THE
HISTORY
Of
the
first
TRIVMVIRATE
.
Volume
I.
CHAP.
I.
The
estate
of
the
Roman
Commonwealth
after
Catiline's
Conspiracy
.
NEVER
was
the
City
of
Rome
in
such
danger
since
its
being
sack'd
and
burnt
by
the
Gauls
,
as
it
appeared
to
be
in
the
Conspiracy
of
Catiline
.
It
is
impossible
,
in
the
account
Salust
gives
of
it
,
without
horrour
to
reade
of
the
Rage
,
the
Madness
,
the
Debauchery
and
Ambition
of
that
Man
,
and
yet
at
the
same
time
his
Address
in
managing
a
design
that
was
to
carry
fire
and
sword
ev'n
into
the
very
Bowels
of
his
Countrey
.
But
the
wisedom
and
vigilancy
of
Cicero
hindred
its
taking
effect
,
and
Catiline
was
slain
at
the
Head
of
those
Troops
he
was
leading
against
the
City
:
But
neither
this
man's
defeat
or
death
was
sufficient
to
settle
so
firm
a
peace
in
that
City
,
but
that
still
she
lay
exposed
to
the
enterprises
which
some
more
Ambitious
Senatours
than
the
rest
were
always
forming
against
her
Liberty
.
Nor
could
their
Inclinations
of
that
kind
meet
any
where
with
greater
temptation
,
since
the
Conquest
of
that
onely
City
must
carry
with
it
the
greatest
part
of
the
Universe
:
In
short
,
after
the
War
of
the
Confederates
,
in
which
all
the
Armies
of
Italy
,
jealous
of
the
power
and
greatness
of
Rome
,
had
been
in
a
great
many
Battels
defeated
,
that
part
of
the
World
,
came
to
an
absolute
submission
:
Half
of
Gaul
,
and
all
Spain
received
quietly
the
Pretors
which
were
sent
to
govern
them
;
the
Coast
of
Africk
as
far
as
Aegypt
,
became
subject
to
the
Romans
;
and
Aegypt
her self
preserved
its
Monarchy
onely
by
the
profession
which
her
Kings
made
to
respect
in
all
matters
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
.
Syria
was
reduced
to
a
Province
,
and
governed
by
Roman
Officers
,
and
after
the
defeat
and
death
of
Mithridates
,
all
the
Princes
of
the
lesser
Asia
became
Tributaries
,
and
thought
themselves
very
happy
to
be
supported
by
the
credit
of
some
of
the
Senatours
.
Greece
,
though
it
retained
some
appearance
of
liberty
became
yet
more
reduced
,
for
besides
the
rights
of
Conquest
,
she
found
her self
under
the
obligations
of
Acknowledgment
and
Allegiance
:
In
short
,
all
that
Coast
,
which
stretches
it self
along
the
Adriatick
Gulph
up
a
good
way
into
Germany
,
was
filled
with
those
powerfull
Armies
that
made
head
against
the
Barbarians
.
And
the
defeat
of
the
Corsaires
which
Pompey
had
driven
into
the
Mountains
of
Cilicia
established
the
Roman
Empire
over
all
the
Mediterranean
Sea
:
These
Conquests
had
brought
into
Rome
daintiness
and
plenty
,
and
all
curious
Arts
soon
followed
;
Learning
became
an
ordinary
Accomplishment
even
amongst
men
of
the
highest
Quality
.
And
almost
all
the
Wits
of
that
time
were
polished
and
pure
,
insomuch
that
that
City
never
afforded
so
great
men
for
War
,
Eloquence
,
Law
,
Poetry
,
and
all
other
fine
knowledge
as
at
this
time
;
so
that
it
was
the
more
unlikely
that
Ambition
should
not
find
an
opportunity
to
mingle
her self
among
so
many
extraordinary
Qualities
.
Those
men
who
upon
quitting
the
Charges
they
had
exercised
in
Rome
,
went
to
receive
those
Honours
in
the
Provinces
which
used
onely
to
be
allowed
to
Sovereigns
that
commanded
great
Armies
,
and
disposed
of
Kingdoms
,
found
it
very
hard
upon
their
return
home
to
reduce
themselves
to
the
level
of
a
private
life
,
and
forget
the
sweetness
of
Command
and
Power
.
Envy
,
as
dangerous
as
it
is
common
to
all
Republicks
,
ever
took
care
to
make
way
for
it self
upon
these
occasions
,
and
trouble
the
Quiet
even
of
those
who
thought
of
nothing
but
peaceably
enjoying
the
Honours
they
had
gotten
:
It
appeared
for
the
most
part
amongst
those
who
had
less
Desert
,
less
Fortune
,
but
more
Ambition
than
the
others
;
and
their
pretence
was
always
the
publick
Good
,
when
they
had
often
no
other
end
than
the
destruction
of
every
thing
that
hindered
their
own
elevation
.
A
noble
Reputation
,
great
Riches
,
and
acquired
Honours
passed
always
amongst
them
for
Qualities
dangerous
to
the
Commonwealth
:
And
these
Persecutions
may
have
contributed
as
much
to
kindling
the
fire
of
Civil
Wars
,
as
that
Ambition
which
[
*
](A33186-e12460-b)
*
Caius
Julius
Caesar
,
Aeneus
Pompeius
Magnus
,
the
second
Name
was
that
of
their
Families
.
Caesar
,
and
Pompey
himself
have
been
so
much
reproached
withall
,
who
never
could
have
put
themselves
at
the
head
of
their
different
Parties
,
but
that
they
had
really
and
indeed
more
merit
than
the
rest
.
They
were
both
of
goodly
Personage
,
Valiant
,
and
equally
desirous
of
Glory
.
Caesar
had
the
advantage
of
Pompey
in
Birth
,
being
of
the
most
Illustrious
Family
in
Rome
;
he
disputed
already
the
prize
of
Eloquence
with
the
most
famous
Oratours
,
and
there
was
nothing
that
appeared
impossible
for
his
great
Genius
to
undertake
.
Pompey
had
great
Riches
,
the
favour
of
the
Senate
,
and
an
established
Reputation
:
He
had
been
a
General
,
as
soon
as
he
was
a
Souldier
,
and
although
he
had
never
obey'd
,
was
not
to
seek
in
the
Art
of
giving
Command
;
he
had
won
Battels
,
and
deserved
the
Honour
of
Triumph
at
an
Age
when
others
onely
begin
to
make
themselves
taken
notice
of
.
It
is
impossible
to
tell
exactly
which
of
the
two
had
the
most
repugnancy
to
Obey
,
Caesar
would
have
no
Superiour
,
and
Pompey
could
not
bear
an
Equal
.
The
latter
supported
himself
upon
his
extraordinary
good
Fortune
,
the
other
by
his
very
great
Merit
.
In
short
,
they
were
both
Brave
,
Generous
and
Magnificent
.
But
the
lustre
of
those
many
Triumphs
which
Pompey
had
obtained
,
was
no
inconsiderable
addition
to
his
other
great
Qualities
,
so
that
he
passed
without
contradiction
at
that
time
for
the
first
man
in
Rome
.
Crassus
onely
found
himself
in
a
condition
to
dispute
it
with
him
as
well
by
the
Nobility
and
the
desert
of
his
Ancestours
,
as
by
his
great
estate
,
which
accumulated
to
him
the
sirname
of
Rich.
Of
which
some
Judgment
may
be
given
from
what
he
himself
once
said
,
that
he
ought
not
to
be
esteemed
a
wealthy
man
,
who
could
not
entertain
an
Army
out
of
his
own
Revenue
.
Nevertheless
,
his
own
Estate
amounted
not
to
above
[
*
](A33186-e12580-b)
*
1500000
Crowns
.
six
thousand
Talents
,
but
that
brought
him
in
a
very
considerable
profit
by
the
means
of
his
Slaves
,
which
some
Authours
say
amounted
in
number
to
40000.
He
had
besides
all
this
a
great
deal
of
Wit
,
and
was
very
Eloquent
:
His
good
humour
and
Compliasance
were
perhaps
the
effect
of
his
Policy
.
For
when
that
Pompey
,
puff'd
up
by
his
Victories
,
fansied
that
it
was
necessary
to
his
Grandeur
to
take
upon
him
a
haughty
behaviour
,
and
to
communicate
himself
to
very
few
;
Crassus
on
the
contrary
was
familiar
with
all
the
world
,
and
employed
his
Reputation
and
his
Eloquence
at
the
Bar
in
the
behalf
of
all
such
as
would
apply
themselves
to
him
:
From
whence
arose
that
[
*
](A33186-e12620-b)
*
Plutarch
.
judicious
and
excellent
Observation
,
That
by
the
lustre
of
his
Actions
,
Pompey
,
when
he
was
absent
,
had
the
advantage
of
Crassus
;
but
so
soon
as
he
returned
to
Rome
,
he
lost
it
again
by
his
manners
.
Nor
was
it
onely
Emulation
which
caused
so
great
a
misunderstanding
between
them
.
Crassus
had
other
reasons
to
complain
of
Pompey
in
relation
to
the
affair
of
Spartacus
.
This
Spartacus
was
a
Gladiatour
or
Fencer
that
had
appeared
against
the
Romans
at
the
head
of
forty
thousand
of
his
Companions
,
and
had
beaten
three
of
their
Armies
.
At
last
Crassus
had
the
advantage
to
rout
him
with
a
great
deal
of
hazard
.
Spartacus
was
killed
in
the
fight
,
and
six
thousand
Gladiatours
escaping
from
the
Battel
fell
into
the
hands
of
Pompey
,
as
he
was
returning
with
his
Army
out
of
Spain
;
who
slew
them
all
▪
and
then
sent
word
to
the
Senate
,
that
he
had
cut
up
the
very
roots
of
that
War
.
This
hinder'd
Crassus
from
Triumphing
,
and
forced
him
to
sit
down
contented
with
the
honours
of
the
Ovation
,
much
inferiour
to
those
of
the
Triumph
:
This
Injury
touched
him
very
sharply
,
and
though
outwardly
matters
were
brought
to
some
Accommodation
between
them
,
and
Crassus
in
the
presence
of
the
people
made
the
first
step
towards
it
,
by
saying
he
thought
it
no
shame
to
seek
that
man
whom
they
had
honoured
with
the
Title
of
Great
,
the
reconciliation
was
far
from
sincerity
;
for
Crassus
could
not
hide
his
regret
,
nor
whenever
Pompey
was
named
in
his
hearing
with
the
Title
of
Great
,
forbear
asking
in
a
scoffing
manner
,
how
much
he
was
taller
than
himself
.
Caesar
,
who
thought
himself
at
this
time
too
young
to
become
the
head
of
a
Party
,
embarqued
himself
in
Crassus
his
interest
,
as
well
to
balance
the
Credit
of
Pompey
,
as
to
assist
himself
with
that
of
Crassus
against
his
own
Creditours
,
who
at
this
time
began
to
be
importunate
,
and
yet
for
all
this
there
was
little
resemblance
between
their
Inclinations
.
Crassus
was
a
good
Husband
,
even
to
Avarice
,
and
Caesar
liberal
to
Prodigality
.
Either
his
love
,
or
his
State-Intrigues
had
already
ruined
him
,
and
we
may
judge
of
his
other
Expences
by
the
Present
he
once
made
to
Servilia
the
Mother
of
Brutus
,
of
a
Pearl
that
cost
six
thousand
Sesterces
.
These
three
men
already
began
to
give
suspicion
and
jealousie
to
all
the
other
Senatours
,
such
as
were
[
*
](A33186-e12880-b)
*
Luctatius
,
Catulus
,
[
†
](A33186-e12900-b)
†
Calphurnius
,
Bibulus
,
and
[
‖
](A33186-e12920-b)
‖
Claudius
,
Marcellus
,
but
above
all
the
rest
[
*
](A33186-e12940-b)
*
Tullius
.
Cicero
,
who
endeavoured
as
much
as
any
to
signalize
his
Zeal
for
the
Commonwealth
;
and
though
he
could
pretend
no
great
Authority
from
his
Extraction
,
nor
was
much
Ambitious
to
be
thought
a
very
great
Souldier
;
yet
the
advantages
of
his
Wit
,
the
Charms
of
his
Eloquence
,
and
the
happy
discovery
which
he
had
made
of
Catiline's
Conspiracy
in
the
time
of
his
Consulship
,
brought
him
into
very
great
consideration
:
But
besides
that
,
this
Action
(
of
which
he
always
in
his
Harangues
took
occasion
to
make
mention
,
and
very
often
too
to
very
little
purpose
had
occasioned
some
railery
upon
his
Vanity
:
the
Punishment
of
[
*
](A33186-e12970-b)
*
Cornelius
.
Lentulus
and
other
great
Ones
concerned
in
the
Conspiracy
,
had
created
him
many
powerfull
Enemies
.
And
it
may
be
upon
that
occasion
the
Troubles
of
Rome
were
renew'd
.
CHAP.
II.
Caesar's
design
upon
Cicero
,
and
Cicero's
reply
to
Metellus
Nepos
.
