catholick
Party
played
their
last
Card
,
and
with
a
Diabolical
Perfidy
and
Cruelty
which
has
no
Example
in
Sacred
or
Prophane
History
,
and
Massacred
vast
Numbers
of
the
Principal
Nobility
and
Gentry
of
the
Protestants
,
who
were
come
to
Paris
to
see
the
Marriage
,
not
being
able
to
suspect
a
Court
could
be
so
base
as
to
stain
it self
in
so
Treacherous
a
manner
with
the
blood
of
men
who
relied
upon
their
Faith
.
The
next
year
after
Charles
died
;
and
Henry
the
IIId
.
his
Brother
,
who
had
been
a
great
Henry
III.
succeeds
in
France
.
Actor
in
the
Massacre
,
succeeded
him
in
the
Kingdom
of
France
:
Under
him
the
Holy
League
,
as
it
was
called
,
went
slowly
on
;
and
he
was
not
so
forward
to
involve
his
Kingdom
in
War
and
Blood
,
as
the
weaker
Princes
,
his
Brothers
had
been
;
but
he
was
rather
inclined
to
destroy
them
insensibly
by
the
Arts
of
Peace
,
as
it
came
afterwards
to
be
done
;
but
this
Method
was
disliked
by
the
Popish
Party
in
France
,
which
is
for
the
most
part
Fiery
and
Cruel
,
and
will
never
use
slow
and
gentle
ways
,
but
when
it
is
impossible
they
should
do
otherwise
.
Hereupon
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
a
Valiant
,
but
very
The
D.
of
Guise
designs
against
that
Prince
.
Factious
Gentleman
,
began
in
the
year
1576.
to
set
up
himself
against
his
Prince
;
and
in
the
year
1584.
he
got
himself
declared
Head
of
the
Holy
League
against
the
King
his
Master
,
as
a
Favourer
of
Heresie
,
by
Gregory
the
XIIIth
.
then
Pope
of
Rome
,
and
a
great
part
of
the
bigotted
and
discontented
Clergy
and
Nobility
of
France
:
Whereupon
in
the
year
1585.
followed
the
Seventh
Civil
War
in
France
,
upon
the
Pope's
Excommunicating
the
King
of
Navarre
,
and
the
Prince
of
Conde
,
for
Heresie
.
This
last
War
was
began
by
the
Popish
Party
,
against
the
opinion
,
and
without
the
consent
of
Henry
King
of
France
;
and
accordingly
it
thrived
,
the
King
of
Navarre
beating
them
in
the
Battel
of
Courtay
,
in
the
year
1587.
After
which
Victory
,
the
King
was
desirous
to
have
a
Peace
,
and
the
Guises
and
the
Popish
Party
to
continue
the
War
:
And
upon
this
the
Roman
Catholick
Party
subdivided
it self
into
two
Factions
,
part
siding
with
the
King
for
a
Peace
,
and
part
joining
with
the
Guises
to
carry
on
the
War
,
and
depose
this
King
as
a
Favourer
of
Heresle
,
softned
with
Pleasures
,
and
unfit
for
Government
.
The
Duke
of
Guise
was
a
younger
An
Account
of
the
House
of
Guise
.
Branch
of
the
Family
of
Lorrain
,
which
is
esteemed
the
Direct
Heir
of
the
House
of
Charles
the
Great
,
and
consequently
it
has
a
Pretence
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
which
is
foreclosed
by
nothing
but
the
too
great
Antiquity
of
the
Claim
,
and
the
Weakness
of
that
Family
.
Henry
the
IIId
.
the
then
King
of
France
,
was
become
the
last
of
the
House
of
Valoise
,
and
thought
unfit
for
Generation
;
and
upon
his
Death
,
the
Crown
of
this
Kingdom
was
to
devolve
to
Henry
King
of
Navarre
,
who
was
the
Head
of
the
Protestant
Party
;
and
all
the
Family
was
in
the
same
Interest
,
but
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
,
who
was
a
very
old
Gentleman
;
so
that
if
things
were
suffered
to
go
quietly
on
,
the
Death
of
Henry
III.
would
put
the
Protestants
of
France
in
Possession
of
the
Throne
in
the
Person
of
Henry
IV.
This
was
the
true
ground
of
that
dreadful
Revolution
,
which
shook
the
Foūndations
of
the
French
Monarchy
and
Nation
.
They
considered
,
that
if
a
Protestant
Prince
was
once
quietly
setled
in
the
Throne
,
nothing
but
a
Miracle
could
preserve
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
in
France
;
and
they
durst
not
trust
an
Event
to
the
Providence
of
God
,
and
the
Reasons
and
Consciences
of
men
,
which
in
all
probability
would
put
an
end
to
the
Romish
Religion
in
France
,
and
so
weaken
it
in
all
the
rest
of
Europe
,
that
it
would
never
be
in
a
condition
to
make
use
of
Force
more
,
against
those
that
had
forsaken
it
;
so
The
Reasons
why
Hen.
III.
was
to
be
Deposed
,
and
Henry
IV.
Excluded
.
the
Design
was
laid
between
the
King
of
Spain
,
the
Pope
,
and
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
That
Henry
the
IIId
.
should
be
Deposed
,
and
turned
into
a
Monastery
,
as
Chilperick
was
;
and
Henry
the
IVth
.
should
be
excluded
as
an
Heretick
relapsed
,
and
Excommunicated
,
and
a
new
King
of
France
should
be
chosen
;
and
then
each
of
these
Heads
of
this
League
hoped
to
make
their
own
Market
in
the
end
.
Henry
the
IIId
.
saw
all
this
,
and
to
save
himself
,
in
the
year
1588.
called
an
Assembly
of
the
Three
Estates
of
France
at
Bloise
;
but
finding
the
greater
part
of
his
Subjects
,
by
the
procurement
of
the
Popish
Clergy
,
inclined
to
join
with
the
Duke
of
Guise
against
him
,
he
ordered
Henry
Duke
of
Guise
,
and
Charles
his
Brother
,
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
to
be
both
Assassinated
by
his
Guards
;
and
secured
many
of
their
Friends
;
but
the
Duke
of
Maine
,
another
of
the
Brothers
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
escaped
the
slaughter
,
and
thereupon
almost
the
whole
Kingdom
of
France
revolted
,
and
took
up
Arms
against
him
under
the
Duke
of
Maine
;
so
that
he
had
no
way
to
save
his
own
Life
and
Crown
,
but
to
call
Henry
King
of
Navarre
,
and
his
Protestant
Subjects
,
to
his
Assistance
against
these
his
enraged
Catholick
Subjects
,
who
were
now
become
his
implacable
enemies
.
Being
thus
in
a
condition
to
have
forced
Paris
,
and
to
have
driven
the
Conspirators
out
of
France
,
one
James
Clement
,
a
Dominican
Monk
,
stabbed
Henry
III.
slain
.
him
the
first
of
August
in
his
Tent
,
under
the
Walls
of
Paris
.
The
House
of
Valoise
thus
failing
in
him
,
when
it
had
enjoyed
the
Crown
of
France
Two
hundred
and
sixty
Years
,
the
Right
of
it
fell
to
Henry
King
of
Navarre
,
of
the
House
of
Bourbon
;
but
he
was
suspected
by
all
his
Popish
Subjects
,
stoutly
resisted
by
all
that
were
in
the
League
against
his
Predecessor
,
and
Excommunicated
by
the
Pope
,
and
sorely
laid
at
by
the
King
of
Spain
,
who
dreaded
nothing
so
much
as
the
seeing
France
in
the
hand
of
a
Valiant
,
Wise
,
Protestant
Prince
,
now
his
Invincible
Armado
was
returned
back
srom
England
with
Shame
,
Ignominy
,
and
Contempt
,
and
such
a
Loss
as
Spain
was
never
able
since
to
recover
.
The
Queen-Mother
of
France
,
who
The
Queen
Mother
of
France
dieth
of
Grief
.
had
been
the
principal
Incendiary
,
when
she
saw
the
Duke
of
Guise
fall
in
the
Assembly
of
Bloise
,
and
her
only
Son
in
the
utmost
danger
of
being
Murdered
or
Deposed
,
she
died
with
the
mere
apprehension
of
the
Calamities
she
had
brought
upon
her
own
head
and
Family
,
before
her
Son
was
slain
.
And
as
for
Henry
the
IVth
.
the
new
King
of
France
,
he
saw
things
in
that
Disorder
and
Confusion
,
that
he
was
forced
to
raise
his
Camp
,
and
retreat
from
Paris
into
Normandy
,
from
whence
he
sent
to
Queen
Elizabeth
for
Succors
of
Men
,
Money
,
and
Ammunition
.
The
Queen
presently
sent
Peregrine
Queen
Elizabeth
assists
Henry
IV.
with
Men
and
Money
.
Lord
Willoughby
,
who
had
signalized
his
Valour
in
the
Netherlands
,
with
Four
thousand
Men
,
and
Two
and
twenty
thousand
Pounds
of
English
Money
in
Gold
,
which
was
a
Sum
which
Henry
the
IVth
.
owned
he
had
never
before
seen
together
in
Gold
at
once
.
Henry
had
beat
the
Leaguers
before
these
men
arrived
,
contrary
to
the
expectation
of
all
the
World
;
and
being
thus
reinforced
from
England
,
he
pursued
his
Victory
to
the
Gates
of
Paris
,
and
was
in
a
fair
way
to
have
taken
the
City
,
but
that
he
did
not
think
it
possible
,
and
he
was
besides
unwilling
to
run
the
hazard
of
seeing
the
Capital
City
of
France
plundered
by
his
own
Army
.
This
tenderness
of
his
at
length
brought
him
under
the
necessity
of
changing
his
Religion
,
to
gain
the
Crown
of
France
.
In
the
year
1590.
the
King
of
Spain
The
Spaniards
invade
Britagne
,
a
Province
of
France
.
sent
Forces
to
take
possession
of
Bretagne
,
a
Province
of
France
,
pretending
a
Title
to
it
for
himself
;
and
some
of
the
English
Courtiers
advised
Queen
Elizabeth
not
to
concern
her self
any
farther
in
the
Affairs
of
that
Kingdom
,
to
her
great
impoverishing
,
and
no
advantage
,
telling
her
,
Charles
the
Bold
,
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
used
to
say
,
It
would
be
better
for
all
the
Neighbour
Nations
to
have
France
under
Twenty
Kings
than
One
:
To
which
she
as
stoutly
replied
,
The
Evening
of
the
last
Day
the
Crown
of
France
should
see
,
would
be
fatal
to
England
.
And
the
next
year
she
sent
a
Q.
Elizabeth
assists
the
French
against
these
Spaniards
.
Fleet
,
and
Three
thousand
Land-men
to
secure
that
Province
out
of
the
hands
of
the
Spaniards
.
This
small
Number
of
men
being
commanded
by
Sir
John
Norris
,
a
person
of
great
Experience
and
Conduct
,
preserved
that
Province
not
only
from
the
Dominion
,
but
in
a
good
degree
also
from
the
Rapines
and
Cruelties
of
the
Spaniards
.
She
spent
in
Three
years
in
these
French
Affairs
,
(
besides
the
Gold
she
sent
to
Henry
the
IVth
.
into
Normandy
)
,
226058
Crowns
of
French
Money
;
yet
she
did
not
burthen
her
Subjects
to
pay
it
,
but
got
it
together
by
her
Thrifty
Management
.
This
Queen
was
wholly
intent
upon
Spain
invaded
by
the
English
.
the
humbling
the
Pride
of
Spain
;
and
at
the
same
time
she
opposed
his
Greatness
,
and
curb'd
his
Ambitious
Designs
in
France
and
the
Netherlands
,
she
sent
a
potent
Fleet
,
and
an
Army
into
Spain
,
in
the
year
1589
,
to
revenge
the
Invasion
of
the
preceeding
year
,
and
to
settle
Anthony
a
Bastard
in
the
Kingdom
of
Portugal
,
which
was
then
in
the
Possession
of
Philip
the
IId
.
King
of
Spain
:
The
Army
consisted
of
Eleven
thousand
Men
,
and
there
went
in
the
Fleet
Fifteen
hundred
Sea-men
:
The
Army
was
commanded
by
Sir
John
Norris
,
and
the
Fleet
by
Sir
Francis
Drake
;
They
first
landed
at
the
Groyne
in
Galicia
They
take
the
Groyne
.
without
any
Opposition
;
and
the
next
day
they
took
the
Lower-Town
by
Scalado
,
but
not
without
the
loss
of
a
great
many
men
:
And
here
they
found
a
vast
Magazine
of
Gunpowder
and
Maritime
Stores
,
which
was
brought
hither
for
another
Expedition
against
England
.
In
this
Expedition
Robert
Earl
of
Essex
stole
away
from
the
Court
,
and
served
as
a
Volunteer
in
this
Expedition
.
Robert
Earl
of
Essex
gave
proofs
of
his
Martial
Inclinations
,
for
he
stole
away
from
Court
without
the
Queen's
Leave
,
she
being
unwilling
to
venture
any
of
her
principal
Nobility
in
so
dangerous
an
Undertaking
as
this
seemed
then
to
be
;
but
this
brisk
young
Gentleman
,
on
the
contrary
,
despising
the
soft
Pleasures
of
a
Court
,
greedily
embraced
this
opportunity
of
Revenging
the
Wrongs
of
his
Countrey
,
and
set
Sail
after
the
Fleet
in
a
single
Ship
,
and
he
had
the
good
fortune
to
fall
into
the
English
Fleet
,
after
they
had
left
the
Groyne
,
and
were
going
to
attack
Lisbon
,
wherein
they
had
not
the
same
success
,
by
reason
their
Forces
were
too
small
,
and
the
Fleet
was
kept
at
too
great
a
distance
to
relieve
the
Army
,
which
was
forced
to
march
about
Sixty
Miles
by
Land
;
but
however
,
they
took
the
Towns
of
Paniche
and
Chascais
,
and
brought
out
of
Spain
One
hundred
Great
Guns
,
and
about
Sixty
Ships
,
sent
by
the
Hanse
Towns
in
Germany
,
loaded
with
Corn
,
which
went
round
about
Scotland
and
Ireland
,
by
the
Vergivian
Ocean
,
to
avoid
being
intercepted
by
the
English
,
the
Queen
having
before
warned
those
Cities
,
That
if
they
sent
any
Provisions
or
Ammunition
into
Spain
,
she
would
treat
them
as
Enemies
.
Besides
all
these
,
they
brought
back
with
them
a
very
rich
Prey
in
Housholdstuff
,
Money
,
and
Plate
,
which
they
gathered
in
that
Kingdom
;
but
the
most
considerable
advantage
,
was
the
intercepting
all
the
Stores
which
had
been
gathered
for
a
second
Expedition
against
England
,
(
the
Design
of
which
was
after
this
laid
aside
)
,
and
the
discovering
the
Weakness
of
the
Spaniards
when
they
were
set
upon
at
their
own
doors
;
so
that
after
this
time
the
English
despised
this
before
so
formidable
Enemy
,
they
having
with
so
small
an
Army
marched
so
many
Miles
,
and
taken
so
many
places
in
two
of
the
best
peopled
Provinces
of
that
Kingdom
.
In
the
year
1591.
Robert
Earl
of
Essex
was
sent
into
Normandy
with
Four
thousand
English
,
to
Assist
Henry
the
The
Actions
of
Robert
Earl
of
Essex
.
IVth
.
in
the
Reduction
of
Roan
;
where
before
that
City
he
lost
his
Brother
Walter
,
who
was
●…ain
by
a
Musquet
:
This
was
so
far
from
terrifying
this
Noble
Earl
,
that
it
was
with
wonder
observed
by
the
French
,
that
he
exposed
his
own
person
the
more
freely
,
that
he
might
take
all
opportunities
to
revenge
his
Death
.
After
this
,
in
the
The
second
Expedition
into
Spain
.
year
1596.
the
Queen
sent
him
her
General
again
into
Spain
;
the
Fleet
which
consisted
of
One
hundred
and
fifty
Ships
,
(
being
partly
English
,
and
partly
Dutch
)
was
commanded
by
Charles
Lord
Howard
,
Admiral
of
England
;
and
the
Land-Forces
,
which
were
about
Seven
thousand
and
three
hundred
men
,
were
to
be
commanded
by
Essex
and
Howard
,
as
Joynt-Generals
,
Essex
having
the
Precedence
on
Shore
,
and
Howard
at
Sea
:
They
came
before
Cadiz
the
20th
.
of
June
,
but
did
not
attempt
to
Land
while
the
22d
.
and
then
Cadiz
taken
by
the
English
.
they
took
the
Town
on
the
first
Assault
by
the
Cowardise
of
the
Spaniards
,
which
paid
Five
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
Ducats
for
its
Ransom
.
There
was
Two
Millions
more
offered
for
the
Redemption
of
the
Ships
in
Port
Real
,
but
it
was
refused
by
the
Admiral
,
he
saying
,
He
was
sent
to
Burn
,
and
not
to
Ransom
the
Spanish
Navies
.
The
Spaniards
confess
they
lost
in
the
Sack
The
loss
the
Spaniard
sustained
.
of
this
Town
,
in
Ships
Taken
and
Burnt
,
in
Canon
Taken
and
Sunk
,
and
in
Stores
,
and
Ammunition
,
and
Victuals
,
above
Twenty
Millions
of
Ducats
.
The
Magnanimous
Earl
of
Essex
was
for
keeping
the
Town
and
Island
,
and
he
offered
to
do
it
with
Three
hundred
men
,
and
Three
Months
Provision
for
them
;
but
the
rest
of
the
Commanders
who
had
enriched
themselves
,
were
for
returning
,
and
so
he
was
forced
to
return
much
against
his
will
,
the
5th
.
of
July
,
when
he
had
got
little
but
a
Noble
Library
,
which
he
chose
out
of
that
Rich
Spoil
.
The
Spaniards
observed
,
The
English
in
this
Sack
shewed
themselves
to
be
Hereticks
by
their
Contempt
of
their
Religious
Houses
and
Places
;
but
in
all
other
things
they
behaved
themselves
with
great
Valour
,
Prudence
,
and
Generosity
.
The
Noble
Earl
would
fain
in
his
return
have
attempted
the
Groyne
,
St.
Andreo
,
and
St.
Sebastian
,
but
the
rest
of
the
Commanders
were
against
making
any
other
Trial
of
their
Fortune
,
believing
they
had
done
enough
for
the
Glory
and
Safety
of
their
Countrey
.
This
Expedition
secured
England
for
the
Remainder
of
her
Reign
against
all
the
Attempts
and
Fears
of
Spain
.
In
the
year
1599.
this
Earl
was
made
Deputy
of
Ireland
,
which
proved
his
Ruin
,
Sir
Robert
Cecil
in
his
Absence
being
made
Master
of
the
Wards
,
tho
the
Queen
had
promised
him
that
Office
,
and
he
depended
upon
it
as
that
which
was
to
repair
his
Estate
,
shattered
in
her
Service
;
whereupon
he
came
back
without
her
Leave
,
and
the
next
year
after
was
beheaded
for
Attempting
to
Raise
an
Insurrection
in
London
against
the
Court.
To
pass
from
these
Foreign
Affairs
to
The
Affairs
of
Ireland
in
her
time
.
others
that
were
of
nearer
concern
to
England
;
there
was
in
all
her
days
a
Destructive
and
most
Chargeable
War
continued
against
her
in
Ireland
.
The
Irish
Nation
have
ever
since
it
was
subdued
by
the
English
,
born
an
implacable
hatred
to
the
Conquerors
,
which
neither
Marriages
,
nor
Benefits
,
nor
Losses
,
nor
Time
it self
has
been
able
to
extinguish
:
But
when
in
her
time
the
Religion
of
England
was
changed
,
and
the
general
Body
of
the
Irish
,
and
a
great
part
of
the
old
English
Families
persisted
in
the
Popish
Religion
;
there
was
by
that
means
a
new
Ferment
added
to
their
restless
and
unquiet
spirits
;
so
that
there
was
nothing
to
be
heard
of
from
thence
,
but
frequent
and
perfidious
Rebellions
,
which
were
the
more
dangerous
and
lasting
,
because
they
were
excited
by
the
Pope's
Bulls
whom
the
Irish
reverence
above
all
other
Nations
;
and
supported
and
carried
on
by
Spanish
Counsels
,
Money
,
and
Forces
:
Yet
however
,
the
Queen
did
never
think
it
her
Interest
to
make
a
sharp
and
a
concluding
War
upon
them
,
because
this
was
not
possible
to
be
done
,
without
being
grievous
to
her
People
of
England
,
whilst
she
was
forced
to
spend
such
prodigious
Sums
of
Money
in
the
Netherlands
,
and
France
,
as
would
have
made
an
effectual
War
in
Ireland
insupportable
.
She
took
care
in
the
mean
time
to
send
over
thither
the
Best
and
Wisest
of
her
States
men
and
Sword-men
,
as
her
Deputy-Lieutenants
;
and
she
sent
them
such
Supplies
of
Men
and
Moneys
as
enabled
them
from
time
to
time
to
keep
the
English
Pale
in
good
order
,
and
to
hinder
the
Spanish
Party
from
growing
more
Potent
in
the
North
,
than
was
convenient
to
consume
his
Forces
,
and
divert
him
from
nearer
and
more
dangerous
Attempts
;
and
by
her
Generals
and
the
Forces
she
sent
over
,
she
wasted
and
consumed
the
Forces
of
the
CLANS
and
great
Irish
Lords
,
and
by
degrees
brought
the
Wild
and
Barbarous
Irish
from
the
former
way
of
living
more
like
Beasts
than
Men
,
in
Woods
and
Mountains
,
to
the
living
in
Populous
and
well-govern'd
Towns
and
Villages
.
She
taught
them
to
leave
off
their
barbarous
cruel
Customs
,
and
to
live
soberly
and
according
to
Law
;
to
forsake
their
wild
ways
of
Diet
and
Cloathing
,
and
live
more
Civilly
,
and
like
the
English
.
The
Northern
Province
of
Ulster
was
the
Ulster
the
first
Provencethat
Rebelled
against
her
.
first
that
Rebelled
,
the
Scots
and
the
Islanders
in
great
Numbers
pouring
into
that
Province
;
whereupon
Shan
O
Neale
in
the
year
1563.
took
up
Arms
against
his
Sovereign
,
instead
of
sending
to
her
for
Assistance
to
drive
out
these
Foreign
Enemies
:
He
was
first
Reduced
by
the
Earl
of
Sussex
,
and
forced
to
come
into
England
to
beg
Pardon
of
the
Queen
:
The
next
year
he
broke
out
again
,
and
was
reduced
by
Sir
Henry
Sidney
,
Lord
Deputy
;
and
in
1565.
he
perished
in
a
drunken
Fray
by
the
Macdonnels
,
to
whom
he
fled
for
Succour
and
Refuge
.
This
Shan
O
Neale
was
so
wicked
and
debauched
a
Villain
in
all
his
Actions
,
that
all
men
approved
of
the
Revenge
Macdonnel
took
of
so
false
and
perfidious
a
man
,
that
had
done
many
Wrongs
to
them
and
their
Families
,
as
well
as
to
the
English
.
The
Macdonnels
were
Scots
,
and
of
the
number
of
the
Islanders
that
had
setled
in
this
Province
of
Ulster
.
This
Execution
hapned
the
2d
.
of
June
,
1567.
Mr.
Cox
writes
their
Names
,
MACCONEL
.
In
the
year
1564.
there
hapned
a
Quarrel
A
Quarrel
between
Ormond
and
Desmond
.
between
the
Earls
of
Ormond
and
Desmond
,
which
came
to
a
Battel
between
them
at
Affane
,
in
the
County
of
Waterford
.
The
next
year
they
went
over
into
England
together
to
implead
each
other
before
the
Queen
,
who
of
the
two
was
most
inclined
to
favour
Desmond
.
In
1566.
they
returned
,
and
Desmond
took
the
Field
with
Two
thousand
men
to
join
Shan
O
Neale
,
as
was
pretended
,
but
in
truth
to
Revenge
his
Quarrels
on
the
Earl
of
Ormond
,
who
defeated
him
and
all
his
Forces
near
Drumelin
;
and
in
the
close
of
that
year
the
Lord
Deputy
Sidney
took
Desmond
Prisoner
,
and
at
Limerick
tried
him
for
High-Treason
,
and
he
was
found
Guilty
,
and
committed
to
Prison
,
and
his
Brother
John
was
Knighted
,
and
made
Earl
of
Desmond
.
This
Quarrel
was
at
first
a
personal
private
Feud
between
these
Two
Potent
Families
;
but
in
the
year
1568.
some
Laws
having
passed
in
a
Parliament
,
which
displeased
the
Great
Men
,
they
took
up
the
pretence
of
Religion
to
draw
in
the
People
;
and
the
Pope
entred
into
it
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
was
solicited
to
send
Forces
by
the
Earl
of
Desmond's
younger
Brother
,
Titular
Bishop
of
Cashil
:
Thereupon
the
Lord
Deputy
began
the
War
this
very
year
,
and
defeated
Two
thousand
of
their
men
near
Kilkenny
,
with
the
loss
of
one
single
man
.
The
Earl
of
Ormond
was
then
in
England
,
and
went
into
Ireland
to
reclaim
his
own
Brothers
,
who
joined
with
Desmond
in
this
Revolt
,
which
was
designed
to
subvert
the
Government
,
and
clear
the
Countrey
of
all
English
Men
,
and
English
Laws
.
In
the
year
1569.
Pope
Pius
Quintus
The
Pope
and
King
of
Spain
interested
in
the
Irish
War
.
Excommunicated
the
Queen
,
and
deprived
her
of
all
her
Dominions
;
and
this
had
such
effect
upon
Ireland
,
that
there
was
no
quiet
to
be
looked
for
in
that
Kingdom
to
the
end
of
her
days
:
But
yet
by
the
year
1571.
Sir
John
Perrot
,
Governor
of
Munster
,
brought
that
Province
into
Peace
.
The
King
of
Spain
was
slow
in
meddling
with
the
Irish
Affairs
,
and
sent
them
little
or
no
Supplies
till
the
year
1578.
which
was
Ten
years
after
they
began
to
treat
with
him
for
his
Assistance
.
This
year
one
Stukely
an
English-man
was
sent
by
Gregory
XIII
.
Pope
of
Rome
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
,
with
Eight
hundred
Italian
Soldiers
;
but
he
went
with
Sebastian
King
of
Portugal
,
into
Africa
,
where
he
and
his
men
perished
with
that
King
.
In
1578.
Sir
William
Drury
was
Fitz-Morris
and
Sanders
invade
Ireland
with
Spaniards
.
sworn
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
,
the
14th
.
of
September
.
The
same
year
James
Fitz
Morris
after
he
had
Sworn
Allegiance
to
the
Queen
before
Sir
John
Perrot
,
went
into
France
,
and
failing
of
any
Supplies
,
from
thence
he
went
into
Spain
,
where
he
obtained
a
few
Men
,
and
some
Money
;
and
in
July
,
1579.
he
landed
Eighty
Spaniards
at
Semerwick
in
Kerry
,
where
he
built
a
Fort
,
and
Sanders
the
Pope's
Legate
Consecrated
the
ground
;
but
the
English
took
the
three
Ships
for
all
that
,
and
put
the
Spaniards
into
a
wonderful
fright
:
The
Desmonds
joined
with
these
Rebels
,
and
soon
after
,
a
great
many
of
the
old
English
,
who
persisted
in
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
;
which
was
in
a
great
degree
owing
to
the
smalness
of
the
English
Forces
in
Ireland
,
the
Army
being
then
but
about
Six
hundred
men
.
Sir
William
Drury
sickned
and
died
;
and
Sir
William
Pelham
was
chosen
in
his
Place
by
the
Council
,
and
Sworn
the
11th
.
of
October
,
1579.
who
was
succeeded
by
Arthur
Lord
Grey
,
Baron
of
Wilton
,
Sworn
the
14th
.
of
September
,
1580.
He
took
the
Fort
above-mentioned
,
and
put
all
the
Spaniards
to
the
Sword
,
which
much
displeased
the
Queen
,
tho
the
Deputy
alledged
,
That
he
could
not
keep
them
his
Prisoners
,
the
Army
was
so
small
,
and
the
Numbers
of
his
Enemies
were
so
great
.
The
Deputy
went
on
with
small
Forces
,
and
an
Invincible
Resolution
and
Industry
,
defeating
and
reducing
them
so
often
and
so
strangely
,
that
at
last
they
got
him
represented
to
the
Queen
,
as
a
Bloody
The
Deputy
for
his
good
Service
,
slandered
in
England
.
man
that
regarded
not
the
Lives
of
the
Subjects
any
more
than
the
lives
of
Dogs
,
but
had
Tyrannized
with
that
Barbarity
,
that
there
was
little
left
for
the
Queen
to
reign
over
,
but
Carcasses
and
Ashes
.
The
Necessity
of
the
Times
had
indeed
made
him
severe
;
but
he
had
shewed
much
more
Mercy
to
the
Irish
than
either
they
deserved
,
or
was
consistent
with
the
Queen's
Interest
,
or
the
Safety
of
the
English
that
were
in
Ireland
;
however
in
the
midst
of
his
Victories
he
was
re-called
in
August
1582.
The
next
year
the
miserable
Earl
of
Desmond
was
taken
in
a
Cabin
in
a
Wood
,
and
slain
unknown
by
an
Irish
man
,
and
his
Head
sent
over
into
England
,
and
set
on
London-Bridge
:
His
Name
was
Girald
,
and
he
was
the
Fifteenth
Earl
of
that
Family
;
and
with
his
Life
ended
this
Rebellion
in
Munster
.
The
Queen
was
however
a
Lady
of
that
Generous
Mercy
and
Compassion
,
that
she
was
heartily
concerned
for
the
Bloods
of
these
miserable
Wretches
who
sought
hers
,
and
her
Protestant
Subjects
Ruin
with
an
Hellish
and
Implacable
●…ury
.
The
distributing
Mercy
and
Justice
The
difficulty
of
Administring
Justice
and
Mercy
seasonably
.
with
Prudence
,
is
the
hardest
Task
a
Prince
has
;
and
in
truth
there
is
none
but
God
that
can
pretend
to
do
it
always
well
;
because
he
alone
knows
both
the
truth
of
all
mens
actions
,
the
ends
and
designs
of
them
,
and
the
tempers
of
the
Agents
as
to
the
present
and
the
future
:
But
Princes
are
often
deceived
in
one
or
more
of
these
,
and
so
spare
or
punish
,
when
they
should
not
:
Besides
,
they
are
subject
to
the
same
Passions
other
men
are
,
and
by
them
they
are
mis-led
when
the
thing
is
plain
.
It
is
better
,
generally
speaking
,
to
be
too
Merciful
,
than
too
severe
:
But
when
it
is
known
once
that
a
man
will
be
so
,
it
ruins
more
than
it
can
save
;
and
too
much
,
exposeth
the
Innocent
.
Mercy
to
Multitudes
and
mean
people
is
always
seasonable
,
and
the
contrary
destructive
;
but
to
pardon
Great
men
for
two
,
three
,
or
four
Rebellions
one
after
another
,
is
to
proclaim
a
liberty
of
doing
it
impunedly
.
She
was
never
guilty
of
this
in
England
,
but
in
Ireland
it
was
frequently
done
,
and
therefore
it
was
her
own
fault
that
she
met
with
so
much
trouble
;
and
all
her
Mercy
almost
was
thrown
away
,
and
proved
Cruelty
to
the
English
.
Pardon
a
barbarous
Enemy
,
and
you
make
him
insolent
;
and
therefore
inexorable
Justice
,
especially
upon
a
relapse
,
is
absolutely
necessary
;
but
then
this
is
to
be
understood
only
of
great
Men
and
of
great
Crimes
,
such
as
Murder
and
Rebellion
.
