ANthropologia or the Doctrine of Mans Nature , is , though commonly , yet rightly divided into two Parts : Anatomia which treats of the Body and its Parts ; and Psychologia , which treats of the Soul .

Anatomia therefore [ more rightly called Anatomy , that is Section , which Sr. Ignatius reckons as a kind of Martyrdom , Caelius terms Apertio an opening , and Tertulianus Prosectio a cutting up , whence the term Prosector , a Cutter up ] that I may come to that which is my business ; in as much as it is a part of Natural Philosophy [ for The Subject of Anatomy . Medicinal Anatomy how ever useful and of which Galen treats in his Anatomical Administration , we must leave to Physitians ] hath for its Subject the Body of any Animal or Live-wight whatsoever , whether frequenting the Land or or Waters , flying in the Air , &c. and not only the Body of Man . But we are wont most of all to search into the structure of Mans Body . 1. Because of the great Perfection thereof , which Why Anatomy treats chiefly of the Body of Man . is the Rule of Imperfection . 2. Because the sundry sorts of Animals are almost infinite , so that to dissect and search into all of them , the life of man in this Age of the World is not sufficient . 3. Because of the incredible profit which thereby redounds to every man , who desires perfectly to know himself , and this House of his earthy Tabernacle , both the better to preserve Health and to cure Diseases : Nor can any man be a Natural Philosopher or deserve so to be called , unless he have the Doctrine of Anatomy at his fingers end , above all other Parts of Natural Philosophy . Yet is not the Dissection of other Creatures therefore unprofitable , or to be The Dissection of other Animals is useful to an Anatomist and why ? neglected by an Anatomist , partly by reason of the Analogie and Correspondence they hold with the Body of Man , partly to attain to the Knowledg of the Motions of Living Creatures , and partly , to conclude , for the Exercise of an Anatomist and Surgeon . Democritus sought the Seat and Nature of Choler in Living Creatures . After him Galen dissected Apes and other Living Creatures , as also Severinus , Aldrovandus , Castellus , Br●nzerus , Panarolus and myself have cut up divers Living Creatures . By the cutting up of Creatures alive Asellius found out the Ven● lacteae ●● milkie Veins , and Harvey and Walaeus found the motion of the Blood .

Moreover , because in regard of the vari●● of its Actions , the Body of Man does not consist of one part all alike , but of sundry ; therefore we must know that the whole Body is divided The division of the whol Body of Man . ● into Parts containing , Parts contained , and Parts moving , according to the ancient Doctrine of Hippocrates : that is to say , into solid Parts , Humors and Spirits . And in this large acceptation , all things are called Parts which make up and compleat the Body , even the Nails , Hairs , Fat and Marrow . But stricctly and properly that is called a Pa●● which partakes of the form , and life of the whole , and such the Anatomists accounts 〈…〉 so●i●t Parts , And therefore ●…lius hath well defined a Part to be A Body 〈◊〉 to the whole , partaking of the common Life 〈…〉 ●…ted for the performance of some Functions or Use . But Galen accounts that a Part , What a Part is ? which is a B●…●● some sort joyned to the whole , and hath in part its own proper Circumsc●●● 〈…〉 part is properly ;

And that we may understand what is ment by Function and Use , I shall briefly open the same . An Action or Function may be either private or publick . The private Action is that whereby the Parts provide for themselves ; the publick is that whereby they provide for the What is ment by the Action of a Part. whole live Creature . A publick Action as it is opposed to use , is the Action of the principal Part of an Organ which performes the whole Action . For every Action in the Body of a livewight , hath according to Galen , a peculiar Particle , by which it is performed . For Examples sake ; The Skin hath of it self a private Action , such as the Attraction and Retention of Nourishment &c. it hath also a publick action for the behoof of the whole Animal , viz. the discerning of the tangible Qualities , such as are perceived by the Sense of Feeling . So the action of the Liver●●…od-making , of the Stones , Seed-making ; of the Dugs Milk-making .

