He that is the most admirable of all other Animals visible , and commands all others , and subjects them to him , is controuled by sickness , and therefore stands in need hereof : and this may well raise a Chirurgion into admiration , not of himself ( with pride and arrogancy ) but of the Almighty wisdome with fear and reverence , how that for his contemplation are all Terrene things made and framed ; how that to him is given the Judgement of knowing the vertues and vices of herbs and plants , to keep and preserve pure the admirable harmony of man , comparable with the Sun in its glory , with the Moon in its moisture , with the Earth in its vegetables . And come we to view his three venters , we may see his upper room , his animal parts , furnished with intellective faculties , his soul arraied with an animal sense . Mans upper parts . From this fountain cometh our knowledg of our Maker , our Honour and obedience to our King , our subjection to his Laws , our prudence for exercising the same , and our harmony for politick societies . Here dwells our Councel ; and it is by this prerogative that Justice is executed on the criminal , and Equity extended to the just . Here dwelleth our science , art , strength , perfection , knowledg , and reason . Here is placed natures cheif magazine . It is here that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as it were the souls eye , the commanding mistriss of morality : man hath this admirable work spun of sine threads of veins and arteries . It s outward wall resembles the element of earth , its next covering made of spermatick fibres imitates water , that sine web spun by the Almighty hand which covers the brain , paints out air ; the body of the brain it self represents sire . This fountain sends forth many rivulets into the back part of the brain by its trunks , circuits , and plexures . Strange and admirable are its fabricks , as wonderful its net , hence comes the silver Chord the wise man speaks of . It s outward cap very prettily resembles a fair Wood clustered with young trees . The salt tears , which trickle from his eies , carry a lively resemblance of Dew ; vapours obscuring his sight resemble clouds and mists ; the noise of the ears winds and storms , frothy spittles carry the lively protraict of Snow , as well as coagulated or conglobated slegm the representative of hail . A Coriza in the nose carries the similitude of rain : sneezing resembles thunder , and the redness of the eies lightning . Is not the sun seen in the native heat of the brain , as well as the moon in its watery element ? Jupiter in its temper , as well as Saturn in its melancholly ? Mars in its choller , as Venus in its flegm ? hath not this upper house the eies for its windows , the ears for its side doors , the nostrils for its scavingers , the mouth and tongue to bespeak and provide for its wants , and to tell its necessities , and the grinders here also placed for mastication ? Is it not by its nerves that we lift up our eye to our maker ? Jussit & erectos ad sydera tollere vultus ; by its side doors doth not come in our hearing , which is our best instrument for discovering of freinds from enemies ? are not its mammillary processes ordained for conveighing its spirits and tempering its heat ? is not our tongue lift up and down by its nerves ? Os sublime dedit homini , caelumque tueri . When we have considered all these , how admirably they are framed , what various functions they perform , how necessarily they were constructed , and with what art annexed , may we not with old Zoroaster cry out 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; Draw but the Curtain and you may soon see a Metamorphosis , the Seene changed , and these rare parts impaired by sicknesses and diseases ; for since Adam took the Apple from his wife , his children and sucsessours have been very capable of being deprived of these happinesses : The scene changed . for come we more nearly to consider him as relative to our present discourse , we shall find a suddain change ; in his infancy we may find insects daily to grow in his outward cap ; in his youth scabs and ulcers ; when having arrived at riper years it is oft times with Artheromaes Stealomaes , and Melicerides , its Pericrane filled with Hydrocephalical Tumours , its outward wall is oft times battered and fractured , cleft and divided by fissures , bruised by Contusions , wounded by penetrating and not penetrating wounds , its Dura mater is made to flee from the skull , although so strongly tyed and rarely wrought into it , by fractures and incised wounds . Is not its princely palace pulled down inwardly by Apoplexies , shaken with Palsies , threatned by Epilepsies , burnt up by fevers and inslamations , stormed by winds , overflown by inundations , consumed by gangrenes and sphacelus ' s ? are not its windows shut up by Cataracts , and darkned by suffusions ? its side