In
the
year
1584.
June
26.
Sir
John
Perrot
Sir
John
Perrot
,
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
.
was
made
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
.
He
was
sent
thither
in
unquiet
and
dangerous
times
;
and
he
managed
Affairs
with
so
much
Industry
and
Courage
,
that
he
saved
Ireland
,
tho
he
himself
fell
a
Sacrifice
to
the
Malice
of
Hatton
,
the
Lord
Chancellor
of
England
.
In
his
time
the
Queen
gave
to
New
Colonies
of
English
sent
into
Munster
.
several
Adventurers
,
of
the
Lands
forfeited
by
Desmond
and
his
Accomplices
,
574628
Acres
.
The
Proprietors
were
to
People
the
same
,
and
to
pay
the
Queen
over
and
besides
,
1976
l.
7
s.
5
d.
the
year
,
Quit-Rent
.
To
this
end
she
invited
the
younger
Brothers
of
the
English
Nation
to
settle
in
Ireland
,
promising
them
great
Privileges
,
and
Land
at
reasonable
Rents
.
The
Burks
in
Connaught
hereupon
rebelled
,
but
were
overthrown
;
Seven
of
Three
thousand
scaping
.
Thus
things
were
again
reduced
into
a
tolerable
good
order
;
and
the
dispeopled
Province
of
Munster
was
at
once
Peopled
and
Civilized
by
the
English
;
but
the
Deputy
had
no
share
in
it
,
but
it
was
managed
by
a
Committee
;
for
he
was
on
ill
terms
with
the
Queen
,
upon
the
account
of
some
indiscreet
passionate
words
he
had
dropped
;
and
which
were
by
the
Malice
of
his
Enemies
told
the
Queen
,
with
many
invidious
Additions
.
The
Queen
had
ordered
,
That
if
The
Irish
complain
of
the
English
.
any
unforfeited
Lands
were
intermixed
with
those
that
were
forfeited
,
that
the
Proprietor
should
be
compounded
with
to
his
content
,
and
be
bought
out
,
that
so
the
Undertakers
might
have
his
Mannor
intire
.
But
when
this
came
to
be
put
in
practice
,
there
was
great
and
loud
Complaints
brought
to
the
Deputy
,
That
the
Adventurers
had
unjustly
outed
many
innocent
men
of
their
Inheritances
,
out
of
covetousness
to
get
their
Estates
:
Whereupon
a
Proclamation
was
issued
out
,
Commanding
the
Proprietors
to
restore
what
they
had
unjustly
taken
;
which
with
the
favour
the
Deputy
shewed
to
the
Ejected
Irish
by
the
Queen's
Order
,
put
a
stop
to
the
Wrong
and
the
Complaints
.
As
he
had
had
no
hand
in
the
distribution
of
these
Lands
,
so
he
soon
made
the
Adventurers
sensible
they
were
to
expect
no
favour
from
him
;
which
turned
to
the
advantage
of
the
Irish
,
but
occasioned
bitter
Complaints
from
the
The
English
complain
of
the
Lord
Deputy
.
English
against
the
Deputy
,
as
a
Favourer
of
the
Irish
rather
than
of
the
English
:
But
this
Great
Man
,
who
was
of
a
Regal
Spirit
,
(
and
is
supposed
to
have
been
a
Bastard
Son
of
Henry
the
VIIIth
.
)
,
despised
too
much
the
Complaints
of
his
Countrey-men
,
and
forced
the
greatest
of
the
English
to
fly
before
his
Authority
;
and
as
for
the
Irish
,
he
made
them
better
than
they
would
otherwise
have
been
both
by
his
Threats
and
Severity
,
and
by
his
good
Advices
;
and
by
the
strength
of
his
Reason
he
made
them
understand
how
much
it
was
for
their
good
to
continue
firm
in
their
Allegiance
to
the
Queen
.
This
was
an
hard
Task
,
considering
the
Capacity
and
Temper
both
of
the
People
he
was
to
deal
with
,
and
of
the
Times
in
which
he
governed
Ireland
.
In
the
year
1588.
Sir
William
Fitz-Williams
was
made
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
,
and
continued
till
the
11th
.
of
August
,
1594.
He
was
a
Covetous
,
Fitz-Williams
Character
.
Unjust
man
,
and
laid
the
Foundations
of
a
great
many
Troubles
to
the
English
in
after
times
;
but
in
all
his
,
Ireland
was
tolerably
quiet
,
till
towards
the
latter
end
of
his
Government
;
only
the
Irish
took
up
an
Aversion
for
the
English
Government
and
Sheriffs
,
by
his
means
;
and
Tyrone
having
Six
Companies
allowed
him
under
the
Queen's
Pay
,
he
changed
his
men
so
often
,
that
the
whole
Countrey
became
Disciplined
men
;
and
he
got
great
quantities
of
Lead
into
his
Possession
,
under
pretence
of
building
a
fine
House
.
In
the
year
1593
the
The
College
of
Dublin
finished
.
College
of
Dublin
was
finished
at
the
Queen's
Charges
,
and
Burleigh
was
the
first
Chancellor
,
and
Usher
the
first
Scholar
in
it
.
That
which
made
Ireland
so
quiet
The
English
Colonies
keep
Ireland
quiet
a
while
.
under
Fitz-Williams
,
was
the
Justice
,
Prudence
,
and
Valour
of
his
Predecessor
,
Sir
John
Perrot
,
which
had
broken
the
Power
of
the
Heads
of
the
Irish
Clans
,
and
so
well
Civilized
and
Planted
that
Kingdom
with
English
Colonies
and
Garisons
,
that
during
these
Six
years
there
was
but
Eight
hundred
Foot
,
and
Three
hundred
Horse
maintained
,
to
keep
the
Natives
in
quiet
.
The
Irish
were
also
so
well
setled
in
their
Lands
,
Estates
and
Cattel
,
that
it
was
no
mans
Interest
to
make
any
Disturbance
:
And
there
was
no
Foreign
Prince
that
could
be
brought
to
join
with
them
,
or
lend
them
any
Assistance
.
The
Spanish
Part
of
the
Spanish
Armada
shipwracked
on
the
Coast
of
Ireland
.
Armada
in
the
latter
end
of
the
year
1588.
lost
Seventeen
of
its
Ships
upon
the
Northern
and
Western
Shores
of
this
Kingdom
,
and
5394
of
the
men
in
it
perished
;
and
tho
some
of
the
Popish
Natives
sheltered
some
of
them
,
yet
they
all
robbed
them
of
their
Freasures
,
and
got
what
they
had
for
it
:
And
King
James
of
Scotland
looked
upon
himself
as
the
Presumptive
Heir
of
this
Kingdom
after
the
Queen
,
and
kept
a
fair
Correspondence
with
the
English
,
and
restrained
the
Scots
and
Islanders
from
joining
with
the
Irish.
There
was
a
Rumor
in
England
,
That
there
was
a
vast
Treasure
found
in
the
Spanish
Ships
which
perished
in
Connaught
,
and
Ulster
:
And
Fitz-Williams
the
Lord
Deputy
made
a
severe
search
after
it
,
commanding
by
a
Proclamation
all
the
Spanish
Treasures
to
be
brought
into
the
Exchequer
for
the
Queen's
use
;
and
he
imprisoned
Sir
Owen
O
Toole
,
and
Sir
John
O
Dogherty
,
two
of
the
greatest
men
in
the
North
,
in
the
Castle
of
Dublin
,
on
this
pretence
,
tho
they
were
the
best
affected
to
the
English
,
of
any
of
the
Inhabitants
;
but
he
could
discover
nothing
,
tho
he
kept
the
first
Two
years
in
Restraint
,
and
the
latter
all
his
time
,
who
was
discharged
by
his
Successor
,
and
died
soon
after
,
being
much
decayed
by
the
Hardships
of
a
long
Imprisonment
,
and
Old
Age.
But
all
these
ill
things
done
under
Fitz
Williams
,
made
work
for
them
that
followed
him
.
Upon
the
Death
of
Mac
Mahon
,
who
Hugh
Roe
wrongfully
murthered
by
the
Deputy
.
was
one
of
the
Heads
of
an
Irish
Clan
,
and
had
not
long
before
taken
a
Patent
from
the
Queen
for
the
County
of
Monaghan
,
to
him
and
his
Heirs
Male
for
ever
;
Hugh
Roe
his
Brother
and
Heir
,
Petitioned
the
Deputy
to
be
setled
in
his
Inheritance
,
according
to
the
Queen's
Patent
,
and
the
Laws
of
the
Kingdom
;
and
the
Irish
say
it
coft
him
Six
hundred
Cows
to
have
a
Promise
of
it
.
And
then
the
Deputy
only
said
he
would
go
in
person
to
do
it
:
But
as
soon
as
he
came
to
Monaghan
,
he
Imprisoned
,
Tried
,
and
Condemned
Hugh
Roe
,
by
Military
Law
,
and
without
any
Legal
Trial
;
pretending
he
had
Levied
Forces
two
years
before
,
to
distrain
for
Rent
he
pretended
was
due
to
him
in
the
Ferny
.
Hereupon
he
was
hanged
,
and
the
County
was
divided
between
Sir
Henry
Bagnal
,
Marshal
,
Captain
Henslow
,
and
four
of
the
Mac
Mahons
,
under
a
Yearly
Rent
;
each
of
these
giving
the
Deputy
considerable
Bribes
,
as
they
said
in
their
Complaint
to
the
Council
of
England
.
The
Deputy
denied
all
this
;
but
it
was
observed
,
That
from
thenceforward
the
Irish
loathed
Sheriffs
,
and
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
English
,
fearing
the
same
fate
might
at
one
time
or
other
attend
them
,
that
had
befallen
Hugh
Roe
.
The
Report
of
this
Villany
Spread
it self
all
over
Ulster
;
and
the
Heads
of
the
Clans
were
greatly
terrified
and
incensed
at
it
,
and
had
close
Cabals
,
wherein
they
severely
taxed
the
ill
Management
,
Covetousness
,
and
Cruelty
of
the
Deputy
.
There
was
then
in
Ulster
a
Great
The
Rise
of
Hugh
O
Neale
,
Earl
of
Tyrone
.
Man
,
called
Hugh
O
Neal
,
the
Son
of
one
Mathew
a
Smith
,
a
Cunning
and
a
Crafty
man
;
who
from
his
youth
had
served
the
Queen
in
the
Wars
:
In
Desmond's
Rebellion
he
had
done
the
Queen
good
Service
,
and
got
much
Reputation
both
for
his
Courage
and
Industry
:
The
Queen
on
the
other
side
protected
this
poor
obscure
Gentleman
against
the
Malice
of
the
O
Neals
,
who
hated
him
as
the
Enemy
to
their
Nation
;
and
she
advanced
him
from
an
abject
and
mean
Condition
,
to
great
Honour
,
and
made
him
Earl
of
Tyrone
,
for
his
Merits
and
Deserts
.
He
became
intoxicated
with
his
too
good
fortune
,
and
ungratefully
and
madly
design'd
to
ruin
her
that
had
made
him
what
he
was
;
and
now
nothing
would
serve
him
,
but
he
would
needs
be
King
of
Ulster
;
He
aspires
to
be
King
of
Ulster
.
and
to
that
end
he
assumed
the
Title
of
O
Neale
,
and
cast
off
all
Respect
and
Allegiance
for
the
Queen
.
He
disciplined
the
rude
and
ignorant
Kerns
after
the
English
manner
,
under
the
pretence
I
have
before
recited
;
and
in
the
mean
time
under
hand
instilled
into
them
an
invincible
hatred
of
the
English
Religion
and
Government
,
calling
the
first
Heresy
,
and
the
latter
a
shameful
Slavery
and
Servitude
;
by
which
he
disposed
them
so
well
to
a
Rebellion
,
that
almost
the
whole
Nation
revolted
at
once
from
the
Queen
.
In
July
1591.
Tyrone
was
made
a
Tyrone
made
a
County
;
which
occasioned
Neal's
Rebellion
.
County
,
and
divided
into
Eight
Baronies
,
Dungannon
being
appointed
for
the
Shire-Town
;
which
with
the
Authority
of
Marshal
Bagnal
,
so
fretted
Tyrone
,
that
it
's
believed
it
occasioned
his
Confederating
this
Summer
underhand
with
the
rest
of
the
Irish
to
defend
their
pretended
Rights
,
and
not
to
admit
Sheriffs
into
their
Counties
.
The
effects
of
this
first
appeared
in
the
year
1593.
when
O
Connor
became
troublesome
in
Connaught
,
and
O
Donnel
and
Mac
Guire
,
chief
of
Fermanagh
,
rose
in
Ulster
against
the
Sheriffs
,
and
would
have
murthered
them
,
but
that
Tyrone
pretended
to
intercede
to
have
their
〈◊〉
spared
:
This
they
durst
never
〈◊〉
done
,
but
that
they
knew
all
the
●…ans
in
Ulster
would
second
them
:
The
Deputy
,
to
revenge
this
Insurrection
,
proclaimed
Mac
Guire
a
Traytor
,
and
invading
Fermanagh
he
took
Inniskilling
;
but
upon
his
withdrawing
,
the
Irish
returned
and
drove
the
English
he
had
left
,
out
of
Fermanagh
.
During
this
Tumult
,
Tyrone
came
thither
,
as
by
chance
,
and
asking
what
the
matter
was
,
and
what
had
provoked
their
Anger
against
the
English
,
he
gravely
reprehended
Mac
Guire
,
the
Beginner
of
the
Insurrection
,
and
then
began
seemingly
to
appease
the
exasperated
meaner
Irish
people
,
tho
in
truth
he
was
the
first
Promoter
of
all
this
Disturbance
,
and
did
this
only
to
conceal
himself
,
and
avoid
being
suspected
by
the
English
.
Hereupon
the
Queen
recalled
Fitz-William
,
who
had
never
been
a
Soldier
,
and
sent
a
new
Deputy
in
his
stead
.
Sir
William
Russel
,
youngest
Son
of
Sir
William
Russel
made
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
,
under
whom
O
Neal
broke
into
a
Rebellion
.
Francis
Earl
of
Bedford
,
was
sworn
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
the
11th
.
of
August
,
1594.
Under
him
this
great
Revolution
hapned
.
Tyrone's
Brother
,
about
the
same
time
Besieged
Inniskilling
,
and
defeated
46
English
Horse
,
and
600
Foot
,
that
came
to
Relieve
it
,
under
the
Conduct
of
Sir
Edward
Herbert
,
and
Sir
Henry
Duke
;
yet
Tyrone
had
the
Impudence
to
come
to
Dublin
,
and
impose
upon
the
Council
,
That
he
had
no
hand
in
this
Insurrection
,
tho
some
offered
to
prove
him
a
Traytor
,
which
was
not
then
believed
.
In
March
,
1595.
he
broke
into
a
second
open
Rebellion
,
notwithstanding
all
his
Oaths
and
Asseverations
,
which
in
an
Irish
man
are
the
certain
tokens
of
Treachery
and
Falshood
.
Bagnal
,
his
mortal
Enemy
,
thereupon
marched
against
him
with
1500
Foot
,
and
250
English
Horfe
;
and
Tyrone
appeared
with
1500
Irish
Horse
,
but
retired
without
attempting
any
thing
;
but
soon
after
he
appeared
with
8000
Foot
to
second
his
Horse
:
Yet
this
handful
of
men
fought
all
his
Forces
,
and
came
off
with
good
Success
,
tho
they
were
in
great
danger
of
being
destroyed
,
as
they
had
been
if
the
Enemies
Powder
had
not
failed
in
the
Action
.
In
June
,
1595.
Sir
John
Norris
arrived
Sir
John
Norris
sent
into
Ireland
with
3000
men
.
with
Two
thousand
Veterane
Soldiers
,
and
One
thousand
New-raised
men
,
and
with
the
Title
of
Lord
General
of
the
Forces
in
Ulster
,
he
being
to
command
absolutely
in
the
absence
of
the
Deputy
.
The
Queen's
Design
The
Character
of
this
Great
Man
.
in
sending
Norris
with
this
large
Commission
was
,
that
he
and
the
Deputy
should
act
with
the
greater
vigor
against
the
Enemy
:
But
then
tho
Norris
was
an
excellent
Commander
,
he
was
a
little
too
violent
,
and
disdained
to
be
subject
to
the
Orders
of
the
Deputy
;
and
which
was
yet
worse
,
disagreed
with
him
in
the
general
method
of
managing
the
War
,
and
was
very
stiff
in
his
opinion
besides
;
so
that
much
time
was
spent
in
useless
Contests
between
these
two
high-spirited
men
,
which
very
much
prejudiced
the
Queen's
Affairs
,
and
secured
Tyrone
,
(
who
cunningly
made
use
of
it
)
from
being
suppressed
in
the
beginning
of
his
Rebellion
.
By
this
time
the
Rebels
had
taken
The
Irish
become
very
expert
in
the
use
of
Arms.
several
of
the
English
Forts
,
and
were
become
so
expert
in
the
use
of
Arms
,
that
they
were
almost
a
Match
for
the
English
.
Sir
John
Perrot
to
save
charges
,
had
armed
the
Irish
in
Ulster
,
against
the
Isl●…nder
Scots
,
and
taught
them
the
use
of
Fire-Arms
;
and
Fitz-Williams
had
pursued
the
same
false
Measures
,
and
had
taken
many
Irish
into
the
English
Army
,
and
sent
others
of
them
into
the
Low-Countries
to
be
bred
Soldiers
;
and
now
they
were
become
stout
Rebels
,
to
the
damage
of
the
English
.
The
Deputy
having
in
the
mean
time
spent
the
Summer
in
the
Field
against
the
Enemy
,
took
care
to
settle
Connaught
and
Leinster
in
the
Winter
,
and
finding
them
much
disordered
by
the
Injuries
of
the
Presidents
,
he
heard
their
Complaints
very
patiently
,
and
redressed
what
he
found
amiss
,
with
much
Justice
,
that
he
might
raise
in
the
people
an
expectation
and
hopes
of
better
●…mes
to
come
.
And
he
also
levied
●…ore
Forces
,
and
invited
Tyrone
to
co●…
〈◊〉
him
to
Dublin
,
and
sent
him
a
Passport
:
The
Earl
came
accordingly
,
being
tossed
between
hopes
and
fears
;
and
there
the
Deputy
before
many
of
the
Nobility
of
that
Kingdom
,
represented
to
him
the
Benefits
he
had
received
at
the
Queen's
hands
;
which
he
readily
acknowledged
;
pretending
,
Tyrone's
Pretences
to
the
Deputy
.
That
he
had
on
that
consider
at
ion
patiently
born
the
Injuries
of
Fitz-Williams
Government
,
and
the
Wrongs
done
him
by
Bagnal
the
Marshal
:
That
he
had
saved
the
English
from
the
Fury
of
Mac
Guire
,
and
preserved
them
in
the
possession
of
Fermanagh
:
That
his
good
Actions
had
been
misrepresented
,
and
he
had
been
ill
rewarded
for
them
:
That
he
desired
nothing
more
,
than
to
be
restored
to
the
Queen's
Favour
,
which
he
had
been
deprived
of
by
the
slanders
of
his
Enemies
.
This
cunning
Defence
appeased
the
Deputy
;
and
he
was
resolved
to
try
if
he
could
reclaim
him
by
favours
and
good
usage
;
and
so
he
permitted
him
to
return
home
again
.
Yet
in
September
of
this
year
he
offered
the
King
of
Spain
the
Kingdom
of
Ireland
,
if
he
would
supply
him
with
3000
Men
,
and
a
little
Treasure
.
Thus
were
the
Winter
of
this
year
,
and
the
Spring
of
the
next
,
spent
in
needless
and
ineffectual
Treaties
,
Tyrone
pretending
to
submit
,
to
gain
time
;
and
at
last
he
was
Pardoned
;
but
Three
Ships
arriving
from
Spain
with
Powder
and
200
men
,
he
refused
his
Pardon
a
great
while
,
and
when
he
took
it
,
he
used
it
as
a
cover
for
his
Treasonable
Designs
.
He
was
always
Treating
and
Rebelling
at
the
same
time
;
and
finding
a
Discontent
between
Sir
John
Norris
and
the
Lord
Deputy
,
he
made
use
of
the
one
against
the
other
,
and
in
the
mean
time
surprized
the
Garisons
,
and
embroiled
the
Countrey
,
to
the
great
hazard
of
Extirpating
the
English
.
A
Treaty
with
a
perfidious
man
tends
to
nothing
but
to
make
him
insolent
,
and
the
Government
secure
to
its
Ruin
:
If
you
never
trust
him
,
he
can
never
hurt
you
.
The
English
Council
was
so
weary
of
these
Chargeable
Wars
,
that
they
dreaded
nothing
more
than
a
War
in
Ireland
:
So
that
it
was
then
a
Maxim
here
,
That
it
were
well
for
England
,
if
Ireland
could
be
sunk
into
the
bottom
of
the
Ocean
;
but
since
that
was
not
possible
to
be
done
,
it
had
been
well
if
they
had
gone
roundly
to
work
,
and
sending
competent
Forces
,
had
pursued
these
counterfeiting
Rebels
to
utter
destruction
,
not
suffering
any
Irish-man
to
have
any
Fire-Arms
.
The
Deputy
observing
that
Tyrone
The
Deputy
offended
with
Tyrone
.
slighted
him
,
and
made
his
applications
to
Norris
,
to
whom
he
sent
Messengers
to
commemorate
his
Loyalty
and
Duty
to
the
Queen
,
and
to
beg
her
Majesties
Pardon
;
he
thereupon
wrote
to
the
Queen
,
That
he
had
not
been
used
to
Wars
,
and
was
unacquainted
with
the
Fatigues
that
attended
Insurrections
and
Tumults
:
That
King
Philip
of
Macedonia
was
less
terrible
to
him
than
a
desultory
Enemy
,
and
a
barbarous
Irish
Teagne
:
That
this
languid
Sedition
might
be
composed
without
wounds
or
bloodshed
,
as
some
thought
,
if
good
men
were
but
sent
to
treat
with
the
Rebels
:
That
there
were
those
in
Ireland
who
had
conferred
with
the
Rebels
,
and
had
sent
into
England
the
Rebels
Defamations
against
him
and
others
of
her
Governors
:
By
which
passage
the
Deputy
slily
taxed
Sir
John
Norris
as
one
that
had
done
nothing
worthy
of
his
former
Military
Reputation
,
but
thought
to
work
upon
the
good
nature
of
the
Ulster
Clowns
by
his
Courtship
and
Flattery
;
which
tended
rather
to
the
making
them
more
insolent
.
This
carriage
of
the
General
's
was
the
occasion
of
fierce
Contests
and
Quarrels
between
him
and
the
Deputy
,
and
the
effect
of
it
was
,
that
not
only
the
Heads
of
the
Clans
in
Ulster
,
but
those
also
in
Connanght
and
Leinster
,
took
Arms
and
revolted
from
the
Crown
of
England
The
Deputy
seeing
things
by
their
Divisions
brought
to
so
desperate
an
estate
,
resolved
to
get
rid
of
the
Government
,
and
by
his
Letters
humbly
besought
the
Queen
a
good
General
might
be
sent
in
his
place
In
this
doubtful
time
,
Sir
John
Norris
as
earnestly
desired
to
be
Deputy
,
and
that
his
Brother
,
who
was
fitter
for
the
Labours
of
the
War
,
might
be
made
President
of
Munster
.
But
he
obtained
neither
of
his
Requests
.
The
Council
of
England
was
divided
for
some
time
between
the
Lord
Burroughs
and
the
Earl
of
Essex
,
but
the
latter
joining
with
the
former
,
it
was
carried
for
him
,
and
he
had
both
the
Supreme
Civil
and
Military
Power
put
into
his
hands
.
The
15th
.
of
May
,
1597.
Thomas
The
Lord
Burroughs
made
Deputy
of
Ireland
.
Lord
Burroughs
arrived
at
Dublin
,
with
a
Commission
to
be
Lord
Deputy
of
Ireland
:
With
the
Supreme
Authority
,
he
presently
commanded
Norris
to
his
Presidency
of
Munster
,
which
with
the
disappointment
of
the
Deputy's
Place
,
broke
his
heart
.
Johnstonius
saith
,
The
reason
of
this
was
,
because
Norris
was
a
person
of
more
Experience
in
the
War
,
and
of
greater
Fame
than
Burroughs
.
So
that
when
he
came
to
Dublin
,
Norris
was
no
way
pleased
with
the
change
,
for
that
he
dreaded
the
fiery
Temper
of
that
Lord
,
with
whom
he
had
formerly
had
some
quarrels
,
which
he
would
now
have
willingly
sacrificed
to
the
Welfare
of
his
Countrey
.
But
the
Deputy
was
of
an
Implacable
Temper
,
and
commanded
him
into
Munster
,
upon
the
peril
of
his
life
,
not
permitting
Norris
to
see
him
:
This
Great
and
Stout
Man
could
not
bear
the
Affront
;
but
he
that
had
run
through
so
many
Perils
in
the
Field
,
in
the
Netherlands
,
France
,
and
Portugal
;
he
that
had
despised
the
Rages
of
the
Duke
d'
Alva
in
Holland
,
and
put
a
stop
to
the
Victories
of
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
fell
under
this
,
and
expired
in
the
Arms
of
his
Brother
.
Thus
he
became
a
wonderful
Instance
of
humane
frailty
,
as
well
as
of
Martial
Courage
;
being
rather
pitied
than
approved
;
because
his
Management
in
Ireland
was
much
inferior
to
what
he
had
done
elsewhere
,
and
short
of
what
was
expected
from
him
.
The
Lord
Lieutenant
died
in
November
following
;
yet
in
that
short
time
he
beat
the
Irish
in
Ulster
,
and
recovered
the
Fort
of
Blackwater
,
and
Garison'd
it
with
English
.
Sir
Thomas
Norris
was
nominated
for
his
Successor
,
but
he
was
melancholy
,
and
would
not
accept
it
;
his
Brother
the
General
being
just
then
dead
also
:
Thereupon
the
Archbishop
of
Dublin
,
and
Sir
Robert
Gardiner
,
Lord
Chief
Justice
,
were
sworn
the
15th
of
November
,
when
the
Council
The
Council
of
Ireland
represent
the
Irish
War
as
an
universal
Rebellion
of
that
whole
Nation
.
concluded
their
Account
of
the
State
of
the
Kingdom
,
That
it
was
an
universal
Irish
Rebellion
to
shake
off
all
English
Government
.
In
August
this
year
Tyrone
had
the
good
fortune
to
rout
Marshal
Bagnal
his
mortal
Enemy
,
in
a
Wood
half
a
mile
beyond
Armagh
,
where
the
Marshal
,
13
Captains
,
and
1500
English
Soldiers
were
slain
.
The
Tyrone
beat
the
English
.
Irish
by
this
Defeat
got
Arms
,
Victual
,
Ammunition
,
and
Reputation
,
and
the
Fort
of
Blackwater
;
so
that
the
English
were
reduced
from
an
Offensive
to
a
Defensive
War
.
This
nettled
the
Queen
,
and
she
sent
to
Ormond
,
who
was
Lieutenant-General
,
to
clear
the
Army
of
all
the
Irish
,
and
she
sent
2000
Foot
and
100
Horse
to
recruit
the
Army
.
Tyrone
sent
after
this
4000
Kerns
into
Munster
,
and
the
President
not
being
able
to
resist
them
,
by
reason
his
Forces
were
small
,
that
whole
Province
rebelled
also
in
October
,
1598.
and
began
to
Kill
,
Rob
,
and
Ravage
the
English
,
without
Measure
or
Mercy
.
Thus
the
Rebellion
grew
to
that
height
,
that
it
became
terrible
to
the
Queen
.
Tyrone
in
the
mean
time
sent
submissive
Letters
to
the
Earl
of
Ormond
,
and
promised
the
Spaniards
that
he
would
accept
And
at
the
same
time
treats
with
England
and
Spain
.
no
Conditions
from
the
English
,
magnifying
his
Victories
beyond
all
reason
and
truth
:
So
that
now
the
Courtiers
in
England
began
to
consider
,
as
Mr.
Cambden
observes
,
That
by
long
use
it
was
grown
to
a
destructive
custom
in
Ireland
,
That
Rebels
and
Traytors
might
with
the
Money
they
had
gotten
from
the
spoiled
English
by
Pillage
and
Villany
,
procure
for
themselves
Protection
and
Pardon
.
The
Queen
was
well
inclined
to
have
sent
the
Lord
Montjoy
into
Ireland
;
but
the
Earl
of
Essex
pretended
to
it
,
and
he
was
chosen
.
Others
say
the
Council
put
him
upon
The
Earl
of
Essex
sent
Deputy
.
it
,
that
he
might
put
an
end
to
the
Troubles
of
Ireland
,
which
had
been
encreased
by
the
Contentions
between
the
Commanders
that
were
employed
before
,
and
also
by
the
deaths
of
Sir
John
Norris
,
and
that
of
the
Lord
Deputy
,
as
well
as
by
the
Defeat
of
Marshal
Bagnal
:
That
the
Lords
cried
up
the
Valour
of
the
Earl
of
Essex
to
the
skies
;
and
affirmed
that
there
was
not
in
England
any
General
who
could
undertake
the
Reduction
of
so
far-spread
a
Rebellion
,
with
that
Prudence
,
Diligence
,
and
Courage
,
they
might
expect
from
him
.
Thus
he
was
sent
thither
by
the
perfidious
Commendations
of
his
Enemies
,
against
the
opinion
of
his
real
and
true
Friends
,
that
they
that
put
him
upon
it
might
when
he
was
there
,
find
an
opportunity
to
ruin
him
.
The
Earl
on
the
other
side
was
anxious
,
and
unresolved
what
to
do
;
for
as
he
feared
the
Fate
of
his
Father
,
who
perished
in
that
Kingdom
,
so
he
could
not
tell
how
to
oppose
his
own
Destiny
;
and
accepted
of
an
Employment
which
no
other
durst
pretend
to
,
purely
to
comply
with
the
good
opinion
of
the
whole
Privy
Council
,
which
loaded
him
with
Praises
on
this
occasion
,
tho
in
his
heart
he
misdoubted
the
Event
.
The
Queen
also
sent
him
away
thither
with
great
Testimonies
of
her
Affection
to
him
,
commending
him
excessively
for
preferring
her
Service
before
his
own
Safety
;
but
then
this
was
the
last
good
day
that
unfortunate
Earl
ever
saw
.
He
landed
there
the
15th
.
of
April
,
The
Army
under
Essex
20000
men
.
1599.
with
13000
Horse
,
and
16000
Foot
,
which
were
made
up
20000.
there
being
more
than
that
number
in
Arms
against
the
Queen
:
But
with
all
these
Forces
he
did
nothing
worthy
of
his
former
Reputation
,
or
of
his
Army
:
And
that
Winter
he
went
out
of
Ireland
in
a
Discontent
,
without
the
Queen's
Leave
,
and
returned
unexpectedly
to
the
Court
,
which
proved
his
Ruin
.
Tyrone
grew
insolent
hereupon
,
and
profess'd
publickly
he
would
recover
the
Liberty
of
Religion
and
his
Countrey
.
Charles
Lord
Montjoy
was
thereupon
The
Lord
Montjoy
sent
Deputy
.
The
Methods
by
which
he
ruined
the
Irish
,
and
ended
the
War
.
sent
Lord
Deputy
,
who
landed
the
24th
.
of
February
,
1599/600
The
English
Army
was
then
1200
Horse
,
and
14000
Foot
;
and
the
General
finding
the
Irish
Strength
was
in
their
Fastnesses
,
he
resolved
to
ruin
them
by
small
flying
Parties
placed
in
Garisons
;
and
this
way
accordingly
destroyed
them
without
redress
,
and
they
began
to
talk
of
submitting
,
which
was
not
regarded
,
because
all
the
world
saw
there
was
no
Truth
,
Faith
,
or
Honour
in
this
barbarous
and
false
Enemy
.
