THE
General
History
OF
THE
AIR
,
Designed
and
Begun
BY
THE
Honble
ROBERT
BOYLE
Esq.
IMPRIMATUR
.
June
29.
1692.
Robert
Southwell
,
P.
R.
S.
LONDON
,
Printed
for
Awnsham
and
John
Churchill
,
at
the
Black
Swan
in
Pater-noster-Row
,
near
Amen-Corner
.
MDCXCII
.
Advertisement
of
the
Publisher
to
the
READER
.
THE
Design
of
the
following
Papers
the
Author
's
own
Preface
will
acquaint
thee
with
.
And
though
,
as
thou
wilt
there
see
,
his
Expectation
of
Assistance
(
in
a
Work
too
great
for
one
single
Man's
Vndertaking
)
from
others
fail'd
him
;
yet
I
doubt
not
but
his
own
Experiments
and
Collections
would
have
made
this
Treatise
much
larger
before
it
had
been
published
,
had
his
Health
allowed
him
Opportunity
:
But
that
permitting
him
not
so
much
as
to
review
these
Papers
,
or
range
them
into
that
order
,
which
would
be
most
advantageous
,
thou
art
not
to
wonder
,
if
thou
findest
some
Defects
,
some
Dislocations
,
and
other
Faults
in
this
Publication
,
which
the
Author's
last
Hand
would
have
prevented
.
The
Negligence
of
Transcribers
has
let
slip
the
Characters
of
Relators
,
and
Names
and
Places
of
Author's
from
whom
several
of
the
Particulars
in
the
following
Papers
were
taken
:
Nor
could
it
be
hoped
that
the
Authors
own
Memory
(
were
he
in
a
State
of
Health
fit
to
be
troubled
with
it
)
should
after
so
long
a
time
as
this
Collection
has
been
making
,
and
in
that
Variety
of
Men
and
Books
he
has
had
to
do
with
,
be
able
to
retrieve
them
.
But
this
will
be
no
great
Loss
to
the
learned
World
,
which
is
sufficiently
acquainted
with
his
great
Cantion
,
and
will
make
no
Difficulty
confidently
to
rely
upon
his
unaffected
Candor
and
Sincerity
.
I
know
not
how
much
some
other
Parts
of
his
noble
,
and
always
busy
Designs
for
the
Advancement
of
Knowledg
,
and
the
Benefit
of
Mankind
,
may
suffer
by
that
Tenderness
of
his
Constitution
,
which
the
Importunity
of
his
Friends
can
hardly
prevail
upon
him
to
withdraw
from
Philosophical
Cares
.
But
this
he
has
ordered
so
,
that
imperfect
as
it
is
,
one
cannot
call
it
deficient
;
since
the
Foundation
being
here
laid
,
and
the
Draught
made
,
every
one
may
,
if
he
please
,
add
towards
the
compleating
of
the
building
,
I
will
not
say
with
Materials
equal
to
what
his
Sagacity
and
Laboratory
used
to
afford
:
For
we
must
not
expect
to
find
in
every
Age
a
Man
able
and
ready
to
lay
out
so
much
Cost
,
Pains
and
Skill
,
frankly
,
for
the
Improvement
of
Natural
Philosophy
,
and
the
Information
of
the
World
,
as
he
has
done
.
The
Scheme
of
Titles
under
which
these
Materials
for
a
History
of
the
Air
are
ranged
,
is
somewhat
different
from
that
printed
by
him
several
Years
since
,
and
distributed
amongst
his
Friends
.
But
this
is
without
any
Prejudice
to
the
main
Design
,
since
whatsoever
any
one
hath
collected
under
those
Heads
,
will
be
easily
reducible
to
these
,
which
in
a
more
natural
Order
are
more
comprehensive
.
In
that
first
Draught
he
followed
my
Lord
Bacon's
Advice
,
not
to
be
over-curious
or
nice
in
making
the
first
Set
of
Heads
,
but
to
take
them
as
they
occur
.
But
now
that
thus
much
comes
to
be
published
,
which
perhaps
may
serve
to
some
Men
as
a
common
Place
for
the
History
of
the
Air
,
the
Titles
have
been
a
little
more
increased
or
methodized
,
to
which
any
one
may
add
as
he
finds
Occasion
:
Only
in
these
the
Reader
is
desired
to
observe
,
I.
That
under
the
Title
of
Mineral
Substances
,
are
comprehended
Earth
,
and
all
other
Fossiles
to
avoid
multiplying
of
Articles
.
II.
That
when
any
mixed
Body
is
ranked
under
Animal
,
Vegetable
,
or
Mineral
Substances
,
it
is
put
under
that
of
the
three
which
either
it
partakes
most
of
,
or
to
which
most
is
owing
in
the
present
Experiment
,
or
which
in
its
own
Nature
it
most
resembles
.
III.
That
it
is
not
by
an
Over-sight
that
Lightning
is
put
under
two
different
Titles
;
for
in
one
it
is
considered
only
in
reference
to
the
Sight
;
in
the
other
it
is
considered
as
the
Product
of
sulphureous
or
inflamable
Effluviums
taking
fire
,
with
the
strange
Effects
it
produces
;
which
may
be
an
Example
of
puting
the
same
thing
with
different
Views
,
under
different
Heads
.
What
is
abovesaid
was
written
whilst
the
Author
was
living
,
to
which
it
is
necessary
now
to
add
,
That
the
Titles
,
as
here
printed
,
and
the
Orders
of
the
Papers
,
as
now
ranged
under
them
,
were
shewn
to
the
Author
,
and
approved
by
him
as
fitter
for
the
General
History
of
the
Air
,
than
those
he
had
formerly
printed
.
So
that
,
Reader
,
thou
hast
these
Papers
as
they
were
prepared
and
ordered
to
be
published
in
his
Life-time
;
and
they
had
then
gone
to
the
Press
to
be
printed
,
just
as
thou
now
receivest
them
,
had
not
the
Publisher
the
last
Winter
been
hastily
called
out
of
Town
.
The
CONTENTS
of
the
several
TITLES
of
the
History
of
the
AIR
.
-
Title
1.
WHAT
we
understand
by
the
Air
,
Page
1
-
Title
2.
Of
the
constant
and
permanent
Ingredients
of
the
Air
,
2
-
Title
3.
Of
the
Aether
in
the
Atmosphere
,
9
-
Title
4.
Of
the
Springy
Particles
of
the
Air
,
and
the
Spring
of
the
Air
,
11
-
Title
5.
Of
the
Magnetical
Particles
in
the
Air
,
15
-
Title
6.
Of
the
Destruction
,
Generation
,
Absorption
and
Extrication
of
the
Air
,
17
-
Title
7.
Of
the
Accidental
or
less
constant
Ingredients
of
the
Air
,
27
-
Title
8.
Of
Aqueous
Particles
in
the
Air
,
and
of
the
Moisture
and
Driness
of
the
Air
,
29
-
Title
9.
Of
Clouds
,
Mists
and
Fogs
,
36
-
Title
10.
Of
Terrestrial
Steams
in
the
Air
,
37
-
Title
11.
Of
Salts
in
the
Air
,
39
-
Title
12.
Of
Sulphur
and
inflamable
Particles
in
the
Air
,
and
of
Lightning
,
and
its
Effects
,
60
-
Title
13.
Of
Celestial
Influences
or
Effluviums
in
the
Air
,
67
-
Title
14.
Of
the
Height
of
the
Atmosphere
,
83
-
Title
15.
Of
the
Motion
of
the
Air
,
and
of
Winds
,
84
-
Title
16.
Of
the
Air
as
the
Medium
of
Sounds
,
and
of
Sounds
and
Noises
in
the
Air
,
and
particularly
Thunder
;
and
of
the
Air
's
Operation
on
the
Sounds
of
Bodies
,
89
-
Title
17.
Of
the
Weight
of
the
Air
,
90
-
Title
18.
Of
the
Consistency
of
the
Air
,
its
Rarity
,
Density
,
Fluidity
,
Subtilty
,
148
-
Title
19.
Of
the
Heat
and
Coldness
of
the
Air
,
150
-
Title
20.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
Light
,
its
Perspituity
,
Opacity
,
Reflections
,
Refractions
,
Colours
,
Light
and
Lightning
,
189
-
Title
21.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Consistency
of
Animal
Substances
,
201
-
Title
22.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Consistency
of
Vegetable
Substances
,
204
-
Title
23.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Consistency
of
Mineral
Substances
,
206
-
Title
24.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
Fire
and
Flame
,
208
-
Title
25.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
Fermentation
,
210
-
Title
26.
Of
the
Air
as
the
Receptacle
of
Odours
,
211
-
Title
27.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Odours
of
Animal
Substances
,
212
-
Title
28.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Odours
of
Vegetable
Substances
,
214
-
Title
29.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Odours
of
Mineral
Substances
,
215
-
Title
30.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Tastes
of
Animal
Substances
,
216
-
Title
31.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Tastes
of
Vegetable
Substances
,
217
-
Title
32.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Tastes
of
Mineral
Substances
,
218
-
Title
33.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Colours
of
Animal
Substances
,
219
-
Title
34.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Colours
of
Vegetable
Substances
,
220
-
Title
35.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Colours
of
Mineral
Substances
,
222
-
Title
36.
Of
the
Air
destroying
or
introducing
other
less
obvious
Qualities
into
Animal
Substances
,
229
-
Title
37.
Of
the
Air
destroying
or
introducing
other
less
obvious
Qualities
into
Vegetable
Substances
,
230
-
Title
38.
Of
the
Air
destroying
or
introducing
other
less
obvious
Qualities
into
Mineral
Substances
,
232
-
Title
39.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
the
Propagation
and
Vegetation
of
Plants
,
234
-
Title
40.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
the
Generation
,
Life
and
Health
of
Animals
,
235
-
Title
41.
Of
heavy
Bodies
sustained
in
,
or
taken
up
into
the
Air
,
251
-
Title
42.
Of
Dew
,
252
-
Title
43.
Of
Rain
,
253
-
Title
44.
Of
Hail
,
255
-
Title
45.
Of
Snow
,
256
-
Title
46.
Of
other
things
falling
out
of
the
Air
,
257
-
Title
47.
Promiscuous
Experiments
and
Observations
of
the
Air
,
258
-
Title
48.
Desiderata
in
the
History
of
the
Air
,
and
Proposals
towards
supplying
them
,
259
THE
PREFACE
.
THE
continual
Vse
of
the
Air
is
so
absolutely
necessary
to
our
Life
;
the
good
or
bad
Temperature
of
it
is
so
important
to
our
Health
;
and
the
scarce
evitable
Presence
and
powerful
Pressure
of
it
,
has
so
great
an
Interest
in
many
of
the
Phaenomena
we
meet
with
here
below
,
and
even
in
divers
where
its
Agency
is
not
suspected
;
that
among
mere
Bodies
there
are
perhaps
few
Subjects
that
more
deserve
our
Curiosity
,
whether
as
we
are
Animals
,
or
as
we
are
Naturalists
.
Upon
which
Account
I
can
scarce
think
that
any
thing
that
conduces
to
the
fuller
Knowledg
of
a
Body
so
diffused
,
so
necessary
,
and
so
powerful
,
is
fit
to
be
despised
,
or
is
unworthy
to
be
preserved
in
Writing
.
And
therefore
,
though
I
have
formerly
had
occasion
to
treat
,
in
distinct
Tracts
,
of
some
of
the
Qualities
or
Affections
of
the
Air
,
as
its
Gravity
,
Springiness
,
&c.
yet
I
found
my self
inclined
to
contribute
further
to
the
Knowledg
of
that
vast
and
useful
Subject
,
by
setting
down
some
Memorials
,
partly
out
of
my
own
Observations
and
Trials
,
and
partly
out
of
those
I
had
from
Persons
of
good
Credit
,
concerning
some
Causes
and
Effects
of
the
Changes
of
the
Air
,
and
consequently
concerning
several
of
its
Qualities
that
were
requisite
to
be
taken
into
Consideration
in
a
work
of
that
Nature
.
And
not
content
with
this
,
though
my
own
Studies
and
Affairs
would
not
permit
me
to
prosecute
my self
the
Design
I
am
going
to
mention
,
yet
thinking
it
might
be
a
very
useful
thing
,
in
reference
both
to
Philosophy
and
Physick
,
that
a
Natural
History
of
the
Air
(
though
at
first
it
should
prove
but
a
very
imperfect
one
)
were
faithfully
compiled
,
I
propounded
the
Design
to
some
Virtuosi
that
seem'd
to
relish
it
,
and
undertook
to
be
Assistant
in
it
.
And
to
facilitate
their
Work
,
I
drew
up
a
Set
of
Heads
and
Inquiries
of
that
sort
,
which
in
another
Paper
I
call
Titles
of
the
first
Classis
or
Order
;
which
,
tho
purposely
set
down
without
any
anxious
Method
,
were
comprehensive
enough
to
have
a
good
Number
and
Variety
of
Particulars
conveniently
referr'd
to
them
.
But
afterwards
finding
the
Persons
to
whom
I
had
committed
these
Schemes
,
to
have
been
for
many
Years
very
unmindful
of
their
Promises
;
I
did
on
this
Discouragement
lay
aside
,
not
only
the
Hopes
of
a
General
History
of
the
Air
,
but
what
I
had
already
written
about
the
Changes
of
that
Body
.
And
upon
the
same
Accounts
,
those
scattered
Notes
lay
many
Years
in
loose
neglected
Papers
,
till
at
length
the
Curiosity
and
Desires
of
some
Virtuosi
,
that
knew
I
had
gathered
some
Remarks
,
though
few
and
incoherent
,
touching
some
Qualities
of
the
Air
,
obliged
me
to
draw
together
those
that
without
a
troublesome
Search
I
could
retrieve
,
offering
themselves
to
promote
the
Design
that
others
had
abandon'd
.
The
Desire
to
gratify
these
Inquisitive
Men
,
and
the
Conviction
I
am
brought
under
,
by
such
Reasons
as
are
mentioned
at
the
Beginning
of
this
Paper
,
that
scarce
any
Truth
,
whether
Historical
or
Doctrinal
,
that
relates
to
so
important
a
Subject
as
the
Air
,
is
unfit
to
be
preserv'd
,
prevail'd
with
me
,
rather
to
chuse
a
very
disadvantageous
way
of
setting
down
what
I
have
to
deliver
about
it
,
than
suffer
the
loose
Observations
I
had
occasion
to
make
about
some
Phanomena
and
Qualities
,
and
especially
the
Changes
of
the
Air
,
to
be
lost
.
And
therefore
,
though
I
have
not
the
leisure
to
methodize
my
incoherent
Notes
,
and
much
less
to
weave
them
into
continued
Discourses
;
yet
rather
than
let
them
perish
,
and
disappoint
those
that
will
have
them
such
as
they
are
,
I
am
content
to
refer
to
some
of
the
Titles
prefixed
to
this
Treatise
,
as
to
a
kind
of
Common
Places
,
what
my
Memory
,
or
some
old
Notes
about
divers
things
relating
to
the
Air
,
and
especially
to
the
Causes
and
Effects
of
its
Changes
,
supply
me
with
in
reference
to
that
Body
.
And
upon
the
like
Account
,
I
have
not
strictly
confined
my self
to
the
mention
of
my
loose
Observations
,
and
those
that
I
have
been
furnished
with
by
Answers
to
the
Questions
I
put
to
divers
Travellers
and
Navigators
:
but
I
have
also
cast
in
several
pertinent
Passages
that
chanced
to
occur
to
me
in
the
reading
of
some
Voyages
,
and
other
Books
,
especially
such
as
either
are
out
of
Print
,
or
are
but
in
few
Hands
,
or
else
are
not
extant
in
those
that
are
called
the
Learned
Languages
.
And
that
those
Virtuosi
that
are
willing
to
contribute
their
Industry
to
carry
on
the
Design
that
was
at
first
proposed
,
might
have
some
Heads
whereunto
to
refer
what
shall
occur
to
them
;
I
thought
fit
to
premise
to
my
Papers
the
above-mentioned
Scheme
,
or
rough
Draught
,
of
the
General
History
(
which
after
many
Years
I
chanced
to
recover
.
)
I
have
also
thought
fit
,
that
under
three
or
four
Titles
,
my
Collections
of
Particulars
should
be
somewhat
large
and
Methodical
,
to
afford
the
same
Persons
some
Specimens
of
what
I
should
have
thought
requisite
to
do
upon
particular
Subjects
,
if
I
would
have
ventur'd
upon
such
a
Task
,
as
to
write
a
Natural
History
of
the
Air.
I
am
not
ignorant
that
I
expose
my self
to
Censure
,
for
suffering
to
pass
out
of
my
Hands
,
Memoirs
so
maimed
and
imperfect
,
that
several
of
the
Subjects
mentioned
in
the
Scheme
of
Titles
are
left
altogether
untouch'd
;
and
those
that
are
particularly
mentioned
,
are
for
the
most
part
touch'd
upon
but
lightly
.
But
the
chief
,
though
not
perhaps
the
only
Reasons
that
kept
me
from
being
silenc'd
by
these
Considerations
,
though
I
confess
them
to
be
weighty
,
were
these
.
First
,
That
not
pretending
to
write
the
History
of
the
Air
,
but
only
some
Memoirs
for
it
;
I
might
without
Incongruity
or
Indecency
contribute
what
had
occurr'd
to
me
in
reference
to
some
of
the
Titles
,
though
I
left
the
others
to
those
that
had
made
Experiments
or
Observations
about
them
.
Next
,
That
having
through
the
Fraud
or
Negligence
of
some
Persons
,
lost
sundry
loose
Papers
that
I
had
provided
for
the
History
of
the
Air
,
my
Unwillingness
that
the
rest
should
undergo
the
same
Fate
,
invited
me
to
impart
them
to
many
,
as
the
best
Expedient
to
secure
them
.
To
which
I
,
Thirdly
,
add
an
Inducement
,
which
though
last
named
,
was
the
first
in
Efficacy
,
as
that
which
made
the
other
two
significant
;
namely
,
that
I
had
more
than
once
observed
,
that
when
a
Work
of
this
Nature
has
been
once
begun
and
taken
notice
of
,
in
such
an
inquisitive
and
active
Age
as
this
of
ours
,
it
seldom
fails
to
excite
the
Curiosity
and
Industry
of
others
,
whom
,
if
the
Design
be
any
thing
well
laid
,
the
Utility
that
it
promises
will
invite
to
carry
it
on
.
TITLE
I.
What
we
understand
by
the
AIR
.
BY
the
Air
I
commonly
understand
that
thin
,
fluid
,
diaphanous
,
compressible
and
dilatable
Body
in
which
we
breath
,
and
wherein
we
move
,
which
envelops
the
Earth
on
all
sides
to
a
great
height
above
the
highest
Mountains
;
but
yet
is
so
different
from
the
Aether
[
or
Vacuum
]
in
the
intermundane
or
interplanetary
Spaces
,
that
it
refracts
the
Rays
of
the
Moon
and
other
remoter
Luminaries
.
TITLE
II.
Of
the
constant
and
permanent
Ingredients
of
the
Air.
A
short
Answer
to
a
Question
about
the
Nature
of
the
Air
,
given
by
Mr.
Boyle
to
Mr.
H.
Oldenburg
.
AS
to
your
Question
,
What
I
think
the
Air
to
be
?
I
shall
in
the
first
place
take
it
for
granted
,
that
by
the
Air
you
mean
not
,
either
the
pure
Element
of
Air
,
which
some
,
nor
that
Etherial
or
Celestial
Substance
,
that
others
(
upon
what
Grounds
I
must
not
here
examine
)
assert
;
but
that
,
which
I
am
wont
to
call
the
Atmospherical
Air
,
which
is
that
common
Air
we
breath
and
move
in
.
But
though
I
know
you
too
well
,
to
suspect
that
you
design
any
Ambiguity
in
your
Question
;
yet
I
shall
not
adventure
to
answer
it
,
till
I
have
premised
a
Distinction
that
is
not
usual
:
For
,
according
to
my
Thoughts
,
the
Air
may
be
taken
either
for
that
which
is
Temporary
,
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
;
)
or
in
a
Transient
State
;
or
that
which
is
Lasting
,
and
in
a
Permanent
State
.
This
Distinction
,
which
perhaps
you
look'd
not
for
,
I
shall
illustrate
by
this
Example
;
That
if
you
sufficiently
heat
an
Eolipile
furnished
with
Water
,
and
stay
a
pretty
while
to
afford
time
for
the
expulsion
of
the
Aerial
Particles
by
the
Aqueous
Vapours
,
you
may
afterwards
observe
,
that
these
last
named
will
be
driven
out
in
multitudes
,
and
with
a
noise
,
and
will
emulate
a
Wind
or
Stream
of
Air
,
by
blowing
Coals
,
held
at
a
convenient
distance
,
like
a
pair
of
Bellows
,
and
by
producing
a
sharp
and
whistling
Sound
against
the
edg
of
a
Knife
,
held
in
a
convenient
Posture
almost
upon
the
Orifice
of
the
Pipe
,
whence
they
issue
out
.
But
this
vapid
Stream
,
though
in
these
,
and
some
other
things
it
imitates
true
Air
,
whilst
the
vehement
Agitation
lasts
,
which
the
Vapours
it
consists
of
,
received
from
the
Fire
;
yet
in
a
very
short
time
,
especially
if
the
Weather
,
or
the
Vessels
it
enters
into
,
be
cold
,
loses
the
temporary
Form
it
seemed
to
have
of
Air
,
and
returns
to
Water
,
as
it
was
at
first
.
This
premised
,
I
come
to
speak
directly
,
but
dare
not
do
it
confidently
,
to
your
Question
:
For
though
possibly
I
may
have
made
as
many
Trials
as
another
about
the
Nature
of
the
Air
;
yet
I
freely
confess
to
you
,
that
I
much
suspect
there
lies
yet
something
concealed
in
it
,
that
needs
a
further
Discovery
,
which
may
perhaps
be
made
by
further
Trials
.
But
in
the
mean
time
,
(
not
wholly
to
baffle
your
Curiosity
,
since
't
is
so
modest
,
as
to
desire
to
know
of
me
,
not
what
the
true
Nature
of
the
Air
is
,
but
what
I
guess
concerning
its
chiefest
Property
or
Attribute
)
I
will
acquaint
you
with
some
of
the
Thoughts
I
long
ago
had
,
and
which
I
yet
took
upon
my self
,
and
desire
to
have
them
look'd
upon
by
you
but
as
Conjectures
,
entertain'd
only
till
farther
Discoveries
confirm
them
,
or
suggest
better
in
their
room
.
It
seems
then
not
improbable
to
me
,
that
our
Atmospherical
Air
may
consist
of
three
differing
Kinds
of
Corpuscles
.
The
first
is
made
of
that
numberless
Multitude
and
great
Variety
of
Particles
,
which
,
under
the
form
of
Vapours
or
dry
Exhalations
,
ascend
from
the
Earth
,
Water
,
Minerals
,
Vegetables
and
Animals
,
&c.
and
in
a
word
,
of
whatever
Substances
are
elevated
by
the
Celestial
or
Subterraneal
Heats
,
and
made
to
diffuse
themselves
into
the
Atmosphere
.
The
second
sort
of
Particles
that
make
the
Air
,
may
be
yet
more
subtile
than
the
former
,
and
consist
of
such
exceeding
minute
Parts
,
as
make
up
the
Magnetical
Steams
of
our
Terrestrial
Globe
,
and
the
innumerable
Particles
,
that
the
Sun
and
other
Stars
,
that
seem
to
shine
of
themselves
,
do
either
emit
out
of
their
own
Bodies
,
or
by
their
Pressure
thrust
against
our
Eyes
,
and
thereby
produce
what
we
call
Light
;
which
,
whether
we
explicate
it
by
the
Epicurean
or
Cartesian
Hypothesis
,
argues
a
great
Plenty
of
a
Celestial
,
or
some
other
very
subtile
Matter
,
to
be
dispersed
through
,
or
harboured
in
the
Intervals
of
the
stabler
or
grosser
Corpuscles
of
the
Atmosphere
.
But
because
you
expect
from
me
a
distinguishing
,
and
as
it
were
,
Characteristick
Quality
,
which
may
put
a
difference
between
the
Parts
already
named
of
the
Atmosphere
,
and
those
to
which
most
of
the
Phenomena
of
our
Engine
,
and
many
other
Pneumatical
Experiments
,
seem
to
be
due
;
I
shall
add
a
third
sort
of
Atmospherical
Particles
,
compared
with
which
,
I
have
not
yet
found
any
,
whereto
the
Name
of
Air
does
so
deservedly
belong
.
And
this
sort
of
Particles
are
those
,
which
are
not
only
for
a
while
,
by
manifest
outward
Agents
,
made
Elastical
,
but
are
permanently
so
,
and
on
that
account
may
be
stil'd
Perennial
Air.
Of
the
Structure
of
the
Elastical
Particles
of
the
Air
,
divers
Conceptions
may
be
framed
,
according
to
the
several
Contrivances
Men
may
devise
to
answer
the
Phenomena
:
For
one
may
think
them
to
be
like
the
Springs
of
Watches
,
coil'd
up
,
and
still
endeavouring
to
fly
abroad
.
One
may
also
fancy
a
Portion
of
Air
to
be
like
a
Lock
or
Parcel
of
curled
Hairs
of
Wooll
;
which
being
compressed
by
an
external
Force
,
or
their
own
Weight
,
may
have
a
continual
endeavour
to
stretch
themselves
out
,
and
thrust
away
the
neighbouring
Particles
,
and
whatever
other
Bodies
would
hinder
them
to
recover
their
former
State
,
or
attain
their
full
Liberty
.
One
may
also
fancy
them
like
extreamly
slender
Wires
,
such
as
those
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
that
Tradesmen
unwind
from
some
Cylindrical
Bodies
of
differing
Sizes
,
on
which
they
were
rolled
;
which
Pieces
of
Spiral
or
curled
Wire
may
be
,
as
of
differing
Substances
and
Consistences
,
so
of
very
differing
Lengths
and
Thicknesses
,
and
have
their
Curls
greater
or
lesser
,
nearer
each
other
,
or
more
distant
,
and
be
otherwise
diversified
;
and
yet
all
have
Springiness
in
them
,
and
(
notwithstanding
)
be
,
by
reason
of
their
Shape
,
readily
expansible
on
the
score
of
their
native
Structure
,
as
also
by
Heat
,
Girations
,
and
other
Motions
;
and
compressible
by
an
external
Force
into
a
very
little
room
.
I
remember
too
,
that
I
have
among
other
Comparisons
of
this
kind
,
represented
the
springy
Particles
of
the
Air
,
like
the
very
thin
Shavings
of
Wood
,
(
that
Carpenters
and
Joiners
are
wont
to
take
off
with
their
Plainers
;
)
for
,
besides
that
these
may
be
made
of
differing
Woods
,
as
Oak
,
Ash
,
Firr
,
&c.
and
thereby
be
diversified
as
to
their
Substance
,
they
are
usually
of
very
various
Breadths
,
and
Lengths
,
and
Thicknesses
.
And
perhaps
you
may
the
rather
prefer
this
Comparison
,
because
it
may
seem
somewhat
to
illustrate
the
Production
of
the
springy
Particles
of
the
Air
:
for
to
make
these
Shavings
,
there
is
no
Art
nor
curious
Instruments
required
;
and
their
Curls
are
no
ways
uniform
,
but
many
ways
differing
,
and
seemingly
casual
;
and
,
which
is
chiefly
considerable
,
these
Shavings
are
producible
out
of
Bodies
,
that
did
not
appear
,
nor
were
suspected
to
be
Elastical
in
their
Bulk
,
as
Beams
and
Blocks
;
almost
any
of
which
may
afford
springy
Shavings
,
barely
by
having
some
of
its
Parts
so
taken
off
,
as
to
be
thin
and
flexible
enough
,
and
commodiously
shap'd
:
Which
may
perhaps
illustrate
what
I
tried
,
that
divers
solid
,
and
even
mineral
Bodies
,
not
suspected
of
Elasticity
,
being
put
into
corrosive
Menstruums
,
devoid
of
that
Quality
,
there
will
,
upon
the
convenient
Comminution
of
Parts
,
insuing
the
Action
and
Re-action
,
that
passes
between
them
in
the
Dissolution
,
result
or
emerge
a
pretty
Quantity
of
permanently
Elastical
Fire
.
But
possibly
you
will
think
that
these
are
but
extravagant
Conjectures
;
and
therefore
without
adding
any
thing
in
favour
of
them
,
I
shall
proceed
,
and
willingly
grant
,
that
one
may
fancy
several
other
Shapes
(
and
perhaps
fitter
than
these
we
have
mentioned
)
for
these
springy
Corpuscles
;
about
whose
Structure
I
shall
not
now
particularly
discourse
,
because
of
the
variety
of
probable
Conjectures
that
,
I
think
,
may
be
proposed
concerning
it
.
Only
I
shall
here
intimate
,
that
though
the
Elastical
Air
seem
to
continue
such
,
rather
upon
the
score
of
its
Structure
,
than
any
external
Agitation
;
yet
Heat
,
that
is
a
kind
of
Motion
,
may
make
the
agitated
Particles
strive
to
recede
further
and
further
from
the
Centers
of
their
Motions
,
and
to
beat
off
those
,
that
would
hinder
the
freedom
of
their
Gyrations
,
and
so
very
much
add
to
the
endeavour
of
such
Air
to
expand
it self
.
And
I
will
allow
you
to
suspect
,
that
there
may
be
sometimes
mingled
with
the
Particles
that
are
springy
,
upon
the
newly
mentioned
Account
,
some
others
,
that
owe
their
Elasticity
,
not
so
much
to
their
Structure
,
as
their
Motion
,
which
,
variously
brandishing
them
and
whirling
them
about
,
may
make
them
beat
off
the
neighbouring
Particles
,
and
thereby
promote
an
expansive
Endeavour
in
the
Air
,
whereof
they
are
Parts
.
And
though
some
of
these
may
,
in
very
cold
Climates
and
Seasons
,
prove
to
be
of
those
,
which
I
not
long
since
referr'd
to
temporary
Air
;
yet
others
of
them
may
be
so
minute
and
agile
,
and
so
advantageously
shap'd
,
that
at
least
in
our
Climate
,
the
Air
will
scarce
be
so
cold
,
but
that
the
Causes
,
which
entertain
the
Agitation
,
and
keep
it
fluid
,
may
also
give
a
competent
Motion
to
Particles
so
well
disposed
to
be
kept
in
it
.
And
now
,
Sir
,
't
will
be
time
to
indeavour
to
proceed
to
some
Particulars
,
that
may
countenance
the
Conjectures
I
have
hitherto
been
proposing
.
Having
not
now
the
leisure
to
prosecute
this
Discourse
uninterruptedly
,
till
it
be
compleatly
finish'd
,
I
thought
it
not
unfit
,
not
only
to
set
down
,
in
this
Paper
,
some
of
those
occurring
Thoughts
and
Observations
of
my
own
,
upon
this
Subject
,
that
were
the
likeliest
,
unless
this
way
preserved
,
to
vanish
out
of
my
Memory
,
and
which
may
serve
to
recal
divers
others
into
it
;
but
also
to
annex
some
Passages
referable
to
the
same
Purposes
,
borrowed
from
such
Books
,
as
probably
I
may
not
have
at
hand
,
when
I
shall
resume
this
Treatise
.
These
two
sorts
of
Passages
make
up
the
following
Notes
,
and
are
therefore
to
be
look'd
upon
but
as
materially
here
laid
together
to
be
preserved
,
not
so
much
for
themselves
(
though
some
of
them
perhaps
deserve
not
to
perish
)
as
in
Order
to
the
finishing
of
the
design'd
Structure
.
And
though
,
for
that
Reason
,
they
may
often
appear
very
confusedly
placed
,
yet
they
may
seem
more
incoherent
than
they
are
,
there
being
certain
Transitions
,
and
other
things
,
by
which
some
of
them
may
be
so
connected
,
as
to
be
fit
to
make
discoursive
Parts
and
Paragraphs
of
the
Treatise
they
belong
to
;
upon
which
Account
't
is
that
they
are
put
at
divers
Distances
one
from
another
,
that
if
hereafter
I
have
leisure
,
there
may
be
room
for
the
Transitions
,
&c.
by
which
they
are
designed
to
be
connected
into
coherent
Discourses
.
What
is
above
said
in
reference
to
this
Tract
in
general
,
is
applicable
to
those
particular
Parts
of
it
,
whether
Chapters
or
Sections
,
or
other
Divisions
that
follow
a
Line
of
Astericks
,
such
as
the
ensuing
**********************
imployed
to
separate
the
unfinish'd
Part
of
the
Division
it
belongs
to
,
from
the
foregoing
.
TITLE
III.
Of
the
Aether
in
the
Atmosphere
.
TITLE
IV.
Of
the
Springy
Particles
of
the
Air
,
and
the
Spring
of
the
Air.
Aerem
validè
comprimere
,
aut
dilatare
.
FOllibus
lusoriis
aerem
pyulco
ingerentes
majorem
Casati
Mechanicorum
,
lib.
8.
cap.
5.
p.
792
,
793
,
&c.
subinde
atque
majorem
difficultatem
percipiunt
;
quo
enim
magis
aer
conclusus
à
naturali
raritate
recedere
cogitur
,
etiam
major
nisu
resistit
,
neque
solum
magis
densari
renuit
,
sed
&
se
latiùs
explicare
molitur
.
Hinc
didicimus
&
pneumaticos
fontes
construere
,
qui
spiritu
interno
urgente
aquam
in
altum
evibrant
,
&
plumbeas
glandes
fistulis
ejaculari
,
non
pulvere
nitrato
ignem
concipiente
,
sed
aere
per
vim
densato
ad
antiquas
dimensiones
recuperandas
erumpente
.
Quoniam
verò
ingesta
jam
in
conceptaculum
non
exigua
aeris
copia
difficiliùs
comprimitur
novâ
aeris
accessione
,
quàm
ut
manus
valeat
trusillum
rectâ
impellere
;
idcirco
trusilli
hastulam
deformatam
in
helicem
,
&
suae
matrici
insertam
,
adhibere
operae
pretium
erit
:
dum
enim
manubrio
agitante
contorquetur
cochlea
,
sensim
deprimitur
embolus
,
aeremque
ingerit
.
Ne
autem
morâ
longiore
opus
sit
perpetuâ
versatione
manubrii
,
ita
cochleae
matrix
externam
vasis
faciem
contingat
,
ut
illi
adnecti
,
atque
ab
eo
disjungi
valeat
:
initio
enim
,
quando
adhuc
levis
est
aeris
modicè
compressi
resistentia
,
lamella
illa
suo
foramine
interiùs
claviculatim
striato
cohaerens
hastulae
emboli
,
si
à
vase
disjuncta
fuerit
,
unà
cum
hastulâ
movebitur
:
deinde
vero
,
quando
jam
trusillis
aegrè
impellitur
,
lamella
illa
cum
vase
connectatur
,
&
non
nisi
versato
manubrio
adduci
atque
reduci
embolus
poterit
,
id
quod
satis
lentè
perficietur
.
Rem
claritatis
gratia
in
fonte
pneumatico
explicemus
.
Porrò
hastula
H.
K.
perforata
sit
,
&
continuo
ductu
usque
ad
emboli
K.
S.
fundum
pateat
aeri
ingredienti
via
H.
S.
sed
foramini
S.
adjecta
sit
valvula
,
quae
aeri
regressum
obstruat
.
Similiter
modioli
fundo
in
I.
valvula
exteriùs
apposita
aperiatur
ingesto
aeri
transitum
praebens
;
sed
aeri
intra
vas
compresso
cum
nusquam
exitus
pateat
,
valvula
ipsa
modioli
foramen
I.
occludit
.
Hastulae
verò
H.
K.
exterior
facies
sit
in
helicem
striata
,
&
lamellae
M.
N.
tanquam
matrici
congruat
,
quae
in
M.
&
N.
cochleolis
adnecti
queat
exteriùs
vasi
,
quasi
esset
ansae
fulcrum
.
Ubi
immissum
fuerit
quantum
satis
est
aquae
,
cochleolis
M.
&
N.
revolutis
disjungatur
matrix
à
vase
:
tum
attractâ
ansâ
H.
O.
unà
cum
lamellâ
M.
N.
attrahitur
embolus
K.
S.
&
per
apertum
ductum
H.
S.
ingreditur
aer
,
modiolum
implens
.
Impulso
deinde
embolo
,
valvula
ad
S.
clauditur
,
&
aer
ex
modiolo
per
patentem
valvulam
I.
ingeritur
in
vas
;
ex
quo
nequit
exire
,
neque
aquam
propellere
,
clauso
scilicet
epistomio
E.
&
foramine
A.
qua
propter
comprimitur
,
&
densatur
;
ideoque
attracto
denuo
embolo
K.
S.
inclusus
vasi
aer
se
latius
explicare
connitens
valvulam
I.
valide
applicat
foramini
modioli
,
sibique
exitum
obstruit
.
Toties
adducitur
atque
reducitur
embolus
,
&
aer
ingeritur
,
quoad
magna
premendi
difficultas
percipiatur
;
ubi
eò
ventum
fuerit
,
tunc
lamella
M.
N.
iterum
vasi
adnectatur
suis
cochleolis
;
nec
jam
embolus
rectâ
adduci
potest
;
sed
areptum
in
O.
manubrium
versatur
,
&
embolus
intrà
,
modiolum
circumactus
sensim
attollitur
,
qui
deinde
revoluto
in
contrarium
manubrio
deprimitur
,
&
multâ
vi
aer
in
vase
comprimitur
.
Laxato
demum
Epistomio
E.
compressus
in
vase
aer
,
aquam
exprimit
per
tubum
C.
D.
primùm
quidem
vehementius
,
subinde
remissius
,
prout
aeris
vis
elastica
sensim
longuescit
.
Hoc
idem
quod
de
aere
intra
vas
comprimendo
ad
aquam
evibrandam
comminisci
placuit
,
servatâ
analogiâ
,
dicendum
est
de
aere
,
tum
conatu
manûs
rectâ
trusillum
impellentis
,
tum
ope
cochleae
similiter
conformatae
,
intrà
conceptaculum
comprimendo
,
ut
ex
fistulâ
deinde
multâ
vi
emittatur
plumbea
glans
,
ubi
reseratus
aeri
exitus
illum
subitò
dilatari
permiserit
.
Quin
&
pneumatica
hujusmodi
tormenta
citrà
conceptaculum
aeris
compressi
construere
non
inutilè
accidat
,
si
,
quemadmodum
nostrates
pueri
surculos
sambuceos
fungosâ
medullâ
exhauriunt
,
&
utraque
tubuli
extremitate
papyraceis
globulis
obstructâ
,
alterum
globulum
congruo
cylindro
propellunt
,
atque
inclufum
aerem
densant
,
quoad
aeris
vim
elasticam
,
&
impellentis
manus
conatum
non
ferens
extremus
alter
globulus
edito
seloppo
expellatur
;
ita
ferream
fistulam
longiorem
paraveris
,
cujus
alteri
extremitati
immittatur
plumbea
glans
obducta
papyro
,
aut
simili
materiâ
,
ut
exquisitè
tubi
osculum
implens
demum
universam
aeris
.
vim
excipiar
,
alteram
extremitatem
aliquot
spiris
ambiat
cava
cochlea
,
quam
impleat
cylindrus
ferreus
in
congruentem
cochleam
deformatus
;
si
enim
hujusmodi
cylindrus
vix
brevior
fuerit
,
quàm
fistula
,
&
apto
manubrio
convolutus
in
fistulam
sensim
immittatur
,
totum
aerem
,
quo
fistula
replebatur
,
ad
exiguas
spatii
angustias
adiget
,
ex
quibus
magnâ
vi
demum
,
quâ
data
:
porta
,
erumpens
ejaculabitur
plumbeum
globulum
.
TITLE
V.
Of
the
Magnetical
Particles
in
the
Air.
TITLE
VI.
Of
the
Destruction
,
Generation
,
Absorption
and
Extrication
of
the
Air.
New
Experiments
about
producing
of
Air.
And
examining
the
Bodies
produced
.
THAT
the
Air
has
a
great
Interest
in
the
Production
of
many
Phenomena
of
Nature
,
either
not
formerly
known
,
or
not
formerly
ascribed
unto
it
,
as
the
chief
Agent
,
if
as
any
at
all
,
has
been
,
I
suppose
sufficiently
manifested
by
our
own
Experiments
,
as
well
as
by
those
published
by
abler
Writers
.
That
also
the
Air
is
necessary
not
only
to
the
well-being
,
but
to
the
verry
Being
and
Motions
of
the
Generality
of
Animals
,
will
be
easily
deduc'd
from
those
Trials
whereby
we
have
made
it
appear
,
that
Animals
whose
Blood
is
hot
,
may
be
killed
in
our
Engine
by
the
withdrawing
of
the
Air
in
about
one
Minute
of
an
Hour
,
and
that
even
those
minute
Creatures
,
whose
Blood
or
Analogous
Juice
is
cold
,
will
for
the
most
part
,
without
excepting
Cheese-Mites
themselves
,
presently
lose
all
their
visible
Motions
,
upon
the
Recess
of
the
Air
,
may
appear
from
our
Experiments
about
Respiration
.
Wherefore
the
Air
,
being
a
Body
so
important
in
our
Speculations
of
Nature
,
and
so
necessary
to
the
Continuance
of
our
Lives
,
I
could
not
but
think
it
deserv'd
,
that
we
should
solicitously
inquire
,
whether
it
may
or
may
not
be
produc'd
by
Art
;
for
if
it
can
be
so
by
any
,
not
very
uneasily
practicable
ways
,
the
Discovery
may
not
only
help
us
to
explicate
some
difficult
Phenomena
of
Nature
,
but
may
afford
us
,
among
several
other
Uses
,
that
of
enabling
us
to
supply
divers
,
if
not
also
submarine
Navigators
with
fresh
Air
produced
under
Water
,
and
thereby
lengthen
their
staying
in
Places
,
where
the
Continuance
of
it
may
be
of
great
Use
both
speculative
and
practical
.
Upon
these
and
the
like
Motives
,
I
resolv'd
,
notwithstanding
the
Difficulties
I
foresaw
my
Curiosity
would
meet
with
in
so
new
an
Attempt
,
to
try
what
I
could
do
.
But
before
I
relate
the
Success
of
this
Attempt
,
I
must
premise
a
couple
of
necessary
Advertisements
.
And
first
,
when
I
here
speak
of
Production
of
Air
,
I
desire
to
be
understood
in
a
familiar
Sense
,
meaning
by
that
Expression
the
obtaining
a
sensible
Quantity
of
Air
,
from
Bodies
wherein
it
did
not
appear
before
they
were
handled
after
our
way
,
that
so
much
Air
,
if
any
at
all
,
was
pre-existent
.
This
I
say
,
because
I
would
not
in
this
Place
needlesly
ingage
in
the
Controversy
about
the
Ingenerability
(
as
they
speak
)
or
the
mutual
Transmutation
of
the
Bodies
that
are
called
Elementary
:
for
though
I
am
not
sure
,
but
that
some
of
our
Experiments
may
argue
a
new
and
real
Production
of
Air
,
or
a
Generation
of
it
in
the
stricter
Sense
,
yet
I
shall
now
imploy
the
words
Generation
and
Production
,
in
the
large
and
popular
Acception
,
and
would
signify
by
them
,
as
I
lately
intimated
,
the
obtaining
of
a
sensible
Quantity
of
Aerial
Substances
from
Bodies
,
that
did
not
appear
to
have
it
,
whether
this
obtain'd
Substance
were
due
to
an
Extrication
and
Union
of
Aerial
Particles
latent
in
the
Pores
of
the
Bodies
that
afforded
it
,
or
to
a
real
Production
or
Generation
of
Air
,
no
where
existent
antecedently
to
our
Experiments
.
And
this
is
the
first
of
my
two
Advertisements
.
The
second
is
this
,
That
among
the
Difficulties
,
I
foresaw
,
in
making
Experiments
suited
to
my
Design
,
I
look'd
upon
it
as
one
of
the
greatest
,
though
the
least
obvious
,
that
to
satisfy
such
a
Disposition
as
mine
,
that
is
naturally
prone
enough
to
question
things
,
it
would
be
requisite
for
me
to
consider
,
and
,
if
I
could
,
to
determine
by
appropriated
Trials
,
whether
the
fluid
Substances
my
Experiments
might
afford
me
,
deserv'd
the
Name
of
Air
or
not
.
Wherefore
I
saw
my self
oblig'd
to
increase
my
Task
,
and
so
direct
my
Inquiries
,
that
in
the
first
Place
they
may
afford
me
sensible
Portions
of
such
a
Substance
,
as
in
a
popular
Sense
may
be
stiled
Air
,
whether
these
obtain'd
Substances
ought
to
be
look'd
upon
as
true
Air
or
no.
So
that
my
intended
Disquisition
would
naturally
consist
of
two
Parts
,
whereof
the
former
was
to
contain
the
ways
of
producing
,
that
which
seems
Air
;
and
the
other
to
propound
those
of
examining
,
how
far
the
produc'd
Substance
is
indow'd
with
the
Qualities
,
that
are
judg'd
to
belong
to
Air
as
such
.
But
in
regard
that
I
thought
it
most
convenient
so
to
contrive
my
Experiments
,
as
to
make
such
of
them
as
I
could
to
serve
me
,
both
to
produce
Air
,
and
to
examine
it
,
I
shall
be
more
than
once
obliged
to
mingle
the
two
Parts
of
my
Disquisition
,
and
reserve
for
the
latter
of
them
,
only
those
few
Trials
,
that
concern
purely
the
Examen
of
the
produced
Air.
And
upon
this
Score
it
will
be
seasonable
to
take
notice
in
this
Place
,
that
forasmuch
as
there
are
divers
Qualities
ascribed
to
Air
,
which
to
me
seem
but
accidental
,
and
not
universally
to
belong
to
Air
as
such
,
I
have
not
observed
any
one
Attribute
that
I
think
to
be
so
much
the
Property
of
Air
,
and
so
fit
to
distinguish
its
true
Particles
from
aqueous
Vapours
,
earthy
Exhalations
,
and
the
Effluvia
of
other
Bodies
,
as
a
durable
Elasticity
or
Springiness
.
And
therefore
I
shall
henceforth
imploy
that
,
as
the
chief
Criterion
,
whereby
to
constitute
a
Portion
of
Matter
Aerial
,
and
discriminate
it
from
other
flying
and
fluid
Substances
,
and
consequently
to
allow
or
deny
it
the
Title
of
Air.
Now
among
the
several
Ways
I
thought
of
,
whereby
to
produce
Air
,
those
I
judg'd
fittest
to
put
in
practice
were
these
.
1.
By
Fermentation
.
2.
By
Corrosions
and
Dissolutions
of
Bodies
.
3.
By
boiling
of
Water
and
other
Liquors
.
4.
By
the
mutual
Actions
of
some
,
especially
saline
Bodies
,
upon
one
another
.
5.
By
the
Analyses
and
Resolutions
of
certain
Substances
.
On
January
17
,
we
conveyed
into
a
long
and
large
Experiment
I.
Tube
some
Filings
of
Steel
,
and
as
much
Water
as
was
thought
convenient
to
dilute
the
Oil
of
Vitriol
,
which
we
also
conveyed
in
a
peculiarly
shap'd
Glass
,
seal'd
at
both
Ends
,
but
with
a
Hole
opened
near
one
of
them
;
the
external
Tube
,
and
the
Water
in
them
being
exhausted
,
and
the
Mercury
in
the
Gage
,
which
we
had
also
included
,
being
so
far
impelled
up
into
the
open
Leg
,
that
there
was
scarce
any
at
all
left
in
the
seal'd
one
;
this
,
I
say
,
being
done
,
the
external
Tube
was
by
our
way
exactly
closed
:
and
then
the
Oil
of
Vitriol
being
by
little
and
little
,
and
at
good
Intervals
of
Time
,
poured
out
of
the
internal
Tube
,
to
actuate
the
Water
,
there
were
produced
exceeding
large
Bubbles
by
the
Action
of
the
Solvent
upon
the
Metal
,
which
also
produc'd
a
sensible
Heat
,
though
not
a
great
one
.
When
this
Conflict
had
lasted
a
while
,
we
observed
,
in
compliance
with
the
chief
Scope
of
this
Experiment
,
whether
there
would
be
any
springy
Air
produced
by
all
those
Bubbles
;
and
we
perceiv'd
that
there
seem'd
to
be
so
much
of
it
generated
,
that
at
length
the
Mercury
in
the
Gage
was
impell'd
to
the
very
bottom
of
the
open
Leg
,
and
the
Air
included
in
the
other
seemed
to
be
more
compress'd
than
it
had
been
when
it
was
put
in
by
the
Weight
of
the
Atmosphere
.
But
to
try
whether
this
Spring
(
wherein
the
Warmth
,
formerly
mentioned
,
might
be
suspected
to
have
for
that
time
some
Interest
)
would
continue
,
I
removed
the
Tube
into
another
Room
where
was
no
Chimny
;
and
coming
to
look
on
it
the
next
Day
,
did
not
take
notice
of
any
sensible
Alteration
in
the
Gage
;
and
with
the
like
Success
I
visited
it
for
three
or
four
Days
:
But
then
coming
one
Day
to
look
upon
it
,
I
found
the
Mercury
in
the
Gage
to
have
ascended
about
one
Inch
and
an
half
,
and
about
that
quantity
of
Water
to
have
got
into
the
sealed
Leg
;
which
inclined
me
so
much
the
more
to
suspect
,
that
this
Change
in
the
Gage
might
have
been
accidental
,
a
Boy
having
unknown
to
me
removed
the
Tube
from
its
wonted
Station
,
to
place
somewhat
else
there
,
without
doing
it
heedfully
enough
.
And
this
Conjecture
seems
the
more
likely
,
because
I
have
not
seen
any
notable
Change
to
have
happened
in
the
Gage
from
that
time
to
this
,
(
which
is
the
25th
of
January
at
Night
)
the
Mercury
in
the
open
Leg
being
about
one
Inch
and
an
half
.
March
8.
A
Glass
Vial
holding
about
a
Pint
(
by
guess
)
Experiment
:
II.
was
filled
with
Wheat
Flower
,
and
as
much
Water
as
was
sufficient
to
drench
it
well
.
Afterwards
the
Orifice
was
exactly
and
strongly
closed
with
a
Cork
,
and
an
excellent
Cement
:
the
Glass
was
set
in
a
warm
Place
of
the
Laboratory
,
because
of
the
Coldness
of
the
Season
;
and
having
stood
there
a
Fortnight
bating
one
Day
,
it
this
Morning
broke
by
the
mere
Dilatation
of
the
included
Matter
,
whose
visible
Part
was
last
Night
observ'd
to
leave
a
considerable
Part
unfill'd
beneath
the
Cork
.
Notice
was
taken
by
the
Laborant
of
the
Event
of
this
Trial
,
by
a
Noise
which
yet
was
no
louder
than
one
made
upon
the
bursting
of
the
Glass
into
several
Pieces
:
To
my
Taste
the
included
Matter
was
but
a
little
sourish
,
but
another
afterwards
judged
it
to
be
manifestly
acid
.
March
9.
Having
on
the
23d
of
February
put
into
a
Experiment
III.
pretty
large
Bolt-head
a
convenient
Quantity
of
bruised
Raisons
,
with
as
much
Water
as
I
thought
necessary
to
make
them
ferment
;
and
having
caused
the
Air
to
be
carefully
pump'd
out
,
and
taken
sufficient
Order
to
keep
any
from
forcing
or
stealing
into
the
Glass
,
I
set
it
in
the
Laboratory
,
that
the
Warmth
of
the
Air
might
facilitate
the
Fermentation
.
At
the
end
of
four
or
five
Days
,
it
did
not
appear
by
a
Mercurial
Gage
,
(
which
had
been
purposely
inclosed
together
with
the
Raisons
)
that
there
was
generated
any
springy
Substance
.
But
being
hindred
by
several
Occasions
from
looking
after
this
Glass
from
time
to
time
,
it
seems
the
contained
Liquor
fermented
more
violently
than
the
time
of
the
Year
would
have
made
one
expect
:
for
about
four
of
the
Clock
in
the
Afternoon
,
no
body
being
in
the
Laboratory
,
the
Glass
flew
in
pieces
with
a
loud
Noise
like
the
Report
of
a
Pistol
;
which
alarming
a
Domestick
of
mine
,
that
was
in
a
Chamber
not
far
off
,
made
him
hasten
to
the
Laboratory
,
where
he
found
the
Raisons
thrown
all
about
,
and
the
middle
part
of
the
Bolt-head
(
for
the
Bottom
and
the
Pipe
were
intire
enough
)
scattered
into
such
little
Pieces
,
that
they
seemed
almost
to
be
vanished
.
On
the
22d
of
February
,
I
filled
a
Glass
that
had
a
Experiment
IV.
somewhat
wide
Mouth
,
and
might
hold
by
Estimation
three
Pints
(
or
Pounds
)
of
Water
;
to
which
that
Liquor
,
and
a
convenient
Quantity
of
bruised
Raisons
upon
the
Orifice
of
the
Glass
,
were
tied
the
Neck
of
a
pretty
large
Bladder
,
out
of
which
the
Air
having
been
diligently
express'd
,
it
was
strongly
fastned
to
our
Glass
with
one
of
our
close
Cements
;
so
that
by
squeezing
the
Bladder
,
we
could
not
perceive
that
any
Air
could
get
in
or
out
.
Then
,
this
done
,
we
left
the
Glass
in
a
convenient
Place
in
the
Laboratory
,
till
the
8th
or
9th
of
March
;
and
then
finding
the
Bladder
to
be
pump'd
up
,
we
would
have
tied
up
the
contained
Air
,
but
could
not
do
it
by
reason
of
an
imperceiv'd
Hole
,
perchance
made
with
the
Point
of
a
Pin
,
by
some
one
of
them
that
handled
it
.
Wherefore
taking
off
this
Bladder
,
we
caused
another
that
was
very
limber
,
to
be
put
on
after
the
manner
newly
described
;
and
yesterday
Morning
we
found
it
,
though
by
Estimation
it
might
hold
about
two
Pounds
of
Water
,
to
be
so
full
of
Air
,
that
we
could
not
without
difficulty
,
and
losing
a
pretty
deal
of
the
contain'd
Air
,
tie
the
Bladder
very
close
near
the
Neck
of
it
.
And
to
try
whether
this
same
Mixture
would
continue
to
produce
Air
,
(
whether
fermented
or
not
,
I
must
not
here
dispute
)
I
caused
another
Bladder
to
be
fastned
to
the
same
Glass
as
before
,
and
found
it
this
Morning
March
11.
as
full
as
if
it
were
distended
with
a
Pair
of
Bellows
.
April
28.
Into
the
bottom
of
a
wide-mouth'd
Vial
we
Experiment
V.
put
some
good
Spirit
of
Salt
,
and
Filings
of
Steel
,
and
whelm'd
over
it
a
Rr.
fitted
with
an
Eel-skin
and
a
Wire
;
to
the
latter
of
which
was
tied
a
thin
Glass-Vessel
,
hermetically
seal'd
at
the
bottom
,
tho
't
was
but
slender
,
and
furnished
with
a
competent
Quantity
of
Filings
of
Copper
,
then
we
exhausted
the
Rr.
well
with
our
Engine
,
and
afterwards
by
thrusting
the
Glass
that
held
the
Filings
against
the
bottom
of
the
Vial
,
we
broke
it
off
,
upon
which
the
Filings
fell
into
the
Menstruum
,
which
acting
upon
them
,
there
ensued
good
store
of
Bubbles
that
made
a
Froth
much
deeper
than
was
the
Liquor
,
and
the
successive
Generation
of
these
Bubbles
continued
a
good
while
,
and
appear'd
some
of
them
large
enough
,
though
in
the
free
Air
they
would
scarce
have
been
visible
,
or
at
least
would
not
have
been
taken
notice
of
,
the
Vial
having
been
kept
in
our
Vacuum
for
a
Quarter
of
an
Hour
longer
,
and
no
Greenness
to
be
seen
in
the
Liquor
,
the
Rr.
was
taken
off
,
and
the
Vial
left
open
to
the
Air.
A
Bubble
of
Air
,
whose
Diameter
was
near
in
length
Experiment
VI.
to
that
of
a
middle
siz'd
Pea
,
was
left
at
the
top
of
a
round
Vial
with
a
long
narrow
Neck
,
whose
Cavity
was
fill'd
with
fine
Oil
of
Turpentine
,
and
then
being
inverted
into
a
Vial
fill'd
with
the
same
Liquor
,
was
set
aside
in
a
quiet
Place
,
and
left
there
for
a
competent
time
.
Another
Vial
shap'd
like
the
former
,
but
a
pretty
deal
less
,
was
fill'd
Neck
and
all
with
Alcohol
of
Wine
,
save
a
Bubble
of
Air
about
the
same
Bigness
with
the
former
:
This
Vial
being
inverted
into
another
furnish'd
with
the
same
Liquor
,
was
set
aside
in
the
same
Window
with
it
,
and
at
the
same
time
:
The
Event
was
,
that
about
the
End
of
the
6th
Day
,
the
Bubble
disappear'd
in
the
Glass
that
contain'd
the
Oil
of
Turpentine
.
And
the
like
Absorption
,
if
I
may
so
call
it
,
I
observ'd
to
have
been
made
of
the
Air
by
the
contiguous
Spirit
of
Wine
,
the
next
Day
after
.
May
the
23d
.
We
open'd
another
exhausted
Receiver
,
Experiment
VII
.
wherein
was
an
unstop'd
Vial
more
than
half
full
of
an
opacous
and
blackish
Liquor
,
which
we
guess'd
(
for
we
found
no
Inscription
belonging
to
it
)
to
have
been
Frogs
Spawn
,
and
were
sure
to
have
been
included
at
least
three
Years
:
By
the
Mercurial
Gage
that
was
put
up
with
it
,
it
appear'd
to
have
afforded
some
Air
,
but
not
very
much
.
It
s
Smell
was
stinking
,
much
like
that
of
the
Pump
of
a
Ship
,
but
yet
it
had
produc'd
no
Insects
,
nor
had
any
Appearance
of
Mouldiness
.
A
Gentleman
of
my
Acquaintance
,
an
industrious
Experiment
VIII
.
Digger
for
Mines
,
and
Owner
of
a
good
one
,
informs
me
,
that
when
the
Miners
meet
with
running
Water
under
Ground
,
they
are
thereby
supplied
with
Air
enough
for
free
Respiration
:
And
when
I
ask'd
whether
he
thought
that
Air
was
produced
or
extricated
by
the
Motion
of
the
Water
,
or
else
were
only
concomitant
to
the
Stream
?
He
answered
,
that
it
seemed
to
him
more
like
to
proceed
from
the
Water
it self
:
and
further
answered
me
,
that
standing
Waters
did
not
afford
Air
to
the
Diggers
;
and
that
running
Waters
did
it
even
at
considerable
Depths
,
amounting
to
many
Fathoms
.
Experiments
about
the
Production
of
Air
,
and
the
examining
thereof
proposed
.
Sect
1.
TO
produce
Air
by
Fermentation
in
exactly
closed
Receivers
.
To
produce
Air
by
Fermentation
in
seal'd
Glasses
.
To
separate
Air
from
Liquors
by
boiling
.
To
separate
Air
from
Liquors
by
the
Engine
.
To
produce
Air
by
Corrosion
,
especially
with
Sp.
Anti.
To
separate
Air
by
Animal
and
sulphureous
Solvents
.
To
obtain
Air
in
the
exhausted
Receiver
by
burning
Glasses
,
and
red
hot
Irons
.
To
produce
Air
out
of
Gun-powder
,
and
other
nitrous
Bodies
.
Sect.
2.
Examine
the
produc'd
Aerial
Substance
by
its
preserving
or
reviving
.
1st
.
Animals
.
2dly
.
Flame
.
3dly
.
Fire
.
4thly
.
The
Light
of
rotten
Wood
,
Fish
.
To
examine
it
by
its
Elasticity
,
and
the
Duration
thereof
.
As
also
by
its
Weight
.
And
by
its
lifting
up
the
Smoak
of
Liquors
.
TITLE
VII
.
Of
the
Accidental
or
less
constant
Ingredients
of
the
Air.
TITLE
VIII
.
Of
Aqueous
Particles
in
the
Air
,
and
of
the
Moisture
and
Driness
of
the
Air.
I
Shall
not
here
determine
whether
in
all
the
Instances
that
are
referr'd
to
this
Title
,
the
Phenomena
be
produced
by
the
meer
Moisture
of
the
Air
as
such
,
or
by
some
other
Agents
,
whose
Corpuscles
are
accompanied
and
assisted
by
the
moist
Air
as
a
Vehicle
and
a
concurrent
Cause
.
But
without
nicely
distinguishing
the
Grounds
of
particular
Operations
,
we
shall
refer
the
Phenomena
in
general
to
the
Moisture
of
the
Air
,
(
or
moist
Air
)
that
Quality
being
the
most
obvious
to
be
observ'd
in
these
Phenomena
;
in
the
Production
of
some
of
which
it
seems
either
the
only
,
or
the
main
Cause
,
in
others
an
assistant
Cause
,
and
in
all
a
not
useless
Concomitant
.
The
Account
upon
which
a
Body
is
dry
,
being
usually
but
this
,
that
the
Pores
intercepted
between
its
more
stable
Parts
,
are
not
fill'd
with
any
visible
Liquor
,
it
is
not
to
be
expected
that
a
Quality
so
near
of
kin
to
a
Privation
,
should
furnish
much
to
our
present
historical
Notes
:
But
yet
Driness
may
sometimes
have
a
not-inconsiderable
Interest
in
the
Changes
of
a
Body
,
and
that
upon
differing
Scores
,
whereof
I
take
these
two
to
be
the
chief
.
1st
.
As
the
Body
by
Exsiccation
is
deprived
of
those
liquid
and
exhalable
Parts
that
were
before
harbour'd
in
its
Pores
,
and
were
perhaps
the
Principle
of
divers
Operations
ascribed
to
it
.
And
,
2dly
.
As
these
Evaporable
Parts
by
their
Recess
may
occasion
a
Change
of
Texture
in
the
Body
,
especially
in
regard
of
the
Pores
,
whose
Bigness
,
Figure
,
and
perhaps
Position
,
being
alter'd
,
the
Body
by
this
Change
of
Texture
acquires
a
Disposition
to
act
,
and
be
acted
on
,
in
several
Cases
,
otherwise
than
formerly
.
Sometimes
when
the
Weather
began
to
be
overcast
,
A
Transcript
of
an
Observation
made
at
Stanton
.
the
Hygroscope
did
not
sensibly
appear
to
grow
heavier
,
and
sometimes
it
would
preponderate
when
I
took
notice
of
no
Vapours
to
make
it
do
so
:
and
though
these
things
happen'd
but
seldom
,
in
respect
of
the
ordinary
Changes
of
the
Hygroscope
according
to
those
of
the
Weather
;
yet
they
made
me
suspect
that
sometimes
the
Clouds
may
consist
of
other
Steams
than
Aqueous
,
or
that
there
may
be
some
Exhalations
that
may
have
a
peculiar
Congruity
with
the
Pores
of
the
Hygroscope
,
and
whose
Nature
may
be
such
as
to
the
Power
of
drying
the
Hygroscope
,
that
upon
these
or
some
other
,
yet
unheeded
Accounts
,
the
Steams
that
are
sometimes
diffused
in
the
Air
,
may
controul
the
usual
and
regular
Causes
of
increasing
or
lessening
the
Gravity
of
the
Hygroscope
.
And
this
Suspicion
was
the
stronger
,
because
having
made
Hygroscopes
with
Powder
and
Salt
,
and
also
with
the
Saw-dust
of
Wainscot
,
hung
at
nice
Scales
in
very
thin
open
Glasses
,
purposely
blown
for
Lightness
sake
at
the
Flame
of
a
Lamp
,
though
they
usually
acquired
and
lost
Weight
,
as
the
Weather
grew
moister
or
drier
,
yet
sometimes
they
did
not
.
At
half
of
an
Hour
after
nine
a
Clock
at
Night
,
I
Experiment
I.
look'd
upon
the
Half
Hundred
Weight
that
hung
at
the
bottom
of
the
Rope
,
the
Weather
being
then
fair
,
and
a
Mark
being
put
at
that
part
of
the
erected
Board
where
the
bottom
of
the
Weight
touch'd
,
I
perceiv'd
the
Sky
a
while
after
to
grow
cloudy
and
overcast
,
but
without
Rain
;
wherefore
going
to
visit
the
Weight
again
,
I
found
it
to
be
risen
¼
of
an
Inch
or
more
;
and
looking
on
my
Watch
,
perceiv'd
there
had
pass'd
an
Hour
and
a
Quarter
since
the
Mark
was
made
.