doors assailed by stormes , and windy ruffling noises ? its musicall Organick pipes shut up by colds and deafness ? Comes not hence , as from the main Ocean , those many trunks and channels which bring in our gouts , Dropsies and Cramps ? Is not its excretory passages stopt up by Polypus and Ozaenaes ? are not the grinders forced to leave going , and the Jaw put out of order by fractures and dislocations ? when this light extinguisheth , are not all things made into darkness ? doth not our reason become obscured , our wit sequestred , our Judgment affrighted , our memory lost , our understanding clouded , our senses banished , our tongue tied up , our tast gone , our silver chord shirvelled , our grinders cease , our hands contracted , our Columns and Pedestals brought low , and in a moment come to nothing ? The middle Region . In the middle Region you have natures most curious cabinet wrought with various Roomes , wherein are lockt up the vital Treasury , the wheels and Instruments , whereby the watch of our life is alwaies kept in motion from our first hour to our last minuit . Here dwels the kingly heart the great master of courage , and warrior , exercising its nectarean faculties by giving life and vigor by its vivifying and quickning heat : and as the Sun in its Caelestial Sphere yeilds lusture and beauty by its motion and light ; so also is our heat , light , life and motion upheld propagated and preserved by the heat and motion of the heart . This part is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from a word which signifies to leap ; it s called Cor à Currendo , it being ever in motion ; it hath Lungs allowed it for tempering its heat , and fanning its fervency : here 's also a Diaphragma distinguishing or separating the instruments of nourishment from those of life , being as a muscle most different from all others : Its Sides and Ribs are guarded with a Pleura inward , bred of spermatick fibres ; this serves for keeping the lungs from being intangled with the ribs : besides these is a Mediastinum , framed as a partition wall or thick hedg dividing this trunk in the middle , this keeps the heart up from falling . Thus may you see how serviceable every part is for performing its office and service to the heart as its Prince ; and at the first view we might well conjecture , that this might be framed with safety , being the only and main Engin of life . The courage abated , and this Sun Ecclipsed . But this also suffers its gloominess , and takes shares with all its parts of sicknesses and diseases . How oft have we seen this Prince of life , which bestowed its vigorous influences to the body , as the Sun doth to Plants , to be ecclipsed by a cloudy slegmatick excrescensy ? this watch furred and run into dissolution by Dropsy , Worms , and insects ? Is there not seen Tartarous stones as well as coagulated slegm , the one endeavouring to dissolve this princely pallace , whilst the other stop its channels to suffocation ? do not wounds and Apostems suddenly happening here as speedily put out this candle of life ? Is not this princely palace oft parcht by Fevers , surrounded with Agues , stormed with Cardiacal Syncopes , washt away with the inundations of strange Dropsies , poysoned with malign fevers , obstructed by flegm ? are not its flabellums burnt up by inflammation , consumed by Asthmaes and Empyemaes , rotted by ulcers , turned into wash-pools by Dropsies ? is not here a lung oft times converted into purulent matter , and an Asthma into a Squinsey ? are not our sides pricked with a pleurisy , troubled with a Peripneumony ? These and many others take up their Quarters here : and although Physick and Chirurgery have the two substantial leggs of experience and Reason to defend them , yet the great knowledge hereof must come from that great Doctor , who hath Heaven for his chair , and the Earth for his foot-stoole . Thus have I carried you through the fortunes and misfortunes of his middle Region . The third Region . We arrive now to his lower and 3d room , his natural part : and here have we most exactly represented the Liver , with its interwoven distributions of the vena porta , and vena cava , with the vesica fellea , and its several capillary vessels , with its meatus cisticus , its porus biliarius , and ductus communis , framed from the separation of the gall or bilious humor from the blood , and conveying it into the intestines ; and here also may we see the Almighty disposing variety of Organs for diversity of uses ; and for its outward guard you may see it furnished with a fleshy Armour made of muscles ; under it the two Spermatick coats of the Peritonaeum , the enwrapping and keeping warm the parts within ; these being laid bare , may we meet with a crisped kell with its curled veins covering the bottom of the stomack and keeping it warm ; under this lies the strange Series of Intestines , strangely wheeled