From
thenceforward
many
that
begged
for
Pardon
No
Irish
pardoned
,
but
what
merited
the
Mercy
by
some
signal
Service
.
were
denied
it
,
if
they
did
not
bring
in
the
Heads
of
their
Fellow-Traytors
,
or
do
some
other
considerable
service
to
purchase
it
,
which
they
seldom
failed
of
attempting
,
and
were
very
often
taken
by
their
own
Party
in
the
Fact
and
hanged
.
The
War
went
vigorously
on
,
and
the
Rebels
were
generally
beaten
in
all
places
till
the
23d
of
September
,
1601.
when
the
Spaniards
landed
at
The
Spaniards
land
at
Kingsale
.
Kingsale
,
and
the
English
immediately
sat
down
before
it
;
yet
the
Spaniards
(
tho
beaten
in
every
Sally
)
defended
the
Town
to
the
24th
.
of
December
,
when
there
was
a
general
Battel
between
Tyrone
and
all
the
Rebels
on
the
one
side
,
and
so
many
of
the
English
as
could
be
spared
out
of
the
Trenches
:
Tyrone
was
beaten
out
of
the
Field
,
and
he
lost
1200
of
his
men
,
800
wounded
,
and
the
English
lost
only
one
Cornet
,
and
six
Soldiers
:
The
Spaniards
knew
nothing
of
the
Battel
,
and
made
no
Sally
till
it
was
over
,
tho
the
Fight
was
within
one
Mile
of
Kingsale
,
but
then
they
sallied
twice
to
no
purpose
;
whereupon
,
the
31st
.
of
December
,
the
Spaniards
capitulated
,
and
delivered
up
the
Town
.
After
this
,
the
War
went
on
so
successfully
against
these
Rebels
,
and
they
were
reduced
to
such
Necessities
,
that
the
Parents
eat
their
Children
,
and
three
Children
roasted
the
flesh
of
their
dead
Mother
,
The
Irish
reduced
to
eat
man's
flesh
.
and
lived
upon
it
twenty
days
;
so
that
this
exceeded
the
Famine
of
Jerusalem
:
The
30th
,
of
March
,
1602.
Tyrone
Tyrone
submits
.
submitted
to
Mercy
at
Melifont
,
begging
to
be
received
upon
his
Knees
.
Thus
ended
this
most
dangerous
Rebellion
that
ever
was
made
in
Ireland
before
that
time
,
about
a
week
after
the
Death
of
the
Queen
,
and
before
it
was
known
.
It
had
never
risen
to
that
height
,
but
for
the
over-great
penuriousness
of
the
Queen
;
for
which
she
afterwards
paid
very
dear
,
and
had
not
the
happiness
to
see
the
Traytor
Tyrone
at
her
foot
before
her
Death
;
but
however
she
was
sufficiently
revenged
of
all
her
Enemies
,
by
the
Ruin
,
Famine
,
Deaths
,
and
Plagues
that
fell
upon
them
;
Heaven
favouring
her
Cause
,
and
blasting
all
their
Undertakings
against
her
.
It
is
very
observable
,
Religion
causlesly
made
the
pretence
of
the
Irish
Rebellion
.
that
the
main
pretence
of
this
Rebellion
,
was
the
Preservation
of
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
;
yet
there
was
then
never
any
Law
passed
in
this
Kingdom
against
it
,
nor
any
Prosecution
made
of
those
that
professed
it
;
but
they
had
a
perfect
Liberty
of
Conscience
to
embrace
which
of
the
Religions
they
pleased
;
only
the
Church-Preferments
and
Revenues
were
put
into
the
hands
of
the
Protestant
Clergy
,
and
the
Tythes
paid
to
them
;
and
the
Government
was
generally
put
into
the
hands
of
the
Protestant
Nobility
and
Gentry
,
but
so
that
they
were
mixed
;
and
they
of
the
other
Religion
being
more
in
number
,
were
commonly
returned
on
all
Juries
:
So
that
Liberty
Liberty
of
Conscience
considered
.
of
Conscience
will
not
keep
a
divided
Kingdom
always
quiet
;
but
there
have
ever
been
men
to
be
found
,
who
are
as
uneasie
when
they
cannot
persecute
others
,
as
when
they
themselves
are
persecuted
.
The
Charge
of
this
War
from
the
first
of
October
,
1598.
to
the
first
of
April
,
1603.
amounted
to
Eleven
hundred
ninety
eight
thousand
seven
hundred
and
seventeen
Pounds
Nineteen
Shillings
and
One
Peny
,
as
Mr.
Cox
assures
us
;
from
whence
he
inferreth
how
justly
the
Irish
had
for
feited
the
Estates
were
taken
from
them
;
and
how
reasonable
it
will
ever
be
for
the
English
in
Ireland
to
contribute
freely
to
the
maintaining
of
a
good
Army
for
the
preserving
that
Kingdom
in
Peace
.
In
her
time
the
English
Nation
was
The
Greatness
of
the
Reputation
of
the
English
Nation
in
Q.
Elizabeth's
time
.
at
its
highest
pitch
of
Honour
,
Wealth
,
and
Reputation
.
The
Queen
was
also
in
the
greatest
esteem
that
was
possible
with
all
the
Neighbour
Nations
;
because
she
had
delivered
Scotland
from
the
hated
Dominion
of
the
French
;
and
she
had
after
this
succoured
and
supported
the
Netherlands
when
their
Affairs
were
most
desperate
;
she
had
sent
vast
Treasures
into
France
to
support
Henry
the
IVth
.
against
the
Holy
League
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
;
and
when
after
all
,
Ireland
had
been
stirr'd
up
against
her
,
and
had
made
almost
a
general
Revolt
under
the
Command
of
a
false
and
treacherous
Traytor
,
she
had
the
good
fortune
to
reduce
that
Kingdom
by
the
Prosperity
of
her
Arms
,
and
the
Valour
of
her
Subjects
.
Spain
was
in
her
time
terrible
to
all
the
other
Nations
in
Europe
,
till
her
Navies
afflicted
and
ruined
that
Kingdom
,
by
burning
their
Fleets
and
Naval
Stores
at
the
Groyne
and
Cadiz
.
Her
Fame
spread
it self
to
the
most
distant
parts
of
Europe
;
and
the
Muscovites
and
Turks
,
who
were
only
known
by
report
to
the
English
before
her
happy
times
,
sent
Ambassies
to
her
to
beg
her
Friendship
,
and
settle
Commerce
and
Trade
with
her
.
The
King
of
Morocco
and
Fez
,
in
Barbary
in
Africa
,
sent
also
an
Ambassy
to
her
;
so
that
her
Subjects
had
the
pleasure
of
smiling
at
the
half-naked
Moors
,
and
the
Russ
who
were
loaded
with
Furs
after
the
manner
of
their
Countrey
.
The
Hollander
,
French
,
Poles
,
Germans
,
Danes
,
and
Swedes
,
and
all
the
other
Nations
about
her
,
begged
her
Friendship
in
times
of
Peace
,
her
Assistance
and
Protection
in
times
of
War
,
and
on
every
occasion
testified
their
sense
of
her
Favours
,
and
their
Gratitude
for
the
good
offices
she
had
done
them
.
She
laboured
always
to
unite
those
Her
Carriage
towards
her
Allies
abroad
.
Princes
who
were
her
Friends
and
Allies
,
by
Marriages
and
other
such
methods
;
if
any
Controversie
or
Difference
at
any
time
arose
between
them
,
she
sent
her
Letters
and
her
Ambassadors
to
both
the
Parties
to
compose
them
;
and
they
on
the
other
side
did
for
the
most
part
acquiesce
in
her
Judgment
,
and
yield
to
her
Authority
.
If
in
any
part
of
her
Dominions
the
Countrey
hapned
to
become
desolate
and
ill
peopl'd
,
she
took
particular
care
to
send
Colonies
thither
to
supply
that
defect
.
She
brought
her
meanest
Subjects
from
an
idle
,
poor
,
and
beggarly
way
of
living
,
to
the
practice
of
good
and
useful
Trades
;
many
of
which
were
brought
into
England
in
her
time
by
the
banished
and
persecuted
Netherlanders
,
to
the
great
benefit
and
advantage
of
this
Kingdom
.
She
made
the
Naval
Glory
of
England
equal
to
its
Military
or
Land-Service
and
Reputation
.
The
Bounds
of
her
Fame
were
not
confined
to
England
,
but
extended
to
the
utmost
parts
of
the
earth
,
and
the
farthest
Recesses
of
the
Ocean
;
for
her
Subjects
in
her
time
passed
the
Li●…e
,
and
filled
all
the
corners
of
the
habitable
world
with
the
fame
of
this
most
Celebrated
Queen
.
There
was
no
place
in
the
wide
and
remotest
Ocean
,
but
her
Subjects
sailed
thither
with
their
Merchandize
to
enrich
their
Countrey
.
The
English
Fleets
then
first
pierced
into
the
vast
Bays
of
the
East-Indian
Ocean
;
and
they
frequented
the
Philippine
Islands
,
and
the
South
Parts
of
Asia
,
and
the
Eastern
Shores
of
Affrica
.
Drake
and
Cavendish
,
in
these
times
went
round
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
,
and
erected
every
where
Trophies
to
the
Honour
of
their
Queen
.
This
last
was
not
only
above
the
hopes
,
but
beyond
the
thoughts
of
this
Nation
,
so
far
they
were
of
attempting
any
thing
of
that
nature
before
.
Sir
Francis
Drake
was
of
a
mean
and
Sir
Francis
Drake's
Original
and
Story
.
obscure
Extraction
,
and
born
in
Devonshire
,
his
Father
embracing
the
Protestant
Religion
in
the
time
of
Henry
VIII
.
was
persecuted
for
the
same
,
and
forced
to
remove
for
his
greater
security
into
Kent
,
after
which
he
entred
Orders
,
and
by
Poverty
was
constrained
to
bind
his
Son
to
the
Master
of
a
Ship
,
who
sometimes
passed
into
France
and
Flanders
.
The
young
Man
so
well
pleased
his
Master
,
that
he
dying
unmarried
,
he
gave
this
Servant
of
his
,
his
Ship
.
After
this
he
put
himself
under
Mr.
John
Hawkins
,
who
in
the
year
1567.
was
preparing
a
small
Fleet
at
Plymouth
,
with
a
design
to
discover
some
yet
unknown
Parts
of
America
;
but
this
Voyage
was
very
unfortunate
,
and
the
English
falling
into
the
hands
of
the
Spaniards
,
he
lost
all
his
stock
,
and
hardly
escaped
with
his
Liberty
.
After
this
he
became
one
of
the
most
famous
Mariners
this
Nation
has
produced
;
and
by
his
industry
he
opened
the
way
to
both
the
Indies
,
which
before
was
not
known
to
the
English
.
For
about
five
years
after
this
first
Voyage
,
he
preyed
as
a
Pyrate
upon
the
Spaniards
wheresoever
he
found
them
,
and
could
master
them
;
and
having
by
this
means
acquired
a
good
sum
of
Money
,
he
built
a
stout
Ship
,
which
he
called
the
Dragon
,
with
which
and
two
Barks
he
ventured
once
more
in
the
Year
1572.
to
visit
the
Coasts
of
America
,
and
took
Nombre
de
Dios
,
a
Town
in
the
Bay
of
Mexico
.
Here
he
was
informed
by
the
Negroes
that
were
Slaves
to
the
Spaniards
(
and
were
called
Cimarones
)
that
a
vast
Treasure
in
Gold
and
Silver
was
to
be
shortly
after
transported
by
Mules
and
other
Land-Carriages
from
Panama
,
in
order
to
be
shipped
for
Spain
:
These
he
waylayed
,
and
seized
all
this
Wealth
,
which
proved
much
more
than
he
could
bring
away
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
leave
the
Silver
,
a
great
part
of
which
he
buried
in
the
Earth
,
but
he
got
all
the
Gold
on
board
his
Ship
;
after
which
he
burnt
Sancta
Cruz
,
a
Rich
Receptacle
of
the
Merchandises
of
this
Country
,
seated
upon
the
River
Chiagre
,
which
falls
into
the
Gulf
of
Mexico
,
at
Porto
Bello
.
This
Town
of
Sancta
Cruz
seems
to
be
that
which
Mr.
Gage
in
his
Travels
calls
Venta
de
Cruzes
,
and
saith
it
lies
about
twelve
Leagues
from
Panama
to
the
East
,
upon
the
Chiagre
,
and
was
in
his
time
inhabited
by
none
but
Mulatto's
and
Black-Moors
,
who
belonged
to
the
Boats
that
carry
the
Goods
brought
thither
from
Panama
to
Porto
Bello
.
Thus
far
this
bold
Captain
ventured
to
travel
by
Land
with
a
small
Party
of
resolute
English
men
,
to
the
great
loss
and
terror
of
the
Spaniards
;
and
by
the
success
of
it
encouraged
others
to
follow
him
.
So
that
the
Buccaneers
,
which
in
our
times
have
performed
such
wonderful
things
in
America
,
have
only
followed
him
in
their
Adventures
.
From
the
Mountains
of
St.
Pablo
upon
this
River
he
first
saw
the
Mar
del
Zur
,
or
the
Pacifick
Occan
,
which
washeth
the
Western
Shoars
of
America
,
and
thereupon
being
strangely
possess'd
with
a
strong
desire
to
sail
herafter
upon
thatOcean
,
he
fell
down
upon
his
Knees
,
and
beseeched
God
to
grant
him
that
favour
,
vowing
to
do
his
utmost
for
the
discovering
it
;
and
from
thenceforth
he
found
no
rest
in
his
mind
night
or
day
,
till
he
had
accomplished
this
Resolution
.
In
the
mean
time
our
Great
Man
having
divided
the
spoil
he
had
taken
amongst
his
followers
,
with
an
open
hand
to
all
their
content
,
he
set
sail
for
England
with
vast
Riches
.
Whilst
others
gazed
on
the
Gold
he
brought
home
with
wonder
;
He
gloried
in
nothing
but
that
he
had
seen
the
Mar
de
Zur
,
and
thought
of
nothing
but
the
making
Preparations
to
sail
upon
it
,
which
the
Treasure
he
had
got
(
for
he
was
now
become
very
rich
)
furnished
him
with
means
to
effect
,
and
enabled
him
to
build
Ships
for
that
purpose
.
Whilst
he
was
thus
employed
,
one
The
Story
of
John
Oxenham
.
John
Oxenham
a
Common
Sailer
,
who
had
served
under
him
in
his
former
Expeditions
,
as
a
Soldier
,
Seaman
,
and
Cook
,
and
had
gained
the
name
of
a
Captain
amongst
the
Mariners
,
having
scraped
together
under
hand
a
good
stock
,
took
up
the
same
Project
,
and
resolved
once
more
to
rob
the
Mulatto's
,
and
sail
upon
that
Sea
before
his
Master
;
to
this
end
he
got
a
single
Ship
,
and
70
Sailors
to
venture
with
him
;
and
in
the
year
1575.
failed
to
the
same
place
;
but
hearing
from
the
Negroes
,
that
now
the
Spaniards
were
become
so
cautious
as
to
send
a
Guard
of
Soldiers
with
their
Caravans
,
to
guard
them
from
Panama
to
Porto
Bello
,
he
drew
his
Ship
ashore
in
a
desolate
place
,
and
covered
it
with
Boughs
,
burying
his
Cannon
and
Provisions
in
the
earth
,
and
then
with
all
his
Company
,
and
six
Negroes
for
his
Guide
,
he
travelled
to
a
River
,
which
falls
into
the
South
Sea
,
where
he
cut
down
Timber
,
and
built
some
Boats
,
and
so
passed
to
the
Island
of
Pearls
in
that
Ocean
,
which
lay
not
far
from
the
Mouth
of
this
River
;
where
he
staid
ten
days
to
expect
the
return
of
the
Ships
from
Peru
;
and
he
intercepted
one
with
fixty
pound
of
Gold
,
and
another
with
One
hundred
pound
of
Silver
;
and
in
these
ships
he
passed
back
to
the
River
.
The
News
of
this
being
brought
to
the
Spaniards
,
they
sent
John
de
Ortega
,
with
an
hundred
Soldiers
,
to
pursue
the
bold
Adventurers
;
the
River
had
Three
Mouths
,
and
he
was
doubtful
which
to
chuse
,
till
the
Feathers
of
the
Fowls
the
English
had
eaten
,
came
down
,
and
shewed
him
which
way
they
were
gone
before
:
The
Spaniards
found
the
Gold
,
and
the
English
contending
about
the
dividing
of
it
amongst
them
,
but
they
soon
put
an
end
to
the
brawl
,
and
defended
themselves
against
the
Spaniards
,
who
were
more
numerous
than
they
,
with
great
Courage
,
but
many
of
them
being
slain
in
the
Fight
,
the
rest
were
taken
,
and
amongst
them
Oxenham
the
Captain●…
and
sent
to
Lima
,
where
being
not
able
to
produce
any
Commission
from
the
Queen
for
the
invading
these
Spanish
Dominions
,
he
and
many
of
the
Mariners
were
executed
as
Pyrates
,
and
the
common
enemies
of
mankind
.
Drake
,
who
knew
nothing
of
this
Drake's
second
Voyage
to
America
.
Attempt
and
Miscarriage
of
Oxenham
,
in
the
year
1577.
the
13th
.
of
December
,
set
sail
from
Plimouth
with
five
Ships
,
and
163
Mariners
;
the
16th
.
of
April
he
arrived
in
the
Mouth
of
the
River
of
Plate
in
Brafil
;
the
20th
.
of
August
he
arrived
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Streights
of
Magellan
;
when
he
came
into
the
Pacifick
Ocean
,
he
found
it
very
turbulent
,
and
was
driven
by
a
furious
Tempest
,
in
a
few
days
,
above
a
hundred
Leagues
to
the
South
;
and
here
one
of
the
Ships
being
separated
,
returned
back
again
through
these
Streights
into
England
.
After
this
,
Drake
took
St.
Jago
in
Chili
,
and
plundered
He
takes
St.
Jago
.
it
,
and
here
he
got
a
Prize
with
400
pound
of
pure
Gold
.
Arriving
at
Turapassa
,
he
found
13
Bars
of
Massy
Silver
,
of
the
value
of
CCCCM
Ducats
,
which
was
left
on
the
ground
by
some
Spaniards
,
who
were
asleep
by
it
;
he
took
the
Silver
,
and
never
waked
the
Keepers
of
it
.
From
thence
he
pass'd
to
the
Port
of
Arica
,
in
which
he
found
three
Ships
without
one
man
in
them
,
but
there
was
57
Wedges
of
Silver
,
each
of
20
pound
weight
,
and
some
other
Merchandize
which
he
took
.
Arriving
at
Lima
,
he
found
twelve
Ships
,
but
all
the
Mariners
were
on
shore
,
and
yet
in
them
he
had
a
great
quantity
of
Silk
,
and
a
Chest
of
Minted
Silver
;
which
shews
how
secure
from
Pyrates
this
Coast
had
to
this
time
been
.
Nor
in
truth
till
this
time
had
any
other
than
the
Spaniards
ever
sailed
upon
this
Sea
,
except
Oxenham
.
In
his
journey
to
Panama
he
took
a
Barque
without
any
resistance
,
that
afforded
him
80
pound
weight
of
Gold
.
The
first
of
March
he
took
a
Ship
called
the
Cacofoga
,
which
had
on
board
80
pound
weight
of
Gold
,
and
13
Chests
of
Minted
Money
,
and
as
much
Silver
as
balasted
his
own
Ship
;
the
Master
of
this
Ship
told
him
,
That
his
Ship
Drake's
)
should
henceforth
be
call'd
the
Cacofoga
,
and
the
Spanish
Ship
the
Cacoplata
.
Being
thus
wonderfully
enriched
,
and
,
as
he
thought
,
sufficiently
avenged
on
the
Spaniards
for
the
Loss
he
had
sustained
in
his
first
Attempt
upon
Vera
Crnz
,
he
began
to
consider
of
his
return
;
and
not
thinking
the
passage
by
the
Streights
of
Magellan
safe
(
as
in
truth
it
was
beset
by
the
Orders
of
Francis
Duke
of
Toledo
,
then
Viceroy
of
Peru
)
he
directed
his
Course
Northward
to
the
height
of
42
Degrees
of
North
Latitude
,
to
seek
a
paslage
;
but
finding
nothing
but
snow
and
defolate
shores
,
he
returned
to
38
degrees
,
and
Wintered
there
,
calling
the
Countrey
New
Albion
;
and
here
the
naked
people
chofe
him
for
their
King
,
and
by
their
ignorance
shewed
him
plainly
the
Spaniards
had
never
been
so
far
that
way
.
In
the
Month
of
November
he
He
sails
for
the
Nolucca
Islands
.
set
sail
for
the
Molucca
Islands
;
the
9th
.
of
January
his
Ship
stuck
27
hours
upon
a
Rock
,
but
by
the
blessing
of
God
came
off
it
by
a
side-wind
,
which
seem'd
to
be
sent
of
purpose
to
save
this
Hero
.
From
thence
he
passed
to
the
Jsland
of
Java
in
the
East
Indies
,
and
so
to
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
,
which
had
never
been
seen
before
by
any
English-man
;
and
Watering
at
the
Rio
Grande
in
Africa
,
he
arrived
in
England
the
3d.
of
November
,
1580.
having
in
this
time
gone
round
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
.
The
People
of
England
received
him
with
great
Triumph
,
and
a
Publick
Joy
;
and
the
Queen
as
a
Reward
of
the
good
Service
he
had
done
her
against
the
Spaniards
,
Knighted
him
,
and
caused
the
Ship
he
had
sailed
in
to
be
laid
up
at
Deptford
.
Mr.
Gage
,
our
Countrey-man
,
who
lived
some
years
in
the
Spanish
Territories
in
America
,
assures
us
,
his
Memory
is
preserved
there
by
the
Spaniards
,
who
to
this
day
,
saith
he
,
admire
this
Expedition
,
and
teach
their
Children
to
fear
even
his
Name
.
After
this
the
Queen
often
made
him
one
of
her
Admirals
;
and
he
being
grown
exceeding
rich
,
took
diligent
care
to
put
out
a
greater
Fleet
,
and
openly
assaulted
the
Island
of
St.
Jago
,
and
took
St.
Domingo
,
and
Carthagena
,
and
some
others
in
the
West
Indies
,
being
sent
by
the
Queen
with
21
Ships
,
and
2300
men
,
in
the
year
1585.
The
Towns
they
took
in
this
Expedition
were
either
so
poor
that
there
was
nothing
of
Silver
or
Gold
to
be
found
in
them
,
or
they
had
had
such
previous
notice
of
the
coming
of
the
English
,
that
they
had
sent
a
way
all
that
was
valuable
;
yet
St.
Domingo
and
Carthagena
were
forced
to
redeem
themselves
from
Fire
by
Money
;
the
first
gave
Twenty
five
thousand
Ducats
,
and
the
latter
One
hundred
and
ten
thousand
,
which
was
presently
divided
amongst
the
Mariners
and
Seamen
.
The
Spaniards
more
regretted
the
loss
of
their
ships
,
great
numbers
being
burnt
;
and
this
hastned
the
Invasion
designed
upon
England
,
which
was
undertaken
in
the
year
1588.
which
miscarrying
,
the
Spanish
Greatness
dwindled
into
nothing
;
and
after
the
Queen's
Death
they
were
glad
to
send
to
King
James
the
First
,
her
Successor
,
to
beg
a
Peace
in
the
first
year
of
his
Reign
;
so
the
Honour
of
Reducing
Spain
was
hers
,
and
that
of
setling
Peace
,
after
a
War
that
had
lasted
so
long
,
his
.
The
Riches
and
Fame
Sir
Francis
The
Story
of
Mr.
Thomas
Cavendish
.
Drake
had
acquired
in
these
Maritime
Expeditions
,
encouraged
Mr.
Thomas
Cavendish
,
a
Gentleman
of
Trimely
in
the
County
of
Suffolk
,
to
pursue
the
same
methods
for
the
raising
his
Fortunes
,
and
with
them
the
Reputation
and
Glory
of
the
English
Nation
.
The
21st
of
July
,
1586.
he
set
out
from
Plimouth
with
three
ships
,
the
biggest
of
which
was
but
120
Tuns
,
and
123
Seamen
,
with
Provisions
for
two
years
.
With
this
small
Fleet
he
passed
the
Streights
of
Magellan
,
and
sailed
up
to
the
Coast
of
New
Spain
in
the
Mar
del
Zur
,
and
took
19
of
the
Spanish
Merchant
ships
,
and
burnt
two
or
three
of
their
Towns
,
and
then
sailing
to
the
Philippine
Islands
,
the
Molucca's
,
and
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
,
he
staid
some
time
in
St.
Helens
;
and
the
9th
.
of
September
,
1588.
he
returned
to
Plymouth
;
he
having
been
the
second
man
of
this
Nation
,
that
went
round
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
,
with
no
less
Honour
,
tho
he
returned
with
less
Spoils
than
the
first
Adventurer
.
The
Queen
entertained
him
at
Greenwich
,
and
bestowed
upon
him
many
Marks
of
her
Favour
,
and
gave
him
some
considerable
Rewards
.
Sir
Martin
Forbisher
,
or
Frobisher
,
Sir
John
Hawkins
,
Davis
,
Jackman
,
Jenkenson
,
and
Sir
Walter
Rawleigh
,
and
many
others
of
the
English
,
employed
their
time
in
searching
out
the
remotest
parts
of
the
world
at
the
same
time
to
very
good
effect
,
there
having
been
great
Trades
driven
ever
since
by
the
Dutch
and
English
,
by
the
means
of
their
Discoveries
.
Mr.
Richard
Hackluit
,
Hackluit
records
and
publishes
all
the
English
Expeditions
in
these
and
former
times
.
who
lived
in
these
times
,
took
a
particular
care
to
collect
and
publish
the
Journals
of
all
these
Voyages
;
by
which
he
des●…rved
very
well
of
this
Nation
;
and
it
is
a
great
pity
that
his
Works
are
become
so
scarce
,
and
so
little
known
,
and
that
no
man
has
since
pursued
the
same
method
;
these
Discourses
being
of
great
use
for
all
Mariners
,
and
serving
very
much
for
the
enlarging
and
clearing
the
Geography
of
the
World
.
Philip
King
of
Spain
being
highly
incensed
by
the
ruin
of
so
many
of
his
Towns
,
and
the
losses
he
had
sustained
Philip
King
of
Spain
highly
incensed
against
the
English
Nation
.
by
Drake's
Expeditions
,
gave
Order
that
all
the
English
Sea-men
that
should
after
this
be
taken
in
America
,
should
be
treated
like
Pyrates
and
the
Enemies
of
mankind
:
And
all
the
Merchant
Ships
that
fell
into
his
hands
,
were
seized
,
and
the
Merchants
imprisoned
,
tho
there
was
then
no
open
Wars
proclaimed
;
and
he
laid
cunning
Designs
to
ruin
the
English
Nation
,
which
the
necessity
of
his
other
affairs
put
off
from
time
to
time
;
so
that
there
were
Threats
of
a
War
,
and
great
Preparations
made
for
it
,
rather
than
a
War
.
But
when
he
saw
Threats
and
Anger
would
not
terrifie
the
English
,
he
turned
his
secret
Anger
into
open
War
,
and
entred
into
a
Contention
which
in
the
end
proved
fatal
to
himself
and
his
Nation
:
The
Invincible
Armado
in
1588.
prepared
and
sent
to
invade
Enggland
.
He
prepared
to
that
end
a
vast
Fleet
of
134
Sail
of
Ships
,
so
great
,
so
arm'd
,
and
so
mann'd
,
that
perhaps
the
Ocean
never
bore
such
another
on
its
proud
Billows
;
there
was
on
board
it
20000
Land-men
,
and
8300
Seamen
,
and
the
Command
of
it
was
committed
to
the
Duke
of
Medina
Cali
,
a
Person
of
an
exalted
Worth
and
Reputation
:
One
Martin
Re●…alda
was
,
under
him
,
the
great
Director
of
the
Fleet
,
being
a
Pilot
of
great
Experience
.
This
Fleet
,
which
had
raised
so
great
an
Expectation
in
the
Neighbour-Countries
,
that
it
was
not
doubted
but
it
would
not
only
subdue
but
overwhelm
the
little
Island
of
Great
Britain
,
sailed
from
the
Groyne
the
12th
.
of
July
,
1588.
and
came
within
sight
of
Cornwal
,
the
19th
.
of
the
same
Month
;
whereupon
the
Beacons
were
fired
,
and
one
Fleming
came
in
with
a
Scout-Ship
,
and
assured
the
English
Admiral
,
the
Spanish
Fleet
had
been
seen
by
him
near
the
Lizzard
:
The
English
Fleet
was
then
in
the
Port
of
Plimouth
,
under
the
Command
of
Charles
Lord
Howard
,
then
Admiral
of
England
:
Charles
Lord
Howard
Admiral
of
England
.
And
as
it
was
believed
the
Spanish
Fleet
would
not
have
come
that
year
,
so
there
was
not
on
board
it
that
number
of
men
that
was
necessary
to
man
it
,
and
which
on
the
sudden
was
hardly
possible
to
be
got
together
;
but
however
,
the
Admiral
went
first
to
Sea
,
and
gave
the
Signal
for
the
rest
to
follow
,
and
he
ranged
them
in
their
Order
as
they
were
able
to
get
out
.
The
Spanish
Ships
were
very
much
higher
and
stronger
than
the
English
,
and
had
greater
and
more
Cannon
;
but
there
was
four
CARACKS
of
an
excessive
Greatness
,
and
which
seemed
scarce
fit
for
motion
,
which
served
instead
of
Castles
to
defend
the
smaller
Ships
:
The
English
Fleet
,
on
the
contrary
,
was
nimble
,
and
very
well
provided
for
Fight
or
Flight
,
and
managed
by
men
that
understood
the
Sea-Affairs
wonderfully
well
;
so
that
they
assaulted
the
Spanish
Armado
the
21st
.
of
July
,
with
Dexterity
and
Courage
:
The
Fight
lasted
three
days
without
any
intermission
,
and
then
was
intermitted
for
want
of
Gunpowder
.
After
this
they
followed
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
(
which
kept
its
course
for
Flanders
,
notwithstanding
this
continual
Fight
)
;
and
when
any
Ship
happened
to
be
separated
from
the
main
body
,
they
would
be
sure
to
be
upon
it
,
and
for
the
most
part
they
took
it
.
The
English
were
at
first
but
40
Sail
,
the
rest
not
being
able
to
get
out
of
the
Port.
The
St.
Catherina
,
a
great
Spanish
Galiass
,
the
first
day
was
so
torn
by
the
English
Shot
,
that
they
were
forced
to
take
it
into
the
Body
of
the
Fleet
to
repair
the
Mischief
it
had
received
:
The
principal
Galeon
of
Sevil
,
wherein
many
of
the
Spanish
Nobility
sailed
,
falling
foul
upon
another
Ship
,
in
this
disorder
had
her
Fore-mast
broken
,
and
so
could
not
sail
with
the
rest
,
but
was
left
to
the
Mercy
of
the
Seas
,
and
of
the
English
.
The
22d
.
of
July
,
Sir
Francis
Drake
found
this
great
Galeon
,
which
was
disabled
,
and
summon'd
it
to
yield
,
which
was
done
when
they
heard
Drake
was
the
man
they
had
to
do
with
:
The
Commander
of
this
ship
was
Valdez
who
was
one
of
the
principal
persons
in
the
Navy
,
and
he
had
with
him
450
persons
.
