TO
THE
LORD
of
DUNGARVAN
,
My
Honored
and
Dear
NEPHEW
.
My
Dear
Lord
,
REceiving
in
your
last
from
Paris
,
a
desire
that
I
would
adde
some
more
Experiments
to
those
I
formerly
sent
You
over
:
I
could
not
be
so
much
your
Servant
as
I
am
,
without
looking
upon
that
Desire
as
a
Command
;
and
consequently
,
without
thinking
my self
obliged
to
consider
by
what
sort
of
Experiments
it
might
the
most
acceptably
be
obey'd
.
And
at
the
same
time
,
perceiving
by
Letters
from
some
other
Ingenious
Persons
at
Paris
,
that
several
of
the
Virtuosi
there
,
were
very
intent
upon
the
examination
of
the
Interest
of
the
Air
,
in
hindring
the
descent
of
the
Quick-silver
,
in
the
famous
Experiment
touching
a
Vacuum
:
I
thought
I
could
not
comply
with
your
Desires
in
a
more
fit
and
seasonable
manner
,
than
by
prosecuting
and
endeavouring
to
promote
that
noble
Experiment
of
Torricellius
:
and
by
presenting
Your
Lordship
an
account
of
my
attempts
to
illustrate
a
Subject
,
about
which
(
its
being
so
much
discours'd
of
where
you
are
,
together
with
your
inbred
Curiosity
,
and
love
of
Experimental
Learning
)
made
me
suppose
you
sufficiently
inquisitive
.
And
though
I
pretend
not
to
acquaint
you
,
on
this
occasion
,
with
any
store
of
new
Discoveries
,
yet
possibly
I
shall
be
so
happy
,
as
to
assist
you
to
know
some
things
which
you
did
formerly
but
suppose
;
and
shall
present
you
,
if
not
with
new
Theories
,
at
least
with
new
Proofs
of
such
as
are
not
yet
become
unquestionable
.
And
if
what
I
shall
deliver
,
hath
the
good
fortune
to
encourage
and
assist
you
to
prosecute
the
Hints
it
will
afford
,
I
shall
account
my self
,
in
paying
of
a
duty
to
you
,
to
have
done
a
piece
of
Service
to
the
Commonwealth
of
Learning
.
Since
it
may
highly
conduce
to
the
advancement
of
that
Experimental
Philosophy
,
the
effectual
pursuit
of
which
,
requires
as
well
a
Purse
as
a
Brain
,
to
endear
it
to
hopefull
Persons
of
your
Quality
:
who
may
accomplish
many
things
,
which
others
can
but
wish
,
or
at
most
,
but
design
,
by
being
able
to
imploy
the
Presents
of
Fortune
in
the
search
of
the
Mysteries
of
Nature
.
And
I
am
not
faintly
induc'd
to
make
choice
of
this
Subject
,
rather
than
any
of
the
expected
Chymical
ones
,
to
entertain
Your
Lordship
upon
,
by
these
two
Considerations
:
The
one
,
That
the
Air
being
so
necessary
to
humane
Life
,
that
not
only
the
generality
of
Men
,
but
most
other
Creatures
that
breathe
,
cannot
live
many
minutes
without
it
;
any
considerable
discovery
of
its
Nature
,
seems
likely
to
prove
of
moment
to
Mankind
.
And
the
other
is
,
That
the
ambient
Air
,
being
that
whereto
both
our
own
Bodies
,
and
most
of
the
others
we
deal
with
here
below
,
are
almost
perpetually
contiguous
;
not
only
its
alterations
have
a
notable
and
manifest
share
in
those
obvious
Effects
,
that
Men
have
already
been
invited
to
ascribe
thereunto
(
such
as
are
the
various
Distempers
incident
to
humane
Bodies
especially
if
crazy
in
the
Spring
,
the
Autumn
,
and
also
on
most
of
the
great
and
sudden
changes
of
Weather
)
but
likewise
,
the
further
discovery
of
the
Nature
of
the
Air
,
will
probably
discover
to
us
,
that
it
concurs
more
or
less
to
the
exhibiting
of
many
Phaenomena
,
in
which
it
hath
hitherto
scarce
been
suspected
to
have
any
Interest
.
So
that
a
true
account
of
any
Experiment
that
is
New
concerning
a
thing
,
wherewith
we
have
such
constant
and
necessary
intercourse
,
may
not
only
prove
of
some
advantage
to
humane
Life
,
but
gratifie
Philosophers
,
by
promoting
their
Speculations
on
a
Subject
which
hath
so
much
opportunity
to
solicite
their
Curiosity
.
And
I
should
immediately
proceed
to
the
mention
of
my
Experiments
,
but
that
I
like
too
well
that
worthy
saying
of
In
Praefat.
lib.
1.
the
Naturalist
Pliny
,
Benignum
est
&
plenum
ingenui
pudoris
,
fateri
per
quos
profeceris
,
not
to
conform
to
it
,
by
acquainting
your
Lordship
,
in
the
first
place
,
with
the
Hint
I
had
of
the
Engine
I
am
to
entertain
you
with
.
You
may
be
pleas'd
to
remember
,
that
a
while
before
our
separation
in
England
,
I
told
you
of
a
Book
that
I
had
heard
of
,
but
not
perus'd
,
publish'd
by
the
industrious
Jesuit
Schottus
,
wherein
't
was
said
,
He
related
how
that
ingenious
Gentleman
,
Otto
Gericke
,
Consul
of
Magdeburg
,
had
lately
practis'd
in
Germany
a
way
of
emptying
Glass
Vessels
,
by
sucking
out
the
Air
at
the
mouth
of
the
Vessel
,
plung'd
under
Water
:
And
you
may
also
perhaps
remember
,
that
I
express'd
my self
much
delighted
with
this
Experiment
,
since
thereby
the
great
force
of
the
external
Air
(
either
rushing
in
at
the
open'd
Orifice
of
the
empty'd
Vessel
,
or
violently
forcing
up
the
Water
into
it
)
was
rendred
more
obvious
and
conspicuous
than
in
any
Experiment
that
I
had
formerly
seen
.
And
though
it
may
appear
by
some
of
those
Writings
I
sometimes
shew'd
your
Lordship
,
that
I
had
been
solicitous
to
try
things
upon
the
same
ground
;
yet
in
regard
this
Gentleman
was
before-hand
with
me
in
producing
such
considerable
Effects
,
by
means
of
the
exsuction
of
Air
,
I
think
myself
oblig'd
to
acknowledge
the
assistance
and
encouragement
,
the
Report
of
his
Performances
hath
afforded
me
.
To
give
your
Lordship
then
,
in
the
first
place
,
some
account
of
the
Engine
it self
:
It
consists
of
two
principal
parts
;
a
glass
Vessel
,
and
a
Pump
to
draw
the
Air
out
of
it
.
The
former
of
these
(
which
we
,
with
the
Glass-men
,
shall
often
call
a
Receiver
,
for
its
affinity
to
the
large
Vessels
of
that
name
,
used
by
Chymists
)
consists
of
a
Glass
with
a
wide
hole
at
the
top
,
of
a
cover
to
that
hole
,
and
of
a
Stop-cock
fastned
to
the
end
of
the
Neck
,
at
the
bottom
.
The
shape
of
the
Glass
,
you
will
find
express'd
in
the
first
Figure
of
the
annexed
Scheme
.
And
for
the
size
of
it
,
it
contain'd
about
30
Wine
Quarts
,
each
of
them
containing
near
two
Pound
(
of
16
Ounces
to
the
Pound
)
of
Water
:
We
should
have
been
better
pleas'd
with
a
more
capacious
Vessel
,
but
the
Glass-men
professed
themselves
unable
to
blow
a
larger
,
of
such
a
thickness
and
shape
as
was
requisite
to
our
purpose
.
At
the
very
top
of
the
Vessel
,
(
A
)
you
may
observe
a
round
hole
,
whose
Diametre
(
BC
)
is
of
about
four
Inches
;
and
whereof
,
the
Orifice
is
incircled
with
a
lip
of
Glass
,
almost
an
Inch
high
:
For
the
making
of
which
lip
,
it
was
requisite
(
to
mention
that
upon
the
by
,
in
case
your
Lordship
should
have
such
another
Engine
made
for
you
)
to
have
a
hollow
and
tapering
Pipe
of
Glass
drawn
out
,
whereof
the
Orifice
above
mentioned
was
the
Basis
,
and
then
to
have
the
Cone
cut
off
with
an
hot
Iron
,
within
about
an
Inch
of
the
Points
(
BC.
)
The
use
of
the
lip
,
is
to
sustain
the
cover
delineated
in
the
second
Figure
;
where
(
DE
)
points
out
a
brass
Ring
,
so
cast
,
as
that
it
doth
cover
the
lip
(
BC
)
of
the
first
Figure
,
and
is
cemented
on
,
upon
it
,
with
a
strong
and
close
Cement
.
To
the
inward
tapering
Orifice
of
this
Ring
(
which
is
about
three
Inches
over
)
are
exquisitely
ground
the
sides
of
the
Brass
stopple
(
FG
;
)
so
that
the
concave
superficies
of
the
one
,
and
the
convex
of
the
other
,
may
touch
one
another
in
so
many
places
,
as
may
leave
as
little
access
,
as
possible
,
to
the
external
Air
:
And
in
the
midst
of
this
cover
is
left
a
hole
(
HI
)
of
about
half
an
Inch
over
,
invironed
also
with
a
Ring
or
Socket
of
the
same
Metal
,
and
fitted
likewise
with
a
Brass
stopple
(
K
)
made
in
the
form
of
the
Key
of
a
Stop-cock
,
and
exactly
ground
into
the
hole
(
HI
)
it
is
to
fill
;
so
as
that
,
though
it
be
turn'd
round
in
the
cavity
it
possesses
,
it
will
not
let
in
the
air
,
and
yet
may
be
put
in
or
taken
out
at
pleasure
,
for
uses
to
be
hereafter
mentioned
.
In
order
to
some
of
which
,
it
is
perforated
with
a
little
hole
,
(8)
traversing
the
whole
thickness
of
it
at
the
lower
end
;
through
which
,
and
a
little
Brass
Ring
(
L
)
fastned
to
one
side
(
no
matter
which
)
of
the
bottom
of
the
stopple
(
FG
)
a
string
(
8
,
9
,
10.
)
might
pass
,
to
be
imploy'd
to
move
some
things
in
the
capacity
of
the
empty'd
Vessel
,
without
any
where
unstopping
it
.
The
last
thing
belonging
to
our
Receiver
,
is
the
Stop-cock
,
designed
in
the
first
Figure
by
(
N
,
)
for
the
better
fastening
of
which
to
the
neck
,
and
exacter
exclusion
of
the
Air
,
there
was
soder'd
on
to
the
shank
of
the
Cock
(
X
)
a
Plate
of
Tin
,
(
MTUW
)
long
enough
to
cover
the
neck
of
the
Receiver
.
But
because
the
cementing
of
this
was
a
matter
of
some
difficulty
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
mention
here
the
manner
of
it
;
which
was
,
That
the
cavity
of
the
Tin
Plate
was
fill'd
with
a
melted
Cement
,
made
of
Pitch
,
Rosin
,
and
Wood
ashes
,
well
incorporated
;
and
to
hinder
this
liquid
Mixture
from
getting
into
the
Orifice
(
Z
)
of
the
shank
(
X
,
)
that
hole
was
stop'd
with
a
Cock
,
to
which
was
fastned
a
string
,
whereby
it
might
be
pull'd
out
at
the
upper
Orifice
of
the
Receiver
;
and
then
,
the
Glass
neck
of
the
Receiver
being
well
warm'd
,
was
thrust
into
this
Cement
,
and
over
the
shank
,
whereby
it
was
effected
,
that
all
the
space
betwixt
the
Tin
Plate
and
the
Receiver
,
and
betwixt
the
internal
superficies
of
the
Receiver
,
and
the
shank
of
the
Cock
,
was
fill'd
with
the
Cement
;
and
so
we
have
dispatch'd
the
first
upper
part
of
the
Engine
.
The
undermost
remaining
part
consists
of
a
Frame
,
and
of
a
sucking
Pump
,
or
as
we
formerly
call'd
it
,
an
Air
Pump
,
supported
by
it
:
The
Frame
is
of
Wood
,
small
,
but
very
strong
,
consisting
of
three
legs
,
(
111
)
so
plac'd
,
that
one
side
of
it
may
stand
perpendicular
,
that
the
free
motion
of
the
hand
may
not
be
hindered
.
In
the
midst
of
which
frame
,
is
transversly
nail'd
a
board
,
(
222
)
which
may
not
improperly
be
call'd
a
Midriff
,
upon
which
rests
,
and
to
which
is
strongly
fastned
,
the
main
part
of
the
Pump
it self
,
which
is
the
only
thing
remaining
to
be
described
.
The
Pump
consists
of
four
parts
,
a
hollow
Cylinder
,
a
Sucker
,
a
handle
to
move
that
Sucker
,
and
a
Valve
.
The
Cylinder
was
(
by
a
pattern
)
cast
of
Brass
;
it
is
in
length
about
14
Inches
,
thick
enough
to
be
very
strong
,
notwithstanding
the
Cylindrical
cavity
left
within
it
;
this
cavity
is
about
three
Inches
Diametre
,
and
makes
as
exact
a
Cylinder
as
the
Artificer
was
able
to
bore
.
This
hollow
Cylinder
is
fitted
with
a
Sucker
,
(
4455
)
consisting
of
two
parts
;
the
one
(
44
)
somewhat
less
in
Diametre
than
the
Cavity
of
the
Cylinder
;
upon
which
is
nail'd
a
good
thick
piece
of
tann'd
Shoe-leather
,
which
will
go
so
close
to
the
Cylinder
,
that
it
will
need
to
be
very
forcibly
knock'd
and
ram'd
in
,
if
at
any
time
it
be
taken
out
;
which
is
therefore
done
,
that
it
may
the
more
exactly
hinder
the
Air
from
insinuating
it self
betwixt
it
and
the
sides
of
the
Cylinder
whereon
it
is
to
move
.
To
the
midst
of
this
former
part
of
the
Sucker
is
strongly
fastned
the
other
;
namely
,
a
thick
and
narrow
plate
of
Iron
(
55
)
somewhat
longer
than
the
Cylinder
,
one
of
whose
edges
is
smooth
,
but
at
the
other
edge
it
is
indented
(
as
I
may
so
speak
)
with
a
row
of
Teeth
,
delineated
in
the
Scheme
,
into
whose
intervals
are
to
be
fitted
,
the
Teeth
of
a
small
Iron
Nut
,
(
αβ
)
(
as
Tradesmen
call
it
)
which
is
fastned
by
two
staples
(
22
)
to
the
underside
of
the
formerly
mention'd
transverse
board
(
222
)
on
which
the
Cylinder
rests
,
and
is
turn'd
to
and
fro
by
the
third
piece
of
this
Pump
,
namely
,
the
handle
or
Manubrium
,
(7)
of
which
the
Figure
gives
a
sufficient
description
.
The
fourth
and
last
part
of
this
Cylinder
,
is
the
Valve
,
(
R
)
consisting
of
a
hole
bored
through
at
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
a
little
tapering
towards
the
cavity
;
into
which
hole
is
ground
a
tapering
Peg
of
Brass
,
to
be
thrust
in
,
and
taken
out
at
pleasure
.
The
Engine
being
thus
describ'd
,
it
will
be
requisite
to
add
,
that
something
is
wont
to
be
done
before
it
be
set
on
work
,
for
the
more
easie
moving
of
the
Sucker
,
and
for
the
better
exclusion
of
the
outward
Air
:
which
,
when
the
Vessel
begins
to
be
exhausted
,
is
much
more
difficult
to
be
kept
out
,
than
one
would
easily
imagine
.
There
must
then
be
first
pour'd
in
at
the
top
of
the
Receiver
,
a
little
sallad
Oyl
,
partly
to
fill
up
any
small
intervals
that
may
happen
to
be
betwixt
the
contiguous
surfaces
of
the
internal
parts
of
the
Stop-cock
:
And
partly
,
that
it
may
be
the
more
easie
to
turn
the
Key
(
S
)
backwards
and
forwards
.
Pretty
store
of
Oyl
must
also
be
pour'd
into
the
Cylinder
,
both
that
the
Sucker
may
slip
up
and
down
in
it
the
more
smoothly
and
freely
,
and
that
the
Air
might
be
the
better
hindred
from
getting
in
between
them
:
And
for
the
like
reasons
,
a
little
Oyl
is
to
be
used
also
about
the
Valve
.
Upon
which
occasion
,
it
would
not
be
omitted
(
for
it
is
strange
)
that
oftentimes
,
when
neither
the
pouring
in
of
Water
,
nor
even
of
Oyl
it
alone
,
prov'd
capable
to
make
the
Sucker
move
easily
enough
in
the
Cylinder
;
a
mixture
of
both
those
Liquors
would
readily
(
sometimes
even
to
admiration
)
perform
the
desired
effect
.
And
lastly
,
the
Brass
cover
of
the
Receiver
,
being
put
into
the
Brass
ring
formerly
describ'd
,
that
no
Air
may
get
between
them
,
it
will
be
very
requisite
to
plaister
over
very
carefully
the
upper
edges
of
both
,
with
the
Plaister
formerly
mentioned
,
or
some
other
as
close
,
which
is
to
be
spread
upon
the
edges
with
an
hot
Iron
;
that
,
being
melted
,
it
may
run
into
and
fill
up
all
the
cranies
,
or
other
little
cavities
,
at
which
the
Air
might
otherwise
get
entrance
.
All
things
being
thus
fitted
,
and
the
lower
shank
(
O
)
of
the
Stop-cock
being
put
into
the
upper
Orifice
of
the
Cylinder
(
and
)
into
which
it
was
exactly
ground
;
the
Experimenter
is
first
,
by
turning
the
handle
,
to
force
the
Sucker
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
that
there
may
be
no
Air
left
in
the
upper
part
of
it
:
Then
shutting
the
Valve
with
the
Plug
,
and
turning
the
other
way
,
he
is
to
draw
down
the
Sucker
to
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
;
by
which
motion
of
the
Sucker
,
the
Air
that
was
formerly
in
the
Cylinder
being
thrust
out
,
and
none
being
permitted
to
succeed
in
its
room
,
't
is
manifest
that
the
cavity
of
the
Cylinder
must
be
empty
in
reference
to
the
Air.
So
that
if
thereupon
the
Key
of
the
Stop-cock
be
so
turn'd
,
as
that
through
the
perforation
of
it
,
a
free
passage
be
opened
betwixt
the
Cylinder
and
the
Receiver
,
part
of
the
Air
formerly
contain'd
in
the
Receiver
,
will
nimbly
descend
into
the
Cylinder
.
And
this
Air
being
,
by
the
turning
back
of
the
Key
,
hinder'd
from
the
returning
into
the
Receiver
,
may
,
by
the
opening
of
the
Valve
,
and
forcing
up
of
the
Sucker
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
again
,
be
driven
out
into
the
open
Air.
And
thus
by
the
repetition
of
the
motion
of
the
Sucker
upward
and
downward
,
and
by
opportunely
turning
the
Key
,
and
stopping
the
Valve
,
as
occasion
requires
,
more
or
less
Air
may
be
suck'd
out
of
the
Receiver
,
according
to
the
exigency
of
the
Experiment
,
and
the
intention
of
him
that
makes
it
.
Your
Lordship
will
,
perhaps
,
think
that
I
have
been
unnecessarily
prolix
in
this
first
part
of
my
Discourse
:
But
if
you
had
seen
how
many
unexpected
difficulties
we
found
to
keep
out
the
external
Air
,
even
for
a
little
while
,
when
some
considerable
part
of
the
internal
had
been
suck'd
out
;
You
would
peradventure
allow
,
that
I
might
have
set
down
more
circumstances
than
I
have
,
without
setting
down
any
,
whose
knowledge
,
he
that
shall
try
the
Experiment
,
may
not
have
need
of
.
Which
is
so
true
,
that
,
before
we
proceed
any
further
,
I
cannot
think
it
unseasonable
to
advertise
Your
Lordship
,
that
there
are
two
chief
sorts
of
Experiments
,
which
we
design'd
in
our
Engine
to
make
tryal
of
:
The
one
,
such
as
may
be
quickly
dispatch'd
,
and
therefore
may
be
try'd
in
our
Engine
,
though
it
leak
a
little
,
because
the
Air
may
be
faster
drawn
out
,
by
nimbly
plying
the
Pump
,
than
it
can
get
in
at
undiscern'd
leaks
;
I
say
at
undiscern'd
leaks
,
because
such
as
are
big
enough
to
be
discover'd
,
can
scarce
be
uneasie
to
be
stopt
.
The
other
sort
of
Experiments
consist
of
those
that
require
,
not
only
that
the
internal
Air
be
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
,
but
that
it
be
likewise
for
a
long
time
kept
out
of
it
.
Such
are
the
preservation
of
Animal
and
other
Bodies
therein
,
the
germination
and
growth
of
Vegetables
,
and
other
trials
of
several
sorts
,
which
it
is
apparent
cannot
be
well
made
,
unless
the
external
Air
can
,
for
a
competent
while
,
be
excluded
:
Since
,
even
at
a
very
small
leak
,
there
may
enough
get
in
,
to
make
the
Vacuum
soon
lose
that
name
;
by
which
I
here
declare
once
for
all
,
that
I
understand
not
a
space
wherein
there
is
no
Body
at
all
,
but
such
as
is
either
altogether
,
or
almost
totally
devoid
of
Air.
Now
this
distinction
of
Experiments
I
thought
fit
to
premise
to
the
ensuing
Narratives
,
because
,
upon
trial
,
we
found
it
so
exceeding
(
and
scarce
imaginably
)
difficult
a
matter
,
to
keep
out
the
Air
from
getting
at
all
in
at
any
imperceptible
hole
or
flaw
whatsoever
,
(
in
a
Vessel
immediately
surrounded
with
the
compressed
Atmosphere
,
)
that
in
spight
of
all
our
care
and
diligence
,
we
never
were
able
totally
to
exhaust
the
Receiver
,
or
keep
it
when
it
was
almost
empty
,
any
considerable
time
,
from
leaking
more
or
less
:
although
(
as
we
have
lately
intimated
)
by
unwearied
quickness
in
plying
the
Pump
,
the
internal
Air
can
be
much
faster
drawn
out
than
the
external
can
get
in
,
till
the
Receiver
come
to
be
almost
quite
empty
.
And
that
's
enough
to
enable
Men
to
discover
hitherto
unobserved
Phaenomena
of
Nature
.
The
Experiments
therefore
of
the
first
sort
,
will
,
I
fear
,
prove
the
only
ones
wherewith
my
Avocations
will
allow
me
to
entertain
Your
Lordship
in
this
Letter
.
For
till
your
further
Commands
shall
engage
me
to
undertake
,
by
God's
permission
,
such
an
Employment
,
and
more
leasure
shall
better
fit
me
for
it
,
I
know
not
whether
I
shall
be
in
a
condition
to
try
what
may
be
done
,
to
enable
me
to
give
you
some
account
of
the
other
sort
of
Experiments
also
.
EXPERIMENT
I.
TO
proceed
now
to
the
Phaenomena
,
exhibited
to
us
by
the
Engine
above
described
;
I
hold
it
not
unfit
to
begin
with
what
doth
constantly
and
regularly
offer
it self
to
our
observation
,
as
depending
upon
the
Fabrick
of
the
Engine
it self
,
and
not
upon
the
nature
of
this
or
that
particular
Experiment
which
't
is
employed
to
try
.
First
,
then
,
upon
the
drawing
down
of
the
Sucker
(
the
Valve
being
shut
)
the
Cylindrical
space
,
deserted
by
the
Sucker
,
is
left
devoid
of
Air
;
and
therefore
,
upon
the
turning
of
the
Key
,
the
Air
contained
in
the
Receiver
rusheth
into
the
emptied
Cylinder
,
till
the
Air
in
both
those
Vessels
be
brought
to
about
an
equal
measure
of
dilatation
.
And
therefore
,
upon
shutting
the
Receiver
by
re-turning
the
Key
,
if
you
open
the
Valve
,
and
force
up
the
Sucker
again
,
you
will
find
,
that
after
this
first
exsuction
you
will
drive
out
almost
a
whole
Cylinder
full
of
Air
:
But
at
the
following
exsuctions
,
you
will
draw
less
and
less
of
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
Cylinder
,
because
there
will
still
remain
less
and
less
Air
in
the
Receiver
it self
;
and
consequently
,
the
Particles
of
the
remaining
Air
,
having
more
room
to
extend
themselves
in
,
will
less
press
out
one
another
.
This
you
will
easily
perceive
,
by
finding
,
that
you
still
force
less
and
less
Air
out
of
the
Cylinder
;
so
that
when
the
Receiver
is
almost
exhausted
,
you
may
force
up
the
Sucker
almost
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
before
you
will
need
to
unstop
the
Valve
to
let
out
any
Air
:
And
if
at
such
time
,
the
Valve
being
shut
,
you
let
go
the
handle
of
the
Pump
,
you
will
find
the
Sucker
forcibly
carried
up
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
by
the
protrusion
of
the
external
Air
;
which
,
being
much
less
rarified
than
that
within
the
Cylinder
;
must
have
a
more
forcible
pressure
upon
the
Sucker
,
than
the
internal
is
able
to
resist
:
And
by
this
means
you
may
know
how
far
you
have
emptied
the
Receiver
.
And
to
this
we
may
add
,
on
this
occasion
,
that
constantly
upon
the
turning
of
the
Key
to
let
out
the
Air
from
the
Receiver
,
into
the
emptied
Cylinder
,
there
is
immediately
produced
a
considerably
brisk
noise
,
especially
whilst
there
is
any
plenty
of
Air
in
the
Receiver
.
For
the
more
easie
understanding
of
the
Experiments
triable
by
our
Engine
;
I
thought
it
not
superfluous
,
nor
unseasonable
in
the
recital
of
this
first
of
them
,
to
insinuate
that
notion
by
which
it
seems
likely
that
most
,
if
not
all
of
them
,
will
prove
explicable
.
Your
Lordship
will
easily
suppose
,
that
the
Notion
I
speak
of
is
,
That
there
is
a
Spring
,
or
Elastical
power
in
the
Air
we
live
in
.
By
which
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
spring
of
the
Air
,
that
which
I
mean
is
this
:
That
our
Air
either
consists
of
,
or
at
least
abounds
with
,
parts
of
such
a
nature
;
that
in
case
they
be
bent
or
compress'd
by
the
weight
of
the
incumbent
part
of
the
Atmosphere
,
or
by
any
other
Body
,
they
do
endeavour
,
as
much
as
in
them
lieth
,
to
free
themselves
from
that
pressure
,
by
bearing
against
the
contiguous
Bodies
that
keep
them
bent
;
and
,
as
soon
as
those
Bodies
are
remov'd
or
reduced
to
give
them
way
,
by
presently
unbending
and
stretching
out
themselves
,
either
quite
,
or
so
far
forth
as
the
contiguous
Bodies
that
resist
them
will
permit
,
and
thereby
expanding
the
whole
parcel
of
Air
,
these
elastical
Bodies
compose
.
This
Notion
may
perhaps
be
somewhat
further
explain'd
,
by
conceiving
the
Air
near
the
Earth
to
be
such
a
heap
of
little
Bodies
,
lying
one
upon
another
,
as
may
be
resembled
to
a
Fleece
of
Wooll
.
For
this
(
to
omit
other
likenesses
betwixt
them
)
consists
of
many
slender
and
flexible
Hairs
;
each
of
which
may
indeed
,
like
a
little
Spring
,
be
easily
bent
or
rouled
up
;
but
will
also
,
like
a
Spring
,
be
still
endeavouring
to
stretch
it self
out
again
.
For
though
both
these
Hairs
,
and
the
Aereal
Corpuscles
to
which
we
liken
them
,
do
easily
yield
to
external
pressures
;
yet
each
of
them
(
by
virtue
of
its
structure
)
is
endow'd
with
a
Power
or
Principle
of
self-Dilatation
;
by
virtue
where
of
,
though
the
hairs
may
by
a
Man's
hand
be
bent
and
crouded
closer
together
,
and
into
a
narrower
room
than
suits
best
with
the
nature
of
the
Body
,
yet
,
whilst
the
compression
lasts
,
there
is
in
the
fleece
they
compose
an
endeavour
outwards
,
where
by
it
continually
thrusts
against
the
hand
that
opposes
its
Expansion
.
And
upon
the
removal
of
the
external
pressure
,
by
opening
the
hand
more
or
less
,
the
compressed
Wool
doth
,
as
it
were
,
spontaneously
expand
or
display
itself
towards
the
recovery
of
its
former
more
loose
and
free
condition
,
till
the
Fleece
hath
either
regain'd
its
former
Dimensions
,
or
at
least
,
approach'd
them
as
near
as
the
compressing
hand
(
perchance
not
quite
open'd
)
will
permit
.
This
Power
of
self-Dilatation
,
is
somewhat
more
conspicuous
in
a
dry
Spunge
compress'd
,
than
in
a
fleece
of
Wool
.
But
yet
we
rather
chose
to
employ
the
latter
,
on
this
occasion
,
because
it
is
not
like
a
Spunge
,
an
intire
Body
,
but
a
number
of
slender
and
flexible
Bodies
,
loosely
complicated
,
as
the
Air
it self
seems
to
be
.
There
is
yet
another
way
to
explicate
the
Spring
of
the
Air
,
namely
,
by
supposing
with
that
most
ingenious
Gentleman
,
Monsieur
Des
Cartes
,
That
the
Air
is
nothing
but
a
Congeries
or
heap
of
small
and
(
for
the
most
part
)
of
flexible
Particles
;
of
several
sizes
,
and
of
all
kind
of
Figures
which
are
rais'd
by
heat
(
especially
that
of
the
Sun
)
into
that
fluid
and
subtle
Ethereal
Body
that
surrounds
the
Earth
;
and
by
the
restless
agitation
of
that
Celestial
matter
wherein
those
particles
swim
,
are
so
whirld
round
,
that
each
Corpuscle
endeavours
to
beat
off
all
others
from
coming
within
the
little
Sphere
requisite
to
its
motion
about
its
own
Centre
;
and
(
in
case
any
,
by
intruding
into
that
Sphere
,
shall
oppose
its
free
Rotation
)
to
expel
or
drive
it
away
:
So
that
according
to
this
doctrine
,
it
imports
very
little
,
whether
the
particles
of
the
Air
have
the
structure
requisite
to
Springs
,
or
be
of
any
other
form
(
how
irregular
soever
)
since
their
Elastical
power
is
not
made
to
depend
upon
their
shape
or
structure
,
but
upon
the
vehement
agitation
,
and
(
as
it
were
)
brandishing
motion
,
which
they
receive
from
the
fluid
Ether
that
swiftly
flows
between
them
,
and
whirling
about
each
of
them
(
independently
from
the
rest
)
not
only
keeps
those
slender
Aëreal
Bodies
seperated
and
stretcht
out
(
at
least
,
as
far
as
the
Neighbouring
ones
will
permit
)
which
otherwise
,
by
reason
of
their
flexibleness
and
weight
,
would
flag
or
curl
;
but
also
makes
them
hit
against
,
and
knock
away
each
other
,
and
consequently
require
more
room
,
than
that
,
which
,
if
they
were
compress'd
,
they
would
take
up
.
By
these
two
differing
ways
,
my
Lord
,
may
the
Springs
of
the
Air
be
explicated
.
But
though
the
former
of
them
be
that
,
which
by
reason
of
its
seeming
somewhat
more
easie
,
I
shall
for
the
most
part
make
use
of
in
the
following
Discourse
:
yet
am
I
not
willing
to
declare
peremptorily
for
either
of
them
,
against
the
other
.
And
indeed
,
though
I
have
in
another
Treatise
endeavoured
to
make
it
probable
,
that
the
returning
of
Elastical
Bodies
(
if
I
may
so
call
them
)
forcibly
bent
,
to
their
former
position
,
may
be
Mechanically
explicated
:
Yet
I
must
confess
,
that
to
determine
whether
the
motion
of
Restitution
in
Bodies
,
proceed
from
this
,
That
the
parts
of
a
Body
of
a
peculiar
Structure
are
put
into
motion
by
the
bending
of
the
Spring
,
or
from
the
endeavor
of
some
subtle
ambient
Body
,
whose
passage
may
be
oppos'd
or
obstructed
,
or
else
it
's
pressure
unequally
resisted
by
reason
of
the
new
shape
or
magnitude
,
which
the
bending
of
a
Spring
may
give
the
Pores
of
it
:
To
determine
this
,
I
say
,
seems
to
me
a
matter
of
more
difficulty
,
than
at
first
sight
one
would
easily
imagine
it
.
Wherefore
I
shall
decline
medling
with
a
Subject
,
which
is
much
more
hard
to
be
explicated
,
than
necessary
to
be
so
,
by
him
,
whose
business
it
is
not
,
in
this
Letter
,
to
assign
the
adequate
cause
of
the
Spring
of
the
Air
,
but
only
to
manifest
,
That
the
Air
hath
a
Spring
,
and
to
relate
some
of
its
effects
.
I
know
not
whether
I
need
annex
that
,
though
either
of
the
above-mention'd
Hypotheses
,
and
perhaps
some
others
,
may
afford
us
an
account
plausible
enough
of
the
Air
's
Spring
;
yet
I
doubt
,
whether
any
of
them
gives
us
a
sufficient
account
of
its
Nature
.
And
of
this
doubt
,
I
might
here
mention
some
Reasons
,
but
that
,
peradventure
,
I
may
(
God
permitting
)
have
a
fitter
occasion
to
say
something
of
it
elsew
here
.
And
therefore
I
shuold
now
proceed
to
the
next
Experiment
,
but
that
I
think
it
requisite
,
first
,
to
suggest
to
your
Lordship
what
comes
into
my
thoughts
,
by
way
of
Answer
to
a
plausible
Objection
,
which
I
foresee
you
may
make
against
our
propos'd
Doctrine
,
touching
the
Spring
of
the
Air.
For
it
may
be
alledged
,
that
though
the
Air
were
granted
to
consist
of
springy
Particles
(
if
I
may
so
speak
)
yet
thereby
we
could
only
give
an
account
of
the
Dilatation
of
the
Air
in
Wind
Guns
,
and
other
pneumatical
Engines
wherein
the
Air
hath
been
compress'd
,
and
its
springs
violently
bent
by
an
apparent
external
force
;
upon
the
removal
of
which
,
't
is
no
wonder
that
the
Air
should
,
by
the
motion
of
restitution
expand
it self
till
it
hath
recovered
its
more
natural
dimensions
:
whereas
in
our
above-mentioned
first
Experiment
,
and
in
almost
all
others
triable
in
our
Engine
,
it
appears
not
,
that
any
compression
of
the
Air
preceded
its
spontaneous
Dilatation
or
Expansion
of
it self
.
To
remove
this
difficulty
,
I
must
desire
Your
Lordship
to
take
notice
,
that
of
whatever
nature
the
Air
,
very
remote
from
the
Earth
,
may
be
,
and
whatever
the
Schools
may
confidently
teach
to
the
contrary
,
yet
we
have
divers
Experiments
to
evince
,
that
the
Atmosphere
we
live
in
,
is
not
(
otherwise
than
comparatively
to
more
ponderous
Bodies
)
light
,
but
heavy
:
And
did
not
their
gravity
hinder
them
,
it
appears
not
why
the
streams
of
the
Terraqueous
Globe
,
of
which
our
Air
in
great
part
consists
,
should
not
rise
much
higher
,
than
the
Refractions
of
the
Sun
,
and
other
Stars
give
men
ground
to
think
,
that
the
Atmosphere
,
(
even
in
the
judgment
of
those
Rescent
Astronomers
,
who
seem
willing
to
enlarge
its
bounds
as
much
as
they
dare
,
)
doth
reach
.
But
lest
you
should
expect
my
seconding
this
Reason
by
Experience
;
and
lest
you
should
object
,
That
most
of
the
Experiments
that
have
been
propos'd
to
prove
the
gravity
of
the
Air
,
have
been
either
barely
propos'd
,
or
perhaps
not
accurately
tri'd
;
I
am
content
,
before
I
pass
further
,
to
mention
here
.
That
I
found
a
dry
lambs-bladder
containing
near
about
two
thirds
of
a
pint
,
and
compress'd
by
a
packthred
tied
about
it
,
to
lose
a
grain
and
the
eighth
part
of
a
grain
of
its
former
weight
,
by
the
recess
of
the
Air
upon
my
having
prickt
it
:
And
this
with
a
pair
of
Scales
,
which
,
when
the
full
bladder
and
the
correspondent
weight
were
in
it
,
would
manifestly
turn
either
way
with
the
32
part
of
a
grain
.
And
if
it
be
further
objected
,
That
the
Air
in
the
Bladder
was
violently
compress'd
by
the
packthred
and
the
sides
of
the
Bladder
,
we
might
probably
(
to
wave
prolix
answers
)
be
furnish'd
with
a
Reply
,
by
setting
down
the
differing
weight
of
our
Receiver
,
when
empti'd
and
when
full
of
uncompress'd
Air
,
if
we
could
here
procure
Scales
fit
for
so
nice
an
Experiment
;
since
we
are
informed
,
that
in
the
German
Experiment
,
commended
at
the
beginning
of
this
Letter
,
the
ingenious
Triers
of
it
found
,
That
their
Glass
Vessel
,
of
the
capacity
of
32
measures
,
was
lighter
when
the
Air
had
been
drawn
out
of
it
,
than
before
,
by
no
less
than
one
ounce
and
3/10
that
is
,
an
ounce
and
very
near
a
third
:
But
of
the
gravity
of
the
Air
,
we
may
elsewhere
have
occasion
to
make
further
mention
.
Taking
it
then
for
granted
that
the
Air
is
not
devoid
of
weight
,
it
will
not
be
uneasie
to
conceive
,
That
that
part
of
the
Atmosphere
wherein
we
live
,
being
the
lower
part
of
it
,
the
Corpuscles
that
compose
it
,
are
very
much
compress'd
by
the
weight
of
all
those
of
the
like
nature
that
are
directly
over
them
;
that
is
,
of
all
the
Particles
of
Air
,
that
being
pil'd
up
upon
them
,
reach
to
the
top
of
the
Atmosphere
.
And
though
the
height
of
this
Atmosphere
,
according
to
the
famous
Kepler
,
and
some
others
,
scarce
exceeds
eight
common
miles
;
yet
other
eminent
and
later
Astronomers
,
would
promote
the
confines
of
the
Atmosphere
to
exceed
six
or
seven
times
that
number
of
miles
.
And
the
diligent
and
learned
Ricciolo
makes
it
probable
,
that
the
Atmosphere
may
,
at
least
in
divers
places
,
be
at
least
fifty
miles
high
.
So
that
according
to
a
moderate
estimate
of
the
thickness
of
the
Atmosphere
,
we
may
well
suppose
,
that
a
Column
of
Air
,
of
many
miles
in
height
,
leaning
upon
some
springy
Corpuscles
of
Air
here
below
,
may
have
weight
enough
to
bend
their
little
springs
,
and
keep
them
bent
:
As
,
(
to
resume
our
former
comparison
,
)
if
there
were
fleeces
of
Wooll
pil'd
up
to
a
mountainous
height
,
upon
one
another
,
the
hairs
that
compose
the
lowermost
Locks
which
support
the
rest
,
would
,
by
the
weight
of
all
the
Wool
above
them
,
be
as
well
strongly
compress'd
,
as
if
a
Man
should
squeeze
them
together
in
his
hands
,
or
employ
any
such
other
moderate
force
to
compress
them
.
So
that
we
need
not
wonder
,
that
upon
the
taking
off
the
incumbent
Air
from
any
parcel
of
the
Atmosphere
here
below
,
the
Corpuscles
,
whereof
that
undermost
Air
consists
,
should
display
themselves
,
and
take
up
more
room
than
before
.
And
if
it
be
objected
,
That
in
Water
,
the
weight
of
the
upper
and
of
the
lower
part
is
the
same
:
I
answer
,
That
,
(
besides
that
it
may
be
well
doubted
whether
the
observation
,
by
reason
of
the
great
difficulty
,
hath
been
exactly
made
,
)
there
is
a
manifest
disparity
betwixt
the
Air
and
Water
:
For
I
have
not
found
,
upon
an
Experiment
purposely
made
,
(
and
in
another
Treatise
Recorded
)
that
Water
will
suffer
any
considerable
compression
;
whereas
we
may
observe
in
Wind-Guns
,
(
to
mention
now
no
other
Engines
)
that
the
Air
will
suffer
it self
to
be
crouded
into
a
comparatively
very
little
room
;
in
so
much
,
that
a
very
diligent
Examiner
of
the
Phaenomena
of
Wind-Guns
would
have
us
believe
,
that
in
one
of
them
,
by
condensation
,
he
reduc'd
the
Air
into
a
space
at
least
eight
times
narrower
than
it
before
possest
.
And
to
this
,
if
we
add
a
noble
Phaenomenon
of
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
;
these
things
put
together
,
may
for
the
present
suffice
to
countenance
our
Doctrine
.
For
that
noble
Experimenter
,
Monsieur
Pascal
(
the
Son
)
had
the
commendable
Curiosity
to
cause
the
Torricellian
Experiment
to
be
tri'd
at
the
foot
,
about
the
middle
,
and
at
the
top
of
that
high
Mountain
(
in
Auvergne
,
if
I
mistake
not
)
commonly
call'd
Le
Puy
de
Domme
;
whereby
it
was
found
,
That
the
Mercury
in
the
Tube
fell
down
lower
,
about
three
inches
,
at
the
top
of
the
Mountain
than
at
the
bottom
.
And
a
Learned
Man
a
while
since
inform'd
me
,
That
a
great
Virtuose
,
friend
to
us
both
,
hath
,
with
not
unlike
success
,
tried
the
same
Experiment
in
the
lower
and
upper
parts
of
a
Mountain
in
the
west
of
England
.
Of
which
,
the
reason
seems
manifestly
enough
to
be
this
,
That
upon
the
tops
of
high
Mountains
,
the
Air
which
bears
against
the
restagnant
Quick-silver
,
is
less
press'd
by
the
less
ponderous
incumbent
Air
;
and
consequently
is
not
able
totally
to
hinder
the
descent
of
so
tall
and
heavy
a
Cylinder
of
Quick-silver
,
as
at
the
bottom
of
such
Mountains
did
but
maintain
an
AEquilibrium
with
the
incumbent
Atmosphere
.
And
if
it
be
yet
further
Objected
against
what
hath
been
propos'd
touching
the
compactness
and
pressure
of
the
inferiour
Air
;
That
we
find
this
very
Air
to
yield
readily
to
the
motion
of
little
Flies
,
and
even
to
that
of
Feathers
,
and
such
other
light
and
weak
Bodies
;
which
seems
to
argue
,
that
the
particles
of
our
Air
are
not
so
compress'd
as
we
have
represented
them
,
especially
,
since
by
our
former
Experiment
it
appears
,
that
the
Air
readily
dilated
it self
downward
,
from
the
Receiver
into
the
Pump
,
when
't
is
plain
,
that
it
is
not
the
incumbent
Atmosphere
,
but
only
the
subjacent
Air
in
the
brass
Cylinder
that
hath
been
remov'd
:
If
this
,
I
say
,
be
objected
,
we
may
reply
,
That
,
when
a
man
squeezeth
a
fleece
of
Wool
in
his
hand
,
he
may
feel
that
the
Wool
incessantly
bears
against
his
hand
,
as
that
which
hinders
the
hairs
it
consists
of
,
to
recover
their
former
and
more
natural
extent
.
So
each
parcel
of
the
Air
about
the
Earth
,
doth
constantly
endeavour
to
thrust
away
all
those
contiguous
Bodies
,
(
whether
.
Aëreal
or
more
gross
,
)
that
keep
it
bent
,
and
hinder
the
expansion
of
its
parts
,
which
will
dilate
themselves
,
or
fly
abroad
towards
that
part
,
(
whether
upwards
or
downwards
,
)
where
they
find
their
attempted
Dilatation
of
themselves
less
resisted
by
the
neighbouring
Bodies
.
Thus
the
Corpuscles
of
that
Air
we
have
been
all
this
while
speaking
of
,
being
unable
,
by
reason
of
their
weight
,
to
ascend
above
the
Convexity
of
the
Atmosphere
,
and
by
reason
of
the
resistance
of
the
surface
of
the
Earth
and
Water
,
to
fall
down
lower
,
they
are
forced
,
by
their
own
gravity
and
this
resistance
,
to
expand
and
diffuse
themselves
about
the
Terrestrial
Globe
;
whereby
it
comes
to
pass
,
that
they
must
as
well
press
the
contiguous
Corpuscles
of
Air
that
on
either
side
oppose
their
Dilatation
,
as
they
must
press
upon
the
surface
of
the
Earth
,
and
,
as
it
were
recoyling
thence
,
endeavour
to
thrust
away
those
upper
particles
of
Air
that
lean
upon
them
.
And
,
as
for
the
easie
yielding
of
the
Air
to
the
Bodies
that
move
in
it
,
if
we
consider
that
the
Corpuscles
whereof
it
consists
,
though
of
a
springy
nature
,
are
yet
so
very
small
,
as
to
make
up
(
which
't
is
manifest
they
do
)
a
fluid
Body
,
it
will
not
be
difficult
to
conceive
,
that
in
the
Air
,
as
in
other
Bodies
that
are
fluid
,
the
little
Bodies
it
consists
of
,
are
in
an
almost
restless
motion
,
whereby
they
become
(
as
we
have
more
fully
discoursed
in
another
Treatise
)
In
a
Discourse
touching
fluidity
and
firmness
.
very
much
disposed
to
yield
to
other
Bodies
,
or
easie
to
be
displac'd
by
them
;
and
that
the
same
Corpuscles
are
likewise
so
variously
mov'd
,
as
they
are
intire
Corpuscles
,
that
if
some
strive
to
push
a
Body
plac'd
among
them
towards
the
right
hand
(
for
instance
)
others
,
whose
motion
hath
an
opposite
determination
,
as
strongly
thrust
the
same
Body
towards
the
left
;
whereby
neither
of
them
proves
able
to
move
it
out
of
its
place
,
the
pressure
on
all
hands
being
reduced
as
it
were
to
an
AEquilibrium
:
So
that
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Air
must
be
as
well
sometimes
considered
under
the
notion
of
little
Springs
,
which
remaining
bent
,
are
in
their
entire
bulk
transported
from
place
to
place
;
as
under
the
notion
of
Springs
displaying
themselves
,
whose
parts
fly
abroad
,
whilst
,
as
to
their
entire
bulk
they
scarce
change
place
:
As
the
two
ends
of
a
Bow
,
shot
off
,
fly
from
one
another
,
whereas
the
Bow
it self
may
be
held
fast
in
the
Archer's
hand
;
and
that
it
is
the
equal
pressure
of
the
Air
on
all
sides
upon
the
Bodies
that
are
in
it
,
which
causeth
the
easie
Cession
of
its
parts
,
may
be
argu'd
from
hence
:
That
if
by
the
help
of
our
Engine
the
Air
be
but
in
great
part
,
though
not
totally
,
drawn
away
from
one
side
of
a
Body
without
being
drawn
away
from
the
other
,
he
that
shall
think
to
move
that
Body
to
and
fro
,
as
easily
as
before
,
will
find
himself
much
mistaken
.
In
verification
of
which
we
will
,
to
divert
your
Lordship
a
little
,
mention
here
a
Phaenomenon
of
our
Engine
,
which
even
to
divers
ingenious
persons
hath
at
first
sight
seem'd
very
wonderfull
.
EXPERIMENT
II.
THe
thing
that
is
wont
to
be
admired
,
and
which
may
pass
for
our
second
experiment
is
this
,
That
if
,
when
the
Receiver
is
almost
empty
,
a
By-stander
be
desired
to
lift
up
the
brass
Key
(
formerly
described
as
a
stopple
in
the
brass
Cover
)
he
will
find
it
a
difficult
thing
to
do
so
,
if
the
Vessel
be
well
exhausted
;
and
even
when
but
a
moderate
quantity
of
Air
hath
been
drawn
out
,
he
will
,
when
he
hath
lifted
it
up
a
little
,
so
that
it
is
somewhat
loose
from
the
sides
of
the
lip
or
socket
,
which
(
with
the
help
of
a
little
oyl
)
it
exactly
filled
before
,
he
will
(
I
say
)
find
it
so
difficult
to
be
lifted
up
,
that
he
will
imagine
there
is
some
great
weight
fastned
to
the
bottom
of
it
.
And
if
(
as
sometimes
hath
been
done
for
merriment
)
onely
a
Bladder
be
tied
to
it
,
it
is
pleasant
to
see
how
men
will
marvail
that
so
light
a
Body
,
filled
at
most
but
with
Air
,
should
so
forcibly
draw
down
their
hand
as
if
it
were
fill'd
with
some
very
ponderous
thing
:
Whereas
the
cause
of
this
pretty
Phaenomenon
seems
plainly
enough
to
be
only
this
,
That
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
,
being
very
much
dilated
,
its
Spring
must
be
very
much
weakn'd
,
and
consequently
it
can
but
faintly
press
up
the
lower
end
of
the
stopple
,
whereas
the
Spring
of
the
external
Air
being
no
way
debilitated
,
he
that
a
little
lifts
up
the
stopple
must
with
his
hand
support
a
pressure
equal
to
the
disproportion
betwixt
the
force
of
the
internal
expanded
Air
,
and
that
of
the
Atmosphere
incumbent
upon
the
upper
part
of
the
same
key
or
stopple
:
And
so
men
being
unused
to
find
any
resistance
,
in
lifting
things
up
,
from
the
free
Air
above
them
,
they
are
forward
to
conclude
that
that
which
depresseth
their
hands
must
needs
be
some
weight
,
though
they
know
not
where
plac'd
,
drawing
beneath
it
.
And
,
that
we
have
not
mis-assign'd
the
cause
of
this
Phaenomenon
,
seems
evident
enough
by
this
,
That
as
Air
is
suffered
by
little
and
little
to
get
into
the
Receiver
,
the
weight
that
a
man
fancieth
his
hand
supports
,
is
manifestly
felt
to
decrease
more
and
more
,
the
internal
Air
by
this
recruit
approaching
more
to
an
AEquilibrium
with
the
external
,
till
at
length
the
Receiver
growing
again
full
of
Air
,
the
stopple
may
be
lifted
up
without
any
difficulty
at
all
.
By
several
other
of
the
Experiments
afforded
us
by
our
Engine
,
the
same
notion
of
the
great
and
equal
pressure
of
the
free
Air
upon
the
Bodies
it
environs
,
might
be
here
manifested
,
but
that
we
think
it
not
so
fit
to
anticipate
such
Experiments
:
And
therefore
shall
rather
employ
a
few
lines
to
clear
up
the
difficulty
touching
this
matter
,
which
we
have
observ'd
to
have
troubled
some
even
of
the
Philosophical
and
Mathematical
Spectators
of
our
Engine
,
who
have
wonder'd
that
we
should
talk
of
the
Air
exquisitely
shut
up
in
our
Receiver
,
as
if
it
were
all
one
with
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
;
whereas
the
thick
and
close
body
of
the
Glass
,
wholly
impervious
to
the
Air
,
doth
manifestly
keep
the
incumbent
Pillar
of
the
Atmosphere
from
pressing
in
the
least
upon
the
Air
within
the
Glass
,
which
it
can
no
where
come
to
touch
.
To
elucidate
a
little
this
matter
,
let
us
consider
,
That
if
a
man
should
take
a
fleece
of
Wooll
,
and
having
first
by
compressing
it
in
his
hand
reduc'd
it
into
a
narrower
compass
,
should
nimbly
convey
and
shut
it
close
up
into
a
Box
just
fit
for
it
,
though
the
force
of
his
hand
would
then
no
longer
bend
those
numerous
springy
Bodies
that
compose
the
Fleece
,
yet
they
would
continue
as
strongly
bent
as
before
,
because
,
the
Box
they
are
inclos'd
in
,
would
as
much
resist
their
re-expanding
of
themselves
,
as
did
the
hand
that
put
them
in
.
For
thus
we
may
conceive
,
that
the
Air
being
shut
up
,
when
its
parts
are
bent
by
the
whole
weight
of
the
incumbent
Atmosphere
,
though
that
weight
can
no
longer
lean
upon
it
,
by
reason
it
is
kept
off
by
the
Glass
,
yet
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Air
within
that
Glass
continue
as
forcibly
bent
,
as
they
were
before
their
inclusion
,
because
the
sides
of
the
Glass
hinder
them
from
displaying
or
stretching
out
themselves
.
And
if
it
be
objected
that
this
is
unlikely
,
because
even
Glass
bubbles
,
such
as
are
wont
to
be
blown
at
the
flame
of
a
Lamp
,
exceeding
thin
,
and
Hermetically
seal'd
,
will
not
break
;
whereas
it
cannot
be
imagin'd
that
so
thin
a
Prison
of
Glass
could
resist
the
Elastical
force
of
all
the
included
Air
,
if
that
Air
were
so
compress'd
as
we
suppose
:
It
may
be
easily
reply'd
,
That
the
pressure
of
the
inward
Air
against
the
Glass
,
is
countervail'd
by
the
equal
pressure
of
the
outward
against
the
same
Glass
.
And
we
see
in
bubbles
,
that
by
reason
of
this
,
an
exceeding
thin
film
of
Water
is
often
able
,
for
a
good
while
,
to
hinder
the
eruption
of
a
pretty
quantity
of
Air.
And
this
may
be
also
more
conspicuous
in
those
great
Spherical
bubbles
,
that
Boyes
sometimes
blow
with
Water
,
to
which
Sope
hath
given
a
Tenacity
.
But
that
,
if
the
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air
were
remov'd
,
the
internal
Air
may
be
able
to
break
thicker
Glasses
,
than
those
lately
mention'd
,
will
appear
by
some
of
the
following
Experiments
;
to
which
,
we
shall
therefore
now
hasten
,
having
,
I
fear
,
been
but
too
prolix
in
this
Excursion
,
though
we
thought
it
not
amiss
to
annex
to
our
first
Experiments
some
general
Considerations
touching
the
Spring
of
the
Air
,
because
(
this
Doctrine
being
yet
a
stranger
to
the
Schools
)
not
only
we
find
not
the
thing
it self
to
be
much
taken
notice
of
;
but
of
those
few
that
have
heard
of
it
,
the
greater
part
have
been
forward
to
reject
it
,
upon
a
mistaken
perswasion
,
that
those
Phaenomena
are
the
effects
of
Natures
abhorrency
of
a
Vacuum
,
which
seem
to
be
more
fitly
ascribable
to
the
weight
and
spring
of
the
Air.
EXPERIMENT
III.
WE
will
now
proceed
to
observe
,
that
though
,
by
the
help
of
the
handle
,
the
Sucker
be
easily
drawn
down
to
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
;
yet
,
without
the
help
of
that
Leaver
,
there
would
be
required
to
the
same
effect
,
a
force
or
weight
great
enough
to
surmount
the
pressure
of
the
whole
Atmosphere
:
since
otherwise
the
Air
would
not
be
driven
out
of
its
place
,
when
none
is
permitted
to
succeed
into
the
place
deserted
by
the
Sucker
.
This
seems
evident
,
from
the
known
Torricellian
Experiment
,
in
which
,
if
the
inverted
Tube
of
Mercury
be
but
25
Digits
high
,
or
somewhat
more
,
the
Quicksilver
will
not
fall
,
but
remain
suspended
in
the
Tube
,
because
it
cannot
press
the
subjacent
Mercury
with
so
great
a
force
,
as
doth
the
incumbent
Cylinder
of
the
Air
,
reaching
thence
to
the
top
of
the
Atmosphere
:
Whereas
,
if
the
Cylinder
of
Mercury
were
three
or
four
digits
longer
,
it
would
over-power
that
of
the
external
Air
,
and
run
out
into
the
Vessel'd
Mercury
,
till
the
two
Cylinders
came
to
an
AEquilibrium
,
and
no
further
.
Hence
we
need
not
wonder
,
that
though
the
Sucker
move
easily
enough
up
and
down
in
the
Cylinder
by
the
help
of
the
Manubrium
;
yet
if
the
Manubrium
be
taken
off
,
it
will
require
a
considerable
strength
to
move
it
either
way
.
Nor
will
it
seem
strange
,
that
if
,
when
the
Valve
and
Stop-cock
are
well
shut
,
you
draw
down
the
Sucker
,
and
then
let
go
the
Manubrium
;
the
Sucker
will
,
as
it
were
of
it self
,
re-ascend
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
since
the
spring
of
the
external
Air
findeth
nothing
to
resist
its
pressing
up
the
Sucker
.
And
for
the
same
reason
,
when
the
Receiver
is
almost
evacuated
,
though
,
having
drawn
down
the
Sucker
,
you
open
the
way
from
the
Receiver
to
the
Cylinder
,
and
then
intercept
that
way
again
by
returning
the
Key
;
the
Sucker
will
,
upon
the
letting
go
the
Manubrium
,
be
forcibly
carried
up
almost
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
:
Because
the
Air
within
the
Cylinder
,
being
equally
dilated
and
weakned
with
that
of
the
Glass
,
is
unable
to
withstand
the
pressure
of
the
external
Air
,
till
it
be
driven
into
so
little
space
,
that
there
is
an
AEquilibrium
betwixt
its
force
and
that
of
the
Air
without
.
And
congruously
hereunto
we
find
,
that
in
this
case
,
the
Sucker
is
drawn
down
with
little
less
difficulty
,
than
if
the
Cylinder
,
being
devoid
of
Air
,
the
Stop-cock
were
exactly
shut
:
We
might
take
notice
of
some
other
things
,
that
depend
upon
the
Fabrick
of
our
Engine
it self
;
but
to
shun
prolixity
,
we
will
,
in
this
place
,
content
our selves
to
mention
one
of
them
,
which
seems
to
be
of
greater
moment
than
the
rest
,
and
it
is
this
;
that
when
the
Sucker
hath
been
impell'd
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
and
the
Valve
is
so
carefully
stopp'd
,
that
there
is
no
Air
left
in
the
Cylinder
above
the
Sucker
:
If
then
the
Sucker
be
drawn
to
the
lower
part
of
the
Cylinder
,
he
that
manageth
the
Pump
findeth
not
any
sensibly
greater
difficulty
to
depress
the
Sucker
,
when
it
is
nearer
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
,
than
when
it
is
much
farther
off
.
Which
circumstance
we
therefore
think
fit
to
take
notice
of
,
because
an
eminent
Modern
Naturalist
hath
taught
,
that
,
when
the
Air
is
sucked
out
of
a
Body
,
the
violence
wherewith
it
is
wont
to
rush
into
it
again
,
as
soon
as
it
is
allow'd
to
re-enter
,
proceeds
mainly
from
this
;
That
the
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air
is
strengthened
upon
the
accession
of
the
Air
suck'd
out
;
which
,
to
make
it self
room
,
forceth
the
neighbouring
Air
to
a
violent-subingression
of
its
parts
:
which
,
if
it
were
true
,
he
that
draweth
down
the
Sucker
,
would
find
the
resistance
of
the
external
Air
increas'd
as
he
draweth
it
lower
,
more
of
the
displaced
Air
being
thrust
into
it
to
compress
it
.
But
,
by
what
hath
been
discours'd
upon
the
first
Experiment
,
it
seems
more
probable
,
that
without
any
such
strengthening
of
the
pressure
of
the
outward
Air
,
the
taking
quite
away
or
the
debilitating
of
the
resistance
from
within
,
may
suffice
to
produce
the
effects
under
consideration
.
But
this
will
perhaps
be
illustrated
by
some
or
other
of
our
future
Experiments
,
and
therefore
shall
be
no
longer
insisted
on
here
.
EXPERIMENT
IV.
HAving
thus
taken
notice
of
some
of
the
constant
Phaenomena
of
our
Engine
it self
,
let
us
now
proceed
to
the
Experiments
triable
in
it
.
We
took
then
a
Lambs
Bladder
large
,
well
dry'd
,
and
very
limber
,
and
leaving
in
it
about
half
as
much
Air
as
it
could
contain
,
we
caus'd
the
neck
of
it
to
be
strongly
try'd
,
so
that
none
of
the
included
Air
,
though
by
pressure
,
could
get
out
.
This
Bladder
being
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
,
and
the
Cover
luted
on
,
the
Pump
was
set
on
work
,
and
after
two
or
three
exsuctions
of
the
ambient
Air
(
whereby
the
Spring
of
that
which
remain'd
in
the
Glass
was
weaken'd
)
the
Imprison'd
Air
began
to
swell
in
the
Bladder
,
and
,
as
more
and
more
of
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
was
,
from
time
to
time
,
drawn
out
;
so
did
that
in
the
Bladder
more
and
more
expand
it self
,
and
display
the
folds
of
the
formerly
flaccid
Bladder
:
So
that
before
we
had
exhausted
the
Receiver
near
so
much
as
we
could
,
the
Bladder
appear'd
as
full
and
stretched
,
as
if
it
had
been
blown
up
with
a
Quill
.
And
that
it
may
appear
that
this
plumpness
of
the
Bladder
proceeded
from
the
surmounting
of
the
debilitated
Spring
of
the
ambient
Air
remaining
in
the
Vessel
,
by
the
stronger
Spring
of
the
Air
remaining
in
the
Bladder
;
we
return'd
the
Key
of
the
Stop-cock
,
and
by
degrees
allow'd
the
external
Air
to
return
into
the
Receiver
:
Whereupon
it
happen'd
,
as
was
expected
,
that
as
the
Air
came
in
from
without
,
the
distended
Air
in
the
Bladder
,
was
proportionably
compress'd
into
a
narrower
room
,
and
the
sides
of
the
Bladder
grew
flaccid
,
till
the
Receiver
having
re-admitted
its
wonted
quantity
of
Air
,
the
Bladder
appear'd
as
full
of
wrinkles
and
cavities
as
before
.
This
Experiment
is
much
of
the
same
nature
with
that
which
was
,
some
years
ago
,
said
to
be
made
by
that
eminent
Geometrician
Monsieur
Roberval
,
with
a
Carps
Bladder
empty'd
and
convey'd
into
a
Tube
,
wherein
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
was
afterwards
try'd
,
which
ingenious
Experiment
of
his
,
justly
deserveth
the
thanks
of
those
that
have
been
,
or
shall
be
solicitous
to
discover
the
nature
of
the
Air.
But
to
return
to
our
Experiment
,
we
may
take
notice
of
this
Circumstance
in
it
,
That
after
the
Receiver
hath
been
in
some
measure
empty'd
,
the
Bladder
doth
,
at
each
exsuction
,
swell
much
more
conspicuously
than
it
did
at
any
of
the
first
Exsuctions
;
insomuch
that
towards
the
end
of
the
pumping
,
not
only
a
great
fold
or
cavity
in
the
surface
of
the
Bladder
may
be
made
even
,
by
the
stretching
of
the
inward
self-expanding
Air
:
But
we
have
sometimes
seen
,
upon
the
turning
of
the
Key
to
let
the
ambient
Air
pass
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
Cylinder
,
we
have
seen
(
I
say
)
the
Air
in
the
Bladder
suddenly
expand
it self
so
much
and
so
briskly
,
that
it
manifestly
lifted
up
some
light
Bodies
that
lean'd
upon
it
,
and
seem'd
to
lift
up
the
Bladder
it self
.
Now
because
it
hath
,
by
very
learned
Men
,
been
doubted
,
whether
the
swelling
of
the
Bladder
may
not
have
proceeded
(
not
from
the
Dilatation
of
the
included
Air
,
)
but
from
the
Texture
of
the
Fibres
,
which
,
being
wont
to
keep
the
Bladder
extended
when
the
Animal
(
to
whom
it
belong'd
)
was
alive
,
may
be
suppos'd
in
our
Experiment
to
have
return'd
,
like
so
many
Springs
to
their
wonted
extent
,
upon
the
removal
of
the
ambient
Air
that
compress'd
and
bent
them
:
Because
this
,
I
say
,
hath
been
doubted
,
we
thought
fit
to
make
this
further
trial
.
We
let
down
into
the
Receiver
with
the
fore-mentioned
Bladder
two
other
much
smaller
,
and
of
the
same
kind
of
Animal
;
the
one
of
these
was
not
ty'd
up
at
the
neck
that
there
might
be
liberty
left
to
the
Air
that
was
not
squeez'd
out
(
which
might
amount
to
about
a
fifth
part
of
what
the
Bladder
held
before
)
to
pass
out
into
the
Receiver
:
The
other
had
the
sides
of
it
stretch'd
out
and
press'd
together
,
almost
into
the
form
of
a
Cup
,
that
they
might
intercept
the
less
Air
betwixt
them
,
and
then
was
strongly
ty'd
up
at
the
neck
:
This
done
,
and
the
Air
being
in
some
measure
suck'd
out
of
the
Pneumatical
Glass
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
the
Bladder
,
mention'd
at
the
beginning
of
our
Experiment
,
appear'd
extended
every
way
to
its
full
Dimensions
;
whereas
neither
of
the
two
others
did
remarkably
swell
,
and
that
,
whose
neck
was
not
ty'd
,
seem'd
very
little
,
if
at
all
less
wrinkl'd
than
when
it
was
put
in
.
We
made
likewise
a
strong
Ligature
about
the
middle
of
a
long
Bladder
partly
empty'd
,
and
upon
the
drawing
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
could
observe
no
such
swelling
betwixt
the
Ligature
and
the
neck
of
the
Bladder
,
which
had
been
purposely
left
open
,
as
betwixt
the
same
Ligature
and
the
bottom
of
the
Bladder
,
whence
the
included
Air
could
no
way
get
out
.
But
a
farther
and
sufficient
manifestation
whence
the
intumescence
of
the
Bladder
proceeds
,
may
be
deduc'd
from
the
following
Experiment
.
EXPERIMENT
V.
TO
try
then
at
once
both
what
it
was
that
expanded
the
Bladder
,
and
what
a
powerfull
Spring
there
is
ev'n
in
the
Air
we
are
wont
to
think
uncompress'd
:
We
caus'd
a
Bladder
dry
,
well
ty'd
and
blown
moderately
full
,
to
be
hung
in
the
Receiver
by
one
end
of
a
string
,
whose
other
end
was
fastned
to
the
inside
of
the
Cover
:
and
upon
drawing
out
the
ambient
Air
,
that
press'd
on
the
Bladder
;
the
internal
Air
not
finding
the
wonted
resistance
,
first
swell'd
and
distended
the
Bladder
,
and
then
broke
it
,
with
so
wide
and
crooked
a
rent
,
as
if
it
had
been
forcibly
torn
asunder
with
hands
.
After
which
a
second
Bladder
being
convey'd
in
,
the
Experiment
was
repeated
with
like
success
:
And
I
suppose
it
will
not
be
imagin'd
that
in
this
case
the
Bladder
was
broken
by
its
own
Fibres
,
rather
than
by
the
Imprison'd
Air.
And
of
this
Experiment
these
two
Phaenomena
may
be
taken
notice
of
:
The
one
,
that
the
Bladder
at
its
breaking
gave
a
great
report
,
almost
like
a
Cracker
:
And
the
other
,
That
the
Air
contain'd
in
the
Bladder
,
had
the
power
to
break
it
with
the
mention'd
Impetuosity
,
long
before
the
ambient
Air
was
all
,
or
near
all
,
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
.
But
,
to
verifie
what
we
say
in
another
Discourse
,
where
we
show
,
That
even
true
Experiments
may
,
by
reason
of
the
easie
mistake
of
some
unheeded
Circumstance
,
be
unsuccessfully
try'd
;
we
will
Advertise
,
on
this
occasion
,
that
we
did
oftentimes
in
vain
try
the
breaking
of
Bladders
,
after
the
manner
above
mention'd
:
Of
which
the
cause
appear'd
to
be
this
,
That
the
Bladders
we
could
not
break
,
having
been
brought
us
ready
blown
from
those
that
sold
them
,
were
grown
dry
before
they
came
to
our
hands
:
whence
it
came
to
pass
,
that
,
if
we
afterwards
ty'd
them
very
hard
,
they
were
apt
to
fret
and
so
become
unserviceable
;
and
if
we
ty'd
them
but
moderately
hard
,
their
stifness
kept
them
from
being
clos'd
so
exactly
,
but
that
when
the
included
Air
had
in
the
exhausted
Receiver
distended
them
as
much
as
easily
it
could
,
it
would
in
part
get
out
between
the
little
wrinkles
of
the
Sphincter
of
the
Neck
:
Whence
also
it
usually
happen'd
,
that
,
upon
the
letting
in
the
Air
from
without
,
the
Bladders
appear'd
more
flaccid
and
empty
than
before
they
were
put
in
;
whereas
when
the
Bladders
were
brought
us
moist
from
the
Butchers
,
we
could
,
without
injuring
them
,
tie
their
necks
so
close
,
that
none
of
the
Air
once
blown
in
,
could
get
out
of
them
,
but
by
violently
breaking
them
.