CAesar
had
had
very
strait
Alliances
with
many
of
Catiline's
Accomplices
,
which
made
him
not
altogether
unsuspected
:
But
Cicero
thought
it
not
fit
to
insist
much
upon
that
point
,
lest
his
Credit
might
become
an
Argument
in
favour
of
the
other
Offenders
.
Caesar
had
other
Causes
to
be
angry
with
the
Senate
,
by
reason
of
some
dispute
he
had
with
them
during
the
time
of
his
being
Pretor
:
He
consulted
with
Metellus
[
*
](A33186-e13120-b)
*
Caeci●ius
.
Nepos
,
Tribune
of
the
People
,
to
bring
Cicero
to
an
account
of
his
Conduct
;
and
Nepos
,
seconded
by
[
†
](A33186-e13160-b)
†
Calphurnius
.
Bestia
,
the
other
Tribune
,
declared
aloud
;
that
he
could
not
suffer
that
Cicero
should
have
the
liberty
of
speaking
to
the
people
in
quitting
his
Consulship
,
in
regard
that
he
himself
had
Condemned
Senatours
without
hearing
their
Defences
.
It
is
true
,
that
Cicero
had
done
so
by
reason
of
the
present
danger
,
but
it
is
true
too
,
that
he
did
it
with
the
advice
of
the
Senate
:
Nevertheless
,
when
he
presented
himself
to
speak
,
the
Tribunes
opposed
him
,
and
onely
would
permit
him
to
take
the
usual
Oath
;
which
was
,
That
he
had
never
done
any
thing
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Commonwealth
:
Cicero
,
who
upon
that
occasion
was
very
present
to
himself
,
contrived
to
turn
all
that
Indignity
they
designed
him
,
to
his
Honour
,
and
swore
that
he
not
onely
had
not
prejudiced
the
Common-wealth
,
but
had
saved
the
Senate
,
and
the
People
of
Rome
.
All
the
Assembly
Applauded
the
thing
;
and
the
next
day
Cicero
complained
to
the
Senate
of
the
insolency
of
the
Tribunes
.
To
this
Nepos
made
his
reply
,
and
in
the
heat
of
the
dispute
,
Cicero
,
who
never
wanted
an
Answer
,
had
an
occasion
of
making
a
very
good
one
:
For
Nepos
,
who
mistook
the
extraction
of
Cicero
,
demanded
of
him
very
often
,
who
was
his
Father
?
To
which
he
replyed
;
If
any
Credit
may
be
given
to
the
behaviour
of
your
Mother
,
that
were
a
harder
Question
for
you
to
answer
than
me
.
Afterwards
,
when
the
matter
was
put
to
a
debate
,
the
Senate
judged
that
for
the
reputation
of
their
Authority
,
they
ought
to
stand
by
Cicero
,
and
so
made
a
Decree
that
no
body
should
be
called
henceforward
to
account
for
the
death
of
any
of
the
Conspiratours
,
and
that
they
who
should
presume
to
speak
before
the
People
,
should
be
looked
upon
as
Enemies
to
their
Countrey
:
The
Tribunes
provoked
by
that
Decree
,
which
ty'd
up
their
mouths
,
and
established
,
as
they
said
,
the
Tyranny
of
Cicero
,
proposed
to
the
People
by
the
advice
of
Caesar
,
to
recall
Pompey
,
who
at
that
time
Commanded
a
powerfull
Army
in
Asia
;
the
pretence
was
to
put
into
his
care
the
interests
of
the
Commonwealth
,
which
this
new
growing
Tyranny
seem'd
to
threaten
.
But
Caesar's
secret
designs
indeed
were
to
unite
himself
with
him
:
This
Proposition
entangled
the
Senatours
,
many
of
whom
were
Pompey's
Friends
,
and
the
other
afraid
of
his
Army
,
so
that
they
durst
not
openly
oppose
it
;
but
were
for
finding
out
some
one
man
,
who
upon
that
occasion
would
for
their
interests
sacrifice
himself
to
the
hatred
of
Pompey
:
[
*
](A33186-e13360-b)
*
Marcus
Porcius
Cato
.
Cato
offered
himself
very
frankly
,
and
perhaps
was
drawn
into
it
by
the
cunning
of
Cicero
.
Cato
had
been
bred
up
in
the
Austere
Maximes
of
his
great
Grand-father
,
Cato
the
Censor
,
and
in
the
rigid
Opinions
of
the
Stoicks
:
Cicero
knew
his
Character
very
well
,
and
has
defined
it
very
pleasantly
,
that
he
was
severe
in
his
Manners
,
steady
in
his
Conduct
,
unalterable
in
his
Opinions
,
pitiless
towards
Offenders
,
and
no
mincer
of
faults
,
believing
that
a
wise
man
could
never
be
deceived
,
and
therefore
never
repented
,
and
that
the
Vertuous
onely
were
really
happy
,
rich
and
handsome
;
in
a
word
,
of
an
excellent
disposition
,
but
seldom
thought
right
,
and
one
that
spoke
in
the
Senate
,
as
if
he
had
been
in
the
Commonwealth
of
Plato
,
when
he
was
in
the
midst
of
the
corruptions
of
Rome
.
To
speak
truth
,
he
was
the
onely
man
amongst
them
that
heartily
designed
the
real
good
of
the
Republick
,
and
it
was
by
that
he
justly
acquired
the
reputation
of
his
Vertue
.
He
was
at
that
time
Tribune
of
the
people
with
Nepos
and
Bestia
;
the
principal
Authority
of
which
charge
consisted
in
putting
stop
to
any
thing
which
other
Magistrates
might
propose
to
the
prejudice
of
the
people
:
So
he
opposed
in
the
Senate
the
Opinion
of
Nepos
,
and
afterwards
when
that
Tribune
brought
the
matter
before
the
people
,
and
had
gathered
together
a
great
many
Souldiers
in
Arms
to
make
the
Law
pass
.
Cato
onely
presented
himself
with
[
*
](A33186-e13470-b)
*
Minutius
.
Thermus
one
of
his
Acquaintance
,
and
looking
upon
those
that
threatned
him
,
with
an
undaunted
air
,
he
went
and
seated
himself
between
Caesar
and
Nepos
.
He
told
Nepos
,
That
it
argued
very
little
Courage
in
him
to
Assemble
together
so
many
men
in
Arms
against
one
single
,
and
without
any
;
and
afterwards
when
the
Register
would
have
read
the
Edict
,
he
tore
it
out
of
his
hand
.
Nepos
,
who
knew
it
by
heart
,
would
have
pronounced
it
,
but
Thermus
laid
his
hand
upon
his
mouth
.
At
which
,
Nepos
gave
the
sign
to
his
Souldiers
,
when
instantly
,
and
in
a
moments
time
,
Vollies
of
Clubs
and
Stones
were
flying
round
the
place
,
the
people
ran
away
,
and
Cato
had
certainly
been
slain
,
had
not
[
*
](A33186-e13560-b)
*
Lucius
Murena
.
Murena
covered
him
with
his
Robe
,
and
Conducted
him
into
the
Temple
of
Castor
and
Pollux
:
Upon
which
occasion
this
Action
of
Murena
appeared
the
more
generous
in
that
he
exposed
his
life
for
a
man
who
not
long
before
had
accused
him
of
Crimes
to
take
it
away
.
The
people
enraged
,
returned
a
moment
after
in
great
numbers
,
and
drove
away
the
Souldiers
of
Nepos
.
Cato
came
back
again
upon
the
place
,
and
exhorted
the
Romans
,
if
they
would
ever
,
now
to
give
Testimony
of
their
Courage
:
In
fine
,
the
Law
did
not
pass
;
and
Nepos
after
a
great
many
Threatnings
thought
fit
to
withdraw
himself
from
Rome
,
and
went
to
find
out
Pompey
.
CHAP.
III.
Concerning
Clodius
,
and
the
return
of
Pompey
.
LOve
,
or
rather
that
Debauchery
which
reigned
in
Rome
,
even
to
excess
,
came
at
last
(
as
it
usually
does
)
to
increase
disorders
,
and
furnish
out
new
matter
for
the
Spirit
of
Sedition
and
Revenge
to
work
upon
.
Clodius
a
young
man
of
a
Noble
Family
,
rich
,
and
well
accomplished
,
was
one
of
those
that
affected
to
be
thought
well
with
the
Ladies
;
and
manag'd
matters
with
so
little
discretion
,
that
the
scandal
of
the
times
did
not
spare
him
even
in
relation
to
his
own
Sisters
,
whereof
he
had
three
Married
to
Men
of
the
best
Quality
,
Martius
sirnamed
Rex
,
[
*
](A33186-e13750-b)
*
Caecilius
Marcus
Lucullus
.
Metellus
Celer
,
Brother
to
Nepos
,
and
Lucullus
.
He
was
at
that
time
in
love
with
Pompeia
,
Caesar's
Wife
,
but
that
Lady
was
too
closely
guarded
under
the
Conduct
of
Aurelia
,
a
Woman
of
untainted
Vertue
,
and
Caesar's
Mother
:
Now
the
Romans
observed
a
certain
Festival
,
which
they
called
the
Feast
of
the
Good
Goddess
,
who
was
a
Nymph
,
espoused
of
Faunus
,
wherein
the
Women
onely
had
right
of
assisting
at
the
Sacrifices
,
which
they
performed
every
year
in
the
house
of
one
of
the
Magistrates
,
from
whence
the
men
were
obliged
to
withdraw
themselves
;
one
onely
being
enough
to
profane
the
Mysteries
,
should
he
be
present
:
Clodius
thought
this
opportunity
might
be
favourable
to
him
for
the
obtaining
some
moments
conversation
with
Pompeia
,
who
then
presided
at
the
Ceremony
,
the
Feast
being
kept
at
her
House
,
by
reason
her
Husband
was
Pretor
.
He
disguised
himself
in
the
habit
of
a
Woman
,
and
was
introduced
by
a
Slave
,
who
immediately
ran
to
give
her
Mistress
notice
.
But
she
not
returning
so
soon
as
was
expected
,
Clodius
rash
and
impatient
,
venturing
farther
into
the
House
,
was
stopt
upon
the
stairs
by
a
Woman
that
belonged
to
Aurelia
,
who
knowing
him
by
his
voice
,
gave
a
great
shriek
,
and
Allarum'd
the
Company
.
The
Feast
was
disturbed
,
the
Mysteries
presently
shut
up
and
concealed
,
and
the
Women
immediately
upon
search
for
Clodius
,
who
having
made
his
escape
out
of
her
hands
who
discovered
him
,
had
concealed
himself
in
the
Chamber
of
the
Slave
that
first
brought
him
thither
,
where
at
last
he
was
found
,
and
driven
out
of
the
House
with
Reproaches
and
Infamy
.
This
adventure
became
the
next
days
publick
discourse
,
and
every
body
was
asham'd
at
the
story
.
But
Caesar
resolv'd
to
take
the
wisest
and
most
honourable
course
he
could
,
and
being
unwilling
,
(
as
his
Affairs
then
stood
,
)
to
make
any
man
his
Enemy
,
was
contented
,
without
declaring
against
his
Wife
,
to
put
her
away
privately
,
and
being
afterwards
asked
the
Reason
,
said
,
he
did
not
believe
her
guilty
.
But
that
the
Wife
of
Caesar
ought
to
have
preserved
her self
from
the
suspicion
,
as
well
as
the
Crime
.
Cornificius
made
a
report
of
this
matter
in
an
Assembly
of
the
Senate
,
who
referring
it
to
the
consideration
of
the
Vestals
and
chief
Priests
,
they
declared
their
Opinion
that
it
was
an
Offence
of
the
highest
nature
against
the
Gods
and
their
Religion
:
It
was
then
put
to
the
Question
for
the
exhibiting
of
Informations
,
and
appointing
Judges
;
Upon
this
occasion
,
the
whole
City
became
divided
,
and
the
Animosities
of
the
Factions
were
renewed
.
Caesar
upon
the
expiration
of
his
Pretorship
was
to
go
and
take
possession
of
the
Government
of
Spain
,
but
was
retarded
by
the
Prosecution
of
his
Creditours
.
Crassus
who
was
his
Friend
,
and
wrought
upon
by
the
importunities
of
his
Wife
Tertulla
,
who
no
less
loved
Caesaer
than
Clodius
did
Pompeia
,
became
security
for
him
in
the
sum
of
Eight
hundred
and
thirty
Talents
.
It
was
in
this
Government
that
Caesar
viewing
the
statue
of
Alexander
▪
wept
to
think
that
he
had
done
nothing
great
and
memorable
,
at
an
Age
wherein
that
Prince
had
Conquered
almost
all
the
World
.
And
he
gave
indeed
sufficient
marks
and
evidences
of
his
Bravery
and
desire
of
Glory
,
for
he
reduced
all
those
Nations
to
be
Tributaries
to
the
Romans
,
and
collected
together
so
vast
a
Treasure
to
himself
,
and
in
the
name
of
the
Commonwealth
,
as
enabled
him
afterwards
to
imitate
that
Alexander
.