This
Morning
I
came
again
to
look
upon
the
Weight
between
eight
and
nine
of
the
Clock
,
and
found
it
raised
above
the
newly
mentioned
Mark
,
made
last
Night
about
one
Inch
,
(
for
't
was
about
9/10
of
an
Inch.
)
This
Day
the
Weather
being
fair
and
windy
,
the
Weight
was
fallen
by
ten
at
Night
about
six
Inches
beneath
its
Station
,
at
which
I
found
it
when
I
look'd
on
it
in
the
Morning
.
Being
not
well
yester-night
,
the
Weight
was
observ'd
at
Bed-time
,
by
two
of
my
Servants
,
and
it
then
rested
at
the
11th
of
the
erected
Bound
.
This
Morning
about
eight
of
the
Clock
,
I
visited
it
my self
,
and
found
it
to
be
risen
about
⅛
of
an
Inch
above
the
eighth
Inch
,
the
Morning
being
cloudy
,
though
the
Morning
very
dry
and
dusty
.
The
Weather
growing
more
overcast
,
within
somewhat
less
than
an
Hour
after
,
I
visited
the
Weight
again
,
some
scatter'd
Drops
of
Rain
then
beginning
to
fall
,
and
found
it
to
be
risen
about
half
an
Inch
above
the
newly
mention'd
eighth
Mark.
I
look'd
when
I
was
ready
to
go
to
Bed
upon
the
suspended
Weight
of
56
Pound
,
and
mark'd
how
low
it
reach'd
upon
the
divided
Board
;
and
a
great
part
of
the
Night
having
been
rainy
,
I
look'd
again
when
I
was
dress'd
in
the
Morning
,
which
was
about
half
an
Hour
after
eight
a
Clock
,
and
I
found
the
Cord
so
shrunk
,
that
the
Weight
was
raised
above
five
Inches
higher
than
I
left
it
the
Night
before
;
but
the
Day
recovering
dry
and
windy
,
and
sometimes
warm
,
the
Rope
was
so
stretch'd
,
that
at
Night
the
Weight
sunk
a
good
way
beneath
all
the
Marks
.
N.
B.
The
Rope
near
the
Weight
was
in
Diameter
●
of
an
Inch
,
and
four
decimal
Parts
of
a
tenth
.
We
took
a
Rope
of
near
three
Foot
and
an
half
in
length
from
the
Point
of
Appension
,
and
somewhat
Experiment
II.
less
than
●
(
Inch
)
in
Diameter
;
this
we
suffer'd
to
be
stretch'd
for
some
Days
by
a
Weight
of
Lead
with
an
Iron
Ring
or
Ansula
,
weighing
a
Quarter
of
an
Hundred
,
according
to
the
great
Hundred
,
which
is
five
score
and
twelve
:
and
then
placing
a
flat
Board
under
it
so
,
that
the
Weight
just
rested
upon
it
,
we
had
the
Rope
well
wetted
over
them
with
a
Spunge
dip'd
in
Water
,
and
so
often
applied
to
it
,
that
the
Liquor
might
be
thorowly
soak'd
into
the
Pores
of
the
Rope
,
which
at
first
seem'd
thereby
a
little
stretch'd
,
rather
than
shorten'd
;
but
after
an
Hour
or
two
it
began
to
shrink
,
so
that
we
could
make
the
Weight
swinge
like
a
Pendulum
over
the
Piece
of
Board
it
lean'd
upon
before
.
But
afterwards
the
same
Day
the
Weight
stretch'd
out
the
Rope
again
as
much
as
formerly
.
'T
is
observable
,
that
though
Morocco
be
an
Inland-Town
,
and
the
Soil
of
those
Parts
be
usually
dry
,
if
not
parched
;
yet
Doctor
D.
who
was
lately
there
,
informed
me
,
that
about
Morocco
,
notwithstanding
the
violent
Heats
he
felt
in
the
Day-time
,
he
observed
the
Nocturnal
Air
to
be
very
damp
,
so
as
to
make
the
Clothes
he
put
off
at
Night
exceeding
moist
,
and
unfit
to
be
worn
without
airing
the
next
Morning
.
He
added
,
That
though
the
Air
was
very
piercing
,
and
manifested
it self
to
be
so
by
many
other
Signs
,
yet
it
would
not
make
his
Knife
rust
in
his
Pocket
,
or
his
Sword
in
the
Scabbard
,
though
it
would
quickly
produce
a
Rust
in
Instruments
of
that
Metal
exposed
naked
to
it
.
Air
too
moist
cannot
be
wholesome
.
The
Air
in
our
Parts
,
viz.
about
Oakly
in
Buckingham-shire
,
though
a
high
Country
,
is
,
as
I
said
before
,
between
Michaelmas
and
Alhallontide
very
moist
,
especially
in
rainy
Weather
,
and
upon
a
Thaw
,
insomuch
that
Wainscots
,
Stair-cases
and
Pictures
will
stand
all
of
a
Water
,
and
after
run
down
in
great
Drops
;
and
at
Brill
,
upon
that
high
Hill
,
't
is
in
divers
Houses
worse
than
in
the
Valley
,
insomuch
that
the
Stair-cases
,
especially
if
laid
in
Oil
,
will
run
down
with
Water
:
the
North
and
North-East
side
of
our
Houses
are
observed
to
be
moister
,
insomuch
that
the
Furniture
will
rot
,
if
Fires
be
not
made
sometimes
in
the
Rooms
,
and
the
things
aired
:
This
is
observ'd
to
be
the
most
aguish
Season
of
the
Year
.
Mr.
J.
T.
As
in
another
Experiment
wetried
,
whether
or
no
the
Removal
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
would
much
alter
the
Temperature
of
the
included
Medium
or
Space
,
as
to
Heat
and
Cold
:
so
we
indeavour'd
to
discover
,
whether
the
Alteration
would
be
notable
,
as
to
Driness
and
Moisture
.
To
this
purpose
we
did
indeed
wish
for
such
a
Hygroscope
(
or
Instrument
wherewith
to
measure
the
Moisture
and
Driness
of
the
Air
)
as
we
used
many
Years
ago
,
and
since
found
well
described
by
the
industrious
Kircher
,
in
a
Place
of
his
Ars
magnetica
,
to
which
I
therefore
refer
your
Lordship
.
But
in
regard
that
to
this
Instrument
there
is
requisite
the
Beard
of
a
wild
Oat
seasonably
gather'd
,
which
we
could
not
then
procure
;
we
recall'd
to
Mind
another
Hygroscope
,
which
,
though
it
discover
not
such
small
Mutations
as
the
former
,
we
thought
might
be
usefully
enough
substicuted
instead
of
it
.
Of
this
Hygroscrope
,
having
particularly
described
it
in
another
Paper
,
we
shall
now
only
say
in
a
word
,
that
't
is
made
by
fastning
to
the
upper
End
of
a
Piece
of
Gut-string
,
or
great
Lutestring
,
a
very
light
Index
,
and
strongly
fastning
the
lower
end
of
the
same
String
to
the
bottom
of
a
Box
,
or
other
convenient
Frame
,
the
Circumference
of
whose
upper
Part
may
be
at
pleasure
divided
into
Degrees
or
other
Partitions
,
upon
which
the
Index
may
move
to
and
fro
.
For
the
Instrument
being
thus
made
,
when
the
Air
grows
moister
,
the
Vapours
insinuating
themselves
into
the
Pores
of
the
Filaments
that
compose
the
String
,
do
somewhat
shorten
it
;
and
thereby
those
Filaments
being
altered
in
point
of
Contortion
,
the
Index
that
is
fastned
to
them
turns
one
way
:
and
upon
the
recess
of
those
Vapours
,
or
of
others
of
like
nature
,
the
String
comes
to
be
wreath'd
,
and
consequently
the
Index
to
be
moved
another
way
.
So
that
in
a
String
of
about
three
Inches
long
,
the
Point
of
the
Index
will
be
oftentimes
made
to
change
its
Place
very
notably
,
by
such
a
mutation
of
the
Air
,
as
to
Driness
and
Moisture
,
as
was
to
be
met
with
in
the
Morning
and
at
Noon
of
the
same
Day
,
tho
such
a
Change
did
not
always
need
either
Rain
,
Clouds
or
Mists
,
or
the
absence
of
them
,
to
make
it
notable
.
We
took
then
one
of
these
Hygroscopes
,
and
conveyed
it
into
a
small
Receiver
,
that
the
removal
of
the
Experiment
III.
Air
being
sudden
,
the
Change
of
Temperature
(
if
any
should
happen
)
in
the
exhausted
Cavity
,
might
be
the
more
sudden
and
conspicuous
.
But
we
found
not
that
the
emptying
of
the
Receiver
made
the
Index
sensibly
change
place
.
And
though
this
Experiment
were
carefully
made
,
yet
for
the
greater
Security
we
repeated
it
once
more
;
and
neither
then
perceiving
the
Index
to
remove
,
we
kept
the
Receiver
exhausted
for
a
pretty
while
,
lest
there
should
be
some
more
time
requisite
to
the
Operation
of
the
Medium
upon
the
Instrument
.
But
neither
did
this
Trial
produce
any
sensible
Alteration
of
the
Index
;
but
after
the
Key
was
turned
,
and
Access
was
thereby
given
to
the
excluded
Air
,
tho
the
Cover
were
still
kept
on
,
we
found
that
then
within
some
Hours
,
the
Index
was
considerably
removed
.
So
that
as
far
as
these
Experiments
informed
us
,
the
Ether
or
subtile
Matter
that
succeeds
in
the
place
deserted
by
the
Air
,
if
that
Place
be
not
left
void
;
and
consequently
the
thinner
and
more
fluid
part
of
the
Atmosphere
(
in
which
the
Corpuscles
,
that
may
be
more
properly
called
Aerial
,
swim
)
seems
in
its
own
nature
to
be
very
sensibly
,
neither
cold
,
or
hot
,
or
dry
,
or
moist
.
I
said
,
as
far
as
these
Experiments
,
I
mean
those
we
made
in
this
Engine
with
the
Thermoscope
and
Hygroscope
,
inform
us
:
because
this
Conjecture
(
for
I
dare
yet
call
it
no
more
)
may
be
examined
divers
other
ways
,
whose
Events
may
either
confirm
,
or
oppose
,
or
limit
it
.
In
the
mean
time
I
could
wish
,
that
if
your
Lordship
had
one
of
Kircher's
Hygroscopes
at
hand
,
you
would
frequently
and
carefully
try
the
last-recited
Experiment
with
it
;
because
I
have
found
,
that
if
such
a
Hygroscope
be
very
well
made
,
't
is
admirable
,
as
well
as
pleasant
,
to
see
how
small
a
Mutation
of
the
neighbouring
Air
it
will
take
notice
of
.
But
I
thought
fit
to
desire
to
have
it
frequently
tried
,
because
Care
must
be
taken
that
such
Motions
of
the
Index
be
not
mistaken
for
the
Effects
of
the
altered
Temper
of
the
Medium
in
the
Receiver
,
which
may
in
some
Cases
proceed
from
those
Steams
of
the
Oil
and
Water
,
which
we
elsewhere
mention
,
that
we
now
and
then
,
tho
but
seldom
,
observed
to
get
out
of
the
Cylinder
into
the
Receiver
,
and
play
up
and
down
there
.
TITLE
IX
.
Of
Clouds
,
Mists
and
Fogs
.
HEaring
that
an
excellent
Astronomer
of
my
Acquaintance
,
had
often
measured
the
Height
of
Clouds
,
I
enquired
of
him
what
Height
he
observ'd
them
to
have
?
and
was
answered
,
That
though
he
had
measured
eighteen
or
twenty
even
of
white
Clouds
in
fair
Weather
,
yet
he
observed
scarce
any
one
to
be
higher
than
three
quarters
of
a
Mile
,
and
few
of
them
he
found
to
exceed
half
a
Mile
.
A
Mist
coming
,
driving
upon
the
Sea
towards
the
Shoar
,
though
without
any
sensible
Wind
,
will
raise
a
greater
Swell
of
a
Sea
,
than
a
brisk
Wind
will
do
.
N.
I
have
observed
in
a
Ground
near
my
House
,
which
is
somewhat
moist
in
Winter
,
as
also
in
other
Places
,
especially
after
a
warm
Day
,
and
against
fair
Weather
in
Autumn
,
a
moist
blewish
Mist
to
ascend
about
twenty
or
thirty
Foot
high
,
and
then
to
subside
again
in
Dew
.
Mr.
J.
T.
TITLE
X.
Of
Terrestrial
Steams
in
the
Air.
INquiring
of
an
ingenious
Acquaintance
of
mine
,
who
,
in
an
inclosed
Scope
of
Ground
,
has
several
Veins
of
differing
Metals
and
Minerals
,
whether
he
did
not
see
,
and
sometimes
smell
Steams
ascending
out
of
this
or
that
Spot
of
his
Ground
,
in
Circumstances
where
their
Ascension
could
not
be
imputed
to
the
Action
of
the
Sun
?
He
and
his
Son
,
who
was
also
a
Virtuoso
,
told
me
,
that
they
had
divers
times
seen
as
't
were
Pillars
of
Fumes
ascending
like
Smoak
,
whereof
some
would
be
inodorous
,
some
ill-scented
,
and
some
,
though
but
seldom
,
well-scented
.
And
you
may
have
observed
,
as
well
as
I
,
that
Fogs
,
some
of
which
I
have
known
to
be
very
lasting
,
and
to
have
a
large
Spread
,
did
require
no
tender
Nostrils
to
perceive
them
to
stink
.
I
have
frequently
observed
the
smoaking
Steams
that
arose
out
of
the
Shafts
of
Mines
not
wrought
in
:
And
it
is
certain
,
the
Charcoal
made
in
Cornwal
(
especially
of
that
Wood
that
grows
in
the
Mineral
Part
thereof
)
doth
afford
a
manifest
Arsenical
and
Sulphureous
Smell
beyond
other
Charcoal
.
N.
Tel
est
par
exemple
ce
nuage
horrible
d'une
fumée
Journal
des
Scavans
III.
1685.
epaisse
qui
s'eleva
de
la
mer
de
Crete
au
Commencement
de
l'Este
de
l'an
721.
et
qui
s'etant
repandu
dans
l'air
le
fit
paroistre
tout
en
feu
.
La
mer
n'en
fut
pas
mesme
exempte
;
car
les
grosses
masses
de
pierres
enflammées
qu'on
en
vit
sortier
,
et
qui
se
joignirent
a
l'Isle
qu'
on
nomme
Hiera
,
échauferent
si
fort
les
eaux
qu'elles
en
bruloient
les
mains
.
TITLE
XI
.
Of
Salts
in
the
Air.
'T
IS
sufficiently
known
that
the
Peripatetick
Schools
teach
the
Air
to
be
an
Element
warm
and
moist
;
and
if
it
be
an
Element
,
it
ought
,
according
to
their
Principles
,
and
those
of
the
greatest
part
of
other
Naturalists
,
to
be
a
simple
and
Homogeneous
Body
.
But
because
such
an
elementary
or
uniform
Purity
is
much
easier
to
be
found
in
the
Writings
of
Schoolmen
,
than
amongst
the
Works
of
Nature
,
many
of
the
modern
Philosophers
have
justly
forsaken
this
Doctrine
of
the
elementary
Simplicity
of
the
Air
in
some
measure
;
but
perhaps
very
few
of
them
,
if
any
,
have
asserted
the
Air
to
be
so
exceedingly
compounded
a
Body
,
as
in
my
Opinion
it
really
is
.
For
divers
of
them
grant
indeed
,
that
the
Atmosphere
is
not
absolutely
pure
,
but
yet
think
,
that
it
differs
but
gradually
from
true
and
simple
Air
,
as
Water
a
little
moved
and
troubled
does
from
clear
and
settled
Water
.
But
for
my
part
,
I
confess
I
acquiesce
not
in
either
of
those
Notions
of
the
Air.
For
,
as
I
have
elsewhere
more
fully
declared
in
a
short
Discourse
,
purposely
treating
of
the
Substance
of
the
Air
,
although
I
will
not
deny
that
there
is
an
Ethereal
Matter
more
subtile
than
the
common
Air
,
which
Ether
I
take
to
be
diffused
through
all
the
Interstellar
Part
of
the
Universe
known
to
us
,
reaching
to
and
surrounding
all
its
great
Globles
;
yet
speaking
of
the
Air
which
we
Men
live
and
breath
in
,
I
take
our
Atmosphere
to
consist
not
only
of
the
purer
Ether
,
but
in
great
part
of
a
vast
multitude
of
Effluvia
emitted
by
the
Terraqueous
Globe
,
and
the
various
Bodies
it
is
made
up
of
,
and
perhaps
in
some
part
also
of
substantial
Emanations
from
the
Celestial
Bodies
;
and
that
that
whereby
the
Atmosphere
differs
from
such
pure
Air
,
as
the
Schools
tell
us
of
,
is
not
a
bare
and
indeterminate
Feculency
,
but
a
confused
Aggregate
of
several
distinct
and
perhaps
disagreeing
kinds
of
Effluvia
.
And
amongst
those
,
one
of
the
principal
sorts
I
take
to
be
the
Saline
ones
,
which
rove
up
and
down
amongst
others
in
that
vast
Ocean
of
Effluxions
,
we
call
the
Atmosphere
:
wherein
yet
I
do
not
think
there
are
to
be
met
with
,
either
all
sorts
of
them
every
where
,
or
perhaps
any
sort
in
like
Plenty
,
in
all
Places
,
and
at
all
Seasons
.
To
shew
that
the
Air
is
not
unfurnished
with
Parts
of
a
saline
Nature
,
I
might
alledg
some
Considerations
that
seem
to
make
it
probable
à
priori
,
as
they
speak
,
that
there
are
always
some
such
Corpuscles
emitted
into
the
Air.
But
instead
of
insisting
on
such
Particulars
,
because
they
may
seem
too
little
of
an
Historical
Nature
,
to
be
fit
for
this
Paper
,
I
shall
content
my self
to
take
notice
in
the
general
,
that
almost
(
if
not
more
than
almost
)
all
the
Arguments
I
have
employed
,
to
prove
the
copious
Ascension
of
subterraneal
Steams
into
the
Air
,
may
be
applied
to
our
present
Purpose
,
since
amongst
the
effluviating
Substances
of
the
Terraqueous
Globe
,
there
are
,
as
I
have
declared
in
another
Paper
,
huge
quantities
of
common
or
Marine
Salt
,
besides
Nitrous
,
Aluminous
,
Vitriolate
,
and
perhaps
other
kinds
of
Salts
.
To
which
I
shall
add
,
that
the
emission
of
Subterraneal
Aporrheas
or
Effluxes
,
is
not
the
only
Means
whereby
the
Air
may
be
impregnated
with
saline
Particles
;
since
the
Exhalations
and
Vapours
produced
by
the
Action
of
the
Sun-beams
upon
the
more
superficial
Parts
of
the
Earth
and
Sea
,
may
supply
the
Air
with
Swarms
of
Corpuscles
,
as
well
of
saline
,
as
of
any
other
Nature
.
Not
to
mention
that
the
Number
of
these
may
,
in
divers
Places
,
be
much
increased
,
by
those
Vulcans
,
that
have
open
Vents
to
discharge
their
Fumes
into
the
Air
;
by
those
numerous
Fires
which
burning
in
our
Chimnies
,
produce
much
saline
Smoak
;
and
by
other
ways
,
which
I
shall
here
forbear
to
discourse
of
,
for
the
Reason
lately
given
for
my
declining
Arguments
drawn
à
priori
:
though
some
things
applicable
to
this
purpose
,
will
in
likelihood
occur
amongst
the
Instances
I
am
about
to
add
,
to
make
it
seem
probable
à
posteriori
,
or
by
some
Effects
and
Phenomena
,
that
the
Air
is
impregnated
with
saline
Corpuscles
,
that
are
none
of
its
least
active
Parts
,
and
may
have
great
Interest
in
divers
of
its
Operations
.
From
what
has
been
hitherto
delivered
,
to
make
it
probable
that
there
is
a
saline
Substance
in
the
Air
,
I
thought
fit
to
proceed
to
other
Inquiries
.
The
first
;
Whether
the
Aerial
Salts
be
of
differing
kind
?
and
if
so
,
which
they
are
?
And
the
second
;
How
it
comes
by
its
saline
Substance
?
But
about
such
differing
Points
I
durst
promise
my self
but
little
Satisfaction
,
and
therefore
shall
not
pretend
to
give
you
much
.
And
yet
,
to
say
something
to
the
first
of
the
two
Inquiries
,
I
am
prone
to
think
,
that
the
saline
Particles
of
the
Atmosphere
are
not
all
of
one
sort
,
but
that
there
may
be
three
or
four
differing
kinds
of
Aerial
Salts
.
I
know
that
divers
learned
Men
,
some
Physicians
,
some
Chymists
,
and
some
also
Philosophers
,
speak
much
of
a
Volatile
Nitre
,
that
abounds
in
the
Air
,
as
if
that
were
the
only
Salt
wherewith
it
is
impregnated
.
But
though
I
agree
with
them
,
in
thinking
that
the
Air
is
in
many
Places
impregnated
with
Corpuscles
of
a
Nitrous
Nature
;
yet
I
confess
I
have
not
been
hitherto
convinc'd
of
all
that
is
wont
to
be
delivered
about
the
Plenty
and
Quality
of
the
Nitre
in
the
Air
:
For
I
have
not
found
,
that
those
that
build
so
much
upon
this
volatile
Nitre
,
have
made
out
by
any
competent
Experiment
,
that
there
is
such
a
volatile
Nitre
abounding
in
the
Air.
For
having
often
dealt
with
Salt-peter
in
the
Fire
,
I
do
not
find
it
easy
to
be
raised
by
a
gentle
Heat
;
and
when
by
a
stronger
Fire
,
we
distil
it
in
close
Vessels
,
't
is
plain
that
what
the
Chymists
call
Spirit
of
Nitre
,
has
quite
differing
Properties
from
crude
Nitre
,
and
from
those
that
are
ascribed
to
the
volatile
Nitre
of
the
Air
;
these
Spirits
being
so
far
from
being
refreshing
to
the
Nature
of
Animals
,
that
they
are
exceeding
corrosive
:
And
even
when
I
caused
Earth
to
be
dug
up
in
an
old
Pigeon-House
,
because
that
is
accounted
the
most
nitrous
sort
of
Earth
,
and
distill'd
it
with
moderate
Fires
,
I
did
not
find
the
volatile
saline
Parts
,
that
came
over
,
to
be
like
that
,
which
these
learned
Men
conceive
the
Air
to
be
stored
with
.
Nor
have
I
met
with
among
them
any
positive
Proof
,
to
evince
the
Truth
of
their
Opinion
;
which
yet
,
as
I
was
saying
,
I
am
content
to
admit
as
an
ingenious
Supposition
,
'till
something
be
offered
that
shall
prove
it
to
be
more
;
which
I
think
not
impossible
to
happen
,
at
least
as
to
some
Times
and
Places
.
But
I
am
not
yet
sure
,
that
the
Exhalations
,
that
ascend
from
the
subterraneal
Parts
,
and
perhaps
also
the
Sun-Beams
themselves
,
may
volatilize
many
of
the
nitrous
Corpuscles
they
chance
to
act
upon
,
and
elevate
them
into
the
Air
,
without
analyzing
them
,
or
destroying
their
Texture
,
as
our
Fires
are
wont
to
do
.
But
however
,
I
do
not
take
the
hitherto
mention'd
Nitre
to
be
the
only
Salt
,
that
impregnates
the
Air
:
For
when
I
consider
how
vast
a
Portion
of
the
Terraqueous
Globe
is
cover'd
with
the
salt
Sea
,
and
how
vast
Quantities
of
fossile
Salt
,
as
well
fine
and
clear
,
as
course
,
are
dug
up
in
Poland
,
especially
near
Cracovia
;
in
Hungary
,
Transylvania
,
and
in
divers
other
Parts
of
the
Earth
:
When
I
consider
too
,
that
we
seldom
find
Salt-peter
in
the
Earth
,
but
that
there
is
Sea-Salt
mix'd
with
it
,
which
puts
the
Salt-peter-men
to
a
great
deal
of
Trouble
to
separate
it
;
and
that
even
from
Salt-peter
,
that
passes
for
good
,
I
had
Trouble
enough
,
when
I
had
the
Curiosity
purposely
to
refine
it
,
to
free
the
purely
Nitrous
from
the
other
saline
Particles
:
I
am
prone
to
suspect
,
that
in
very
many
Places
,
especially
maritime
ones
,
the
Effluvia
of
common
Salt
do
,
at
least
as
plentifully
as
those
of
Salt-peter
,
abound
in
,
or
impregnate
the
Air
:
which
Conjecture
might
be
favoured
by
divers
things
,
if
I
had
leisure
to
insist
on
them
.
That
in
some
Places
,
that
abound
with
Marchasites
,
there
is
a
kind
of
fretting
Vitriolate
Salt
,
copiously
dispersed
through
the
Air
,
I
have
been
inclin'd
to
think
,
partly
by
other
Inducements
,
and
partly
by
the
Answers
made
me
by
a
very
observing
Man
,
who
liv'd
in
a
Place
,
that
I
remember
I
visited
;
where
being
forced
to
reside
a
good
while
,
he
found
the
Hangings
of
his
Chamber
,
and
the
Curtains
of
his
Bed
,
rotted
by
the
Vitriolate
Steams
expir'd
by
the
Soil
,
whose
Effluvia
had
also
very
manifest
and
unwelcome
Effects
,
on
divers
other
things
,
that
were
kept
near
that
Place
;
tho
on
the
opposite
Side
of
the
River
,
in
a
Town
that
is
not
half
a
Mile
distant
from
this
Place
,
neither
I
,
at
my
being
there
,
heard
any
such
thing
complain'd
of
,
nor
the
Relator
,
who
had
often
occasion
to
repair
thither
,
observ'd
any
such
mischievous
Effects
;
the
Soil
of
this
latter
Place
being
chalky
;
whereas
the
other
above
mentioned
is
vitriolate
,
insomuch
that
he
observ'd
,
that
when
the
moist
and
blackish
Mould
had
been
beaten
upon
by
the
Sun
,
that
here
and
there
the
superficial
Parts
would
be
as
't
were
besprinkled
with
a
somewhat
whitish
saline
Efflorescence
.
Besides
the
hitherto-mention'd
kinds
of
Salts
,
it
seems
not
improbable
to
me
,
that
the
Air
(
especially
about
great
Towns
,
and
some
other
particular
Places
)
may
be
impregnated
with
volatile
Salts
,
that
are
of
a
Nature
contrary
to
Acids
.
For
that
there
may
be
Places
in
the
Earth
,
even
at
a
good
Depth
under
Ground
,
that
lodg
such
Salts
,
I
have
been
induced
to
think
by
the
Experience
of
an
Acquaintance
of
mine
:
who
,
hoping
to
find
in
the
Salt
of
what
he
supposed
to
be
Virgin-Earth
,
the
true
Receptacle
of
an
universal
Spirit
,
from
which
he
promised
himself
great
and
profitable
Matters
,
caused
to
be
dug
up
a
great
deal
of
a
certain
Clay
,
in
a
Place
abounding
with
Minerals
,
and
obtain'd
thence
by
mere
Distillation
,
no
inconsiderable
Quantities
of
Spirit
and
Salt
,
which
in
divers
Qualities
,
as
Smell
,
Taste
,
&c.
I
judg'd
to
be
near
of
kin
to
the
Spirit
of
Urine
or
Hartshorn
.
And
yet
this
Earth
was
dug
up
at
the
Depth
of
many
Feet
,
not
to
say
Yards
,
beneath
the
Surface
of
the
Ground
,
(
as
an
ingenious
Potter
,
from
whom
the
Chymist
had
the
Clay
,
assur'd
me
upon
the
Place
it self
)
which
I
once
visited
,
to
see
some
other
choice
Minerals
,
that
innobled
that
Soil
;
whence
I
would
have
got
a
Quantity
of
the
above-mentioned
Clay
,
but
that
it
being
then
the
midst
of
Winter
,
the
Rain
had
(
as
the
Workmen
speak
)
drowned
〈◊〉
Pit
.
In
great
Cities
,
and
also
Towns
,
where
much
Wood
is
burnt
,
't
is
probable
that
numerous
Particles
of
volatile
Salt
may
be
dispersed
through
the
neighbouring
Air.
For
,
as
I
have
elsewhere
shewn
,
the
Soot
of
burn'd
Wood
,
which
is
but
that
small
part
of
the
Smoak
which
chances
in
its
passage
upwards
to
stick
to
the
Chimny
,
does
very
much
abound
in
a
volatile
saline
Spirit
,
which
by
many
Trials
are
found
to
have
so
much
Affinity
to
that
of
Urine
and
of
Hartshorn
,
as
not
to
be
easily
,
but
by
the
Smell
distinguished
from
it
.
Besides
,
in
several
Places
the
Putrefaction
of
Substances
,
that
once
were
Parts
of
animal
Bodies
,
may
furnish
the
Air
with
volatile
Salts
,
as
I
have
elsewhere
mentioned
,
that
I
found
,
that
Urine
,
without
Distillation
,
will
by
bare
Putrefaction
afford
saline
and
spirituous
Parts
,
that
,
whilst
they
yet
swim
in
the
copious
Phlegm
,
that
makes
up
the
Body
of
the
Liquor
,
will
manifestly
discover
themselves
to
be
volatile
,
not
only
by
their
Smell
,
but
by
their
hissing
with
acid
Spirits
,
and
by
their
dissolving
some
Bodies
,
and
precipitating
others
,
according
to
the
manner
of
volatile
sulphureous
Salts
,
as
those
that
abound
in
Spirit
of
Hartshorn
,
Blood
,
&c.
And
I
am
apt
to
think
,
that
't
is
not
only
in
the
parts
of
Animals
,
but
also
in
those
of
many
Vegetables
,
that
Putrefaction
may
either
extricate
or
produce
volatile
Salts
.
And
I
remember
,
I
have
observ'd
in
some
succulent
Vegetables
,
that
chancing
to
lie
in
a
Heap
together
,
in
a
convenient
Season
of
the
Year
,
to
make
them
rot
;
I
observ'd
,
I
say
,
when
the
Putrefaction
was
come
to
a
certain
Point
,
that
the
Stink
did
so
resemble
that
of
Carrion
,
that
't
was
not
easy
for
me
to
believe
it
came
from
Cadaverous
Plants
,
not
Animals
.
And
that
't
is
not
impossible
for
a
Vegetable
to
afford
,
without
the
Help
of
an
Additament
,
a
volatile
Salt
,
even
in
forma
sicca
,
may
be
gathered
from
what
I
elsewhere
relate
,
of
my
having
distill'd
such
a
Salt
from
a
certain
spirituous
Seed
,
though
I
freely
confess
,
I
never
obtained
any
(
without
previous
Incineration
)
from
above
two
or
three
Vegetables
.
But
of
this
enough
in
this
Place
.
I
shall
now
add
,
that
besides
the
more
simple
Salts
hitherto
enumerated
,
't
is
not
unlikely
,
that
in
some
Places
the
Air
may
sometimes
contain
compounded
Salts
.
For
I
have
elsewhere
shewn
,
that
some
sorts
of
saline
Spirits
,
meeting
one
another
in
the
Air
,
may
there
convene
.
And
I
elsewhere
teach
how
to
order
a
couple
of
Liquors
so
,
that
one
will
never
of
it self
afford
any
thing
in
a
dry
form
;
and
yet
the
spirituous
Effluvia
of
this
Liquor
,
meeting
with
those
of
the
other
,
will
exhibite
a
volatile
and
saline
Body
in
a
dry
form
;
though
the
Liquors
themselves
being
mingled
,
will
not
afford
any
such
Substance
.
What
I
have
elsewhere
delivered
concerning
subterraneal
Steams
,
may
make
it
probable
,
that
at
least
now
and
then
,
and
in
some
Places
,
there
may
be
sent
up
from
under
Ground
into
the
Air
,
among
other
Effluvia
,
store
of
saline
ones
,
which
needs
not
be
supposed
all
of
them
to
be
of
an
uncompounded
Nature
.
With
which
that
agrees
very
well
,
that
was
related
to
me
by
a
very
intelligent
Acquaintance
of
mine
,
that
liv'd
long
in
Parts
of
America
,
where
there
was
a
Vulcan
,
which
he
and
some
others
having
the
Curiosity
to
visit
,
told
me
,
that
before
they
came
any
thing
near
the
Fire
,
or
were
offended
by
the
Heat
,
not
only
the
Skin
of
his
Face
was
almost
corroded
by
the
Sharpness
of
the
Exhalations
,
but
the
Colour
of
his
Hair
was
alter'd
by
it
;
which
kept
him
from
prosecuting
his
intended
Discovery
.
'T
is
a
known
thing
,
and
I
have
received
Information
of
it
from
more
than
one
Eye-witness
,
that
about
Mount
Vesuvius
,
the
ascending
Exhalations
,
that
issue
out
at
some
of
the
Holes
,
are
of
so
saline
and
sulphureous
a
Nature
,
that
part
of
them
stick
about
the
Orifices
of
those
Vents
,
in
the
form
of
Flower
of
Brimstone
;
of
which
a
learned
Acquaintance
of
mine
brought
away
some
Quantity
.
And
I
have
had
brought
me
from
some
of
those
Vulcans
,
a
Stone
,
whose
Caveties
abounded
with
a
white
Salt
,
which
,
by
fit
Trials
purposely
made
,
was
found
near
a-kin
to
Sal-Armoniac
,
and
easily
resoluble
into
a
Salt
,
whereof
one
part
was
somewhat
fix'd
,
and
the
other
very
volatile
,
which
made
it
highly
probable
,
that
the
Salt
was
compounded
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Vulcan
:
whence
I
have
been
credibly
inform'd
,
that
great
Quantities
of
it
have
been
cast
up
in
the
fiery
Eruptions
,
and
therefore
Store
of
it
might
in
Likelihood
be
dispersed
through
the
Air
,
since
I
found
the
Salt
it self
to
be
sublimable
.
But
,
besides
the
saline
Substances
hitherto
mention'd
,
which
may
be
referr'd
to
determinate
Species
,
I
think
it
not
impossible
,
that
the
Air
may
,
at
least
in
some
Times
and
Places
,
be
impregnated
with
Corpuscles
of
a
saline
Nature
,
whether
simple
,
or
compounded
,
or
of
both
kinds
,
not
easily
reducible
to
any
of
the
sorts
,
we
have
been
speaking
of
,
or
are
acquainted
with
.
For
which
Reason
I
shall
not
presume
to
give
them
any
other
Denomination
,
than
that
indefinite
one
of
Anonymous
.
And
I
have
been
inclin'd
to
think
,
there
may
be
such
Bodies
in
the
Air
,
by
these
two
Inducements
.
The
first
;
That
the
particular
aerial
Salts
,
that
have
been
hitherto
recited
,
are
but
few
,
as
it
seems
probable
,
by
what
I
have
said
in
other
Papers
of
subterraneal
Steams
and
Menstruments
;
and
that
therefore
there
may
ascend
out
of
the
Earth
into
the
Air
,
saline
Fumes
differing
enough
from
those
,
whose
kinds
we
have
hitherto
describ'd
.
But
besides
this
Consideration
à
priori
,
(
as
they
speak
)
Experience
has
presented
us
with
some
Phenomena
,
that
seems
à
posteriori
to
confirm
this
Conjecture
.
For
there
happen
such
Changes
to
some
Bodies
,
by
being
exposed
to
the
Air
,
as
,
though
I
am
not
sure
,
and
therefore
shall
not
be
confident
,
that
they
are
mainly
produc'd
by
some
nameless
Substance
of
a
saline
Nature
,
may
yet
make
it
allowable
to
suspect
them
to
proceed
thence
.
And
amongst
these
I
shall
take
leave
to
insert
some
,
which
I
deny
not
to
be
probably
referrable
,
either
to
one
or
other
of
the
formerly
enumerated
kinds
of
aerial
Saltness
.
For
laying
these
Instances
before
you
together
,
they
may
,
by
appearing
thus
associated
,
give
the
stronger
Probability
to
our
Opinion
,
that
there
are
saline
Substances
in
the
Air.
And
those
Instances
,
that
are
not
so
proper
to
perswade
you
,
that
there
are
anonymous
Salts
,
may
serve
to
confirm
that
there
are
,
at
least
in
divers
Places
,
differing
sorts
of
aerial
Salts
.
I
remember
I
have
more
than
once
visited
old
Glass-windows
,
in
high
and
ancient
Buildings
,
and
found
some
of
the
Panes
of
Glass
here
and
there
corroded
,
as
if
they
had
been
worm-eaten
;
which
probably
enough
argued
the
sharp
and
fretting
Corpuscles
,
to
have
been
carried
along
with
the
Winds
to
which
they
were
exposed
,
as
will
not
easily
be
reduced
to
any
formerly
nam'd
Salts
,
whose
being
unable
to
corrode
Glass
,
especially
no
finer
than
that
was
I
speak
of
,
is
sufficiently
known
to
Chymists
.
Besides
the
above-mention'd
Phenomena
,
others
have
occurr'd
to
me
,
which
possibly
't
would
not
be
thought
impertinent
to
subjoin
on
this
occasion
;
but
I
chuse
rather
to
reserve
them
for
another
Discourse
;
and
now
should
put
an
End
to
this
,
but
that
I
dare
not
conceal
from
you
,
that
I
sometimes
had
Thoughts
of
trying
,
whether
a
Discovery
may
not
be
made
,
what
kind
of
Saltness
there
is
to
be
found
in
the
Air
,
and
whether
the
aerial
Saltness
does
or
does
not
abound
there
,
at
least
at
this
or
that
time
.
But
this
I
freely
confess
to
be
so
difficult
an
Attempt
,
that
all
that
I
can
offer
pretends
but
to
disswade
you
from
rejecting
it
,
as
too
desperate
and
extravagant
a
thing
to
be
fit
to
be
tried
.
And
I
speak
the
less
promisingly
of
what
I
am
to
say
in
the
remaining
part
of
this
Paper
,
because
I
have
not
by
me
any
Notes
to
assist
my
Memory
,
(
which
I
dare
not
trust
alone
)
concerning
the
Issues
of
the
not
numerous
Trials
,
I
had
Opportunity
to
attempt
in
pursuance
of
those
Thoughts
.
This
I
well
remember
,
that
among
other
ways
of
making
the
intended
aerial
Discoveries
,
I
look'd
upon
this
as
the
least
unpromising
,
that
such
Subjects
should
be
carefully
chosen
out
,
as
being
disposed
to
be
differingly
wrought
upon
,
according
to
the
differing
sorts
of
Saltness
,
that
may
be
found
predominant
in
the
Air.
This
more
general
way
of
investigating
the
Salts
of
the
Air
,
may
contain
divers
particular
Methods
,
of
which
I
shall
now
touch
upon
the
following
three
.
First
,
It
may
be
worth
while
,
to
expose
to
the
Air
such
Bodies
,
as
we
judg
fittest
to
be
wrought
upon
by
the
Salt
,
that
we
think
likeliest
to
be
met
with
in
it
.
So
where
we
guess
the
Air
to
be
impregnated
with
Nitre
,
we
may
expose
Lime
to
it
,
or
some
other
Body
that
we
think
disposed
to
imbibe
or
retain
such
a
Saltness
.
We
may
also
hang
up
in
such
an
Air
,
Clothes
or
Silks
died
with
such
Colours
,
that
Nitrous
(
for
Instance
)
or
Salino-Sulphureous
Spirits
(
as
some
Chymists
call
them
)
have
been
found
peculiarly
apt
to
make
to
fade
,
or
to
discolour
them
.
In
the
Places
where
we
suspect
vitriolate
Steams
to
abound
,
some
appropriated
Preparations
of
Sulphur
,
either
common
or
metalline
,
may
be
exposed
to
try
whether
they
will
acquire
a
Blackness
,
as
I
have
several
times
found
some
of
those
Sulphurs
,
though
otherwise
of
no
dark
Colour
,
to
do
,
upon
the
least
Contact
of
vitriolate
Corpuscles
.
In
some
Places
also
,
which
are
judg'd
likely
to
afford
subterraneal
Steams
,
guesses
may
be
made
,
whether
this
or
that
kind
of
Salt
ascends
into
the
Air
,
by
spreading
upon
the
Ground
,
in
Places
free
from
Dirt
and
Dusts
,
large
Pieces
of
clean
and
white
Linen
Cloth
,
that
has
no
Relish
of
Sope
or
Lees
;
and
observing
,
after
they
have
lain
a
competent
while
,
whether
,
and
how
they
are
discoloured
,
and
what
kind
of
Saltness
,
if
any
,
is
to
be
found
in
the
Moisture
imbib'd
by
them
,
from
the
ascending
Steams
and
falling
Dew
.
The
next
of
the
above-mention'd
ways
of
inquirng
after
the
Saltness
of
the
Air
,
may
be
,
to
find
,
if
it
be
possible
,
some
one
Body
,
that
is
both
capable
to
be
wrought
on
by
several
aerial
Salts
,
and
will
be
so
differingly
wrought
on
by
them
,
as
to
discover
which
kind
of
Salt
it
is
,
that
has
produc'd
the
Change
.
That
't
is
very
difficult
to
find
such
a
Body
,
I
will
readily
grant
,
but
that
it
may
be
possible
I
will
not
be
forward
to
deny
.
For
having
pitch'd
upon
Copper
to
make
this
Trial
with
,
though
the
Attempt
did
not
succeed
according
to
my
Wish
,
yet
perhaps
it
was
chiefly
for
want
of
Time
and
Accommodations
that
it
miscarried
.
For
having
taken
Plates
of
Copper
beaten
thin
,
(
without
Experiment
I.
regarding
their
Bigness
,
or
Figure
,
or
Smoothness
,
as
things
not
necessary
to
my
purpose
)
I
caused
the
Surfaces
to
be
made
very
clean
,
that
the
Colours
might
be
the
more
easily
produced
,
and
the
better
discerned
;
then
,
keeping
these
over
Glasses
wherein
were
placed
divers
Spirits
,
as
of
common
Salt
,
and
of
Nitre
,
partly
sincere
,
and
partly
diluted
with
Water
,
I
observ'd
,
as
I
expected
,
that
though
I
put
the
Glasses
in
no
Heat
,
yet
there
ascended
fretting
Particles
out
of
the
Liquors
,
and
that
within
less
than
a
Day
,
the
Steams
of
the
two
above-mention'd
Liquors
had
much
darken'd
the
Surfaces
of
the
Copper
Plates
,
they
met
with
in
their
way
,
the
keeping
them
a
while
in
the
Air
was
not
hard
to
know
by
the
differing
Discolorations
that
appear'd
,
which
Plate
had
been
invaded
by
the
saline
Corpuscles
,
and
which
by
the
nitrous
:
Which
I
did
not
at
all
wonder
at
,
because
I
have
formerly
found
,
as
I
have
elsewhere
noted
,
that
whereas
Spirit
of
Nitre
will
make
of
Copper
a
greenish
blew
Solution
,
Spirit
of
Salt
will
,
if
duly
imployed
,
dissolve
that
Metal
into
a
grass-green
Liquor
;
as
the
Spirit
of
Soot
and
that
of
Urine
will
into
a
deep
Blew
,
almost
like
Ultramarine
.
But
,
as
I
said
,
the
want
of
Time
,
of
which
good
store
may
be
requisite
for
such
Trials
,
kept
me
from
prosecuting
my
Attempt
to
an
Issue
.
Notwithstanding
which
I
look
not
upon
the
Design
as
desperate
,
not
only
because
of
the
Incouragement
I
have
already
mention'd
to
resume
it
:
But
because
I
have
observ'd
Pieces
of
malleable
Copper
,
brought
me
,
to
examine
,
out
of
an
English
Mine
,
(
which
is
yet
conceal'd
)
to
be
overcast
here
and
there
with
a
fair
Verdigrease
,
which
by
Circumstances
I
judg'd
to
have
been
produc'd
,
not
by
gross
Liquors
,
but
by
the
Air
impregnated
with
Steams
fit
to
work
on
that
Metal
.
And
possibly
there
may
be
other
subterraneal
Bodies
,
and
even
metalline
ones
,
that
by
their
Degree
of
Colour
,
or
peculiar
kind
of
Rust
or
Stain
,
that
they
will
acquire
in
the
Air
,
may
help
us
to
guess
,
what
Substances
,
and
among
others
what
Salts
the
Air
of
that
Place
is
impregnated
with
.
I
have
been
in
a
great
and
stately
House
,
which
being
oddly
seated
,
had
this
peculiar
Inconvenience
,
upon
the
Score
of
the
Steams
that
infested
the
Air
,
that
those
that
dwelt
in
it
,
as
one
of
the
chief
of
themselves
complained
to
me
,
could
not
keep
their
Silver
Plate
,
of
which
they
had
great
Store
,
from
being
blemished
by
odd
Discolorations
,
or
as
they
seem'd
to
think
it
,
Rust
;
though
when
it
was
not
used
,
they
carefully
kept
it
in
a
Place
judg'd
convenient
for
such
a
Purpose
.
And
I
have
been
informed
by
an
observing
Man
who
liv'd
there
some
time
,
that
there
is
nothing
more
generally
known
in
Amsterdam
,
than
that
their
Silver
Plate
there
,
exposed
a
little
while
to
the
common
Air
,
tarnishes
immediately
,
contracting
a
dirty
Colour
,
partaking
of
yellow
and
black
.
Another
Instance
or
two
,
though
not
afforded
by
Plate
,
I
could
mention
to
the
same
Purpose
;
but
I
reserve
them
for
another
Place
;
my
Haste
obliging
me
to
pass
on
to
the
last
of
the
three
ways
I
proposed
,
of
investigating
the
Differences
of
aerial
Salts
.
The
third
way
may
be
look'd
upon
,
if
you
please
,
as
a
Variation
of
the
second
;
but
there
is
this
Difference
betwixt
them
,
that
here
we
make
use
of
metalline
Bodies
,
not
crude
,
but
already
prepared
by
some
Chymical
Operations
;
so
that
being
before-hand
reduc'd
to
very
small
Parts
,
by
the
Intervention
of
saline
Substances
,
the
Operation
of
the
Air
upon
them
is
wont
to
be
much
the
sooner
performed
.
In
this
third
way
then
we
imploy
such
factititious
Minerals
or
other
Bodies
,
as
having
for
the
most
Part
an
adventitious
Colour
already
,
will
change
that
Colour
by
being
exposed
to
the
Air.
For
it
seems
not
impossible
,
but
that
by
diligently
observing
what
Difference
may
be
found
in
the
Discolorations
,
produc'd
in
these
Substances
by
the
differing
kinds
of
Salts
,
as
Nitrous
,
Salino-Sulphureous
,
&c.
that
we
have
shewn
may
be
met
with
in
the
Air
,
some
guesses
may
be
made
in
a
short
time
of
this
or
that
Salt
,
which
has
the
chief
Stroak
in
the
Production
of
the
exhibited
Colour
.
And
I
shall
on
this
occasion
mention
two
or
three
Bodies
,
without
determining
,
till
I
be
better
satisfied
,
whether
their
Changes
proceed
only
or
chiefly
from
the
Salt
of
the
Air
;
but
I
am
content
not
to
pretermit
them
,
because
if
they
do
not
prove
what
I
propose
,
they
will
at
least
clear
the
meaning
of
it
,
and
may
however
help
us
to
guess
at
the
Resemblance
or
Difference
of
Airs
in
several
Places
,
by
the
Likeness
or
Unlikeness
of
the
produc'd
Changes
of
Colour
,
whether
these
Changes
proceed
from
saline
,
or
from
any
other
Substance
intermingled
with
the
Air.
If
we
precipitate
a
strong
Solution
of
good
Silver
Experiment
II.
made
in
Aqua
fortis
,
with
a
competent
Quantity
of
Spirit
of
Sea-Salt
,
we
shall
have
a
Pouder
,
which
at
first
will
be
very
white
;
but
if
the
Liquor
be
not
poured
off
,
this
being
exposed
for
a
good
while
to
the
Air
,
it
would
acquire
on
the
Surface
a
dark
Colour
,
which
perhaps
an
attentive
Eye
will
discern
somewhat
various
,
as
this
or
that
kind
of
Saltness
happens
to
be
predominant
in
the
Air.
We
took
an
equal
Weight
of
good
Filings
of
Copper
,
Experiment
III.
and
pouder'd
Sal-Armoniac
,
which
being
well
mix'd
,
were
put
into
a
cover'd
Crucible
,
and
kept
in
a
moderate
Fire
over
ignited
Coals
,
till
the
Sal-Armoniac
had
either
quite
or
almost
done
smoaking
;
then
as
much
of
the
remaining
Mass
as
could
be
parted
,
was
taken
out
,
and
look'd
of
a
dark
Colour
;
but
this
Mass
being
grosly
beaten
,
and
exposed
for
some
time
to
the
Air
,
look'd
like
a
kind
of
Verdigrease
,
which
is
a
Substance
,
whose
Colour
may
be
observ'd
somewhat
to
vary
,
according
to
the
Nature
of
the
particular
Salts
,
which
by
working
on
,
and
imbodying
with
the
Copper
,
produce
the
Pigment
.
But
a
Parcel
of
the
same
Mass
being
,
before
the
Air
had
time
to
work
much
upon
it
,
grosly
pouder'd
,
and
hermetically
seal'd
in
a
glass
Egg
,
to
fence
it
from
the
Air
,
and
left
in
a
South
Window
,
did
not
appear
discoloured
,
when
the
out
side
of
the
other
Parcel
shew'd
like
Verdigrease
:
which
seems
to
argue
,
the
Change
of
Colour
to
have
been
made
by
the
aerial
Salt
,
if
we
suppose
the
Moisture
of
the
Airto
have
had
no
Interest
in
the
Change
,
or
to
have
concurr'd
to
it
,
but
as
a
kind
of
Vehicle
assistent
to
the
Salt
.
I
also
took
Spirit
of
the
Soot
of
Wood
,
and
having
Experiment
IV.
poured
a
little
of
it
on
the
Filings
of
Copper
,
my
Expectations
were
answer'd
by
my
finding
,
that
the
Liquor
dissolved
some
Parts
of
the
Metal
into
a
deep
and
lovely
Azur
like
Ultramarine
;
and
that
this
Solution
being
suffer'd
to
grow
dry
in
an
open
Glass
,
by
the
the
mere
Operation
of
the
Air
,
the
Ceruleous
Colour
very
soon
degenerated
,
even
before
the
matter
was
quite
dry
,
into
a
Cyanious
Colour
,
such
as
may
be
seen
in
good
Turquoises
.
And
to
manifest
that
this
Change
proceeded
not
from
any
Peculiarity
in
the
Spirit
of
Soot
,
and
that
this
Spirit
acted
as
abounding
with
a
Salino-sulphureous
Salt
;
I
shall
add
,
that
I
had
the
like
Success
in
a
Trial
made
with
an
urinous
Spirit
drawn
from
animal
Substances
,
and
put
upon
crude
Filings
of
Copper
.
And
in
those
Trials
I
sometimes
observ'd
the
Differences
of
Colours
,
that
did
not
discourage
me
from
hoping
,
that
the
Prosecution
of
them
might
not
be
insignificant
to
my
Purpose
.
I
have
not
been
solicitous
to
describe
the
fore-mention'd
Changes
of
Colours
more
particularly
,
because
it
had
been
very
difficult
to
do
so
,
and
therefore
I
judg'd
it
more
expedient
not
to
attempt
it
.
For
there
is
so
great
a
Variety
of
Colours
,
that
few
but
Painters
can
exactly
enumerate
,
and
distinguish
them
by
proper
Names
.
And
yet
,
besides
those
more
noted
ones
,
there
are
many
others
,
for
which
,
though
our
Language
,
nor
perhaps
any
other
,
is
not
copious
enough
to
furnish
us
with
distinct
Appellations
,
yet
our
Eyes
,
especially
when
they
have
been
attentively
conversant
with
such
Objects
,
are
sharp
enough
to
discern
them
:
and
by
the
Help
of
these
nameless
,
as
well
as
the
stated
Colours
,
I
am
apt
to
think
a
heedful
Observer
may
perceive
divers
Variations
in
the
Colours
of
the
Bodies
,
we
have
been
speaking
of
,
that
may
assist
him
to
guess
,
what
Substance
it
is
in
the
Air
whereto
these
Diversities
may
be
ascribed
.
And
as
Nature
is
much
more
rich
in
Things
,
than
our
Dictionaries
are
in
Words
,
so
has
she
furnished
Men
with
Sensories
capable
of
distinctly
perceiving
a
far
greater
Variety
of
Objects
,
than
they
are
able
verbally
to
express
.
And
this
might
be
shewn
by
Instances
,
in
the
Organs
and
Objects
of
Senses
less
acute
than
Sight
,
whose
Subtilty
in
distinguishing
things
I
could
exemplify
,
not
only
by
what
is
related
,
but
by
what
has
been
perform'd
by
some
Persons
,
not
unknown
to
me
,
particularly
our
famous
Doctor
Harvey
.
But
Examples
of
this
kind
I
have
not
leisure
to
stay
on
;
and
therefore
without
spending
more
Words
upon
this
third
way
of
discovering
aerial
Salts
,
I
shall
barely
recommend
the
Care
of
such
Observations
to
their
Curiosity
,
who
shall
think
it
worth
while
to
make
them
.
With
how
little
Confidence
of
Success
,
Trials
that
have
the
Aims
of
those
I
have
been
speaking
of
,
are
to
be
attempted
,
not
only
Consideration
,
but
Experience
hath
made
me
sensible
.
But
yet
I
would
not
discourage
humane
Curiosity
from
adventuring
even
upon
slight
Probabilities
,
where
the
Nobleness
of
the
Subjects
and
Scope
may
make
even
small
Attainments
very
desirable
.
Those
adventurous
Navigators
that
have
made
Voyages
for
Discovery
in
unknown
Seas
,
when
they
first
discern'd
something
of
obscure
near
the
Horizon
,
at
a
great
Distance
off
,
have
often
doubted
,
whether
,
what
they
had
so
imperfect
a
Sight
of
,
were
a
Cloud
,
or
an
Island
,
or
a
Mountain
:
But
though
usually
it
were
more
likely
to
be
the
former
,
(
as
that
which
more
frequently
occurr'd
than
the
latter
)
yet
they
judg'd
it
advisable
to
stere
towards
it
,
till
they
had
attained
a
clearer
Prospect
of
it
:
For
if
it
were
a
deluding
Meteor
,
they
would
not
however
sustain
such
a
Loss
in
that
of
no
great
Labour
,
as
in
case
it
were
a
Country
,
they
would
in
the
Loss
of
what
might
prove
a
noble
and
rich
Discovery
.
And
if
they
desisted
too
soon
from
their
Curiosity
,
they
could
not
rationally
satisy
themselves
,
whether
they
slighted
a
Cloud
,
or
neglected
a
Country
.
I
do
not
perceive
that
the
Air
of
our
Inland
Parts
is
considerably
impregnated
with
Esurine
Salt
;
since
I
do
not
find
the
Barrs
and
Casements
of
our
Windows
much
impaired
by
Rust
after
near
eighty
Years
standing
;
or
that
they
are
more
rusty
towards
one
Quarter
than
another
;
though
the
Air
hereabout
(
viz.
Oakly
in
Buckingham-shire
)
is
very
damp
about
the
End
of
Autumn
,
and
Beginning
of
Winter
.
So
that
I
conceive
this
Salt
either
proceeds
from
the
Sea-Vapours
near
the
Sea-Coasts
,
or
else
from
the
Dissolution
of
this
Esurine
Salt
in
the
Air
,
upon
the
burning
of
Sea
or
other
mineral
Coles
.
Mr.
J.
T.
Mox
ollam
ex
igni
removent
;
postea
ex
refrigerata
Agricola
de
Re
Metallicâ
,
Lib.
duodec
.
eximunt
halinitrum
purissimum
:
quod
candidi
marmoris
speciem
gerit
;
atque
tunc
etiam
id
quod
terrenum
est
,
in
fundo
residet
.
At
terra
,
ex
qua
dilutum
fuit
factum
,
&
rami
quernei
vel
consimilis
arboris
alternis
sub
dio
ponantur
,
&
aqua
quae
combibit
halinitrum
conspergantur
:
quò
modo
quinque
vel
sex
annis
rursus
apta
fit
and
conficiendum
dilutum
.
Halinitrum
quodammodo
purum
,
quod
dum
terra
tot
annos
quievit
interea
,
ortum
fuit
,
&
quod
lapidei
parietes
in
cellis
vinariis
&
locis
opacis
exudant
,
cum
primo
diluto
permistum
decoquatur
.
Si
verò
locus
aliquis
talium
venarum
copiam
suppeditaverit
,
ipsae
statim
non
conjiciantur
in
castella
;
sed
primo
convehantur
in
areas
,
atque
cumulentur
:
quanto
enim
diutius
aeri
&
pluviis
expositae
fuerint
tanto
meliores
fiunt
.
Nam
in
ejusmodi
cumulis
,
aliquot
post
mensibus
,
quam
venae
in
areas
fuerunt
congestae
,
nascuntur
fibrae
longe
venis
bonitate
praestantes
:
deinde
vehantur
in
sex
,
plurave
castella
,
longa
&
lata
ad
novem
pedes
,
ad
quinque
alta
.
Si
verò
dum
dilutum
recoquitur
,
separata
non
fuerint
,
mox
ex
minoribus
vasis
infundatur
in
majora
,
eaque
concludantur
:
in
quibus
item
atramentum
sutorium
separatum
ab
alumine
concrescit
:
utrumque
excisum
,
&
in
hypocausto
siccatum
divendatur
dilutum
,
quod
in
vasis
&
cupis
non
concrevit
in
cortinam
refusum
recoquatur
:
sed
terra
,
quae
in
fundo
cujusque
cortinae
resedit
,
ablata
in
castello
unà
cum
venis
,
denuo
aqua
&
urina
diluatur
.
At
terra
quae
in
castellis
diluto
,
postquam
effluxit
,
superfuit
egesta
&
coacervata
quotidiè
,
rursus
magis
ac
magis
fit
aluminosa
,
non
aliter
atque
terra
,
ex
quâ
halinitrum
fuit
confectum
,
suo
succo
plenior
fit
:
quare
denuo
in
castella
conjicitur
,
&
aquae
affusae
ea
percolantur
.
A
learned
Observer
,
who
practised
Physick
in
one
of
the
most
Southern
of
the
English
Colonies
,
being
ask'd
by
me
about
the
Effects
of
the
Air
there
upon
Iron
;
affirm'd
to
me
,
that
the
great
Guns
there
are
so
subject
to
become
rusty
,
that
after
they
have
lain
a
very
few
Years
in
the
Air
,
one
may
with
a
Hammer
knock
off
whole
Scales
,
or
rather
Cakes
of
Crocus
Murtis
:
and
he
observ'd
,
that
those
Guns
,
that
lay
only
expos'd
to
the
Air
,
did
this
much
more
than
those
that
by
Accidents
were
drown'd
,
and
lay
cover'd
with
the
salt
Water
.
And
since
Dew
is
made
of
Steams
of
the
Terrestrial
Globe
,
which
whilst
they
retain
that
Form
,
and
were
not
yet
convened
into
Drops
,
did
swim
to
and
fro
in
the
Air
,
and
made
part
of
it
;
the
Phenomena
that
shew
the
Power
of
Dew
in
working
on
solid
Bodies
,
may
help
to
manifest
how
copiously
the
Air
may
be
impregnated
with
subtil
saline
Parts
.
Wherefore
I
shall
here
add
,
that
having
met
with
a
Person
that
was
bred
as
well
a
Scholar
as
a
Traveller
,
and
had
visited
not
only
some
of
the
maritine
Places
of
Brasil
,
but
some
of
the
inward
Parts
of
that
vast
Country
,
I
inquired
of
him
about
the
Subtilty
of
Brasilian
Dew
,
and
its
Power
to
rust
Metals
,
about
which
he
told
me
,
that
it
was
certainly
very
great
,
and
would
not
only
rust
Knives
and
such
Instruments
,
but
likewise
Money
,
which
he
assured
me
he
had
particularly
observed
;
adding
,
that
in
several
Places
the
Portugals
kept
their
great
Guns
cased
over
,
that
the
Dew
might
not
fall
upon
them
,
and
by
its
Corrosiveness
so
rust
them
,
as
to
be
apt
after
a
while
to
break
in
the
Discharge
.
And
when
I
demanded
whether
he
tasted
the
Dew
,
to
observe
the
Saltness
of
it
?
he
replied
,
that
he
had
not
,
but
that
he
had
in
divers
Places
observ'd
,
that
it
left
the
Grass
,
&c.
that
it
had
rested
on
,
cover'd
over
with
a
pure
white
Salt
,
as
if
it
had
been
a
hoar
Frost
.
An
ingenious
Traveller
,
and
Student
of
Physick
,
being
discoursed
with
by
me
about
some
Particularities
of
his
Country
(
which
is
Sweedland
)
relating
to
Minerals
,
and
their
Effects
upon
the
Air
,
assured
me
,
that
in
a
City
,
or
notable
Town
called
Fahlun
,
which
is
built
on
the
lower
Part
of
an
Hill
,
containing
one
of
the
best
Copper
Mines
in
Sweden
,
the
Exhalations
,
that
are
copiously
emitted
by
the
latent
Minerals
,
do
so
affect
the
Air
in
and
about
the
Place
,
that
their
Silver
Coins
are
oftentimes
notably
discolour'd
by
them
,
not
seldom
made
even
black
or
blackish
,
though
the
Money
be
kept
well
tied
up
in
Bags
or
Purses
,
and
these
perhaps
placed
one
within
another
,
and
the
whole
Aggregate
be
kept
lock'd
up
in
Coffers
or
Presses
made
of
Wood
of
perhaps
an
Inch
thick
:
He
added
,
that
these
subterraneal
Steams
have
manifest
Effects
upon
Brass
,
(
wherewith
that
Country
abounds
)
insomuch
that
there
being
kept
in
the
principal
Church
seven
Crowns
made
of
that
Metal
upon
a
particular
Occasion
,
the
sulphureous
Steams
made
those
that
look'd
to
them
,
take
the
Pains
to
cleanse
and
brighten
them
at
a
Months
End
,
till
finding
that
the
Labour
was
every
Month
to
begin
again
,
they
at
length
grew
weary
of
it
,
and
suffer'd
these
Crowns
to
grow
,
as
they
yet
continue
,
as
black
(
to
use
his
own
Phrase
)
as
the
Tunnel
of
a
Chimny
:
This
he
averr'd
to
be
true
,
as
having
a
good
Opportunity
to
be
sure
of
it
,
in
regard
of
his
being
a
Native
of
this
Town
.
And
he
further
assured
me
,
that
the
corrosive
Exhalations
did
so
penetrate
the
Bars
and
Vessels
of
Iron
that
lie
exposed
to
the
Air
,
that
after
a
while
,
't
is
easy
with
a
Hammer
to
knock
off
Scales
of
Mars
,
which
are
friable
into
a
Pouder
like
Crocus
,
save
that
the
Colour
is
more
dark
.
TITLE
XII
.
Of
Sulphur
,
and
inflamable
Particles
in
the
Air
;
and
of
Lightning
,
and
its
Effect
.
YEsterday
a
Neopolitan
Lord
,
a
Person
of
high
Quality
,
and
very
curious
,
being
ask'd
by
me
some
Questions
about
some
natural
Phenomena
relating
to
Vesuvius
and
the
adjacent
Country
?
assured
me
,
that
having
had
occasion
to
stay
for
divers
Months
at
a
Country
House
,
but
little
distant
from
Naples
,
he
took
much
Pleasure
,
taking
the
Air
on
Horse-back
upon
a
very
sulphureous
Soil
,
to
take
notice
of
divers
Observables
to
be
met
with
there
;
and
that
he
often
found
,
that
when
his
Horse
trod
something
hard
upon
the
Ground
,
there
would
be
produced
a
great
,
and
as
it
were
a
crackling
Noise
,
which
would
have
frighted
a
Stranger
;
and
that
oftentimes
he
could
discern
,
that
where
his
Horse
had
trod
,
there
would
presently
arise
a
Dust
,
and
Fumes
that
were
manifestly
sulphureous
and
ready
to
take
Fire
:
adding
,
that
sometimes
he
thought
that
they
actually
did
so
.
He
further
told
me
,
that
he
sometimes
for
Curiosity
sake
,
caused
some
Clods
,
or
as
it
were
Turfs
,
to
be
cut
out
of
that
Soil
,
and
laid
in
a
kind
of
Heap
,
and
that
then
in
the
Night
he
could
observe
,
that
the
Steams
that
plentifully
issued
thence
would
sometimes
be
kindled
by
or
in
the
Air
,
as
they
ascended
in
it
.