The
same
day
the
Admiral
of
the
Squadron
of
Guipuscoa
,
commanded
by
Michael
de
Oquendo
,
Vice-Admiral
of
the
whole
Fleet
,
was
set
on
fire
by
a
disobliged
Hollander
,
the
upper
part
of
it
,
and
most
of
the
men
perished
,
but
the
Gunpowder
never
fired
.
This
night
the
Admiral
of
England
followed
the
Spanish
Lanthorn
,
and
was
next
morning
in
the
midst
of
their
Fleet.
The
23d
.
of
July
,
the
Spanish
Fleet
was
over-against
Portland
,
and
the
Wind
was
against
the
English
;
but
they
being
nimbler
,
soon
recovered
that
advantage
again
over
the
unwieldy
Spaniards
;
this
day
the
English
played
with
more
fury
on
the
Spaniards
than
the
two
former
,
but
they
would
not
be
provoked
to
stop
till
they
came
to
Calis
,
that
being
the
Orders
given
them
in
Spain
;
by
this
time
the
English
Fleet
was
become
a
hundred
strong
,
of
one
sort
or
other
;
and
many
Voluntier
Ships
made
out
by
men
of
all
degrees
,
were
come
into
it
;
and
by
that
time
they
came
to
Dover
,
there
was
130.
of
which
yet
there
was
not
above
22.
or
23.
of
the
Queen's
biggest
ships
,
that
were
able
to
grapple
with
the
Spanish
ships
.
The
24th
.
of
July
the
Sea
was
calm
,
and
four
great
Galeasses
which
had
Oars
,
fought
the
English
Fleet
with
great
advantage
;
by
night
the
English
wanted
Gunpowder
,
which
they
sent
for
that
night
.
The
25th
.
the
Spaniards
being
at
the
height
of
the
Isle
of
Wight
,
the
Admiral
of
England
,
with
five
of
the
biggest
ships
,
attacked
the
Admiral
of
Spain
in
the
midst
of
his
Fleet
,
and
then
there
followed
a
terrible
fight
,
which
was
managed
on
both
sides
with
the
utmost
Bravery
;
but
the
Spaniards
grew
weary
of
it
,
and
cast
themselves
again
into
the
form
of
a
Ring
.
The
26th
.
the
Admiral
Knighted
Sir
Martin
Forbisher
,
and
Sir
John
Hawkins
.
The
27th
.
by
Sun-set
the
Spanish
Fleet
arrived
over-against
Dover
,
their
Fleet
cast
Anchor
this
night
in
the
Channel
,
within
sight
both
of
Dover
and
Calis
,
and
the
English
Fleet
were
within
Cannon-shot
of
it
,
and
now
130
strong
;
from
hence
the
Duke
of
Medina
sent
to
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
who
was
then
at
Dunkirk
,
and
had
Orders
to
join
this
Fleet
,
to
hasten
out
the
Land
Army
,
which
in
40
Fly-boats
was
to
have
joined
him
,
that
being
covered
by
this
huge
Fleet
,
and
with
the
Forces
sent
from
Spain
,
now
aboard
it
,
a
Descent
might
be
made
in
England
;
but
the
Hollanders
having
notice
of
his
Intentions
,
had
sent
a
Fleet
of
35.
Men
of
War
,
under
the
Command
of
Justin
of
Nassau
,
their
Admiral
,
on
board
the
which
was
1200
Musketeers
;
and
he
hadOrders
not
to
suffer
any
ship
to
come
out
of
the
Ports
of
Flanders
,
nor
any
Zabraes
,
Pataches
,
or
other
small
Vessels
of
the
Spanish
Fleet
to
enter
thereinto
;
and
this
Dutch
Fleet
so
awed
the
Duke
of
Parma
and
his
Land-Army
,
that
they
durst
not
stir
,
nor
indeed
was
his
Army
then
come
to
the
Sea
,
or
ready
to
be
embark'd
,
if
he
could
have
gone
out
;
and
besides
,
he
wanted
all
manner
of
Necessaries
for
such
an
Expedition
;
and
all
the
Flandrians
had
no
great
inclinations
to
make
the
King
of
Spain
Master
of
England
,
to
the
Ruin
of
their
own
Civil
Privileges
.
The
Mariners
also
that
were
to
have
served
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
being
terrified
by
the
Hollanders
,
withdrew
from
the
danger
,
and
stole
away
for
fear
they
should
have
been
forced
by
the
Duke
to
attempt
the
passing
through
the
Dutch
Fleet
to
their
Ruin
.
The
2d
.
of
August
was
the
day
appointed
for
the
landing
in
England
;
but
before
that
came
,
the
Admiral
of
England
having
chosen
eight
old
Ships
,
and
filled
them
with
combustible
matter
,
and
charged
all
their
Ordnance
with
Stones
and
Bullets
,
he
sent
them
the
28th
.
of
July
,
about
Two
of
the
Clock
in
the
morning
,
with
the
Wind
and
Tide
against
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
and
when
they
were
just
upon
it
,
the
Mariners
fired
all
these
ships
at
once
,
and
left
them
under
sail
to
enter
the
Spanish
Fleet
;
this
fire
in
the
dead
of
the
night
put
the
Spaniards
into
such
an
affright
,
that
cutting
their
Cables
,
and
hoisting
their
Sails
,
they
betook
themselves
to
the
Sea
in
great
confusion
and
disorder
;
one
of
the
greatest
of
their
Galeasses
falling
foul
upon
another
ship
,
lost
her
Rudder
,
and
was
driven
on
the
Coast
of
Calis
,
where
the
English
found
and
took
her
,
and
in
her
,
besides
other
valuable
Spoils
,
they
found
50000
Ducats
of
the
King
of
Spain's
Treasure
.
The
29th
.
of
July
the
Spanish
Fleet
got
it self
into
some
Order
again
before
Graveling
,
but
the
English
Fleet
which
had
followed
it
,
furiously
assaulted
it
,
and
the
Spaniards
suffered
the
English
to
get
the
Weathergage
of
them
,
tho
they
were
more
in
number
,
and
stronger
than
the
English
,
but
they
were
resolved
to
keep
on
the
Defensive
part
till
Parma
was
joined
with
them
.
This
whole
day
was
spent
in
a
furious
Fight
,
with
great
slaughter
of
the
Spaniards
,
tho
there
was
few
ships
taken
or
sunk
;
but
at
night
the
English
having
spent
all
their
Powder
,
retired
.
In
all
these
fights
the
English
did
not
lose
above
100
men
,
and
amongst
them
not
one
Person
of
Quality
.
The
Spanish
Ships
were
so
battered
,
that
this
night
two
or
three
of
them
sunk
,
and
amongst
them
a
great
ship
of
Biscay
,
and
two
Portugal
Galeons
of
Seven
or
Eight
Hundred
Tun
,
were
deserted
by
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
because
the
Water
entred
into
them
on
all
sides
,
and
taken
by
the
Hollanders
of
Flushing
.
That
day
the
Spanish
Fleet
passed
by
Dunkirk
:
The
next
day
the
Spanish
Fleet
cut
down
their
Main-Sails
,
and
resolved
to
fight
no
more
;
nor
was
there
any
occasion
,
for
the
English
Admiral
having
sent
a
Squadron
to
secure
the
Duke
of
Parma
in
Flanders
,
he
with
the
rest
pursued
the
Spanish
Fleet
till
the
2d
.
of
August
,
but
tho
he
was
very
near
them
,
yet
wanting
Powder
and
Ball
he
never
offered
them
any
violence
.
The
4th
.
of
August
,
the
Spanish
Navy
spread
all
their
Sails
before
a
strong
Wind
,
and
committed
their
shattered
ships
to
the
Violence
of
the
Northern
Ocean
,
but
the
English
following
them
to
57.
Degrees
of
North-Latitude
,
returned
and
left
them
to
receive
the
rest
of
their
Chastisement
from
the
Seas
,
and
the
Scots
and
Irish
,
but
there
were
certain
Pinnaces
sent
to
follow
them
,
and
observe
their
Motions
at
a
distance
.
The
Spaniards
found
they
had
lost
The
Condition
of
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
when
the
English
left
it
:
four
or
five
thousand
of
their
men
,
and
ten
or
twelve
of
their
principal
ships
;
and
tho
they
were
rid
of
the
English
,
yet
they
wanted
Water
and
Victuals
,
Cables
,
Cordage
,
Anchors
,
Masts
,
and
Sails
;
and
as
for
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
he
they
saw
could
not
succour
them
;
so
they
resolved
to
pass
round
about
Scotland
and
Ireland
,
and
return
into
Spain
;
they
also
cast
over-board
all
their
Horses
and
Mules
,
to
preserve
the
remainder
of
their
Water
:
Thus
they
were
driven
Northward
to
61
Degrees
of
Latitude
;
Twenty
five
of
the
best
provided
ships
returned
into
Spain
;
forty
more
wanting
Water
,
set
sail
for
Ireland
to
get
fresh
Water
there
:
These
(
the
2d
.
of
September
)
were
by
a
Storm
from
the
South-West
driven
upon
several
parts
of
Ireland
,
and
most
of
their
Ships
perished
,
together
with
the
men
in
them
;
others
were
by
a
West
Wind
blown
into
the
English
Channel
again
,
and
were
taken
by
the
English
or
Rochellers
:
So
that
of
134
ships
(
as
some
counted
them
)
that
came
from
Spain
,
there
never
returned
above
53.
Of
almost
30000
men
that
went
in
it
,
there
perished
above
half
,
and
many
of
them
that
came
back
,
died
with
the
hardships
they
had
suffered
.
In
short
,
there
was
not
one
Great
Family
in
Spain
,
which
did
not
lose
a
Son
,
a
Brother
,
or
a
Kinsman
.
All
those
of
the
Spaniards
which
hapned
to
be
cast
upon
the
Coast
of
Scotland
,
were
entertained
by
the
Scots
,
and
fed
and
cloathed
,
and
afterwards
sent
into
Spain
;
but
those
that
were
cast
upon
the
Coast
of
Ireland
,
were
plundered
of
all
that
was
left
them
by
the
English
and
Irish
,
and
without
any
Mercy
put
to
the
Sword
;
those
that
were
cast
upon
the
Coasts
of
Norway
and
France
,
and
even
those
that
fell
into
the
hands
of
the
English
and
the
Hollanders
,
met
with
a
better
treatment
:
So
that
Ireland
the
most
deceived
their
expectation
,
and
of
a
Friend
proved
the
most
implacable
and
barbarous
Enemy
to
this
wretched
Fleet
in
their
greatest
distress
.
Philip
King
of
Spain
bore
the
Loss
The
King
of
Spain
bears
his
Loss
with
much
Patience
and
Prudence
.
of
this
great
Fleet
and
Army
with
a
more
equal
mind
than
is
usual
for
Princes
;
and
at
last
took
the
Duke
of
Medina
,
the
General
of
this
unfortunate
Expedition
,
again
into
his
favour
;
attributing
the
Calamity
not
to
the
Imprudence
or
Negligence
of
the
General
,
but
to
the
Violence
of
Tempests
,
and
the
Rage
of
the
Ocean
;
tho
in
truth
it
was
owing
to
the
Blessing
of
God
upon
the
Valour
and
Policy
of
the
English
,
and
the
too
strict
Orders
they
brought
from
Spain
,
Not
to
engage
till
they
were
joined
with
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
who
could
never
get
out
of
the
Harbour
to
meet
them
,
being
locked
in
by
the
Hollanders
:
This
exposed
them
for
so
many
days
to
the
●…ury
of
the
English
Cannon
,
with
the
advantage
of
the
Weathergage
;
and
had
the
English
had
Powder
enough
to
have
continued
the
Fight
to
the
last
,
very
much
fewer
of
these
ships
had
ever
returned
into
Spain
:
But
however
,
when
they
were
battered
and
strangely
weakned
,
they
were
forced
to
take
the
way
of
the
Northern
Ocean
in
September
,
and
were
exposed
to
dreadful
Tempests
,
wanting
fresh
Water
,
Victuals
,
and
all
other
Necessaries
;
for
all
the
Northern
Countries
hated
the
Spaniards
,
so
that
neither
Germany
,
Denmark
,
nor
Scotland
would
relieve
them
:
Thus
being
exposed
to
all
manner
of
hardships
in
this
battered
estate
,
it
is
a
great
wonder
so
many
of
them
returned
into
Spain
.
Some
were
for
grappling
with
these
ships
when
they
fought
them
in
the
British
Seas
,
but
the
English
Admiral
considering
they
were
taller
and
stronger
than
the
English
ships
,
and
had
a
Land-Army
on
board
to
defend
their
Decks
,
which
we
had
not
,
he
would
never
consent
to
it
,
and
this
was
a
principal
cause
of
the
Victory
.
The
States
of
Holland
,
and
the
The
English
and
Hollanders
glorifie
God
for
the
Victory
.
English
Nation
,
which
were
equally
concerned
in
this
Victory
,
returned
the
Glory
of
it
to
God
alone
,
who
was
acknowledged
by
all
as
the
Author
of
it
,
the
English
Fleet
being
nothing
,
when
compared
with
the
bulky
ships
that
came
from
Spain
;
so
that
they
thought
we
would
not
have
dared
to
resist
them
:
The
29th
.
of
November
the
Queen
went
into
the
City
of
London
in
a
Triumphant
Chariot
,
the
Spanish
Colours
that
were
taken
being
born
before
her
to
St.
Paul's
Church
,
where
was
a
Sermon
and
a
solemn
Thanksgiving
,
at
which
the
Mayor
and
all
the
Companies
were
present
;
and
the
same
Piety
was
commanded
at
the
same
time
in
all
the
remoter
parts
of
her
Kingdom
;
and
it
was
observed
by
her
Subjects
with
the
highest
Expressions
of
Joy
and
Gratitude
towards
God
,
and
of
Loyalty
and
Affection
towards
her
;
so
that
she
was
now
in
the
height
of
all
her
Glory
both
at
Home
and
Abroad
,
beloved
by
her
Friends
,
and
feared
by
her
Enemies
,
who
were
never
after
in
a
condition
to
assault
her
Kingdom
the
second
time
;
but
found
it
difficult
to
defend
their
own
against
her
and
her
brave
Martial
Commanders
.
To
revenge
this
Attempt
upon
her
The
Queen
declares
a
War
against
the
King
of
Spain
.
Kingdoms
,
the
Queen
the
same
year
put
out
a
Declaration
of
War
against
Philip
King
of
Spain
,
which
was
sharply
Penn'd
,
and
from
thenceforward
to
the
end
of
her
days
there
was
a
perpetual
and
a
sharp
War
carried
on
against
the
Spaniards
,
which
kept
her
Subjects
quiet
at
home
.
The
very
next
year
she
The
English
Expeditions
against
that
Kingdom
.
sent
Sir
Francis
Drake
with
a
Fleet
into
Spain
,
who
took
the
Groyne
,
as
is
said
above
;
by
which
Action
she
defeated
the
Designs
of
that
King
,
who
was
preparing
there
for
a
second
Invasion
;
and
having
abated
his
Pride
and
Rashness
into
a
more
tractable
Modesty
,
she
thereby
delivered
her
People
from
a
signal
Danger
.
In
this
War
the
Earl
of
Essex
signalized
himself
by
taking
Cadiz
in
1596.
and
Burning
all
the
ships
he
found
in
that
Harbour
.
George
Earl
of
Cumberland
,
and
Thomas
Lord
Howard
,
a
younger
Son
of
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
lay
heavy
upon
the
Spaniards
,
and
took
many
of
their
ships
richly
laden
,
giving
all
but
the
tenth
part
(
which
was
reserved
for
the
Queen
)
to
the
Mariners
and
Soldiers
as
the
Reward
of
their
Valour
.
In
the
year
1597.
having
heard
the
King
of
Spain
was
preparing
a
Fleet
against
Ireland
,
she
sent
a
Navy
of
120
ships
,
part
English
,
and
part
Hollanders
,
under
the
Earl
of
Essex
,
and
in
it
a
Land-Army
of
6000
men
;
but
this
Fleet
went
out
and
met
with
so
severe
a
storm
,
that
it
was
forced
to
return
,
and
after
that
,
was
detained
by
contrary
Winds
,
so
that
the
Provisions
being
spent
,
the
greatest
part
of
the
Army
and
of
the
ships
were
dismissed
,
the
rest
got
to
Sea
the
17th
.
of
August
.
This
Fleet
went
to
the
Azores
where
Sir
Walter
Rawleigh
took
the
Town
of
Fial
,
and
beat
the
Spaniards
that
endeavoured
to
hinder
his
passage
to
it
.
After
this
they
lost
the
opportunity
of
surprizing
the
Spanish
Indian
Fleet
,
which
they
there
waited
for
,
and
returned
into
England
without
any
signal
Victory
,
or
what
might
help
to
bear
the
Charges
of
this
Expedition
,
which
was
owing
in
great
part
to
the
Emulations
between
the
Chief
Commanders
,
who
envied
each
other
the
Glory
of
doing
well
.
Tho
the
English
did
not
get
much
by
this
Expedition
,
yet
the
Spaniards
were
great
Losers
,
one
of
their
biggest
Caracks
being
forced
ashore
,
and
burnt
,
three
ships
were
taken
,
and
many
others
of
that
Fleet
being
kept
out
too
long
,
perished
by
tempestuous
weather
;
whereas
all
the
English
Fleet
returned
in
safety
.
In
the
year
1597.
George
Clifford
,
The
Earl
of
Cumberland
put
out
a
Fleet
against
Spain
at
his
own
Cost
.
Earl
of
Cumberland
,
at
his
own
proper
Costs
and
Charge
put
out
a
Fleet
of
Eleven
ships
to
way-lay
the
Caracks
that
go
every
year
from
Lisbon
to
the
East-Indies
;
but
they
having
notice
of
his
being
there
,
sheltered
themselves
under
the
Fort
of
St.
Juliana
,
which
had
a
Hundred
great
Guns
to
defend
it
;
and
here
he
attended
so
long
,
that
there
was
no
ships
sent
that
year
.
From
thence
he
set
sail
to
the
Canary
Islands
,
and
took
that
which
is
called
Lancerata
,
with
the
Town
upon
it
,
which
he
pillaged
:
Thence
he
passed
to
Boriquena
in
the
Bay
of
Mexico
in
the
West-Indies
,
and
took
Porto
Rico
,
the
principal
Town
in
it
,
and
one
of
the
Keys
of
America
,
with
the
loss
of
less
than
30
of
his
men
,
though
it
was
very
strong
,
and
defended
by
400
Spanish
Soldiers
,
besides
the
Towns-men
.
The
Earl
considering
the
strength
and
importance
of
the
Place
,
resolved
to
keep
it
,
though
the
Spaniards
offered
him
a
vast
price
for
the
redemption
of
it
;
but
within
a
short
time
a
Disentery
,
with
grievous
Torments
seized
the
English
Garison
,
so
that
in
40
days
he
buried
70
of
his
men
;
and
this
forced
him
to
return
home
with
60
great
Guns
,
but
otherwise
more
exalted
by
the
Victory
than
enriched
.
However
,
he
did
the
Crown
of
Spain
a
vast
damage
,
for
that
Year
there
went
no
Fleet
to
the
East-Indies
,
and
there
came
none
home
from
America
.
It
is
observed
of
this
Great
Man
,
That
his
building
so
many
great
ships
,
and
some
other
less
honourable
Diversions
,
wasted
more
of
his
Estate
,
than
any
of
his
Ancestors
had
spent
.
After
this
the
Rebellion
of
Tyrone
grew
so
formidable
to
the
Queen
,
and
the
English
Nation
,
that
all
the
Money
and
Forces
the
Queen
could
space
,
were
imployed
that
way
,
and
spent
in
Ireland
,
of
which
I
have
given
an
Account
in
its
proper
place
;
So
that
from
henceforth
there
was
no
considerable
Expedition
undertaken
against
the
Spaniards
.
There
was
one
singular
Instance
of
A
rare
Example
of
Martial
Valour
and
Courage
.
Personal
Valour
in
the
Course
of
this
War
,
which
happened
in
the
Year
1591.
but
was
reserved
to
this
Place
,
that
the
Steps
by
which
the
Spanish
Pride
and
Greatness
were
abated
and
pull'd
down
,
might
appear
the
better
by
being
laid
together
.
May
this
Magnanimity
of
this
Virgin
Queen
be
an
encouragement
and
an
Example
to
the
Present
Age
for
the
humbling
another
Prince
,
who
in
our
times
,
and
by
our
means
,
is
become
a
terror
to
all
his
Neighbours
on
the
score
of
his
Naval
Forces
,
though
infinitely
inferior
in
that
,
and
the
Point
of
Wealth
too
,
to
Philip
the
IId
.
King
of
Spain
.
But
to
return
,
Tho.
Lord
Howard
,
Second
Son
of
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
,
was
sent
this
year
with
six
Men
of
War
,
and
six
Ships
of
Burthen
,
to
way-lay
the
American
Flect
in
its
return
to
Spain
,
whilst
he
was
waiting
for
it
at
the
Azores
,
where
he
lay
six
months
,
his
Soldiers
and
Sea-men
being
generally
sick
,
Alphonso
Bassano
,
the
Spanish
Admiral
,
came
upon
him
suddenly
with
80
Ships
,
so
that
the
English
could
hardly
gain
the
main
Sea
to
make
their
defence
.
One
RICHARD
GREENVILL
,
Vice-Admiral
,
being
in
a
Ship
called
the
REVENGE
,
staying
a
little
too
long
to
take
in
some
of
his
men
who
were
on
shoar
,
and
not
hoisting
his
Sails
neither
in
the
mean
time
,
out
of
a
contempt
of
the
Spaniards
;
by
all
these
oversights
happened
to
be
shut
in
between
the
Spanish
Fleet
and
the
Island
.
Attemping
,
when
it
was
too
late
,
to
break
through
the
Spanish
Fleet
,
which
was
divided
into
four
Squadrons
,
the
Spanish
Admiral
,
called
the
St.
Philip
,
a
Ship
of
vast
bulk
,
clapt
in
between
him
and
the
Wind
to
deprive
him
of
it
,
and
three
smaller
Ships
surrounded
him
,
and
poured
in
their
great
and
small
Shot
on
all
sides
;
the
Spaniards
very
often
boarded
him
,
but
he
every
time
drove
them
into
their
own
ships
,
or
into
the
Sea
;
Thus
he
defended
himself
all
that
night
,
with
the
great
slaughter
of
his
own
men
,
but
with
the
greater
loss
of
the
Enemy
.
In
the
morning
the
English
found
their
Powder
fail
,
their
Masts
shot
down
,
their
Rigging
torn
,
and
the
most
part
of
their
bravest
men
slain
or
wounded
,
and
the
rest
so
wearied
with
the
fight
,
that
they
could
hardly
stand
to
their
Arms
;
The
ship
also
had
received
800
shot
of
Cannon
from
the
Enemy
.
Greenvill
was
wounded
,
and
whilst
the
Chyrurgeon
was
applying
a
Plaister
to
the
Wound
,
he
was
wounded
on
the
head
,
and
the
Chyrurgeon
was
slain
.
When
the
day
broke
upon
them
,
they
found
the
Deck
all
covered
with
Blood
,
shattered
Timber
,
dead
and
dying
men
;
so
that
it
struck
terror
into
the
beholder
.
Greenvill
having
now
fought
15
hours
,
and
there
being
no
hope
of
escaping
,
commanded
the
ship
to
be
sunk
;
the
Pilot
forbad
it
,
and
went
forth
within
the
Long-boat
to
the
Spanish
Admiral
to
resign
the
English
ship
,
covenanting
for
their
Lives
and
Liberties
that
were
left
in
it
;
Greenvill
thereupon
was
carried
aboard
the
Spanish
Admiral
languishing
,
and
just
ready
to
expire
.
The
Spaniards
,
when
they
came
to
fetch
him
off
,
found
him
lying
upon
the
Deck
all
covered
with
Blood
and
Wounds
,
and
gasping
out
his
Soul
;
and
they
being
amazed
at
the
Resistance
he
had
made
,
and
the
Condition
they
found
him
in
,
endeavoured
to
stanch
his
Wounds
,
and
applied
fit
Remedies
to
him
.
But
all
they
could
do
or
say
to
mitigate
his
Sorrows
was
despised
by
him
,
and
he
answered
all
their
Kindnesses
with
Frowns
and
Threats
;
and
thus
living
two
days
in
the
Agonies
of
Death
,
he
expired
.
The
Spaniards
,
who
are
a
valiant
Nation
,
were
so
far
from
being
exasperated
by
this
carriage
of
his
,
that
they
reverenced
him
as
an
Hero
.
The
ship
verified
her
Name
at
last
,
for
being
sent
into
Spain
with
200
men
on
board
,
she
perished
in
a
storm
,
and
all
the
men
were
drown'd
:
so
that
every
way
she
was
to
them
a
severe
REVENGE
.
When
the
Queen
had
any
small
respite
Complaints
made
to
her
of
the
Depredations
of
the
English
at
Sea
.
from
the
Cares
of
War
(
the
far
greatest
part
of
her
Reign
being
in
truth
spent
in
the
defence
of
her
Kingdoms
,
and
her
Neighbours
,
who
all
had
their
recourse
to
her
in
their
Distresses
)
she
always
turned
her
thoughts
to
the
amending
what
was
amiss
in
the
State
.
There
were
great
Complaints
made
to
her
by
the
Ministers
and
Ambassadors
of
Foreign
States
residing
here
,
That
the
Seas
were
infested
by
her
Subjects
,
and
the
ships
of
her
Friends
and
Allies
rifl'd
;
whereupon
she
put
out
a
Proclamation
for
the
security
of
her
Friends
;
strictly
forbidding
all
her
Subjects
for
the
future
to
offer
any
violence
or
wrong
to
the
Ships
of
any
of
her
Neighbours
,
if
they
did
not
carry
Iron
,
Corn
,
or
Stores
for
Navigation
and
Shipping
to
the
Spaniards
,
with
whom
she
was
then
in
War
.
Threatning
,
that
whoever
was
hereafter
found
to
break
her
Orders
,
should
be
taken
for
Pyrats
,
and
treated
accordingly
.
By
this
Proclamation
,
and
her
exact
care
to
see
it
executed
accordingly
,
she
cleared
the
Seas
,
and
made
them
as
safe
as
the
Land
.
The
management
of
Proclamations
A
Reflection
concerning
Proclamations
.
in
our
Government
is
a
thing
of
great
difficulty
,
because
they
can
introduce
no
new
Law
,
and
are
of
no
force
if
they
be
contrary
to
Law
;
And
when
they
are
never
so
legal
,
if
men
are
once
inured
to
the
slighting
them
,
they
are
no
more
regarded
than
the
whistling
of
the
Wind
in
a
stormy
day
.
We
have
seen
many
Proclamations
put
out
in
our
times
which
were
extorted
from
Princes
against
their
wills
,
or
issued
upon
design
to
serve
a
turn
for
the
present
,
and
the
Prince
well
pleased
to
see
the
Bauble
ridiculed
and
contemned
;
but
men
did
not
stop
there
,
they
treated
other
Proclamations
in
the
same
manner
,
which
were
of
the
greatest
importance
to
the
safety
of
the
Prince
and
Nation
.
And
all
these
Orders
of
State
,
which
in
her
times
were
as
venerable
as
an
Act
of
Parliament
,
in
Ours
sunk
to
the
value
of
almost
a
common
Ballad
,
a
Mischief
which
it
will
take
some
time
perfectly
to
redress
.
Amongst
those
that
complained
of
The
Hanse
Towns
very
clamorous
against
the
English
.
the
Depredations
of
the
English
,
none
were
more
clamorous
than
the
Hanse
Towns
in
Germany
,
who
in
the
Year
1597.
brought
a
Complaint
before
the
Dyet
of
Germany
at
Ratisbon
against
the
English
,
That
they
had
rifl'd
and
robb'd
all
their
ships
that
carried
Corn
,
Iron
and
Cordage
to
the
Spaniards
.
The
Quarrel
went
so
high
,
that
the
English
were
prohibited
all
Trade
in
Germany
,
because
they
traded
there
upon
their
own
Laws
,
and
not
according
to
the
Laws
of
the
Empire
.
That
is
,
that
they
would
not
submit
their
Trade
to
the
Rules
of
the
Hanse
Towns
,
but
traded
as
a
free
Nation
under
the
Protection
of
their
own
Queen
and
Laws
.
To
this
the
Queen
by
her
Ambassador
Mr.
John
Wroth
replied
,
That
the
Complaint
of
the
Hanse
Towns
was
unjust
;
That
it
became
her
as
a
good
Prince
to
consult
the
Welfare
of
her
own
People
,
and
to
promote
their
safety
and
common
advantage
;
and
that
it
became
a
good
Shepherd
to
prefer
the
welfare
of
his
own
Flock
,
before
that
of
any
other
.
That
the
Hanse
Towns
,
if
they
did
well
consider
it
,
might
trade
upon
the
same
Privileges
with
her
own
Subjects
;
but
then
if
they
expected
to
enjoy
a
Monopoly
in
her
Kingdom
,
they
desired
more
than
was
fit
to
be
granted
by
a
just
and
free
Prince
,
as
she
was
.
Rodolph
,
then
Emperor
of
Germany
,
The
Trade
of
the
English
prohibited
in
Germany
.
was
offended
with
the
Answer
the
Queen
had
made
,
and
passed
a
Law
in
the
Dyet
,
prohibiting
the
English
from
trading
in
any
of
the
Ports
of
Germany
,
and
commanding
them
to
withdraw
,
with
their
effects
,
by
a
certain
day
.
The
Queen
on
the
other
hand
represented
the
injustice
of
this
Edict
to
the
Emperor
,
and
the
Princes
,
and
informed
them
that
Henry
the
IIId
.
her
Predecessor
,
had
by
a
Royal
Charter
made
by
agreement
granted
to
the
Hanse
Towns
,
a
place
in
London
call'd
the
Stillyard
,
with
many
very
large
Privileges
,
for
the
preserving
the
Freedom
of
their
Trade
;
That
this
Grant
had
after
been
confirm'd
by
Edward
III.
Richard
II.
Henry
IV
,
V
,
VI.
and
all
the
other
Princes
,
to
her
Brother's
time
,
and
had
been
religiously
observed
,
and
therefore
she
desired
that
the
Edict
might
be
suspended
,
and
the
Controversie
ended
by
a
Treaty
;
but
this
was
denied
:
Whereupon
the
Queen
,
by
the
Advice
of
her
Council
,
put
out
a
Proclamation
,
She
takes
away
the
Stillyard
from
the
Easter
lings
or
Germans
.
commanding
the
Germans
to
depart
from
the
Stillyard
the
same
day
the
English
were
commanded
to
leave
Germany
;
from
thenceforward
she
put
a
stop
to
all
their
Trade
in
London
,
or
any
other
of
her
Ports
,
and
ordered
the
Lord
Mayor
of
London
to
seize
the
Stillyard
.
The
Hanse
Towns
called
a
Dyet
of
all
their
Members
at
Lubeck
,
and
in
it
,
by
way
of
Revenge
,
resolved
to
put
a
stop
to
the
Trade
of
the
English
in
Poland
,
and
other
places
of
the
Baltick
Sea
;
Whereupon
the
Queen
sent
Sir
George
Carew
,
Chancellor
of
the
Exchequer
,
into
Pruffia
and
Poland
,
to
acquaint
the
Dyet
of
that
Kingdom
,
That
the
Hanse
Towns
of
Germany
might
still
have
enjoyed
their
Ancient
Privileges
in
England
,
if
they
would
have
been
contented
to
use
them
as
Favours
granted
by
our
Princes
,
and
not
have
pretended
they
were
their
Right
:
That
as
there
was
reason
for
the
granting
them
when
they
were
given
,
so
there
was
all
the
reason
in
the
world
they
should
be
suspended
,
restrained
,
or
quite
taken
away
when
the
Reason
ceased
upon
which
they
were
granted
;
that
this
had
been
done
in
Denmark
,
Sweden
and
England
in
the
Reigns
of
Edward
the
VIth
.
and
Queen
Mary
.