Pompey
was
now
returned
home
to
Rome
,
covered
with
Glories
for
the
defeat
of
Mithridates
,
and
the
Conquest
of
the
greater
part
of
Asia
:
He
had
upon
his
arrival
in
Italy
,
sent
back
his
Troops
to
prevent
such
suspicions
as
might
arise
from
his
coming
at
the
head
of
an
Army
,
so
that
he
obtained
the
honour
of
Triumph
with
a
general
Applause
,
and
with
so
much
more
Splendour
,
in
regard
that
he
now
Triumphed
over
another
third
part
of
the
World
,
after
having
received
the
same
Honour
for
the
Conquest
of
two
parts
before
.
The
Triumph
lasted
two
days
,
wherein
were
exposed
the
names
of
fifteen
Conquer'd
Provinces
,
eight
hundred
Cities
,
and
a
thousand
Castles
.
The
Gold
,
the
Silver
,
and
the
Jewels
that
made
up
part
of
this
publick
Pomp
,
amounted
to
the
value
of
two
Millions
of
Gold
:
He
made
it
appear
by
an
account
plainly
stated
,
that
he
had
improved
the
revenue
of
the
Common-wealth
twelve
Millions
,
without
mentioning
what
he
had
distributed
amongst
his
Men
of
War
,
whereof
the
meanest
Souldiers
share
was
a
hundred
and
fifty
Crowns
.
Amongst
his
Prisoners
appeared
the
Son
of
Tygranes
,
the
King
of
Armenia
,
with
his
Wife
and
Daughter
.
Zozima
the
Wife
of
King
Tygranes
himself
.
Aristobulus
King
of
the
Jews
.
The
Sister
of
Mithridates
,
with
five
of
her
Children
.
The
Ladies
of
Scythia
,
and
the
[
*
](A33186-e14140-b)
*
The
People
of
that
Countrey
,
called
now
Georgia
.
Hyberian
,
and
[
†
](A33186-e14170-b)
†
The
People
inhabiting
near
the
Caspian
Sea
.
Albanian
Hostages
,
with
those
of
the
King
of
[
‖
](A33186-e14200-b)
‖
A
Neighbouring
Province
to
Syria
.
Comagena
.
But
one
disgustfull
thing
in
his
Family
,
troubled
all
the
Joy
which
the
lustre
of
so
much
glory
might
else
have
given
him
;
his
Wife
Mutia
had
not
seen
Caesar
with
altogether
somuch
Caution
as
was
requisite
,
and
some
people
more
officious
than
was
necessary
,
had
taken
pains
to
give
him
notice
of
it
upon
his
first
coming
down
into
Italy
,
so
that
immediately
after
his
Arrival
at
Rome
,
he
put
her
away
.
Besides
,
Pompey
found
an
occasion
not
to
be
very
well
pleased
with
the
Senate
,
for
(
in
regard
that
those
who
demanded
the
Triumph
,
were
not
permitted
to
enter
the
City
,
)
he
had
desired
the
Election
of
Consuls
might
be
deferred
till
after
his
Triumph
was
over
,
that
he
might
be
present
to
assist
the
Pretensions
of
Piso
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
Cato
opposed
it
,
and
persuaded
the
Senate
to
reject
the
demand
.
But
the
People
resolved
to
maintain
the
Authority
of
Pompey
,
and
Piso
was
chosen
Consul
with
[
*
](A33186-e14320-b)
*
The
year
after
the
foundation
of
Rome
,
693.
Messalla
:
Pompey
afterwards
solicited
that
all
things
done
by
him
in
Asia
and
elsewhere
,
might
be
confirmed
and
approved
of
.
But
all
other
matters
were
now
set
aside
for
the
dispatching
the
business
of
Clodius
,
who
desiring
to
know
if
the
choice
of
the
Judges
were
in
the
Pretor
or
the
People
:
Pompey
avoided
the
declaring
himself
upon
that
Point
:
but
Messala
,
Crassus
,
Cato
,
Cicero
,
Lucullus
,
and
all
the
honest
Party
were
for
the
Pretor
.
Piso
the
Consul
assisted
by
Curio
at
the
head
of
all
the
young
Men
,
appeared
on
the
other
side
.
And
the
matter
was
debated
with
a
great
deal
of
sharpness
.
Cato
inveighed
against
the
Consul
;
Clodius
,
who
was
present
,
answered
him
with
Anger
,
and
in
his
speeches
uttered
reproachfull
Language
against
Lucullus
,
Hortensius
,
and
Messala
himself
.
In
short
,
after
a
high
and
hot
Contest
both
in
the
Senate
,
and
before
the
People
,
Hortensius
a
Noble
Senatour
,
and
one
not
inferiour
for
Eloquence
to
Cicero
himself
,
proposed
the
Publishing
of
the
Edict
by
Fusius
the
Tribune
.
The
People
insisted
upon
their
Right
of
chusing
the
Judges
,
and
by
the
underhand
management
of
Clodius
,
at
last
they
were
named
.
He
alledged
,
that
upon
the
day
of
the
Festival
of
the
Good
Goddess
he
was
not
in
Rome
;
and
offered
to
prove
it
.
Now
Cicero
had
had
an
Intrigue
with
one
of
Clodius
his
Sisters
,
who
thought
to
have
Married
him
.
But
his
Wife
Terentia
,
a
haughty
and
jealous
Woman
,
quickly
broke
off
that
Correspondence
,
and
made
her
Husband
depose
,
that
upon
the
very
same
day
whereon
Clodius
pretended
not
to
have
been
in
Rome
,
he
made
him
a
visit
at
his
House
.
This
Action
,
the
effect
of
a
Womans
Jealousie
,
was
the
Fountain
of
all
that
hatred
which
Clodius
afterwards
conceived
against
Cicero
,
and
which
,
upon
the
rebound
,
affected
,
even
the
Republick
it self
,
in
obliging
him
to
contribute
so
much
as
he
did
to
the
union
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
.
Now
then
,
his
Evidence
being
received
with
Honour
;
and
the
Judges
demanding
Guards
for
their
safety
,
Clodius
by
his
Cunning
and
Money
carried
the
Cause
,
and
of
the
fifty
Judges
that
were
appointed
,
thirty
appeared
and
declared
for
him
:
Upon
which
occasion
,
Cicero
told
Clodius
(
who
reproached
him
,
for
that
the
Judges
would
not
credit
him
)
they
are
the
thirty
who
took
your
Money
when
they
would
not
take
your
word
,
the
other
twenty
were
satisfied
with
mine
:
And
Catulus
seeing
them
returning
from
the
place
where
they
gave
Judgment
,
Rallied
them
,
saying
,
They
had
done
wisely
to
desire
Cuards
,
they
might
else
have
been
robb'd
of
the
Money
they
had
gotten
.
This
Decree
of
Judgment
offended
all
the
honester
sort
in
Rome
;
and
Cicero
above
the
rest
,
who
had
rashly
drawn
upon
himself
the
hatred
of
a
Man
,
of
so
great
Credit
,
and
one
rash
and
violent
,
even
to
madness
;
so
that
from
that
time
he
thought
to
assist
himself
,
by
making
a
friendship
with
Pompey
against
Clodius
,
who
meditated
nothing
but
Revenge
,
and
to
bring
it
in
some
measure
about
,
had
contrived
under-hand
to
get
himself
the
Tribuneship
.
But
considering
he
was
of
one
of
the
first
Families
of
the
Patricians
,
who
never
were
wont
to
be
received
into
those
charges
,
Metellus
his
own
Brother-in-Law
opposed
his
Design
,
and
he
lost
it
.
CHAP.
IV.
Pompey
makes
the
Consuls
:
He
ruffles
the
Senate
.
The
union
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
.
AFter
this
,
Pompey
again
began
to
solicite
the
Confirmation
of
all
that
he
had
done
in
Asia
,
and
a
reward
for
his
Souldiers
,
for
which
he
demanded
the
setting
apart
of
certain
Lands
:
He
had
already
prevailed
by
his
Credit
in
the
Election
of
two
Consuls
,
Metellus
Celer
,
and
[
*
](A33186-e14790-b)
*
The
year
of
Rome
,
699.
Afranius
,
but
quickly
found
himself
mistaken
in
his
Choice
:
Afranius
,
who
was
a
man
wholly
given
over
to
his
Pleasure
,
never
acquired
to
himself
any
Authority
in
the
Senate
;
and
Metellus
drowned
every
thought
of
any
new
obligation
he
had
to
Pompey
,
in
remembrance
of
the
Disgrace
done
to
his
Sister
Mutia
.
Cato
on
the
other
side
set
all
his
Power
against
the
Interests
of
Pompey
,
and
Lucullus
was
for
being
revenged
of
him
,
for
that
he
had
deprived
him
of
the
Honour
of
Triumphing
over
Mithridates
:
The
ordinary
methods
upon
these
Occasions
,
was
the
gaining
of
the
Tribunes
.
The
People
being
always
managed
and
guided
by
those
Magistrates
set
over
them
for
the
defence
of
their
Privileges
against
the
Senate
,
and
it
was
upon
this
pretence
the
Tribunes
usually
supported
themselves
,
their
Authority
well
managed
,
being
so
highly
respected
,
that
they
had
power
of
Imprisoning
even
the
Consuls
themselves
.
Flavius
one
of
these
Tribunes
,
proposed
the
Edict
or
Law
for
the
reward
of
the
Souldiers
.
Metellus
interposed
with
his
Authority
for
the
hindrance
of
it
,
till
the
Contest
rising
even
to
blows
and
bloudshed
,
the
Tribune
caused
the
Consul
to
be
Arrested
;
and
when
the
Senate
in
a
whole
body
would
have
made
themselves
Prisoners
with
him
,
placed
his
Tribunal
at
the
Prison
door
,
and
forbad
them
entrance
.
Upon
which
the
Senate
caused
in
another
place
the
walls
to
be
broken
down
,
so
that
by
these
means
it
came
to
pass
that
private
hatred
,
interest
,
and
each
particular
passion
,
began
dayly
to
mingle
themselves
in
Rome
,
disguised
in
the
business
of
the
Common-wealth
.
And
by
this
example
we
may
reasonably
judge
of
all
other
such
Quarrels
;
The
constancy
of
the
Senate
began
to
shake
the
resolutions
of
the
People
,
who
evermore
judge
of
all
extraordinary
Actions
by
their
outward
appearances
.
This
Pompey
quickly
perceived
,
and
made
it
his
request
to
the
Tribune
,
that
matters
might
be
accommodated
,
pretending
Commission
from
Metellus
for
his
so
doing
,
which
he
that
well
understands
the
firmness
and
resolution
of
that
Consul
will
find
very
hard
to
believe
.
Now
Caesar
had
very
good
intelligence
of
all
these
disturbances
,
and
of
the
reasons
Pompey
had
to
be
dissatisfied
,
so
that
he
now
resolved
either
to
improve
his
own
Authority
with
the
Senate
,
or
take
some
handsome
opportunity
to
quit
their
interest
:
His
services
in
Spain
had
deserved
the
Honour
of
Triumph
,
since
it
had
been
often
allowed
upon
less
occasions
,
insomuch
that
he
demanded
it
,
and
declared
at
the
same
time
his
design
was
to
pursue
also
the
Consulship
.
Now
these
demands
were
inconsistent
,
for
that
the
Law
forbids
any
one
that
demanded
the
Triumph
entrance
into
the
City
,
and
required
that
whosoever
sued
for
the
Consulship
,
must
doe
it
in
his
proper
Person
.
Caesar
therefore
sent
his
Letters
to
the
Senate
,
desiring
that
he
might
be
dispensed
withall
in
respect
of
those
Formalities
.
But
Cato
in
his
usual
manner
stood
up
for
the
maintaining
of
the
Laws
to
their
utmost
rigour
,
and
his
Opinion
prevailed
above
all
others
,
so
that
then
Caesar
without
any
farther
consideration
resolved
to
renounce
the
Triumph
,
and
came
to
Rome
to
solicite
the
Consulship
.
And
as
he
very
well
understood
the
Credit
of
Pompey
,
and
was
not
ignorant
of
his
Quarrel
to
the
Senate
,
this
appeared
no
unfavourable
juncture
for
him
to
engage
himself
into
his
Interests
.
Pompey
on
the
other
side
was
no
less
glad
to
gain
a
man
of
such
extraordinary
Merit
,
and
the
Friends
of
both
Parties
began
to
promise
themselves
no
small
advantages
from
the
union
,
so
that
it
was
easily
brought
about
,
and
their
Alliance
confirmed
by
mutual
Oaths
.
When
this
was
done
,
Caesar
made
it
his
business
to
bring
Crassus
into
the
League
,
who
seeing
his
interest
too
weak
to
dispute
it
with
two
such
Men
,
was
easily
persuaded
to
strengthen
it
by
joining
with
theirs
,
and
Caesar
being
made
Judge
of
the
Dispute
between
Pompey
and
him
,
managed
the
matter
so
well
,
that
a
perfect
Reconciliation
was
established
between
them
,
and
all
the
Subjects
of
their
former
differences
utterly
forgotten
.