The
same
Noble-Man
told
me
,
that
when
some
Years
ago
there
were
Eruptions
of
Fire
in
Mount
Vesuvius
,
he
and
others
observ'd
,
with
Amazement
and
Horror
,
that
the
Flame
,
which
shot
up
into
the
Air
from
the
Volcano
,
was
of
so
prodigious
a
Height
,
as
invited
them
to
measure
it
with
a
Quadrant
,
by
which
they
found
it
to
be
near
two
Miles
high
:
And
when
I
ask'd
if
he
comprised
in
that
Height
the
Altitude
of
the
Mountain
it self
?
he
answered
,
that
he
did
not
,
for
the
Flame
that
appear'd
above
the
top
of
the
Mountain
,
appear'd
as
high
as
the
Mountain
it self
;
and
't
was
from
the
top
of
the
Hill
,
and
not
the
bottom
,
that
they
computed
the
Height
of
the
Flame
.
He
added
,
that
sometimes
the
Earth
would
tremble
,
and
there
would
be
Discharges
of
such
vast
Stones
,
and
other
heavy
things
,
that
he
saw
some
Massis
of
ignited
Matter
thrown
up
a
great
way
into
the
Air
,
that
were
bigger
than
the
Chamber
he
did
me
the
Honour
to
visit
me
in
,
though
that
were
a
large
Room
for
a
Bed-chamber
.
Voila
tout
ce
qu'
on
peut
dire
de
cette
Isle
,
qui
semble
Voyage
de
Levant
,
p.
203.
un
enfer
,
car
on
voit
la
mer
du
port
,
&
de
la
coste
toute
noire
&
Brûlée
d'
un
petit
escueil
,
qui
paroist
depuis
enuiron
soixante
ans
,
&
d'
ou
on
vit
sortir
en
ce
temps
lá
une
grande
flamme
,
qui
y
a
laisse
une
ouuerture
si
profonde
,
que
si
on
y
jette
une
pierre
,
on
ne
l'
entend
point
tomber
.
Mais
ce
qui
est
arriue
depuis
en
ce
port
,
n'
est
pas
moins
estonnant
,
je
le
rapporteray
icy
comme
je
l'
ay
appris
de
diuerses
personnes
en
plusieurs
endroits
.
Il
y
a
enuiron
18.
ans
que
durant
la
nuit
Accident
extraordinaire
à
Santorini
.
d'
un
certain
Dimanche
,
commenca
dans
le
port
de
Santorini
un
tres
grand
bruit
lequel
s'
entendit
jusques
á
Chio
,
qui
en
est
eloigne
de
plus
de
deux
cent
milles
,
mais
de
telle
sorte
qu'
on
crut
à
Chio
que
c'
estoit
l'
armée
Venitienne
qui
combattoit
contre
celle
des
Turcs
,
ce
qui
sit
que
dés
le
matin
chacun
monta
aux
lieux
les
plus
éleuez
pour
en
estre
spectateur
,
&
me
souuiens
que
le
Reverend
Pere
Bernard
Superieur
des
Capucins
de
Chio
,
homme
venerable
,
&
tres
digne
de
foy
,
me
conta
qu'
il
y
avoit
este
trompé
comme
les
autres
,
car
il
crut
aussi
bien
qu'
eux
entendre
plusieurs
coups
de
canon
;
cependant
ils
ne
virent
rien
,
&
en
effet
ce
fut
un
feu
qui
se
prit
dans
la
terre
du
fond
du
port
de
Santorini
,
&
y
fit
un
tel
effet
,
que
depuis
le
matin
jusqu'
au
soir
il
sortit
du
fond
de
la
mer
quantite
de
pierres
de
ponce
,
qui
montoient
en
haut
auec
tant
de
roideur
&
tant
de
bruit
,
qu'
on
eust
dit
que
ce
fusset
autant
de
coups
decanon
,
&
cela
infecta
tellement
l'
air
,
que
dans
ladite
Isle
de
Santorini
,
il
mourut
quantite
de
personnes
,
&
plusieurs
de
la
mesme
Isle
en
perdirent
la
veue
,
qu'
ils
recouurerent
pourtant
quelques
jours
apres
.
Cette
insection
s'
estendit
aussi
loin
que
le
bruit
qui
l'
avoit
precede
,
car
non
seulement
dans
cette
Isle
,
mais
mesme
a
Chio
,
&
á
Smyrne
,
tout
l'
argent
deuint
rouge
,
soit
qu'
il
sut
dans
les
Coffres
,
ou
dans
les
poclies
;
&
nos
Religieux
demeurans
en
ces
lieux
lá
me
dirent
que
tous
leurs
calices
en
estoient
deuenus
rouges
.
Au
bont
de
quelques
jours
cette
infection
se
dissipa
,
&
l'
Argent
reprit
sa
premiere
couleur
.
Ces
pierres
de
ponce
qui
sortirent
de
la
couurirent
tellement
la
mer
de
l'
Archipel
,
que
durant
quelque
temps
,
quand
il
regnoit
de
certains
Vents
,
il
y
avoit
des
ports
qui
en
estoient
bouchez
,
en
facon
qu'
il
n'
en
pouuoit
sortir
aucune
barque
,
pour
petite
qu'
elle
fut
,
que
ceux
qui
estoient
dedans
ne
se
fissent
le
chemin
au
travers
de
ces
pierres
de
ponce
auec
quelques
pieux
;
&
on
en
voit
encor
a
present
par
toute
la
mer
Mediterranée
,
mais
en
petite
quantité
,
cela
s'
estant
dispersé
ca
&
là
.
Seneque
raconte
en
une
de
ses
Epistres
que
Santorini
est
bastie
sur
des
mines
de
souphre
,
&
cesont
elles
qui
fournissent
asseurement
la
matiere
pour
allumer
ce
feu
.
On
dit
qu'
Alexandre
le
Grand
mesura
la
mer
en
cet
endroit
,
&
n'
y
trouua
point
de
fond
.
Il
y
a
pourtant
une
petite
Isle
appellée
Firesia
,
a
la
pointe
de
laquelle
on
peut
donner
fonds
,
&
point
en
aucun
autre
endroit
.
It
has
been
often
observ'd
,
that
upon
the
Falling
of
Thunder
there
has
been
produc'd
in
the
Air
,
near
the
Places
where
it
fell
,
a
strong
Odour
of
Burnt
Brimstone
.
And
I
remember
,
that
being
one
Night
at
a
Town
built
almost
upon
the
great
Lake
of
Geneva
,
anciently
called
Lacus
Lemanus
:
The
Thunder
was
so
violent
as
much
frighted
the
Inhabitants
;
though
(
by
reason
of
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
high
Mountains
of
Savoy
and
Switzerland
)
Thunders
be
very
frequent
there
:
And
the
next
Day
I
had
a
great
Complaint
made
me
,
of
the
strong
Stink
of
Sulphur
,
produc'd
by
the
Thunder
that
fell
hard
by
,
into
the
Lake
,
and
was
ready
to
overcome
by
its
Smell
,
even
a
Souldier
that
stood
Centionel
near
it
.
On
July
24.
An.
1681.
The
Ship
Albemarl
,
whereof
Mr.
Edward
Lad
was
then
Master
,
being
an
hundred
Leagues
from
Cape
Cod
in
Latitude
48.
about
3
P.
M.
met
with
a
Thunder
Storm
,
the
Lightning
burnt
the
Main-top-sail
,
split
the
main
Cap
in
pieces
,
rent
the
Mast
all
along
.
There
was
in
special
one
dreadful
Clap
of
Thunder
,
in
Report
bigger
than
of
a
great
Gun
,
at
which
all
the
Ships
Company
were
amazed
:
then
did
there
fall
something
from
the
Clouds
upon
the
Stern
of
the
Boat
,
which
it
broke
into
many
small
Parts
,
split
one
of
the
Pumps
,
the
other
Pump
much
hurt
:
it
was
a
Bituminous
Matter
,
smelling
much
like
fired
Gunpowder
:
it
continued
burning
in
the
Stern
of
the
Boat
.
They
did
with
Sticks
dissipate
it
,
and
poured
much
Water
on
it
,
and
yet
they
were
not
able
,
by
all
they
could
do
,
to
extinguish
it
,
until
such
time
as
all
the
Matter
was
consumed
.
But
the
strangest
thing
of
all
is
yet
to
be
mentioned
.
When
Night
came
,
observing
the
Stars
,
they
perceived
that
their
Compasses
were
changed
.
As
for
the
Compass
in
the
Biddekel
the
North
Point
was
turned
clear
South
.
There
were
two
other
Compasses
unhung
in
the
Locker
in
the
Cabbin
,
in
one
of
which
the
North
Point
stood
South
like
that
in
the
Biddekel
.
As
for
the
other
the
North
Point
stood
West
,
so
that
they
sailed
by
Needle
,
whose
Polarity
was
quite
changed
.
The
Sea-men
were
at
first
puzled
to
work
their
Vessel
right
,
considering
that
the
South
Point
of
their
Compass
was
now
become
North
:
But
after
a
little
Use
it
was
easy
to
them
;
thus
did
they
sail
a
thousand
Leagues
.
As
for
the
Compass
,
wherein
the
Lightning
had
made
the
Needle
to
point
Westward
;
since
is
was
brought
to
New-England
the
Glass
being
broken
,
it
has
,
by
means
of
the
Air
coming
to
it
,
lost
its
Vertue
.
One
of
their
Compasses
which
had
quite
changed
the
Polarity
,
from
North
to
South
,
is
still
extant
in
that
Country
,
in
the
Hands
of
Mr.
Encrease
Mather
;
the
North
Point
of
the
Needle
doth
remain
fixed
to
this
Day
as
it
did
immediately
after
the
Lightning
caused
the
Alteration
.
An
industrious
Gentleman
that
was
long
an
eminent
Planter
of
Trees
,
wherewith
he
furnished
many
of
his
Neighbours
,
presented
me
with
a
Piece
of
a
Branch
that
seemed
to
have
had
a
Slit
,
for
it
reached
thorow
the
Bark
almost
to
the
very
Wood
,
from
one
End
to
the
other
,
but
had
now
the
Lips
of
the
Wound
overgrown
on
each
side
with
new
Bark
:
Of
this
kind
of
Gashes
,
he
told
me
,
he
found
in
other
Branches
of
the
same
Tree
,
which
made
him
think
that
some
envious
Knave
had
done
this
in
Spite
:
but
considering
the
Circumstances
more
curiously
,
he
found
that
Conjecture
much
discountenanced
by
some
of
them
,
and
suspected
that
these
Wounds
must
have
been
made
by
some
designless
Agent
.
For
by
his
own
Observations
,
and
those
of
his
Friends
,
it
appeared
,
that
these
Fissures
are
to
be
met
with
,
not
only
in
divers
others
of
his
own
Trees
,
of
differing
kinds
,
and
in
differing
Plantations
,
but
also
in
the
Trees
of
several
others
,
which
tho
growing
in
the
same
Country
,
were
remote
enough
from
his
:
so
that
it
having
been
observed
with
some
Wonder
,
that
in
the
foregoing
Season
,
Lightnings
had
been
very
numerous
and
frequent
,
he
and
his
Friends
concluded
,
for
Reasons
that
need
not
be
here
repeated
,
that
the
above-mentioned
Gashes
were
some
of
the
odd
Effects
of
those
Lightnings
,
which
kept
me
from
wondering
at
his
negative
Answer
,
to
the
Curiosity
I
had
to
know
,
whether
all
these
Wounds
of
the
Trees
look'd
the
same
way
,
as
East
or
West
,
North
or
South
.
For
I
had
formerly
observed
,
that
the
same
Fulmen
or
Flash
of
Lightning
reaching
to
the
Earth
in
the
Form
of
Fire
,
appeared
by
the
recent
Effects
as
well
of
its
impetuous
Motion
as
of
its
violent
Heat
,
to
have
moved
in
an
irregularly
winding-Line
:
which
made
me
compare
its
Motion
to
that
of
a
Squib
,
and
help'd
me
to
solve
some
odd
Phenomena
of
Lightning
,
that
this
is
not
the
fittest
Place
to
discourse
of
:
the
foregoing
Mention
of
what
happened
to
the
Trees
,
being
designed
,
partly
to
preserve
the
Memory
of
an
unusual
Phenomenon
,
and
partly
to
show
that
whatever
is
wont
to
happen
in
Animals
,
Lightning
is
not
always
destructive
or
corruptive
of
Vegetables
,
since
the
Wounds
inflicted
to
Trees
were
happily
cicatrized
,
and
did
not
kill
or
poison
the
Plants
.
And
whether
this
Phenomenon
were
produced
,
by
some
mineral
Exhalations
kindled
in
the
Air
,
or
by
the
violent
and
irregular
Motion
of
some
such
Substance
,
or
by
both
together
,
the
Phenomenon
will
be
pertinent
to
the
Subject
or
Design
of
the
present
Tract
.
TITLE
XIII
.
Of
Celestial
Influences
or
Effluviums
in
the
Air.
To
Mr.
HARTLIB
.
Dear
Sir
,
I
Shall
not
I
hope
altogether
forget
the
Charge
which
you
have
been
pleased
to
lay
upon
me
,
in
reference
to
the
Consideration
of
all
winy
Liquors
,
their
Affections
,
and
the
several
Distempers
incident
to
them
,
with
my
Thoughts
about
the
preserving
of
them
,
so
as
may
best
retard
the
Quickness
of
their
Motion
,
and
hinder
their
Dyscrasy
and
Corruption
.
To
which
End
an
exact
Scrutiny
into
the
Air
,
its
Quality
,
Temperament
and
Motion
,
and
an
Inquiry
of
the
Efficacy
and
Force
that
this
hath
upon
all
such
Bodies
,
will
be
in
some
measure
necessary
.
And
this
puts
me
in
mind
to
leave
one
Request
with
you
,
viz.
to
beg-your
Assistance
and
Countenance
on
all
Occasions
to
Mr.
Streete
,
when
he
shall
at
any
time
wait
on
you
,
who
both
as
to
his
Undertaking
,
and
to
the
Modesty
and
Simplicity
of
his
Spirit
,
doth
very
much
emulate
our
so
much
joint-esteemed
Friend
Mr.
Mercator
,
who
,
though
he
may
differ
from
the
former
,
in
reference
to
his
Method
,
or
to
some
of
the
profounder
Parts
of
Learning
:
yet
I
think
it
very
possible
to
reconcile
them
in
the
main
,
and
cannot
but
expect
something
extraordinary
,
in
the
asserting
and
perfecting
of
the
Theory
of
the
Planets
,
will
be
brought
forth
between
them
,
which
I
should
the
more
gladly
see
,
by
how
much
most
Scholars
complain
of
it
,
as
of
a
thing
hitherto
wanting
,
by
how
much
also
I
guess
,
that
having
the
Examples
of
so
many
who
have
already
attempted
the
same
thing
in
vain
,
they
will
find
themselves
the
more
constrained
to
lay
down
some
new
choice
,
singular
and
undeniable
Hypothesis
,
for
the
better
Invitation
of
the
Admittance
of
their
Opinion
among
Learned
Men
,
although
such
a
Work
be
no
less
necessary
also
for
other
Reasons
.
For
if
we
assert
not
the
Theory
of
the
Planets
rightly
,
and
upon
such
Ground
as
are
indubitably
demonstrable
;
we
shall
never
be
free
from
Errors
and
Disagreements
in
Opinion
about
their
Motions
,
and
the
right
Calculation
of
them
.
And
if
we
mistake
in
either
of
these
,
we
must
mistake
of
the
true
Place
in
the
Heavens
,
in
which
each
Planet
is
,
or
constantly
ought
to
be
:
And
if
we
at
all
err
in
our
Judgment
of
their
due
Places
,
it
is
impossible
we
should
assert
their
several
Aspects
,
and
the
mutual
Influences
and
Virtues
they
have
(
through
this
)
one
upon
another
:
And
so
the
Physical
Use
of
their
Motions
falls
to
the
Ground
wholly
,
or
at
least
becomes
subject
to
very
much
Uncertainty
.
And
truly
,
if
there
be
no
such
Use
at
all
of
the
Motions
of
these
Bodies
,
as
that
which
I
may
call
Physical
,
viz
for
predicting
,
and
for
(
in
some
measure
)
determining
the
Affections
,
Dispositions
and
Alterations
,
that
are
introduced
into
several
things
here
,
either
immediately
,
or
into
the
Air
immediately
,
by
reason
of
the
Course
of
these
superior
Bodies
,
it
would
very
much
lessen
and
depretiate
with
me
,
that
Toil
,
Cost
,
Pains
,
Watchings
,
and
continual
Exercises
,
and
Indeavours
,
that
have
been
used
for
the
gaining
of
exact
Observations
in
Astronomy
.
Seeing
when
we
have
done
all
,
and
obtained
all
beyond
the
mere
bare
Knowledg
of
them
,
we
can
propound
no
End
,
Benefit
,
Use
or
Advantage
,
that
may
recompense
the
Trouble
and
Pains
bestowed
upon
them
,
(
at
least
upon
some
of
them
)
nor
so
much
as
any
real
or
particular
Relation
,
between
us
and
them
;
and
if
so
,
we
know
them
only
to
know
them
.
But
we
shall
at
present
presume
the
contrary
,
and
therefore
shall
crave
leave
to
say
,
that
although
several
Objections
are
commonly
brought
against
any
such
Use
or
Application
of
these
Bodies
,
or
of
their
Power
,
Influence
or
Motions
,
which
are
occasioned
partly
by
the
Superstition
and
Paganism
incident
to
this
kind
of
Doctrine
;
partly
by
the
Imposture
,
Ignorance
,
and
want
of
Learning
,
generally
observed
in
the
Persons
professing
this
Knowledg
;
partly
by
the
manifest
Mistakes
and
Uncertainty
that
there
is
in
the
Predictions
of
this
Nature
;
and
partly
by
the
Inexplicableness
of
the
Way
or
Manner
how
they
come
to
affect
one
another
,
which
admits
not
,
as
many
conceive
,
of
an
easy
visible
or
familiar
Demonstration
.
Yet
all
these
Objections
,
if
throughly
examined
,
do
not
,
as
we
humbly
conceive
,
really
null
or
take
away
the
Possibility
of
the
thing
simply
,
but
are
raised
rather
against
the
Enormities
and
Imperfections
that
are
confessed
to
be
in
it
:
and
it
may
,
notwithstanding
all
those
Objections
,
still
be
certain
,
that
these
Celestial
Bodies
(
according
to
the
Angles
they
make
one
upon
another
,
but
especially
with
the
Sun
or
with
the
Earth
in
our
Meridian
,
or
with
such
and
such
other
Points
in
the
Heavens
)
may
have
a
Power
to
cause
such
and
such
Motions
,
Changes
and
Alterations
(
stronger
or
weaker
,
according
to
the
Nature
of
the
Angle
)
as
the
Extremities
of
which
shall
at
length
be
felt
in
every
one
of
us
:
And
this
may
be
evidenced
,
1st
.
by
undeniable
Experiments
,
not
only
from
things
inanimate
and
vegitate
,
but
from
the
undoubted
Observations
of
Physicians
,
as
well
in
several
Chronical
as
acute
Distempers
,
and
more
eminently
in
all
Lunatick
,
Epileptick
,
Paralitick
or
Lethargick
Persons
.
2dly
.
It
may
further
admit
of
a
Demonstration
:
for
if
the
extream
Motions
of
Physick
be
Generation
and
Corruption
,
and
the
mean
Motions
Rarefaction
and
Condensation
,
allowing
then
these
Bodies
to
have
a
share
in
promoting
the
mean
Motions
,
(
viz
)
of
Rarefaction
and
Condensation
,
we
shall
or
may
soon
be
convinced
,
that
their
Effects
then
upon
all
other
things
here
,
cannot
but
be
exceeding
considerable
.
For
the
better
understanding
of
which
,
I
shall
offer
,
a
little
more
largely
to
you
my
Conceptions
,
viz.
That
to
speak
properly
and
simply
,
I
take
Generation
and
Corruption
to
be
the
Extreams
of
Motion
,
rather
than
Motions
themselves
:
for
the
Scope
,
Intentions
or
Effects
of
all
Physical
Motions
(
strictly
so
taken
)
are
only
to
one
of
these
Ends
,
viz.
either
for
Generation
or
Corruption
:
and
these
two
are
they
also
which
limit
and
bound
all
Motion
;
for
beyond
these
Meets
there
is
no
Physical
Progression
,
and
therefore
these
two
must
be
the
true
Termini
,
as
well
à
quo
,
as
ad
quem
,
of
all
such
Motion
,
seeing
all
things
are
corrupted
to
be
generated
,
and
all
things
generated
are
at
length
corrupted
.
But
if
these
be
rather
the
Termini
and
Extreams
of
Motion
,
then
Motion
it self
.
We
must
acknowledg
,
there
are
Motions
,
which
Nature
useth
as
Means
,
between
these
two
Extreams
;
which
mean
Motion
must
be
as
opposite
also
one
to
another
,
as
the
two
Extreams
.
Otherwise
we
should
never
be
at
a
Certainty
,
which
way
Nature
intends
by
her
Motion
:
otherwise
also
we
must
say
one
and
the
same
Course
,
or
one
and
the
same
thing
in
Nature
,
may
simply
and
of
it self
,
be
the
immediate
Cause
of
Generation
and
Corruption
,
of
Life
and
of
Death
,
of
Hardness
and
Softness
,
which
is
absurd
and
impossible
.
Now
as
these
two
Motions
of
Rarefaction
and
Condensation
,
are
opposite
one
to
the
other
,
as
is
required
,
so
do
they
square
to
all
other
the
Instruments
and
Phenomena
in
Nature
,
(
viz.
)
the
one
answering
to
Heat
,
the
other
to
cold
;
the
one
to
Hardness
,
Compactness
and
Aridity
,
the
other
to
Gentleness
,
Softness
,
Sweetness
,
Maturity
,
&c.
For
which
Reasons
therefore
,
as
well
as
for
many
other
,
which
might
be
urged
,
(
if
insisted
on
)
we
do
conclude
,
(
submitting
it
nevertheless
to
be
examined
)
that
Generation
and
Corruption
,
Rarefaction
and
Condensation
,
is
the
simplest
,
plainest
and
truest
Analysis
,
that
can
be
found
in
Nature
,
for
all
Physical
Motions
,
as
unto
some
of
which
all
Motion
,
purely
Physical
,
may
(
as
we
humbly
conceive
)
without
straining
,
be
immediately
referred
,
and
as
by
and
through
which
all
may
likewise
,
with
as
little
Difficulty
,
be
resolved
.
And
having
laid
this
as
a
second
Argument
;
we
say
3dly
.
That
it
cannot
be
denied
,
but
all
the
Affections
and
Dispositions
of
Moisture
,
Heat
,
Cold
,
Drought
,
the
Course
of
all
Winds
,
Showers
,
Thundering
,
or
whatsoever
else
is
used
by
Nature
,
to
produce
these
two
general
and
universal
Effects
of
Rarefaction
and
Condensation
,
do
in
a
great
Measure
,
if
not
wholly
,
depend
upon
,
and
are
altogether
regulated
by
the
Course
,
Motion
,
Position
,
Situations
or
Aspects
of
the
Superiour
and
Celestial
Bodies
or
Planets
.
And
therefore
,
4thly
.
We
say
,
that
every
Planet
hath
its
own
proper
Light
:
And
as
the
Light
of
the
Sun
is
one
thing
,
the
Light
of
the
Moon
another
;
so
every
Planet
hath
its
distinct
Light
,
differing
from
all
the
other
.
Now
we
must
either
say
,
that
this
Light
is
a
bare
Quality
,
and
that
the
utmost
Use
and
End
of
it
is
only
to
illuminate
;
and
there
is
no
Light
but
is
accompanied
further
with
some
Power
,
Virtue
or
Tincture
,
that
is
proper
to
it
:
which
if
granted
,
it
will
inform
us
then
,
that
every
Light
hath
its
own
Property
,
it
s
own
Tincture
and
Colour
,
it
s
own
specifique
Virtue
and
Power
;
and
that
according
to
the
several
Bodies
of
Light
,
there
are
several
Properties
,
Tinctures
and
Powers
;
and
that
as
one
Star
differs
from
another
in
Glory
(
according
to
the
Apostle
)
so
one
Star
and
one
Planet
differs
from
another
in
its
Virtue
,
in
its
Colour
,
in
its
Tincture
,
and
in
its
Property
.
And
consequently
,
that
those
eminent
Stars
and
Planets
that
are
in
the
Heavens
,
are
not
to
be
considered
by
us
as
sluggish
inergetical
Bodies
,
or
as
if
they
were
set
only
to
be
as
bare
Candles
to
us
,
but
as
Bodies
full
of
proper
Motion
,
of
peculiar
Operation
,
and
of
Life
.
The
Sun
not
only
shining
upon
the
rest
of
the
Planets
;
but
by
his
quickning
Warmth
,
awakening
,
stirring
and
raising
the
Motions
,
Properties
and
Powers
,
that
are
peculiar
to
them
.
According
therefore
to
the
Angles
,
they
make
with
the
Sun
,
and
according
as
they
are
more
or
less
enlightned
by
him
;
according
also
as
they
are
at
the
same
time
more
directly
or
more
obliquely
,
more
remotely
or
more
nearly
scituated
and
placed
,
in
respect
to
us
;
so
must
the
Effects
of
the
Powers
,
Virtues
and
Tinctures
,
that
are
proper
to
them
,
be
more
or
less
felt
by
us
.
5thly
.
For
the
manner
of
the
Planets
,
transmitting
these
their
Properties
and
Powers
,
and
of
their
affecting
other
Bodies
at
so
remote
Distance
,
there
is
nothing
begged
or
required
in
it
,
that
is
insuperable
to
a
Man's
Apprehension
or
Belief
:
(
seeing
,
)
1.
We
affirm
not
any
Property
,
Operation
,
Virtue
,
or
Power
,
to
be
transmitted
from
any
of
the
said
Planets
,
but
what
doth
descend
with
its
Light
,
and
is
the
real
Property
of
its
Light
.
2.
No
Man
judgeth
,
that
the
Light
of
any
Planet
,
or
of
the
Sun
it self
,
is
refracted
,
or
by
any
other
means
weakned
,
hindred
or
impaired
by
the
Aether
(
or
that
Substance
which
fills
up
the
Space
between
one
Planet
and
another
)
through
which
it
passeth
;
but
that
it
doth
descend
whole
directly
and
inrefracted
unto
,
or
upon
our
Atmosphere
.
3.
But
whatsoever
is
received
by
the
Atmosphere
,
is
also
received
by
the
thin
and
subtile
Air
,
that
is
contiguous
to
the
Atmosphere
:
And
this
Air
therefore
cannot
but
be
capable
of
being
moved
,
stirred
,
altered
,
and
impressed
by
these
Properties
,
Virtues
and
Lights
,
as
penetrating
each
Part
of
it
.
4.
Not
only
the
Air
,
by
reason
of
its
Thinness
and
Subtilty
,
is
capable
of
being
thus
penetrated
,
moved
and
altered
,
by
these
Planetary
,
Virtues
and
Lights
:
But
forasmuch
also
as
our
Spirits
,
and
the
Spirits
likewise
of
all
mix'd
Bodies
,
are
really
of
an
Aerious
,
Ethereal
,
Luminous
Production
and
Composition
;
these
Spirits
therefore
of
ours
,
and
the
Spirits
of
all
other
Bodies
,
must
necessarily
no
less
suffer
an
Impression
from
the
same
Lights
,
and
cannot
be
less
subject
to
an
Alteration
,
Motion
,
Agitation
and
Infection
,
through
them
and
by
them
,
than
the
other
(
viz.
)
the
Air
:
But
rather
as
our
Spirits
are
more
near
and
more
Analogous
to
the
Nature
of
Light
than
the
Air
,
so
they
must
be
more
prone
and
easy
to
be
impressed
than
it
.
And
if
our
Spirits
,
and
the
Spirits
of
all
mix'd
Bodies
may
be
altered
,
changed
,
moved
and
impressed
by
these
superiour
Bodies
,
and
their
Properties
;
then
these
Spirits
being
the
only
Principles
of
Energy
,
Power
,
Force
and
Life
,
in
all
Bodies
wherein
they
are
,
and
the
immediate
Causes
,
through
which
all
Alteration
comes
to
the
Bodies
themselves
.
It
is
impossible
therefore
Spirits
should
be
altered
and
changed
,
and
yet
no
Alteration
made
in
the
Bodies
themselves
:
and
therefore
a
less
Limit
or
Extream
cannot
be
set
to
the
Power
or
Operation
,
or
Force
of
the
superiour
Bodies
upon
the
Inferiour
,
than
what
must
terminate
at
length
into
the
very
Bodies
themselves
.
5.
As
a
further
Confirmation
or
Proof
of
this
,
in
reference
at
least
to
our selves
,
I
shall
offer
to
your
Consideration
the
Accidents
that
often
happen
to
Men
,
by
the
mere
Air
,
as
Convulsions
,
Cramps
,
Blastings
,
Lameness
,
Colds
,
many
of
which
indure
a
Man's
Life-time
;
and
which
(
with
many
bitter
Infirmities
that
sometimes
seize
upon
a
Man
,
while
standing
,
walking
,
or
lying
in
the
Air
)
are
rarely
or
never
felt
or
discerned
at
the
Instant
of
their
Approach
or
Insults
upon
a
Man
,
nor
yet
accompanied
with
the
Sense
of
any
Excess
in
the
Air
for
Heat
or
Cold
at
that
time
,
and
therefore
not
well
referrable
to
any
Cause
in
the
Air
,
if
not
to
the
Power
of
those
Properties
and
Operations
of
the
Celestial
Bodies
that
we
speak
of
:
And
this
I
submit
to
the
Judgment
of
common
Experience
.
6.
Lastly
;
As
the
Sun-shining
on
the
rest
of
the
Planets
doth
not
,
as
we
said
,
only
barely
illuminate
their
Bodies
;
but
besides
this
,
through
the
Power
,
Virtue
and
Activity
it
hath
,
doth
also
raise
,
excite
,
awaken
and
stir
up
the
several
Properties
and
Dispositions
that
are
in
those
several
and
respective
Bodies
,
whereby
they
are
more
lively
and
effectually
brought
forth
upon
us
;
so
we
are
to
suppose
it
is
in
reference
to
this
our
Planet
,
which
is
the
Earth
,
which
is
not
only
enlightned
,
warmed
,
cherished
and
fructified
by
the
Power
,
Virtue
and
Influence
of
the
Sun
;
but
hath
its
proper
Magnetical
,
Planetary
Virtue
,
also
fermented
,
stirred
,
agitated
and
awakened
in
it
,
which
it
remits
back
with
the
reflected
Light
of
the
Sun
:
and
together
with
this
Magnetick
Planetary
Property
of
the
Earth
,
which
is
stirred
and
raised
by
the
Sun
,
are
awakened
also
the
seminal
Dispositions
,
Odors
and
Ferments
that
are
lodged
in
,
and
proper
unto
particular
Regions
or
Places
,
which
do
likewise
emit
and
diffuse
through
the
Air
,
as
their
several
and
respective
benign
,
grateful
,
so
their
several
malignant
,
congelative
and
fracedonous
Natures
and
Qualities
.
And
hence
therefore
,
though
the
Air
,
its
Temperament
,
Disposition
and
Quality
in
general
,
is
to
be
look'd
at
,
according
to
the
Motions
,
Influences
and
Aspects
of
the
several
superiour
Bodies
;
yet
the
particular
Healthfulness
and
Unhealthfulness
of
Places
,
the
evil
Disposition
of
the
Air
,
Evenings
,
Nights
,
and
early
in
the
Mornings
,
in
some
Parts
more
than
in
others
;
the
super-abundant
Moisture
,
excessive
Winds
,
Droughts
or
other
Seasons
,
proper
to
one
Country
,
and
not
to
be
observed
in
another
neighbouring
to
it
;
all
these
are
rather
to
be
allowed
and
referred
to
those
Odors
,
Vapors
and
Exhalations
,
that
are
through
the
Power
of
the
Sun
,
or
other
Planets
,
drawn
forth
from
their
particular
Seats
into
the
Air
,
from
the
Planets
themselves
.
And
thus
I
have
hinted
,
as
well
as
I
may
,
at
the
Solutions
of
all
the
Phenomena
pertaining
to
this
matter
,
that
I
can
think
of
.
And
if
this
be
so
,
then
wholly
to
neglect
this
Physical
Use
(
and
Consideration
)
of
the
Motion
of
these
Bodies
,
and
either
to
reject
it
,
because
of
the
Superstition
that
hath
been
mix'd
with
it
,
or
to
exclude
it
from
all
manner
of
Care
,
and
from
all
other
further
Scrutiny
,
as
a
thing
not
worth
our
Inquiry
or
Search
at
all
after
,
is
as
great
an
Extream
on
the
other
hand
,
and
a
Mistake
,
that
must
not
pass
untaxed
among
Learned
Men.
You
did
not
expect
,
I
am
sure
,
I
should
have
adventured
into
so
particular
an
Apology
for
Astrology
;
nor
did
I
intend
it
,
when
I
begun
my
Letter
;
nor
do
I
now
aim
to
justify
any
thing
further
,
than
what
may
properly
,
if
not
necessarily
,
fall
into
the
Consideration
of
Natural
Philosophy
,
being
indeed
much
induced
to
think
,
that
were
the
Theory
of
the
Planets
so
exactly
stated
,
so
perfectly
,
or
so
undeniably
demonstrated
,
that
we
might
be
sure
we
rightly
understood
the
Place
,
Course
and
Position
of
each
of
their
Bodies
in
the
Heavens
;
this
other
Doctrine
of
their
Physical
Use
,
with
the
Weight
,
Dignity
,
Extent
,
Considerableness
or
Inconsiderableness
of
it
,
would
soon
confirm
and
demonstrate
it self
by
the
Evidence
and
Proof
of
it self
,
especially
if
any
will
please
to
take
the
Pains
to
calculate
these
Motions
for
his
own
private
Use
,
and
according
to
the
Meridian
he
is
in
,
and
so
compare
them
with
his
own
Observations
,
of
the
Change
and
Alteration
of
the
Air
from
Day
to
Day
.
Which
doubtless
,
as
it
was
the
way
at
first
taken
by
the
Ancients
,
to
find
out
their
Efficacy
,
(
I
mean
the
making
such
a
constant
Observation
,
and
keeping
such
a
Diary
)
so
the
doing
of
that
again
,
and
giving
us
first
an
History
or
Diary
of
the
Observations
of
the
Weather
,
and
its
Changes
in
all
Respects
,
and
then
an
Account
of
the
several
Places
,
Motions
,
or
Aspects
,
each
Day
,
of
the
several
Bodies
of
the
Heavens
,
with
the
Agreements
,
Doubts
,
or
Disagreements
,
that
these
bear
one
to
another
,
and
that
must
necessarily
rise
thereupon
,
would
be
that
,
that
could
not
but
prove
both
satisfactory
and
delightsom
to
us
,
in
this
great
Point
,
about
their
Physical
Power
and
Use
.
And
the
Commodity
of
this
in
our
Oeconomical
or
Civil
Concerns
in
Husbandry
,
in
Gardening
,
in
Physick
,
and
to
the
producing
many
other
very
stupendous
Effects
,
cannot
possibly
be
so
well
credited
or
discerned
as
it
would
,
if
some
such
plain
Foundation
and
Demonstration
of
the
Power
of
these
Bodies
,
in
general
,
were
laid
.
Which
methinks
we
should
be
much
the
more
incouraged
to
undertake
,
having
an
Advantage
given
us
in
this
Age
,
beyond
what
most
Ages
ever
had
,
by
the
Use
of
those
rare
Instruments
,
that
they
call
the
Thermometers
,
or
Weather-Glasses
.
And
truly
when
I
consider
,
that
things
of
the
greatest
Consequence
do
oft-times
depend
upon
the
most
common
Observations
;
and
that
Matters
of
the
highest
Improvement
do
receive
their
Beginning
from
mean
,
small
,
ordinary
Experiments
:
I
would
have
no
Man
,
who
hath
Leisure
,
Opportunity
and
Time
,
to
think
it
a
slight
thing
to
busy
himself
in
collecting
Observations
of
this
Nature
.
It
being
much
more
commendable
for
a
Man
to
preserve
the
History
of
his
own
Time
,
though
but
in
the
Observation
of
the
Motions
of
this
kind
,
than
to
say
,
upon
every
Occasion
that
offers
it self
,
this
is
the
hottest
,
or
this
is
the
coldest
;
or
this
is
the
rainiest
,
or
this
is
the
most
seasonable
or
unseasonable
Weather
that
ever
he
felt
;
whereas
it
may
perhaps
be
nothing
so
.
And
if
there
were
no
other
Use
,
yet
Observations
of
this
Nature
would
much
conduce
to
compleat
the
natural
History
of
any
Place
,
as
we
may
observe
by
that
Learned
Author
who
writ
Historiam
Naturalem
Brasiliae
;
and
who
,
to
prove
not
only
the
Habitableness
,
but
Healthfulness
of
that
Climate
and
Country
,
exhibites
the
Account
of
every
Day
's
Weather
,
observed
by
him
for
many
Years
together
,
and
so
the
Agreement
of
it
to
that
Temper
,
which
we
account
healthful
.
But
the
instituting
and
perfecting
of
accurate
Observations
of
this
Nature
,
by
the
help
of
several
large
and
exact
Thermometers
,
placed
in
several
Rooms
,
or
exposed
after
some
convenient
Manner
to
the
Air
it self
,
would
be
a
more
noble
and
useful
Undertaking
,
than
ordinary
.
I
say
,
the
doing
this
accurately
,
by
large
and
exact
Glasses
,
by
placing
several
of
them
,
either
together
,
or
at
some
fit
Distance
one
from
another
.
It
being
much
to
be
lamented
,
and
that
which
I
cannot
but
complain
to
my self
of
,
that
no
Improvement
considerable
hath
,
as
I
can
learn
,
been
made
by
any
Man
,
of
these
Glasses
,
either
in
our
own
Country
,
or
any
where
else
,
since
their
first
Invention
,
(
but
only
to
hang
them
in
a
Room
for
Ornament
sake
)
there
being
many
things
yet
wanting
,
that
were
much
to
be
desired
for
the
perfecting
of
them
.
For
;
1.
None
hath
hitherto
given
us
the
best
Proportions
between
the
Diameter
of
the
Head
,
and
the
Diameter
of
the
Bodies
or
Cylinder
,
although
this
be
indeed
the
very
first
Consideration
,
and
that
which
is
most
necessary
in
the
Use
of
these
Instruments
;
for
as
by
how
much
the
bigger
the
Cylinder
is
,
and
by
how
much
the
lesser
the
Head
,
by
so
much
the
more
slow
and
imperceptible
the
Air
's
Alteration
and
Motion
will
be
;
so
by
how
much
the
bigger
the
Head
,
and
smaller
the
Cylinder
is
,
by
so
much
the
more
quick
,
subtile
and
discernable
will
every
small
Difference
of
the
Air
appear
,
which
therefore
being
on
both
sides
capable
of
an
Extream
,
ought
to
be
regulated
necessarily
,
according
to
some
mean
.
2.
Admitting
a
mean
or
convenient
Proportion
between
these
two
Diameters
,
to
be
as
one
to
16
,
or
one
to
24.
We
in
the
next
Place
do
no
less
want
the
fittest
Proportion
for
the
Length
of
the
Cylinder
,
which
must
doubtless
also
be
varied
answerably
,
as
we
vary
the
Proportion
of
its
Diameter
,
the
smaller
Cylinder
in
Proportion
to
its
Head
,
requiring
the
greater
Length
,
the
bigger
Cylinder
on
the
contrary
the
shorter
Length
.
3.
I
have
not
hitherto
seen
any
Cylinder
that
hath
been
well
graduated
,
12
or
16
Degrees
being
the
most
that
are
set
upon
the
common
Weather-Glass
:
whereas
to
the
making
of
accurate
Observations
,
it
would
require
a
Cylinder
to
be
divided
into
at
least
360
Parts
;
though
I
think
it
neither
unreasonable
nor
unpracticable
,
to
have
one
divided
into
1000
Parts
,
allowing
but
10
Degrees
to
each
Inch
,
which
is
no
unusual
Division
,
seeing
such
an
one
will
much
better
discover
,
not
only
the
small
,
but
the
more
suddain
and
remarkable
Changes
of
the
Weather
,
(
which
are
of
chiefest
Use
)
than
any
others
that
are
common
and
ordinary
.
4.
Although
no
Liquor
ought
to
be
used
in
these
Glasses
,
that
is
subject
to
Frost
;
yet
we
have
little
or
no
Account
what
those
Liquors
are
,
that
might
be
best
or
fittest
for
the
accurate
making
of
those
Experiments
;
whether
those
whose
Property
it
is
,
somewhat
to
attract
the
Air
,
and
so
to
preserve
themselves
in
at
least
their
first
Quantity
,
as
Oleum
Sulphuris
per
Campanam
,
Ol.
Vitrioli
,
Liquor
Salis
Tartari
,
&c.
Or
,
2dly
.
Whether
those
whose
Parts
are
finest
,
subtilest
,
and
nearest
of
kin
to
the
Air
,
such
as
is
Spirit
of
Wine
,
Spirit
of
Terebinth
,
well
rectified
,
and
according
as
there
is
occasion
still
fresh
supplied
.
Or
,
3dly
.
Whether
those
that
are
of
a
middle
Nature
,
as
strong
Spirit
of
Vinegar
.
Or
,
4thly
.
Whether
instead
of
these
,
and
beyond
these
,
it
may
not
be
best
to
use
only
well-refined
Quicksilver
.
All
which
several
Particulars
,
as
they
are
necessary
,
and
ought
to
be
first
ascertained
,
yet
they
are
but
preliminary
to
the
Experiments
themselves
.
In
the
making
of
the
Experiments
themselves
,
therefore
it
would
be
convenient
;
1st
.
That
several
Thermometers
of
one
Proportion
,
Length
and
Graduation
in
their
Cylinders
in
all
Respects
,
as
near
as
may
be
,
were
set
in
one
Frame
together
,
either
with
one
and
the
same
,
or
with
Variety
of
Liquors
.
2dly
.
That
several
of
these
Frames
were
set
in
several
Rooms
,
and
that
fome
were
exposed
immediately
to
the
Air
it self
;
yet
so
as
it
may
be
conveniently
sheltred
from
the
actual
Rays
of
the
Sun
,
and
from
the
Injury
of
Storms
,
Rain
and
Winds
.
In
the
History
it self
,
there
cannot
be
too
much
Care
and
Exactness
provided
;
the
Air
of
the
Chimny
,
Cranny
of
a
Wall
or
Door
,
Breath
of
People
,
or
other
such
Accidents
,
do
not
interpose
to
deceive
a
Man's
Observation
,
which
must
be
circumspectly
foreseen
and
considered
.
The
Proportion
between
the
Warmth
of
the
Day
and
Night
,
in
constant
Weather
;
the
Agreement
or
Disagreement
of
the
Motion
of
the
Air
;
with
the
Motions
of
the
superiour
Bodies
,
in
all
uncertain
,
changeable
and
inconstant
Weather
;
the
Efficacy
or
Inefficacy
through
these
,
in
foretelling
of
Winds
and
Rain
;
the
Air
its
particular
Disposition
,
under
Thunder
,
under
times
of
Mildews
or
Blastings
,
eminent
Eclipses
,
Conjunctions
;
with
many
other
the
like
Particulars
,
which
will
of
themselves
be
incident
to
an
ingenious
,
diligent
,
apprehensive
Person
,
may
be
the
Subject
of
this
History
.
I
shall
not
digress
so
far
,
as
to
tell
you
,
what
other
things
may
be
done
by
the
Help
of
this
excellent
Instrument
,
this
being
not
pertinent
to
our
present
Purpose
.
Yet
it
is
certain
,
that
Drebble
,
that
great
,
singular
,
learned
Mechanick
,
did
by
the
Help
of
this
Instrument
,
make
a
Dial
continually
to
move
of
it self
;
regularly
shewing
both
the
times
of
the
Day
,
and
other
Motions
of
the
Heavens
;
did
also
make
an
Automatous
Instrument
of
Musick
;
and
found
out
a
Furnace
which
he
could
govern
to
any
Degree
of
Heat
:
but
whether
these
have
died
with
him
,
or
how
far
the
Meditations
of
others
have
wrought
upon
them
,
I
shall
humbly
refer
to
a
more
leasurable
Inquiry
.
And
if
you
can
inform
me
among
any
of
your
Acquaintance
or
Correspondents
,
I
should
be
glad
to
hear
and
to
learn
any
thing
of
this
Nature
,
or
relating
to
the
further
Use
,
Experiment
or
Improvement
of
this
rare
little
Instrument
,
or
to
the
further
clearing
,
ventilating
or
discussing
the
Theory
or
Doctrine
of
the
Planets
,
or
the
Physical
Use
and
Power
of
these
Bodies
that
we
have
thus
briefly
made
an
Essay
of
.
Thus
far
that
Letter
.
They
have
a
received
Tradition
in
Java
,
and
probably
in
divers
other
Islands
of
the
South
Sea
,
that
the
Beams
of
the
Moon
are
wont
to
cause
Contractures
in
the
Body
of
those
Men
that
stay
too
long
exposed
to
them
:
The
Truth
of
which
Tradition
was
lately
confirmed
to
me
by
an
ingenious
Doctor
,
that
with
Applause
practised
Physick
in
those
Parts
;
who
assured
me
,
that
he
had
observed
,
that
upon
the
Account
before
mentioned
some
were
made
lame
,
or
else
had
some
of
their
Limbs
contracted
for
divers
Weeks
,
and
some
for
many
Months
,
or
even
a
longer
time
.
And
when
I
asked
him
,
whether
he
had
at
any
time
been
subject
to
that
Mischief
himself
?
He
answered
,
that
whilst
he
was
a
Novice
in
those
Parts
,
after
a
very
hot
Day
,
he
laid
himself
down
very
slenderly
covered
,
to
sleep
(
according
to
the
Custom
of
the
Place
)
near
the
Door
of
the
House
he
lodg'd
in
;
but
being
unacquainted
with
the
Tradition
,
he
unskilfully
chose
a
Place
upon
which
the
Moon
could
fully
beat
for
a
good
part
of
the
Night
,
which
being
past
before
he
wak'd
,
when
he
went
to
rise
,
he
found
his
Neck
so
stiff
,
that
he
was
scarce
able
at
all
to
stir
it
;
and
his
Mouth
was
so
drawn
awry
,
that
't
was
hideous
to
behold
,
and
continued
so
unsightly
,
that
Shame
forced
him
to
keep
within
for
some
Days
;
during
which
he
made
Use
of
brisk
Aromatick
Medicines
,
by
whose
Help
he
got
off
a
Contracture
that
used
to
stay
very
much
longer
with
others
.
And
when
I
asked
him
,
if
these
Distempers
were
not
occasioned
rather
by
the
Coldness
of
the
Night
and
Subtilty
of
the
Air
,
than
the
Operation
of
the
Moon
's
Beams
?
He
answered
me
,
that
't
was
generally
observ'd
,
that
the
other
Causes
,
without
the
direct
Beams
of
the
Moon
,
were
not
wont
to
produce
such
bad
Effects
;
and
that
his
Landlord
,
when
he
saw
his
Mouth
awry
,
told
him
,
that
if
he
had
made
him
acquainted
with
his
Design
to
pass
the
Night
in
the
open
Air
,
he
would
have
prevented
this
Mischief
,
by
lodging
him
in
a
Place
unexposed
to
the
Moon
's
Light
.
TITLE
XIV
.
Of
the
Height
of
the
Atmosphere
.
TITLE
XV.
Of
the
Motion
of
the
Air
,
and
of
Winds
.
Extract
of
a
Letter
from
Fort
St.
George
,
dated
January
the
23d
,
1668.
ALthough
the
Bar
of
Porta
Nova
proved
more
shallow
and
dangerous
than
we
were
informed
;
yet
she
(
our
Ship
)
got
safe
in
thither
:
and
it
was
well
she
did
so
.
Had
we
kept
her
here
,
there
had
been
no
Possibility
of
her
Escape
from
perishing
in
a
dreadful
Storm
,
or
rather
Hurricane
,
which
happened
here
the
22d
of
November
:
The
like
hath
not
been
known
here
in
any
Man's
Memory
.
The
Tempest
of
Wind
and
Rain
was
so
exceeding
violent
,
that
nothing
could
stand
before
it
;
Men
and
Beasts
carried
into
the
Sea
by
the
Violence
of
the
Winds
and
Floods
:
the
Generality
of
the
Houses
in
this
and
the
Neighbour
Towns
were
ruined
:
scarce
any
Trees
left
standing
in
Gardens
or
elsewhere
:
the
Wall
of
this
Town
laid
flat
in
several
Places
;
your
Godownes
and
other
Houses
in
and
about
the
Fort
,
uncovered
and
exceedingly
shattered
:
no
Place
in
the
Fort
where
we
could
keep
our
Persons
,
Books
or
Papers
free
from
the
Wind
or
Rain
:
nor
scarcely
any
Doors
could
stand
against
the
Violence
of
it
:
and
we
hourly
feared
the
falling
of
the
Fort
down
upon
us
,
it
was
so
exceedingly
rock'd
:
and
yet
abroad
we
could
have
no
Shelter
,
nor
were
able
to
stand
against
it
.
The
repairing
of
the
Damage
will
necessarily
require
a
great
Charge
,
which
at
first
we
thought
would
have
amounted
to
3000
Pagothes
:
but
hope
it
will
come
short
thereof
.
Captain
Brookehaven
told
me
,
that
about
the
Island
Mauricius
,
Hurricanes
were
the
most
frequent
of
any
Place
he
knows
;
and
that
near
that
Island
he
met
with
one
which
lasted
four
Days
in
all
:
in
one
of
which
Days
the
Storm
had
seven
Paroxysms
or
Exacerbations
,
which
the
Seamen
call
Frights
of
Weather
,
each
of
which
he
observed
to
differ
two
Points
of
the
Compass
from
the
preceding
;
by
which
Means
the
Surface
of
the
Sea
,
by
the
Collision
of
the
Waves
,
became
to
be
all
white
,
as
if
the
Ship
had
been
among
Rocks
.
He
added
,
that
the
Storm
made
the
Day
exceeding
dark
:
And
that
the
Noise
was
rather
like
that
of
Thunder
,
than
of
Wind
,
insomuch
that
those
on
the
Shrouds
could
not
hear
those
on
the
Deck
.
A
Learned
Physician
that
travelled
into
America
,
affirmed
to
me
,
that
those
Countries
only
have
constant
Winds
from
the
Land
in
the
Night
,
which
are
furnished
with
Hills
;
and
therefore
the
Barbadoes
wants
such
Winds
,
because
it
has
no
Hills
.
One
of
the
East-Indian
Committee
(
who
had
lived
Years
in
the
Island
of
Teneriff
)
answered
me
,
that
he
usually
observed
there
the
Briezes
to
come
in
from
the
Sea
about
nine
of
the
Clock
in
the
Morning
,
and
that
about
two
Hours
after
Sun
set
,
there
blew
a
sharp
Land
Wind
,
every
way
from
the
Island
to
the
Sea-ward
,
which
continued
all
Night
till
the
next
Morning
.
A
Learned
Traveller
answered
me
,
that
though
the
Air
were
generally
calm
and
clear
at
the
Top
of
the
Mountains
,
yet
sometimes
he
had
met
there
with
Winds
considerably
strong
.
In
Lettere
di
Venetia
.
MArtedi
sui
li
29.
Agosto
1679.
alle
hore
19.
incirca
si
leuolevò
nelle
Paludi
della
Villa
di
Fauis
del
Dominio
Casareo
tre
miglia
lontana
da
Palma
Noua
Dominio
Veneto
un
uento
chiamato
Bissa
boua
,
che
allargandosi
per
circa
cinquanta
passi
scorse
con
tanto
empito
,
e
furore
,
che
portò
per
aria
diuersi
huomini
,
che
tagliauano
il
fieno
in
quei
Prati
,
e
anco
alcuni
Carri
carichi
di
fieno
con
i
Buoui
precipitandoli
assai
lontano
con
la
rouina
delli
animali
,
de
Carri
,
e
degli
huomini
,
e
passando
per
i
Campi
sbarbicando
ogni
sorte
di
Piante
le
portò
per
aria
gettandole
molti
passi
lontano
,
rendendo
la
terra
per
oue
scorse
cosi
arsa
,
che
pare
non
ui
sii
mai
stata
piantata
cosa
alcuna
.
Arriuò
nella
villa
decta
Bagnaria
del
Dominio
Veneto
doue
gettò
a
terra
molte
Case
sino
a
fondamenti
,
et
altre
discoperse
,
e
rouinò
portando
per
aria
tauole
,
traui
,
et
ogni
altra
cosa
che
era
dentro
esse
Case
restando
mal
trattate
molte
Persone
senza
però
la
morte
di
alcuno
.
Fuori
di
dettata
Villa
ui
e
una
Chiesa
chiamata
S.
Tomaso
la
quale
resto
scoperta
,
e
rouinata
una
parte
del
muro
portando
uia
il
Campanile
,
e
Campane
che
nel
giorno
seguente
non
si
erano
per
anco
trouate
;
—
Di
lá
si
portò
uerso
Seuigliano
Dominio
Veneto
e
rouinò
tutta
la
Campagna
senza
danno
però
della
Villa
,
mentre
li
passò
poco
lontano
,
de
girando
poco
lungi
dalla
Villa
stessa
spiantò
da
fondamenti
un
Palazzo
del
D.
Co.
Horatio
Strasoldo
,
nel
quale
gli
amazzò
ogni
sorte
di
animali
che
ui
erano
,
portando
per
aria
li
mobili
e
sino
le
botti
,
esterminando
parre
della
possessione
.
Non
restorono
però
offese
Persone
,
perche
erano
alla
Campagna
a
lauorare
,
e
nel
camino
getto
pure
a
terra
due
altre
Case
che
sono
nel
Taglio
per
andare
a
Strasoldo
spiantandole
affacto
con
la
morte
diuna
Donna
,
d'un
Fanciullo
,
e
diuersi
Animali
.
Di
là
uoltò
uerso
Palma
,
et
arriuando
sino
alle
mura
della
Fortezza
girò
uerso
la
Villa
di
Priuano
mezo
miglio
distante
quale
rouinò
la
meta
,
spiantando
da
fondamenti
belissimi
Palazzi
,
portando
per
aeria
travi
,
tavole
,
et
ogni
altra
cosa
con
la
morte
di
molti
,
quantità
di
feriti
,
e
diuersi
strapazzati
con
far
alla
Campagna
di
molto
male
.
Di
poi
scorse
nella
Villa
di
Visco
Dominio
Imperiale
,
e
tra
li
altri
danni
fatti
roninò
tutto
il
Palazzo
novo
del
D.
Marco
Foscolini
Gentilhuomo
di
Cinidal
nel
quale
essendoni
una
gran
rimessa
da
Carozze
,
la
di
cui
Porta
hauena
tre
Cadenazzi
,
&
entrando
il
Turbine
per
li
balconi
gettò
la
Carozza
con
tanto
empito
nella
Porta
stessa
che
la
ruppe
,
e
portò
fuori
la
Caroza
tutta
fracassata
gettandola
sopra
un
muro
della
Corte
assa
alto
,
portando
il
Cielo
della
stessa
mezzo
miglio
lontano
,
e
vertò
nel
medemo
Palazzo
ferito
,
e
mal
trattato
un
seruitore
di
esso
Foscolini
,
di
cui
ronino
pure
una
Braida
,
&
un
Brolo
essendo
in
detta
Villa
restati
due
morti
,
e
diversi
feriti
;
—
S'
inoltrò
poi
nella
Villa
di
S.
Vido
di
Crauglio
stato
Imperiale
,
la
quale
rouino
tutta
affatto
senza
restarui
nemeno
una
Casa
,
portando
per
Aria
coppi
,
travi
,
legne
,
sassi
,
e
mobili
con
la
morte
di
moltissime
Persone
,
e
moltissimi
feriti
e
rouinati
,
et
in
detta
Villa
non
si
può
anddare
,
ne
con
Carri
,
ne
con
Caualli
per
la
grande
moltitudine
di
rouinazzo
,
arbori
et
altro
che
hanno
attrauer-sato
le
strade
,
essendo
rimassi
morti
gran
numero
di
animali
—
.
Da
questo
luoco
si
portò
uerso
Villes
Villa
Imperiale
buona
parte
della
quale
gettò
a
terra
per
andar
al
Territorio
di
Monfalcone
con
la
morte
di
molte
persone
,
et
quantità
di
animali
con
lasciar
le
Campagne
per
dove
è
passata
senza
piante
,
e
come
strada
battuta
—
.
Hà
danneggiato
anco
altre
Ville
ma
leggiermenre
;
ne
per
anco
si
sà
quello
hauerà
fatto
piu
avanti
nel
detto
Territorio
.
Questo
successo
hà
lasciato
un
spauento
grande
in
queste
Parti
,
essendosi
uedute
cose
incredibili
mentre
pioveuano
sassi
,
tauole
,
arbori
,
traui
,
coppi
,
huomini
,
donne
,
fanciulli
,
botti
,
sorghi
,
uva
,
galline
,
animali
,
et
in
conclusione
ciò
che
incontraua
portaua
per
aria
con
un
rumore
,
e
fracasso
cosi
gradne
,
che
faceua
terrore
essendo
per
dette
Ville
un
concorso
grande
di
Popolo
uicino
per
uedere
cose
che
si
rendono
incredibili
.
Doctor
B.
answered
me
,
that
though
the
Eastern
Winds
blow
near
▪
of
a
Year
at
Tangier
,
yet
they
seem
not
to
reach
far
into
the
Inland
Country
,
where
he
observed
them
to
be
very
unfrequent
.
An
ingenious
Gentleman
who
is
Owner
of
a
Mine
or
two
near
the
Sea
,
being
asked
by
me
,
whether
he
could
,
by
any
peculiar
Change
appearing
in
the
deeper
Parts
of
the
Mines
,
foretel
any
Alterations
of
Weather
?
He
answered
me
,
that
the
only
Presage
he
had
constantly
observed
,
was
of
the
Change
of
the
Wind.
For
many
Hours
before
the
Wind
was
to
shift
from
some
other
Corner
,
and
get
into
the
South
,
the
Water
at
the
bottom
of
the
Mine
would
appear
manifestly
more
troubled
,
or
less
limped
than
before
:
and
when
the
Wind
was
to
blow
from
the
East
,
he
was
usually
forewarned
of
it
by
an
unusual
Degree
of
Clearness
in
the
Waters
,
which
would
appear
more
diaphanous
than
ordinary
,
though
the
South-Wind
had
not
immediately
before
operated
on
the
Waters
.
The
Depth
of
the
Mine
was
between
fifteen
and
twenty
Fathom
.
He
told
me
,
that
the
Hurricans
about
Goa
,
are
observed
to
come
usually
but
at
two
Seasons
,
about
the
Beginning
of
March
,
and
the
4th
of
October
.
TITLE
XVI
.
Of
the
Air
as
the
Medium
of
Sounds
,
and
of
Sounds
and
Noises
in
the
Air
,
and
particularly
Thunder
;
and
of
the
Air
's
Operation
on
the
Sounds
of
Bodies
.
THIS
Variety
of
the
Air
is
the
Cause
of
most
dreadful
Thunders
,
which
,
when
Gregory
described
,
he
astonished
his
Hearers
.
For
upon
the
rising
of
several
Tempests
altogether
,
the
Sky
is
of
a
sudden
covered
over
with
black
and
thick
,
as
it
were
Globes
of
smokey
Clouds
:
By
and
by
the
Thunder
breaks
forth
on
every
Side
,
ratling
continually
with
Lightning
,
as
incessantly
flashing
,
enough
to
amaze
the
most
resolute
and
most
accustomed
to
the
Noise
.
Ludolph's
Hist.
of
Ethiop
.
l.
1.
c.
5.
The
String
of
a
Viol
has
been
by
Mr.
F.
observed
to
give
a
sharper
Sound
against
or
in
rainy
Weather
,
by
almost
half
a
Note
.
Mr.
F.
also
assures
me
,
that
more
than
once
or
twice
it
has
happened
to
him
,
that
having
put
up
false
Strings
in
his
Pocket
,
to
make
Frets
of
,
as
judging
them
useless
for
any
other
Purpose
,
the
want
of
Strings
having
driven
him
to
make
Use
of
those
,
he
has
found
them
not
false
any
more
,
but
good
Strings
.
And
also
that
he
observes
some
Strings
apter
to
receive
a
Tension
from
the
moist
Air
,
than
others
are
.
TITLE
XVII
.
Of
the
Weight
of
the
Air.
A
short
Account
of
the
Statical
Baroscope
,
imparted
by
Mr.
Boyl
,
March
24.
1665.
In
a
Letter
to
Mr.
H.
Oldenburgh
.
AS
for
the
new
kind
of
Baroscopes
,
which
I
lately
intimated
to
you
,
that
my
Haste
would
not
permit
me
to
give
you
an
Account
of
,
though
the
Necessity
of
preparing
for
an
approaching
Journey
,
gives
me
the
same
Excuse
,
I
then
had
;
yet
since
your
Letters
acquaint
me
,
that
you
still
design
a
communicating
to
the
Curious
,
as
much
Information
as
may
be
,
in
reference
to
Baroscopes
,
I
shall
venture
to
send
you
some
(
though
but
an
imperfect
)
Account
of
what
I
did
but
name
in
my
former
Letter
to
you
.
Though
by
a
Passage
you
may
meet
with
in
the
Page
of
my
Thermometrical
Experiments
;
and
though
you
may
find
,
that
I
did
some
Years
ago
think
upon
this
new
kind
of
Baroscope
;
yet
the
Changes
of
the
Atmosphere's
Weight
not
happening
then
to
be
such
as
I
wished
,
and
being
unwilling
to
deprive
my self
of
all
other
Use
of
the
exactest
Ballance
that
I
(
or
perhaps
any
Man
)
ever
had
:
I
confess
to
you
,
that
successive
Avocations
put
this
Attempt
for
two
or
three
Years
out
of
my
Thoughts
,
till
afterwards
returning
to
a
Place
,
where
I
chanc'd
to
find
two
or
three
Pairs
of
Scales
,
I
had
left
there
,
the
Sight
of
them
brought
it
again
into
my
Mind
;
and
though
I
were
then
unable
to
procure
exacter
,
yet
my
Desire
to
make
the
Experiment
some
Amends
for
so
long
a
Neglect
,
put
me
upon
considering
,
that
if
I
provided
a
Glass
Bubble
more
than
ordinarily
large
and
light
,
even
such
Ballances
as
those
might
,
in
some
measure
,
perform
,
that
which
I
had
tried
with
the
strangely
nice
ones
above-mentioned
.
I
caused
then
to
be
blown
at
the
Flame
of
a
Lamp
some
Glass
Bubbles
as
large
,
thin
,
and
light
,
as
I
could
then
procure
:
and
chusing
among
them
one
,
that
seem'd
the
least
unfit
for
my
turn
,
I
counterpoized
it
in
a
pair
of
Scales
,
that
would
lose
their
Equilibrium
with
about
the
30th
part
of
a
Grain
,
and
were
suspended
at
a
Frame
.
I
placed
both
the
Ballance
and
the
Frame
by
a
good
Baroscope
,
from
whence
I
might
learn
the
present
Weight
of
the
Atmosphere
:
then
leaving
these
Instruments
together
,
though
the
Scales
being
no
nicer
,
than
I
have
expressed
,
were
not
able
to
shew
me
all
the
Variations
of
the
Air
's
Weight
,
that
appear
in
the
Mercurial
Baroscope
;
yet
they
did
what
I
expected
,
by
shewing
me
Variations
no
greater
than
alter'd
the
Height
of
the
Mercury
half
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
,
and
perhaps
much
smaller
than
those
:
nor
did
I
doubt
,
that
if
I
had
had
either
tender
Scales
,
or
the
means
of
supplying
the
Experiment
with
convenient
Accommodations
,
I
should
have
discerned
far
smaller
Alterations
of
the
Weight
of
the
Air
,
since
I
had
the
Pleasure
to
see
the
Bubble
sometimes
in
an
Equilibrium
,
with
the
Counterpoize
,
sometimes
when
the
Atmosphere
was
lighter
,
preponderate
so
manifestly
,
that
the
Scales
being
gently
stirred
,
the
Tongue
would
play
altogether
on
that
side
,
at
which
the
Bubble
was
hung
:
and
at
other
times
,
when
the
Air
was
heavy
(
that
which
was
at
the
first
but
the
Counterpoise
)
would
preponderate
,
and
upon
the
Motion
of
the
Ballance
,
make
the
Tongue
vibrate
altogether
on
its
side
:
and
this
would
continue
sometimes
many
Days
together
,
if
the
Air
so
long
retained
the
same
measure
of
Gravity
;
and
then
again
the
Bubble
would
regain
an
Equilibrium
,
or
a
Preponderance
.