It
would
not
be
amiss
on
this
occasion
to
point
at
something
which
may
deserve
a
more
deliberate
Speculation
than
we
can
now
afford
it
;
namely
that
the
Elastical
Power
of
the
same
Quantity
of
Air
may
be
as
well
encreas'd
by
the
Agitation
of
the
Aërial
Particles
(
whether
only
moving
them
more
swiftly
and
scattering
them
,
or
also
extending
or
stretching
them
out
,
I
determine
not
)
within
an
every
way
inclosing
and
yet
yielding
Body
;
as
display'd
by
the
withdrawing
of
the
Air
that
press'd
it
without
.
For
we
found
that
a
Bladder
,
but
moderately
fill'd
with
Air
and
strongly
ty'd
,
being
a
while
held
near
the
Fire
,
not
only
grew
exceeding
turgid
and
hard
,
but
afterwards
,
being
brought
nearer
to
the
Fire
,
suddenly
broke
with
so
loud
and
vehement
a
noise
,
as
stony'd
those
that
were
by
,
and
made
us
for
a
while
after
,
almost
deaf
.
EXPERIMENT
VI.
HAving
thus
seen
that
the
Air
hath
an
Elastical
Power
,
we
were
next
desirous
to
know
in
some
measure
how
far
a
parcel
of
Air
might
by
this
its
own
Spring
be
dilated
.
And
though
we
were
not
provided
of
Instruments
fit
to
measure
the
dilatation
of
the
Air
any
thing
accurately
,
yet
because
an
imperfect
measure
of
it
was
more
desirable
than
none
at
all
,
we
devis'd
the
following
method
as
very
easily
practicable
.
We
took
a
limber
Lambs
Bladder
which
was
thorowly
wetted
in
fair
Water
,
that
the
sides
of
it
being
squeez'd
together
,
there
might
be
no
Air
left
in
its
folds
:
(
as
indeed
we
could
not
afterwards
upon
trial
discern
any
)
The
neck
of
this
Bladder
was
strongly
tied
about
that
of
a
small
Glass
,
(
capable
of
holding
five
full
drachmes
of
Water
)
the
Bladder
being
first
so
compress'd
,
that
all
the
included
Air
was
only
in
the
Glass
,
without
being
press'd
there
;
then
the
Pump
being
set
on
work
after
a
few
exsuctions
,
the
Air
in
the
little
Viol
began
to
dilate
it self
and
produce
a
small
Tumor
in
the
neck
of
the
Bladder
;
and
as
the
ambient
Air
was
more
and
more
drawn
away
,
so
the
included
Air
penetrated
farther
and
farther
into
the
Bladder
,
and
by
degrees
listed
up
the
sides
and
display'd
its
folds
,
till
at
length
it
seem'd
to
have
blown
it
up
to
its
full
extent
:
Whereupon
the
external
Air
,
being
permitted
to
flow
back
into
the
Receiver
,
repuls'd
the
Air
that
had
fill'd
the
Bladder
,
into
its
former
narrow
receptacle
,
and
brought
the
Bladder
to
be
again
flaccid
and
wrinkled
as
before
:
Then
taking
out
the
Bladder
,
but
without
severing
it
from
the
Glass
,
we
did
,
by
a
hole
made
at
the
top
of
the
Bladder
,
fill
the
Vessel
,
they
both
made
up
,
with
Water
,
whose
weight
was
five
Ounces
five
Drachmes
and
a
half
:
Five
Drachmes
whereof
were
above-mention'd
to
be
the
contents
of
the
Bottle
.
So
that
in
this
Experiment
,
when
the
Air
had
most
extended
the
Bladder
,
it
possess'd
in
all
above
nine
times
as
much
room
as
it
did
when
it
was
put
into
the
Receiver
.
And
it
would
probably
have
much
inlarg'd
its
bounds
,
but
that
the
Bladder
by
its
weight
and
the
sticking
together
of
its
sides
did
somewhat
resist
its
expansion
:
And
which
was
more
considerable
,
the
Bladder
appear'd
tumid
enough
,
whilst
yet
a
pretty
deal
of
Air
was
left
in
the
Receiver
,
whose
exsuction
would
according
to
our
former
Observation
,
probably
have
given
way
to
a
farther
expansion
of
the
Air
,
especially
supposing
the
dilatation
not
to
be
restrain'd
by
the
Bladder
.
SInce
we
wrote
the
other
day
the
former
Experiment
,
we
have
met
with
some
Glasses
not
very
unfit
for
our
purpose
;
by
means
of
which
we
are
now
able
,
with
a
little
more
trouble
,
to
measure
the
expansion
of
the
Air
a
great
deal
more
accurately
than
we
could
by
the
help
of
the
above-mention'd
Bladder
,
which
was
much
too
narrow
to
allow
the
Air
its
utmost
distention
.
We
took
then
first
a
Cylindrical
Pipe
of
Glass
,
whose
bore
was
about
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
in
Diameter
:
This
Pipe
was
so
bent
and
doubled
,
that
,
notwithstanding
its
being
about
two
foot
in
length
,
it
might
have
been
shut
up
into
a
smaller
Receiver
,
not
a
Foot
high
:
But
by
misfortune
it
crack'd
in
the
cooling
,
whereby
we
were
reduced
to
make
use
of
one
part
which
was
straight
and
intire
,
but
exceeded
not
six
or
seven
Inches
.
This
little
Tube
was
open
at
one
end
;
and
at
the
other
,
where
it
was
Hermetically
seal'd
,
had
a
small
Glass
bubble
to
receive
the
Air
whose
dilatation
was
to
be
measur'd
.
Along
the
side
of
this
Tube
was
pasted
a
straight
narrow
piece
of
Parchment
,
divided
into
twenty
six
equal
parts
,
marked
with
black
Lines
and
Figures
,
that
by
them
might
be
measur'd
both
the
included
Air
and
its
dilatation
.
Afterwards
we
fill'd
the
Tube
with
Water
,
almost
to
the
top
;
and
stopping
the
open
end
with
the
Finger
,
and
inverting
the
Tube
,
the
Air
was
permitted
to
ascend
to
the
above
mention'd
Glass
bubble
.
And
by
reason
this
ascent
was
very
slow
,
it
gave
us
the
opportunity
to
mark
how
much
more
or
less
than
one
of
the
twenty
six
divisions
this
Air
took
up
.
By
this
means
,
after
a
trial
or
two
,
we
were
inabled
to
convey
to
the
top
of
the
Glass
a
bubble
of
Air
equal
enough
,
as
to
sight
,
to
one
of
those
Divisions
:
Then
the
open
end
of
the
Tube
being
put
into
a
small
Viol
,
whose
bottom
was
cover'd
with
Water
,
about
half
an
Inch
high
;
we
included
both
Glasses
into
a
small
and
slender
Receiver
,
and
caused
the
Pump
to
be
set
on
work
.
The
event
was
,
That
at
the
first
exsuction
of
the
Air
there
appear'd
not
any
expansion
of
the
bubble
,
comparable
to
what
appear'd
at
the
second
,
and
that
upon
a
very
few
exsuctions
the
bubble
reaching
as
low
as
the
surface
of
the
subjacent
Water
,
gave
us
cause
to
think
,
That
if
our
Pipe
had
not
been
broken
,
it
would
have
expanded
it self
much
farther
:
Wherefore
we
took
out
the
little
Tube
,
and
found
that
besides
the
twenty
six
divisions
formerly
mention'd
,
the
Glass
bubble
and
some
part
of
the
Pipe
to
which
the
divided
Parchment
did
not
reach
,
amounted
to
six
divisions
more
.
Whereby
it
appears
that
the
Air
hath
take
up
one
and
thirty
times
as
much
room
as
before
,
and
yet
seem'd
capable
of
a
much
greater
expansion
,
if
the
Glass
would
have
permitted
it
.
Wherefore
after
the
former
manner
,
we
let
in
another
bubble
,
that
by
our
guess
was
but
half
as
big
as
the
former
,
and
found
,
that
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
from
the
Receiver
,
this
little
bubble
did
not
only
fill
up
the
whole
Tube
,
but
(
in
part
)
break
through
the
subjacent
Water
in
the
Viol
,
and
thereby
manifest
it self
to
have
prossessed
sixty
and
odd
times
its
former
room
.
These
two
Experiments
are
mention'd
to
make
way
for
the
more
easy
belief
of
that
which
is
now
to
follow
.
Finding
then
that
our
Tube
was
too
short
to
serve
our
turn
,
we
took
a
slender
Quill
of
Glass
which
happen'd
to
be
at
hand
,
though
it
were
not
so
fit
for
our
purpose
as
we
could
have
wished
,
in
regard
it
was
three
or
four
times
as
big
at
one
end
as
the
other
.
This
Pipe
which
was
thirty
Inches
long
,
being
Hermetically
seal'd
at
the
slender
end
,
was
almost
filled
with
water
;
and
after
the
above-related
manner
a
bubble
was
convey'd
to
the
top
of
it
,
and
the
open
extreme
was
put
into
a
Viol
that
had
a
little
fair
Water
at
the
bottom
:
Then
the
Cover
,
by
means
of
a
small
hole
purposely
made
in
it
for
the
Glass
Pipe
to
stand
out
at
,
was
cemented
on
to
the
Receiver
,
and
the
Pump
being
set
on
work
,
after
some
exsuctions
,
not
only
the
Air
manifestly
appear'd
extended
below
the
surface
of
the
subjacent
Water
;
but
one
of
the
By-standers
affirms
,
that
he
saw
some
bubbles
come
out
at
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
and
break
through
the
Water
.
This
done
,
we
left
off
Pumping
,
and
observ'd
how
at
the
unperceiv'd
leaks
of
the
Receiver
the
Air
got
in
so
fast
,
that
it
very
quickly
impell'd
up
the
Water
to
the
top
of
the
Tube
,
excepting
a
little
space
whereinto
that
bubble
was
repuls'd
,
which
had
so
lately
possess'd
the
whole
Tube
;
this
Air
at
the
slender
end
appear'd
to
be
a
Cylinder
of
⅚
parts
of
an
Inch
in
length
,
but
when
the
Pipe
was
taken
out
and
turn'd
upside
down
,
it
appear'd
at
the
other
end
inferiour
in
bulck
to
a
Pea.
These
things
being
thus
done
we
took
(
to
make
the
Experiment
the
more
exactly
)
a
small
pair
of
Scales
,
such
as
Gold-Smiths
use
to
weigh
Cold
Coyn
in
;
and
weighing
the
Tube
and
Water
in
it
,
we
found
them
to
amount
to
one
Ounce
thirty
Grains
and
an
half
:
Then
we
pour'd
in
as
much
Water
as
serv'd
to
fill
up
the
Tube
,
wherein
before
we
had
left
as
much
space
unfill'd
up
as
was
possess'd
by
the
bubble
,
and
weighing
again
the
Pipe
and
Water
,
we
found
the
weight
increas'd
onely
by
one
Grain
.
Lastly
,
pouring
out
the
Water
,
and
carefully
freeing
the
Pipe
from
it
(
which
yet
we
could
not
perfectly
doe
)
we
weighed
the
Glass
alone
,
and
found
it
to
want
two
Drachmes
and
thirty
two
Grains
of
its
former
weight
:
So
that
the
bubble
of
Air
taking
up
the
room
but
of
one
Grain
in
weight
of
Water
,
it
appear'd
that
the
Air
by
its
own
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
so
rarified
,
as
to
take
up
one
hundred
fifty
two
times
as
much
room
as
it
did
before
:
Though
it
were
then
compress'd
by
nothing
but
the
ordinary
pressure
of
the
contiguous
Air.
I
know
not
whether
it
be
requisite
to
take
notice
,
that
this
Experiment
was
made
indeed
in
a
moist
Night
,
but
in
a
Room
,
in
whose
Chimney
there
was
burning
a
good
Fire
,
which
did
perhaps
somewhat
rarifie
the
Air
of
which
the
bubble
consisted
.
It
hath
seem'd
almost
incredible
which
is
related
by
the
Industrious
Mersennus
,
That
the
Air
by
the
violence
of
heat
,
though
as
great
as
our
Vessels
can
support
without
fusion
,
can
be
so
dilated
as
to
take
up
seventy
times
as
much
room
as
before
:
Wherefore
because
we
were
willing
to
have
a
confirmation
of
so
strange
a
Phaenomenon
;
we
once
more
convey'd
into
the
Tube
a
bubble
of
the
bigness
of
the
former
,
and
prosecuting
the
Experiment
as
before
with
the
same
Water
,
we
observed
that
the
Air
did
manifestly
stretch
it self
so
far
,
as
to
appear
several
times
a
good
way
below
the
surface
of
the
Water
in
the
Viol
,
and
that
too
with
a
surface
very
convex
toward
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
.
Nay
,
the
Pump
being
ply'd
a
little
longer
,
the
Air
did
manifestly
reach
to
that
place
where
the
bottom
of
the
Tube
leaned
upon
the
bottom
of
the
Viol
,
and
seemed
to
knock
upon
it
and
rebound
from
it
:
Which
Circumstances
we
add
,
partly
that
the
Phaenomenon
we
have
been
relating
may
not
be
imputed
to
the
bare
subsiding
of
the
Water
that
filled
the
Tube
,
upon
the
taking
off
the
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air.
And
partly
also
that
it
may
appear
that
if
our
Experiments
have
not
been
so
accurately
made
as
with
fitter
Instruments
might
perhaps
be
possible
;
yet
the
expansion
of
the
Air
is
likely
to
be
rather
greater
than
lesser
than
we
have
made
it
:
Since
the
Air
was
able
to
press
away
the
Water
at
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
,
though
that
were
about
two
Inches
below
the
surface
of
the
Water
that
was
then
in
the
Viol
,
and
would
have
been
at
least
as
high
in
the
Pipe
,
if
the
Water
had
onely
subsided
and
not
been
depressed
:
So
that
it
seems
not
unlikely
that
if
the
Experiment
could
be
so
made
,
as
that
the
expansion
of
the
Air
might
not
be
resisted
by
the
Neighbouring
Bodies
,
it
would
yet
enlarge
its
bounds
,
and
perhaps
stretch
it self
to
two
hundred
times
its
former
bulk
,
if
not
more
.
However
,
what
we
have
now
tryed
will
,
I
hope
,
suffice
to
hinder
divers
of
the
Phaenomena
of
our
Engine
from
being
distrusted
:
Since
in
that
part
of
the
Atmosphere
we
live
in
,
that
which
we
call
the
free
Air
(
and
presume
to
be
so
uncompressed
)
is
crouded
into
so
very
small
a
part
of
that
space
,
which
if
it
were
not
hindred
it
would
possess
.
We
would
gladly
have
tryed
also
whether
the
Air
at
its
greatest
expansion
could
be
farther
rarified
by
heat
;
but
doe
what
we
could
,
our
Receiver
leaked
too
fast
to
let
us
give
our selves
any
satisfaction
in
that
particular
.
EXPERIMENT
VII
.
TO
discover
likewise
by
the
means
of
that
pressure
of
the
Air
,
both
the
strength
of
Glass
,
and
how
much
interest
the
Figure
of
a
Body
may
have
in
its
greater
or
lesser
Resistance
to
the
pressure
of
other
Bodies
,
we
made
these
farther
tryals
.
We
caus'd
to
be
blown
with
a
Lamp
,
a
round
Glass
bubble
,
capable
of
containing
,
by
guess
,
about
five
Ounces
of
Water
,
with
a
slender
neck
about
the
bigness
of
a
Swan's
Quill
,
and
it
was
purposely
blown
very
thin
,
as
Viols
made
with
Lamps
are
wont
to
be
,
that
the
thinness
of
the
matter
might
keep
the
roundness
of
the
Figure
from
making
the
Vessel
too
strong
.
Then
having
moderately
emptied
the
Receiver
,
and
taken
it
out
of
the
Pump
,
we
speedily
applied
to
the
Orifice
of
the
bottom
of
it
,
the
Neck
of
the
newly
mention'd
Glass
,
carefully
stopping
the
Crannies
with
melted
Plaister
,
that
no
Air
might
get
in
at
them
:
And
after
turning
the
Key
of
the
Stop-cock
,
we
made
a
free
passage
for
the
Air
to
pass
out
of
the
bubble
into
the
Receiver
:
Which
it
did
with
great
celerity
,
leaving
the
bubble
as
empty
as
the
Receiver
it self
;
as
appear'd
to
us
by
some
Circumstances
not
now
to
be
insisted
on
.
Notwithstanding
all
which
,
the
Vessel
,
continuing
as
intire
as
before
,
gave
us
cause
to
wonder
that
the
bare
roundness
of
the
Figure
should
enable
a
Glass
,
almost
as
thin
as
Paper
,
to
resist
so
great
a
pressure
as
that
of
the
whole
incumbent
Atmosphere
.
And
having
reiterated
the
Experiment
,
we
found
again
that
the
pressure
of
the
ambient
Body
,
thrusting
all
the
parts
inwards
,
made
them
,
by
reason
of
their
arched
Figure
,
so
support
one
another
,
that
the
Glass
remain'd
as
whole
as
at
first
.
Now
that
the
Figure
of
the
Glass
is
of
great
moment
in
this
matter
,
may
be
evinced
by
this
other
Experiment
.
EXPERIMENT
VIII
.
WE
took
a
Glass
Helmet
or
Alembick
(
delineated
by
the
seventh
Figure
)
such
as
Chymists
use
in
Distillations
,
and
containing
by
conjecture
between
two
and
three
Pints
:
The
Rostrum
or
Rose
of
it
mark'd
with
(c)
was
Hermetically
closed
;
and
at
the
top
of
it
was
a
hole
,
into
which
was
fitted
and
cemented
one
of
the
Shanks
of
a
middle-siz'd
Stop-cock
;
so
that
the
Glass
being
turn'd
upside-down
,
the
wide
Orifice
(
which
in
common
Glass-Helmets
is
the
onely
one
)
was
upwards
;
and
to
that
wide
Orifice
was
fitted
a
cast
cover
of
Lead
,
which
was
carefully
cemented
on
to
the
Glass
:
Then
the
other
Shank
of
the
Stop-cock
being
with
cement
likewise
fasten'd
into
the
upper
part
of
the
Pump
,
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
was
endeavoured
.
But
it
was
not
long
before
,
the
remaining
Air
being
made
much
too
weak
to
ballance
the
pressure
of
the
Ambient
Air
,
the
Glass
was
(
not
without
a
great
noise
)
crack'd
almost
half
round
,
along
that
part
of
it
where
it
began
to
bend
inwards
:
As
if
in
the
Figure
,
the
crack
had
been
made
according
to
the
Line
(
a
b
,
)
and
upon
an
endeavour
to
pump
out
more
of
the
Air
,
the
crack
once
begun
,
appear'd
to
run
on
farther
;
though
the
Glass
where
it
was
broken
seem'd
to
be
(
by
conjecture
)
above
ten
,
some
thought
above
twenty
times
,
as
thick
as
the
bubble
mentioned
in
the
foregoing
Experiment
.
This
will
perhaps
make
it
seem
strange
,
that
having
taken
another
Glass
bubble
blown
at
the
same
time
,
and
like
for
ought
we
discerned
for
size
,
thickness
and
Figure
,
to
that
thin
one
formerly
mentioned
;
and
having
sealed
it
up
Hermetically
,
and
suspended
it
in
the
Receiver
,
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
did
not
enable
the
imprisoned
Air
to
break
,
or
in
the
least
to
crack
the
bubble
;
though
the
Experiment
were
laboriously
tried
,
and
that
several
times
with
bubbles
of
other
sizes
:
But
that
perhaps
the
heat
of
the
Candle
or
Lamp
wherewith
such
Glasses
are
Hermetically
sealed
,
(
not
to
mention
the
warmth
of
his
hands
that
seal'd
it
)
might
so
rarefy
the
contained
Air
,
as
much
to
weaken
its
Spring
,
may
seem
probably
by
the
following
Experiments
.
EXPERIMENT
IX
.
WE
took
a
Glass
Viol
able
to
hold
three
or
four
Ounces
of
Water
,
and
of
the
thickness
usual
in
Glasses
of
that
size
;
into
the
Neck
of
this
was
put
a
moderately
slender
Pipe
of
Glass
,
which
was
carefully
fastened
with
a
mixture
of
equal
parts
of
Pitch
and
Rosin
to
the
Neck
of
the
Viol
,
and
which
reached
almost
to
the
bottom
of
it
,
as
the
sixth
Figure
declareth
.
This
Viol
being
,
upon
a
particular
design
,
filled
with
Water
,
till
that
came
up
in
it
,
a
pretty
deal
higher
than
the
lower
end
of
the
Pipe
,
was
put
into
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
(
containing
between
a
Pint
and
a
Quart
)
in
such
manner
as
that
the
Glass
Pipe
,
passing
through
a
hole
made
purposely
for
it
in
the
Leaden-Cover
of
the
Receiver
,
was
for
the
most
part
of
it
without
the
Vessel
,
which
being
exactly
closed
,
the
Pump
was
set
on
work
:
But
at
the
very
first
exsuction
,
and
before
the
Sucker
was
drawn
to
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
,
there
flew
out
of
the
Viol
a
piece
of
Glass
half
as
broad
as
the
Palm
of
a
Man's
Hand
,
and
it
was
thrown
out
with
such
violence
,
that
hitting
against
the
Neighbouring
side
of
the
Receiver
,
it
not
onely
dashed
it self
to
pieces
,
but
cracked
the
very
Receiver
in
many
places
,
with
a
great
noise
that
much
surprised
all
that
were
in
the
Room
.
but
it
seemed
,
that
in
so
little
a
Receiver
,
the
Air
about
the
Viol
being
suddenly
drawn
out
,
the
Air
imprisoned
in
the
Vessel
,
having
on
it
the
whole
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
(
to
which
by
the
Pipe
open
at
both
ends
,
It
and
the
Water
were
exposed
)
and
not
having
on
the
other
side
the
wonted
pressure
of
the
Ambient
Air
to
ballance
that
other
pressure
,
the
resistance
of
Glass
was
finally
surmounted
,
and
the
Viol
once
beginning
to
break
where
it
was
weakest
,
the
external
Air
might
rush
in
with
violence
enough
to
throw
the
cracked
parcel
so
forcibly
against
the
Neighbouring
side
of
the
Receiver
,
as
to
break
that
too
.
And
this
may
be
presumed
sufficient
to
verify
what
we
delivered
in
that
part
of
our
Appendix
to
the
first
Experiment
where
we
mentioned
the
almost
equal
pressure
of
the
Air
on
either
side
of
a
thin
Glass
Vessel
,
as
the
cause
of
its
not
being
broken
by
the
forcible
spring
of
the
contained
Air.
But
yet
that
it
be
not
suspected
that
chance
had
an
interest
in
so
odd
an
Experiment
as
we
have
been
relating
,
we
will
add
that
for
farther
satisfaction
we
reiterated
it
in
a
round
Glass
containing
by
Guess
about
six
ounces
of
Water
:
This
Viol
we
put
into
such
a
small
Receiver
as
was
lately
mentioned
,
in
such
manner
as
that
the
bottom
of
it
rested
upon
the
lower
part
of
the
Pneumatical
Glass
,
and
the
Neck
came
out
through
the
Leaden-cover
of
the
same
at
a
hole
made
purposely
for
it
.
But
being
made
circumspect
by
the
foregoing
mischance
,
we
had
put
the
Viol
into
a
Bladder
,
before
we
put
it
into
the
Receiver
to
hinder
this
last-named
Glass
from
being
endangered
by
the
breaking
of
the
other
.
Then
the
Pneumatical
Vessel
being
closed
so
that
no
way
was
left
for
the
outward
Air
to
get
into
it
,
but
by
breaking
through
the
Viol
,
into
whose
cavity
it
had
free
access
by
the
mouth
of
it
,
(
which
was
purposely
left
open
,
)
the
Sucker
being
nimbly
drawn
down
,
the
external
Air
immediately
pressed
forcibly
as
well
upon
the
Leaden-cover
as
the
Viol
;
and
the
Cover
happening
to
be
in
one
place
a
little
narrower
than
the
edge
of
the
Pneumatical
Glass
,
was
depressed
,
and
thrust
into
it
so
violently
by
the
incumbent
Air
,
that
getting
a
little
within
the
tapering
Lip
of
the
Glass
,
it
did
(
like
a
kind
of
Wedge
,
)
thrust
out
that
side
where
it
was
depressed
,
so
as
,
(
though
the
Receiver
was
new
,
)
to
split
it
.
This
accident
being
thus
mentioned
upon
the
bye
to
confirm
what
we
formerly
said
touching
the
fitness
or
unfitness
of
Glasses
of
some
Figures
to
resist
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
;
We
will
proceed
to
relate
the
remaining
part
of
the
Experiment
,
namely
,
That
having
fitted
on
a
wider
Cover
to
the
same
Receiver
,
and
closed
both
that
and
the
crack
with
Cement
,
we
prosecuted
the
Experiment
in
the
manner
above
related
,
with
this
success
:
That
upon
the
quick
depressing
of
the
Sucker
,
the
external
Air
burst
the
Body
of
the
Viol
into
above
an
hundred
pieces
,
many
of
them
exceeding
small
,
and
that
with
such
violence
,
that
we
found
a
wide
rent
,
besides
many
holes
,
made
in
the
Bladder
it self
.
And
to
evince
that
these
Phaenomena
were
the
effects
of
a
limited
and
even
moderate
force
,
and
not
of
such
an
abhorrency
of
a
Vacuum
as
that
to
avoid
it
,
many
have
been
pleased
to
think
that
Nature
must
,
upon
occasion
,
exercise
an
almost
boundless
power
;
we
afterwards
purposely
try'd
this
Experiment
with
several
Glasses
somewhat
thicker
than
those
Viols
,
and
found
the
event
to
verify
our
conjecture
,
that
it
would
not
succeed
:
For
the
Glasses
were
taken
out
as
intire
as
they
were
put
in
.
And
here
,
My
Lord
,
I
hold
it
not
unfit
,
upon
occasion
of
the
mention
that
hath
been
made
of
our
having
employ'd
small
Receivers
,
and
one
of
them
,
notwithstanding
its
being
crack'd
,
to
annex
these
two
Advertisements
.
First
then
,
besides
the
great
Pneumatical
Glass
so
often
mentioned
,
and
the
proportionate
Stop-cock
,
we
thought
fit
to
provide
our selves
with
some
small
Receivers
blown
of
Crystalline
Glass
,
of
several
Shapes
,
and
furnished
with
smaller
Stop-cocks
purposely
made
;
and
this
we
did
upon
hopes
,
that
when
we
had
surmounted
the
difficulties
to
be
met
with
in
Cementing
the
Glasses
to
the
Stop-cocks
,
and
the
Pneumatical
Vessels
to
the
Pump
,
so
exquisitely
as
is
requisite
for
our
purpose
,
we
should
from
the
smallness
of
our
Receivers
receive
a
four-fold
Advantage
.
The
first
,
that
by
reason
of
the
slenderness
of
the
Vessels
,
and
their
being
made
of
much
purer
and
clearer
metal
,
(
as
the
Glass-men
speak
,
)
than
the
great
Receiver
,
we
might
have
a
more
perfect
view
of
every
thing
happening
within
them
.
The
next
,
that
such
small
Vessels
might
be
emptied
with
less
labour
and
in
much
less
time
.
The
third
,
that
this
nimble
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
would
make
many
changes
in
the
Bodies
shut
up
in
these
Glasses
more
sudden
and
conspicuous
than
otherwise
they
would
prove
.
And
the
last
,
that
we
should
be
able
to
draw
and
keep
out
the
Air
much
more
perfectly
from
such
small
Vessels
than
from
our
large
Receiver
,
But
though
we
were
not
much
disappointed
in
the
expectation
of
the
three
first
advantages
,
yet
we
were
in
our
hopes
of
the
fourth
.
For
besides
the
great
difficulty
we
found
in
fitting
together
the
Glasses
,
the
Stop-cocks
,
and
the
Covers
;
besides
this
I
say
,
we
found
our selves
seldom
able
to
draw
,
and
keep
out
the
Air
so
far
as
to
make
the
remaining
Air
in
these
Receivers
weaker
than
the
remaining
Air
in
our
great
Receiver
.
For
though
sometimes
the
Leaks
of
some
of
these
little
Receivers
may
be
much
(
either
fewer
or
smaller
)
than
those
of
the
larger
Vessel
;
yet
a
little
Air
getting
into
one
of
these
,
wherein
it
had
but
little
room
to
expand
and
display
it self
,
might
press
as
much
upon
all
parts
of
the
internal
surface
of
the
Vessel
,
and
upon
the
included
Bodies
,
as
a
greater
quantity
of
the
Air
in
a
Vessel
in
whose
capacity
it
might
find
more
room
to
expand
it self
.
The
other
thing
that
we
were
to
advertise
,
is
,
That
't
is
not
every
small
crack
that
can
make
such
a
Receiver
as
is
of
a
roundish
Figure
altogether
useless
to
our
Experiment
,
in
regard
that
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
internal
Air
,
the
ambient
Air
on
all
sides
pressing
the
Glass
inwards
or
towards
the
middle
,
doth
consequently
thrust
the
Lips
of
the
crack
closer
,
and
so
rather
close
than
increase
it
.
This
I
mention
partly
because
Receivers
fit
for
our
turn
are
more
easily
cracked
than
procured
,
and
therefore
ought
not
to
be
unnecessarily
thrown
away
as
unserviceable
:
And
partly
because
I
think
it
becomes
one
that
professeth
himself
a
faithfull
Relator
of
Experiments
,
not
to
conceal
from
Your
Lordship
,
that
after
a
few
of
the
foregoing
Experiments
were
made
,
there
happened
in
the
great
Receiver
a
crack
of
about
a
Span
long
,
beginning
at
the
upper
Orifice
,
and
occasion'd
,
as
it
seem'd
,
by
the
excessive
heat
of
too
large
an
Iron
that
was
employ'd
to
melt
the
Cement
about
that
Orifice
.
But
having
laid
upon
this
crack
a
broad
Plaister
,
(
which
in
one
of
our
Essays
written
some
years
since
to
your
ingenious
and
hopefull
Cousin
Jones
,
we
extoll
for
the
mending
of
crack'd
Receivers
,
and
other
Chymical
Glasses
;
)
and
having
afterwards
thickly
overlaid
this
Plaister
with
Diachylon
,
we
neither
could
then
,
nor
can
yet
perceive
that
the
Vessel
leaks
sensibly
at
that
crack
.
The
Plaister
was
made
of
good
quick
Lime
finely
poudred
,
and
nimbly
ground
with
a
Pestle
in
a
Mortar
,
with
a
quantity
(
I
know
not
how
much
precisely
,
not
having
those
Essays
in
this
place
)
of
scrapings
of
Cheese
and
a
little
fair
Water
,
no
more
than
is
just
necessary
to
bring
the
mixture
to
a
somewhat
soft
Paste
,
which
when
the
Ingredients
are
exquisitely
incorporated
,
will
have
a
strong
and
stincking
smell
:
Then
it
must
be
immediately
spread
upon
a
Linnen
Cloath
of
three
or
four
fingers
breadth
,
and
presently
apply'd
,
lest
it
begin
to
harden
.
But
if
your
Lordship
had
seen
how
we
mended
with
it
Receivers
even
for
the
most
subtle
Chymical
Spirits
.
You
would
scarce
wonder
at
the
service
it
hath
done
in
our
Pneumatical
Glass
.
EXPERIMENT
X.
WE
took
a
Tallow-candle
of
such
a
size
that
eight
of
them
make
about
a
pound
,
and
having
in
a
very
commodious
Candlestick
let
it
down
into
the
Receiver
,
and
so
suspended
it
,
that
the
Flame
burnt
almost
in
the
middle
of
the
Vessel
,
we
did
in
some
two
minutes
exactly
close
it
up
:
and
upon
pumping
very
nimbly
,
we
found
,
that
,
within
little
more
than
half
a
minute
after
,
the
Flame
went
out
,
though
the
Snuff
had
been
purposely
left
of
that
length
we
judged
the
most
convenient
for
the
lasting
of
the
Flame
.
But
the
second
time
having
put
in
the
same
Candle
into
the
Receiver
,
(
after
it
had
by
the
blasts
of
a
pair
of
Bellows
been
freed
from
Fumes
)
the
Flame
lasted
about
two
minutes
from
the
time
the
Pumper
began
to
draw
out
the
Air
;
upon
the
first
exsuction
whereof
,
the
Flame
seem'd
to
contract
it self
in
all
its
dimensions
.
And
these
things
were
farther
observable
,
that
after
the
two
or
three
first
exsuctions
of
the
Air
,
the
Flame
(
except
at
the
very
top
)
appear'd
exceeding
blew
,
and
that
the
Flame
still
receded
more
and
more
from
the
Tallow
,
till
at
length
it
appear'd
to
posses
onely
the
very
top
of
the
Week
,
and
there
it
went
out
.
The
same
Candle
being
lighted
again
was
shut
into
the
Receiver
,
to
try
how
it
would
last
there
without
drawing
forth
the
Air
,
and
we
found
that
it
lasted
much
longer
than
formerly
;
and
before
it
went
out
,
receded
from
the
Tallow
towards
the
top
of
the
Week
,
but
not
neer
so
much
as
in
the
former
Experiment
.
And
having
an
intention
to
observe
particularly
what
the
motion
of
the
Smoke
would
be
in
these
Experiments
:
We
took
notice
that
when
the
Air
was
not
drawn
out
,
there
did
,
upon
the
extinction
of
the
Flame
,
a
considerable
part
of
the
Week
remain
kindled
,
which
(
probably
by
reason
of
the
Circulation
of
the
Air
)
in
the
Vessel
,
occasion'd
by
the
heat
)
emitted
a
Steam
,
which
ascended
swiftly
and
directly
upwards
in
a
slender
and
uninterrupted
Cylinder
of
smoke
,
till
it
came
to
the
top
,
whence
it
manifestly
recoil'd
by
the
sides
to
the
lower
part
of
the
Vessel
.
Whereas
when
the
Flame
went
out
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
one
time
(
when
the
Flame
retir'd
very
leasurely
to
the
top
)
we
perceived
it
not
to
be
follow'd
by
any
smoke
at
all
.
And
at
another
time
the
upper
part
of
the
Week
remaining
kindled
after
the
extinction
of
the
Flame
,
the
slender
steam
of
Fumes
that
did
arise
ascended
but
a
very
little
way
,
and
then
after
some
uncertain
motions
this
and
that
way
,
did
,
for
the
most
part
,
soon
fall
downwards
.
Being
desirous
also
to
try
whether
there
would
be
any
difference
as
well
in
our
Receiver
,
as
there
is
wont
to
be
elsewhere
betwixt
Candles
made
of
Wax
and
those
made
of
Tallow
,
as
to
their
duration
;
we
took
slender
Tapers
of
white
Wax
,
(
commonly
called
Virgins
Wax
)
that
being
found
to
burn
with
much
less
smoke
than
common
yellow
Wax
.
Six
of
these
of
like
bigness
,
and
each
of
them
of
about
the
thickness
of
a
Swan's
Quill
,
we
press'd
together
into
one
Candle
:
and
having
lighted
all
the
Weeks
,
we
let
in
the
above-mention'd
Wax-candle
into
the
Receiver
,
and
made
what
haste
we
could
to
close
it
up
with
Cement
.
But
,
though
in
the
mean
while
we
left
open
the
Valve
of
the
Cylinder
,
the
hole
of
the
Stop-cock
,
and
that
in
the
Cover
of
the
Receiver
,
that
some
Air
might
get
in
to
cherish
the
Flame
,
and
the
Smoke
might
have
a
vent
;
Yet
for
so
great
a
Flame
the
Air
sufficed
not
so
much
as
till
the
Cover
could
be
perfectly
luted
on
:
So
that
before
we
were
quite
ready
to
imploy
the
Pump
,
the
Candle
was
extinguished
.
Wherefore
we
took
but
one
of
the
above
mention'd
Tapers
,
and
having
lighted
it
,
clos'd
it
up
in
the
Receiver
,
to
try
how
long
a
small
Flame
with
a
proportionable
smoke
would
continue
in
such
a
quantity
of
Air
:
but
we
found
upon
two
several
tryals
,
that
from
the
beginning
of
pumping
,
the
Flame
went
out
in
about
a
minute
of
an
hour
.
It
appear'd
indeed
to
us
that
the
swinging
of
the
Wier
to
and
fro
(
in
the
Engine
shaken
by
pumping
)
hasten'd
the
vanishing
of
the
Flame
,
which
seem'd
by
that
motion
to
be
cast
sometimes
on
one
side
of
the
Week
and
sometimes
on
the
other
.
But
though
once
we
purposely
refrain'd
pumping
after
a
very
few
exsuctions
of
the
Air
,
that
the
Flame
might
not
be
agitated
,
yet
it
lasted
not
much
longer
than
the
newly-mention'd
time
.
And
lastly
,
closing
up
the
same
Taper
,
lighted
again
,
to
discover
how
long
it
would
last
without
drawing
out
of
the
Air
,
we
found
that
it
burnt
for
a
while
vividly
enough
,
but
afterwards
began
to
be
lessen'd
more
and
more
in
all
its
dimensions
.
And
we
observ'd
that
the
Flame
did
not
,
as
before
,
retire
it self
by
little
and
little
towards
the
top
,
but
towards
the
bottom
of
the
Week
(
from
which
yet
it
did
a
little
withdraw
upwards
just
before
it
went
out
)
so
that
the
upper
part
of
the
Week-appear'd
for
a
pretty
while
manifestly
above
the
top
of
the
Flame
,
which
having
lasted
about
five
minutes
,
was
succeeded
by
a
directly
ascending
stream
of
Smoke
.
EXPERIMENT
XI
.
THere
was
taken
a
Wier
,
which
being
bent
almost
in
the
form
of
a
Screw
,
constituted
such
an
Instrument
,
to
contain
Coals
and
leave
them
every
way
accessible
to
the
Air
,
as
the
tenth
Figure
declareth
;
the
breadth
of
this
Vessel
was
no
less
than
that
it
might
with
ease
be
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
:
And
having
fill'd
it
to
the
height
of
about
five
Inches
with
throughly
kindled
Wood-coals
,
we
let
it
down
into
the
Glass
;
and
speedily
closing
it
,
we
caus'd
the
Pumper
to
ply
his
work
,
and
observ'd
that
upon
the
very
first
exsuction
of
the
Air
(
though
perhaps
not
because
of
that
onely
)
the
Fire
in
the
Coals
began
to
grow
very
dim
,
and
though
the
agitation
of
the
Vessel
did
make
them
swing
up
and
down
(
which
in
the
sree
Air
would
have
retarded
the
extinction
of
the
Fire
)
yet
when
we
could
no
longer
discern
any
redness
at
all
in
any
of
them
,
casting
our
eyes
upon
a
minute
Watch
we
kept
by
us
on
this
occasion
,
we
found
that
from
the
beginning
of
the
Pumping
(
which
might
be
about
two
minutes
after
the
Coals
had
been
put
in
glowing
)
to
the
total
dis-appearing
of
the
Fire
,
there
had
passed
but
three
minutes
.
Whereupon
,
to
try
the
Experiment
a
little
farther
,
we
presently
took
out
the
Coals
,
in
which
it
seems
there
had
remained
some
little
parcels
of
Fire
,
rather
cover'd
than
totally
quench'd
:
For
in
the
open
Air
the
Coals
began
to
be
re-kindled
in
several
places
,
wherefore
having
by
swinging
them
about
in
the
Wier
,
throughly
lighted
them
the
second
time
,
we
let
them
down
again
into
the
Receiver
,
and
clos'd
it
speedily
as
before
;
and
then
waiting
till
the
Fire
seem'd
totally
extinct
without
medling
with
the
Pump
,
we
found
that
from
the
time
the
Vessel
was
clos'd
,
till
that
no
Fire
at
all
could
be
perceiv'd
,
there
had
passed
about
four
minutes
:
Whereby
it
seem'd
to
appear
that
the
drawing
away
of
the
ambient
Air
made
the
Fire
go
out
sooner
than
otherwise
it
would
have
done
;
though
that
part
of
the
Air
that
we
drew
out
left
the
more
room
for
the
stifling
steams
of
the
Coals
to
be
received
into
.
Lastly
,
Having
taken
out
the
Wier
and
put
other
Coals
into
it
,
we
did
,
in
the
same
Room
where
the
Engine
stood
,
let
it
hang
quietly
by
a
string
in
the
open
Air
,
to
try
how
long
the
Fire
would
last
without
agitation
,
when
no
Air
was
kept
from
it
,
And
we
found
that
the
Fire
began
to
go
out
first
at
the
top
and
outsides
of
the
Coals
;
but
inwards
and
near
the
bottom
the
Fire
continu'd
visible
for
above
half
an
hour
,
a
great
part
of
the
Coals
,
especially
those
next
the
bottom
,
being
burnt
to
ashes
before
the
Fire
went
out
.
We
caus'd
likewise
a
piece
of
Iron
to
be
forg'd
,
of
the
bigness
of
a
middle
siz'd
Char-coal
,
and
having
made
it
red-hot
throughout
;
we
caus'd
it
in
the
lately
mention'd
Wier
,
to
be
speedily
convey'd
and
shut
up
into
the
Receiver
,
being
desirous
to
try
what
would
become
of
a
glowing
Body
,
by
reason
of
its
texture
more
vehemently
hot
than
a
burning
Coal
of
the
same
bigness
,
and
yet
unlike
to
send
forth
such
copious
and
stifling
Fumes
:
But
we
could
not
observe
any
manifest
change
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air.
The
Iron
began
indeed
to
lose
its
fiery
redness
at
the
top
,
but
that
seem'd
to
be
because
it
was
at
the
upper
end
somewhat
more
slender
than
at
the
lower
:
The
redness
,
though
it
were
in
the
day
time
,
continued
visible
about
four
minutes
;
and
then
,
before
it
did
quite
disappear
,
we
turn'd
the
Key
of
the
Stop-cock
,
but
could
not
discern
any
change
of
the
Iron
upon
the
rushing
in
of
the
Air.
Yet
some
little
remainders
of
Wax
that
stuck
to
the
Wier
,
and
were
turn'd
into
Fumes
by
the
heat
of
the
neighbouring
Iron
,
seem'd
to
afford
a
more
plentifull
,
or
at
least
a
much
more
expanded
Smoke
when
the
Air
was
suck'd
out
,
than
afterwards
;
though
allowance
was
made
for
the
decreasing
heat
of
the
Iron
.
And
lastly
,
notwithstanding
a
considerable
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
,
though
not
by
far
so
great
a
one
as
might
have
been
made
by
the
Engine
;
and
notwithstanding
the
inconsiderable
dissipation
of
the
parts
of
the
Iron
;
the
surrounding
sides
of
the
Receiver
were
sensibly
,
and
almost
offensively
heated
by
it
;
insomuch
that
a
pretty
while
after
the
Iron
was
taken
out
,
the
sides
of
the
Glass
manifestly
retain'd
a
warmth
:
which
would
not
be
unfit
to
be
consider'd
by
a
Person
at
more
leasure
than
I
am
now
.
EXPERIMENT
XII
.
BEing
willing
to
try
after
this
something
that
would
not
cherish
much
Fire
at
once
,
and
would
keep
Fire
much
longer
than
a
Coal
:
We
took
a
piece
of
Match
,
such
as
Souldiers
use
,
of
the
thickness
of
a
Man's
little
Finger
,
or
somewhat
thicker
;
and
this
being
well
lighted
at
one
end
,
was
by
a
string
suspended
with
that
end
downwards
in
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
which
was
immediately
clos'd
:
And
yet
by
that
time
it
could
well
be
so
,
the
copious
Fumes
of
the
Match
had
near
fill'd
and
darken'd
the
Receiver
.
Wherefore
,
lest
the
Vessel
should
be
endanger'd
,
the
Pump
was
nimbly
ply'd
,
and
a
great
deal
of
Air
and
Smoke
mixt
together
was
drawn
out
,
whereby
the
Receiver
growing
more
clear
,
we
could
discern
the
Fire
in
the
Match
to
burn
more
and
more
languidly
:
and
notwithstanding
that
by
the
diligence
us'd
in
pumping
,
it
seem'd
to
have
room
enough
allow'd
it
to
throw
out
Fumes
;
yet
,
after
no
long
time
,
it
ceas'd
from
being
discernable
either
by
its
Light
or
its
Smoke
.
And
,
though
by
that
we
were
invited
to
suppose
it
quite
extinguished
,
yet
we
continu'd
pumping
a-while
,
in
prosecution
of
another
Experiment
we
were
trying
at
the
same
time
:
And
this
we
did
the
more
willingly
,
because
of
a
suspicion
,
the
Experiment
about
the
Coals
,
might
easily
suggest
,
and
which
the
event
declar'd
not
to
have
been
altogether
groundless
.
For
upon
the
admission
of
the
external
Air
,
the
Fire
,
that
seem'd
to
have
gone
out
a
pretty
while
before
,
did
presently
revive
;
and
being
as
it
were
refresh'd
by
the
new
Air
,
and
blown
by
the
Wind
made
by
that
Air
in
rushing
in
,
it
began
again
to
shine
and
dissipate
the
neighbouring
Fuel
into
Smoke
as
formally
.
EXPERIMENT
XIII
.
A
While
after
we
let
down
into
the
Receiver
together
with
a
lighted
piece
of
Match
,
a
great
Bladder
well
tyed
at
the
Neck
,
but
very
lank
,
as
not
containing
actually
much
(
if
any
thing
)
above
a
Pint
of
Air
,
but
being
capable
of
containing
ten
or
twelve
times
as
much
.
Our
scope
in
this
Experiment
was
partly
to
try
whether
or
no
the
smoke
of
the
Match
,
replenishing
the
Receiver
,
would
be
able
to
hinder
the
dilatation
of
the
inward
Air
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
:
And
partly
to
discover
whether
the
extinction
of
the
Fire
in
the
Match
did
proceed
from
want
of
Air
,
or
barely
from
the
pressure
of
its
own
Fumes
,
which
for
want
of
room
to
expand
themselves
in
,
might
be
suppos'd
to
recoyl
upon
the
Fire
,
and
so
to
stifle
it
.
The
event
of
our
tryal
was
,
That
at
the
beginning
of
our
pumping
the
Match
appear'd
well
lighted
,
though
it
had
almost
fill'd
the
Receiver
with
its
plentifull
Fumes
:
But
by
degrees
it
burnt
more
and
more
dimly
,
notwithstanding
,
that
by
the
nimble
drawing
out
the
Air
and
Smoke
,
the
Vessel
were
made
less
opacous
,
and
less
full
of
compressing
matter
;
as
appear'd
by
this
,
That
the
longer
we
pump'd
,
the
less
Air
and
Smoke
came
out
of
the
Cylinder
at
the
opening
of
the
Valve
,
and
consequently
the
less
came
into
it
before
;
yet
the
Fire
in
the
Match
went
but
slowly
out
.
And
when
afterwards
,
to
satisfy
our selves
of
its
expiration
,
we
had
darken'd
the
Room
,
and
in
vain
endeavoured
to
discover
any
spark
of
Fire
,
(
as
we
could
not
for
some
time
before
by
the
help
of
Candles
discern
the
least
rising
of
Smoke
,
)
we
yet
continued
pumping
six
or
seven
times
;
and
after
all
that
,
letting
in
the
Air
,
the
seemingly
dead
Fire
quickly
revived
,
and
manifested
its
recovery
by
Light
and
store
of
Smoke
,
with
the
latter
of
which
it
quickly
began
to
replenish
the
Receiver
.
Then
we
fell
to
pumping
afresh
,
and
continued
that
labour
so
long
,
till
the
re
kindled
Match
went
out
again
:
and
thinking
it
then
fit
not
to
cease
from
pumping
so
soon
as
before
,
we
found
that
in
less
than
half
a
quarter
of
an
hour
the
Fire
was
got
out
for
good
and
all
,
and
past
the
possibility
of
being
recover'd
by
the
re-admitted
Air.
Some
Circumstances
,
besides
those
already
mention'd
,
occurr'd
in
the
making
of
the
Experiment
,
of
which
these
are
the
principal
.
First
,
When
the
Receiver
was
full
of
Smoke
,
if
the
Cylinder
were
emptied
,
immediately
upon
the
turning
of
the
Stop-cock
,
the
Receiver
would
appear
manifestly
darken'd
to
his
eye
that
look'd
upon
the
light
through
it
:
and
this
darkness
was
much
less
when
the
Receiver
was
much
less
fill'd
with
Fumes
:
It
was
also
instantaneous
,
and
seem'd
to
proceed
from
a
sudden
change
of
place
and
situation
in
the
exhalations
,
upon
the
vent
suddenly
afforded
them
and
the
Air
they
were
mixt
with
,
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
Cylinder
.
The
next
thing
we
observed
was
,
a
kind
of
Halo
that
appear'd
a
good
while
about
the
Fire
,
and
seem'd
to
be
produced
by
the
surrounding
Exhalations
.
And
lastly
,
it
is
remarkable
,
That
even
when
the
Fumes
seemed
most
to
replenish
the
Receiver
,
they
did
not
sensibly
hinder
the
Air
included
in
the
Bladder
from
dilating
it self
after
the
same
manner
(
for
ought
we
could
discern
)
as
it
would
have
otherwise
done
:
So
that
before
the
Fire
or
the
Match
was
quite
extinct
,
the
Bladder
appear'd
swell'd
at
least
to
six
or
seven
times
its
former
capacity
.
Since
the
writing
of
these
last
Lines
,
we
took
a
small
Receiver
,
capable
of
containing
(
by
guess
)
about
a
pound
and
a
half
of
Water
;
and
in
the
midst
of
it
we
suspended
a
lighted
Match
,
but
though
within
one
minute
of
an
hour
(
or
there
abouts
)
from
the
putting
in
of
the
Match
,
we
had
cemented
on
the
Cover
,
yet
we
could
not
make
such
haste
,
but
that
before
we
began
to
pump
,
the
Smoke
had
so
fill'd
that
small
Receiver
,
as
for
ought
we
discern'd
,
to
choke
the
Fire
.
And
having
again
and
again
reiterated
the
Experiment
,
it
seem'd
still
as
at
first
,
that
we
could
not
close
up
the
Vessel
,
and
pump
out
all
the
Fumes
time
enough
to
rescue
the
Fire
from
extinction
,
whereupon
we
made
use
of
this
Expedient
:
Assoon
as
we
had
pump'd
once
or
twice
,
we
suddenly
turn'd
the
Key
,
and
thereby
gave
access
to
the
excluded
Air
,
which
rushing
violently
in
,
as
if
it
had
been
forced
thorow
a
pair
of
Bellows
,
did
both
drive
away
the
ashes
,
fill
the
Glass
with
fresh
Air
,
and
by
blowing
the
almost
extinguish'd
Fire
,
re-kindl'd
it
,
as
appear'd
by
the
Matches
beginning
again
to
smoke
,
which
before
it
had
ceas'd
to
do
;
we
having
by
this
means
obtained
a
lighted
Match
in
the
Receiver
,
without
being
reduced
to
spend
time
to
close
it
up
,
commanded
the
Air
to
be
immediately
pump'd
out
,
and
found
that
upon
the
exsuction
of
it
,
the
Match
quickly
left
smoking
,
as
it
seem'd
,
by
reason
of
the
absence
of
the
Air
;
and
yet
if
some
urgent
occasions
had
not
hinder'd
us
,
we
would
for
greater
security
have
try'd
,
whether
or
no
the
Match
rekindled
as
formerly
,
would
smoke
much
longer
,
in
case
of
no
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air.
EXPERIMENT
XIV
.
TO
try
diverse
things
at
once
,
and
particularly
whether
Fire
,
though
we
found
it
would
not
long
last
,
might
not
be
produced
in
our
evacuated
Receiver
:
We
took
a
Pistol
of
about
a
foot
in
length
,
and
having
firmly
tyed
it
to
a
stick
almost
as
long
as
the
Cavity
of
the
Receiver
,
we
very
carefully
prim'd
it
with
well
dry'd
Gunpowder
,
and
then
cocking
it
,
we
ty'd
to
the
Tricker
,
one
end
of
a
string
,
whose
other
end
was
fasten'd
to
the
Key
formerly
mention'd
to
belong
to
the
Cover
of
our
Receiver
.
This
done
,
we
convey'd
the
Pistol
,
together
with
the
annexed
Staff
,
into
the
Vessel
which
being
clos'd
up
,
and
empty'd
aster
the
usual
manner
,
we
began
to
turn
the
Key
in
the
Cover
;
and
thereby
shortning
the
string
that
reach'd
from
it
to
the
Pistol
,
we
pull'd
aside
the
Tricker
,
and
observ'd
,
that
according
to
our
expectation
the
force
of
the
Spring
of
the
Lock
was
not
sensibly
abated
by
the
absence
of
the
Air
:
(
from
whose
impetus
yet
some
Modern
Naturalists
would
derive
the
cause
of
the
motion
of
Restitution
in
solid
Bodies
)
For
the
Cock
falling
with
its
wonted
violence
upon
the
Steel
,
struck
out
of
it
as
many
,
and
as
conspicuous
parts
of
Fire
,
as
,
for
ought
we
could
perceive
,
it
would
have
done
in
the
open
Air.
Repeating
this
Experiment
diverse
times
,
we
also
observed
whether
or
no
there
would
appear
any
considerable
diversity
in
the
Motion
of
the
shining
Sparks
in
a
place
where
the
remaining
Air
was
so
much
rarefied
,
but
could
not
perceive
but
that
they
moved
some
of
them
upwards
,
as
well
as
some
of
them
downwards
,
and
some
of
them
side-ways
,
as
they
are
wont
to
do
,
when
upon
such
collisions
they
fly
out
in
the
open
Air.
We
likewise
caus'd
a
piece
of
Steel
to
be
made
of
the
form
and
bigness
of
the
Flint
,
in
whose
place
we
put
it
,
and
then
the
Pistol
being
cock'd
and
conveyed
into
the
Receiver
,
the
Tricker
was
pull'd
after
the
Air
was
drawn
out
:
And
though
the
place
were
purposely
somewhat
darken'd
,
yet
there
appear'd
not
upon
the
striking
of
the
two
Steels
against
each
other
the
least
spark
of
Fire
:
Nor
did
we
expect
any
(
having
before
in
vain
attempted
to
strike
Fire
this
way
in
the
open
Air
)
though
we
thought
fit
to
make
the
Experiment
,
to
undeceive
those
who
fancy
in
rarefied
Air
,
I
know
not
what
strange
disposition
,
to
take
fire
upon
a
much
slighter
occasion
than
this
Experiment
afforded
.
We
have
indeed
found
,
that
by
the
dextrous
Collision
of
two
harden'd
pieces
of
Steel
,
store
of
sparks
may
be
struck
out
:
But
that
was
done
with
such
vehement
percussion
of
the
edges
of
the
two
Steels
,
as
could
not
well
be
compass'd
in
our
Receiver
.
But
the
chief
thing
we
design'd
to
doe
with
our
Pistol
,
was
,
To
observe
whether
Gun-powder
would
take
Fire
in
our
empty'd
and
closely
stop'd
Glass
?
Whether
the
expansion
of
the
Flame
would
be
considerably
varied
by
the
absence
of
so
much
of
the
ambient
Air
as
was
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
?
And
whether
the
Flame
would
diffuse
it self
upward
,
as
it
is
wont
,
notwithstanding
it
s
not
having
about
it
the
usual
proportion
of
Air
to
force
it
up
?
And
though
most
of
our
Attempts
to
fire
the
Gun-powder
in
the
Pan
of
the
Pistol
succeeded
not
,
because
we
were
fain
to
let
it
hang
almost
perpendicular
in
the
Receiver
,
whereby
the
Powder
was
shaken
down
before
the
sparks
could
reach
it
:
yet
once
the
Experiment
succeeded
,
and
the
kindled
Powder
seem'd
to
make
a
more
expanded
Flame
than
it
would
have
done
in
the
open
Air
,
but
mounted
upwards
according
to
its
wont
,
whether
by
reason
of
that
little
portion
of
Air
,
which
in
spight
of
our
pumping
remained
in
the
Receiver
,
or
for
any
other
cause
,
we
have
not
now
the
leasure
to
consider
.
But
we
must
not
forget
,
that
upon
the
extinction
of
the
Flame
the
Receiver
appear'd
darken'd
with
smoke
,
which
seem'd
to
move
freely
up
and
down
,
and
upon
the
letting
in
the
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
began
to
circulate
much
●aster
than
before
.
We
would
have
made
more
observations
concerning
this
Flame
,
but
that
of
two
or
three
attempts
we
afterwards
made
to
repeat
the
kindling
of
the
Powder
,
not
any
one
succeeded
;
and
we
have
not
the
leasure
to
dwell
long
upon
one
kind
of
Trials
.
EXPERIMENT
XV.
TO
these
Experiments
concerning
Fire
we
added
another
,
which
though
it
succeeded
not
,
may
perhaps
without
impertinency
be
recorded
:
partly
,
because
that
(
as
we
have
in
another
Treatise
amply
declar'd
)
it
is
usefull
to
recite
what
Experiments
miscarry
as
well
as
succeed
.
And
partly
also
,
because
it
is
very
possible
that
what
we
endeavoured
in
vain
,
may
be
performed
by
Your
Lordship
,
or
some
other
Vertuoso
that
shall
have
stancher
Tessels
than
we
had
,
and
more
Sunny
days
than
the
present
Winter
allows
us
.
We
convey'd
then
into
one
of
our
small
Receivers
a
piece
of
matter
combustible
,
dry
and
black
(
experience
declaring
things
of
that
colour
to
be
most
easily
kindled
)
and
carefully
closing
the
Vessel
,
we
brought
it
to
a
Window
at
which
the
Sun
,
not
very
far
from
the
Meridian
,
shone
in
very
freely
:
then
drawing
out
the
Air
with
speed
we
united
the
Sun
beams
with
a
Burning-glass
upon
the
combustible
matter
,
which
began
immediately
to
send
forth
a
smoke
that
quickly
darkned
the
Receiver
,
but
notwithstanding
all
our
care
and
diligence
the
external
Air
got
in
so
fast
,
that
after
divers
trials
we
were
fain
to
leave
off
the
Experiment
in
that
Glass
,
and
induc'd
to
make
trial
of
it
in
our
great
Receiver
.
Having
then
after
some
difficulty
lodg'd
the
combustible
matter
in
the
cavity
of
this
Vessel
in
such
manner
,
as
that
it
was
almost
contiguous
to
that
side
thereof
that
was
next
the
Sun
,
we
did
endeavour
with
a
pretty
large
Burning-glass
to
kindle
it
,
but
found
,
as
we
fear'd
,
That
,
by
reason
of
the
thickness
of
the
Glass
,
(
which
was
also
of
a
less
pure
and
less
Diaphanous
matter
than
the
other
)
the
Sun-beams
thrown
in
by
the
Burning-glass
,
were
in
their
passage
so
dislocated
and
scattered
(
not
now
to
mention
those
many
that
being
reflected
,
could
not
pierce
into
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
)
that
we
could
not
possibly
unite
enough
of
them
to
kindle
the
matter
,
nor
so
much
as
to
make
it
sensibly
smoke
.
Yet
we
hope
that
the
seeing
whether
Bodies
(
other
than
Gun-powder
)
may
be
kindled
,
and
what
would
happen
to
them
when
set
on
fire
,
in
a
place
in
great
measure
devoid
of
Air
,
may
prove
so
Lucilerous
an
Experiment
,
that
when
the
Season
is
more
favourable
we
shall
,
God
permitting
,
make
farther
trial
of
it
,
and
acquaint
your
Lordship
with
the
Event
,
if
it
prove
prosperous
.
In
the
mean
time
we
shall
pass
on
to
other
Experiments
,
as
soon
as
we
have
advertis'd
Your
Lordship
that
we
have
forborn
to
make
such
Reflexions
upon
the
several
Experiments
we
have
set
down
concerning
Fire
,
as
the
matter
would
have
easily
afforded
,
and
Your
Lordship
may
perhaps
have
expected
.
But
I
made
the
less
scruple
to
forbear
the
annexing
of
Speculations
to
these
Recitals
,
because
Carneades
and
Eleutherius
have
in
some
Dialogues
concerning
Heat
and
Flame
,
(
which
were
last
year
seen
by
some
Friends
,
and
may
be
,
when
you
please
,
commanded
by
You
,
)
mention'd
divers
of
my
Thoughts
and
Experiments
concerning
Fire
,
EXPERIMENT
XVI
.
WE
designed
to
try
whether
or
no
divers
Magnetical
Experiments
would
exhibit
any
unusual
Phaenomena
,
being
made
in
our
Evacuated
Receiver
instead
of
the
open
Air
:
But
for
want
of
leasure
and
conveniency
to
prosecute
such
Trials
,
we
were
induced
to
reserve
the
rest
for
another
time
,
and
to
content
our selves
with
making
that
which
follows
.
We
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
a
little
Pedestal
of
Wood
,
in
the
midst
of
which
was
perpendicularly
erected
a
slender
Iron
,
upon
whose
sharp
point
an
excited
Needle
of
Steel
purposely
made
,
and
of
about
five
Inches
long
,
was
so
placed
,
that
hanging
in
an
AEquilibrium
it
could
move
freely
towards
either
hand
.
Then
the
Air
being
after
the
usual
manner
pumped
out
,
we
apply'd
a
Load-stone
moderately
vigorous
to
the
outside
of
the
Glass
,
and
found
that
it
attracted
or
repell'd
the
ends
of
the
Needle
,
according
to
the
Laws
Magnetical
,
without
any
remarkable
difference
from
what
the
same
Load-stone
would
have
done
,
had
none
of
the
Air
been
drawn
away
from
about
the
Needle
,
which
,
when
the
Load-stone
was
removed
,
after
some
tremulous
Vibrations
to
and
fro
,
rested
in
a
position
,
wherein
it
look'd
North
and
South
.
EXPERIMENT
XVII
.
PRoceed
we
now
to
the
mention
of
that
Experiment
,
whereof
the
satisfactory
trial
was
the
principal
fruit
I
promis'd
my self
from
our
Engine
,
It
being
then
fufficiently
known
,
that
,
in
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
,
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
is
wont
to
remain
elevated
,
above
the
surface
of
that
whereon
it
leans
,
about
27
digits
:
I
considered
,
that
,
if
the
true
and
only
reason
why
the
Quick-silver
falls
no
lower
,
be
,
that
at
that
Altitude
,
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
in
the
Tube
is
in
an
AEquilibrium
with
the
Cylinder
of
Air
,
suppos'd
to
reach
from
the
adjacent
Mercury
to
the
top
of
the
Atmosphere
:
then
if
this
Experiment
could
be
try'd
out
of
the
Atmosphere
,
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
would
fall
down
to
a
level
with
that
in
the
Vessel
,
since
then
there
would
be
no
pressure
upon
the
subjacent
,
to
resist
the
weight
of
the
Incumbent
Mercury
.
Whence
I
inferr'd
(
as
easily
I
might
)
that
if
the
Experiment
could
be
try'd
in
our
Engine
,
the
Quick-silver
would
subside
below
27
Digits
,
in
proportion
to
the
exsuction
of
Air
,
that
should
be
made
out
of
the
Receiver
.
For
,
as
when
the
Air
is
shut
into
the
Receiver
,
it
doth
(
according
to
what
hath
above
been
taught
)
continue
there
as
strongly
compress'd
,
as
it
did
whilst
all
the
incumbent
Cylinder
of
the
Atmosphere
lean'd
immediately
upon
it
;
because
the
Glass
,
wherein
it
is
pen'd
up
,
hinders
it
to
deliver
it self
,
by
an
expansion
of
its
parts
,
from
the
pressure
wherewith
it
was
shut
up
.
So
if
we
could
perfectly
draw
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
it
would
conduce
as
well
to
our
purpose
,
as
if
we
were
allow'd
to
try
the
Experiment
beyond
the
Atmosphere
.
Wherefore
(
after
having
surmounted
some
little
difficulties
which
occurr'd
at
the
beginning
)
the
Experiment
was
made
after
this
manner
.
We
took
a
slender
and
very
curiously
blown
Cylinder
of
Glass
,
of
near
three
foot
in
length
,
and
whose
bore
had
in
Diameter
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
,
wanting
a
hairs
breadth
:
This
Pipe
being
Hermetically
seal'd
at
one
end
,
was
,
at
the
other
,
fill'd
with
Quick-silver
,
care
being
taken
in
the
filling
,
that
as
few
bubbles
as
was
possible
should
be
left
in
the
Mercury
:
Then
the
Tube
being
stopt
with
the
Finger
and
inverted
,
was
open'd
,
according
to
the
manner
of
the
Experiment
,
into
a
somewhat
long
and
slender
Cylindrical
Box
(
instead
of
which
we
now
are
wont
to
use
a
Glass
of
the
same
form
)
half
fill'd
with
Quick-silver
:
And
so
,
the
liquid
metal
being
suffered
to
subside
,
and
a
piece
of
Paper
being
pasted
on
level
with
its
upper
surface
,
the
Box
and
Tube
and
all
were
by
strings
carefully
let
down
into
the
Receiver
:
And
then
,
by
means
of
the
hole
formerly
mentioned
to
be
left
in
the
Cover
,
the
said
Cover
was
slipt
along
as
much
of
the
Tube
as
reached
above
the
top
of
the
Receiver
;
And
the
Interval
,
left
betwixt
the
sides
of
the
Hole
and
those
of
the
Tube
,
was
very
exquisitely
filled
up
with
melted
(
but
not
over
hot
)
Diachylon
,
and
the
round
chink
,
betwixt
the
Cover
and
the
Receiver
,
was
likewise
very
carefully
closed
up
:
Upon
which
closure
there
appeared
not
any
change
in
the
height
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
;
no
more
,
than
if
the
interposed
Glass
Receiver
did
not
hinder
the
immediate
pressure
of
the
ambient
Atmosphere
upon
the
inclosed
Air
;
which
hereby
appears
to
bear
upon
the
Mercury
,
rather
by
virtue
of
its
spring
than
of
its
weight
:
since
its
weight
cannot
be
supposed
to
amount
to
above
two
or
three
Ounces
,
which
is
inconsiderable
in
comparison
of
such
a
Cylinder
of
Mercury
as
it
would
keep
from
subsiding
.
All
things
:
being
thus
in
a
readiness
,
the
Sucker
was
drawn
down
;
and
,
immediately
upon
the
egress
of
a
Cylinder
of
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
Quick
silver
in
the
Tube
did
,
according
to
expectation
,
subside
:
And
notice
being
carefully
taken
(
by
a
mark
fastened
to
the
outside
)
of
the
place
where
it
stopt
,
we
caused
him
that
managed
the
Pump
to
pump
again
,
and
marked
how
low
the
Quick-silver
fell
at
the
second
exsuction
;
but
continuing
this
work
,
we
were
quickly
hindred
from
accurately
marking
the
Stages
made
by
the
Mercury
in
its
descent
,
because
it
soon
sunk
below
the
top
of
the
Receiver
,
so
that
we
could
henceforward
mark
it
no
other
ways
than
by
the
eye
.
And
thus
,
continuing
the
labour
of
pumping
for
about
a
quarter
of
an
hour
,
we
found
our selves
unable
to
bring
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
totally
to
subside
;
because
,
when
the
Receiver
was
considerably
emptyed
of
its
Air
,
and
consequently
that
little
that
remained
grown
unable
to
resist
the
Irruption
of
the
External
,
that
Air
would
(
in
spight
of
whatever
we
could
doe
)
press
in
at
some
little
Avenue
or
other
;
and
though
much
could
not
thereat
get
in
,
yet
a
little
was
sufficient
to
counterballance
the
pressure
of
so
small
a
Cylinder
of
Quick-silver
,
as
then
remained
in
the
Tube
.
Now
(
to
satisfy
our selves
farther
,
that
the
falling
of
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
to
a
determinate
height
,
proceedeth
from
the
AEquilibrium
,
wherein
it
is
at
that
height
with
the
external
Air
,
the
one
gravitating
,
the
other
pressing
with
equal
force
upon
the
subjacent
Mercury
)
we
returned
the
Key
and
let
in
some
new
Air
;
upon
which
the
Mercury
immediately
began
to
ascend
(
or
rather
to
be
impelled
upwards
)
in
the
Tube
,
and
continued
ascending
,
till
having
returned
the
Key
,
it
immediately
rested
at
the
height
which
it
had
then
attained
:
And
so
,
by
turning
and
returning
the
Key
,
we
did
several
times
at
pleasure
impell
it
upwards
,
and
check
its
ascent
.