That
the
Hanse
Towns
had
been
made
so
rich
by
the
Favour
of
Princes
,
that
they
had
been
heretofore
terrible
even
to
their
Benefactors
;
that
it
became
the
King
of
Poland
rather
to
favour
her
who
was
a
Prince
,
than
to
patronize
the
insatiable
Avarice
of
the
Merchants
;
who
when
they
were
become
very
rich
,
were
too
apt
insolently
to
lift
up
themselves
against
Princes
:
That
the
Queen
was
contented
they
should
carry
Corn
,
and
all
other
Merchandize
to
Spain
,
except
Ammunition
and
Warlike
Stores
for
Sea
or
Land
,
though
it
was
lawful
,
and
the
Practice
of
all
Nations
,
to
intercept
all
those
Provsions
that
were
sent
to
an
Enemy
.
She
had
better
success
Poland
continues
the
Trade
with
the
English
.
here
than
in
Germany
,
and
setled
her
Subjects
Trade
in
the
Baltick
so
effectually
,
that
the
Hanse
Towns
were
never
after
in
a
condition
to
dispute
the
Trade
of
the
English
.
Thus
the
Queen
by
her
Authority
and
Prudence
mastered
the
Obstinacy
of
the
Hanse
Towns
,
and
forced
them
to
sue
for
their
Goods
in
her
Court
of
Admiralty
,
and
to
trade
with
her
Subjects
upon
equal
terms
in
all
places
;
and
she
so
divided
and
broke
their
Power
,
that
they
were
never
since
able
to
contest
with
any
Prince
,
much
less
with
her
,
or
her
Successors
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
the
The
Embassy
into
Muscovy
p.
213
Kings
of
England
have
always
religiously
continued
the
same
Privileges
to
the
Hanse
Towns
,
though
the
tide
of
the
Trade
be
long
since
wholly
turn'd
,
the
English
now
carrying
all
that
Trade
to
their
own
doors
,
and
much
more
than
ever
they
received
from
them
;
And
I
my self
(
saith
the
late
Earl
of
Carlisle
)
was
present
in
Council
,
when
Charles
the
IId
.
after
his
Happy
Restauration
ratified
the
said
Privileges
.
She
also
by
her
Authority
,
in
the
She
ends
a
War
between
the
Russians
and
Swedes
.
Year
1595.
composed
a
War
which
had
depended
many
years
between
the
King
of
Sweden
and
the
Emperor
of
Russia
,
who
had
a
greater
respect
for
her
,
than
for
any
other
Prince
in
Christendom
;
her
Subjects
having
opened
a
way
by
the
White
Sea
,
and
the
Bay
of
Arch-angel
,
to
trade
by
Sea
with
him
in
the
Year
1554.
which
was
then
,
and
has
ever
since
been
of
vast
advantage
to
that
remote
,
barbarous
,
and
poor
Kingdom
;
The
Subjects
of
which
have
not
only
been
enriched
,
but
civilized
,
and
learned
many
mechanick
Arts
,
which
they
did
not
unsterstand
before
,
of
us
,
and
those
people
we
and
the
Hollanders
have
sent
thither
.
Her
whole
care
was
not
imployed
in
Her
Laws
for
the
Enriching
of
her
Subjects
at
home
.
defending
her
People
from
the
violence
of
her
foreign
Enemies
,
and
the
Frauds
and
Arts
of
the
Neighbour
Traders
by
Sea
,
but
she
took
effectual
care
at
the
same
time
in
her
Parliaments
,
to
promote
excellent
and
useful
Laws
for
the
Restraint
of
excessive
Dvmestick
Expences
,
and
the
regulating
the
Lives
of
her
Subjects
,
as
will
appear
by
the
Printed
Statutes
of
her
time
.
To
this
end
she
necessitated
the
meaner
of
her
Subjects
,
by
sharp
Laws
,
as
sharply
executed
,
to
a
modest
and
frugal
way
of
living
,
both
as
to
their
Diet
and
Habits
.
She
curbed
and
discountenanced
the
Luxury
,
and
expensive
folly
of
the
English
Youth
and
Nobility
,
both
by
her
private
Advices
,
and
her
publick
Laws
;
and
she
prescribed
them
Rules
for
their
Furniture
,
Families
,
and
Retinues
.
She
had
observed
the
Purveyers
The
Purveyers
reformed
.
for
her
Court
were
a
rapacious
sort
of
men
,
and
under
the
colour
and
pretence
of
Law
,
made
great
depredations
on
the
Husbandmen
,
and
the
Farmers
in
her
Kingdom
,
and
therefore
she
kept
a
strict
hand
upon
them
,
and
by
her
Severity
,
when
ever
any
Complaint
was
brought
against
them
,
she
kept
them
in
awe
.
There
was
another
Generation
of
men
called
commonly
the
CONCEALERS
;
of
mean
Extraction
,
As
also
the
Concealers
.
and
worse
Disposition
;
who
had
obtained
Commissions
to
enquire
into
the
Frauds
and
Concealments
of
those
that
had
got
any
Lands
belonging
to
the
Royal
Demeans
,
or
Crown
of
England
;
and
they
had
under
that
pretence
wrested
from
many
of
her
Subjects
their
Inheritances
and
Estates
;
but
when
she
understood
their
Crimes
,
she
not
only
punished
them
for
their
Wrongs
,
but
revoked
their
Commissions
which
she
had
formerly
granted
out
;
And
by
a
Proclamation
she
forbad
any
further
inquiry
should
be
made
into
the
Titles
of
her
Subjects
,
as
to
those
Lands
they
possessed
on
the
behalf
of
the
Crown
,
by
which
she
put
a
stop
to
that
sort
os
Miscreants
,
and
secured
the
Estates
of
her
People
from
further
wrong
.
Whencver
she
found
that
her
Her
Severity
to
her
Judges
and
Governors
.
People
had
been
afflicted
,
or
ruined
in
their
Fortunes
by
the
Judges
and
Governors
she
had
set
over
them
in
any
part
of
her
Dominions
,
she
consolated
them
upon
the
first
opportunity
.
Before
her
time
the
Usurers
of
England
had
taken
what
they
could
get
from
all
for
usury
;
and
she
to
prevent
the
Frauds
and
rapacious
Encroachments
of
these
men
,
first
passed
a
Law
,
that
they
should
not
take
above
ten
in
the
hundred
for
one
years
Usury
mitigated
.
interest
,
which
by
the
plenty
of
Money
sunk
after
to
Six
,
and
of
late
,
without
any
Act
,
to
five
in
the
Hundred
.
To
prevent
enhansement
of
the
Market
,
she
made
a
severe
Law
against
Forestallers
,
Ingrossers
,
and
Regattors
,
repelling
their
insatiable
Avarice
,
by
imprisoning
,
whipping
,
and
Pillory
.
She
called
her
Customs
the
Nerves
of
the
Nation
The
Customs
carefully
looked
after
.
(
as
they
were
the
best
branch
of
her
Revenues
)
and
she
made
it
her
business
to
study
them
,
and
well
understand
the
value
of
them
,
and
the
ways
of
raising
them
.
When
her
Exchequer
was
at
the
lowest
ebb
,
she
detested
all
Monopolies
and
bitter
Exactions
upon
Monopoly
suppress'd
.
her
People
,
which
she
thought
to
be
utterly
unlawful
,
and
tending
more
to
the
loading
her
with
the
hatred
of
her
Subjects
,
than
the
enriching
of
her
Coffers
.
She
was
very
severe
against
all
Informers
,
or
Promoters
,
who
having
Informers
and
Promoters
carefully
inquired
into
.
been
for
many
Ages
encouraged
by
her
Predecessors
,
as
the
Enrichers
and
Improvers
of
the
Royal
Revenues
,
had
contracted
a
vast
envy
from
the
whole
Nation
;
but
she
was
the
first
Prince
that
would
suffer
their
Crimes
to
be
inquired
into
;
and
finding
they
had
been
guilty
of
many
ill
Actions
,
she
put
a
stop
to
them
,
and
punished
them
for
what
they
had
done
,
that
they
might
no
longer
impoverish
the
better
and
richer
part
of
her
Subjects
.
Thus
she
delivered
her
People
from
the
grievous
Oppressions
of
Usurers
,
Ingrossers
,
and
Promoters
.
She
was
no
less
careful
to
protect
them
against
the
Avarice
of
her
Judges
and
Presidents
;
and
when
any
of
them
came
to
wait
on
her
,
she
would
upon
occasion
speak
very
severely
against
their
aspiring
to
those
places
,
the
She
detested
multitude
of
Suits
.
multitude
of
Suits
,
and
the
over
great
variety
of
Causes
.
She
encreased
the
Wages
of
her
Judges
,
that
she
might
deliver
them
at
once
from
the
temptation
and
suspition
of
Bribery
.
She
passed
an
excellent
and
a
most
equitable
Law
,
for
the
more
speedy
determining
the
Cases
depending
in
her
Courts
.
She
admonished
her
Judges
,
That
Her
Admonition
to
the
Judges
.
they
should
consider
the
Judgment
or
Jurisdiction
they
exercised
,
was
God's
;
and
therefore
they
should
hear
with
patience
,
and
give
judgment
with
equity
and
justice
,
truly
,
and
without
any
corruption
.
That
they
should
diligently
study
the
Law
,
and
consider
it
well
,
and
with
relation
to
the
profit
of
the
State
,
and
not
shew
the
sharpness
of
their
Wits
by
a
falacious
interpretation
of
a
doubtful
Law
,
to
the
injury
of
her
People
;
but
that
without
partiality
they
should
administer
equal
Justice
to
all
,
and
severely
punish
those
they
found
guilty
.
If
therefore
there
were
any
just
cause
os
complaint
in
her
times
,
it
was
only
owing
to
the
Judges
,
who
had
a
full
liberty
to
have
satisfied
the
Nation
by
their
Fidelity
and
Integrity
,
and
the
Religious
Observation
of
their
Oaths
;
and
so
were
not
necessitated
to
become
a
Grievance
to
her
People
by
Illegal
Proo●…edings
.
But
then
all
these
cares
shew
the
Corruption
of
the
Times
,
and
that
many
of
the
Law-Proceedings
had
been
corrupted
by
the
Lawyers
,
which
made
these
Laws
for
the
correction
of
them
necessary
.
When
she
had
thus
restored
her
Law-Courts
,
her
next
care
was
to
restrain
the
License
of
the
Theatre
,
The
licentious
liberty
of
the
Theatre
restrained
.
and
she
prohibited
all
Exercises
and
Plays
,
but
what
were
Manly
,
and
tended
to
the
fitting
her
Subjects
for
War
,
by
making
their
bodies
more
hardy
and
active
,
and
their
Souls
more
valiant
.
Her
Divine
Virtues
are
not
to
be
Recompenced
by
Statues
of
Brass
or
Marble
,
which
have
more
of
Ostentation
than
true
and
solid
Honour
;
nor
are
they
to
be
Equall'd
by
any
Commendations
or
Magnificent
Titles
;
for
they
deserved
more
Lasting
Monuments
to
be
erected
in
the
Minds
and
Judgments
of
men
for
an
Everlasting
Remembrance
.
And
certainly
Posterity
will
stand
amazed
to
read
and
consider
a
State
so
firmly
established
by
the
Greatness
of
her
Soul
and
Counsels
,
so
many
Victories
obtained
,
and
such
incredible
things
done
in
her
Times
.
Tho
her
Reign
was
the
most
glorious
and
happy
period
or
space
of
time
The
Calamities
and
Misfortunes
that
hapned
in
her
Times
.
that
had
ever
hapned
to
this
Island
from
the
Norman
Conquest
to
her
days
;
yet
there
were
some
Misfortunes
and
Calamities
that
clouded
the
Brightness
of
it
.
In
the
fifth
year
of
her
Reign
there
was
a
Plague
brought
out
of
France
by
her
Soldiers
from
Newhaven
,
which
destroyed
more
people
in
England
than
any
that
had
happened
before
it
.
The
Earthquakes
that
happened
frequently
in
those
times
,
frighted
the
English
more
than
any
other
thing
,
they
being
very
unusual
,
and
attended
,
with
horrible
Noises
in
the
earth
,
and
some
Damage
.
The
Queen
was
always
ready
to
relieve
any
of
her
Subjects
that
had
suffered
by
these
Earthquakes
,
Inundations
,
or
Fire
;
her
Coffers
were
ever
open
to
redress
the
Calamities
of
her
Subjects
,
and
to
enable
them
to
repair
their
Losses
.
When
the
people
of
London
fell
into
an
outragious
Tumult
on
the
account
of
a
Famine
,
and
a
great
want
of
Corn
,
she
first
by
her
Royal
Proclamation
appeased
their
enraged
minds
,
and
then
commanded
the
Lord
Mayor
to
undertake
the
Care
of
supplying
the
Wants
of
the
City
;
and
she
sent
many
Ships
into
the
Baltick
Sea
,
and
to
Poland
,
for
Corn
,
which
upon
their
return
put
an
end
to
these
Complaints
.
She
would
punish
the
Iniquities
of
Her
Care
of
,
and
Kindness
to
her
good
Magistrates
.
her
Magistrates
,
whenever
she
found
them
guilty
;
but
then
she
would
defend
their
Lawful
Power
,
and
assert
their
Just
Authority
against
ill
men
,
with
the
hazard
of
her
Life
.
Thus
she
put
a
stop
to
the
Insolence
of
the
Londoners
when
they
were
in
the
greatest
Rage
that
was
possible
,
by
the
sole
Authority
of
her
Proclamation
,
without
any
Forces
.
She
frequently
Her
Care
of
the
Poor
.
issued
considerable
Sums
of
Money
out
of
her
Treasury
,
for
the
Relief
of
the
Poor
.
She
took
a
particular
care
that
all
Religious
Foundations
,
and
places
built
for
the
benefit
of
the
Poor
,
should
be
employed
to
the
right
uses
;
and
that
the
Lands
and
Houses
belonging
to
them
,
should
for
ever
be
preserved
intire
to
them
.
As
she
took
effectual
and
wise
Care
Her
affectionate
and
tender
Care
of
the
Church
.
to
heal
the
Wounds
of
the
State
,
or
Civil
Government
,
so
she
well
understood
the
Diseases
of
the
Church
were
to
be
taken
into
consideration
too
,
and
to
be
prevented
with
the
utmost
hazard
of
a
Prince's
Personal
Safety
:
To
this
end
she
made
severe
Laws
against
the
selling
Livings
,
the
Avarice
of
Patrons
,
and
the
Simony
of
Clergy-men
.
She
detested
the
giving
Curacies
and
Preferments
to
those
that
had
no
Learning
.
She
preferred
honest
stout
men
,
who
were
well
read
in
Divine
and
Humane
Literature
,
and
well
acquainted
with
Men
,
and
Books
,
and
the
Times
,
to
the
Dignities
of
the
Church
,
and
the
greatest
and
best
endowed
Livings
:
But
on
the
other
hand
,
she
despised
all
those
that
had
neither
Virtue
,
nor
Parts
,
nor
Learning
;
but
above
all
,
the
dishonest
,
slanderous
,
and
crafty
Knaves
,
who
were
at
a
catch
to
injure
others
.
She
compelled
all
that
were
inducted
into
any
Benefice
,
to
swear
,
That
they
had
not
given
nor
promised
any
thing
to
any
person
whatsoever
,
directly
or
indirectly
,
on
the
account
of
that
Preferment
.
She
would
not
suffer
any
Benefice
to
be
bought
or
sold
;
but
she
detested
the
Buyer
and
the
Seller
as
the
worst
of
Plagues
;
and
took
care
to
exclude
them
from
that
and
all
other
Preferments
.
She
was
never
silent
or
unconcerned
,
when
unworthy
and
unfit
men
were
recommended
to
the
Dignities
of
the
Church
.
The
most
earnest
solicitations
of
the
greatest
of
her
Courtiers
and
Favourites
,
could
in
this
case
have
no
effect
upon
her
;
and
in
all
other
things
which
concerned
the
Safety
and
Welfare
of
the
Church
,
she
took
a
Pious
and
Religious
Care
to
place
her
Favours
to
the
best
advantage
.
She
was
a
Lady
of
Great
Beauty
,
of
Her
Stature
and
Personal
Accomplishments
.
a
Decent
Stature
,
and
of
an
Excellent
Shape
:
In
her
youth
she
was
adorned
with
a
more
than
usual
Maiden
Modesty
;
her
Skin
was
of
pure
white
,
and
her
hair
of
a
yellow
colour
;
her
Eyes
were
beautiful
and
lively
:
In
short
,
her
whole
Body
was
well
made
,
and
her
Face
was
adorned
with
a
wonderful
and
sweet
Beauty
and
Majesty
.
This
Beauty
lasted
till
her
Middle
Age
,
tho
it
declined
:
In
her
Old
Age
she
became
deformed
with
Wrinkles
,
Leanness
,
and
fallen
Lips
;
so
that
it
was
hard
to
believe
she
had
ever
had
that
Excellent
Composure
,
and
Lovely
Beauty
:
But
then
,
Time
was
able
to
make
no
change
in
her
,
as
to
her
Majesty
,
her
Princely
Speech
and
Carriage
;
her
Mind
was
as
high
,
her
Manners
as
regular
,
and
the
Course
of
her
Life
the
same
it
had
ever
been
.
She
was
however
so
displeased
to
see
her
Beauty
wear
off
,
and
her
Body
decline
from
its
former
Lustre
,
that
she
made
her self
a
little
ridiculous
,
by
her
taking
too
much
notice
of
it
.
If
she
hapned
by
accident
to
cast
her
eye
upon
a
true
Looking-glass
,
she
would
be
strangely
In
her
Old
Age
she
was
offended
at
the
Decay
of
her
Beauty
.
transported
and
offended
,
because
it
did
not
still
shew
her
what
she
had
been
.
The
Courtiers
,
who
knew
her
humour
,
if
she
were
to
pass
through
any
of
the
Ladies
Chambers
that
waited
on
her
,
presently
conveyed
away
all
the
Looking-glasses
,
and
sometimes
for
haste
broke
them
.
To
please
and
flatter
her
,
they
would
also
frequently
admire
her
Beauty
,
and
pretend
in
her
greatest
Age
and
Deformity
she
was
still
handsome
and
lovely
.
She
was
strangely
pleased
to
hear
the
Beauty
of
her
Face
,
the
Sweetness
of
her
Voice
,
and
the
Majesty
and
Decence
of
her
Countenance
still
admired
by
others
:
And
this
gave
occasion
to
many
unworthy
strokes
of
Flattery
,
and
examples
of
Adulation
sometimes
used
to
her
.
Adulation
.
Thus
the
Orators
of
those
times
would
too
often
in
their
Speeches
vainly
commemorate
and
celebrate
the
wonderful
and
pleasing
Beauty
and
Shape
of
their
Queen
,
and
say
,
The
Majesty
of
her
Countenance
was
not
at
all
subject
to
the
Injuries
of
Time
;
when
their
eyes
told
them
and
all
that
saw
her
,
the
contrary
;
from
thence
they
went
on
sometimes
to
tell
her
,
She
had
a
Soul
was
worthy
to
Rule
over
the
whole
World
;
and
enjoyed
those
Favours
of
Fortune
,
and
Gifts
of
Nature
and
Art
,
which
fitted
her
for
the
Empire
of
the
Universe
:
Nor
were
her
stately
Palaces
and
Buildings
,
her
noble
Furniture
,
her
fine
Statues
,
or
excellent
Pictures
,
her
great
Treasures
,
Virtues
,
or
Felicity
,
forgotten
on
these
occasions
.
The
Flatteries
of
Learned
men
towards
The
Flatteries
of
learned
men
noted
.
her
were
very
base
and
shameful
,
and
such
as
would
hardly
become
the
Stage
or
Theatre
;
for
they
would
often
apply
to
her
that
Expression
of
Virgil's
as
spoken
of
her
,
(
O
Dea
certe
)
!
Surely
this
is
a
Goddess
!
And
that
Sentence
too
which
Tacitus
marked
as
the
utmost
pitch
of
a
wild
and
boundless
Assentation
,
(
Solam
D.
Elizabethae
mentena
tantae
molis
capacem
)
,
That
none
but
the
Divine
Soul
of
Queen
Elizabeth
was
able
to
sustain
that
Weight
:
By
which
extravagant
Flatteries
they
would
have
had
men
think
that
the
Name
of
their
Queen
had
something
of
Divinity
in
it
,
and
that
they
revered
her
as
a
Goddess
which
fell
from
Heaven
.
These
base
and
pernicious
Flatteries
so
far
transported
the
minds
of
Caligula
,
Domitian
,
and
Heliogabilus
,
that
they
fell
into
a
kind
of
Madness
,
and
forgetting
the
frailty
of
their
humane
state
,
they
assumed
the
Stile
and
Honours
of
gods
,
and
despised
all
Religions
,
and
the
Providence
of
God
.
The
Queen
especially
She
endeavoured
at
first
to
raise
a
good
opinion
of
her self
in
her
Subjects
.
in
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
endeavoured
to
raise
in
the
minds
of
her
Subjects
an
high
opinion
of
her self
;
and
to
that
end
she
shewed
her self
on
all
occasions
very
Civil
and
Obliging
to
the
Many
in
her
Attire
,
Retinue
,
and
Carriage
.
She
always
openly
profess'd
that
she
would
make
it
her
business
to
employ
her
Estate
and
Fortunes
in
the
most
prudent
Administration
of
her
Royal
Power
and
Authority
.
Whatever
Which
by
degrees
brought
her
to
love
Flattery
.
she
did
or
said
was
by
her
designed
to
draw
upon
her self
the
Applause
and
Good
Wills
of
her
Subjects
;
and
by
this
her
Moderation
and
Prudence
she
won
the
Hearts
,
and
obtained
the
Prailes
of
all
men
.
Afterwards
with
the
Prosperity
of
her
Affairs
,
Flattery
,
that
old
haunter
of
the
Courts
of
Fortunate
Monarchs
,
under
the
Vizor
and
Mask
of
Diligence
,
Loyalty
,
and
Duty
,
gained
her
ear
and
her
heart
;
and
she
was
pleased
to
see
her
Parasitical
Courtiers
,
when
they
had
looked
intently
on
her
,
of
sudden
cast
their
eyes
upon
the
ground
,
and
craftilyseem
to
shake
,
as
if
their
Modesty
was
not
able
to
bear
the
Greatness
of
her
Majesty
,
and
the
splendor
of
her
Heavenly
Eyes
.
And
if
in
their
common
Intercourses
with
her
,
or
their
Publick
Addresses
to
her
,
they
happened
to
fall
into
Flattery
,
she
never
corrected
them
for
it
,
nor
forbid
these
indecent
and
unseasonable
Flatteries
.
She
would
not
suffer
any
of
her
Subjects
,
tho
Parliament-men
,
to
speak
to
her
by
way
of
Address
or
Business
,
but
upon
their
Knees
,
and
with
great
submission
.
The
crafty
men
of
that
Age
who
lay
in
Ambush
,
made
great
use
of
this
Infirmity
Crafty
men
wrought
upon
this
her
Infirmity
.
of
the
Queen's
,
and
observed
not
only
her
Words
,
but
her
Looks
and
Nods
,
and
flattered
her
in
every
thing
.
Sir
Thomas
Henage
,
a
Knight
,
was
one
of
these
cunning
Blades
,
who
by
the
basest
crouching
Insinuations
scrued
himself
into
her
good
opinion
,
and
most
intimate
Familiarity
;
and
by
this
means
in
her
Court
raised
himself
to
a
great
Power
and
Estate
.
And
besides
him
,
there
were
many
others
who
were
not
ignorant
of
this
useful
Art
,
tho
they
were
inferior
to
him
in
Place
,
Fortune
,
and
Fame
.
Tho
many
of
her
more
sincere
and
hearty
Friends
advised
her
,
Not
to
be
imposed
on
by
the
specious
Pretences
of
obsequious
Diligence
and
Respect
;
yet
she
was
not
only
better
pleased
with
Flattery
than
Truth
,
but
hated
all
that
Liberty
in
her
Subjects
that
was
above
this
practice
.
A
Learned
man
taking
notice
in
one
of
his
Sermons
before
her
,
That
she
that
had
been
as
meek
as
a
Lamb
,
was
become
an
untameable
Heifer
;
he
was
reprehended
by
her
so
soon
as
he
came
out
of
the
Pulpit
,
as
an
over-confident
man
,
that
dishonoured
his
Sovereign
;
as
in
truth
that
was
the
worst
Time
and
Place
he
could
have
chosen
to
Reprove
her
in
.
David's
,
a
man
of
great
Piety
and
Learning
,
discoursing
once
very
prudently
of
the
many
Infirmities
of
Old
Age
,
so
provoked
the
Indignation
of
the
Queen
,
that
she
would
never
after
endure
to
hear
him
.
Tho
she
was
an
utter
Enemy
to
all
Freedom
of
Speech
,
yet
she
very
well
knew
how
to
distinguish
between
a
Crafty
Preacher
who
made
it
his
She
understood
Preacliing
very
well
,
and
loved
Severe
and
Grave
men
.
business
to
accomodate
himself
to
the
Opinions
and
Wills
of
his
Hearers
,
and
a
constant
,
severe
,
and
grave
man
.
Accordingly
she
ever
preferr'd
a
Moderate
and
Temperate
Way
of
Preaching
,
for
fear
her
People
should
have
been
excited
by
such
Turbulent
men
to
excessive
Insolence
,
and
the
minds
of
wiser
men
should
also
have
been
offended
.
In
this
affair
she
made
good
use
of
the
provident
Prudence
of
the
Bishops
,
But
curbed
the
Fiery
,
Turbulent
Preachers
.
who
deprived
the
over-fiery
spirits
of
the
Liberty
of
Preaching
,
and
put
a
stop
to
their
excessive
Boldness
.
And
this
was
the
principal
Reason
why
none
were
suffercd
to
Preach
in
her
times
,
but
such
as
were
Licensed
to
do
so
.
Yet
at
the
same
time
she
was
a
Person
of
great
Piety
,
and
endowed
with
the
most
ardent
Love
of
Religion
;
but
then
she
did
not
think
it
was
fit
to
suffer
her
Kingdoms
to
be
embroiled
by
Seditious
spirits
,
under
the
Mask
and
She
loved
Religion
,
but
hated
Factions
.
Pretence
of
avoiding
Persecution
,
and
promoting
the
Service
of
God
:
And
she
was
happy
in
this
,
that
in
her
times
those
Parties
that
have
since
spread
themselves
over
this
whole
Kingdom
,
were
small
and
inconsiderable
,
and
so
she
was
under
no
necessity
of
complying
with
them
for
her
own
safety
,
but
could
treat
them
as
she
thought
fit
;
and
perhaps
if
her
two
next
immediate
Successors
had
pursued
the
same
Methods
she
did
,
there
had
been
no
Civil
War
in
England
;
but
whilst
they
sought
to
gratifie
the
Princes
of
the
Roman-Catholick
Religion
abroad
,
by
their
Lenity
to
the
Papists
at
home
,
the
Protestant
Dissenters
grew
up
here
,
and
if
they
were
connived
at
,
encreased
;
if
they
were
suppressed
,
they
turned
the
Envy
of
the
Favour
shewn
to
the
Papists
,
upon
the
Government
;
and
easily
persuaded
the
People
,
that
Popery
would
be
restored
in
England
.
Whether
she
consulted
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
War
,
she
always
set
God
befo●…
〈◊〉
,
and
directed
all
things
to
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
For
the
promoting
Charity
and
Piety
,
she
Her
Devotion
in
the
Publick
Service
of
God
.
Religiously
observed
the
stated
and
ap
pointed
Festivals
of
the
Church
,
when
she
was
present
at
the
appointed
Prayers
,
and
the
Sermons
,
both
which
she
heard
with
much
Devotion
and
Attention
,
but
without
the
least
mixture
of
Superstition
.
She
ever
received
the
Eucharist
with
highest
Expressions
of
Respect
,
and
used
the
Ceremonies
of
the
Church
.
When
she
went
to
hear
the
Week
day
or
Lent-Sermons
,
she
was
ever
attended
by
many
of
,
her
Nobility
of
both
Sexes
,
but
without
,
any
extraordinary
Splendor
in
her
Dress
or
Retinue
.
According
to
the
nature
and
circumstance
of
the
times
,
she
religiously
and
devoutly
listned
to
the
Sermons
made
before
her
;
and
according
to
the
Merits
of
the
Preachers
,
rarely
failed
to
shew
them
her
Favour
,
and
salute
and
thank
them
before
they
went
away
.
She
very
freely
exposed
She
exposed
her
Life
for
the
Safety
of
the
Church
.
her
Life
to
the
utmost
hazards
for
the
preserving
the
Dignity
and
Discipline
of
the
Church
;
to
which
end
she
caused
her
Laws
against
the
Papists
to
be
constantly
and
regularly
executed
;
and
she
shewed
the
same
Severity
against
the
Obstinacy
of
the
Protestant
Dissenters
,
whom
she
kept
all
her
times
under
strict
and
sharp
Restraint
.
I
think
it
is
not
needful
to
shew
here
again
to
what
great
Perils
she
exposed
her
Life
for
the
Preservation
of
the
Reformed
Religion
.
She
shewed
her self
ever
easie
and
She
humoured
and
caressed
the
Body
of
the
People
.
merciful
to
the
People
,
and
condescended
to
humour
them
,
and
promote
their
Welfare
with
the
utmost
Humanity
.
By
this
her
Clemency
and
Sweetness
,
and
the
Equity
of
her
Laws
,
and
the
Proceedings
on
them
,
her
Courteous
Behaviour
,
and
Obliging
Speeches
to
them
,
she
so
intirely
won
their
Hearts
,
and
fixed
their
Affections
,
that
without
any
Command
of
hers
,
of
their
own
accord
,
and
by
an
universal
Consent
,
they
every
year
celebrated
her
Coronation-Day
with
a
Religious
Joy
:
They
chearfully
exposed
their
Lives
to
any
Danger
for
her
Safety
;
and
never
refused
to
suffer
or
hazard
any
thing
,
if
they
might
but
enjoy
their
beloved
Queen
.
Being
thus
secured
of
the
Affection
of
her
People
,
she
lived
pleasantly
and
securely
in
Peace
and
Plenty
;
and
she
could
safely
treat
her
Nobility
,
as
became
a
Prince
,
when
she
was
sure
to
be
reverenced
and
obeyed
;
her
Authority
being
supported
thus
by
the
Love
and
good
disposition
of
her
Subjects
towards
her
.
The
People
honoured
some
of
her
Ministers
of
State
too
,
and
very
much
applauded
them
;
and
upon
every
New-Year's
Day
freely
made
a
present
to
them
,
to
testifie
the
grateful
sense
they
had
of
the
Benefits
they
had
received
by
their
Ministry
.
The
People
of
the
meanest
degree
had
ever
an
easie
access
to
the
Queen
,
and
could
with
the
utmost
freedom
make
their
Complaints
to
her
of
any
Injury
they
had
suffered
from
the
greatest
of
the
Nobility
;
so
that
it
is
very
difficult
to
say
,
whether
her
Subjects
most
feared
her
Authority
,
or
loved
her
Humanity
and
Courtesie
.