Now
nothing
could
appear
outwardly
an
Action
of
more
Honour
,
than
the
reconciling
of
two
men
,
whose
hatred
might
have
produced
so
terrible
effects
as
theirs
:
But
that
League
which
was
called
afterwards
the
Triumvirate
was
the
first
power
that
ever
broke
in
upon
the
Liberty
of
Rome
.
CHAP.
V.
Caesar's
Consulship
,
and
what
follow'd
.
THE
first
effect
of
it
was
the
promotion
of
Caesar
to
the
Consulship
:
he
had
two
that
stood
against
him
;
Luceius
who
was
very
Covetous
,
and
very
Rich
,
and
Bibulus
:
Luceius
was
taken
off
by
great
Promises
,
and
bribed
to
bring
what
voices
he
could
for
Caesar
:
The
Senatours
who
supported
Bibulus
,
made
a
voluntary
Collection
among
themselves
,
and
gave
as
much
on
their
side
:
So
that
Bibulus
was
chosen
with
Caesar.
Cato
himself
being
persuaded
to
believe
that
the
Law
which
forbad
all
manner
of
Bribery
on
these
occasions
,
ought
nevertheless
at
that
time
to
give
place
to
the
interest
of
the
Commonwealth
.
In
a
word
,
Caesar
was
chosen
one
,
and
from
that
time
wholly
apply'd
himself
to
win
the
favour
of
the
People
,
and
the
Argument
he
wrought
by
,
was
the
Agrarian
Law
;
this
Law
was
a
Proposition
for
the
disposal
of
such
Lands
as
belong'd
to
the
Republick
in
common
,
in
favour
of
the
poor
Souldiers
,
and
such
of
the
People
as
had
more
than
three
Children
.
The
People
it
is
to
be
imagined
were
always
very
well
pleased
with
this
Proposition
.
For
the
most
violent
Mutinies
that
had
ever
hapned
in
the
City
of
Rome
,
(
such
as
those
of
the
[
*
](A33186-e15230-b)
*
Tiberius
and
Caius
,
who
strongly
asserting
that
Law
,
were
slain
by
the
Senatours
.
The
name
of
their
Family
was
Sempronius
.
Gracchi
,
and
others
)
had
been
made
upon
this
occasion
,
and
Examples
are
to
be
found
of
the
like
nature
in
all
the
Roman
History
.
Caesar
had
besides
taken
very
proper
methods
;
for
the
Law
was
drawn
in
Terms
so
very
just
,
that
no
Censure
could
find
fault
with
it
.
He
declared
to
the
Senatours
that
he
would
think
of
doing
nothing
without
their
Authority
,
that
he
would
not
propose
any
of
his
Friends
,
or
any
body
else
that
might
be
liable
to
suspicion
as
Commissioners
for
the
disposal
of
it
,
but
that
they
should
be
all
Persons
of
Condition
,
such
as
had
well
discharged
themselves
of
great
Employments
,
and
were
of
known
Reputation
and
Ability
:
This
fair
and
cautious
way
of
dealing
left
hardly
any
room
for
contradiction
.
But
all
this
while
the
Senate
had
it
in
their
Power
,
if
they
thought
fitting
to
oppose
this
Law
.
So
that
from
day
to
day
the
affair
was
adjourned
:
Till
at
last
Cato
pulling
off
the
Mask
,
declared
how
it
was
not
to
be
suffered
that
any
thing
of
the
present
Estate
should
be
changed
,
the
Senatours
all
pronounced
their
Opinion
to
be
the
same
,
and
Caesar
complaining
of
the
injustice
and
stubborness
of
the
Senate
remitted
the
affair
to
the
People
,
taking
with
him
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
whose
advice
he
asked
concerning
this
Law
:
They
both
of
them
approved
of
it
,
and
Pompey
declared
that
if
those
who
opposed
it
should
come
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
,
he
would
oppose
his
Sword
and
his
Shield
against
them
,
so
a
day
was
appointed
for
the
publishing
of
this
Law
.
The
People
gathered
together
in
great
numbers
,
and
spight
of
all
opposition
to
the
company
,
drove
Cato
and
Bibulus
himself
with
stones
and
clubs
from
off
the
place
;
the
Consuls
Axes
were
broken
in
pieces
,
and
the
People
approving
the
Ordinance
,
declared
they
would
have
all
the
Senatours
swear
to
the
observation
of
it
.
Almost
all
of
them
took
the
Oath
except
Cato
,
Metellus
and
Favonius
,
who
nevertheless
made
shift
to
swallow
it
at
last
,
to
save
the
Fines
that
were
setting
on
their
heads
:
From
this
time
Bibulus
never
durst
venture
to
appear
in
publick
,
and
Caesar
declared
that
he
would
not
call
the
Senate
any
more
that
year
:
He
nevertheless
proceeded
to
pass
several
Edicts
before
the
People
in
spight
of
those
which
Bibulus
had
caused
to
be
fixed
up
against
him
,
and
Pompey
,
whom
he
already
had
by
his
discourse
brought
into
an
ill
Opinion
with
the
People
,
as
did
appear
from
the
Games
which
were
celebrated
in
the
honour
of
Apollo
,
where
an
excellent
Comedian
called
Diphilus
,
speaking
these
Verses
,
By
our
misfortunes
thou
dost
great
appear
,
That
Title
once
may
chance
to
cost
thee
dear
.
The
People
gave
a
general
Applause
,
and
made
the
Player
repeat
it
over
and
over
Now
this
made
Pompey
think
it
convenient
to
enter
into
a
stricter
union
with
Caesar
,
by
the
Alliances
of
Consanguinity
.
So
he
Wedded
Iulia
the
Daughter
of
Caesar
,
who
was
very
Beautifull
,
very
Vertuous
,
and
lived
very
well
with
him
;
Caesar
took
also
to
Wife
Calphurnia
,
the
Daugher
of
Lucius
Piso
,
whom
they
designed
Consul
for
the
year
ensuing
,
with
Gabinius
a
Creature
of
Pompey's
.
In
short
,
all
that
Pompey
had
done
in
Asia
was
confirmed
and
approved
of
,
and
the
Government
of
all
Gaul
and
Illyria
was
given
to
Caesar
for
five
years
,
with
the
command
of
four
Legions
.
CHAP.
VI.
The
pursuit
of
Caesar's
Consulship
.
The
Affair
of
Vettius
;
Clodius
admitted
into
the
popular
Order
.
The
Banishment
of
Cicero
.
THIS
manner
of
proceeding
extremely
Allarum'd
the
Senate
,
every
one
laught
at
them
publickly
for
their
idleness
,
and
negligence
,
and
at
the
head
of
those
Acts
where
used
to
be
inscribed
the
names
of
the
Consuls
,
some
body
or
other
instead
of
Caesar
and
Bibulus
,
wrote
onely
Caius
Caesar
,
and
Iulius
Caesar
,
which
were
onely
two
names
,
belonging
to
one
man
;
besides
the
Affair
of
Vettius
appeared
greatly
to
increase
suspicion
,
which
was
thus
.
He
declared
that
Bibulus
,
Lucullus
,
Domitius
and
Curio
had
endeavour'd
the
persuading
of
him
to
murther
Pompey
;
indeed
he
did
not
name
Cicero
,
but
gave
very
shrewd
signs
of
him
,
by
saying
,
That
a
certain
man
of
consular
Dignity
,
very
Eloquent
,
and
a
Neighbour
to
Bibulus
,
had
told
him
that
they
never
stood
in
more
need
than
now
of
a
man
bold
and
enterprising
as
[
*
](A33186-e15760-b)
*
Servilius
,
who
kill'd
Metius
,
when
he
aspired
to
the
Tyranny
.
Hala
,
or
the
[
†
](A33186-e15800-b)
†
He
who
drove
the
Tarquins
out
of
Rome
.
Ancient
Brutus
.
Adding
moreover
,
that
Bibulus
had
given
him
a
Dagger
.
This
last
deposition
appear'd
but
as
a
mere
jeast
to
the
Senate
,
as
if
Daggers
had
been
so
very
scarce
at
Rome
,
that
no
man
could
furnish
himself
with
one
,
but
at
the
hands
of
a
Consul
:
Besides
,
Bibulus
himself
had
given
Pompey
notice
to
beware
of
some
Treason
which
threatned
him
;
it
came
to
pass
too
,
afterwards
,
that
Vettius
named
Paulus
,
for
the
chief
of
the
Conspiracy
,
and
it
is
very
much
to
be
believed
that
there
were
some
more
particular
reasons
than
ordinary
that
moved
him
to
it
.
Cicero
says
it
was
Caesar
,
who
had
a
mind
to
bring
a
reproach
upon
Curio
,
a
young
man
of
great
expectations
,
but
utterly
opposite
to
his
interest
.
In
short
,
the
Senate
committed
Vettius
to
Prison
,
upon
pretence
that
he
had
worn
Arms
contrary
to
the
Law
in
that
case
provided
.
So
that
every
body
according
to
their
own
inclination
gave
their
particular
account
of
this
business
:
But
all
disputes
of
that
nature
were
quickly
ended
by
the
fate
of
Vettius
,
who
died
in
Prison
,
and
being
one
of
but
obscure
condition
,
there
was
no
body
who
took
very
great
pains
to
enquire
how
he
came
by
his
end
.
The
management
of
Cicero
in
all
this
business
began
to
render
him
very
much
suspected
to
the
Triumvirate
,
and
he
had
lost
his
reputation
with
them
utterly
by
a
discourse
which
he
made
against
Caesar
in
pleading
for
Caius
Antonius
,
who
had
been
his
Collegue
in
the
Consulship
.
Caesar
thought
it
not
by
any
means
worth
his
while
to
contend
with
Cicero
in
ill
Language
and
Railing
,
and
therefore
took
another
way
to
revenge
himself
,
and
the
very
same
day
wrought
the
People
to
give
their
consent
for
the
Adoption
of
Clodius
.
This
man
who
laboured
by
all
means
imaginable
for
the
ruine
of
Cicero
,
aspired
(
as
was
said
before
)
to
the
charge
of
the
Tribuneship
,
and
to
take
away
the
objection
against
that
pretence
,
of
his
being
of
the
Family
of
the
Patricians
,
had
procured
himself
to
be
Adopted
by
a
man
among
the
People
,
called
Flavius
.
Now
it
was
necessary
that
the
People
should
confirm
this
Adoption
by
their
Approbation
,
and
this
was
brought
to
pass
wholly
by
the
Authority
of
Caesar.
Cicero
was
too-sharp
sighted
not
to
discern
easily
whither
this
matter
tended
;
but
was
sufficiently
convinced
when
he
saw
Clodius
made
Tribune
of
the
People
:
He
appealed
for
Protection
to
the
Senate
,
and
laboured
underhand
among
the
order
of
Knights
,
with
whom
he
was
in
very
great
esteem
,
in
regard
that
he
had
once
fallen
out
with
Cato
himself
,
for
the
supporting
of
the
Farmers
in
their
Rights
of
the
Common-wealth
,
who
were
almost
all
of
them
belonging
to
that
order
.
But
his
strongest
hope
was
in
the
Friendship
of
Pompey
,
with
whom
he
had
always
preserved
a
very
strict
Alliance
:
But
Pompey
had
already
sacrificed
every
thing
of
that
kind
to
the
inclinations
of
Caesar
and
Crassus
,
whom
Cicero
had
mortally
offended
by
that
eternal
itch
which
he
had
to
be
jeasting
.
Pompey
assured
him
nevertheless
of
his
Protection
;
and
Caesar
offered
to
make
him
his
Lieutenant
General
:
't
is
true
,
he
had
a
very
good
stomach
to
that
employment
:
But
Pompey
advised
him
not
to
leave
Rome
,
and
Clodius
found
too
a
device
now
to
delude
him
with
false
hopes
of
Reconcilement
,
by
the
means
of
his
Sister
,
(
whom
some
of
Cicero's
Friends
entirely
governed
)
to
the
end
that
he
might
be
confounded
,
and
born
down
,
e'er
he
could
think
of
any
measures
for
his
defence
:
In
short
,
all
the
world
conspired
to
deceive
him
,
the
piercing
judgment
and
delicacy
of
Apprehension
,
upon
which
he
was
wont
so
much
to
value
himself
,
became
absolutely
unserviceable
upon
this
occasion
,
and
he
knew
not
what
was
contrived
against
him
till
it
was
too
late
,
and
impossible
to
avoid
it
.
Clodius
by
the
distributions
of
Corn
,
which
he
made
of
his
own
free
gift
among
the
Poor
,
began
to
get
ground
in
the
good
Opinion
of
the
People
,
and
afterwards
forbad
the
Censors
to
set
the
mark
of
Infamy
upon
any
man
,
without
the
consent
of
the
Senatours
,
and
Roman
Knights
.
At
last
,
which
was
the
principal
movement
of
all
,
he
proposed
the
Law
for
enquiring
into
all
such
as
had
caused
any
Roman
Citizen
to
be
put
to
death
,
without
having
time
given
him
to
make
his
defence
.