And
lastly
,
having
given
a
free
egress
at
the
Stop-cock
to
as
much
of
the
external
Air
as
would
come
in
,
the
Quick-silver
was
impelled
up
almost
to
its
first
height
:
I
say
almost
,
because
it
ftopt
near
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
beneath
the
Paper
mark
formerly
mentioned
;
which
we
ascri●ed
to
this
,
That
there
was
(
as
is
usual
in
this
Experiment
)
some
little
Particles
of
Air
engaged
among
those
of
the
Quick-silver
;
which
Particles
,
upon
the
descent
of
the
Quick-silver
,
did
manisestly
rise
up
in
bubbles
towards
the
top
of
the
Tube
,
and
by
their
pressure
,
as
well
as
by
lessening
the
Cylinder
by
as
much
room
as
they
formerly
took
up
in
it
,
hindred
the
Quick-silver
from
regaining
its
first
height
.
This
Experiment
was
a
few
days
after
repeated
in
the
presence
of
those
excellent
and
deservedly
Famous
Mathematick
Professors
,
Dr.
Wallis
,
Dr.
Ward
,
and
Mr.
Wren
,
who
were
pleased
to
honour
it
with
their
Presence
:
And
whom
I
name
,
both
as
justly
counting
it
an
Honour
to
be
known
to
them
,
and
as
being
glad
of
such
Judicious
and
illustrious
Witnesses
of
our
Experiment
;
and'twas
by
their
guess
,
that
the
top
of
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
was
defined
to
be
brought
within
an
Inch
of
the
surface
of
that
in
the
Vessel
.
And
here
,
for
the
Illustration
of
the
foregoing
Experiment
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
mention
some
other
particulars
relating
to
it
.
First
then
,
When
we
endeavoured
to
make
the
Experiment
with
the
Tube
closed
at
one
end
with
Diachylon
instead
of
an
Hermetical
Seal
;
we
perceived
,
that
upon
the
drawing
of
some
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
Mercury
did
indeed
begin
to
fall
,
but
continued
asterwards
to
subside
,
though
we
did
not
continue
pumping
.
When
it
appeared
,
that
though
the
Diachylon
that
stopt
the
end
of
the
Tube
,
were
so
thick
and
strong
,
that
the
external
Air
could
not
press
it
in
(
as
experience
taught
us
that
it
would
have
done
,
if
there
had
been
but
little
of
it
)
yet
the
subtler
parts
of
it
were
able
(
though
slowly
)
to
insinuate
themselves
through
the
very
body
of
the
Plaister
,
which
it
seems
was
not
of
so
close
a
Texture
,
as
that
which
we
mentioned
our selves
to
have
successfully
made
use
of
in
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
some
years
ago
.
So
that
now
we
begin
to
suspect
,
that
perhaps
one
reason
,
why
we
cannot
persectly
pump
out
the
Air
,
may
be
,
that
when
the
Vessel
is
almost
empty
,
some
of
the
subtler
parts
of
the
external
Air
may
,
by
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
,
be
strained
through
the
very
body
of
the
Diachylon
into
the
Receiver
.
But
this
is
only
conjecture
.
Another
Circumstance
of
our
Experiment
was
this
,
That
,
if
(
when
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
was
fallen
low
)
too
much
ingress
were
,
at
the
hole
of
the
Stop-cock
,
suddenly
permitted
to
the
external
Air
;
it
would
rush
in
with
that
violence
,
and
bear
so
forcibly
upon
the
surface
of
the
subjacent
Quick-silver
,
that
it
would
impell
it
up
into
the
Tube
rudely
enough
to
endanger
the
breaking
of
the
Glass
.
We
formerly
mention'd
,
that
the
Quick-silver
did
not
in
its
descent
fall
as
much
at
a
time
after
the
two
or
three
first
exsuctions
of
the
Air
,
as
at
the
beginning
.
For
,
having
marked
its
several
Stages
upon
the
Tube
,
we
found
,
that
at
the
first
suck
it
descended
an
Inch
and
⅜
,
and
at
the
second
an
Inch
and
⅜
;
and
when
the
Vessel
was
almost
emptied
,
it
would
scarce
at
one
exsuction
be
drawn
down
above
the
breadth
of
a
Barly-corn
.
And
indeed
we
found
it
very
difficult
to
measure
in
what
proportion
these
decrements
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
did
proceed
:
Partly
because
(
as
we
have
already
intimated
)
the
Quick-silver
wassoon
drawn
below
the
top
of
the
Receiver
;
and
partly
because
,
upon
its
descent
at
each
exsuction
,
it
would
immediately
re-ascend
a
little
upwards
;
either
by
reason
of
the
leaking
of
the
Vessel
at
some
imperceptible
hole
or
other
,
or
by
reason
of
the
motion
of
restitution
in
the
Air
,
which
,
being
somewhat
compresled
by
the
fall
as
well
as
weight
of
the
Quick-silver
,
would
repell
it
a
little
upwards
,
and
make
it
vibrate
a
little
up
and
down
,
before
they
could
reduce
each
other
to
such
an
AEquilibrium
as
both
might
rest
in
.
But
though
we
could
not
hitherto
make
observations
accurate
enough
concerning
the
measures
of
the
Quick-silver's
descent
,
to
reduce
them
into
any
Hypothesis
,
yet
would
we
not
discourage
any
from
attempting
it
;
since
,
if
it
could
be
reduc'd
to
a
certainty
,
't
is
probable
that
the
discovery
would
not
be
unusefull
.
And
,
to
illustrate
this
matter
a
little
more
,
we
will
add
,
That
we
made
a
shift
to
try
the
Experiment
in
one
of
our
above-mention'd
small
Receivers
,
not
containing
a
Quart
;
but
(
agreeably
to
what
we
formerly
observed
)
we
found
it
as
difficult
to
bring
this
to
be
quite
empty
as
to
evacuate
the
greater
;
the
least
external
Air
that
could
get
in
(
and
we
could
not
possibly
keep
it
all
perfectly
out
)
sufficing
in
so
small
a
Vessel
to
display
a
considerable
pressure
upon
the
surface
of
the
Mercury
,
and
thereby
hinder
that
in
the
Tube
from
falling
to
a
level
with
it
.
But
this
is
remarkable
,
that
having
two
or
three
times
try'd
the
Experiment
in
a
small
Vessel
,
upon
the
very
first
Cylinder
of
Air
that
was
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
Mercury
fell
in
the
Tube
18
Inches
and
a
half
,
and
at
another
trial
19
Inches
and
a
half
.
But
on
this
occasion
,
I
hold
it
not
unfit
to
give
your
Lordship
notice
that
I
hop'd
from
the
descent
of
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
upon
the
first
suck
,
to
derive
this
advantage
:
that
I
should
thence
be
enabled
to
give
a
near
guess
at
the
proportion
of
force
betwixt
the
pressure
of
the
Air
(
according
to
its
various
states
,
as
to
Density
and
Rarefraction
)
and
the
gravity
of
Quick-silver
,
than
hitherto
hath
been
done
.
For
in
our
Experiment
there
are
divers
things
given
,
that
may
be
made
use
of
towards
such
a
discovery
.
For
first
we
may
know
the
capacity
of
the
Receiver
wherein
the
Experiment
is
made
,
since
,
by
filling
it
with
water
,
we
may
easily
compute
how
many
Quarts
,
or
Measures
of
any
other
denomination
,
it
containeth
of
Air
;
which
Air
,
when
shut
up
in
the
Vessel
may
be
suppos'd
to
have
a
pressure
equal
to
that
of
the
Atmosphere
;
since
it
is
able
to
keep
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
from
falling
any
lower
than
it
did
in
the
free
and
open
Air.
Next
here
is
given
us
the
capacity
of
the
brass
Cylinder
empty'd
by
the
drawing
down
of
the
Sucker
(
its
bore
and
height
being
mention'd
in
the
description
of
our
Pump
)
whereby
we
may
come
to
know
how
much
of
the
Air
contain'd
in
the
Receiver
is
drawn
out
at
the
first-suck
.
And
we
may
also
easily
define
,
either
in
weight
or
cubick
measures
,
the
Cylinder
of
Quick
silver
that
answers
to
the
Cylinder
of
Air
lately
mention'd
(
that
Mercurial
Cylinder
being
in
our
Engine
computable
by
deducting
from
the
entire
altitude
of
that
Cylinder
of
Quick-silver
,
the
altitude
at
which
it
rests
upon
the
first
exsuction
.
)
But
though
,
if
this
Experiment
were
very
watchfully
try'd
in
Vessels
of
several
sizes
,
and
the
various
descents
of
the
Quick-silver
compar'd
among
themselves
,
't
is
not
improbable
,
that
some
such
things
,
as
we
hop'd
for
,
may
thereby
be
discovered
.
Yet
because
not
only
the
solid
contents
of
as
much
of
the
Glass-tube
as
remains
within
the
concave
surface
of
the
Receiver
,
and
(
which
is
more
difficult
)
the
varying
contents
of
the
Vessel
containing
the
Mercury
,
and
of
as
much
of
the
Mercury
it self
as
is
not
in
the
Tube
,
must
be
deducted
out
of
the
capacity
of
the
Receiver
,
but
there
must
also
an
allowance
be
made
for
this
,
that
the
Cylinder
that
is
empty'd
by
the
drawing
down
of
the
Sucker
,
and
comes
to
be
fill'd
upon
the
letting
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
into
it
,
is
not
so
replenish'd
with
Air
as
the
Receiver
it self
at
first
was
:
because
there
passeth
no
more
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
Cylinder
,
than
is
requisite
to
reduce
the
Air
in
the
cavity
of
the
Cylinder
,
and
in
that
of
the
Receiver
to
the
same
measure
of
dilatation
.
Because
of
these
(
I
say
)
and
some
other
difficulties
that
require
more
skill
in
Mathematicks
than
I
pretend
to
,
and
much
more
leasure
than
my
present
occasions
would
allow
me
,
I
was
willing
to
refer
the
nicer
consideration
of
this
matter
to
some
of
our
Learned
and
accurate
Mathematicians
,
thinking
it
enough
for
me
to
have
given
the
Hint
already
suggested
.
For
farther
confirmation
of
what
hath
been
delivered
,
we
likewise
tried
the
Experiment
in
a
Tube
of
less
than
two
foot
long
:
and
,
when
there
was
so
much
Air
drawn
out
of
the
Vessel
,
that
the
remaining
Air
was
not
able
to
counterballance
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
,
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
subsided
so
visibly
,
that
(
the
Experiment
being
try'd
in
the
little
Vessel
lately
mention'd
)
at
the
first
suck
it
fell
above
a
span
,
and
was
afterwards
drawn
lower
and
lower
for
a
little
while
;
and
the
external
Air
being
let
in
upon
it
,
impell'd
it
up
again
almost
to
the
top
of
the
Tube
:
So
little
matters
it
how
heavy
or
light
the
Cylinder
of
Quicksilver
to
subside
is
,
provided
its
gravity
overpower
the
pressure
of
as
much
external
Air
as
bears
upon
the
surface
of
that
Mercury
into
which
it
is
to
fall
.
Lastly
we
also
observ'd
,
That
if
(
when
the
Mercury
in
the
Tube
had
been
drawn
down
,
and
by
an
Ingress
permitted
to
the
external
Air
,
impell'd
up
again
to
its
former
height
)
there
were
some
more
Air
thrust
up
by
the
help
of
the
Pump
into
the
Receiver
,
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
would
ascend
much
above
the
wonted
height
of
27
digits
,
and
immediately
upon
the
letting
out
of
that
Air
would
fall
again
to
the
height
it
rested
at
before
.
Your
Lordship
will
here
perhaps
expect
,
that
as
those
who
have
treated
of
the
Torricellian
Experiment
,
have
for
the
most
part
maintained
the
Affirmative
,
or
the
Negative
of
that
famous
Question
,
Whether
or
no
that
Noble
Experiment
infer
a
Vacuum
?
so
I
should
on
this
occasion
interpose
my
Opinion
touching
that
Controversie
,
or
at
least
declare
whether
or
no
,
in
our
Engine
,
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
do
prove
the
place
deserted
by
the
Air
suck'd
out
,
to
be
truly
empty
,
that
is
,
devoid
of
all
Corporeal
Substance
.
But
besides
,
that
I
have
neither
the
leasure
,
nor
the
ability
,
to
enter
into
a
solemn
Debate
of
so
nice
a
Question
;
Your
Lordship
may
,
if
you
think
it
worth
the
trouble
,
in
the
Dialogues
not
long
since
referr'd
to
,
find
the
Difficulties
on
both
sides
represented
;
which
then
made
me
yield
but
a
very
wavering
assent
to
either
of
the
parties
contending
about
the
Question
:
Nor
dare
I
yet
take
upon
me
to
determine
so
difficult
a
Controversie
.
For
on
the
one
side
it
appears
,
that
notwithstanding
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
our
Receiver
may
not
be
destitute
of
all
Bodies
,
since
any
thing
placed
in
it
,
may
be
seen
there
;
which
would
not
be
,
if
it
were
not
pervious
to
those
beams
of
Light
which
rebounding
from
the
seen
Object
to
our
eyes
,
affect
us
with
the
sense
of
it
:
And
that
either
these
Beams
are
Corporeal
Emanations
from
some
lucid
body
,
or
else
at
least
,
the
light
they
convey
doth
result
from
the
brisk
motion
of
some
subtle
Matter
,
I
could
,
if
I
mistake
not
,
sufficiently
manifest
out
of
the
Dialogues
above-mention'd
,
if
I
thought
Your
Lordship
could
seriously
imagine
that
Light
could
be
convey'd
without
,
at
least
,
having
,
(
if
I
may
so
speak
)
a
Body
for
its
Vehicle
.
By
the
sixteenth
Experiment
,
it
also
appears
that
the
closeness
of
our
Receiver
hinders
it
not
from
admitting
the
Effluvia
of
the
Load-stone
;
which
makes
it
very
probable
that
it
also
freely
admits
the
Magnetical
steams
of
the
Earth
;
concerning
which
,
we
have
in
another
Treatise
endeavour'd
to
manifest
that
numbers
of
them
do
always
permeate
our
Air.
But
on
the
other
side
it
may
be
said
,
That
as
for
the
subtle
Matter
which
makes
the-Objects
enclosed
in
our
evacuated
Receiver
,
visible
,
and
the
Magnetical
Effluvia
of
the
Earth
that
may
be
presum'd
to
pass
thorow
it
,
though
we
should
grant
our
Vessel
not
to
be
quite
devoid
of
them
,
yet
we
cannot
so
reasonably
affirm
it
to
be
replenish'd
with
them
,
as
we
may
suppose
,
that
if
they
were
gather'd
together
into
one
place
without
Intervals
between
them
,
they
would
fill
but
a
small
part
of
the
whole
Receiver
.
As
in
the
thirteenth
Experiment
,
a
piece
of
Match
was
inconsiderable
for
its
bulk
,
whilst
its
parts
lay
close
together
,
that
afterwards
(
when
the
Fire
had
scatter'd
them
into
smoke
)
seem'd
to
replenish
all
the
Vessel
.
For
(
as
elsewhere
our
Experiments
have
demonstrated
)
both
Light
and
the
Effluvia
of
the
Load-stone
,
may
be
readily
admitted
into
a
Glass
,
Hermatically
seal'd
,
though
before
their
Admission
,
as
full
of
Air
as
hollow
Bodies
here
below
are
wont
to
be
;
so
that
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
large
space
deserted
by
it
,
may
remain
empty
,
notwithstanding
the
pretence
of
those
subtle
Corpuscles
,
by
which
Lucid
and
Magnetical
Bodies
produce
their
effects
.
And
as
for
the
Allegations
above
mention'd
,
they
seem'd
to
prove
but
that
the
Receiver
devoid
of
Air
,
may
be
replenish'd
with
some
Etherial
matter
,
as
some
Modern
Naturalists
write
of
but
not
that
it
really
is
so
.
And
indeed
to
me
it
yet
seems
,
that
as
to
those
spaces
which
the
Vacuists
would
have
to
be
empty
,
because
they
are
manifestly
devoid
of
Air
;
and
all
grosser
Bodies
the
Plenists
(
if
I
may
so
call
them
)
do
not
prove
that
such
spaces
are
replenish'd
with
such
a
subtle
matter
as
they
speak
of
,
by
any
sensible
effects
,
or
operations
of
it
(
of
which
divers
new
Trials
purposely
made
,
have
not
yet
shewn
me
any
)
but
only
conclude
that
there
must
be
such
a
Body
,
because
there
cannot
be
a
Void
.
And
the
reason
why
there
cannot
be
a
Void
,
being
by
them
taken
,
not
from
any
Experiments
,
or
Phaenomena
of
Nature
,
that
clearly
and
particularly
prove
their
Hypothesis
,
but
from
their
notion
of
a
Body
,
whose
Nature
,
according
to
them
,
consisting
only
in
extension
(
which
indeed
seems
the
property
most
essential
to
,
because
inseparable
from
a
Body
)
to
say
a
space
devoid
of
Body
,
is
to
speak
in
the
Schoolmens
Phrase
,
a
Contradiction
in
Adjecto
.
This
reason
I
say
,
being
thus
desum'd
,
seems
to
make
the
Controversie
about
a
Vacuum
,
rather
a
Metaphysical
,
than
a
Physiological
Question
;
which
therefore
we
shall
here
no
longer
debate
,
finding
it
very
difficult
either
to
satisfie
Naturalists
with
this
Cartesian
Notion
of
a
Body
,
or
to
manifest
wherein
it
is
erroneous
,
and
substitute
a
better
in
its
stead
.
But
though
we
are
unwilling
to
examine
any
farther
the
Inferences
wont
to
be
made
from
the
Torricellian
Experiment
,
yet
we
think
it
not
impertinent
to
present
Your
Lordship
with
a
couple
of
Advertisements
concerning
it
.
First
,
then
if
in
trying
the
Experiment
here
or
elsewhere
,
you
make
use
of
the
English
measures
that
Mathematicians
and
Tradesmen
are
here
wont
to
employ
,
You
will
,
unless
you
be
forewarn'd
of
it
,
be
apt
to
suspect
that
those
that
have
written
of
the
Experiment
have
been
mistaken
.
For
whereas
men
are
wont
generally
to
talk
of
the
Quick-silver's
remaining
suspended
at
the
height
of
between
six
or
seven
and
twenty
Inches
;
we
commonly
observed
,
when
divers
years
since
we
first
were
solicitous
about
this
Experiment
,
that
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
rested
at
about
29
Inches
and
a
half
above
the
surface
of
the
Restagnant
Quick-silver
in
the
Vessel
,
which
did
at
first
both
amaze
and
perplex
us
,
because
though
we
held
it
not
improbable
that
the
difference
of
the
grosser
English
Air
,
and
that
of
Italy
and
France
,
might
keep
the
Quick-silver
from
falling
quite
as
low
in
this
colder
,
as
in
those
warmer
Climates
;
yet
we
could
not
believe
that
that
difference
in
the
Air
should
alone
be
able
to
make
so
great
an
one
in
the
heights
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinders
;
and
accordingly
upon
enquiry
we
found
,
that
though
the
various
density
of
the
Air
be
not
to
be
over-looked
in
this
Experiment
,
yet
the
main
Reason
why
we
found
the
Cylinder
of
Mercury
to
consist
of
so
many
Inches
,
was
this
,
That
our
English
Inches
are
somewhat
inferiour
in
length
to
the
digits
made
use
of
in
Foreign
Parts
,
by
the
Writers
of
the
Experiment
.
The
next
thing
I
desire
Your
Lordship
to
take
notice
of
,
is
,
That
the
height
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
is
not
wont
to
be
found
altogether
so
great
as
really
it
might
prove
,
by
reason
of
the
negligence
or
incogitancy
of
most
that
make
the
Experiment
.
For
oftentimes
upon
the
opening
of
the
inverted
Tube
into
the
Vessel'd
Mercury
,
you
may
observe
a
bubble
of
Air
to
ascend
from
the
bottom
of
the
Tube
through
the
subsiding
Quick-silver
to
the
top
;
and
almost
always
you
may
,
if
you
look
narrowly
,
take
notice
of
a
multitude
of
small
bubbles
all
along
the
inside
of
the
Tube
betwixt
the
Quick-silver
and
the
Glass
:
(
not
now
to
mention
the
Particles
of
Air
that
lie
concealed
in
the
very
Body
of
the
Mercury
)
Many
of
which
,
upon
the
Quick-silver's
forsaking
the
upper
part
of
the
Tube
,
do
break
into
that
deserted
space
where
they
find
little
or
no
resistance
to
their
expanding
of
themselves
.
Whether
this
be
the
reason
that
upon
the
Application
of
warm
Bodies
to
the
emptied
part
of
the
Tube
,
the
subjacent
Mercury
would
be
depressed
somewhat
lower
,
we
shall
not
determine
;
though
it
seem
very
probable
,
especially
since
we
found
,
that
,
upon
the
application
of
Linnen
cloaths
dipped
in
Water
,
to
the
same
part
of
the
Tube
,
the
Quick-silver
would
somewhat
ascend
;
as
if
the
cold
had
condensed
the
imprisoned
Air
,
(
that
pressed
upon
it
,
)
into
a
lesser
room
.
But
that
the
deserted
space
is
not
wont
to
be
totally
devoid
of
Air
,
we
were
induced
to
think
by
several
Circumstances
.
For
when
an
eminent
Mathematician
,
and
excellent
Experimenter
,
had
taken
great
pains
and
spent
much
time
in
accurately
filling
up
a
Tube
of
Mercury
,
we
found
that
yet
there
remained
store
of
inconspicuous
bubbles
,
by
inverting
the
Tube
,
letting
the
Quick-silver
fall
to
its
wonted
height
;
and
by
applying
(
by
degrees
)
a
red
hot
Iron
to
the
outside
of
the
Tube
,
over
against
the
upper
part
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
,
(
for
hereby
the
little
unheeded
bubbles
,
being
mightily
expanded
,
ascended
in
such
numbers
,
and
so
fast
to
the
deserted
space
,
that
the
upper
part
of
the
Quick-silver
seemed
,
to
our
wonder
,
to
boil
.
)
We
farther
observed
,
That
in
the
trials
of
the
Torricellian
Experiment
we
have
seen
made
by
others
,
and
(
one
excepted
)
all
our
own
,
we
never
found
that
upon
the
inclining
of
the
Tube
the
Quick-silver
would
fully
reach
to
the
very
top
of
the
sealed
end
:
Which
argued
,
that
there
was
some
Air
retreated
thither
that
kept
the
Mercury
out
of
the
unreplenished
space
.
If
Your
Lordship
should
now
demand
what
are
the
best
expedients
to
hinder
the
intrusion
of
the
Air
in
this
Experiment
;
we
must
answer
,
That
of
those
which
are
easily
intelligible
without
ocular
demonstration
,
we
can
at
present
suggest
,
upon
our
own
trials
,
no
better
than
these
.
First
,
at
the
open
end
of
the
Tube
the
Glass
must
not
only
be
made
as
even
at
the
edges
as
you
can
,
but
it
is
very
convenient
(
especially
if
the
Tube
be
large
)
that
the
bottom
be
every
way
bent
inwards
,
that
so
the
Orifice
,
not
much
exceeding
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
in
Diameter
,
may
be
the
more
easily
and
exactly
stopped
by
the
Experimenter's
finger
;
between
which
and
the
Quick-silver
,
that
there
may
be
no
Air
intercepted
(
as
very
often
it
happens
that
there
is
)
it
is
requisite
that
the
Tube
be
filled
as
full
as
possibly
it
can
be
,
that
the
finger
which
is
to
stop
it
,
pressing
upon
the
accumulated
and
protuberant
Mercury
,
may
rather
throw
down
some
,
than
not
find
enough
exactly
to
keep
out
the
Air.
It
is
also
an
usefull
and
compendious
way
not
to
fill
the
Tube
at
first
quite
of
Mercury
,
but
to
leave
near
the
top
about
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
empty
;
for
if
you
then
stop
the
open
end
with
your
finger
,
and
invert
the
Tube
,
that
quarter
of
an
Inch
of
Air
will
ascend
in
a
great
bubble
to
the
top
,
and
in
its
passage
thither
,
will
gather
up
all
the
little
bubbles
,
and
unite
them
with
it self
into
one
great
one
;
so
that
if
by
reinverting
the
Tube
,
you
let
that
bubble
return
to
the
open
end
of
it
,
you
will
have
a
much
closer
Mercurial
Cylinder
than
before
,
and
need
but
to
add
a
very
little
Quick-silver
more
to
fill
up
the
Tube
exactly
.
And
lastly
,
as
for
those
lesser
and
inconspicuous
parcels
of
Air
which
cannot
this
way
begleaned
up
,
You
may
endeavour
before
you
invert
the
Tube
,
to
free
the
Quick-silver
from
them
by
shaking
the
Tube
,
and
gently
knocking
on
the
outside
of
it
,
after
every
little
parcel
of
Quick-silver
which
you
pour
in
;
and
afterwards
,
by
forcing
the
small
latitant
bubbles
of
Air
to
disclose
themselves
and
break
,
by
imploying
a
hot
Iron
in
such
manner
as
we
lately
mentioned
.
I
remember
that
by
carefully
filling
the
Tube
,
though
yet
it
were
not
quite
free
from
Air
,
we
have
made
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
reach
to
30
Inches
and
above
an
eight
,
and
this
in
a
very
short
Tube
:
which
we
therefore
mention
,
because
we
have
found
,
by
Experience
,
that
in
short
Tubes
a
little
Air
is
more
prejudicial
to
the
Experiment
than
in
long
ones
,
where
the
Air
having
more
room
to
expand
it self
,
doth
less
potently
press
upon
the
subjacent
Mercury
.
And
since
we
are
fallen
upon
the
consideration
of
the
Altitude
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
,
I
must
not
conceal
from
Your
Lordship
an
Experiment
relating
thereunto
,
which
perhaps
will
set
both
You
and
many
of
your
Friends
the
Vertuosi
on
thinking
;
and
,
by
disclosing
some
things
about
the
Air
or
Atmosphere
,
that
have
scarce
hitherto
been
taken
notice
of
,
may
afford
you
some
hints
conducive
to
a
further
discovery
of
the
subject
of
this
Epistle
.
EXPERIMENT
XVIII
.
WE
took
a
Glass
Tube
,
which
though
it
were
not
much
above
three
Foot
long
,
we
made
choice
of
,
because
it
was
of
a
more
than
ordinarily
even
thickness
.
This
we
fill'd
with
Mercury
,
though
not
with
as
much
care
as
we
could
,
yet
with
somewhat
more
than
is
wont
to
be
used
in
making
the
Torricellian
Experiment
.
Then
,
having
according
to
the
manner
inverted
the
Tube
,
and
open'd
the
mouth
of
it
beneath
the
surface
of
some
other
Quick-silver
,
that
in
the
Tube
fell
down
to
the
wonted
height
,
leaving
,
as
is
usual
,
some
little
Particles
of
Air
in
the
space
it
deserted
,
as
we
guest
by
observing
,
that
upon
the
Application
of
hot
Bodies
to
the
upper
part
of
the
Tube
,
the
Quicksilver
would
be
a
little
depress'd
.
Lastly
,
having
put
both
the
Tube
and
the
Vessel
it
lean'd
on
into
a
convenient
Wooden
frame
to
keep
them
from
mischances
:
we
plac'd
that
Frame
in
a
Window
within
my
Bed-chamber
,
that
I
might
both
keep
the
Mercury
from
being
stirr'd
,
and
have
opportunity
to
watch
from
time
to
time
the
Phaenomena
it
was
to
exhibit
.
For
the
better
discovery
of
which
,
when
the
Quick-silver
both
in
the
Tube
and
subjacent
Vessel
was
perfectly
at
rest
,
we
took
notice
,
by
a
mark
made
on
the
outside
of
the
Glass
,
how
high
the
included
Liquor
then
reach'd
.
During
several
Weeks
that
the
Tube
was
kept
in
that
Windown
(
which
was
very
rarely
open'd
)
I
had
the
opportunity
to
observe
,
that
the
Quick-silver
did
sometimes
faintly
imitate
the
Liquor
of
a
Weather-glass
,
subsiding
a
little
in
warm
,
and
rising
a
little
in
cold
Weather
,
which
we
ascribed
to
the
greater
or
lesser
pressure
of
that
little
Air
that
remain'd
at
the
top
of
the
Tube
,
expanded
or
condens'd
by
the
heat
or
cold
that
affected
the
ambient
Air.
But
that
which
I
was
chiefly
carefull
to
observe
,
was
this
,
That
oftentimes
the
Quick-silver
did
rise
and
fall
in
the
Tube
,
and
that
very
notably
,
without
conforming
it self
to
what
is
usual
in
Weather-glasses
,
whose
Air
is
at
the
top
,
nay
quite
contrary
thereunto
:
for
sometimes
I
observ'd
it
in
very
cold
weather
(
such
as
this
Winter
hath
already
afforded
us
good
store
of
)
to
fall
down
much
lower
than
at
other
times
,
when
by
reason
of
the
absence
of
both
Frost
,
Snow
,
and
sharp
Winds
,
the
Air
was
comparatively
much
warmer
.
And
I
farther
observ'd
,
That
sometimes
the
Quick-silver
would
for
some
days
together
rest
almost
at
the
same
height
;
and
at
other
times
again
it
would
in
the
compass
of
the
same
day
considerably
vary
its
altitude
,
though
there
appear'd
no
change
either
in
the
Air
abroad
,
or
in
the
temper
of
the
Air
within
the
Room
(
wherein
was
constantly
kept
a
good
Fire
)
nor
in
any
thing
else
,
to
which
either
I
,
or
some
eminently
Learned
Men
,
whom
I
then
acquainted
with
the
Experiment
,
could
reasonably
impute
such
a
change
:
Especially
considering
that
the
space
wherein
the
Mercury
wandred
up
and
down
,
within
about
five
Weeks
,
amounted
to
full
two
Inches
,
of
which
we
found
by
our
several
marks
whereby
we
had
taken
notice
of
its
several
removes
,
that
it
had
descended
about
9/16
of
an
Inch
from
the
place
where
it
first
setled
,
and
the
other
Inch
and
7/16
it
had
ascended
.
And
it
seems
probable
that
the
height
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
would
have
varied
yet
more
,
if
the
Experiment
had
been
made
in
the
open
Air
,
and
in
a
long
Tube
,
where
the
Particles
of
the
imprison'd
Air
by
having
more
room
to
display
themselves
in
,
might
not
have
had
so
strong
a
Spring
to
work
upon
the
Quick-silver
with
.
But
for
want
both
of
time
and
of
a
competent
quantity
of
Mercury
(
which
was
not
to
be
procur'd
where
we
then
happen'd
to
be
)
we
were
unable
to
make
any
farther
tryals
:
which
therefore
chiefly
troubled
us
,
because
we
would
gladly
have
try'd
an
ingenious
Experiment
which
was
suggested
unto
us
by
that
excellent
Mathematician
Mr.
Wren
,
who
being
invited
to
name
any
thing
he
would
have
us
try
touching
the
pressure
of
the
Air
,
desired
us
to
observe
whether
or
no
the
Quick-silver
in
a
long
Tube
would
not
a
little
vary
its
height
according
to
the
Tides
,
especially
about
the
New
and
Full
Moon
;
about
which
times
Mariners
observe
those
great
Flowings
and
Ebbs
of
the
Sea
,
that
they
call
the
Spring-Tides
.
For
he
sagaciously
and
plausibly
conjectur'd
that
such
observations
,
accurately
made
,
would
discover
the
truth
or
erroneousness
of
the
Cartesian
Hypothesis
concerning
the
Ebbing
and
Flowing
of
the
Sea
:
which
Des
Cartes
ascribeth
to
the
greater
pressure
made
upon
the
Air
by
the
Moon
,
and
the
Intercurrent
Ethereal
Substance
at
certain
times
(
of
the
Day
,
and
of
the
Lunary
Month
)
than
at
others
.
But
in
regard
we
found
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
to
move
up
and
down
so
uncertainly
,
by
reason
,
as
it
seems
,
of
accidental
mutation
in
the
Air
;
I
somewhat
doubt
:
whether
we
shall
find
the
Altitude
of
the
Quick-silver
to
vary
as
regularly
as
the
Experiment
is
ingeniously
propos'd
.
The
success
we
shall
(
God
permitting
us
to
make
tryal
of
it
)
acquaint
your
Lordship
with
;
and
in
the
mean
time
take
notice
,
that
when
we
had
occasion
to
take
the
Tube
out
of
the
Frame
(
after
it
had
staid
there
part
of
November
and
part
of
December
)
a
good
Fire
being
then
in
the
room
,
because
it
was
a
Snowy
day
,
we
found
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
to
be
above
the
upper
surface
of
the
subjacent
Mercury
29
Inches
three
quarters
.
If
Your
Lordship
should
now
aske
me
what
are
the
true
causes
of
this
varying
altitude
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
;
I
should
not
undertake
to
answer
so
difficult
a
question
,
and
should
venture
to
say
no
more
,
than
that
among
divers
possible
causes
to
which
it
may
be
ascribed
,
it
would
not
be
,
perhaps
,
absurd
to
reckon
these
that
follow
.
First
then
we
may
consider
,
that
the
Air
in
the
upper
part
of
the
Tube
is
much
more
rarefied
,
and
therefore
more
weak
than
the
External
Air
,
as
may
appear
by
this
among
other
things
,
That
upon
the
inclining
of
the
Tube
,
the
Quick-silver
will
readily
ascend
almost
to
the
very
top
of
it
,
and
so
take
up
eight
or
nine
tenth
parts
,
and
perhaps
more
of
that
space
which
it
deserted
before
:
which
would
not
happen
,
if
that
whole
space
had
been
full
of
unrarefied
Air
,
since
that
(
as
tryal
may
easily
satisfie
you
)
would
not
have
suffer'd
it self
to
be
thrust
into
so
narrow
a
room
by
so
weak
a
pressure
.
So
that
although
in
our
Tube
when
the
included
Air
,
was
heated
,
the
Quick-silver
was
somewhat
depress'd
;
yet
there
is
this
difference
betwixt
such
a
Tube
and
common
Weather-Glasses
,
that
in
these
the
included
and
the
ambient
Air
are
in
an
AEquilibrium
as
to
pressure
,
and
the
weight
of
the
Water
that
keeps
them
separate
is
scarce
considerable
.
Whereas
in
such
a
Tube
as
we
are
speaking
of
,
the
Air
within
,
is
very
much
more
dilated
than
that
without
.
And
't
is
not
so
much
the
spring
or
resistance
of
the
included
Air
,
as
the
weight
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
it self
,
that
hinders
the
Quick-silver
from
ascending
higher
:
For
if
we
should
suppose
that
deserted
part
of
the
Tube
perfectly
devoid
of
Air
,
yet
would
the
Quick-silver
rise
but
a
little
higher
in
it
,
and
be
far
from
filling
it
;
in
regard
the
outward
Air
would
not
be
able
to
impell
up
such
a
weight
much
higher
:
whereas
it
may
,
by
our
former
Experiments
appear
,
that
if
all
the
Air
in
the
upper
part
of
the
Weather-Glass
were
away
,
the
Water
would
be
impell'd
up
to
the
very
top
of
it
,
though
the
Pipe
were
above
thirty
foot
long
.
We
may
next
consider
,
that
this
rarefied
:
Air
at
the
upper
part
of
our
Tube
being
exactly
shut
up
betwixt
the
Glass
and
the
Quick-silver
,
it
was
scarce
subject
to
any
discernable
alterations
,
save
those
it
receiv'd
from
heat
and
cold
.
And
we
may
farther
consider
,
that
yet
the
external
Air
or
Atmosphere
is
subject
to
many
alterations
,
besides
them
that
proceed
from
either
of
those
Qualities
.
For
the
Experiment
that
occasion'd
this
Discourse
,
seems
to
make
it
probable
enough
,
that
there
may
be
strange
Ebbings
and
Flowings
,
as
it
were
,
in
the
Atmosphere
,
or
at
least
,
that
it
may
admit
great
and
sudden
Mutations
,
either
as
to
its
Altitude
or
its
Density
,
from
causes
,
as
well
unknown
to
us
,
as
the
effects
are
unheeded
by
us
.
And
that
You
may
not
think
that
there
is
nothing
in
Nature
but
our
Experiment
that
agrees
with
this
our
conjecture
,
we
might
put
Your
Lordship
in
mind
of
the
Pains
and
Aches
that
are
often
complain'd
of
by
those
that
have
had
great
Wounds
or
Bruises
,
and
that
do
presage
great
Mutations
in
the
Air
oftentimes
,
whilst
to
strong
and
healthy
Persons
no
sign
of
any
such
thing
appears
.
And
that
is
also
very
memorable
to
this
purpose
,
which
I
remember
I
have
somewhere
read
in
a
Book
of
the
Ingenious
Kircherus
,
who
giving
a
pertinent
admonition
concerning
the
various
refractions
that
may
happen
in
the
Air
,
relateth
,
That
during
his
stay
in
Malta
,
he
often
saw
Mount
AEtna
,
though
the
next
day
,
notwithstanding
its
being
extremely
clear
,
he
could
not
see
it
;
adding
,
that
Vintemillius
,
a
very
Learned
Person
,
did
oftentimes
,
from
a
Hill
he
names
,
behold
the
whole
Island
he
calls
Luprica
protuberant
above
the
Sea
,
though
at
other
times
,
notwithstanding
a
clear
Sky
,
he
could
not
see
it
.
And
though
perhaps
this
may
be
in
part
ascribed
to
the
various
light
and
position
of
the
Sun
,
or
to
the
various
disposition
of
the
Spectators
eye
,
or
peradventure
to
some
other
cause
;
yet
the
most
probable
cause
seems
to
be
the
differing
Density
of
the
Air
,
occasion'd
by
Exhalations
capable
to
increase
the
refraction
,
and
consequently
bring
Beams
to
the
Eye
,
which
otherwise
would
not
fall
on
it
.
We
have
likewise
,
in
another
Treatise
,
mention'd
our
having
often
observ'd
with
Telescopes
a
plenty
of
Steams
in
the
Air
,
which
without
such
a
help
would
not
be
taken
notice
of
,
and
which
,
as
they
were
not
at
all
times
to
be
seen
even
through
a
Telescope
,
so
they
did
sometimes
,
especially
after
a
shower
of
Rain
,
hastily
disappear
:
and
when
we
have
visited
those
places
that
abound
with
Mines
,
we
have
several
times
been
told
by
the
Diggers
,
that
even
when
the
Sky
seem'd
clear
,
there
would
,
not
seldome
,
suddenly
arise
,
and
sometimes
long
continue
,
a
certain
Steam
(
which
they
usually
call
a
damp
)
so
gross
and
thick
that
it
would
oftentimes
put
out
their
very
Candels
,
if
they
did
not
seasonably
prevent
it
.
And
I
think
it
will
easily
be
granted
,
that
the
ascension
of
such
Steams
into
this
or
that
part
of
the
Air
,
and
their
mixing
with
it
,
are
very
like
to
thicken
it
;
as
on
the
other
side
either
heat
or
the
sudden
condensation
of
the
Air
in
another
part
of
the
Atmosphere
(
to
mention
now
no
other
causes
)
are
capable
of
rarefying
it
.
Nor
will
it
very
much
import
the
main
scope
of
our
Discourse
,
whether
it
be
suppos'd
that
the
copious
Steams
the
earth
sends
into
the
Air
,
thicken
that
part
of
the
Atmosphere
that
receives
them
,
and
make
it
more
heavy
:
Or
that
sometimes
the
Fumes
may
ascend
with
such
celerity
,
that
though
the
Air
be
thickn'd
yet
they
rather
diminish
than
encrease
its
gravitation
,
in
regard
that
the
quickness
of
their
ascent
,
not
onely
keeps
them
from
gravitating
themselves
,
but
may
hinder
the
pressing
downwards
of
many
Aërial
Corpuscles
that
they
meet
with
in
their
way
upwards
.
This
I
say
,
is
of
no
great
importance
to
our
present
Discourse
,
since
either
way
the
Terrestrial
Steam
may
here
and
there
considerably
alter
the
gravity
or
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
.
Your
Lordship
may
also
be
pleased
to
remember
,
That
by
our
seventeenth
Experiment
it
appear'd
,
that
,
as
when
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
was
expanded
more
than
ordinarily
,
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
did
proportionably
subside
;
so
when
the
Air
in
the
same
Receiver
was
a
little
more
than
ordinarily
compress'd
,
it
did
impell
up
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
,
above
the
wonted
height
of
betwixt
six
and
seven
and
twenty
digits
.
And
if
to
these
things
we
annex
,
that
for
ought
we
can
find
by
tryals
purposely
made
,
the
degree
of
rarity
or
density
of
the
Air
,
shut
up
into
our
Receiver
,
doth
not
sensibly
alter
its
temperature
as
to
cold
or
heat
.
It
will
not
,
I
hope
,
appear
absurd
to
conceive
,
That
since
the
Air
,
included
in
the
Tube
,
could
but
very
saintly
hinder
the
ascent
of
the
Quick-silver
,
or
press
it
downwards
;
Since
too
,
that
included
Air
could
scarce
immediately
receive
any
sensible
alteration
,
save
either
by
heat
or
cold
;
And
since
also
,
that
according
to
the
bare
density
or
rarity
of
the
Air
incumbent
on
the
subjacent
Quick-silver
in
the
Vessel
,
that
in
the
Tube
was
impell'd
more
or
less
high
;
such
changes
happening
in
the
neighbouring
part
of
the
outward
Air
,
either
by
the
ascension
of
gross
or
copious
exhalations
,
or
by
any
other
cause
(
of
which
there
may
be
divers
)
as
were
capable
to
make
considerable
alterations
in
the
consistence
of
the
Air
,
as
to
rarity
and
density
,
may
be
able
proportionably
to
alter
the
height
of
the
Quick-silver
.
I
rather
say
,
that
such
alterations
may
be
,
than
that
they
are
the
causes
of
our
Phaenomenon
:
because
I
think
it
sufficient
,
if
I
have
propos'd
conjectures
not
altogether
irrational
about
a
new
Mystery
of
Nature
,
touching
which
,
the
chief
things
I
pretend
to
,
is
to
give
occasion
to
the
Curious
to
enquire
farther
into
it
,
than
I
have
been
yet
able
to
do
.
EXPERIMENT
XIX
.
THe
same
Reason
that
mov'd
us
to
conclude
,
that
by
the
drawing
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
Mercury
would
descend
in
a
Tube
shorter
than
six
and
twenty
digits
,
induc'd
us
also
to
expect
,
that
by
the
same
means
Water
might
be
brought
to
subside
in
Glass
Tubes
of
a
moderate
length
:
Though
by
the
noble
Experiment
,
said
to
have
been
accurately
made
in
France
,
by
Monsieur
Paschal
,
we
are
informed
that
a
Tube
of
no
less
than
about
two
and
thirty
Foot
;
was
found
requisite
to
make
the
Experiment
De
vacuo
succeed
with
Water
instead
of
Quick-silver
:
so
tall
a
Cylinder
of
that
lighter
Liquor
,
being
it
seems
,
requisite
to
equal
the
Weight
of
a
Mercurial
Cylinder
of
six
or
seven
and
twenty
digits
,
and
surmount
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
.
We
took
then
a
Tube
of
Glass
,
Hermetically
seal'd
at
one
end
,
of
about
four
foot
in
length
,
and
not
very
slender
:
This
,
at
the
open
end
,
we
fill'd
with
common
Water
,
and
then
stopt
that
end
till
we
had
inverted
the
Tube
,
and
open'd
it
beneath
the
surface
of
a
quantity
of
the
like
Water
,
contain'd
in
a
somewhat
deep
and
slender
Vessel
.
This
Vessel
,
with
the
Tube
in
it
,
was
let
down
into
the
Receiver
,
and
the
Receiver
being
clos'd
up
after
the
accustom'd
manner
,
the
Pump
was
set
on
work
.
As
much
of
the
event
as
concerns
our
present
purpose
,
was
this
,
That
till
a
considerable
part
of
the
Air
was
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
Tube
continu'd
top-full
of
Water
as
when
it
was
put
in
,
it
being
requisite
that
a
great
part
of
the
Air
,
formerly
contain'd
in
the
Receiver
,
should
be
drawn
out
,
to
bring
the
remaining
Air
to
an
AEquilibrium
,
with
so
short
and
light
a
Cylinder
of
Water
.
But
when
once
the
Water
began
to
fall
in
the
Tube
,
then
each
exsuction
of
Air
made
it
descend
a
little
lower
,
though
nothing
near
so
much
as
the
Quick-silver
at
the
beginning
did
in
the
Experiment
formerly
mention'd
.
Nor
did
there
appear
so
much
inequality
in
the
spaces
transmitted
by
the
Water
in
its
descent
,
as
there
it
did
in
those
observ'd
in
the
fall
of
the
Quick-silver
,
of
which
the
cause
will
scarce
seem
abstruse
to
him
that
shall
duly
reflect
upon
what
hath
been
already
deliver'd
.
And
whereas
we
drew
down
the
Quick-silver
in
the
Tube
so
far
as
to
bring
it
within
an
Inch
of
the
surface
of
the
other
Quick-silver
into
which
it
was
to
fall
;
the
lowest
we
were
able
to
draw
down
the
Water
was
,
by
our
conjecture
,
to
about
a
Foot
or
more
above
the
surface
of
that
in
the
Vessel
;
of
which
I
know
not
whether
it
will
be
needfull
to
assign
so
obvious
a
cause
as
that
,
though
the
little
Air
remaining
in
the
Receiver
could
not
hinder
a
Cylinder
of
above
on
Inch
high
of
Quick-silver
from
subsiding
;
yet
it
might
be
very
well
able
,
by
its
pressure
,
to
countervail
the
weight
of
a
Cylinder
of
a
Foot
long
or
more
,
of
a
Liquor
so
much
less
ponderous
than
Quick-silver
,
as
Water
is
.
And
in
fine
,
to
conclude
our
Experiment
,
when
the
Water
was
drawn
down
thus
low
,
we
found
,
that
by
letting
in
the
outward
Air
,
it
might
be
immediately
impell'd
up
again
to
the
higher
parts
of
the
Tube
.
We
will
adde
no
more
concerning
this
Experiment
,
save
that
having
try'd
it
in
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
we
observ'd
,
That
upon
the
first
exsuction
of
the
Air
the
Water
did
usually
subside
divers
Inches
,
and
at
the
second
(
exsuction
)
fall
down
much
lower
,
subsiding
sometimes
near
two
Foot
;
as
also
that
upon
the
letting
in
of
the
Air
from
without
,
the
Water
was
impell'd
up
with
very
great
celerity
.
EXPERIMENT
XX.
THat
the
Air
hath
a
notable
Elastical
power
(
whencesoever
that
proceeds
)
we
have
,
I
suppose
,
abundantly
evinc'd
,
and
it
Begins
to
be
acknowledg'd
by
the
eminentest
Modern
Naturalists
.
But
whether
or
no
there
be
in
Water
so
much
as
a
languid
one
,
seems
hitherto
to
have
been
scarce
consider'd
nor
hath
been
yet
,
for
ought
I
know
,
determin'd
either
way
by
any
Writer
,
which
invited
us
to
make
the
following
Experiment
.
There
was
taken
a
great
Glass
bubble
,
with
a
long
neck
;
(
such
as
Chymists
are
wont
to
call
a
Philosophical
Egge
)
which
being
fill'd
with
common
Water
till
the
Liquor
reach'd
about
a
span
above
the
bubble
,
and
a
piece
of
Paper
being
there
pasted
on
,
was
put
unstop'd
into
the
Receiver
,
and
then
the
Air
was
suck'd
out
after
the
wonted
manner
.
The
event
was
this
,
that
a
considerable
part
of
the
Air
,
pen'd
up
in
the
Receiver
,
was
drawn
out
,
before
we
discern'd
any
expansion
of
the
Water
;
but
,
continuing
the
labour
of
pumping
,
the
Water
manifestly
began
to
ascend
in
the
stem
of
the
Glass
,
and
divers
bubbles
loosening
themselves
from
the
lower
parts
of
the
Vessel
,
made
their
way
through
the
Body
of
the
Water
,
to
the
top
of
it
,
and
there
brake
into
the
Receiver
:
And
after
the
Water
once
appear'd
to
swell
,
then
at
each
time
the
Stop
cock
was
turn'd
to
let
out
the
Air
from
the
Receiver
into
the
Pump
,
the
Water
in
the
Neck
of
the
Glass
did
suddenly
rise
about
the
breadth
of
a
Barly-corn
in
the
Neck
of
the
Glass
and
so
attain'd
by
degrees
,
to
a
considerable
height
above
the
mark
formerly
mention'd
.
And
at
length
(
to
make
the
expansion
of
the
Water
more
evident
)
the
outward
Air
was
suddenly
let
in
,
and
the
Water
immediately
subsided
and
deserted
all
the
space
it
had
newly
gain'd
in
the
Glass
.
And
,
on
this
occasion
,
it
will
not
perhaps
be
amiss
to
acquaint
Your
Lordship
here
(
though
we
have
already
mention'd
it
in
another
Paper
,
to
another
purpose
)
with
another
Expedient
that
we
made
use
of
two
or
three
years
ago
,
to
try
whether
or
no
Water
had
a
Spring
in
it
.
About
that
time
then
,
That
Great
and
Learned
Promoter
of
Experimental
Philosophy
Dr.
Wilkins
,
doing
me
the
Honour
to
come
himself
,
and
bring
some
of
his
inquisitive
Friends
to
my
Lodging
,
we
there
had
in
readiness
a
round
and
hollow
Vessel
of
Pewter
,
great
enough
to
contain
two
pounds
of
Water
,
and
exactly
close
every
where
,
but
at
one
little
hole
where
it
was
to
be
fill'd
,
then
partly
by
sucking
out
the
Air
,
and
partly
by
injecting
Water
with
a
Syringe
,
it
was
(
not
without
some
difficulty
)
fill'd
up
to
the
top
;
and
that
hole
being
plac'd
directly
upwards
,
there
was
a
little
more
Water
leisurely
forc'd
in
by
the
Syringe
.
Upon
which
,
though
the
Vessel
were
permitted
to
rest
,
and
the
hole
kept
in
its
former
posture
,
yet
the
compress'd
Water
leisurely
swell'd
above
the
Orifice
of
the
hole
,
and
divers
drops
ran
over
along
the
sides
of
the
Vessel
.
After
this
we
caus'd
a
skilfull
Pewterer
(
who
had
made
the
Globe
)
to
close
it
up
in
our
presence
with
Soder
so
exquisitely
,
that
none
suspected
there
was
any
thing
left
in
it
besides
Water
.
And
lastly
,
the
Vessel
thus
soder'd
up
,
was
warily
and
often
struck
in
divers
places
with
a
Wooden
Mallet
,
and
thereby
was
manifestly
compress'd
,
whereby
the
inclosed
Water
was
crouded
into
less
room
than
it
had
before
:
And
thereupon
we
took
a
Needle
,
and
with
it
and
the
Mallet
perforated
the
Vessel
,
and
drew
out
the
Needle
again
;
the
Water
(
but
in
a
very
slender
Stream
)
was
suddenly
thrown
after
it
into
the
Air
,
to
the
height
of
two
or
three
Feet
.
As
for
the
other
Phaenomena
of
this
Experiment
,
since
they
belong
not
to
our
present
purpose
,
and
are
partly
mention'd
in
another
of
our
Papers
,
we
shall
,
instead
of
recording
them
here
,
give
this
Advertisement
:
That
as
evidently
as
this
Experiment
,
and
that
made
in
our
Receiver
,
seem
to
prove
a
power
in
the
Water
to
expand
and
restore
it self
after
compression
;
yet
for
a
reason
to
be
met
with
ere
long
,
I
judged
it
not
safe
,
to
infer
that
Conclusion
from
these
Premises
,
till
I
had
made
some
of
the
following
tryals
,
to
the
mention
of
which
I
will
therefore
hasten
.
EXPERIMENT
XXI
.
TO
discover
whether
the
Expansion
of
the
Water
really
proceeded
from
an
Elastical
power
in
the
parts
of
the
Water
it self
,
we
thought
it
requisite
to
try
two
things
:
The
one
,
Whether
or
no
the
Atmosphere
gravitates
upon
Bodies
under
Water
;
and
the
other
,
Whether
in
case
it
do
gravitate
,
the
Intumescence
of
the
Water
may
not
be
ascribed
to
some
substance
subtler
than
it self
,
residing
in
it
.
In
order
to
the
satisfying
myself
about
the
first
of
these
,
I
intended
to
let
down
into
the
Receiver
a
Vessel
of
Water
,
wherein
should
be
immers'd
a
very
small
oyl'd
Bladder
,
almost
devoid
of
Air
,
but
strongly
ty'd
up
at
the
Neck
with
a
string
,
and
detain'd
a
little
under
Water
by
such
a
weight
fasten'd
to
that
string
,
as
should
just
be
able
to
keep
the
Bladder
from
swimming
,
and
no
more
.
For
I
suppos'd
,
that
if
when
all
things
were
thus
order'd
,
the
Receiver
were
empty'd
,
in
case
there
were
any
such
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
upon
Water
,
as
I
was
inclin'd
to
believe
,
the
Air
within
the
Bladder
,
being
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
within
the
Receiver
,
freed
from
that
pressure
,
and
being
press'd
onely
by
the
small
weight
of
the
incumbent
Water
,
would
considerably
expand
it self
;
but
whilst
we
were
preparing
Bladders
for
this
Experiment
,
there
occurr'd
an
easie
way
for
the
making
at
once
both
the
Discoveries
I
desir'd
.
We
took
then
a
Glass
Viol
,
containing
by
ghess
a
pound
and
some
ounces
of
Water
,
this
we
fill'd
top
full
,
and
then
we
put
into
the
Neck
of
it
a
Glass
Pipe
a
pretty
deal
bigger
than
a
Goose
Quill
,
open
at
both
ends
,
and
of
divers
Inches
in
length
:
One
end
of
this
Pipe
was
so
put
into
the
Neck
of
the
Viol
,
as
to
reach
a
little
below
it
,
and
then
was
carefully
cemented
thereto
that
no
Air
might
get
into
the
Viol
,
nor
any
Water
get
out
of
it
,
otherwise
than
through
the
Pipe
;
and
then
the
Pipe
being
warily
fill'd
,
about
half
way
up
to
the
top
,
with
more
Water
,
and
a
mark
being
pasted
over
aganst
the
upper
surface
of
the
Liquor
;
the
Viol
thus
fitted
with
the
Pipe
,
was
,
by
strings
let
down
into
the
Receiver
,
and
according
to
the
wonted
manner
exquisitely
clos'd
up
in
it
.
This
done
,
we
began
to
pump
out
the
Air
,
and
when
a
pretty
quantity
of
it
had
been
drawn
away
,
the
Water
in
the
Pipe
began
to
rise
higher
in
the
Pipe
,
at
the
sides
of
which
some
little
bubbles
discover'd
themselves
.
After
a
little
while
longer
,
the
Water
still
swelling
,
there
appear'd
at
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
a
bubble
about
the
bigness
of
a
small
Pea
,
which
ascending
through
the
Pipe
to
the
top
of
the
Water
,
stay'd
there
a
while
and
then
broke
;
but
the
Pump
being
nimbly
ply'd
,
the
expansion
of
the
Water
so
encreas'd
,
that
quickly
,
getting
up
to
the
top
of
the
Pipe
,
some
drops
of
it
began
to
run
down
along
the
out-side
of
it
,
which
oblig'd
us
to
forbear
pumping
a
while
,
and
give
the
Water
leave
to
subside
within
less
than
two
Inches
of
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
.
After
this
the
Pump
being
again
set
on
work
,
the
bubbles
began
to
ascend
from
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
,
being
not
all
of
a
size
,
but
yet
so
big
,
that
estimating
one
with
another
,
they
appear'd
to
be
of
the
size
of
the
smaller
sort
of
Peas
;
and
of
these
we
reckon'd
about
sixty
which
came
up
one
after
another
,
besides
store
of
smaller
ones
,
of
which
we
made
no
reckoning
:
And
at
length
,
growing
weary
of
reckoning
and
pumping
too
(
because
we
found
,
that
in
spight
of
all
our
pains
and
industry
,
some
undiscern'd
Leak
or
other
in
the
Receiver
hinder'd
us
from
being
able
to
empty
it
altogether
)
we
thought
fit
to
desist
for
that
time
,
after
tryal
made
of
what
operation
the
external
Air
,
being
let
in
upon
the
expanded
Water
,
would
have
;
and
accordingly
turning
the
Key
to
let
in
the
Air
,
we
saw
,
as
we
expected
,
that
the
Water
in
the
Pipe
in
a
moment
fell
down
almost
to
the
bottom
of
it
.
Now
of
this
Experiment
there
are
two
or
three
Circumstances
yet
to
be
mention'd
,
which
are
no
less
,
than
those
already
recited
,
pertinent
to
our
present
purpose
.
In
the
first
place
then
,
when
the
greater
part
of
the
Air
had
been
pump'd
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
rising
bubbles
ascended
so
very
slowly
in
the
Pipe
,
that
their
Progress
was
scarce
discernable
;
which
seem'd
to
proceed
from
this
,
That
their
bigness
was
such
,
That
they
could
not
sufficiently
extend
themselves
in
the
cavity
of
the
Glass
,
without
pressing
on
both
hands
against
the
sides
of
it
,
whereby
they
became
of
more
difficult
extrusion
to
the
Water
.
And
though
it
may
seem
strange
that
these
bubbles
should
be
of
any
considerable
bulk
,
since
't
is
like
they
consisted
of
lesser
parcels
of
the
Air
lurking
in
the
Water
,
than
those
that
were
vigorous
enough
to
make
their
way
through
,
long
before
them
:
yet
they
were
commonly
much
larger
than
before
,
some
of
them
being
equal
in
quantity
to
four
or
five
Peas
:
whether
this
their
increase
of
bulk
proceeded
from
the
greater
decrement
of
the
pressure
of
the
Air
,
or
from
the
Union
of
two
or
three
of
those
numerous
bubbles
which
were
then
generated
below
the
bottom
of
the
Pipe
,
where
we
could
not
see
what
was
done
among
them
.
Another
thing
we
noted
in
our
bubbles
was
,
That
whereas
in
ordinary
ones
the
Air
,
together
with
the
thin
film
of
Water
that
invests
and
detains
it
,
is
wont
to
swell
above
the
surface
of
the
Water
it
swims
on
,
and
commonly
to
constitute
Hemispherical
Bodies
with
it
,
the
little
parcels
of
Air
that
came
up
after
the
Receiver
was
pretty
well
empty'd
,
did
not
make
protuberant
bubbles
,
but
such
whose
upper
surface
was
either
level
with
,
or
beneath
that
of
the
Water
,
so
that
the
upper
surface
being
usually
somewhat
convex
,
the
less
protuberant
parts
of
it
had
a
pretty
quantity
of
Water
remaining
above
them
.
We
also
farther
observ'd
,
that
whereas
in
the
bubbles
that
first
appear'd
in
the
Pipe
,
the
ascending
Air
did
,
as
in
other
common
bubbles
,
make
its
way
upwards
,
by
dividing
the
Water
through
which
it
pass'd
,
in
those
bubbles
that
appear'd
at
the
latter
end
of
our
Experiment
,
when
the
pressure
of
the
little
external
Air
,
remaining
in
the
Receiver
,
was
grown
inconsiderable
,
the
ascending
parcels
of
Air
having
how
little
more
than
the
weight
of
the
incumbent
Water
to
surmount
,
were
able
both
so
to
expand
themselves
as
to
fill
up
that
part
of
the
Pipe
which
they
pervaded
,
and
by
pressing
every
way
against
the
sides
of
it
,
to
lift
upwards
with
them
what
Water
they
found
above
them
,
without
letting
any
considerable
quantity
glide
down
along
the
sides
of
the
Glass
;
So
that
sometimes
we
could
see
a
bubble
thrust
on
before
it
a
whole
Cylinder
of
Water
of
perhaps
an
Inch
high
,
and
carry
it
up
to
the
top
of
the
Pipe
;
though
as
we
formerly
noted
,
upon
the
letting
in
the
external
Air
,
these
tumid
bubbles
suddenly
relaps'd
to
their
former
inconspicuousness
.
All
these
things
laid
together
seem'd
sufficiently
to
confirm
that
,
which
the
consideration
of
the
thing
it self
would
easily
enough
perswade
,
namely
,
That
the
Air
,
and
such
like
Bodies
being
under
Water
,
may
be
press'd
upon
as
well
by
the
Atmosphere
,
as
by
the
weight
of
the
incumbent
Water
it self
.
Hence
likewise
we
may
verify
what
we
observ'd
at
the
close
of
the
foregoing
Experiment
,
namely
,
That
from
the
sole
swelling
of
Water
there
recorded
,
it
cannot
be
so
safely
concluded
,
that
Water
,
when
freed
from
compression
,
is
endow'd
with
an
Elastical
power
of
expanding
it self
:
since
thereby
it
appears
that
the
Intumescence
produc'd
by
that
Experiment
,
may
,
(
at
least
in
great
part
)
be
ascribed
to
the
numerous
little
bubbles
which
are
wont
to
be
produc'd
in
Water
,
from
which
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
is
in
great
measure
taken
off
.
So
apt
are
we
to
be
mis-led
,
even
by
Experiments
themselves
,
into
Mistakes
,
when
either
we
consider
not
that
most
Effects
may
proceed
from
various
Causes
,
or
mind
onely
those
Circumstances
of
our
Experiment
,
which
seem
to
comply
with
our
preconceiv'd
Hypothesis
or
Conjectures
.
And
hence
it
seems
also
probable
,
that
in
the
Pores
or
invisible
little
recesses
of
Water
it self
there
lie
commonly
interspers'd
many
parcels
of
either
Air
,
or
at
least
something
Analagous
thereunto
,
although
so
very
small
,
that
they
have
not
been
hitherto
so
much
as
suspected
to
lurk
there
.
But
if
it
be
demanded
how
it
appears
that
there
is
interspers'd
through
the
Body
of
Water
any
substance
thinner
than
it self
,
and
why
that
which
produc'd
the
bubbles
abovemention'd
should
not
be
resolutely
said
to
be
nothing
else
than
a
more
active
and
spirituous
part
of
the
Water
,
we
shall
,
in
order
to
the
Elucidation
of
this
matter
,
subjoyn
to
what
was
formerly
deliver'd
the
following
Experiment
.
EXPERIMENT
XXII
.
WE
recited
in
our
ninteenth
Experiment
,
how
by
drawing
most
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
we
made
the
Water
subside
by
degrees
in
a
Glass
not
four
Foot
long
:
We
shall
now
add
,
that
in
the
like
Experiment
made
in
such
a
Tube
,
or
a
greater
,
it
may
be
observ'd
,
That
when
the
Water
begins
to
fall
,
there
will
appear
store
of
bubbles
fasten'd
all
along
to
the
sides
of
the
Glass
;
of
which
bubbles
,
by
the
agitation
of
the
Vessel
consequent
upon
pumping
,
there
will
arise
good
numbers
to
the
top
of
the
Water
,
and
there
break
;
and
as
the
Cylinder
of
Water
is
brought
to
be
lower
and
lower
,
so
the
bubbles
will
appear
more
numerous
in
that
part
of
the
Tube
which
the
Water
yet
fills
;
and
the
nearer
the
surface
of
the
Water
,
in
its
descent
,
approacheth
to
these
bubbles
,
the
greater
they
will
grow
,
because
having
the
less
weight
and
pressure
upon
them
,
the
expansion
of
that
Air
which
makes
them
,
can
be
the
less
resisted
by
the
pressure
of
the
incumbent
Water
and
Air
;
as
seems
probable
from
hence
,
that
upon
the
letting
in
a
little
external
Air
,
those
bubbles
immediately
shrink
.
It
may
indeed
,
as
we
lately
intimated
,
be
conjectur'd
,
that
these
bubbles
proceed
not
so
much
from
any
Air
pre-existent
in
the
Water
,
and
lurking
in
the
Pores
of
it
,
as
from
the
more
subtle
parts
of
the
Water
it self
;
which
by
the
expansion
allow'd
them
upon
the
diminish'd
pressure
of
the
ambient
Bodies
may
generate
such
bubbles
.
And
indeed
,
I
am
not
yet
so
well
satisfied
that
bubbles
may
not
(
at
least
sometimes
)
have
such
an
origination
:
but
that
which
makes
me
suspect
that
those
in
our
tryals
contain
real
Air
,
formerly
latitant
in
the
Pores
of
the
Water
,
is
this
,
That
upon
the
inletting
of
the
external
Air
,
the
Water
was
not
again
impell'd
to
the
very
top
of
the
Tube
whence
it
began
to
fall
,
but
was
stopt
in
its
ascent
near
an
Inch
beneath
the
top
.
And
since
,
if
the
upper
part
of
the
Tube
had
been
devoid
of
any
other
than
such
Ethereal
matter
as
was
subtle
enough
freely
to
penetrate
the
pores
of
the
Glass
,
the
external
Air
would
have
been
able
to
impel
the
Water
to
the
top
of
a
Tube
seven
or
eight
times
as
long
as
ours
was
;
The
Phaenomenon
under
consideration
seem'd
manifestly
to
argue
,
that
the
many
bubbles
that
broke
at
the
top
of
the
Water
,
did
contain
a
real
Air
,
which
being
collected
into
one
place
,
and
hinder'd
by
the
top
of
the
Glass
from
receding
,
was
able
to
with
stand
the
pressure
of
the
outward
Air.
As
we
see
that
if
never
so
little
Air
remain
in
the
Tube
upon
the
making
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
with
Quick-silver
,
no
inclining
of
the
Tube
,
(
though
a
long
one
,
will
enable
a
Man
to
impell
the
Mercury
up
to
the
very
top
,
by
reason
(
as
we
formerly
noted
)
of
the
resistance
of
the
included
Air
,
which
will
not
be
compress'd
beyond
a
certain
degree
.
But
in
order
to
a
farther
discovery
what
our
bubbles
were
,
we
will
,
on
this
occafion
,
inform
Your
Lordship
,
that
we
try'd
the
XIXth
Experiment
in
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
and
found
,
that
upon
the
drawing
down
of
the
Water
,
so
many
bubbles
disclos'd
themselves
,
and
broke
into
the
upper
part
of
the
Tube
,
that
having
afterwards
let
in
the
external
Air
,
the
Water
was
not
thereby
impell'd
to
the
top
of
the
Tube
(
three
Foot
in
length
)
within
a
little
more
than
half
an
Inch.
And
whether
or
no
it
were
Air
that
possess'd
that
space
at
the
top
of
the
Tube
which
was
not
fill'd
with
Water
,
we
took
this
course
to
examine
.
We
drew
the
second
time
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
and
found
,
that
by
reason
of
the
body
that
possess'd
the
top
of
the
Tube
,
we
were
able
not
onely
to
make
the
Water
in
the
Tube
fall
to
a
level
with
the
surface
of
the
Water
in
the
Vessel
;
But
also
(
by
plying
the
Pump
a
little
longer
)
a
great
way
beneath
it
:
which
,
since
it
could
not
well
be
ascrib'd
to
the
bare
subsiding
of
the
Water
,
by
reason
of
its
own
weight
,
argued
that
the
Water
was
depress'd
by
the
Air
:
which
was
confirm'd
by
the
Figure
of
the
surface
of
the
Water
in
the
Tube
,
which
was
much
more
concave
than
that
of
Water
in
Tubes
of
that
bigness
useth
to
be
.
And
this
farther
tryal
(
to
add
that
upon
the
bye
)
we
made
at
the
same
time
,
That
when
the
Water
in
the
Pipe
was
drawn
down
almost
as
low
as
the
Water
without
it
,
we
observ'd
,
that
(
though
we
desisted
from
pumping
)
by
the
bare
application
of
a
hand
moderately
warm
to
the
deserted
part
of
the
Tube
,
the
remaining
Water
would
be
speedily
and
notably
depress'd
.
And
having
for
a
while
held
a
kindled
Coal
to
the
outside
of
the
Tube
,
(
the
Pump
being
still
unimploy'd
,
because
the
Vessel
chanced
to
hold
extraordinarily
well
)
the
Air
was
by
the
heat
so
far
expanded
,
that
it
quickly
drove
the
Water
to
the
bottom
of
the
Tube
,
which
was
divers
Inches
beneath
the
surface
of
the
ambient
Water
.
Whereby
it
appears
(
by
the
same
way
by
which
we
formerly
measur'd
the
dilatation
of
the
Air
)
that
the
Air
,
even
when
it
is
expanded
to
between
90
and
100
times
its
extent
,
will
yet
readily
admit
of
a
much
farther
rarefaction
by
heat
.
I
consider'd
also
that
in
case
the
Bubbles
we
have
been
speaking
of
,
were
produc'd
by
the
parcels
of
Air
latitant
in
the
Water
,
that
Air
being
now
got
together
to
the
top
of
the
Tube
,
though
the
Air
were
again
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
taking
off
its
pressure
would
not
disclose
bubbles
as
before
;
and
accordingly
,
the
Air
being
again
pump'd
out
,
the
Water
in
the
Tube
descended
as
formerly
:
but
for
a
great
while
we
scarce
saw
one
bubble
appear
,
onely
when
the
Receiver
had
been
very
much
exhausted
;
and
the
Water
was
fallen
very
low
,
there
appear'd
near
the
bottom
of
the
Tube
,
certain
little
bubbles
,
which
seem'd
to
consist
of
such
parcels
of
Air
as
had
not
,
by
reason
of
their
smallness
,
got
up
to
the
top
of
the
Water
,
with
the
more
bulky
and
vigorous
ones
.