All
these
many
and
great
Virtues
,
her
Piety
,
the
Love
of
her
Kingdom
,
and
the
careful
diligence
she
employed
to
win
and
keep
the
Affections
of
her
Subjects
,
sprang
from
one
and
the
same
Fountain
,
her
Prudence
.
This
taught
her
how
much
it
contributed
to
the
Safety
and
Security
of
her
State
,
to
have
her
Privy
Council
consist
of
none
but
Wise
and
Faithful
Men
,
chosen
freely
and
prudently
by
her self
:
And
by
the
Authority
and
with
the
Approbation
of
this
Council
,
she
provided
for
the
Government
of
her
Border-Counties
and
Garisons
,
approved
men
,
of
good
Understandings
,
and
well
Educated
,
who
were
to
take
care
to
secure
her
Kingdom
from
External
Surprizes
,
and
Internal
Broils
;
they
were
directed
by
her
to
take
care
also
of
whatever
tended
to
the
Welfare
of
her
People
,
and
to
punish
what
was
wicked
and
disquieting
;
which
they
did
,
not
only
by
the
execution
of
good
Laws
,
but
also
by
the
exemplary
Lives
they
led
.
The
Parliaments
in
her
time
were
Parliaments
frequently
held
,
and
for
the
most
part
well
tempered
.
frequent
,
and
well
tempered
;
the
Lower
House
being
generally
chosen
of
Men
of
good
Prudence
,
and
beloved
by
the
people
,
upon
the
opinion
of
their
Integrity
,
Fidelity
,
and
Piety
:
By
their
Advice
and
Assistance
the
Royal
Authority
became
more
resplendant
;
and
whilst
they
did
their
Duties
,
she
as
carefully
observed
their
Privileges
,
and
regarded
their
Petitions
and
Advices
;
but
if
at
any
time
they
hapned
to
transgress
their
bounds
,
and
intrench
upon
her
Authority
,
she
would
make
them
soon
sensible
that
they
were
her
Subjects
,
as
well
in
Parliament
,
as
out
of
Parliament
:
And
the
truth
is
,
those
Notions
and
Practices
which
afterwards
imbroil
d
this
Kingdom
,
and
injealoused
some
,
and
ruined
one
of
her
Successors
,
began
to
spring
up
in
her
time
,
and
were
only
suppressed
by
the
prudence
and
steadiness
of
the
Queen
,
her
wise
Council
,
good
Government
,
and
the
affection
the
People
bore
to
her
;
so
that
it
was
not
possible
for
Factious
and
Ambitious
Men
in
her
times
to
raise
those
Fears
,
or
foment
those
Distrusts
,
that
became
so
fatal
afterwards
.
Though
she
was
thus
jealous
of
her
own
Regal
and
Sovereign
Authority
,
by
which
she
had
the
right
of
conferring
Titles
of
Honour
,
administring
Justice
,
&c.
yet
she
did
little
of
importance
without
the
concurrence
of
the
Three
Estates
:
And
they
never
stubbornly
and
generally
invaded
the
Royal
Authority
,
despised
her
Commands
,
or
resisted
her
Counsels
and
Admonitions
.
Whilst
she
was
setling
the
methods
of
her
Government
,
she
laid
down
this
as
a
certain
Maxim
,
which
she
had
learned
from
the
English
History
,
and
her
own
Observation
and
Experience
,
That
the
Her
Maxim
concerning
War
and
Peace
.
People
of
England
were
more
governable
in
times
of
War
,
than
in
times
of
Peace
.
That
the
common
People
were
hardened
and
made
valiant
by
War
,
but
by
too
much
Peace
became
sloathful
and
dissolute
,
and
at
the
same
time
Factious
and
unquiet
.
That
the
Nobility
,
if
once
manumised
from
the
Labours
and
Perils
of
War
,
would
in
Peace
become
expensive
,
luxurious
and
effeminate
.
Her
greater
care
was
to
know
throughly
the
state
of
her
Kingdoms
;
and
those
men
that
were
intrusted
by
her
to
govern
her
People
,
whose
Words
and
Actions
she
carefully
observed
.
She
carefully
observed
the
Examples
of
her
Royal
Ancestors
,
the
Publick
Laws
and
Institutions
,
the
Manners
and
Inclinations
of
the
Common
People
,
the
Names
and
Abilities
of
her
Nobility
,
their
Publick
Offices
,
and
Private
Estates
,
the
number
of
her
Soldiers
and
Garisons
,
her
Fleets
and
Forts
,
and
whatever
else
had
been
provided
for
the
defence
and
safety
of
her
Kingdoms
;
her
Customs
,
Taxes
,
Crown-Lands
,
and
Revenues
,
and
the
Charges
and
Expence
she
was
to
make
;
in
all
which
she
prudently
and
providently
altered
many
things
for
the
better
.
She
never
put
Arms
into
the
She
would
never
arm
the
meanest
of
the
People
.
hands
of
the
meanest
and
poorest
of
the
People
,
that
their
wants
might
not
prompt
them
to
Sedition
;
So
that
the
Militia
in
her
time
was
generally
supplied
by
the
Yeomanry
and
richer
Tenants
,
who
served
in
their
own
Arms.
The
present
Practice
of
imploying
mean
people
,
arose
upon
the
multiplying
the
Train
Arms
,
and
the
overcharging
men
,
which
indeed
has
made
them
more
numerous
,
but
not
so
safe
,
considerable
,
or
governable
,
as
they
were
before
,
to
the
damage
both
of
the
Crown
and
People
.
She
never
advanced
any
to
the
degree
of
a
Peer
,
but
The
Honours
belonging
to
the
Peerage
,
carefully
given
.
those
that
were
men
of
worth
,
and
whose
virtue
and
industry
had
rendered
them
fit
for
it
;
and
yet
after
all
these
Cautions
,
the
number
she
created
was
very
small
.
She
rarely
created
any
man
a
Peer
upon
the
solicitation
or
recommendation
of
others
,
or
for
her
own
fancy
or
humour
;
but
when
any
person
stood
Candidate
for
that
Honour
,
there
was
an
exact
and
careful
confideration
had
of
the
Nobility
of
his
Ancestors
,
the
Greatness
of
the
Family
,
the
Endowments
of
his
Mind
,
and
the
briskness
of
his
Parts
,
of
his
Probity
,
Wisdom
and
Prudence
,
and
of
the
strength
and
vigour
of
his
Body
,
which
might
enable
him
to
perform
some
good
service
to
the
Nation
.
It
was
the
rare
felicity
of
these
Times
,
That
men
were
advanced
to
Honours
without
their
seeking
it
;
and
sometimes
against
their
wills
,
being
promoted
for
their
Virtues
,
not
Fortunes
.
She
chose
Her
care
in
chusing
good
Councellors
,
Bishops
,
Judges
and
Ministers
.
her
Counsellors
,
Bishops
,
Judges
,
Ministers
and
Court-Officers
,
and
her
inferior
Magistrates
,
on
the
single
score
of
their
Fidelity
,
Experience
,
Piety
,
Justice
,
Modesty
,
Prudence
and
Wisdom
:
That
they
being
thus
advanced
,
might
exercise
their
Offices
the
more
honourably
and
sincerely
.
She
would
often
tell
those
she
entrusted
,
That
they
might
rest
assured
she
would
reward
their
Integrity
,
Industry
and
Equity
;
and
if
she
found
them
guilty
of
any
Injustice
and
Oppression
,
she
would
as
certainly
punish
them
for
it
.
She
would
never
entertain
in
her
Service
any
Ignorant
,
Covetous
,
Dishonest
,
or
Light
Person
.
She
always
loved
Sir
Walter
Rawleigh
for
his
great
Ingenuity
and
Loyalty
,
yet
he
was
never
admitted
into
the
Privy
Council
.
When
Burleigh
,
the
Lord
Treasurer
,
had
a
long
time
solicited
her
to
advance
his
Son
Robert
,
a
Person
of
great
Parts
,
to
be
Secretary
of
State
;
she
a
great
while
denied
it
,
only
because
he
was
little
of
stature
,
and
hunch-backed
;
and
she
thought
it
a
dishonour
to
that
Board
,
to
have
a
deformed
Person
sit
amongst
so
many
Eminent
and
Noble
Persons
;
and
when
afterwards
he
attained
this
Honour
upon
the
solicitation
of
his
Father
,
and
his
other
Friends
,
the
Nobility
were
highly
offended
at
it
.
And
when
after
that
he
was
,
upon
the
death
of
the
Lord
Buckhurst
,
made
his
Father's
Assistant
in
the
Treasury
,
it
so
far
provoked
the
Military
men
,
that
it
proved
the
Ruine
of
the
Earl
of
Essex
,
and
it
was
well
it
ended
here
.
The
Queen
being
thus
provided
with
a
Wise
and
Noble
Council
with
great
care
and
prudence
,
and
which
were
highly
esteemed
by
her
People
too
,
as
well
as
her self
,
for
their
virtue
;
she
chose
the
most
learned
and
uprightest
of
the
Councellors
,
or
Lawyers
,
to
be
her
Judges
,
only
Hatton
excepted
.
She
was
an
exact
Observer
of
Justice
,
Her
Justice
,
and
Veracity
,
and
Severity
to
Offenders
.
which
is
the
most
resplendent
of
all
the
Moral
Virtues
,
and
of
veracity
or
constancy
to
her
Word
,
which
is
the
foundation
of
Justice
:
She
was
extremely
severe
against
all
that
broke
her
Laws
,
and
punished
sometimes
small
Offences
with
great
severity
.
Though
the
Earl
of
Essex
was
a
Person
of
great
Fame
,
her
particular
Favourite
,
and
had
done
her
,
and
the
Nation
,
good
Services
,
and
was
the
best
Soldier
her
times
bred
(
which
were
well
stored
with
excellent
Military
men
)
yet
when
by
the
fraud
of
his
Enemies
and
Flatterers
,
rather
than
his
own
Inclinations
,
he
was
so
far
transported
,
as
to
attempt
to
arm
her
Subjects
against
his
envious
Rivals
,
who
treacherously
sought
his
ruine
;
That
which
he
expected
would
have
turned
to
his
advantage
failing
,
the
Queen
delivered
him
into
the
hands
of
the
common
Executioner
,
who
mangled
his
Body
to
that
degree
,
that
it
enraged
the
people
that
saw
it
,
against
the
Hangman
,
and
they
stoned
and
cursed
him
for
it
,
and
drove
him
out
of
the
City
.
Soon
after
God
took
a
severe
account
of
those
that
had
been
the
Procurers
of
this
Noble
Person
's
death
;
Cobham
,
Gray
and
Rawleigh
,
with
their
whole
Families
,
were
ruined
within
the
space
of
a
few
years
;
Sir
Robert
Cecil
,
the
principal
Agent
in
it
,
lived
longer
,
but
at
last
perished
too
by
a
long
Disease
,
attended
with
Ulcers
,
and
other
painful
and
loathsome
Circumstances
;
and
as
the
Story
goes
,
under
an
Hedge
in
the
open
Fields
as
he
was
travelling
on
the
Road.
Sir
John
Perrot
,
a
Welsh
Gentleman
Sir
John
Perrot
an
Instance
of
her
Severity
.
of
great
Spirit
,
and
of
much
fame
for
his
Military
Exploits
,
and
his
Integrity
in
the
management
of
the
Wars
in
Ireland
;
was
yet
of
something
too
fierce
a
temper
,
which
gave
his
Enemies
too
many
opportunities
to
traduce
and
injure
him
.
The
Lord
Chancellor
Hatton
was
one
of
those
who
imployed
Spies
upon
him
,
and
they
catching
some
Expressions
that
fell
from
him
in
a
passion
,
and
much
improving
them
to
his
disadvantage
,
accused
him
to
the
Queen
as
one
that
was
not
well
affected
to
Her
Majesty
,
and
that
had
used
some
Expressions
which
tended
to
her
dishonour
;
for
which
,
and
his
over-stiff
Contumacy
,
he
was
put
upon
his
Trial
,
and
being
found
guilty
,
he
was
condemned
,
and
was
imprisoned
to
the
day
of
his
death
;
suffering
want
,
and
nastiness
of
a
common
Goal
and
the
uneasiness
of
an
afflicted
and
delected
mind
.
to
see
himself
thus
in
his
old
Age
abandon'd
to
the
malice
of
his
Enemies
by
his
Mistress
,
whom
he
had
served
with
much
fidelity
and
courage
in
her
Wars
.
His
Estate
also
,
which
he
had
received
from
his
Ancestors
,
which
was
considerable
,
and
what
he
had
gained
himself
,
was
all
taken
from
him
.
The
Lord
Treasurer
Burleigh
was
also
suspected
to
have
had
a
great
share
in
the
Contrivance
of
this
Gentleman's
Ruine
.
Her
Severity
,
which
she
exerted
in
Her
very
Severity
to
Offenders
made
her
the
more
beloved
by
the
People
.
punishing
the
Disorders
and
Offences
of
her
Servants
,
was
so
far
from
being
invidious
,
that
it
made
her
more
popular
,
and
the
better
thought
of
by
all
good
men
.
She
had
the
utmost
aversion
for
all
contrived
and
malicious
Murthers
;
so
that
she
thought
such
Miscreants
could
never
be
treated
too
ill
;
and
when
she
got
them
into
her
power
,
she
would
rarely
shew
them
any
mercy
.
Of
this
I
will
only
give
two
Instances
of
a
multitude
that
happened
in
her
times
,
which
will
shorten
my
Work
,
and
serve
to
illustrate
her
Justice
and
Severity
.
There
were
two
Brothers
of
the
Family
of
Davers
who
were
of
the
degree
of
Knights
,
and
men
of
good
Estates
and
Reputations
,
and
they
had
a
quarrel
with
another
Gentleman
of
equal
Birth
and
Estate
,
whose
name
was
Long
,
a
man
of
Valour
too
;
thereupon
they
resolved
to
murther
him
;
and
taking
the
advantage
as
he
was
going
to
set
down
to
Dinner
,
they
shot
him
in
the
breast
.
The
Queen
hearing
of
this
Fact
,
was
strangely
enraged
at
it
,
and
resolved
to
revenge
the
Villany
to
the
utmost
degree
(
as
she
ever
detected
all
premeditated
Assassinations
)
and
she
accordingly
ordered
the
Law
to
pass
against
the
two
Daverses
,
and
cited
them
to
appear
before
her
Judges
to
answer
for
it
.
But
the
two
Brothers
made
their
escape
,
and
fled
first
into
France
;
there
they
heard
of
the
Insurrections
in
Ireland
,
into
which
Kingdom
they
passed
,
and
served
the
Queen
against
her
Rebel-Subjects
,
in
hopes
by
some
signal
Acts
of
Valour
to
blot
out
their
said
Crime
,
and
regain
her
Favour
;
And
in
truth
they
served
her
many
years
with
extraordinary
Fidelity
and
Courage
against
those
Barbarous
Rebels
;
yet
after
all
,
the
Earl
of
Essex
could
not
obtain
their
Pardon
without
very
great
difficuly
,
and
many
and
repeated
Solicitations
.
The
Eldest
of
these
two
Brothers
afterwards
lost
his
Life
in
the
Service
of
the
Queen
,
and
under
the
Command
of
the
Earl
of
Essex
.
In
all
private
Suits
she
was
observed
Her
Justice
.
to
be
a
religious
Observer
of
Justice
and
Equity
,
and
to
keep
the
Ballance
even
between
the
greatest
and
the
meanest
of
her
Subjects
:
She
preserved
the
poorest
from
wrongs
,
and
made
it
her
care
that
every
man
might
enjoy
what
was
his
own
,
and
serve
the
Publick
with
it
;
by
the
impartiality
of
Justice
,
and
the
equity
of
all
Law-proceedings
,
providing
carefully
for
the
preservation
of
Human
Society
,
for
the
good
of
the
whole
Community
.
When
any
Case
happened
to
be
wrongfully
determin'd
,
by
reason
of
Perjury
,
or
Interest
,
Partiality
,
or
mistake
in
any
of
her
Courts
;
she
would
upon
complaint
hear
it
her self
,
taking
to
her
assistance
men
of
the
greatest
Authority
,
and
much
celebrated
for
their
exact
knowledge
of
the
Laws
of
England
.
And
when
she
had
thus
sifted
it
to
the
bottom
,
she
would
ever
give
a
most
just
and
wise
Sentence
,
by
which
she
made
her
Judges
the
more
careful
to
keep
within
the
bounds
of
Equity
and
Justice
,
and
shewed
her
Subjects
,
that
no
part
of
her
People
should
want
the
benign
influence
of
her
care
and
assistance
in
time
of
need
.
She
always
took
care
that
her
inferior
Magistrates
should
be
reverenced
,
and
the
Authority
of
her
Council
and
Laws
kept
up
?
But
then
whatever
had
been
injuriously
transacted
by
Bribery
,
or
Error
,
in
any
of
her
Courts
,
she
as
willingly
corrected
,
that
Errors
might
not
encrease
and
multiply
by
her
carelesness
,
or
the
ignorance
of
her
Judges
;
and
that
Mistakes
might
not
get
strength
by
time
,
and
plead
custom
.
She
would
sometimes
also
cause
Cases
to
be
heard
by
her
other
ordinary
Judges
after
they
had
been
determined
,
that
she
might
keep
the
ordinary
Judges
in
awe
,
and
make
them
the
more
circumspect
,
when
they
were
liable
to
have
their
Actions
scanned
over
again
.
In
her
Personal
Expences
she
was
She
was
sparing
in
her
personal
Expences
,
but
magnificant
in
her
publick
Actions
.
●…hrifty
and
sparing
;
that
she
might
not
exhaust
her
Exchequer
,
and
at
the
same
time
to
teach
her
Subjects
by
her
own
Example
to
live
thriftily
,
and
soberly
,
after
the
manner
of
their
Ancestors
:
In
her
Government
,
and
all
her
Publick
Actions
she
carried
all
things
in
such
manner
as
might
best
befit
her
Honour
,
and
represent
her
to
the
World
as
a
great
and
a
splendid
Prince
:
Nor
would
she
at
any
time
make
any
considerable
expence
,
till
she
had
first
consulted
with
her
Treasurer
Burleigh
concerning
the
state
of
her
Exchequer
,
and
what
Monies
she
had
to
defray
the
same
:
It
was
then
thought
his
Advices
to
her
made
her
more
sparing
than
was
fit
toward
the
Sword-men
and
Commanders
in
the
War
;
It
is
certain
however
,
that
she
never
called
Grey
,
Willoughby
,
Norris
,
or
Sir
Francis
Vere
to
the
Council-Table
,
though
they
were
excellent
Commanders
,
and
had
done
her
good
service
in
Holland
,
Spain
,
France
and
Ireland
,
by
the
gaining
of
many
signal
Victories
,
and
the
spreading
the
Fame
,
and
exalting
the
Reputation
of
the
English
Nation
.
When
some
of
them
had
wasted
the
She
was
too
sparing
in
her
Rewards
,
especially
to
the
Sword-men
.
Estates
left
them
by
their
Ancestors
,
and
complained
to
her
of
their
Poverty
,
beseeching
her
to
give
them
wherewith
to
pay
off
the
Debts
they
had
contracted
in
her
Service
,
it
is
certain
she
never
contributed
any
thing
to
that
purpose
from
her
Treasure
,
nor
in
the
least
assisted
or
favoured
them
in
any
thing
.
She
sought
rather
to
encourage
and
win
her
Generals
and
Nobility
over
to
Acts
of
Valour
by
her
Commendations
,
than
by
the
gift
of
Money
,
Lands
,
or
Offices
.
In
her
conversation
with
them
she
would
shew
them
much
patience
and
affability
,
and
would
frequently
acknowledge
how
much
they
had
obliged
her
by
their
Actions
.
But
as
to
those
that
had
lost
their
Lives
in
her
Service
,
or
done
any
great
Action
for
the
Safety
,
Liberty
,
and
Glory
of
her
Kingdom
,
she
would
often
take
occasion
to
speak
of
them
with
much
affection
and
honour
,
which
was
the
best
Reward
they
often
met
with
for
having
served
her
with
great
Iudustry
and
Courage
.
When
Sir
Philip
Sidney
,
a
Gentleman
Sir
Philip
Sidney
much
lamented
.
of
noble
Birth
,
and
honest
Disposition
,
of
great
Parts
,
Learning
,
Virtue
and
Fame
,
had
lost
his
life
before
Zutphen
in
the
Netherlands
,
in
the
Year
1586.
he
was
not
only
lamented
by
the
whole
Army
in
the
Camp
,
and
Elegies
made
to
his
Honour
by
the
Universities
of
England
,
but
he
was
commended
also
by
the
Court
,
and
the
Queen
commanded
his
Body
to
be
publickly
interred
in
St.
Paul's
Church
in
London
,
which
was
performed
with
much
solemnity
,
and
a
vast
concourse
of
the
Nobility
,
Gentry
,
and
Citizens
:
And
it
was
fit
all
this
respect
should
be
shewed
to
his
Memory
on
the
score
of
his
Virtue
,
Learning
and
Merits
,
which
have
made
him
so
famous
in
those
,
and
all
the
succeeding
times
.
This
is
an
Honour
that
is
more
lasting
,
and
more
noble
,
than
any
Statues
,
or
Funeral
Monuments
,
which
are
often
destroyed
by
Fire
,
Wars
,
Earthquakes
,
or
Time
;
and
without
any
of
these
,
are
sometimes
lost
to
the
knowledge
of
men
,
and
themselves
buried
in
forgetfulness
;
but
his
Books
and
Actions
will
make
him
admired
in
all
times
.
The
Magnificent
Funeral
of
this
Noble
Knight
was
an
honour
to
the
Queen
,
and
to
the
Age
,
and
even
to
Learning
it self
.
The
Earl
of
Leicester
,
who
was
his
Unkle
,
was
chief
Mourner
at
his
Funeral
,
and
extoll'd
the
Virtue
of
his
Nephew
to
Heaven
,
in
hopes
the
lustre
of
his
Pupil's
Name
would
reflect
upon
himself
an
equal
commendation
and
glory
;
but
in
truth
Sir
Philip
Sidney
was
his
own
Tutor
,
and
gained
all
the
glory
he
met
with
by
his
natural
Endowments
,
and
his
Studies
;
and
perhaps
it
was
owing
too
in
great
part
to
the
scarcity
of
Learning
at
that
time
,
which
made
those
that
enjoyed
it
then
,
more
conspicuous
and
regardable
than
they
have
been
since
,
when
it
became
more
common
;
but
then
this
latter
neglect
has
made
it
less
desired
,
and
less
aspired
to
,
and
almost
wheeled
us
about
to
the
same
point
of
the
Circle
he
was
in
.
Nor
was
the
Queen's
Favours
confined
She
shewed
great
respect
to
the
memory
of
the
meanest
Soldier
that
perished
in
her
Service
.
only
to
her
Generals
,
and
Great
Men
,
but
she
would
condescend
to
celebrate
the
Memory
of
the
meanest
common
Soldier
that
had
had
the
honour
to
spend
his
life
in
the
service
of
his
Countrey
,
to
excess
.
She
redeemed
out
of
Captivity
those
that
were
taken
of
the
meaner
People
;
and
she
willingly
gave
to
their
Parents
,
Wives
and
Children
,
that
Money
,
and
those
Rewards
they
might
justly
have
expected
from
her
,
if
they
had
lived
.
So
that
she
kindled
in
the
minds
of
all
her
Subjects
by
her
bounty
,
kindness
and
beneficence
,
an
ardent
desire
of
Military
Virtue
,
and
in
this
she
exceeded
the
most
of
her
Predecessors
.
Burleigh
,
though
a
man
of
great
virtue
and
honour
,
too
stubbornly
prosecuted
the
Cause
of
the
Exchequer
against
the
Commanders
of
those
times
,
and
kept
the
Queen
from
shewing
them
that
Favour
,
and
from
giving
them
those
Rewards
they
had
by
their
Virtue
and
Industry
so
well
deserved
;
by
which
means
he
alienated
from
the
Queen
the
But
was
not
liberal
to
the
Great
men
,
which
had
an
ill
effect
.
hearts
of
many
of
the
Nobility
,
who
were
men
of
great
knowledge
,
valour
,
industry
and
fidelity
,
and
had
,
with
the
hazard
of
their
Lives
and
Limbs
,
procured
hers
,
and
the
Nation
's
safety
;
and
after
all
,
in
their
old
,
Age
were
left
in
poverty
to
struggle
with
the
Debts
and
Diseases
they
had
contracted
in
her
Service
.
To
this
man's
sordid
and
sparing
Humour
was
owing
the
failing
of
all
Military
Virtue
in
the
following
Reigns
,
when
men
saw
how
rich
he
,
and
the
rest
of
the
States
men
,
could
leave
their
Families
and
Descendents
;
whilst
those
of
the
greatest
Generals
and
Commanders
in
the
Wars
,
were
forced
to
be
satisfied
with
the
gilded
glory
of
their
Ancestors
,
but
ought
in
Reason
and
Justice
to
have
been
at
least
equally
rewarded
,
and
I
may
say
,
in
point
of
Interest
too
.
Yet
she
was
not
over-liberal
to
the
Gown-men
and
States-men
in
general
,
nor
did
she
take
any
extraordinary
care
of
them
or
theirs
.
She
had
learned
this
Lesson
of
her
Grandfather
Henry
the
VIIth
.
Not
to
exhaust
in
any
case
the
Fountain
of
her
Bounty
,
I
mean
the
Exchequer
;
which
was
again
to
be
recruited
by
the
Spoils
of
the
People
,
and
unusual
Taxes
.
That
Prince
by
his
The
Praises
of
Henry
VII
.
Virtue
,
Labour
,
Solicitude
,
Thriftiness
,
and
Provident
Administration
,
had
re-established
and
improved
the
English
Monarchy
,
and
the
Revenues
of
the
Crown
;
and
was
for
it
much
esteemed
by
the
People
of
England
of
all
degrees
;
his
Covetous
Humour
having
been
more
beneficial
to
the
Crown
,
than
damageable
to
the
Body
of
the
People
,
because
he
gave
few
or
none
of
the
Crown-Lands
to
his
Followers
or
Servants
,
except
when
they
were
extorted
from
him
by
mere
importunity
,
or
he
was
cheated
with
the
pretence
of
an
advantageous
exchange
;
but
then
he
was
also
wont
to
give
more
freely
the
Estates
of
Convicted
Criminals
;
so
that
there
are
many
Examples
in
the
Rolls
of
his
Times
,
of
men
that
rose
by
the
Falls
,
and
grew
rich
by
the
Calamities
and
Ruins
of
others
.
The
small
Gifts
,
and
inconsiderable
Largesses
this
Prince
gave
when
he
was
possessed
of
so
much
Wealth
,
was
a
means
that
preserved
England
from
Ruin
,
after
it
had
been
so
terribly
exhausted
by
the
Civil
Wars
between
the
Houses
of
York
and
Lancaster
.
The
Earl
of
Oxford
was
one
of
the
Her
Bounty
to
the
Earl
of
Oxford
,
and
some
few
others
of
the
Nobility
.
most
Ancient
Houses
amongst
the
Nobility
,
but
by
the
excessive
Bounty
and
Splendor
of
the
former
Earl
was
reduced
to
a
very
low
and
mean
condition
,
so
that
the
Family
was
no
longer
able
to
maintain
its
Dignity
and
Grandeur
:
And
the
Queen
allowed
that
House
One
thousand
Pound
the
year
out
of
her
Exchequer
,
that
one
of
the
most
Illustrious
Houses
in
her
Kingdom
might
not
suffer
that
Want
which
was
intolerable
to
those
of
meaner
Extraction
.
She
also
upheld
Sir
Edward
Dyer
,
an
old
Courtier
,
who
was
become
very
poor
,
and
would
not
suffer
him
to
want
.
But
as
for
those
Spendthrifts
and
Wasters
that
had
foolishly
wasted
their
Patrimonies
in
Luxury
and
base
Expences
,
to
gratifie
their
Intemperance
,
and
afterwards
solicited
her
to
bestow
Pensions
on
them
,
she
sent
some
of
them
to
her
Privy
Council
,
who
rejected
their
Petitions
,
and
gave
those
Reasons
for
it
which
the
Queen
was
not
willing
to
give
her self
;
and
others
who
sought
And
her
Severity
towards
Luxurious
Spend-thrifts
.
by
way
of
Reward
what
they
had
never
deserved
,
she
neglected
:
That
her
Bounty
might
not
encourage
others
to
Luxury
and
imprudent
Expences
,
whilst
they
relied
upon
the
Crown
for
the
Repair
of
what
they
had
wastfully
consumed
.
She
for
some
time
entertained
,
and
Her
Favours
to
Anthony
King
of
Portugal
.
out
of
her
Treasury
supported
[
](A28556-e45730-b)†
†
This
Anthony
is
by
all
confessed
to
have
been
a
Bastard
of
the
former
King's
.
An
thony
King
of
Portugal
,
who
was
deprived
of
his
Dominions
by
the
Iniquity
of
Philip
the
IId
.
King
of
Spain
,
and
fled
to
her
with
a
few
Servants
for
her
Protection
and
Assistance
.
She
severely
punished
Sir
Richard
Bingham
,
President
of
Connaught
in
Ireland
,
tho
he
were
an
excellent
Soldier
,
because
he
was
found
guilty
of
a
sordid
and
injurious
Covetousness
.
She
entertained
all
Strangers
that
came
to
her
Court
,
with
great
Pleasantness
,
Munificence
,
and
Decency
;
and
when
they
went
from
her
,
she
gave
them
Princely
Presents
.
Ursino
Duke
de
Bracciano
in
Italy
,
Ursino
,
Duke
of
Bracciano
.
hearing
of
the
Fame
of
this
Queen
,
came
over
into
England
to
see
her
;
and
he
being
a
person
of
great
Virtue
,
and
descended
of
one
of
the
best
Families
in
Italy
,
the
Queen
gave
him
a
splendid
Reception
,
and
gave
order
he
should
be
shewn
her
Fleets
,
her
Stores
,
and
Magazines
,
her
Veterane
Soldiers
and
Garisons
,
her
Treasures
and
Wardrobes
,
her
Retinue
and
Princely
Palaces
,
and
extorted
from
him
a
Confession
,
That
there
was
no
where
in
the
world
a
more
Potent
and
Happy
Prince
than
she
.
She
entertained
several
of
the
best
and
greatest
Noblemen
of
Italy
,
France
,
Germany
,
and
Poland
;
who
all
said
of
her
,
That
they
never
saw
a
more
Magnificent
,
Honourable
,
Loving
,
Courteous
Prince
than
Queen
Elizabeth
;
and
that
her
Virtue
and
Prudence
was
great
and
admirable
,
above
all
the
Examples
they
had
ever
seen
,
read
,
or
heard
.
In
truth
,
she
was
Mistress
of
all
the
Virtues
that
belonged
to
both
Sexes
,
and
had
none
of
the
Faults
belonging
to
her
own
,
but
a
little
Unsteadiness
in
her
Will.
Knighthood
in
her
Times
was
rarely
She
never
Knighted
any
but
men
of
Virtue
and
good
Estate
.
given
,
and
to
none
but
men
of
Virtue
and
real
.
Worth
,
Soldiers
,
and
Gentlemen
of
good
Families
and
Estates
;
so
that
she
scarce
ever
admitted
any
man
into
that
degree
,
of
a
mean
Fortune
or
Extraction
,
as
was
too
frequently
done
in
after
times
.
There
were
not
many
Enobled
,
or
raised
from
the
lower
degrees
of
Peerage
to
higher
,
as
Clinton
and
Howard
,
her
Admirals
at
Sea
,
Lei
cester
and
Warwick
.