And
now
every
one
began
to
see
the
danger
which
threatned
Cicero
;
all
his
wonted
constancy
forsook
him
,
and
he
went
up
and
down
the
City
,
soliciting
his
Cause
from
House
to
House
in
a
mourning
Robe
,
with
his
Beard
grown
long
,
and
his
hair
unregarded
,
attended
by
Roman
Knights
,
to
the
number
of
twenty
thousand
,
all
bearing
him
company
,
and
beseeching
in
his
behalf
:
Besides
,
a
great
many
young
men
of
Noble
Families
,
who
had
learnt
of
him
the
rules
of
Eloquence
,
and
amongst
the
rest
the
very
Sons
of
Crassus
.
But
Clodius
,
followed
by
a
number
of
armed
Souldiers
,
insulted
over
him
,
and
reproached
him
with
the
meanness
of
his
behaviour
,
till
it
almost
came
to
the
throwing
of
stones
and
dirt
at
each
other
.
But
the
respect
which
was
always
had
to
the
Office
of
Tribunes
,
their
Persons
being
held
as
Sacred
,
hindred
any
of
Cicero's
side
from
returning
the
injuries
that
were
offered
,
yet
nevertheless
the
Senatours
were
of
Opinion
to
order
a
general
habit
of
mourning
;
but
Piso
and
Gabinius
,
who
were
Consuls
,
hindered
the
debate
from
coming
to
any
conclusion
,
and
Clodius
summoning
them
to
appear
before
the
People
,
all
that
Piso
said
,
was
,
That
he
took
no
delight
in
Cruelty
,
but
Gabinius
condemned
the
Consulship
of
Cicero
.
His
onely
retreat
now
was
to
the
favour
of
Pompey
,
who
was
indeed
able
to
have
done
him
good
service
,
as
well
by
the
Alliance
he
had
with
Clodius
,
as
also
by
his
Authority
with
Gabinius
,
who
depended
absolutely
upon
him
:
But
Pompey
would
have
nothing
to
doe
in
the
matter
,
and
when
Cicero
came
to
prefer
his
Cause
to
him
,
made
his
escape
by
a
back
door
to
avoid
seeing
of
him
.
He
found
himself
now
reduced
to
the
last
necessity
of
taking
up
Arms
for
the
defence
of
his
life
,
which
he
might
easily
have
done
,
and
would
have
found
a
great
many
followers
.
But
War
was
not
his
Province
,
or
as
he
said
himself
,
Not
being
able
to
bear
the
bloudshed
of
his
Countrey-men
,
and
Fellow-Citizens
,
he
resolved
upon
the
advice
of
Cato
and
the
rest
of
his
Friends
,
to
withdraw
himself
:
so
taking
a
little
statue
of
Minerva
,
which
he
had
in
his
House
,
he
carried
it
to
the
Capitol
,
and
made
a
Dedication
of
it
there
,
with
this
Inscription
,
To
Minerva
the
Guardian
of
the
City
.
So
immediately
left
Rome
,
and
went
into
Sicily
.
After
this
retreat
,
Clodius
caused
Cicero
to
be
banished
by
the
Votes
of
the
People
,
forbidding
any
one
to
receive
,
or
give
him
entertainment
within
five
hundred
miles
of
the
City
.
After
this
he
caused
his
Palaces
both
in
the
City
and
the
Countrey
,
to
be
demolished
,
and
Dedicated
the
ground
whereon
that
in
the
City
stood
,
to
the
Goddess
Concordia
,
which
was
a
proceeding
never
till
then
used
towards
any
man
,
who
had
not
been
declared
a
Traitor
to
the
Commonwealth
.
In
short
,
he
omitted
nothing
which
might
express
all
that
it
was
possible
for
hatred
and
revenge
to
inspire
.
CHAP.
VII
.
The
departure
of
Caesar
for
the
Gallick
War
,
and
the
return
of
Cicero
.
AS
we
may
justly
call
these
Proceedings
the
Preludes
of
Civil
War
,
in
regard
they
were
effects
of
the
Union
of
Pompey
and
Caesar
,
which
according
to
the
Opinion
of
Cato
,
ruined
the
Foundations
of
the
Roman
Liberty
.
It
will
be
necessary
that
we
now
come
to
particulars
.
Caesar
left
Rome
at
this
time
,
and
indeed
with
something
more
haste
than
was
ordinary
.
In
regard
he
was
threatned
to
be
called
to
an
account
of
his
Conduct
during
his
Consulship
;
some
Tribunes
of
the
People
whom
he
had
gained
to
his
Party
,
opposed
the
business
,
in
regard
he
was
then
absent
upon
the
Service
of
the
Commonwealth
,
yet
could
not
carry
it
so
,
but
that
his
Questor
or
Treasurer
was
condemned
.
Caesar
was
then
beginning
the
War
against
the
Gauls
,
whom
he
afterwards
Conquered
,
Pompey
remaining
alone
at
Rome
with
an
absolute
Authority
,
for
Crassus
appeared
wholly
taken
up
with
increasing
his
own
private
Fortune
,
and
improving
its
Revenues
;
Cicero
was
Banished
,
and
Lucullus
,
who
was
the
onely
man
capable
of
disputing
the
first
Post
,
by
his
merit
,
and
the
great
Actions
he
had
done
,
had
setled
himself
in
a
private
retreat
,
where
he
enjoyed
all
those
pleasures
of
Magnificence
,
and
perfect
living
,
upon
which
the
Proverb
was
afterwards
grounded
of
Lucullus
his
Meal
.
Now
this
opportunity
put
it
into
Clodius's
head
(
who
was
as
vain
and
extravagant
as
was
necessary
for
such
a
Project
)
to
establish
his
Reputation
upon
the
Ruine
of
Pompey's
.
The
happy
success
of
his
Designs
hitherto
,
and
the
favour
of
the
People
,
made
nothing
appear
impossible
to
his
hopes
.
So
he
immediately
took
off
Cato
upon
pretence
of
sending
him
against
Ptolemy
King
of
Cyprus
.
Claudius
thought
himself
injured
by
that
Prince
;
because
,
when
he
was
a
Prisoner
among
the
Corsaires
,
he
sent
him
onely
two
Talents
to
pay
his
Ransome
:
This
Ptolemy
was
very
rich
,
and
having
gotten
intelligence
that
the
Romans
would
declare
War
against
him
,
put
himself
to
Sea
with
the
best
part
of
his
Treasure
.
Clodius
apply'd
himself
next
to
the
business
of
Pompey
,
setting
the
Sons
of
Tygranes
,
over
whom
Pompey
had
Triumphed
,
out
of
Prison
.
Gabinius
would
needs
oppose
this
mad
proceeding
,
but
Clodius
guarded
by
armed
Slaves
,
whom
he
had
drawn
out
of
the
Mountains
of
Tuscany
,
attack'd
him
upon
the
place
,
broke
the
Axes
which
were
carry'd
before
him
,
as
Consul
,
and
wounded
a
great
many
of
those
that
followed
him
.
Now
Pompey
saw
by
this
,
that
it
was
high
time
for
him
to
take
other
measures
,
and
upon
consideration
could
think
of
no
man
so
fit
for
the
purpose
,
as
Milo
,
who
was
then
too
Tribune
,
a
man
fond
of
any
undertaking
,
wherein
there
appeared
a
prospect
of
Preferment
;
besides
,
he
was
Cicero's
Friend
,
and
stout
to
the
last
extremity
:
Pompey
resolved
too
to
have
Cicero
recalled
,
and
to
that
end
used
his
best
interest
with
his
Friends
:
To
this
design
,
Clodius
opposed
himself
,
and
was
seconded
in
it
by
his
Brother
Appius
,
and
Metellus
Nepos
,
who
was
chosen
Consul
for
a
little
while
,
and
had
been
an
ancient
Enemy
of
Cicero's
:
The
other
Consul
Lentulus
,
whom
Clodius
hated
;
for
that
he
had
been
against
him
in
the
affair
of
Pompeia
,
declared
himself
openly
for
Cicero
,
as
did
all
the
Senate
.
Upon
this
,
Quintus
follows
with
all
diligence
the
calling
home
of
Cicero
his
Brother
,
and
Milo
was
to
publish
the
Proclamation
:
Therefore
as
each
of
these
two
Parties
supported
themselves
under
the
Authority
of
one
of
the
Consuls
,
the
Sedition
grew
to
be
very
terrible
.
Now
the
Romans
were
wont
to
be
very
expensive
in
the
Pomp
of
their
Funerals
,
and
amongst
many
other
shews
,
used
to
exhibite
those
which
were
called
the
Funeral
Sports
,
where
after
a
barbarous
manner
the
Gladiatours
fought
to
the
utmost
earnest
,
and
slew
one
another
in
honour
of
the
dead
person
,
whose
Memory
they
Celebrated
:
Appius
had
upon
this
occasion
a
great
number
of
these
to
pay
those
last
Offices
of
Duty
to
one
of
his
dead
Relations
.
Clodius
assisted
by
these
Gladiatours
,
threw
himself
among
the
People
that
were
gathered
together
for
the
recalling
of
Cicero
:
Upon
which
arose
the
most
horrid
disorders
imaginable
:
many
of
the
People
were
killed
,
the
Tribunes
were
wounded
,
and
Quintus
was
almost
overwhelmed
with
the
bodies
of
the
dead
,
so
that
the
People
,
unprepared
for
such
a
surprisal
,
separated
themselves
and
fled
.
But
after
a
day
or
two
Milo
seised
upon
Clodius
,
and
carried
him
before
the
Pretors
,
to
answer
for
those
violences
,
Metellus
forbad
the
Pretors
to
take
any
cognisance
of
the
matter
,
so
that
at
last
Milo
gathering
together
the
trustiest
of
his
Friends
,
and
being
guarded
by
the
Gladiatours
of
Pompey
,
fiercely
Conducted
Cicero's
Brother
into
the
publick
place
.
This
Tribune
indeed
seemed
as
if
made
on
purpose
for
the
opposing
of
Clodius
,
for
he
was
every
way
as
mutinous
as
he
,
but
at
the
bottom
was
stouter
,
Clodius
upon
this
returns
,
where
it
wanted
but
a
hairs
breadth
of
coming
to
a
downright
Battel
,
but
that
after
a
little
bloud
drawn
as
well
on
one
side
,
as
the
other
,
Clodius
was
beaten
off
,
and
Mark
Anthony
,
who
was
young
,
and
at
that
time
in
Cicero's
Party
follow'd
him
with
his
Sword
in
his
hand
,
and
had
certainly
killed
him
,
had
he
not
made
his
escape
into
the
house
of
a
certain
Bookseller
,
who
concealed
him
under
his
Books
.
So
that
Cicero's
Friends
remaining
Masters
of
the
Field
,
caused
a
Decree
to
be
passed
for
his
return
,
and
there
appeared
at
that
time
so
good
an
understanding
between
the
Senate
and
the
People
,
that
of
four
hundred
Senatours
,
there
was
none
but
Clodius
,
who
was
not
for
him
;
we
may
see
in
his
works
the
Glory
and
Pomp
of
his
return
,
with
what
an
Air
he
spoke
,
and
after
what
manner
he
treated
those
that
had
injured
him
,
how
he
transported
himself
against
Piso
,
Gabinius
,
and
even
poor
Clodia
too
,
whose
Reputation
he
Massacred
after
a
most
merciless
manner
in
the
defence
of
Caelius
.
But
this
being
little
to
our
present
purpose
,
let
it
suffice
to
say
,
that
as
he
had
too
much
wit
not
to
take
warning
by
Examples
past
,
he
took
care
to
reform
his
Conduct
and
his
Manners
;
he
therefore
applyed
himself
wholly
to
Pompey
,
whom
he
finding
leagued
so
absolutely
with
Caesar
,
durst
not
attempt
the
breach
of
their
Alliance
,
judging
very
well
(
as
he
himself
has
expressed
it
)
that
it
would
have
been
but
folly
to
have
hoped
it
,
and
insolence
to
have
proposed
it
;
He
therefore
sent
his
Brother
into
Caesar's
service
,
and
maintain'd
that
way
an
honest
and
fair
Correspondency
.
In
short
,
he
took
all
the
measures
of
an
exact
Courtier
,
as
well
(
as
he
himself
afterwards
acknowledged
)
in
respect
of
their
present
Union
,
as
of
the
Division
that
might
in
time
happen
between
them
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Cicero
unites
himself
with
Pompey
,
who
is
chosen
Consul
with
Crassus
.
Their
union
with
Caesar
after
the
first
Triumvirate
.
UPon
this
return
of
Cicero
,
there
arose
so
great
a
want
and
scarcity
in
the
City
,
especially
of
Corn
,
that
the
People
were
gathered
together
twice
,
and
almost
ready
to
stone
the
Consul
,
threatning
to
fire
the
Temple
of
Concord
where
the
Senate
was
assembled
;
Clodius
besides
exaggerated
their
madness
,
by
laying
all
to
Cicero's
charge
,
so
that
that
night
they
demanded
the
distribution
of
Corn
from
Cicero
,
with
great
noise
and
clamour
,
and
the
next
day
again
at
the
very
door
of
the
Senate-house
,
which
obliged
him
to
propose
,
that
Pompey
might
be
Commissionated
to
manage
the
Provisions
of
Rome
,
with
an
absolute
Authority
,
both
by
Land
and
Sea
for
the
space
of
five
years
.