about , contrived with much Art , and framed with variety of circles , here lodged for sending forth with more expedition the excrements from the body : to see such a length of intestines contracted about such a small mesentery , as it appears in its natural sight , may well challenge the greatest of admiration , how finely checquered with white & purple veins , ordered for conveighing its chyle and keeping it warm by its blood already made and elaborated ; here is also a Pancreas tied to the guts , as a pillow to prop and keep up the veines arteries and nerves , as well as a juice to help forward expulsion ; here also is placed the spleen , ordered to help forward concoction , furnished with arteries for drawing away its most feculent blood , to ventilate the natural heat of the spleen , and to invite a vital faculty to it ; here also are planted the kidneys , ordered for expulsion and avoiding of exerementitious wheyish matter , the which being altogether unprofitable for nourishment is sent from thence by the ureters into the bladder , and by the good laws of nature is here also placed the bladder , ordered as a Receptacle of this urine , the which for a time it retaineth , and being therewith overloaded doth exonerate it self thereof . Thus have I shown you through all the Rooms of Nature's lower Region , where you have seen how every part is imploied whilst it enjoies its true function ; but these also are robbed of their excellencies , taken off from their offices , deprived of their faculties and laid open to the enemy , by diseases , troubles , Nature made unnatural to it self by diseases . wounds and Tumours , Stones and Dropsies : thus may we see the Peritoneal spermatick sibres extended by Dropsies ; the Kell burnt up and parched in long and tedious distempers , distorted and disaffected by instammations and Ruptures ; the Intestines blown up and swelled with Collicks , pursed up and convolved by Iliacks , torn and lacerated with Herniaes , wounded and pierced with fistulaes ; the Liver the magazine of blood inflamed , its trunks and channels obstructed by varices and melanchollick feces , hindred in its actions and motions by Tumours ; the spleen suffer scirrhous tumours , and obstructed with excrementitious blood ; the kidneys fretted with gravel , inflamed by pain , tormented with stones and ulcers , closed up by obstructions and Trychiacis , its pipes stopped by flegm , stones or gravel ; the bladder suffer resolution , and that which was made the receptacle of urine oft times proving the receptacle of stones and gravel , perplexed with Ischuries and Dysuries , pissings of blood , preternatural tumours , abscesses , Ulcers , Caruncles and the like . Thus have I given you a short survey of the inward parts , their beauty splendor and formes , to which also are added their various sicknesses pains and diseases ; and may we expect in reason that the outward Coffin or Chest may fare better and be more free from diseases than these ? No sure ; where the Jewels are lodged , there generally are held the security : for as poor man is subject to outward storms and winds , so may we as readily find him as capable to receive the impress and stamp of diseases : In his face we may oft times see a suffused eie , a hare lip , a polypused nose ; in his neck and throat strumous and scrophulated tumours ; in his mouth and throat Cancers and Anginaes ; his shoulders distorted ; his muscles cut , prickt , or wounded , his nerves contracted or lacerated ; his veins and arteries ancurismated and variced ; his bones luxated and fractured , and the whole sometimes gangrenated and sphacelated ; his hands , the proper Instruments of his livelihood , corrupted with Chiragra and other Tumours ; his wrist dislocated ; his very singers ends terrified with Parony chiaes and Hypersarcocal excrescencies . May we not oft times see the brests , that first give us suck or nutriment , suffer the torments and unhappy assailing unruly disquiet of Cancers , Strumaes , Worms , Stones , Clefts , and the like ? Is not the Penis , the proper instrument of generation , accompanied with Phymosis , beset with Ulcers , Caruncles , venereous and malign ulcers , whilst sometimes it is seen to have an imperforated Glans . The Scrotum is very oft times seen loaded with pains and troubles , tumesied by Ruptures , and made capable of inflammation and gangtene ; the Hips greived with Scyaticks and running pains , pestered with venereal aches and dislocations ; the muscles of the thigh oft wounded , tumesied inflamed , lacerated , ulcerated , and abscessed , as well as its bone fractured ; the knee swel'd with oedematous Tumours ; the leg shortned by amputation , occasioned inwardly by a desluxion of humours , or outwardly by some external causes , causing gangrene , Sphacelus , or the like . Do not they and the foot also by joint consent take share of hydropical tumours , scorbutick ulcers , gouts , and other pains ? and when we have well considered these , may we not own with Job , man hath not a part free from distemperiety ? In its constancy and firmness it is to be preferred before any other Art under the Sun : It s Constancy and firmness . for as it came soon after him into the world , so it never leaves him to his dying minuit ; nay it continues longer for he being dead , it serves to help his succeeding generation . The truth of this daily experience makes good : for although our life be but vita brevis , yet our art is Ars Longa ; and although it may be subject to change , yet this is to be better born with , being like man with whom it is concerned : but this is more constant , life is no life without health ; and is not this our daily friend afforded us by our wise Creator for promoting and perfecting the same ? It is by this Art of healing we have our daies lengthned , by cutting off distempers , eradicating their causes , and extripating their effects ; and indeed what is health else , than the keeping of the whole body perfect and intire ? And this may then most properly be said so to be , when all its actions are freed from the chains of impediments and pains ; for this great happiness of health is onely that affection of the body , which from the first do make every of its actions answer its nature . This made Democritus write , that he would have every man study the Art of healing ; because as it is honest , so also it is profitable and useful for life : It s fruit necessity and profit . Which brings me to the next branch of it , which showeth its fruit necessity and profit . This is a feild very large , considering either its order , condition , age or sex , wanting no fruit ; it is this alone that produceth health , by divine permission , a more excellent thing than which this great world cannot boast of ; to live is to be buried alive without it . No man therefore ought to be held in a greater estimate in a Common weal , than he that keeps the people thereof in health . This made ●●omer the Prince of the great Poets prefer one Physician well furnished with vertues and knowledg in his Art before many of other men . It is here alone guided by nature , that can see distempers , and snatch them out before they take root , discharge such as are adherent , destroy them in the bud , hinder them in their growth , repress their vehemency , mitigate their pains , extinguish their fervour ; that can restore the semiputrid to health , recreate the afflicted , refresh the troubled , strengthen the languishing , and bring the half dead to a whole life . But should these fail , yet we have this to defend us before the great Doctor of our Souls ; if to the utmost of our endeavous and judgments , and these strengthened by care and study , we use and apply the best of medicines our best knowledg can guide us to , we have discharged our parts , and let us leave the success to that God , who can work beyond the waies of man , whose secrets are past finding out . And this part I will conclude with this maxim , That this Art is by so much the more excellent and to be had in esteem , by how much it is necessary , useful and profitable . Of its liberality and Charity our great Master hath left a lively example , It s liberality and Charity . who had no respect to persons when he went and exercised this Art of healing . And although in Kings and Potentates it may receive Princely rewards , and amongst Lords and Knights fair gratuities ; yet also must it be furnished with the graces of Charity and Humility , thinking no scorn to help the meanest ; this being its rule , Quod tibi fieri non vis , alteri ne feceris ; it being a maxim in natural Morality as well as Philosophy : And as Riches may spur-on to honour , and both to the obtaining of fame and credit ; so let charity and conscience command your diligence and care in the managing the same for the poor , for they are Gods creatures framed in the same mold ; and although they be not furnished with the same plenty of outward gifts , yet may they ore top the rich Miser or covetous Churle in vertues and other excellencies . And let this be your comfort , that the great Pay-master , who keeps in his Register-book all thy good actions , will not be wanting to add store to your stock , knowledg to your Art , success to your practice , and crown your cures with credit ; and when death his Bayliff shall with his Habeas Corpus summon thee to the great Audit of the world , the Angels will Joy in thy happiness , and eternal bliss will Crown thee hereafter . Thus have I given you an account of the Antiquity and Origination of Chirurgery , its honour and excellency , its learning and nobility , its subject , its constancy and firmness , its fruit , necessity and profit , its liberality and charity . We come next to know what Chirurgery is , and of what parts it depends .