She
made
few
Barons
,
and
amongst
them
,
Burleigh
,
after
he
had
served
her
many
years
with
admirable
Prudence
,
Fidelity
,
and
Industry
,
in
many
of
the
principal
Offices
at
Court
.
This
lowest
degree
of
The
Peerage
well
and
sparingly
given
.
Peerage
was
sparingly
,
and
with
great
Care
and
Consideration
,
bestowed
upon
Worthy
Men
,
as
a
Reward
of
some
signal
Services
,
and
an
Encouragement
to
others
,
and
not
out
of
a
Personal
Affection
or
Respect
.
It
was
not
then
sold
by
men
that
had
easily
obtained
the
Grant
of
a
Blank
Patent
,
instead
of
ready
Money
;
and
took
no
other
care
,
but
who
should
give
most
for
the
Mercenary
Creation
;
which
could
only
dishonour
the
person
that
gave
it
,
as
well
as
he
that
bought
it
.
In
her
time
none
but
the
most
Worthy
,
the
most
Valiant
,
the
most
Faithful
to
his
Countrey
,
and
the
most
Loyal
to
his
Prince
,
could
hope
to
obtain
this
Favour
,
and
raise
his
Name
and
Family
.
Thus
she
charily
and
prudently
kept
the
Rewards
of
Virtue
and
Industry
,
never
granting
them
upon
Caprice
,
to
shew
her
Absolute
Power
,
upon
the
Intercession
of
Favourites
,
or
the
Letters
of
Great
men
,
to
those
that
were
mean
,
and
neither
deserved
nor
could
maintain
the
Grandeur
of
that
Noble
Title
.
She
set
a
high
Value
upon
the
most
Noble
Order
of
the
Garter
,
and
took
The
Noble
Order
of
the
Garter
prudently
given
.
the
utmost
care
to
keep
it
as
the
sincerest
Reward
of
an
extraordinary
Fidelity
,
Industry
,
and
Nobility
;
and
therefore
she
would
never
suffer
it
to
be
in
the
least
corrupted
by
any
mixture
of
mean
persons
.
Tho
the
Lord
Burleigh
was
her
Principal
Councellor
,
and
the
First
Mover
in
all
her
greater
Affairs
,
without
whose
advice
she
would
rarely
resolve
upon
any
thing
of
moment
,
and
he
had
deserved
so
very
well
of
her
by
his
unparallel'd
Care
,
Labour
,
and
Vigilance
;
yet
because
he
was
but
a
Gentleman
born
,
and
a
Peer
of
her
own
Creation
only
,
it
was
very
long
before
she
could
persuade
her self
to
take
him
into
the
Order
of
the
Garter
,
which
has
flourished
now
Three
hundred
years
and
more
,
and
has
in
all
times
been
given
to
the
Greatest
and
Best
of
the
Nobility
at
Home
,
for
the
best
Services
they
could
do
for
their
Princes
and
Countrey
;
or
to
Foreign
Princes
Abroad
,
who
were
united
to
us
by
the
most
strict
and
indearing
Bonds
of
Friendship
and
Interest
.
She
gave
Governments
,
Magistracies
,
Court-Offices
,
and
other
Places
of
Trust
,
Reputation
,
and
Profit
,
to
those
The
Choice
of
her
Servants
,
Officers
and
Min
isters
.
that
deserved
well
of
her
,
that
by
the
example
of
these
Rewards
she
might
provoke
others
to
imitate
their
Fidelity
and
Industry
.
She
would
never
endure
that
any
man
she
employed
should
raise
to
himself
an
odious
or
oppressive
Gain
,
either
from
the
Power
or
Office
she
had
given
him
.
If
she
observed
a
man
to
do
nothing
but
for
Money
,
she
would
never
trust
him
;
and
as
for
any
Offices
or
Governments
,
she
took
care
to
keep
them
as
much
as
was
possible
out
of
such
men's
hands
.
Yet
she
was
not
too
hard
to
,
or
suspicious
of
her
Servants
;
she
extended
her
Favour
to
all
those
she
found
good
men
,
and
her
Friendship
and
Kindness
was
lasting
to
all
those
she
found
honest
,
thrifty
,
sober
men
;
but
then
in
Law-Suits
she
would
not
suffer
any
the
least
distinction
to
be
made
between
her
Servants
and
Favourites
,
and
the
rest
of
her
Subjects
,
lest
they
being
exalted
by
it
above
measure
,
should
any
way
endanger
the
common
Liberty
of
her
People
,
or
the
Publick
Peace
and
Safety
.
She
raised
Sadler
from
nothing
;
Mildmay
and
Fortescue
from
mean
Fortunes
to
the
Honour
of
Knighthood
,
and
made
them
Privy
Councellors
for
their
good
Services
;
and
lest
that
Dignity
should
suffer
by
the
meanness
of
their
Estates
,
she
gave
them
a
Competency
by
way
of
Addition
to
what
they
had
before
.
She
would
always
remember
to
Reward
those
well
that
had
served
her
faithfully
as
her
Ambassadors
in
Foreign
Courts
:
And
she
raised
many
of
her
servants
for
their
Fidelity
,
and
protected
others
of
them
from
the
Violence
of
Great
Men
:
She
protected
Sir
Thomas
Knevet
from
the
Violence
of
the
Earl
of
Oxford
,
who
to
revenge
a
Wound
he
had
received
from
Sir
Thomas
in
a
Duel
,
was
mustering
up
all
his
Friends
and
Servants
to
destroy
him
;
which
the
Queen
prevented
,
by
giving
him
a
Guard
for
some
time
.
She
so
effectually
recommended
the
Her
kindness
to
the
Bishops
and
Church-men
.
Cause
of
her
Bishops
to
her
people
,
when
they
were
attacked
by
the
Clamours
and
Reproaches
of
the
Puritans
,
that
nothing
was
more
dear
to
the
Multitude
than
their
Bishops
,
and
no
Name
was
more
Popular
or
beloved
than
theirs
,
so
that
all
men
stood
up
for
their
Dignity
and
Authority
.
She
curbed
the
Boldness
,
Rage
,
and
Fury
,
of
these
Pretenders
to
Godliness
,
by
Laws
well
and
severely
executed
;
and
she
made
it
her
business
to
preserve
the
Church
to
the
utmost
of
her
Power
,
as
well
from
the
Disturbance
of
Seditious
Preachers
within
,
as
the
Insults
of
Declared
Enemies
without
.
Her
Motto
was
,
Semper
eadem
,
Always
the
same
;
and
in
this
affair
she
took
the
greatest
care
to
verify
it
,
never
departing
one
tittle
from
what
she
had
once
setled
,
or
changing
the
Methods
she
had
established
,
but
upon
great
reason
.
She
had
a
very
great
Love
for
Sir
She
loved
Sir
F.
Walsingham
herSecretary
.
Francis
Walsingham
,
Secretary
of
State
,
who
was
one
of
the
Pillars
of
her
Kingdom
,
and
so
intent
upon
the
Preservation
of
the
Publick
Safety
,
and
the
Discovery
of
the
Designs
of
her
Enemies
against
her
Person
and
Government
,
that
he
took
little
care
of
his
own
private
Family
,
and
made
no
provision
for
those
he
left
behind
him
:
But
then
it
was
hardly
well
taken
by
the
body
of
the
Nation
,
to
see
the
most
part
of
his
Inheritance
sold
after
his
death
to
repay
those
Moneys
to
the
Treasury
,
which
he
had
spent
in
the
Queen's
Service
:
The
Envy
of
which
,
however
,
fell
heaviest
upon
the
Treasurer
and
the
Earl
of
Leicester
,
who
were
none
of
his
Friends
whilst
he
lived
,
and
took
this
opportunity
to
revenge
the
Affronts
they
had
received
from
him
.
She
Sir
Nicholas
Bacon
,
Egerton
,
Popham
,
but
above
all
the
Lord
Burleigh
and
Howard
.
had
also
a
particular
favour
for
Sir
Nicholas
Bacon
,
the
Lord
Keeper
of
the
Great
Seal
,
who
was
the
Ornament
of
the
Court
,
and
the
great
Luminary
of
Westminster-Hall
.
She
highly
esteemed
Egerton
and
Popham
:
But
above
all
her
other
Councellors
and
Ministers
of
State
,
she
valued
Burleigh
the
Lord
Treasurer
,
and
Howard
the
Lord
Admiral
of
England
,
the
Ornament
of
his
own
Family
,
and
a
strange
Example
of
Modesty
,
Civility
,
and
Liberality
.
These
men
enjoyed
her
Favour
to
the
last
,
and
were
ever
of
great
Authority
with
her
.
She
loved
a
Prudent
and
Moderate
Her
Habit
in
Publick
and
in
Private
.
Habit
in
her
private
Apartment
and
conversation
with
her
ownServants
;
but
when
she
appeared
in
Publick
,
she
was
ever
richly
adorn'dwith
the
most
valuable
cloaths
,
set
off
again
with
much
gold
,
and
Jewels
of
inestimable
Value
;
and
on
such
occasions
she
ever
wore
High
Shooes
,
that
she
might
seem
Taller
than
indeed
she
was
.
The
first
day
of
the
Parliament
she
would
appear
in
a
Robe
Embroidered
with
Pearls
,
the
Royal
Crown
upon
her
Head
,
the
Golden
Ball
in
her
Left-hand
,
and
the
Scepter
in
her
Right
;
and
as
she
never
failed
then
of
the
loud
Acclamations
of
her
People
,
so
she
was
ever
pleased
with
it
,
and
went
to
the
House
in
a
kind
of
Triumph
,
with
all
the
Ensigns
of
Majesty
.
There
was
at
such
times
so
great
a
Concourse
of
the
People
to
see
and
salute
the
Queen
,
that
many
were
trodden
down
,
and
some
have
been
lamed
.
The
Royal
Name
was
ever
venerable●…
to
the
English
Nation
;
but
this
Quee●…
was
more
sacred
than
any
of
her
Ancestors
.
She
alone
was
able
to
furnish
her
whole
Sex
with
the
Examples
of
Chastity
,
Temperance
,
and
all
other
Vertues
:
And
she
was
very
vigilant
to
keep
her
Family
and
Court
in
severe
Discipline
.
She
persuaded
all
Married
Women
to
pay
a
modest
Respect
to
their
Husbands
,
as
to
their
Superiors
.
She
kept
a
severer
Guard
upon
her
own
desires
,
than
upon
those
of
others
that
were
about
her
;
so
that
by
degrees
she
made
them
seem
at
least
like
her self
,
because
she
ever
laboured
so
to
have
them
.
She
banished
from
her
Court
all
Drunkenness
,
Filthiness
,
Immodesty
,
and
the
very
fame
and
saspicion
of
Wantonness
.
Whoredoms
,
Rapes
,
Adulteries
,
and
Incests
,
were
Crimes
she
detested
;
and
if
she
found
any
of
her
Retinue
,
how
great
soever
they
were
,
guilty
of
them
,
they
must
never
more
come
before
her
.
She
banished
Burgess
,
one
of
her
Maids
of
Honour
,
because
she
had
entred
into
an
Intriegue
with
the
Earl
of
Essex
,
who
loved
her
very
passionately
;
because
the
Queen
suspected
she
had
had
an
hand
in
his
Ruin
:
And
the
Lady
Fitton
,
another
of
these
Maids
,
was
sent
away
too
,
for
yielding
to
the
Inticements
of
a
young
Gentleman
of
Noble
Birth
.
The
Noblemen
found
no
more
favour
than
the
Ladies
,
if
once
they
were
found
guilty
in
the
same
kind
.
She
sent
the
Earl
of
Oxford
to
the
Tower
,
for
attempting
to
Ravish
one
of
her
Maids
of
Honour
,
that
was
a
Tall
and
Lovely
Lady
.
If
she
knew
any
of
her
Nobility
given
to
frequent
Houses
of
ill
fame
,
she
treated
them
with
as
little
Respect
as
she
did
meaner
men
.
To
conclude
,
she
shewed
her self
the
Irreconcilable
Enemy
of
all
that
had
been
found
guilty
of
any
base
or
immodest
and
unchaste
Action
.
She
would
frequently
admonish
her
Servants
and
Attendants
,
That
they
should
take
heed
not
to
do
any
thing
that
might
be
dishonourable
to
her
,
destructive
to
themselves
,
and
of
ill
Example
to
the
Publick
.
That
they
should
take
care
not
to
bring
an
Ill
Report
upon
the
Chaste
,
a
Blot
upon
the
Upright
,
or
an
Infamy
and
Dishonour
upon
the
Good
.
In
the
Furniture
of
her
Royal
Palaces
Her
Furniture
.
she
ever
affected
Magnificence
,
and
an
extraordinary
Splendor
;
she
adorned
the
Galeties
with
excellent
Pictures
,
done
by
the
best
Artists
;
the
Walls
she
covered
with
Rich
Tapistries
:
She
was
a
true
Lover
of
Jewels
and
Pearls
,
all
sorts
of
Precious
Stones
,
Plate
,
plain
,
Bossed
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
and
Gilt
;
Rich
Beds
,
Fine
Coaches
and
Chariots
,
Persian
and
Indian
Carpets
,
Statues
,
Medals
,
&c.
which
she
would
purchase
at
great
Prices
.
The
Specimen
of
her
Rich
Furniture
was
to
be
seen
a
long
time
after
her
Death
,
at
Hampton
Court
,
which
was
Moveabled
,
above
any
of
the
other
Royal
Houses
in
her
Times
;
and
here
she
had
caused
her
Naval
Victories
obtained
against
the
Spaniards
,
to
be
represented
in
excellent
Tapistries
,
and
laid
up
amongst
the
Richest
Pieces
of
her
Wardrobe
.
These
things
did
not
only
please
the
eyes
of
the
Spectators
,
and
renew
the
Memory
of
the
great
things
atchieved
in
her
Times
,
but
they
helped
to
raise
in
the
minds
of
her
Subjects
and
of
Strangers
too
,
a
Venerable
Idea
of
the
Majesty
,
Wisdom
,
Riches
,
and
Power
of
this
Heroick
Lady
.
In
her
Meat
,
Drink
,
and
other
Nourishments
Her
Diet
in
Publick
and
in
Private
.
and
Refreshments
,
she
was
very
Temperate
,
in
private
especially
.
She
was
not
subject
to
the
love
of
Sleep
,
or
any
of
the
other
Pleasures
of
Human
Life
.
She
eat
very
little
,
but
then
she
chose
what
was
pleasant
,
and
easie
of
digestion
;
and
in
her
declining
Age
she
became
more
Temperate
than
before
;
but
then
she
eat
whensoever
she
was
hungry
:
She
seldom
drank
above
Three
times
at
a
Meal
,
and
that
was
common
Beer
,
and
she
very
rarely
drank
again
till
Supper
.
She
would
seldom
drink
any
Wine
,
for
fear
it
should
cloud
her
Faculties
:
She
loved
Aligophore
.
Alicant
Wine
above
any
other
.
She
always
Religiously
observed
the
Fasting-Days
.
When
she
made
any
Publick
Feast
or
Dinners
for
her
Honour
or
her
Pleasure
,
she
would
then
order
her
Table
to
be
served
with
all
the
Magnificence
that
was
possible
;
and
many
Side-Tables
to
be
adorned
with
all
sorts
of
Plate
.
She
had
many
of
the
Nobility
which
waited
upon
her
at
the
Table
at
those
times
,
and
served
her
with
great
Care
and
Attention
.
In
these
things
she
took
the
greatest
Pride
to
shew
her
Royal
Treasures
,
and
made
her
greatest
Feasts
when
Foreign
Ambassadors
were
present
,
who
were
highly
,
pleased
with
these
Shews
.
At
these
times
she
would
also
have
all
sorts
of
Musick
,
Vocal
and
Instrumental
;
and
after
Dinner
,
Dancing
;
and
she
took
care
thus
to
entertain
the
most
Illustrious
Persons
of
other
Nations
,
that
came
into
England
.
Nor
was
she
less
careful
that
her
great
Ministers
of
State
should
keep
up
the
Tables
she
allowed
them
;
and
she
would
order
her
Nobility
to
keep
good
Hospitable
Houses
according
to
their
Qualities
and
Degrees
.
All
which
tended
more
to
her
Honour
,
and
the
Reputation
of
the
Nation
,
than
the
Courses
were
afterwards
taken
up
with
a
greater
Expence
.
The
Splendor
and
Magnificence
of
The
Splendor
and
Divertisements
of
the
Court.
the
Publick
Feasts
in
her
times
,
and
the
Ceremonies
that
were
used
when
the
several
Courses
were
serv'd
up
to
the
Table
,
would
be
troublesome
to
relate
,
and
perhaps
a
little
ridiculous
,
now
they
are
antiquated
.
The
Cup-bearer
never
presented
the
Cup
to
the
Queen
,
but
with
much
ceremony
,
and
kneeled
always
when
he
gave
,
or
took
it
;
and
during
the
whole
Refreshment
,
Musick
and
Songs
were
heard
,
and
the
Queen
her self
would
frequently
dance
to
humour
the
younger
Persons
in
her
Court
;
for
all
these
Solemnities
were
in
her
Royal
Palace
,
and
were
designed
to
adorn
and
sweeten
her
Government
.
The
coming
of
the
Duke
of
Alenzon
into
England
,
opened
a
way
to
a
more
free
way
of
living
,
and
relaxed
very
much
the
old
severe
form
of
Discipline
:
The
Queen
danced
often
then
,
and
omitted
no
sort
of
Recreation
,
pleasant
Conversation
,
or
variety
of
Delights
for
his
satisfaction
:
At
the
same
time
the
plenty
of
good
Dishes
,
pleasant
Wines
,
fragrant
Ointments
and
Perfumes
,
Dances
,
Masques
,
and
variety
of
rich
Attires
,
were
all
taken
up
,
and
used
,
to
shew
him
how
much
he
was
honoured
.
There
were
then
acted
Comedies
and
Tragedies
with
much
cost
and
splendor
;
From
whence
proceeded
in
after-times
an
unrestrainable
desire
of
frequenting
these
Divertisements
;
so
that
there
was
afterwards
a
greater
concourse
at
the
Theatre
,
than
at
the
Sermon
.
When
these
things
had
once
been
entertained
,
the
Courtiers
were
never
more
to
be
reclaimed
from
them
;
and
they
could
not
be
satiated
,
or
wearied
with
them
.
But
when
Alenzon
was
once
dismissed
,
and
gone
,
the
Queen
her self
left
off
these
Divertisements
,
and
betook
her self
,
as
before
,
to
the
care
of
her
Kingdom
:
And
by
her
own
Example
and
severe
Corrections
,
she
as
heartily
endeavoured
to
reduce
her
Nobility
to
their
old
severe
way
of
living
,
and
the
former
provident
way
of
cloathing
.
In
her
private
way
of
living
she
always
Her
private
way
ofliving
.
preferr'd
her
necessary
Affairs
,
and
the
dispatch
of
what
concerned
the
Government
,
before
,
and
above
any
Pleasures
,
Recreations
,
and
Conversation
;
and
serious
things
before
what
was
pleasing
.
In
the
morning
she
spent
the
first
fruits
of
her
time
in
her
Closet
at
her
Devotions
,
and
then
she
betook
her self
to
the
dispatch
of
her
Civil
Affairs
,
and
to
the
reading
of
Letters
,
and
the
ordering
what
Answers
should
be
returned
;
then
she
considered
what
was
fit
to
be
brought
before
the
Lords
of
the
Council
;
she
ever
kept
a
vigilant
eye
upon
the
Motions
of
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
,
who
was
all
her
days
plotting
and
contriving
the
Conquest
of
Europe
,
and
the
reducing
all
his
Neighbours
and
the
Free-States
,
and
Cities
of
it
,
under
his
obedience
.
She
ever
consulted
first
with
her
wisest
,
and
best
experienced
Ministers
and
Statesmen
,
of
whose
Fidelity
,
Industry
and
Ability
,
she
had
formerly
made
good
proof
;
and
she
commanded
them
to
speak
freely
and
plainly
what
was
best
to
be
done
;
and
when
she
had
heard
the
Advices
of
all
,
she
chose
what
she
thought
was
best
.
When
she
had
thus
wearied
her self
,
and
oppressed
her
Spirits
,
she
sought
for
rest
and
peace
;
and
would
either
walk
in
a
shady
Garden
,
or
pleasant
Gallery
,
without
any
other
Attendance
,
than
that
of
a
few
Learned
Men.
Then
she
took
her
Coach
,
and
passed
in
the
sight
of
her
People
to
the
Neighbouring
Groves
and
Fields
,
and
sometimes
would
hunt
,
or
hawk
,
spending
in
her
Youth
all
her
time
in
this
change
of
Labour
,
or
innocent
Divertisement
.
Nor
was
she
less
careful
to
exercise
her
mind
in
Learning
,
than
her
body
by
Labour
;
but
by
a
wise
distribution
of
her
time
,
she
consulted
the
good
and
welfare
both
of
Body
and
Soul
.
There
was
scarce
a
day
in
her
Her
Studies
.
life
,
but
she
imployed
a
part
of
it
in
reading
and
study
;
sometimes
before
she
entered
upon
her
State-affairs
,
and
sometimes
after
them
;
so
that
by
this
means
she
gained
a
part
of
every
day
for
her self
,
and
the
improvement
of
her
own
Faculties
.
In
her
Studies
she
mixed
pleasing
and
serious
things
one
with
another
.
In
the
Summer
she
for
Her
Summer
Progress
,
and
catriage
towards
her
People
in
it
.
the
most
part
lived
in
the
Countrey
;
then
she
took
her
Royal
Progresses
into
the
several
Counties
of
England
,
and
she
would
amuse
her self
with
considering
and
commending
the
pleasantness
and
goodness
of
her
Countrey
,
and
the
greatness
and
variety
of
the
Fruits
England
produced
;
she
would
also
admire
the
Wisdom
and
Goodness
of
God
in
diversifying
the
face
of
the
Earth
by
the
mixture
of
Fields
,
Meadows
,
Pastures
and
Woods
;
and
she
would
,
as
occasion
offered
,
hunt
too
.
In
all
this
she
was
intent
upon
that
which
was
her
main
business
,
the
government
of
her
People
,
the
management
of
her
Family
,
and
of
her
Revenues
,
and
the
observing
the
state
and
condition
,
the
carriage
and
designs
of
the
Neighbour
States
and
Princes
;
which
way
soever
she
went
,
she
was
sure
to
draw
upon
her
the
eyes
of
her
People
:
Innumerable
crowds
of
them
met
her
in
all
places
with
loud
hearty
Acclamations
,
with
Countenances
full
of
joy
,
and
hearts
equally
filled
with
love
and
admiration
,
and
this
ever
attended
her
in
publick
,
and
in
private
;
for
what
sight
in
this
World
can
possibly
please
Mortals
,
like
that
of
a
just
,
beneficent
,
and
kind
Prince
?
So
that
those
Places
were
accounted
the
most
happy
,
in
which
,
for
the
goodness
of
the
Air
,
or
the
pleasantness
of
the
Fields
,
she
was
pleased
to
stay
the
longest
.
In
her
Progress
she
was
the
most
easie
to
be
approached
;
Private
Persons
,
and
Magistrates
,
Men
and
Women
,
Countrey
people
and
Children
,
came
joyfully
,
and
without
any
fear
,
to
wait
upon
her
,
and
see
her
.
Her
ears
were
then
open
to
the
Complaints
of
the
afflicted
,
and
of
those
that
had
been
any
way
injured
.
She
would
not
suffer
the
meanest
of
her
People
to
be
shut
out
from
the
places
where
she
resided
,
but
the
greatest
and
the
least
were
then
in
a
manner
levelled
.
She
took
with
her
own
hand
,
and
read
with
the
greatest
goodness
the
Petitions
of
the
meanest
Rusticks
.
And
she
would
frequently
assure
them
,
that
she
would
take
a
particular
care
of
their
Affairs
;
and
she
would
ever
be
as
good
as
her
word
.
She
by
her
Royal
Authority
protected
those
that
were
injured
and
oppressed
:
She
punished
the
Fraudulent
,
False
,
Perfidious
and
Wicked
.
In
all
this
variety
of
Affairs
she
was
able
to
keep
her
temper
,
and
appear
with
an
equal
and
uninterrupted
serenity
and
humanity
to
all
that
came
nigh
her
;
She
was
never
seen
angry
with
the
most
unseasonable
,
or
uncourtly
Approach
:
She
was
never
offended
with
the
most
impudent
or
importunate
Petitioner
.
There
was
no
commotion
to
be
seen
in
her
mind
,
no
Re-proaches
,
no
Reprehensions
came
from
her
.
Nor
was
there
any
thing
in
the
whole
course
of
her
Reign
that
more
won
the
hearts
of
the
People
,
than
this
her
wonderful
facility
,
condescention
,
and
the
strange
sweetness
and
pleasantness
with
which
she
entertained
all
that
came
to
her
.
Thus
for
the
most
part
she
spent
her
Summer
.
She
spent
her
Winter
in
London
in
The
Winter
she
spent
in
London
.
the
procuring
the
safety
of
her
People
,
and
that
of
her
Allies
and
Confederates
.
Before
day
every
morning
she
heard
the
Petitions
of
those
that
had
any
business
with
her
;
and
calling
her
Secretaries
of
State
,
and
Masters
of
Requests
,
she
caused
the
Orders
of
Council
,
Proclamations
,
Patents
,
and
all
other
Papers
relating
to
the
Publick
,
to
be
read
,
which
were
then
depending
;
and
gave
such
order
in
each
Affair
as
she
thought
fit
,
which
was
set
down
in
short
Notes
,
either
by
her self
,
or
her
Secretaries
.
As
often
as
any
thing
happened
that
was
difficult
,
she
called
her
great
and
wise
men
to
her
,
and
proposing
the
diversity
of
Opinions
,
she
very
attentively
considered
and
weighed
on
which
side
the
strongest
reason
lay
,
ever
preferring
that
way
which
seemed
most
to
promote
the
publick
safety
and
welfare
.
When
she
was
thus
wearied
with
her
morning
work
,
she
would
take
a
walk
,
if
the
Sun
shined
,
into
her
Garden
,
or
otherwise
in
her
Galleries
,
especially
in
windy
or
rainy
Weather
.
She
would
then
cause
Stanhop
,
or
Sir
Henry
Savill
,
or
some
other
very
learned
Man
to
be
called
to
walk
with
her
,
and
entertain
her
with
some
learned
Subject
;
the
rest
of
the
day
she
spent
in
private
reading
History
,
or
some
other
Learning
,
with
great
care
and
attention
;
not
out
of
ostentation
,
and
a
vain
ambition
of
being
always
learning
something
,
but
out
of
a
diligent
care
to
enable
her self
thereby
to
live
the
better
,
and
to
avoid
sin
;
and
she
would
commonly
have
some
Learned
Man
with
her
,
or
near
her
,
to
assist
her
;
whose
Labour
and
Industry
she
would
well
reward
:
Thus
she
spent
her
Winter
.
In
the
Summer
time
,
when
she
was
Her
Diet
in
Summer
and
Winter
.
hungry
,
she
would
eat
something
that
was
of
light
and
easie
digestion
in
her
Chamber
,
with
the
Windows
open
to
admit
the
gentle
breezes
of
wind
from
the
Gardens
,
or
pleasant
Hills
.
Sometimes
she
would
do
this
alone
,
but
more
commonly
she
would
have
her
Friends
with
her
then
.
When
she
had
thus
satisfied
her
hunger
and
thirst
with
a
very
moderate
repast
,
she
would
rest
awhile
upon
an
Indian
Couch
curiously
and
richly
covered
.
In
the
Winter-time
she
observed
the
same
Order
,
but
she
omitted
her
Noon-sleep
.
When
her
day
was
thus
spent
,
she
went
late
to
Supper
,
which
was
ever
sparing
,
and
very
moderate
.
At
Supper
she
would
divert
her self
with
her
Friends
and
Attendance
;
and
if
they
made
her
no
anfwer
,
she
would
put
them
upon
mirth
and
pleasant
discourse
with
great
civility
.
She
would
then
also
admit
Tarleton
,
a
famousComedian
,
and
a
pleasant
Talker
,
and
other
such
like
men
,
to
divert
her
with
Stories
of
the
Town
,
and
the
common
Jests
,
or
Accidents
;
but
so
,
that
they
kept
within
the
bounds
of
modesty
and
chastity
.
In
the
Winter-time
,
after
Supper
,
she
would
some
time
hear
a
Song
,
or
a
Lesson
or
two
plaid
upon
the
Lute
;
but
she
would
be
much
offended
if
there
was
any
rudeness
to
any
Person
,
any
reproach
or
licentious
Reflection
used
.
Tarleton
,
Her
Diversions
and
private
Conversation
.
who
was
then
the
best
Comedian
in
England
,
had
made
a
pleasant
Play
,
and
when
it
was
acting
before
the
Queen
,
he
pointed
at
Sir
Walter
Rawleigh
,
and
said
,
See
the
Knave
commands
the
Queen
;
for
which
he
was
corrected
by
a
Frown
from
the
Queen
;
yet
he
had
the
confidence
to
add
,
that
he
was
of
too
much
,
and
too
intolerable
a
power
;
and
going
on
with
the
same
liberty
,
he
reflected
on
the
over-great
Power
and
Riches
of
the
Earl
of
Leicester
,
which
was
so
universally
applauded
by
all
that
were
present
,
that
she
thought
fit
for
the
present
to
bear
these
Reflections
with
a
seeming
unconcernedness
.
But
yet
she
was
so
offended
,
that
she
forbad
Tarleton
,
and
all
her
Jesters
,
from
coming
near
her
Table
,
being
inwardly
displeased
with
this
impudent
and
unreasonable
Liberty
.
She
would
talk
with
Learned
Men
that
had
travelled
,
in
the
presence
of
many
,
and
ask
them
many
Questions
concerning
the
Government
,
Customs
and
Discipline
used
abroad
.
She
loved
a
natural
Jester
,
that
would
tell
a
Story
pleasantly
,
and
humour
it
with
his
Countenance
,
and
Gesture
,
and
Voice
;
but
she
hated
all
those
Praters
that
made
bold
with
other
mens
Reputation
,
or
defamed
them
.
She
detested
,
as
ominous
and
unfortunate
,
all
Dwarfs
and
Monstrous
Births
.
She
loved
Little
Dogs
,
Singing
Birds
,
Parrots
,
and
Apes
:
And
when
she
was
in
private
,
she
would
recreate
her self
with
various
Discourses
,
a
game
at
Chess
,
Dancing
,
or
Singing
.
Then
she
would
retire
into
her
Bed-chamber
,
where
she
was
attended
by
married
Ladies
of
the
Nobility
,
the
Marchioness
of
Winchester
,
then
a
Widow
,
the
Countess
of
Warwick
,
and
the
Lord
Scroop's
Lady
,
whose
Husband
was
Governor
of
the
West
Marshes
.
She
would
seldom
suffer
any
to
wait
upon
her
there
,
except
Leicester
,
Hatton
,
Essex
,
Nottingham
,
and
Sir
Walter
Rawleigh
,
who
were
more
intimately
conversant
with
her
than
anyother
of
theCourtiers
;
She
frequently
mixed
serious
things
with
her
Jests
,
and
her
Mirth
;
and
upon
Festival
Days
,
and
especially
in
Christmas-time
,
she
would
play
at
Cards
and
Tables
,
which
was
one
of
her
usual
Pastimes
;
and
if
at
any
time
she
happened
to
win
,
she
would
be
sure
to
demand
the
Money
.
When
she
found
her self
sleepy
,
she
would
take
her
leave
of
them
that
were
present
with
much
kindness
and
gravity
,
and
so
betake
her
to
her
rest
;
some
Lady
of
good
quality
,
and
of
her
intimate
acquaintance
,
always
lying
in
the
same
Chamber
.