Nor
could
he
better
acquit
himself
of
the
obligations
he
had
to
Pompey
,
than
by
putting
into
his
hands
the
whole
strength
of
the
Common-wealth
,
and
in
consideration
of
the
present
exigency
,
his
advice
was
approved
of
.
But
it
was
believed
,
and
Clodius
took
upon
him
to
declare
it
publickly
,
that
the
want
of
Corn
was
no
better
than
a
design
contrived
betwixt
them
both
,
for
the
bringing
about
that
purpose
,
since
immediately
,
upon
putting
the
business
into
Pompey's
hands
,
there
appeared
all
the
Plenty
imaginable
,
and
the
Authority
remained
in
him
five
years
.
In
the
mean
time
,
as
Caesar's
Conquests
established
him
great
reputation
at
Rome
,
so
his
Humanity
,
and
other
excellent
qualities
,
absolutely
gain'd
to
him
the
hearts
and
affections
of
the
Souldiery
under
his
Command
;
neither
did
the
business
of
his
Wars
abroad
employ
him
so
much
,
but
that
he
had
an
eye
too
towards
his
affairs
at
home
.
He
took
care
to
send
Magnificent
Presents
to
the
Ladies
,
and
all
those
that
were
in
any
Authority
;
the
Voluntiers
,
who
went
with
him
into
Gaul
,
were
entertained
by
him
with
a
thousand
obligations
,
and
returned
home
full
of
the
Praises
of
his
Generosity
.
He
returned
afterwards
to
Winter
in
Italy
,
a
great
part
whereof
,
by
the
name
of
the
Cisalpine
Gaul
,
was
under
his
command
,
which
is
at
present
all
Lombardy
entire
,
comprehending
Piedmont
,
Milain
,
the
State
of
Venice
in
Italy
;
in
short
,
all
as
far
as
the
River
Rubicon
.
Pompey
,
Crassus
,
and
almost
all
the
Magistracy
of
Rome
went
to
visit
him
at
Lucca
,
where
he
then
resided
.
They
went
attended
with
[
*
](A33186-e17430-b)
*
These
were
a
sort
of
Officers
like
our
City
Serjeants
.
Lictors
,
to
the
number
of
Six
and
twenty
;
Twelve
whereof
carried
the
Axes
before
the
Consuls
,
and
the
rest
waited
upon
the
other
Magistrates
according
to
their
quality
and
rank
.
It
was
in
this
place
that
the
Triumvirate
took
new
measures
for
their
more
strict
union
,
and
the
strengthning
their
Authority
:
They
resolved
that
Pompey
and
Crassus
should
demand
the
Consulship
for
the
following
year
,
and
that
Caesar
should
hold
his
Government
five
years
longer
.
So
that
this
Union
,
which
they
disguised
under
the
name
of
Friendship
,
was
,
in
effect
,
no
other
thing
,
than
each
Man
's
private
Ambition
;
and
therefore
we
ought
the
less
to
wonder
,
if
the
same
reasons
that
united
them
now
,
were
now
the
causes
of
their
division
afterwards
,
when
each
of
them
began
to
think
he
was
strong
enough
to
set
up
for
himself
.
Now
this
resolution
of
theirs
alarm'd
all
those
of
the
Senate
who
wished
well
to
the
Publick
;
and
[
*
](A33186-e17490-b)
*
Cornelius
Lentulus
Marcellinus
.
Marcellinus
,
one
of
the
new
Consuls
,
talked
very
highly
upon
the
occasion
,
demanding
of
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
in
presence
of
the
People
,
if
they
pretended
to
the
Consulship
,
to
which
Pompey
reply'd
fiercely
,
that
he
would
doe
as
he
himself
thought
best
;
but
Crassus
answer'd
in
more
modest
terms
,
saying
,
That
he
should
proceed
according
to
what
he
judged
most
for
the
advantage
of
the
Republick
.
This
Dispute
(
as
was
usual
on
the
like
occasions
)
was
improved
almost
to
blows
.
And
the
Senate
gave
orders
for
a
common
habit
of
Mourning
to
be
worn
,
as
in
cases
of
a
Publick
calamity
,
and
the
reason
they
gave
for
it
was
,
that
the
Proceedings
of
the
Triumvirate
were
dangerous
to
the
Government
Established
,
and
contrary
to
Law
.
Indeed
,
as
for
Pompey
,
he
found
out
a
way
to
give
sufficient
marks
of
the
Nature
of
his
Ambition
.
He
had
been
affronted
,
to
the
last
degree
,
by
Clodius
,
in
the
business
of
Ptolemy
King
of
Aegypt
.
This
Prince
having
been
driven
out
of
his
Kingdom
by
the
Rebellion
of
his
Subjects
,
was
come
to
Rome
to
demand
assistence
,
and
great
Intrigues
were
set
on
foot
for
the
Command
of
such
an
Expedition
,
for
Ptolemy
offer'd
very
large
Capitulations
;
Lentulus
,
the
then
Consul
,
and
Pompey
,
were
those
who
pursued
it
most
warmly
,
and
seemed
to
have
the
strongest
Interest
:
But
Clodius
,
who
loved
neither
the
one
nor
the
other
,
opposed
them
both
.
So
that
when
the
People
were
assembled
upon
that
occasion
,
he
appeared
,
follow'd
by
those
sort
of
Men
,
who
Cicero
call'd
Clodius's
Working-tools
,
(
it
may
be
,
because
they
had
helped
him
to
demolish
his
Palace
)
and
there
interrupted
the
discourse
of
Pompey
with
shoutings
and
clamours
;
and
on
the
other
side
,
when
ever
Clodius
offer'd
to
speak
,
Pompey's
party
were
as
noisie
as
their
neighbours
,
and
sung
out
lewd
Lampoons
against
Clodius
and
his
Sister
.
This
Clodius
took
occasion
to
revenge
,
not
unpleasantly
;
for
,
turning
about
to
those
who
were
of
his
side
,
he
begun
to
ask
of
them
,
Who
was
the
most
effeminate
Commander
in
Rome
?
they
answered
,
Pompey
.
Who
was
the
Ladies
Captain
?
Pompey
.
Who
starved
the
People
?
Pompey
.
And
yet
,
Who
had
a
mind
to
go
into
Aegypt
?
Pompey
.
And
then
,
when
he
demanded
of
them
,
Who
they
would
send
?
they
answer'd
,
Crassus
:
who
indeed
,
for
all
the
friendship
between
him
and
Pompey
,
had
privately
managed
his
own
Interest
that
way
having
Clodius
for
him
among
the
People
,
and
Cato
in
the
Senate
.
Clodius
indeed
took
care
to
be
well
paid
for
his
pains
;
but
Cato
proceeded
out
of
down-right
honesty
,
and
opposed
Pompey
for
no
other
reason
,
than
that
a
Sybill
had
Prophesied
,
That
there
should
come
a
King
of
Aegypt
to
ask
assistence
of
the
Romans
;
That
they
ought
to
receive
him
as
a
Friend
,
but
not
to
send
him
back
with
any
Troops
.
Cato
had
a
high
dispute
with
Pompey
upon
this
subject
;
and
Pompey
,
after
having
hinted
at
Crassus
,
without
naming
him
,
declared
,
That
there
were
those
who
designed
against
his
life
,
but
that
he
should
take
care
to
guard
himself
better
than
young
Scipio
had
done
,
who
was
put
to
death
by
Carbo
.
In
fine
,
Pompey
,
through
all
this
business
,
managed
himself
but
very
indifferently
,
and
was
outragious
against
Clodius
.
These
things
happened
before
the
Interview
at
Lucca
.
But
Pompey
seeing
he
had
need
of
the
People
,
and
Clodius
having
a
design
upon
the
Office
of
Edilis
,
their
particular
Interests
brought
them
soon
to
a
better
understanding
;
Pompey
promised
Clodius
to
assist
him
in
his
pretensions
,
and
Clodius
,
in
favour
of
Pompey
,
hinder'd
the
holding
of
the
Comitia
,
for
the
Election
of
Magistrates
(
for
so
the
Assemblies
of
the
People
were
called
.
)
The
design
was
to
reduce
the
State
of
Rome
to
that
which
we
call
an
Interregnum
,
which
is
that
,
when
the
choice
of
Consuls
failed
,
the
most
Illustrious
of
the
Senatours
should
take
the
charge
of
the
Government
by
turns
,
each
whereof
had
the
power
of
naming
Consuls
when
it
was
his
day
;
and
as
the
manner
was
extraordinary
,
the
usual
course
of
the
Law
was
herein
often
dispensed
withall
.
The
business
succeeded
according
to
their
wishes
;
Domitius
,
onely
assisted
by
Cato
his
Brother-in-law
,
presented
himself
to
the
People
,
in
competition
with
the
two
Triumviri
,
but
they
having
filled
the
place
with
those
Souldiers
which
the
young
Crassus
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
,
had
brought
on
purpose
out
of
Gaul
,
a
slave
of
Domitius
,
that
carried
a
Flambeaux
before
him
,
was
killed
upon
the
spot
,
the
Master
himself
hardly
escaping
,
and
Cato
received
a
wound
in
his
Arm
:
The
year
of
Rome
699.
so
Pompey
and
Crassus
were
chosen
,
but
Pompey
onely
stood
charged
with
the
hatred
which
so
unjust
and
violent
a
proceeding
did
really
deserve
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Pompey
and
Crassus
get
themselves
Invested
in
Governments
.
The
Cause
of
Division
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
.
TO
pass
over
the
variety
of
matters
which
happen'd
at
Rome
,
during
the
five
last
years
of
Caesar's
Government
,
and
which
have
no
relation
to
the
subject
in
hand
;
besides
,
that
the
repetition
would
be
tedious
,
and
that
it
may
be
,
in
some
measure
,
guessed
at
,
by
what
we
have
said
of
the
Intrigues
about
Elections
,
the
struglings
and
hostilities
before
:
It
seemeth
enough
at
present
in
gross
,
and
without
the
order
of
time
,
to
take
notice
,
that
Pompey
acquitted
himself
in
what
he
promised
Clodius
,
even
to
the
hazard
of
his
life
.
Since
in
the
Assembly
for
the
Election
of
Ediles
,
he
had
a
Man
killed
so
near
him
,
that
his
Mantle
was
cover'd
with
the
bloud
.
He
revenged
himself
signally
upon
Cato
,
who
,
when
he
demanded
the
Pretorship
,
Pompey
caused
his
pretensions
to
be
thrown
out
;
and
named
,
in
prejudice
of
him
,
one
Vatinius
,
who
was
one
of
the
worst
and
most
obnoxious
Men
of
that
time
.
And
in
process
of
time
too
he
brought
it
about
,
that
Ptolemy
was
established
in
his
Kingdom
by
Gabinius
,
with
a
powerfull
Army
,
and
all
this
merely
by
his
own
Authority
,
in
spight
of
the
Sybills
Prophecy
.
Gabinius
was
afterwards
called
to
an
account
for
it
when
he
came
back
to
Rome
,
but
by
his
Money
and
Pompey's
favour
,
he
escaped
a
Condemnation
,
which
he
could
never
have
avoided
,
had
his
miscarriages
been
severely
prosecuted
.
These
things
〈◊〉
now
may
see
plainly
have
no
relation
to
the
Civil
War
,
otherwise
than
as
they
discover
the
Power
and
Ambition
of
Pompey
,
which
will
much
more
appear
in
what
is
to
follow
,
and
belongs
to
the
subject
in
hand
.
Now
Crassus
and
he
seemed
to
affect
a
great
deal
of
moderation
,
in
regard
of
those
Governments
,
which
,
according
to
Custome
,
were
to
be
allotted
them
,
upon
the
expiration
of
their
Consulship
;
but
yet
,
nevertheless
,
manag'd
matters
otherwise
under-hand
,
by
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
who
were
to
propose
for
them
Syria
and
Spain
,
with
Africk
or
Libya
,
as
it
was
then
called
.
To
each
of
these
Governments
Armies
were
to
be
added
,
with
full
power
and
authority
to
make
Peace
and
War
at
discretion
;
which
gave
opportunity
too
to
Caesar's
Friends
to
mention
his
five
years
.
The
whole
affair
,
being
privately
agreed
upon
between
the
Triumviri
,
passed
against
all
objection
;
Pompey
got
Libya
and
Spain
,
and
Crassus
,
Syria
,
with
power
to
make
War
upon
the
Parthians
;
so
that
their
Union
did
still
support
it self
,
in
appearance
,
though
it
were
really
already
ruined
in
the
foundation
,
at
least
between
Pompey
and
Caesar
;
nor
need
we
seek
for
other
reasons
for
it
,
than
the
Jealousie
,
which
the
Emulation
,
of
those
two
great
Men
,
raised
of
each
other
.