But the ●●●e , is that help which the less principal Parts afford the more principal , in the performance What by the ●●● . ●● their Actions , which according to Galen is in all Parts , yea even in those which have no action at all . It springs chiefly from three Fountaines , and they are ,

But before I proceed to the Division and Differences of Parts , I shal briefly resolve this question , Which Part of the Body is first generated . Which Part of the Body is first generated . We must therefore know , that according to Hippocrates , all the Parts are formed and differenced at one and the same time , as in a Circle , there is neither beginning nor end , but altogether are both beginning and end . But all the Parts are not perfected and adorned at one and the same time ; but in the first place the Navil-vein . 2. The Liver . 3. Afterwards the Heart ( which Aristotle would have to be first made , as Galen would have the Liver to be ) and lastly the brain . The Navil-vein therefore , is first finished and perfected , in regard of the enlargement thereof by the blood , but not in respect of its first Constitution of the Seed . But others said that the Groundwork or underwarpe of the Parts is Seed , and the Woof or Superstructure blood , supposing that there are two material Principles of the body : Seed and blood . Which Opinion I have refuted and sufficiently explained in my Anatomical Controversies , Quaest. 11. touching the Parts and their Faculties and Functions .

And therefore the Vessels are said in respect of Perfection to be generated before the bowels , Why the Vessels were to be made before the Bowels . and that justly . For otherwise the bowels could not be nourished without a proportionable Instrument to that end , namely a Vein , by which the blood is conveighed for their Nutriment . For as out of a Kernel or Seed put into the Earth , first a long Root descends into the Earth , after that other Roots spread themselves round about the Surface of the Earth , out of which afterwards , the Trunk and branches spring up ; so out of the Seed committed to the Womb , there arises first the Navil-vein , receiving blood out of the Womb-cake ; out of which Navil-vein arises the Vena Portae , with its Roots .

Let us now come to the Division or Differences of the Parts , which may be divers .

Taking the word in a large Sense , some divide them into parts of Necessity , as the Heart , Liver , Division of the Parts . Lungs , Stomach ; and Parts of Commodity , and that either great as the Eyes and Stones , or less as the Nails ; and parts of Ornament , as the Hairs of the Head and Beard .

But I shall divide the Parts , chiefly in respect of their End , or in respect of their Matter . In respect of their End . ▪ The principal Parts .

In respect of the worthiness of the End , some are Principal , others less principal and 〈…〉 .

The Principal are the Liver , Heart , Brain , which are the Principles of other Parts . As , out of the brain arise the Nerves , according to the common Opinion , out of the Heart , the Arteries , out of the Liver , the Veins . Others add the Testicles , but without any need , because they make nothing to the Conservation of the Individual , ●and Generation is caused without them , as I shall shew by Examples in the 7. Book Chap. 22.

Now we do not mean the beginning of Radication or Original ; for so , the Seed is the beginning The Beginning or principle of Radication . The Original of Dispensation . Parts subservient or ministring . of all the Parts , but of Dispensation and Distribution ; that is such a beginning as sends out of it self some Instrument , Force or common Matter . So from the Heart , as the beginning or Original of Dispensation , the Arteries arise , because they receive their Virtue from the heart . and seem there to have their Original . The same may be said of the Veins and Nerves in respect of their Originals . So the Gristles have their Original from the bones , and also the Ligaments .

The Subservient Parts are necessary or not necessary .

The Necessary are those without which the Animal cann●● 〈…〉 cannot live well . So the Lungs serve the Heart , the Guts the Stomach ; the Stoma●…●aver and Spleen ; the Gall-bladder , Choler-passage and Piss-bladder , serve the Liver ; and all the Instruments of the Senses serve the brain .

The Not-necessary , as simple flesh , &c. in respect of other Parts : for in consumptive persons ●is wasted away , and in fleshie persons t is a burthen , and in sects according to Aristotle have no Flesh . In respect of their Matter . A similar part what it is , and how manifold .

In respect of their immediate Matter , some are simple , Homogeneal or Similary ; others Compound Heterogeneal , or dissimilary .