So
that
I
had
oftentimes
the
Satisfaction
by
looking
first
upon
the
Statical
Baroscope
(
as
for
Distinction
sake
it
may
be
called
)
to
foretel
,
whether
in
the
Mercurial
Baroscope
the
Liquor
were
high
or
low
.
Which
Observations
,
though
they
hold
as
well
in
Winter
as
the
Spring
,
yet
the
Frequency
of
their
Vicissitudes
(
which
perhaps
was
but
accidental
)
made
them
more
pleasant
in
the
latter
of
these
Seasons
.
So
that
the
Matter
of
Fact
having
been
made
out
by
Variety
of
repeated
Observations
,
and
by
sometimes
comparing
several
of
those
new
Baroscopes
together
,
I
shall
add
some
of
those
Notes
,
about
this
Instrument
,
which
readily
occur
to
my
Memory
,
reserving
the
rest
till
another
Opportunity
.
And
,
1.
If
the
Ground
on
which
I
went
in
framing
this
Baroscope
,
be
demanded
,
the
Answer
in
short
may
be
;
1st
.
That
though
the
glass
Bubble
,
and
its
Counterpoise
,
at
the
time
of
their
first
being
weighed
,
be
in
the
Air
,
wherein
they
both
are
weighed
,
exactly
of
the
same
Weight
;
yet
they
are
nothing
near
of
the
same
Bulk
,
the
Bubble
by
reason
of
its
capacious
Cavity
(
which
contains
nothing
but
Air
,
or
something
that
weighs
less
than
Air
)
being
perhaps
a
hundred
,
or
two
hundred
times
bigger
,
than
the
Metalline
Counterpoise
.
2dly
.
That
according
to
an
Hydrostatical
Law
,
(
which
you
know
I
have
lately
had
occasion
to
make
out
)
if
two
Bodies
of
equal
Gravity
,
but
unequal
Bulk
,
were
to
be
weighed
in
another
Medium
,
they
will
be
no
longer
equiponderant
:
but
if
the
new
Medium
be
heavier
,
the
greater
Body
,
as
being
lighter
in
specie
,
will
lose
more
of
its
Weight
than
the
lesser
and
more
compact
:
but
if
the
new
Medium
be
lighter
than
the
first
,
then
the
bigger
Body
will
outweigh
the
lesser
.
And
this
Disparity
arising
from
the
Change
of
Mediums
,
will
be
so
much
the
greater
,
by
how
much
the
greater
Inequality
of
Bulk
there
is
between
the
Bodies
formerly
equiponderant
.
3dly
.
That
laying
these
two
together
,
I
consider'd
,
that
't
would
be
all
one
,
as
to
the
Effect
to
be
produced
,
wherein
the
Bodies
were
weighed
in
Mediums
of
differing
Gravity
,
or
in
the
same
Medium
,
in
case
its
(
specifick
)
Gravity
were
considerably
altered
;
And
consequently
,
that
since
it
appeared
by
the
Baroscope
,
that
the
Weight
of
the
Air
was
sometimes
heavier
,
and
sometimes
lighter
,
the
Alteration
of
it
in
Point
of
Gravity
,
from
the
Weight
it
was
of
,
at
first
counterpoising
of
the
Bubble
in
it
,
would
unequally
affect
so
large
and
hollow
a
Body
as
the
Bubble
,
and
so
small
and
dense
an
one
,
as
a
Metalline
Weight
;
and
when
the
Air
,
by
an
Encrease
of
Gravity
,
should
become
a
heavier
Medium
than
before
,
it
would
buoy
up
the
Glass
more
than
the
Counterpoize
,
and
if
it
grew
lighter
than
it
was
at
first
,
would
suffer
the
former
to
proponderate
.
(
The
Illustration
and
Proof
can
scarce
be
added
in
few
Words
,
but
if
it
be
desired
,
I
may
,
God
permitting
,
send
you
them
at
my
next
leisure
.
)
And
though
our
English
Air
,
being
about
a
thousand
times
lighter
than
Water
,
the
Difference
in
Weight
of
so
little
Air
,
as
is
but
equal
in
Bulk
to
a
Bubble
,
seem'd
to
give
small
Hopes
,
that
it
would
be
sensible
upon
a
Ballance
;
yet
by
making
the
Bubble
very
large
and
light
,
I
supposed
,
and
found
the
Event
,
I
have
already
related
.
2.
The
hermetically
seal'd
glass
Bubble
,
I
imployed
,
was
of
the
Bigness
of
a
somewhat
large
Orange
,
and
weighed
about
one
Drachm
and
ten
Grains
.
I
thought
it
very
possible
,
if
I
had
been
better
furnished
with
Conveniences
(
wherein
I
afterwards
found
,
I
was
not
mistaken
)
to
make
(
among
many
that
might
be
expected
to
miscarry
)
some
,
that
might
be
preferrable
to
this
,
either
for
Capacity
or
Lightness
,
or
both
,
especially
if
Care
be
taken
,
that
they
be
not
seal'd
up
whilst
they
are
too
hot
.
For
though
one
would
think
,
that
it
were
advantageous
to
ratify
and
drive
out
the
Air
,
as
much
as
is
possible
,
because
in
such
seal'd
Bubbles
the
Air
it self
(
as
I
have
elsewhere
shewn
)
has
a
Weight
,
yet
the
Advantage
countervails
not
the
Inconvenience
of
being
obliged
to
increase
the
Weight
of
the
Glass
,
which
when
it
includes
highly
ratified
Air
,
if
it
be
not
somewhat
strong
,
will
be
broken
by
the
Pressure
of
the
external
Air
,
as
I
have
sufficiently
tried
.
3.
By
reason
of
the
Difficulties
,
and
Casualties
,
that
may
happen
,
about
the
procuring
and
preparing
such
large
and
light
Bubbles
,
as
I
have
been
lately
mentioning
,
it
may
in
some
Cases
prove
a
Convenience
to
be
informed
,
that
I
have
sometimes
,
instead
of
one
sufficiently
large
Bubble
,
made
Use
of
two
that
were
smaller
:
And
though
a
single
Bubble
of
competent
Bigness
be
much
preferrable
,
by
reason
,
that
a
far
less
Quantity
and
Weight
of
Glass
is
requisite
to
comprize
an
equal
Capacity
,
when
the
Glass
is
blown
into
a
single
Bubble
,
than
when
it
is
divided
into
two
;
yet
I
found
,
that
the
employing
of
two
instead
of
one
,
did
not
so
ill
answer
my
Expectation
,
but
that
they
may
for
a
need
serve
the
turn
,
instead
of
the
other
,
than
which
they
are
much
easier
to
be
procured
.
This
Instrument
may
be
much
improved
by
divers
Accommodations
.
As
,
1st
.
there
may
be
fitted
to
the
Ansa
(
or
Checks
of
the
Ballance
)
an
Arch
of
a
Circle
,
divided
into
15
or
20
Degrees
,
(
more
or
less
according
to
the
Goodness
of
the
Ballance
)
that
the
Tongue
resting
over
against
any
of
these
Divisions
,
may
readily
,
and
without
Calculation
,
shew
the
Quantity
of
the
Angle
,
by
which
when
the
Scales
propend
either
way
,
the
Tongue
declines
from
the
Perpendicular
,
and
the
Beam
from
its
Horizontal
Parallelism
.
2dly
.
Those
that
will
be
so
curious
,
may
instead
of
the
ordinary
Counterpoise
(
of
Brass
)
imploy
one
of
Gold
,
or
at
least
of
Lead
,
whereof
the
latter
being
of
equal
Weight
with
Brass
,
is
much
less
in
Bulk
,
and
the
former
amounts
not
to
half
its
Bigness
.
3dly
.
These
Parts
of
the
Ballance
that
may
be
made
of
Copper
or
Brass
,
without
any
Prejudice
to
the
Exactness
,
will
by
being
made
of
one
of
those
Metals
,
be
less
subject
than
Steel
to
rust
with
long
standing
.
4thly
.
Instead
of
the
Scales
,
the
Bubble
may
be
hung
at
one
End
of
the
Beam
,
and
only
a
Counterpoise
to
it
at
the
other
,
that
the
Beam
may
not
be
burden'd
with
unnecessary
Weight
.
5thly
.
The
whole
Instrument
,
if
placed
in
a
small
Frame
,
like
a
square
Lanthorn
with
Glass
Windows
,
and
a
Hole
at
the
top
for
the
Commerce
of
the
internal
and
external
Air
,
will
be
more
free
from
Dust
and
irregular
Agitations
,
to
the
latter
of
which
it
will
otherwise
be
sometimes
liable
.
6thly
.
This
Instrument
being
accommodated
with
a
light
Wheel
,
and
an
Index
,
may
be
made
to
show
much
more
minute
Variations
than
otherwise
.
7thly
.
The
Length
of
the
Beam
,
and
Exquisitness
of
the
Ballance
,
may
easily
,
without
any
of
the
foregoing
Helps
(
and
much
more
with
them
)
make
the
Instrument
far
exacter
than
those
,
I
was
reduced
to
imploy
.
And
to
these
Accommodations
,
divers
other
may
be
suggested
by
a
further
Consideration
of
the
Nature
of
the
thing
.
Though
in
some
Respects
the
Statical
Baroscope
be
inferiour
to
the
Mercurial
,
yet
in
others
it
has
its
own
Advantages
and
Conveniency
about
it
.
At
first
it
confirms
ad
oculum
,
our
former
Doctrine
,
that
the
falling
and
rising
of
the
Mercury
depended
upon
the
varying
Weight
of
the
Atmosphere
,
since
in
this
Baroscope
it
cannot
be
pretended
that
a
fuga
vacui
,
or
a
Funiculus
,
is
the
Cause
of
the
Changes
we
observe
.
2dly
.
It
shows
,
that
not
only
the
Air
has
Weight
,
but
a
more
considerable
one
than
some
learned
Men
,
who
will
allow
me
to
have
proved
,
that
it
has
some
Weight
,
will
admit
.
3dly
.
This
Statical
Baroscope
will
oftentimes
be
more
parable
than
the
other
,
for
many
will
find
it
more
easy
to
procure
a
good
pair
of
Gold
Scales
,
and
a
Bubble
or
two
,
than
a
long
Cane
seal'd
,
a
Quantity
of
Mercury
,
and
all
the
other
Requisites
of
the
Mercurial
Baroscope
,
especially
if
we
comprize
the
Trouble
and
Skill
that
is
requisite
to
free
the
deserted
part
of
the
Tube
from
Air.
4thly
.
And
whereas
the
Difficulty
of
removing
the
Mercurial
Instrument
has
kept
Men
from
so
much
as
attempting
to
do
it
even
to
Neighbouring
Places
,
the
essential
Parts
of
the
Scale
Baroscope
(
for
the
Frame
is
none
of
them
)
may
very
easily
in
a
little
room
be
carried
wheresoever
one
will
,
without
the
Hazard
of
being
spoil'd
,
or
injur'd
.
5thly
.
There
is
not
in
Statical
Baroscopes
,
as
in
the
other
,
a
Danger
of
Uncertainty
,
as
to
the
Goodness
of
the
Instrument
,
by
reason
,
that
in
the
Mercurial
the
Air
is
in
some
more
,
and
in
some
less
,
perfectly
excluded
;
whereas
in
these
that
Consideration
has
no
Place
.
6thly
.
It
being
,
as
I
formerly
intimated
,
very
possible
to
discover
Hydrostatically
,
both
the
Bigness
of
the
Bubble
,
and
the
Contents
of
the
Cavity
,
and
the
Weight
and
Dimensions
of
the
glassy
Substance
(
which
together
with
the
included
Air
make
up
the
Bubble
)
much
may
be
discovered
by
this
Instrument
,
as
to
the
Weight
of
the
Air
,
absolute
or
respective
.
For
when
the
Mercury
in
the
Mercurial
Baroscope
is
either
very
high
,
or
very
low
,
or
at
a
middle
Station
between
its
greatest
and
least
Height
,
bringing
the
Scale-Baroscope
to
an
exact
Equilibrium
(
with
very
minute
Divisions
of
a
Grain
)
you
may
by
watchfully
observing
,
when
the
Mercury
is
risen
or
fallen
just
an
Inch
,
or
a
4th
,
or
●
of
an
Inch.
&c.
and
putting
in
the
like
minute
Divisions
of
a
Grain
to
the
lighter
Scale
,
till
you
have
again
brought
the
Ballance
to
an
Equilibrium
,
you
may
,
I
say
,
determine
what
known
Weight
in
the
Statical
Baroscope
,
answers
such
determinate
Altitudes
of
the
ascending
and
descending
Mercury
in
the
Mercurial
:
And
if
your
Ballance
be
accommodated
with
a
divided
Arch
,
or
a
Whele
and
Index
,
these
Observations
will
assist
you
for
the
future
,
to
determine
,
by
seeing
the
Inclination
of
the
Tongue
,
or
the
Degree
mark'd
by
the
Index
,
to
conclude
readily
,
what
Potency
the
Bubble
has
,
by
the
Change
of
the
Atmosphere's
Weight
,
acquired
or
lost
.
Some
Observations
of
this
Nature
I
watchfully
made
,
sometimes
putting
in
a
64th
,
sometimes
a
32d
,
sometimes
a
16th
,
and
sometimes
heavier
parts
of
a
Grain
to
the
lighter
Scale
:
But
one
that
knew
not
for
what
Uses
these
little
Papers
were
,
coming
to
a
Window
where
my
Baroscope
stood
,
so
unluckily
shook
them
out
of
the
Scales
,
and
confounded
them
,
that
he
robb'd
me
of
the
Opportunity
of
making
the
nice
Observations
I
intended
,
though
I
had
the
Satisfaction
of
seeing
,
that
they
were
to
be
made
.
7thly
.
By
this
Statical
Instrument
we
may
be
assisted
to
compare
the
Mercurial
Baroscopes
of
several
Places
(
though
never
so
distant
)
and
to
make
some
Estimates
of
the
Gravities
of
the
Air
therein
.
As
if
,
for
instance
,
I
have
found
by
Observation
,
that
the
Bubble
I
imploy
(
and
one
may
have
made
divers
Bubbles
of
several
Sizes
,
that
the
one
may
repair
any
Mischance
that
may
happen
to
another
)
weighed
just
a
Drachm
,
when
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
was
at
the
Height
of
29½
Inches
(
which
in
some
Places
I
have
found
a
moderate
Altitude
)
and
that
the
Addition
of
the
16th
part
of
a
Grain
is
requisite
to
keep
the
Bubble
in
an
Equilibrium
,
when
the
Mercury
is
risen
an
8th
,
or
any
determinate
part
of
an
Inch
,
above
the
former
Station
:
When
I
come
to
another
Place
,
where
there
is
a
Mercurial
Barometer
,
as
well
freed
from
Air
as
mine
(
for
that
must
be
supposed
)
if
taking
out
my
Scale-Instrument
,
it
appears
to
weigh
precisely
a
Drachm
;
and
the
Mercury
,
in
the
Baroscope
there
,
stand
at
29½
Inches
,
we
may
conclude
,
the
Gravity
of
the
Atmosphere
not
to
be
sensibly
unequal
in
both
those
two
Places
,
though
very
distant
.
And
though
there
be
no
Baroscope
there
,
yet
if
there
be
an
additional
Weight
,
as
for
instance
,
the
16th
part
of
a
Grain
,
requisite
to
be
added
to
the
Bubble
,
to
bring
the
Scales
to
an
Equilibrium
,
it
will
appear
,
that
the
Air
,
at
this
second
Place
,
is
at
that
time
so
much
heavier
than
the
Air
of
the
former
Place
was
,
when
the
Mercury
stood
at
29½
Inches
.
But
in
making
such
Comparisons
,
we
must
not
forget
to
consider
the
Situation
of
the
several
Places
,
if
we
mean
to
make
Estimates
not
only
of
the
Weight
of
the
Atmosphere
,
but
of
the
Weight
and
Density
of
the
Air.
For
though
the
Scales
will
show
,
as
hath
been
said
,
whether
there
be
a
Difference
of
Weight
in
the
Atmosphere
at
the
two
Places
;
yet
if
one
of
them
be
in
a
Vale
or
Bottom
,
and
the
other
on
the
Top
,
or
some
elevated
part
of
a
Hill
,
it
is
not
to
be
expected
,
that
the
Atmosphere
in
this
latter
Place
,
should
gravitate
as
much
as
the
Atmosphere
in
the
former
,
on
which
a
longer
Pillar
of
Air
does
lean
or
weigh
;
so
that
the
Bubble
in
both
these
Places
should
be
precisely
of
the
same
Weight
.
And
the
mention
I
have
made
of
the
differing
Situation
of
Places
,
puts
me
in
mind
of
something
,
that
may
prove
another
Use
of
our
Statical
Baroscope
,
and
which
I
had
Thoughts
of
making
Trial
of
,
but
was
accidentally
hindered
from
the
Opportunity
of
doing
it
;
namely
,
that
by
exactly
poizing
the
Bubble
,
at
the
Foot
of
a
high
Steeple
or
Hill
,
and
carrying
it
in
its
close
Frame
to
the
top
,
one
may
,
by
the
Weight
requisite
to
be
added
to
the
Counterpoize
,
there
to
bring
the
Beam
to
its
horizontal
Position
,
observe
the
Difference
of
the
Weight
of
the
Air
at
the
bottom
and
at
the
top
;
and
in
case
the
Hill
be
high
enough
,
at
some
intermediate
Stations
.
But
how
this
may
assist
Men
to
estimate
the
absolute
or
comparative
Height
of
Mountains
,
and
other
elevated
Places
,
and
what
other
Uses
the
Instrument
may
be
put
to
,
when
it
is
duly
improved
,
and
the
Cautions
,
that
may
be
requisite
in
the
several
Cases
,
which
shall
be
proposed
,
I
must
leave
to
more
leisure
,
and
further
Consideration
.
I
caused
to
be
made
with
great
Care
,
by
a
skilful
Mathematical-Instrument-maker
,
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Water
.
a
hollow
Cube
of
Brass
,
whose
every
Side
was
as
exactly
as
could
be
procured
,
an
English
Inch.
This
we
carefully
counterpoised
in
a
very
good
pair
of
Scales
,
and
found
it
to
weigh
11
Drachms
,
1
Grain
and
½
,
(
Troy-Weight
)
Then
placing
it
in
one
of
the
Scales
as
horizontally
as
we
were
able
,
we
warily
fill'd
it
with
clear
common
Water
,
(
of
the
best
sort
of
that
called
Pump-water
)
till
the
Surface
of
the
Water
seem'd
to
lie
as
level
,
as
we
could
make
it
,
to
the
Brims
of
the
Vessel
:
then
weighing
it
carefully
,
we
found
the
Water
alone
(
for
the
Cube
had
been
counterpoized
before
)
to
weigh
254
9/16
Grains
:
So
that
in
regard
't
is
scarce
possible
to
know
,
that
such
a
Vessel
is
so
filled
,
as
to
come
nearer
Exactness
,
than
within
a
Drop
or
two
:
I
presume
we
may
,
without
any
sensible
Error
,
suppose
an
Inch
of
Water
to
weigh
256
Grains
,
which
latter
Number
I
rather
chufe
,
because
its
aliquot
Parts
make
it
more
convenient
,
and
it
agrees
well
enough
with
some
Trials
,
that
I
made
with
solid
Cubes
,
to
measure
the
true
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Water
.
This
done
,
the
Vessel
was
well
dried
within
,
and
the
same
Scales
being
well
counterpoized
,
the
Instrument
was
so
too
,
and
being
placed
on
one
of
the
Scales
as
Horizontically
as
we
could
,
Mercury
(
distilled
to
have
it
more
pure
)
was
warily
put
into
it
,
till
by
Degrees
it
had
filled
the
Vessel
as
to
Sight
;
but
we
neither
expected
,
nor
found
,
that
it
would
be
brought
to
an
exact
Level
,
and
exquisitly
fill
all
the
Corners
of
the
Vessel
.
But
when
it
seem'd
to
be
so
well
filled
,
that
even
a
critical
Eye
could
not
readily
find
fault
with
it
,
though
the
Mercury
appeared
capable
of
some
Accession
without
overflowing
,
we
weighed
the
Quicksilver
it self
(
for
The
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Quick-silver
.
the
Vessel
had
been
counterpoized
before
)
and
found
it
to
weigh
7
Ounces
,
2
Drachms
,
(
Troy
)
which
falling
somewhat
short
(
though
not
very
much
)
of
what
the
above-mention'd
Weight
of
the
Water
required
,
we
tried
to
add
a
little
more
Quicksilver
,
without
making
it
run
over
,
and
found
the
Increase
of
82
Grains
;
so
that
now
the
Quicksilver
weighed
7
Ounces
,
3
Drachms
,
22
Grains
;
but
it
seem'd
when
the
Eye
was
placed
in
a
Level
with
the
Brims
of
the
Vessel
,
that
it
was
rather
a
little
of
the
highest
,
than
any
way
depressed
,
and
yet
was
not
so
full
,
but
that
we
could
add
112
Grains
to
the
former
Weight
,
without
making
it
run
over
;
and
perhaps
we
might
have
added
yet
more
,
but
I
decline
doing
it
,
because
the
last
mentioned
Accession
seem'd
manifestly
to
make
it
so
much
swell
above
the
Brims
of
the
Vessel
.
By
all
which
't
is
evident
that
't
is
scarce
possible
to
determine
precisely
by
such
hollow
Instruments
,
the
true
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Quick-silver
.
And
therefore
,
since
by
other
ways
of
Trial
,
I
have
found
the
Proportion
of
the
Weight
of
Mercury
to
Water
of
the
same
Bulk
,
to
be
somewhat
less
than
that
of
14
to
1
,
I
think
we
may
,
without
any
considerable
Inconvenience
,
suppose
the
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Quick-silver
to
be
3580
Grains
,
which
is
near
14
times
the
above-mentioned
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Water
,
and
comes
near
enough
to
the
second
or
middlemost
of
the
three
Estimates
lately
set
down
;
and
by
the
least
Estimate
of
all
it
appears
that
a
Cubick
Inch
of
Quicksilver
weighs
7¼
Ounces
Troy
Weight
,
that
is
8
Ounces
Averdupois
Weight
:
And
consequently
when
the
Quicksilver
of
the
Baroscope
,
kept
up
by
the
Counterpoize
of
the
Air
30
Inches
,
(
as
I
have
observed
it
several
times
to
be
within
a
Month
last
past
)
the
Weight
of
the
Air
that
is
incumbent
on
an
Inch
The
Weight
of
a
Pillan
of
the
Atmosphere
.
Square
here
below
,
amounts
to
18
l.
⅛
Troy
Weight
;
that
is
in
Averdupois
Weight
15
l.
1/17.
As
11
to
14
,
or
rather
as
355
to
452
,
so
is
the
Area
of
a
Square
inscribed
in
a
Circle
to
the
Area
of
the
circumscribed
Circle
.
Hence
355
:
452
:
:
1
:
1
,
2732394.
Hence
if
the
side
of
an
inscribed
Square
be
an
Inch
,
that
multiplied
by
an
Inch
,
renders
a
Cubick
Inch
for
the
solid
Content
.
In
like
manner
if
the
Height
of
a
Cylinder
erected
on
the
circumscribing
Circle
,
be
an
Inch
,
the
solid
Content
of
that
Cylinder
is
1,2732394
.
Wherefore
1
,
and
1
,
2732394
multiplied
,
by
the
Weight
of
the
Cubick
Inch
of
any
kind
of
Metal
,
give
the
Weight
of
a
Cubick
Inch
,
and
of
a
Cylindrick
Inch
that
circumscribes
the
same
,
whence
an
Inch
Table
for
both
is
easily
made
,
by
continual
Addition
,
or
for
any
Height
propounded
,
multiplying
both
by
the
same
.
Mr.
Townly's
Register
,
if
I
misremember
not
.
Nov.
|
23
|
2
|
|
|
|
28.
|
98
|
24
|
8
|
|
|
|
29.
|
54
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
90
|
25
|
3¼
|
|
|
|
|
80
|
27
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
|
99
|
29
|
9
|
|
|
|
28.
|
97
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
09
|
Dec.
|
6
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
97
|
7
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
60
|
8
|
9
|
|
|
|
29.
|
05
|
11
|
9
|
|
|
|
28.
|
93
|
|
3
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
01
|
13
|
8●
|
|
|
|
28.
|
90
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
|
95
|
25
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
04
|
26
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
32
|
28
|
10
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
13
|
Jan.
|
1
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
99
|
2
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
82
|
3
|
9
|
|
|
|
29.
|
08
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
|
06
|
5
|
10
|
|
|
|
28.
|
70
|
6
|
10
|
|
|
|
29.
|
09
|
|
9½
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
62
|
7
|
8
|
|
|
|
28.
|
99
|
12
|
10
|
|
|
|
28.
|
88
|
|
4
|
p
|
|
|
|
98
|
16
|
1
|
|
|
|
29.
|
13
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
65
|
17
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
14
|
21
|
9½
|
|
|
|
29.
|
05
|
22
|
4
|
|
|
|
28.
|
99
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
|
94
|
23
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
99
|
24
|
11
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
06
|
25
|
9
|
|
|
|
28.
|
50
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
10
|
|
29
|
9
|
|
|
28.
|
90
|
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
71
|
|
30
|
8
|
|
|
|
80
|
31
|
9
|
p
|
30.
|
12
|
|
|
Febr.
|
1
|
12
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
2
|
8½
|
|
29.
|
97
|
|
|
15
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
99
|
16
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
|
95
|
17
|
8
|
|
|
|
29.
|
10
|
Mar.
|
2
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
98
|
4
|
8½
|
|
|
|
|
78
|
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
86
|
12
|
9
|
|
|
|
28.
|
80
|
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
|
66
|
13
|
8½
|
|
|
|
29.
|
03
|
1671
Apr.
|
1
|
6
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
99
|
|
2
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
78
|
3
|
8½
|
|
|
|
29.
|
03
|
June
|
8
|
1
|
|
|
|
29.
|
18
|
|
8
|
p
|
|
|
28.
|
86
|
9
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
99
|
Aug.
|
12
|
6
|
|
|
28.
|
90
|
Sept.
|
6
|
8½
|
|
|
|
29.
|
15
|
7
|
10½
|
|
|
|
28.
|
65
|
8
|
7½
|
|
|
|
29.
|
05
|
12
|
9½
|
|
|
|
28.
|
98
|
29
|
8
|
|
|
|
28.
|
96
|
|
3
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
08
|
30
|
9
|
p
|
|
|
29.
|
19
|
Octo.
|
1
|
10
|
|
|
28.
|
63
|
|
3
|
8
|
|
|
29.
|
10
In
all
those
Papers
the
Mercury
was
still
about
12
of
one
Inch
higher
than
is
set
down
,
for
the
Numbers
signify
only
bottom
of
the
Cap.
|
A
Register
kept
by
Mr.
Locke
in
Oxford
.
d
|
h
|
Th.
|
Bar.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
at
Oxford
.
|
1666
June
24
|
9
|
70
|
29
|
|
N
E
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
22
|
76
․
|
29
|
1
|
|
|
Fair.
|
25
|
4˙
|
73˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
10
|
74
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
15
․
|
77
․
|
29
|
1
․
|
S
E
|
2
|
Fair.
|
26
|
9˙
|
73˙
|
28
|
8
․
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
12
|
75
․
|
28
|
7˙
|
N
E
|
1
|
Thunder
.
|
|
13
|
75
․
|
28
|
7˙
|
S
W
|
4
|
Thunder
,
Rain
,
Hail
.
|
|
14
|
74
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
N
|
0
|
Thunder
,
Rain
.
|
|
18
|
73
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
N
|
1
|
Clouds
,
dry
.
|
|
22
|
72
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
|
|
Fair.
|
27
|
7
|
70
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
N
W
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
9
|
70
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
N
W
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
16
|
68˙
|
28
|
8
․
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
28
|
9
|
63˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
W
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
|
17
|
67˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
N
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
29
|
9
|
63˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
N
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
19
|
69
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
N
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
30
|
9
|
64
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
N
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
|
20
|
64
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
July
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
9
|
57˙
|
29
|
4
․
|
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
2
|
11
|
63
|
29
|
3
․
|
W
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
d
|
h
|
Th.
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
|
|
21
|
67˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
3
|
9
|
66
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
W
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
22
|
66
․
|
29
|
1
․
|
|
|
|
Clouds
.
|
4
|
11
|
64˙
|
28
|
8˙
|
|
W
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
|
17
|
68˙
|
28
|
7
․
|
|
S
E
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
5
|
9
|
65
․
|
28
|
7
․
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
|
23
|
65˙
|
28
|
7
․
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
6
|
9
|
63
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
16
|
67
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
S
W
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
7
|
9
|
67
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
S
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
23
|
72
|
28
|
7˙
|
|
|
|
Lightning
.
|
8
|
9
|
70
․
|
28
|
8˙
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
9
|
9
|
66·
|
29
|
2·
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
10
|
9
|
66˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
S
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
11
|
10
|
67
․
|
29
|
1·
|
|
S
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
12
|
10
|
66
․
|
29
|
2·
|
|
S
|
2
|
Fair.
|
13
|
10
|
66
․
|
29
|
3˙
|
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
14
|
3
|
75
․
|
28
|
8·
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
15
|
9
|
67
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
S
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
16
|
11
|
70˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
17
|
5
|
71
․
|
28
|
8·
|
|
E
|
0
|
Clouds
after
Rain
.
|
|
19
|
71
․
|
28
|
8·
|
|
W
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
18
|
7
|
62
․
|
29
|
2·
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
9
|
64
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
19
|
9
|
65
․
|
29
|
3
․
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Cloudy
.
|
20
|
12
|
67
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
21
|
8
|
64˙
|
29
|
4·
|
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
22
|
9
|
67
․
|
29
|
3·
|
|
S
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
23
|
9
|
67
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
|
E
|
1
|
Thunder
,
Rain
.
|
|
15
|
71
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
17
|
71
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
|
E
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
69˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
|
|
1
|
Clouds
,
Lightning
.
|
24
|
9
|
67˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
|
N
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
25
|
9
|
67˙
|
29
|
2·
|
|
N
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
26
|
6
|
64˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
30
|
23
|
69˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
15
|
|
|
Fair.
|
31
|
7
|
67˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
15
|
N
W
|
0
|
Fair.
|
August
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
10
|
60
|
29
|
2˙
|
20
|
|
|
Clouds
.
|
16
|
9
|
59˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
19
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
29
|
21
|
64
|
29
|
2˙
|
19
|
|
|
|
30
|
9
|
59
|
29
|
3·
|
19
|
N
|
0
|
Fair.
|
31
|
7
|
61
․
|
29
|
3·
|
20
|
N
E
|
0
|
Fair.
|
|
9
|
61
|
29
|
3
․
|
20
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
September
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
6
|
55
|
29
|
3˙
|
17
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
9
|
55·
|
29
|
3˙
|
17
|
E
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
2
|
9
|
52˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
16
|
E
|
3
|
Clouds
.
|
3
|
9
|
49˙
|
29
|
4
․
|
16
|
E
|
2
|
Fair.
|
4
|
9
|
47˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
15
|
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
13
|
50˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
15
|
E
|
2
|
Dim
reddish
Sun-shine
|
|
20
|
51
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
14
|
|
|
This
unusual
Colour
of
the
Air
,
which
without
a
Cloud
appearing
,
made
the
Sun-beams
of
a
strange
red
dim
Light
,
was
very
remarkable
.
We
had
then
heard
nothing
of
the
Fire
of
London
:
But
it
appeared
afterwards
to
be
the
Smoak
of
London
then
burning
,
which
driven
this
way
by
an
Easterly
Wind
,
caused
this
odd
Phenomenon
.
|
5
|
22
|
49
․
|
29
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
9
|
44·
|
29
|
2
․
|
15
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
8
|
9
|
44
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
15
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
9
|
9
|
46
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
|
S
W
|
1
|
Thick
,
Sun
.
|
|
17
|
52
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
18
|
S
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
|
22
|
53
․
|
29
|
—
․
|
20
|
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
10
|
9
|
52˙
|
28
|
8·
|
20
|
S
W
|
3
|
Fair.
|
|
16
|
56˙
|
28
|
8
․
|
20
|
W
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
11
|
11
|
53
|
28
|
8·
|
22
|
S
W
|
2
|
Cloudy
.
|
12
|
9
|
52
|
29
|
—
|
23
|
S
|
3
|
Close
.
|
13
|
9
|
50·
|
29
|
2·
|
23
|
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
14
|
9
|
53˙
|
29
|
1
․
|
23
|
S
E
|
2
|
Fair.
|
15
|
10
|
57
․
|
29
|
1
․
|
27
|
N
E
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
11
|
57˙
|
29
|
1
․
|
28
|
N
E
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
23
|
61
․
|
29
|
1
․
|
35
|
|
|
Fair.
|
16
|
9
|
59˙
|
28
|
8˙
|
34
|
E
|
—
|
Mist
.
|
|
21
|
61˙
|
28
|
7˙
|
37
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
17
|
9
|
54˙
|
28
|
8
․
|
35
|
N
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
22
|
49·
|
28
|
1·
|
30
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
18
|
9
|
42
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
37
|
N
E
|
4
|
Close
after
Rain
.
|
|
11
|
43
․
|
29
|
1
․
|
36
|
E
N
|
3
|
Close
.
|
|
13
|
44
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
35
|
E
N
|
3
|
Close
.
|
|
17
|
45·
|
29
|
3
․
|
35
|
E
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
23
|
45
|
29
|
4
․
|
35
|
|
0
|
Fair.
|
19
|
9
|
41˙
|
29
|
5
․
|
35
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
20
|
9
|
46
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
37
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
21
|
8
|
47˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
36
|
|
0
|
Thick
Mist
.
|
|
22
|
52
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
38
|
|
0
|
Fog
.
|
22
|
10
|
48
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
37
|
S
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
23
|
9
|
46
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
37
|
W
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
24
|
8
|
49˙
|
29
|
4˙
|
38
|
S
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
21
|
55
․
|
29
|
2
|
39
|
|
2
|
Fair
,
h
19
few
drops
|
25
|
6
|
53
․
|
29
|
1
․
|
38
|
S
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
10
|
54
|
28
|
8
․
|
39
|
S
|
3
|
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
50
․
|
29
|
1·
|
38
|
|
0
|
Fair.
|
26
|
8
|
49˙
|
28
|
7˙
|
39
|
W
|
3
|
Close
.
|
27
|
9
|
48˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
37
|
W
|
3
|
Fair.
|
|
23
|
48˙
|
29
|
4
․
|
36
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
28
|
7
|
45
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
36
|
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
19
|
47˙
|
29
|
4˙
|
37
|
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
29
|
7
|
51
|
29
|
4
․
|
40
|
W
N
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
12
|
53
|
29
|
5
․
|
38
|
W
N
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
18
|
53
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
35
|
N
W
|
0
|
Fair.
|
30
|
9
|
48
|
29
|
6˙
|
37
|
W
S
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
|
21
|
57˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
46
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
October
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
8
|
54˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
45
|
S
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
19
|
61·
|
29
|
5·
|
43
|
|
0
|
Fair.
|
2
|
9
|
56˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
44
|
S
W
|
2
|
Close
.
|
3
|
7
|
54
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
|
S
W
|
0
|
Close
.
|
November
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
10
․
|
32˙
|
29
|
1·
|
|
|
|
|
26
|
9˙
|
31
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
|
|
0
|
Thick
Fog
.
|
|
18
|
31
․
|
29
|
1·
|
|
|
0
|
Fog
.
|
27
|
11
|
33
․
|
29
|
1·
|
|
W
|
0
|
Fair.
|
|
18
|
34˙
|
29
|
2·
|
|
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
|
22
|
34
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
|
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
28
|
10
|
39·
|
28
|
7˙
|
63
|
S
W
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
36˙
|
28
|
7˙
|
62
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
30
|
9
|
31
|
28
|
7
․
|
60
|
W
S
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
22
|
31
․
|
29
|
1
|
61
|
|
|
Fair.
|
December
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
9
|
29·
|
29
|
3˙
|
61
|
W
|
0
|
Fair.
|
|
22
|
29
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
61
|
|
0
|
Fair.
|
2
|
9
|
27
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
60
|
S
E
|
2
|
Clouds
,
Thaw
.
|
3
|
9
|
27˙
|
28
|
7˙
|
60
|
E
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
17
|
27˙
|
29
|
7˙
|
61
|
|
0
|
Rain
.
|
4
|
9
|
26˙
|
28
|
8˙
|
60
|
S
E
|
0
|
Thick
Fog
.
|
|
12
|
26˙
|
28
|
8·
|
61
|
S
|
1
|
Snow
.
|
5
|
9
|
30
․
|
28
|
6˙
|
63
|
S
|
1
|
Hard
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
34
․
|
28
|
6˙
|
63
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
6
|
9
|
34·
|
29
|
1
․
|
64
|
W
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
18
|
36˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
64
|
|
0
|
Small
Rain
.
|
7
|
9
|
32˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
63
|
W
|
0
|
Fair.
|
8
|
9˙
|
32
|
29
|
3˙
|
65
|
W
S
|
3
|
Small
Rain
.
|
|
23
|
35
․
|
29
|
3
․
|
64
|
|
0
|
Rain
hard
.
|
9
|
9
|
31
|
29
|
1
․
|
63
|
N
|
2
|
Hard
Snow
.
|
|
17
|
29˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
63
|
|
0
|
Fair.
|
10
|
21
|
26
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
63
|
|
|
Fair.
|
11
|
9
|
24˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
63
|
W
N
|
1
|
Hard
Frost
,
fair
.
|
|
21
|
21˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
60
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
12
|
9
|
20
․
|
29
|
6
․
|
59
|
N
|
1
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
13
|
10
|
21˙
|
29
|
6˙
|
61
|
N
|
1
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
14
|
9
|
22˙
|
29
|
6
․
|
63
|
N
W
|
1
|
Little
Mist
,
and
slow
Thaw
.
|
|
11
|
24
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
63
|
N
W
|
2
|
Clouds
,
Thaw
.
|
15
|
9
|
25˙
|
29
|
6
․
|
64
|
N
|
1
|
Fair
,
little
Thaw
.
|
16
|
9
|
24·
|
29
|
6˙
|
63
|
N
E
|
0
|
Fog
,
hoar
Frost
.
|
|
17
|
24˙
|
29
|
6
․
|
63
|
NE
|
0
|
Thaw
,
Clouds
.
|
17
|
9
|
22˙
|
29
|
6˙
|
63
|
N
|
0
|
Clouds
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
23
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
64
|
|
|
Thaw
,
Clouds
.
|
18
|
10
|
24
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
65
|
N
|
2
|
Small
misty
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
24˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
64
|
|
|
Small
Rain
.
|
19
|
9
|
23
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
64
|
N
W
|
|
Small
Snow
,
Thaw
.
|
20
|
9
|
23
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
64
|
N
|
2
|
Mist
,
Thaw
.
|
|
22
|
22˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
64
|
|
0
|
Fair
,
freeze
.
|
21
|
10
|
20˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
63
|
S
W
|
2
|
Hard
Frost
,
Clouds
.
|
|
21
|
22
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
63
|
|
1
|
Snow
.
|
22
|
9
|
22
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
63
|
N
W
|
|
Clouds
,
no
Thaw
.
|
|
22
|
21˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
63
|
|
|
Frost
,
fair
.
|
23
|
8
|
21
․
|
29
|
1·
|
64
|
N
|
0
|
Little
Snow
last
Night
,
Frost
,
close
.
|
|
21
|
20
․
|
29
|
3
․
|
63
|
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
24
|
10
|
17
․
|
29
|
4·
|
62
|
N
W
|
2
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
17
|
18˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
63
|
W
|
1
|
Snow
.
|
25
|
9
|
18˙
|
29
|
4
|
62
|
N
W
|
1
|
Hard
Frost
,
fair
.
|
|
22
|
19
․
|
29
|
4·
|
61
|
|
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
26
|
9
|
18˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
62
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
19
|
22
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
63
|
|
0
|
Clouds
,
Thaw
.
|
27
|
8
|
22˙
|
29
|
2·
|
64
|
N
W
|
1
|
Fog
.
|
|
16
|
22˙
|
29
|
2·
|
63
|
N
W
|
1
|
Close
,
Thaw
.
|
|
21
|
22
․
|
29
|
2·
|
63
|
N
W
|
0
|
Close
,
Freeze
.
|
28
|
9
|
20˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
63
|
N
W
|
0
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
18
․
|
29
|
3˙
|
63
|
N
W
|
0
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
29
|
10
|
16
|
29
|
4˙
|
63
|
N
W
|
0
|
Fog
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
15˙
|
29
|
5
․
|
62
|
|
0
|
Thick
Fog
,
hard
Frost
.
|
30
|
9
|
15
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
62
|
N
W
|
0
|
Very
thick
Fog
,
and
hard
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
15
․
|
29
|
4·
|
62
|
N
W
|
0
|
Clear
,
hard
Frost
.
|
31
|
8
|
14
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
62
|
N
W
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
15
|
15
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
63
|
N
W
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
January
1667
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
8
|
12
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
62
|
N
W
|
0
|
Fog
,
hard
Frost
.
|
2
|
10
|
13˙
|
29
|
6·
|
63
|
S
E
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
3
|
9
|
10˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
63
|
S
E
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
11˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
63
|
|
0
|
Close
,
hard
Frost
.
|
4
|
10
|
13
|
29
|
3
․
|
63
|
E
S
|
1
|
Close
,
hard
Frost
.
|
5
|
11
|
12
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
62
|
E
|
0
|
Snow
,
Frost
.
|
6
|
9
|
13
․
|
28
|
8·
|
63
|
E
S
|
0
|
Snow
,
Frost
.
|
|
15
|
14˙
|
28
|
7˙
|
63
|
E
|
0
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
7
|
9
|
16˙
|
28
|
6·
|
64
|
E
|
0
|
Close
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
17
|
18˙
|
28
|
6
․
|
64
|
E
|
0
|
Little
dewy
Rain
,
and
Tendency
to
a
Thaw
.
|
8
|
8
|
20˙
|
28
|
6˙
|
65
|
E
N
|
0
|
Close
,
Thaw
,
little
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
21˙
|
28
|
8
․
|
64
|
|
0
|
Close
,
Thaw
.
|
9
|
8
|
21˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
65
|
E
N
|
0
|
Little
Snow
,
and
little
Thaw
.
|
|
21
|
22
․
|
29
|
3˙
|
65
|
|
0
|
Close
.
|
10
|
9
|
21
․
|
29
|
3˙
|
65
|
N
E
|
0
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
21˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
65
|
|
2
|
Close
.
|
11
|
8
|
20˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
65
|
N
E
|
1
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
|
12
|
21
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
65
|
N
E
|
0
|
Close
,
gentle
Thaw
.
|
12
|
9
|
21˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
64
|
NE
|
0
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
13
|
11
|
22
․
|
28
|
7˙
|
65
|
NE
|
0
|
Thick
Fog
,
Thaw
.
|
|
22
|
23·
|
28
|
8
․
|
65
|
|
0
|
Close
,
great
Thaw
.
|
14
|
8
|
24˙
|
28
|
7·
|
65
|
E
|
1
|
Fog
,
perfect
Thaw
.
|
|
21
|
24˙
|
28
|
6˙
|
65
|
|
2
|
Close
.
|
15
|
10
|
22˙
|
28
|
6˙
|
64
|
EN
|
2
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
23
․
|
28
|
6˙
|
65
|
|
0
|
Small
Rain
.
|
16
|
8
|
23˙
|
28
|
7
․
|
65
|
ES
|
1
|
Close
.
|
17
|
8
|
25
․
|
28
|
7˙
|
65
|
EN
|
0
|
Fog
.
|
18
|
7
|
25
․
|
28
|
6
․
|
65
|
NE
|
2
|
Snow
,
Thaw
.
|
|
21
|
23
|
28
|
8˙
|
64
|
|
2
|
Little
Snow
.
|
19
|
8
|
21
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
64
|
NE
|
0
|
Frost
,
little
Snow
.
|
|
22
|
20
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
64
|
|
|
Hard
Frost
.
|
20
|
9
|
18
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
63
|
N
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
20
․
|
29
|
6
․
|
63
|
|
0
|
Fair
,
Frost
.
|
21
|
8
|
18
․
|
29
|
6˙
|
63
|
NW
|
0
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
|
17
|
21
․
|
29
|
6˙
|
63
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
Frost
.
|
22
|
9
|
25
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
66
|
SW
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
|
23
|
28˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
66
|
|
3
|
Rain
.
|
23
|
9
|
29
|
29
|
3˙
|
67
|
WS
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
17
|
32˙
|
29
|
4·
|
67
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
24
|
9
|
29
|
29
|
5˙
|
66
|
WS
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
21
|
32·
|
29
|
3˙
|
66
|
|
4
|
Close
.
|
|
23
|
33˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
66
|
|
4
|
Close
.
|
25
|
8
|
36
․
|
28
|
8
․
|
67
|
SW
|
3
|
Little
misty
Rain
.
|
|
19
|
42˙
|
28
|
6
․
|
73
|
|
3
|
Little
misty
Rain
.
|
26
|
8
|
38
․
|
28
|
8˙
|
72
|
WS
|
2
|
Close
.
|
|
12
|
37˙
|
28
|
8˙
|
73
|
WS
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
27
|
10
|
33
|
29
|
2˙
|
70
|
WS
|
2
|
Fair.
|
28
|
22
|
30˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
69
|
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
29
|
6
|
30˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
70
|
|
1
|
Mist
.
|
|
16
|
31
․
|
29
|
3·
|
70
|
NW
|
0
|
Clouds
.
|
31
|
13
|
26˙
|
29
|
4·
|
69
|
E
|
2
|
Close
.
|
February
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
9
|
26˙
|
29
|
5·
|
69
|
E
|
2
|
Close
.
|
2
|
9
|
28
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
70
|
E
|
1
|
Close
.
|
3
|
9
|
31
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
72
|
SE
|
0
|
Thick
Fog
.
|
4
|
9
|
33˙
|
29
|
5·
|
72
|
E
|
0
|
Fog
.
|
|
22
|
34
․
|
29
|
6·
|
73
|
|
0
|
Close
.
|
5
|
8
|
32˙
|
29
|
7
․
|
72
|
E
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
22
|
31
․
|
29
|
7˙
|
71
|
|
2
|
Close
.
|
6
|
18
|
26
․
|
29
|
7
․
|
68
|
NE
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
7
|
9
|
24
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
69
|
NE
|
1
|
Clouds
,
Snow
in
the
Night
.
|
|
23
|
23
․
|
29
|
5·
|
67
|
|
1
|
Close
.
|
8
|
10
|
22˙
|
29
|
5·
|
67
|
EN
|
2
|
Frost
,
close
.
|
9
|
8
|
21˙
|
29
|
4˙
|
67
|
ES
|
1
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
|
22
|
22
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
68
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
10
|
9
|
23˙
|
29
|
3˙
|
69
|
SE
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
16
|
28·
|
29
|
3
․
|
71
|
SW
|
2
|
Misty
.
|
|
23
|
32
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
73
|
|
2
|
Close
.
|
11
|
9
|
34˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
73
|
SW
|
2
|
Misty
.
|
|
22
|
36˙
|
29
|
1˙
|
74
|
|
|
Close
.
|
12
|
8
|
35
․
|
28
|
7
․
|
74
|
SE
|
2
|
Close
.
|
|
22
|
37
․
|
28
|
4·
|
73
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
13
|
8
|
34˙
|
28
|
4
․
|
72
|
SW
|
3
|
Fair.
|
|
22
|
36
․
|
28
|
2˙
|
70
|
|
2
|
Close
.
|
14
|
8
|
34
․
|
28
|
4˙
|
69
|
WS
|
3
|
Fair.
|
|
22
|
33
․
|
28
|
6
․
|
68
|
|
|
Fair.
|
15
|
8
|
32
․
|
28
|
5˙
|
69
|
S
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
|
23
|
32˙
|
28
|
5˙
|
69
|
S
|
2
|
Fair.
|
16
|
23
|
31˙
|
28
|
7
․
|
69
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
17
|
9
|
30˙
|
28
|
8˙
|
69
|
W
|
1
|
Fog
.
|
18
|
11
|
32˙
|
29
|
4
․
|
66
|
NW
|
2
|
Fair.
|
19
|
9
|
28
․
|
29
|
7
․
|
64
|
NW
|
|
Hoar
Frost
,
fair
.
|
|
15
|
33
․
|
29
|
6
․
|
56
|
S
|
2
|
Fair.
|
20
|
9
|
28˙
|
29
|
6˙
|
63
|
|
|
Fair.
|
21
|
9
|
28˙
|
29
|
5˙
|
63
|
ES
|
1
|
Fair.
|
22
|
8
|
29
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
62
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
15
|
29
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
60
|
NE
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
23
|
8
|
27˙
|
29
|
5·
|
63
|
NE
|
2
|
Close
.
|
24
|
9
|
26
․
|
29
|
6
․
|
62
|
NE
|
2
|
Close
.
|
25
|
10
|
25
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
62
|
NE
|
1
|
Snow
.
|
26
|
7
|
23˙
|
29
|
4
․
|
61
|
NE
|
1
|
Frost
,
little
Snow
.
|
27
|
8
|
23
․
|
29
|
2
․
|
61
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
28
|
9
|
21˙
|
29
|
1
․
|
60
|
NE
|
1
|
Fair
,
Frost
.
|
March
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
11
|
22˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
59
|
E
|
1
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
2
|
10˙
|
23˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
60
|
NE
|
1
|
Clouds
,
Frost
.
|
|
17
|
26˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
59
|
NE
|
1
|
Hail
.
|
3
|
9
|
24˙
|
29
|
4
|
60
|
NE
|
2
|
Close
.
|
|
21
|
25˙
|
29
|
4˙
|
62
|
|
2
|
Misty
,
Rain
.
|
4
|
9
|
25
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
60
|
NE
|
2
|
Close
.
|
5
|
9
|
24˙
|
29
|
2·
|
60
|
NW
|
2
|
Close
,
about
6
small
Snow
.
|
6
|
23
|
17˙
|
29
|
4·
|
56
|
|
2
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
7
|
9
|
15
․
|
29
|
4
․
|
55
|
NE
|
2
|
Fair
,
very
hard
Frost
.
|
|
13
|
16
․
|
29
|
4˙
|
54
|
NE
|
2
|
Snow
.
|
8
|
8
|
14˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
54
|
NE
|
2
|
Very
hard
Frost
,
Thames
frozen
,
Carts
went
over
.
|
9
|
8
|
18
․
|
28
|
8·
|
58
|
NE
|
2
|
Snow
hard
,
already
deep
,
hard
Frost
.
|
10
|
9
|
18˙
|
29
|
2
․
|
58
|
NE
|
2
|
Close
,
hard
Frost
.
|
11
|
8
|
19
|
29
|
3˙
|
57
|
NE
|
1
|
Hard
Frost
,
little
Snow
.
|
12
|
8
|
21
․
|
29
|
5
․
|
57
|
EN
|
1
|
Frost
.
|
13
|
9
|
21
․
|
29
|
5˙
|
56
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
14
|
8
|
21˙
|
29
|
4˙
|
56
|
SE
|
2
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
|
16
|
23˙
|
29
|
3
․
|
55
|
SE
|
|
Close
,
Thaw
.
|
15
|
8
|
23˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
57
|
E
|
1
|
Mist
,
Thaw
.
|
16
|
8
|
27
․
|
29
|
1·
|
59
|
SE
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
|
21
|
30˙
|
29
|
0
|
60
|
|
0
|
Fair.
|
17
|
11
|
31
․
|
29
|
2˙
|
60
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
.
|
18
|
8
|
28˙
|
29
|
6·
|
61
|
NE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
18
|
35·
|
29
|
6
․
|
62
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
19
|
8
|
33·
|
29
|
6·
|
61
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
.
|
20
|
6
|
37
․
|
29
|
6
․
|
61
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
21
|
10
|
35˙
|
29
|
4
․
|
55
|
SW
|
2
|
Small
Rain
.
|
|
12
|
36·
|
29
|
4
․
|
56
|
SW
|
2
|
Small
Rain
.
|
|
23
|
38
․
|
29
|
1˙
|
59
|
|
3
|
Close
.
|
22
|
9
|
37˙
|
29
|
1·
|
58
|
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
23
|
9
|
35˙
|
29
|
1·
|
58
|
SE
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
|
11
|
36˙
|
29
|
1
․
|
58
|
SE
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
24
|
9
|
35˙
|
29
|
2˙
|
58
|
NW
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
26
|
7·
|
30
|
29
|
5
․
|
50
|
NW
|
1
|
Fair.
|
27
|
7
|
29˙
|
29
|
6·
|
49
|
NE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
28
|
9
|
28˙
|
29
|
5·
|
48
|
NE
|
2
|
Fair.
|
1669
December
I
began
to
keep
a
Register
of
Heat
and
Cold
at
London
,
by
a
Thermometer
of
the
Royal
Society's
Standard
:
This
Thermometer
I
marked
2
d
|
h
|
T.
2
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
|
26
|
9
|
3
°
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extream
hard
Frost
|
1670
January
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13
|
10
|
4
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
4
··
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
14
|
10
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
|
22
|
4
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mix'd
,
i.
e.
Part
Clouds
,
Part
clear
.
|
15
|
23
|
3
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16
|
10
|
2
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
17
|
10
|
2
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
18
|
9
|
2
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mist
.
|
19
|
10
|
1
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mist
.
|
20
|
1
|
0
··
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clouds
.
|
|
9
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
21
|
9
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
22
|
23
|
1
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
23
|
9
|
1
··
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
24
|
9
|
1
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
25
|
9
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
26
|
8
|
0
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
27
|
10
|
0
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
28
|
10
|
0
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
29
|
23
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hard
Frost
.
|
30
|
11
|
0
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hard
Frost
.
|
31
|
11
|
0
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thaw
.
|
February
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
11
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
Frost
.
|
3
|
10
|
0
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Frost
.
|
6
|
23
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7
|
9
|
0
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
8
|
9
|
0
··
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
9
|
10
|
0
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
10
|
9
|
1
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
11
|
10
|
0
··
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
12
|
10
|
1
·
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thaw
.
|
13
|
9
|
1
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
14
|
9
|
0
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair
,
Frost
.
|
17
|
23
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mist
.
|
20
|
11
|
2
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
April
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
10
|
1
···
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
1670
May
I
here
divided
the
Degres
of
the
Gresham-Colledg-Thermometer
,
each
into
4
,
so
that
24
is
now
the
same
that
6
was
before
.
d
|
h
|
T.
2
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
.
|
27
|
9
|
24
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
29
|
11
|
31
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
|
23
|
24
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
30
|
7
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
|
23
|
29
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
June
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
9
|
28
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
1671
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
May
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29
|
8
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
June
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
8
|
31
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
1672
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
January
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31
|
9
|
4
.
|
|
|
|
NE
|
|
Fair.
|
February
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
8
|
5
.
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
June
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
16
|
36··
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
16
|
9
|
33
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
|
17
|
37
․
|
|
|
|
SW
|
2
|
Fair.
|
20
|
9
|
29
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
August
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
6
|
24
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
8
|
22˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
1672
October
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13
|
9
|
20
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
22
|
20·
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
17
|
18˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1673
January
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
22
|
18
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
18
|
14·
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
April
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
17
|
5˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
May
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
21
|
16
․
|
|
|
|
E
|
|
|
June
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9
|
22
|
22
․
|
|
|
|
E
|
|
Rain
.
|
10
|
9
|
21
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
12
|
9
|
23
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
13
|
22
|
22˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
14
|
9
|
24˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
17
|
9
|
26˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18
|
9
|
26˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
20
|
9
|
22˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
21
|
9
|
24
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
2
|
6
|
23˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
27
|
10
|
26˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28
|
9
|
25˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rain
.
|
1673
July
Memorand
.
That
from
the
Beginning
of
May
,
till
the
middle
of
July
,
there
was
scarce
one
dry
Day
,
but
so
great
Rains
,
that
produced
greater
Flouds
than
were
known
in
the
Memory
of
Man
.
d
|
h
|
T.
2
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
.
|
2
|
9
|
25˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
10
|
26
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
8
|
25
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
14
|
17
|
31˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
25
|
22
|
35˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28
|
12
|
33˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
30
|
9
|
24˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
1674
March
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9
|
8
|
1
|
|
|
|
N
E
|
|
Frost
and
Snow
.
|
19
|
6
|
5˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Snow
.
|
20
|
10
|
5·
|
|
|
|
N
E
|
|
Snow
all
Day
.
|
December
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
15
|
11
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
27
|
16
|
11
․
|
|
|
|
W
|
|
Fair.
|
28
|
15
|
14˙
|
|
|
|
W
|
|
Close
.
|
1675
January
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
16
|
14
․
|
|
|
|
W
|
|
Fair.
|
April
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
9
|
12
․
|
|
|
|
N
E
|
|
Fair.
|
26
|
10
|
12
․
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
Fair.
|
27
|
12
|
12˙
|
|
|
|
E
|
|
Fair.
|
28
|
9
|
12
․
|
|
|
|
E
|
|
Close
.
|
1675
May
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
9
|
16
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
23
|
15
|
27
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
June
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
22
|
21
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
9
|
13
|
21˙
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
10
|
14
|
22
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
.
|
13
|
10
|
22˙
|
|
|
|
E
|
|
Close
.
|
14
|
9
|
17
․
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair.
|
1681
March
The
Thermometer
marked
3
is
one
,
which
I
began
now
to
use
at
my
Return
to
Oxford
.
d
|
h
|
T.
3
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
.
|
14
|
14
|
46
|
29
|
4
․
|
|
W
|
|
A
little
Mist
.
|
15
|
8
|
36
|
29
|
6
|
|
N
W
|
|
Fair.
|
16
|
12
|
45
|
29
|
5˙
|
|
N
W
|
2
|
Little
Rain
.
|
17
|
7
|
37
|
29
|
7˙
|
|
E
|
|
Fog
.
|
18
|
8
|
33
|
29
|
7˙
|
|
E
|
|
Fair.
|
23
|
11
|
34
|
28
|
8˙
|
|
N
W
|
|
Close
.
|
24
|
12
|
32
|
29
|
2˙
|
|
N
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
25
|
18
|
33
|
28
|
7˙
|
|
N
W
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
26
|
15
|
32
|
|
8
․
|
|
N
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
27
|
13
|
28
|
29
|
2·
|
|
N
|
|
Fair
,
Snow
this
Morning
.
|
|
14
|
|
29
|
2middot
;
|
|
N
|
|
Snow
hard
.
|
28
|
11
|
29
|
|
5
․
|
|
N
|
|
Cloudy
.
|
30
|
7
|
34
|
|
5˙
|
|
W
|
|
Close
:
All
the
foregoing
Week
it
rained
in
Showers
every
Day
.
|
April
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
18
|
49
|
|
4˙
|
|
S
|
|
Very
fair
.
|
7
|
9
|
45
|
|
5˙
|
|
S
|
|
Very
fair
.
|
|
17
|
55
|
|
4˙
|
|
S
W
|
|
Very
fair
.
|
9
|
8
|
50
|
|
3
․
|
|
S
W
|
|
Close
.
|
|
14
|
50
|
|
2˙
|
|
S
W
|
|
Rain
.
|
10
|
11
|
44
|
|
3˙
|
|
W
|
2
|
Clouds
,
and
a
little
Shower
this
Morning
.
|
11
|
17
|
46
|
|
5˙
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair
ever
since
Yesterday
.
|
12
|
15
|
51
|
|
2·
|
|
S
|
3
|
Fair
since
.
|
13
|
14
|
49
|
|
3˙
|
|
W
|
2
|
Fair
since
.
|
14
|
13
|
45
|
|
3˙
|
|
S
W
|
3
|
Fair
since
.
|
15
|
17
|
54
|
|
3˙
|
|
E
N
|
3
|
Close
all
Day
.
|
16
|
8
|
45
|
|
3·
|
|
E
N
|
1
|
Misty
.
|
|
17
|
52
|
|
2·
|
|
E
N
|
1
|
A
little
Shower
between
4
and
5
|
17
|
6
|
49
|
|
2·
|
|
N
E
|
1
|
Thick
Fog
,
Showers
between
6
and
7
last
Night
.
|
18
|
7
|
46
|
|
2·
|
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair
,
and
Clouds
since
.
|
May
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
14
|
50
|
29
|
4
․
|
|
N
E
|
2
|
Close
,
no
Rain
since
18
April
,
but
very
hot
and
fair
Weather
till
Yesterday
,
the
Wind
for
the
most
part
between
N
and
E.
|
4
|
10
|
44
|
|
4·
|
|
N
E
|
1
|
Close
since
.
|
5
|
8
|
37
|
|
4·
|
|
N
E
|
1
|
Clouds
.
|
6
|
8
|
37
|
|
2˙
|
|
E
N
|
1
|
Fair
,
Clouds
Yesterday
.
|
|
19
|
46
|
29
|
|
|
W
|
1
|
Cloudy
.
|
7
|
7
|
41
|
28
|
8˙
|
|
W
N
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
|
11
|
43
|
|
8·
|
|
W
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
16
|
47
|
|
7˙
|
|
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
8
|
9
|
41
|
29
|
|
|
N
E
|
1
|
Cloudy
since
.
|
9
|
9
|
42
|
|
2˙
|
|
E
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
10
|
4
|
47
|
|
3·
|
|
N
|
1
|
Fair
since
.
|
11
|
9
|
48
|
|
3·
|
|
S
E
|
1
|
Fair
since
.
|
|
15
|
61
|
|
2·
|
|
S
W
|
1
|
Fair
since
.
|
16
|
11
|
54
|
|
6˙
|
|
S
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
a
little
Shower
or
two
since
.
|
|
18
|
65
|
|
5˙
|
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
since
.
|
17
|
8
|
55
|
|
6˙
|
|
W
N
|
1
|
Fair
since
.
|
19
|
17
|
70
|
|
2˙
|
|
N
E
|
1
|
Fair
since
.
|
20
|
6
|
64
|
|
3·
|
|
N
E
|
2
|
Cloudy
,
no
Rain
from
hence
till
June
20
the
driest
Spring
that
hath
been
known
,
there
having
been
no
Rain
from
the
End
of
March
to
the
End
of
June
.
|
August
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
6
|
65
|
|
3˙
|
7
|
N
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
3
|
11
|
60
|
|
3˙
|
8
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
4
|
9
|
62
|
|
3·
|
9
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
5
|
9
|
62
|
|
3·
|
8
|
E
|
1
|
Fair.
|
6
|
15
|
71
|
|
1·
|
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
7
|
9
|
68
|
|
2
․
|
9
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
15
|
72
|
28
|
8˙
|
8
|
S
W
|
2
|
Cloudy
.
|
8
|
8
|
68
|
|
7˙
|
9
|
S
|
2
|
Close
.
|
|
11
|
69
|
|
7˙
|
9
|
S
|
2
|
Rain
a
little
.
|
9
|
9
|
64
|
|
8˙
|
10
|
S
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
17
|
66
|
|
7˙
|
10
|
S
|
1
|
Rain
a
hard
Shower
.
|
10
|
6
|
62
|
|
7˙
|
11
|
S
W
|
2
|
Close
.
|
11
|
9
|
62
|
29
|
1·
|
11
|
S
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
12
|
8
|
66
|
|
2
․
|
17
|
S
W
|
1
|
Mist
.
|
13
|
9
|
69
|
28
|
8˙
|
18
|
S
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
14
|
72
|
|
7˙
|
17
|
SW
|
1
|
Fair
,
Clouds
.
|
14
|
8
|
67
|
|
8
․
|
17
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
16
|
72
|
|
6
․
|
16
|
SE
|
1
|
Thunder
Shower
.
|
16
|
9
|
69
|
29
|
2
․
|
17
|
SW
|
1
|
Rain
for
⅛
Hour
,
and
then
fair
.
|
17
|
6
|
69
|
|
2
․
|
16
|
|
|
|
18
|
4
|
67
|
|
3˙
|
16
|
|
|
|
1682
February
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
12
|
25
|
29
|
5˙
|
|
EN
|
1
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
11
|
10
|
24
|
29
|
6˙
|
|
NE
|
1
|
Fair
,
Ice
.
|
12
|
15
|
27
|
29
|
7
․
|
|
NE
|
|
Very
fair
.
|
13
|
11
|
24
|
29
|
7˙
|
61
|
NE
|
1
|
Thick
Fog
.
|
14
|
8
|
23
|
29
|
6˙
|
63
|
NE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
15
|
8
|
29
|
29
|
5˙
|
65
|
EN
|
1
|
Close
.
|
17
|
8
|
31
|
29
|
0
|
72
|
S
|
2
|
Cloudy
,
and
some
Rain
.
|
20
|
17
|
42
|
28
|
7˙
|
75
|
SE
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
21
|
8
|
44
|
28
|
6˙
|
75
|
S
|
2
|
Rainy
.
|
22
|
9
|
42
|
28
|
7
․
|
77
|
S
|
2
|
Close
.
|
24
|
10
|
41
|
29
|
2
․
|
74
|
SE
|
1
|
Close
.
|
25
|
15
|
39
|
28
|
7˙
|
75
|
NE
|
1
|
Rain
ever
since
Yesterday
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
26
|
10
|
38
|
29
|
1˙
|
74
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
27
|
7
|
37
|
29
|
3˙
|
75
|
NW
|
1
|
Close
.
|
28
|
10
|
39
|
29
|
4·
|
73
|
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
1682
March
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d
|
h
|
T.