And
that
which
is
not
inconsiderable
,
is
,
That
having
,
by
letting
in
the
Air
,
forc'd
up
the
Water
into
the
Tube
,
we
could
not
perceive
that
it
ascended
near
the
top
,
though
we
permitted
the
Engine
to
remain
unimploy'd
for
two
or
three
Nights
together
,
and
watch'd
whether
the
Water
would
swell
up
and
fill
the
Tube
.
And
on
this
occasion
I
remember
,
that
having
try'd
such
an
Experiment
as
this
with
Quick-silver
instead
of
Water
,
in
a
Tube
of
about
a
Foot
and
a
half
long
,
wherein
it
might
seem
more
hopefull
to
escape
bubbles
;
yet
upon
the
drawing
down
the
Quick-silver
as
low
as
we
could
,
and
letting
in
the
external
Air
upon
it
,
we
found
that
some
lurking
particles
of
Air
were
got
up
to
the
top
of
the
Tube
,
and
hinder'd
the
Quick-silver
from
being
forc'd
up
again
so
high
.
And
though
the
Quick-silver
were
by
this
means
brought
to
appear
a
very
close
and
lovely
Metalline
Cylinder
,
not
interrupted
by
interspers'd
bubbles
as
before
;
yet
having
caus'd
the
Air
to
be
again
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
,
I
could
perceive
several
little
bubbles
to
disclose
themselves
,
fasten'd
to
the
inside
of
the
Tube
,
near
the
bottom
of
it
;
and
having
purposely
watch'd
one
or
two
of
the
chiefest
,
I
had
the
pleasure
to
observe
,
that
though
they
grew
bigger
and
bigger
as
the
surface
of
the
Mercurial
Cylinder
fell
nearer
and
nearer
to
them
,
so
as
that
at
length
they
swell'd
into
a
conspicuous
bulk
;
yet
upon
the
wary
letting
in
the
Air
upon
them
,
they
did
not
break
,
but
presently
shrunk
up
into
a
littleness
that
render'd
them
inconspicuous
.
Whence
it
seems
very
probable
,
if
not
certain
,
that
even
in
the
closest
and
most
ponderous
Liquors
,
and
therefore
much
more
in
Water
,
there
may
lurk
undiscernable
parcels
of
Air
,
capable
,
upon
the
removal
of
the
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air
(
though
but
in
part
)
and
that
of
the
liquor
wherein
it
lurks
,
to
produce
conspicuous
bubbles
.
And
consequently
,
if
it
seem
inconvenient
to
admit
an
Elastical
power
in
the
Water
,
it
may
be
said
that
the
swelling
of
the
compress'd
Water
in
the
Pewter
Vessel
lately
mention'd
,
and
the
springing
up
of
the
Water
at
the
hole
made
by
the
Needle
,
were
not
the
effects
of
any
internal
Elater
of
the
Water
,
but
of
the
spring
of
the
many
little
particles
of
Air
dispers'd
through
that
Water
,
and
acting
upon
it
in
their
sudden
recovering
themselves
to
a
greater
extent
,
than
that
to
which
a
violent
compression
had
reduc'd
them
to
.
But
though
,
from
all
these
particulars
,
it
seems
manifest
that
the
Bubbles
we
have
been
all
this
while
treating
of
,
were
produc'd
by
such
a
substance
as
may
be
properly
enough
call'd
Air
;
yet
till
we
shall
have
had
the
opportunity
of
making
some
farther
tryals
concerning
the
nature
of
the
Air
,
we
shall
not
resolutely
determine
whether
or
no
Air
be
a
Primogenial
Body
(
if
I
may
so
speak
)
that
cannot
now
be
generated
or
turn'd
either
into
Water
or
any
other
Body
.
Yet
in
the
mean
while
(
because
it
is
an
important
Question
,
and
if
rightly
determin'd
,
may
much
conduce
to
the
knowledge
of
the
nature
of
the
Air
)
we
think
it
not
unfit
to
make
a
brief
mention
of
some
of
the
particulars
which
at
present
occur
to
our
thoughts
in
favor
of
either
part
of
the
Question
.
First
then
,
divers
Naturalists
esteem
the
Air
(
as
well
as
other
Elements
)
to
be
ingenerable
and
incorruptible
.
And
reasons
plausible
enough
may
be
drawn
to
countenance
this
Opinion
from
the
consideration
of
that
permanency
that
ought
to
belong
to
the
corporeal
Principles
of
other
Bodies
.
Next
,
Experience
may
be
pleaded
to
the
same
purpose
,
for
I
have
read
of
some
who
in
vain
attempted
to
turn
Air
into
Water
,
or
Water
into
Air.
The
diligent
Schottus
tells
us
,
that
amongst
other
rarities
to
be
met
with
in
that
great
Repository
of
Schottus
Mecham
hydraulicopneumat
.
Part
3.
Class.
1.
them
,
the
Musaeum
Kercherianum
,
there
is
a
round
Glass
with
a
tapering
neck
near
half
full
(
as
one
may
guess
by
the
Scheme
he
annexeth
)
of
ordinary
Spring-water
,
which
having
been
hermetically
shut
up
there
by
Clavius
the
famous
Geometrician
,
the
included
Water
is
to
this
day
preserv'd
,
not
onely
clear
and
pure
,
as
if
it
were
but
newly
put
in
:
But
(
as
it
seems
)
without
(
in
the
least
)
turning
into
Air
,
notwithstanding
its
having
been
kept
there
these
fifty
years
:
For
he
tells
us
,
That
the
Water
hath
continued
there
all
this
while
without
any
diminution
.
Nor
doth
it
appear
in
those
Glasses
,
which
for
Chymical
Experiments
we
usually
close
with
Hermes
his
Seal
(
as
they
call
it
)
that
the
included
Air
doth
,
during
its
long
imprisonment
,
notwithstanding
the
alteration
it
receiveth
from
various
degrees
of
heat
,
discernably
alter
its
nature
.
Whereas
we
plainly
perceive
in
our
Digestions
and
Distillations
,
that
though
Water
may
be
rarefied
into
invisible
Vapors
,
yet
it
is
not
really
chang'd
into
Air
,
but
onely
divided
by
heat
,
and
scatter'd
into
very
minute
parts
,
which
meeting
together
in
the
Alembick
or
in
the
Receiver
,
do
presently
return
into
such
Water
as
they
constituted
before
.
And
we
also
see
,
that
even
Spirit
of
Wine
,
and
other
subtle
and
fugitive
Spirits
,
though
they
easily
fly
into
the
Air
,
and
mingle
with
it
,
do
yet
in
the
Glasses
of
Chymists
easily
lay
aside
the
disguise
of
Air
,
and
resume
the
divested
form
of
Liquors
.
And
so
volatile
Salts
,
as
of
Urine
,
Harts-horn
,
&c.
though
they
will
readily
disperse
themselves
through
the
Air
,
and
play
up
and
down
in
the
capacity
of
an
Alembick
or
a
Receiver
:
yet
will
they
,
after
a
while
,
fasten
themselves
to
the
insides
of
such
Glasses
in
the
form
of
Salts
.
Besides
,
since
Air
is
confessedly
endow'd
with
an
Elastical
power
that
probably
proceeds
from
its
Texture
,
it
appears
not
,
what
it
is
,
that
in
such
light
alterations
of
Water
,
as
are
by
many
presum'd
capable
of
turning
it
into
Air
,
can
be
reasonably
suppos'd
so
to
contrive
the
Particles
of
Water
,
as
to
give
them
,
(
and
that
permanently
,
)
the
structure
requisite
to
a
Spring
.
I
add
the
word
permanently
,
because
the
newly
mention'd
observations
seem
to
argue
the
Corpuscles
of
Air
to
be
irreducible
into
Water
,
whereas
the
Aqueous
Particles
may
perhaps
for
a
while
be
so
vehemently
agitated
,
as
to
press
almost
like
Springs
upon
other
Bodies
;
yet
upon
the
ceasing
of
the
agitation
,
they
quickly
,
by
relapsing
into
Water
,
disclcse
themselves
to
have
been
nothing
else
whilst
they
counterfeited
the
Air.
Lastly
,
The
Experiment
formerly
made
in
our
Engine
with
a
piece
of
Match
,
seems
to
evince
,
that
even
those
light
and
subtle
Fumes
(
for
the
most
part
not
aqueous
neither
)
into
which
the
Fire
it self
shatters
dry
Bodies
,
have
no
such
Spring
in
them
as
the
Air
,
since
they
were
unable
to
hinder
or
repress
the
expansion
of
the
Air
included
in
the
Bladder
they
surrounded
.
I
remember
indeed
that
the
Learned
Josephus
Acosta
,
in
his
History
of
the
West
Indies
,
tells
us
,
Natural
and
Moral
Hist.
of
the
Indies
.
Lib.
3.
c.
9.
That
he
saw
in
those
parts
some
Grates
of
Iron
so
rusted
and
consum'd
by
the
Air
,
that
the
Metal
being
press'd
between
the
Fingers
,
dissolv'd
(
to
use
his
words
)
to
powder
,
as
if
it
had
been
Hay
or
parched
Straw
.
And
I
remember
too
,
that
the
Accurate
Varenius
Geogr.
General
.
Lib.
1.
cap.
19.
tells
us
,
That
in
the
Islands
commonly
called
Azores
,
the
Air
(
and
Wind
)
is
so
sharp
,
that
in
a
short
time
it
frets
not
onely
Iron
Plates
,
but
the
very
Tiles
upon
the
Roofs
of
Houses
,
and
reduceth
them
to
dust
.
And
I
have
elsewhere
mention'd
some
recent
Observations
of
this
kind
.
But
it
may
be
said
,
That
the
abovemention'd
Authors
ascribe
the
recited
effects
chiefly
to
the
Winds
,
and
that
,
however
the
corrosion
of
the
Iron
and
the
Tiles
may
proceed
not
from
the
Air
it self
,
or
any
of
its
genuine
parts
,
but
from
some
saline
Corpuscles
dispers'd
through
the
Air
,
and
driven
by
the
Winds
against
the
Bodies
it
is
presum'd
to
fret
.
And
that
such
volatile
Salts
may
copiously
ascend
into
the
Air
,
and
yet
retain
their
nature
,
as
doth
the
more
fixt
Salt
in
the
Sea-water
,
the
sublimations
of
Sal-Armoniack
may
sufficiently
evince
.
Not
to
mention
,
that
I
have
shewn
some
Friends
a
secret
kind
of
saline
Substance
incomparably
subtler
than
Sal-Armoniack
,
which
did
not
onely
easily
enough
ascend
it self
,
but
carried
up
with
it
(
and
that
in
a
very
great
proportion
)
the
solid
and
ponderous
Body
even
of
uncalcin'd
Gold
in
the
form
of
subtle
exhalations
,
which
did
afterwards
fasten
themselves
to
the
upper
parts
of
the
Vessels
,
and
yet
manifest
themselves
to
continue
Gold
.
We
remember
also
,
that
to
try
whether
Water
could
be
turn'd
into
Air
,
we
once
took
an
AEolipile
,
into
which
we
had
before
convey'd
some
Water
,
and
placing
it
upon
kindled
Coals
when
the
heat
forc'd
out
a
vehement
stream
of
aqueous
Vapors
;
we
ty'd
about
the
Neck
of
it
,
that
of
a
Bladder
,
which
we
had
before
empty'd
of
Air
;
and
finding
the
AEolipile
after
a
while
to
blow
up
the
Bladder
,
we
carefully
ty'd
it
again
that
the
included
substance
might
not
get
away
.
Then
slipping
it
off
from
the
AEolipile
we
convey'd
it
into
our
Receiver
,
to
try
whether
or
no
that
which
in
part
distended
the
Bladder
would
appear
by
its
Spring
to
be
true
Air
:
whereby
we
found
that
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
,
the
included
substance
expanded
it self
and
the
Bladder
,
to
a
very
much
greater
bulk
than
it
was
of
before
.
And
for
farther
satisfaction
,
having
again
taken
out
the
Bladder
,
we
suffer'd
it
to
remain
ty'd
up
till
next
Morning
,
to
try
whether
time
,
and
the
coldness
of
the
Night
,
would
make
the
contain'd
substance
relapse
into
Water
:
But
the
next
Morning
we
found
it
little
less
tumid
than
before
.
I
remember
,
I
say
,
that
I
once
made
this
Experiment
;
but
I
might
say
in
answer
to
it
,
that
the
chief
reason
of
my
mentioning
it
,
is
,
To
let
Your
Lordship
see
,
how
requisite
it
is
to
be
circumspect
and
considerate
,
when
we
are
to
make
and
to
build
upon
nice
Experiments
.
For
though
I
may
seem
to
have
used
sufficient
caution
,
yet
afterward
considering
with
my self
that
the
AEolipile
I
had
imploy'd
was
a
very
large
one
,
and
that
it
required
much
more
care
than
one
that
hath
not
try'd
it
would
imagine
,
to
drive
out
all
the
Air
from
a
large
AEolipile
,
I
easily
suspected
that
the
distension
of
the
Bladder
in
our
pneumatical
Vessel
,
might
proceed
not
from
the
watery
steams
that
came
out
at
the
narrow
mouth
of
the
AEolipile
,
and
had
very
much
wetted
the
Bladder
,
but
from
the
rarefied
Air
which
in
that
sort
of
Vessels
is
wont
for
a
good
while
together
to
come
out
with
the
rarefied
Water
:
and
accordingly
having
reiterated
the
Experiment
,
I
found
it
very
difficult
(
by
reason
of
the
thrinking
of
the
Bladders
(
upon
their
being
heated
)
and
of
other
impediments
)
to
make
it
so
accurately
as
to
deduce
from
it
,
that
Water
may
be
rarefied
into
true
Air.
Against
the
other
four
above-mention'd
Considerations
,
we
cannot
spend
time
to
frame
Objections
,
but
must
forthwith
proceed
to
the
mention
of
those
things
that
seem
to
argue
that
Air
(
at
least
such
as
produc'd
our
bubbles
)
may
be
generated
of
Water
and
other
Bodies
.
First
then
we
have
found
by
Experience
that
a
vapid
Air
,
or
Water
rarefied
into
Vapor
,
may
at
least
for
a
while
emulate
the
elastical
power
of
that
which
is
generally
acknowledg'd
to
be
true
Air.
For
if
you
take
a
good
AEolipile
,
with
a
moderately
strong
and
slender
Neck
,
and
filling
it
with
Water
,
lay
it
upon
quick
Coals
,
you
may
after
a
while
observe
so
great
a
pressure
by
some
of
the
parts
contain'd
in
the
AEolipile
upon
others
,
that
the
Water
will
sometimes
be
thrown
up
into
the
Air
above
three
or
four
Foot
high
;
and
if
you
then
take
the
AEolipile
almost
red
hot
from
off
the
fire
,
you
may
perceive
that
the
Water
will
for
a
longer
time
than
one
would
easily
imagine
continue
to
be
spouted
out
in
a
violent
Stream
.
And
if
there
remains
but
little
Water
in
the
AEolipile
when
't
is
taken
very
hot
from
the
Fire
,
immersing
the
Neck
of
it
into
cold
Water
,
you
will
find
,
that
after
it
begins
to
suck
in
some
Water
,
there
will
be
made
from
time
to
time
store
of
large
bubbles
in
that
Water
wherein
the
Neck
was
plunged
.
Which
bubbles
seem
manifestly
to
proceed
from
hence
,
that
for
a
while
the
heat
in
the
AEolipile
continues
strong
enough
to
rarefy
part
of
the
Water
that
is
suck'd
in
,
and
expel
it
in
the
form
of
Vapors
through
the
Water
incumbent
on
the
Pipe
.
If
also
when
the
AEolipile
is
almost
full
of
Water
,
and
therefore
can
contain
but
little
Air
;
you
hold
a
Coal
or
Brand
in
that
stream
of
Vapors
that
issues
out
of
the
narrow
mouth
of
it
,
you
will
find
this
vapid
or
rorid
Air
,
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
to
blow
the
Fire
very
strongly
,
and
with
a
roaring
noise
.
And
that
it
be
not
said
that
't
is
by
the
external
Air
which
the
aqueous
steams
drive
before
them
,
and
not
by
the
Steams
themselves
,
that
the
Blast
is
made
and
the
Flame
excited
;
it
hath
been
observ'd
,
that
by
approaching
the
Coal
or
Brand
almost
to
the
mouth
of
the
AEolipile
,
the
Wind
appear'd
more
vehement
,
than
if
the
Body
to
be
kindled
were
held
some
Inches
off
.
But
in
regard
the
elastical
power
of
the
Stream
,
issuing
out
of
an
AEolipile
,
seems
manifestly
due
to
the
heat
that
expands
and
agitates
the
aqueous
Particles
whereof
that
Stream
consists
,
and
that
such
rapid
Winds
seem
to
be
but
water
scatter'd
into
little
parts
and
set
a-moving
;
since
we
find
,
that
holding
a
Knife
,
or
any
solid
,
smooth
,
and
close
Body
against
the
Stream
that
issues
out
of
the
AEolipile
,
the
Vapors
condensing
upon
it
,
will
presently
cover
it
with
Water
:
It
will
be
very
pertinent
to
subjoyn
a
notable
Experiment
that
I
remember
I
have
met
with
in
the
description
given
us
by
the
Industrious
Kircher
,
of
several
Musical
Engines
.
And
(
though
it
may
seem
somewhat
prolix
)
we
will
resite
what
he
delivers
in
his
own
words
,
which
are
these
.
Cum
eodem
tempore
quo
haec
scripsi
,
summi
Pont.
Innocentii
X
mi
mandato
organi
hydraulici
in
horto
Quirinali
Kirch
.
Art.
Mag.
Con.
&
Disson
.
lib.
9.
p.
309.
constituendi
cura
mihi
commendata
esset
,
AEoliam
cameram
insigni
sanè
successu
construi
jussimus
,
eâ
quae
sequitur
ratione
.
Erat
longitudo
sive
altitudo
camerae
AH
5
Pedum
,
Latitudine
3
ferè
ex
lateribus
constructa
;
in
See
the
fifteenth
Figure
.
medio
duo
tenebat
Diaphragmata
CD
&
EF
in
modum
cribri
pluribus
foraminibus
pertusi
.
Paulo
infra
canalis
G
aquam
advehens
inserebatur
in
H
eidem
epistomium
parabat
exitum
.
Aqua
itaque
per
canalem
G
maximo
impetu
ruens
vehementissimum
ventum
mox
intus
excitabat
;
qui
ventus
nimiâ
humiditate
imbutus
,
ut
purior
exiret
sicciórque
,
Diaphragmata
illa
in
cribri
modum
pertusa
,
ordinata
sunt
.
Intra
haec
enim
aquae
vehemens
agitatio
rupta
fractáque
Aerem
puriorem
per
A
canalem
subtiliorémque
emittebat
:
Verum
cum
postea
inventum
sit
Aerem
plus
aequo
humidum
interioribus
Organi
meatibus
maximum
detrimentum
inferre
:
Hinc
,
ut
Aer
aquosus
ficcissimam
consistentiam
acquireret
,
ordinavimus
canalem
plumbeum
QR
in
helicem
contortum
vasi
S
aliquantulum
capaciori
in
modum
Urnae
efformato
,
insertum
.
Intra
Urnam
enim
plumbeam
&
canalem
tortuosum
illisus
Aer
humidus
,
ita
ab
omni
aquositate
defaecabatur
,
ut
ex
furno
in
Organum
derivatus
dici
potuerit
.
Urna
S
canalis
tortuosi
QR
ultimum
orificium
Z
inseritur
anemothecae
Organi
.
Et
hunc
modum
Organis
hydraulicis
omnium
aptissimum
reperi
.
Debet
autem
camera
illa
situari
in
loco
quantum
fieri
potest
sicciori
,
ita
ut
longo
canali
aqua
intra
eam
derivetur
,
ne
locus
humiditate
suâ
Organis
officiat
.
Thus
far
the
Ingenious
Kircherus
,
whom
I
the
rather
cite
,
because
although
I
have
been
informed
of
divers
Ventiducts
(
as
they
call
them
)
by
very
knowing
Travellers
that
have
observ'd
them
:
yet
this
relation
of
our
Author
being
very
punctual
,
and
deliver'd
upon
his
own
particular
Experience
,
hath
I
confess
,
made
me
with
I
had
had
the
good
fortune
when
I
was
at
Rome
,
to
take
notice
of
these
Organs
;
or
that
I
had
now
the
opportunity
of
examining
of
such
an
Experiment
.
For
if
upon
a
strict
enquiry
I
should
find
that
the
breath
that
blows
the
Organs
doth
not
really
upon
the
ceasing
of
its
unusual
agitation
by
little
and
little
relapse
into
Water
,
I
should
strongly
suspect
that
't
is
possible
for
Water
to
be
easily
turh'd
into
Air.
I
remember
indeed
,
that
we
have
formerly
taught
,
that
there
lurks
an
interspersed
Air
in
the
pores
of
ordinary
Water
,
which
may
possibly
be
struck
out
by
the
breaking
of
the
Water
in
its
fall
into
the
AEolian
Chamber
,
(
as
he
calls
it
.
)
But
in
regard
the
Scheme
seems
to
represent
that
Chamber
as
closely
shut
,
and
thereby
forbids
us
to
suppose
that
any
Air
is
carried
into
it
,
but
what
is
latitant
in
the
Water
,
it
will
scarce
seem
probable
(
to
him
who
remembers
how
small
a
proportion
of
Air
,
that
appear'd
to
be
when
its
rarefication
ceased
,
which
was
conceal'd
in
the
Water
we
freed
from
bubbles
in
our
Receiver
)
that
so
little
Air
as
is
commonly
dispers'd
through
Water
,
should
be
able
,
in
so
little
Water
as
was
requisite
for
so
small
a
room
,
to
make
so
vehement
a
Wind
as
our
Author
here
tells
us
of
.
I
have
sometime
therefore
suspected
,
that
in
this
case
the
Wind
may
be
produc'd
by
small
particles
of
the
Water
it self
,
forcibly
expell'd
out
of
the
Chamber
into
the
Organs
.
And
to
the
Objection
,
to
which
I
foresaw
this
ghess
to
be
liable
,
namely
,
That
,
no
heat
intervening
,
there
appear'd
nothing
that
should
raise
the
Water
into
exhalations
,
and
give
them
an
impulse
.
I
thought
it
might
be
said
,
that
motion
alone
,
if
vehement
enough
,
may
,
without
sensible
heat
,
suffice
to
break
Water
into
very
minute
parts
,
and
make
them
ascend
upwards
,
if
they
can
no
where
else
more
easily
continue
their
agitation
.
For
I
remember
,
that
travelling
betwixt
Lyons
and
Geneva
,
I
saw
,
not
very
far
out
of
the
way
,
a
place
where
the
River
of
Rhone
,
comeing
suddenly
to
be
straiten'd
betwixt
two
Rocks
,
so
near
each
other
,
that
a
Man
may
,
(
if
my
Memory
fail
me
not
)
stand
a
stride
upon
both
at
once
:
that
rapid
Stream
dashing
with
great
impetuosity
against
its
Rocky
Boundaries
,
doth
break
part
of
its
Water
into
such
minute
Corpuscles
,
and
put
them
into
such
a
motion
,
that
Passengers
observe
at
a
good
distance
off
,
as
it
were
a
Mist
arising
from
that
place
,
and
ascending
a
good
way
up
into
the
Air.
Such
,
I
say
,
was
my
suspicion
touching
the
Wind
we
have
been
considering
,
but
it
seems
something
odd
that
aqueous
Vapors
should
,
like
a
dry
Wind
,
pass
through
so
long
and
tortuous
a
Pipe
of
Lead
,
as
that
describ'd
by
our
Authour
,
since
we
see
in
the
Heads
of
Stills
,
and
the
Necks
of
AEolipiles
,
how
quickly
such
Vapors
are
even
by
a
very
little
cold
recondensed
into
Water
.
But
to
this
also
something
may
be
speciously
reply'd
;
wherefore
contenting
my self
to
have
mention'd
our
Author's
Experiment
as
a
plausible
,
though
not
demonstrative
proof
,
that
Water
may
be
transmuted
into
Air.
We
will
pass
on
to
mention
in
the
third
place
another
Experiment
,
which
we
try'd
in
order
to
the
same
enquiry
.
We
took
a
clear
glass
Bubble
(
capable
of
containing
by
guess
about
three
Ounces
of
Water
)
with
a
Neck
somewhat
long
and
wide
,
of
a
Cylindrical
form
;
this
we
fill'd
with
Oyl
of
Vitriol
and
fair
Water
,
of
each
almost
a
like
quantity
,
and
casting
in
half
a
dozen
small
Iron
Nails
,
we
stopt
the
mouth
of
the
Glass
(
which
was
top
full
of
Liquor
)
with
a
flat
piece
of
Diapalma
provided
for
the
purpose
,
that
,
accommodating
it self
to
the
surface
of
the
Water
,
the
Air
might
be
exquisitely
excluded
:
and
speedily
inverting
the
Viol
,
we
put
the
Neck
of
it
into
a
small
wide-mouth'd
Glass
that
stood
ready
with
more
of
the
same
Liquor
in
it
,
to
receive
it
.
As
soon
as
the
Neck
had
reach'd
the
bottom
of
the
Liquor
it
was
dipp'd
into
,
there
appear'd
at
the
upper
part
(
which
was
before
the
bottom
)
of
the
Viol
a
bubble
,
of
about
the
bigness
of
a
Pea
,
which
seem'd
rather
to
consist
of
small
and
recent
Bubbles
,
produc'd
by
the
action
of
the
dissolving
Liquor
upon
the
Iron
,
than
any
parcel
of
the
external
Air
that
might
be
suspected
to
have
got
in
upon
the
inversion
of
the
Glass
,
especially
since
we
gave
time
to
those
little
Particles
of
Air
which
were
carried
down
with
the
Nails
into
the
Liquor
to
fly
up
again
.
But
whence
this
first
Bubble
was
produced
,
is
not
so
material
to
our
Experiment
,
in
regard
it
was
so
small
:
For
soon
after
we
perceiv'd
the
Bubbles
produc'd
by
the
action
of
the
Menstruum
upon
the
Metal
,
ascending
copiously
to
the
Bubble
already
named
,
and
breaking
into
it
,
did
soon
exceedingly
encrease
it
,
and
by
degrees
depress
the
Water
lower
and
lower
,
till
at
length
the
substance
contain'd
in
these
Bubbles
possessed
the
whole
cavity
of
the
glass
Viol
,
and
almost
of
its
Neck
too
,
reaching
much
lower
in
the
Neck
than
the
surface
of
the
ambient
Liquor
,
where
with
the
open-mouth'd
Glass
was
by
this
means
almost
replenished
.
And
because
it
might
be
suspected
that
the
depression
of
the
Liquor
might
proceed
from
the
agitation
whereinto
the
exhaling
and
imprison'd
Steams
were
put
,
by
that
heat
which
is
wont
to
result
from
that
action
of
corrosive
salts
upon
Metals
,
we
suffered
both
the
Viol
and
the
open-mouth'd
Glass
to
remain
as
they
were
,
in
a
Window
,
for
three
or
four
days
and
nights
together
;
but
looking
upon
them
several
times
during
that
while
,
as
well
as
at
the
expiration
of
it
,
the
whole
cavity
of
the
glass
Bubble
,
and
most
of
its
Neck
,
seem'd
to
be
possess'd
by
Air
,
since
by
its
spring
it
was
able
for
so
long
to
hinder
the
expell'd
and
ambient
Liquor
from
regaining
its
former
place
.
And
it
was
remarkable
,
that
just
before
we
took
the
glass
Bubble
out
of
the
other
Glass
,
upon
the
application
of
a
warm
hand
to
the
convex
part
of
the
Bubble
;
the
imprison'd
substance
readily
dilated
it self
like
Air
,
and
broke
through
the
Liquor
in
divers
bubbles
,
succeeding
one
another
.
Having
also
another
time
try'd
the
like
Experiment
with
a
small
Viol
,
and
with
Nails
dissolv'd
in
Aquafortis
,
we
found
nothing
incongruous
to
what
we
have
now
deliver'd
.
And
this
Circumstance
we
observ'd
,
that
the
newly
generated
Steams
did
not
onely
possess
almost
all
the
whole
cavity
of
the
Glass
,
but
divers
times
without
the
assistance
of
the
heat
of
my
hand
,
broke
away
in
large
bubbles
through
the
ambient
Liquor
into
the
open
Air
:
So
that
these
Experiments
with
corrosive
Liquors
,
seem'd
manifestly
enough
to
prove
,
though
not
that
Air
may
be
generated
out
of
the
Water
,
yet
that
in
general
Air
may
be
generated
anew
.
Lastly
,
To
the
foregoing
Arguments
from
Experience
we
might
easily
subjoyn
the
Authority
of
Aristotle
,
and
of
(
his
Followers
)
the
Schools
who
are
known
to
have
taught
,
that
Air
and
Water
being
symbolizing
Elements
(
in
the
quality
of
moisture
)
are
easily
transmutable
into
one
another
.
But
we
shall
rather
to
the
foregoing
Argument
add
this
,
drawn
from
Reason
,
That
if
,
as
Leucippus
,
Democritus
,
Epicurus
and
others
,
follow'd
by
divers
modern
Naturalists
,
have
taught
,
that
the
difference
of
Bodies
proceeds
but
from
the
various
Magnitudes
,
Figures
,
Motions
,
and
Textures
of
the
small
parts
they
consist
of
,
all
the
qualities
that
make
them
differ
,
being
deducible
from
thence
)
there
appears
no
reason
why
the
minute
parts
of
Water
,
and
other
Bodies
,
may
not
be
so
agitated
or
connected
as
to
deserve
the
name
of
Air.
For
if
we
allow
the
Cartesian
Hypothesis
,
according
to
which
,
as
we
noted
at
the
beginning
of
this
Letter
,
the
Air
may
consist
of
any
terrene
or
aqueous
Corpuscles
,
provided
they
be
kept
swimming
in
the
interfluent
Celestial
Matter
;
it
is
obvious
that
Air
may
be
as
often
generated
as
Terrestrial
Particles
,
minute
enough
to
be
carried
up
and
down
,
by
the
Celestial
Matter
,
ascend
into
the
Atmosphere
.
And
if
we
will
have
the
Air
to
be
a
congeries
of
little
slender
Springs
,
it
seems
not
impossible
,
though
it
be
difficult
,
that
the
small
parts
of
divers
Bodies
may
by
a
lucky
concourse
of
causes
be
so
connected
,
as
to
constitute
such
little
Springs
,
since
(
as
we
note
in
another
Treatise
)
Water
in
the
Plants
it
nourisheth
is
usually
contriv'd
into
springy
Bodies
,
and
even
the
bare
alter'd
position
and
connexion
of
the
parts
of
a
Body
may
suffice
to
give
it
a
Spring
that
it
had
not
before
,
as
may
be
seen
in
a
thin
and
flexible
Plate
of
Silver
;
unto
which
,
by
some
strokes
of
a
Hammer
,
you
may
give
a
Spring
,
and
by
onely
heating
it
red-hot
,
you
may
make
it
again
flexible
as
before
.
These
,
My
Lord
,
are
some
of
the
Considerations
at
present
occurring
to
my
thoughts
,
by
which
it
may
be
made
probable
,
that
Air
may
be
generated
anew
.
And
though
it
be
not
impossible
to
propose
Objections
against
these
,
as
well
as
against
what
hath
been
represented
in
favour
of
the
contrary
Doctrine
;
yet
having
already
almost
tired
my self
,
and
I
fear
more
than
almost
tired
Your
Lordship
with
so
troublesome
an
Enquiry
after
the
nature
of
Bubbles
,
I
shall
willingly
leave
Your
Lordship
to
judge
of
the
Arguments
alledged
on
either
side
,
and
I
should
scarce
have
ventur'd
to
entertain
You
so
long
concerning
such
empty
things
as
the
Bubbles
,
which
have
occasioned
all
this
Discourse
,
but
that
I
am
willing
to
invite
You
to
take
notice
with
me
of
the
obscurity
of
things
,
or
the
dimness
of
our
created
Intellects
(
which
yet
of
late
too
many
so
far
presume
upon
,
as
either
to
deny
or
censure
the
Almighty
and
Omniscient
Creator
himself
)
and
to
learn
hence
this
Lesson
,
That
there
are
very
many
Things
in
Nature
that
we
disdainfully
overlook
as
obvious
or
despicable
,
each
of
which
would
exercise
our
Understandings
,
if
not
pose
them
too
,
if
we
would
but
attentively
enough
consider
it
,
and
not
superficially
contemplate
,
but
attempt
satisfactorily
to
explicate
the
nature
of
it
.
EXPERIMENT
XXIII
.
SInce
the
writing
of
the
twenty
first
and
twenty
second
Experiments
(
and
notwithstanding
all
that
hath
been
on
their
occasion
deliver'd
concerning
Bubbles
)
we
made
some
farther
trials
in
prosecution
of
the
same
inquiry
whereto
they
were
designed
.
We
chose
then
,
amongst
those
Glasses
which
Chymists
are
wont
to
call
Philosophical
Eggs
,
one
that
containing
about
nine
Ounces
of
Water
,
had
a
Neck
of
half
an
Inch
in
Diameter
at
the
top
,
and
as
we
guest
,
almost
an
Inch
at
the
bottom
;
which
breadth
we
pitched
upon
for
a
reason
that
will
by
and
by
appear
:
then
filling
it
up
with
common
Water
to
the
height
of
about
a
Foot
and
an
half
,
so
that
the
upper
part
remained
empty
,
we
shut
it
into
the
Receiver
,
and
watch'd
what
would
follow
upon
pumping
,
which
proved
that
a
great
part
of
the
Air
being
drawn
out
,
the
Bubbles
began
to
discover
themselves
at
the
bottom
and
sides
of
the
Glass
;
and
increasing
,
as
the
Air
was
more
and
more
drawn
away
,
they
did
from
time
to
time
ascend
copiously
enough
to
the
top
of
the
Water
,
and
there
quickly
break
:
but
by
reason
that
the
wideness
of
the
Glass
allow'd
them
free
passage
through
the
Water
,
they
did
not
appear
as
in
the
former
Experiments
to
make
it
swell
:
The
Water
scarce
ever
rising
at
all
above
the
mark
affixt
to
its
upper
surface
,
when
it
was
put
in
,
and
upon
the
return
permitted
to
the
outward
Air
,
and
consequently
the
shrinking
in
of
the
remaining
bubbles
,
the
Water
seem'd
to
have
lost
of
his
first
extent
,
by
the
avolation
of
the
formerly
interspers'd
Air.
Being
willing
likewise
to
try
whether
distilled
Water
were
,
by
having
been
divided
into
minute
parts
,
and
then
re-united
,
more
or
less
dispos'd
to
expand
it self
than
Water
not
distill'd
:
We
took
out
of
our
Laboratory
some
carefully
distill'd
Rain-water
,
and
put
about
two
Ounces
of
it
into
a
round
Glass-bubble
,
with
a
very
small
Neck
(
not
exceeding
the
sixth
part
of
an
Inch
in
diameter
)
which
we
filled
half
way
to
the
top
,
and
then
convey'd
it
into
the
Receiver
;
the
issue
was
,
that
though
we
drew
out
more
Air
than
ordinary
,
yet
there
appeared
not
the
least
intumescence
of
the
Water
,
nor
any
ascending
bubbles
.
But
suspecting
that
either
the
small
quantity
of
the
Water
or
the
figure
of
the
Vessel
might
have
an
interest
in
this
odd
Phaenomenon
,
we
took
the
lately
mentioned
Philosophical
Egg
,
and
another
not
much
differing
from
it
;
the
former
we
fill'd
up
with
distill'd
Rain-water
to
the
old
mark
,
and
into
the
latter
we
put
a
long
Cylinder
or
Rod
of
solid
Glass
to
straiten
the
cavity
of
the
Neck
by
almost
filling
it
up
;
and
then
pouring
some
distilled
Water
into
that
also
,
till
it
reach'd
within
some
Fingers
breadth
of
the
top
,
the
Eggs
were
let
down
into
the
Receiver
.
In
this
Experiment
the
Air
was
so
far
drawn
forth
,
before
there
appeared
any
bubble
in
either
of
the
Glasses
,
that
the
disparity
betwixt
this
and
common
Water
was
manifest
enough
.
But
at
length
,
when
the
Air
was
almost
quite
pump'd
out
,
the
bubbles
began
to
disclose
themselves
,
and
to
increase
as
the
pressure
of
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
decreas'd
.
But
whereas
in
the
first
mentioned
Philosophical
Egg
the
bubbles
were
very
small
,
and
never
able
to
swell
the
Water
,
that
we
took
notice
of
,
at
all
above
the
mark
:
In
the
other
,
whose
Neck
,
as
we
lately
said
,
was
straitned
,
and
their
passage
obstructed
,
great
numbers
of
them
,
and
bigger
,
fastned
themselves
to
the
lower
end
of
the
Glass-rammer
(
if
we
may
so
call
it
)
and
gather'd
in
such
numbers
between
that
and
the
sides
of
the
Neek
,
that
the
Water
swell'd
about
a
Finger's
breadth
above
the
mark
,
though
upon
the
admitting
of
the
external
Air
it
relapsed
to
the
former
mark
,
or
rather
fell
somewhat
below
it
.
And
although
thereupon
in
the
first
named
Vessel
all
the
bubbles
presently
disappeared
,
yet
in
the
other
we
observed
,
that
divers
remained
fastned
to
the
lower
part
of
the
Glass-rammer
,
and
continued
there
somewhat
to
our
wonder
,
for
above
an
hour
after
,
but
contracted
in
their
dimentions
.
Moreover
,
having
suffered
the
Glasses
to
remain
above
twenty
four
hours
in
the
Receiver
,
we
asterwards
repeated
the
Experiment
,
to
try
what
change
the
exsuction
of
the
external
Air
would
produce
in
the
Water
,
after
the
internal
and
latitant
Air
had
(
as
is
above
recited
)
in
great
measure
got
away
in
bubbles
,
and
whether
or
no
the
Water
would
by
standing
readmit
any
new
particles
of
Air
in
the
room
of
those
that
had
forsaken
it
.
But
though
we
exhausted
the
Receiver
very
diligently
,
yet
we
scarce
saw
a
bubble
in
either
of
the
Glasses
,
not
with
standing
which
,
we
perceiv'd
the
Water
to
rise
about
the
breadth
of
a
Barly-corn
,
or
more
,
in
the
Neck
of
that
Glass
wherein
the
solid
Cylinder
had
been
put
;
the
Liquor
in
the
other
Glass
not
sensibly
swelling
.
And
lastly
upon
the
letting
in
of
the
Air
,
the
Water
in
the
straitned
Neck
soon
subsided
to
the
mark
above
which
it
had
swollen
,
which
whether
it
ought
to
be
ascrib'd
to
the
same
small
expansion
of
the
parts
of
the
Water
it self
,
or
to
the
rarifaction
of
some
yet
latitant
Air
broken
into
such
small
particles
,
as
to
escape
our
observation
,
seems
not
easily
determinable
,
without
such
farther
tryals
,
as
would
perhaps
prove
tedious
to
be
recited
as
well
as
to
be
made
;
though
I
was
content
to
set
down
those
already
mentioned
,
that
it
might
appear
how
requisite
it
is
in
nice
Experiments
to
consider
variety
of
Circumstances
.
EXPERIMENT
XXIV
.
AFter
having
thus
discovered
what
operation
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
had
upon
Water
,
we
thought
good
to
try
also
what
changes
would
happen
in
other
Liquors
upon
the
like
taking
off
the
pressure
of
the
external
Air.
We
took
then
a
glass
Egg
,
somewhat
bigger
than
a
Turkey
Egg
,
which
had
a
long
Neck
or
Stem
of
about
a
⅓
part
of
an
Inch
in
diameter
;
and
filling
it
up
with
Sallet-oyl
untill
it
reach'd
above
half
way
to
the
top
of
the
Neck
,
we
inclos'd
it
in
the
Receiver
together
with
common
Water
in
a
resembling
Vessel
;
that
we
might
the
better
compare
together
the
operation
of
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
upon
those
two
Liquors
.
The
Pump
being
set
on
work
,
there
began
to
appear
bubbles
in
the
Oyl
much
sooner
than
in
the
Water
,
and
afterwards
they
also
ascended
much
more
copiously
in
the
former
Liquor
than
in
the
latter
:
Nay
,
and
when
by
having
quite
tired
the
Pumper
,
and
almost
our
own
Patience
,
we
gave
over
,
the
Bubbles
rose
almost
(
if
not
altogether
)
in
as
great
numbers
as
ever
,
insomuch
that
none
of
the
various
Liquors
we
tried
either
before
or
since
,
seemed
to
abound
more
with
Aerial
Particles
than
did
this
Oyl
.
In
which
it
was
farther
remarkable
,
that
between
the
time
it
was
set
into
the
Receiver
,
and
that
,
at
which
we
could
get
ready
to
pump
,
it
subsided
notably
(
by
ghess
about
half
an
Inch
)
below
the
mark
it
reached
before
it
was
put
in
.
After
this
express'd
Oyl
,
we
made
tryal
of
a
distill'd
one
,
and
for
that
purpose
made
choice
of
the
common
Oyl
or
Spirit
(
for
in
the
Shops
where
it
is
sold
,
the
same
Liquor
is
promiscuously
called
by
either
name
)
of
Turpentine
,
because
't
was
onely
of
that
Chymical
Oyl
,
we
had
a
sufficient
quantity
:
which
,
being
put
into
a
small
glass
Bubble
with
a
slender
Neck
,
so
as
to
fill
it
about
two
Inches
from
the
top
,
did
,
upon
the
evacuating
of
the
Receiver
,
present
us
with
great
store
of
bubbles
,
most
of
which
rising
from
the
bottom
,
expanded
themselves
exceedingly
in
their
ascent
,
and
made
the
Liquor
in
the
Neck
to
swell
so
much
by
degrees
,
that
at
length
it
divers
times
ran
over
at
the
top
:
by
which
means
,
we
were
hindred
from
being
able
to
discern
upon
the
letting
in
of
the
Air
,
how
much
the
subsidence
of
the
Oyl
below
the
first
mark
was
due
to
the
recess
of
the
Bubbles
.
Having
likewise
a
mind
to
try
whether
,
as
strong
a
solution
of
Salt
of
Tartar
in
fair
Water
as
could
be
made
(
we
having
then
no
Oyl
of
Tartar
per
deliquium
at
hand
)
though
it
be
accounted
,
Quick-silver
excepted
,
the
heaviest
of
Liquors
,
would
afford
us
any
bubbles
;
we
put
in
a
glass
Egg
full
of
it
at
the
same
time
,
with
other
Liquors
,
and
found
that
they
did
long
yield
store
of
bubbles
before
any
discovered
themselves
in
the
Liquor
of
Tartar
;
and
having
pursued
the
Experiment
,
it
appear'd
,
That
of
all
the
Liquors
we
made
trial
of
,
this
afforded
the
fewest
and
smallest
bubbles
.
Spirit
of
Vineger
being
tried
after
the
same
manner
,
exhibited
a
moderate
number
of
bubbles
,
but
scarce
any
thing
else
worth
the
mentioning
.
Nor
could
we
in
Red
Wine
,
try'd
in
a
glass
Egg
,
take
notice
of
any
thing
very
observable
.
For
though
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
the
bubbles
ascended
in
this
Liquor
,
as
it
were
in
sholes
,
and
shifted
places
among
themselves
in
their
ascent
;
yet
the
intumescence
of
the
whole
bulk
of
the
Liquor
was
scarce
at
all
sensible
,
the
bubbles
most
commonly
breaking
very
soon
after
their
arrival
at
the
top
,
where
during
their
stay
,
they
composed
a
kind
of
shallow
froth
,
which
alone
appeared
higher
in
the
Neck
of
the
Glass
,
than
was
the
Wine
when
it
was
let
down
.
Neither
yet
did
Milk
,
conveyed
into
our
Pneumatical
Vessel
,
present
us
with
any
thing
memorable
save
that
(
as
it
seem'd
by
reason
of
some
unctuousness
of
the
Liquor
)
the
bubbles
not
easily
breaking
at
the
top
,
and
thrusting
up
one
another
,
made
the
Intumescence
appear
much
greater
than
that
of
common
Water
.
We
likewise
conveyed
Hens
Eggs
into
the
Receiver
,
but
after
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
took
them
out
whole
again
.
That
which
invited
us
to
put
them
in
,
was
,
That
(
as
perhaps
we
mention
in
other
papers
)
we
had
among
other
Experiments
of
cold
,
made
Eggs
burst
,
by
freezing
them
within
doors
with
Snow
and
Salt
:
The
Ice
,
into
which
the
aqueous
parts
of
the
Egg
were
turned
by
the
cold
,
so
distending
(
probably
by
reason
of
the
numerous
bubbles
wont
to
be
observable
in
Ice
)
the
outward
parts
of
the
Egg
,
that
it
usually
crack'd
the
Shell
,
though
the
inner
Membrane
that
involv'd
the
several
Liquors
of
the
Egg
,
because
it
would
stretch
and
yield
,
remain'd
unbroken
.
And
hereupon
we
imagin'd
that
in
our
Engine
it
might
appear
,
whether
or
no
there
were
any
considerable
Spring
,
either
in
any
of
the
Liquors
,
or
in
any
other
more
spirituous
substance
included
in
the
Egg.
We
took
also
some
Spirit
of
Urine
,
carelesly
enough
deflegmed
,
and
put
it
into
the
same
Glass
(
first
carefully
scour'd
and
cleansed
)
wherein
we
had
put
the
Oyl
olive
above-mentioned
We
took
also
another
Glass
,
differing
from
a
Glass
egg
,
onely
in
that
its
bottom
was
flat
,
and
fill'd
it
up
to
about
⅔
of
the
Neck
(
which
was
wider
than
that
of
the
Egg
)
with
rectified
Spirit
of
Wine
.
We
took
also
another
Glass
egg
,
and
having
fill'd
it
with
common
Water
till
it
reached
to
the
middle
of
the
Neck
,
we
poured
to
it
of
the
same
Spirit
of
Wine
,
till
it
reached
about
an
Inch
higher
.
These
three
Glasses
having
marks
set
on
them
,
over
against
the
edges
of
the
contain'd
Liquors
were
put
into
the
Receiver
,
and
that
beginning
to
be
evacuated
,
the
bubbles
in
all
the
three
Liquors
began
to
appear
.
The
mixture
of
the
Spirit
of
Wine
and
Water
disclos'd
a
great
store
of
bubbles
,
especially
towards
the
top
;
but
scarce
afforded
us
any
thing
worth
the
remembring
.
The
Spirit
of
Urine
appear'd
to
swell
near
an
Inch
and
an
half
above
the
mark
;
and
besides
that
,
sent
forth
store
of
bubbles
,
which
made
a
kind
of
froth
at
the
upper
part
of
it
.
And
above
that
spume
,
there
appear'd
eight
or
ten
great
bubbles
one
above
another
,
in
a
very
decent
order
,
each
of
them
constituting
,
as
it
were
,
a
Cylinder
of
about
half
an
Inch
high
,
and
as
broad
as
the
internal
cavity
of
the
Neck
:
So
that
all
the
upper
part
of
the
Neck
(
for
these
bubbles
reach'd
to
the
top
)
seem'd
to
be
divided
into
almost
equal
parts
by
certain
Diaphragmes
,
consisting
of
the
coats
of
the
bubbles
,
whose
edges
appeared
like
so
many
Rings
suspended
one
above
another
.
In
the
Spirit
of
Wine
there
did
arise
a
great
multitude
of
bubbles
,
even
till
weariness
did
make
us
give
over
the
Experiment
.
And
in
these
bubbles
two
or
three
things
were
remarkable
;
as
first
,
That
they
ascended
with
a
very
notable
celerity
:
Next
,
That
being
arrived
at
the
top
,
they
made
no
stay
there
:
and
yet
,
notwithstanding
the
great
thinness
and
spirituousness
of
the
Liquor
,
did
,
before
they
broke
,
lift
up
the
upper
surface
of
it
,
and
for
a
moment
or
two
form
thereof
a
thin
film
or
skin
which
appeared
protuberant
above
the
rest
of
the
superficies
like
a
small
Hemisphere
.
Thirdly
,
That
they
ascended
streight
up
,
whereas
those
produced
at
the
lower
part
of
the
Vessel
,
containing
the
mixture
of
the
Water
and
Spirit
of
Wine
,
ascended
with
a
wavering
or
wrigling
motion
,
whereby
they
described
an
indented
Line
.
Lastly
,
it
was
observable
in
the
Spirit
of
Wine
(
and
we
took
notice
of
the
like
in
the
Oyl
of
Turpentine
lately
mentioned
)
that
not
onely
the
bubbles
seemed
to
rise
from
certain
determinate
places
at
the
bottom
of
the
Glass
,
but
that
in
their
ascension
they
kept
an
almost
equal
distance
from
each
other
,
and
follow'd
one
another
in
a
certain
order
,
whereby
they
seem'd
part
of
small
Bracelets
,
consisting
of
equally
little
incontiguous
Beads
:
the
lower
end
of
each
Bracelet
,
being
as
it
were
,
fastned
to
a
certain
point
at
the
bottom
of
the
Glass
.
The
Air
being
sparingly
let
into
the
Receiver
,
the
great
bubbles
formerly
mentioned
as
incumbent
upon
one
another
,
in
that
Glass
that
contained
the
Spirit
of
Urine
,
were
by
orderly
degrees
lessened
,
till
at
length
they
wholly
subsided
.
Notwithstanding
the
recess
of
so
many
bubbles
as
broke
on
the
top
of
the
Spirit
of
Urine
,
during
all
the
time
of
the
Experiment
;
yet
it
scarcely
appear'd
at
all
to
be
sunk
below
the
mark
:
Nor
did
the
mixture
of
Spirit
of
Wine
and
Water
considerably
subside
.
But
that
is
nothing
to
what
we
observ'd
in
the
Spirit
of
Wine
,
for
not
onely
it
conspicuously
expanded
it self
in
the
Neck
of
the
Vessel
that
contain'd
it
;
notwithstanding
the
largeness
of
it
,
and
that
the
Bubbles
were
wont
to
break
at
the
top
of
it
almost
as
soon
as
they
arriv'd
there
:
But
upon
the
readmission
of
the
external
Air
,
the
Spirit
of
Wine
retain'd
its
newly
acquired
expansion
.
And
though
we
let
it
alone
for
near
an
hour
together
,
in
expectation
that
it
might
subside
;
yet
when
we
took
it
out
,
we
found
it
still
swell'd
between
a
quarter
and
half
an
Inch
above
the
mark
;
and
although
it
was
not
easily
imaginable
how
this
Phaenomenon
could
proceed
from
any
mistake
in
trying
the
Experiment
,
yet
the
strangeness
of
it
invited
me
to
repeat
it
with
fresh
Spirit
of
Wine
.
Which
,
swelling
in
the
Neck
as
formerly
,
I
left
all
night
in
the
Receiver
,
allowing
free
access
to
the
external
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
,
and
the
next
day
found
it
still
expanded
as
before
,
save
that
it
seem'd
a
little
lower
:
which
decrement
perhaps
proceeded
from
the
avolation
of
some
of
the
fugitive
parts
of
so
voiatile
a
Liquor
.
And
for
better
satisfaction
having
taken
out
the
Glass
,
and
consider'd
it
in
the
open
Air
,
and
at
a
Window
,
I
could
not
find
that
there
was
any
remaining
bubbles
that
could
occasion
the
persevering
and
admir'd
expansion
.
EXPERIMENT
XXV
.
BEing
desirous
to
discover
what
difference
there
might
be
as
to
gravity
and
levity
,
between
Air
expanded
under
Water
,
and
it self
before
such
expansion
;
we
took
two
very
small
Viols
,
such
as
Chymical
Essences
(
as
they
call
them
)
are
wont
to
be
kept
in
,
and
of
the
size
and
shape
expressed
by
the
eighth
Figure
:
into
one
of
these
we
put
so
much
of
a
certain
ponderous
Mercurial
mixture
(
hapning
to
be
then
at
hand
)
that
the
mouth
being
stopt
with
a
little
soft
Wax
,
the
Glass
would
just
sink
in
Water
and
no
more
;
this
we
let
fall
to
the
bottom
of
a
wide-mouth'd
Christal
Jar
,
fill'd
with
about
half
a
pint
of
common
Water
,
and
into
the
same
Vessel
we
sunk
the
other
Essence-glass
unstop'd
,
with
as
much
water
in
it
as
was
more
than
sufficient
to
make
it
subside
.
Both
these
sunk
with
their
mouths
downwards
,
the
former
being
about
three
quarters
full
of
Air
,
the
latter
containing
in
it
a
bubble
of
Air
that
was
guess'd
to
be
of
the
bigness
of
half
a
Pea
:
This
done
,
the
wide
mouth'd
Glass
was
let
down
into
the
Receiver
,
and
the
way
of
employing
the
Engine
was
carefully
made
use
of
.
The
success
was
,
That
having
drawn
out
a
pretty
quantity
of
Air
,
the
bubbles
began
to
disclose
themselves
in
the
Water
,
as
in
the
former
Experiments
;
and
though
for
a
good
while
after
the
bubbles
ascended
in
swarms
from
the
lower
parts
of
the
Water
,
and
hastily
broke
at
the
top
;
yet
we
prosecuted
the
Experiment
so
long
without
seeing
any
effect
wrought
upon
the
Essence-bottles
,
that
we
began
to
despair
of
seeing
of
them
rise
.
But
continuing
to
ply
the
Pump
,
that
little
Glass
,
whose
mouth
was
open'd
,
came
to
the
top
of
the
Water
,
being
,
as
it
were
,
boy'd
up
thither
by
a
great
number
of
bubbles
that
had
fastned
themselves
to
the
sides
of
it
;
swimming
thus
with
the
mouth
downward
,
we
could
easily
perceive
that
the
internal
Air
above-mention'd
had
much
dilated
it self
,
and
thereby
seem'd
to
have
contributed
to
the
emerging
of
the
Glass
,
which
remain'd
floating
,
notwithstanding
the
breaking
and
vanishing
of
most
of
the
contiguous
bubbles
:
being
hereby
incouraged
to
persist
in
pumping
,
we
observed
with
some
pleasure
,
that
at
each
time
we
turn'd
the
Key
,
the
Air
in
the
little
Glass
did
manifestly
expand
it self
and
thrust
out
the
Water
,
generally
retaining
a
very
protuberant
surface
where
it
was
contiguous
to
the
remaining
Water
.
And
when
after
divers
exsuctions
of
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
,
that
in
the
Viol
so
dilated
it self
as
to
expel
almost
all
the
Water
,
it
turn'd
up
its
mouth
towards
the
surface
of
the
Water
in
the
Jar
,
and
there
deliver'd
a
large
bubble
,
and
then
relapsed
into
its
former
floating
posture
.
And
this
Experiment
taught
us
,
among
other
things
,
that
it
was
a
work
of
more
time
and
labour
than
we
imagin'd
,
to
exhaust
our
Engine
as
much
as
it
may
be
exhausted
:
for
although
before
the
emerging
of
the
small
Viol
,
we
did
(
as
hath
been
touch'd
already
)
think
we
had
very
considerably
emptied
the
Receiver
,
because
there
seem'd
to
come
out
but
very
little
or
almost
no
sensible
Air
at
each
exsuction
into
,
and
out
of
the
Cylinder
;
yet
afterwards
,
at
each
drawing
down
the
Sucker
,
the
Air
included
in
the
Viol
did
manifestly
dilate
it self
,
so
long
,
that
it
did
no
less
than
nine
times
turn
its
mouth
upwards
,
and
discharge
a
bubble
by
conjecture
about
the
bigness
of
a
Pea
,
after
the
manner
newly
recited
.
But
as
for
that
Viol
which
had
the
weight
in
it
,
it
rose
not
at
all
.
So
that
being
not
able
by
quick
pumping
to
gain
another
bubble
from
the
Air
in
the
swimming
Glass
,
which
proceeded
from
some
small
leak
in
the
Vessel
,
though
it
held
in
this
Experiment
more
stanch
than
was
usual
,
we
thought
fit
to
let
in
leasurely
the
Air
from
without
,
upon
whose
admission
that
within
the
Viol
shrinking
into
a
very
narrow
compass
,
the
Glass
did
,
as
we
expected
,
fall
down
to
the
bottom
of
the
Jar.
But
being
desirous
before
we
proceed
to
any
new
Experiment
,
to
try
once
more
whether
the
little
Glass
,
that
had
the
weight
in
it
,
might
not
also
be
rais'd
:
After
we
had
suffer'd
the
Engine
to
remain
clos'd
as
it
was
,
for
five
or
six
hours
,
the
Pump
was
again
ply'd
with
so
much
obstinacy
,
that
not
onely
about
the
upper
part
of
the
Jar
there
appear'd
a
good
number
of
bubbles
(
but
very
much
smaller
than
those
we
saw
the
first
time
)
but
afterwards
,
there
came
from
the
bottom
of
the
Jar
,
bubbles
about
the
bigness
of
small
Peas
:
which
the
Pump
being
still
kept
going
,
follow'd
one
another
to
the
number
of
forty
,
coming
from
the
stopp'd
Viol
;
whose
mouth
,
it
seems
,
had
not
been
shut
so
strongly
and
closely
,
but
that
the
included
Air
,
dilating
it self
by
its
own
spring
,
made
it self
some
little
passage
betwixt
the
Wax
and
the
Glass
,
and
got
away
in
these
bubbles
;
after
which
,
the
unstopt
Glass
began
to
float
again
,
the
Air
shut
up
in
it
being
manifestly
so
dilated
as
to
expel
a
good
part
of
the
Water
,
but
not
so
much
as
to
break
quite
thorough
.
And
at
length
,
when
our
expectation
of
it
was
almost
tired
out
,
the
heavier
of
the
two
Viols
began
to
come
aloft
,
and
immediately
to
subside
again
;
which
appear'd
to
be
occasion'd
by
the
Air
within
it
,
whose
bulk
and
spring
being
weaken'd
by
the
recess
of
the
forty
bubbles
before-mention'd
,
it
was
no
longer
able
,
as
formerly
,
to
break
forcibly
through
the
incumbent
Water
;
but
forming
a
bubble
at
the
mouth
of
the
Glass
,
boyed
it
up
towards
the
top
;
and
there
getting
away
,
left
it
to
sink
again
till
the
pressure
of
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
being
farther
taken
off
,
the
Air
in
the
Viol
was
permitted
to
expand
it self
farther
,
and
to
create
another
bubble
,
by
which
it
was
again
for
a
while
carried
up
.
And
it
was
remarkable
,
that
though
after
having
emptied
the
Receiver
as
far
as
well
we
could
,
we
ceased
from
pumping
;
yet
the
Vessel
continuing
more
stanch
than
it
was
wont
,
this
ascent
and
fall
of
the
Viol
was
repeated
to
the
ninth
time
;
the
included
Air
,
by
reason
of
the
smallness
of
the
vent
at
which
it
must
pass
out
,
being
not
able
to
get
away
otherwise
than
by
little
and
little
;
and
consequently
,
in
divers
such
parcels
as
were
able
to
constitute
bubbles
,
each
of
them
big
enough
to
raise
the
Viol
and
keep
it
aloft
untill
the
avolation
of
that
bubble
.
Whereby
it
may
appear
,
that
the
grand
rule
in
Hydrostaticks
,
That
a
Body
will
swim
in
the
Water
,
in
case
it
be
lighter
than
as
much
of
the
Water
as
equals
it
in
bulk
,
will
hold
likewise
when
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
is
in
very
great
measure
,
if
not
when
it
is
totally
taken
off
from
the
Liquor
and
the
Body
:
though
it
were
worth
inquiring
what
it
is
that
so
plentifully
concurs
to
fill
the
bubbles
made
in
our
Experiment
by
the
so
much
expanded
Air.
For
to
say
with
the
old
Peripatetick
Schools
,
That
the
Air
in
rarefaction
,
may
acquire
a
new
extent
,
without
the
admission
of
any
new
substance
,
would
be
an
account
of
the
Phaenomenon
very
much
out
of
date
,
and
which
,
I
suppose
,
our
Modern
Naturalists
would
neither
give
nor
acquiesce
in
.
I
know
not
whether
it
may
be
requisite
to
add
,
that
in
this
Experiment
,
as
in
the
former
,
the
outward
Air
,
being
let
in
,
did
soon
precipitate
the
floating
Viol.
But
I
think
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
note
,
that
(
congruously
to
what
hath
been
above
recorded
of
the
vast
expansion
of
the
Air
)
the
Water
which
in
the
heavier
Viol
,
succeeded
in
the
room
of
those
forty
odd
,
if
not
fifty
great
bubbles
of
Air
,
which
at
several
times
got
out
of
it
,
amounted
but
to
a
very
inconsiderable
bigness
.
EXPERIMENT
XXVI
.
IT
having
been
observ'd
by
those
that
have
consider'd
what
belongs
to
Pendulums
(
a
Speculation
that
may
,
in
my
poor
judgment
,
be
highly
usefull
to
the
Naturalists
)
that
their
Vibrations
are
more
slowly
made
,
and
that
their
motion
lasts
less
in
a
thicker
,
than
in
a
thinner
Medium
:
We
thought
it
not
amiss
to
try
if
a
Pendulum
would
swing
faster
,
or
continue
swinging
longer
in
our
Receiver
,
in
case
of
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
than
otherwise
.
Wherefore
we
took
a
couple
of
round
and
polish'd
Pendulums
of
Iron
or
Steel
,
of
equal
bigness
,
as
near
as
we
could
get
the
Artificer
to
make
them
,
and
weighing
each
of
them
twenty
Drachmes
,
wanting
as
many
Grains
.
One
of
these
we
suspended
in
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
by
a
very
slender
silken
string
,
of
about
seven
Inches
and
a
half
in
length
from
the
Cover
of
the
Receiver
to
which
it
is
fasten'd
.
Then
(
by
inclining
the
Engine
)
we
made
the
Pendulum
swing
to
and
fro
in
it
,
and
describe
as
long
Arches
as
in
the
capacity
of
so
brittle
a
Vessel
we
thought
safe
and
convenient
.
And
one
of
the
Assistants
telling
the
recursions
of
the
other
Pendulum
hanging
in
the
free
Air
,
by
a
string
of
about
the
same
length
,
we
shortned
and
lengthned
this
other
Pendulum
,
till
it
appear'd
to
keep
the
same
pace
in
its
Vibrations
,
with
that
shut
up
in
the
Receiver
.
Then
having
carefully
drawn
away
the
Air
,
we
did
again
set
the
Pendulum
in
the
Receiver
a
vibrating
;
and
giving
the
other
Pendulum
such
a
motion
as
made
it
describe
an
Arch
,
according
to
ones
ghess
,
equal
to
that
of
the
included
Pendulum
;
we
reckon'd
,
one
of
us
,
the
Recursions
of
that
Pendulum
which
was
swinging
within
the
Receiver
;
and
another
of
us
,
that
which
was
moving
in
(
that
which
one
would
think
a
much
more
resisting
medium
)
the
Air.
But
once
,
one
of
us
reckon'd
near
two
and
twenty
Recursions
of
the
included
Pendulum
,
whilst
the
other
reckon'd
but
twenty
of
the
Pendulum
that
vibrated
without
.
And
another
time
also
,
the
former
of
these
Pendula
was
reckon'd
to
have
made
one
and
twenty
Recursions
,
wherein
the
other
made
but
twenty
;
Yet
this
Experiment
seem'd
to
teach
us
little
,
save
that
the
difference
betwixt
the
motion
of
such
a
Pendulum
in
the
common
Air
,
and
in
one
exceedingly
rarefied
,
is
scarce
sensible
in
Vessels
no
bigger
than
our
Receiver
;
especially
,
since
though
during
this
Experiment
it
held
very
well
,
yet
we
could
not
suppose
it
to
be
altogether
devoid
of
Air.
We
observed
also
,
that
when
the
Receiver
was
full
of
Air
,
the
included
Pendulum
continued
its
Recursions
about
fifteen
minutes
(
or
a
quarter
of
an
hour
)
before
it
left
off
swinging
;
and
that
after
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
vibration
of
the
same
Pendulum
(
being
fresh
put
into
motion
)
appear'd
not
(
by
a
minutes
Watch
)
to
last
sensibly
longer
.
So
that
the
event
of
this
Experiment
being
other
than
we
expected
,
scarce
afforded
us
any
other
satisfaction
,
than
that
of
our
not
having
omitted
to
try
it
.
And
whether
,
in
case
the
trial
be
made
with
a
Pendulum
much
less
disproportionate
to
the
Air
than
Steel
is
,
the
event
will
much
better
answer
expectation
,
experience
may
be
consulted
.
EXPERIMENT
XXVII
.
THAT
the
Air
is
the
medium
whereby
sounds
are
convey'd
to
the
Ear
,
hath
been
for
many
Ages
,
and
is
yet
the
common
Doctrine
of
the
Schools
.
But
this
Received
Opinion
hath
been
of
late
oppos'd
by
some
Philosophers
upon
the
account
of
an
Experiment
made
by
the
Industrious
Kircher
,
and
other
Learned
Men
:
who
have
(
as
they
assure
us
)
observ'd
,
That
if
a
Bell
,
with
a
Steel
Clapper
,
be
so
fasten'd
to
the
inside
of
a
Tube
,
that
upon
the
making
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
with
that
Tube
,
the
Bell
remain'd
suspended
in
the
deferted
space
at
the
upper
end
of
the
Tube
:
And
if
also
a
vigorous
Load-stone
be
apply'd
on
the
outside
of
the
Tube
to
the
Bell
,
it
will
attract
the
Clapper
,
which
upon
the
removal
of
the
Load-stone
falling
back
,
will
strike
against
the
opposite
side
of
the
Bell
,
and
thereby
produce
a
very
audible
sound
;
Whence
divers
have
concluded
,
That
't
is
not
the
Air
,
but
some
more
subtle
Body
that
is
the
medium
of
sounds
.
But
because
we
conceiv'd
that
,
to
invalidate
such
a
consequence
fro
m
this
ingenious
Experiment
(
though
the
most
luciferous
,
that
could
well
be
made
without
some
such
Engine
as
ours
)
some
things
might
be
speciously
enough
alledg'd
;
we
thought
fit
to
make
a
trial
or
two
,
in
order
to
the
discovery
of
what
the
Air
doth
in
conveying
of
sounds
,
reserving
divers
other
Experiments
triable
in
our
Engine
concerning
sounds
,
till
we
can
obtain
more
leasure
to
prosecute
them
.
Conceiving
it
then
the
best
way
to
make
our
trial
with
such
a
noise
as
might
not
be
loud
enough
to
make
it
difficult
to
discern
slighter
variations
in
it
;
but
rather
might
be
,
both
lasting
,
(
that
we
might
take
notice
by
what
degrees
it
decreas'd
;
)
and
so
small
,
that
it
could
not
grow
much
weaker
without
becoming
imperceptible
.
We
took
a
Watch
,
whose
Case
we
open'd
,
that
the
contain'd
Air
might
have
free
egress
into
that
of
the
Receiver
.
And
this
Watch
was
suspended
in
the
cavity
of
the
Vessel
onely
by
a
Pack-thread
,
as
the
unlikeliest
thing
to
convey
a
sound
to
the
top
of
the
Receiver
:
And
then
closing
up
the
Vessel
with
melted
Plaister
,
we
listen'd
near
the
sides
of
it
,
and
plainly
enough
heard
the
noise
made
by
the
ballance
.
Those
also
of
us
,
that
watch'd
for
that
Circumstance
,
observ'd
,
that
the
noise
seem'd
to
come
directly
in
a
streight
Line
,
from
the
Watch
unto
the
Ear.
And
it
was
observable
to
this
purpose
,
that
we
found
a
manifest
disparity
of
noice
,
by
holding
our
Ears
near
the
sides
of
the
Receiver
,
and
near
the
Cover
of
it
:
which
difference
seem'd
to
proceed
from
that
of
the
Texture
of
the
Glass
,
from
the
structure
of
the
Cover
(
and
the
Cement
)
through
which
the
sound
was
propagated
from
the
Watch
to
the
Ear.
But
let
us
prosecute
our
Experiment
.
The
Pump
after
this
being
imploy'd
,
it
seem'd
that
from
time
to
time
the
sound
grew
fainter
and
fainter
;
so
that
when
the
Receiver
was
empty'd
as
much
as
it
us'd
to
be
for
the
foregoing
Experiments
,
neither
we
,
nor
some
Strangers
that
chanc'd
to
be
then
in
the
Room
,
could
,
by
applying
our
Ears
to
the
very
sides
,
hear
any
noise
from
within
;
though
we
could
easily
perceive
that
by
the
moving
of
the
hand
which
mark'd
the
second
minutes
,
and
by
that
of
the
ballance
,
that
the
Watch
neither
stood
still
,
nor
remarkably
varied
from
its
wonted
motion
.