And
besides
her
Guards
,
that
were
always
upon
Duty
,
there
was
a
Gentleman
of
Good
Quality
,
and
some
others
,
up
in
the
next
Chamber
,
who
were
to
wake
her
in
case
any
thing
extraordinary
happened
.
Though
she
was
endowed
with
all
She
was
subject
to
be
violently
angry
.
the
Goods
of
Nature
and
Fortune
,
and
adorned
with
all
those
things
which
are
valuable
,
and
to
be
desired
;
yet
there
were
some
things
in
her
that
were
capable
of
amendment
;
nor
was
there
ever
any
Mortal
,
whose
Virtues
were
not
eclipsed
by
the
neigbourhood
of
some
Vices
or
Imperfections
.
She
was
subject
to
be
vehemently
transported
with
Anger
;
and
when
she
was
so
,
she
would
shew
it
by
her
Voice
,
her
Countenance
,
and
her
Hand
.
She
would
chide
her
familiar
Servants
so
loud
,
that
they
that
stood
afar
off
,
might
sometimes
hear
her
Voice
.
And
it
was
reported
,
that
for
small
Offences
she
would
strike
her
Maids
of
Honour
with
her
hand
;
but
then
her
Anger
was
short
,
and
very
innocent
,
and
she
learned
from
Zenophon's
Book
,
Of
the
Institution
of
Cyrus
,
the
method
of
curbing
and
correcting
this
unruly
and
uneasie
Passion
.
And
when
her
Friends
acknowledged
their
Offences
,
and
humbly
begged
her
pardon
,
she
with
an
appeased
mind
easily
forgave
them
many
things
.
She
was
also
of
an
Opinion
,
That
Severity
Her
Severity
,
and
especially
to
the
Queen
of
Scots
.
was
safe
,
and
too
much
Clemency
was
destructive
,
and
therefore
in
her
Punishments
and
Justice
she
was
the
more
severe
.
The
worst
thing
that
she
did
in
all
her
Reign
,
was
her
treatment
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
who
being
by
her
own
Subjects
driven
into
Exile
,
and
not
only
deprived
of
her
Regal
Authority
,
but
of
her
Liberty
,
her
Estate
,
and
her
Treasures
;
and
coming
poor
and
distressed
into
England
upon
the
Queen's
promise
and
faith
given
,
she
at
first
kindly
and
hospitably
received
and
entertained
her
;
but
afterwards
confined
her
,
and
at
last
,
upon
pretence
that
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
was
plotting
against
her
,
put
her
upon
her
trial
,
condemned
,
and
at
last
executed
her
,
making
her
a
sad
,
and
unheard-of
Example
of
her
cruel
and
unjust
Severity
.
Thus
she
polluted
her
happy
Reign
with
the
Innocent
Blood
,
not
of
an
Enemy
,
but
of
a
Guest
:
The
memory
of
old
Disgusts
and
Injuries
prevailing
more
upon
the
mind
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
than
the
dignity
of
a
Sovereign
Queen
,
the
Intercession
of
the
Neighbour
Princes
,
the
Laws
of
Hospitality
,
the
Tears
of
a
Captive
,
and
a
Kinswoman
;
so
that
no
Intercession
,
no
Supplications
could
take
any
place
in
a
mind
inexorably
bent
upon
Revenge
.
They
that
would
excuse
this
mournful
Action
,
pretend
the
Queen
of
Scots
was
only
confined
to
prevent
mischief
;
but
she
entering
into
a
Conspiracy
against
the
Queen
of
England
in
her
own
Kingdom
,
and
her
Designs
against
the
Life
and
Throne
of
Queen
Elizabeth
being
thus
detected
,
there
was
no
other
way
left
to
preserve
the
Life
,
and
consult
the
safety
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
but
by
the
punishment
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
and
others
,
who
had
conspired
to
destroy
her
.
That
all
Precautions
were
in
vain
,
and
therefore
it
was
absolutely
necessary
to
cut
off
this
Guest
,
though
her
Cousin
,
and
the
next
Heir
after
her
of
the
Crown
of
England
;
and
one
,
that
by
her
deprivation
of
her
Kingdom
,
and
her
Imprisonment
in
England
,
was
deprived
of
all
means
to
hurt
her
.
If
she
would
have
taken
the
right
method
to
secure
her self
,
she
should
have
released
her
Captive
,
and
have
sent
her
away
,
which
would
have
cut
off
the
Causes
,
and
the
Pretences
of
these
Conspiracies
,
and
have
tended
more
to
her
honour
and
peace
,
than
the
way
she
took
.
This
Execution
of
the
Queen
of
the
Scots
raised
in
the
minds
of
the
Neighbour
Princes
an
enraged
Indignation
.
And
she
her self
,
when
she
knew
the
Fact
was
done
,
and
could
not
be
recalled
,
deplored
the
united
and
common
Indignation
of
all
the
Foreign
Princes
with
many
tears
,
and
gave
many
signs
of
her
inward
grief
,
laying
the
blame
of
this
wicked
action
wholly
upon
the
Actors
;
and
upon
every
mention
of
the
death
of
the
Queen
of
Scots
,
she
would
to
her
dying
day
weep
bitterly
,
and
lament
her
misfortune
in
it
.
So
great
was
the
force
of
her
Repentance
,
tho
it
came
too
late
,
and
was
altogether
useless
.
It
was
thought
she
brought
Leicester
Her
Severity
to
Leicester
and
Hatton
.
and
Hatton
,
two
of
her
greatest
Favourites
,
to
their
Graves
,
by
her
hard
usages
,
and
the
many
Indignities
she
put
upon
them
.
Leicester
had
offended
her
,
by
attempting
to
imbroil
the
Affairs
of
the
United
Provinces
in
the
Netherlands
;
to
that
end
he
had
suffered
his
Soldiers
to
live
very
irregular
,
and
without
almost
any
Military
Discipline
,
and
this
in
a
State
the
most
closely
united
to
her
;
and
he
had
ambitiously
affected
the
Power
of
a
Lieutenant·General
in
England
and
Ireland
;
which
Burleigh
represented
to
the
Queen
as
intolerable
;
and
thereupon
she
became
so
incensed
against
him
,
that
she
brought
him
to
a
Despondence
of
Mind
,
which
ended
in
his
Death
;
the
Queen
declining
all
Reconciliation
,
that
he
might
be
an
Example
to
all
others
to
consult
their
own
and
the
Publick
Interest
better
than
he
had
done
,
and
not
aspire
like
him
to
too
great
and
dangerous
Honours
.
Upon
this
Repulse
he
resolved
to
retire
into
the
Countrey
,
and
to
live
remote
from
the
Court
,
at
Killingnorth
;
but
on
the
Road
he
fell
into
a
violent
Feavet
,
which
brought
him
to
his
Grave
.
He
left
a
Brother
behind
him
,
who
was
Earl
of
Warwick
,
and
had
the
Character
of
a
good
man
from
his
Enemies
;
and
he
succeeded
him
in
the
Estate
,
but
did
not
long
enjoy
it
.
He
left
also
a
Son
who
laid
Claim
afterwards
to
the
Earldom
of
Leicester
,
but
he
was
then
very
young
,
and
not
owned
as
Legitimate
.
When
the
Queen
heard
of
the
Death
of
Leicester
,
she
could
not
forbear
grieving
at
it
:
She
ordered
,
however
,
his
Personal
Estate
to
be
seized
for
Money
due
to
the
Exchequer
from
the
deceased
Earl
;
but
she
got
little
by
it
,
the
Creditors
and
others
by
various
Stratagems
,
and
on
various
Pretences
,
drawing
it
out
again
.
Hatton
was
a
very
good
Dancer
,
and
Hatton's
Death
.
that
was
his
best
Qualification
,
and
was
the
means
of
promoting
him
to
be
Lord
Chancellor
of
England
.
Being
in
that
high
and
undeserved
Station
,
he
became
proud
and
arrogant
,
and
at
last
began
to
favour
the
Popish
Party
more
than
the
Queen
thought
well
of
.
The
Queen
thereupon
told
him
,
That
he
was
too
much
exalted
by
the
Indulgence
of
his
Fortune
,
which
had
placed
him
in
a
Station
for
which
he
was
unfit
,
he
being
ignorant
of
the
Chancery-Law
,
and
needing
the
Assistance
of
others
to
enable
him
to
do
his
Duty
.
This
Reproach
struck
him
to
the
heart
,
and
he
resolved
to
admit
no
Consolation
.
When
he
was
almost
half-dead
,
the
Queen
repented
of
her
Severity
,
and
went
her self
in
Person
to
comfort
the
Dying
Chancellor
,
and
did
what
was
possible
to
retrieve
him
;
but
it
was
all
to
no
purpose
,
for
he
was
obstinately
resolved
to
dye
.
His
Brother's
Son
succeeded
him
in
his
Estates
and
Goods
,
(
he
dying
a
Batchellor
)
and
raised
a
Family
upon
this
Foundation
;
and
the
Queen
did
not
exact
from
him
the
Debts
due
to
the
Exchequer
,
whether
out
of
Respect
to
the
Deceased
,
or
Favour
to
the
Lord
Treasurer
Burleigh
,
whose
Niece
this
Gentleman
had
Married
.
As
the
Queen
was
by
Nature
severe
,
The
Provocations
she
met
with
were
many
and
great
.
so
she
did
not
want
the
utmost
Provocations
to
exert
her
Natural
Temper
:
For
there
was
in
all
her
Reign
a
Chain
of
Conspiracies
detected
,
which
were
so
outragious
and
wicked
,
that
they
exceeded
by
their
Cruelty
and
bruitish
Ferity
all
measures
,
and
seemed
to
deserve
and
call
for
Severity
in
her
punishing
of
them
;
she
was
also
exasperated
by
Rebellions
and
Insurrections
in
both
her
Kingdoms
,
and
by
most
infamous
Libels
published
without
any
Author's
Name
,
against
the
Cruelty
of
this
Prince
,
with
the
Infamy
of
them
that
writ
these
Books
.
The
Reproach
of
Cruelty
would
not
fix
upon
her
,
tho
they
did
what
was
possible
to
defame
her
,
because
all
men
thought
the
Actors
and
Leaders
in
these
horrible
Treasons
and
Rebellions
,
deserved
all
the
Punishments
and
Severities
she
inflicted
on
them
for
their
Crimes
.
However
it
is
apparent
,
That
in
her
Reign
many
of
the
Nobility
were
put
to
Death
,
some
of
the
most
Noble
Families
were
ruined
,
and
that
the
Roman-Catholicks
were
punished
,
banished
,
or
forced
to
flye
into
Foreign
Countries
to
escape
those
Punishments
they
had
drawn
upon
themselves
by
their
restless
endeavours
to
undermine
her
Throne
,
and
subvert
her
Government
,
or
to
destroy
her
Person
.
After
all
,
some
of
these
Papists
,
out
of
a
spirit
of
Slander
and
Detraction
,
and
a
desire
to
gratifie
the
Pope
and
his
Party
,
laboured
by
all
ways
that
they
could
invent
,
to
have
her
thought
a
Cruel
and
a
Bloody
Princess
,
and
with
the
utmost
Impudence
represented
her
as
such
in
their
Pamphlets
,
tho
she
was
forced
to
this
Severity
by
their
great
and
repeated
Villanies
.
There
were
some
that
with
an
unsusserable
Rashness
charged
her
with
The
Character
of
Sanders
and
others
who
defamed
her
.
Unchastity
:
The
principal
of
which
was
Nicholas
Sanders
,
one
of
the
basest
and
wickedest
Slanderers
,
and
of
the
most
hellish
and
incurable
Malice
that
ever
was
born
.
This
Fellow
forgot
all
Modesty
,
and
not
content
with
the
defaming
her
Mother
,
and
the
reviving
all
those
Slanders
against
her
,
which
had
before
his
time
been
sufficiently
detected
and
disproved
,
or
were
forgotten
,
he
went
on
to
slander
and
defame
the
Queen
too
;
and
to
that
end
invented
very
many
lewd
Stories
,
and
most
infamous
Satyrs
against
her
and
her
Ministers
,
endeavouring
to
have
the
World
believe
she
was
guilty
of
Rapine
,
villanous
Lusts
,
and
intolerable
Frauds
for
the
Subversion
of
the
English
Nation
.
But
the
Modesty
and
the
incredible
Chastity
of
her
Life
,
easily
dispelled
all
these
black
and
noisom
Slanders
and
Reproaches
;
her
worst
Enemies
having
never
been
able
to
discover
the
least
shadow
of
Luxury
or
Unchastity
in
all
her
Life
;
which
was
so
pure
and
so
spotless
and
unblamable
,
that
it
is
very
hard
to
believe
she
was
a
Mortal
.
This
her
rare
Temperance
and
Continence
put
a
stop
to
the
Lyes
and
Defamations
of
this
abominable
Slanderer
,
and
made
all
men
despise
him
and
his
Writings
.
Nor
did
he
so
escape
the
Justice
of
God
,
which
pursued
him
for
this
and
his
other
Crimes
,
and
before
his
Death
deprived
him
of
his
Reason
and
Understanding
,
and
banishing
him
from
the
Conversation
of
men
,
he
perished
in
a
desolate
place
in
Ireland
,
after
he
had
a
long
time
struggled
with
Hunger
and
Cold
,
and
endeavoured
to
preserve
himself
alive
with
the
Roots
of
the
Herbs
that
naturally
grew
in
those
Woods
he
lurked
in
;
nor
was
there
one
Friend
to
cover
his
Carkass
with
a
little
earth
after
he
was
dead
,
but
it
was
found
by
the
English
in
the
Woods
,
and
left
a
Prey
to
the
Wild
Beasts
;
all
men
rejoicing
that
the
Justice
of
God
had
thus
fhewn
it self
in
the
Punishment
of
this
infamous
Slanderer
,
and
Impenitent
Rebel
.
Another
virulent
Slanderer
printed
Dydimus
Veridicus
.
a
Book
,
under
the
Title
of
Dydimus
Veridicus
,
being
infected
with
the
same
contagious
distemper
of
Lying
,
and
presumed
to
pollute
the
ears
of
men
with
most
wicked
Difcourses
,
and
to
attempt
the
Ruin
of
the
Fame
of
a
most
Noble
Princess
,
which
was
supported
by
the
united
Approbation
and
Praises
of
Mankind
.
He
invented
many
absurd
,
false
,
and
incredible
things
,
that
were
like
the
fained
Representations
of
Poets
and
Painters
,
so
that
they
appear
false
at
first
sight
,
and
only
serve
to
shew
the
liberty
he
took
of
Lying
notoriously
;
so
that
he
may
be
left
without
any
answer
,
to
receive
his
Confutation
from
the
Prudence
of
the
Reader
.
Florimond
Remond
,
another
indiscreet
Florimond
Remond
,
a
French
Writer
.
Writer
,
transcribes
the
Defamations
and
Lyes
which
Sanders
had
invented
,
and
sets
down
without
any
Truth
,
the
Imprisonments
,
Tortures
,
Punishments
,
and
Ignominies
of
the
Papists
:
He
impudently
writes
,
That
the
Publick
Places
and
Streets
were
washed
with
their
Innocent
Blood
;
that
the
Priests
were
tormented
,
the
Matrons
slain
,
the
Layicks
hurried
away
to
Death
and
Tortures
;
forgetting
or
dissembling
,
that
in
the
short
Five
years
Reign
of
Queen
Mary
,
there
were
more
innocent
Protestants
burnt
alive
without
Mercy
,
than
suffered
in
all
the
Forty
four
Years
of
that
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
tho
convicted
of
the
greatest
Crimes
,
and
executed
upon
the
most
Just
and
Legal
Prosecutions
,
viz.
For
disturbing
the
Peace
of
the
Nation
,
by
Insurrections
,
Tumults
,
and
Rebellions
,
for
entring
into
Conspiracies
,
joining
with
Foreign
Enemies
,
or
abetting
and
concealing
Domestick
Treasons
and
Traitors
,
or
for
endeavouring
to
Murder
the
Queen
.
The
Moderation
and
Justice
of
the
Queen
has
covered
these
passionate
and
false
Scriblers
with
Infamy
and
Contempt
,
and
it
were
lost
labour
to
endeavour
to
refute
them
.
Nor
ought
George
Cone
,
a
Scot
,
to
George
Conc
,
a
Scot.
be
passed
over
in
silence
,
who
in
his
History
of
the
Life
of
Mary
Queen
of
the
Scots
,
has
persecuted
the
Memory
of
Queen
Elizabeth
with
a
rapid
Fury
.
He
faith
impudently
,
That
she
was
born
in
an
Incestuous
Marriage
,
and
got
the
Possession
of
England
by
Force
;
which
Expressions
were
the
effects
of
a
Flattering
Affection
to
the
Interest
of
the
Popish
Party
,
and
of
Aversion
for
that
of
the
Protestants
.
These
Treatments
induced
the
Queen
to
be
very
severe
against
all
Libels
and
Verses
penned
to
the
end
to
blacken
the
Reputation
of
any
man
;
which
she
forbad
any
to
read
or
divulge
;
and
she
ordered
them
to
be
burnt
:
And
she
extended
this
her
Severity
to
all
Rumors
and
Reports
that
were
spread
abroad
underhand
,
for
fear
her
People
should
by
these
means
be
excited
to
Rebellions
or
Seditions
.
Whilst
her
Forces
in
Ireland
under
Her
last
Sickness
.
the
Command
of
the
Lord
Montjoy
,
were
struggling
hard
with
Tyrone
for
the
Reduction
of
Ulster
,
and
Tyrone
was
reduced
to
a
necessity
of
submitting
himself
to
her
,
which
would
have
ended
in
the
quieting
of
that
Kingdom
,
the
Queen
was
involved
in
an
uncurable
and
grievous
Disease
,
arising
from
the
Greatness
of
her
Age
:
She
spent
many
Nights
sadly
and
restlesly
,
without
any
sleep
,
in
much
Anxiety
and
troublesome
Cares
;
her
Stomach
being
wholly
weakned
and
decayed
,
loathed
all
sorts
of
Diet
;
till
at
last
the
Anguish
of
her
Troubled
and
Afflicted
mind
,
made
her
despair
of
a
Recovery
;
so
that
she
despised
the
Counsels
of
her
Physicians
,
and
became
exasperated
and
stubbornly
resolved
against
all
Medecines
.
The
most
powerful
and
considerable
of
her
Friends
who
waited
upon
her
night
and
day
,
and
did
all
they
could
to
consolate
and
please
her
,
when
they
saw
the
muttering
Discontents
of
her
Physicians
,
and
considered
seriously
the
uncertainty
of
the
Event
which
might
follow
this
Sickness
of
Body
and
Mind
,
and
the
Imbecility
of
human
Nature
,
they
became
anxious
,
and
most
earnestly
besought
her
,
That
she
would
curb
this
Disturbance
and
Grief
of
her
mind
;
that
she
would
for
the
present
not
fill
her
mind
with
the
Arguments
of
Learned
men
against
the
Fears
of
Death
,
tho
they
had
the
shew
of
Wisdom
;
that
she
would
consult
her
own
Reason
,
and
endeavour
the
Preservation
of
her
Life
,
and
the
Recovery
of
her
former
Health
:
That
she
would
not
encrease
her
Danger
by
Despondency
,
or
her
Distemper
by
her
Obstinacy
against
all
Medicines
;
but
that
she
would
be
pleased
to
yield
to
the
Perswasions
of
her
Physicians
,
and
follow
their
Advices
,
Eat
,
and
endeavour
to
overcome
her
inward
grief
with
Patience
:
Lastly
,
That
she
would
be
pleased
to
value
and
endeavour
to
preserve
her
own
Life
,
and
deliver
her
Loyal
and
Faithful
Servants
,
Nobility
,
and
Subjects
,
from
that
Anxiety
and
Sorrow
that
now
oppressed
them
.
She
made
no
other
Answer
to
all
this
Wise
and
Loyal
Advice
,
but
That
she
was
full
satiated
with
this
present
Life
,
and
now
Her
last
Words
to
her
Council
.
desired
nothing
more
than
to
be
translated
to
a
state
of
Immortality
,
and
to
make
her
escape
out
of
this
dark
and
disordered
state
of
human
Affairs
.
That
Death
,
which
many
so
much
abhorred
,
was
only
the
payment
of
a
Debt
due
to
Nature
;
and
that
our
Spirits
were
of
right
to
be
restored
to
God
from
whom
they
came
.
Thus
her
Body
by
slow
degrees
consumed
away
,
and
she
became
very
Lean
,
Weak
,
and
Faint
.
Yet
after
all
,
her
Mind
was
more
afflicted
than
her
Body
;
She
was
night
and
day
troubled
with
a
sorrowful
Remembrance
of
the
late
executed
Earl
of
Essex
.
The
Grief
of
her
Mind
was
encreased
by
the
Necessity
of
her
Affairs
,
which
compell'd
her
to
yield
to
Tyrone
,
not
only
his
Life
and
Liberty
,
and
the
Pardon
of
his
Rebellions
and
Perfidy
,
but
a
great
part
of
his
Estate
;
which
she
esteemed
a
kind
of
rewarding
him
for
his
Treasons
and
Perjuries
.
Her
Sorrows
were
every
day
increased
She
nominated
her
Successor
.
and
made
more
insupportable
,
by
the
Melancholy
Humour
which
then
abounded
in
her
Blood
,
and
the
restlessness
of
her
Mind
;
so
that
all
her
Strength
being
exhausted
,
and
her
Mind
,
which
was
filled
with
Indignation
,
contributing
more
and
more
to
the
Disease
,
she
seemed
to
decline
apace
by
the
Weakness
which
augmented
every
day
,
yet
she
bore
this
her
last
Sickness
with
a
wonderful
Constancy
and
Patience
,
which
alone
deserved
very
great
Commendation
.
When
some
of
the
principal
Nobility
of
England
,
the
Lord
Admiral
,
the
Lord
Keeper
of
the
Great
Seal
,
and
one
of
the
Secretaries
of
State
,
in
the
Name
and
by
the
Order
of
the
Privy
Council
,
told
her
Majesty
,
That
it
was
their
humble
Request
,
That
she
would
,
if
not
for
her
own
sake
,
yet
for
the
good
of
her
People
,
throw
off
that
load
of
Grief
which
oppressed
her
,
and
lay
aside
the
Resolution
of
dying
:
That
if
she
should
happen
to
dye
by
the
course
of
Nature
,
in
the
present
Circumstances
of
Affairs
,
it
would
bring
Ruin
upon
England
:
That
they
had
no
hopes
of
any
Prosperity
after
her
Death
,
unless
the
Certainty
of
the
Succession
were
fixed
by
her
.
If
she
should
leave
this
to
be
determined
after
her
Death
,
in
that
flagrant
desire
men
had
of
obtaining
the
Sovereignty
,
there
might
many
ill
things
be
done
and
suffered
,
which
would
augment
the
Sorrows
of
her
People
for
the
loss
of
so
good
a
Prince
:
Therefore
they
most
earnestly
,
and
with
one
Voice
,
and
united
Tears
and
Sighs
intreated
her
,
That
in
her
present
Circumstances
she
would
take
care
of
the
Common
Safety
of
her
People
after
her
Death
;
and
that
she
would
be
pleased
to
remember
,
That
so
many
of
the
Lives
of
her
Subjects
would
be
exposed
to
the
utmost
hazard
if
she
died
without
Naming
her
Successor
.
To
which
she
lovingly
and
modestly
replied
,
That
if
she
died
of
this
sickness
,
the
Kingdom
would
not
want
a
Defender
,
but
would
be
in
the
same
state
of
quiet
.
Nottingham
,
the
Lord
Admiral
replied
,
Whom
do
your
Majesty
mean
?
She
looking
thereupon
steadily
on
all
that
were
then
present
,
said
,
I
mean
James
King
Of
Scotland
,
my
Dearest
Kinsman
,
and
the
Right
Heir
to
Henry
the
VIIth
.
This
cheared
all
that
were
present
,
and
she
persisted
constantly
in
this
to
her
last
Breath
,
That
he
was
her
undoubted
Heir
.
When
she
had
said
this
,
and
recommended
She
spent
the
last
Moments
of
her
Life
wholly
in
Devotion
.
her
Name
and
Memory
to
her
Nobility
,
she
cast
off
all
the
Cares
of
this
Life
,
and
betook
her self
wholly
to
the
acts
of
Piety
and
Devotion
;
she
sent
also
for
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
a
Learned
,
Pious
,
and
Moderate
Prelate
,
who
was
then
the
Guide
of
her
Conscience
,
and
whose
Salutary
Advices
she
always
much
esteemed
and
gladly
embraced
.
When
this
great
and
good
man
came
to
her
,
he
admonished
her
to
consider
the
Imperfection
of
the
Human
Nature
,
and
therefore
advised
her
to
place
all
her
Hopes
in
the
Merits
of
Christ
.
She
replied
with
some
Her
last
Words
to
the
Archbishop
.
difficulty
of
breathing
or
speaking
,
That
she
was
weary
of
this
miserable
Life
,
which
was
subject
to
so
many
Calamities
and
Dangers
:
That
from
her
Soul
she
desired
to
pass
to
that
Eternal
Light
which
overflowed
with
all
manner
of
Felicity
;
and
was
hastning
to
her
Heavenly
Countrey
,
to
the
Presence
of
her
good
Saviour
,
and
into
his
holy
Arms.
When
the
Bishop
had
ended
his
prudent
and
holy
Exhortation
,
she
turned
her
a
little
,
and
laying
her
Head
upon
her
Right
Arm
,
she
composed
her self
as
it
were
to
her
Last
Long
Sleep
,
with
a
Quiet
Mind
,
and
a
Composed
Countenance
;
nor
were
her
Last
Moments
unlike
the
rest
of
her
Life
,
but
it
appeared
by
the
motions
of
her
Hand
and
Eyes
,
that
they
were
spent
in
the
acts
of
Devotion
and
Mental
Prayer
.
Thus
being
at
last
wholly
spent
,
she
quietly
yielded
up
her
Soul
to
God
,
the
And
her
Death
.
24th
.
of
March
,
about
Midnight
,
in
the
year
of
our
Lord
1602.
in
her
Palace
of
Richmond
,
and
in
the
same
Chamber
Henry
the
VIIth
.
her
Grandfather
died
in
.
She
called
this
Royal
Palace
the
Warm
Box
to
which
she
could
best
trust
her
sickly
Old
Age
;
and
she
was
now
come
hither
to
avoid
the
over-sharp
Winter
.
She
was
a
little
less
than
Seventy
years
of
Age
,
and
she
had
Reigned
Forty
four
Years
,
Four
Months
,
and
Seven
Days
.
Thus
died
this
Illustrious
Queen
,
which
was
not
only
the
Greatest
and
the
Best
Woman
of
the
times
in
which
she
lived
,
but
equal
,
if
not
superior
,
to
any
of
her
Predecessors
,
in
the
Majesty
of
her
Name
,
or
the
Reverence
that
was
paid
to
her
by
her
Subjects
and
Neighbours
;
in
the
Art
of
Governing
;
in
all
the
commendable
Qualities
of
a
Prince
,
such
as
Council
,
Policy
,
Magnanimity
in
Misfortunes
,
Moderation
and
Temperance
in
Prosperity
,
Constancy
in
her
Behaviour
,
Maxims
,
Friendship
,
and
Resolutions
;
and
accordingly
the
Glory
that
followed
her
,
and
the
Actions
of
her
Reign
was
Incomparable
.
She
was
lamented
by
them
that
then
lived
,
with
an
unfeigned
and
an
unexpressible
Grief
;
and
the
Memory
of
her
Virtue
,
Learning
,
and
Piety
,
has
remained
fresh
and
flourishing
in
all
the
following
Times
,
and
shall
do
so
for
ever
.
Her
Words
and
Actions
are
in
truth
such
as
will
render
her
Immortally
Honourable
,
be
the
Abilities
of
the
Historians
that
shall
truly
represent
the
same
what
they
will
.
So
soon
as
it
was
known
that
she
The
Sorrow
for
her
Death
.
was
dead
,
the
Court
was
filled
with
the
Lamentations
and
sorrowful
Sighs
and
Tears
of
her
Courtiers
and
Subjects
,
as
for
the
greatest
Loss
that
ever
befel
any
men
.
There
was
never
any
where
a
greater
,
a
sincerer
,
a
more
inconsolable
Grief
,
than
that
which
then
took
possession
of
this
Royal
Palace
;
nothing
could
stop
the
torrent
of
their
Tears
,
nothing
could
appease
or
soften
their
bitter
Complaints
.
The
Noble
Ladies
which
by
the
Order
of
the
Privy-Council
were
appointed
to
take
Care
of
her
Body
,
were
scarce
able
to
bear
the
load
of
their
Sorrows
which
oppressed
them
,
but
lifted
up
their
Hands
and
Eyes
to
Heaven
,
and
implored
the
Mercy
of
God
in
this
their
Desolations
and
Affliction
;
concluding
,
without
his
powerful
Assistance
,
and
favourable
Interposition
,
This
Night
would
prove
fatal
to
the
English
Nation
;
and
that
nothing
less
than
the
Ruin
of
the
Kingdom
,
could
be
the
consequence
of
so
great
and
so
deplorable
a
Loss
as
this
.
The
Countess
of
Warwick
,
a
Lady
of
great
Honour
,
Virtue
,
Piety
,
Sanctity
,
and
intirely
beloved
by
the
Queen
,
testified
her
sorrow
for
the
loss
of
her
Mistress
in
all
the
effects
of
an
inconsolable
Affliction
,
and
would
never
be
induced
to
put
off
that
mourning
Habit
she
had
put
on
upon
this
occasion
.
She
performed
all
the
Offices
belonging
to
the
Sepulture
of
the
Queen
with
the
utmost
care
,
piery
and
fidelity
,
and
by
her
Example
taught
all
the
rest
of
the
Queen's
Servants
how
they
ought
to
behave
themselves
in
this
Mournful
Affair
.
Those
of
the
Noblemen
who
were
present
at
the
time
of
her
death
,
expressed
their
Sorrows
in
silent
tears
,
and
a
deep
,
but
grave
sorrow
.
The
meanest
of
her
Servants
were
more
noisy
in
their
Lamentations
,
and
that
Court
became
in
a
few
hours
a
desolate
place
,
very
few
induring
to
stay
in
that
place
in
which
they
had
lost
their
good
Mistress
,
beneficent
Sovereign
,
and
their
great
Benefactor
.
When
Report
had
once
spread
the
News
of
her
Death
in
the
City
of
London
,
an
incredible
Sorrow
and
Lamentation
both
of
the
Citizens
and
Strangers
was
observed
,
which
spread
it self
to
all
the
Neighbour
Nations
,
as
the
fame
of
her
Death
was
communicated
to
them
.
But
none
more
heartily
deplored
this
loss
than
the
HOLLANDERS
,
who
were
thereby
deprived
of
the
Author
of
their
Fortunes
;
the
Defender
of
their
Liberty
,
and
the
Preserver
of
their
Peace
and
Safety
.
A
Prince
she
was
,
that
would
refuse
no
Labour
,
no
Expence
,
no
Hazard
,
how
great
soever
it
were
,
that
the
Protestants
might
live
in
peace
,
and
enjoy
their
Liberty
;
and
this
and
the
many
good
Offices
she
had
done
to
them
and
all
the
Neighbour
Nations
,
had
made
her
Name
so
venerable
,
that
it
was
no
easie
Task
for
the
Magistrates
at
home
,
or
abroad
,
to
keep
the
common
People
in
any
bounds
in
this
their
outragious
Sorrows
;
for
almost
all
that
heard
it
were
of
Opinion
,
That
worse
Times
would
follow
,
and
that
many
and
great
Calamities
would
ensue
in
England
,
and
all
the
Neighbour
Nations
.
THE
END
.