3
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
.
|
1
|
9
|
42
|
29
|
3·
|
74
|
|
|
Fog
.
|
5
|
16
|
30
|
29
|
1
․
|
67
|
S
|
1
|
Very
fair
,
hard
Frost
in
the
Morning
.
|
6
|
10
|
28
|
29
|
2
․
|
67
|
NE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
7
|
11
|
25
|
29
|
2·
|
65
|
N
|
2
|
Very
fair
.
|
22
|
13
|
29
|
29
|
2
․
|
57
|
N
|
3
|
Cloudy
,
and
a
little
Snow
.
|
23
|
8
|
25
|
29
|
4˙
|
56
|
N
|
2
|
Close
,
Frost
.
|
24
|
7
|
29
|
29
|
4
․
|
57
|
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
25
|
9
|
36
|
29
|
2
․
|
59
|
N
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
26
|
8
|
31
|
29
|
4˙
|
56
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
27
|
8
|
34
|
29
|
4
․
|
57
|
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
13
|
39
|
29
|
3
․
|
59
|
WN
|
1
|
A
Shower
.
|
28
|
7
|
35
|
29
|
4
․
|
56
|
NW
|
1
|
Fair.
|
29
|
7
|
30
|
29
|
5˙
|
50
|
N
|
|
Clouds
.
|
30
|
8
|
30
|
29
|
5·
|
48
|
NE
|
2
|
Fair.
|
|
11
|
31
|
29
|
5˙
|
47
|
NE
|
3
|
Snow
.
|
31
|
8
|
30
|
29
|
6
․
|
48
|
NE
|
2
|
Fair.
|
April
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
8
|
30
|
29
|
6
․
|
49
|
NE
|
2
|
Close
.
|
2
|
9
|
33
|
29
|
6
․
|
50
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
19
|
36
|
29
|
6
․
|
51
|
NE
|
1
|
Small
Mist
.
|
3
|
7
|
34
|
29
|
6
․
|
51
|
NE
|
1
|
Small
Mist
.
|
4
|
9
|
34
|
29
|
6
․
|
50
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
.
|
5
|
7
|
34
|
29
|
5
|
50
|
NE
|
1
|
Fog
,
and
Sun-shine
.
|
6
|
9
|
39
|
29
|
4
․
|
49
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
7
|
9
|
39
|
29
|
5
․
|
48
|
N
|
1
|
Fair.
|
8
|
8
|
39
|
29
|
5˙
|
44
|
NE
|
1
|
Fog
,
and
Sun-shine
.
|
|
11
|
43
|
29
|
5˙
|
44
|
SE
|
2
|
Fair.
|
9
|
7
|
40
|
29
|
3
․
|
40
|
SE
|
2
|
Thick
Fog
.
|
|
14
|
41
|
29
|
1·
|
41
|
S
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
|
20
|
43
|
28
|
7
|
44
|
S
|
2
|
Rain
till
past
6
,
now
fair
.
|
10
|
7
|
43
|
28
|
6˙
|
47
|
SW
|
2
|
Close
,
Rain
in
Showers
most
part
of
the
Day
.
|
11
|
8
|
43
|
28
|
6
․
|
49
|
SW
|
2
|
Close
Rain
in
Showers
most
part
of
the
Day
.
|
12
|
7
|
41
|
28
|
5
․
|
48
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
,
Shower
about
Noon
.
|
|
16
|
44
|
28
|
6˙
|
47
|
WN
|
1
|
Fair.
|
13
|
6
|
37
|
28
|
8·
|
47
|
SE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
17
|
44
|
28
|
5˙
|
47
|
|
2
|
Rain
.
|
14
|
7
|
42
|
28
|
2˙
|
48
|
SE
|
2
|
Rain
all
the
Morning
,
till
past
12
|
|
14
|
45
|
28
|
5·
|
50
|
W
|
3
|
Rain
,
more
or
less
,
almost
all
the
Afternoon
.
|
15
|
6
|
40
|
29
|
1·
|
50
|
SW
|
2
|
Fair.
|
16
|
7
|
43
|
29
|
1˙
|
48
|
|
|
Fair
,
hard
Shower
about
18
|
17
|
7
|
47
|
28
|
8·
|
49
|
SE
|
1
|
Close
,
Showers
several
times
in
the
Day
.
|
18
|
7
|
43
|
28
|
7˙
|
50
|
SE
|
1
|
Rain
the
greatest
part
of
the
Day
.
|
19
|
6
|
44
|
28
|
7
․
|
52
|
S
|
2
|
Close
,
Rain
a
great
part
of
the
Day
.
|
20
|
6
|
44
|
28
|
6
․
|
51
|
SE
|
1
|
Rain
,
and
so
in
Showers
several
times
of
the
Day
.
|
21
|
4
|
45
|
28
|
6˙
|
51
|
S
|
1
|
Cloudy
,
Rain
most
part
of
the
Morning
.
|
22
|
8
|
47
|
28
|
7
․
|
51
|
S
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
17
|
51
|
28
|
8˙
|
52
|
N
|
1
|
Rain
most
part
of
the
Afternoon
.
|
23
|
7
|
46
|
29
|
2˙
|
52
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
13
|
49
|
29
|
3·
|
52
|
S
|
1
|
Close
,
Rain
almost
all
the
Afternoon
.
|
|
22
|
49
|
29
|
3˙
|
52
|
N
about
|
18
|
Hard
Rain
.
|
24
|
6
|
46
|
29
|
4
․
|
52
|
E
|
1
|
Close
,
hard
Rain
at
Night
.
|
25
|
7
|
47
|
29
|
1˙
|
52
|
ES
|
1
|
Close
,
some
Rain
.
|
|
14
|
42
|
28
|
8˙
|
53
|
SE
|
1
|
Dropping
.
|
|
22
|
54
|
28
|
7
․
|
54
|
|
3
|
Hard
Rain
from
18
|
26
|
7
|
52
|
28
|
6
․
|
54
|
S
|
2
|
Cloudy
,
Rain
often
in
the
Day
.
|
27
|
5
|
52
|
28
|
8
․
|
55
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
,
a
good
deal
of
Rain
before
Night
.
|
28
|
18
|
51
|
28
|
˙
|
55
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
,
Rain
a
good
part
of
the
Morning
,
and
some
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
29
|
8
|
47
|
29
|
1
․
|
55
|
SW
|
1
|
Cloudy
,
a
little
Rain
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
30
|
5
|
47
|
28
|
8˙
|
55
|
SW
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
18
|
46
|
28
|
6
․
|
55
|
NE
|
1
|
Hard
Rain
,
which
began
about
11
,
and
lasted
till
21
or
22
|
1682
May
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d
|
h
|
T.
3
|
Bar.
|
Hy.
|
Wind.
|
Weather
.
|
1
|
4
|
42
|
28
|
8
․
|
55
|
NW
|
2
|
Cloudy
.
|
|
21
|
47
|
29
|
2
․
|
54
|
NW
|
1
|
Fair.
|
2
|
8
|
43
|
29
|
2·
|
54
|
SW
|
1
|
Cloudy
,
hard
Rain
from
19
or
20
all
Night
.
|
3
|
6
|
49
|
28
|
7˙
|
54
|
SW
|
2
|
Clouds
,
Wind
W.
all
the
Afternoon
,
but
fair
,
bating
a
little
Rain
in
the
Evening
.
|
4
|
5
|
52
|
28
|
7
․
|
54
|
SE
|
1
|
Rain
hard
till
13
|
|
13
|
54
|
28
|
7˙
|
54
|
N
|
1
|
Rain
hard
till
Night
.
|
Memorand.
That
new
fitting
my
Barometer
,
here
the
Mercury
was
raised
by
Addition
of
more
in
the
Receiver
about
2/10
Inch
,
which
is
almost
2
of
my
Degrees
,
which
are
Eights
,
though
I
suspect
it
is
still
by
reason
of
included
Air
,
a
Degree
or
two
too
low
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
53
|
29
|
2˙
|
54
|
|
|
Small
Rain
.
|
5
|
8
|
48
|
29
|
3
․
|
54
|
E
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
|
20
|
51
|
29
|
3·
|
55
|
E
|
1
|
Close
Rain
most
part
of
the
Morning
,
and
2
or
3
Showers
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
6
|
7
|
48
|
29
|
3·
|
55
|
NE
|
1
|
Mist
.
|
7
|
8
|
46
|
29
|
4·
|
55
|
E
|
2
|
Rain
a
great
part
of
the
Day
.
|
8
|
4
|
53
|
29
|
2
․
|
56
|
SW
|
2
|
Hard
Rain
till
7
or
8
|
9
|
10
|
54
|
29
|
1˙
|
55
|
E
|
1
|
Close
.
|
|
14
|
55
|
29
|
1·
|
55
|
SW
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
10
|
9
|
50
|
29
|
2˙
|
54
|
S
|
1
|
Cloudy
,
a
little
Rain
about
17
,
and
again
about
22
|
11
|
6
|
49
|
29
|
2˙
|
54
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
.
|
11
|
9
|
50
|
29
|
2˙
|
55
|
SW
|
1
|
Short
Shower
:
several
short
Showers
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
12
|
6
|
49
|
29
|
3
․
|
54
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
;
a
Shower
in
the
Morning
.
|
13
|
4
|
51
|
29
|
2·
|
53
|
E
|
1
|
Close
,
several
Showers
in
the
Day
.
|
14
|
9
|
53
|
29
|
4·
|
54
|
SW
|
2
|
Clouds
.
|
15
|
7
|
51
|
29
|
4˙
|
51
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
16
|
8
|
61
|
29
|
2
․
|
48
|
SE
|
1
|
Fair
,
hard
Shower
about
18
|
17
|
5
|
60
|
29
|
3·
|
48
|
SW
|
2
|
Close
.
|
18
|
7
|
57
|
29
|
5·
|
47
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
19
|
8
|
58
|
29
|
5
․
|
45
|
WS
|
1
|
Fair.
|
20
|
5
|
63
|
29
|
3·
|
43
|
SE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
16
|
69
|
29
|
3·
|
43
|
WS
|
1
|
Very
fair
.
|
21
|
8
|
59
|
29
|
3˙
|
44
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
22
|
9
|
69
|
29
|
1˙
|
42
|
SE
|
1
|
Fair.
|
|
17
|
47
|
29
|
1
․
|
38
|
SW
|
2
|
Fair.
|
23
|
7
|
64
|
29
|
2˙
|
38
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
gentle
Rain
from
8
to
11
|
|
10
|
63
|
29
|
2˙
|
38
|
W
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
24
|
7
|
62
|
29
|
2
․
|
39
|
N
|
1
|
Close
.
|
25
|
6
|
59
|
29
|
3
․
|
42
|
NW
|
1
|
Fair.
|
27
|
9
|
53
|
29
|
5
․
|
42
|
W
|
1
|
Fair.
|
28
|
14
|
67
|
29
|
3˙
|
33
|
S
|
1
|
Fair.
|
October
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14
|
9
|
45
|
29
|
6
․
|
49
|
W
|
1
|
Close
,
Rain
last
Night
.
|
16
|
13
|
48
|
29
|
4˙
|
51
|
SW
|
2
|
Rain
till
Bed-time
.
|
1682
|
October
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
9
|
47
|
29
|
2˙
|
51
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
little
Rain
.
|
18
|
10
|
41
|
29
|
1˙
|
51
|
SW
|
2
|
Cloudy
,
hard
Rain
from
5
to
Bed-time
.
|
19
|
9
|
39
|
28
|
7˙
|
51
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
Shower
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
20
|
9
|
34
|
28
|
7˙
|
51
|
|
0
|
Rain
.
|
27
|
22
|
38
|
29
|
7˙
|
60
|
|
|
Close
.
|
28
|
10
|
37
|
29
|
7
․
|
60
|
EN
|
2
|
Fair.
|
November
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
18
|
|
29
|
8
․
|
|
|
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
9
|
9
|
22
|
29
|
8
․
|
57
|
N
|
1
|
Fog
,
gone
before
Noon
:
hard
Frost
.
|
10
|
10
|
26
|
29
|
8·
|
58
|
EN
|
1
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
11
|
9
|
25
|
29
|
7˙
|
56
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
,
hard
Frost
.
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair
,
hard
Frost
.
|
13
|
10
|
26
|
29
|
5˙
|
57
|
NE
|
1
|
Close
,
hard
Frost
.
|
14
|
13
|
23
|
29
|
7
․
|
57
|
|
|
Thick
Fog
,
fair
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
15
|
10
|
36
|
29
|
4
․
|
56
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
,
Rain
this
Morning
,
hard
Rain
22
|
16
|
5
|
41
|
29
|
1˙
|
66
|
|
|
Hard
Rain
,
Rain
most
part
of
the
Day
.
|
|
17
|
41
|
29
|
1·
|
65
|
SW
|
1
|
Rain
.
|
17
|
11
|
39
|
29
|
1
․
|
64
|
WS
|
2
|
Fair.
|
18
|
9
|
37
|
28
|
7˙
|
64
|
|
0
|
Fog
,
Rain
most
part
of
the
Day
.
|
19
|
9
|
33
|
29
|
1˙
|
62
|
W
|
1
|
Fair
,
Rain
in
the
Night
|
20
|
10
|
40
|
29
|
1˙
|
64
|
WN
|
1
|
Fair
,
Rain
in
the
Afternoon
.
|
|
22
|
42
|
29
|
2
․
|
63
|
|
2
|
Fair.
|
21
|
6
|
42
|
29
|
1·
|
64
|
|
|
Hard
Rain
till
10
|
|
16
|
43
|
29
|
2˙
|
64
|
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
22
|
11
|
33
|
29
|
5
|
63
|
W
|
1
|
Small
Fog
,
Frost
this
Morning
.
|
23
|
9
|
28
|
29
|
5˙
|
62
|
NW
|
|
Fog
,
thick
Fog
all
Day
.
|
24
|
9
|
25
|
29
|
5
․
|
62
|
NW
|
|
Thick
Fog
,
little
Rain
in
the
Evening
.
|
25
|
8
|
35
|
29
|
3
|
67
|
SW
|
1
|
Close
,
Rain
in
the
Evening
.
|
26
|
9
|
35
|
29
|
4·
|
65
|
WN
|
1
|
Fair.
|
27
|
10
|
31
|
29
|
7˙
|
64
|
WN
|
1
|
Fair.
|
28
|
4
|
32
|
29
|
8˙
|
65
|
|
|
Fair.
|
29
|
8
|
33
|
29
|
7˙
|
65
|
WS
|
|
Small
Fog
.
|
30
|
9
|
35
|
29
|
7˙
|
65
|
SW
|
1
|
Fair.
|
December
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
8
|
35
|
29
|
6˙
|
66
|
S
|
1
|
Mist
.
|
2
|
9
|
34
|
29
|
6˙
|
66
|
S
|
1
|
Close
.
|
3
|
9
|
34
|
29
|
6˙
|
66
|
SW
|
1
|
Foggy
.
|
1683.
June
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
9
|
62
|
29
|
3˙
|
46
|
W
|
1
|
Close
.
|
22
|
8
|
65
|
29
|
2˙
|
48
|
WS
|
2
|
Close
,
some
Showers
.
|
23
|
7
|
59
|
29
|
4˙
|
46
|
W
|
1
|
Cloudy
.
|
25
|
19
|
67
|
29
|
4˙
|
44
|
WN
|
1
|
Fair
,
Mist
in
the
Morning
.
|
26
|
10
|
64
|
29
|
5
․
|
43
|
S
|
1
|
Very
fair
.
|
|
17
|
72
|
29
|
3˙
|
43
|
S
W
|
2
|
Fair.
|
30
|
13
|
62
|
29
|
3˙
|
37
|
W
N
|
3
|
Fair.
|
An
Explication
of
the
foregoing
Register
.
THE
first
Column
with
d
at
the
Top
,
contains
the
Day
of
the
Month.
The
second
Column
with
h
at
the
Top
,
contains
the
Hour
of
the
Day
,
which
beginning
from
Midnight
,
I
count
to
24
,
which
is
Midnight
again
;
so
that
13
stands
for
1
Afternoon
,
and
so
on
.
The
third
Column
with
Th.
at
the
Top
,
marks
the
Degrees
of
my
Thermoscope
,
which
having
been
blown
at
a
Lamp
,
though
the
Spaces
of
the
Degrees
were
equally
divided
,
yet
because
of
the
unequal
Bigness
of
the
small
Tube
,
towards
the
Extremities
,
where
it
grew
bigger
,
it
did
not
always
in
every
Degree
mark
equally
proportionable
Degrees
of
Heat
and
Cold.
The
Points
to
be
observed
in
that
and
the
next
Column
,
which
is
that
for
the
Baroscope
,
shew
the
just
Place
where
the
Top
of
the
tinged
Spirit
of
Wine
in
the
one
,
and
the
Mercury
in
the
other
,
stood
between
the
Line
of
the
Degree
marked
,
and
the
following
,
when
the
Observation
was
made
.
The
Thermoscope
I
made
use
of
till
December
,
1669
,
was
a
seal'd
one
,
with
all
the
Degrees
increasing
with
the
Heat
in
one
continued
Series
.
The
Thermoscope
which
I
used
from
Decemb.
1669.
to
June
1675.
and
is
marked
2.
was
one
of
Mr.
Cotgraves
adjusting
,
which
beginning
the
reckoning
from
the
temper
of
freezing
,
hath
the
Numbers
increasing
both
upwards
and
downwards
;
the
Points
shew
it
to
be
in
the
Degrees
;
above
0
,
if
set
over
;
and
under
0
,
if
set
under
:
and
˙
˙˙
or
˙˙˙
shew
it
higher
or
lower
in
each
Degree
.
The
Thermoscope
used
from
March
1681
,
to
the
End
,
is
marked
3
,
and
is
of
the
kind
of
that
used
first
.
The
Column
having
Hy.
at
the
Top
,
contains
the
Degrees
of
Moisture
,
as
marked
by
an
Hygroscope
made
of
the
Beard
of
a
wild
Oat
.
In
the
Column
of
the
Wind
,
I
not
having
the
Convenience
to
observe
the
Points
exactly
,
have
marked
but
8
,
but
yet
with
this
Variety
,
that
where
I
set
two
Letters
,
the
Wind
was
most
from
that
Point
whose
Letter
stands
first
,
v.
g.
W
N
signifies
more
West
than
North.
When
I
set
only
one
Letter
,
it
was
in
or
very
near
that
Cardinal
Point
.
The
Strength
is
marked
by
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4.
0
signifies
not
so
much
Wind
that
mov'd
any
Leaf
that
I
could
see
in
a
Garden
I
look'd
into
out
of
my
Window
,
but
the
Letter
join'd
to
it
signifies
which
way
the
Weather-Cock
then
stood
,
whether
the
former
Wind
left
it
so
,
or
the
present
Breeze
blew
that
way
.
1
signifies
a
gentle
Gale
,
just
perceivable
by
the
moving
of
the
Leaves
or
Plants
.
4
signifies
a
very
violent
Storm
:
2
and
3
the
several
Degrees
between
1
and
4
,
as
well
as
I
could
judg
.
These
Degrees
,
though
not
so
exactly
measured
as
I
could
have
wish'd
,
I
yet
thought
better
than
nothing
.
LE
Tuyau
recourbé
estoit
fermé
au
bout
ae
et
Ouuert
alautre
extremité
B.
La
recourbure
depuis
.
G.
Jusq'
a
C.
estoit
pleine
de
Mercure
&
tout
lereste
estoit
plein
d'
air
.
La
longueur
Ae.
C.
estoit
4
Pouces
ou
32/8.
J'echauffay
cet
air
,
et
il
feit
baisser
le
Mercure
Jusques
en
f.
qui
estoit
⅜
plus
bas
,
&
en
mesme
temps
il
monta
jusq'
en
H.
qui
estoit
3/8
plus
haut
que
G.
ou
C.
Pour
sçauoir
quélle
hauteur
de
Mercure
auroit
este
necessaire
pour
empescher
la
dilatation
de
lair
,
&
retenir
le
mercure
en
C.
Je
nay
quá
trouuer
ce
qui
seroit
necessaire
pour
repousser
le
mercure
en
C.
Etainsy
contenir
lair
dans
léspace
Ae.
C.
non
obstant
la
Chaleur
.
Je
pose
pour
principe
ceque
lexperience
fait
voir
,
Cest
que
quand
une
quantité
dáir
occupe
un
certain
espace
que
Jáppelle
.
Ae.
et
que
la
pression
qui
leretient
dans
cet
espace
soit
B.
si●on
vient
a
augmenter
certe
pression
de
telle
quantité
que
lón
voudra
comme
X.
on
diminuera
L'espace
Ae.
d'une
certain
quantité
.
D.
Laquelle
quantité
est
au
restant
.
M.
comme
X
est
a
B.
D.
M.
:
:
X.
B.
donc
M.
D.
:
:
B.
X.
Il
est
aisé
d
áppliquer
cettereigle
à
lexperience
cy
dessus
Car
Ae.
f.
ou
35/8
de
pouce
sont
lespace
Ae.
Lapression
ordinaire
de
lâir
qui
est
de
30
Pouces
Jointe
ae
un
pouce
de
haut
que
se
trouue
entre
f.
et
H.
est
B
X
31
Pouces
de
mercure
:
et
si
nous
y
en
adjoustons
assez
pour
reduire
láir
a
léspace
.
Ae.
C.
Ledit
.
Ae.
C.
sera
M.
X
32/8
Et.
f.
C.
Sera
D.
X
⅜
Posant
donc
.
M.
D.
B.
32.
3.
31.
La
quatriesme
proportionelle
sera
.
X.
X
2
29/32
pouces
,
qui
estants
joints
a
B.
X
31
Pouces
feront
33
29/32
pouces
dont
láir
sera
pressé
en
C.
Ae.
qui
sont
pres
de
4
Pouces
audessus
de
la
pression
ordinaire
.
Experiment
made
at
the
Spire
of
the
Cathedral-Church
in
Sarum
,
by
Colonel
John
Windham
,
assisted
by
Mr.
Tho.
Naish
,
Clerk
of
the
Works
,
and
John
Warner
,
in
November
,
1684.
HAving
gotten
together
all
the
surveighing
Chains
the
City
afforded
,
and
carefully
examined
their
Truth
,
and
having
prepared
a
proper
Frame
for
the
Baroscope
,
we
went
into
the
Church
,
filled
the
Tube
,
and
with
all
the
Nicety
we
could
use
,
purged
it
of
the
airy
Particles
,
and
then
immersing
it
,
as
in
the
Forricellian
Experiment
,
the
Mercury
was
there
suspended
30
Inches
,
and
50
Cents
of
an
Inch
,
measuring
it
from
the
Surface
of
the
Stagnum
:
Then
drawing
it
up
to
the
first
Floor
above
the
Vaulting
,
which
is
1033
Inches
and
½
high
from
the
Pavement
,
the
Mercury
subsided
9
Cents
of
an
Inch
:
From
thence
drawing
it
up
to
the
middle
Floor
,
which
is
935
Inches
higher
,
the
Mercury
subsided
8
Cents
lower
than
before
:
And
from
thence
drawing
it
up
to
the
Weather-Door
,
which
is
2313
Inches
higher
than
the
last
,
the
Mercury
subsided
23
Cents
below
its
last
Station
.
So
the
whole
Height
't
was
drawn
up
,
is
4281
Inches
and
a
half
;
and
the
whole
Difference
of
the
Mercury's
standing
is
40
Cents
of
an
Inch.
And
letting
it
down
again
the
same
way
,
the
Mercury
reascended
to
its
first
Stations
.
At
another
time
with
an
inverted
Baroscope
,
like
that
Figure
in
the
Margin
,
having
made
a
Mark
where
the
Liquor
stood
when
't
was
below
in
the
Church
,
and
drawing
it
up
to
the
first
Floor
over
the
|
|
Inches
.
|
|
Inc.
|
Cen.
|
Vaulting
|
Which
is
above
the
Pavement
of
the
Church
|
1033
and
½
.
|
The
Liquor
ascended
|
1
|
25
|
To
the
middle
Floor
|
1968.
|
2
|
39
|
To
the
8
Doors
Floor
|
2467.
|
3
|
22
|
To
the
Weather-Door
|
4281.
|
5
|
64
|
To
the
Top
|
4800
,
or
400
Feet
.
|
6
|
40
|
If
your
Honour
desires
to
have
any
other
Experiments
made
at
that
Spire
,
Mr.
Naish
whom
I
have
mentioned
above
,
is
a
Person
well
skill'd
in
the
practical
Parts
of
Mathematicks
,
and
a
great
Lover
of
Learning
,
but
more
especially
natural
and
experimental
Philosophy
,
having
all
or
most
of
your
Honour
's
Phylosophical
Works
.
This
Person
I
know
would
most
gladly
and
heartily
imbrace
any
Opportunity
of
serving
your
Honour
,
whensoever
you
'l
be
pleased
to
let
me
impart
any
thing
to
him
in
a
Letter
.
This
is
humbly
advertised
by
,
Sir
,
Your
Honour
's
most
Obliged
,
and
most
Obedient
Servant
,
JOHN
WARNER
.
♃
Decembris
17.
Anno
1685.
At
a
Place
in
the
great
Continent
in
Europe
,
but
not
far
from
the
Ocean
,
a
learned
Acquaintance
of
mine
keeping
a
Baroscope
some
Years
,
and
being
discours'd
with
by
me
,
about
the
Difference
of
the
Phaenomena
that
may
be
expected
in
Places
situate
upon
the
Continent
,
from
what
we
find
in
this
Country
,
as
it
is
an
Island
:
He
related
to
me
,
that
a
few
Years
since
,
casting
his
Eyes
upon
the
Baroscope
,
in
ordinary
Weather
,
and
that
was
calm
enough
;
he
was
surprized
to
see
the
Mercury
so
strangely
raised
,
as
to
exceed
above
two
Inches
its
wonted
Station
,
which
great
Alteration
he
found
within
few
Hours
to
have
been
the
Fore-runner
of
so
hideous
a
Storm
as
was
generally
wondred
at
,
and
did
a
great
deal
of
Mischief
both
in
the
Towns
and
Country
of
those
Parts
,
where
it
left
sad
Instances
of
its
Fury
.
This
Wind
came
all
along
the
Continent
:
but
my
Relator
divers
times
observed
,
that
when
very
boisterous
Winds
blew
from
the
Sea
,
and
the
Storms
came
thence
,
(
which
lying
to
the
Southward
)
the
Mercuty
in
the
Baroscope
would
considerably
subside
,
as
has
likewise
been
often
observed
here
in
England
by
an
ingenious
Gentleman
,
living
within
less
than
two
Leagues
of
the
Sea
,
to
whom
I
presented
a
Baroscope
to
make
Observations
with
.
An
industrious
young
Man
,
that
whilst
he
was
my
Domestick
,
I
bred
up
to
Chymistry
,
(
of
which
he
now
teaches
Courses
)
related
to
me
the
other
Day
,
that
toward
the
latter
End
of
the
last
Month
(
which
was
June
)
being
at
Oxford
,
where
his
House
is
,
he
had
occasion
to
cast
his
Eyes
upon
his
Baroscope
,
and
was
not
a
little
surprized
to
find
that
the
Quick-silver
was
in
an
extraordinary
Measure
alter'd
from
the
Height
it
stood
at
but
a
while
before
:
Whereupon
,
though
the
Weather
were
very
hot
and
fair
,
as
is
usual
in
June
,
and
had
continued
so
for
some
Days
;
yet
he
took
upon
him
to
foretel
from
this
great
and
quick
Subsidence
of
the
Mercury
,
that
there
would
be
e're
long
some
notable
Change
of
Weather
.
And
accordingly
it
happened
within
about
four
or
five
Hours
;
that
the
Sky
was
all
overcast
;
and
there
fell
a
hideous
Storm
of
Rain
,
Lightning
and
Thunder
,
accompanied
with
such
a
Whirlwind
,
as
scarce
any
remember
to
have
seen
in
that
City
.
A
Letter
to
the
Author
.
Honoured
Sir
,
I
Have
been
able
to
do
so
little
in
the
Attempts
I
have
made
to
serve
you
,
that
I
am
ashamed
to
have
been
so
well
furnished
to
so
small
purpose
.
The
Barometer
I
had
from
you
was
conveyed
safe
into
the
Country
,
and
as
soon
as
it
came
to
my
Hands
,
I
rode
to
Minedeep
,
with
an
Intention
to
make
use
of
it
there
,
in
one
of
the
deepest
Gruffs
(
for
so
they
call
their
Pits
)
I
could
find
:
the
deepest
I
could
hear
of
was
about
30
Fathom
,
but
the
Descent
so
far
either
from
easy
,
safe
,
or
perpendicular
,
that
I
was
discouraged
from
venturing
on
it
.
They
do
not
,
as
in
Wells
,
sink
their
Pits
strait
down
,
but
,
as
the
Cranies
of
the
Rocks
,
give
them
the
easiest
Passage
;
neither
are
they
let
down
by
a
Rope
,
but
taking
the
Rope
under
their
Arm
,
by
setting
their
Hands
and
Legs
against
the
sides
of
the
narrow
Passage
,
clamber
up
and
down
,
which
is
not
very
easy
for
one
not
used
to
it
,
and
almost
impossible
to
carry
down
the
Barometer
,
both
the
Hands
being
imployed
.
This
Information
I
should
have
suspected
to
come
from
their
Fear
,
had
not
an
intelligent
Gentleman
,
Neighbour
to
the
Hill
,
assured
me
't
was
their
usual
way
of
getting
up
and
down
.
For
the
Sight
of
the
Engine
,
and
my
Desire
of
going
down
into
some
of
their
Gruffs
,
gave
them
terrible
Apprehensions
,
and
I
could
not
perswade
them
but
that
I
had
some
Design
:
So
that
I
and
a
Gentleman
that
bore
me
Company
,
had
a
pleasant
Scene
,
whilst
their
Fear
to
be
undermined
by
us
,
made
them
disbelieve
all
we
told
them
;
and
do
what
we
could
,
they
would
think
us
craftier
Fellows
than
we
were
.
But
,
Sir
,
I
will
not
trouble
you
with
the
Particulars
of
this
Adventure
:
but
certain
it
is
the
Women
too
were
alarm'd
,
and
think
us
still
either
Projectors
or
Conjurers
.
Since
I
could
not
get
down
into
their
Gruffs
,
I
made
it
my
Business
to
inquire
what
I
could
concerning
them
:
The
Workmen
could
give
me
very
little
Account
of
any
thing
,
but
what
Profit
made
them
seek
after
;
they
could
apprehend
no
other
Minerals
but
Lead
Oar
,
and
believed
the
Earth
held
nothing
else
worth
seeking
for
:
besides
,
they
were
not
forward
to
be
too
communicative
to
one
,
they
thought
they
had
Reason
to
be
afraid
of
.
But
at
my
Return
,
calling
at
a
Gentleman's
House
,
who
lives
under
Minedeep-Hills
,
and
who
had
sent
out
his
Son
to
invite
me
in
;
amongst
other
things
he
told
me
this
,
that
sometimes
the
Damps
catch
them
,
and
then
if
they
cannot
get
out
soon
enough
,
they
fall
into
a
Swound
,
and
die
in
it
,
if
they
are
not
speedily
got
out
;
and
as
soon
as
they
have
them
above
ground
,
they
dig
a
Hole
in
the
Earth
,
and
there
put
in
their
Faces
,
and
cover
them
close
up
with
Turfs
;
and
this
is
the
surest
Remedy
they
have
yet
found
to
recover
them
.
In
deep
Pits
they
convey
down
Air
by
the
side
of
the
Gruff
,
in
a
little
Passage
from
the
Top
;
and
that
the
Air
may
circulate
the
better
,
they
set
up
some
Turfs
on
the
Lee
side
of
the
Hole
,
to
catch
,
and
so
force
down
the
fresh
Air
:
But
if
these
Turfs
be
removed
to
the
windy
side
,
or
laid
close
over
the
Mouth
of
the
Hole
,
those
below
find
it
immediately
,
by
want
of
Breath
,
Indisposition
,
and
Fainting
:
and
if
they
ehance
to
have
any
sweet
Flowers
with
them
,
they
do
not
only
lose
their
pleasant
Smell
immediately
,
but
stink
as
bad
as
Carrion
.
Notwithstanding
this
ill
Success
,
I
had
attempted
some
Trials
once
more
,
had
not
the
spreading
of
the
Contagion
made
it
less
safe
to
venture
abroad
,
and
hastened
me
out
of
the
Country
sooner
than
I
intended
.
But
I
have
some
Hopes
,
the
next
Journey
I
make
into
those
Parts
,
to
give
you
a
better
Account
than
this
that
follows
.
Near
the
House
where
I
sometimes
abode
,
was
a
pretty
steep
and
high
Hill
.
April
.
3.
hora
inter
8
&
9.
Matutin
.
the
Wind
West
,
and
pretty
high
,
the
Day
warm
,
the
Mercury
was
at
29
Inches
and
1/●●
being
carried
up
to
the
Top
of
the
Hill
,
it
fell
to
28
Inches
¾
:
(
or
thereabouts
,
for
I
think
it
was
a
little
above
28
Inches
¾
:
)
Both
going
up
and
coming
down
,
I
observed
that
proportionably
as
I
was
higher
or
lower
on
the
Hill
,
the
Mercury
fell
or
rose
.
At
my
return
to
the
bottom
of
the
Hill
,
the
Mercury
wanted
of
ascending
to
its
former
Height
●
of
an
Inch
,
which
I
impute
to
the
Sun
's
rarifying
some
Particles
of
Air
that
remained
in
the
upper
Part
of
the
Tube
,
rather
than
to
any
other
Change
in
the
Air
;
for
I
find
it
harder
to
clear
the
Tube
of
Air
perfectly
,
than
at
first
I
thought
,
or
of
Water
,
if
that
have
been
put
in
with
the
Mercury
,
and
I
fear
liable
to
the
same
Inconvenience
with
Air
inclosed
.
I
know
this
is
far
short
of
what
you
might
have
expected
,
and
has
,
I
fear
,
but
little
answered
your
Desires
,
since
I
guess
it
was
the
perpendicular
Height
of
the
Place
I
made
the
Experiment
in
,
that
you
would
have
had
,
and
perhaps
other
Considerations
of
Air
,
inclosed
,
and
liable
to
mineral
Steams
,
would
have
made
a
Trial
in
one
of
the
Gruffs
more
acceptable
to
you
.
I
do
not
think
any
thing
in
this
Letter
worthy
of
you
,
or
fit
for
the
Publick
.
But
since
I
find
by
the
two
last
Philosophical
Transactions
,
that
Observations
on
the
Torricellian
Experiment
are
much
look'd
after
,
and
desired
to
be
compared
;
if
for
want
of
better
,
this
should
be
thought
fit
to
fill
an
empty
Space
in
the
Philosophical
News-Book
,
I
shall
desire
to
have
my
Name
concealed
.
But
I
fear
that
this
very
Caution
of
being
in
Print
,
where
there
is
no
Danger
of
it
,
has
too
much
of
Vanity
in
it
.
I
'm
sure
't
is
Boldness
enough
,
though
allaid
with
Obedience
,
to
venture
such
slight
things
to
your
Sight
.
I
visited
the
incrusting
Spring
I
formerly
mentioned
to
you
,
and
could
not
find
any
thing
incrusted
within
at
least
20
Yards
of
the
Rise
of
it
.
The
Place
where
it
works
most
,
is
about
40
or
50
Yards
from
the
Spring-head
,
and
is
at
a
Fall
higher
than
my
Head
:
there
it
sheaths
every
thing
with
stony
Cases
,
and
makes
the
sides
of
the
Bank
hard
Rock
,
and
from
thence
all
along
its
Stream
,
it
covers
Sticks
,
&c.
with
a
Crust
;
and
some
so
candied
I
found
above
this
Fall
,
but
not
so
frequent
;
whether
the
mixing
of
Air
with
the
Water
in
the
Fall
,
contributes
any
thing
to
the
Effect
,
I
cannot
guess
;
but
that
the
Fall
does
,
I
suppose
:
for
besides
that
at
the
above-mentioned
Fall
,
it
seems
to
operate
most
strongly
,
I
observed
,
that
though
I
could
not
find
any
thing
incrusted
within
a
good
Distance
of
the
Spring
,
yet
that
the
Moss
above
the
Spring
was
a
little
incrusted
,
(
but
not
so
firmly
as
at
the
other
Place
)
for
the
Water
in
the
Winter
,
when
the
Springs
are
full
,
runs
out
also
at
a
Hole
two
or
three
Yards
above
the
Place
,
where
now
only
it
rises
,
and
from
thence
falls
perpendicularly
into
this
lower
Spring
,
from
whence
it
runs
by
an
easy
Descent
to
the
next
Fall
.
A
Gentleman
in
whose
Field
it
rises
,
and
by
whose
House
it
runs
,
told
me
upon
Inquiry
,
that
he
uses
it
both
in
his
Kitchen
and
Brew-house
,
without
any
sensible
ill
Effects
,
he
being
a
pretty
ancient
,
but
healthy
Man
,
and
long
Inhabitant
of
that
Place
.
It
will
bear
Soap
,
freezes
quickly
;
and
waters
his
Grounds
upon
Occasion
,
with
Advantage
.
All
the
ill
Effects
of
it
,
that
he
can
guess
,
are
,
that
his
Horses
are
usually
short-breathed
,
which
he
imputes
to
the
drinking
of
that
Water
.
I
brought
with
me
from
Minedeepe
some
Oar
,
and
some
Stones
;
but
I
think
them
so
inconsiderable
,
that
I
shall
not
judg
them
worth
sending
,
unless
you
please
to
command
them
.
I
am
,
SIR
,
Your
most
Humble
and
most
Obedient
Servant
,
JOHN
LOCKE
.
Ch.
Ch.
5ᵒ
May
,
1666.
POSTSCRIPT
.
I
had
forgot
to
mention
to
you
,
that
in
their
Gruffs
,
after
burning
,
(
when
they
meet
with
hard
Rocks
in
their
way
,
they
make
a
Fire
upon
them
,
that
they
may
dig
through
the
easier
)
they
find
it
very
dangerous
to
go
down
into
them
,
as
long
as
there
remains
any
Fire
or
Heat
in
any
Chinks
of
the
Rocks
.
Some
Days
ago
the
King
doing
me
the
Honour
to
discourse
with
me
about
the
Use
of
Baroscopes
,
was
pleased
to
say
,
among
other
remarkable
things
,
that
at
a
time
his
Majesty
then
named
,
he
went
from
Whitehall
about
six
in
the
Morning
,
towards
the
Mouth
of
the
River
,
attended
by
divers
of
the
Nobility
,
and
particularly
by
one
of
the
Lords
then
present
,
whom
his
Majesty
put
in
Mind
of
the
Adventure
;
and
then
he
added
,
that
though
the
Weather
were
exceeding
fair
,
and
likely
to
continue
so
,
insomuch
that
some
of
the
Courtiers
congratulated
to
his
Majesty
so
promising
a
Morning
;
yet
when
they
were
once
gone
too
far
to
return
,
he
told
them
he
thought
they
would
be
much
mistaken
,
and
that
they
were
to
prepare
for
a
Storm
;
which
Conjecture
his
Majesty
grounded
upon
his
having
,
unknown
to
the
Company
,
consulted
a
good
Baroscope
before
he
went
out
,
and
found
the
Mercury
in
it
to
have
suddenly
,
and
very
notably
subsided
.
And
accordingly
within
a
very
few
Hours
the
Event
verified
his
Majesty's
Prediction
,
a
sudden
Storm
driving
on
the
Yatch
he
was
in
,
for
divers
Leagues
,
at
a
very
unusual
rate
.
Nous
apprenons
de
ces
experiences
,
que
puisque
le
poids
de
l'
Air
et
le
poids
de
l'
eau
qui
est
dans
les
Pompes
se
tiennent
mutuellement
en
Equilibre
,
ils
pesent
precisement
autant
l'
un
que
l'
autre
;
&
qu'
ainsi
en
connoissant
la
hauteur
ou
l'
eau
s'
éleve
en
tous
les
lieux
du
monde
,
nous
connoissons
en
mesme
temps
combien
chacun
de
ces
lieux
est
pressé
par
le
poids
de
l'
Air
qui
est
au
dessus
d'
eux
;
et
partant
.
Que
les
lieux
,
qui
sont
au
bord
de
la
mer
,
sont
pressez
par
le
poids
de
l'
Air
,
qui
est
au
dessus
d'
eux
jusques
au
haut
de
sa
Sphere
,
autant
precisement
,
que
si
au
lieu
de
cét
Air
on
substituoit
une
colomne
d'
eau
de
la
hauteur
de
31
Pieds
deux
poulces
.
Ceux
qui
sont
plus
élevez
de
dix
toises
,
autant
que
s'
ils
portoient
de
l'
eau
de
la
hauteur
de
31
Pieds
un
poulce
.
Ceux
qui
sont
élevez
audessus
de
la
mer
de
500
Toises
,
autant
que
s'
ils
portoient
de
l'
eau
à
la
hauteur
de
26
Pieds
onze
poulces
:
&
ainsi
du
reste
.
Nous
apprenons
par
ces
experiences
que
l'
Air
qui
est
sur
le
niveau
de
la
mer
pese
autant
que
l'
eau
,
à
la
hauteur
de
31
Pieds
deux
poulces
;
mais
parce
que
l'
Air
pese
moins
sur
les
lieux
plus
élevez
que
sur
le
niveau
de
la
mer
;
et
qu'
ainsi
il
ne
pese
pas
sur
tous
les
Points
de
la
terre
egalement
,
&
mesine
qu'
il
pese
differemment
par
tout
,
on
ne
peut
pas
prendre
un
pied
fixe
,
qui
marque
combien
tous
les
lieux
du
monde
sont
Chargez
par
l'
Air
,
le
fort
portant
le
foible
;
mais
on
peut
en
prendre
un
par
conjecture
bien
approchant
du
juste
;
comme
par
exemple
,
on
peut
faire
estat
,
que
tous
les
lieux
de
la
terre
en
general
considerez
comme
s'
ils
estoient
également
chargez
d'
Air
,
le
fort
portant
le
foible
,
en
sont
autant
pressez
,
que
s'
ils
partoient
de
l'
eau
à
la
hauteur
de
31
Pieds
;
et
il
est
certain
qu'
il
n'
y
a
pas
un
demy
pied
d'
eau
d'
erreur
en
cette
Supposition
.
Or
nous
avons
veu
que
l'
Air
qui
est
au
dessus
des
montagnes
hautes
de
500.
toises
sur
le
niveau
de
la
mer
,
pese
autant
que
l'
eau
à
la
hauteur
de
26
Pieds
11
Poulces
.
Et
par
consequent
tout
l'
Air
qui
s'
étend
de
puis
le
niveau
de
la
mer
jusqu'
au
haut
des
montagnes
,
hautes
de
500
Toises
,
pese
autant
que
l'
eau
à
la
hauteur
de
4
Pieds
un
poulce
,
qui
estant
à
peu
prés
la
septiéme
partie
de
la
hauteur
entiere
;
il
est
visible
que
l'
Air
compris
depuis
la
mer
jusques
à
ces
montagnes
est
à
peu
pres
la
septiéme
partie
de
la
masse
entiere
de
l'
Air.
Nous
apprenons
de
ces
mesmes
Experiences
,
que
les
vapeurs
qui
sont
épaisses
dans
l'
Air
,
lors
qu'
il
en
est
le
plus
Chargé
,
pesent
autant
que
l'
eau
à
la
hauteur
d'
un
pied
huit
Poulces
;
puisque
pour
les
contrepeser
,
elles
font
housser
l'
eau
dans
les
Pompes
à
cette
hauteur
,
par
deffus
celle
ou
l'
eau
contrepesoit
déja
la
pesanteur
de
l'
Air
:
de
sorte
que
si
toutes
les
vapeurs
qui
sont
sur
une
contrée
estoient
reduites
en
eau
,
comme
il
arrive
quand
elles
se
changent
en
pluye
,
elles
ne
pourroient
produire
que
cette
hauteur
d'
un
pied
huit
poulces
d'
eau
sur
cette
contrée
.
Et
s'
il
arrive
par
fois
des
orages
ou
l'
eau
de
la
pluye
qui
tombe
vienne
à
une
plus
grande
hauteur
;
c'
est
parce
que
le
vent
y
porte
les
vapeurs
des
contrées
voisines
.
Nous
voyons
aussi
de
là
,
que
si
toute
la
Sphere
de
l'
Air
estoit
pressée
&
comprimée
contre
la
terre
par
une
Force
qui
la
poussant
par
le
haut
,
la
reduisist
en
bas
à
la
moindre
place
qu'
elle
puisse
occuper
,
&
qu'
elle
la
reduisist
comme
en
l'
eau
,
elle
auroit
alors
la
hauteur
de
31
Pieds
seulement
.
Et
par
consequent
qu'
il
faut
considerer
toute
la
masse
de
l'
Air
en
l'
estat
libre
ou
elle
est
,
de
la
mesme
sorte
que
si
elle
eust
este
autrefois
comme
une
masse
d'
eau
de
31
pieds
de
haut
á
l'
entour
de
toute
la
terre
,
qui
eust
esté
rarefiée
et
dilatée
extremement
,
et
convertie
en
cet
estat
ou
nous
l'
appellons
Air
,
auquel
elle
occupe
à
la
verite
plus
de
place
,
mais
auquel
elle
conserve
precisement
le
mesme
poids
que
l'
eau
à
31
pieds
de
haut
.
Et
comme
il
n'
y
auroit
rien
de
plus
aisé
que
de
supputer
combien
l'
eau
qui
environneroit
toute
la
terre
à
31
Pieds
de
haut
peseroit
de
livres
;
et
qu'
un
enfant
qui
scait
l'
Addition
et
la
Soustraction
le
pourroit
faire
;
on
trouveroit
par
le
mesme
moyen
combien
tout
l'
Air
de
la
Nature
pese
de
liures
,
puisque
c'
est
la
mesme
chose
;
et
si
on
en
fait
l'
épreuve
,
on
trouvera
qu'
il
pese
à
peu
prés
huit
Millions
de
Millions
de
Millions
de
Liures
.
I'
ay
voulu
avoir
ce
plaisir
,
et
j'
en
ay
fait
le
compte
en
cette
sorte
.
I'
ay
suppose
que
le
Diametre
d'
un
cercle
est
à
sa
circonference
,
comme
7
á
22.
I'
ay
suppose
que
le
Diametre
d'
une
Sphere
estant
multiplié
par
la
circonference
de
son
grand
cercle
,
le
produit
est
le
contenu
de
la
superficie
Spherique
.
Nous
Scavons
qu'
on
a
divise
le
tour
de
la
terre
en
360
degrez
cette
division
à
esté
voluntaire
,
car
on
l'
eust
divisée
en
plus
ou
moins
si
on
eust
voulu
,
aussi
bien
que
les
cercles
celestes
.
On
a
trouve
que
chacun
de
ces
degrez
contient
50000
toises
.
Les
lieues
autour
de
Paris
sont
de
2500
toises
;
et
par
consequent
il
y
a
20
lieues
au
degré
:
D'
autres
en
comptent
25
mais
aussi
ils
ne
mettent
que
2000
toises
à
la
lieue
;
ce
qui
revient
à
la
mesme
chose
.
Chaque
toise
a
6
pieds
.
Un
pied
Cube
d'
eau
pese
72
libres
.
Cela
posé
,
il
est
bien
aise
de
faire
la
supputation
qu'
on
cherche
.
Car
puisque
la
terre
a
pour
son
grand
cercle
,
ou
pour
sa
circonference
|
360
degrez
.
|
Elle
a
par
consequent
de
tour
|
7200
lieues
.
|
Et
par
la
proportion
de
la
Circonference
au
Diametre
aura
|
2291
lieues
.
|
Donc
en
multipliant
le
Diametre
de
la
terre
par
la
Circonference
de
son
grand
cercle
;
on
trouvera
qu'
elle
á
en
toute
sa
superficie
Spherique
|
1649200
lieues
quarrées
.
|
C'
est
à
dire
|
103
,
095
,
000
,
000
,
000
,
toises
quarr
.
|
C'
est
à
dire
|
3711
,
420
,
000
,
000
,
000
,
pieds
quarr
.
|
Et
parce
qu'
un
pied
cube
d'
eau
pese
72
livres
.
Ils
'
ensuit
qu'
un
prisme
d'
eau
d'
un
pied
quarre
de
base
,
et
de
31
pieds
de
haut
,
pese
2232
livres
.
Donc
si
la
terre
estoit
couverte
d'
eau
jusques
à
la
hauteur
de
31
pieds
;
il
y
auroit
autant
de
prismes
d'
eau
de
31
Pieds
de
haut
,
qu'
elle
a
de
pieds
quarrez
en
toute
sa
surface
.
(
Ie
scay
bien
que
ce
ne
seroient
pas
des
prismes
,
mais
des
secteurs
de
Sphere
;
et
je
neglige
exprés
cette
Precision
.
)
Et
partant
elle
porteroit
autant
de
2232
livres
d'
eau
,
qu'
elle
a
de
pieds
quarrez
en
toute
sa
surface
.
Donc
cette
masse
d'
eau
entiere
peseroit
.
8283
,
889
,
440
,
000
,
000
,
000
,
livres
.
Donc
toute
la
masse
entiere
de
la
Sphere
de
l'
Air
qui
est
au
monde
,
pese
ce
mesme
poids
de
8283.
889
,
440
,
000
,
000
,
000
,
livres
.
C'
est
à
dire
,
Huit
Millions
de
Millions
de-Millions
,
deux
cent
quatre
vingt
trois
mille
huit
cent
quatre
vingt
neuf
Millions
de
Millions
,
quatre
cent
quarente
mille
millions
de
livres
.
Mr.
Pascal
in
his
small
Tract
,
either
De
la
Pesanteur
de
l'
air
;
or
in
that
Del'
Equilibre
des
liqueurs
.
De
caetero
,
feci
haud
ita
pridem
experimentum
ponderandi
aeris
,
quod
pulchrè
successit
;
nam
sumptâ
vitreâ
lagenâ
,
valde
levi
et
ad
lampadem
sufflatâ
,
ejus
figurae
,
qualem
hic
excusam
vides
,
magnitudine
parvae
pilae
quales
habentur
in
sphaeristeriis
,
non
habente
nisi
minimam
quandam
aperturam
per
quam
immittatur
pilus
in
extremitate
orificii
sui
B.
ponderavi
eam
in
bilance
valde
exacta
,
&
frigida
pondus
habuit
78
granorum
cum
dimidio
:
Postea
calefeci
eam
carbonibus
impositam
,
&
reposui
in
bilaneem
eo
situ
quo
hic
descriptum
vidos
,
nimirum
orificio
in
imum
verso
,
&
deprehendi
eam
vix
habere
pondus
78
granorum
,
tum
immergendo
orificium
in
aquam
,
refrigescere
feci
,
&
dum
aer
se
condensat
pro
modo
quo
refrigescit
lagena
,
intravit
tantundem
aquae
quantum
aeris
calor
antea
expulerat
;
denique
ponderans
eam
cum
omniilla
aqua
deprehendi
eam
habere
pondus
72
granorum
&
dimidii
plus
quam
antea
:
unde
concludo
aerem
qui
per
ignem
expulsus
erat
,
se
habere
ad
aquam
quae
in
locum
suum
regressa
erat
uti
½
se
habet
ad
72½
,
aut
uti
se
habet
1.
ad
145.
sed
potui
in
eo
errasse
difficile
quippe
est
in
ea
re
omnino
exactum
esse
;
Id
saltem
certò
scio
,
quòd
pondus
aeris
hoc
modo
fit
sensibile
,
&
prolixe
hic
deduxi
processum
meum
,
ut
si
te
eadem
curiositas
incessat
,
possis
id
eodem
modo
perficere
experimentum
.
Vale.
TITLE
XVIII
.
Of
the
Consistency
of
the
Air
;
its
Rarity
,
Density
,
Fluidity
,
Subtilty
.
A
Thin
but
large
Bladder
,
wherein
there
was
about
the
third
part
of
the
Air
it
was
capable
of
containing
,
being
strongly
tied
at
the
Neck
,
and
at
the
opposite
Part
suspended
and
clog'd
at
the
bottom
,
with
a
Weight
of
14
Pound
;
so
that
it
rested
on
the
Floor
,
which
sustained
it
;
the
Strings
that
tied
the
Bladder
were
well
stretch'd
before
,
and
could
not
shrink
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
without
drawing
up
the
Weight
.
Then
two
Fire-shovels
,
with
small
Coals
and
Ashes
were
applied
at
a
convenient
Distance
,
and
kept
moving
to
warm
and
rarify
the
included
Air
,
without
cracking
the
Bladder
,
by
which
means
after
some
of
the
Wrinckles
of
the
Bladder
had
been
displayed
,
not
without
Noise
,
the
Air
being
expanded
,
and
consequently
the
Bladder
a
little
swell'd
,
and
the
whole
String
shorten'd
,
the
Weight
was
raised
and
made
to
swing
like
a
Pendulum
.
The
same
Experiment
being
tried
two
or
three
times
with
a
quarter
of
an
Hundred
,
succeeded
not
,
though
with
larger
Bladders
,
the
Heat
still
either
breaking
the
Bladder
with
Noise
,
or
occasioning
some
little
Leak
which
hinder'd
the
desir'd
Success
,
though
once
we
came
so
very
near
it
,
that
't
is
scarce
to
be
doubted
,
that
if
we
had
had
good
Accommodations
,
it
would
have
succeeded
well
,
and
that
perhaps
if
the
Weight
had
been
greater
.
To
try
whether
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Air
would
dive
into
a
Liquor
that
was
exposed
but
to
the
ordinary
Pressure
of
the
free
Air
or
Atmosphere
.
We
cover'd
the
bottom
of
a
Cylindrical
Vial
with
Filings
of
Copper
,
and
then
pour'd
on
it
an
urinous
Spirit
,
to
the
Height
of
about
three
Fingers
breadth
,
and
on
this
Liquor
we
poured
Oil
of
Almonds
to
the
Thickness
of
a
Crown
Piece
of
Silver
,
or
that
of
about
the
fifth
part
of
an
Inch
;
then
we
stopp'd
the
Vial
well
,
and
left
it
in
a
quiet
Place
for
several
Days
.
The
Event
was
such
as
we
expected
,
namely
,
that
the
urinous
Liquor
did
first
acquire
,
and
then
lose
a
blew
Tincture
,
both
were
done
but
slowly
.
And
when
the
Colour
was
pretty
well
lost
(
for
the
Liquor
was
not
clear
,
but
somewhat
troubled
)
we
took
out
the
Cork
,
and
kept
the
Vial
unstopp'd
for
one
Minute
of
an
Hour
,
and
then
stopp'd
it
again
;
that
in
that
short
time
the
upper
Part
of
the
urinous
Spirit
began
to
be
ting'd
with
Blew
,
and
within
an
Hour
,
though
the
Vessel
were
all
the
while
kept
stopp'd
,
the
Sky-Colour
reach'd
to
the
lower
part
of
the
Liquor
,
which
at
this
time
is
wholly
and
deeply
of
that
Colour
,
the
Oil
that
swims
above
it
being
clear
.
TITLE
XIX
.
Of
the
Heat
and
Coldness
of
the
Air.
THough
the
Peripatetick
Doctrine
about
the
Limits
and
Temperaments
of
the
three
Regions
,
into
which
they
divide
the
Air
,
hath
been
so
plausibly
proposed
,
that
it
has
been
readily
entertained
,
not
only
by
the
Aristotelian
Schools
,
but
by
the
Generality
of
Philosophers
,
as
well
modern
as
ancient
:
yet
since
I
think
it
becomes
a
Naturalist
to
consider
,
not
so
much
how
easy
a
Doctrine
is
,
by
reason
of
its
Concinnity
,
to
be
remembred
or
supposed
,
as
how
strongly
't
is
to
be
proved
.
I
must
not
dissemble
,
that
as
to
this
vulgar
Theory
,
I
think
it
fitter
we
should
wish
it
to
be
true
,
than
that
we
should
believe
it
is
so
:
for
I
confess
,
that
upon
the
best
Informations
I
have
been
able
to
procure
from
Travellers
by
Land
and
Sea
,
or
from
Writers
that
relate
rather
what
they
have
observed
,
than
what
they
have
been
taught
,
I
have
been
much
tempted
to
question
the
received
Doctrine
of
the
Schools
,
about
the
Regions
of
the
Air.
And
that
you
may
judg
,
whether
or
no
my
Thoughts
be
rational
,
the
ensuing
Discourse
shall
acquaint
you
with
several
of
the
Particulars
on
which
they
are
grounded
.
What
I
have
in
other
Papers
written
concerning
Cold
,
does
not
only
make
it
less
proper
for
me
to
treat
of
it
indefinitely
in
this
Place
,
but
would
make
it
difficult
for
me
to
say
much
on
this
Subject
without
Repetition
.
And
it
were
perhaps
fittest
for
me
to
say
nothing
on
an
occasion
wherein
I
have
left
my self
little
to
say
that
is
new
and
pertinent
;
but
yet
since
this
Title
promises
not
any
thing
about
Cold
in
general
,
but
only
some
less
heeded
Particulars
,
relating
to
the
Coldness
of
the
Air
:
That
I
may
not
leave
it
wholly
unfurnished
,
I
will
refer
to
it
a
few
Instances
that
ensue
.
The
Physician
,
elsewhere
mentioned
,
that
was
lately
at
Morocco
,
answered
me
,
that
notwithstanding
the
excessive
Heat
that
reign'd
there
in
the
Day-time
,
he
felt
the
Night
very
cold
,
and
so
he
did
the
mountanous
Air
in
those
Parts
.
An
intelligent
Gentleman
that
stay'd
a
Year
in
Guinea
,
and
spent
part
of
that
time
in
the
Land
,
answer'd
me
,
that
notwithstanding
the
excessive
Heat
of
the
Climate
,
he
was
divers
times
about
four
of
the
Clock
in
the
Morning
,
reduced
to
be
ready
to
tremble
for
Cold
,
as
he
lay
in
his
Hammock
,
for
about
an
Hour
together
.
A
learned
Man
that
lived
at
Jamaica
,
assured
me
,
that
when
he
laid
in
his
Hammock
,
about
three
or
four
Foot
from
the
Ground
,
though
he
had
much
Clothes
under
him
,
and
little
or
none
over
him
,
he
felt
it
cold
beneath
,
and
hot
above
.
'T
is
obvious
to
every
Man's
Sense
or
Observation
;
that
the
greater
Heat
that
is
usually
found
in
our
Air
,
during
the
Summer
,
than
in
other
Seasons
of
the
Year
,
has
manifest
Effects
upon
such
easily
agitable
Bodies
as
Liquors
,
and
upon
the
Juices
and
Flesh
of
Animals
,
and
the
softer
Parts
of
Vegetables
.
But
that
even
in
Places
shelter'd
from
the
Sun-beams
,
the
Warmth
of
a
temperate
Summer
should
be
able
sensibly
to
rarify
and
expand
so
cold
and
compact
a
Body
,
as
Glass
it self
,
would
not
be
easily
suspected
or
believed
.
And
yet
that
this
is
one
of
the
Effects
of
the
Temperature
of
the
Air
in
Summer
,
seems
very
probable
by
this
Experiment
,
that
having
two
large
factitious
Crystal
Viols
,
caused
some
Stopples
of
the
same
Matter
to
be
exquisitely
ground
,
and
fitted
this
or
that
Vessel
,
exactly
closed
when
the
Stopple
was
in
it
,
was
very
easy
to
be
opened
in
Winter
,
and
in
the
colder
Parts
of
the
Neighbouring
Seasons
;
but
in
Summer
't
was
oftentimes
so
difficult
to
unstop
the
same
Vessel
,
that
a
Man's
Force
,
though
assisted
with
a
String
,
was
not
able
to
pull
out
the
Stopple
:
To
that
I
was
often
reduced
to
cause
the
Necks
of
the
Vials
to
be
held
under
a
Pump
,
or
to
be
stirred
to
and
fro
in
a
Vessel
full
of
Water
,
that
the
Coldness
of
that
Liquor
might
take
off
the
Expansion
that
the
Heat
of
the
Season
had
given
the
Glass
,
which
being
by
this
means
made
to
shrink
into
its
former
Dimensions
,
the
Vial
and
Stopple
would
be
easily
enough
disjoined
.
This
was
tried
in
several
Vessels
,
and
in
more
than
one
Year
.
But
to
make
this
Experiment
successful
,
two
Parts
must
at
first
have
been
exquisitly
adjusted
to
one
another
,
which
in
those
Glasses
,
with
Stopples
of
the
same
Matter
that
are
commonly
sold
,
they
are
not
usually
found
to
be
.
We
are
wont
to
attribute
the
Effects
we
feel
of
the
Summers
Heat
,
to
the
bare
Warmth
of
the
Air
,
and
to
the
Agitations
that
such
Warmth
produces
in
the
Parts
of
our
Bodies
,
especially
in
the
Blood
,
Juices
and
Spirits
,
whereas
it
may
very
well
happen
,
that
we
may
find
odd
Changes
in
our selves
,
upon
very
hot
Weather
,
which
proceed
not
from
the
Heat
of
the
Air
,
as
such
,
but
rather
from
this
Cause
,
that
by
such
a
Degree
of
Heat
,
divers
Bodies
that
we
think
not
of
,
may
be
solicited
to
send
forth
Effluvia
that
have
emitted
none
by
Force
,
or
at
least
no
such
Quantity
as
could
make
them
sensibly
operative
.
And
these
Effluvia
may
be
the
true
and
immediate
Causes
of
divers
Effects
that
are
unwarily
ascribed
to
the
mere
Heat
of
the
Air
,
and
that
which
it
produces
in
our
Bodies
.
To
illustrate
and
confirm
this
Conjecture
,
I
shall
propose
the
following
Experiment
.
Being
in
the
Heat
of
Summer
in
the
Country
,
I
took
a
some-what
large
Piece
of
fine
Amber
,
that
I
usually
imployed
about
Electrical
Experiments
;
and
when
the
Sun
had
reach'd
a
considerable
Height
above
the
Horizon
,
I
placed
it
in
a
shaded
Part
of
a
Window
,
on
which
he
shined
freely
,
though
I
left
the
Amber
here
for
a
competent
time
,
yet
I
could
not
find
that
it
would
draw
a
Piece
of
Straw
,
Feather
,
or
other
light
Body
,
that
at
a
convenient
Distance
was
held
to
it
.
But
when
I
removed
it
a
very
little
further
into
a
Part
of
the
Window
,
into
which
the
Sun-beams
fell
freely
,
they
quickly
put
its
Parts
into
such
an
Agitation
as
made
it
emit
Electrical
Effluvia
,
and
readily
attract
those
light
Bodies
that
would
not
stir
before
,
and
which
it
would
soon
,
though
not
immediately
,
lose
the
Power
of
drawing
,
as
before
,
if
it
were
removed
back
into
the
neighbouring
shaded
part
of
the
Window
.
May
26.
Mr.
Nickson
,
who
was
four
Years
Governour
of
the
English
Colony
in
Hudsons-Bay
,
answered
me
,
that
when
they
sail'd
within
a
certain
Distance
of
floating
Islands
of
Ice
,
if
the
Wind
blew
from
thence
toward
the
Ship
,
or
as
the
Seamen
speak
,
if
they
were
to
the
Leeward
of
the
Ice
,
they
could
by
the
new
and
sensible
Cold
they
felt
,
know
that
such
Ice
lay
to
Windward
of
them
,
sometimes
even
before
they
were
able
to
discover
it
by
Sight
.
And
when
I
further
asked
,
at
what
Distance
that
might
be
,
he
answered
,
that
't
was
sometimes
twelve
or
fifteen
Miles
,
if
not
twenty
.
He
added
,
that
usually
when
the
Wind
blew
from
those
great
Masses
of
congealed
Water
,
it
brought
along
with
it
a
foggy
Air
,
which
he
supposed
to
come
(
as
well
as
the
Cold
)
from
the
Ice
.