And
to
satisfy
our
selves
farther
that
it
was
indeed
the
absence
of
the
Air
about
the
Watch
that
hinder'd
us
from
hearing
it
,
we
let
in
the
external
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
,
and
then
,
though
we
turn'd
the
Key
and
stopt
the
Valve
,
yet
we
could
plainly
hear
the
noise
made
by
the
ballance
,
though
we
held
our
Ears
sometimes
at
two
Foot
distance
from
the
outside
of
the
Receiver
.
And
this
Experiment
being
reiterated
into
another
place
,
succeeded
after
the
like
manner
.
Which
seems
to
prove
,
that
whether
or
no
the
Air
be
the
only
,
it
is
at
least
,
the
principal
medium
of
Sounds
.
And
by
the
way
it
is
very
well
worth
noting
,
that
in
a
Vessel
so
well
clos'd
as
our
Receiver
,
so
weak
a
pulse
as
that
of
the
ballance
of
a
Watch
should
propagate
a
motion
to
the
Ear
in
a
Physically
streight
Line
,
notwithstanding
the
interposition
of
so
close
a
Body
as
Glass
,
especially
Glass
of
such
thickness
as
that
of
our
Receiver
:
since
by
this
it
seems
that
the
Air
imprison'd
in
the
Glass
,
must
,
by
the
motion
of
the
ballance
,
be
made
to
beat
against
the
concave
part
of
the
Receiver
,
strongly
enough
to
make
its
convex
part
beat
upon
the
contiguous
Air
,
and
so
propagate
the
motion
to
the
Listners
Ears
.
I
know
this
cannot
but
seem
strange
to
those
,
who
,
with
an
eminent
Modern
Philosopher
,
will
not
allow
that
a
Sound
,
made
in
the
cavity
of
a
Room
,
or
other
place
so
clos'd
,
that
there
is
no
intercourse
betwixt
the
external
and
internal
Air
,
can
be
heard
by
those
without
,
unless
the
sounding
Body
do
immediately
strike
against
some
part
of
the
inclosing
Body
.
But
not
having
now
time
to
handle
Controversies
,
we
shall
onely
annex
,
That
after
the
foregoing
Experiment
,
we
took
a
Bell
of
about
two
Inches
in
Diameter
at
the
bottom
,
which
was
supported
in
the
mid'st
of
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
by
a
bent
stick
,
which
by
reason
of
its
Spring
press'd
with
its
two
ends
against
the
opposite
parts
of
the
inside
of
the
Vessel
:
in
which
,
when
it
was
clos'd
up
,
we
observed
that
the
Bell
seemed
to
sound
more
dead
than
it
did
when
just
before
it
sounded
in
the
open
Air.
And
yet
,
when
afterwards
we
had
(
as
formerly
)
emptyed
the
Receiver
,
we
could
not
discern
any
considerable
change
(
for
some
said
they
observ'd
a
small
one
)
in
the
loudness
of
the
sound
.
Whereby
it
seemed
that
though
the
Air
be
the
principal
medium
of
sound
,
yet
either
a
more
subtle
matter
may
be
also
a
medium
of
it
,
or
else
an
ambient
Body
that
contains
but
very
few
particles
of
Air
,
in
comparison
of
those
it
is
easily
capable
of
,
is
sufficient
for
that
purpose
.
And
this
,
among
other
things
,
invited
us
to
consider
,
whether
in
the
above-mentioned
Experiment
made
with
the
Bell
and
the
Load-stone
,
there
might
not
in
the
deserted
part
of
the
Tube
remain
Air
enough
to
produce
a
sound
:
since
the
Tubes
for
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
(
not
to
mention
the
usual
thinness
of
the
Glass
)
being
seldom
made
greater
than
is
requisite
,
a
little
Air
might
bear
a
not
inconsiderable
proportion
to
the
deserted
space
:
And
that
also
,
in
the
Experiment
De
Vacuo
,
as
it
is
wont
to
be
made
,
there
is
generally
some
little
Air
that
gets
in
from
without
;
or
at
least
store
of
bubbles
that
arise
from
the
Body
of
the
Quick-silver
,
or
other
Liquor
it self
,
Observations
heedfully
made
have
frequently
informed
us
:
And
it
may
also
appear
,
by
what
hath
been
formerly
delivered
concerning
the
Torricellian
Experiment
.
On
the
occasion
of
this
Experiment
concerning
sounds
,
we
may
add
in
this
place
,
That
when
we
tried
the
Experiment
formerly
mentioned
,
of
firing
Gun-powder
with
a
Pistol
in
our
evacuated
Receiver
,
the
noise
made
by
the
striking
of
the
Flint
against
the
Steel
,
was
exceeding
languid
in
comparison
of
what
it
would
have
been
in
the
open
Air.
And
on
divers
other
occasions
it
appeared
that
the
sounds
created
within
our
exhausted
Glass
,
if
they
were
not
lost
before
they
reach'd
the
Ear
,
seem'd
at
least
to
arrive
there
very
much
weaken'd
.
We
intended
to
try
whether
or
no
the
Wire-string
of
an
Instrument
shut
up
into
our
Receiver
,
would
,
when
the
ambient
Air
was
suck'd
out
,
at
all
tremble
,
if
in
another
Instrument
held
close
to
it
,
but
with
out
the
Receiver
,
a
string
tun'd
(
as
Musicians
speak
,
how
properly
I
now
examine
not
)
to
an
Unison
with
it
,
were
briskly
toucht
,
and
set
a
Vibrating
.
This
,
I
say
,
we
purpos'd
to
try
to
see
how
the
motion
made
in
the
Air
without
,
would
be
propagated
through
the
cavity
of
our
evacuated
Receiver
.
But
when
the
Instrument
wherewith
the
tryal
was
to
be
made
came
to
be
imploy'd
,
it
prov'd
too
big
to
go
into
the
Pneumatical
Vessel
:
and
we
have
not
now
the
conveniency
to
have
a
fitter
made
.
We
thought
likewise
to
convey
into
the
Receiver
a
long
and
slender
pair
of
Bellows
,
made
after
the
fashion
of
those
usually
employ'd
to
blow
Organs
,
and
furnished
with
a
small
Musical
instead
of
an
ordinary
Pipe
.
For
we
hop'd
,
that
by
means
of
a
string
fastned
to
the
upper
part
of
the
Bellows
,
and
to
the
moveable
stopple
that
makes
a
part
of
the
Cover
of
our
Receiver
,
we
should
,
by
frequently
turning
round
that
stopple
,
and
the
annexed
string
,
after
the
manner
already
often
recited
,
be
able
to
lift
up
and
distend
the
Bellows
;
and
by
the
help
of
a
competent
weight
fastned
to
the
same
upper
part
of
the
Bellows
,
we
should
likewise
be
able
,
at
pleasure
,
to
compress
them
:
and
by
consequence
,
try
whether
that
subtler
matter
than
Air
(
which
,
according
to
those
that
deny
a
Vacuum
,
must
be
suppos'd
to
fill
the
exhausted
Receiver
)
would
be
able
to
produce
a
sound
in
the
Musical
Pipe
;
or
in
a
Pipe
like
that
of
ordinary
Bellows
,
to
beget
a
Wind
capable
to
turn
or
set
on
moving
some
very
light
matter
,
either
shap'd
like
the
Sails
of
a
Wind-Mill
,
or
of
some
other
convenient
form
,
and
exposed
to
its
Orifice
.
This
Experiment
,
I
say
,
we
thought
to
make
,
but
have
not
yet
actually
made
it
for
want
of
an
Artificer
to
make
us
such
a
pair
of
Bellows
as
it
requires
.
We
had
thoughts
also
of
trying
whether
or
no
,
as
Sounds
made
by
the
Bodies
in
our
Receiver
become
much
more
languid
than
ordinary
,
by
reason
of
the
want
of
Air
:
so
they
would
grow
stronger
,
in
case
there
were
an
unusual
quantity
of
Air
crouded
and
shut
up
in
the
same
Vessel
.
Which
may
be
done
(
though
not
without
some
difficulty
)
by
the
help
of
the
Pump
,
provided
the
Cover
and
Stopple
be
so
firmly
fasten'd
(
by
binding
and
Cement
,
or
otherwise
)
to
the
Glass
and
to
each
other
,
that
there
be
no
danger
of
the
condensed
Airs
blowing
of
either
of
them
away
,
or
its
breaking
through
the
junctures
.
These
thoughts
,
My
Lord
,
as
I
was
saying
,
we
entertain'd
;
but
for
want
of
leasure
,
as
,
of
as
good
Receivers
as
ours
,
to
substitute
in
its
place
,
in
case
we
should
break
it
before
we
learn'd
the
skill
of
condensing
the
Air
in
it
,
we
durst
not
put
them
in
practice
:
Yet
,
on
this
occasion
,
give
me
leave
to
advertise
Your
Lordship
once
for
all
,
That
though
for
the
reasons
newly
intimated
,
we
have
,
Only
in
the
seventeenth
Experiment
,
taken
notice
,
that
by
the
help
of
our
Engine
the
Air
may
be
condens'd
as
well
as
rarefied
;
yet
there
are
divers
other
of
our
Experiments
,
whose
Phaenomena
it
were
worth
while
to
try
to
vary
,
by
means
of
the
compression
of
the
Air.
EXPERIMENT
XXVIII
.
WE
taught
,
among
divers
other
things
,
when
we
discoursed
of
our
first
Experiment
,
That
the
Air
shut
up
in
our
Receiver
,
presseth
as
strongly
upon
the
Bodies
shut
up
with
it
,
as
if
they
were
exposed
to
the
pressure
of
the
whole
Atmosphere
.
That
this
was
not
inconsiderately
propounded
,
we
hope
Your
Lordship
hath
gather'd
from
divers
of
the
things
already
recited
:
But
yet
perhaps
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
subjoin
,
by
way
of
farther
confirmation
of
the
same
truth
,
the
following
Experiment
:
which
would
have
accompanied
the
20th
,
but
the
Paper
wherein
the
one
was
written
chanced
not
to
be
at
hand
,
when
the
other
was
sent
away
.
We
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
a
new
Glass
Viol
,
capable
of
holding
about
6
or
7
ounces
of
Water
,
into
which
we
had
before
put
2
or
3
Spoonfulls
of
that
Liquor
,
and
stopt
it
close
with
a
fit
Cork
.
The
Pneumatical
Vessel
being
emptyed
,
there
appear'd
not
any
change
in
the
inclos'd
Water
,
the
Air
imprisoned
with
it
,
not
having
the
force
to
blow
out
the
stopple
.
Which
event
,
though
it
were
no
other
than
we
expected
,
was
differing
from
what
we
desir'd
.
For
we
would
gladly
have
seen
what
change
would
have
appeared
in
the
Water
upon
the
Bottles
being
suddenly
unstopp'd
,
in
a
place
where
the
ambient
Body
was
so
differing
from
our
common
Air.
Wherefore
we
did
again
put
in
the
Viol
,
but
less
strongly
clos'd
than
formerly
,
though
as
strongly
stopt
as
seem'd
requisite
on
ordinary
occasions
:
But
when
the
Air
was
pumped
out
of
the
Receiver
,
that
within
the
Viol
did
quickly
,
as
we
expected
,
find
or
make
it self
little
passages
to
get
out
at
:
as
we
argued
,
from
this
,
That
whereas
when
the
Viol
was
put
in
the
time
before
,
the
Water
remained
all
the
while
perfectly
free
from
bubbles
;
at
this
time
the
bottom
of
the
Glass
appear'd
all
covered
with
them
,
and
they
,
upon
the
egress
of
the
excluded
Air
into
the
Receiver
,
did
presently
flag
and
shrink
up
.
From
these
trials
it
seem'd
deducible
enough
,
that
whilst
the
Viol
continued
to
be
well
stopt
,
the
included
Water
did
,
from
the
Air
,
shut
up
with
it
,
sustain
a
pressure
equal
to
that
of
the
Atmosphere
;
since
till
the
Air
could
get
out
of
the
Glass
,
there
appeared
no
bubbles
in
the
Water
,
notwithstanding
the
want
of
pressure
in
the
ambient
Body
.
But
to
be
sure
to
reach
the
chief
end
of
our
Experiment
,
we
made
use
of
this
other
expedient
:
We
caused
a
convenient
quantity
of
Water
to
be
put
,
and
Hermetically
shut
up
into
a
Glass
Egg
,
whose
long
Neck
(
which
was
purposely
made
of
an
unequal
thickness
)
was
fastened
to
one
end
of
a
string
,
whose
other
end
was
tied
to
the
Cover
of
our
Receiver
,
after
the
manner
elsewhere
mentioned
already
:
Then
the
Egg
being
conveyed
into
the
Pneumatical
Vessel
,
and
that
being
evacuated
,
we
did
,
by
turning
the
brass
Stopple
formerly
describ'd
amongst
the
parts
of
our
Engine
,
so
shorten
the
string
as
to
break
the
Glass
;
whereby
liberty
being
given
to
the
Air
imprisoned
in
the
Egg
,
to
pass
into
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
,
the
sudden
recess
of
the
Air
made
the
bubbles
in
a
trice
appear
so
numerous
,
and
ascend
so
swiftly
in
the
Water
,
that
their
motion
look'd
like
that
of
a
violent
shower
of
Rain
;
save
that
the
bubbles
did
not
,
like
the
drops
of
Rain
,
tend
downwards
,
but
upwards
.
Which
made
me
resemble
this
Phaenomenon
to
what
I
have
seen
happen
in
the
dissolution
of
Seed-Pearl
in
some
acid
Menstruum
,
inwhich
,
if
a
good
quantity
of
the
little
Pearls
be
cast
whole
,
they
will
at
first
,
if
the
Menstruum
be
sharp
enough
,
be
carried
in
swarms
from
the
bottom
to
the
top
of
the
Liquor
.
We
will
add
,
that
without
sealing
up
the
Glass
,
this
Experiment
may
be
tryed
in
one
of
our
smallest
Receivers
.
For
there
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
may
be
performed
so
nimbly
,
that
immediately
the
bubbles
lurking
in
the
Water
are
allowed
to
display
themselves
,
and
ascend
in
throngs
;
insomuch
,
as
having
in
such
a
Receiver
try'd
the
Experiment
with
Wine
as
a
more
spirituous
Liquor
)
instead
of
Water
,
the
Red-Wine
appeared
all
cover'd
,
with
a
copious
,
but
vanishing
white
Froth
,
almost
as
if
a
Vessel
full
of
bottl'd
drink
had
been
unwarily
opened
.
EXPERIMENT
XXIX
.
IT
may
not
a
little
conduce
to
the
clearer
explication
of
divers
Points
in
the
Doctrine
of
Meteors
,
and
perhaps
of
some
other
Physiological
difficulties
,
to
discover
what
the
Air
doth
to
the
motion
of
those
Steams
or
Exhalations
that
ascend
into
it
,
namely
,
Whether
they
mount
upwards
by
virtue
of
any
such
positive
levity
(
as
some
Peripateticks
speak
)
acquir'd
together
with
their
Aërial
nature
,
as
inables
them
to
pierce
through
part
of
the
Atmosphere
,
and
over-come
its
resistance
.
Or
else
,
whether
these
steams
being
once
raised
above
the
Earth
by
their
agitation
,
have
their
ascent
and
sustentation
aloft
,
rather
promoted
than
hindred
by
the
Air
:
as
the
inferior
parts
of
that
,
being
thicker
and
heavier
than
the
superior
,
the
steams
can
more
easily
continue
for
a
while
their
agitation
upwards
than
downwards
;
And
afterwards
are
by
the
same
fluidity
and
thickness
of
the
Air
,
carried
to
and
fro
in
it
,
and
kept
from
relapsing
to
the
Earth
:
as
in
the
Sea-Water
the
saline
parts
are
kept
from
subsiding
by
those
aqueous
ones
wherewith
they
are
associated
.
We
hop'd
to
illustrate
this
matter
,
by
observing
the
motion
of
the
smoke
,
proceeding
from
kindled
or
flaming
Bodies
in
our
exhausted
Receiver
.
But
as
we
formerly
noted
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
smoking
of
those
Bodies
presently
ceas'd
.
We
had
thoughts
also
of
conveying
into
our
Pneumatical
Glass
a
hot
Iron
,
with
some
Bodie
easie
to
be
dissipated
into
smoke
set
upon
it
,
but
consider'd
,
that
neither
was
that
way
free
from
inconveniencies
;
especially
this
,
that
the
hot
Body
would
make
the
Imprisoned
Air
circulate
within
the
Receiver
,
and
consequently
make
it
questionable
whether
the
ascent
of
the
steams
would
not
be
due
to
the
new
and
acquired
motion
of
the
Air.
Wherefore
I
bethought
my self
of
another
way
to
satisfie
in
some
measure
my
curiosity
,
to
wit
,
by
means
of
a
certain
Liquor
,
which
I
call'd
to
mind
that
some
years
ago
I
had
(
for
a
design
that
belongs
not
to
our
present
purpose
)
prepar'd
;
which
,
I
suppose
,
I
shew'd
Your
Lordship
,
and
which
had
the
luck
to
be
taken
notice
of
by
divers
very
Ingenious
and
Famous
Men.
For
this
Liquor
,
though
most
of
its
Ingredients
be
Metals
,
and
all
of
them
ponderous
enough
,
is
yet
of
that
nature
,
that
whilst
the
Viol
wherein
it
is
kept
is
stopt
(
how
slight
a
Cover
soever
)
both
the
Liquor
and
the
Glass
are
transparent
;
and
so
is
that
upper
half
of
the
Glass
to
which
the
Liquor
reacheth
not
:
But
as
soon
as
ever
the
stopple
is
taken
out
,
and
full
access
is
given
to
the
external
Air
,
both
the
inward
part
of
the
Cork
,
and
the
Liquor
it self
,
do
presently
send
upwards
,
and
scatter
abroad
asume
as
thick
and
white
,
as
if
there
were
a
quantity
of
Alabaster-dust
thrown
up
into
the
Air
:
And
this
smoaking
of
the
Liquor
lasts
till
my
unwillingness
to
waste
it
invites
me
to
stop
it
again
,
and
then
the
ascension
of
the
fumes
suddenly
ceaseth
,
till
the
Viol
be
again
unstop'd
.
This
fuming
Liquor
then
I
thought
would
much
conduce
to
the
discovery
I
desir'd
to
make
,
since
it
sav'd
me
the
need
of
conveying
any
hot
Body
with
it
into
the
Receiver
,
and
would
not
darken
it
with
fumes
before
the
time
.
Wherefore
having
ty'd
to
the
Viol
a
great
weight
of
Lead
,
to
keep
it
from
being
lifted
up
by
the
drawing
out
of
the
Cork
;
and
having
ty'd
to
the
stopple
one
end
of
a
string
,
of
which
the
other
end
was
made
fast
to
the
Cover
of
the
Pneumatical
Glass
,
the
Liquor
was
carefully
clos'd
up
after
the
wonted
manner
;
then
the
Air
being
diligently
pump'd
out
,
the
Viol
was
unstop'd
in
the
empty'd
Receiver
.
And
though
immediately
,
upon
the
drawing
out
of
the
Cork
,
there
appear'd
to
be
as
it
were
thrown
up
some
white
fumes
,
which
seem'd
to
proceed
from
the
Air
before
imprison'd
in
the
Viol
,
and
diffusing
it self
suddenly
into
the
capacity
of
the
Receiver
:
Yet
we
afterward
observ'd
,
as
we
expected
,
That
the
fumes
did
not
amount
and
disperse
themselves
as
they
used
to
do
in
the
open
Air
;
but
that
,
when
by
reason
of
the
agitation
of
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Liquor
,
which
could
not
continue
their
motion
in
so
narrow
a
space
as
the
Viol
afforded
them
,
and
were
therefore
reduc'd
to
thrust
one
another
out
of
it
;
when
,
I
say
,
by
these
assistances
the
fumes
were
ascended
to
the
lip
of
the
Viol
,
they
mounted
no
higher
,
but
ran
down
along
the
outside
of
the
Viol
to
the
bottom
of
it
;
and
thence
along
,
a
long
and
inclining
piece
of
Lead
,
on
which
the
Viol
rested
,
like
a
little
Stream
(
not
very
much
bigger
than
a
Swans
Quill
)
whose
nature
they
seem'd
to
emulate
so
well
,
that
it
quitted
not
the
Viol
till
it
was
come
to
the
bottom
of
it
,
and
then
forsook
it
in
such
a
manner'a
as
stream
of
Water
of
the
same
bigness
would
have
done
.
And
this
stream
lasted
a
pretty
while
,
and
would
probably
have
lasted
longer
,
but
that
being
loath
to
waste
my
Liquor
,
I
let
in
at
the
Stop-cock
a
pretty
deal
of
the
external
Air
;
notwithstanding
which
,
finding
after
a
while
that
the
stream
did
run
afresh
,
though
,
as
it
seem'd
not
altogether
so
copious
as
before
;
I
let
as
much
more
Air
,
as
would
come
in
:
and
found
(
somewhat
to
my
wonder
)
that
though
the
stream
formerly
mention'd
dis-appear'd
,
yet
there
appear'd
not
any
white
fumes
to
arise
,
either
from
the
Cork
,
or
out
of
the
Viol
it self
,
no
not
when
the
Cover
was
remov'd
from
the
Receiver
;
though
not
only
after
a
while
there
ascended
white
fumes
from
the
Receiver
:
but
having
forthwith
taken
out
the
Viol
into
the
open
Air
,
it
emitted
white
exhalations
as
before
;
and
having
presently
after
unstopp'd
it
in
an
open
Window
,
we
found
both
it
and
the
Cork
immediately
to
send
forth
a
yet
much
more
plentifull
smoak
:
Though
it
be
now
divers
years
since
this
Numerical
Liquor
was
prepared
,
after
the
manner
mention'd
either
by
Carneiades
or
Eleutherius
(
for
I
do
not
well
remember
which
)
in
those
Dialogues
concerning
Heat
and
Flame
that
have
above
been
mention'd
.
More
circumstances
concerning
these
Fumes
we
might
have
observ'd
,
had
we
not
been
deterr'd
by
an
Indisposition
in
point
of
health
,
from
having
much
to
do
with
steams
of
so
dangerous
a
nature
,
as
by
that
of
the
Ingredients
of
this
Liquor
these
seem
likely
to
be
of
.
The
reflexions
that
may
be
made
upon
this
Experiment
,
we
have
not
now
the
leasure
to
prosecute
,
and
therefore
shall
content
our selves
to
recommend
the
several
circumstances
of
it
to
Your
Lordship's
serious
consideration
;
and
to
take
notice
(
en
passant
)
that
steams
in
an
ambient
Body
,
or
a
medium
thinner
than
themselves
,
may
both
tend
downwards
,
and
otherwise
emulate
the
nature
of
a
Liquor
;
which
I
therefore
point
at
,
that
it
may
appear
the
less
strange
,
if
we
sometimes
speak
of
the
Atmosphere
as
of
a
kind
of
Liquor
,
in
comparison
of
that
more
thin
and
subtle
Celestial
matter
that
surrounds
it
.
And
though
it
might
perchance
suffice
to
have
on
this
occasion
intimated
thus
much
;
yet
,
lest
this
way
of
speaking
of
the
Atmosphere
should
be
thought
too
bold
and
extravagant
,
I
am
content
to
borrow
an
Experiment
of
the
discourse
formerly
mention'd
(
touching
fluidity
and
firmness
)
and
subjoyn
it
here
with
alterations
suitable
to
the
contrivance
of
our
Engine
;
and
this
the
rather
,
because
I
hope
it
may
conduce
to
the
discovery
of
the
nature
of
the
Atmosphere
:
for
which
reason
it
might
have
been
annext
to
what
hath
been
noted
either
upon
the
first
,
or
eighteenth
Experiment
,
but
that
when
they
were
written
and
sent
away
,
it
came
not
into
my
mind
.
The
Experiment
then
as
we
try'd
in
our
Engine
,
was
as
follows
.
EXPERIMENT
XXX
.
WE
took
one
of
the
small
Receivers
,
often
mention'd
already
,
and
into
it
we
convey'd
a
piece
of
well
lighted
Match
;
and
letting
it
remain
there
till
it
had
fill'd
the
Receiver
with
smoak
,
we
took
it
out
and
hastily
clos'd
again
the
Receiver
,
that
the
smoak
might
not
get
away
.
Then
staying
awhile
to
let
these
fumes
leisurely
subside
,
we
found
,
as
we
expected
,
that
after
some
time
they
setled
themselves
in
the
lower
half
of
the
Receiver
;
in
a
darkish
Body
,
leaving
the
upper
half
of
the
Receiver
transparent
,
and
as
to
sight
,
full
of
nought
but
clear
Air.
Now
to
manifest
that
this
smoak
thus
setled
emulated
a
Liquor
,
we
inclin'd
the
Engine
that
contain'd
it
,
sometimes
to
one
side
,
and
sometimes
to
the
other
;
and
observ'd
the
smoak
to
keep
its
surface
almost
Horizontal
,
notwithstanding
the
stooping
of
the
Vessel
that
held
it
,
as
Water
,
or
another
liquor
would
in
the
like
case
have
done
.
And
if
by
a
quicker
rocking
of
the
Engine
the
smoak
were
more
swiftly
shaken
,
it
would
,
like
Water
,
either
vibrate
to
and
fro
from
one
side
to
the
other
of
the
Glass
,
or
else
have
its
surface
manifestly
curl'd
with
Waves
,
but
preserve
its
self
in
an
entire
and
distinct
Body
from
the
incumbent
Air
;
and
being
permitted
to
rest
a
while
,
would
soon
recover
its
former
smooth
and
level
Superficies
.
If
also
the
Key
were
turn'd
and
the
Valve
unstopp'd
,
so
that
there
was
a
free
,
though
but
a
narrow
passage
open'd
betwixt
the
external
Air
and
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
,
then
would
some
of
this
smoak
fall
down
,
as
it
were
,
in
a
stream
into
the
subjacent
Cylinder
,
and
a
proportionate
quantity
of
the
outward
Air
,
would
manifestly
ascend
through
it
into
the
incumbent
Air
,
much
after
the
same
manner
as
if
you
invert
a
Viol
with
a
long
neck
,
and
well
fill'd
with
Red-Wine
,
into
a
Glass
full
of
fair
Water
,
you
shall
see
the
Water
and
Wine
by
degrees
mingle
with
one
another
;
the
one
falling
down
as
it
were
in
little
colour'd
streams
,
and
the
other
ascending
in
its
room
in
the
like
curled
streams
,
sometimes
preceded
by
round
parcels
of
Water
,
which
,
by
reason
of
their
transparency
,
look
almost
like
bubbles
.
The
other
circumstances
of
this
Experiment
,
belonging
not
all
of
them
to
our
present
purpose
,
we
shall
content
our selves
with
taking
notice
of
one
which
seems
the
most
important
,
and
may
illustrate
and
confirm
some
things
formerly
delivered
.
And
it
was
,
That
if
,
when
the
superficies
of
our
smoak
lay
smooth
and
Horizontal
,
a
hot
Iron
were
held
near
the
outside
of
the
Receiver
,
the
neighbouring
part
of
the
included
fumes
(
for
the
rest
did
not
very
much
alter
their
former
superficies
)
being
rarified
by
the
heat
,
would
readily
ascend
in
a
large
Pillar
of
smoak
to
the
very
top
of
the
Receiver
,
yet
without
seeming
to
lose
a
distinct
superficies
,
or
to
be
confounded
with
Air
;
below
which
,
upon
the
recess
of
the
adventitious
heat
that
by
agitating
it
impell'd
it
upward
,
it
would
again
subside
.
All
which
being
added
to
the
late
Experiment
of
the
smoaking
Liquor
,
and
to
what
may
be
from
that
which
hath
been
elsewhere
said
,
gather'd
to
the
same
purpose
,
will
,
I
hope
,
keep
it
at
least
from
appearing
absur'd
.
If
,
since
we
see
that
there
is
so
great
an
inequality
in
the
density
and
weight
of
Liquors
,
that
Water
is
near
fourteen
times
thinner
or
lighter
than
Quick-silver
of
the
same
bulk
;
and
well
dephlegm'd
spirit
of
Wine
,
yet
much
lighter
than
Water
,
we
venture
to
speak
sometimes
of
the
Atmosphere
,
as
if
it
were
a
peculiar
kind
of
thin
and
halitious
Liquor
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
much
lighter
than
Spirit
of
Wine
.
To
these
things
I
know
not
whether
it
will
be
requisite
to
add
,
That
as
we
lately
took
notice
of
conspicuous
Waves
that
appear'd
upon
the
superficies
of
our
agitated
smoak
:
So
some
such
thing
may
not
absurdly
be
conjectur'd
to
happen
on
the
superficies
of
the
Atmosphere
,
by
those
strange
ruggednesses
that
appear
(
especially
in
the
Spring
and
Fall
,
when
Exhalations
and
Vapours
are
wont
to
ascend
most
plentifully
)
upon
the
limb
or
edge
of
the
Rising
and
Setting
Sun
.
I
speak
thus
disfidently
upon
this
occasion
,
because
I
know
,
that
by
the
Fluctuation
or
Boyling
of
the
Suns
own
superficies
,
divers
eminent
Mathematicians
have
plausibly
enough
(
but
how
truly
,
I
leave
Your
Lordship
to
judge
)
endeavour'd
to
give
an
account
of
it
.
But
if
we
will
joyn
with
those
that
have
ascrib'd
of
late
this
Phaenomenon
,
to
the
refraction
the
Sun-beams
suffer
in
our
vapid
air
,
we
may
,
as
hath
been
intimated
,
promote
their
Doctrine
,
by
deducing
from
it
,
That
probably
the
surface
of
the
Atmosphere
is
oftentimes
(
if
not
always
)
exceedingly
curl'd
or
wav'd
.
And
certainly
it
is
somewhat
wonderfull
,
as
well
as
very
pleasant
to
behold
,
how
,
to
him
that
looks
upon
the
setting
Sun
through
a
long
and
excellent
Telescope
,
there
will
not
only
appear
strange
inequalities
in
the
edge
of
it
(
insomuch
that
I
have
often
seen
it
more
indented
than
a
Saw
)
but
those
inequalities
will
vanish
in
one
place
,
and
presently
appear
in
another
,
and
seem
perfectly
to
move
like
Waves
succeeding
and
destroying
one
another
,
save
that
their
motion
oftentimes
seems
to
be
quickest
;
as
if
in
that
vast
Sea
they
were
carried
on
by
a
Current
,
or
at
least
by
a
Tide
.
And
this
(
as
we
elsewhere
note
)
appears
to
the
Eye
,
not
only
when
it
looks
directly
through
the
Telescope
upon
the
Sun
;
but
also
when
a
large
and
well
defin'd
Image
of
the
Sun
is
by
the
same
Telescope
brought
into
a
Room
and
cast
upon
a
sheet
of
white
Paper
.
But
to
insist
on
this
were
to
digress
:
and
therefore
I
will
proceed
to
Experiments
of
another
kind
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXI
.
IT
hath
been
admir'd
by
very
ingenious
Men
,
that
if
the
exquisitely
polish'd
surfaces
of
two
flat
pieces
of
Marble
,
be
so
congruous
to
each
other
,
that
from
their
mutual
application
there
will
result
an
immediate
contact
,
they
will
stick
so
fast
together
,
that
he
that
lifts
up
the
uppermost
,
shall
,
if
the
undermost
be
not
exceeding
heavy
,
lift
up
that
too
,
and
sustain
it
aloft
in
the
free
Air.
A
probable
cause
of
this
so
close
adhesion
,
we
have
elsewhere
endeavoured
to
deduce
from
the
unequal
pressure
of
the
Air
upon
the
undermost
stone
;
For
the
lower
superficies
of
that
stone
being
freely
expos'd
to
the
Air
,
is
press'd
upon
by
it
,
whereas
the
uppermost
surface
,
being
contiguous
to
the
superior
stone
,
is
thereby
defended
from
the
pressure
of
the
Air
;
which
consequently
pressing
the
lower
stone
against
the
upper
,
hinders
it
from
falling
,
as
we
have
elsewhere
more
fully
declar'd
.
Upon
these
grounds
we
conjectur'd
,
that
in
case
we
could
procure
two
Marbles
exactly
ground
to
one
another
,
and
in
case
we
could
also
sufficiently
evacuate
our
Receiver
;
the
lower
stone
would
,
for
want
of
the
wonted
and
sustaining
pressure
of
the
Air
,
fall
from
the
upper
.
But
the
farther
trial
of
this
Experiment
we
must
,
unless
Your
Lordship
think
it
worth
Your
making
at
Paris
,
put
off
till
a
fitter
opportunity
.
For
where
we
now
are
,
we
cannot
procure
Marbles
so
exactly
ground
,
that
they
will
sustain
one
another
in
the
Air
above
a
minute
or
two
,
which
is
a
much
shorter
time
than
the
emptying
of
our
Receiver
requires
.
We
did
indeed
try
to
make
our
Marbles
stick
close
together
,
by
moistening
their
polish'd
surfaces
with
rectifi'd
spirit
of
Wine
,
in
regard
that
liquor
,
by
its
sudden
avolation
from
Marble
,
if
pour'd
thereon
,
without
leaving
it
moist
or
less
smooth
,
seem'd
unable
to
sustain
them
together
after
the
manner
of
a
glutinous
Body
,
and
yet
seem'd
sufficient
to
exclude
and
keep
out
the
Air.
But
this
we
try'd
to
little
purpose
,
for
having
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
two
black
square
Marbles
(
the
one
of
two
Inches
and
a
third
in
length
or
breadth
,
and
somewhat
more
than
half
an
Inch
in
thickness
:
The
other
of
the
same
extent
,
but
not
much
above
half
so
thick
)
fasten'd
together
by
the
intervention
of
pure
spirit
of
Wine
;
and
having
suspended
the
thicker
by
a
string
from
the
cover
,
we
found
not
that
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
would
separate
them
,
though
a
weight
amounting
to
four
Ounces
were
fasten'd
to
the
lowermost
Marble
to
facilitate
its
falling
of
.
I
would
gladly
have
the
Experiment
try'd
with
Marble
,
so
well
polish'd
,
as
to
need
no
Liquor
whatsoever
to
make
them
cohere
,
and
in
a
Vessel
out
of
which
the
Air
may
be
more
persectly
drawn
than
it
was
out
of
ours
.
But
in
the
mean
time
,
though
we
will
not
determine
whether
the
spirit
of
Wine
did
contribute
to
the
strong
cohesion
of
these
stones
,
otherwise
than
by
keeping
ev'n
the
subtlest
parts
of
the
Air
from
getting
in
between
them
:
yet
it
seemed
that
the
not
falling
down
of
the
lowermost
Marble
,
might
,
without
improbability
,
be
ascrib'd
to
the
pressure
of
the
Air
remaining
in
the
Receiver
;
which
,
as
we
formerly
noted
,
having
been
able
to
keep
a
Cylinder
of
Water
,
of
above
a
Foot
in
height
,
from
falling
to
the
bottom
of
the
Tube
,
may
well
enough
be
suppos'd
capable
of
keeping
so
broad
a
flat
Marble
from
descending
.
And
though
this
may
seem
a
strange
proof
of
the
strength
of
the
spring
of
the
Air
,
ev'n
when
rarefied
,
yet
it
will
scarce
seem
incredible
to
him
that
hath
observ'd
how
exceeding
strong
a
cohesion
may
be
made
betwixt
broad
Bodies
,
only
by
their
immediate
touching
one
another
.
A
notable
instance
of
which
,
I
met
with
in
this
short
Narrative
of
the
Learned
Zucchius
.
Juveni
(
saith
he
)
lacertorum
suorum
robur
jactanti
proposit
a
P.
Nic.
Zucchius
apud
Scbot
.
part
.
1.
Mec.
Hydraulopneum
.
semel
est
lamina
aerea
,
per
ansam
in
medio
extantem
apprehensam
elevanda
è
tabula
marmorea
,
cui
optime
congruebat
:
qui
primo
tanquam
rem
ludicram
puero
committendam
contempsit
:
tum
instantibus
amicis
manum
utrámque
admovens
,
cum
luctatus
diu
haerentem
non
removisset
,
excusavit
impotentiam
,
objecta
peregrini
&
potentissimi
glutinis
interpositione
,
quo
fortissime
copulante
nequiret
divelli
;
donec
vidit
ab
alio
per
tabulam
facilimè
laminam
deduci
,
&
ad
extrema
productam
,
&
actam
in
transversum
inde
deportari
.
But
that
we
may
learn
from
our
,
own
Engine
,
that
two
Bodies
,
though
they
touch
each
other
but
in
a
small
part
of
their
surfaces
,
may
be
made
to
cohere
very
strongly
,
only
by
this
,
That
the
Air
presses
much
more
forcibly
upon
the
inferiour
superficies
of
the
lowermost
Body
,
than
upon
the
upper
surface
of
the
same
:
We
will
hereunto
annex
the
following
Experiment
,
though
out
of
the
order
wherein
they
were
made
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXII
.
I
Remember
I
have
,
in
a
Discourse
touching
Fluidity
and
Firmness
,
made
mention
of
my
having
,
by
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
out
of
a
Glass
Vessel
,
made
that
Vessel
take
up
,
or
suck
up
(
to
speak
in
the
common
Language
)
a
Body
weighing
divers
Ounces
;
but
our
Engine
affording
us
the
opportunity
of
making
considerabler
Experiments
of
that
kind
,
We
thought
fit
to
make
a
further
trial
of
the
force
of
the
Atmosphere's
pressure
upwards
,
after
the
following
manner
.
The
Receiver
having
been
exquisitely
clos'd
as
we
have
often
taught
already
,
and
the
Air
being
in
a
good
measure
drawn
out
of
it
,
it
was
remov'd
from
off
the
Pump
:
and
to
the
lower
branch
of
the
Stop-cock
,
there
was
speedily
apply'd
a
tapering
Valve
of
brass
,
such
as
is
described
in
the
9th
Figure
,
made
fit
to
go
with
its
narrower
end
into
the
cavity
of
the
branch
,
and
to
fill
the
Orifice
of
that
cavity
with
its
broader
part
.
And
that
the
Air
might
not
get
in
at
the
little
intervals
,
left
here
and
there
between
the
convex
surface
of
the
stopple
and
the
internal
edge
of
the
branch
,
those
intervals
were
stopt
with
a
little
Diachylon
.
And
to
the
door
,
or
,
(
if
you
please
)
that
part
of
the
Valve
which
was
to
move
to
and
fro
,
and
in
this
Experiment
hung
perpendicular
to
the
Horizon
,
there
was
,
at
a
button
of
brass
belonging
to
the
Valve
,
fasten'd
a
broad
scale
wherein
weights
were
to
be
put
.
This
done
,
the
Key
of
the
Stop-cock
was
turn'd
,
and
the
external
Air
beating
like
a
forcible
stream
upon
the
Valve
to
get
in
there
,
it
did
suddenly
both
shut
the
Valve
and
keep
it
shut
so
strongly
,
that
we
had
time
to
cast
in
divers
weights
one
after
another
into
the
Scale
;
till
at
length
the
weight
overpowering
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
,
drew
down
the
Valve
by
the
strings
that
tied
the
Scale
to
it
,
and
gave
liberty
to
the
outward
Air
to
rush
into
the
Receiver
.
Though
another
time
,
when
the
Valve
had
but
little
weight
hanging
at
it
,
being
,
by
I
know
not
what
accident
,
drawn
down
beneath
its
former
place
,
it
was
by
the
impetuous
current
of
the
outward
Air
suddenly
impell'd
up
into
it
again
,
and
kept
there
.
But
in
the
former
Experiment
it
is
remarkable
,
That
though
the
Receiver
were
not
well
exhausted
,
and
though
it
leak'd
whilst
the
rest
of
the
Experiment
was
in
prosecution
:
and
though
the
Valve
whereon
the
Cylinder
of
the
Atmosphere
could
press
,
were
not
above
an
Inch
and
a
half
in
Diameter
,
yet
the
weight
kept
up
by
suction
,
or
rather
supported
by
the
Air
,
(
namely
the
Valve
,
the
Scale
and
what
was
cast
out
of
it
,
)
being
sent
to
be
weigh'd
,
amounted
to
about
ten
of
our
common
Pounds
,
consisting
of
sixteen
Ounces
a
piece
:
So
that
we
doubted
not
but
that
,
had
the
Experiment
been
made
with
favourable
circumstances
,
the
Air
endeavouring
to
press
in
at
the
Orifice
of
the
Stop-cock
,
would
have
kept
a
very
much
greater
weight
from
falling
out
of
it
;
I
say
the
Air
,
because
we
found
,
by
trial
purposely
made
,
that
neither
the
imperfect
contact
of
the
Valve
and
the
Stop-cock
,
nor
the
Diachylon
that
was
employ'd
to
fill
up
the
little
Crannies
left
betwixt
them
,
were
considerable
in
this
Experiment
.
By
which
it
may
,
among
other
things
,
appear
,
that
I
did
not
without
cause
in
the
above-named
Discourse
touching
Fluidity
and
Firmness
,
ascribe
a
great
force
,
even
to
such
Pillars
of
.
Air
as
may
be
supposed
to
begin
at
the
top
of
the
Atmosphere
,
and
recoyling
from
the
ground
,
to
terminate
on
the
Bodies
on
which
they
press
:
since
in
the
present
Experiment
such
a
weight
was
supported
by
so
slender
a
Cylinder
of
Air
,
rebounding
from
the
Earth
to
the
Valve
whereon
it
did
bear
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXIII
.
BUt
in
regard
we
have
not
yet
been
able
to
empty
so
great
a
Vessel
as
our
Receiver
,
so
well
as
we
can
the
Cylinder
it self
;
our
Pump
alone
may
afford
us
a
nobler
instance
of
the
force
of
the
Air
we
live
in
,
insomuch
,
that
by
help
of
this
part
of
our
Engine
,
we
may
give
a
pretty
near
ghess
at
the
strength
of
the
Atmosphere
,
computed
as
a
weight
.
And
the
way
may
be
this
;
First
,
the
Sucker
being
brought
to
move
easily
up
and
down
the
Cylinder
,
is
to
be
impelled
to
the
top
of
it
:
Then
the
Receiver
must
be
taken
off
from
the
Pump
,
that
the
upper
Orifice
of
the
Cylinder
remaining
open
,
the
Air
may
freely
succeed
the
Sucker
,
and
therefore
readily
yield
to
its
motion
downwards
.
This
done
,
there
must
be
fasten'd
to
one
of
the
Iron
Teeth
of
the
Sucker
,
such
a
weight
as
may
just
suffice
to
draw
it
to
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
.
And
having
thus
examin'd
what
weight
is
necessary
to
draw
down
the
Sucker
,
when
the
Atmosphere
makes
no
other
than
the
ordinary
resistance
of
the
Air
against
its
descent
;
the
Sucker
must
be
again
forc'd
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
whose
upper
Orifice
must
now
be
exactly
closed
;
and
then
(
the
first
weight
remaining
)
we
easily
may
,
by
hanging
a
Scale
to
the
above-mention'd
Iron
(
that
makes
part
of
the
Sucker
)
cast
in
known
weights
so
long
,
till
in
spight
of
the
reluctancy
of
the
Atmosphere
the
Sucker
be
drawn
down
.
For
to
these
weights
in
the
Scale
,
that
of
the
Scale
it self
being
added
,
the
sum
will
give
us
the
weight
of
a
Column
of
Air
,
equal
in
Diameter
to
the
Sucker
,
or
to
the
cavity
of
the
Cylinder
,
and
in
length
to
the
height
of
the
Atmosphere
.
According
to
this
method
we
did
,
since
the
writing
of
the
last
Experiment
,
attempt
to
measure
the
pressure
of
the
Atmosphere
,
but
found
it
more
difficult
than
we
expected
,
to
perform
it
with
any
accurateness
;
for
though
by
the
help
of
the
Manubrium
the
Sucker
moved
up
and
down
with
so
much
ease
,
that
one
would
have
thought
that
both
its
convex
surface
,
and
the
concave
one
of
the
Cylinder
were
exquisitely
smooth
,
and
as
it
were
slippery
;
yet
when
the
Sucker
came
to
be
moved
onely
with
a
dead
weight
or
pressure
(
that
was
not
(
like
the
force
of
him
that
pumped
)
intended
as
occasion
required
)
we
found
that
the
little
rufnesses
or
other
inequalities
,
and
perhaps
too
,
the
unequal
pressure
of
the
Leather
against
the
cavity
of
the
Cylinder
,
were
able
,
now
and
then
,
to
put
a
stop
to
the
descent
or
ascent
of
the
Sucker
,
though
a
very
little
external
help
would
easily
surmount
that
impediment
;
and
then
the
Sucker
would
,
for
a
while
,
continue
its
formerly
interrupted
motion
,
though
that
assistance
were
withdrawn
.
But
this
discouragement
did
not
deter
us
from
prosecuting
our
Experiment
,
and
endeavouring
,
by
a
carefull
trial
,
to
make
it
as
instructive
as
we
could
.
We
found
then
that
a
Leaden
Weight
,
of
28
pounds
(
each
consisting
of
sixteen
Ounces
)
being
fastned
to
one
of
the
teeth
of
the
Sucker
,
drew
it
down
closely
enough
,
when
the
upper
Orifice
of
the
Cylinder
was
left
open
:
though
by
the
help
of
Oyl
and
Water
,
and
by
the
frequent
moving
the
Sucker
up
and
down
with
the
Manubrium
,
its
motion
in
the
Cylinder
had
been
before
purposely
facilitated
.
This
done
,
the
upper
Orifice
of
the
Cylinder
was
very
carefully
and
closely
stopped
,
the
Valve
being
likewise
shut
with
its
wonted
Stopple
well
oyl'd
,
after
the
Sucker
had
been
again
impell'd
up
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
.
Then
to
the
precedent
twenty
eight
pound
,
we
added
a
hundred
and
twelve
pounds
more
;
which
forcing
down
the
Sucker
,
though
but
leisurely
,
we
took
off
the
twenty
eight
pound
weight
;
and
being
unable
to
procure
just
such
weights
as
we
would
have
had
,
we
hung
on
,
instead
of
it
,
one
of
fourteen
pound
:
but
found
that
,
with
the
rest
,
unable
to
carry
down
the
Sucker
.
And
to
satisfie
our selves
,
and
the
Spectators
,
that
it
was
the
resistance
of
the
ambient
Air
that
hinder'd
the
descent
of
so
great
a
weight
,
after
that
we
had
try'd
that
upon
unstopping
the
Valve
,
and
thereby
opening
an
access
to
the
external
Air
,
the
Sucker
would
be
immediately
drawn
down
.
After
this
,
I
say
,
we
made
this
farther
Experiment
,
That
having
by
a
Man's
strength
forcibly
depress'd
the
Sucker
to
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
,
and
then
fastned
weights
,
to
the
above-named
Iron
that
makes
part
of
that
Sucker
,
the
pressure
of
the
external
Air
finding
little
or
nothing
in
the
cavity
of
the
evacuated
Cylinder
to
resist
it
,
did
presently
begin
to
impell
the
Sucker
,
with
the
weights
that
clogg'd
it
,
towards
the
upper
part
of
the
Cylinder
;
till
some
such
accidental
Impediment
,
as
we
formerly
mention'd
,
check'd
its
course
.
And
when
that
rub
,
(
which
easily
might
be
,
)
was
taken
out
of
the
way
,
it
would
continue
its
ascent
to
the
top
,
to
the
no
small
wonder
of
those
By-standers
,
that
could
not
comprehend
how
such
a
weight
could
ascend
,
as
it
were
,
of
it self
;
that
is
,
without
any
invisible
force
,
or
so
much
as
Suction
to
list
it
up
.
And
indeed
it
is
very
considerable
,
that
though
possibly
there
might
remain
some
particles
of
Air
in
the
Cylinder
,
after
the
drawing
down
of
the
Sucker
;
yet
the
pressure
of
a
Cylinder
of
the
Atmosphere
,
somewhat
less
than
three
Inches
in
Diameter
(
for
,
as
it
was
said
in
the
description
of
our
Engine
,
the
cavity
of
the
Cylinder
was
no
broader
)
was
able
,
uncompress'd
,
not
only
to
sustain
,
but
even
to
drive
up
a
weight
of
an
hundred
and
odd
pounds
:
for
besides
the
weight
of
the
whole
Sucker
it self
,
which
amounts
to
some
pounds
,
the
weights
annexed
to
it
made
up
an
hundred
and
three
pounds
,
besides
an
Iron
Bar
,
that
by
conjecture
weighed
two
pounds
more
;
and
yet
all
these
together
fall
somewhat
short
of
the
weight
which
we
lately
mention'd
,
the
resistance
of
the
Air
,
to
have
held
suspended
in
the
cavity
of
the
Cylinder
.
And
though
(
as
hath
been
already
acknowledg'd
(
we
cannot
peradventure
,
obtain
by
the
recited
means
so
exact
an
account
as
were
to
be
wish'd
,
of
what
we
would
discover
:
Yet
,
if
it
serve
us
to
ground
conjectures
more
approaching
to
the
Truth
,
than
we
have
hitherto
met
with
,
I
hope
it
will
be
consider'd
(
which
a
famous
Poet
judiciously
says
)
Est
quoddam
prodire
tenus
,
si
non
datur
ultra
.
Peradventure
it
will
not
be
impertinent
to
annex
to
the
other
circumstances
that
have
been
already
set
down
concerning
this
Experiment
,
That
it
was
made
in
Winter
,
in
Weather
neither
Frosty
nor
Rainy
,
about
the
change
of
the
Moon
,
and
at
a
place
whose
latitude
is
near
about
51
degrees
and
a
half
:
For
perhaps
the
force
or
pressure
of
the
Air
may
vary
,
according
to
the
Seasons
of
the
Year
,
the
temperature
of
the
Weather
,
the
elevation
of
the
Pole
,
or
the
phases
of
the
Moon
;
all
,
or
even
any
of
them
seeming
capable
to
alter
either
the
height
or
consistence
of
the
incumbent
Atmosphere
:
And
therefore
it
would
not
be
amiss
if
this
Experiment
were
carefully
tried
at
several
times
and
places
,
with
variety
of
circumstances
.
It
might
also
be
tried
with
Cylinders
of
several
Diameters
,
exquisitely
fitted
with
Suckers
,
that
we
might
know
what
proportion
several
Pillars
of
the
Atmosphere
bear
to
the
weights
they
are
able
to
sustain
or
lift
up
;
and
consequently
,
whether
the
increase
or
decrement
of
the
resistance
of
the
ambient
Air
,
can
be
reduced
to
any
regular
proportion
to
the
Diameters
of
the
Suckers
:
These
,
and
divers
other
such
things
which
may
be
try'd
with
this
Cylinder
,
might
most
of
them
be
more
exactly
try'd
by
the
Torricellian
Experiments
,
if
we
could
get
Tubes
so
accurately
blown
and
drawn
,
that
the
cavity
were
perfectly
Cylindrical
.
To
dwell
upon
all
the
several
Reflexions
,
that
a
speculative
Wit
might
make
upon
this
and
the
foregoing
Experiment
,
(
I
mean
the
thirty
third
and
thirty
second
)
would
require
almost
a
Volume
;
whereas
our
occasions
will
scarce
allow
us
time
to
touch
upon
three
or
four
of
the
chief
Inferences
that
seem
deducible
from
them
,
and
therefore
we
shall
content
our selves
to
point
at
those
few
.
And
first
,
as
many
other
Phaenomena
of
our
Engine
,
so
especially
,
the
two
lately
mention'd
Experiments
,
seem
very
much
to
call
in
question
the
received
Opinion
of
the
nature
or
cause
of
Suction
.
For
it
's
true
indeed
,
that
when
men
suck
,
they
commonly
use
some
manifest
endeavour
by
a
peculiar
motion
of
their
Mouths
,
Chests
,
and
some
other
conspiring
parts
,
to
convey
to
them
the
body
to
be
suck'd
in
.
And
hence
perhaps
they
have
taken
occasion
,
to
think
that
in
all
Suction
there
must
be
some
endeavour
or
motion
in
the
sucking
to
attract
the
sucked
Body
.
But
in
our
last
Experiment
it
appears
not
at
all
how
the
upper
part
of
the
empty'd
Cylinder
that
remains
moveless
all
the
while
,
or
any
part
of
it
,
doth
at
all
endeavour
to
draw
to
it
the
depressed
Sucker
and
the
annexed
weights
.
And
yet
those
that
behold
the
ascension
of
the
Sucker
,
without
seriously
considering
the
cause
of
it
,
do
readily
conclude
it
to
be
raised
by
something
that
powerfully
Sucks
or
attracts
it
,
though
they
see
not
what
that
may
be
or
where
it
lurks
.
So
that
it
seems
not
absolutely
necessary
to
Suction
,
that
there
be
in
the
Body
,
which
is
said
to
suck
,
an
endeavour
or
motion
in
order
thereunto
,
but
rather
that
Suction
may
be
at
least
for
the
most
part
reduced
to
Pulsion
,
and
its
effects
ascrib'd
to
such
a
pressure
of
the
neighbouring
Air
upon
those
Bodies
(
whether
Aërial
,
or
of
other
natures
)
that
are
contiguous
to
the
Body
that
is
said
to
attract
them
,
as
is
stronger
,
than
that
substance
,
which
possesseth
the
cavity
of
that
sucking
Body
,
is
able
to
resist
.
To
object
here
,
that
it
was
some
particles
of
Air
remaining
in
the
emptied
Cylinder
that
attracted
this
weight
to
obviate
a
Vacuum
,
will
scarce
be
satisfactory
;
unless
it
can
be
clearly
made
out
by
what
little
hooks
,
or
other
grappling
Instruments
,
the
internal
Air
could
take
hold
of
the
Sucker
;
how
so
little
of
it
obtained
the
force
to
lift
up
so
great
a
weight
;
and
why
also
,
upon
the
letting
in
of
a
little
more
Air
into
one
of
our
evacuated
Vessels
,
the
attraction
is
,
instead
of
being
strengthened
,
much
weakned
;
though
,
if
there
were
danger
of
a
Vacuum
before
,
it
would
remain
,
notwithstanding
this
ingress
of
a
little
Air.
For
that
still
there
remained
in
the
capacity
of
the
exhausted
Cylinder
store
of
little
rooms
,
or
spaces
empty
or
devoid
of
Air
,
may
appear
by
the
great
violence
wherewith
the
Air
rusheth
in
,
if
any
way
be
open'd
to
it
.
And
that
't
is
not
so
much
the
decrement
of
the
Vacuum
within
the
cavity
of
the
vessel
that
debilitates
the
attraction
,
as
the
Spring
of
the
included
Air
(
whose
presence
makes
the
decrement
)
that
doth
it
by
resisting
the
pressure
of
the
external
Air
,
seems
probable
,
partly
from
the
Disability
of
vacuities
,
whether
greater
or
lesser
,
to
resist
the
pressure
of
the
Air
;
and
partly
by
some
of
the
Phaenomena
of
our
Experiments
,
and
particularly
by
this
Circumstance
of
the
Three
and
Thirtieth
,
that
the
Sucker
was
,
by
the
pressure
of
the
Ambient
Air
,
impell'd
upwards
with
its
weight
hanging
at
it
,
not
onely
when
it
was
in
the
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
,
and
consequently
left
a
great
Vacuum
in
the
cavity
of
it
;
but
when
the
Sucker
had
been
already
impell'd
almost
to
the
top
of
the
Cylinder
,
and
consequently
,
when
the
Vacuum
that
remain'd
was
become
very
little
in
comparison
of
that
which
preceded
the
beginning
of
the
Sucker's
ascension
.
In
the
next
place
,
these
Experiments
may
teach
us
,
what
to
judge
of
the
vulgar
Axiom
received
for
so
many
Ages
as
an
undoubted
Truth
in
the
Peripatetick
Schools
;
That
Nature
abhors
and
flyeth
a
Vacuum
,
and
that
to
such
a
degree
,
that
no
humane
power
(
to
go
no
higher
)
is
able
to
make
one
in
the
Universe
;
wherein
Heaven
and
Earth
would
change
places
,
and
all
its
other
Bodies
rather
act
contrary
to
their
own
Nature
,
than
suffer
it
.
For
,
if
by
a
Vacuum
we
will
understand
a
place
perfectly
devoid
of
all
corporeal
Substance
,
it
may
indeed
then
,
as
we
formerly
noted
,
be
plausibly
enough
maintained
that
there
is
no
such
thing
in
the
world
;
but
that
the
generality
of
the
Plenists
,
(
especially
till
of
late
years
some
of
them
grew
more
wary
)
did
not
take
a
Vacuum
in
so
strict
a
sense
,
may
appear
by
the
Experiments
formerly
,
and
ev'n
to
this
day
imploy'd
by
the
Deniers
of
a
Vacuum
,
to
prove
it
impossible
that
there
can
be
any
made
.
For
when
they
alledge
(
for
Instance
)
that
when
a
man
sucks
Water
through
a
long
Pipe
,
that
heavy
Liquor
,
contrary
to
its
Nature
,
ascends
into
the
Sucker's
mouth
,
only
,
to
fill
up
that
room
made
by
the
Dilatation
of
his
Breast
and
Lungs
,
which
otherwise
will
in
part
be
empty
.
And
when
they
tell
us
,
that
the
reason
why
if
a
long
Pipe
exactly
clos'd
at
one
end
be
filled
top-full
of
Water
,
and
then
inverted
,
no
Liquor
will
fall
out
of
the
open
Orifice
;
Or
,
to
use
a
more
samiliar
Example
,
when
they
teach
,
that
the
cause
,
why
in
a
Gardiner's
watering
Pot
shaped
conically
,
or
like
a
Sugar-Loaf
,
fill'd
with
Water
,
no
Liquor
falls
down
through
the
numerous
holes
at
the
bottom
,
whilst
the
Gardiner
keeps
his
Thumb
upon
the
Orifice
of
the
little
hole
at
the
top
,
and
no
longer
;
must
be
that
if
in
the
case
proposed
the
Water
should
descend
,
the
Air
being
unable
to
succeed
it
,
there
would
be
le●t
at
the
upper
and
deserted
part
of
the
Vessel
a
Vacuum
,
that
would
be
avoided
if
the
hole
at
the
top
were
open'd
.
When
(
I
say
)
they
alledge
such
Experiments
,
the
tendency
of
them
seems
plainly
to
import
,
that
they
mean
,
by
a
Vacuum
,
any
space
here
below
that
is
not
filled
with
a
visible
body
,
or
at
least
with
Air
though
it
be
not
quite
devoy'd
of
all
Body
whatsoever
.
For
why
should
Nature
,
out
of
her
detestation
of
a
Vacuum
,
make
Bodies
act
contrary
to
their
own
tendency
,
that
a
place
may
be
fill'd
with
Air
,
if
its
being
so
were
not
necessary
to
the
avoiding
of
a
Vacuum
.
Taking
then
a
Vacuum
in
this
vulgar
and
obvious
sense
,
the
common
opinion
about
it
seems
lyable
to
several
Exceptions
,
whereof
some
of
the
chief
are
suggested
to
us
by
our
Engine
.
It
will
not
easily
then
be
intelligibly
made
out
,
how
hatred
or
aversation
,
which
is
a
passion
of
the
Soul
,
can
either
for
a
Vacuum
,
or
any
other
object
,
be
supposed
to
be
in
Water
,
or
such
like
inanimate
Body
,
which
cannot
be
presumed
to
know
when
a
Vacuum
would
ensue
;
if
they
did
not
bestir
themselves
to
prevent
it
:
nor
to
be
so
generous
as
to
act
contrary
to
what
is
most
conducive
to
their
own
particular
preservation
for
the
publique
good
of
the
Universe
.
As
much
then
of
intelligible
and
probable
Truth
,
as
is
contain'd
in
this
Metaphorical
Expression
,
seems
to
amount
but
to
this
;
That
by
the
Wise
Authour
of
Nature
(
who
is
justly
said
to
have
made
all
things
in
number
,
weight
and
measure
,
)
the
Universe
,
and
the
parts
of
it
,
are
so
contriv'd
,
that
it
is
as
hard
to
make
a
Vacuum
in
it
,
as
if
they
studiously
conspir'd
to
prevent
it
.
And
how
far
this
it self
may
be
granted
,
deserves
to
be
farther
consider'd
.
For
in
the
next
place
,
our
Experiments
seem
to
teach
,
that
the
supposed
Aversation
of
Nature
to
a
Vacuum
is
but
accidental
,
or
in
consequence
,
partly
of
the
Weight
and
Fluidity
,
or
,
at
least
,
Fluxility
of
the
Bodies
here
below
;
and
partly
,
and
perhaps
principally
,
of
the
spring
of
the
Air
,
whose
restless
endeavour
to
expand
it self
every
way
,
makes
it
either
rush
in
it self
,
or
compel
the
interposed
Bodies
into
all
spaces
,
where
it
finds
no
greater
resistance
than
it
can
surmount
.
And
that
in
those
motions
which
are
made
ob
fugam
Vacui
(
as
the
common
phrase
is
)
Bodies
act
without
such
generosity
and
consideration
,
as
is
wont
to
be
ascrib'd
to
them
,
is
apparent
enough
in
our
32d
Experiment
,
where
the
torrent
of
Air
,
that
seem'd
to
strive
to
get
into
the
empty'd
Receiver
,
did
plainly
prevent
its
own
design
by
so
impelling
the
Valve
,
as
to
make
it
shut
the
only
Orifice
the
Air
was
to
get
out
at
.
And
if
afterwards
either
Nature
,
or
the
internal
Air
,
had
a
design
the
external
Air
should
be
attracted
,
they
seem'd
to
prosecute
very
unwisely
by
continuing
to
suck
the
Valve
so
strongly
;
when
they
found
that
by
that
Suction
the
Valve
it self
could
not
be
drawn
in
:
Whereas
by
forbearing
to
suck
,
the
Valve
would
by
its
own
weight
have
fallen
down
,
and
suffer'd
the
excluded
Air
to
return
freely
,
and
to
fill
again
the
exhausted
Vessel
.
And
this
minds
me
to
take
notice
of
another
deficiency
,
pointed
at
by
our
Experiments
in
the
common
Doctrine
of
those
Plenists
we
reason
with
;
for
many
of
those
unusual
motions
in
Bodies
,
that
are
said
to
be
made
to
escape
a
Vacuum
,
seem
rather
made
to
fill
it
.
For
why
,
to
instance
in
our
newly
mention'd
Experiment
,
as
soon
as
the
Valve
was
depressed
by
the
weight
we
hung
at
it
,
should
the
Air
so
impetuously
and
copiously
rush
into
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
;
if
there
were
before
no
vacant
room
there
to
receive
it
?
and
if
there
were
,
then
all
the
while
the
Valve
kept
out
the
Air
,
those
little
spaces
in
the
Receiver
,
which
the
corpuscles
of
that
Air
afterwards
fill'd
,
may
be
concluded
to
have
remain'd
empty
.
So
that
the
seeming
violence
,
imploy'd
by
Nature
on
the
occasion
of
the
evacuating
of
the
Vessel
,
seems
to
have
come
too
late
to
hinder
the
making
of
Vacuities
in
the
Receiver
,
and
only
to
have
,
as
soon
as
we
permitted
,
fill'd
up
with
Air
those
that
were
already
made
.
And
as
for
the
care
of
the
publique
good
of
the
Universe
ascrib'd
to
dead
and
stupid
Bodies
,
we
shall
only
demand
,
why
in
our
19th
Experiment
,
upon
the
Exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
,
the
Water
deserted
the
upper
half
of
the
Glass-Tube
;
and
did
not
ascend
to
fill
it
up
,
till
the
external
Air
was
let
in
upon
it
:
whereas
by
its
easie
and
sudden
regaining
that
upper
part
of
the
Tube
,
it
appeared
both
that
there
was
there
much
space
devoid
of
Air
,
and
that
the
Water
might
with
small
or
no
resistance
have
ascended
into
it
,
if
it
could
have
done
so
without
the
impulsion
of
the
re-admitted
Air
;
which
,
it
seems
,
was
necessary
to
mind
the
Water
of
its
formerly
neglected
Duty
to
the
Universe
.
Nay
,
for
ought
appeareth
,
even
when
the
excluded
Air
,
as
soon
as
't
was
permitted
,
rush'd
violently
into
our
exhausted
Receiver
,
that
flowing
in
of
the
Air
proceeded
rather
from
the
determinate
Force
of
the
Spring
of
the
neighbouring
Air
,
than
from
any
endeavour
to
fill
up
,
much
less
to
prevent
vacuity's
.
For
though
when
as
much
Air
as
will
,
is
gotten
into
our
Receiver
our
present
Opponents
take
it
for
granted
that
it
is
full
of
Air
;
yet
if
it
be
remembred
that
when
we
made
our
17th
Experiment
we
crouded
in
more
Air
to
our
Receiver
than
it
usually
holds
;
and
if
we
also
consider
(
which
is
much
more
)
that
the
Air
of
the
same
consistence
with
that
in
our
Receiver
may
in
Wind-guns
,
as
is
known
,
and
as
we
have
tryed
,
be
compressed
at
least
into
half
its
wonted
room
(
I
say
at
least
,
because
some
affirm
,
that
the
Air
may
be
thrust
into
an
8th
,
or
a
yet
smaller
part
of
its
ordinary
extent
)
it
seems
necessary
to
admit
either
a
notion
of
condensation
and
rarefaction
that
is
not
intelligible
,
or
that
in
the
capacity
of
our
Receiver
when
presumed
to
be
full
of
Air
,
there
yet
remain'd
as
much
of
space
as
was
taken
up
by
all
the
Aërial
corpuscles
,
unpossessed
by
the
Air.
Which
seems
plainly
,
to
infer
that
the
Air
that
rush'd
into
our
empty'd
vessel
did
not
doe
it
precisely
to
fill
up
the
Vacuities
of
it
,
since
it
left
so
many
unfill'd
,
but
rather
was
thrust
in
by
the
pressure
of
the
contiguous
Air
:
which
as
it
could
not
,
but
be
always
ready
to
expand
it self
,
where
it
found
least
resistance
,
so
was
it
unable
to
fill
the
Receiver
any
more
,
than
untill
the
Air
within
was
reduc'd
to
the
same
measure
of
Compactness
with
that
without
.
We
may
also
from
our
two
already
often
mention'd
Experiments
farther
deduce
,
that
,
(
since
Natures
hatred
of
a
Vacuum
is
but
Metaphorical
and
Accidental
,
being
but
a
consequence
or
result
of
the
pressure
of
the
Air
and
of
the
Gravity
,
and
partly
also
of
the
Fluxility
of
some
other
Bodies
)
The
power
she
makes
use
of
to
hinder
a
Vacuum
,
is
not
(
as
we
have
else-where
also
noted
)
any
such
boundless
thing
as
men
have
been
pleased
to
imagine
.
And
the
reasons
why
in
the
former
Experiments
,
mentioned
in
favour
of
the
Plenists
,
Bodies
seem
to
forget
their
own
Natures
to
shun
a
Vacuum
,
seems
to
be
but
this
;
That
in
the
alledged
cases
the
weight
of
that
Water
that
was
either
kept
from
falling
or
impell'd
up
,
was
not
great
enough
to
surmount
the
pressure
of
the
contiguous
Air
;
which
,
if
it
had
been
,
the
Water
would
have
subsided
,
though
no
Air
could
have
succeeded
.
For
not
to
repeat
that
Experiment
of
Monsieur
Paschal
(
formerly
mention'd
to
have
been
tryed
in
a
Glass
exceeding
32.
Foot
)
wherein
the
inverted
Pipe
being
long
enough
to
contain
a
competent-weight
of
Water
,
that
Liquor
freely
ran
out
at
the
lower
Orifice
:
Not
to
mention
this
(
I
say
)
we
saw
in
our
nineteenth
Experiment
,
that
when
the
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air
was
sufficiently
weakn'd
,
the
Water
would
fall
out
apace
at
the
Orifice
even
of
a
short
Pipe
,
though
the
Air
could
not
succeed
into
the
room
deserted
by
it
.
And
it
were
not
amiss
if
tryal
were
made
on
the
tops
of
very
high
Mountains
,
to
discover
with
what
case
a
Vacuum
could
be
made
near
the
confines
of
the
Atmosphere
,
where
the
Air
is
probably
but
light
in
comparison
of
what
it
is
here
below
.
But
our
present
(
three
and
thirtieth
)
Experiment
seems
to
manifest
,
not
onely
that
the
power
,
exercis'd
by
Nature
,
to
shun
or
replenish
a
Vacuum
,
is
limitted
,
but
that
it
may
be
determin'd
even
to
Pounds
and
Ounces
:
Insomuch
that
we
might
say
,
such
a
weight
Nature
will
sustain
or
will
lift
up
to
resist
a
Vacuum
in
our
Engine
;
but
if
an
Ounce
more
be
added
to
that
weight
,
it
will
surmount
Her
so
much
magnifi'd
detestation
of
Vacuities
.