A Similar Part , is that which is divided into Parts like it self , so that all the Particles are of the same Substance with the whole , as every part of flesh is flesh , &c.

Of such similar Parts , some reckons more , others fewer .

Aristotle in sundry places , thus reckons them : Blood , Flegm , Choler , Sanies or blood-water , Milk , Seed , Gall , Fat , Marrow , Flesh , Veins , Arteries , Nerves , Fibres , Membranes , Skin , Bones , Gristles , Hairs , Nails , Horns , Feathers .

Averroes omits some of these , and adds Melancholy , Spirits , Muscles , Cords , Ligaments , Suet.

Galen in sundry places , thus reckons them : A Bone , a Gristle , a Vein , an Artery , a Nerve , a Membrane , a Fibre , a Tendon , a Ligament , a Nail , Skin , Fat , Marrow , the Glassie and Chrystalline Humors , the flesh of the Muscles and bowels , with the proper substance of the brain , Stomach , Guts and Womb.

Archangelus retaines all the aforesaid , and adds three sorts of Spirits , four Alimentary humors , and the Excrementitious humors , as Urin in the Bladder , Choler in the Gall-bladder , Excrementitious Flegm , and all the Excrements of all digestions , the Scarf-skin , and the internal Skin of ●● 〈…〉 Cavities . Moreover ●e adds to these , seventeen similar parts , not commonly reckoned , viz. the proper substance ( setting aside the other similar parts , Veins , Arteries , &c. ) of the Brain , Tongue , Lungs , Heart , Liver , Gall-bladder , Spleen , Stomach , Guts , Kidneys , Ureters , Piss-bladder , Womb , Yard , Stones , Muscles , Kernels . But it is in Vain for him to reckon these parts as new : for all in a manner are comprehended under Flesh . For according to Hippocrates and Galen , there is a flesh of the Muscles , and a flesh of the Bowels , and a flesh of the Glandules or Kernels . But in another place Galen propounds a threefold flesh . 1. In a Muscle , which the Ancients did only cal Flesh . 2. The Parenchyma , or proper substance of the Liver , Heart , Kidneys , &c. 3. In the Stomach , Bladder , Veins . 4. In the Bones , though improperly .

Whence we may gather four sorts of Flesh . 1. Musculous flesh , which Galen frequently How many sorts of Flesh there are ? terms Fibrous flesh , and it is soft and red and properly termed flesh . And in Hippocrates his Language , by flesh many times is ment the Muscles . 2. Viscerous flesh or the flesh of the Bowels . Erasistratus cals it Parenchyma or an Affusion of blood ; Galen cals it Similar and simple flesh , which supports the Vessels of the bowels , fills up the empty spaces , and performs the Action . 3. Membranous flesh , or the fleshy substance of every Membranous part , as in the Gullet , Stomach , Guts , Womb , bladder . 4. Glandulous flesh , or the flesh of Kernels , which serves . 1. For to support the divisions of Vessels . 2. To drink up superfluous humors , especially wheyish humors , because the Kernels are of an hollow Spungy substance ; and therefore they are vulgarly termed Emunctories or Clensers . Those in the Neck being counted Clensers of the Head ; those in the Arm-pits , of the Heart ; those in the Groyns of the Liver . 3. To moisten the parts for their more easie motion , or otherwise to prohibit dryness . Such are those which are situate by the Tongue , Larynx , Eye-corners , &c.

But the similar parts are reckoned to be ten : A bone , a Gristle , a Ligament , a Membrane , a The Number of the Similar Parts . Fibre , a Nerve , an Artery , a Vein , Flesh and Skin .