The
same
Gentleman
,
answer'd
me
,
that
in
that
Part
of
Hudsons-Bay
wherein
he
winter'd
,
the
Rivers
began
to
freeze
about
the
latter
end
of
October
,
or
beginning
of
November
,
and
usually
were
not
free
from
Ice
till
about
the
middle
or
latter
end
of
May
,
though
he
divers
times
took
the
Latitude
of
Charleton
Island
,
the
Place
most
frequented
by
the
English
,
and
seated
at
the
bottom
of
the
Bay
,
and
found
it
to
be
near
the
same
with
that
of
London
,
and
at
most
but
about
52
Degrees
.
When
I
inquired
about
the
Depth
of
the
Ice
in
the
Rivers
,
he
answered
,
that
they
had
often
occasion
to
observe
it
;
for
in
the
Winter
they
made
their
Wells
there
,
(
not
in
the
Ground
)
and
were
obliged
to
dig
about
six
Foot
deep
in
the
Ice
,
before
they
could
come
at
unfrozen
Water
.
He
answered
me
,
that
when
they
sent
their
Men
up
into
the
Country
,
their
Bottles
of
Brandy
would
oftentimes
so
freeze
,
that
about
a
fourth
Part
of
it
would
be
turned
into
Ice
.
And
when
I
asked
,
whether
the
unfrozen
Part
of
the
Liquor
was
not
exceeding
strong
,
he
answered
me
,
that
it
was
,
and
sometimes
so
much
so
,
as
to
be
too
fiery
and
unpleasant
to
the
Taste
.
He
answered
me
,
that
he
always
found
the
Ice
fresh
that
floated
upon
the
Sea-Water
;
and
that
when
they
wanted
fresh
Water
,
or
had
a
Mind
to
spare
what
they
had
aboard
,
they
often
supplied
themselves
out
of
the
Cavities
of
great
floating
Masses
of
Ice
;
in
which
hollow
Places
the
Sun-Beams
thawing
some
Parts
of
the
Ice
,
they
frequently
found
store
of
Liquor
that
was
produced
by
the
Action
of
the
Sun-Beams
upon
the
superior
Parts
of
the
Ice
,
whence
the
Water
ran
into
these
Cavities
.
He
added
,
that
when
the
Seamen
were
in
haste
,
they
used
to
relieve
themselves
by
cutting
or
breaking
off
Pieces
of
the
floating
Ice
,
and
presently
melting
it
in
their
Pots
.
A
learned
Traveller
,
that
made
some
considerable
stay
among
the
high
Pyrenean
Mountains
,
answer'd
me
,
amongst
other
notable
things
,
about
which
I
made
Inquiry
,
that
he
had
several
times
observed
at
the
Top
of
one
or
other
of
those
tall
Hills
,
that
the
Air
would
be
very
hot
,
and
that
yet
the
same
Day
,
and
perhaps
within
very
few
Hours
,
the
Place
would
be
cover'd
with
Snow
,
though
it
were
then
Summer-time
.
Doctor
N.
answered
me
,
that
the
Winds
he
felt
at
Morocco
were
so
very
hot
,
that
they
were
ready
to
stifle
him
,
seeming
to
him
like
the
Steams
and
Smoak
coming
out
of
the
Mouth
of
an
Oven
.
The
Russian
Emperor's
Physician
confirmed
to
me
,
that
at
Arch-angel
(
where
he
was
more
than
once
)
they
averr'd
to
him
,
that
in
Winter-time
a
Northerly
Wind
(
which
comes
from
the
Sea
)
produces
a
kind
of
Thaw
,
so
as
to
make
the
Eves
drop
,
though
a
North-East
Wind
rather
confirms
the
Frost
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
a
Southerly
Wind
blows
over
a
thousand
or
a
hundred
Mile
of
frozen
Land
,
does
rather
increase
the
Frost
than
bring
the
Thaw
.
A
very
inquisitive
Person
that
visited
the
lofty
Pyrenean
Mountains
,
answered
me
,
that
he
and
his
Company
had
more
than
once
observed
,
from
the
Top
or
higher
Part
of
one
of
those
Hills
,
that
though
it
were
fair
Weather
there
,
yet
a
great
way
beneath
them
,
the
Hill
was
surrounded
with
thick
Clouds
,
which
produced
Storms
of
Rain
on
the
lower
Grounds
:
and
that
(
which
was
the
chief
Point
,
I
inquired
after
)
they
could
manifestly
see
,
that
out
of
those
Clouds
,
when
it
thunder'd
,
Lightnings
flash'd
upwards
,
as
well
as
they
are
generally
observ'd
to
do
it
downward
.
October
19.
Doctor
Stubbs
assured
me
,
that
having
at
Jamaica
taken
a
Bolt-head
about
two
Foot
and
a
half
in
length
,
he
usually
found
that
betwixt
7
and
8
in
the
Morning
,
which
they
there
call
the
faint
time
(
of
the
Day
)
because
for
want
of
the
daily
Breezes
,
the
excessive
Heat
makes
them
to
faint
away
;
the
Water
was
wont
to
rise
in
the
Neck
but
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
and
a
half
,
though
at
that
time
by
reason
of
the
Winds
,
Men
found
the
Heat
very
supportable
:
and
after
Noon
was
past
,
the
Water
would
subside
by
Degrees
till
towards
the
above-mention'd
time
the
next
Morning
.
This
happened
in
a
South
Window
,
where
the
fresh
Winds
come
fully
and
freely
in
to
beat
upon
the
Bolt-head
,
without
any
Glass
to
skreen
the
Vessel
from
the
Wind.
He
added
,
that
though
the
Bolt-head
were
not
stopped
,
yet
the
Water
did
not
even
in
that
hot
Country
decrease
sensibly
in
eight
or
ten
Months
.
A
heedful
Person
that
frequented
the
Coast
of
Sumatra
in
the
South-Sea
,
answered
me
,
that
he
never
observed
Ice
or
Frost
,
or
Snow
,
in
that
great
Island
,
but
that
he
had
known
Hail
fall
even
in
that
torrid
Climate
.
Though
the
famous
Island
of
Ceylon
lies
almost
in
the
midst
of
the
torrid
Zone
,
namely
,
between
the
6th
and
10th
Degrees
of
Northern
Latitude
,
yet
an
observing
Man
that
lived
many
Years
upon
it
,
told
me
,
that
in
Hills
not
so
high
,
but
that
we
might
easily
ascend
to
the
Top
in
half
an
Hour
,
the
Inequality
of
the
Air
's
Temperature
,
as
to
Heat
and
Cold
,
was
very
great
:
for
he
had
divers
times
observed
in
himself
and
others
,
that
though
at
the
bottom
of
the
Hill
the
Heat
was
so
great
,
as
to
oblige
them
to
go
almost
stark
naked
,
yet
when
they
ascended
the
Hill
,
they
found
the
Air
quite
alter'd
;
and
as
they
went
up
higher
and
higher
,
the
Cold
increased
upon
them
;
so
that
notwithstanding
the
Heat
,
so
uneasy
a
Motion
as
Climbing
,
had
given
them
,
the
Coldness
of
the
Air
obliged
them
to
put
on
unusually
warm
Clothes
;
and
at
the
Top
of
the
Hill
they
would
for
all
that
be
ready
to
quake
for
Cold.
Captain
Knox
answered
me
,
that
in
18
Years
that
he
spent
in
the
Inland
of
Ceylon
,
he
never
observ'd
any
Ice
or
Snow
,
nor
any
more
than
a
little
kind
of
Meteor
that
was
between
Dew
and
hoar
Frost
,
which
sometimes
in
Winter-Mornings
appeared
very
oddly
,
but
quickly
vanished
.
And
when
I
asked
if
he
had
not
seen
Hail
it self
;
he
answered
,
that
he
never
saw
it
but
once
,
but
the
Inhabitants
look'd
upon
it
as
a
wonderful
thing
,
unseen
by
them
before
,
that
the
Hail
was
as
large
as
a
black
Cherry
,
but
not
very
round
,
and
seem'd
to
have
the
Corners
melted
,
which
made
him
think
it
had
been
form'd
high
in
the
Air
;
that
for
fear
of
mistaking
,
he
not
only
gather'd
some
of
it
,
but
champ'd
it
between
his
Teeth
,
and
found
it
cold
and
hard
,
like
our
European
Hail
;
and
that
he
was
fain
to
be
nimble
in
making
his
Trials
,
because
when
the
Hail
came
to
touch
the
Ground
,
it
would
melt
away
much
more
suddenly
than
one
would
have
expected
.
Gregory
being
ask'd
,
upon
a
very
sultry
Day
,
whether
it
were
not
very
hot
in
Germany
,
made
Answer
,
To
Day
has
been
something
hot
:
Such
is
the
Winter
in
Suaquena
.
Ludolf
.
Hist
of
Ethiop
.
l.
1.
c.
5.
The
Heat
of
the
Island
Suaquena
,
Gregory
used
to
call
Ludolp
.
Hist.
of
Ethiop
.
l.
1.
c.
5.
Infernal
:
For
,
says
he
,
it
excoriates
the
Skin
;
melts
hard
Indian
Wax
in
a
Cabinet
,
and
sears
your
Shooes
like
a
red
hot
Iron
.
The
higher
you
ascend
the
Mountains
of
Ethiopia
Ludolp
.
Hist.
of
Ethiop
.
l.
1.
c.
5.
from
the
Coast
of
the
red
Sea
,
the
more
temperate
you
shall
feel
the
Air
,
insomuch
,
that
as
Tellezius
witnesses
,
in
many
Regions
of
Ethiopia
the
Summer
.
Heats
are
more
mild
than
in
Portugal
,
so
many
Degrees
distant
toward
the
North
;
nay
there
are
some
Mountainous
Countries
,
as
in
Samen
,
where
the
Cold
is
more
dreaded
than
the
Heat
.
Nevertheless
there
falls
none
or
very
little
Snow
in
these
Parts
,
only
a
certain
small
sort
of
Hail
sometimes
covers
the
Ground
,
which
at
a
Distance
looks
like
Snow
.
An
intelligent
Person
,
that
was
for
many
Years
Consul
of
the
English
Nation
at
Tripoli
in
Barbary
;
being
asked
some
Questions
about
the
Air
,
and
the
Winds
in
those
Parts
,
answered
me
,
that
when
in
Summer-time
the
Wind
blew
over
the
great
Sandy
Deserts
that
reach
very
far
into
the
Country
,
the
Wind
,
and
the
Sand
it
brought
along
with
it
,
oftentimes
felt
as
hot
as
the
Steams
that
come
out
of
an
Oven
when
the
Mouth
is
opened
,
insomuch
that
he
could
not
,
without
great
Inconvenience
,
turn
his
Face
towards
the
Quarter
whence
the
Wind
blew
.
An
ingenious
Gentleman
,
that
was
imployed
in
the
French
Colony
,
on
the
Coast
of
Africk
,
and
liv'd
in
those
Parts
about
five
Years
,
answered
me
,
that
in
the
Island
of
St.
Lovis
,
or
near
it
,
at
a
certain
Season
of
the
Year
,
when
the
hot
Winds
blew
from
the
Continent
,
the
Sand
on
the
Shores
would
be
so
scorching
hot
,
that
he
was
not
able
to
stand
upon
it
,
but
it
would
,
through
the
Soles
of
his
Shooes
,
scorch
his
Feet
,
unless
he
walked
very
fast
.
And
then
the
Air
seem'd
to
him
to
be
thick
,
and
as
he
expressed
it
,
heavy
and
hot
,
as
if
it
came
out
of
an
Oven
.
And
when
the
Wind
blew
from
a
Wood
,
where
divers
Elephants
and
other
wild
Beasts
lay
dead
;
the
Steams
of
their
Carcasses
would
make
the
Air
so
stinking
and
offensive
,
that
is
was
scarce
supportable
.
In
summo
ejus
montis
,
Idae
sc.
fastigio
sacellum
est
quod
aedificiolo
duntaxat
constat
saxis
sibi
invicem
impositis
&
sine
calce
cohaerentibus
fornicis
in
modum
constructo
,
ad
tectum
prebendum
.
Sublimi
adeo
loco
est
,
&
à
vehementioribus
ventis
interdum
ita
perflato
,
ut
lapilli
inde
transferantur
.
Paulo
infra
id
sacellum
Petri
Bellonii
,
lib.
1.
cap.
16.
planities
conspicitur
montibus
undique
cincta
,
in
quâ
multa
sunt
pascua
,
ubi
Arietes
&
Caprae
Cretenses
aestate
pinguescunt
.
Si
quis
ex
summo
montis
vertice
undique
prospiciat
parum
aberit
,
quin
totius
Insulae
ambitum
videat
cum
aliis
vicinis
Insulis
,
Miso
,
Cerigo
,
sive
Cytherareliquisque
Archipelagi
.
Aeris
intemperies
in
hoc
monte
adeo
magna
est
quemadmodum
ut
in
caeteris
praecelsis
montibus
,
ut
in
ipsis
Caniculae
ardoribus
meridie
,
nullo
etiam
spirante
vento
,
ingens
sentiatur
frigus
:
qua
de
causa
nec
hyeme
,
nec
aestare
quisquam
eum
incolit
.
Nam
licet
pastores
interdiu
ovium
greges
ad
pascua
agunt
noctu
tamen
in
valles
se
recipiunt
.
In
the
next
Chapter
.
Latè
porro
patet
hic
mons
ejusque
radices
utrinque
maris
littora
,
ut
ante
diximus
attingunt
;
nam
licet
urbi
Candiae
sunt
vicinae
,
meditullium
tamen
insulae
occupat
ipse
mons
,
adeo
in
sublime
evectus
,
ut
nives
ejus
verticem
perpetuo
tegant
;
tamque
frigida
aura
mediis
etiam
aestatis
ardoribus
isthic
est
ut
vix
ferri
queat
:
tametsi
in
convallibus
magnus
sit
aestus
.
Contigit
id
meae
experientiae
,
quod
etiam
aliis
contigisse
Jacobi
Zaharelli
de
Regionibus
Aeris
,
c.
8.
audivi
,
ut
ascenderem
ad
summitatem
usque
montis
Veneris
,
qui
omuium
in
Patavino
agro
altissimus
est
,
ibi
per
totum
diem
habui
aerem
serenissimum
,
sed
infra
circiter
medium
montis
vidi
nubes
,
quae
me
visione
vallium
prohibebant
,
vesperi
autem
postquam
de
illo
monte
descendi
,
inveni
factam
eo
die
infera
parte
magnam
pluviam
cum
in
montis
cacumine
nihil
pluisset
;
ex
eo
intellexi
me
transiisse
per
mediam
aeris
regionem
,
in
qua
est
facta
pluvia
,
nec
tamen
eam
sensi
frigidissimam
,
imò
vix
aliquam
animadverti
differentiam
frigidioris
&
calidioris
aeris
,
nam
aestivum
tempus
erat
,
pro
aestivo
tempore
eram
vestitus
,
nec
tamen
tantum
frigoris
,
quod
me
laederet
,
ex
eo
loco
percepi
,
pars
igitur
illa
non
est
absolutè
frigida
,
sed
solùm
comparatione
inferi
,
aeris
calidioris
.
Idem
de
Alpibus
proprio
exemplo
edoctus
testatum
reliquit
Bartholinus
Syst.
Phys.
Instit.
Succinct
.
de
Terra
,
Aere
&
Igne
,
C.
4.
Resp.
1.
Doctor
B.
answered
me
,
that
being
at
and
near
Morocco
,
he
could
see
Mount-Atlas
cover'd
with
Snow
,
though
it
was
then
in
the
Heat
of
Summer
,
and
excessively
hot
where
he
was
.
An
intelligent
Traveller
that
had
visited
some
high
Mountains
,
and
particularly
the
Alpes
,
and
the
Pico
of
Teneriffe
,
answered
me
concerning
this
prodigious
Hill
,
that
he
found
it
very
cold
in
ascending
towards
the
Top
;
and
that
as
for
the
Mount
Cenes
,
one
of
the
famousest
of
the
Alpes
,
when
he
passed
over
it
into
Italy
,
though
it
were
in
August
,
and
the
Weather
very
clear
,
yet
he
felt
at
the
Top
a
Wind
so
cold
,
that
he
could
scarce
possibly
indure
it
,
and
seem'd
to
him
the
coldest
that
in
all
his
various
Travels
he
had
ever
felt
;
and
yet
some
of
the
Mountains
seemed
much
higher
,
being
then
covered
with
Snow
.
An
intelligent
Gentleman
that
had
been
a
Traveller
into
the
East-Indies
,
told
me
,
that
he
never
saw
nor
heard
of
any
Snow
or
Ice
in
Guinea
,
but
that
in
some
Parts
of
Barbary
,
where
in
the
Plains
and
Vallies
he
found
the
Heat
scorch
insupportable
,
he
could
see
the
Top
of
the
Mountains
covered
with
Snow
,
in
which
State
they
continued
all
the
Year
.
A
Man
of
Letters
that
lived
in
many
Countries
of
the
East-Indies
,
being
ask'd
by
me
divers
Questions
,
partly
about
other
things
,
and
partly
about
the
Temperature
of
the
Air
in
several
Regions
,
gave
me
among
other
Answers
,
this
,
That
on
the
high
Mountain
in
the
Island
of
Ceylon
,
notwithstanding
the
Heat
of
the
Country
,
there
was
Snow
;
and
the
like
he
saw
on
the
tops
of
the
Mountains
of
Congo
,
though
in
the
lower
Parts
of
the
Country
they
never
have
,
that
he
heard
of
,
either
Ice
,
Snow
or
Hail
.
About
Mid-summer
,
1688
,
I
placed
in
the
Cave
a
Glass
,
with
Spirits
,
which
stood
above
temperate
,
about
½
of
one
of
the
small
Divisions
:
Another
Glass
placed
without
,
in
a
common
Room
,
stood
at
hot
.
The
Christmass
following
,
I
placed
the
same
Glasses
in
the
same
Places
,
and
the
Glass
in
the
Cave
stood
as
before
,
about
temperate
,
that
without
stood
at
Frost
.
The
Cave
is
cut
into
the
bottom
of
a
Clift
that
fronts
to
the
Sea
,
the
Earth
is
about
80
Foot
above
it
,
and
it
is
cut
right
in
about
130
Foot
.
The
other
Day
two
Gentlemen
belonging
to
the
Province
of
New-Hampshire
in
New-England
,
(
whence
they
came
not
long
since
)
and
imployed
by
that
Colony
to
his
Majesty
here
,
answer'd
me
,
that
in
the
Winter
the
coldest
Wind
that
blows
in
their
Country
,
is
the
North-West
;
and
being
ask'd
again
,
what
was
their
hottest
Wind
in
Summer
,
they
told
me
,
it
was
likewise
the
North-West
.
At
which
Answer
being
surprized
,
I
ask'd
them
,
whether
they
could
give
any
Reason
of
so
odd
a
Phenomenon
.
Whereto
they
answered
,
that
they
ascribed
it
to
the
large
Tract
of
the
Continent
,
and
the
great
Woods
that
lay
to
the
North-West
;
which
Woods
,
they
said
,
in
the
Winter
had
their
Branches
,
through
which
the
Wind
past
,
all
laden
with
Snow
:
And
in
the
Summer
,
they
said
,
the
close
Air
of
the
Vallies
,
and
the
thick
Steams
that
fill'd
it
,
would
conceive
so
intense
an
Heat
,
that
sometimes
in
the
Heat
of
Summer
,
when
a
sudden
Puff
of
Wind
blew
upon
their
Faces
from
those
sultry
Vales
,
it
seem'd
to
them
as
if
it
came
out
of
the
Mouth
of
a
Furnace
,
and
would
be
ready
to
overcome
them
with
the
Faintness
produced
by
the
Heat
and
Vapours
it
brought
along
with
it
.
De
montibus
ad
Bavariam
stantibus
mira
est
Alberti
Balbini
Hist.
Bohem.
l.
1.
c.
9.
De
montibus
,
&
de
valle
Lauezka
,
p.
29.
Chanowsky
in
vestigio
Boh.
piae
,
C.
ult.
Montes
parte
alterâ
aestatem
,
altera
hiemem
referentes
.
Chanow
●●
nostri
narratio
:
post
Bergreichensteinam
(
oppidum
fodinis
hodie
quae
nobile
)
esse
montes
non
tam
situ
(
alii
enim
ad
septentrionem
,
alii
ad
meridiem
latus
obvertunt
)
quam
Coelo
&
temporibus
adversantes
,
callibus
latissimis
montes
illos
dirimentibus
;
monstri
instar
est
(
quod
se
vidisse
,
&
Anno
1639
,
in
rem
praesentem
venisse
religiosissimus
ille
&
Apostolicus
vir
asserit
)
in
altero
monte
saepius
aestatem
,
in
altero
apposito
hiemem
dominari
,
ita
ille
siccus
aestivat
,
hic
altissimis
nivibus
obsitus
à
viatore
superari
non
potest
;
ob
eamque
causam
Messes
ipsae
variant
,
&
dum
in
montibus
ad
nos
obversis
demessa
sunt
omnia
,
altera
Montium
parte
seges
virescit
:
Mirius
illud
quod
in
Biessinensibus
&
Czachroviensibus
Id.
ibid.
Agris
in
tractu
Plsnensi
,
contiguis
,
quos
unus
tantum
sulcus
dirimit
ac
dividit
,
deprehenditur
:
Czachrovienses
adhuc
hibernant
,
cum
in
Biessinensi
Coelum
ardeat
,
ibi
caput
attollit
humo
●●●●mentum
,
cum
Czachroviiadolescit
in
culmum
;
elemento
quoque
dispari
,
illud
riget
,
hoc
tepet
&
fervet
,
eâque
ex
causâ
,
dum
Czachrovienses
bene
pelliti
ingrediuntur
,
Biessinenses
pellibus
onerari
se
sentiunt
,
villosque
deponunt
.
Aliquid
tale
Anno
1652.
mihi
quoque
accidisse
memini
:
nam
cum
Glacio
Zambergam
in
Bohemia
contenderem
,
&
Glacio
ob
nives
altissimas
certum
vehiculi
genus
,
quod
trabas
dicimus
,
sumpsissem
,
superatis
montibus
,
qui
comitatum
Glacensem
à
Bohemia
dividunt
,
subitò
alia
rerum
facies
apparuit
:
altero
enim
montium
latere
viridia
omnia
reperimus
,
sic
ut
Trahae
nulli
jam
rei
&
usui
essent
,
&
currum
petere
cogeremur
,
nisi
in
luto
natare
placuisset
;
at
accolae
montium
illorum
quotannis
id
sibi
accidere
confirmabant
,
ut
unum
latus
montium
profundissimae
nives
contegerent
,
quando
alterum
latus
lectissimos
flores
proferret
,
&
cum
ibi
omnia
ventis
verti
viderentur
apud
se
e
floribus
suavissimos
odores
efflari
.
I
learned
,
by
Inquiry
,
of
an
ingenious
Gentleman
,
who
several
times
went
down
into
the
Hungarian
Gold-Mine
at
Cremnitz
,
that
when
he
was
drawn
up
out
of
the
deep
Pit
,
or
perpendicular
Groove
,
whose
Depth
exceeded
100
Feer
;
when
he
had
ascended
above
half
the
way
,
he
found
the
Air
sensibly
warm
,
and
so
it
continued
till
he
came
by
many
Foot
nearer
the
Day
,
as
the
Workmen
call
the
Orifice
of
the
Pit
.
And
when
I
ask'd
whether
this
notable
and
suddain
Heat
did
not
proceed
from
some
Mineral
through
which
he
passed
in
that
Region
of
the
Earth
,
or
part
of
the
Groove
;
He
answered
me
,
that
he
believed
it
did
,
in
regard
he
was
there
surrounded
with
a
Vein
or
Bed
of
native
Vitriol
,
some
of
one
Colour
,
some
of
another
,
which
he
found
to
be
soft
under
Ground
,
though
it
soon
after
harden'd
in
the
Air
:
and
of
these
differingly
colour'd
sorts
of
Vitriol
he
brought
up
thence
several
Pieces
,
some
of
which
he
presented
me
.
And
when
I
ask'd
whether
the
new
Heat
he
found
in
that
Part
of
the
Mine
,
did
not
proceed
from
its
being
much
nearer
than
the
lower
Part
to
the
Air
,
which
at
that
time
was
hot
;
and
whether
he
found
the
Heat
to
increase
as
he
came
nearer
the
Day
:
He
answered
in
the
Negative
,
and
told
me
,
that
after
he
had
in
his
Ascent
left
beneath
him
that
warm
Region
,
he
found
himself
cold
again
in
the
superiour
Part
of
the
Groove
,
to
which
the
Vitriolate
Region
did
not
reach
.
I
remember
on
this
occasion
,
that
asking
an
intelligent
Person
,
who
had
more
than
once
crossed
the
Torrid
Zone
,
what
Expedient
they
used
in
his
Ship
,
to
keep
their
Beer
and
other
Liquors
,
cool
enough
to
be
drinkable
in
those
sultry
Climates
:
He
answered
,
that
their
way
was
to
take
the
Bottle
they
mean
to
use
,
and
wrap
it
about
with
a
course
Linnen
Cloth
dipp'd
in
the
Sea-water
,
and
then
in
some
convenient
Place
of
the
Ship
hang
it
in
the
Wind
,
which
beating
freely
and
uncessantly
upon
it
,
would
in
no
long
time
cool
it
to
be
potable
enough
.
And
this
Gentleman
,
who
was
an
observing
Person
,
added
farther
,
that
having
sometimes
for
Curiosity
sake
taken
away
a
Bottle
before
it
had
been
exposed
above
half
the
usual
time
,
he
was
able
to
find
by
the
Taste
,
that
part
of
the
Beer
or
Wine
,
that
was
next
the
sides
of
the
Bottle
to
be
refrigerated
,
whilst
the
more
inward
Parts
of
the
Liquor
did
yet
continue
hot
.
The
Czar's
chief
Physician
confirmed
to
me
,
that
in
the
Year
1664
,
or
63
,
extraordinary
dry
and
great
Scopes
of
Land
were
set
on
Fire
,
and
miserably
wasted
by
the
great
Heat
of
the
Sun
.
And
he
added
,
that
the
very
last
Year
he
found
the
like
to
have
happened
in
Norway
,
particularly
in
a
Place
call'd
by
us
Bear-haven
;
where
having
seen
the
Ruine
of
divers
Wood-houses
burnt
,
and
inquiring
into
the
Cause
,
he
was
answered
,
that
the
Weather
being
very
dry
and
hot
,
not
only
the
Grass
and
other
Vegetables
were
scorch'd
up
,
but
those
wooden
Houses
among
others
,
were
set
on
Fire
;
which
was
confirmed
to
him
by
the
Governor
of
the
Place
,
and
countenanced
by
this
Circumstance
,
that
he
saw
the
Country
covered
with
a
fresh
and
verdent
Livery
of
new
Grass
,
brought
up
,
instead
of
that
which
was
burnt
,
by
some
Rains
that
fell
a
while
before
.
A
Traveller
and
Scholar
being
ask'd
by
me
,
whether
at
Mozambique
,
which
is
thought
the
hottest
Place
in
the
known
World
,
he
had
never
observed
the
Houses
to
be
set
on
Fire
with
the
mere
Heat
of
the
Sun
?
He
answered
me
,
that
in
the
three
Months
he
stayed
there
,
he
saw
no
such
thing
,
but
the
Inhabitants
affirmed
it
not
to
be
very
unfrequent
;
and
as
he
passed
to
and
fro
,
shewed
him
divers
Houses
that
had
been
so
burnt
:
which
was
the
less
strange
,
because
the
Houses
are
not
built
of
ordinary
Stone
,
whereof
they
have
none
there
,
but
fetch'd
from
another
Place
he
named
,
where
the
Stone
is
mingled
with
a
Substance
,
much
of
the
Nature
of
a
Sulphur
Vivum
.
And
he
added
,
that
he
himself
had
divers
times
seen
the
Stones
so
heated
in
hollow
Places
,
that
Musket
Bullets
being
exposed
there
to
the
direct
Beams
of
the
Sun
,
were
in
no
very
long
time
melted
.
He
said
farther
,
that
much
of
the
excessive
Heat
of
Mozambique
proceeded
from
the
Soil
,
which
is
exceeding
bare
and
dry
,
consisting
of
white
Sand
;
and
that
it
is
not
covered
with
Grass
,
nor
shaded
with
Trees
.
An
observing
Traveller
that
had
been
at
Mozambique
,
being
for
the
most
part
where
't
is
not
shaded
with
Trees
,
sandy
,
he
found
the
Sun
,
which
was
almost
in
the
Zenith
,
to
heat
the
Ground
so
much
,
that
he
was
not
able
to
stand
still
for
some
time
,
but
was
fain
to
keep
walking
to
avoid
burning
the
Soles
of
his
Feet
.
Un
Gentilhomme
de
mes
a
mis
plein
de
merit
et
digne
de
creance
me
mande
entre
plusieures
choses
extraordinaires
qu'
il
a
observées
proche
de
Barege
aux
Pyrenées
Qu'il
y
a
des
ponts
de
niege
d'
un
rocher
à
lautre
pardessous
les
quells
passent
des
torrents
.
Il
en
a
vu
un
qui
embrasse
deux
torrents
,
et
qui
a
vint
neuf
toises
de
long
et
autant
de
large
par
dessus
.
Il
y
a
par
dessous
ce
pont
Neuf
toises
et
demi
entre
les
Naissances
de
la
voute
les
ponts
sont
tellement
forts
qu'
il
estime
que
du
Canon
y
passeroit
,
et
il
a
fait
rouler
de
grosses
pieces
par
dessus
.
Le
tremblement
de
Terre
que
souffrit
la
Syrie
l'an
750.
ne
fut
gueres
moins
surprenant
;
puisque
la
Terre
s'estant
ouverte
de
toutes
parts
,
plusieurs
Villes
furent
abîmées
,
d'autres
renversées
,
et
quelques
unes
qui
estoient
elevees
sur
des
hauteures
transportées
dans
des
plaines
eloignées
de
six
mille
de
leur
situation
.
On
en
peut
dire
autant
du
froid
extreme
qui
l'an
753.
glaça
le
Pont-Euxin
a
la
longueur
de
cent
mille
,
et
toute
l'estendue
de
la
mer
voisine
,
jusqu'
à
30
condées
de
profondeur
,
quoy
qu'on
ne
fût
encore
qu'au
commencement
de
l'automne
.
Journal
de
Seavans
III.
1685.
Asking
an
intelligent
Person
that
liv'd
a
good
while
in
Guinea
,
how
they
did
to
keep
their
Water
cool
in
so
hot
a
Place
;
he
told
me
,
that
in
some
Corner
of
their
Hutts
they
were
wont
to
make
Holes
in
the
Ground
,
in
which
they
buried
over
Night
the
long
Earthen
Jarrs
,
or
other
Vessels
,
so
as
that
the
Orifice
of
the
Vessels
might
be
lower
(
though
not
very
much
so
)
than
the
Level
of
the
Ground
.
By
this
Means
the
Water
would
become
drinkable
,
with
some
Coolness
,
from
the
Beginning
of
the
Morning
to
nine
or
ten
of
the
Clock
;
after
which
't
would
grow
distastefully
hot
.
He
added
,
that
when
they
were
abroad
in
the
Fields
,
he
did
as
well
cool
his
Water
by
putting
it
into
Callibashes
,
and
hanging
them
all
Night
upon
the
Branches
of
Trees
,
especially
where
they
were
exposed
to
the
Wind.
February
.
Since
now
I
have
spoken
so
much
of
the
Cold
,
I
hope
it
will
not
be
too
coldly
taken
,
if
in
a
few
Words
I
make
it
some
way
to
appear
unto
our
Readers
.
We
made
three
Differences
of
the
Cold
,
all
according
to
the
Places
:
In
our
House
,
in
the
Woods
,
and
in
the
open
Air
,
upon
the
Ice
,
in
our
going
to
the
Ship
.
For
the
last
,
it
would
be
sometimes
so
extream
,
that
it
was
not
indurable
;
no
Clothes
were
Proof
against
it
,
no
Motion
could
resist
it
.
It
would
,
moreover
,
so
freeze
the
Hair
on
our
Eye-lids
,
that
we
could
not
see
;
and
I
verily
believe
,
that
it
would
have
stifled
a
Man
in
a
very
few
Hours
:
We
did
daily
find
by
Experience
,
that
the
Cold
in
the
Woods
would
freeze
our
Faces
,
or
any
part
of
our
Flesh
that
was
bare
;
but
it
was
yet
not
so
mortifying
as
the
other
.
Our
House
on
the
out-side
was
cover'd
two
third
Parts
with
Snow
;
and
on
the
inside
frozen
and
hung
with
Ice-sickles
.
The
Clothes
on
our
Beds
would
be
cover'd
with
hoar
Frost
,
which
in
this
little
Habitacle
was
not
far
from
the
Fire
.
But
let
us
come
a
little
nearer
to
it
.
The
Cook
's
Tubs
wherein
he
did
water
his
Meat
,
standing
about
a
Yard
from
the
Fire
,
and
which
he
did
all
Day
ply
with
melted
Snow-water
;
yet
in
the
Night-season
,
whilst
he
slept
but
one
Watch
,
would
they
be
firm
frozen
to
the
very
bottom
:
And
therefore
was
he
fain
to
water
his
Meat
in
a
brass
Kettle
close
adjoining
to
the
Fire
;
and
I
have
many
times
both
seen
and
felt
,
by
putting
my
Hand
into
it
,
that
side
which
was
next
the
Fire
,
was
very
warm
,
and
the
other
side
an
Inch
frozen
.
I
leave
the
rest
to
our
Cook
,
who
will
almost
speak
Miracles
of
the
Cold.
The
Surgeon
,
who
had
hung
his
Bottles
of
Syrups
,
and
other
liquid
things
,
as
conveniently
as
he
could
,
to
preserve
them
,
had
them
all
frozen
.
Our
Vinegar
,
Oil
and
Sack
,
which
we
had
in
small
Casks
in
the
House
,
were
all
firm
frozen
.
It
may
further
in
general
be
conceived
,
that
in
the
Beginning
of
June
,
the
Sea
was
not
broken
up
;
and
the
Ground
was
yet
frozen
;
and
thus
much
we
found
by
Experience
in
the
burying
of
our
Men
;
in
setting
up
the
King's
Standard
towards
the
latter
End
of
June
;
and
by
our
Well
,
at
our
coming
away
in
the
Beginning
of
July
;
at
which
time
,
upon
the
Land
,
for
some
other
Reasons
,
it
was
very
hot
Weather
.
Capt.
James
.
Monsieur
L.
J.
confirmed
to
me
what
he
had
formerly
Observations
on
the
Top
of
the
Pyreneans
.
told
me
,
that
upon
the
highest
Mountain
of
the
Pyreneans
,
called
Pic
De
Midi
,
he
ascended
at
the
End
of
August
,
or
the
Beginning
of
September
(
in
the
Morning
)
to
the
very
Top
,
where
he
and
his
Company
spread
a
Tent
,
and
staid
till
the
Evening
:
He
says
,
he
found
the
Air
temperate
where
the
Sun
did
not
beat
;
but
on
that
side
of
their
Bodies
whereon
the
Sun
shone
,
the
Heat
was
exceeding
great
,
and
was
offensive
,
even
to
them
that
sat
in
the
Tent
of
Oil'd
Cloth
,
if
they
sat
too
near
the
Sunny
side
of
the
Tent
:
they
sometimes
had
Wind
at
the
Top
of
the
Hill
,
which
they
found
to
blow
cool
enough
,
(
and
found
it
very
cold
when
they
returned
to
the
Bottom
.
)
This
Hill
is
so
high
,
that
it
may
be
seen
from
Montauban
,
which
is
27
Leagues
distant
.
When
I
asked
whether
the
Air
in
those
Places
,
where
the
Sun
did
not
beat
,
was
considerably
cold
?
He
told
me
,
that
the
Exercise
they
had
been
put
to
in
ascending
the
Top
of
the
Hill
(
for
the
most
part
of
the
way
they
rid
up
)
kept
them
from
being
very
competent
Judges
of
that
;
but
they
found
the
Wind
Northerly
,
though
weak
,
yet
very
cooling
;
and
the
North
Side
of
the
Mountain
was
even
then
cover'd
with
Snow
,
and
scarce
at
all
passable
.
An
ingenious
Physician
,
Dr.
B.
that
has
been
in
divers
of
the
Inland
Parts
of
Africa
,
among
other
Answers
that
he
return'd
to
the
Questions
that
I
ask'd
him
,
about
the
Temperament
of
the
Air
in
those
Parts
,
gave
me
this
memorable
one
,
That
having
had
occasion
at
Morocco
to
use
some
good
dried
fine
Jalap
that
he
had
brought
with
him
out
of
England
,
he
found
it
by
the
Heat
of
the
Air
to
be
melted
,
and
by
Comsequence
to
be
impulverable
,
in
which
State
it
continued
whilst
he
liv'd
in
that
Country
:
but
when
he
was
returned
to
Tangier
,
he
found
it
both
there
,
and
in
the
neighbouring
Parts
,
pulverable
again
.
Nel
capo
di
Comorino
si
termina
cosi
I'
esta
,
come
I'
.
Francesco
Barretto
Relatione
della
Provincia
di
Malavar
.
p.
52.
I'
inverno
dalla
parte
,
di
la
dal
capo
verso
Notte
,
&
dal'
altra
parte
correspond
ill
tempo
assai
contrario
è
diverso
,
di
maniera
che
,
chi
va
navigando
,
per
quella
costa
nel
mese
di
Ottobre
,
sino
ad
Aprile
naviga
nel
esta
,
è
non
puo
in
tutto
questo
tempo
,
passare
il
capo
per
Esser
iui
la
stagione
dell
inverno
,
et
ill
Padre
,
che
resiede
nelle
Chies
ch'
appartengono
al
Capo
di
Comorinone
Alcune
la
state
,
il
che
e
cosa
di
gran
Meraviglia
,
essendo
cio
nel
medessimo
tempo
nella
distanza
sola
mente
di
due
,
otre
miglia
.
An
eminent
Virtuoso
answer'd
me
,
that
in
Tirol
he
had
visited
a
very
deep
Mine
into
which
he
descended
three
hundred
Klasters
,
which
by
his
Computation
makes
about
eighteen
hundred
of
our
Feet
:
That
he
pass'd
not
through
,
that
he
took
notice
of
,
one
hot
Region
by
the
way
.
That
at
the
Bottom
of
the
Mine
he
breath'd
very
freely
,
because
of
the
Air-Shafts
,
by
which
Access
was
given
laterally
to
the
superiour
Air
;
and
that
being
thinly
clothed
with
one
of
the
Digger's
Habits
,
he
found
at
the
Bottom
the
Air
temperate
,
as
to
Heat
and
Cold
,
though
it
were
then
Summer-season
of
the
Year
:
so
that
notwithstanding
what
is
said
of
Antiperistasis
,
no
intense
Cold
was
retreated
thither
,
to
shun
the
Heat
of
the
superiour
Air.
An
ingenious
Gentleman
,
very
conversant
in
our
English
Mines
,
of
one
of
which
he
is
Owner
,
answer'd
me
,
that
the
deepest
Mine
he
had
particularly
visited
,
was
a
Tin
Mine
,
whose
Depth
was
sixty
six
Fathoms
,
that
is
almost
four
hundred
Foot
.
That
descending
into
this
Mine
in
Summer
,
he
found
it
very
cold
at
the
Bottom
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
the
way
going
down
,
without
perceiving
any
hot
Region
.
And
when
I
ask'd
him
how
soon
he
begun
to
find
a
sensible
Cold
in
descending
,
he
told
me
,
that
he
found
it
within
two
Fathom
or
less
of
the
Orifice
of
the
Pit
;
and
that
in
this
and
divers
other
Mines
he
perceived
a
sensible
Cold
to
begin
before
he
got
down
a
Yard
,
or
perhaps
half
a
Yard
beneath
the
upper
Part
of
the
Fast
,
as
the
Mine-men
call
the
solid
Earth
,
in
which
they
distinguish
from
the
loose
Earth
that
lies
above
it
;
and
is
,
if
I
may
so
call
it
,
the
Scurf
of
the
Earth
,
that
is
far
more
light
and
porous
than
the
other
,
though
it
be
upon
this
loose
Earth
that
Plants
grow
,
and
into
which
even
great
Timber-trees
themselves
shoot
,
and
spread
their
Roots
seldom
or
never
reaching
to
,
or
penetrating
into
the
Fast
,
though
this
lie
sometimes
near
enough
to
the
external
Surface
of
the
crusty
Earth
.
An
exact
Relation
of
the
Pico
Teneriff
,
taken
from
Mr.
Clappham
.
ABout
the
20th
of
August
,
1646
,
Mr.
Clappham
,
together
with
Mr.
Philip
Ward
,
John
Webber
,
John
Cowling
,
Thomas
Bridge
,
and
George
Cove
,
all
of
them
very
considerable
Merchants
,
and
worthy
of
Credit
,
with
one
Guide
,
Servants
and
Horses
to
carry
their
Wine
and
Provisions
,
did
set
out
from
Oratava
,
a
Port-Town
in
the
Island
of
Teneriff
,
situated
on
the
North
,
at
two
Miles
Distance
from
the
main
Sea
:
They
travelled
from
twelve
at
Night
till
eight
in
the
Morning
,
by
which
time
they
got
to
the
Top
of
the
first
Mountains
towards
the
Pico
de
Teraira
;
here
,
under
a
very
great
and
conspicuous
Pine-tree
they
brake
their
Fast
,
dined
,
and
refreshed
themselves
till
two
in
the
Afternoon
,
and
then
proceeded
through
much
sandy
way
,
over
many
lofty
Mountains
,
but
naked
and
bare
,
and
not
covered
with
Pine-Trees
,
as
their
first
Night's
Passage
were
,
which
exposed
them
to
excessive
Heat
,
till
they
arrived
to
the
Foot
of
the
Pico
,
where
they
found
many
huge
Stones
which
seemed
to
have
been
fallen
down
from
some
superiour
Part.
But
before
we
proceed
further
,
to
give
any
Account
of
this
Journey
,
give
me
leave
here
to
intersert
the
Opinion
of
Dr.
Pugh
,
a
Person
of
very
great
Reputation
,
at
this
time
in
the
City
,
who
lived
twenty
Years
himself
on
the
Place
,
both
in
the
Quality
of
a
Physician
,
and
a
Merchant
,
and
was
very
curious
and
inquisitive
into
all
that
was
in
the
Island
:
His
Opinion
is
,
that
the
whole
Island
of
Teneriff
,
being
a
Ground
mightily
impregnated
with
Brimstone
,
did
in
former
times
take
Fire
,
and
blow
up
all
,
or
near
upon
all
at
the
same-time
;
and
the
many
Mountains
of
huge
Stones
calcined
and
burnt
,
which
appear
every
where
about
the
Island
,
especially
in
the
South-West
Parts
of
it
,
were
raised
and
heaved
up
out
of
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
at
the
time
of
the
general
Conflagration
;
and
the
greatest
Quantity
of
this
Sulphur
lying
about
the
Center
of
the
Island
,
raised
up
the
Pico
to
that
Height
,
at
which
it
is
now
seen
.
And
he
says
,
that
any
one
upon
the
Place
,
that
shall
carefully
note
the
Situation
and
Manner
of
these
calcined
Rocks
,
how
they
lie
for
three
or
four
Miles
almost
round
the
bottom
of
the
Pico
,
and
in
such
Order
one
above
another
,
almost
to
the
very
Sugar-Loaf
(
as
't
is
called
)
as
if
the
whole
Ground
,
and
rising
up
together
with
the
Accension
of
the
Brimstone
,
the
Torrents
and
Rivers
of
it
did
with
a
suddain
Eruption
roul
and
tumble
them
down
from
the
rest
of
the
Rocks
,
especially
(
as
was
said
before
)
to
the
South-West
;
for
on
that
side
,
from
the
very
Top
of
the
Pico
,
almost
to
the
Sea-shore
,
lie
huge
Heaps
of
these
burnt
Rocks
,
one
under
another
:
and
there
remain
to
this
time
the
very
Tracts
of
the
Rivers
of
Brimstone
,
as
they
ran
over
all
this
Quarter
of
the
Island
,
which
has
so
wasted
the
Ground
beyond
recovering
,
that
nothing
can
be
made
to
grow
there
,
but
Broom
.
But
on
the
North
Side
of
the
Pico
,
few
or
none
of
these
Stones
appear
;
and
he
concluded
hence
,
that
the
Vulcano
discharged
it self
chiefly
to
South-West
.
He
adds
further
,
that
Mines
of
several
Metals
were
broken
and
blown
up
at
the
same
time
:
These
calcined
Rocks
resembling
some
of
them
Iron
Oar
,
some
Silver
,
and
others
like
Copper
,
particularly
at
a
certain
Place
in
these
South-West
Parts
,
called
the
Azuleios
,
being
very
high
Mountains
,
where
never
any
English
but
himself
(
that
he
ever
heard
of
)
was
.
There
are
vast
Quantities
of
a
loose
blewish
Earth
,
intermix'd
with
blew
Stones
,
which
have
on
them
a
yellow
Rust
,
as
that
of
Copper
and
Vitriol
;
and
likewise
many
little
Springs
of
vitriolate
Waters
;
here
he
supposes
was
a
Copper-Mine
.
And
he
was
told
by
a
Bell-founder
of
Oratava
,
that
out
of
two
Horse-Loads
of
Earth
,
he
got
as
much
Gold
as
made
two
large
Rings
:
And
a
Portuguese
told
him
,
who
had
been
in
the
West-Indies
,
that
his
Opinion
was
,
there
were
as
good
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
there
,
as
the
best
in
the
Indies
.
There
are
likewise
hereabouts
nitrous
Waters
and
Stones
cover'd
with
a
deep
Saffron
colour'd
Rust
,
and
tasting
of
Iron
.
And
further
,
he
mentions
one
Mr.
Gilbert
Lambell
,
a
Friend
of
his
,
who
of
two
Lumps
of
Earth
or
Oar
,
brought
from
the
Top
of
this
Side
the
Mountain
,
made
two
Silver
Spoons
.
All
this
he
confirms
from
the
late
Instance
of
the
Palm-Island
eighteen
Leagues
from
Teneriff
,
where
a
Vulcano
was
fired
about
twelve
Years
since
,
the
Violence
whereof
made
an
Earthquake
in
this
Island
,
so
great
,
that
he
and
others
ran
out
of
their
Houses
,
fearing
they
would
have
fallen
upon
their
Heads
:
They
heard
the
Noise
of
the
Torrents
of
flaming
Brimstone
,
like
Thunder
,
and
saw
the
Fire
as
plain
by
Night
,
for
about
six
Weeks
together
,
as
a
Candle
in
the
Room
;
and
so
much
of
the
Sand
and
Ashes
brought
from
thence
,
by
the
Wind
,
by
Clouds
,
fell
on
his
Hat
,
as
filled
a
Sand-box
for
his
Ink-horn
.
Thus
far
he
.
To
resume
therefore
the
Narrative
of
their
Journey
;
about
six
a
Clock
this
Evening
,
they
began
to
ascend
up
the
Pico
;
but
being
now
a
Mile
advanced
,
and
the
way
no
more
passable
for
their
Horses
,
they
quitted
and
left
them
with
their
Servants
.
In
this
Mile's
Ascent
some
of
their
Company
grew
very
faint
and
sick
:
and
from
Dr.
Pugh's
Report
of
eighteen
in
his
Company
,
that
went
up
about
the
middle
of
August
,
long
after
this
,
but
ten
got
up
,
and
these
had
all
drank
very
plentifully
below
;
the
rest
so
disorder'd
by
Fluxes
,
Vomitings
,
and
aguish
Distempers
,
they
could
go
no
farther
:
Their
Horses
Hair
stood
upright
,
like
Bristles
,
with
the
vehement
Cold
,
who
stood
shaking
,
and
refused
to
eat
any
thing
till
they
came
down
.
But
calling
for
some
of
their
Wine
,
which
was
carried
in
small
Barrels-on
a
Horse
,
they
found
it
so
wonderfully
cold
,
that
they
could
not
drink
it
,
till
they
had
kindled
a
Fire
to
warm
it
,
although
yet
the
Temper
of
the
Air
was
very
calm
and
moderate
;
but
when
the
Sun
was
set
,
it
began
to
blow
with
Violence
,
and
grew
so
cold
,
that
taking
up
their
Lodging
under
certain
great
Stones
in
the
Rocks
,
they
were
constrained
to
keep
great
Fires
before
the
Mouth
of
them
all
Night
.
About
four
in
the
Morning
they
began
to
mount
again
,
and
being
come
about
a
Mile
up
,
Mr.
Cowling
,
one
of
the
Company
,
failed
,
and
was
able
to
proceed
no
further
.
Here
begin
the
black
Rocks
.
The
rest
pursued
their
Journey
till
they
arrived
to
Sugar-Loaf
,
where
they
begin
to
travel
again
in
a
white
Sand
,
being
fore-shod
with
Shoes
,
whose
single
Soles
are
made
a
Finger
broader
than
the
upper
Leather
,
to
incounter
this
difficult
and
unstable
Passage
,
till
they
are
half
way
up
;
and
a
Spaniel
that
went
up
afterwards
with
Dr.
Pugh
,
(
as
he
relates
)
went
crying
all
the
way
,
having
his
Skin
burnt
off
his
Feet
;
and
then
being
ascended
as
far
as
the
black
Rocks
,
which
are
all
flat
,
and
lie
like
a
Pavement
,
they
climbed
within
a
Mile
of
the
very
Top
of
the
Pico
:
but
Mr.
Clappham
,
who
was
the
formost
,
would
have
perswaded
Mr.
Cove
to
descend
again
,
as
imagining
the
Top
of
all
on
Fire
:
but
at
last
overcoming
that
Apprehension
,
and
persisting
,
they
gained
the
Summite
,
where
they
found
no
such
Smoak
as
appeared
a
little
below
,
but
a
continual
Breathing
of
a
hot
and
sulphurous
Vapour
,
which
made
their
Faces
extreamly
sore
.
In
this
Passage
they
found
no
considerable
Alteration
of
Air
,
and
very
little
Wind
;
but
being
at
the
Top
,
it
was
so
impetuous
,
that
they
had
much
ado
to
stand
against
it
,
whilst
they
drank
the
King's
Health
,
and
fired
each
of
them
a
Piece
:
Here
they
also
brake-fast
,
but
found
their
Strong-Waters
had
quite
lost
its
Force
,
and
was
become
almost
insipid
,
whilst
their
Wine
was
rather
more
spirituous
and
brisk
than
it
was
before
.
The
Top
on
which
they
stood
being
not
above
a
Yard
broad
,
is
the
Brink
of
a
Pit
called
the
Caldera
,
which
they
judged
to
be
about
a
Musket-shot
over
,
and
near
fourscore
Yards
deep
,
in
shape
like
a
Cone
,
within
hollow
like
a
Caldron
,
and
all
over
cover'd
with
small
loose
Stones
,
mixed
with
Sulphur
and
Sand
,
from
Heat
;
and
stirr'd
up
with
any
thing
,
puffs
and
makes
a
Noise
,
and
so
offensive
,
that
Dr.
Pugh
was
almost
stifled
with
the
sudden
Emanation
of
Vapours
,
upon
the
removing
of
one
Stone
of
these
;
these
Stones
are
so
hot
,
as
they
are
not
to
be
easily
handled
:
They
descended
not
above
four
or
five
Yards
into
the
Caldera
,
in
regard
of
its
sliding
from
their
Feet
,
and
the
Difficulty
;
but
some
have
adventured
to
the
Bottom
.
Other
observable
Materials
they
discovered
none
,
besides
a
clearer
sort
of
Sulphur
,
which
looks
like
Salt
upon
the
Stones
.
From
this
famous
Pico
they
could
ken
the
Grand
Canaries
,
fourteen
Leagues
distant
;
Palma
18
,
and
Gomera
7
Leagues
;
which
Interval
of
Sea
seemed
to
them
no
larger
than
the
River
of
Thames
about
London
:
they
discerned
also
the
Hierro
,
being
distant
above
twenty
Leagues
;
and
so
to
the
utmost
Limits
of
the
Sea
much
farther
.
So
soon
as
the
Sun
appeared
,
the
Shadow
of
the
Pico
seemed
to
cover
not
only
the
whole
Island
,
and
the
Grand
Canaries
,
but
the
Sea
to
the
very
Horizon
,
where
the
Top
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
,
or
Pico
,
visibly
appeared
to
turn
up
,
and
cast
its
Shadow
into
the
Air
it self
,
at
which
they
were
much
suprized
.
But
the
Sun
was
not
far
ascended
when
the
Clouds
began
to
rise
so
fast
,
as
intercepted
their
Prospect
,
both
of
the
Sea
,
and
the
whole
Island
,
excepting
only
the
Tops
of
the
subjacent
Mountains
,
which
seemed
to
pierce
them
through
.
Whether
these
Clouds
do
ever
surmount
the
Pico
,
they
could
not
say
;
but
to
such
as
are
far
beneath
,
they
sometimes
seem
to
hang
above
it
,
or
rather
wrap
themselves
about
it
,
as
constantly
when
the
North-West
Winds
blow
:
This
they
call
the
Capp
,
and
is
a
certain
Prognostick
of
ensuing
Storms
.
Mr.
John
Webber
,
one
of
this
Company
,
who
had
made
a
Journey
two
Years
after
,
arriving
at
the
Top
of
the
Pico
before
Day
,
and
creeping
under
a
great
Stone
to
shroud
himself
from
the
cold
Air
,
(
after
a
little
space
)
found
himself
all
wet
,
and
admiring
whence
it
should
proceed
,
perceived
it
at
last
to
come
from
a
perpetual
Trickling
of
the
Water
from
the
imminent
Rocks
above
him
.
Many
excellent
and
very
exuberant
Springs
they
found
issuing
from
the
Tops
of
most
of
the
other
Mountains
,
gushing
out
in
great
Spouts
,
almost
as
far
as
the
huge
Pine-tree
which
was
mentioned
.
Having
stayed
some
time
upon
this
Top
,
they
all
descended
by
the
sandy
way
,
till
they
came
to
the
Foot
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
,
which
being
steep
,
even
to
almost
a
Perpendicular
,
they
soon
passed
:
and
here
they
meet
a
Cave
of
about
ten
Yards
deep
,
and
fifteen
broad
,
being
in
Shape
like
an
Oven
or
Cupola
,
having
a
Hole
at
the
Top
,
which
is
near
eight
Yards
over
;
by
this
they
descended
(
an
active
Spaniard
shewing
them
the
way
)
by
a
Rope
,
which
their
Servants
held
at
the
Top
,
whilst
the
other
End
being
fastened
about
his
middle
,
he
swings
himself
,
till
being
over
a
Bank
of
Snow
,
he
slides
down
and
lights
upon
it
.
They
are
forced
to
swing
thus
in
the
Descent
,
because
in
the
middle
of
the
bottom
of
this
Cave
,
opposite
to
the
Overture
at
the
Top
,
is
a
round
Pit
of
Water
,
resembling
a
Well
,
the
Surface
whereof
is
about
a
Yard
lower
than
the
Snow
,
but
as
wide
as
the
Mouth
at
the
Top
,
and
is
about
six
Fathom
deep
,
as
Mr.
Lambell
reports
,
who
plumbed
it
.
They
suppos
this
Water
not
a
Spring
,
but
dissolved
Snow
,
or
Water
blown
in
;
for
some
Years
it
lies
so
full
,
one
cannot
get
into
the
Cave
for
Water
trickling
through
the
Rocks
.
About
the
Sides
of
the
Grotte
,
for
some
Height
is
Ice
,
and
Icecles
hanging
down
to
the
Snow
:
but
being
quickly
weary
of
this
excessive
cold
Place
,
and
drawn
up
again
,
they
continued
their
Descent
from
the
Mountains
by
the
same
Passages
they
went
up
the
Day
before
;
and
so
about
five
in
the
Evening
arrived
to
Oratava
,
from
whence
they
set
forth
:
their
Faces
so
red
and
sore
,
that
to
reduce
them
and
cool
them
,
they
were
forced
to
wash
and
bathe
them
in
Whites
of
Eggs
,
&c.
The
whole
Altitude
of
the
Pico
in
Perpendicular
,
is
vulgarly
esteemed
to
be
two
Miles
and
a
half
.
No
Trees
,
Herbs
or
Shrubs
in
all
the
Passage
,
but
Pines
;
and
amongst
the
white
Sands
a
kind
of
Broom
,
being
a
bushy
Plant
;
and
at
the
Side
where
they
lay
all
Night
,
a
kind
of
Cardon
,
which
has
Stems
of
eight
Foot
high
,
the
Trunk
near
half
a
Foot
thick
,
every
Stem
growing
in
four
squares
,
and
emerging
from
the
Ground
like
Tuffets
of
Rushes
;
upon
the
Edges
of
these
Stems
grow
very
small
red
Buttons
or
Berries
,
which
being
squeezed
,
produce
a
poisonous
Milk
,
which
lighting
upon
any
part
of
a
Horse
,
or
other
Beast
,
fetches
off
the
Hair
from
the
Skin
immediately
:
Of
the
dead
Part
of
this
they
made
their
Fires
all
Night
.
This
Plant
is
also
universal
over
the
Island
,
and
is
happly
,
and
as
I
conjecture
,
a
kind
of
Euphorbium
.
In
some
part
of
this
Island
also
there
grows
a
crooked
Shrub
,
which
they
call
Legnan-vell
,
which
they
bring
for
England
as
a
sweet
Wood.
There
are
likewise
Apricoks
,
Peaches
,
and
in
Standards
,
which
bear
twice
a
Year
:
Pear
Trees
also
which
are
as
pregnant
;
Almonds
of
a
tender
Shell
,
Palms
,
Plantanes
,
Oranges
and
Lemons
,
especially
the
Pregnadas
,
which
have
small
ones
in
their
Bellies
,
from
whence
they
are
so
denominated
.
Also
they
have
Sugar-Canes
,
and
a
little
Cotton
and
Colloquintida
;
the
Roses
blow
at
Christmas
;
there
are
good
Carnations
,
and
very
large
,
but
Tulips
will
not
grow
or
thrive
there
:
Sampier
clothes
the
Rock
in
abundance
,
and
a
kind
of
Clover
the
Ground
.
Another
Grass
growing
near
the
Sea
,
which
is
of
a
broader
Leaf
,
so
luscious
,
as
it
will
kill
a
Horse
that
eats
of
it
,
but
no
other
Cattel
.
There
is
also
an
Herb
which
they
make
Thread
of
.
Eighty
Ears
of
Wheat
have
been
found
to
spring
from
one
Root
,
but
it
grows
not
very
high
;
the
Corn
of
this
is
transparent
and
bright
,
like
unto
the
purest
yellow
Amber
;
and
one
Bushel
has
produced
130
in
a
seasonable
Year
.
The
Canary-Birds
(
which
they
bring
to
us
in
England
)
breed
in
the
Barrancos
of
Gills
,
which
the
Water
has
fretted
away
in
the
Mountains
,
being
Places
very
cold
.
There
are
also
Quails
,
Partridges
larger
than
ours
,
and
exceeding
beautiful
;
great
Wood-Pigeons
,
Turtles
at
Spring
,
Crows
;
and
sometimes
from
the
Coasts
of
Barbary
appears
the
Faulcon
.
Bees
are
carried
into
the
Mountains
,
where
they
prosper
wonderfully
.
They
have
wild
Goats
on
the
Mountains
,
which
climb
to
the
very
Top
of
the
Pico
sometimes
.
Also
Hogs
,
and
Multitudes
of
Conies
:
Camels
are
brought
from
Lancerote
,
besides
other
Cattel
.
Fish
.
The
Cherna
,
a
very
large
and
excellent
Fish
,
better
tasted
than
any
we
have
in
England
.
The
Mero
,
Dolphin
,
Shark
,
Lobsters
without
the
great
Claws
,
Mussels
,
Periwinkles
,
and
the
Clacas
,
which
is
absolutely
the
very
best
Shell-fish
in
the
World
;
they
grow
on
the
Rocks
,
five
or
six
under
one
great
Shell
,
through
the
Top
whereof
they
peep
with
their
Nebbs
,
from
whence
(
the
Shells
being
broken
a
little
more
open
with
a
Stone
)
they
draw
them
forth
.
There
is
likewise
another
Fish
like
an
Eel
,
which
has
six
or
seven
Tails
of
a
Span
in
length
,
united
to
one
Head
and
Body
,
which
is
also
as
short
.
Besides
these
they
have
Turtles
and
Cabridos
,
which
are
preferable
before
our
Trouts
.
The
Island
is
full
of
Springs
of
pure
Water
,
tasting
like
Milk
;
and
in
La
Laguna
(
where
the
Water
is
not
altogether
so
limpid
and
olear
)
they
percolate
it
through
a
kind
of
spungy
Stone
cut
in
form
of
a
Bason
.
The
Vines
which
afford
those
excellent
Wines
,
grow
all
about
the
Island
,
within
a
Mile
of
the
Sea
;
such
as
are
planted
farther
up
,
are
nothing
esteemed
,
neither
will
they
thrive
in
any
other
Islands
.
For
the
Guanchios
,
or
the
ancient
Inhabitants
,
Dr.
Pugh
gives
this
full
Account
.
September
the
3d.
about
twelve
Years
since
,
he
took
his
Journey
from
Guimar
,
a
Town
inhabited
for
the
most
part
by
such
as
derive
themselves
from
the
old
Guanchios
,
in
the
Company
of
some
of
them
,
to
view
their
Caves
,
and
the
Bodies
buried
in
them
.
This
was
a
Favour
they
seldom
permit
to
any
,
(
having
in
great
Veneration
the
Bodies
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
likewise
being
most
extreamly
against
any
Molestation
of
the
Dead
)
but
he
had
done
many
several
Eleemosinary
Cures
amongst
them
,
(
for
they
are
generally
very
poor
,
yet
the
poorest
thinks
himself
too
good
to
marry
with
the
best
Spaniard
)
which
endeared
him
to
them
exceedingly
;
otherwise
it
is
Death
for
any
Stranger
to
visit
those
Caves
or
Bodies
.
These
Bodies
are
sewed
up
in
Goat-skins
,
with
Thongs
of
the
same
,
with
very
great
Curiosity
,
particularly
in
the
incomparable
Exactness
and
Evenness
of
the
Seams
;
and
the
Skins
are
made
very
close
and
fit
to
the
Bodies
:
most
of
these
Bodies
are
entire
,
the
Eyes
closed
,
Hair
on
the
Head
,
Ears
,
Nose
,
Teeth
,
Lips
,
Beard
,
all
perfect
,
only
discoloured
,
and
a
little
shrivled
:
likewise
the
Pudenda
of
both
Sexes
.
He
saw
about
three
or
four
hundred
in
several
Caves
,
some
of
them
are
standing
,
others
lie
on
Beds
of
Wood
,
so
hardned
by
an
Art
they
had
,
(
which
the
Spaniards
call
Curar
,
to
cure
a
Piece
of
Wood
)
which
no
Iron
can
pierce
or
hurt
.
He
said
,
that
one
Day
being
a
Hunting
,
a
Ferret
(
which
is
in
use
there
)
having
a
Bell
about
his
Neck
,
ran
after
a
Coney
into
a
Hole
,
where
they
lost
the
Sound
of
the
Bell
;
the
Owner
being
afraid
he
should
lose
his
Ferret
,
seeking
about
the
Rock
and
Shrubs
,
found
the
Mouth
of
a
Cave
,
and
entring
in
,
was
so
affrighted
,
that
he
cried
out
:
it
was
at
the
Sight
of
one
of
these
Bodies
,
very
tall
and
large
,
lying
with
his
Head
upon
a
great
Stone
,
his
Feet
supported
by
a
little
Wall
of
Stone
,
the
Body
resting
on
a
Bed
of
Wood
,
as
before
was
mentioned
.
The
Fellow
being
now
a
little
out
of
his
Fright
,
enter'd
in
,
and
cut
off
a
great
Piece
of
the
Skin
that
lay
on
the
Breast
of
this
Body
,
which
the
Doctor
says
was
more
flexible
and
pliable
than
ever
he
felt
any
Kids
Leather
Glove
,
and
yet
so
far
from
being
rotten
,
that
the
Man
made
Use
of
it
for
his
Flail
many
Years
after
.
These
Bodies
are
very
light
,
as
if
made
up
of
Straw
:
and
in
some
broken
Limbs
he
observed
the
Nerves
and
Tendons
,
and
also
some
Strings
of
the
Veins
and
Arteries
very
distinctly
.
His
great
Care
was
to
enquire
of
these
People
,
what
they
had
amongst
them
of
Tradition
,
concerning
the
embalming
and
Preservation
of
these
Bodies
?