And
thus
,
My
Lord
,
our
Experiments
may
not
onely
answer
those
of
the
Plenists
,
but
enable
us
to
retort
their
Arguments
against
themselves
:
since
,
if
that
be
true
which
they
alleadge
,
that
,
when
Water
falls
not
down
according
to
its
nature
,
in
a
Body
wherein
no
Air
can
succeed
to
fill
up
the
place
it
must
leave
,
the
suspension
of
the
Liquor
is
made
Ne
detur
Vacuum
,
(
as
they
speak
)
it
will
follow
,
that
if
the
Water
can
be
brought
to
subside
in
such
a
case
,
that
deserted
space
may
be
deem'd
empty
,
according
to
their
own
Doctrine
;
especially
,
since
Nature
(
as
they
would
perswade
us
)
bestirs
her self
so
mightily
to
keep
it
from
being
deserted
.
I
hope
I
shall
not
need
to
remind
Your
Lordship
,
that
I
have
all
this
while
been
speaking
of
a
Vacuum
,
not
in
the
strict
and
Philosophical
sense
,
but
in
that
more
obvious
and
familiar
one
that
hath
been
formerly
declar'd
.
And
therefore
I
shall
now
proceed
to
observe
in
the
last
place
,
that
our
33d
Experiment
affords
us
a
notable
proof
of
the
unheeded
strength
of
that
pressure
which
is
sustain'd
by
the
Corpuscles
of
what
we
call
the
free
Air
,
and
presume
to
be
uncompressed
.
For
,
as
fluid
and
yielding
a
Body
as
it
is
,
our
Experiment
teacheth
us
,
That
ev'n
in
our
Climate
,
and
without
any
other
compression
than
what
is
(
at
least
here
below
)
Natural
,
or
(
to
speak
more
properly
)
ordinary
to
it
,
it
bears
so
strongly
upon
the
Bodies
whereunto
it
is
contiguous
,
that
a
Cylinder
of
this
free
Air
,
not
exceeding
three
Inches
in
Diameter
is
able
to
raise
and
carry
up
a
weight
,
amounting
to
between
sixteen
and
seventeen
hundred
Ounces
.
I
said
even
in
our
Climate
,
because
that
is
temperate
enough
;
Aere
frigido
existente
tardius
moventar
Automata
quam
aere
calido
,
adeo
quidem
at
Automaton
quod
Belgae
in
Nova
Zembla
agentes
in
aedibus
suis
collocaverunt
omnino
à
motu
cessaverit
etsimulto
majus
pondus
ei
addidissent
quam
antea
serre
solebat
.
Varenius
Geo
:
General
.
lib.
111.
Propo
:
7.
pag.
648.
and
as
far
as
my
observations
assist
me
to
conjecture
,
the
Air
in
many
other
more
Northern
Countries
may
be
much
thicker
,
and
able
to
support
a
greater
weight
:
which
is
not
to
be
doubted
of
,
if
there
be
no
mistake
in
what
is
Recorded
concerning
the
Hollanders
,
that
were
forc'd
by
the
Ice
to
Winter
in
Nova
Zembla
,
namely
,
That
they
found
there
so
condens'd
an
Air
,
that
they
could
not
make
their
Clock
goe
,
ev'n
by
a
very
great
addition
to
the
weights
that
were
wont
to
move
it
.
I
suppose
Your
Lordship
will
readily
take
notice
,
that
I
might
very
easily
have
discoursed
much
more
fully
and
accurately
than
I
have
done
,
against
the
common
opinion
touching
Suction
,
and
touching
natures
hatred
of
a
Vacuum
.
But
I
was
willing
to
keep
my self
to
those
considerations
touching
these
matters
,
that
might
be
verified
by
our
engine
it self
,
especially
,
since
,
as
I
said
at
first
,
it
would
take
up
too
much
time
to
insist
particularly
upon
all
the
Reflexions
that
may
be
made
even
upon
our
two
last
Experiments
.
And
therefore
passing
to
the
next
,
I
shall
leave
it
to
Your
Lordship
to
consider
how
far
these
tryals
of
ours
will
either
confirm
or
disfavour
the
new
Doctrine
of
several
eminent
Naturalists
,
who
teach
,
That
in
all
motion
there
is
necessarily
a
Circle
of
Bodies
,
as
they
speak
,
moving
together
;
and
whether
the
Circles
in
such
motion
be
an
Accidental
or
Consequential
thing
or
no.
EXPERIMENT
XXXIIII
.
'T
Is
a
known
thing
to
those
that
are
conversant
in
the
Hydrostaticks
,
That
two
Bodies
which
in
the
Air
are
of
equal
weight
,
but
of
unequal
bulk
,
as
Gold
,
for
instance
and
Iron
,
being
afterwards
weighed
in
Water
,
will
lose
their
AEquilibrium
upon
the
change
of
the
ambient
Body
:
so
that
the
Gold
will
sink
lower
than
the
Iron
;
which
,
by
reason
of
its
greater
bulk
,
hath
more
Water
to
lift
or
displace
,
that
it
may
sink
.
By
Analogy
to
this
Experiment
,
it
seemed
probable
,
that
if
two
weights
did
in
our
Engine
ballance
each
other
,
when
the
Glass
was
full
of
Air
;
upon
the
exsuction
of
a
great
part
of
that
Air
,
so
notable
a
change
in
the
consistence
of
the
ambient
Body
,
would
make
them
lose
their
AEquilibrium
.
But
being
desirous
at
the
same
time
to
make
a
tryal
,
for
a
certain
Design
that
needs
not
here
be
mention'd
,
we
took
for
one
of
our
weights
a
dry
Bladder
,
strongly
tyed
at
the
Neck
,
and
about
half
fill'd
with
Air
(
that
being
a
weight
both
slight
,
and
that
would
expand
it self
in
the
evacuated
Glass
)
and
fastning
that
to
one
part
of
our
formerly
mentioned
exact
ballance
(
which
turns
with
the
32d
part
of
a
Grain
)
we
put
a
Metalline
counterpoise
into
the
opposite
Scale
;
and
so
the
two
weights
being
brought
to
an
AEquilibrium
,
the
ballance
was
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
,
and
suspended
from
the
Cover
of
it
.
But
before
we
proceed
farther
,
we
must
note
,
That
presently
after
the
laying
on
of
the
Cover
,
the
Bladder
appear'd
to
preponderate
,
whereupon
the
Scales
being
taken
out
,
and
reduc'd
very
near
to
an
AEquilibrium
,
yet
so
,
that
a
litle
advantage
remained
on
that
side
to
which
the
Metalline
weight
belonged
;
they
were
again
let
down
into
the
Receiver
,
which
was
presently
made
fast
with
Plaister
,
and
a
hot
Iron
:
Soon
after
which
before
the
Pump
was
employ'd
,
the
Bladder
seem'd
again
a
little
to
preponderate
.
Afterwards
the
Air
in
the
Glass
being
begun
to
be
drawn
out
,
the
Bladder
began
(
according
to
the
formerly
mention'd
Observations
)
to
expand
it self
,
and
manifestly
to
outweigh
the
opposite
weight
,
drawing
down
the
Scale
to
which
it
was
fastned
very
much
beneath
the
other
,
especially
when
the
Air
had
swell'd
it
to
its
full
extent
.
This
done
,
we
very
leisurely
let
in
the
external
Air
;
and
observ'd
,
that
upon
the
flagging
of
the
Bladder
,
the
Scale
whereto
it
was
fastned
,
not
onely
by
degrees
return'd
to
an
AEquilibrium
with
the
other
,
but
at
length
was
a
little
outweighed
by
it
.
But
because
we
suspected
there
might
have
interven'd
some
unheeded
Circumstance
in
this
last
part
of
the
Experiment
we
would
not
presently
take
out
the
Scales
,
nor
meddle
with
the
Cover
,
but
leaving
things
as
they
were
,
we
perceiv'd
,
that
after
a
little
while
the
Bladder
began
again
to
preponderate
,
and
by
degrees
to
sink
lower
and
lower
for
divers
hours
,
wherefore
,
leaving
the
Vessel
closed
up
all
night
,
we
repair'd
to
it
next
Morning
,
and
found
the
Bladder
fallen
yet
lower
.
As
if
the
very
substance
of
it
,
had
imbibed
some
of
the
moisture
wherewith
the
Air
(
the
Season
being
very
rainy
)
did
then
abound
:
As
Lutestrings
,
which
are
made
likewise
of
the
Membranous
parts
of
Guts
,
strongly
wreath'd
,
are
known
to
swell
so
much
oftentimes
as
to
break
in
rainy
and
wet
weather
.
Which
conjecture
is
the
more
to
be
regarded
,
because
congruously
unto
it
one
of
the
company
having
a
little
warm'd
the
Bladder
,
found
it
then
lighter
than
the
opposite
weight
.
But
this
must
be
look'd
upon
as
a
bare
conjecture
,
till
we
can
gain
time
to
make
farther
tryals
about
it
.
In
the
mean
while
we
shall
adde
,
that
without
removing
the
Scales
or
the
Cover
of
the
Receiver
,
we
again
caused
the
Air
to
be
drawn
out
(
the
weather
continuing
very
moist
)
but
found
not
any
manifest
alteration
in
the
ballance
;
whether
because
the
AEquilibrium
was
too
far
lost
to
let
a
small
change
appear
,
we
determine
not
.
But
to
make
the
Experiment
with
a
Body
less
apt
to
be
altered
by
the
temperature
of
the
Air
,
than
was
the
Bladder
;
we
brought
the
Scales
again
to
an
AEquilibrium
with
two
weights
,
whereof
the
one
was
of
Lead
,
the
other
of
Cork
.
And
having
evacuated
the
Receiver
,
we
observed
,
that
both
upon
the
exsuction
,
and
after
the
return
of
the
Air
,
the
Cork
did
manifestly
preponderate
,
and
much
more
,
a
while
after
the
Air
had
been
let
in
again
,
than
whilst
it
was
kept
out
.
Wherefore
,
in
the
room
of
the
Cork
,
we
substituted
a
piece
of
Char-coal
,
as
less
likely
to
imbibe
any
moisture
from
the
Air
,
but
the
event
proved
much
the
same
with
that
newly
related
:
So
that
this
Experiment
seems
more
liable
to
Casualties
than
any
,
excepting
one
we
have
made
in
our
Engine
.
And
as
it
is
difficult
to
prevent
them
,
so
it
seems
not
very
easie
to
discover
the
causes
of
them
,
whereof
we
shall
therefore
at
present
forbear
mentioning
our
Conjectures
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXV
.
SOme
Learned
Mathematicians
have
of
late
ingeniously
endeavoured
to
reduce
Filtres
to
Siphons
;
but
still
the
true
cause
of
the
ascension
of
Water
,
and
other
Liquors
both
in
Siphons
and
in
Filtration
,
needing
(
for
ought
we
have
yet
found
)
a
clearer
Discovery
and
Explication
,
we
were
desirous
to
try
whether
or
no
the
pressure
of
the
Air
might
reasonably
be
supposed
to
have
either
the
principal
,
or
at
least
a
considerable
Interest
in
the
raising
of
those
Liquors
.
But
because
we
found
that
we
could
not
yet
so
evacuate
our
Receiver
,
but
that
the
remaining
Air
though
but
little
in
comparison
of
the
exhausted
,
would
be
able
to
impell
the
Water
to
a
greater
height
than
is
usual
in
ordinary
Filtrations
:
we
resolved
instead
of
a
List
of
Cotton
,
or
the
like
Filtre
,
to
make
use
of
a
Siphon
of
Glass
,
delineated
in
the
third
Figure
,
consisting
of
three
pieces
,
two
streight
,
and
the
third
crooked
to
joyn
them
together
;
whose
Junctures
were
diligently
clos'd
that
no
Air
might
find
entrance
at
them
.
One
of
the
Legs
of
this
Siphon
was
(
as
it
should
be
)
somewhat
longer
than
the
other
,
and
was
pervious
at
the
bottom
of
it
onely
,
by
a
hole
almost
as
slender
as
a
hair
,
that
the
Water
might
but
very
leasurely
drop
out
of
it
,
lest
it
should
all
run
out
before
the
Experiment
were
compleated
.
The
other
and
shorter
Leg
of
the
Siphon
was
quite
open
at
the
end
,
and
the
same
wideness
with
the
rest
of
the
Pipe
,
whose
bore
was
about
¼
of
an
Inch.
The
whole
Siphon
made
up
of
these
several
pieces
put
together
,
was
design'd
to
be
about
a
Foot
and
a
half
long
;
that
the
remaining
Air
,
when
the
Vessel
was
exhausted
after
the
wonted
manner
,
might
not
be
able
to
impell
the
Water
to
the
top
of
the
Siphon
;
which
being
inverted
,
was
fill'd
with
Water
,
and
of
which
the
Shorter
leg
being
let
down
two
or
three
Inches
deep
into
a
Glass
Vessel
full
of
Water
,
and
the
upper
parts
of
it
being
fasten'd
to
the
inside
of
the
Cover
of
the
Receiver
,
we
proceeded
to
close
first
,
and
then
to
empty
the
Vessel
.
The
effect
of
the
tryal
was
this
,
That
till
a
pretty
quantity
of
Air
had
been
drawn
out
,
the
Water
dropp'd
freely
out
at
the
lower
end
of
the
lower
leg
of
the
Siphon
,
as
if
the
Experiment
had
been
performed
in
the
free
Air.
But
afterwards
,
the
Bubbles
(
as
had
been
apprehended
)
began
to
disclose
themselves
in
the
Water
,
and
ascending
to
the
top
of
the
Siphon
,
imbodyed
themselves
there
into
one
,
which
was
augmented
by
little
and
little
,
by
the
rising
of
other
bubbles
that
from
time
to
time
broke
into
it
,
but
much
more
by
its
own
dilatation
,
which
increas'd
proportionably
to
the
exsuction
that
was
made
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
.
So
that
at
length
the
Water
in
the
shorter
Leg
of
the
Siphon
was
reduc'd
,
partly
by
the
extraction
of
the
ambient
Air
,
and
partly
by
the
expansion
of
the
great
Bubble
at
the
upper
part
of
the
Siphon
,
to
be
but
about
a
Foot
high
,
if
so
much
;
whereby
it
came
to
pass
,
that
the
course
of
the
Water
in
the
Siphon
was
interrupted
,
and
that
which
remain'd
in
the
longer
Leg
of
it
,
continu'd
suspended
there
without
dropping
any
longer
.
But
upon
the
turning
of
the
Stop-cock
,
the
outward
Air
(
being
let
into
the
Receiver
)
got
into
the
Siphon
,
by
the
little
hole
at
which
the
Water
formerly
dropt
out
;
and
traversing
all
the
incumbent
Cylinder
of
Water
,
in
the
form
of
Bubbles
,
joynd
it self
with
that
Air
that
before
possess'd
the
top
of
the
Siphon
.
To
prevent
the
inconveniences
arising
from
these
Bubbles
,
two
Glass
Pipes
,
like
the
former
,
were
so
placed
,
as
to
terminate
together
in
the
midst
of
the
Belly
of
a
Glass
Viol
,
into
whose
Neck
they
were
carefully
fasten'd
with
Cement
;
and
then
both
the
Viol
and
the
Pipes
being
(
which
was
not
done
without
difficulty
)
totally
fill'd
with
Water
,
the
Siphon
describ'd
in
the
fifth
Figure
,
was
plac'd
with
its
shorter
Leg
in
the
Glass
of
Water
as
formerly
;
and
the
Experiment
being
prosecuted
after
the
same
manner
,
much
more
Air
than
formerly
was
drawn
out
,
before
the
bubbles
,
disclosing
themselves
in
the
water
,
were
able
to
disturb
the
Experiment
;
because
that
in
the
capacity
of
the
Viol
there
was
room
enough
for
them
to
stretch
themselves
,
without
depressing
the
Water
below
the
ends
of
the
Pipes
;
and
during
this
time
,
the
Water
continued
to
drop
out
of
the
propending
Leg
of
the
Siphon
.
But
at
length
the
Receiver
being
very
much
empty'd
,
the
passage
of
the
Water
through
the
Siphon
ceas'd
,
the
upper
ends
of
the
Pipes
beginning
to
appear
a
little
above
theremaining
Water
in
the
Viol
,
whose
dilated
Air
appear'd
likewise
to
press
down
the
Water
in
the
Pipes
,
and
fill
the
upper
part
of
them
.
And
hereby
the
continuity
of
the
Water
,
and
so
the
Experiment
it self
being
interrupted
we
were
invited
to
let
in
the
Air
again
,
which
,
according
to
its
various
proportions
of
pressure
to
that
of
the
Air
in
the
Viol
and
the
Pipes
,
did
for
a
good
while
exhibite
a
pleasing
variety
of
Phaenomena
,
which
we
have
not
now
the
leasure
to
recite
.
And
though
upon
the
whole
matter
there
seem'd
little
or
no
cause
to
doubt
,
but
that
,
if
the
Bubbles
had
not
disturb'd
the
Experiment
,
it
would
manifestly
enough
have
appear'd
that
the
course
of
Water
through
Siphons
depends
upon
the
pressure
of
the
Air
:
yet
we
resolv'd
,
at
our
next
leasure
and
conveniency
,
to
try
the
Experiment
again
,
with
a
quantity
of
Water
before
freed
from
Bubbles
by
the
help
of
the
same
Engine
.
This
occasion
I
have
had
to
take
notice
of
Siphons
,
puts
me
in
mind
of
an
odde
kind
of
Siphon
that
I
caus'd
to
be
made
ā
pretty
while
ago
;
and
which
hath
been
since
,
by
an
Ingenious
Man
of
Your
acquaintance
,
communicated
to
divers
others
.
The
occasion
was
this
:
An
eminent
Mathematician
told
me
one
day
,
that
some
inquisitive
French
Men
(
whose
Names
I
know
not
)
had
observ'd
,
That
in
case
one
end
of
a
slender
and
perforated
Pipe
of
Glass
be
dip'd
in
Water
,
the
liquor
will
ascend
to
some
height
in
the
Pipe
,
though
held
perpendicular
to
the
plain
of
the
Water
.
And
,
to
satisfie
me
that
he
mis-related
not
the
Experiment
,
he
soon
after
brought
two
or
three
small
Pipes
of
Glass
,
which
gave
me
the
opportunity
of
trying
it
:
though
I
had
the
less
reason
to
distrust
it
,
because
I
remember
I
had
often
,
in
the
long
and
slender
Pipes
of
some
weather
Glasses
,
which
I
had
caus'd
to
be
made
after
a
somewhat
peculiar
fashion
,
taken
notice
of
the
like
ascension
of
the
Liquor
,
though
(
presuming
it
might
be
casual
)
I
had
made
but
little
reflexion
upon
it
.
But
after
this
tryal
,
beginning
to
suppose
,
that
though
the
Water
in
these
Pipes
that
were
brought
me
,
rise
not
above
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
,
(
if
near
so
high
)
yet
,
if
the
Pipes
were
made
slender
enough
,
the
Water
might
rise
to
a
very
much
greater
height
;
I
caus'd
several
of
them
to
be
,
by
a
dexterous
Hand
,
drawn
out
at
the
flame
of
a
Lamp
,
in
one
of
which
that
was
almost
incredibly
slender
we
found
that
the
Water
ascended
(
as
it
were
of
it self
)
five
Inches
by
measure
,
to
the
no
small
wonder
of
some
famous
Mathematicians
,
who
were
Spectators
of
some
of
these
Experiments
.
And
this
height
the
Water
reach'd
to
,
though
the
Pipe
were
held
in
as
erected
a
posture
as
we
could
:
For
if
it
were
inclin'd
,
the
Water
would
fill
a
greater
part
of
it
,
though
not
rise
higher
in
it
.
And
we
also
found
,
that
when
the
inside
of
the
Pipe
was
wetted
beforehand
,
the
Water
would
rise
much
better
than
otherways
:
But
we
caus'd
not
all
our
slender
Pipes
to
be
made
streight
,
but
some
of
them
crooked
,
like
Siphons
:
And
having
immers'd
the
shorter
Leg
of
one
of
these
into
a
Glass
that
held
some
fair
Water
,
we
found
,
as
we
expected
,
that
the
Water
arising
to
the
top
of
the
Siphon
,
though
that
were
high
enough
,
did
of
it self
run
down
the
longer
Leg
,
and
continue
running
like
an
ordinary
Siphon
.
The
cause
of
this
ascension
of
the
Water
,
appear'd
to
all
that
were
present
so
difficult
,
that
I
must
not
stay
to
enumerate
the
various
Conjectures
that
were
made
at
it
,
much
less
to
examine
them
;
especially
having
nothing
but
bare
Conjectures
to
substitute
in
the
room
of
those
I
do
not
approve
.
We
try'd
indeed
,
by
conveying
a
very
slender
Pipe
and
a
small
Vessel
of
Water
into
our
Engine
,
whether
or
no
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
would
assist
us
to
find
the
cause
of
the
ascension
we
have
been
speaking
of
:
But
though
we
imploy'd
red
Wine
instead
of
Water
,
yet
we
could
scarce
certainly
perceive
thorow
so
much
Glass
,
as
was
interpos'd
betwixt
our
eyes
and
the
Liquor
,
what
happen'd
in
a
Pipe
so
slender
that
the
redness
of
the
Wine
was
scarce
sensible
in
it
.
But
as
far
as
we
could
discern
,
there
happen'd
no
great
alteration
to
the
Liquor
:
which
seem'd
the
less
strange
,
because
the
spring
of
that
Air
that
might
depress
the
Water
in
the
Pipe
,
was
equally
debilitated
with
that
which
remain'd
to
press
upon
the
surface
of
the
Water
in
the
little
Glass
.
Wherefore
,
in
favor
of
his
Ingenious
Conjecture
who
ascrib'd
the
Phaenomenon
under
consideration
,
to
the
greater
pressure
made
upon
the
water
by
the
Air
without
the
Pipe
,
than
by
that
within
it
,
(
where
so
much
of
the
Water
(
consisting
perhaps
of
Corpuscles
more
pliant
to
the
internal
surfaces
of
the
Air
)
was
contiguous
to
the
Glass
)
it
was
shown
,
that
in
case
the
little
Glass
Vessel
that
held
the
water
,
of
which
a
part
ascended
into
the
slender
Pipe
,
were
so
clos'd
,
that
a
Man
might
with
his
mouth
suck
the
Air
out
of
it
,
the
water
would
immediately
subside
in
the
small
Pipe
.
And
this
would
indeed
infer
,
that
it
ascended
before
onely
by
the
pressure
of
the
incumbent
Air
;
But
that
it
may
(
how
justly
I
know
not
)
be
objected
,
That
peradventure
this
would
not
happen
,
in
case
the
upper
end
of
the
Pipe
were
in
a
Vacuum
:
And
that
't
is
very
probable
the
water
may
subside
,
not
because
the
pressure
of
the
internal
Air
is
taken
off
by
Exsuction
,
but
by
reason
of
the
spring
of
the
external
Air
,
which
impels
the
Water
it
findes
in
its
way
to
the
cavity
deserted
by
the
other
Air
,
and
would
as
well
impel
the
same
water
upwards
,
as
make
it
subside
,
if
it
were
not
for
the
accidental
posture
of
the
Glasses
.
However
,
having
not
now
leisure
to
examine
any
farther
this
Matter
,
I
shall
onely
mind
Your
Lordship
,
that
if
You
will
prosecute
this
Speculation
,
it
will
be
pertinent
to
find
out
likewise
,
Why
the
surface
of
water
(
as
is
manifest
in
Pipes
)
useth
to
be
concave
,
being
depress'd
in
the
middle
,
and
higher
on
every
side
?
and
why
in
Quicksilver
on
the
contrary
,
not
onely
the
surface
is
wont
to
be
very
convex
,
or
swelling
,
in
the
middle
;
but
if
you
dip
the
end
of
a
slender
Pipe
in
it
,
the
surface
of
the
Liquor
(
as
't
is
call'd
)
will
be
lower
within
the
Pipe
,
than
without
.
Which
Phaenomena
,
whether
,
and
how
far
,
they
may
be
deduc'd
from
the
Figure
of
the
mercurial
Corpuscles
,
and
the
Shape
of
the
springy
Particles
of
the
Air
,
I
willingly
leave
to
be
consider'd
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXVI
.
SEveral
ways
we
have
met
with
propos'd
,
partly
by
the
excellent
Galileo
,
and
partly
by
other
ingenious
Writers
,
to
manifest
that
the
Air
is
not
devoid
of
weight
;
some
of
these
require
the
previous
absence
of
the
Air
to
be
weighed
;
and
others
,
the
violent
condensation
of
it
.
But
if
we
could
list
a
pair
of
Scales
above
the
Atmosphere
,
or
place
them
in
a
Vacuum
,
we
might
there
weigh
a
parcel
of
Air
it self
,
as
here
we
do
other
Bodies
in
the
Air
,
because
it
would
there
be
heavier
than
that
which
surrounds
it
,
as
are
grosser
Bodies
we
commonly
weigh
,
than
the
medium
or
ambient
Air.
Wherefore
,
though
we
have
above
declin'd
to
affirm
,
that
our
Receiver
,
when
emptyed
,
deserves
the
name
of
a
true
Vacuum
,
and
though
we
cannot
yet
perfectly
free
it
from
Air
it self
,
yet
we
thought
fit
to
try
how
far
the
Air
would
manifest
its
gravity
in
so
thin
a
medium
,
as
we
could
make
in
our
.
Receiver
,
by
evacuating
it
.
We
caus'd
then
to
be
blown
at
the
Flame
of
a
Lamp
,
a
Glass
bubble
of
about
the
bigness
of
a
small
Hen-egge
,
and
of
an
Oval
form
,
save
that
at
one
end
there
was
drawn
out
an
exceeding
slender
Pipe
,
that
the
Bubble
might
be
sealed
up
,
with
as
little
rarefaction
as
might
be
,
of
the
Air
included
in
the
great
or
Oval
Cavity
of
it
.
This
Glass
being
sealed
,
was
fastened
to
one
of
the
Scales
of
the
exact
pair
of
Ballances
formerly
mention'd
;
and
being
counterpois'd
with
a
weight
of
Lead
,
was
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
,
and
clos'd
up
in
it
.
The
Beam
appearing
to
continue
Horizontal
,
the
Pump
was
set
on
work
,
and
there
scarce
past
above
two
or
three
Exsuctions
of
the
Air
,
before
the
Ballance
lost
its
Equilibrium
,
and
began
to
incline
to
that
side
on
which
the
Bubble
was
;
which
,
as
the
Air
was
farther
and
farther
drawn
out
,
did
manifestly
more
and
more
preponderate
,
till
he
that
pumped
began
to
grow
weary
of
his
Imployment
:
after
which
the
Air
being
leisurely
let
in
againe
,
the
Scales
by
degrees
returned
to
their
former
Equilibrium
.
After
that
we
took
them
out
,
and
casting
into
that
Scale
to
which
the
lead
belonged
three
quarters
of
a
grain
,
we
conveyed
the
ballance
into
the
Receiver
,
which
being
closed
up
,
and
exhausted
as
before
,
we
observ'd
,
that
as
the
Air
was
drawn
out
more
and
more
,
so
the
Glass
bubble
came
nearer
and
nearer
to
an
Equilibrium
with
the
other
weight
,
till
at
length
the
Beam
was
drawn
to
hang
Horizontal
;
which
(
as
we
had
found
by
another
tryal
)
we
could
not
bring
it
to
do
,
when
a
quarter
of
a
Grain
more
was
added
to
the
Scale
,
to
which
the
Lead
belong'd
:
though
it
seem'd
questionless
,
that
if
we
could
have
perfectly
empty'd
the
Receiver
of
the
contain'd
Air
,
that
included
in
the
bubble
would
have
weighed
above
a
Grain
,
notwithstanding
its
having
been
probably
somewhat
rarefied
by
the
flame
,
by
the
help
of
which
,
the
bubble
was
seal'd
up
.
Let
us
adde
,
That
on
the
regress
of
the
excluded
Air
,
the
Lead
,
and
the
weight
cast
into
the
same
scale
,
did
again
very
much
preponderate
.
We
likwise
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
,
the
same
bubble
,
open'd
at
the
end
of
the
slender
Pipe
above-mention'd
,
but
having
drawn
out
the
Air
,
after
the
accustomed
manner
,
we
found
not
as
before
,
the
bubble
to
out-weigh
the
opposite
Lead
:
so
that
by
the
help
of
our
Engine
we
can
weigh
the
Air
,
as
we
weigh
other
Bodies
,
in
its
natural
or
ordinary
consistence
,
without
at
all
condensing
it
:
Nay
,
which
is
remarkable
,
having
convey'd
a
Lambs
bladder
about
half
full
of
Air
into
the
Receiver
,
we
observed
,
that
though
upon
the
drawing
out
of
the
ambient
Air
,
the
imprisoned
Air
so
expanded
it self
,
as
to
distend
the
Bladder
so
,
as
to
seem
ready
to
Break
it
;
yet
this
rarefied
Air
did
manifestly
depress
the
Scale
whereunto
it
was
annexed
.
Another
thing
we
must
not
forget
to
mention
,
that
happened
to
us
,
whilst
we
were
making
tryals
concerning
the
weight
of
the
Air
;
namely
,
that
having
once
caus'd
the
Pump
to
be
somewhat
obstinately
ply'd
,
to
discover
the
better
what
may
be
expected
from
the
thinness
of
the
medium
in
this
Experiment
;
the
Imprison'd
Air
broke
its
brittle
Prison
,
and
throwing
the
greatest
part
of
it
against
the
side
of
the
Receiver
,
dash'd
it
against
that
thick
Glass
into
a
multitude
of
pieces
.
Which
accident
I
mention
,
partly
that
it
may
confirm
what
we
deliver'd
in
our
Reflexions
,
upon
the
first
Experiment
,
where
we
considered
what
would
probably
be
done
by
the
spring
of
the
Air
Imprison'd
in
such
Glasses
,
in
case
the
ballancing
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air
were
withdrawn
;
and
partly
,
that
we
may
thence
discern
of
how
close
a
Texture
Glass
is
,
since
so
very
thin
a
film
of
Glass
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
prov'd
so
impervious
to
the
Air
,
that
it
could
not
get
away
through
the
Pores
,
but
was
forc'd
to
break
the
Glass
in
pieces
to
free
it self
;
and
this
,
notwithstanding
the
time
and
advantage
it
had
to
try
to
get
out
at
the
Pores
.
And
this
I
mention
,
that
neither
our
Experiments
,
nor
those
of
divers
Learned
Men
,
might
receive
any
prejudice
from
an
Experiment
which
I
happen'd
to
make
divers
years
ago
,
and
which
,
having
been
so
much
taken
notice
of
by
curious
Men
,
may
be
drawn
to
countenance
their
erroneous
Opinion
,
who
would
fain
perswade
us
,
That
Glass
is
penetrable
by
Air
properly
so
called
.
Our
Experiment
was
briefly
this
:
We
were
distilling
a
certain
Substance
,
that
much
abounded
with
subtle
Spirits
and
volatile
Salt
,
in
a
strong
Earthen
vessel
of
an
unusual
shape
,
to
which
was
luted
a
large
Receiver
,
made
of
the
course
sort
of
Glass
(
which
the
Trades-men
are
wont
to
call
green
Glass
)
but
in
our
absence
,
the
Fire
,
though
it
were
to
be
very
strong
,
was
,
by
the
negligence
or
mistake
of
those
we
appointed
to
attend
it
,
so
excessively
increas'd
,
that
when
we
came
back
to
the
Fornace
,
we
found
the
spirituous
and
saline
Corpuscles
pour'd
out
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
so
hot
,
and
so
copiously
into
the
Receiver
,
that
they
made
it
all
opacous
,
and
more
likely
to
flie
in
pieces
,
than
fit
to
be
touch'd
.
Yet
,
being
curious
to
observe
the
effects
of
a
Distillation
,
prosecuted
with
so
intense
and
unusual
a
degree
of
heat
,
we
ventur'd
to
come
near
,
and
observ'd
,
among
other
things
,
that
on
the
outside
of
the
Receiver
,
at
a
great
distance
from
the
juncture
,
there
was
setled
a
round
whitish
Spot
or
two
,
which
at
first
we
thought
might
be
some
stain
upon
the
Glass
;
but
after
,
finding
it
to
be
in
divers
Qualities
like
the
Oyl
and
Salt
of
the
Concrete
we
were
Distilling
,
we
began
to
suspect
that
the
most
subtle
and
fugitive
parts
of
the
impetuously
ascending
Steams
,
had
penetrated
the
substance
(
as
they
speak
)
of
the
Glass
,
and
by
the
cold
of
the
ambient
Air
were
condensed
on
the
surface
of
it
.
And
though
we
were
very
backward
to
credit
this
suspition
,
and
therefore
call'd
in
an
Ingenious
Person
or
two
,
both
to
assist
us
in
the
Observation
,
and
have
Witness
of
its
event
,
we
continued
a
while
longer
to
watch
the
escape
of
such
unctuous
Fumes
;
and
upon
the
whole
matter
unanimously
concluded
that
(
all
things
consider'd
)
the
subtle
parts
of
the
distill'd
matter
being
violently
agitated
,
by
the
excessive
heat
that
pass'd
through
the
Pores
of
the
Glass
,
widn'd
by
the
same
heat
.
But
this
having
never
happen'd
but
once
in
any
of
the
Distillations
we
have
either
made
or
seen
,
though
these
be
not
a
few
,
it
is
much
more
reasonable
to
suppose
,
that
the
perviousness
of
our
Receiver
to
a
Body
much
more
subtle
than
Air
,
proceeded
partly
from
the
looser
Texture
of
that
particular
parcel
of
Glass
the
Receiver
was
made
of
(
for
Experience
hath
taught
us
,
that
all
Glass
is
not
of
the
same
compactness
and
solidity
)
and
partly
from
the
enormous
heat
,
which
,
together
with
the
vehement
agitation
of
the
penetrant
Spirits
,
open'd
the
Pores
of
the
Glass
;
than
to
imagine
that
such
a
substance
as
Air
,
should
be
able
to
permeate
the
Body
of
Glass
contrary
to
the
testimony
of
a
thousand
Chymical
and
Mechanical
Experiments
,
and
of
many
of
those
made
in
our
Engine
,
especially
that
newly
recited
:
Nay
,
by
our
fifth
Experiment
it
appears
that
a
thin
Bladder
will
not
at
its
Pores
give
passage
even
to
rarefied
Air.
And
on
this
occasion
we
will
annex
an
Experiment
,
which
hath
made
some
of
those
we
have
acquainted
with
it
,
doubt
,
whether
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Air
be
not
less
subtle
than
those
of
Water
.
But
without
examining
here
the
reasonableness
of
that
doubt
,
we
will
proceed
to
recite
the
Experiment
it self
,
which
seems
to
teach
,
That
though
Air
,
when
sufficiently
compressed
,
may
perchance
get
entrance
into
narrower
holes
and
crannies
than
Water
;
yet
unless
the
Air
be
forc'd
in
at
such
very
little
holes
,
it
will
not
get
in
at
them
,
though
they
may
be
big
enough
to
let
Water
pass
through
them
.
The
Experiment
then
was
this
:
I
took
a
fair
Glass
Siphon
,
the
lower
end
of
whose
longest
Leg
was
drawn
by
degrees
to
such
a
slenderness
,
that
the
Orifice
,
at
which
the
Water
was
to
fall
out
,
would
hardly
admit
a
very
small
Pin
:
This
Siphon
being
inverted
,
the
matter
was
so
order'd
,
that
a
little
Bubble
of
Air
was
intercepted
in
the
slenderest
part
of
the
Siphon
,
betwixt
the
little
hole
newly
mention'd
,
and
the
incumbent
Water
,
upon
which
it
came
to
pass
,
that
the
Air
being
not
to
be
forc'd
through
so
narrow
a
passage
,
by
so
light
a
Cylinder
of
Water
,
(
though
amounting
to
the
length
of
divers
Inches
,
)
as
lean'd
upon
it
,
hindered
the
farther
efflux
of
the
Water
,
as
long
as
I
pleased
to
let
it
stay
in
that
narrow
place
:
whereas
,
when
by
blowing
a
little
at
the
wider
end
of
the
Siphon
,
that
little
parcel
of
Air
was
forced
out
with
some
Water
,
the
remaining
Water
,
that
before
continu'd
suspended
,
began
freely
to
drop
down
again
as
formerly
.
And
if
you
take
a
Glass
Pipe
,
whether
it
be
in
the
form
of
a
Siphon
,
or
no
,
that
being
for
the
most
part
of
the
thickness
of
a
Mans
Finger
,
is
yet
towards
one
end
so
slender
,
as
to
terminate
in
a
hole
almost
as
small
as
a
Horse-hair
;
and
if
you
fill
this
Pipe
with
Water
,
you
will
find
that
Liquor
to
drop
down
freely
enough
thorow
the
slender
Extream
:
But
if
you
then
invert
the
Pipe
,
you
will
find
that
the
Air
will
not
easily
get
in
at
the
same
hole
through
which
the
Water
passed
.
For
in
the
sharp
end
of
the
Pipe
,
some
Inches
of
water
will
remain
suspended
,
which
,
't
is
probable
,
would
not
happen
,
if
the
Air
could
get
in
to
succeed
it
,
since
if
the
hole
were
a
little
wider
,
the
Water
would
immediately
subside
.
And
though
it
be
true
,
that
if
the
Pipe
be
of
the
length
of
many
Inches
,
a
great
part
of
the
Water
will
run
down
at
the
wider
Orifice
:
yet
that
seems
to
happen
for
some
other
reason
,
than
because
the
Air
succeeds
it
at
the
upper
and
narrow
Orifice
,
since
all
the
slender
part
of
the
Pipe
,
and
perhaps
some
Inches
more
,
will
continue
full
of
Water
.
And
on
this
occasion
I
remember
,
that
whereas
it
appears
by
our
fifth
Experiment
,
That
the
Aërial
Corpuscles
(
except
perhaps
some
that
are
extraordinarily
fine
)
will
not
pass
thorow
the
Pores
of
a
Lambs
Bladder
,
yet
Particles
of
Water
will
,
as
we
have
long
since
observ'd
,
and
as
may
be
easily
try'd
,
by
very
closely
tying
a
little
Alcalizate
Salt
(
we
us'd
the
Calx
of
Tartar
made
with
Nitre
)
in
a
fine
Bladder
,
and
dipping
the
lower
end
of
the
Bladder
in
Water
;
for
if
you
hold
it
there
for
a
competent
while
,
you
will
find
that
there
will
strain
thorow
the
Pores
of
the
Bladder
,
Water
enough
to
dissolve
the
Salt
into
a
Liquor
.
But
I
see
I
am
slip'd
into
a
Digression
,
wherefore
I
will
not
examine
,
whether
,
the
Experiment
I
have
related
,
proceeded
from
hence
,
That
the
springy
Texture
of
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Air
,
makes
them
less
apt
to
yield
and
accommodate
themselves
easily
to
the
narrow
Pores
of
Bodies
,
than
the
more
flexible
Particles
of
Water
;
or
whether
it
may
more
probably
be
ascrib'd
to
some
other
Cause
.
Nor
will
I
stay
to
consider
how
far
we
may
hence
be
assisted
to
ghess
at
the
cause
of
the
ascension
of
Water
in
the
slender
Pipes
,
and
Siphons
formerly
mention'd
,
but
will
return
to
our
Bubble
;
and
take
notice
,
That
we
thought
fit
also
to
endeavor
to
measure
the
capacity
of
the
Bubble
we
had
made
use
of
,
by
filling
it
with
Water
,
that
we
might
the
better
know
how
much
Water
answer'd
in
weight
to
¾
of
a
Grain
of
Air
,
but
notwithstanding
all
the
diligence
that
was
used
to
preserve
so
brittle
a
Vessel
,
it
broke
before
we
could
perfect
that
we
were
about
,
and
we
were
not
then
provided
of
another
Bubble
fit
for
our
turn
.
The
haste
I
was
in
,
My
Lord
,
when
I
sent
away
the
last
Sheet
,
made
me
forget
to
take
notice
to
you
of
a
Problem
that
occurr'd
to
my
thoughts
,
upon
the
occasion
of
the
slow
breaking
of
the
Glass
Bubble
in
our
evacuated
Receiver
.
For
it
may
seem
strange
,
since
by
our
sixth
Experiment
it
appears
,
that
the
Air
,
when
permitted
,
will
by
its
own
internal
Spring
expand
it self
twice
as
much
as
Mersennus
was
able
to
expand
it
,
by
the
heat
even
of
a
candent
AEolipile
:
Yet
the
Elater
of
the
Air
was
scarce
able
to
break
a
very
thin
Glass
Bubble
,
and
utterly
unable
to
break
one
somewhat
thicker
,
within
whose
cavity
it
was
imprison'd
;
whereas
Air
pen'd
up
and
agitated
by
heat
is
able
to
perform
so
much
more
considerable
effects
,
that
(
not
to
mention
those
of
Rarefaction
that
are
more
obvious
)
the
Learned
Jesuit
Cabaeus
(
he
that
writ
of
the
Load-stone
)
relates
,
That
he
saw
a
Marble
Pillar
(
so
vast
,
that
three
men
together
P
:
Nicol
:
Cab
:
lib:
4.
Meteor
:
Aristot
:
with
display'd
arms
could
not
imbrace
it
,
and
that
1000
Yoke
of
Oxen
drawing
it
several
ways
with
all
their
strength
,
could
not
have
torn
it
assunder
)
quite
broken
off
in
the
midst
,
by
reason
of
some
Wood
,
which
happening
to
be
burnt
just
by
the
Pillar
the
heat
proceeding
from
the
neighbouring
Fir
,
so
rarefied
some
Air
or
Spirituous
Matter
which
was
shut
up
in
the
cavities
of
the
Marble
,
that
it
broke
through
the
solid
Body
of
the
Stone
to
obtain
room
to
expand
it self
.
I
remember
I
have
taken
notice
that
probably
the
reason
why
the
included
Air
did
not
break
the
hermetically
seal'd
Bubbles
that
remain'd
intire
in
our
emptyed
Receiver
,
was
,
That
the
Air
,
being
somewhat
rarefied
by
the
flame
imploy'd
to
close
the
Glass
,
its
Spring
,
upon
the
recess
of
the
heat
,
grew
weaker
than
before
.
But
though
we
reject
not
that
ghess
,
yet
it
will
not
in
the
present
case
serve
the
turn
,
because
that
much
smaller
Glass
bubbles
exactly
clos'd
,
will
,
by
the
included
Air
(
though
agitated
by
the
heat
of
a
very
moderate
Fire
)
be
made
to
fly
in
pieces
.
Whether
we
may
be
assisted
to
salve
this
Problem
,
by
considering
that
the
heat
doth
from
within
vehemently
agitate
the
Corpuscles
of
the
Air
,
and
add
its
assistance
to
the
Spring
they
had
before
,
I
shall
not
now
examine
:
since
I
here
but
propose
a
Problem
,
and
that
chiefly
that
by
this
memorable
Story
of
Cabaeus
,
notice
may
be
taken
of
the
prodigious
power
of
Rarefaction
,
which
hereby
appears
capable
of
performing
stranger
things
than
any
of
our
Experiments
have
hitherto
ascrib'd
to
it
.
We
should
hence
,
My
Lord
,
immediately
proceed
to
the
next
Experiment
,
but
that
we
think
it
fit
,
on
this
occasion
,
to
acquaint
You
with
what
some
former
tryals
(
though
not
made
in
our
Engine
)
have
taught
us
,
concerning
what
we
would
have
discover'd
by
the
newly
mention'd
Bubble
that
broke
.
And
this
the
rather
,
because
(
a
great
part
of
this
Letter
supposing
the
gravity
of
the
Air
)
it
will
not
be
impertinent
to
determine
more
particularly
than
hitherto
we
have
done
,
what
gravity
we
ascribe
to
it
.
We
took
then
an
AEolipile
made
of
Copper
,
weighing
six
ounces
,
five
drachms
,
and
eight
and
forty
grains
:
this
being
made
as
hot
as
we
durst
make
it
,
(
for
fear
of
melting
the
mettle
,
or
at
least
the
Sodar
)
was
removed
from
the
fire
and
immediately
stopped
with
hard
Wax
that
no
Air
at
all
might
get
in
at
the
little
hole
,
wont
to
be
left
in
AEolipiles
for
the
fumes
to
issue
out
at
:
Then
the
AEolipile
being
suffer'd
leasurely
to
cool
,
was
again
weighed
together
with
the
Wax
that
stopt
it
,
and
was
found
to
weigh
(
by
reason
of
the
additional
weight
of
the
Wax
)
six
ounces
,
six
drachms
,
and
39
grains
.
Lastly
,
the
Wax
being
perforated
without
taking
any
of
it
out
of
the
Scale
,
the
external
Air
was
suffered
to
rush
in
(
which
it
did
with
some
noise
)
and
then
the
AEolipile
and
Wax
,
being
again
weighed
amounted
to
six
ounces
,
six
drachms
,
and
50
grains
.
So
that
the
AEolipile
freed
as
far
as
our
fire
could
free
it
,
from
its
Air
,
weighed
less
than
it self
when
replenished
with
Air
,
full
eleven
grains
.
That
is
,
the
Air
containable
within
the
cavity
of
the
AEolipile
amounted
to
eleven
grains
and
somewhat
more
;
I
say
somewhat
more
,
because
of
the
particles
of
Air
,
that
were
not
driven
by
the
fire
out
of
the
AEolipile
.
And
by
the
Way
(
if
there
be
no
mistake
in
the
observations
of
the
diligent
Mersennus
)
it
may
seem
strange
that
it
should
so
much
differ
from
2
or
3
of
ours
;
in
none
of
which
we
could
rarefie
the
Air
in
our
AEolipile
(
though
made
red
hot
almost
all
over
,
and
so
immediately
plung'd
into
cold
Water
)
to
half
that
degree
which
he
mentions
,
namely
to
70
times
its
natural
extent
,
unless
it
were
that
the
AEolipile
he
imploy'd
was
able
to
sustain
a
more
vehement
heat
than
ours
(
which
yet
we
kept
in
so
great
an
one
,
that
once
the
Soder
melting
,
it
fell
asunder
into
the
two
Hemispheres
it
consists
of
.
)
The
fore-mentioned
way
of
weighing
the
Air
by
the
help
of
an
AEolipile
,
seems
somewhat
more
exact
than
that
which
Mersennus
used
,
In
that
in
ours
the
AEolipile
was
not
weighed
,
till
it
was
cold
;
whereas
in
his
,
being
weighed
red
hot
,
it
is
subject
to
lose
of
its
substance
in
the
cooling
,
for
(
as
we
have
elsewhere
noted
on
another
occasion
)
Copper
heated
red
hot
,
is
wont
in
the
cooling
to
throw
off
little
thin
seales
in
such
plenty
,
that
having
purposely
watched
a
Copper
AEolipile
during
its
refrigeration
,
we
have
seen
the
place
round
about
it
almost
covered
with
those
little
scales
it
had
every
way
scatter'd
:
which
,
however
they
amount
not
to
much
,
ought
not
to
be
over-looked
,
when
't
is
so
light
a
Body
as
Air
,
that
is
to
be
weighed
.
We
will
not
examine
whether
,
the
AEolipile
in
cooling
may
not
receive
some
little
increment
of
weight
,
either
from
the
vapid
or
saline
Steams
that
wander
up
and
down
in
the
Air
:
But
we
will
rather
mention
,
that
(
for
the
greater
exactness
)
we
imployed
to
weigh
our
AElipile
,
both
when
fill'd
only
with
Air
and
when
replenish'd
with
Water
,
a
pair
of
Scales
that
would
turn
(
as
they
speak
)
with
the
fourth
part
of
a
grain
.
As
to
the
proportion
of
weight
betwixt
Air
and
Water
,
some
learned
men
have
attempted
it
by
ways
so
unaccurate
that
they
seem
to
have
much
mistaken
it
.
For
(
not
to
mention
the
improbable
accounts
of
Kepler
and
others
.
)
The
learned
and
diligent
Ricciolus
,
having
purposely
endeavoured
to
investigate
this
proportion
by
means
of
a
thin
bladder
,
estimates
the
weight
of
the
Air
to
that
of
the
Water
to
be
as
one
to
ten
thousand
,
or
there
abouts
.
And
indeed
I
remember
that
having
formerly
,
on
a
certain
occasion
,
weighed
a
large
bladder
full
of
Air
,
and
found
it
when
the
Air
was
all
squeesed
out
,
to
have
contained
fourteen
grains
of
Air.
I
found
the
same
bladder
afterwards
fill'd
with
Water
to
contain
very
near
14
pound
of
that
liquor
:
according
to
which
account
,
the
proportion
of
Air
to
Water
was
almost
as
a
grain
to
a
pound
,
that
is
,
as
one
,
to
above
7600.
To
this
we
may
add
,
that
on
the
other
side
,
Galileo
himself
using
another
,
(
but
an
unaccurate
way
too
,
)
defined
the
Air
to
be
in
weight
to
Water
,
but
as
one
to
4
hundred
.
But
the
way
formerly
proposed
of
weighing
the
Air
by
an
AEolipile
,
seems
by
great
odds
more
exact
;
and
(
as
far
as
we
could
ghess
)
seemed
to
agree
well
enough
with
the
Experiment
made
in
our
Receiver
.
Wherefore
it
will
be
best
to
trust
our
AEolipile
in
the
enquiry
we
are
about
.
And
according
to
our
observations
the
water
it
contained
amounting
to
one
and
twenty
ounces
and
an
half
,
and
as
much
Air
as
was
requisite
to
fill
it
weighing
eleven
grains
,
the
proportion
in
gravity
of
Air
to
Water
of
the
same
bulk
will
be
as
one
to
938.
And
though
we
could
not
fill
the
AEolipile
with
water
,
so
exactly
as
we
would
,
yet
in
regard
we
could
not
neither
as
perfectly
as
we
would
,
drive
the
Air
out
of
it
by
heat
,
we
think
the
proportion
may
well
enough
hold
:
but
those
that
are
delighted
with
round
numbers
(
as
the
phrase
is
)
will
not
be
much
mistaken
if
they
reckon
Water
to
be
near
a
thousand
times
heavier
than
Air.
And
(
for
farther
proof
that
we
have
made
the
proportion
betwixt
these
two
Bodies
rather
greater
than
lesser
than
indeed
it
is
:
and
also
to
confirm
our
former
observation
of
the
weight
of
the
Air
)
we
will
add
,
That
,
having
another
time
put
some
Water
into
the
AEolipile
before
we
set
it
on
the
fire
,
that
the
copious
vapours
of
the
rarefied
liquor
might
the
better
drive
out
the
Air
,
we
found
,
upon
tryal
carefully
made
,
that
when
the
AEolipile
was
refrigerated
,
and
the
included
vapours
were
by
the
cold
turned
again
into
Water
(
which
could
not
have
happen'd
to
the
Air
,
that
the
preceding
Steams
expelled
)
the
Air
,
when
it
was
let
in
,
increas'd
the
weight
of
the
AEolipile
as
much
as
before
,
namely
,
Eleven
Grains
;
though
there
were
already
in
it
twelve
Drachms
and
a
half
,
besides
a
couple
of
Grains
of
Water
,
which
remained
of
that
we
had
formerly
put
into
it
to
drive
out
the
Air.
Mersennus
indeed
tells
us
,
that
by
his
account
Air
is
in
weight
to
Water
,
as
1
to
1356.
And
adds
,
that
we
may
,
without
any
danger
,
believe
that
the
gravity
of
Water
to
that
of
Air
of
a
like
bulk
,
is
not
less
than
of
1300
to
1.
And
consequently
that
the
quantity
of
Air
to
a
quantity
of
Water
equiponderant
thereto
,
is
as
1300
to
1.
But
why
we
should
relinquish
our
own
carefully
repeated
tryals
,
I
see
not
.
Yet
I
am
unwilling
to
reject
those
of
so
accurate
and
usefull
a
Writer
:
And
therefore
shall
propose
a
way
of
reconciling
our
differing
Observations
,
by
presenting
,
that
the
discrepance
between
them
may
probably
arise
from
the
differing
consistence
of
the
Air
at
London
and
at
Paris
:
For
our
Air
being
more
cold
and
moist
,
than
that
which
Your
Lordship
now
breaths
,
may
be
suppos'd
also
to
be
a
fourth
or
fifth
part
more
heavy
.
I
leave
it
to
be
consider'd
,
whether
it
be
of
any
moment
that
our
Observations
were
made
in
the
midst
of
Winter
,
whereas
his
were
perhaps
made
in
some
warmer
time
of
the
Year
.
But
I
think
it
were
not
amiss
,
that
,
by
the
method
formerly
propos'd
,
the
gravity
of
the
Air
were
observ'd
both
in
several
Countries
,
and
in
the
same
Country
,
in
the
several
Seasons
of
the
Year
and
differing
Temperatures
of
the
Weather
.
And
I
would
give
something
of
value
to
know
the
weight
of
such
an
AEolipile
as
ours
full
of
Air
,
in
the
midst
of
Winter
in
Nova
Zembla
,
if
that
be
true
which
we
formerly
●ook
notice
of
,
namely
,
That
the
Hollanders
,
who
Wintered
there
,
found
that
Air
so
thick
that
their
Clock
would
not
go
.
If
Your
Lordship
should
now
ask
me
,
if
I
could
not
by
the
help
of
these
,
and
our
other
Observations
,
decide
the
Controversies
of
our
Modern
Mathematicians
about
the
height
of
the
Air
or
Atmosphere
,
by
determining
how
high
it
doth
indeed
reach
:
I
should
answer
,
That
though
it
seems
easie
enough
to
shew
that
divers
Famous
and
Applauded
Writers
have
been
mistaken
in
assigning
the
height
of
the
Atmosphere
:
Yet
it
seems
very
difficult
precisely
to
define
of
what
height
it
is
.
And
because
we
have
hitherto
but
lightly
touch'd
upon
a
matter
of
such
importance
,
we
presume
it
will
not
be
thought
impertinent
,
upon
this
occasion
,
to
annex
something
towards
the
Elucidation
of
it
.
What
we
have
already
try'd
and
newly
set
down
,
allows
us
to
take
it
for
granted
,
that
(
at
least
about
London
)
the
proportion
of
gravity
betwixt
Water
and
Air
,
of
equal
bulk
,
is
as
of
a
thousand
to
one
.
The
next
thing
therefore
that
we
are
to
enquire
after
,
in
order
to
our
present
design
,
is
the
difference
in
weight
betwixt
Water
and
Quick-silver
:
And
though
this
hath
been
defin'd
already
by
the
Illustrious
Verulam
,
and
some
other
inquisitive
Persons
,
that
have
compared
the
weight
of
several
Bodies
,
and
cast
their
Observations
into
Tables
,
yet
we
shall
not
scruple
to
annex
our
own
tryals
about
it
:
Partly
,
because
we
find
Authors
considerably
to
disagree
;
partly
,
because
we
used
exacter
Scales
,
and
a
somewhat
more
wary
method
than
others
seem
to
have
done
:
And
partly
also
,
because
having
prosecuted
our
inquiry
by
two
or
three
several
ways
;
the
small
difference
between
the
events
may
assure
us
that
we
were
not
much
mistaken
.
We
took
then
a
Glass
Pipe
,
of
the
form
of
an
inverted
Siphon
,
whose
shape
is
delineated
in
the
sixteenth
Figure
:
And
pouring
into
it
a
quantity
of
Quick-silver
,
we
held
it
so
,
that
the
superficies
of
the
Liquor
,
both
in
the
longer
and
shorter
leg
,
lay
in
a
Horizontal
Line
,
denoted
in
the
Scheme
by
the
prick'd
Line
E
F
;
then
pouring
Water
into
the
longer
Leg
of
the
Siphon
,
till
that
was
almost
fill'd
,
we
observ'd
the
surface
of
the
Quick-silver
in
that
Leg
to
be
,
by
the
weight
of
the
Water
,
depressed
,
as
from
E
to
B
;
and
in
the
shorter
Leg
,
to
be
as
much
impell'd
upwards
as
from
F
to
C
:
Whereupon
having
formerly
stuck
marks
,
as
well
at
the
point
B
,
as
at
the
opposite
point
D
,
we
measur'd
both
the
distance
D
C
to
have
the
height
of
the
Cylinder
of
Quick-silver
,
which
was
raised
above
the
point
D
(
level
with
the
surface
of
the
Quick-silver
in
the
other
Leg
)
by
the
weight
of
the
Water
,
and
the
distance
B
A
which
gave
us
the
height
of
the
Cylinder
of
Water
.
So
that
the
distance
D
C
amounting
to
2
13\54
Inches
,
and
the
height
of
the
Water
amounting
30
45\54
Inches
;
and
the
whole
numbers
on
both
sides
,
which
the
annexed
Fractions
being
reduc'd
to
improper
Fractions
of
the
same
denomination
,
the
proportion
,
appear'd
to
be
(
the
denominators
being
left
out
as
equal
on
both
sides
)
as
121
to
1665
;
or
by
reduction
,
as
one
to
92/121.
Besides
this
unusual
way
of
determining
the
gravity
of
some
things
,
we
measur'd
the
proportion
betwixt
Quick-silver
and
Water
,
by
the
help
of
so
exact
a
ballance
,
as
looseth
its
AEquilibrium
by
the
hundredth
part
of
a
Grain
.
But
because
there
is
wont
to
be
committed
an
oversight
in
weighing
Quick-silver
and
Water
,
especially
if
the
Orifice
of
the
Vessel
wherein
they
are
put
be
any
thing
wide
,
in
regard
that
men
heed
not
that
the
surface
of
Water
in
Vessels
will
be
concave
,
but
that
of
Quick-silver
notably
convex
or
protuberant
:
To
avoid
this
usual
oversight
(
I
say
)
we
made
use
of
a
Glass
bubble
,
blown
very
thin
at
the
Flame
of
a
Lamp
,
that
it
might
not
be
too
heavy
for
the
Ballance
,
and
terminating
in
a
very
slender
neck
wherein
the
concavity
or
convexity
of
a
Liquor
could
not
be
considerable
:
This
Glass
weighing
23½
Grains
,
we
fill'd
almost
with
Quick-silver
,
and
fastning
a
mark
over
against
the
middle
of
the
protuberant
Superficies
as
near
as
our
Eyes
could
judge
,
we
found
that
the
Quick-silver
alone
weighed
299
7/12
Grains
;
Then
the
Quick-silver
being
pour'd
out
,
and
the
same
Glass
being
fill'd
as
full
of
common
Water
,
we
found
the
Liquor
to
weigh
21⅞
Grains
.
Whereby
it
appear'd
the
weight
of
Water
to
Quick-silver
,
is
as
one
to
13
19/28
:
Though
our
Illustrious
Verulam
(
questionless
not
for
want
of
Judgment
or
Care
,
but
of
exact
Instruments
)
Makes
the
proportion
betwixt
those
two
Liquors
to
be
greater
than
of
1
to
17.
And
to
add
,
that
upon
the
bye
,
since
Quick-silver
and
well
rectified
Spirit
of
Wine
,
are
(
how
justly
I
say
not
)
accounted
,
the
one
the
heaviest
,
and
the
other
the
lightest
of
Liquors
;
we
thought
to
fill
the
same
Glass
,
and
with
the
same
Scales
to
observe
the
difference
betwixt
them
,
which
we
found
to
be
as
of
1
to
16
641/1084
;
whereby
it
appear'd
,
That
the
difference
betwixt
Spirit
of
Wine
,
that
may
be
made
to
burn
all
away
,
(
such
as
was
ours
)
and
common
Water
,
is
as
betwixt
1
and
1
44/171.
We
might
here
take
occasion
to
admire
,
that
though
Water
(
as
appear'd
by
the
Experiment
formerly
mention'd
of
the
Pewter
Vessel
)
seems
not
capable
of
any
considerable
condensation
,
and
seems
not
to
have
interspersed
in
it
any
store
of
Air
;
yet
Quick-silver
,
of
no
greater
bulk
than
Water
,
should
weigh
near
fourteen
times
as
much
.
But
having
only
pointed
at
this
as
a
thing
worthy
of
consideration
,
we
will
proceed
in
our
inquiry
after
the
height
of
the
Atmosphere
:
And
to
avoid
the
trouble
of
Fractions
,
we
will
assume
,
that
Quick-silver
is
fourteen
times
as
heavy
as
Water
,
since
it
wants
so
little
of
being
so
.
Wherefore
,
having
now
given
us
the
proportion
of
Air
to
Water
,
and
Water
to
Quick-silver
,
it
will
be
very
easie
to
find
the
proportion
betwixt
Air
and
Quick-silver
,
in
case
we
will
suppose
the
Atmosphere
to
be
uniformly
of
such
a
consistence
as
the
Air
we
weighed
here
below
.
For
since
our
Engine
hath
sufficiently
manifested
that
't
is
the
AEquilibrium
with
the
external
Air
,
that
in
the
Torricellian
Experiment
keeps
the
Quick-silver
from
subsiding
;
And
since
,
by
our
accurate
Experiment
formerly
mention'd
,
it
appears
that
a
Cylinder
of
Mercury
,
able
to
ballance
a
Cylinder
of
the
whole
Atmosphere
,
amounted
to
near
about
thirty
Inches
;
and
since
,
consequently
we
may
assume
the
proportion
of
Quick-silver
to
Air
to
be
as
fourteen
thousand
to
one
;
it
will
follow
,
that
a
Cylinder
of
Air
,
capable
to
maintain
an
AEquilibrium
,
with
a
Mercurial
Cylinder
of
two
Foot
and
an
half
in
height
,
must
amount
to
35000
Feet
of
our
English
measure
;
and
consequently
(
reckoning
five
Foot
to
a
Geometrical
Pace
,
and
one
thousand
such
Paces
to
a
Mile
)
to
seven
full
Miles
.
But
this
(
as
we
lately
intimated
)
proceeds
upon
the
supposition
,
that
the
Air
is
every
where
of
the
same
consistence
that
we
found
it
near
the
surface
of
the
Earth
;
but
that
cannot
with
any
safety
be
concluded
,
not
only
for
the
reason
I
find
to
have
been
taken
notice
of
by
the
Ancients
,
and
thus
exprest
in
Seneca
.
Omnis
Aër
(
says
he
)
quo
propior
est
terris
hoc
crassior
;
quemadmodum
in
aqua
&
in
omni
humore
faex
Senec.
Nat.
quest.
lib.
4.
cap.
10.
ima
est
,
ita
in
Aëre
spississima-quaeque
desidunt
,
but
much
more
,
because
the
springy
Texture
of
the
Aerial
Corpuscles
;
makes
them
capable
of
a
very
great
compression
,
which
the
weight
of
the
incumbent
part
of
the
Atmosphere
is
very
sufficient
to
give
those
that
be
undermost
and
near
the
surface
of
the
Earth
.
And
if
we
recall
to
mind
those
former
Experiments
,
whereby
we
have
manifested
,
That
Air
,
much
rarefied
without
heat
,
may
easily
admit
a
farther
rarefaction
from
heat
,
and
that
the
Air
,
even
without
being
expanded
by
heat
,
is
capable
of
being
rarefied
to
above
one
hundred
and
fifty
times
the
extent
it
usually
possesseth
here
below
;
How
can
it
be
demonstrated
that
the
Atmosphere
may
not
,
for
ought
we
know
,
or
at
least
for
ought
can
be
determin'd
by
our
Statical
and
Mechanical
Experiments
,
rise
to
the
height
of
Five
and
twenty
German
Leagues
,
if
not
of
some
hundred
of
common
Miles
?
And
this
conjecture
it self
may
appear
very
injurious
to
the
height
whereunto
Exhalations
may
ascend
,
if
we
will
allow
that
there
was
no
mistake
in
that
strange
Observation
made
at
Tolouse
in
a
clear
Night
in
August
,
by
the
diligent
Mathematician
Emamuel
Magnan
,
and
thus
Recorded
by
Ricciolus
,
for
I
have
not
at
hand
the
Author
's
own
Book
:
Vidit
(
says
he
)
ab
hora
undecima
post
meridiem
Ricciol
.
Alma
.
Nov.
Tom.
2.
lib.
10.
sect.
6.
prop.
50.
Ex
Magnan
.
lib.
1.
Perspectivae
horariae
prop.
38.
usque
ad
mediam
noctem
Lunâ
infra
horizontem
positâ
,
nubeculam
quandam
lucidam
prope
Meridianum
fere
usque
ad
Zenith
diffusam
quae
consideratis
omnibus
non
poterat
nisi
à
sole
illuminari
;
ideoque
altior
esse
debuit
tota
umbra
terrae
.
Addit
(
continues
Ricciolus
)
simile
quid
evenisse
Michaeli
Angelo
Riccio
apud
Sabinos
versanti
nempe
viro
in
Mathesi
eruditissimo
.
Various
Observations
made
at
the
feet
,
tops
,
and
interjacent
parts
of
high
Mountains
,
might
perchance
somewhat
assist
us
to
make
an
estimate
in
what
proportion
,
if
in
any
certain
one
,
the
higher
Air
is
thicker
than
the
lower
,
and
ghess
at
the
difform
consistence
,
as
to
laxity
and
compactness
of
the
Air
at
several
distances
from
us
.
And
if
the
difficulties
about
the
refractions
of
the
Celestial
Lights
,
were
satisfactorily
determin'd
,
that
might
also
much
conduce
to
the
placing
due
limits
to
the
Atmosphere
(
whose
,
Dimensions
those
Observations
about
Refractions
seem
hitherto
much
to
contract
.
)
But
for
the
present
we
dare
not
pronounce
any
thing
peremptorily
concerning
the
height
of
it
,
but
leave
it
to
farther
inquiry
:
contenting
our selves
to
have
manifested
the
mistake
of
divers
eminent
Modern
Writers
,
who
will
not
allow
the
Atmosphere
to
exceed
above
two
or
three
Miles
in
height
(
as
the
Famous
Kepler
will
not
the
Aër
refractivus
)
and
to
have
rendred
a
reason
why
in
the
mention
we
made
in
the
Notes
upon
the
first
Experiment
touching
the
height
of
the
Atmosphere
,
we
scrupled
not
to
speak
of
it
,
as
if
it
might
be
many
Miles
high
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXVII
.
WE
will
now
proceed
to
recite
a
Phaenomenon
,
which
,
though
made
amongst
the
first
,
we
thought
fit
not
to
mention
till
after
many
others
,
that
we
might
have
the
opportunity
to
observe
as
many
Circumstances
of
it
as
we
could
,
and
so
present
Your
Lordship
at
once
,
most
of
what
we
at
several
times
have
taken
notice
of
concerning
so
odd
a
Phaenomenon
.
Our
Engine
had
not
been
long
finish'd
,
when
,
at
the
first
leisure
we
could
steal
from
our
occasions
to
make
trial
of
it
,
we
caused
the
Air
to
be
pump'd
out
of
the
Receiver
;
and
whilst
I
was
busied
in
entertaining
a
Learned
Friend
that
just
then
came
to
visit
me
,
an
Ingenious
By-stander
,
thought
he
perceiv'd
some
new
kind
of
Light
in
the
Receiver
,
of
which
giving
me
hastily
notice
,
my
Friend
and
I
presently
observ'd
,
that
when
the
Sucker
was
drawn
down
,
immediately
upon
the
turning
of
the
Key
,
there
appear'd
a
kind
of
Light
in
the
Receiver
,
almost
like
a
faint
flash
of
Lightning
in
the
Day-time
,
and
almost
as
suddenly
did
it
appear
and
vanish
.
Having
,
not
without
some
amazement
,
observ'd
divers
of
these
apparitions
of
Light
,
we
took
notice
that
the
Day
was
clear
,
the
hour
about
ten
in
the
Morning
,
that
the
only
Window
in
the
Room
faced
the
North
;
and
also
,
that
by
interposing
a
Cloak
,
or
any
opacous
Body
between
the
Receiver
and
the
Window
,
though
the
rest
of
the
Room
were
sufficiently
enlightned
,
yet
the
flashes
did
not
appear
as
before
,
unless
the
opacous
Body
were
removed
.
But
not
being
able
on
all
these
Circumstances
to
ground
any
firm
Conjecture
at
the
cause
of
this
surprising
Phaenomenon
,
as
soon
as
Night
was
come
,
we
made
the
Room
very
dark
;
and
plying
the
Pump
,
as
in
the
Morning
,
we
could
not
,
though
we
often
try'd
,
find
,
upon
the
turning
of
the
Key
,
so
much
as
the
least
glimmering
of
Light
;
whence
we
inferred
,
that
the
flash
appearing
in
the
Receiver
,
did
not
proceed
from
any
new
Light
generated
there
,
but
from
some
reflexions
of
the
light
of
the
Sun
,
or
other
Luminous
Bodies
plac'd
without
it
;
though
whence
the
Reflexion
should
proceed
,
it
pos'd
us
to
conjecture
.