Of these some are similar only in the judgment of Sense , as Veins , Arteries ( some add Muscles ) others are simply and absolutely similar . That Veins , Arteries , Nerves , Muscles are not truly simple and similar , hath been rightly taught by Aristotle : for a Muscle consists of Flesh , Fibres , and a Tendon : Nerves are made up of the Dura and pia Mater , with Marrow : Arteries , of two different coats ; the Veins of a coat ( and of Fibres as some will have it ) and Valves . Simply and truly similar parts are Bones , Gristles , Ligaments , Membranes , Fibres , Flesh and Skin . To these some add the Ureters , the Air implanted in the Ear , &c. but in vain . For , 1. They are not parts common ●● the whole body , but proper to some parts . 2. The implanted Air of the Ears , is nothing but an implanted spirit , which cannot be reckoned among solid parts .

Here we are to observe that all these parts are commonly divided , into Spermatical , Sanguine , or mixt .

The Spermatical are made of seed , and such are the eight first reckoned ; which if they are cut What a Spermatical Part is ? asunder , they breed not again , nor can they be truly united , but they are joyned together by a Callus in the middle , by reason of defect of matter and formative faculty , which acts not after the Conformation of the Parts .

The Sanguine or fleshy Parts , contrarywise are bred again , because they are supposed to be What a Sanguine Part. made of Blood , as the Flesh .

A mixt Part is the Skin , of which we shall treat hereafter , in Book 1. Chap. 2.

For feed and blood are commonly accounted the two general Principles of which we are made : so that in the Seed there is very little of the material principle , but much of the active , but in the blood much of the material principle , and but a little and weak portion of the active or effective principle . The first Rudiments and underwrap as it were of the parts , are said to be made of Seed ; and the woofe or superstructure of blood flowing in . But what the Truth is in Contradiction to this vulgar opinion , we have taught in our Anatomical Controversies . For we are rather to hold , that the parts are at first made only of Seed , as of their matter ; and that the Mothers blood doth nourish , and encrease and amplifie the Parts . The Skin in comparison to other Parts , hath an indifferent proportion of Seed , not so much as the Spermatical , nor so little as the Sanguinary parts .

The Compound or dissimilar Parts are , those which may be divided into divers unlike parts , What a dissimilar part is ? as an Hand cannot be cut into other Hands , but into Bones , Muscles , Veins , &c. The dissimilar parts are by the Phylosopher called Members : but they are vulgarly termed Organical or instrumental parts .

Now in every Organ , there are for the most part , four kinds of parts . For example sake , Organical parts . in the Eye there is , 1. That part by which the action , viz. Seeing is performed , namely the Chrystalline Humor . 2. That without which it cannot be performed , as the Optick Nerve . 3. That by which it is the better performed , as the Coats and Muscles of the Eyes . 4. That by which the action is preserved , as the Eye-lids , &c.

And because the Dissimilar parts are more or less Compounded , they are divided into four degrees or ranks .

The 1. Is such as are similar to the sense , as a Muscle , Vein , Artery . The 2. Is made of the sormer and the rest of the similars , as a Finger . The 3. is compounded of the second , as an Hand , Foot , &c. The 4. Is compounded of the third , as an Arm or Leg.

Finally the Body is divided into its greatest Members , as by some into the Head , Chest , Belly con●… a vision ●● and Bladder ; by others as Aristotle , Ruffus a 〈…〉 Oribasius into the Head , Neck , Chest ( under they comprehend the lower Belly ) and therefore Hippocrates placed the Liver in the Chest ] the Arms and the Legs . But others have better divided them into the Bellies and Limbs .

The Bellies are certain remarkeable Cavities of the Body , wherein some noble bowel is placed : and as there are three principal Members , so are there three Bellies : the lowest belly , commonly called Abdomen or the Paunch , contains the Liver and Natural parts . The Middle or Chest , containes the Heart and vital parts . The uppermost or Head contains the brain and Animal parts . The Limbs which were given us for more conveniency of living , are the Arms and the Legs .

And therefore we shall make four books : 1. Of the Lower belly . 2. Of the Middle belly . This whole Work divided into four Books and four Petty Books or Manuals . 3 , Of the supream belly or Cavity , the Head . 4. Of the Limbs . And to these shall answer four Petty Books : The first of the Veins which arise from the Liver in the lower Cavity . The second of the Arteries which arise from the Heart , in the middle Cavity . The third of the Nerves , which are commonly thought to spring from the brain . The fourth of the bones , which are most what in the Limbs : and as the bones joyned together make a compleat frame and bodies as it were ; so also do the Veins , Arteries , and Nerves .