Pompey
had
seen
himself
,
for
many
years
,
at
the
head
of
the
rank
of
Romans
,
and
,
to
give
him
his
due
,
it
was
not
without
Justice
,
for
he
had
enlarged
the
Roman
Empire
farther
than
any
other
had
done
before
him
.
He
had
Triumphed
over
three
parts
of
the
World
;
over
Africk
,
by
the
defeat
of
Domitius
in
Libya
;
over
Europe
,
by
that
of
Perpenna
in
Spain
,
and
over
Asia
,
after
having
vanquished
King
Mithridates
,
one
of
the
most
formidable
Enemies
Rome
ever
had
,
and
all
this
too
without
the
least
disgrace
.
From
this
high
degree
of
Glory
he
lookt
down
upon
all
other
Romans
as
his
Inferiours
.
And
therefore
,
as
he
knew
the
Merits
of
Caesar
,
and
the
advantages
which
accrued
to
him
from
his
Illustrious
Birth
and
Education
.
He
could
not
,
without
much
regret
,
see
,
that
his
great
actions
in
the
Gallick
War
began
to
put
him
in
a
condition
of
disputing
,
even
with
himself
,
for
Glory
gotten
in
Arms.
On
the
other
side
,
Caesar
having
received
,
both
by
Nature
and
Education
,
all
those
qualifications
that
go
to
the
Composition
of
a
Great
Man
,
had
too
much
fire
,
to
hear
with
patience
,
any
Man's
Pride
,
that
affected
to
appear
above
him
,
and
therefore
,
whenever
he
had
an
occasion
of
shewing
his
abilities
,
he
made
so
good
use
of
it
,
that
he
quickly
found
himself
in
a
condition
to
ease
Pompey
of
that
advantage
,
by
which
he
thought
he
deserved
so
very
much
above
all
other
Romans
.
And
Fortune
too
was
as
indulgent
to
him
now
,
as
she
had
been
to
Pompey
before
;
but
she
utterly
abandoned
Crassus
,
who
could
never
rise
up
to
the
least
pretensions
,
for
he
was
defeated
,
and
lost
his
life
in
the
Parthian
War
;
and
the
death
of
that
Triumvir
,
who
,
while
he
lived
,
was
as
a
check
upon
the
other
two
,
left
them
now
an
open
field
for
their
Ambition
and
Emulation
to
work
in
.
CHAP.
X.
The
death
of
Pompey's
Wife
Julia.
The
Magnificent
Shews
he
gave
the
People
.
The
death
of
Clodius
.
POmpey
had
now
for
some
time
done
all
that
was
in
his
power
to
diminish
the
reputation
of
Caesar's
Conquests
,
obliging
the
Magistrates
not
to
publish
any
Letters
they
received
,
till
he
had
fore-stalled
the
credit
of
them
,
by
spreading
false
and
disadvantageous
reports
.
This
gave
great
cause
of
trouble
to
all
those
who
foresaw
the
miseries
that
must
attend
a
Rupture
between
two
so
extraordinary
Men
;
and
what
augmented
their
fears
more
,
was
the
death
of
Iulia
Pompey's
Wife
,
which
happen'd
at
the
same
time
:
Pompey
loved
her
even
with
passion
,
which
one
would
have
thought
might
have
been
of
consideration
enough
to
have
healed
differences
between
the
Father
and
the
Son-in-law
.
For
Iulia
had
Wit
as
well
as
Virtue
,
and
always
a
great
ascendant
over
both
their
dispositions
.
The
People
of
Rome
gave
sufficient
testimony
of
the
respect
they
bore
her
,
by
publick
demonstrations
of
their
sorrow
;
and
when
Pompey
would
have
carried
her
Body
to
one
of
his
houses
near
Alba
,
the
People
opposed
it
,
and
bore
it
into
the
Field
of
Mars
,
where
they
paid
it
the
last
Rites
of
Funeral
with
all
Magnificence
:
From
this
moment
Pompey
resolved
to
think
of
nothing
but
his
own
particular
advancement
;
and
,
for
the
restoring
of
himself
to
the
favour
of
the
People
,
caused
a
stately
Theatre
to
be
builded
,
which
he
dedicated
to
them
by
Plays
,
and
other
magnificent
Shews
;
which
were
not
at
all
pleasing
to
Cicero
,
as
appears
from
one
of
his
Epistles
:
It
was
reported
too
afterwards
at
Rome
,
That
that
Theatre
was
not
built
at
the
expences
of
Pompey
,
but
that
Demetrius
,
one
of
his
Freed-men
had
defray'd
the
charge
of
it
,
as
a
piece
of
gratitude
and
acknowledgment
for
the
Immense
fortune
he
had
raised
under
his
Master
,
so
that
Pompey
himself
reap'd
little
advantage
from
that
undertaking
.
The
spirits
of
the
People
too
were
sharpened
against
him
,
by
the
extreme
violence
which
he
used
,
in
raising
those
Troops
which
were
to
follow
Crassus
,
at
the
time
when
that
General
departed
upon
his
unfortunate
Expedition
against
the
Parthians
:
For
it
was
a
thing
disapproved
of
at
Rome
,
and
approved
by
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
who
,
when
he
could
not
hinder
it
,
uttered
such
horrible
Cursts
and
Imprecations
against
Crassus
,
as
it
was
believed
called
down
that
misfortune
upon
his
head
,
which
cost
the
Romans
,
a
Hundred
thousand
Men
,
and
Crassus
himself
his
own
life
,
as
well
as
his
Son
,
whom
Cicero
takes
occasion
to
mention
with
an
extraordinary
Character
.
In
the
mean
time
Pompey
,
whose
Government
was
now
expired
,
took
other
measures
,
and
pretended
,
upon
the
disgusts
he
had
received
,
to
withdraw
himself
from
any
Administration
in
the
Republick
,
so
that
the
Government
fell
into
horrible
disorders
.
And
the
pretensions
to
publick
Offices
grew
to
such
excess
,
that
it
was
apparent
,
upon
the
creation
of
Ediles
,
there
were
deposited
Eight
hundred
Talents
for
the
packing
of
Suffrages
,
and
the
City
of
Rome
was
eight
entire
months
without
any
Magistrates
.
The
fury
of
those
Factions
,
under
the
names
of
Clodius
and
Milo
,
produced
nothing
but
daily
Murthers
,
till
no
body
durst
walk
the
streets
but
Armed
;
which
gave
occasion
to
those
of
Pompey's
party
to
insinuate
,
that
his
retirement
was
prejudicial
,
and
a
loss
to
the
Publick
;
and
,
at
the
same
time
proposed
,
that
he
might
be
sent
for
back
,
and
made
Dictatour
:
Pompey
explained
himself
very
modestly
upon
the
matter
;
and
when
the
business
was
mentioned
to
him
,
onely
said
,
that
it
was
his
opinion
the
Republick
stood
in
need
of
the
Authority
of
some
wise
and
moderate
Man
.
And
such
an
Authority
appeared
indeed
the
more
necessary
upon
the
death
of
Clodius
,
which
happened
too
at
the
same
time
;
which
,
as
it
is
a
matter
has
been
variously
reported
,
and
which
Cicero
has
endeavour'd
to
disguise
,
with
all
the
arts
of
his
Eloquence
,
we
shall
here
give
such
an
account
of
,
as
seems
to
come
impartially
nearest
the
truth
.
Milo
pretended
to
the
Consulship
,
and
Clodius
to
be
made
Pretor
,
at
the
same
time
;
and
as
they
were
two
Men
,
whose
Interests
were
Incompatible
,
they
always
sought
,
by
the
best
means
they
could
invent
,
or
lay
hold
on
,
to
ruine
one
another
.
Milo
was
to
take
a
Journey
to
[
*
](A33186-e19160-b)
*
A
Little
Town
not
far
from
Rome
.
Lavinium
,
where
he
was
Dictatour
,
and
he
departed
from
Rome
in
his
Chariot
,
with
his
Wife
and
Family
,
but
well
guarded
by
a
great
number
of
his
slaves
.
In
his
way
,
he
was
to
pass
by
a
Countrey-house
that
belonged
to
Clodius
;
near
this
house
they
both
met
Clodius
on
horseback
and
well
attended
.
The
Quarrel
was
begun
on
both
sides
by
the
slaves
,
who
,
having
exchanged
several
blows
with
each
other
.
Milo
alighted
out
of
his
Chariot
,
and
with
his
Sword
in
his
hand
defended
himself
vigorously
;
Clodius
in
the
scuffle
received
a
wound
upon
his
head
,
which
brought
him
to
the
ground
.
He
was
quickly
taken
up
by
his
slaves
,
and
carried
into
his
house
,
whither
Milo
followed
him
:
Appian
says
,
it
was
to
excuse
himself
to
him
,
but
that
were
ridiculous
to
believe
,
considering
the
violent
hatred
that
had
long
been
between
them
;
it
may
be
more
reasonably
conjectured
,
that
it
was
to
satisfie
himself
of
the
condition
of
his
wounds
,
or
to
give
him
more
if
he
thought
them
not
enough
:
In
conclusion
,
when
he
found
him
expiring
,
he
went
back
to
Rome
,
to
prevent
what
might
be
aggravated
to
his
prejudice
.
The
People
all
entertained
the
news
with
unexpressible
sorrow
,
for
Clodius
was
extremely
beloved
by
them
.
So
that
when
his
Brother
Appius
caused
his
Body
to
be
brought
to
Rome
,
and
[
*
](A33186-e19300-b)
*
Vibullius
.
Rufus
and
[
†
](A33186-e19320-b)
†
Munatius
.
Plancus
,
the
Tribunes
,
exposed
it
all
bloudy
,
as
it
was
in
the
publick
place
,
there
arose
an
implacable
Mutiny
;
They
ran
to
Milo's
house
to
set
it
on
fire
,
but
he
repulsed
and
killed
several
of
the
Assailants
;
the
rest
returned
back
to
the
place
,
where
they
pulled
to
pieces
all
the
Seats
of
the
Magistrates
,
made
a
[
*
](A33186-e19350-b)
*
The
Romans
,
since
the
time
of
Sylla
,
burned
the
Bodies
of
their
Dead
,
instead
of
Burying
them
.
Funeral
Pile
of
them
,
and
set
fire
to
it
with
so
much
fury
,
that
all
that
stately
building
where
the
Senate
used
to
assemble
,
was
burned
with
the
Body
of
Clodius
;
after
this
the
Mutineers
dispersed
themselves
all
over
the
City
,
where
,
under
pretence
of
searching
for
the
Friends
of
Milo
,
they
committed
the
most
insupportable
Violences
.
Milo
behaved
himself
in
all
this
affair
with
his
usual
fierceness
.
He
sent
for
a
great
number
of
his
slaves
out
of
the
Countrey
for
the
Guard
of
his
Person
,
and
had
the
boldness
to
offer
himself
to
the
People
to
be
Judged
.
Caecilius
the
Tribune
,
by
consent
,
was
to
be
his
Accuser
,
and
he
had
well
assured
himself
of
his
Judges
.
But
the
People
,
more
transported
than
ever
,
fell
upon
the
followers
of
Milo
,
who
had
much
adoe
to
save
himself
,
with
Caecilius
,
and
Murthers
were
renew'd
again
all
over
the
City
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Pompey
sole
Consul
.
Caesar
secures
himself
of
the
favour
of
the
Roman
People
.
THese
things
happened
under
the
Consulship
of
[
*
](A33186-e19510-b)
*
In
the
year
of
Rome
701
,
there
were
two
Families
which
bore
the
Name
of
Domitius
;
one
sirnamed
Enotarbus
,
and
the
other
Calvinus
.
Domitius
Calvinus
,
and
Valerius
Messala
.
For
Pompey
perceiving
the
name
of
Dictatour
to
be
very
odious
,
had
caused
them
two
to
be
chosen
,
and
fortifi'd
himself
with
that
Authority
which
the
Senate
had
given
him
,
to
defend
the
Magistrates
and
their
Judgments
with
Troops
allotted
him
for
that
purpose
;
Nevertheless
this
appeased
not
the
publick
disorders
.
[
†
](A33186-e19590-b)
†
Cornellus
.
Scipio
,
Hypseus
and
Milo
,
pretended
all
at
the
same
time
to
the
Consulship
,
and
carried
on
their
respective
Interests
with
a
strong
hand
;
so
that
there
was
every
day
to
be
seen
three
Armies
upon
the
place
:
Milo
,
whose
violent
proceeding
had
accumulated
to
him
the
publick
hatred
,
was
,
at
last
,
accused
by
Appius
;
and
although
Cicero
himself
undertook
to
defend
him
,
his
fear
of
Pompey's
Souldiers
,
who
surrounded
him
as
he
was
pleading
,
put
him
out
of
his
Oration
:
And
the
Insolence
of
Milo
,
who
came
before
the
Judges
with
a
face
full
of
Threatnings
and
Menaces
,
caused
him
to
be
condemned
;
so
he
was
Banish'd
:
and
when
Cicero
afterwards
sent
him
that
Discourse
of
his
,
which
we
now
have
amongst
us
,
and
which
passes
for
the
choicest
of
his
Works
:
his
Answer
was
,
That
it
was
happy
for
him
that
Cicero
was
out
in
his
harangue
,
for
that
he
had
not
else
fared
so
well
at
Marseiles
▪
for
that
was
the
place
of
his
Exile
.