From
some
of
the
oldest
of
them
(
above
a
hundred
and
ten
Years
of
Age
)
he
received
this
Account
:
That
they
had
of
old
one
particular
Tribe
of
Men
that
had
this
Art
amongst
themselves
only
,
and
kept
it
as
a
thing
sacred
,
and
not
to
be
communicated
to
the
Vulgar
;
these
mix'd
not
with
the
rest
of
the
Inhabitants
,
nor
married
out
of
their
own
Tribe
;
and
were
also
their
Priests
and
Ministers
of
Religion
:
that
upon
the
Conquest
of
the
Spaniard
,
they
were
most
of
them
destroyed
,
and
the
Art
lost
with
them
,
only
they
held
some
Traditions
yet
of
a
few
Ingredients
that
were
made
use
of
in
this
Business
.
They
took
Butter
of
Goats
Milk
,
(
some
said
Hogs
Grease
was
mingled
with
it
)
which
they
kept
in
the
Skins
for
this
Purpose
;
in
this
they
boiled
certain
Herbs
;
1st
.
A
sort
of
wild
Lavender
,
which
grows
there
in
great
Quantities
on
the
Rocks
.
2dly
.
An
Herb
called
Jara
,
of
a
very
gummy
and
glutinous
Consistence
,
which
now
grows
under
the
Tops
of
the
Mountains
only
.
3dly
.
A
kind
of
a
Cyclamen
or
Sow-Bread
.
4thly
.
Wild
Sage
growing
plentifully
in
this
Island
.
These
,
with
Stones
bruised
and
boiled
in
the
Butter
,
render'd
it
a
perfect
Balsam
.
This
prepared
,
they
first
unbowelled
the
Corps
;
and
in
the
poorer
sort
,
to
save
Charges
,
they
took
out
the
Brain
behind
:
and
these
Poor
also
were
sewed
up
in
Skins
with
the
Hair
on
,
whereas
the
Richer
were
(
as
was
said
before
)
put
up
in
Skins
so
sinely
and
exactly
dressed
,
as
they
remain
most
rarely
pliant
and
gentle
to
this
Day
.
After
the
Body
was
thus
order'd
,
they
had
in
a
Readiness
a
Lixivium
,
made
of
the
Bark
of
Pine-Trees
,
with
which
they
washed
the
Body
,
drying
in
the
Sun
in
Summer
,
and
in
Stoves
in
Winter
;
this
repeating
very
often
.
Afterwards
they
began
their
Unction
with
the
Balsam
,
both
without
and
within
,
drying
it
again
,
as
before
:
This
they
continue
till
the
Balsam
had
penetrated
it self
in
the
whole
Habit
,
and
the
Muscles
in
all
Parts
appeared
through
the
contracted
Skin
,
and
the
Body
became
exceeding
light
;
then
they
sewed
them
up
in
the
Goat-skins
,
as
already
mentioned
.
He
was
told
by
these
ancient
People
,
that
they
have
above
twenty
Caves
of
their
Kings
and
Great
Persons
,
with
their
whole
Families
,
yet
unknown
to
any
but
themselves
,
and
which
they
will
never
discover
.
Lastly
,
he
says
,
that
Bodies
are
found
in
the
Caves
of
the
Grand
Canaries
,
in
Sacks
,
and
quite
consumed
,
not
as
those
in
Teneriff
.
Thus
far
of
the
Bodies
and
Embalming
.
Anciently
when
they
had
no
knowledg
of
Iron
,
they
made
their
Lances
of
Wood
,
harden'd
as
before
,
some
of
which
the
Doctor
has
seen
:
he
has
also
seen
Earthen
Pots
so
hard
,
that
they
cannot
be
broken
,
of
these
some
are
found
in
the
Caves
,
and
old
Barrancos
,
and
used
by
poorer
sort
of
People
that
find
them
,
to
boil
Meat
in
;
likewise
they
did
Curar
Stone
it self
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
kind
of
Slate
now
called
Tabona
,
which
they
first
formed
to
an
Edg
or
Point
,
as
they
had
occasion
to
use
them
,
either
as
Knives
,
or
Lancets
to
let
Blood
.
Their
Food
was
Barly
rosted
,
and
then
ground
with
little
Mills
,
which
they
made
of
Stones
,
and
mix'd
with
Milk
and
Honey
;
this
they
still
fed
on
,
and
carried
it
on
their
Backs
in
Goat
Skins
.
To
this
Day
they
drink
no
Wine
,
nor
care
for
Flesh
;
they
are
generally
very
lean
,
tall
,
active
,
and
full
of
Courage
.
He
himself
has
seen
them
leap
from
Rock
to
Rock
,
from
a
very
prodigious
Height
,
till
they
came
to
the
bottom
,
sometimes
making
ten
Fathom
deep
at
one
Leap
.
The
manner
is
thus
.
First
,
they
tertiate
their
Lance
,
(
which
is
about
the
Bigness
of
a
half-Pike
)
that
is
,
they
poise
it
in
their
Hand
,
then
they
aim
the
Point
of
it
at
any
Piece
of
a
Rock
,
upon
which
they
intend
to
light
,
sometimes
not
half
a
Foot
broad
;
at
their
going
off
they
clap
their
Feet
close
to
the
Lance
,
and
so
carry
their
Bodies
in
the
Air
;
the
Point
of
the
Lance
first
comes
to
the
Place
,
which
breaks
the
Force
of
their
Fall
;
then
they
slide
gently
down
by
the
Staff
,
and
pitch
their
Feet
upon
the
very
Place
they
first
designed
,
and
from
Rock
to
Rock
,
till
they
come
to
the
bottom
.
Their
Novices
sometimes
break
their
Necks
in
Learning
.
He
added
several
Stories
to
this
Effect
,
of
their
great
Activity
in
leaping
down
Rocks
and
Clifts
,
and
how
eight
and
twenty
of
them
made
an
Escape
from
the
Battlement
of
an
extraordinary
high
Castle
in
the
Island
,
when
the
Governour
thought
he
had
made
sure
of
them
.
He
told
also
(
and
the
same
was
seriously
confirmed
by
a
Spaniard
,
and
another
Canary
.
Merchant
then
in
the
Company
)
that
they
whistle
so
loud
,
as
to
be
heard
five
Miles
off
;
and
that
to
be
in
the
same
Room
with
them
when
they
whistle
,
were
enough
to
endanger
breaking
the
Tympanum
of
the
Ear
:
And
added
,
that
he
being
in
the
Company
of
one
that
whistled
his
loudest
,
could
not
hear
perfectly
for
fifteen
Days
after
,
the
Noise
was
so
great
.
He
affirms
also
,
that
they
throw
Stones
with
a
Force
almost
as
great
as
that
of
a
Bullet
,
and
now
use
Stones
in
all
their
Fights
,
as
they
did
anciently
.
Mr.
Sydenham
told
me
this
Day
,
that
upon
the
18th
of
August
,
he
and
his
Company
began
their
Journey
toward
the
Pike
of
Teneriff
,
setting
out
from
L'
Oratava
,
a
Town
seated
on
the
lower
Part
of
the
Mountain
,
from
which
Town
to
the
Sea
there
are
three
Miles
of
way
always
descending
.
He
began
his
Journey
on
Sunday
about
10
a
Clock
at
Night
,
and
travell'd
till
five
in
the
Afternoon
of
the
Monday
following
,
resting
two
Hours
by
the
way
;
the
Ground
was
continually
rising
,
and
during
this
time
they
travelled
about
10
Miles
of
their
way
upon
Mules
.
Resting
upon
Monday
till
12
a
Clock
at
Night
,
they
resumed
their
Journey
,
and
travelled
till
about
9
in
the
Morning
,
at
which
time
they
arrived
at
the
Top
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
,
or
highest
Pile
of
the
Mountain
.
They
went
up
on
the
South
Side
of
the
Hill
,
on
which
Side
there
was
no
Snow
,
though
on
the
North
Side
there
were
much
.
They
stayed
about
two
Hours
on
the
Top
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
,
and
then
returned
to
that
Part
of
the
Hill
where
they
had
lodg'd
the
Night
before
.
I
ask'd
Mr.
Sydenham
what
was
the
Estimate
made
by
the
most
knowing
Persons
of
the
Island
,
of
the
Height
of
the
Hill
?
and
he
told
me
,
that
the
Guides
accounted
it
to
be
one
and
twenty
Miles
high
from
the
Town
,
which
,
as
was
noted
before
,
is
seated
three
Miles
above
the
Sea
.
And
he
added
,
that
a
Sea-man
with
great
Confidence
affirming
himself
to
have
accurately
enough
measur'd
by
Observations
made
in
a
Ship
,
and
to
have
found
the
Perpendicular
Height
of
the
Hill
to
be
about
seven
Miles
.
I
asked
him
also
from
what
Distance
the
Top
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
could
be
seen
at
Sea
,
according
to
the
common
Opinion
of
Sea-men
?
He
answer'd
,
that
the
Distance
was
wont
to
be
reckoned
threescore
Sea-Leagues
,
of
three
Miles
to
a
League
;
adding
,
that
he
himself
had
seen
it
above
forty
Leagues
off
,
and
yet
it
appeared
exceeding
high
,
and
like
a
blewish
Pyramide
,
manifestly
a
great
deal
higher
than
the
Clouds
.
And
he
also
told
me
,
that
sometimes
Men
could
from
thence
see
the
Island
of
Madera
,
though
distant
from
it
70
Leagues
;
and
that
the
great
Canary
,
though
18
Leagues
off
,
seem'd
to
be
very
near
them
,
as
if
they
might
leap
down
upon
it
.
He
told
me
,
that
the
higher
Part
of
the
Region
of
Snow
was
two
Miles
,
or
two
Miles
and
a
half
lower
than
the
Foot
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
;
and
that
on
the
upper
part
of
the
Hill
they
felt
no
Wind.
Mr.
Sydenham
told
me
,
that
being
at
the
Top
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
,
drinking
the
King's
Health
,
he
indeavoured
to
shoot
off
a
Birding-Piece
he
had
carried
up
with
him
,
but
though
he
snap'd
it
above
twenty
times
,
he
could
not
make
it
go
off
;
whereas
when
he
came
down
into
the
ordinary
Air
,
the
first
time
he
tried
to
shoot
;
it
went
readily
off
.
I
ask'd
him
whether
he
had
taken
notice
that
the
Flint
struck
out
any
Sparks
of
Fire
or
no
at
the
Top
of
the
Hill
,
and
whether
he
had
mended
and
alter'd
the
Flint
coming
downwards
?
To
the
first
he
answered
he
did
not
remember
,
to
the
other
that
he
remembred
he
did
not
.
He
also
told
me
,
that
having
carried
up
a
Borracha
of
Sack
,
when
they
came
to
the
Top
of
the
Mountain
,
they
drank
divers
Healths
very
freely
,
but
could
not
find
themselves
heated
,
or
sensibly
discomposed
by
the
Wine
;
whereas
when
they
were
come
down
into
a
thicker
Air
,
they
manifestly
felt
the
heady
Operation
of
the
Liquor
,
which
then
made
their
Guide
and
one
of
their
Company
drunk
.
He
described
the
Sugar-Loaf
to
be
in
the
midst
of
a
barren
Plain
,
in
the
upper
Part
of
the
Mountain
,
and
to
be
exceeding
steep
.
The
Top
of
the
Sugar-Loaf
is
made
shelving
inward
almost
like
a
Dish
.
But
in
many
Places
of
it
there
appear
little
Holes
(
regularly
placed
)
as
it
were
so
many
little
Vents
to
a
great
Fire
burning
in
or
below
the
Bowels
of
the
Mountain
.
He
told
me
,
that
the
Guide
disswaded
him
from
going
to
the
middle
of
this
shelving
Top
,
affirming
it
to
be
exceeding
dangerous
:
but
he
ventur'd
to
thrust
the
scowring
Stick
of
his
Gun
somewhat
deep
and
rudely
into
one
of
those
Holes
,
from
whence
there
arose
a
hot
Steam
,
which
had
like
to
have
killed
him
,
and
hindred
him
from
further
Trials
.
He
added
,
that
the
Top
of
the
Mountain
seem'd
to
be
little
else
than
Stones
and
Sulphur
,
and
that
there
were
great
Store
of
Pieces
of
Brimstone
,
which
are
guessed
to
be
sublimed
up
from
the
internal
Parts
of
the
Hill
.
Being
asked
,
whether
he
was
sick
or
no
in
the
Ascent
?
he
said
,
that
both
he
and
all
his
Company
,
which
were
about
a
dozen
Men
,
were
sick
for
three
or
four
Hours
,
when
they
came
into
the
subtile
and
piercing
Air
of
the
upper
Part
of
the
Mountain
:
but
as
they
went
down
again
,
they
were
not
sick
.
And
being
asked
what
kind
of
Sickness
it
was
they
felt
?
he
said
it
was
like
Sea-sickness
.
He
told
me
,
that
the
Sack
they
carried
up
with
them
to
refresh
themselves
,
seem'd
to
them
at
the
Top
of
the
Mountain
so
very
cold
,
that
they
were
not
able
to
drink
above
two
or
three
Drops
at
a
Draught
,
by
reason
of
the
Operation
of
the
excessive
Cold
upon
their
Teeth
.
He
added
upon
my
Inquiry
,
that
his
Feet
were
not
more
than
ordinarily
warm
,
and
yet
one
of
the
two
Pair
of
Pumps
he
carried
up
with
him
were
burnt
off
his
Feet
by
the
Brimstone
.
When
I
asked
him
about
the
Difference
of
Seasons
at
the
same
time
in
the
same
Mountain
,
he
told
me
,
that
he
passed
over
one
of
them
by
Name
.
On
the
one
Side
of
which
it
was
excessively
hot
near
the
Top
or
Ridg
,
as
well
,
though
not
quite
so
much
,
as
in
the
lower
Regions
on
the
Side
of
the
Mountain
;
but
within
a
Mile
or
two
on
the
other
Side
of
the
Ridg
he
found
Winter-Weather
,
as
to
Cold
and
Storminess
,
and
yet
there
was
Snow
as
well
on
the
other
Side
as
on
this
.
To
what
Depth
the
Water
will
be
frozen
in
hard
Winters
.
To
what
Depth
the
Earth
will
be
frozen
in
that
Season
.
Whether
Muscovian
Ice
be
considerably
,
or
at
least
sensibly
harder
than
English
Ice
.
Whether
by
casting
up
Water
,
or
by
spitting
,
the
Liquor
will
freeze
before
it
comes
to
touch
the
Ground
.
Whether
Brandy
,
Sack
,
&c.
will
freeze
in
Russia
.
Whether
Instruments
of
Iron
and
Steel
be
much
more
brittle
there
than
here
.
Of
the
cracking
of
the
Timber
in
wooden
Houses
,
and
the
Causes
of
it
.
Of
the
Preservation
of
Flesh
,
Fish
,
Herbs
,
Eggs
,
&c.
in
hard
Weather
.
Of
the
curing
of
those
whose
Nose
,
Cheeks
,
&c.
are
frozen
.
Of
the
Symptoms
of
those
that
are
frozen
to
Death
.
Of
the
keeping
of
dead
Bodies
.
TITLE
XX.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
Light
;
its
Perspicuity
,
Opacity
,
Reflections
,
Refractions
,
Colours
,
Light
,
and
Lightning
.
A
Very
learned
Traveller
affirmed
to
me
,
that
having
occasion
to
reside
sometimes
on
the
Riviera
or
Coast
of
Genoua
,
he
had
often
observed
,
that
from
a
high
Place
he
could
both
Morning
and
Evening
clearly
discern
the
Island
of
Corsica
;
and
sometimes
also
other
Places
in
that
Sea
,
though
he
could
not
see
them
at
Noon
,
how
fair
and
clear
so
ever
the
Weather
was
,
when
the
Sun
was
in
or
near
the
Meridian
.
His
late
Majesty
K.
Charles
the
Second
,
doing
me
one
Day
the
Honour
to
discourse
about
several
Marine
Observations
,
was
pleased
among
other
things
to
acquaint
me
with
this
rare
Phaenomenon
.
He
was
one
Day
walking
upon
the
Beach
on
the
Strand
,
not
far
from
Dover
,
to
injoy
the
fresh
Air
,
and
the
Prospect
of
the
Sea
,
when
casually
looking
forwards
to
the
Verge
of
the
visible
Horizon
,
he
was
very
much
surprized
to
discover
there
a
new
Coast
,
with
rising
and
falling
Grounds
,
newly
,
as
it
were
,
emerged
out
of
the
Ocean
,
in
a
Place
where
no
such
thing
had
been
seen
before
.
The
Strangeness
of
this
unlook'd-for
Apparition
made
Him
suspect
something
of
Illusion
offer'd
to
his
Eyes
by
the
Beams
of
the
Sun
that
shone
upon
the
Neighbouring
Objects
;
wherefore
he
rubb'd
his
Eyes
,
and
the
new
Scene
not
vanishing
,
he
call'd
to
his
Royal
Highness
the
Duke
of
York
,
(
who
was
present
when
his
Majesty
was
pleased
to
make
me
the
Relation
)
and
to
some
of
the
attending
Courtiers
that
were
nearest
at
hand
,
to
make
them
Partakers
and
Witnesses
of
this
delightful
Spectacle
,
which
after
it
had
been
gazed
on
a
little
while
,
did
somewhat
slowly
disappear
,
as
if
it
had
sunk
down
again
into
the
Ocean
.
Of
the
Cause
of
this
rare
Phaenomenon
,
I
ventur'd
to
propose
to
the
King
this
Conjecture
:
That
the
Place
where
it
was
seen
lying
the
same
way
that
the
Coast
of
France
did
,
and
that
Coast
being
but
a
little
too
far
off
to
be
discern'd
before
,
it
might
very
well
happen
,
that
either
by
Action
of
the
Sun
,
or
rather
by
subterraneal
Steams
,
the
Air
interposed
between
the
Shore
and
his
Majesties
Eyes
,
was
fill'd
with
Vapors
and
Exhalations
that
made
it
much
more
refractive
than
formerly
;
and
by
Help
of
this
supervening
Refraction
,
the
French
Coast
that
lay
beyond
it
was
raised
,
and
as
it
were
lifted
up
,
in
reference
to
the
Sight
,
and
so
became
visible
as
long
as
that
new
Refraction
lasted
:
And
when
the
Steams
that
occasion'd
it
,
were
either
got
up
too
high
,
or
were
by
the
Winds
or
Sun
too
much
dissipated
or
dispersed
,
the
Apparition
ceased
,
together
with
the
unusual
Refraction
that
caused
it
.
And
in
favour
of
this
Conjecture
I
alledg'd
that
familiar
Experiment
in
which
a
Piece
of
Gold
,
or
the
like
convenient
Object
,
being
put
into
the
bottom
of
an
empty
Cup
,
and
the
Eye
being
so
placed
,
that
the
Object
is
but
just
hid
from
it
by
the
Interposition
of
the
Side
of
the
Cup
,
if
Water
be
poured
into
the
Vessel
,
though
neither
the
Eye
nor
the
Object
be
at
all
removed
,
yet
the
Piece
of
Gold
will
be
plainly
seen
,
because
the
Surface
of
the
Water
,
which
is
a
thicker
Medium
than
the
Air
,
breaking
the
Rays
that
tend
from
the
Object
towards
the
Beholder's
Eye
,
according
to
the
Laws
of
Refraction
,
that
is
from
the
Perpendicular
they
are
so
bended
,
that
those
fall
now
into
the
Pupil
,
that
if
it
were
not
for
the
Water
,
would
either
fall
upon
the
Side
of
the
Cup
,
and
so
be
hinder'd
from
passing
forward
;
or
else
would
fall
upon
the
Eye-lids
or
Eye-brows
,
or
some
other
Part
above
the
Pupil
,
and
so
would
not
make
the
Object
visible
.
The
Duke
of
York
was
also
pleased
to
tell
me
,
that
he
was
somewhat
surprized
,
when
being
near
the
Borders
of
Scotland
,
in
a
Season
that
did
not
promise
much
fair
Weather
,
he
saw
one
Morning
the
Sky
very
red
,
and
thereupon
said
,
that
he
fear'd
they
should
have
foul
Weather
,
according
to
the
usual
Prognostick
of
Country-men
and
Mariners
:
but
some
of
the
Scotish
Nobility
that
attended
his
Highness
,
told
him
,
that
in
that
Country
such
red
Mornings
did
not
bode
a
foul
Day
,
but
rather
promise
a
fair
one
;
which
Prediction
of
theirs
was
justified
by
the
Event
.
Upon
which
occasion
I
enquired
of
a
very
intelligent
Scotish
Noble-man
,
how
far
the
Observation
held
in
his
Country
?
To
which
he
answer'd
,
that
with
a
due
Limitation
it
was
most
commonly
true
;
for
though
when
the
Redness
seems
to
be
very
near
the
Ground
,
and
appears
in
somewhat
narrow
Streaks
of
an
intense
Red
,
it
signifies
bad
Weather
;
yet
if
the
Morning
Redness
appears
elevated
in
the
Air
or
Sky
,
especially
if
the
Wind
be
Easterly
,
it
usually
foretels
a
fair
Day
.
Some
Observations
of
Capt.
James
,
in
his
Northern
Voyage
,
Mr.
J.
T.
and
others
.
February
.
I
practised
some
Observations
by
the
rising
and
setting
of
the
Sun
,
calculating
the
time
of
his
rising
and
setting
,
by
very
true
running
Glasses
.
As
for
our
Clock
and
Watch
,
notwithstanding
we
still
kept
them
by
the
Fire-side
in
a
Chest
,
wrap'd
in
Clothes
,
yet
were
they
so
frozen
,
that
they
could
not
go
.
My
Observations
by
these
Glasses
,
I
compared
with
the
Stars
coming
to
the
Meridian
:
By
this
means
we
found
the
Sun
to
rise
twenty
Minutes
before
it
should
;
and
in
the
Evening
to
remain
above
the
Horizon
twenty
Minutes
(
or
thereabouts
)
longer
than
it
should
do
:
And
all
this
by
reason
of
the
Refraction
.
Capt.
James
.
March
.
This
Evening
the
Moon
rose
in
a
very
long
Oval
alongst
the
Horizon
.
April
.
The
Weather
continued
with
this
Extremity
until
the
fifteenth
,
at
which
time
our
Spring
was
harder
frozen
than
it
had
been
all
the
Year
before
.
I
had
often
observed
the
Difference
betwixt
clear
Weather
and
misty
refractious
Weather
,
in
this
manner
:
From
a
little
Hill
which
was
near
adjoining
to
our
House
,
in
the
clearest
Weather
,
when
the
Sun
shone
with
all
the
Purity
of
Air
that
I
could
conceive
,
we
could
not
see
a
little
Island
,
which
bare
off
us
South-South-East
some
four
Leagues
;
but
if
the
Weather
were
misty
,
(
as
aforesaid
)
then
we
should
often
see
it
from
the
lowest
Place
.
This
little
Island
I
had
seen
the
last
Year
when
I
was
on
Danby-Island
.
The
13th
I
took
the
Height
of
it
instrumentally
,
standing
near
the
Sea-side
,
which
I
found
to
be
34
Minutes
,
the
Sun
being
28
Degrees
high
.
This
shows
how
great
a
Refraction
here
is
.
Yet
may
this
be
noted
by
the
way
,
that
I
have
seen
the
Land
elevated
by
reason
of
the
refractious
Air
;
and
nevertheless
the
Sun
hath
risen
perfect
round
.
January
6.
I
observed
the
Latitude
with
what
Exactness
I
could
,
(
it
being
very
clear
Sun-shine
Weather
)
which
I
found
to
be
51
,
52.
This
Difference
is
by
reason
that
here
is
a
great
Refraction
.
January
21.
I
observed
the
Sun
to
rise
like
an
Oval
alongst
the
Horizon
;
I
called
three
or
four
to
see
it
,
the
better
to
confirm
my
Judgment
,
and
we
all
are
agreed
,
that
it
was
twice
as
long
as
it
was
broad
.
We
plainly
perceived
withal
,
that
by
Degrees
as
it
got
up
higher
,
it
also
recovered
Roundness
.
Attending
upon
Sir
Peter
Wych
,
in
his
Journey
for
Warsaw
the
Beginning
of
June
,
16
69/70
,
whilst
we
lay
about
three
Polish
Miles
from
the
City
,
attending
the
Preparations
for
his
Reception
there
,
we
had
very
clear
and
extream
cold
Weather
;
and
for
two
Days
together
we
observed
the
Sun
and
two
Parhelions
,
or
three
Suns
,
from
above
ten
a
Clock
to
near
twelve
,
not
the
least
Cloud
appearing
in
the
Air
,
but
that
so
serene
,
that
we
took
notice
of
the
Icy
Spangles
in
the
Air
,
flying
about
like
Atoms
in
the
Sun's
Beams
.
This
is
also
worth
taking
notice
of
;
that
whereas
in
ordinary
frosty
Weather
any
smooth
Iron
,
or
other
Metal
,
whether
Heads
of
Sticks
,
Pomels
of
Swords
,
or
Barrels
of
Guns
,
being
brought
out
of
the
open
Air
into
a
warm
Room
,
there
will
presently
,
first
a
Dulness
in
the
Glass
,
and
then
Drops
of
Water
appear
:
At
this
time
there
would
immediately
appear
the
Likeness
of
an
hoar
Frost
.
Now
whether
the
Particles
of
Cold
be
so
subtile
as
to
pierce
or
enter
into
polished
Metal
,
I
will
not
determine
;
tho
the
Experience
of
wetting
one
Finger
with
his
Spittle
,
and
forthwith
laying
it
to
Iron
when
it
freezes
hard
,
by
its
immediate
Adhesion
,
even
in
the
Moment
of
touching
it
,
would
make
some
way
for
the
Affirmative
.
That
same
Month
returning
back
from
Warsaw
,
I
saw
,
upon
my
Journey
,
the
Sun
rise
with
a
large
Pillar
,
coloured
like
a
Rain-bow
;
perpendicular
over
it
,
out
of
a
clear
Horizon
;
and
I
remember
Monsieur
Hevelius
told
me
,
he
observed
it
once
set
with
the
like
,
N.
In
Cornwall
they
observe
in
their
driving
home
Levels
or
Sink
,
the
Waters
do
also
manifestly
partake
of
the
Minerals
,
for
in
some
Mines
they
are
Sanative
,
where
Iron
is
observed
;
and
in
others
apt
to
cause
Wounds
to
fester
and
rankle
.
As
the
first
was
most
manifest
at
Karne
Key
,
the
latter
at
Relistian
,
both
famous
Tin-Works
.
Asking
of
a
Chymist
that
travelled
with
a
famous
Virtuoso
of
my
Acquaintance
over
part
of
the
Alpes
that
is
said
to
be
much
subject
to
Thunders
,
divers
Questions
about
Thunder
,
I
had
among
other
Answers
,
this
,
That
he
and
my
Friend
being
together
at
the
Top
of
a
forked
Mountain
,
between
whose
Parts
there
lay
a
Valley
,
that
seem'd
almost
cover'd
with
a
thick
Cloud
;
and
though
the
Weather
were
clear
at
both
the
Tops
,
he
observed
that
the
subjacent
Cloud
being
big
with
Thunder
,
the
Lightning
appeared
quite
through
it
,
and
seem'd
to
lie
deep
in
it
,
so
that
casting
his
Eyes
down
upon
the
Cloud
,
he
fancied
that
what
he
saw
,
was
,
(
to
use
his
own
Comparison
)
as
if
a
shining
Fish
were
moving
to
and
fro
very
swiftly
in
a
somewhat
troubled
Water
.
If
I
had
seasonably
had
the
Relation
,
I
had
enquired
of
my
Friend
about
it
;
but
I
was
the
more
inclined
to
believe
it
,
because
I
remember
,
that
passing
over
a
part
of
the
Alpes
,
less
high
than
that
where
the
recited
Observation
was
made
,
though
it
was
very
fair
Weather
,
and
a
clear
Sky
at
the
Top
of
the
Mountain
where
we
were
,
yet
a
great
way
beneath
us
we
saw
dark
Clouds
,
through
part
of
which
we
afterwards
in
our
Descent
were
obliged
to
pass
,
though
then
(
whether
part
of
the
Matter
had
been
in
the
mean
while
discussed
,
I
examine
not
)
it
seemed
to
us
little
different
from
a
thick
Fog
,
which
when
we
had
passed
thorow
,
we
found
the
Weather
fair
and
clear
enough
to
the
Foot
of
the
Mountain
.
Meeting
with
an
inquisitive
Noble-man
that
liv'd
long
at
Naples
,
I
asked
him
whether
he
had
ever
seen
any
of
those
famous
Apparitions
that
are
said
sometimes
to
shew
themselves
in
or
near
the
Sicilian
Strait
,
and
is
known
by
the
Name
(
if
I
mistake
not
)
of
Morgane
?
To
this
he
answered
me
,
that
during
the
Spring-time
,
he
had
once
the
Curiosity
to
try
whether
this
Tradition
had
so
much
Ground
as
was
commonly
believed
;
and
that
accordingly
on
several
fair
Mornings
he
rose
before
the
Sun
,
and
look'd
solicitously
along
the
Coast
,
without
seeing
any
thing
that
answered
his
Expectation
:
But
not
being
discouraged
by
these
Disappointments
,
he
one
Morning
perceived
,
as
he
thought
,
two
Steeples
in
a
Neighbouring
Town
where
he
knew
there
was
but
one
;
which
Phaenomenon
inviting
him
to
continue
his
Curiosity
,
he
chose
the
first
fair
and
cloudless
Morning
to
rise
early
on
;
and
casting
his
Eyes
towards
the
lately
mentioned
Town
,
and
the
Coast
it
was
not
remote
from
,
he
was
surprized
with
a
delightful
Prospect
of
a
new
Town
beyond
the
other
,
and
incomparably
greater
than
it
,
and
furnish'd
,
as
it
seem'd
to
him
and
a
Doctor
of
Physick
that
accompanied
him
,
with
Walls
and
Towers
,
and
Steeples
and
Houses
,
and
other
things
that
were
delightful
,
as
well
as
wonderful
to
behold
.
But
he
answer'd
me
,
that
the
Colours
were
not
near
so
lively
as
the
Figures
,
being
for
the
most
part
somewhat
dim
,
though
adorned
here
and
there
with
some
Redness
:
but
this
odd
Spectacle
,
as
it
was
not
invariable
during
the
whole
time
it
lasted
,
did
not
continue
very
long
;
for
when
the
Sun
was
gotten
up
to
such
a
Height
above
the
Horizon
as
made
his
Beams
powerful
,
they
quickly
confounded
all
these
Airy
Structures
in
a
kind
of
Chaos
,
and
made
the
fantastick
City
vanish
.
Moist
Vapours
are
not
the
only
Cause
or
Sign
of
the
Opacity
of
the
Air
,
since
that
dry
blighting
East
Wind
,
which
from
the
Effects
Country
People
call
a
red
Wind
,
makes
the
Air
at
a
Distance
seem
blewish
and
thick
.
This
is
the
Wind
which
these
two
Years
last
past
,
has
been
so
pernicious
to
Apples
,
and
indeed
to
all
sorts
of
Trees
,
not
only
to
blast
the
Fruit
,
but
the
very
Leaves
of
such
Trees
as
it
met
withal
,
just
in
the
Tender
(
as
the
Woodmen
call
it
)
i.
e.
when
they
are
newly
expanded
out
of
the
Buds
.
Mr.
J.
T.
That
Air
is
sometimes
more
clear
and
transparent
,
and
sometimes
more
dark
,
and
,
as
it
were
,
muddy
,
being
clogg'd
and
opacated
with
terrestrial
Steams
,
is
every
Man's
Observation
.
But
there
are
some
Phaenomena
that
depend
upon
the
Density
,
Diaphancity
,
&c.
of
the
Air
,
that
are
not
so
vulgarly
taken
notice
of
:
For
besides
those
that
require
Skill
in
the
Doctrine
of
Refractions
,
on
which
therefore
I
shall
not
now
insist
;
there
are
some
others
that
may
be
worth
your
notice
,
which
I
shall
give
a
Taste
of
.
Considering
the
differing
Accounts
that
are
given
by
good
Authors
,
of
the
number
of
the
Fixed
Stars
,
and
comparing
them
with
some
Observations
of
our
own
,
I
was
thereby
,
and
upon
some
other
Grounds
,
induced
to
suspect
that
the
differing
and
unheeded
Constitutions
of
the
Air
might
occasion
a
Difference
in
assigning
the
Number
of
the
Stars
:
which
made
me
inquire
of
several
Navigators
and
Travellers
,
some
into
the
torrid
Zone
,
and
others
into
the
frigid
ones
,
what
Difference
they
found
in
contemplating
the
Stars
in
those
Climates
,
and
in
ours
;
and
by
this
Inquiry
,
I
learned
that
in
some
Places
where
the
Air
is
very
pure
,
Celestial
Observations
may
be
more
happily
made
.
And
particularly
because
I
supposed
that
intense
Cold
,
by
precipitating
the
darkning
Vapours
out
of
the
Air
,
may
probably
make
it
more
defecate
and
clear
.
I
desired
an
ingenious
Physician
that
travelled
in
Muscovy
,
to
take
notice
of
any
thing
that
should
favour
or
disfavour
this
Conjecture
.
In
Compliance
with
which
Request
of
mine
he
informed
me
,
that
travelling
one
Night
in
a
Sled
in
the
more
mediterranean
Parts
of
Russia
,
the
Weather
being
extraordinary
cold
,
he
was
invited
to
quit
his
Sled
a
little
to
consider
the
Sky
,
where
he
saw
so
many
Stars
,
and
so
much
brighter
than
he
had
ever
seen
before
,
that
he
was
almost
as
much
surprized
as
delighted
with
so
glorious
a
Spectacle
,
which
he
shewed
to
some
of
his
Fellow-Travellers
that
shared
in
his
Wonder
.
And
this
brought
into
my
Mind
,
that
remembring
that
the
ingenious
Capt.
James
being
forc'd
to
winter
in
Charlton-Island
,
which
though
but
of
the
Latitude
almost
of
Cambridg
,
is
but
little
,
if
at
all
,
less
cold
than
Nova
Zembla
it self
,
I
should
probably
find
something
pertinent
to
our
present
Subject
in
so
diligent
an
Observer
.
I
resorted
to
his
Voyage
,
where
I
met
with
these
notable
Observations
.
January
30
and
31
,
there
appeared
in
the
Beginning
of
the
Night
more
Stars
in
the
Firmament
than
ever
I
had
seen
before
,
by
two
thirds
.
I
could
see
the
Cloud
in
Cancer
full
of
small
Stars
:
and
amongst
the
Pleiades
a
great
many
small
Stars
.
About
ten
a
Clock
the
Moon
did
rise
,
and
then
a
quarter
of
them
was
not
to
be
seen
.
The
Wind
for
the
most
part
of
this
Month
hath
been
Northe●ly
,
and
very
cold
,
&c.
Capt.
James
,
p.
62.
The
Russian
Emperor's
Physician
confirmed
to
me
by
word
of
Mouth
,
what
he
had
some
Years
since
told
me
in
a
Letter
,
that
one
Night
which
was
exceeding
cold
and
clear
,
being
awakened
out
of
his
Sleep
by
a
Shake
that
had
like
to
have
overturn'd
his
Sled
,
he
look'd
out
and
saw
more
Stars
by
far
than
ever
he
saw
in
England
,
or
the
Neighbouring
Parts
of
Europe
,
and
particularly
that
he
saw
many
about
the
7
Stars
,
or
the
Pleiades
,
and
divers
others
he
had
not
seen
before
in
several
other
Parts
of
the
Sky
.
He
farther
told
me
,
that
these
Stars
seemed
far
more
beautiful
and
bright
than
was
usual
,
insomuch
that
he
doubts
not
,
that
if
it
had
not
been
for
the
Snow
,
some
of
them
would
have
cast
a
discernable
Shadow
.
For
Confirmation
,
he
saith
,
that
the
Phaenomena
were
not
only
taken
notice
of
by
him
,
but
by
others
that
travelled
with
him
;
and
that
though
he
often
gazed
at
the
Sky
,
since
that
time
he
never
could
see
there
near
so
many
Stars
,
nor
so
bright
.
December
4.
I
had
not
time
the
last
Week
to
tell
you
of
something
,
that
to
us
that
have
not
been
long
in
this
Country
seems
strange
,
but
the
People
of
this
Place
say
happens
very
often
.
On
the
29th
of
the
last
Month
,
after
I
had
written
and
sent
away
my
Letters
,
looking
out
of
the
Dutchesses
Window
to
see
what
Weather
it
was
,
I
saw
towards
the
N
E.
alongst
the
Horizon
,
it
look'd
as
light
,
and
just
as
if
it
had
been
Break-of-Day
,
(
it
was
then
about
a
quarter
past
eleven
)
and
gave
as
great
a
Light
;
I
went
then
into
the
Drawing-Room
,
and
looking
out
of
that
Window
,
could
look
more
Northerly
,
and
saw
it
was
more
light
due
N.
and
saw
several
Streaks
of
Light
,
like
the
Tail
of
the
Blazing
Star
,
all
pointing
N.
and
S.
one
of
which
was
as
long
or
longer
than
that
we
saw
last
Year
,
for
it
reached
from
the
Horizon
,
and
pass'd
betwen
Charles's
Wain
and
the
N.
Star
,
and
reached
up
just
over
our
Heads
.
The
small
ones
sometimes
disappeared
:
and
then
we
saw
others
of
the
same
Dimensions
appear
in
other
Places
,
they
were
all
near
the
great
one
;
two
of
them
seem'd
as
if
their
Light
had
come
from
the
two
Guards
in
Charles's
Wain
;
and
when
they
vanished
,
others
appeared
more
South
.
I
went
to
the
other
Side
of
the
House
,
and
saw
that
the
Light
reached
from
the
W.
or
W
N
W.
by
the
N.
to
the
E.
or
E
N
E.
I
did
not
go
out
,
because
it
blew
very
hard
,
and
was
very
wet
,
contenting
my self
to
see
it
out
of
the
House
,
but
sent
Geo.
Man
up
the
Hill
,
who
saw
the
same
,
and
it
was
so
clear
they
could
see
the
Frith
.
About
the
New
Moon
before
,
there
was
such
a
Light
as
this
seen
by
Lord
Belcarus
,
as
he
came
in
the
Night
from
St.
Andrews
to
his
House
,
and
by
the
Seamen
of
the
Yacht
at
Leith
,
and
by
some
here
in
Town
:
But
though
the
Sky
was
not
then
so
clear
,
there
being
broken
Clouds
,
yet
it
gave
such
Light
,
as
they
could
read
very
plainly
,
as
they
told
me
;
that
began
about
7
,
and
lasted
till
9.
This
last
I
did
not
see
till
after
11
,
and
at
a
quarter
of
12
it
began
to
lessen
,
at
which
time
I
went
to
Bed
,
and
the
Tails
were
then
no
more
to
be
seen
.
Tell
Dr.
Flamsted
of
this
,
and
know
of
him
,
whether
he
has
seen
or
heard
of
such
kind
of
things
.
This
was
from
his
Royal
Highness
the
Duke
of
York
,
then
High
Commissioner
in
Scotland
.
An
intelligent
Gentleman
that
liv'd
in
Africk
,
being
asked
by
me
,
how
far
off
he
was
able
to
see
the
Top
of
the
Pico
of
Teneriff
at
Sea
?
replied
,
that
by
the
Estimate
of
the
Captain
of
the
Ship
,
it
was
near
50
Leagues
,
and
yet
it
appear'd
to
him
so
high
above
some
Clouds
,
and
so
near
,
that
he
was
fain
to
cast
his
Head
up
to
see
it
.
TITLE
XXI
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Consistency
of
Animal
Substances
.
AS
on
the
one
side
the
Schools
teach
the
Air
to
be
a
simple
and
elementary
Body
,
that
is
,
only
hot
and
moist
;
so
on
the
other
Side
,
the
Generality
of
Men
are
so
accustomed
to
judg
of
things
by
their
Senses
,
that
not
finding
the
Air
to
be
a
visible
Body
,
they
ascribe
less
to
it
than
even
the
School-men
do
;
and
what
is
invisible
,
they
think
to
be
next
Degree
to
nothing
.
And
indeed
both
the
one
sort
of
Men
and
the
other
,
are
wont
to
consider
the
Air
only
as
a
Receptacle
,
that
barely
harbours
the
visible
and
palpable
Bodies
committed
to
it
,
or
as
it
were
deposited
in
it
,
without
acting
upon
them
,
unless
it
be
perhaps
a
little
upon
the
Account
of
its
manifest
Qualities
,
Heat
and
Moisture
.
But
for
my
part
,
who
look
upon
the
Air
under
another
Notion
,
and
think
it
may
as
well
alter
as
receive
the
Bodies
that
lie
exposed
to
it
;
I
am
apt
to
allow
it
in
reference
to
some
Bodies
,
certain
other
Faculties
and
Powers
,
among
which
some
may
be
called
Generative
and
Maturative
,
and
others
Corruptive
;
and
this
not
only
in
respect
of
Animals
and
other
Bodies
of
a
slighter
Texture
,
but
even
of
Salts
and
Minerals
themselves
.
An
observing
Man
that
had
sailed
to
and
fro
between
Europe
and
the
East-Indies
,
answered
me
,
among
other
things
,
about
their
way
of
transporting
Cheese
;
That
the
Cheese
they
used
to
take
along
were
Cheshire
,
of
a
very
considerable
Thickness
,
which
they
inclosed
in
leaden
Boxes
fit
for
them
,
and
thereby
were
able
to
preserve
them
sound
till
they
came
to
the
East-Indies
.
But
in
case
they
were
not
able
,
or
neglected
to
make
use
of
such
Boxes
,
he
several
times
observed
,
that
cutting
a
Cheese
in
two
,
when
they
were
any
thing
near
the
Equinoctial
,
that
most
part
of
it
would
be
very
dry
and
brittle
,
and
seem'd
as
if
it
were
spoil'd
:
Whereas
the
Parts
about
the
middle
were
so
fat
and
soft
,
as
if
all
the
unctuous
Parts
that
were
wanting
in
the
dried
Portion
of
the
Cheese
had
retired
thither
,
and
was
between
Cream
and
Cheese
.
Which
Conjecture
was
not
contradicted
by
this
,
that
if
they
cut
some
of
them
Cheeses
,
when
having
left
the
Torrid
Zone
behind
them
,
and
had
made
a
good
Progress
in
the
Temperate
Zone
,
they
found
the
external
Portion
good
,
and
the
Consistence
of
the
Cheese
uniform
enough
.
Quere
,
Whether
the
moist
Particles
that
flie
in
the
Air
,
be
not
the
great
Cause
of
all
Corruption
of
Bodies
,
since
Acosta
says
,
that
in
Peru
,
where
it
seldom
rains
,
all
things
,
like
dead
Bodies
,
keep
a
great
while
uncorrupted
?
The
like
may
be
observed
of
Egypt
,
if
it
be
not
to
be
rather
imputed
to
the
Nitrous
Salt
with
which
the
Air
of
that
Country
so
much
abounds
.
Mr.
J.
T.
A
Man
of
Letters
,
that
divers
times
crossed
the
Line
in
great
Portugal
Ships
,
answered
me
,
That
when
they
came
near
it
and
under
it
,
he
observed
among
other
things
,
that
there
was
a
very
manifest
Change
made
in
the
Consistence
of
their
Bisket
;
that
most
of
their
Meat
,
and
even
their
Salt
Fish
was
much
impaired
,
so
that
they
were
scarce
able
to
eat
it
;
and
that
their
Pilot
,
who
had
been
23
times
in
the
Indies
,
assured
them
,
he
observed
when
they
came
to
the
Equinoctial
,
that
fresh
Water
would
not
there
be
at
all
troubled
or
stinking
,
but
clear
and
sweet
,
as
if
it
were
but
newly
put
into
the
Cask
.
Doctor
Stubbs
being
inquired
of
by
me
concerning
,
&c.
told
me
,
that
in
Jamaica
the
silken
Stuffs
that
were
brought
thither
,
will
rot
even
whilst
they
keep
their
Colour
,
if
they
be
shown
to
the
Air
;
though
if
they
be
not
show'd
thereto
,
but
kept
up
close
,
they
were
not
observed
to
rot
,
or
be
discoloured
.
TITLE
XXII
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Consistency
of
Vegetable
Substances
.
MAY
16.
We
opened
a
small
Glass-Receiver
ground
to
a
Plate
of
Glass
,
in
which
there
had
been
included
for
three
Years
and
some
Months
,
(
though
I
know
not
how
many
)
the
half
of
a
Lemon
cut
transversly
,
together
with
a
Mercurial
Gage
:
The
Lemon
kept
its
Colour
pretty
well
,
and
its
Shape
very
well
,
save
that
at
the
Orifice
the
upper
Part
of
the
Pulp
was
depressed
,
seeming
as
it
were
dried
up
by
the
Recess
of
the
Liquor
contain'd
in
it
;
which
Liquor
did
now
stagnate
upon
the
Glass
Plate
.
When
this
began
to
be
disjoined
from
the
upper
Glass
,
there
rush'd
in
,
not
without
Noise
,
a
pretty
deal
of
external
Air
,
which
argued
that
the
Air
afforded
by
the
included
Lemon
in
so
long
a
time
,
had
not
been
near
sufficient
to
fill
the
Cavity
of
the
Receiver
.
Neither
the
half
Lemon
nor
the
Liquor
had
any
ill
Scent
,
or
other
sign
of
Putrefaction
or
Corruption
;
neither
of
them
had
the
least
Mould
,
which
gave
me
a
Suspicion
,
as
far
as
it
could
be
grounded
upon
this
Experiment
,
that
such
a
Mould
as
might
have
been
expected
,
being
(
as
may
be
guessed
by
the
Microscope
)
a
Congeries
of
a
very
small
kind
of
Vegetables
,
could
not
any
more
than
many
greater
ones
,
be
produced
without
the
Concurrence
of
the
Air.
The
Liquor
was
clear
enough
,
and
without
Faeces
,
being
in
Colour
between
brown
and
reddish
.
It
contained
an
acid
Taste
;
and
when
I
put
a
little
of
it
upon
Sirrup
of
Violets
,
it
turned
it
to
a
Purplish
Colour
;
and
which
is
more
,
being
put
upon
small
Fragments
(
not
Pouder
)
of
red
Coral
,
presently
began
manifestly
to
corrode
them
,
and
that
in
the
Cold.
To
the
Heat
and
piercing
Moisture
of
the
Air
combin'd
together
,
may
be
referr'd
the
Observation
of
an
intelligent
Scholar
,
from
whom
,
when
I
ask'd
him
what
he
had
taken
notice
of
about
these
Qualities
,
when
he
sail'd
under
or
near
the
Line
,
(
which
he
did
several
times
)
he
told
me
,
that
divers
Pastils
or
Lozanges
that
he
was
wont
to
carry
in
his
Pockets
,
were
so
dissolved
,
that
they
spoil'd
his
Pockets
,
and
obliged
him
to
cut
them
out
,
though
the
Pastils
of
the
same
kind
did
never
lose
their
old
Consistence
till
he
came
near
the
Equator
,
nor
keep
their
new
Consistence
after
he
had
passed
some
Degrees
beyond
it
,
but
grew
solid
again
as
before
.
TITLE
XXIII
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Consistency
of
Mineral
Substances
.
INquiring
of
an
ingenious
Swedish
Gentleman
that
was
a
great
Dealer
in
the
Metals
his
Country
abounds
with
,
whether
the
great
Cold
of
sharp
Winters
in
those
Northern
Climates
had
not
a
sensible
Operation
upon
Iron
:
I
learned
from
him
,
that
in
the
chief
Copper
Mine
(
which
he
had
curiously
visited
)
being
to
draw
up
the
Oar
from
an
exceeding
great
Depth
,
they
fastned
their
Baskets
,
not
as
they
use
in
other
Mines
,
to
Iron
Chains
,
but
to
Ropes
made
of
Ox
or
Bull-Hides
;
and
that
chiefly
for
this
Reason
,
That
during
the
hard
Winter-Frosts
that
are
there
usual
,
the
Links
of
their
Iron
Chains
were
very
subject
to
be
broken
by
the
great
Cold
joined
to
the
Weight
of
the
Oar
,
to
the
great
Danger
,
and
oftentimes
the
Destruction
of
the
poor
Workmen
that
were
digging
beneath
:
which
Inconvenience
was
avoided
by
imploying
Leather
,
which
the
Cold
could
not
make
brittle
,
instead
of
Iron
.
Asking
an
ingenious
Master
of
a
Glass-House
,
whether
he
had
not
observed
that
Glasses
,
though
as
well
neal'd
as
is
ordinary
,
would
sometimes
of
themselves
break
with
a
Noise
long
after
;
he
answered
me
affirmatively
:
adding
,
That
particularly
having
one
time
had
an
occasion
to
lay
by
for
about
half
a
Year
or
longer
,
a
numerous
Parcel
of
Glasses
,
when
he
came
to
take
them
out
,
he
found
that
about
a
fourth
Part
of
the
whole
Batch
was
frozen
of
themselves
;
and
that
in
most
or
all
of
them
,
the
Cracks
proceeded
from
some
seeming
Stone
or
great
Grain
of
Sand
,
which
yet
indeed
was
not
Sand
,
but
some
part
of
Salt
that
had
not
obtained
a
sufficient
Comminution
.
A
learned
Gentleman
that
is
Owner
of
an
Iron
Mine
,
informs
me
,
that
he
has
a
House
in
Suffolk
within
6
Miles
of
the
Sea
;
and
though
the
House
be
but
80
Years
old
,
yet
the
Iron
Bars
of
the
Window
that
look
towards
the
Sea
,
are
swelled
,
and
(
as
he
calls
it
)
rotten
,
being
brittle
,
and
easy
to
be
crumbled
into
Pouder
.
And
when
I
asked
him
whether
the
Wind
that
came
from
the
Sea
to
these
Windows
were
not
Southern
,
he
answered
affirmatively
.
And
to
confirm
what
I
was
saying
of
the
Operation
of
Sea-Salt
upon
Iron
,
he
told
me
,
that
having
had
occasion
to
cause
many
Bars
of
Iron
to
be
laid
in
a
Place
upon
the
Neighbouring
Shore
,
above
the
high-Water-mark
,
a
great
Storm
chanced
to
increase
the
Tide
so
far
as
to
drench
those
Bars
for
some
Hours
after
;
which
remaining
in
the
Air
,
they
were
very
much
impaired
,
great
thick
Flakes
being
easy
to
be
struck
off
from
them
when
they
came
to
be
hammer'd
.
A
very
experienc'd
Mason
informed
me
,
that
the
Cathedral
of
Salisbury
is
made
of
Purbeck-Stone
,
which
in
the
Air
grows
softer
and
softer
,
and
will
moulder
away
;
and
so
will
some
Blechington-Stone
,
though
not
exposed
to
wet
;
whereas
the
Stones
dug
up
at
Painswick
,
within
four
Miles
of
Glocester
,
being
very
soft
and
friable
at
first
,
will
by
lying
in
the
Air
(
as
he
has
particularly
observed
)
acquire
a
Crust-hard
and
Glassy
like
Marble
;
and
the
oftner
't
is
washed
,
the
sooner
will
it
acquire
this
hard
and
yellowish
Crust
,
which
reaches
but
a
very
little
way
(
scarce
the
Thickness
of
half
a
Crown
)
beneath
the
Surface
contiguous
to
the
Air.
TITLE
XXIV
.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
Fire
and
Flame
.
A
Gentleman
of
my
Acquaintance
being
ask'd
by
me
about
the
burning
of
Candles
in
Grooves
(
or
Sutts
)
that
are
not
furnish'd
with
Air-shafts
,
he
told
me
,
that
the
Depths
I
desired
to
be
informed
of
were
very
uncertain
,
and
varied
considerably
,
according
to
the
different
Nature
of
the
Soil
,
and
perhaps
other
Circumstances
,
so
that
sometimes
a
Candle
would
go
out
much
sooner
,
and
sometimes
it
would
continue
burning
,
though
it
were
let
down
to
the
Depth
of
eight
,
ten
or
more
Fathom
.
That
when
they
come
into
close
Ground
,
though
their
Candle
will
burn
at
first
,
yet
after
a
while
working
,
(
more
especially
if
the
Stone
be
full
of
Mundick
)
the
Dust
raised
by
their
Working
will
make
their
Candles
go
out
,
so
that
they
must
leave
working
for
a
time
,
except
they
will
be
at
the
Charge
of
conveying
down
Air
by
Pipes
.
I
mention
this
as
different
from
other
sorts
of
Damps
.
N.
Experiments
touching
the
Relation
between
Flame
,
Air.
THE
burning
of
Candles
,
&c.
under
a
Glass
Bell.
The
burning
of
Spirit
of
Wine
under
a
Glass
Bell.
The
burning
of
Match
,
Touch-wood
,
Sponck
,
&c.
under
a
Bell.
The
keeping
of
Animals
under
the
same
Instrument
whilst
the
Flame
is
burning
.
The
burning
of
Bodies
to
Ashes
in
seal'd
Glasses
.
The
doing
the
like
in
exactly
closed
Receivers
.
The
burning
of
Cotton
in
a
seal'd
Glass
.
The
burning
of
the
Mixture
of
Flames
under
Water
in
an
E.
R.
The
burning
of
Spirit
of
Wine
and
Oil
of
Turpentine
in
Glass
Vessels
with
slender
Necks
.
The
Experiment
of
burning
Gun-Powder
.
Another
of
the
Pistols
not
firing
in
an
E.
R.
The
burning
of
a
saline
Substance
in
an
E.
R.
The
burning
of
Mixtures
of
Salt-peter
in
an
E.
R.
TITLE
XXV
.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
Fermentation
.
WE
took
a
small
handful
of
Raisons
,
and
having
Novemb.
put
them
into
a
Bolt-head
,
(
not
large
,
but
half
filled
with
Water
)
we
drew
out
the
Air
,
and
then
we
removed
the
Portable
and
exactly
closed
Receiver
,
and
put
it
on
the
Digestive
Furnace
,
that
the
Warmth
of
that
Place
might
promote
the
Fermentation
in
spight
of
the
Unfavourableness
of
the
Season
of
the
Year
.
After
a
while
there
appeared
Signs
of
Fermentation
by
the
emerging
of
the
Raisons
,
which
swan
for
some
Days
on
the
Top
of
the
Water
,
most
of
them
beset
with
numerous
Bubbles
;
nor
did
above
very
few
of
them
subside
at
last
,
though
after
some
Days
the
Bubbles
grew
fewer
and
fewer
,
and
there
appeared
a
Sediment
at
the
Bottom
of
the
Glass
.
A
Fortnight
after
they
were
first
sealed
up
,
the
upper
part
of
the
Glass
was
accidentally
broken
whilst
I
stood
by
;
whereupon
the
external
Air
rushed
in
with
some
Noise
:
and
I
taking
the
Vessel
in
my
Hand
,
perceived
the
Surface
of
the
Liquor
to
be
overspead
with
Bubbles
,
almost
like
the
Forth
of
Bottle-Drink
:
there
seem'd
to
me
to
come
out
at
the
little
Orifice
made
where
the
Apex
was
broken
off
,
a
visible
Fume
,
which
had
a
somewhat
languid
Smell
.
The
Liquor
was
high
colour'd
of
the
Raisons
,
and
seem'd
to
have
extracted
something
from
them
that
gave
it
a
better
Consistence
than
that
of
Water
.
TITLE
XXVI
.
Of
the
Air
as
the
Receptacle
of
Odours
.
TITLE
XXVII
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Odours
of
Animal
Substances
.
MAY
23.
We
opened
an
exhausted
Receiver
,
wherein
was
pretty
Store
of
Verjuice
,
or
green
and
sour
Grapes
.
And
though
they
had
lain
there
we
are
sure
about
three
Years
,
and
possibly
much
longer
,
yet
there
appear'd
no
Mouldiness
at
all
upon
any
of
them
:
But
the
Surfaces
of
the
uppermost
Grains
were
somewhat
discoloured
,
perhaps
by
a
saline
and
confusedly
formed
Efflorescence
,
which
having
look'd
upon
through
a
Glass
,
and
also
tasted
,
I
guessed
to
be
a
kind
of
Tartar
.
The
like
Liquor
that
the
Grains
had
afforded
had
an
acid
Taste
,
and
would
in
the
Cold
corrode
Coral
,
but
the
Grains
smell'd
somewhat
musty
.
In
all
this
time
the
Verjuice
had
produced
so
little
Air
,
that
we
could
scarce
take
notice
of
it
by
the
Mercurial
Gage
that
had
been
shut
up
with
it
.
I
inquired
of
my
Lord
of
Sandwich
,
and
a
couple
of
Gentlemen
that
accompanied
him
,
whether
it
be
true
which
is
reported
of
the
Purity
of
the
Air
at
Madrid
,
that
though
they
have
no
Houses
of
Office
,
but
every
Night
throw
out
their
Excrements
into
the
Streets
;
yet
by
the
Morning
there
remains
no
more
Smell
of
them
.
To
which
I
was
answered
,
That
't
was
true
the
Excrements
were
so
disposed
of
,
but
that
Madrid
is
the
stinkingst
Town
they
ever
came
into
;
yet
that
't
was
difficult
to
discern
in
the
Morning
any
peculiar
Smell
of
what
had
been
cast
into
the
Street
by
Night
;
but
they
jointly
affirmed
,
that
the
Place
where
the
Ambassador's
numerous
Family
resorted
to
make
Water
in
,
did
not
smell
of
Piss
;
and
that
they
often
observed
the
Dogs
and
Cats
that
lay
dead
in
the
Streets
were
deprived
of
Stench
:
and
his
Lordship
supposed
that
the
Stench
of
a
dead
Mule
would
in
few
Hours
vanish
.
TITLE
XXVIII
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Odours
of
Vegetable
Substances
.
MAY
16.
At
the
same
time
we
opened
another
small
Receiver
,
wherein
above
three
Years
before
some
large
Pieces
of
Orange
had
been
included
:
The
Rinds
of
these
were
much
discolour'd
,
their
Surfaces
being
almost
black
.
They
had
scarce
afforded
any
Liquor
,
and
yet
we
could
not
perceive
the
least
Mould
in
any
of
them
,
nor
had
they
a
putrid
Smell
.
TITLE
XXIX
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Odours
of
Mineral
Substances
.
TITLE
XXX
.
Of
the
Operation
of
the
Air
on
the
Tastes
of
Animal
Substances
.
HE
answered
me
,
that
they
could
very
well
preserve
Meat
,
as
Beef
,
without
salting
it
,
as
long
as
the
Frost
lasted
,
that
is
,
during
the
whole
Winter
.
But
when
it
was
once
thorowly
frozen
,
they
could
not
dress
it
so
as
to
make
it
relish
like
good
Meat
.
Mr.
Nickson
.
TITLE
XXXI
.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Tastes
of
Vegetable
Substances
.
TITLE
XXXII
.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Tastes
of
Mineral
Substances
.
TITLE
XXXIII
.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Colours
of
Animal
Substances
.
ENquiring
of
a
Man
of
Letters
,
that
had
the
Curiosity
to
travel
into
the
Inland
Parts
of
Brasil
,
whether
in
that
Countrey
the
Air
had
not
a
great
Influence
upon
the
Colours
of
Clothes
:
He
told
me
it
had
,
and
even
upon
Black
;
insomuch
that
a
kind
of
black
Taffety
,
which
is
the
usual
wear
of
the
better
sort
,
will
,
after
it
hath
been
worn
a
very
few
Days
,
degenerate
into
an
Ironish
Colour
:
yet
he
answered
me
,
that
in
the
Shops
where
't
is
carefully
kept
from
the
Air
,
the
Taffety
continued
of
a
good
Black
.
Nor
is
it
only
upon
the
Colour
of
Stuffs
,
but
of
Animals
too
,
that
he
says
the
Brasilian
Air
has
an
Operation
;
for
he
says
,
that
at
a
Place
50
Leagues
beyond
Parigna
,
there
is
a
Region
where
white
People
do
in
a
very
short
time
grow
Basannez
(
or
tawny
,
)
though
a
little
way
out
of
that
particular
Region
,
as
for
Instance
beyond
it
,
they
quickly
recover
their
wonted
Colour
.
He
told
me
,
that
upon
Charleton
Island
they
have
Flocks
of
certain
Birds
,
which
the
English
there
call
Partridges
,
though
they
resemble
ours
more
in
Bulk
than
Shape
,
being
somewhat
like
wild
Pigeons
,
but
a
good
deal
bigger
:
These
he
says
are
white
in
the
Winter
,
and
gray
in
the
Summer
.
TITLE
XXXIV
.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Colours
of
Vegetable
Substances
.
ALearned
Man
that
was
Physician
to
the
Governor
of
Jamaica
,
being
at
his
Return
ask'd
divers
Questions
by
me
,
concerning
that
Island
,
gave
me
among
others
,
the
following
Answer
:
Lignum
Vitae
,
said
he
,
and
most
other
Trees
at
Jamaica
,
when
they
are
newly
cut
down
,
where-ever
you
cut
the
Wood
,
that
part
which
is
exposed
to
the
Air
will
quickly
grow
green
,
though
that
which
is
a
little
beneath
it
be
yellow
,
or
of
another
Colour
;
and
this
Lignum
Vita
,
when
green
,
is
as
soft
as
Oak
,
or
softer
;
and
many
other
Jamaica
Woods
that
are
soft
,
when
newly
cut
down
,
will
afterwards
so
harden
in
the
Air
,
that
ordinary
Tools
will
make
no
Impression
upon
them
;
and
the
Nails
that
pierced
them
easily
before
,
can
no
more
be
forc'd
out
of
them
;
and
this
is
chiefly
conspicuous
in
the
Cabbage-Tree
,
which
being
a
Wood
soft
enough
when
't
is
cut
down
,
the
Pith
which
is
very
copious
will
quickly
rot
of
it self
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Tree
serves
for
a
Pipe
of
perhaps
100
Foot
long
,
that
will
not
corrupt
under
Ground
,
but
grow
almost
as
hard
as
Iron
.
Enquiring
of
an
inquisitive
Traveller
,
what
he
had
observed
about
the
Power
of
the
Air
,
which
I
had
been
inform'd
was
great
,
in
working
upon
divers
Bodies
at
the
Island
of
St.
Jago
:
He
told
me
,
that
he
and
his
Company
had
not
staid
long
enough
there
to
make
much
Observation
of
that
kind
;
but
that
seeing
Aloes
growing
plentifully
there
,
they
had
gathered
some
Plants
of
it
,
whose
Juice
he
found
,
as
I
have
here
in
Europe
,
to
be
very
clammy
,
and
excessively
bitter
,
and
,
which
was
wondred
at
,
of
a
very
dark
Colour
;
but
having
carried
them
in
the
Ship
towards
the
Equinoctial
,
they
found
for
a
time
the
Juice
to
be
altered
,
having
lost
almost
all
its
Bitterness
,
and
acquired
a
green
Colour
.
Stains
of
Linen
will
best
go
out
at
the
time
of
the
Year
,
when
the
Fruits
or
Plants
whose
Juice
made
them
,
are
in
their
Prime
:
This
a
Gentlewoman
assured
me
she
had
tried
in
new
Linen
stain'd
with
Juice
of
Quinces
;
and
the
Lady
N.
N.
affirmed
,
that
she
had
particularly
tried
it
in
Stains
made
with
the
Juice
of
Hopps
,
which
she
says
are
the
worst
Stains
of
all
;
and
which
having
in
vain
tried
to
get
out
of
her
Linen
,
she
laid
up
her
Linen
in
her
Chest
,
and
at
the
time
of
the
Year
when
Hopps
flourish
,
she
found
the
Stains
vanish
of
themselves
.
TITLE
XXXV
.
Of
the
Operations
of
the
Air
on
the
Colours
of
Mineral
Substances
.
AConsiderable
Instance
of
the
Changes
that
the
Contact
of
Air
is
able
to
produce
even
upon
solid
Minerals
,
I
gave
those
that
saw
it
by
the
following
Experiment
.
We
took
one
part
of
Lapis
Calaminaris
,
and
about
four
Parts
of
good
Salt-peter
;
these
being
well
pouder'd
and
mix'd
,
were
put
into
a
strong
Crucible
,
and
kept
in
a
vehement
Fire
some
Hours
,
by
which
means
the
Matter
,
as
we
expected
,
was
alcaliz'd
:
upon
the
thus
prepared
Lapis
Calaminaris
we
poured
a
convenient
Quantity
of
fair
Water
,
which
afforded
us
a
Solution
that
was
somewhat
muddy
,
but
appear'd
of
a
deep
red
:
this
we
pour'd
into
a
wide-mouth'd
Glass
,
which
we
set
in
a
Window
,
that
it
might
be
the
more
accessible
to
fresh
Air.