We may find another division of the body in Fernelius , which nevertheless is of no use save The division of the Body according to the Regions . in Physick . He divides the body into pulplike Regions and Private .

Private Regions he calls the brain , Lungs , Kidneys , Womb , &c. Publick or common he makes three extended through the whol body . 1. Hath the Vena porta , and all the parts whereinto its branches are spred . 2. Begins at the Roots of Vena Cava , and is terminated in the smal Veins , before they become Capillary . 3. Hath the Muscles , Bones , and Bulk of the body and ends in the Skin .

We purge the first Region cheifly by the Guts ; The second by the Urinary passages ; The third by the Pores of the Skin .

ACcording to the Method The Reason of the Order . Why Dissection is begun in the lower Belly . of Anatomy , this belly or cavity comes in the first place , and is first of all dissected that the Guts and Excrements may be the sooner removed , and the Body preserved from putrifaction .

It is all that , which is distinguished , within , from the Chest by the Midrif ; it What the lower Belly is . is circumscribed by the sword-like Gristle , the Share bones , Hip-bones , Os Sacrum , the Vertebra's of the Loynes , and the bastard Ribs on either side .

The former part thereof is called Epigastrium , The Parts of the lower Belly , and their Names . which compasses the stomach and guts next unto it . The Arabians call it Mirath , which generally is used for the Belly , but in a particular sence it is taken for those wrinkles of the belly , which remain after child-bearing , and for the skin gathered together upon the belly , as Giggejus informs us .

And the upper part hereof is termed Hypochondrium , neighbouring upon the lower gristles of the Ribs , and it is right or left : some term them Phrenes and Praecordia .

The middle Region is termed Regio umbilicalis , whose lateral parts Aristotle calls Lagonas by reason of their Laxity , and Galen , Cenen●nas from their emptyness .

The lower part which reaches from the Navil to the Share , is termed Hypogastrium , by Hypocrates , Galen , Ruffus , Pollux ; the Latins term it Imus venter and Aqualiculus . The lateral parts thereof , are termed Ilia , and in the bending of the thigh by the Share Inguina the Groyns ; and that part next over the Privities , which is covered with Down or Hair , is called P●bes the Share .

The hinder part of the lower Belly , is either the upper , which makes the Loynes ; or the lower , which makes the Buttocks .

Moreover this Belly consists of parts covering and covered , that is to say External and Internal .

The covering or Containing parts ( which they properly call Abdomen ) are either common , as the Scarf-skin , the Skin , the Fat with its Membrane , the fleshy Pannicle , and the Coat proper to every Muscle ; or proper , and they are the Muscles of the Abdomen , 〈…〉 the Peritonaeum .

The inner or contained parts , do serve All the Parts which a●e to be examined in this Book . either for Nutrition or Procreation .

For Nutrition or making of Chyle , are subservient more or less , the Stomach , the Caul , the Sweet-bread , the Guts with the Mesentery : to the making of Blood , are subservient more or less , the Meseraick Veins , the Venae portae with their Roots , the Cava with its Roots , the Liver , the Gall-bladder , the Gall-passage , the Spleen with the Vas breve , and the Haemorrhoides , the Arteria Caeliaca the Kidneys , the Capsulae Atrabiliariae or black choler boxes , the Ureters and the Piss bladder .

Those which serve for Generation , are either Masculine or Female : the Masculine are , the Spermatick Vessels , the Corpora Varicosa or Parastatae , the Stones , the carrying Vessels , the Prostratae , the Seminary bladders , the Yard , &c. The Female are , the Spermatick Vessels , the Corpus Varicosum , the Testicles , the Ejaculatory Vessels , the Womb with its parts , &c.

But when a Man is in the Womb , there are yet other things considerable , as the Navil-vessels , the coats which infold the Child , &c. of which in their place .