Wherefore
the
next
Morning
,
hoping
to
inform
our selves
better
,
we
went
about
to
repeat
the
Experiment
,
but
though
we
could
as
well
as
formerly
exhaust
the
Receiver
,
though
the
place
wherein
we
made
the
trial
was
the
very
same
;
and
though
other
Circumstances
were
resembling
,
yet
we
could
not
discover
the
least
appearance
of
Light
all
that
Day
,
nor
on
divers
others
on
which
trial
was
again
fruitlesly
made
;
nor
can
we
to
this
very
time
be
sure
a
Day
before-hand
that
these
Flashes
will
be
to
be
seen
in
our
great
Receiver
.
Nay
,
having
once
found
the
Engine
in
a
good
humour
(
if
I
may
so
speak
)
to
shew
this
trick
,
and
sent
notice
of
it
to
our
Learned
Friend
Dr.
Wallis
,
who
express'd
a
great
desire
to
see
this
Phaenomenon
,
though
he
were
not
then
above
a
Bow-shoot
off
,
and
made
haste
to
fatisfie
his
Curiosity
;
yet
by
that
time
he
was
come
,
the
thing
he
came
for
was
no
longer
to
be
seen
;
so
that
having
vainly
endeavoured
to
exhibit
again
the
Phaenomenon
in
his
prefence
,
I
began
to
apprehend
what
he
might
think
of
me
,
when
unexpectedly
the
Engine
presented
us
a
flash
,
and
after
that
a
second
,
and
as
many
more
,
as
suffic'd
to
satisfie
him
that
we
might
very
well
confidently
relate
,
that
we
have
our selves
seen
this
Phaenomenon
,
though
not
confidently
promise
to
shew
it
others
.
And
this
unsuccessfulness
whereto
our
Experiment
is
liable
,
being
such
,
that
by
all
our
watchfulness
and
trials
,
we
could
never
reduce
it
to
any
certain
Rules
or
Observations
;
since
in
all
constitutions
of
the
Weather
,
times
of
the
Day
,
&c.
It
will
sometimes
answer
,
and
sometimes
disappoint
our
expectations
;
We
are
much
discourag'd
from
venturing
to
frame
an
Hypothesis
to
give
an
account
of
it
:
which
if
the
Experiment
did
constantly
succeed
,
might
the
more
hopefully
be
attempted
;
by
the
help
of
the
following
Phaenomena
laid
together
:
some
of
them
produc'd
upon
trials
purposely
made
to
examine
the
validity
of
the
conjectures
,
other
trials
had
suggested
.
First
then
we
observ'd
,
that
the
Apparition
of
Light
may
be
made
as
well
by
Candle-light
,
as
by
Day-light
;
and
in
whatever
position
the
Candle
be
held
,
in
reference
to
the
Receiver
,
as
on
this
or
that
hand
of
it
,
above
it
,
beneath
it
,
or
any
other
way
,
provided
the
beams
of
Light
be
not
hinder'd
from
falling
upon
the
Vessel
.
Next
,
we
noted
that
the
flash
appears
immediately
upon
the
turning
of
the
Key
,
to
let
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
emptied
Cylinder
,
in
so
much
that
I
remember
not
that
when
at
any
time
in
our
great
Receiver
,
the
Stop-cock
was
open'd
before
the
Cylinder
was
exhausted
(
whereby
it
came
to
pass
that
the
Air
did
rather
descend
,
than
rush
into
the
Cylinder
)
the
often
mentioned
flash
appear'd
to
our
eyes
.
Yet
,
we
farther
observ'd
,
that
when
instead
of
the
great
Receiver
we
made
use
of
a
small
Glass
,
not
containing
above
a
pound
and
a
half
of
Water
,
the
Phaenomenon
might
be
exhibited
though
the
Stop-cock
were
open
,
provided
the
Sucker
were
drawn
nimbly
down
.
We
noted
too
,
that
when
we
began
to
empty
the
Receiver
,
the
appearances
of
Light
were
much
more
conspicuous
than
towards
the
latter
end
,
when
little
Air
at
a
time
could
pass
out
of
the
Receiver
.
We
observed
also
,
that
when
the
Sucker
had
not
been
long
before
well
Oyl'd
,
and
instead
of
the
great
Receiver
,
the
smaller
Vessel
above-mention'd
was
emptied
;
We
observ'd
,
I
say
,
that
then
,
upon
the
opening
of
the
Stop-cock
,
as
the
Air
descended
out
of
the
Glass
into
the
emptied
Cylinder
,
so
at
the
same
time
there
ascended
out
of
the
Cylinder
into
the
Vessel
a
certain
steam
,
which
seem'd
to
consist
of
very
little
Bubbles
,
or
other
minute
Corpuscles
thrown
up
from
the
Oyl
,
rarefied
by
the
attrition
it
suffered
in
the
Cylinder
.
For
at
the
same
time
that
these
Steams
ascended
into
the
Glass
,
some
of
the
same
kind
manifestly
issued
out
like
a
little
Pillar
of
Smoke
at
the
Orifice
of
the
Valve
,
when
that
was
occasionally
opened
.
And
these
Steams
frequently
enough
presenting
themselves
to
our
view
,
we
found
,
by
exposing
the
Glass
to
a
clear
Light
,
that
they
were
wont
to
play
up
and
down
in
it
,
and
so
by
their
whitishness
,
to
emulate
in
some
measure
the
apparition
of
Light
.
For
we
likewise
sometimes
found
,
by
watchfull
observation
,
that
when
the
Flash
was
great
,
not
only
at
the
very
instant
the
Receiver
lost
of
its
transparency
,
by
appearing
full
of
some
kind
of
whitish
substance
;
but
that
for
some
short
time
after
the
sides
of
the
Glass
continued
somewhat
opacous
,
and
seem'd
to
be
darken'd
,
as
if
some
whitish
Steam
adher'd
to
the
inside
of
them
.
He
that
would
render
a
Reason
of
the
Phaenomenon
,
whereof
all
these
are
not
all
the
Circumstances
,
must
do
two
things
;
whereof
the
one
is
difficult
,
and
the
other
little
less
than
impossible
:
For
he
must
give
an
account
not
only
whence
the
appearing
whiteness
proceeds
,
but
wherefore
that
whiteness
doth
sometimes
appear
,
and
sometimes
not
.
For
our
part
,
we
freely
confess
our selves
at
a
loss
about
rendering
a
Reason
of
the
less
difficult
part
of
the
Problem
:
And
though
Your
Lordship
should
ev'n
press
us
to
declare
what
Conjecture
it
was
,
that
the
above
recited
Circumstances
suggested
to
us
,
we
should
propose
the
thoughts
we
then
had
,
no
otherwise
than
as
bare
Conjectures
.
In
case
then
our
Phaenomenon
had
constantly
and
uniformly
appear'd
,
we
should
have
suspected
it
to
have
been
produc'd
after
some
such
manner
as
follows
.
First
,
we
observ'd
that
,
thought
that
which
we
saw
in
our
Receiver
seem'd
to
be
some
kind
of
Light
,
yet
it
was
indeed
but
a
whiteness
which
did
(
as
hath
already
been
noted
)
opacate
(
as
some
speak
)
the
inside
of
the
Glass
.
Next
we
consider'd
,
that
our
common
Air
abounds
with
Particles
,
or
little
Bodies
,
capable
to
reflect
the
beams
of
Light
.
Of
this
we
might
easily
give
divers
proofs
,
but
we
shall
name
but
two
:
The
one
,
that
vulgar
observation
of
the
Motes
that
appear
in
multitudes
swimming
up
and
down
in
the
Air
,
when
the
Sun-beams
shooting
into
a
Room
,
or
any
other
shady
place
,
discover
them
,
though
otherwise
the
Eye
cannot
distinguish
them
from
the
rest
of
the
Air
:
The
other
proof
we
will
take
from
what
we
(
and
no
doubt
very
many
others
)
have
observ'd
,
touching
the
Illumination
of
the
Air
in
the
Night
.
And
we
particularly
remember
,
that
,
being
at
some
distance
from
London
one
Night
,
that
the
People
,
upon
a
very
welcome
occasion
,
testified
their
Joy
by
numerous
Bon-fires
;
though
,
by
reason
of
the
Interposition
of
the
Houses
,
we
could
not
see
the
Fires
themselves
,
yet
we
could
plainly
see
the
Air
all
enlighten'd
over
and
near
the
City
;
which
argu'd
,
that
the
lucid
Beams
shot
upwards
from
the
fires
,
met
in
the
Air
with
Corpuscles
opacous
enough
to
reflect
them
to
our
Eyes
.
A
third
thing
that
we
considered
,
was
,
That
white
may
be
produc'd
(
without
excluding
otherways
,
or
denying
invisible
Pores
in
the
solidest
Bodies
)
when
the
continuity
of
a
Diaphanous
Body
happens
to
be
interrupted
by
a
great
number
of
surfaces
,
which
,
like
so
many
little
Looking-glasses
,
do
confusedly
represent
a
multitude
of
little
and
seemingly
contiguous
Images
of
the
lucid
Body
.
We
shall
not
insist
on
the
explanation
of
this
,
but
refer
You
for
it
to
what
we
have
said
in
another
Paper
(
touching
Colours
.
)
But
the
Instances
that
seem
to
prove
it
are
obvious
:
For
Water
or
whites
of
Eggs
beaten
to
froth
,
do
lose
their
transparency
and
appear
white
.
And
having
out
of
one
of
our
lessers
Receivers
carefully
drawn
out
the
Air
,
and
so
order'd
it
,
that
the
hole
by
which
the
Water
was
to
get
in
,
was
exceeding
small
,
that
the
Liquor
might
be
the
more
broken
in
its
passage
thorow
it
,
we
observ'd
with
pleasure
,
That
,
the
Neck
being
held
under
Water
,
and
the
little
hole
newly
mention'd
being
open'd
,
the
Water
that
rushed
in
was
so
broken
,
and
acquired
such
a
multitude
of
new
Surfaces
,
that
the
Receiver
seem'd
to
be
full
rather
of
Milk
than
Water
.
We
have
likewise
found
out
,
That
by
heating
a
lump
of
Crystal
to
a
certain
degree
,
and
quenching
it
in
fair
Water
,
it
would
be
discontinu'd
by
such
a
multitude
of
Cracks
,
(
which
created
new
Surfaces
within
it
)
that
though
it
would
not
fall
asunder
,
but
retain
its
former
shape
,
yet
it
would
lose
its
transparency
,
and
appear
white
.
Upon
these
Considerations
,
My
Lord
,
and
some
others
,
it
seem'd
not
absur'd
to
imagine
,
That
upon
the
rushing
of
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
empty'd
Cylinder
,
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
being
suddenly
and
vehemently
expanded
,
the
Texture
of
it
was
as
suddenly
alter'd
,
and
the
parts
made
so
to
shift
places
(
and
perhaps
some
of
them
to
change
postures
)
as
during
their
new
and
vehement
motion
and
their
varied
situation
,
to
disturb
the
wonted
continuity
,
and
so
the
Diaphaneity
of
the
Air
;
which
(
as
we
have
already
noted
)
upon
its
ceasing
to
be
a
transparent
Body
,
without
the
interposition
of
colour'd
things
,
must
easily
degenerate
into
white
.
Several
things
there
were
that
made
this
Conjecture
seem
the
less
improbable
.
As
first
,
That
the
whiteness
always
appear'd
greater
when
the
exsuction
began
to
be
made
,
whilst
there
was
store
of
Air
in
the
Receiver
,
than
when
the
Air
was
in
great
part
drawn
out
.
And
next
,
That
,
having
exhausted
the
Receiver
,
and
apply'd
to
the
hole
in
the
Stop-cock
a
large
bubble
of
clear
Glass
,
in
such
a
manner
,
that
we
could
at
pleasure
let
the
Air
pass
out
at
the
small
Glass
into
the
great
one
,
and
easily
fill
the
small
one
with
Air
again
,
We
observ'd
with
pleasure
,
That
,
upon
the
opening
the
passage
betwixt
the
two
Glasses
,
the
Air
in
the
smaller
having
so
much
room
in
the
greater
to
receive
it
,
the
Dissilition
of
that
Air
was
so
great
,
that
the
small
Viol
seem'd
to
be
full
of
Milk
;
and
this
Experiment
we
repeated
several
times
.
To
which
we
may
add
,
That
,
having
provided
a
small
Receiver
,
whose
upper
Orifice
was
so
narrow
that
I
could
stop
it
with
my
Thumb
,
I
observ'd
,
that
when
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
capacity
of
the
Glass
appear'd
white
,
if
,
by
a
sudden
removal
of
my
Thumb
,
I
let
in
the
outward
Air
,
that
whiteness
would
immediately
vanish
.
And
whereas
it
may
be
objected
,
That
in
the
Instance
formerly
mention'd
,
Water
turning
from
perspicuous
to
white
,
there
intervenes
the
Air
,
which
is
a
Body
of
a
Heterogeneous
nature
,
and
must
turn
it
into
Bubbles
to
make
it
lose
its
transparency
.
We
may
borrow
an
Answer
from
an
Experiment
we
deliver
in
another
Treatise
,
where
we
teach
,
how
to
make
two
very
volatile
Liquors
,
which
being
gently
put
together
,
are
clear
as
Rock-water
,
and
yet
will
almost
in
a
moment
,
without
the
sub-ingression
of
Air
to
turn
them
into
Bubbles
,
so
alter
the
disposition
of
their
insensible
parts
,
as
to
become
a
white
and
consistent
Body
.
And
this
happens
not
as
in
the
precipitation
of
Benjamin
,
and
some
other
Resinous
Bodies
,
which
being
dissolv'd
in
spirit
of
Wine
,
may
,
by
the
effusion
of
fair
Water
,
be
turn'd
into
a
seemingly
Milky
substance
.
For
this
whiteness
belongs
not
to
the
whole
Liquor
,
but
to
the
Corpuscles
of
the
dissolv'd
Gum
,
which
after
a
while
subsiding
leave
the
Liquor
transparent
,
themselves
only
remaining
white
:
Whereas
in
our
case
,
't
is
from
the
vary'd
texture
of
the
whole
formerly
transparent
fluid
Body
,
and
not
from
this
or
that
part
,
that
this
whiteness
results
:
For
the
Body
is
white
throughout
,
and
will
long
continue
so
;
and
yet
may
,
in
process
of
time
,
without
any
addition
,
be
totally
reduc'd
into
a
transparent
Body
as
before
.
But
besides
the
Conjecture
insisted
on
all
this
while
,
we
grounded
another
upon
the
following
Observation
,
which
was
,
That
having
convey'd
some
smoke
into
our
Receiver
plac'd
against
a
Window
,
we
observ'd
,
that
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
Corpuscles
that
were
swimming
in
it
,
did
manifestly
enough
make
the
Receiver
seem
more
opacous
at
the
very
moment
of
the
rushing
out
of
the
Air
:
For
considering
that
the
whiteness
,
whose
cause
we
enquire
of
,
did
but
sometimes
appear
,
it
seem'd
not
impossible
but
that
at
such
times
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
might
abound
with
Particles
,
capable
of
reflecting
the
Light
in
the
manner
requisite
to
exhibite
a
white
colour
,
by
their
being
put
into
a
certain
unusual
Motion
.
As
may
be
in
some
measure
illustrated
by
this
,
That
the
new
motion
of
the
freshly
mention'd
Fumes
,
made
the
inside
of
the
Receiver
appear
somewhat
darker
than
before
:
And
partly
by
the
nature
of
our
formerly
mention'd
smoking
Liquor
,
whose
parts
,
though
they
seem'd
transparent
whilst
they
compos'd
a
Liquor
,
yet
when
the
same
Corpuscles
,
upon
the
unstopping
of
the
Glass
,
were
put
into
a
new
motion
,
and
dispos'd
after
a
new
manner
,
they
did
opacate
that
part
of
the
Air
they
mov'd
in
,
and
exhibited
a
greater
whiteness
than
that
which
sometimes
appears
in
our
Pneumatical
Vessel
.
Nor
should
we
content
our selves
with
this
single
Instance
,
to
manifest
,
That
little
Bodies
,
which
being
rang'd
after
one
manner
,
are
Diaphanous
and
Colour-less
,
may
,
by
being
barely
agitated
,
dispers'd
,
and
consequently
otherways
rang'd
,
exhibit
a
colour
,
if
we
were
not
unwilling
to
rob
our
Collection
of
Experiments
concerning
Colours
.
But
,
My
Lord
,
I
foresee
You
may
make
some
Objections
against
our
proposed
ghess
,
which
perhaps
I
shall
scarce
be
able
to
answer
,
especially
,
if
You
insist
upon
having
me
render
a
Reason
why
our
Phaenomenon
appears
not
constantly
.
I
might
indeed
answer
,
that
probably
it
would
do
so
,
if
instead
of
our
great
Receiver
we
use
such
a
small
Viol
as
we
have
lately
mention'd
,
wherein
the
Dissilition
of
the
Air
being
much
greater
,
is
like
to
be
the
more
conspicuous
:
Since
I
remember
not
that
we
ever
made
our
trial
with
such
small
Vessels
,
without
finding
the
expected
whiteness
to
appear
.
But
it
would
remain
to
be
explicated
,
why
in
our
great
Receiver
the
Phaenomenon
should
sometimes
be
seen
,
and
oftentimes
not
appear
.
And
though
that
Conjecture
which
we
last
made
should
not
be
rejected
,
yet
if
we
were
farther
press'd
to
assign
a
reason
why
the
Air
should
abound
with
such
Particles
,
as
we
there
suppose
,
more
at
one
time
than
another
,
we
are
not
yet
provided
of
any
better
Answer
,
than
this
general
one
,
That
the
Air
about
us
,
(
and
much
more
that
within
the
Receiver
,
)
may
be
much
alter'd
by
such
causes
as
few
are
aware
of
:
For
,
not
to
repeat
those
probable
Arguments
of
this
Assertion
which
we
have
occasionally
mention'd
here
and
there
in
the
former
part
of
this
Epistle
,
we
will
here
set
down
two
or
three
Instances
to
verifie
the
same
Proposition
.
First
,
I
find
that
the
Learned
Josephus
Acosta
,
among
other
Judicious
Observations
he
made
in
America
,
hath
this
concerning
the
effects
of
some
Joseph
.
Acosta's
Nat.
and
Mor.
Hyst
.
of
the
Indies
,
jib
.
3.
cap.
9.
Winds
:
There
are
(
saith
he
)
Winds
which
naturally
trouble
the
Water
of
the
Sea
,
and
make
it
green
,
and
black
;
others
,
clear
as
Crystal
.
Next
,
we
have
observ'd
,
That
though
we
convey'd
into
the
Receiver
our
Scales
,
and
the
Pendula
formerly
mention'd
,
clean
and
bright
;
yet
aster
the
Receiver
had
been
empty'd
,
and
the
Air
let
in
again
,
the
gloss
or
lustre
both
of
the
one
,
and
of
the
other
,
appear'd
tarnish'd
by
a
beginning
rust
.
And
in
the
last
place
,
we
will
subjoyn
an
Observation
we
made
some
Years
ago
,
which
hath
been
heard
of
by
divers
Ingenious
Men
,
and
seen
by
some
of
them
:
We
had
,
with
pure
Spirit
of
Wine
,
drawn
a
Tincture
out
of
a
certain
Concrete
which
useth
to
be
reckon'd
among
Mineral
Bodies
;
And
this
Tincture
being
very
pure
and
transparent
,
we
did
,
because
we
put
a
great
value
upon
it
,
put
into
a
Crystal
Viol
which
we
carefully
stopp'd
,
and
lock'd
up
in
a
Press
among
some
other
things
that
we
specially
priz'd
.
This
Liquor
being
a
Chymical
Rarity
,
and
besides
very
defecate
,
and
of
a
pleasing
Golden
colour
;
we
had
often
occasion
to
look
upon
it
,
and
so
to
take
notice
,
that
one
time
it
seem'd
to
be
very
much
troubled
,
and
not
clear
as
it
was
wont
to
be
:
Whereupon
we
imagined
,
that
though
it
would
be
something
strange
,
yet
it
was
not
impossible
,
that
some
Precipitation
of
the
Mineral
Corpuscles
was
then
happening
,
and
that
thence
the
Liquor
was
opacated
.
But
,
finding
after
some
days
that
though
the
expected
Precipitation
had
not
been
made
,
yet
the
Liquor
,
retaining
its
former
vivid
Colour
,
was
grown
clear
again
as
before
;
we
somewhat
wondered
at
it
,
and
locking
it
up
again
in
the
same
Press
,
we
resolved
to
observe
,
both
whether
the
like
changes
would
again
appear
in
our
Tincture
;
and
whether
in
case
they
should
appear
,
they
would
be
ascribable
to
the
alterations
of
the
Weather
.
But
though
,
during
the
greatest
part
of
a
Winter
and
a
Spring
,
we
took
pleasure
to
observe
,
how
the
Liquor
would
often
grow
turbid
,
and
after
a
while
clear
again
:
Yet
we
could
not
find
that
these
Mutations
depended
upon
any
that
were
manifest
in
the
Air
,
which
would
be
often
dark
and
clouded
,
when
the
Tincture
was
clear
and
transparent
;
as
on
the
other
side
,
in
clear
Weather
the
Liquor
would
appear
sometimes
troubled
,
and
more
opacous
.
So
that
being
unable
to
give
an
account
of
these
odd
changes
in
our
Tincture
(
which
we
suppose
we
have
not
yet
lost
,
though
we
know
not
whether
it
hath
lost
its
fickle
Nature
)
either
by
those
of
the
Air
,
or
any
thing
else
that
occurr'd
to
our
thoughts
;
we
could
not
but
suspect
,
that
there
may
be
in
divers
Bodies
,
as
it
were
Spontaneous
Mutations
,
that
is
,
such
changes
as
depend
not
upon
manifest
Causes
.
But
,
My
Lord
,
what
hath
been
all
this
while
said
concerning
our
Phaenomenon
,
is
offer'd
to
You
,
not
as
containing
a
satisfactory
account
of
it
,
but
to
assist
You
to
give
Your self
one
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXVIII
.
WE
took
a
Glass
Vessel
,
open
at
the
top
,
and
into
it
we
put
a
mixture
of
Snow
and
common
Salt
,
(
such
a
mixture
as
we
have
in
another
Treatise
largely
discoursed
of
)
and
into
the
midst
of
this
mixture
we
set
a
Glass
,
of
a
Cylindrical
form
,
closely
stopp'd
at
the
lower
end
with
Plaister
,
and
open
at
the
upper
,
at
which
we
fill'd
it
with
common
Water
.
These
things
being
let
down
into
the
Receiver
,
and
the
Pump
being
set
on
work
,
the
Snow
began
to
melt
somewhat
faster
than
we
expected
;
Whether
upon
the
account
of
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
or
because
there
was
but
little
of
the
Snow
,
or
whether
for
any
other
Reason
,
it
appear'd
doubtfull
.
But
however
,
by
that
time
the
Receiver
had
been
considerably
exhausted
,
which
was
done
in
less
than
¼
of
an
hour
,
we
perceived
the
Water
near
the
bottom
of
the
Glass
Cylinder
to
Freeze
,
and
the
Ice
by
a
little
longer
stay
,
seem'd
to
encrease
,
and
to
rise
somewhat
higher
than
the
surface
of
the
surrounding
Liquor
,
whereinto
almost
all
the
Snow
and
Salt
were
resolv'd
.
The
Glass
being
taken
out
,
it
appear'd
that
the
Ice
was
as
thick
as
the
inside
of
the
Glass
it
fill'd
,
though
into
that
I
could
put
my
Thumb
.
The
upper
surface
of
the
Ice
was
very
concave
,
which
whether
it
were
due
to
any
unheeded
accident
,
or
to
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
we
leave
to
be
determin'd
by
farther
trial
.
And
lastly
,
the
Ice
held
against
the
Light
,
appear'd
not
destitute
of
Bubbles
,
though
some
By-standers
thought
they
were
fewer
than
would
have
been
found
if
the
Water
had
been
frozen
in
the
open
Air.
The
like
Experiment
we
try'd
also
another
time
in
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
with
not
unlike
success
.
And
on
this
occasion
,
My
Lord
,
give
me
leave
to
propose
a
Problem
,
which
shall
be
this
:
Whence
proceeds
that
strange
force
that
we
may
sometimes
observe
in
frozen
Water
,
to
break
the
Bodies
that
imprison
it
,
though
hard
and
solid
?
That
there
is
such
a
force
in
Water
expos'd
to
Congelation
,
may
be
gathered
not
only
from
what
may
be
often
observ'd
in
Winter
,
of
the
bursting
of
Glasses
too
close
stopp'd
,
fill'd
with
Water
or
aqueous
Liquors
,
but
by
Instances
as
much
more
considerable
as
less
obvious
.
For
I
remember
,
that
an
Ingenious
Stone-cutter
not
long
since
complain'd
to
me
,
That
sometimes
,
through
the
negligence
of
Servants
,
the
Rain
being
suffered
to
soak
into
Marble
Stones
,
the
supervening
violent
Frosts
would
burst
the
Stones
,
to
the
Possessour's
no
small
damage
.
And
I
remember
another
Trades-man
,
in
whose
House
I
had
Lodgings
,
was
last
Winter
complaining
,
that
even
Implements
made
of
Bell-metal
,
being
carelesly
expos'd
to
the
wet
,
have
been
broken
and
spoil'd
by
the
Water
,
which
,
having
gotten
into
the
little
Cavities
and
Crannies
of
the
Metal
,
was
there
afterwards
frozen
and
expanded
into
Ice
.
And
to
these
Relations
,
we
can
add
one
of
the
formerly
mention'd
Cabaeus's
,
whereby
In
lib.
4.
Meleor
.
Arist.
they
not
only
may
be
confirm'd
;
but
are
surpass'd
:
For
he
tells
us
,
That
he
saw
a
huge
Vessel
of
exceeding
hard
Marble
,
split
asunder
by
congeal'd
Water
,
whose
rarefaction
,
saith
our
Author
,
prov'd
so
vehement
,
that
the
hardness
of
the
Stone
yielded
to
it
;
and
so
a
vessel
was
broken
,
which
would
not
have
been
so
by
100
Yoke
of
Oxen
drawing
it
several
ways
.
I
know
,
My
Lord
,
that
to
solve
this
Problem
,
it
will
be
said
,
That
Congelation
doth
not
(
as
is
commonly
,
but
erroneously
presum'd
)
reduce
Water
into
less
room
than
it
possess'd
before
,
but
rather
makes
it
take
up
more
.
And
I
have
elsewhere
prov'd
by
particular
Experiments
,
That
whether
or
no
Ice
may
be
truly
said
to
be
Water
rarefi'd
(
for
that
seems
questionable
)
it
may
be
said
to
take
up
more
room
than
the
Water
did
before
Glaciation
.
But
though
we
grant
that
freezing
makes
Water
swell
,
yet
,
how
cold
(
which
in
Weather-Glasses
manifestly
condenseth
the
Air
)
should
expand
either
the
Water
,
or
the
intercepted
Air
so
forcibly
,
as
to
perform
such
things
as
we
have
newly
related
,
will
yet
remain
a
Problem
.
EXPERIMENT
XXXIX
.
WE
took
an
Oval
Glass
,
clear
and
(
lest
it
should
break
)
pretty
strong
,
with
a
short
Neck
at
the
obtuser
end
;
through
this
Neck
,
we
thrust
almost
to
the
bottom
,
a
Pipe
of
Glass
,
which
was
closely
cemented
to
the
newly
mention'd
Neck
,
the
upper
part
of
which
Pipe
,
was
drawn
in
some
places
more
slender
than
a
Crows
Quill
,
that
the
changes
of
the
Air
in
that
Glass
Egg
might
be
the
more
conspicuous
;
Then
there
was
convey'd
into
the
Glass
five
or
six
Spoon-fulls
of
Water
,
part
of
which
,
by
blowing
Air
into
the
Egg
,
was
rais'd
into
the
above-mention'd
slender
part
of
the
Pipe
,
so
that
the
Water
was
interpos'd
between
the
external
Air
,
and
that
included
in
the
Egg.
This
Weather
glass
(
delineated
in
the
fourteenth
Figure
)
was
so
plac'd
,
and
clos'd
up
in
the
cavity
of
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
that
only
the
slender
part
of
the
Pipe
,
to
the
height
of
four
or
five
Inches
,
passing
thorow
a
hole
in
the
Cover
remain'd
expos'd
to
the
open
Air.
The
Pump
being
set
a
work
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
Water
in
the
Pipe
descended
about
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
,
and
this
upon
two
or
three
reiterated
trials
;
which
seem'd
sufficiently
to
argue
,
that
there
was
no
heat
produc'd
in
the
Receiver
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
:
For
even
a
little
heat
would
probably
have
been
discover'd
by
that
Weather-glass
,
since
upon
the
bare
application
of
my
hand
to
the
outside
of
the
Receiver
,
the
warmth
having
after
some
time
been
communicated
or
propagated
through
both
the
Glasses
,
and
the
interval
betwixt
them
,
to
the
imprison'd
Air
,
did
so
rarefie
that
,
as
to
inable
it
,
by
pressing
upon
the
subjacent
Water
,
to
impel
that
in
the
Pipe
very
many
times
as
far
as
it
had
fallen
downwards
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air.
Yet
shall
not
we
conclude
,
that
in
the
cavity
of
the
Receiver
the
cold
was
greater
after
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
than
before
.
For
if
it
be
demanded
what
then
could
cause
the
fore-mention'd
subsiding
of
the
Water
?
it
may
be
answered
,
That
probably
it
was
the
reaching
of
the
Glass
Egg
,
which
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
,
was
unable
to
resist
altogether
as
much
as
formerly
the
pressure
of
the
included
Air
,
and
of
the
Atmosphere
,
which
,
by
the
intervention
of
the
Water
,
press'd
upon
its
concave
surface
:
Which
seem'd
probable
,
as
well
by
what
was
above
deliver'd
,
in
the
Experiment
about
the
breaking
of
the
Glass
by
the
force
of
the
Atmosphere
;
as
by
this
notable
Circumstance
(
which
we
divers
times
observ'd
)
That
when
by
drawing
the
Air
out
of
the
Receiver
,
the
Water
in
the
Pipe
was
subsided
,
upon
the
re-admission
of
the
external
Air
,
to
press
against
the
convex
surface
of
the
Egg
,
the
Water
was
presently
re-impell'd
to
its
former
height
:
Which
would
perhaps
appear
less
strange
to
Your
Lordship
,
if
You
had
yet
seen
,
what
we
have
heretofore
taught
in
another
Treatise
,
concerning
the
Spring
that
may
be
discover'd
in
Glass
,
as
rigid
and
inflexible
a
Body
as
it
is
generally
esteem'd
.
And
in
the
mean
while
it
may
serve
the
turn
,
to
cause
a
Glass
Egg
to
be
blown
exceeding
thin
;
and
then
,
having
broken
it
,
try
how
far
you
can
by
degrees
bend
some
narrow
parts
of
it
;
and
how
readily
,
upon
the
removal
of
what
kept
it
bent
,
it
will
restore
it self
to
its
former
state
or
posture
.
But
to
return
to
our
Experiment
:
From
thence
it
seems
probable
,
either
that
there
succeeds
no
Body
in
the
room
of
the
Air
drawn
out
of
our
Receiver
;
or
that
it
is
not
every
Matter
that
is
suotle
enough
readily
to
pass
through
the
Pores
of
Glass
,
that
is
always
agitated
enough
to
produce
Heat
where
ever
it
is
plentifully
found
.
So
that
if
no
Vacuum
be
to
be
admitted
,
this
Experiment
seems
to
invite
us
to
allow
a
great
disparity
,
either
as
to
bulk
,
or
as
to
agitation
,
or
as
to
both
,
betwixt
some
parts
of
the
Etherial
substance
,
and
those
that
are
wont
here
below
to
produce
Heat
and
Fire
.
We
try'd
also
what
Operation
the
drawing
out
of
the
Air
would
have
upon
Camphire
,
that
being
a
Body
,
which
,
though
not
a
Liquor
,
consists
of
such
Volatile
or
Fugitive
parts
,
that
without
any
greater
agitation
than
that
of
the
open
Air
it self
,
they
will
copiously
flie
away
.
But
we
sound
not
that
even
this
loose
Body
was
sensibly
alter'd
by
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air.
EXPERIMENT
XL.
IT
may
seem
well
worth
trying
,
whether
or
no
in
our
exhausted
Glass
the
want
of
an
ambient
Body
,
of
the
wonted
thickness
of
Air
,
would
disable
even
light
and
little
Animals
,
as
Bees
,
and
other
winged
Insects
,
to
fly
.
But
though
we
easily
foresaw
how
difficult
it
would
be
to
make
such
an
Experiment
;
yet
not
to
omit
our
endeavours
:
We
procur'd
a
large
Flesh
Fly
,
which
we
convey'd
into
a
small
Receiver
.
We
also
another
time
shut
into
a
great
Receiver
a
Humming
Bee
,
that
appear'd
strong
and
lively
,
though
we
had
rather
have
made
the
trial
with
a
Butter-fly
,
if
the
cold
Season
would
have
permitted
us
to
find
any
.
[
](A29007-e10740-b)*
*
Since
the
writing
of
this
XLth
Experiment
,
we
procur'd
a
white
Butter-Fly
,
and
inclosed
it
in
one
of
our
smaller
Receivers
,
where
,
though
at
first
he
fluttered
up
and
down
,
yet
presently
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
he
fell
down
as
in
a
swoon
,
retaining
no
other
motion
than
some
little
trembling
of
the
Wings
.
The
Fly
,
after
some
exsuctions
of
the
Air
,
dropp'd
down
from
the
side
of
the
Glass
whereon
she
was
walking
:
But
,
that
the
Experiment
with
the
Bee
might
be
the
more
instructive
,
we
convey'd
in
with
her
a
bundle
of
Flowers
,
which
remain'd
suspended
by
a
string
near
the
upper
part
of
the
Receiver
:
And
having
provok'd
the
Bee
,
we
excited
her
to
flie
up
and
down
,
the
capacity
of
the
Vessel
,
till
at
length
,
as
we
desir'd
,
she
lighted
upon
the
Flowers
;
whereupon
we
presently
began
to
draw
out
the
Air
,
and
observ'd
,
That
though
for
some
time
the
Bee
seem'd
to
take
no
notice
of
it
,
yet
within
a
while
after
she
did
not
flie
,
but
fall
down
from
the
Flowers
;
without
appearing
to
make
any
use
of
her
Wings
to
help
her self
.
But
whether
this
fall
of
the
Bee
,
and
the
other
Insect
,
proceeded
from
the
mediums
being
too
thin
for
them
to
flie
in
,
or
barely
from
the
weakness
,
and
as
it
were
swooning
of
the
Animals
themselves
,
you
will
easily
gather
from
the
following
Experiment
.
EXPERIMENT
XLI
.
TO
satisfie
our selves
in
some
measure
,
about
the
account
upon
which
Respiration
is
so
necessary
to
the
Animals
,
that
Nature
hath
furnished
with
Lungs
,
we
took
(
being
then
unable
to
procure
any
other
lively
Bird
,
small
enough
to
be
put
into
the
Receiver
)
a
Lark
,
one
of
whose
Wings
had
been
broken
by
a
shot
,
of
a
Man
that
we
had
sent
to
provide
us
some
Birds
for
our
Experiment
;
but
notwithstanding
this
hurt
,
the
Lark
was
very
lively
,
and
did
,
being
put
into
the
Receiver
,
divers
times
spring
up
in
it
to
a
good
height
.
The
Vessel
being
hastily
,
but
carefully
clos'd
,
the
Pump
was
diligently
ply'd
,
and
the
Bird
for
a
while
appear'd
lively
enough
;
but
upon
a
greater
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
she
began
manifestly
to
droop
and
appear
sick
,
and
very
soon
after
was
taken
with
as
violent
and
irregular
Convulsions
,
as
are
wont
to
be
observ'd
in
Poultry
,
when
their
heads
are
wrung
off
:
For
the
Bird
threw
her self
over
and
over
two
or
three
times
,
and
dyed
with
her
Breast
upward
,
her
Head
downwards
,
and
her
Neck
awry
.
And
though
upon
the
appearing
of
these
Convulsions
,
we
turn'd
the
Stop-cock
,
and
let
in
the
Air
upon
her
,
yet
it
came
too
late
;
whereupon
casting
our
Eyes
upon
one
of
those
accurate
Dyals
that
go
with
a
Pendulum
,
and
were
of
late
ingeniously
invented
by
the
Noble
and
Learned
Hugenius
,
we
found
that
the
whole
Tragedy
had
been
concluded
within
ten
Minutes
of
an
hour
,
part
of
which
time
had
been
imploy'd
in
cementing
the
Cover
to
the
Receiver
.
Soon
after
we
got
a
Hen-sparrow
which
being
caught
with
Bird-lime
was
not
at
all
hurt
;
when
we
put
her
into
the
Receiver
,
almost
to
the
top
of
which
she
would
briskly
raise
her self
,
the
Experiment
being
try'd
with
this
Bird
,
as
it
was
with
the
former
,
she
seemed
to
be
dead
within
seven
minutes
,
one
of
which
were
imployed
in
cementing
on
the
Cover
:
But
upon
the
speedy
turning
of
the
Key
,
the
fresh
Air
flowing
in
,
began
slowly
to
revive
her
,
so
that
aster
some
pantings
she
opened
her
eyes
,
and
regain'd
her
feet
,
and
in
about
a
¼
of
an
hour
after
,
threatned
to
make
an
escape
at
the
top
of
the
Glass
,
which
had
been
unstopped
to
let
in
the
fresh
Air
upon
her
:
But
the
Receiver
being
closed
the
second
time
,
she
was
killed
with
violent
Convulsions
,
within
five
Minutes
from
the
beginning
of
the
Pumping
.
A
while
after
we
put
in
a
Mouse
,
newly
taken
,
in
such
a
Trap
as
had
rather
affrighted
than
hurt
him
;
whilst
he
was
leaping
up
very
high
in
the
Receiver
,
we
fasten'd
the
Cover
to
it
,
expecting
that
an
Animal
used
to
live
in
narrow
holes
with
very
little
fresh
Air
,
would
endure
the
want
of
it
better
than
the
lately
mentioned
Birds
:
But
though
,
for
a
while
after
the
Pump
was
set
a
work
,
he
continued
leaping
up
as
before
;
yet
,
't
was
not
long
ere
he
began
to
appear
sick
and
giddy
,
and
to
stagger
:
after
which
he
fell
down
as
dead
,
but
without
such
violent
Convulsions
as
the
Bird
died
with
.
Wherepon
,
hastily
turning
the
Key
,
we
let
in
some
fresh
Air
upon
him
,
by
which
he
recovered
,
after
a
while
,
his
senses
and
his
feet
,
but
seemed
to
continue
weak
and
sick
:
But
at
length
,
growing
able
to
skip
as
formerly
,
the
Pump
was
plyed
again
for
eight
minutes
,
about
the
middle
of
which
space
,
if
not
before
a
very
little
Air
by
a
mischance
got
in
at
the
Stop-cock
;
and
about
two
minutes
after
that
,
the
Mouse
divers
times
leap'd
up
lively
enough
,
though
after
about
two
minutes
more
he
fell
down
quite
dead
,
yet
with
Convulsions
far
milder
than
those
wherewith
the
two
Birds
expired
.
This
alacrity
so
little
before
his
death
,
and
his
not
dying
sooner
than
at
the
end
of
the
eighth
minute
,
seemed
ascribable
to
the
Air
(
how
little
soever
)
that
slipt
into
the
Receiver
.
For
the
first
time
,
those
Convulsions
(
that
,
if
they
had
not
been
suddenly
remedied
,
had
immediately
dispatch'd
him
)
seised
on
him
in
six
minutes
after
the
Pump
began
to
be
set
a
work
.
These
Experiments
seemed
the
more
strange
,
in
regard
that
during
a
great
part
of
those
few
minutes
the
Engine
could
but
considerably
rarefie
the
Air
(
and
that
too
,
but
by
degrees
)
and
at
the
end
of
them
there
remained
in
the
Receiver
no
inconsiderable
quantity
;
as
may
appear
by
what
we
have
formerly
said
of
our
not
being
able
to
draw
down
Water
in
a
Tube
,
within
much
less
than
a
Foot
of
the
bottom
:
With
which
we
likewise
consider'd
,
that
by
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
and
interspersed
Vapours
,
there
was
left
in
the
Receiver
a
space
some
hundreds
of
times
exceeding
the
bigness
of
the
Animal
,
to
receive
the
fuliginous
Steams
,
from
which
,
expiration
discharges
the
Lungs
;
and
,
which
in
the
other
cases
hitherto
known
,
may
be
suspected
,
for
want
of
room
,
to
stifle
those
Animals
that
are
closely
pen'd
up
in
too
narrow
Receptacles
.
I
forgot
to
mention
,
that
having
caus'd
these
three
Creatures
to
be
open'd
,
I
could
,
in
such
small
Bodies
,
discover
little
of
what
we
sought
for
,
and
what
we
might
possibly
have
found
in
larger
Animals
;
for
though
the
Lungs
of
the
Birds
appear'd
very
red
,
and
as
it
were
inflam'd
,
yet
that
colour
being
usual
enough
in
the
Lungs
of
such
winged
Creatures
,
deserves
not
so
much
our
notice
,
as
it
doth
,
That
in
almost
all
the
destructive
Experiments
made
in
our
Engine
,
the
Animals
appear'd
to
die
with
violent
Convulsive
motions
:
From
which
,
whether
Physicians
can
gather
any
thing
towards
the
discovery
of
the
Nature
of
Convulsive
Distempers
,
I
leave
to
them
to
consider
.
Having
proceeded
thus
far
,
though
(
as
we
have
partly
intimated
already
)
there
appear'd
not
much
cause
to
doubt
,
but
that
the
death
of
the
fore-mention'd
Animals
proceeded
rather
from
the
want
of
Air
,
than
that
the
Air
was
over-clogg'd
by
the
steams
of
their
Bodies
,
exquisitely
pen'd
up
in
the
Glass
;
yet
I
,
that
love
not
to
believe
any
thing
upon
Conjectures
,
when
by
a
not
over-difficult
Experiment
I
can
try
whether
it
be
true
or
no
,
thought
it
the
safest
way
to
obviate
Objections
,
and
remove
Scruples
,
by
shutting
up
another
Mouse
as
close
as
I
could
in
the
Receiver
,
wherein
it
lived
about
three
quarters
of
an
hour
;
and
might
probably
have
done
so
much
longer
,
had
not
a
Virtuoso
of
quality
,
who
in
the
mean
while
chanc'd
to
make
me
a
Visit
,
desir'd
to
see
whether
or
no
the
Mouse
could
be
kill'd
by
the
exsuction
of
the
ambient
Air
whereupon
we
thought
fit
to
open
,
for
a
little
while
,
an
intercourse
betwixt
the
Air
in
the
Receiver
,
and
that
without
it
,
that
the
Mouse
might
thereby
(
if
it
were
needfull
for
him
)
be
refresh'd
,
and
yet
we
did
this
without
uncementing
the
Cover
at
the
top
,
that
it
might
not
be
objected
,
that
perhaps
the
Vessel
was
more
closely
stopp'd
for
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
than
before
.
The
Experiment
had
this
event
,
that
after
the
Mouse
had
liv'd
ten
Minutes
,
(
which
we
ascrib'd
to
this
that
the
Pump
,
for
want
of
having
been
lately
Oyled
,
could
move
but
slowly
,
and
could
not
by
him
that
manag'd
it
,
be
made
to
work
as
nimbly
as
it
was
wont
)
at
the
end
of
that
time
he
dy'd
with
Convulsive
Fits
,
wherein
he
made
two
or
three
bounds
into
the
Air
,
before
he
fell
down
dead
.
Nor
was
I
content
with
this
,
but
for
Your
Lordships
farther
satisfaction
,
and
my
own
,
I
caused
a
Mouse
,
that
was
very
hungry
,
to
be
shut
in
all
Night
,
with
a
Bed
of
Paper
for
him
to
rest
upon
:
And
to
be
sure
that
the
Receiver
was
well
clos'd
,
I
caus'd
some
Air
to
be
drawn
out
of
it
,
whereby
,
perceiving
that
there
was
no
sensible
leak
,
I
presently
re-admitted
the
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
,
lest
the
want
of
it
should
harm
the
little
Animal
;
and
then
I
caused
the
Engine
to
be
kept
all
Night
by
the
Fire
side
,
to
keep
him
from
being
destroyed
by
the
immoderate
cold
of
the
Frosty
Night
.
And
this
care
succeeded
so
well
,
that
the
next
Morning
I
found
that
the
Mouse
not
only
was
alive
,
but
had
devour'd
a
good
part
of
the
Cheese
that
had
been
put
in
with
him
.
And
having
thus
kept
him
alive
full
twelve
hours
,
or
better
,
we
did
,
by
sucking
out
part
of
the
Air
,
bring
him
to
droop
,
and
to
appear
swell'd
;
and
by
letting
in
the
Air
again
,
we
soon
reduc'd
him
to
his
former
liveliness
.
A
Digression
containing
some
Doubts
touching
Respiration
.
I
Fear
Your
Lordship
will
now
expect
,
that
to
these
Experiments
I
should
add
my
Reflexions
on
them
,
and
attempt
,
by
their
assistence
,
to
resolve
the
difficulties
that
occur
about
Respiration
;
since
at
the
beginning
I
acknowledg'd
a
farther
enquiry
into
the
Nature
of
that
,
to
have
been
my
design
in
the
related
Tryals
.
But
I
have
yet
,
because
of
the
inconvenient
season
of
the
Year
,
made
so
few
Experiments
,
and
have
been
so
little
satisfied
by
those
I
have
been
able
to
make
,
that
they
have
hitherto
made
Respiration
appear
to
me
rather
a
more
,
than
a
less
Mysterious
thing
,
than
it
did
before
.
But
yet
,
since
they
have
furnished
me
with
some
such
new
Considerations
,
concerning
the
use
of
the
Air
,
as
confirms
me
in
my
Diffidence
of
the
truth
of
what
is
commonly
believ'd
touching
that
matter
;
That
I
may
not
appear
sullen
or
lazy
,
I
am
content
not
to
decline
employing
a
few
hours
in
setting
down
my
Doubts
,
in
presenting
Your
Lordship
some
Hints
,
and
in
considering
whether
the
Tryals
made
in
our
Engine
,
will
at
least
assist
us
to
discover
wherein
the
Deficiency
lies
that
needs
to
be
supplyed
.
And
this
,
My
Lord
,
being
all
my
present
Design
,
I
suppose
You
will
not
expect
that
(
as
if
You
knew
not
,
or
had
forgotten
what
Anatomists
are
wont
to
teach
)
I
should
entertain
You
with
a
needless
Discourse
of
the
Organs
of
Respiration
,
and
the
variety
of
their
Structure
in
several
Animals
;
though
if
it
were
necessary
,
and
had
not
been
perform'd
by
others
I
should
think
,
with
Galen
,
that
by
treating
of
the
Fabricks
of
living
Bodies
,
I
might
compose
Hymns
to
the
wise
Author
of
Nature
,
who
,
in
the
excellent
contrivance
of
the
Lungs
,
and
other
parts
of
(
those
admirable
Engines
)
Animals
,
manifests
himself
to
be
indeed
what
the
Eloquent
Prophet
most
justly
speaks
him
,
Wonderfull
in
Councel
,
and
excellent
in
working
.
Nor
shall
we
any
farther
meddle
with
those
Controversies
so
much
agitated
among
the
Moderns
,
namely
,
Whether
the
motion
of
the
Lungs
in
Respiration
be
their
own
,
or
but
consequent
to
the
motion
of
the
Thorax
,
Diaphragme
,
and
(
as
some
Learned
Men
would
have
it
)
the
Abdomen
;
And
,
Whence
it
is
that
the
Air
swells
the
Lungs
in
Inspiration
,
any
farther
than
they
may
receive
light
from
our
Engine
:
But
that
it
may
appear
what
kind
of
service
it
is
that
may
be
expected
from
it
on
this
occasion
,
we
must
premise
a
few
Words
to
shew
wherein
the
strength
of
the
Objection
we
are
to
answer
,
lies
:
In
favour
then
of
those
that
would
have
the
Lungs
rather
passive
than
active
in
the
business
of
Respiration
,
it
may
against
the
common
opinion
be
alledg'd
,
That
as
the
Lungs
being
destitute
of
Muscles
and
of
Fibres
,
are
unfit
to
dilate
themselves
;
so
it
appears
,
that
without
the
motion
of
the
Thorax
they
would
not
be
fill'd
with
Air.
Since
as
our
Learned
Friend
Dr.
Highmore
hath
well
(
and
congruously
,
to
what
our selves
have
purposely
tried
)
observed
,
if
a
live
Dog
have
a
great
wound
made
in
his
Chest
,
the
Lobes
of
the
Lungs
on
that
side
of
the
Mediastinum
will
subside
and
lie
still
;
the
Thorax
and
the
Lobes
on
the
other
side
of
the
Mediastinum
,
continuing
their
former
motion
.
And
if
suddenly
at
once
the
Muscles
of
the
Chest
be
on
both
sides
dissected
,
upon
the
Ingress
of
the
Air
,
the
whole
Lungs
,
though
untouch'd
,
will
remain
moveless
,
at
least
,
as
to
any
expansion
or
contraction
of
their
substance
.
To
which
we
may
add
the
Observation
of
the
diligent
Bartholinus
,
who
affirms
the
like
of
the
Diaphragme
also
,
namely
,
That
it
being
wounded
,
the
Lungs
will
fall
together
,
and
the
Respiration
cease
,
which
my
Experiments
oppose
not
,
provided
the
Wound
be
any
thing
great
.
And
indeed
the
Diaphragme
seems
the
principal
Instrument
of
ordinary
and
gentle
Respiration
,
although
to
restrained
Respiration
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
the
intercostal
Muscles
,
and
perhaps
some
others
may
be
allowed
eminently
to
concur
.
But
the
chief
of
the
Controversies
formerly
pointed
at
,
is
not
yet
decided
,
namely
,
what
it
is
that
conveys
the
Air
into
the
Lungs
.
For
when
,
to
counterballance
all
that
hath
been
alledg'd
,
those
that
plead
for
the
Lungs
demand
what
it
is
that
should
bring
the
Air
into
the
Lungs
,
if
themselves
do
not
attract
it
,
their
Antagonists
disagree
about
the
Reply
.
For
when
to
this
question
some
of
the
best
Modern
Philosophers
answer
,
That
by
the
dilatation
of
the
Chest
the
contiguous
Air
is
thrust
away
,
and
that
pressing
upon
the
next
Air
to
it
,
and
so
onwards
,
the
Propulsion
it
continued
till
the
Air
be
driven
into
the
Lungs
,
and
so
dilate
them
:
When
this
(
I
say
)
is
answered
,
it
is
Objected
even
by
Bartholine
himself
,
as
a
convincing
Reply
,
that
,
according
to
this
Doctrine
,
a
Man
could
not
fetch
his
Breath
from
a
great
Vessel
full
of
Air
,
with
a
slender
Neck
,
because
,
that
when
his
Mouth
covers
the
Orifice
of
the
Neck
,
the
dilatation
of
his
Thorax
could
not
propell
the
Air
in
the
Vessel
into
his
Lungs
,
by
reason
of
its
being
separated
by
the
inclosing
Vessel
from
the
ambient
Air
;
and
yet
,
say
they
,
Experience
witnesseth
,
that
out
of
such
a
Vessel
a
Man
may
suck
Air.
But
of
this
difficulty
our
Engine
furnisheth
us
with
an
easie
Solution
,
since
many
of
:
the
former
Experiments
have
manifested
,
That
in
the
case
proposed
,
there
needs
not
be
made
any
(
though
't
is
true
that
in
ordinary
Respiration
there
is
wont
to
be
made
some
)
propulsion
of
the
Air
by
the
swelling
Thorax
or
Abdomen
into
the
Lungs
;
since
upon
the
bare
Dilatation
of
the
Thorax
,
the
Spring
of
that
internal
Air
,
or
halituous
substance
that
is
wont
to
possess
as
much
of
the
cavity
of
the
Chest
as
the
Lungs
fill
not
up
,
being
much
weaken'd
,
the
external
and
contiguous
Air
must
necessarily
press
in
at
the
open
Wind
pipe
into
the
Lungs
,
as
finding
there
less
resistance
than
any
where
else
about
it
.
And
hence
(
by
the
way
)
we
may
derive
a
new
assistance
to
judge
of
that
famous
Controversie
disputed
among
Naturalists
and
Physicians
,
ever
since
Galen's
time
,
some
maintaining
that
the
Chest
,
with
the
contained
Lungs
,
may
be
resembled
to
a
pair
of
Bellows
,
which
comes
therefore
to
be
fill'd
because
it
was
dilated
:
And
others
pleading
to
have
the
comparison
made
to
a
Bladder
,
which
is
therefore
dilated
because
it
is
fill'd
.
For
as
to
the
Thorax
,
it
seems
evident
from
what
hath
been
lately
said
,
that
it
,
like
a
pair
of
Bellows
,
happens
to
be
partly
fill'd
with
Air
,
but
because
it
was
dilated
:
But
as
for
the
Lungs
themselves
,
who
want
Fibres
to
distend
them
,
they
may
fitly
enough
be
compar'd
to
a
Bladder
;
since
they
are
dilated
by
being
fill'd
,
namely
,
by
that
Air
which
rusheth
into
them
upon
the
dilatation
of
the
Chest
,
in
whose
increased
cavity
it
finds
(
as
we
freshly
noted
)
less
resistance
to
its
Spring
than
elsewhere
.
And
this
brings
into
my
mind
that
strange
Observation
of
Nicolaus
Fontanus
,
a
Physician
at
Amsterdam
,
who
testifieth
,
That
in
a
Boy
of
the
same
Town
,
four
years
old
,
there
was
found
,
instead
of
Lungs
,
a
certain
Membranous
Bladder
;
which
being
fill'd
with
Wind
,
and
furnish'd
with
little
Veins
,
had
its
origination
from
the
Wind-Pipe
it self
;
which
being
suppos'd
true
,
how
well
it
will
agree
with
most
of
the
Opinions
touching
Respiration
,
I
leave
to
be
consider'd
.
And
thus
may
the
grand
Objection
of
Bartholine
,
and
others
,
be
answered
:
But
I
leave
to
Anatomists
to
consider
what
is
to
be
said
to
some
Observations
that
seem
to
contradict
those
Anatomical
Experiments
already
mention'd
:
Such
was
particularly
that
which
I
remember
I
have
read
in
Sennertus
(
from
the
observation
of
his
Father-in-law
Schato
)
of
a
Melancholy
Student
,
who
having
stabb'd
himself
,
and
pierced
the
Diaphragme
in
the
thinner
or
tendonous
part
(
call'd
by
many
the
Nervous
Circle
)
lived
seven
Months
after
he
had
wounded
himself
,
though
after
his
death
(
preceded
by
violent
Vomitings
)
the
Wound
(
perchance
dilated
by
those
strainings
)
appear'd
so
great
,
that
the
whole
Stomach
was
found
to
have
got
in
by
it
into
the
left
side
of
the
Thorax
.
And
such
also
was
the
accident
that
happen'd
to
a
Noble
Man
,
whom
I
remember
I
have
seen
,
and
who
is
yet
alive
,
in
whose
Chest
there
hath
,
for
these
many
years
,
remain'd
a
hole
so
great
,
that
the
motion
of
his
Heart
may
be
perceiv'd
by
it
.
These
(
I
say
)
and
some
other
Observations
,
I
shall
now
forbear
to
insist
on
,
because
I
hold
it
not
unfit
,
before
we
come
to
consider
the
use
of
Respiration
,
that
we
acquaint
Your
Lordship
with
an
Ingenious
Conjecture
,
that
was
made
at
the
cause
of
the
hasty
death
of
the
Animals
our
Engine
kill'd
:
namely
,
That
it
was
not
the
want
of
Air
that
destroy'd
them
,
but
the
Pressure
of
the
innate
Air
in
the
cavity
of
the
Chest
;
as
if
the
spring
of
the
Air
being
no
longer
counterballanc'd
by
the
ambient
Air
,
was
thereby
become
so
strong
,
that
it
kept
the
Thorax
forcibly
distended
,
and
hinder'd
its
wonted
contraction
;
and
so
compress'd
the
Lungs
and
their
Vessels
,
as
to
obstruct
the
circulation
of
the
Blood
.
And
this
Conjecture
,
as
it
is
specious
enough
,
so
I
might
have
admitted
it
for
true
;
but
that
I
consider'd
,
that
(
not
to
mention
that
one
,
especially
of
the
Animals
kill'd
in
our
Engine
,
seemed
manifestly
for
a
pretty
while
,
and
not
long
before
he
dy'd
,
to
move
his
Thorax
,
as
if
he
exercis'd
Respiration
)
the
diligent
Wallaeus
relates
,
that
he
divers
times
observed
,
in
the
dissection
of
live
Bodies
,
that
the
Membrane
that
invests
the
Lungs
,
had
Pores
in
it
as
big
as
the
larger
sort
of
Peas
,
which
agreeth
with
the
Observations
of
Chyrurgions
and
Physicians
,
viz.
That
Matter
collected
in
the
Thorax
,
hath
penetrated
into
the
Lungs
,
and
been
discharged
by
coughing
.
And
I
remember
too
,
that
most
of
the
Animals
we
kill'd
in
our
Engine
were
Birds
,
of
whose
Lungs
Harvey
somewhere
informs
us
,
That
he
observ'd
them
very
manifestly
to
open
at
their
extremities
into
the
Abdomen
:
And
by
such
perforitions
we
may
well'suppose
the
passage
free
betwixt
the
external
Air
,
and
that
in
the
Abdomen
:
But
this
Conjecture
may
be
farther
consider'd
.
Besides
,
to
show
that
the
Animals
that
died
in
our
Glasses
,
need
not
be
supposed
to
have
been
kill'd
by
the
want
of
Air
,
we
foresee
another
Argument
that
we
must
deal
so
ingeniously
with
Your
Lordship
,
as
not
to
conceal
.
You
very
well
know
,
that
besides
the
generality
of
the
Schools
,
there
are
many
new
Philosophers
who
,
though
they
dissent
from
the
old
Peripateticks
in
other
things
,
do
,
as
they
,
deny
the
possibility
of
a
Vacuum
;
and
hold
,
that
those
spaces
which
are
devoid
of
Air
,
and
other
grosser
Bodies
,
are
all
of
them
exactly
replenished
with
a
certain
Etherial
Matter
,
so
thin
and
subtle
,
that
it
can
freely
permeate
the
Pores
of
the
compactedst
and
closest
Bodies
,
and
ev'n
of
Glass
it self
.
Now
some
of
those
Naturalists
that
are
of
this
perswasion
may
object
,
That
the
Animals
that
died
in
our
Receiver
,
did
so
,
not
so
much
for
lack
of
Air
,
as
by
reason
that
the
Air
that
was
pump'd
out
was
necessarily
succeeded
by
an
Etherial
substance
;
which
consisting
of
parts
vehemently
agitated
,
and
so
very
small
,
as
without
resistance
to
pass
in
and
out
through
the
very
Pores
of
Glass
;
it
may
well
be
supposed
,
that
a
considerable
quantity
of
this
restless
and
subtle
Matter
,
meeting
together
in
the
Receiver
,
with
the
excessive
heat
of
it
,
may
be
quickly
able
to
destroy
a
little
Animal
,
or
at
least
,
make
the
Air
too
intemperately
hot
to
be
fit
for
Respiration
.
But
though
this
be
a
Difficulty
not
so
easily
to
be
resolved
without
the
assistance
of
our
Engine
,
yet
I
suppose
we
have
already
answer'd
the
Objection
by
our
38th
and
39th
Experiments
;
which
,
though
we
made
partly
for
other
purposes
,
yet
we
premis'd
them
only
to
clear
up
the
difficulty
proposed
.
Another
suspicion
we
should
have
entertain'd
concerning
the
death
of
our
Animals
,
namely
,
That
upon
the
sudden
removal
of
the
wonted
pressure
of
the
ambient
Air
,
the
warm
blood
of
those
Animals
was
brought
to
an
Effervescence
or
Ebullition
,
or
at
least
so
vehemently
expanded
,
as
to
disturb
the
circulation
of
the
Blood
,
and
so
disorder
the
whole
Oeconomy
of
the
Body
.
(
This
(
I
say
)
I
should
have
had
some
suspicion
of
)
but
that
Animals
of
a
hot
Constitution
are
not
the
sole
ones
that
cannot
in
our
exhausted
Engine
exercise
the
Function
of
Life
.
But
I
must
not
now
dwell
upon
matters
of
this
nature
,
because
I
think
it
high
time
to
proceed
to
the
consideration
of
the
principal
subject
of
our
Engine
,
namely
,
the
use
of
Respiration
;
or
rather
,
The
use
of
the
Air
in
Respiration
.
For
whereas
of
the
divers
uses
of
it
mentioned
by
Anatomists
the
most
,
such
as
the
Production
and
Modulation
of
the
Voice
by
the
Elision
of
the
Air
,
the
Larynx
,
&c.
the
expulsion
of
Excrements
by
Coughing
,
the
conveying
in
of
Odours
by
Inspiration
,
and
some
others
,
rather
convenient
for
the
well
being
of
an
Animal
,
than
absolutely
necessary
to
his
Life
:
Whereas
(
I
say
)
the
other
uses
are
such
as
we
have
said
,
The
great
Hippocrates
himself
gives
this
notable
Testimony
to
the
use
of
the
Air
,
as
to
Animals
endow'd
with
Lungs
:
Mortalibus
(
saith
he
)
hic
(
spiritus
)
tum
vitae
,
tum
morborum
aegrotis
causa
est
.
Tantáque
corporibus
omnibus
spiritûs
inest
necessitas
,
ut
fiquidem
aliis
omnibus
&
cibis
&
potionibus
,
quis
abstineat
,
duos
tamen
aut
tres
,
vel
plures
dies
possit
vitam
ducere
:
At
si
quis
spiritus
in
corpus
vias
intercipiat
,
vel
exiguâ
diei
parte
,
homini
pereundum
fit
;
Adeo
necessarius
est
usus
spiritûs
in
corpore
.
Ad
haec
quoque
,
quum
omnibus
aliis
actionibus
homines
quiescant
,
quod
mutationibus
innumeris
vita
sit
exposita
,
ab
hâc
tamen
solâ
actione
nunquam
desistant
animantia
,
quin
aut
spiritum
adducant
,
aut
reddant
.
But
touching
the
account
upon
which
the
Inspiration
and
Exspiration
of
Air
(
both
which
are
comprehended
in
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Respiration
)
is
so
necessary
to
Life
,
both
Naturalists
and
Physicians
do
so
disagree
,
that
it
will
be
very
difficult
either
to
reconcile
their
Opinions
,
or
determine
their
Controversies
.
For
first
,
Many
there
are
who
think
the
chief
(
if
not
sole
)
use
of
Respiration
to
be
the
cooling
and
tempering
of
that
Heat
in
the
Heart
and
Blood
,
which
otherwise
would
be
immoderate
:
And
this
Opinion
,
not
only
seems
to
be
most
received
amongst
Scholastick
Writers
,
but
divers
of
the
new
Philosophers
,
Cartesians
,
and
others
,
admitted
with
some
variation
;
teaching
.
That
the
Air
is
necessary
,
by
its
coldness
,
to
condense
the
Blood
that
passeth
out
of
the
right
Ventricle
of
the
Heart
into
the
Lungs
,
that
thereby
it
may
contain
such
a
consistence
,
as
is
requisite
to
make
it
fit
Fewel
for
the
vital
fire
or
flame
,
in
the
left
Ventricle
of
the
Heart
.
And
this
Opinion
seems
favour'd
by
this
,
That
Fishes
,
and
other
cold
Creatures
,
whose
Hearts
have
but
one
cavity
,
are
also
unprovided
of
Lungs
,
and
by
some
other
considerations
.
But
though
it
need
not
be
deny'd
,
that
the
inspir'd
Air
may
sometimes
be
of
use
by
refrigerating
the
Heart
;
yet
(
against
the
Opinion
that
makes
this
Refrigeration
,
the
most
genuine
and
constant
use
of
the
Air
)
it
may
be
Objected
,
That
divers
cold
Creatures
(
some
of
which
,
as
particularly
Frogs
,
live
in
the
Water
)
have
yet
need
of
Respiration
,
which
seems
not
likely
to
be
needed
for
Refrigeration
by
them
that
are
destitute
of
any
sensible
heat
,
and
besides
,
live
in
the
cold
Water
:
That
even
decrepid
old
Men
,
whose
natural
Heat
is
made
very
languid
,
and
almost
extinguish'd
by
reason
of
Age
,
have
yet
a
necessity
of
frequent
Respiration
:
That
a
temperate
Air
is
fittest
for
the
generality
of
breathing
Creatures
;
and
as
an
Air
too
hot
,
so
also
an
Air
too
cold
,
may
be
inconvenient
for
them
(
especially
,
if
they
be
troubled
with
an
immoderate
degree
of
the
same
quality
which
is
predominant
in
the
Air
:
)
That
in
some
Diseases
the
natural
heat
is
so
weaken'd
,
that
in
case
the
use
of
Respiratic
were
to
cool
,
it
would
be
more
hurtfull
than
beneficial
to
Breath
;
and
the
suspending
of
the
Respiration
,
may
supply
the
place
of
those
very
hot
Medicines
that
are
wont
to
be
employ'd
in
such
Distempers
:
That
Nature
might
much
better
have
given
the
Heart
but
a
moderate
heat
,
than
such
an
excessive
one
,
as
needs
to
be
perpetually
cool'd
,
to
keep
it
from
growing
destructive
;
which
the
gentle
,
and
not
the
burning
heat
of
an
Animal's
Heart
,
.
seems
not
intense
enough
so
indispensably
to
require
.
These
,
and
other
Objections
,
might
be
oppos'd
,
and
press'd
against
the
recited
Opinion
:
But
we
shall
not
insist
on
them
,
but
only
add
to
them
,
That
it
appears
not
by
our
foregoing
Experiments
(
I
mean
the
38th
and
39th
)
that
in
our
exhausted
Receiver
,
where
yet
Animals
die
so
suddenly
for
want
of
Respiration
,
the
ambient
Body
is
sensibly
hotter
than
the
common
Air.
Other
Learned
Men
there
are
,
who
will
have
the
very
substance
of
the
Air
to
get
in
by
the
Vessels
of
the
Lungs
,
to
the
left
Ventricle
of
the
Heart
,
not
only
to
temper
its
heat
,
but
to
provide
for
the
generation
of
Spirits
.
And
these
alledge
for
themselves
the
authority
of
the
Ancients
,
among
whom
Hippocrates
seems
manifestly
to
favour
their
Opinion
;
and
both
Aristotle
and
Galen
do
sometimes
(
for
methinks
they
speak
doubtfully
enough
)
appear
inclineable
to
it
.
But
for
ought
ever
I
could
see
in
Dissections
,
it
is
very
difficult
to
make
out
,
how
the
Air
is
convey'd
into
the
left
Ventricle
of
the
Heart
,
especially
the
Systole
and
Diastole
of
the
Heart
and
Lungs
being
very
far
from
being
Synchronical
:
Besides
,
that
the
Spirits
seeming
to
be
but
the
most
subtle
and
unctuous
Particles
of
the
Blood
,
appear
to
be
of
a
very
differing
Nature
from
that
of
the
lean
and
incombustible
Corpuscles
of
Air.
Other
Objections
against
this
Opinion
have
been
proposed
,
and
press'd
by
that
excellent
Anatomist
,
and
my
Industrious
Friend
,
Dr.
Highmore
,
to
whom
I
shall
therefore
refer
you
.
Another
Opinion
there
is
touching
Respiration
,
which
makes
the
genuine
use
of
it
to
be
Ventilation
not
of
the
Heart
,
but
of
the
Blood
,
in
its
passage
through
the
Lungs
;
in
which
passage
,
it
is
dis-burthened
of
those
Excrementitious
Steams
proceeding
,
for
the
most
part
,
from
the
superfluous
Serosities
,
of
the
Blood
,
(
we
may
add
)
and
of
the
Chyle
too
,
which
(
by
those
new
Conduits
of
late
very
happily
detected
by
the
Famous
Pecquet
)
hath
been
newly
mix'd
with
it
in
the
Heart
.