There
after
a
while
our
darkish
red
Solution
turn'd
quite
green
,
and
more
Diaphanous
than
before
;
but
continuing
for
some
Days
to
keep
the
Glass
in
the
same
Window
,
(
which
respected
the
South
)
we
found
our
green
Solution
to
lose
its
Colour
by
Degrees
,
and
at
last
to
be
resolv'd
into
a
transparent
Liquor
,
and
a
subsiding
Pouder
,
that
was
not
at
all
green
,
but
red
,
or
like
Brick-Dust
.
These
Changes
of
Colour
succeeded
in
more
than
one
Parcel
of
our
Mineral
Solution
.
We
took
a
very
strong
Spirit
of
Vinegar
,
and
boiled
it
a
while
on
crude
Filings
of
Copper
,
without
finding
that
't
was
manifestly
coloured
by
that
Operation
,
nor
yet
by
letting
it
lie
some
Hours
in
the
same
Glass
Egg
wherein
it
had
been
boiled
.
Wherefore
supposing
this
want
of
Coloration
to
depend
upon
the
Air
's
not
co-operating
in
the
best
manner
it
might
easily
be
made
to
do
,
we
poured
the
Liquor
and
the
Filings
together
into
a
broad
flat
Glass
,
(
which
we
plac'd
in
a
Window
shelving
)
so
that
though
the
Filings
were
wet
,
yet
but
one
part
of
them
was
cover'd
to
any
Depth
by
the
Menstruum
.
This
done
,
we
observed
,
as
was
expected
,
that
the
Filings
exposed
to
the
Air
,
changed
Colour
,
and
became
of
a
greenish
Blew
;
whilst
those
that
were
under
the
Liquor
manifested
no
Change
of
Colour
,
but
kept
that
which
belongs
to
Copper
,
till
the
Menstruum
evaporating
by
Degrees
,
they
also
being
accessible
to
the
Air
,
acquir'd
the
same
Colour
with
the
former
Vinegar
.
Q.
Whether
in
a
longer
time
the
Coloration
would
not
have
been
made
?
We
took
some
Filings
of
Copper
,
and
divided
it
into
two
Parcels
;
one
we
put
into
a
flat
and
shallow
Glass
with
a
wide
Mouth
,
and
the
other
into
a
Glass
Viol
,
whose
Neck
was
of
the
Breadth
usual
to
such
Vessels
.
Upon
each
of
these
Parcels
of
Filings
we
pour'd
a
convenient
Quantity
of
one
and
the
same
strong
Solution
of
Sal
Armoniac
made
in
fair
Water
,
and
without
covering
each
of
the
Vessels
,
let
them
stand
by
one
another
for
a
competent
time
.
Of
which
Trial
the
Event
was
such
as
was
expected
;
namely
,
that
the
Liquor
in
the
Viol
was
but
faintly
colour'd
,
when
that
in
the
open
Glass
,
that
had
a
large
Surface
exposed
to
the
free
Air
,
was
very
richly
tinged
.
And
this
Circumstance
is
not
to
be
forgotten
,
that
whereas
all
the
lower
part
of
the
Solution
was
of
a
deep
Blew
almost
like
Ultra-Marine
,
that
part
which
was
contiguous
to
the
Air
was
cover'd
over
with
a
kind
of
Film
like
thin
Ice
,
which
was
of
a
very
differing
Blew
,
exceeding
like
that
of
the
finer
sort
of
Turcoices
.
We
took
two
small
Parcels
of
Filings
of
Copper
,
and
put
each
of
them
into
a
small
Piece
of
Paper
,
with
the
Edges
turn'd
upward
,
and
then
put
upon
each
of
them
three
Drops
of
good
Spirit
of
Sal
Armoniac
.
One
of
these
Papers
we
left
in
the
Window
,
the
other
we
put
into
a
small
Receiver
,
which
by
help
of
our
Engine
was
emptied
in
little
more
than
a
Minute
of
an
Hour
.
At
the
End
of
two
Minutes
,
after
the
putting
on
of
the
Spirit
,
there
appeared
a
manifest
Blew
on
some
Parts
of
that
Paper
that
was
left
in
the
Window
;
but
that
which
was
in
the
exhausted
Receiver
,
being
deprived
of
the
Air
that
should
befriend
its
Operation
,
continued
there
full
a
quarter
of
an
Hour
or
more
(
by
a
Minute
Clock
)
without
appearing
to
be
at
all
colour'd
:
Wherefore
taking
off
the
Receiver
,
we
remov'd
the
Paper
to
the
same
Window
where
the
other
stood
,
and
within
about
two
Minutes
it
began
to
disclose
a
Blewness
,
which
within
about
two
Minutes
more
was
considerably
heightned
.
Into
a
slender
Viol
,
wherein
we
put
a
convenient
Quantity
of
the
Volatile
or
Urinous
Spirit
of
the
Lees
of
Wine
(
elsewhere
by
us
described
)
which
was
of
a
yellow
Colour
,
we
let
fall
some
Filings
of
Copper
;
and
stopping
the
Glass
well
,
we
drew
a
Tincture
,
which
according
to
Expectation
was
manifestly
green
,
but
not
of
the
pleasantest
and
most
transparent
sort
of
green
Liquors
;
then
suffering
the
Viol
to
rest
in
a
Window
for
many
Days
,
we
observed
that
the
Liquor
did
then
but
slowly
return
to
a
yellow
Colour
,
which
when
it
had
acquired
,
without
any
Mixture
of
Greenness
;
we
open'd
the
Viol
for
a
very
little
while
to
let
in
the
Air
,
and
then
stopp'd
it
well
again
;
the
admitted
Air
quickly
began
to
change
the
Surface
of
the
Liquor
into
a
green
Colour
;
which
,
though
slowly
,
extended
it self
downwards
,
till
it
had
tinged
the
whole
Liquor
.
This
Colour
afterwards
,
by
long
standing
,
did
by
Degrees
grow
to
a
pale
Yellow
.
The
19th
of
August
presented
me
with
some
Phaenomena
that
made
me
almost
despair
of
reducing
all
those
of
our
variable
Liquors
to
a
settled
Theory
.
For
coming
that
Day
at
about
ten
a
Clock
in
the
Forenoon
to
a
Closet
where
I
kept
several
Vials
furnish'd
with
this
Liquor
,
I
perceived
one
of
them
that
stood
in
the
Window
,
that
had
once
almost
quite
lost
its
Colour
,
to
have
re-acquired
a
very
fair
Blew
,
at
least
as
deep
as
that
of
the
Sky
in
a
fair
Day
.
This
Viol
I
the
rather
watch'd
,
because
I
had
taken
notice
,
not
without
somewhat
wondring
at
it
,
that
for
two
Days
before
,
instead
of
losing
,
according
to
Custom
,
the
little
Remains
of
Colour
,
that
after
many
Days
standing
it
yet
retained
;
the
Colour
began
again
to
increase
,
though
the
Viol
were
constantly
kept
stopp'd
as
before
;
and
that
which
made
this
regaining
of
the
Colour
seem
more
strange
,
was
,
that
there
stood
just
by
it
another
Viol
furnished
with
the
Spirit
,
and
with
Filings
taken
out
of
the
same
Parcels
,
yet
the
Liquor
of
this
Parcel
continued
colourless
.
Wherefore
suspecting
that
some
Accident
might
have
happened
,
whereby
some
little
Portions
of
Air
might
have
insinuated
themselves
thorow
the
Cork
of
the
altered
Liquor
,
I
cast
up
my
Eyes
to
another
Viol
that
stood
in
so
high
a
Place
that
was
not
easy
to
reach
it
,
and
where
it
had
long
rested
,
and
lost
its
Colour
:
But
upon
this
View
I
was
confirmed
,
that
the
Change
lately
mentioned
in
one
of
the
Viols
,
was
not
from
the
Cork
,
but
from
some
unobvious
Cause
:
For
though
this
upper
Viol
was
furnish'd
with
a
good
Glass
Stopple
;
yet
the
Liquor
it
contain'd
was
again
grown
Caeruleous
,
though
the
Liquor
of
another
Viol
that
stood
just
by
it
continued
colourless
.
Wherefore
to
satisfy
my self
further
,
I
presently
went
to
a
private
Place
,
where
I
had
in
a
Cavity
made
in
the
Thickness
of
a
Wall
set
aside
two
Viols
,
that
several
Days
before
had
quite
lost
their
Colour
;
and
my
former
Surprize
was
increased
,
when
I
found
that
one
of
them
which
was
stopp'd
with
a
Cork
,
continued
colourless
;
yet
the
other
that
had
a
Glass
Stopple
,
and
stood
just
by
it
,
had
regain'd
a
fair
Caeruleous
Colour
.
Both
these
were
fitted
for
Trial
,
with
the
same
Spirit
and
Filings
,
and
the
same
Day
with
the
others
above-mentioned
;
and
the
Heat
of
the
Weather
had
so
little
Influence
upon
this
Effect
,
that
this
Day
was
remarkably
cold
,
being
made
so
by
a
Northern
Wind
,
which
made
me
observe
it
more
so
than
I
had
found
it
for
some
time
before
.
I
must
not
forget
on
this
occasion
,
that
I
was
invited
by
the
foregoing
Phaenomena
,
to
look
upon
some
Spirit
,
not
Oil
of
Amber
,
that
I
had
kept
in
a
Viol
for
several
Days
upon
Filings
of
Copper
,
and
had
sometimes
exposed
to
the
Air
by
unstopping
the
Glass
,
and
found
,
that
though
formerly
the
Spirit
kept
its
native
Colour
better
than
I
desired
,
yet
it
had
acquired
a
green
Colour
,
which
whether
it
will
lose
again
by
longer
standing
,
Time
must
determine
.
The
slender
Viol
,
with
Spirit
of
Honey
mention'd
Nᵒ
the
_____
though
it
had
been
wont
to
exchange
its
yellow
Colour
for
a
blew
,
by
the
Contact
of
the
external
Air
in
a
very
short
time
,
and
sometimes
within
a
Minute
or
two
;
yet
being
open'd
this
Afternoon
,
in
the
same
Place
where
it
used
to
be
so
,
did
not
in
above
an
Hour's
time
turn
blew
,
but
remain'd
a
transparent
yellowish
Colour
.
The
Viol
with
a
Glass
Stopple
,
mentioned
Nᵒ
945.
being
for
divers
Weeks
left
unstirred
in
the
Window
where
it
stood
before
,
I
several
times
observed
it
to
lose
and
regain
Colour
;
and
though
sometimes
it
would
only
appear
of
a
more
faint
or
a
more
rich
Blew
,
yet
sometimes
also
it
would
appear
either
quite
or
almost
colourless
,
and
perhaps
in
a
Day
or
two
after
it
would
be
again
as
blew
as
the
Sky
.
And
this
,
though
I
could
not
find
that
any
thing
in
the
Weather
was
the
true
Cause
of
this
Change
,
since
the
Liquor
would
not
only
gain
,
but
lose
Colour
in
colder
Weather
;
and
so
it
would
also
do
in
warmer
:
But
on
Michaelmas-Day
I
found
it
to
have
attained
a
deep
Blew
;
and
though
since
it
has
been
now
and
then
somewhat
more
dilute
,
yet
during
all
the
past
Month
of
October
,
I
remember
not
to
have
seen
it
any
thing
mere
colourless
;
and
this
Day
being
the
first
of
November
,
I
found
it
to
have
resumed
a
high
Colour
,
though
a
Viol
with
a
Glass
Stopple
,
which
had
for
many
Weeks
stood
just
by
it
,
and
formerly
did
divers
times
correspond
with
it
in
its
Changes
,
has
continued
all
the
last
Month
of
a
very
pale
Blew
,
without
either
deepning
its
Colour
,
or
growing
quite
colourless
.
An
inquisitive
Gentleman
of
my
Acquaintance
,
being
ask'd
by
me
about
a
Mountain
in
Wales
,
called
_____
,
where
solid
Stones
are
said
to
change
their
Colour
very
oddly
,
told
me
,
that
within
sight
of
that
Hill
,
in
a
large
Piece
of
Ground
that
was
then
newly
put
under
Tillage
,
he
saw
good
Numbers
of
Stones
that
look'd
like
Flints
,
and
were
full
as
hard
,
if
not
harder
;
the
Colour
of
most
of
them
was
dark
,
the
rest
grey
:
these
Stones
,
which
when
the
Ground
was
newly
turn'd
up
,
were
Rust-coloured
,
he
observed
afterwards
to
grow
lighter
and
lighter
coloured
;
so
that
after
three
or
four
Years
,
being
invited
by
this
Observation
to
take
notice
of
it
at
his
coming
to
that
Place
again
,
he
found
these
Stones
almost
all
of
them
turn'd
white
.
About
which
Phaenomenon
,
questioning
the
ancient
Inhabitants
,
with
some
Expressions
of
Wonder
,
they
seem'd
to
make
little
of
it
,
and
assured
him
,
in
the
Neighbouring
Mountain
almost
all
the
Stones
that
were
exposed
to
the
Air
,
underwent
the
like
Changes
,
and
within
a
few
Years
were
blanch'd
.
Having
put
some
Mercurius
sublimatus
dalcis
,
and
Vitriolum
Romanum
(
tied
up
in
several
Papers
apart
)
into
one
Box
,
at
the
end
of
twenty
two
Months
I
found
the
sublimate
Mercury
wholly
changed
into
a
Substance
so
like
Antimony
,
that
some
not
ignorant
of
the
Materia
Medica
,
have
taken
it
for
the
same
:
and
the
Superficies
only
of
the
Vitriol
had
acquired
the
same
Colour
,
but
was
not
at
all
altered
within
.
This
from
a
credible
Relator
.
TITLE
XXXVI
.
Of
the
Air
destroying
or
introducing
other
less
obvious
Qualities
into
Animal
Substances
.
TITLE
XXXVII
.
Of
the
Air
destroying
or
introducing
other
less
obvious
Qualities
into
Vegetable
Substances
.
AN
intelligent
Gentleman
that
staid
a
Year
in
Guinea
,
related
to
me
,
that
he
and
his
Company
found
the
great
Heat
and
Moisture
of
the
Air
to
dispose
Bodies
so
to
Putrefaction
,
that
he
observed
the
white
Sugar
to
be
sometimes
full
of
Maggots
;
and
found
that
divers
Drugs
,
Salves
,
and
other
medicinal
things
that
were
brought
with
him
,
had
quite
lost
their
Virtue
;
and
some
of
them
,
especially
Ointments
,
were
verminous
.
And
he
added
,
that
in
the
Island
St.
Jago
(
one
of
those
of
Cabo-verde
)
they
laid
store
of
Sweet-Meats
upon
Tables
to
the
Heat
of
the
Sun
,
to
dry
up
the
superfluous
Moisture
,
which
in
strange
Abundance
they
had
contracted
the
preceding
Night
,
which
otherwise
would
quite
spoil
the
Sweet-Meats
,
and
bring
them
to
putrify
.
Oxford
,
though
seated
for
the
most
part
of
it
on
a
gravelly
Hill
,
I
have
known
to
be
very
disagreeable
to
some
moist
Splenetick
and
Valetudinary
Bodies
,
who
I
have
heard
complain
,
that
they
could
not
be
so
well
there
as
elsewhere
,
especially
in
the
Spring
;
so
that
I
take
the
Air
of
that
Place
to
be
generally
moist
.
Mr.
J.
T.
Air
too
dry
,
though
sufficiently
hot
,
is
not
favourable
,
for
the
Production
of
divers
Insects
:
for
I
have
observed
these
two
last
dry
Springs
,
that
there
has
been
no
soft
Garden-Snails
to
be
found
abroad
,
and
very
few
Fleas
bred
in
the
House
,
which
I
impute
to
extraordinary
long
Driness
of
the
Air
,
for
want
of
moist
Vapors
to
nourish
them
;
since
in
wet
Summers
we
always
swarm
with
Snails
,
Gnats
,
Fleas
,
&c.
whereas
this
Year
we
have
few
or
none
.
TITLE
XXXVIII
.
Of
the
Air
destroying
or
introducing
other
less
obvious
Qualities
into
Mineral
Substances
.
OBservandum
etiam
quod
Antimonium
Diaphoreticum
Zwelfer
,
pag.
800.
quocunque
modo
,
sive
cum
solo
Nitro
aut
addito
etiam
Tartaro
,
paratum
sit
,
tractu
temporis
aeri
expositum
pravam
,
&
quasi
malignam
induat
naturam
,
sumptumque
intra
corpus
cordis
angustias
,
cardialgias
,
lipothymias
,
vomitusque
&
similia
prava
Symptomata
procreet
,
quae
facilè
tamen
evitabimus
,
si
vel
singulis
diebus
vel
tribus
mensibus
recenter
illud
conficiamus
,
vel
jam
paratum
Antimonium
diaphoreticum
vetustum
additâ
portiunculâ
Nitri
,
aut
etiam
absque
Nitro
,
per
unam
vel
alteram
horam
Vulcano
tradamus
,
penitusque
igniamus
,
iterumque
si
Nitrum
additum
fuerit
,
edulcoremus
,
&
parumper
reverberemus
.
Purchas's
2d
Part
,
lib.
6.
cap.
8.
A
vulgar
Experiment
generally
affirmed
,
as
by
Alpinus
in
Med.
Egypt
.
l.
4.
c.
8.
who
long
liv'd
here
upon
the
Testimony
of
Paulus
Moucilus
,
the
French
Consul
,
Baptistae
Elianus
a
Jesuit
,
and
John
Varot
an
English
Man
.
To
prove
that
it
proceedeth
from
a
natural
Cause
,
this
one
,
though
strange
,
yet
true
Experiment
,
will
suffice
,
Take
of
the
Earth
of
Egypt
adjoining
to
the
River
,
and
preserve
it
carefully
,
that
it
neither
come
to
be
wet
nor
wasted
;
weigh
it
daily
,
and
you
shall
find
it
neither
more
nor
loss
heavy
until
the
17th
of
June
,
at
which
Day
it
beginneth
to
grow
more
ponderous
,
and
augmenteth
with
the
Augmentation
of
the
River
,
whereby
they
have
an
infallible
Knowledg
of
the
State
of
the
Deluge
,
proceeding
,
without
doubt
,
from
the
Humidity
of
the
Air
,
which
having
a
Recourse
through
all
passible
Places
,
and
mixing
therewith
,
increaseth
the
same
as
it
increaseth
in
Moisture
.
A
learned
Physician
of
the
Colledg
of
London
confessed
to
me
,
that
he
found
by
his
own
Observation
,
that
Antimonium
Diaphoreticum
,
being
kept
some
Years
,
though
in
a
cover'd
Vessel
,
acquir'd
a
Vomitive
Quality
,
which
it
had
not
before
;
and
that
having
long
kept
in
a
stopp'd
Glass
a
Parcel
of
his
own
Ceruss
of
Antimony
,
of
which
he
used
to
give
12
,
15
,
or
more
Grains
,
without
finding
it
Emetick
;
he
found
that
in
process
of
time
it
was
so
degenerated
,
that
when
he
gave
four
or
five
Grains
,
it
would
cause
Vomits
.
Earth
laid
up
together
in
the
Air
for
four
,
five
or
six
Years
,
does
make
far
better
Pots
for
Closeness
,
and
holding
of
the
Fire
,
than
that
which
has
lain
but
one
Season
above
Ground
,
though
that
it self
be
much
better
than
that
which
is
newly
dug
up
,
which
will
be
very
apt
to
crack
in
the
Fire
,
or
when
it
comes
to
wet
;
as
also
those
Bricks
that
lie
at
the
Top
of
the
Furnace
,
and
therefore
are
not
so
thick
covered
as
they
burn
,
and
are
apt
to
deceive
Builders
when
they
come
to
be
exposed
to
the
Rain
and
Weather
.
TITLE
XXXIX
.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
the
Propagation
and
Vegetation
of
Plants
.
AN
ingenious
Traveller
that
frequented
the
Pyrenean
Mountains
,
especially
that
which
many
count
the
highest
of
them
,
and
is
known
by
the
Name
of
Pic
de
Midi
,
affirmed
to
me
,
that
he
,
as
well
as
several
others
,
had
manifestly
observed
a
scarce
credible
Difference
between
that
Side
of
those
Mountains
that
regards
France
,
and
that
which
reaches
to
Spain
;
for
at
the
same
time
the
former
was
verdant
and
flourishing
,
and
yeilded
a
delightful
Prospect
to
the
Traveller
,
as
well
as
plentiful
Provisions
to
the
Inhabitants
:
the
Spanish
Side
of
the
Hills
was
parch'd
,
and
russet
,
and
barren
,
and
look'd
dismally
,
like
a
Wilderness
:
Which
great
Difference
of
Countries
,
observable
in
the
same
Hills
at
the
same
time
of
the
Year
,
he
imputed
to
the
fierce
Parching
,
and
sometimes
blasting
Winds
beat
upon
the
Spanish
Side
,
and
made
that
look
so
squallid
,
whilst
the
Hills
that
suffer'd
this
Mischief
on
one
side
,
did
by
their
Height
check
these
hurtful
Winds
,
and
skreening
from
them
,
the
French
Side
of
the
Mountains
left
them
to
injoy
Advantages
that
the
Soil
and
Climate
furnished
them
with
.
TITLE
XL.
Of
the
Air
in
reference
to
the
Generation
,
Life
and
Health
of
Animals
.
DE
vita
igitur
ac
morte
,
&
iis
pene
omnibus
quae
Aristot
.
de
Respirat
.
cap.
21.
&
parag.
87.
huic
considerationi
affinia
sunt
,
dictum
est
.
Desanitate
verò
morboque
non
solum
medici
sed
&
Physiciest
,
causas
quadantenus
referre
.
Quatenus
verò
hi
differant
,
&
quatenus
diversa
contemplantur
ignorare
non
convenit
.
Equidem
quòd
confinis
sit
quadantenus
haec
Medici
Physicique
Tractatio
,
&
res
ipsa
testatur
.
Nam
&
Medici
,
quicunque
paulò
elegantiores
&
diligentiores
sunt
,
de
natura
dicunt
,
&
artis
sua
principia
inde
sumere
dignantur
;
&
Physici
omnes
fere
,
qui
concinnitatis
aliquid
habent
,
tractationem
naturae
usque
ad
medicinam
persequuntur
.
August
13.
The
Temperature
of
the
Air
,
both
as
to
Salubrity
and
other
Regards
,
may
be
deriv'd
as
well
from
the
subterraneal
Steams
,
as
the
superficial
Effluviums
of
the
Earth
,
and
both
these
sorts
of
Steams
being
variously
transported
and
shuffled
,
and
compounded
by
the
Winds
and
other
Motions
of
the
Air
,
upon
the
Mixtures
of
them
,
the
local
Qualities
of
the
Air
,
in
differing
Places
,
may
be
supposed
to
result
.
About
three
Months
before
the
late
great
Plague
began
in
London
,
(
in
the
Year
1665
)
there
came
to
Dr.
M.
a
Patient
of
his
,
to
desire
his
Advice
for
her
Husband
;
and
the
Doctor
having
inquired
what
ail'd
him
,
she
answered
,
that
his
chief
Distemper
was
a
Swelling
in
his
Groin
,
and
upon
that
occasion
added
,
that
her
Husband
assured
her
of
his
being
confident
that
the
next
Summer
the
Plague
would
be
very
rife
in
London
:
for
which
Prediction
he
gave
this
reason
,
That
in
the
last
great
Plague
he
fell
sick
of
that
Disease
,
and
he
then
had
a
Pestilential
Tumor
;
so
in
two
other
Plagues
that
since
happened
,
though
much
inferiour
to
that
great
one
,
each
of
them
had
a
rising
in
his
Body
to
be
its
Fore-runner
;
and
now
having
a
great
Tumor
in
the
forementioned
Place
,
he
doubted
not
but
it
would
be
followed
by
a
raging
Pestilence
,
which
accordingly
ensued
.
Having
heard
much
Talk
of
something
of
this
Nature
,
as
related
by
the
Doctor
,
I
inquired
of
him
how
much
of
it
was
true
,
and
received
for
Answer
the
foregoing
Narrative
.
You
did
not
perhaps
expect
that
the
mere
local
Motion
of
the
Air
should
be
mentioned
by
me
among
the
Causes
of
the
Effects
of
its
Changes
:
And
indeed
the
Phaenomena
I
have
yet
met
with
reducible
to
this
kind
,
have
been
but
very
few
,
notwithstanding
which
I
shall
take
notice
,
that
this
local
Motion
may
in
certain
Cases
operate
on
other
Bodies
,
either
as
it
turns
the
Air
into
a
Wind
,
or
as
the
tremulous
Motion
of
the
Air
is
modified
into
found
,
or
as
the
Air
is
put
into
a
vehement
and
disorderly
Motion
by
Thunder
.
As
to
the
first
of
these
't
is
evident
,
that
upon
the
Vehemence
or
Slackness
,
and
the
Places
whence
and
where
the
changing
Wind
happens
to
blow
,
there
may
divers
Effects
ensue
,
especially
in
animated
Bodies
.
And
this
not
only
as
the
Wind
is
accompanied
with
Cold
and
Hear
,
or
Moisture
,
or
Driness
,
but
(
to
restrain
our selves
to
Instances
more
closely
pertinent
to
our
present
Purpose
)
as
the
Wind
is
flowing
Air
,
or
an
Aireal
Stream
,
for
only
as
such
it
may
ventilate
the
Places
through
which
it
passes
,
and
by
expelling
the
Stagnant
Air
,
and
introducing
other
Air
,
may
contribute
to
many
of
those
Changes
(
especially
as
to
the
Health
of
Animals
)
that
we
see
to
depend
upon
the
Alteration
of
Air
,
and
perhaps
among
the
more
tender
sort
of
Animals
,
there
may
be
found
some
in
which
the
Motion
of
the
external
Air
,
though
excluded
by
Walls
and
Windows
,
may
have
a
considerable
and
immediate
Operation
:
For
I
have
learned
by
Enquiry
from
some
curious
Natives
of
Languedoc
(
where
I
had
the
Curiosity
to
look
after
Silk-worms
,
abounding
in
that
Province
)
that
in
case
it
happened
when
the
Worms
having
eaten
their
fill
,
began
to
dispose
themselves
to
work
their
silken
Eggs
;
in
case
,
I
say
,
it
then
happened
to
be
thundering
Weather
,
a
great
part
of
the
Worms
,
especially
the
less
vigorous
,
would
be
destroyed
.
He
affirmed
to
me
,
that
in
some
Mines
of
above
a
thousand
Foot
deep
,
he
saw
Horses
that
had
been
let
down
by
Ropes
to
the
3d
part
of
the
Depth
,
that
is
above
a
hundred
Yards
,
and
that
several
of
them
died
either
in
the
letting
down
,
or
by
the
Change
of
Air
;
yet
several
of
them
survived
,
and
were
imployed
about
the
Engines
belonging
to
the
Mines
,
and
seem'd
not
to
have
any
sensible
Inconvenience
as
to
Respiration
,
though
in
the
Receptacles
they
wrought
in
,
they
were
furnished
with
Air
but
from
the
Groove
through
which
they
were
let
down
,
and
by
a
moderately
big
Shaft
.
An
ingenious
Traveller
that
has
had
the
Curiosity
to
visit
the
Mines
of
several
Countries
,
as
Bohemia
,
Saxony
,
Swedeland
,
&c.
answered
me
,
that
the
deepest
Mine
he
saw
in
Bohemia
was
of
about
2000
of
our
Feet
.
An
intelligent
Person
that
was
for
many
Years
Consul
of
the
English
Nation
at
Tripoli
in
Barbary
;
and
at
another
time
Governour
of
the
Castle
(
called
)
of
the
Coast
,
belonging
to
the
English
African
Company
in
Guinea
,
being
discoursed
with
by
me
,
about
the
Diseases
incident
to
that
very
unhealthy
Place
,
and
about
the
Worms
that
bred
in
Mens
Legs
,
told
me
,
That
the
great
Noxiousness
of
the
Air
was
not
constant
,
but
frequently
ceased
,
and
return'd
within
no
long
Compass
of
time
;
insomuch
that
all
his
Men
would
continue
in
Health
for
many
Days
together
,
and
then
on
a
sudden
divers
of
them
would
fall
sick
,
especially
of
Feavers
and
Fluxes
that
usually
killed
them
in
forty
eight
Hours
or
less
.
Dr.
C.
chief
Physician
to
the
Russian
Emperor
,
confirmed
to
me
,
that
being
in
Russia
in
the
Winter
,
when
the
Frost
was
very
hard
,
and
the
East
or
North-East
Wind
blew
cold
,
if
he
turned
his
Face
toward
the
Wind
,
and
walked
against
,
(
which
at
other
times
he
was
wont
,
and
took
a
Delight
to
do
)
he
found
himself
unable
to
fetch
his
Breath
,
and
almost
stifled
,
as
if
the
Air
were
very
thick
,
or
rather
a
great
Stiffness
brought
upon
the
Organs
of
Respiration
,
whereby
he
was
unable
to
move
them
as
at
other
times
,
so
that
he
was
fain
to
turn
his
Head
from
the
Wind
that
he
might
be
able
to
fetch
his
Breath
.
An
observing
Person
being
ask'd
about
a
Tradition
of
Sea-men
,
that
the
Lice
of
Europeans
die
when
the
Ships
pass
the
Line
:
answered
me
,
that
he
did
not
find
it
to
be
true
,
as
it
is
wont
to
be
delivered
;
but
this
he
plainly
observed
in
several
of
our
English
with
whom
he
sailed
,
that
all
the
Lice
quitted
their
Bodies
,
and
got
up
into
their
Heads
,
whence
they
dispersed
themselves
again
when
the
Ship
had
left
the
Equator
a
pretty
way
behind
it
.
But
I
remember
that
another
Acquaintance
of
mine
,
that
divers
times
passed
the
Equinoctial
in
Portugal
Ships
,
which
use
to
go
to
the
Indies
well
crouded
with
People
,
many
of
them
more
poor
than
cleanly
,
answered
me
,
that
he
had
heedfully
observed
those
Peoples
numerous
Lice
to
die
away
as
they
cross
the
Line
,
though
in
no
long
time
after
the
same
sort
of
Cattle
would
begin
to
molest
them
again
.
His
Royal
Highness
the
Duke
of
York
,
at
his
Return
out
of
Scotland
,
having
been
pleased
to
discourse
with
some
of
us
,
that
had
the
Honour
to
be
then
near
him
,
of
some
Observations
he
made
in
his
Journey
,
mentioned
among
other
things
,
that
Agues
were
very
unfrequent
in
Scotland
,
which
yet
that
Year
were
very
rife
over
almost
all
England
.
This
gave
me
afterwards
the
Curiosity
to
inquire
of
a
studious
Person
,
who
is
one
of
the
chief
of
the
Scotish
Nobility
,
what
he
knew
about
the
Unfrequency
of
Agues
in
his
Country
.
To
which
his
Lordship
replied
,
that
as
to
Quartan
Agues
it
was
generally
taken
notice
of
;
insomuch
that
when
News
was
brought
,
that
a
Gentleman
whom
he
named
fell
sick
of
that
Disease
,
amongst
them
in
the
Country
it
was
look'd
upon
as
a
strange
and
remarkable
thing
.
And
though
divers
Persons
bring
Quartans
out
of
England
to
Edinburg
,
yet
they
so
seldom
keep
them
long
there
,
that
a
Scotish
Physician
,
whom
he
named
to
me
,
offered
to
lay
five
to
one
of
the
quick
Recovery
of
several
Patients
of
his
,
if
they
would
make
some
reasonable
Stay
in
that
City
.
Aer
autem
corrigetur
causa
corruptionis
ablata
,
&
Roderici
Fons
.
de
Sanit
.
tuend
.
pag.
105
,
106.
quod
jam
inductum
est
mali
extinguendo
,
si
igitur
ex
nimio
humore
aer
putrescit
,
ignibus
accensis
qui
omni
putredini
remedio
sunt
,
exsiccandus
,
sic
ignes
,
per
vias
&
domus
fiant
ex
odoratis
plantis
,
qualis
Laurus
est
,
Mirtus
,
Pinus
,
Cupressus
,
Rosmarimus
,
&
reliquae
ejus
generis
,
qua
ratione
pestem
Athenis
Hippocrates
extinxit
;
vapores
praeterea
maligni
per
aerem
sparsi
,
dissipandi
sunt
,
id
quod
a
magnis
ventis
fieri
solet
.
Sic
Olysiponi
,
cum
trium
dierum
ingens
procella
venisset
pestis
extincta
nuper
est
&
in
Maroco
ingens
pestilentia
vento
quodam
evanuit
;
qui
veluti
è
fornace
(
adeo
calidus
erat
)
exire
videbatur
,
aerem
autem
nos
imitando
ventos
commovere
poterimus
;
si
bombardarum
strepitus
multos
fieri
curemus
;
si
verò
vapores
ex
paludibus
,
ac
stagnantibus
aquis
fieri
videntur
;
eas
resiccare
aut
novare
oportet
frequenter
,
maximè
per
aestatem
.
Renovantur
autem
novis
supervenientibus
aquis
quas
è
fluminibus
per
canales
traducere
oportet
;
aut
siccandae
sunt
factis
rivulis
,
&
fossis
per
quae
superfluant
ad
flumina
;
quod
cum
primus
magnus
Etruriae
Dux
Cosmus
Pisis
fecisset
;
&
magna
animi
contentione
,
nunc
faciat
Ferdinandus
,
factum
est
,
ut
saluberrimus
ejus
urbis
aer
per
omne
anni
tempus
sit
redditus
verum
si
cadaverum
inhumatorum
multitudo
aerem
inficit
;
magna
&
profunda
facta
fovea
sepeliantut
;
si
ab
immunditie
,
&
excrementis
,
quae
per
urbem
&
domos
sparguntur
,
id
quod
,
ut
reor
Bisantii
,
&
Olysiponi
,
in
causa
est
,
cur
pestis
adeo
saeviat
,
ac
duret
,
mundare
oportet
omnia
;
viae
ac
domus
quotidiè
,
vel
saltem
semel
in
septimanâ
repurgandae
.
1.
Joh.
Beguinus
in
Tyrocin
.
Chymic
.
lib.
2.
cap.
13.
Dignum
admiratione
est
,
quod
quamvis
in
viciniâ
Hydriae
Comitatûs
Goriciensis
,
ubi
reperitur
copiose
Mercurius
,
singulis
ferè
annis
Lues
pestifera
grassatur
,
illa
tamen
semper
immunis
ab
hac
manere
soleat
,
idque
viri
provectae
aetatis
se
observasse
,
&
à
majoribus
suis
accepisse
,
mihi
sanctè
confirmarunt
.
Hinc
patet
,
Mercurium
esse
summum
omnis
putredinis
ac
corruptionis
alexipharmacum
.
2
Michael
Majerus
in
lusu
de
Mercurio
.
Argentum
vivum
est
plurimorum
morborum
alexipharmacum
,
&
ut
testantur
quidam
,
ipsius
Pestis
(
cum
eo
loco
ubi
Mercurius
effoditur
,
&
tractatur
,
nunquam
aut
rarissimè
hoc
Contagium
grassetur
)
dummodò
maneat
in
suâ
propriâ
naturâ
,
&
non
à
salibus
aut
aquis
corrosivis
inficiatur
,
ac
venenosus
reddatur
.
A
very
ingenious
Physician
that
travell'd
much
in
the
East-Indies
,
and
visited
some
Islands
in
the
South-Sea
,
to
which
our
English
were
not
permitted
to
have
Access
,
being
ask'd
of
me
some
Questions
about
the
Effects
and
Changes
of
the
Air
in
those
Parts
,
related
to
me
,
that
having
made
some
stay
in
the
fam'd
Island
of
Ternate
,
he
learned
,
that
the
Dutch
(
who
had
master'd
the
Inhabitants
)
did
,
upon
a
Composition
made
with
the
King
for
his
Damages
,
cut
down
almost
all
the
numerous
Clove-trees
that
grew
in
that
Island
,
that
thereby
they
might
keep
up
the
high
rate
of
that
Spice
,
as
indeed
they
have
done
.
Whereupon
there
happened
a
Change
in
the
Temperature
of
the
Air
,
that
gave
cause
to
conclude
,
that
the
Exhalations
of
the
Blossoms
which
(
being
dried
)
afford
the
Cloves
,
were
not
only
very
pleasant
,
but
very
healthful
too
:
For
no
long
time
after
the
Excision
of
these
fragrant
Trees
,
the
Island
became
very
unhealthful
,
which
this
Physician
very
probably
imputed
to
the
corrosive
and
noxious
Steams
,
which
plentifully
issuing
out
from
a
kind
of
Vulcan
,
or
smoaking
,
and
sometimes
burning
Hill
,
depraves
the
Air
of
that
Island
that
is
but
little
,
but
had
their
hurtful
Effects
formerly
prevented
by
the
Aromatick
and
benign
Emanations
of
those
numerous
Blossoms
and
Trees
that
richly
impregnated
the
Air
,
and
by
their
volatile
and
oily
Salts
,
opposed
and
hindred
the
Effects
of
the
sulphureous
,
and
other
sharp
Steams
of
the
Vulcan
.
And
my
Relator
assures
me
,
that
this
Change
of
the
Air
's
Constitution
was
so
remarkable
,
and
acknowledg'd
when
he
was
there
,
that
whereas
formerly
sick
and
valetudinary
Persons
used
to
be
sent
thither
from
Batavia
to
recover
their
Health
by
the
Goodness
of
the
Air
(
as
we
often
send
consumptive
Persons
into
France
)
the
Air
at
his
being
in
Ternate
had
been
for
divers
Years
so
unhealthful
,
that
the
Dutch
were
fain
(
from
Batavia
,
or
other
more
healthy
Places
)
to
send
Men
twice
a
Year
to
releive
the
Garisons
,
and
bring
back
the
many
sick
they
usually
found
at
their
Arrival
in
that
formerly
healthy
Island
.
An
observing
Physician
lately
return'd
from
Tangier
,
answered
me
,
that
though
otherwise
it
be
a
healthy
Place
,
he
took
notice
that
't
was
not
unusual
for
new
Comers
to
find
themselves
feverish
for
many
Weeks
,
or
some
Months
after
their
Arrival
,
especially
if
the
piercing
easterly
Wind
happened
to
reign
.
This
,
he
says
,
he
found
in
himself
,
not
only
by
a
constant
Heat
and
some
other
Symptoms
,
but
by
that
main
one
of
the
praeternatural
Quickness
of
his
Pulse
.
He
added
,
that
this
Disease
,
though
very
mild
,
held
him
near
four
Months
:
When
the
Easterly
Winds
happened
to
blow
,
on
which
his
Feaverishness
so
depended
,
that
he
could
easily
,
when
he
awaked
in
the
Morning
,
know
without
asking
whether
that
Wind
blew
or
not
.
May
16.
We
put
into
a
small
Receiver
five
or
six
little
Ants
,
which
run
about
very
briskly
;
but
the
Air
being
pump'd
out
,
they
presently
lost
their
Motion
,
which
they
soon
recovered
upon
the
restoring
of
the
Air
to
them
.
Then
the
Air
was
again
withdrawn
,
and
the
Insects
thereby
brought
to
lie
(
some
upon
their
Backs
)
as
stark
dead
:
in
which
Condition
they
were
suffered
to
remain
about
five
or
six
Hours
;
after
which
the
Air
being
let
in
upon
them
,
they
nevertheless
continued
seemingly
dead
for
many
Minutes
,
(
as
we
guessed
between
15
and
30
)
but
at
length
all
recovered
,
running
nimbly
up
and
down
the
Glass
,
though
it
were
late
at
Night
.
Si
Patrono
queste
barche
dalla
costa
della
pescaria
,
e
Relatione
della
Provincia
di
Malavar
.
pag.
64
&
65.
vanno
all
isola
di
Ceilam
,
nella
costa
della
quale
per
la
lunghezza
di
venti
miglia
,
tre
sole
miglia
lontane
da
terra
,
sette
braccia
abbasso
arrivando
sino
alli
dieci
nel
fondo
,
si
ritrova
infinita
quanta
di
madreperle
,
escono
per
questa
pesca
le
barche
la
matina
col
vento
di
terra
,
&
arrivando
al
posto
delle
madreperle
,
gettare
l'ancore
,
e
fermaresi
in
quel
posto
,
cominciano
a
tuftarsi
nel
mare
i
marinari
,
de
quali
ogni
barca
ne
ha
quindeci
,
e
venti
,
e
ciafcuno
di
essisi
lega
nel
mezzo
,
con
una
fune
,
della
quale
ha
cura
uno
,
che
resta
in
barca
e
con
un'
altra
func
segandosi
una
pietra
alla
gamba
,
un'
altro
ha
pure
cura
di
quella
,
e
cingendosi
un'
sacco
di
cuoio
dinanzi
,
mettendosi
le
guante
alle
mani
,
cosi
legato
si
tufta
con
violenza
nel
mare
,
lentando
quelli
le
funi
,
e
col
peso
della
Pietra
,
va
con
grandiss'
violenza
giu
,
&
arrivato
ch'e
,
scioltasi
dalla
gamba
quella
fune
,
con
la
quale
sta
legata
la
pietra
,
resta
egli
libero
,
&
la
pietra
viene
subito
tirata
soprada
quello
,
che
n'ha
cura
,
et
il
marinaro
poi
comincia
con
molta
follecitudine
à
pigliare
quelle
madreperle
,
che
li
vengono
dinanzi
,
e
le
mette
nel
sacco
,
e
sentendosi
mancare
la
respiratione
,
tocca
la
fune
,
con
la
quale
sta
legato
nel
mezzo
,
e
quello
subito
con
grandiss'
velocita
lo
tira
et
arrivando
nella
barca
,
scaricando
le
madre
perle
ripiglia
fiato
,
e
dopo
torna
a
legarsi
di
nuovo
la
pietra
,
e
di
nuovo
si
tufta
come
sopra's
'
e
detto
,
e
sempre
cosi
per
tutta
la
giornata
.
Et
è
tanto
faticosa
questa
pesca
,
ch'
essendo
,
tanto
profunde
le
Madre
perl
nel
mare
,
molti
mancando
loro
la
respiratione
si
trovano
affogati
.
It
is
,
by
long
Observation
and
often
repeated
Experience
,
found
certain
,
that
if
any
Foreigner
lie
on
shore
all
Night
at
Johanna
,
they
seldom
miss
to
be
taken
with
Sickness
there
,
or
within
a
few
Days
after
their
Departure
from
the
Island
,
and
are
commonly
seized
with
putrid
Feavers
,
whereof
most
die
in
two
or
three
Days
,
though
those
that
have
remained
upon
the
Place
all
Day-long
,
for
several
Days
together
,
are
almost
always
safe
,
if
they
go
on
board
of
Ship
every
Night
about
a
Mile
,
or
a
little
further
,
from
the
Shore
.
The
Island
abounds
with
the
greatest
Variety
of
Plants
and
Trees
that
can
be
almost
imagined
in
that
Circumference
,
and
is
generally
excessive
hot
in
the
day-time
,
but
cold
after
Sun-set
.
Whence
it
may
possibly
be
supposed
,
that
the
most
volatile
Parts
of
those
promiscuous
(
and
probably
many
of
them
poisonous
)
Plants
,
exalted
in
the
day-time
by
Degrees
,
and
suddenly
condensed
at
Night
,
may
by
Inspiration
infect
the
Mass
of
Blood
much
after
the
same
manner
as
in
Pestilential
Airs
.
The
Inhabitants
themselves
are
very
much
subject
to
Feavers
,
(
of
what
sort
I
could
not
learn
)
for
which
they
cut
or
scarify
their
Breast
or
Abdomen
in
several
Places
:
but
they
observe
that
few
live
,
except
their
Feaver
terminates
in
a
considerable
number
of
Botches
in
divers
Parts
of
the
Body
.
There
is
one
Hill
there
remarkable
for
Height
,
which
is
seldom
or
never
free
from
thick
Fogs
or
Clouds
hovering
over
the
Top
of
it
,
sometimes
higher
,
sometimes
lower
,
according
as
the
Weather
alters
.
Upon
the
Coast
of
Cormandell
,
and
most
maritime
Places
of
the
East-Indies
,
there
are
sometimes
(
I
think
yearly
)
Fogs
so
thick
(
notwithstanding
it
is
then
very
hot
)
that
all
,
or
most
Inhabitants
from
other
Nations
,
and
the
tenderer
sort
of
the
Natives
,
are
necessitated
to
keep
their
Houses
,
with
the
Doors
and
Windows
fast
shut
,
there
being
little
or
no
Commerce
at
that
time
.
At
Balassore
in
the
Bay
of
Bengale
,
and
in
divers
other
Parts
in
that
Country
,
there
happens
after
great
Rains
,
so
great
Corruption
of
the
Air
,
that
the
stinking
Smell
is
very
nauseous
to
the
Inhabitants
:
which
I
presume
may
be
chiefly
occasioned
by
a
great
number
of
Frogs
,
and
other
Reptiles
(
wherewith
those
Places
abound
)
left
upon
the
dry
Places
after
the
Inundation
,
and
then
putrified
by
the
excessive
Heat
of
the
Sun
.
At
this
time
there
is
great
Sickness
and
Mortality
amongst
the
Natives
,
chiefly
by
violent
Feavers
.
In
the
return
of
English
Ships
from
the
East-Indies
,
they
generally
put
their
sick
People
on
Shore
at
St.
Helena
,
where
they
find
so
sensible
Alteration
,
that
altho
carried
thither
,
there
are
few
that
do
not
recover
so
much
Strength
as
to
walk
about
in
two
or
three
Days
,
which
,
in
all
Probability
,
must
chiefly
be
attributed
to
the
Alteration
of
Air
,
not
of
Food
,
there
being
in
most
Ships
much
the
same
Benefit
of
fresh
Provision
for
those
that
are
diseased
.
Le
chemin
plus
court
de
Mosul
a
Bagdad
,
est
par
la
Mesopotamie
;
mais
on
n'y
trouve
aucun
Village
,
&
le
Samiel
y
regne
tout
l'Eté
depuis
Mosul
jusques
a
Sourat
;
ce
qui
oblige
a
prendre
l'eau
,
sur
le
Tigre
où
ce
vent
ne
Souffle
point
.
Le
nom
de
ce
vent
et
composé
des
mots
,
Sam
et
jel
,
c'est
a
dire
poison
et
vent
comme
qui
diroit
vent
de
poison
.
Ce
pourroit
être
le
vent
urens
,
dont
parle
Job
xxvii
.
21.
Lorsque
quelqu'
un
a
respiré
ce
vent
,
il
tombe
mort
subitement
quoi
qu'il
en
ait
quelques
uns
qui
ont
le
temps
de
dire
qu'
ils
brûlent
au
dedans
.
D'
abord
qu'
on
est
mort
,
on
devient
tout
noir
,
et
si
on
tire
le
mort
par
le
bras
où
par
la
jambe
où
par
un
autre
endroit
la
chair
quite
les
os
et
reste
entre
les
mains
de
ceux
qui
la
touchent
.
Thevenot
dans
le
Bibliotheque
Universel
Tom.
xiii
.
p.
266.
Doctor
Colins
relates
,
that
in
Muscovy
their
Horses
are
much
subject
to
a
very
scurvy
Disease
,
whose
Russian
Name
I
have
forgot
,
from
which
the
Natives
are
wont
to
preserve
them
,
by
keeping
Goats
in
their
Stables
:
And
being
ask'd
by
me
,
whether
he
had
this
by
Tradition
,
or
upon
his
own
Trial
?
He
affirmed
,
that
he
had
found
it
true
himself
,
and
that
he
therefore
was
wont
to
keep
Goats
in
his
own
Stable
.
The
ingenious
Mr.
Rycaut
,
English
Consul
at
Smyrna
,
being
ask'd
of
me
,
whether
at
Smyrna
as
well
as
at
Aleppo
,
he
observed
that
the
Plague
that
uses
to
rage
in
the
former
part
of
the
Summer
,
degenerates
into
other
Diseases
about
the
latter
End
of
June
,
and
beginning
of
July
:
He
answered
me
,
that
at
Smyrna
the
Observation
does
not
hold
so
much
as
at
Aleppo
;
but
yet
at
Smyrna
they
generally
observe
,
that
about
that
time
of
the
Year
,
though
exceeding
hot
,
that
the
Malignity
of
the
Plague
does
notably
lessen
,
for
it
is
not
quite
so
infectious
,
nor
near
so
generally
mortal
as
it
was
in
the
former
part
of
the
Summer
.
When
many
Years
ago
I
heard
of
this
strange
Phaenomenon
of
the
Pestilence
at
Aleppo
,
I
began
to
think
whether
a
possible
,
though
not
perhaps
the
true
Cause
of
it
may
not
be
such
as
this
:
That
the
Pestilential
Corpuscles
that
rove
up
and
down
in
the
Air
,
during
the
former
part
of
the
Summer
,
require
such
a
Bulk
or
Grossness
to
enable
them
to
exercise
their
pernicious
Operations
;
but
when
the
Weather
grows
to
be
exceeding
hot
,
that
Heat
of
the
Air
becomes
able
to
dissipate
those
Corpuscles
,
and
deprive
them
of
that
Bulk
that
we
have
supposed
necessary
to
their
destructive
Efficacy
.
For
Illustration
of
this
Conjecture
,
we
may
take
notice
of
the
Smoak
that
issues
out
of
the
Weik
of
a
Candle
newly
blown
out
;
for
whilst
the
sooty
Corpuscles
retain
their
Bigness
and
Texture
,
they
are
able
to
offend
the
Nostrils
very
much
by
their
Stink
,
and
sometimes
to
cause
Convulsive
Motions
and
Abortions
in
teeming
Women
;
but
if
you
apply
a
Flame
to
this
Smoak
,
it
presently
discusses
this
fuliginous
Matter
,
and
dissipates
it
into
Particles
of
quite
another
Nature
,
which
by
this
means
are
deprived
of
all
their
offensive
Smell
,
and
some
other
ill
Qualities
.
It
may
also
be
said
,
that
the
great
Increase
of
Heat
in
July
,
may
enable
the
Sun-beams
,
by
penetrating
,
the
Earth
deeper
,
and
agitating
its
lower
Parts
stronger
,
and
producing
Crevisses
,
and
other
new
or
formerly
obstructed
Passages
in
the
upper
Parts
of
it
,
may
elevate
into
the
Air
divers
saline
and
other
new
Corpuscles
,
which
may
either
divide
or
dissipate
the
Pestilential
ones
,
or
else
by
associating
themselves
with
them
,
make
up
new
Concretions
,
differing
from
the
Pestilential
Corpuscles
,
in
Bulk
,
Shape
,
Texture
or
Motion
,
in
most
or
all
of
these
,
by
which
means
the
morbifick
Corpuscles
being
much
altered
,
their
Operations
on
the
humane
Bodies
they
invade
,
may
be
so
too
,
and
the
Diseases
they
produce
may
become
less
malignant
,
or
degenerate
into
some
other
Disease
.
And
if
it
be
demanded
why
this
does
not
happen
elsewhere
as
well
as
at
Aleppo
and
Smyrna
?
it
may
be
answered
,
That
the
Concourse
of
Causes
may
not
be
the
same
,
and
particularly
that
the
Soil
of
those
two
Places
may
be
peculiarly
disposed
to
emit
Pestilential
Corpuscles
of
such
a
determinate
Nature
,
with
such
a
Degree
of
Heat
,
and
dissipable
by
a
greater
,
or
with
a
more
intense
Heat
,
to
afford
also
Exhalations
capable
to
correct
the
former
,
as
't
is
delivered
by
good
Authors
,
and
ingenious
Men
have
confirmed
it
upon
their
own
Observation
,
that
yearly
,
at
Grand
Cairo
,
in
the
Heat
of
Summer
the
Plague
ceases
to
be
mortal
,
and
almost
to
be
infectious
,
when
the
Nile
begins
to
overflow
,
which
wonderful
Change
I
should
not
so
much
ascribe
to
a
Frigeration
of
the
Air
,
that
usually
accompanies
the
Swellings
of
the
Waters
,
(
since
Pestilences
rage
in
much
cooler
Weather
than
can
be
supposed
in
so
hot
a
Climate
as
that
of
Egypt
in
July
)
as
to
some
nitrous
and
other
corrected
Exhalations
that
are
plentifully
emitted
by
the
freshly
arriving
Waters
.
There
is
an
Account
that
has
not
,
that
I
know
of
,
been
taken
notice
of
,
upon
which
the
supervening
Coldness
and
Heat
of
the
Air
may
pro
tempore
very
much
alter
the
Qualities
of
it
,
in
reference
to
the
Bodies
and
Health
of
Men
:
For
the
Air
being
a
fluid
Body
as
well
as
Water
,
and
impregnated
with
Salts
of
different
kinds
,
some
merely
saline
,
and
others
associated
with
sulphureous
and
other
kinds
of
Particles
;
it
seems
not
improbable
,
that
what
happens
in
that
grosser
fluid
Water
,
impregnated
with
differing
sorts
of
Salts
,
and
alter'd
by
succession
of
Heat
and
Cold
,
takes
place
also
in
the
Air.
I
purposely
tried
in
Water
,
that
by
dissolving
in
it
convenient
Quantities
of
two
differing
Salts
,
though
whilst
the
Liquor
was
hot
,
or
perhaps
so
much
as
lukewarm
,
they
would
swim
together
undistinguishably
in
the
Liquor
,
and
so
were
in
a
Capacity
to
act
jointly
,
and
as
the
Schools
speak
,
actione
communi
,
on
divers
Occasions
:
yet
when
the
Liquor
was
cold
,
and
sometimes
when
there
was
only
a
considerable
Remission
of
the
Heat
,
the
saline
Particles
of
one
kind
,
being
not
capable
of
being
any
longer
sufficiently
agitated
by
so
faint
a
Degree
of
Heat
,
would
convene
into
Grains
or
Cristals
;
and
losing
their
Fluidity
and
Motion
,
visibly
separate
themselves
from
the
other
kind
of
Salts
,
which
yet
continued
fluid
in
the
Water
where
it
could
now
act
but
by
its
own
particular
Qualities
,
and
not
as
formerly
,
actione
communi
.
The
clearest
Instance
I
found
of
this
Observation
was
afforded
me
by
an
Experiment
made
with
the
Solutions
of
Alum
and
Nitre
;
a
Relation
of
which
I
find
among
my
Adversaria
,
in
the
following
terms
.
Equal
Parts
of
Alum
and
Nitre
being
dissolv'd
in
the
same
Portion
of
fair
Water
;
and
the
Liquor
being
in
good
measure
evaporated
,
the
Earthen
Vessel
that
contain'd
it
was
set
in
the
cold
,
by
which
means
,
at
the
bottom
and
the
lower
part
of
the
sides
,
the
Alum
appear'd
to
be
first
coagulated
in
many
Octaedrical
Grains
,
no
Chrystals
of
Nitre
yet
being
visible
.
Afterwards
,
upon
a
further
Evaporation
of
the
Water
,
and
the
Removal
of
the
Vessel
from
the
Fire
,
there
appear'd
more
Grains
of
Alum
,
but
as
yet
no
Nitre
:
wherefore
having
yet
further
evaporated
the
Liquor
,
at
length
the
Nitre
shot
plentifully
into
fine
little
Chrystals
of
the
Shape
proper
to
that
Salt
.
This
is
the
Account
my
Note-Book
contains
of
this
Trial
,
which
seems
to
invite
us
to
conjecture
,
that
of
the
numerous
sorts
of
saline
Corpuscles
that
rove
up
and
down
in
the
Air
,
whilst
it
is
well
heated
by
the
Sun
,
or
other
Causes
,
some
sorts
may
by
the
Absence
of
that
Heat
,
or
some
supervening
Causes
of
Coldness
,
be
made
to
separate
from
the
others
,
which
were
thereby
contemperated
,
or
perhaps
enabled
to
co-operate
to
divers
Purposes
that
they
were
not
fit
for
alone
;
and
to
form
Concretions
,
which
though
not
singly
visible
,
may
be
too
great
to
be
kept
in
a
State
of
Fluidity
by
the
diminish'd
Heat
of
the
Air.
A
Mouse
lived
ten
Minutes
at
least
with
a
quarter
Air
,
and
three
afterwards
.
TITLE
XLI
.
Of
heavy
Bodies
sustained
in
,
or
taken
up
into
the
Air.
TITLE
XLIII
.
Of
Rain
.
AN
eminent
Virtuoso
informed
me
,
that
in
the
Country
of
Campen
,
he
had
seen
divers
Pits
that
are
digg'd
for
Turf
,
or
rather
Peat
,
which
were
not
deep
,
for
the
most
part
,
but
reach'd
to
a
kind
of
quick
Sand
,
upon
which
the
Rain
falling
,
did
by
Degrees
in
some
Years
,
form
a
kind
of
slimy
Earth
or
Clay
,
which
was
much
of
a
martial
Nature
;
and
being
skilfully
handled
,
would
yield
good
Iron
.
The
same
Person
assured
me
,
that
he
had
divers
times
distilled
the
Water
of
Campen
in
new
and
fine
Glasses
,
and
still
found
them
to
leave
a
considerable
Quantity
of
stony
Matter
at
the
Bottom
,
notwithstanding
the
Rectification
.
Quicquid
erit
,
sine
fuco
significat
,
velut
Rottenberg
,
L.
1.
c.
8.
De
Mont.
Bohemiae
,
p.
26.
A
Milessow
monte
temporum
praesagia
capiuntur
.
Silesiae
compastum
appellant
,
perinde
Milessow
Temporum
prognostes
,
jure
merito
dici
posset
.
Vidi
ex
proximo
totum
aliquando
montem
densissimis
Nebulis
contectum
,
eâ
prorsus
imagine
,
qua
Mons
Sinai
Moyse
in
Nebula
latente
depingitur
,
at
caeteri
circum
Montes
,
innubes
&
hilares
velut
rerum
gerendarun
ignari
stabant
,
Sol
ipse
formosissimus
ibat
;
at
accolae
locorum
domum
fugiebant
,
pecora
urgebant
,
meque
,
ut
domum
protinus
recipirem
,
properarem
,
&
equos
currum
trahentes
concitari
juberem
,
monebant
,
neque
horae
quadrans
intercessit
,
jam
Coelum
obduci
,
Sol
contegi
,
eripi
omnis
aspectus
.
Virg.
Immensum
Coelo
ruit
agnem
aquarum
;
—
ruit
arduus
aether
,
Et
pluvia
ingenti
sata
laeta
,
boumque
labores
.
Diluit
,
implentur
fossae
,
&
quae
divinus
Poeta
prosequitur
.
At
contra
etiam
accidere
vidi
,
ut
caeteri
fumarint
montes
,
Milessow
nihil
se
commovente
,
nihil
aut
nubilum
,
aut
turbidum
minante
;
Incoloe
rogati
,
nihil
esse
magnopere
timendum
à
caeteris
spondebant
,
hunc
unum
intuendum
esse
,
horum
nubila
omnia
à
Milessow
quodammodo
devorari
.
TITLE
XLIV
.
Of
Hail
.
ON
ecrit
de
l'Isle
en
Flandres
le
25
May
,
style
nouveau
,
qu'il
tomba
dans
cette
ville
la
une
graifle
dout
les
moindres
grains
estoient
comme
des
oeufs
de
Pigeon
.
Cet
orage
a
passé
sur
la
Citadelle
&
la
ville
,
&
na
pas
laissé
une
vitre
entiere
du
coste
du
vent
:
les
maisons
sont
toutes
decouvertes
,
&
les
arbres
rompus
,
les
bleds
coupez
,
&
les
perdrix
&
les
lieures
morts
.
On
a
pese
plusieurs
grains
de
cette
graisle
,
dout
les
uns
estoient
d'un
quarteron
,
de
demi
livre
,
de
trois
quarterons
,
et
les
plus
gros
d'une
livre
&
d'avantage
.
Il
y
en
avoit
un
entr'
autres
qui
avoit
dans
le
milieu
une
espece
de
matiere
brune
qu'ou
mit
dans
le
feu
,
qui
fit
faire
un
grand
bruit
.
Il
y
en
avoit
un
qui
estoit
diaphane
,
lequel
estant
mis
aupres
du
feu
,
fondit
tout
aussi
tost
comme
du
plomb
,
quoy
qu'il
fut
beaucoup
plus
dur
que
les
autres
.
TITLE
XLVI
.
Of
other
things
falling
out
of
the
Air.
EO
ipso
anno
quo
Dux
Eboracensis
postremo
rediit
e
Scotia
Londinum
,
depluere
tanta
copia
pisciculi
halecibus
colore
,
figurâ
,
sapore
quam
simillimi
in
superiore
Gallocidiae
in
Scotia
parte
non
procul
a
mari
,
ut
duo
terrae
jugera
ad
Robertum
Murray
de
Brughton
equitem
pertinentia
nunc
Londini
,
ut
audio
,
degentem
,
cooperuerint
.
Rem
autem
totam
serenissimo
Duci
Eboracensi
prius
de
eadem
ab
eo
interrogatus
,
quod
tum
certior
ab
aliis
de
hâc
pluvia
factus
esset
,
tanquam
testis
oculatus
,
ut
qui
aliquos
horum
pisciculorum
videram
;
confirmavi
:
is
porro
ingeniosissime
,
summâque
veri
specie
nodum
ita
solvit
,
ut
diceret
hos
pisciculos
unà
cum
aquis
furentium
ventorum
gyro
in
turbinem
actis
evectos
esse
nubes
,
e
quibus
non
procul
inde
pondere
rursus
suo
relapsi
fuerint
in
vicinam
terram
.
TITLE
XLVII
.
Promiscuous
Experiments
and
Observations
of
the
Air.
TITLE
XLVIII
.
Desiderata
in
the
History
of
the
Air
,
and
Proposals
towards
supplying
them
.
Books
Printed
for
,
and
Sold
by
A.
and
J.
Churchill
,
at
the
Black
Swan
in
Pater-Noster-Row
.
-
TItus
Livius's
Roman
History
.
-
Boccacio's
Novels
and
Tales
.
-
Sir
Paul
Ricaut's
Lives
of
the
Popes
of
Rome
.
-
—
History
of
the
Turks
.
Two
Vol.
-
Rushworth's
Historical
Collections
.
-
Lloyd
Dictionarium
Historicum
,
Poeticum
,
Geographicum
.
-
Statutes
of
Ireland
.
-
Bolton
Justice
of
Ireland
.
-
Sir
George
Wheeler's
Travels
into
Greece
.
-
Leybourn's
Dialling
.
-
Buchanan's
Chronicle
and
History
of
the
Kings
of
Scotland
.
-
Machiavel's
Works
.
-
Thesaurus
Brevium
.
-
Sir
Simon
Dew's
Journal
of
Parliament
,
Q.
Elizabeth
.
-
Dr.
Brady's
Introduction
to
the
History
of
England
.
-
Milton's
Paradise
regain'd
.
-
Leybourn
Cursus
Mathematicus
.
-
Sir
Roger
L'
Estrange
Aesop's
Fables
.
-
Bp.
Hall's
Contemplations
.
-
Clark
Praxis
Cur.
Ecclesiasticis
.
-
Dr.
Gibson's
Anatomy
.
-
Dr.
Patrick
Mensa
Mystica
.
-
Gentleman's
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.
-
Monsieur
L'
Clerc's
Logica
,
&c.
-
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of
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.
-
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Arithmetick
.
-
Protestant
Reconciler
,
Compleat
.
-
Homer's
Iliads
.
-
Poetae
Minores
.
-
Royal
Grammar
.
-
Gibbon's
Heraldry
.
-
Partridge's
Treasury
of
Physick
.
-
Bp.
Wilkins
of
Prayer
and
Preaching
.
-
Thibault's
Chymistry
.
-
Glasier's
Chymistry
.
-
Valerius
Maximus
,
English
.
-
Two
Treatises
of
Government
.
-
The
Three
Letters
for
Toleration
.
-
Some
Considerations
of
the
Consequences
of
Lowring
Interest
,
and
raising
the
Value
of
Money
.
-
Sir
William
Temple's
Observations
on
Holland
.
-
—
Misellanea
.
-
Dr.
Burnet's
Travels
.
-
Plato
Redivivus
.
-
Selden's
Table-Talk
.
-
Debates
of
Oxon
and
Westminster
Parliaments
.
-
Titi
Petronii
arbitrii
Satyricon
,
cum
fragmentis
Attaece
Graecaerecuperatis
.
Anno
1688.
-
Livii
Orationes
selectae
.
12ᵒ.
-
Sleidan
de
quatuor
summis
Imperiisve
.
-
Aristotle's
Rhetorick
,
English
.
-
Dr.
Whitby's
several
Pieces
.
-
Partridge's
Astrology
.
-
Isocrates
Orationes
,
large
12ᵒ.
Lat.
-
Guide
to
Heaven
.
24ᵒ.
-
Latin
Testament
,
the
Cambridg
Edition
.
Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
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