)
And
this
Opinion
is
that
of
the
Industrious
Maebius
,
and
is
said
to
have
been
that
of
that
excellent
Philosopher
Gassendus
;
and
hath
been
in
part
an
Opinion
almost
vulgar
:
But
this
Hypothesis
may
be
explicated
two
ways
:
For
first
,
The
necessity
of
the
Air
in
Respiration
,
may
be
suppos'd
to
proceed
from
hence
;
That
as
a
Flame
cannot
long
burn
in
a
narrow
and
close
place
,
because
the
Fuliginous
Steams
it
uncessantly
throws
out
,
cannot
be
long
receiv'd
into
the
ambient
Body
;
which
,
after
a
while
,
growing
too
full
of
them
to
admit
any
more
,
stifles
the
flame
:
So
that
the
vital
Fire
in
the
Heart
requires
an
ambient
Body
,
of
a
yielding
nature
,
to
receive
into
it
the
superfluous
Serosities
,
and
other
Recrements
of
the
Blood
,
whose
seasonable
Expulsion
is
requisite
to
depurate
the
Mass
of
Blood
,
and
make
it
fit
both
to
circulate
,
and
to
maintain
the
vital
heat
residing
in
the
Heart
.
The
other
way
of
explicating
the
above-mentioned
Hypothesis
,
is
,
by
supposing
,
that
the
Air
doth
not
only
,
as
a
Receptacle
,
admit
into
its
Pores
the
Excrementitious
vapours
of
the
Blood
,
when
they
are
expell'd
through
the
Wind-pipe
,
but
doth
also
convey
them
out
of
the
Lungs
,
in
regard
that
the
inspired
Air
,
reaching
to
all
the
ends
of
the
Aspera
Ateria
,
doth
there
associate
it self
with
the
exhalations
of
the
circulating
Blood
,
and
when
't
is
exploded
,
carries
them
away
with
it self
:
as
we
see
that
Winds
speedily
dry
up
the
surfaces
of
wet
Bodies
,
not
to
say
any
thing
of
what
we
formerly
observed
touching
our
Liquor
,
whose
fumes
were
strangely
elevated
upon
the
ingress
of
the
Air.
Now
of
these
two
ways
of
Explicating
the
use
of
Respiration
,
our
Engine
affords
us
this
Objection
against
the
first
;
That
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
the
Animals
die
a
great
deal
sooner
than
if
it
were
left
in
the
Vessel
;
though
by
that
exsuction
the
ambient
space
is
left
much
more
free
to
receive
the
Steams
that
are
either
breathed
out
of
the
Lungs
of
the
Animal
,
or
discharg'd
by
insensible
Transpiration
through
the
Pores
of
his
Skin
.
But
if
the
Hypothesis
propos'd
,
be
taken
in
the
other
sense
,
it
seems
congruous
enough
to
that
grand
observation
,
which
partly
the
Phaenomena
of
our
Engine
,
and
partly
the
relations
of
Travellers
,
have
suggested
to
us
:
namely
,
That
there
is
a
certain
consistence
of
Air
requisite
to
Respiration
;
so
that
if
it
be
too
thick
,
and
already
over-charged
with
Vapours
,
it
will
be
unfit
to
unite
with
,
and
carry
off
those
of
the
Blood
,
as
Water
will
dissolve
,
and
associate
to
it self
but
a
certain
proportion
of
saline
Corpuscles
;
and
if
it
be
too
thin
or
rarefied
,
the
number
or
size
of
the
Aërial
Particles
is
too
small
to
be
able
to
assume
and
carry
off
the
halituous
Excrements
of
the
Blood
,
in
such
plenty
as
is
requisite
.
Now
that
Air
too
much
thicken'd
(
and
as
it
were
clogg'd
)
with
Steams
,
is
unfit
for
Respiration
,
may
appear
by
what
is
wont
to
happen
in
the
Lead-Mines
of
Devonshire
,
(
and
for
ought
I
know
,
in
those
too
of
other
Countries
,
though
I
have
seen
Mines
where
no
such
thing
was
complain'd
of
)
for
I
have
been
informed
by
more
than
one
credible
Person
(
and
particularly
by
an
Ingenious
Man
,
that
hath
often
,
for
curiosity
,
digg'd
in
those
Mines
,
and
been
imploy'd
about
them
)
that
there
often
riseth
Damps
,
as
retaining
the
Germane
Word
by
which
we
call
them
)
which
doth
so
thicken
the
Air
,
that
unless
the
Work-men
speedily
make
signs
to
them
that
are
above
,
they
would
(
which
also
sometimes
happens
)
be
presently
stifled
for
want
of
Breath
,
and
though
their
Companions
do
make
haste
to
draw
them
up
,
yet
frequently
,
by
that
time
they
come
to
the
free
Air
,
they
are
,
as
it
were
in
a
swoon
,
and
are
a
good
while
before
they
come
to
themselves
again
.
And
that
this
swooning
seems
not
to
proceed
from
any
Arsenical
or
Poysonous
Exhalation
contain'd
in
the
Damp
,
as
from
its
overmuch
condensing
the
Air
,
seems
probable
from
hence
;
That
the
same
Damps
oftentimes
leisurely
extinguish
the
flames
of
their
Candles
or
Lamps
;
and
from
hence
also
that
it
appears
(
by
many
Relations
of
Authentical
Authors
)
that
in
those
Cellars
where
great
store
of
new
Wine
is
set
to
work
,
Men
have
been
suffocated
by
the
too
great
plenty
of
the
Steams
exhaling
from
the
Must
,
and
too
much
thickning
the
Air
:
As
may
be
gathered
from
the
custom
that
is
now
used
in
some
hot
Countries
,
where
those
that
have
occasion
to
go
into
such
Cellars
,
carry
with
them
a
quantity
of
well
kindled
Coals
,
which
they
hold
near
their
Faces
;
whereby
it
comes
to
pass
,
that
the
Fire
discussing
the
Fumes
,
and
rarefying
the
Air
,
reduceth
the
ambient
Body
to
a
consistence
fit
for
Respiration
.
We
will
add
(
by
way
of
Confirmation
)
the
following
Experiment
:
In
such
a
small
Receiver
,
as
those
wherein
we
kill'd
divers
Birds
,
we
carefully
clos'd
up
one
,
who
,
though
for
a
quarter
of
an
hour
he
seem'd
not
much
prejudiced
by
the
closeness
of
his
Prison
,
afterwards
be●●n
first
to
pant
very
vehemently
,
and
keep
his
Bill
very
open
,
and
then
to
appear
very
sick
;
and
last
of
all
,
after
some
long
and
violent
strainings
,
to
cast
up
some
little
matter
out
of
his
Stomach
:
which
he
did
several
times
,
till
growing
so
sick
,
that
he
stagger'd
and
gasp'd
,
as
being
just
ready
to
die
.
We
perceiv'd
,
that
within
about
three
quarters
of
an
hour
from
the
time
that
he
was
put
in
,
he
had
so
thickened
and
tainted
the
Air
with
the
Steams
of
his
Body
,
that
it
was
become
altogether
unfit
for
the
use
of
Respiration
:
Which
he
will
not
much
wonder
at
,
who
hath
taken
notice
in
Sanctorius
his
Statica
Medicina
,
how
much
that
part
of
our
Aliments
,
which
goeth
off
by
insensible
Transpiration
,
exceeds
in
weight
all
the
visible
and
grosser
Excrements
both
solid
and
liquid
.
That
(
on
the
other
side
)
an
Air
too
much
dilated
is
not
serviceable
for
the
ends
of
Respiration
,
the
hasty
death
of
the
Animal
we
kill'd
in
our
exhausted
Receiver
,
seems
sufficiently
to
manifest
.
And
it
may
not
irrationally
be
doubted
,
whether
or
no
,
if
a
Man
were
rais'd
to
the
very
top
of
the
Atmosphere
,
he
would
be
able
to
live
many
minutes
,
and
would
not
quickly
dye
for
want
of
such
Air
as
we
are
wont
to
breath
here
below
.
And
that
this
Conjecture
may
not
appear
extravagant
,
I
shall
on
this
occasion
subjoyn
a
memorable
Relation
that
I
have
met
with
in
the
Learned
Josephus
Acosta
,
who
tells
us
,
That
when
he
himself
past
the
high
Mountains
of
Peru
,
(
which
they
call
Pariacaca
)
to
which
,
he
says
,
That
the
Alps
themselves
seem'd
to
them
but
as
ordinary
Houses
,
in
regard
of
high
Towers
,
he
and
his
Companions
were
surprised
with
such
extreme
Pangs
of
Straining
and
Vomiting
,
(
not
without
casting
up
Blood
too
)
and
with
so
violent
a
Distemper
,
that
he
concludes
he
should
undoubtedly
have
died
,
but
that
this
lasted
not
above
three
or
four
hours
,
before
they
came
into
a
more
convenient
and
natural
temperature
of
Air
:
To
which
our
Learned
Author
adds
an
Inference
,
which
being
the
principal
thing
I
design'd
in
mentioning
,
the
Narrative
I
shall
set
down
in
his
own
words
:
I
therefore
(
says
he
)
perswade
my self
,
That
the
Element
of
the
Air
is
there
so
subtle
and
delicate
,
as
it
is
not
proportionable
with
the
breathing
of
Man
,
which
req●●●es
a
more
gross
and
temperate
Air
;
and
I
believe
it
is
the
cause
that
doth
so
much
alter
the
Stomach
,
and
trouble
all
the
Disposition
.
Thus
far
our
Author
,
whose
Words
I
mention
,
that
we
may
ghess
by
what
happens
somewhat
near
the
Confines
of
the
Atmosphere
(
though
probably
far
from
the
surface
of
it
)
what
would
happen
beyond
the
Atmosphere
.
That
,
which
some
of
those
that
treat
of
the
height
of
Mountains
,
relate
out
of
Aristotle
,
namely
,
That
those
that
ascend
to
the
top
of
the
Mountain
Olympus
,
could
not
keep
themselves
alive
,
without
carrying
with
them
wet
Spunges
,
by
whose
assistance
they
could
respire
in
that
Air
,
otherwise
too
thin
for
Respiration
:
(
That
Relation
(
I
say
)
concerning
this
Mountain
)
would
much
confirm
what
hath
been
newly
recited
out
of
Acosta
,
if
we
had
sufficient
reason
to
believe
it
:
But
I
confess
,
I
am
very
diffident
of
the
truth
of
it
;
partly
because
cause
when
I
pass'd
the
Alps
,
I
took
notice
of
no
notable
change
betwixt
the
consistence
of
the
Air
at
the
top
and
the
bottom
of
the
Mountain
;
partly
because
in
a
punctual
Relation
made
by
an
English
Gentleman
,
of
his
ascension
to
the
top
of
the
Pike
of
Tenariff
(
which
is
by
great
odds
higher
than
Olympus
)
I
find
no
mention
of
any
such
difficulty
of
breathing
;
and
partly
also
because
the
same
Author
tells
us
out
of
Aristotle
,
That
upon
the
top
of
Olympus
there
is
no
motion
of
the
Air
,
insomuch
,
that
Letters
traced
upon
the
dust
,
have
been
,
after
many
years
,
found
legible
and
not
discompos'd
;
whereas
that
Inquisitive
Busbequius
(
who
was
Embassadour
from
the
German
to
the
Turkish
Emperour
)
in
one
of
his
eloquent
Epistles
,
Epist.
3.
tells
us
,
upon
his
own
knowledge
,
That
Olympus
may
be
seen
from
Constantinople
,
blanch'd
with
perpetual
Snow
;
which
seems
to
argue
,
That
the
top
of
that
,
as
well
as
of
divers
other
tall
Hills
,
is
not
above
that
Region
of
the
Air
wherein
Meteors
are
formed
.
Though
otherwise
,
in
that
memorable
Narrative
which
David
Fraelichius
,
made
of
his
ascent
to
the
top
of
the
prodigiously
high
Fraelichius
'
apud
Varen
.
Geogra
.
Gener.
lib.
1.
cap.
19.
Hungarian
Mountain
Carpathus
:
He
tells
us
,
That
when
,
having
pass'd
through
very
thick
Clouds
,
he
came
to
the
very
top
of
the
Hill
,
he
found
the
Air
so
calm
and
subtle
,
that
not
a
hair
of
his
head
mov'd
,
whereas
in
the
lower
Stages
of
the
Mountain
he
felt
a
vehement
Wind.
But
this
might
well
be
casual
,
as
was
his
,
having
a
clear
Air
where
he
was
,
though
there
were
Clouds
,
not
only
beneath
him
,
but
above
him
.
But
(
though
what
hath
been
hitherto
discours'd
,
incline
us
to
look
upon
the
Ventilation
and
Depuration
of
the
Blood
,
as
one
of
the
principal
and
constant
uses
of
Respiration
;
yet
)
methinks
it
may
be
suspected
that
the
Air
doth
something
more
than
barely
help
to
carry
off
what
is
thrown
out
of
the
Blood
in
its
passage
through
the
Lungs
,
from
the
right
Ventricle
of
the
Heart
to
the
left
.
For
we
see
,
in
Phlegmatick
Constitutions
and
Diseases
,
that
the
Blood
will
circulate
tolerably
well
,
notwithstanding
its
being
excessively
ferous
:
And
in
Asthmatical
Persons
,
we
often
see
,
that
though
the
Lungs
be
very
much
stuff'd
with
tough
Phlegm
,
yet
the
Patient
may
live
some
Months
,
if
not
some
Years
.
So
that
it
seems
scarce
probable
,
that
either
the
want
of
throwing
out
the
supefluous
Serum
of
the
Blood
for
a
few
moments
,
or
the
detaining
it
,
during
so
short
a
while
,
in
the
Lungs
,
should
be
able
to
kill
a
perfectly
sound
and
lively
Animal
:
I
say
,
for
a
few
moments
,
because
,
that
having
divers
times
try'd
the
Experiment
of
killing
Birds
in
a
small
Receiver
,
we
commonly
found
,
that
within
half
a
minute
of
an
hour
;
or
thereabout
,
the
Bird
would
be
surpris'd
by
mortal
Convulsions
,
and
within
about
a
minute
more
would
be
stark
dead
,
beyond
the
recovery
of
the
Air
,
though
never
so
hastily
let
in
.
Which
sort
of
Experiments
seem
so
strange
,
that
we
were
obliged
to
make
it
several
times
,
which
gain'd
it
the
advantage
of
having
Persons
of
differing
Qualities
,
Professions
and
Sexes
,
(
as
not
only
Ladies
and
Lords
,
but
Doctors
and
Mathematicians
)
to
witness
it
.
And
to
satisfie
Your
Lordship
,
that
it
was
not
the
narrowness
of
the
Vessel
,
but
the
sudden
exsuction
of
the
Air
that
dispatched
these
Creatures
so
soon
;
we
will
add
,
That
we
once
inclos'd
one
of
these
Birds
in
one
of
these
small
Receivers
,
where
,
for
a
while
,
he
was
so
little
sensible
of
his
Imprisonment
,
that
he
eat
very
chearfully
certain
seeds
that
we
conveyed
in
with
him
,
and
not
only
lived
ten
minutes
,
but
had
probably
lived
much
longer
,
had
not
a
great
Person
,
that
was
Spectator
of
some
of
these
Experiments
,
rescu'd
him
from
the
prosecution
of
the
Trial.
Another
Bird
being
within
about
half
a
minute
,
cast
into
violent
Convulsions
,
and
reduced
into
a
sprawling
condition
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
by
the
pity
of
some
fair
Lady
's
related
to
Your
Lordship
)
who
made
me
hastily
let
in
some
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
,
the
gasping
Animal
was
presently
recovered
,
and
in
a
condition
to
enjoy
the
benefit
of
the
Lady's
compassion
.
And
another
time
also
,
being
resolved
not
to
be
interrupted
in
our
Experiment
,
we
did
,
at
night
,
shut
up
a
Bird
in
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
and
observ'd
that
for
a
good
while
he
so
little
felt
thealteration
of
the
Air
,
that
he
fell
asleep
with
his
Head
under
his
Wing
;
and
though
he
afterwards
awak'd
sick
,
yet
he
continu'd
upon
his
legs
between
forty
minutes
and
three
quarters
of
an
hour
;
after
which
,
seeming
ready
to
expire
;
we
took
him
out
,
and
soon
found
him
able
to
make
use
of
the
liberty
we
gave
him
for
a
compensation
of
his
sufferings
.
If
to
the
foregoing
Instances
of
the
sudden
destruction
of
Animals
,
by
the
removal
of
the
ambient
Air
,
we
should
now
annex
some
,
that
we
think
fitter
to
reserve
till
anon
;
perhaps
Your
Lordship
would
suspect
,
with
me
,
that
there
is
some
use
of
the
Air
which
we
do
not
yet
so
well
understand
,
that
makes
it
so
continually
needfull
to
the
Life
of
Animals
,
Paracelsus
indeed
tells
us
,
That
as
the
Stomach
concocts
Meat
,
and
makes
part
of
it
usefull
to
the
Body
,
rejecting
the
other
part
,
so
the
Lungs
consume
part
of
the
Air
,
and
proscribe
the
rest
.
So
that
according
to
our
Hermetick
Philosopher
(
as
his
followers
would
have
him
stil'd
)
it
seems
we
may
suppose
that
there
is
in
the
Air
a
little
vital
Quintessence
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
which
serves
to
the
refreshment
and
restauration
of
our
vital
Spirits
,
for
which
use
the
grosser
and
incomparably
greater
part
of
the
Air
being
unserviceable
,
it
need
not
seem
strange
that
an
Animal
stands
in
need
of
almost
incessantly
drawing
in
fresh
Air.
But
though
this
Opinion
is
not
(
as
some
of
the
same
Author
)
absur'd
,
yet
besides
that
,
it
should
not
be
barely
asserted
,
but
explicated
and
prov'd
;
and
besides
that
,
some
Objections
may
be
fram'd
against
it
,
out
of
what
hath
been
already
argu'd
against
the
Transmutation
of
Air
into
vital
Spirits
:
Besides
these
things
,
it
seems
not
probable
,
that
the
bare
want
of
the
Generation
of
the
wonted
quantity
of
vital
Spirits
,
for
less
than
one
minute
,
should
within
that
time
be
able
to
kill
a
lively
Animal
,
without
the
help
of
any
external
violence
at
all
.
But
yet
,
on
occasion
of
this
Opinion
of
Paracelsus
,
perhaps
it
will
not
be
impertinent
,
if
before
I
proceed
,
I
acquaint
Your
Lordship
with
a
Conceit
of
that
deservedly
Famous
Mechanician
and
Chymist
,
Cornelius
Drebell
,
who
among
other
strange
things
that
he
perform'd
,
is
affirmed
(
by
more
than
a
few
credible
Persons
)
to
have
contrived
for
the
late
Learned
King
James
,
a
Vessel
to
go
under
Water
;
of
which
,
trial
was
made
in
the
Thames
,
with
admired
success
,
the
Vessel
carrying
twelve
Rowers
,
besides
Passengers
;
one
of
which
is
yet
alive
,
and
related
it
to
an
excellent
Mathematician
that
inform'd
me
of
it
.
Now
that
for
which
I
mention
this
Story
,
is
,
That
having
had
the
curiosity
and
opportunity
to
make
particular
enquiries
among
the
Relations
of
Drebell
,
and
especially
of
an
Ingenious
Physician
that
married
his
Daughter
,
concerning
the
grounds
upon
which
he
conceived
it
feasible
to
make
men
unaccustomed
to
continue
so
long
under
Water
without
suffocation
,
or
(
as
the
lately
mention'd
Person
that
went
in
the
Vessel
affirms
)
without
inconvenience
.
I
was
answer'd
that
Drebell
conceiv'd
,
that
't
is
not
the
whole
body
of
the
Air
,
but
a
certain
Quintessence
(
as
Chymists
speak
)
or
spirituous
part
of
it
,
that
makes
it
fit
for
Respiration
,
which
being
spent
,
the
remaining
grosser
body
,
or
carcase
(
if
I
may
so
call
it
)
of
the
Air
,
is
unable
to
cherish
the
vital
flame
residing
in
the
Heart
:
So
that
(
for
ought
I
could
gather
)
besides
the
Mechanical
contrivance
of
his
Vessel
he
had
a
Chymical
liquor
,
which
he
accounted
the
chief
Secret
of
his
submarine
Navigation
.
For
when
from
time
to
time
he
perceived
,
that
the
finer
and
purer
part
of
the
Air
was
consumed
,
or
over-clogg'd
by
the
Respiration
,
and
steams
of
those
that
went
in
his
Ship
,
he
would
,
by
unstopping
a
Vessel
full
of
this
Liquor
,
speedily
restore
to
the
troubled
Air
such
a
proportion
of
Vital
parts
,
as
would
make
it
again
for
a
good
while
fit
for
Respiration
,
whether
by
dissipating
,
or
precipitating
the
grosser
Exhalations
,
or
by
some
other
intelligible
way
,
I
must
not
now
stay
to
examine
,
contenting
my self
to
add
,
that
having
had
the
opportunity
to
doe
some
service
to
those
of
his
Relations
,
that
were
most
Intimate
with
him
,
and
having
made
it
my
business
to
learn
what
this
strange
Liquor
might
be
,
they
constantly
affirm'd
that
Drebell
would
never
disclose
the
Liquor
unto
any
,
nor
so
much
as
tell
the
matter
whereof
he
had
made
it
,
to
above
one
Person
,
who
himself
assured
me
what
it
was
.
This
account
of
Drebell's
performance
,
I
mention
,
not
that
I
any
farther
assent
to
his
opinion
than
I
have
already
intimated
,
but
because
the
Man
,
and
the
Invention
being
extraordinary
,
I
suppose
Your
Lordship
will
not
be
displeas'd
to
know
the
utmost
I
could
learn
about
it
;
especially
not
having
found
it
mentioned
by
any
Writer
.
Wherefore
I
have
been
sometimes
inclin'd
to
favourable
thoughts
of
their
opinion
,
who
would
have
the
Air
necessary
to
ventilate
,
and
cherish
the
vital
flame
,
which
they
do
suppose
to
be
continually
burning
in
the
Heart
.
For
we
see
,
that
in
our
Engine
the
flame
of
a
Lamp
will
last
almost
as
little
after
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
as
the
life
of
an
Animal
:
Nay
,
I
remember
,
that
though
I
devis'd
a
more
promising
way
,
to
make
a
fire
last
in
our
exhausted
Receiver
,
yet
it
would
not
succeed
:
We
took
a
hard
body
made
in
the
form
of
a
Clove
,
but
twice
as
long
,
and
proportionably
thick
,
this
body
being
made
of
such
a
Composition
,
that
if
it
be
kindl'd
at
the
upper
end
,
it
will
most
certainly
burn
away
to
the
very
bottom
,
much
better
than
a
Match
;
we
convey'd
it
divers
times
kindl'd
at
the
upper
end
,
into
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
but
still
found
,
that
though
presently
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
it
would
leave
smoking
,
and
seem
quite
gone
out
,
and
again
begin
to
smoke
as
soon
as
the
Air
was
let
in
upon
it
;
yet
if
the
Air
were
kept
out
but
four
or
five
minutes
,
the
fire
would
be
totally
,
and
irrevocably
extinguish'd
.
To
which
we
will
add
,
that
though
we
convey'd
into
a
great
Receiver
,
a
small
lamp
with
rectifi'd
spirit
of
Wine
,
that
being
so
pure
as
not
to
smut
the
Cotten
week
,
or
so
much
as
a
piece
of
white
Paper
held
over
it
;
yet
we
could
not
by
divers
trials
make
the
flame
last
a
couple
of
minutes
after
the
Air
was
begun
to
be
drawn
out
.
But
though
our
Engine
thus
shews
us
a
new
kind
of
resemblance
betwixt
Fire
and
Life
:
Yet
the
opinion
we
have
last
mentioned
is
not
free
from
Difficulties
.
For
,
though
in
the
hearts
of
many
Animals
,
Blood
be
a
warm
liquor
,
and
in
some
even
a
hot
one
;
yet
it
is
not
easie
to
conceive
either
how
the
Air
(
in
substance
)
can
get
thither
,
or
how
,
in
case
it
could
,
it
were
able
to
increase
the
heat
.
Since
,
however
,
the
Air
may
encrease
the
heat
of
a
Coal
by
blowing
off
the
ashes
,
and
making
the
active
Corpuscles
pierce
farther
into
the
kindled
body
,
and
shatter
it
the
more
,
yet
we
see
hot
Liquors
have
their
heat
allayed
,
and
not
augmented
,
by
having
Air
blown
on
them
.
And
whereas
some
Eminent
Naturalists
think
it
not
inconvenient
,
to
make
the
heat
residing
in
the
Heart
to
be
a
true
flame
,
provided
they
add
,
that
't
is
such
a
temperate
,
and
almost
insensible
fire
,
as
the
flame
of
spirit
of
Wine
,
which
will
long
burn
upon
fine
white
Linnen
or
Paper
without
consuming
either
:
Give
me
leave
to
wish
that
they
had
been
more
curious
to
make
differing
trials
with
that
liquor
.
For
(
as
we
observe
in
another
Treatise
)
the
reason
why
a
Linnen
cloth
,
dipped
in
common
Spirit
of
Wine
,
is
not
burnt
by
the
flame
of
it
,
is
,
because
the
Phlegm
of
the
Liquor
defends
the
Cloth
:
And
the
Flame
of
Spirit
of
Wine
is
so
far
from
being
too
weak
to
burn
a
piece
of
Paper
,
or
of
Linnen
,
that
I
have
us'd
it
in
Lamps
to
distill
Liquors
out
of
tall
Cucurbites
,
and
found
that
the
Spirit
burned
away
indeed
much
faster
than
Sallet
Oyl
,
but
gave
at
least
as
great
a
heat
:
Nay
,
I
have
,
for
curiosity
sake
,
melted
crude
Gold
,
and
that
readily
enough
,
with
the
bare
Flame
of
pure
Spirit
of
Wine
.
But
not
to
press
this
any
farther
,
we
will
,
on
this
occasion
,
venture
to
subjoyn
an
odd
Observation
,
which
may
perhaps
invite
to
a
farther
Enquiry
into
the
Opinion
we
have
for
Discourse
sake
oppos'd
.
Our
English
Democritus
,
Dr.
Harvey
,
proposeth
this
difficult
and
noble
Problem
to
Anatomists
,
Why
a
foetus
,
even
out
of
the
Womb
,
if
involv'd
in
the
secundines
,
may
live
a
good
while
without
Respiration
;
but
in
case
after
having
once
began
to
breath
,
its
Respiration
be
stopp'd
,
it
will
presently
die
.
We
are
far
from
pretending
to
solve
so
hard
a
Problem
,
but
this
we
try'd
in
relation
to
it
;
We
took
a
Bitch
that
was
said
to
be
almost
ready
to
whelp
,
and
having
caused
her
to
be
hang'd
,
we
presently
open'd
her
Abdomen
,
and
found
four
Puppeys
in
her
Womb
;
one
of
these
we
took
out
,
and
having
freed
him
from
the
Teguments
that
involved
him
,
and
from
the
Liquor
he
swam
in
,
we
observed
that
he
quickly
opened
his
Mouth
very
wide
,
moved
his
Tongue
,
and
exercised
Respiration
;
then
we
opened
both
his
Abdomen
and
his
Chest
,
and
cut
assunder
the
Diaphragme
,
notwithstanding
which
,
he
seemed
often
to
endeavour
Respiring
,
and
mov'd
in
a
notable
manner
,
both
the
Inter
costal
Muscles
,
part
of
the
Diaphragme
,
the
Mouth
and
the
Tongue
:
But
that
which
we
mention
this
Puppy
for
,
was
this
,
That
being
desirous
to
try
whether
the
other
young
ones
that
had
not
yet
breath'd
at
all
,
would
long
survive
this
or
no
;
we
took
them
also
out
of
the
Womb
,
and
having
open'd
them
found
none
of
them
so
much
alive
,
as
to
have
any
perceptible
motion
in
his
heart
,
whereas
the
heart
of
that
Puppy
which
had
once
enjoy'd
the
benefit
of
Respiration
,
continued
beating
so
long
,
that
we
our selves
observ'd
the
Auricle
to
beat
,
after
five
or
six
hours
;
and
a
Servant
that
staid-up
and
watch'd
it
after
we
were
gone
to
Bed
,
affirm'd
,
That
he
saw
the
Pulsation
continue
about
two
hours
longer
.
I
shall
leave
it
to
others
to
make
Reflexions
upon
this
Observation
,
compar'd
with
Dr.
Harvey's
Problem
.
It
is
much
doubted
,
whether
Fishes
breath
under
Water
,
and
we
shall
not
take
upon
us
,
as
yet
,
to
determine
the
Question
either
way
,
because
we
have
not
yet
been
able
to
procure
little
Fishes
alive
to
make
Experiments
upon
:
That
such
as
are
not
Setaceous
(
for
such
manifestly
breath
)
have
not
Respiration
,
properly
so
called
,
such
as
is
exercised
by
four
footed
Beasts
,
and
Birds
,
may
be
argu'd
from
their
having
no
cavity
in
their
Hearts
,
and
from
their
want
of
Lungs
,
whence
they
are
observed
to
be
Mute
;
unless
we
say
,
what
is
not
altogether
absurd
,
That
their
Gills
seem
somewhat
Analogous
(
as
to
their
use
)
to
Lungs
.
But
that
on
the
other
side
,
Air
is
necessary
to
the
Lives
even
of
Fishes
,
and
that
therefore
't
is
probable
they
have
some
obscure
kind
of
Respiration
,
seems
manifest
by
two
or
three
Observations
and
Experiments
,
mentioned
by
divers
Authors
,
who
tell
us
,
That
Fishes
soon
die
in
Ponds
and
Glasses
quite
fill'd
with
Water
;
if
the
one
be
so
frozen
over
,
and
the
other
so
closely
stopp'd
,
that
the
Fishes
cannot
enjoy
the
benefit
of
the
Air
,
if
we
allow
them
to
be
true
.
But
because
these
Relations
are
not
wont
to
be
deliver'd
by
Writers
upon
their
own
Knowledge
;
as
I
shall
not
reject
them
,
so
I
dare
not
build
upon
them
,
till
I
have
opportunity
to
examine
them
by
experience
.
In
the
mean
time
,
we
will
add
,
That
our
Engine
hath
taught
us
two
things
that
may
illustrate
the
matter
in
hand
:
The
one
,
That
there
is
wont
to
lurk
in
Water
,
many
little
parcels
of
interspers'd
Air
,
whereof
it
seems
not
impossible
that
Fishes
may
make
some
use
,
either
by
separating
it
,
when
they
strain
the
Water
thorow
their
Gills
,
or
by
some
other
way
:
The
other
,
what
may
be
collected
from
the
following
Experiment
.
We
took
a
large
Eel
,
(
being
able
to
procure
no
other
Fish
alive
)
and
removing
it
out
of
the
vessel
of
Water
,
wherein
it
was
brought
us
,
into
our
great
Receiver
,
we
caus'd
the
Air
to
be
pump'd
out
;
and
observ'd
,
That
the
Eel
,
after
some
motion
to
and
fro
in
the
Glass
,
seem'd
somewhat
discompos'd
;
and
that
when
we
had
prosecuted
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
somewhat
obstinately
,
she
turn'd
up
her
belly
,
as
dying
Fishes
are
wont
to
do
,
and
from
thence-forward
lay
altogether
moveless
,
just
as
if
she
were
stark
dead
;
and
though
I
did
not
think
her
so
,
yet
the
continuing
in
that
posture
,
even
after
the
Cover
of
the
Receiver
was
taken
off
(
whereby
the
Air
was
let
in
)
I
should
have
been
of
the
opinion
of
the
By-standers
,
if
the
Diffidence
I
am
wont
to
exercise
in
trying
Experiments
(
especially
such
as
are
not
usual
)
had
not
invited
me
to
take
the
Fish
out
of
the
Receiver
,
upon
which
she
shew'd
her self
,
by
her
vivid
motions
,
as
much
alive
as
before
.
But
that
is
most
strange
which
we
observ'd
of
a
great
,
gray
,
House-Snail
(
as
they
call
it
)
which
being
clos'd
up
in
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
did
not
only
not
fall
down
from
the
side
of
the
Glass
,
upon
the
drawing
out
of
the
Air.
(
For
that
may
be
ascrib'd
to
the
tenacity
of
the
Liquor
wherewith
Snails
use
to
stick
themselves
,
even
to
the
smoothest
Bodies
)
but
was
not
so
much
as
depriv'd
of
progressive
motion
by
the
recess
of
the
Air
:
Though
,
except
this
Snail
,
we
never
put
any
living
Creature
into
our
Receiver
,
whom
it
did
not
kill
,
or
at
least
reduce
to
seem
ready
to
die
.
But
as
we
shall
not
here
examine
what
interest
the
glutinous
,
and
uneasily
dissipable
nature
of
the
Juices
of
Snails
,
may
have
on
this
event
;
so
whether
this
escape
of
our
Eel
be
ascrib'd
to
the
particular
and
vivacious
nature
of
this
sort
of
Fishes
;
or
to
this
,
That
the
Air
is
not
indeed
necessary
to
the
life
of
Fishes
;
or
finally
to
this
,
That
though
these
Animals
need
some
Air
,
yet
they
need
so
little
,
that
that
which
could
not
be
drawn
out
of
the
Receiver
,
might
(
at
least
for
a
while
)
suffice
them
,
we
will
not
now
determine
.
Nor
are
we
at
leisure
to
examine
that
Paradox
of
Hippocrates
,
which
some
Learned
Physicians
have
of
late
reviv'd
,
namely
,
That
the
Foetus
respires
in
the
Womb
:
For
on
the
one
side
it
seems
very
difficult
to
conceive
,
how
Air
should
traverse
the
Body
of
the
Mother
,
and
the
Teguments
of
the
Child
:
And
since
Nature
hath
,
in
new-born
Babes
,
contriv'd
peculiar
and
Temporary
Vessels
,
that
the
Blood
may
circulate
thorow
other
Passages
,
than
it
is
wont
to
doe
in
the
same
Individuals
when
they
come
to
have
the
free
use
of
their
Lungs
,
it
seems
unlikely
,
that
Infants
in
the
Womb
do
properly
respire
:
But
then
since
our
Experiments
have
manifested
,
That
almost
all
kind
of
Liquors
do
,
as
well
as
Water
,
abound
with
interspers'd
Corpuscles
of
Air
,
it
seems
not
altogether
absurd
to
say
,
That
when
the
Foetus
is
grown
big
,
he
may
(
especially
the
upper
part
of
the
involving
Amnios
,
being
destitute
of
Liquor
,
and
fill'd
only
with
an
halituous
substance
)
exercise
some
obscure
Respiration
;
especially
,
since
't
is
not
(
as
many
wise
Men
think
it
)
a
Fable
,
That
Children
have
been
heard
to
cry
in
the
Mothers
Womb
:
For
though
it
happens
exceeding
rarely
,
yet
sometimes
it
hath
been
observ'd
.
And
I
know
a
young
Lady
,
whose
Friends
,
when
she
was
some
years
since
with
Child
,
complain'd
to
me
,
that
she
was
several
times
much
frighted
with
the
Cries
of
her
Infant
,
which
,
till
I
disabus'd
her
,
she
and
her
Friends
look'd
upon
as
Portentous
.
And
such
Observations
are
the
more
credible
,
because
not
only
Houswives
,
but
more
judicious
Persons
,
mention
it
as
no
very
unfrequent
thing
to
hear
the
Chick
pip
and
cry
in
the
Egg
,
before
the
Shell
be
broken
.
But
this
I
mention
but
as
a
probable
,
not
a
cogent
Argument
,
till
I
can
discover
whether
an
Elision
of
an
halituous
Substance
,
though
no
true
Air
,
may
not
at
the
top
of
the
Larynx
produce
a
Sound
,
since
I
find
that
the
Blade
of
a
Knife
,
held
in
several
postures
in
the
stream
of
Vapors
(
or
rarefied
Water
)
that
issues
out
of
an
AEolipile
,
will
afford
various
and
very
audible
Sounds
.
I
had
thoughts
of
conveying
into
our
Receiver
young
ones
,
ripped
out
of
the
Womb
of
their
Dams
,
with
their
involving
Coats
intire
,
but
could
not
procure
them
And
I
have
also
had
thoughts
of
trying
whether
it
be
not
practicable
,
to
make
a
Receiver
,
though
not
of
Glass
,
yet
with
little
Glass
windows
,
so
placed
,
that
one
may
freely
look
into
it
,
capacious
enough
to
hold
a
Man
,
who
may
observe
several
things
,
both
touching
Respiration
,
and
divers
other
matters
;
and
who
,
in
case
of
fainting
,
may
,
by
giving
a
sign
of
his
weakness
,
be
immediately
reliev'd
,
by
having
Air
let
in
upon
him
.
And
it
seems
not
impossible
,
but
that
by
accustomance
,
some
Men
may
bring
themselves
to
support
the
want
of
Air
a
pretty
while
,
since
we
see
that
divers
will
live
,
so
much
longer
than
other
Men
,
under
Water
:
that
those
that
dive
for
Pearls
in
the
West
Indies
are
said
to
be
able
to
stay
a
whole
hour
under
Water
.
And
Cardan
tells
us
of
one
Colanus
a
Diver
in
Sicily
,
who
was
able
to
continue
(
if
Cardan
neither
mistake
nor
impose
upon
us
)
three
or
four
times
as
long
.
Not
to
mind
Your
Lordship
,
that
You
have
Your self
oftentimes
seen
in
England
,
a
corpulent
Man
,
who
is
wont
to
descend
to
the
bottom
of
the
Thames
,
and
bring
out
of
deep
holes
at
the
bottom
of
the
Banks
,
large
Fishes
alive
in
his
hands
.
And
Acosta
tells
us
,
he
saw
in
Peru
the
like
manner
of
fishing
,
but
more
difficult
,
practised
by
the
Indians
.
I
made
mention
of
some
Men
,
and
of
Accustomance
:
because
there
are
but
very
few
,
who
,
though
they
use
themselves
to
it
by
degrees
,
are
fit
to
support
,
for
many
minutes
,
the
want
of
Air.
Insomuch
that
an
ingenious
Man
of
my
acquaintance
,
who
is
very
famous
for
the
usefull
skill
of
drawing
Goods
,
and
even
Ordnance
,
out
of
sunk
Ships
,
being
asked
by
me
how
long
he
was
able
to
continue
at
the
depth
of
50
or
60
foot
under
Water
,
without
the
use
of
Respiration
,
confessed
to
me
,
that
he
cannot
continue
above
two
minutes
of
an
hour
,
without
resorting
to
the
Air
,
which
he
carries
down
with
him
in
a
certain
Engine
(
whereof
I
can
show
Your
Lordship
a
description
.
)
Another
thing
I
also
learn'd
of
him
by
enquiry
,
that
was
not
despicable
:
For
asking
him
,
whether
he
found
any
use
of
chawing
little
Sponges
,
dipt
in
Oyl
,
in
his
mouth
,
when
he
was
perfectly
under
Water
,
and
at
a
distance
from
his
Engine
;
he
told
me
,
that
by
the
help
of
these
Sponges
he
could
much
longer
support
the
want
of
his
wonted
Respiration
,
than
he
was
able
to
doe
without
them
.
The
true
cause
of
which
,
would
perhaps
,
if
discovered
,
teach
us
some
thing
pertinent
to
the
Problem
touching
the
Respiration
of
Fishes
.
But
the
necessity
of
Air
to
the
most
part
of
Animals
unaccustomed
to
the
want
of
it
,
may
best
be
judg'd
of
,
by
the
following
Experiments
,
which
we
try'd
in
our
Engine
,
to
discover
,
whether
Insects
themselves
have
not
,
either
Respiration
,
or
some
other
use
of
the
Air
equivalent
thereunto
.
We
took
then
an
humble
Bee
,
one
of
those
common
flyes
that
are
call'd
Flesh-flies
,
and
one
of
those
hairy
Worms
that
resemble
Caterpillars
,
and
are
wont
to
be
call'd
Palmer-worms
:
These
three
we
convey'd
into
one
of
our
small
Receivers
,
and
observ'd
,
to
the
great
wonder
of
the
Beholders
,
that
not
only
the
Bee
,
and
the
Fly
fell
down
,
and
lay
with
their
Bellies
upwards
;
but
the
Worm
it self
seem'd
to
be
suddenly
struck
dead
:
All
of
them
being
reduc'd
to
lie
without
motion
,
or
any
other
discernable
sign
of
life
,
within
somewhat
less
(
if
we
mistake
not
)
than
one
minute
of
an
hour
:
And
this
,
notwithstanding
the
smallness
of
the
Animals
in
proportion
to
the
capacity
of
the
Vessels
:
Which
circumstance
we
the
rather
mention
,
because
we
found
that
the
Vessel
was
not
free
from
leaks
.
And
to
satisfie
the
Spectators
,
that
't
was
the
absence
of
the
Air
that
caus'd
this
great
and
sudden
change
:
We
had
no
sooner
re-admitted
the
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
,
than
all
the
three
Insects
began
to
shew
signs
of
life
,
and
by
little
and
little
to
recover
.
But
when
we
had
again
drawn
out
the
Air
,
their
motions
presently
ceased
,
and
they
fell
down
seemingly
dead
as
before
,
continuing
moveless
,
as
long
as
,
by
continuing
to
pump
,
the
vessel
was
kept
exhausted
.
This
invited
us
thankfully
to
reflect
upon
the
wise
goodness
of
the
Creator
,
who
by
giving
the
Air
a
spring
,
hath
made
it
so
very
difficult
,
as
Men
find
it
,
to
exclude
a
thing
so
necessary
to
Animals
:
And
it
gave
us
also
occasion
to
suspect
,
that
if
Insects
have
no
Lungs
,
nor
any
part
analogous
thereunto
,
the
ambient
Air
afsects
them
,
and
relieves
them
at
the
Pores
of
their
skin
,
it
not
being
irrational
to
extend
to
these
Creatures
that
of
Hippocrates
;
who
saith
,
That
a
living
Body
is
throughout
perspirable
;
or
to
use
his
expression
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
dispos'd
to
admit
and
part
with
what
is
Spirituous
:
Which
may
be
somewhat
illustrated
by
what
we
have
elsewhere
noted
,
That
the
moister
parts
of
the
Air
readily
insinuate
themselves
into
,
and
recede
from
the
pores
of
the
Beards
of
wild
Oats
,
and
those
of
divers
other
wild
Plants
;
which
almost
continually
wreath
and
unwreath
themselves
according
to
,
even
,
the
light
variations
of
the
temperature
of
the
ambient
Air.
This
Circumstance
of
our
Experiment
we
particularly
took
notice
of
,
that
when
at
any
time
,
upon
the
ingress
of
the
Air
,
the
Bee
began
to
recover
,
the
first
sign
of
Life
she
gave
,
was
a
vehemen
panting
,
which
appear'd
near
the
Tail
:
Which
we
therefore
mention
,
because
we
have
observ'd
the
like
in
Bees
drown'd
in
Water
,
when
they
first
come
to
be
reviv'd
by
a
convenient
heat
:
As
if
the
Air
were
in
the
one
case
as
proper
to
set
the
Spirits
,
and
Alimental
Juice
moving
,
as
heat
is
in
the
other
;
and
this
may
,
perchance
,
deserve
a
farther
consideration
.
We
may
add
,
That
we
scarce
ever
saw
any
thing
that
seem'd
so
much
as
this
Experiment
,
to
manifest
,
That
even
living
Creatures
(
Man
always
excepted
)
are
a
kind
of
curious
Engines
,
fram'd
and
contriv'd
by
nature
(
or
rather
the
Author
of
it
)
much
more
skilfully
than
our
gross
Tools
and
imperfect
Wits
can
reach
to
.
For
in
our
present
Instance
we
see
Animals
,
vivid
and
perfectly
sound
,
depriv'd
immediately
of
motion
,
and
any
discernable
signs
of
life
,
and
reduc'd
to
a
condition
that
dissers
from
death
,
but
in
that
it
is
not
absolutely
irrecoverable
.
This
(
I
say
)
we
see
perform'd
without
any
,
so
much
as
the
least
external
violence
offer'd
to
the
Engine
;
unless
it
be
such
as
is
offered
to
a
Wind-Mill
,
when
the
Wind
ceasing
to
blow
on
the
Sails
,
all
the
several
parts
remain
moveless
and
useless
,
till
a
new
Breath
put
them
into
motion
again
.
And
this
was
farther
very
notable
in
this
Experiment
;
That
whereas
't
is
known
that
Bees
and
Flies
will
not
only
walk
,
but
flie
for
a
great
while
,
after
their
heads
are
off
;
and
sometimes
one
half
of
the
Body
will
,
for
divers
hours
,
walk
up
and
down
,
when
it
is
sever'd
from
the
other
:
Yet
,
upon
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
,
not
only
the
progressive
motion
of
the
whole
Body
,
but
the
very
motions
of
the
Limbs
do
forthwith
cease
;
as
if
the
presence
of
the
Air
were
more
necessary
to
these
Animals
,
than
the
presence
of
their
own
Heads
.
But
it
seems
,
that
in
these
Insects
,
that
fluid
Body
(
whether
it
be
a
Juice
or
Flame
)
wherein
Life
chiefly
resides
,
is
nothing
neaŕ
so
easily
dissipable
,
as
in
perfect
Animals
.
For
whereas
we
have
above-recited
,
That
the
Birds
we
conveyed
into
our
small
Receiver
were
within
two
minutes
brought
to
be
past
recovery
,
we
were
unable
(
though
by
trying
him
that
pump'd
)
to
kill
our
Insects
by
the
exsuction
of
the
Air
:
For
though
,
as
long
as
the
Pump
was
kept
moving
,
they
continued
immovable
;
yet
when
he
desisted
from
pumping
,
the
Air
that
press'd
in
at
the
unperceiv'd
Leaks
(
did
though
slowly
)
restore
them
to
the
free
exercise
of
functions
of
Life
.
But
,
My
Lord
,
I
grow
troublesome
,
and
therefore
shall
pass
on
to
other
Experiments
:
Yet
without
despairing
of
your
pardon
for
having
entertain'd
you
so
long
about
the
use
of
Respiration
,
because
it
is
a
subject
of
that
difficulty
to
be
explain'd
,
and
yet
of
that
importance
to
humane
Life
,
that
I
shall
not
regret
the
trouble
my
Experiments
have
cost
me
,
if
they
be
found
in
any
degree
serviceable
to
the
purposes
to
which
they
were
design'd
.
And
though
I
despair
not
but
that
hereafter
our
Engine
may
furnish
us
with
divers
Phaenomena
usefull
to
illustrate
the
Doctrine
of
Respiration
;
yet
having
not
,
as
yet
,
had
the
opportunity
to
make
the
other
trials
,
of
various
kinds
,
that
I
judge
requisite
for
my
Information
:
I
must
confess
to
Your
Lordship
,
that
in
what
I
have
hitherto
said
,
I
pretend
not
so
much
to
establish
,
or
over-throw
this
or
that
Hypothesis
,
as
to
lay
together
divers
of
the
Particulars
that
occurr'd
to
me
,
in
order
to
a
future
inquiry
.
I
say
,
divers
of
the
Particulars
,
because
I
could
add
many
others
,
but
that
I
want
time
,
and
fear
that
I
shall
need
Your
Lordship's
pardon
,
for
having
been
so
prolix
in
writing
;
and
that
of
Physicians
(
which
perhaps
I
shall
more
easily
obtain
)
for
having
invaded
Anatomy
,
a
Discipline
which
they
challenge
to
themselves
,
and
indeed
have
been
the
almost
sole
Improvers
of
.
Without
denying
then
that
the
inspir'd
and
exspir'd
Air
may
be
sometimes
very
usefull
,
by
condensing
and
cooling
the
Blood
that
passeth
through
the
Lungs
;
I
hold
that
the
depuration
of
the
Blood
in
that
passage
,
is
not
only
one
of
the
ordinary
,
but
one
of
the
principal
uses
of
Respiration
.
But
I
am
apt
also
to
suspect
,
that
the
Air
doth
something
else
in
Respiration
,
which
hath
not
yet
been
sufficiently
explain'd
;
and
therefore
,
till
I
have
examin'd
the
matter
more
deliberately
,
I
shall
not
scruple
to
answer
the
Questions
that
may
be
asked
me
,
touching
the
genuine
use
of
Respiration
,
in
the
excellent
Words
employ'd
by
the
acute
St.
Austin
,
to
one
that
ask'd
him
hard
Questions
:
Mallem
quidem
(
says
he
)
eorum
quae
à
me
quaesivisti
,
habere
scientiam
quam
ignorantiam
:
sed
quia
id
nondum
potui
,
magis
eligo
cautam
ignorantiam
confiteri
,
quam
falsam
scientiam
profiteri
.
EXPERIMENT
XLII
.
HAving
(
partly
upon
the
consideration
of
some
of
the
foregoing
Experiments
,
and
partly
upon
grounds
not
now
to
be
insisted
on
)
entertain'd
a
suspicion
,
that
the
action
of
Corrosive
Liquors
in
the
dissolving
of
Bodies
,
may
be
considerably
varied
by
the
gravitation
or
pressure
of
the
incumbent
Air
,
and
the
removal
of
it
;
I
thought
fit
to
examine
my
Conjecture
by
the
following
Experiment
.
I
took
whole
pieces
of
red
Coral
,
and
cast
them
into
as
much
spirit
of
Vineger
,
as
sufficed
to
swim
above
an
Inch
over
them
:
These
substances
I
made
choice
of
,
that
the
Ebullition
upon
the
Solution
might
not
be
too
great
,
and
that
the
operation
might
last
the
longer
.
Having
then
put
about
half
a
score
sprigs
of
Coral
,
together
with
the
Menstruum
,
into
a
somewhat
long
neck'd
Viol
,
whereof
they
seem'd
scarce
to
fill
a
third
part
,
we
convey'd
that
Viol
into
one
of
our
small
Pneumatical
Glasses
,
containing
by
ghess
about
a
Quart
of
Water
;
and
having
fastned
on
the
Cover
,
after
the
accustom'd
manner
,
we
suffered
the
Liquor
to
remain
unmov'd
a
while
,
to
observe
whether
the
Menslruum
would
work
upon
the
Coral
otherwise
than
before
.
But
sinding
there
did
only
arise
,
as
formerly
,
a
pretty
number
of
small
Bubbles
,
that
made
there
no
sensible
froth
upon
the
surface
of
the
distill'd
Vineger
,
there
were
made
two
or
three
exsuctions
of
the
Air
;
upon
which
,
there
emerg'd
from
the
Coral
such
a
multitude
of
Bubbles
,
as
made
the
whole
Body
of
the
Menstruum
appear
white
;
and
soon
aster
a
Froth
,
as
big
as
all
the
rest
of
the
Liquor
,
was
seen
to
swim
upon
it
:
And
the
Menstruum
plainly
appear'd
to
boil
in
the
Glass
,
like
a
seething
Pot.
And
though
,
if
we
desisted
but
one
minute
from
pumping
,
the
decrement
of
the
Froth
and
Ebullition
,
upon
the
getting
in
of
a
little
Air
,
at
some
leak
or
other
,
seem'd
to
argue
,
that
the
removal
of
the
pressure
of
the
external
Air
was
the
cause
,
or
,
at
least
,
the
occasion
of
this
Effervescence
:
Yet
to
evince
this
the
more
clearly
,
we
turn'd
the
Key
,
and
let
in
the
external
Air
at
the
Stop-cock
;
immediately
upon
whose
entrance
the
Froth
vanish'd
,
and
so
many
of
the
Bubbles
within
the
body
of
the
Liquor
disappear'd
,
that
it
lost
its
whiteness
,
and
grew
transparent
again
:
The
Menstruum
also
working
as
languidly
upon
the
Coral
,
as
it
did
before
they
were
put
into
the
Receiver
:
But
when
we
had
again
drawn
out
the
Air
,
first
the
whiteness
re-appear'd
,
then
the
Ebullition
was
renew'd
,
which
,
(
the
pumping
being
a
while
longer
and
nimbly
pursued
,
)
grew
so
great
,
that
for
3
or
4
times
one
aster
another
,
when
ever
the
Air
was
let
out
of
the
Receiver
into
the
emptied
Cylinder
,
the
frothy
liquor
overflow'd
the
Glass
,
and
ran
down
by
the
sides
of
it
:
And
yet
,
upon
the
readmitting
of
the
excluded
Air
,
the
boiling
Liquor
grew
immediately
as
calm
and
as
transparent
as
at
first
:
As
if
indeed
the
operation
of
it
,
upon
the
Coral
,
had
been
facilitated
by
the
exsuction
of
the
incumbent
Air
,
which
on
its
recess
,
lest
it
more
easie
sor
the
more
active
parts
of
the
liquor
to
shew
themselves
such
,
than
it
was
whilst
the
wonted
pressure
of
the
Air
continued
unremoved
.
It
may
indeed
be
suspected
,
that
those
vast
and
numerous
Bubbles
proceeded
,
not
from
the
action
of
the
Menstruum
upon
the
Coral
,
but
from
the
suddain
emersion
of
those
many
little
parcels
of
Air
that
(
as
we
formerly
observ'd
)
are
wont
to
be
dispers'd
in
Liquors
,
without
excluding
Spirit
of
Vineger
;
but
having
had
this
suspicion
before
we
try'd
the
Experiment
,
we
convey'd
our
distill'd
Vineger
alone
into
the
Receiver
,
and
kept
it
a
while
there
,
to
free
it
from
its
Bubbles
(
which
were
but
very
small
)
before
ever
we
put
the
Coral
into
it
.
It
may
be
suspected
likewise
,
that
the
agitation
of
the
Liquor
,
necessary
following
upon
the
shaking
of
the
Glass
,
by
pumping
,
might
occasion
the
recited
Ebullition
;
but
upon
trial
made
,
there
appear'd
not
any
notable
change
in
the
Liquor
,
or
its
operation
,
though
the
containing
Vessel
were
shaken
,
provided
no
Air
were
suck'd
out
of
it
.
The
former
Experiment
was
another
time
try'd
in
another
small
Receiver
,
with
Coral
grosly
powdred
,
and
the
success
was
very
much
alike
,
scarce
differing
in
any
thing
,
but
that
the
Coral
being
reduc'd
to
smaller
parts
,
upon
the
ebullition
of
the
Liquor
,
so
many
little
lumps
of
Coral
would
be
carried
and
Boy'd
up
by
the
emerging
Bubbles
,
as
sometimes
to
darken
the
Viol
,
though
the
same
Coraline
Corpuscles
would
be
let
fall
again
upon
the
letting
in
of
the
Air.
Some
thing
also
we
try'd
in
our
great
Receiver
,
concerning
the
solution
of
Metals
in
Aqua
fortis
,
and
other
Corrosive
Liquors
;
but
partly
the
stink
,
and
partly
some
accidents
,
kept
us
from
observing
any
thing
peculiar
and
remarkable
about
those
Solutions
.
One
thing
we
must
not
omit
,
that
when
the
Spirit
of
Vineger
was
boiling
upon
the
Coral
,
we
took
off
the
Cover
of
the
Receiver
,
and
took
out
the
Viol
,
but
could
not
find
,
that
notwithstanding
so
very
late
an
Ebullition
,
the
Liquor
had
any
heat
great
enough
to
be
at
all
sensible
to
our
hands
.
EXPERIMENT
XLIII
.
WE
will
now
subjoyn
an
Experiment
,
which
,
if
the
former
did
not
lessen
,
the
wonder
of
it
would
probably
appear
very
strange
to
Your
Lordship
,
as
it
did
to
the
first
Spectators
of
it
.
The
Experiment
was
this
:
We
caus'd
Water
to
be
boil'd
a
pretty
while
,
that
by
the
heat
it
might
be
freed
from
the
latitant
Air
,
so
often
already
taken
notice
of
in
common
Water
:
Then
almost
filling
with
it
a
Glass
Viol
,
capable
of
containing
near
four
Ounces
of
that
Liquor
;
we
convey'd
it
,
whilst
the
Water
was
yet
hot
,
into
one
of
our
small
Receivers
(
big
enough
to
hold
about
a
pound
of
Water
)
and
having
luted
on
the
Cover
,
we
caus'd
the
Air
to
be
drawn
out
:
Upon
the
two
first
exsuctions
,
there
scarce
appear'd
any
change
in
the
Liquor
,
nor
was
there
any
notable
alteration
made
by
the
third
;
but
at
the
fourth
,
and
afterwards
,
the
Water
appear'd
to
boil
in
the
Viol
,
as
if
it
had
stood
over
a
very
quick
Fire
;
for
the
Bubbles
were
much
greater
than
are
usually
found
upon
the
Ebullition
of
very
much
more
Water
than
was
contain'd
in
our
Viol.
And
this
Effervescence
was
so
great
in
the
upper
part
of
the
Water
,
that
the
Liquor
boyling
over
the
top
of
the
Neck
,
a
pretty
deal
of
it
ran
down
into
the
Receiver
,
and
sometimes
continued
(
though
more
languidly
)
boyling
there
.
Prosecuting
this
Experiment
,
we
observ'd
,
that
sometimes
,
after
the
first
Ebullition
,
we
were
reduc'd
to
make
divers
exsuctions
of
the
Air
,
before
the
Liquor
would
be
brought
to
boil
again
.
But
at
other
times
,
as
often
as
the
Key
was
turn'd
to
let
the
Air
pass
from
the
Receiver
into
the
Pump
,
the
Effervescence
would
begin
afresh
,
though
the
Pump
were
ply'd
for
a
pretty
while
together
;
which
seem'd
to
argue
,
that
the
boyling
of
the
Water
proceeded
from
hence
,
That
upon
the
withdrawing
the
pressure
of
the
incumbent
Air
,
either
the
fiery
Corpuscles
,
or
rather
the
Vapors
agitated
by
the
heat
in
the
Water
(
which
last
,
what
we
have
formerly
noted
touching
the
raresied
Water
of
an
AEolipile
,
manifest
to
be
capable
of
an
Elastical
Power
)
were
permitted
to
expand
themselves
mightily
in
the
evacuated
Receiver
;
and
did
,
in
their
tumultuous
Dilatation
,
list
up
(
as
the
Air
is
wont
to
do
)
the
uppermost
part
of
the
Water
,
and
turning
it
into
Bubbles
,
made
the
Water
appear
boiling
.
This
conjecture
was
farther
confirm'd
by
these
additional
Circumstances
:
First
,
The
Effervescence
was
confin'd
to
the
upper
part
of
the
Water
,
the
lower
remaining
quiet
,
unless
the
Liquor
were
but
shallow
.
Next
,
although
sometimes
(
as
is
already
noted
)
the
Ebullition
began
again
,
after
it
had
ceas'd
a
pretty
while
,
which
seem'd
to
infer
,
That
some
concurrent
cause
(
whatever
that
were
)
did
a
little
modifie
the
operation
of
heat
;
yet
,
when
the
Water
in
the
Viol
could
by
no
pumping
be
brought
to
boil
any
more
,
the
self-same
Water
,
being
in
the
very
same
Viol
warm'd
again
,
and
reconvey'd
into
the
Pneumatical
Glass
,
was
quickly
brought
to
boil
afresh
,
and
that
vehemently
and
long
enough
;
not
to
mention
,
that
a
new
parcel
,
taken
out
of
the
same
parcel
of
the
boiled
Water
with
the
former
,
and
put
in
cold
,
could
by
no
pumping
be
brought
to
the
least
shew
of
Effervescence
.
Besides
,
having
try'd
the
Experiment
in
hot
Sallet
Oyl
,
being
a
much
more
tenacious
Liquor
,
and
requiring
a
stronger
heat
to
make
it
boil
,
could
not
be
brought
to
an
Effervescence
in
our
Receiver
;
whereas
the
Chymical
Oyl
of
Turpentine
,
being
thinner
and
more
volatile
,
was
presently
made
to
boil
up
,
till
it
reach'd
four
or
five
times
the
former
height
in
the
Viol
,
in
whose
bottom
it
lay
,
and
continued
boiling
till
it
was
almost
reduc'd
to
be
but
luke-warm
.
Wine
also
being
a
more
thin
and
spirituous
Liquor
than
Water
,
being
convey'd
in
hot
,
instead
of
the
Oyl
,
did
,
as
I
remember
,
at
the
very
first
exsuction
begin
to
boil
so
vehemently
,
that
,
in
a
short
time
that
the
Pump
was
kept
moving
,
four
parts
of
five
,
by
our
ghess
,
boil'd
over
out
of
the
Viol
,
though
it
had
a
pretty
long
Neck
.
On
which
occasion
we
will
add
,
that
even
the
Water
it self
,
near
one
half
,
would
sometimes
boil
over
into
the
Receiver
before
it
became
luke-warm
.
And
it
was
also
remarkable
,
that
once
,
when
the
Air
had
been
drawn
out
,
the
Liquor
did
,
upon
a
single
Exsuction
,
boil
so
long
with
prodigiously
vast
Bubbles
,
that
the
Effervescence
lasted
almost
as
long
as
was
requisite
for
the
rehearsing
of
a
Pater
Noster
.
Now
the
Experiment
having
been
try'd
more
than
once
,
and
found
to
succeed
as
to
the
main
,
seems
much
to
countenance
the
Conjecture
we
made
at
the
beginning
of
this
Letter
,
where
we
told
Your
Lordship
,
That
perhaps
the
pressure
of
the
Air
might
have
an
interest
in
more
Phaenomena
than
Men
have
hitherto
thought
.
For
as
we
had
not
then
made
this
Experiment
,
so
now
we
have
made
it
,
it
seems
to
teach
,
That
the
Air
,
by
its
stronger
or
weaker
pressure
,
may
very
much
Modefie
(
as
the
School-men
speak
)
divers
of
the
Operations
of
that
vehement
and
tumultuous
Agitation
of
the
small
parts
of
Bodies
,
wherein
the
nature
of
heat
seems
chiefly
,
if
not
solely
,
to
consist
.
Insomuch
that
if
a
heated
Body
were
convey'd
above
the
Atmosphere
,
't
is
probable
that
the
heat
may
have
a
differing
operation
,
as
to
the
power
of
dissipating
the
parts
of
it
,
from
what
it
hath
here
below
.
To
conclude
,
This
Experiment
might
have
been
farther
prosecuted
,
but
our
want
of
leisure
makes
us
content
our selves
to
add
at
present
;
That
perhaps
it
would
not
be
lost
labour
if
this
were
try'd
,
not
only
with
other
Liquors
,
but
with
variety
of
heated
,
and
especially
soft
or
melted
Bodies
:
But
in
such
cases
the
Receiver
ought
to
be
shap'd
,
as
is
most
proper
to
preserve
the
Cement
where
with
the
Cover
must
be
fastned
on
,
from
being
melted
by
the
heat
of
the
included
Matter
;
the
inconvenience
to
be
hereby
avoided
,
having
befallen
us
in
the
use
of
a
Receiver
too
shallow
,
though
otherwise
capacious
enough
.
The
CONCLVSION
.
BEing
come
thus
far
,
My
dear
Lord
,
not
without
thoughts
of
proceeding
farther
:
The
unwelcome
Importunity
of
my
occasions
becomes
so
prevalent
,
that
it
quite
hinders
,
for
the
present
,
my
design'd
Progress
;
and
reduceth
me
,
not
only
to
reserve
for
another
opportunity
that
kind
of
Experiments
,
which
,
at
some
distance
from
the
beginning
of
this
Letter
,
I
call'd
(
as
Your
Lordship
may
remember
)
Experiments
of
the
second
sort
;
but
to
leave
unessay'd
some
of
the
first
sort
,
which
I
might
try
in
the
Engine
,
as
it
now
is
,
were
it
not
that
my
Avocations
are
grown
so
urgent
,
for
my
remove
from
the
place
where
the
Engine
was
set
up
,
that
I
am
put
to
write
Your
Lordship
this
Excuse
;
Weary
,
and
in
an
Inn
which
I
take
in
my
way
to
my
Dearest
Brother
Corke
:
Who
being
at
length
arriv'd
in
England
,
after
I
have
for
divers
years
been
deprived
of
his
Company
,
and
wish'd
for
it
as
long
;
what
ever
my
other
Occasions
may
be
,
my
first
Business
must
be
to
wait
on
Him
and
Your
excellent
Mother
;
in
whose
gratefull
Company
I
may
hope
to
forget
a
while
those
publick
Calamities
that
distress
this
too
unhappy
Nation
,
Since
that
is
indear'd
to
me
,
both
by
their
personal
Merit
;
by
the
near
Relation
which
Nature
gives
me
to
Him
,
Affinity
to
Her
,
and
Friendship
to
both
;
and
also
by
their
many
Favours
,
especially
that
of
my
owing
them
My
Lord
of
Dungarvan
.
But
I
suffer
my self
to
be
transported
too
far
with
these
delightfull
thoughts
;
To
return
therefore
to
our
Engine
.
Though
I
find
this
Letter
is
beyond
my
expectation
swell'd
,
not
only
into
a
Book
,
but
almost
into
a
Volume
;
yet
the
Experiments
already
mentioned
in
it
,
are
so
far
from
comprising
all
those
that
may
be
try'd
by
the
help
of
our
Engine
,
that
I
have
not
yet
been
able
to
try
all
those
,
which
,
presently
occurring
to
my
thoughts
,
upon
my
first
seeing
the
working
of
it
,
I
caus'd
to
be
set
down
in
a
Catalogue
within
less
than
half
an
hour
.
But
I
doubt
I
have
but
too
much
cause
to
apprehend
that
the
Affairs
,
and
other
things
I
complain
of
,
have
made
it
needfull
for
me
to
Apologize
,
as
well
for
the
things
I
have
set
down
,
as
for
those
I
am
necessitated
to
omit
.
For
as
partial
as
Men
use
to
be
to
the
Children
of
their
own
Brains
,
as
well
as
to
those
of
their
Loins
,
I
must
not
deny
that
the
foregoing
Trials
are
not
altogether
free
from
such
unaccuratenesses
,
nor
the
recital
of
them
from
such
Imperfections
,
as
I
my self
can
now
discern
,
and
could
,
perhaps
,
partly
mend
,
if
I
had
the
leisure
to
repeat
the
Experiments
,
with
the
Circumstances
that
have
since
offer'd
themselves
to
my
Thoughts
,
as
things
that
might
have
been
worth
Observation
or
Enquiry
.
But
the
truth
is
,
that
I
was
reduc'd
to
make
these
Experiments
,
when
my
Thoughts
had
things
that
more
concern'd
me
to
imploy
them
,
and
the
same
avocations
made
me
set
them
down
,
for
the
most
part
,
as
soon
as
I
had
made
them
,
and
in
the
same
order
,
and
that
so
fast
,
that
I
had
not
over-frequently
the
opportunity
to
mind
any
more
than
the
bare
Truth
of
what
I
set
down
;
without
allowing
it
any
of
those
advantages
that
Method
,
Stile
,
and
decent
Embellishments
,
are
wont
to
confer
on
the
Composures
they
are
imploy'd
to
adorn
.
But
,
My
Lord
,
though
to
invite
and
encourage
You
and
Your
learned
Friends
at
Paris
,
to
make
a
farther
use
of
this
Engine
,
than
I
have
yet
been
able
to
doe
,
I
am
thus
free
to
acknowledge
the
Imperfections
of
the
foregoing
Letter
:
Yet
,
if
some
Intelligent
Persons
mistake
not
,
by
what
hath
been
done
,
such
as
it
is
,
there
is
a
way
open'd
,
whereby
Sagacious
Wits
will
be
assisted
to
make
such
farther
Discoveries
in
some
points
of
Natural
Phylosophy
,
as
are
yet
scarce
dream'd
of
.
And
I
am
the
more
desirous
to
engage
You
to
that
Imployment
,
because
I
am
apt
to
think
,
that
if
the
making
and
writing
of
such
Experiments
shall
cost
You
as
much
trouble
as
they
have
me
,
You
will
be
inclin'd
to
excuse
me
;
and
if
the
Discoveries
give
You
as
much
pleasure
as
they
gave
me
,
You
will
(
perhaps
)
be
invited
to
thank
me
.
However
,
I
think
(
My
Lord
)
I
may
justly
pretend
,
that
the
things
I
have
set
down
have
been
faithfully
Recorded
,
though
not
elaborately
Written
;
and
,
I
suppose
,
my
former
Papers
may
have
long
since
satisfied
You
,
that
though
many
devise
Experiments
better
than
Your
Servant
,
none
perhaps
hath
related
them
more
carefully
and
more
truly
:
And
particularly
of
These
;
sometimes
one
,
sometimes
another
,
hath
been
performed
in
the
presence
of
Persons
,
divers
of
them
eminent
for
their
Writings
,
and
all
for
their
Learning
.
Wherefore
,
having
in
the
foregoing
Narratives
made
it
my
business
to
enoble
them
with
the
chief
Requisites
of
Historical
Composures
,
Candor
,
and
Truth
,
I
cannot
despair
that
You
will
either
excuse
their
Imperfections
,
or
,
at
least
,
forgive
them
:
Especially
,
considering
that
this
unpolish'd
Letter
is
as
well
a
Production
of
Your
Lordship's
Commands
and
my
Obedience
,
as
a
Testimony
of
my
desire
to
make
others
beholden
to
My
Lord
of
Dungarvan
,
by
the
same
way
which
I
indeavour
to
express
my Self
Beconsfield
,
this
20th
of
December
,
1659.
His
Lordship
's
Most
obedient
Servant
,
and
Most
affectionate
Uncle
,
ROBERT
BOTLE
.