Now
the
Friends
of
Pompey
took
upon
them
afresh
to
solicite
his
pretensions
;
And
those
necessities
which
the
State
of
the
Common-wealth
then
lay
under
,
appeared
no
small
argument
for
him
with
the
Senate
;
but
the
name
of
a
Dictatour
would
not
be
heard
of
:
So
that
Cato
thought
fit
to
propose
an
expedient
,
which
was
,
That
the
power
of
a
Dictatour
might
be
conferred
upon
him
,
but
under
some
gentler
Title
;
so
Pompey
was
declared
sole
Consul
:
New
Troops
were
allotted
him
,
and
a
Thousand
Talents
yearly
for
the
maintenance
of
them
;
the
Government
of
Spain
was
continued
to
him
for
four
years
longer
,
and
he
sent
Deputies
thither
to
Rule
in
his
stead
.
He
strengthned
himself
too
with
the
Illustrious
Alliance
of
the
House
of
Scipio
,
by
Marrying
Cornelia
,
a
Lady
of
no
less
Accomplishments
than
Beauty
;
she
understood
,
even
to
excellent
performance
,
all
manner
of
Musick
;
nor
was
a
stranger
to
Learning
and
Philosophy
,
being
Mistress
of
Geometry
,
and
the
other
parts
of
the
Mathematicks
;
and
all
this
too
without
the
least
Impertinence
,
or
Womanish
affectation
.
So
that
Pompey
thought
he
had
nothing
now
more
to
be
afraid
of
,
and
that
it
would
be
henceforth
an
easie
work
to
overthrow
the
Fortunes
of
Caesar
;
who
,
on
his
side
,
was
by
no
means
negligent
of
what
so
nearly
concerned
him
.
Some
Tribunes
of
the
People
had
proposed
,
the
causing
of
him
to
be
elected
Consul
with
Pompey
;
but
he
desired
them
,
by
Letters
,
to
reserve
their
good
Inclinations
of
that
kind
for
a
design
he
had
to
demand
a
second
Consulship
,
when
the
employ
he
was
at
present
in
should
be
expired
.
In
the
mean
time
,
to
gain
the
good
will
of
the
People
,
he
caused
a
new
Market
to
be
set
up
at
Rome
,
the
place
whereof
cost
him
a
Hundred
thousand
Sesterces
:
He
gave
also
to
the
Romans
certain
Plays
,
and
a
Publick
Feast
,
in
acknowledgment
of
the
Honours
they
had
done
to
his
Daughter
Iulia.
He
desired
the
Knights
,
and
such
of
the
Senatours
as
were
his
Friends
,
that
they
themselves
would
Exercise
and
Instruct
the
Gladiatours
,
and
sent
them
Rules
and
Directions
accordingly
.
Giving
order
at
the
same
time
,
that
those
Gladiatours
,
who
pleased
not
the
People
in
their
Combats
,
should
be
turned
out
,
and
others
,
more
agreeable
,
put
in
their
places
:
The
Grandeur
of
his
Mein
,
his
extraordinary
Generosity
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
Actions
,
had
entirely
engaged
to
him
the
affections
of
his
Souldiers
,
who
all
loved
him
,
even
to
adoration
;
he
caused
their
Pay
to
be
doubled
,
and
the
Corn
which
used
to
be
distributed
among
the
Troops
,
by
regulated
proportions
,
was
now
given
to
them
without
stint
or
measure
.
Again
,
on
the
other
side
,
a
great
many
of
the
Senatours
stood
obliged
to
him
for
considerable
Sums
of
Money
,
which
he
had
lent
them
without
any
Interest
;
he
entertained
,
with
Magnificence
,
all
such
as
served
under
him
,
even
to
those
slaves
whom
he
loved
:
and
his
Army
was
a
perfect
refuge
to
all
manner
of
Criminals
,
and
such
as
were
burthened
with
Debts
,
a
great
many
whereof
he
discharged
at
his
own
proper
expence
;
but
to
those
who
stood
engaged
for
mighty
sums
indeed
,
he
used
to
say
,
That
one
Civil
War
would
make
all
even
.
In
a
word
,
all
stranger
Princes
,
and
the
best
Cities
tasted
of
his
Munificence
by
considerable
Presents
.
And
all
this
done
at
the
expence
of
the
Gauls
.
So
that
it
was
not
improperly
observed
by
one
,
who
said
,
That
Caesar
conquer'd
the
Gauls
with
the
Roman
Steel
,
and
the
Romans
with
the
Gallick
Gold
.
Pompey's
Friends
,
to
be
sure
,
were
not
now
backward
to
make
their
reflexions
upon
the
occasion
of
these
Liberalities
,
and
to
exaggerate
the
danger
that
might
thence
threaten
the
Commonwealth
.
Nevertheless
,
Caesar
resolved
once
more
to
try
,
if
it
were
possible
,
to
preserve
the
Friendship
of
Pompey
,
and
before
his
last
Marriage
offered
him
his
Neice
Octavia
,
and
demanded
Pompey's
Daughter
for
himself
,
but
Pompey
thought
fitting
to
make
choice
of
an
Alliance
with
Scipio
,
whom
he
caused
afterwards
to
be
joined
with
him
in
the
Consular
dignity
for
the
last
five
Months
;
and
as
he
very
well
knew
that
Caesar
was
beloved
by
the
People
,
his
business
was
to
establish
his
Interest
among
the
Senatours
.
These
two
Factions
have
been
always
opposite
,
under
the
Title
of
the
Nobility
and
the
Populace
;
And
their
division
had
produced
very
terrible
effects
,
especially
in
the
Sedition
of
the
Gracchi
,
and
afterwards
in
the
Wars
between
[
*
](A33186-e19960-b)
*
Cajus
.
Marius
and
[
†
](A33186-e19980-b)
†
Cornelius
.
Sylla
:
The
People
usually
prevailed
by
their
Numbers
,
but
the
Senate
by
their
Authority
;
and
it
is
,
without
doubt
,
that
Union
of
Pompey
with
the
Senate
,
which
has
caused
Caesar's
Party
to
be
so
much
decry'd
;
and
the
advantages
of
Pompey
,
in
all
Writings
,
to
be
celebrated
with
so
much
Passion
;
that
,
under
the
Reign
of
one
of
the
most
terrible
of
Caesar's
[
*
](A33186-e20040-b)
*
Nero.
Successours
,
there
lived
an
[
†
](A33186-e20050-b)
†
Lucan
.
Authour
,
who
durst
publish
a
Work
,
which
we
have
now
amongst
us
,
wherein
he
has
most
barbarously
violated
the
memory
of
that
Great
Man
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Pompey's
Laws
.
Curio
goes
over
to
Caesar's
Interest
.
THE
first
appearance
of
Division
began
from
Pompey
,
by
the
two
Laws
which
he
published
during
his
Consulship
,
the
first
whereof
was
for
an
enquiry
into
the
miscarriages
of
Officers
in
the
executing
their
Charges
,
for
the
twenty
years
last
past
,
that
is
,
from
his
first
Consulship
,
down
to
that
which
he
then
held
.
Hereupon
Caesar's
Friends
remonstrated
that
a
Law
of
that
kind
might
be
injurious
to
several
illustrious
Men
;
and
more
particularly
to
Caesar
,
who
had
within
that
time
been
Consul
.
At
that
name
he
cryed
out
that
it
was
shamefull
for
them
to
imagine
that
such
an
Ordinance
could
in
any
manner
have
regard
to
a
man
of
Caesar's
Merits
and
Vertue
,
and
that
his
Friends
did
him
the
greatest
injury
to
suspect
it
,
so
that
no
alteration
of
that
Law
could
be
admitted
,
and
many
persons
were
condemned
upon
it
,
amongst
the
rest
,
Hypseus
,
Memmius
,
Sextus
,
and
Gabinius
himself
:
yet
afterwards
when
Memmius
in
his
turn
accused
Scipio
,
Pompey's
Brother-in-Law
,
Pompey
was
not
ashamed
himself
openly
to
appear
against
that
very
Law
of
his
own
making
to
bring
off
Scipio
by
his
Authority
.
The
other
Law
of
Pompey
,
or
rather
an
Article
of
the
Precedent
was
,
That
no
man
being
absent
,
should
be
admitted
to
demand
any
Employment
,
these
Laws
being
approved
of
,
were
forthwith
engraved
upon
Copper
Tables
,
and
carried
to
the
publick
Treasury
,
after
which
formality
,
no
change
or
alteration
in
them
was
to
be
admitted
;
Pompey
was
for
an
exception
in
favour
of
Caesar
,
but
in
regard
that
it
was
contrary
to
Form
.
Marcus
Marcellus
,
who
had
succeeded
Pompey
in
his
Consulship
,
no
way
respecting
any
such
exception
,
after
giving
notice
that
he
had
matters
to
communicate
of
the
highest
importance
,
proposed
,
that
since
the
Conquest
of
Gaul
was
now
completed
,
some
body
might
be
sent
to
succeed
Caesar
,
and
at
the
same
time
that
he
might
be
excluded
from
demanding
the
Consulship
;
This
Declaration
allarum'd
all
Caesar's
Friends
;
Servius
Sulpitius
the
other
Consul
,
declared
himself
of
the
contrary
Opinion
,
and
the
Tribunes
Caius
Caelius
,
and
Vibius
Pansa
opposed
the
Decree
.
Pompey
too
was
at
a
loss
how
to
distinguish
handsomely
upon
this
Subject
.
He
said
indeed
it
was
great
Injury
to
Caesar
to
propose
a
thing
of
that
Nature
,
at
least
before
the
Kalends
of
March
,
since
till
that
time
came
his
Government
of
Gaul
was
not
expired
,
upon
which
,
when
it
was
asked
of
him
what
was
to
be
done
,
if
they
met
with
opposition
,
it
signifies
nothing
says
he
,
whether
or
no
Caesar
obey
the
Decrees
of
the
Senate
,
since
he
will
find
those
that
shall
oppose
him
;
but
it
was
answered
again
,
if
he
will
be
Consul
,
if
he
will
keep
his
Army
?
To
which
Pompey
reply'd
,
If
my
Son
should
provoke
and
rebell
against
me
,
what
would
you
advise
me
to
?
This
discourse
sufficiently
discovered
how
Pompey
stood
affected
as
to
Caesar's
Interest
:
For
all
this
,
matters
were
managed
with
all
Artfull
and
fair
Conduct
and
Intrigue
,
till
the
Election
of
the
new
Consuls
,
who
were
Emilius
Paulus
,
and
Calidius
Marcellus
,
a
Kinsman
of
Marcus
.
This
affair
at
that
time
wholly
employed
the
Senate
,
and
stopt
the
course
of
any
other
business
.
Every
one
expected
with
impatience
how
the
two
Consuls
would
declare
themselves
;
the
first
had
been
pretty
well
secured
by
a
Present
from
Caesar
of
fifteen
Talents
,
with
which
he
built
himself
a
sumptuous
Palace
,
and
called
it
after
his
own
Name
,
but
Callidius
was
Caesar's
Enemy
,
and
being
carried
on
by
the
same
Spirit
with
his
Kinsman
Marcus
,
followed
also
his
Methods
,
and
renewed
the
old
Propositions
.
We
have
already
taken
frequent
occasion
to
mention
the
privileges
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
who
were
ten
,
Curio
and
Marcus
Anthonius
were
of
the
number
for
this
year
.
Curio
was
in
great
esteem
both
for
his
Quality
and
his
Abilities
,
being
one
of
the
ablest
men
which
Rome
could
at
that
time
boast
of
for
Eloquence
and
Pleadings
at
the
Bar
,
he
had
great
Parts
and
equal
resolution
,
but
stood
charged
with
abundance
of
Debts
,
both
in
his
own
Name
,
and
for
many
of
his
Friends
,
among
the
rest
for
Anthony
,
for
whom
he
had
entered
into
Securities
.
He
had
been
one
of
the
most
violent
against
Caesar's
Interest
:
But
Caesar
,
who
knew
well
enough
where
his
shoe
wrung
him
,
quickly
found
the
way
to
give
him
ease
,
and
bring
him
over
by
furnishing
him
with
means
to
quit
himself
of
those
encumbrances
.
Curio
afterwards
made
use
of
a
management
that
was
very
refined
,
forbearing
to
declare
himself
of
Caesar's
Party
,
that
he
might
the
better
enter
into
the
Counsels
and
Designs
of
his
Enemies
,
and
after
that
,
he
sought
an
opportunity
to
break
with
Pompey
.
For
this
Design
he
demanded
that
the
charge
of
overseeing
the
reparation
of
the
High-ways
,
might
be
conferred
upon
him
,
which
he
at
the
same
time
knew
well
enough
would
be
deny'd
,
so
that
upon
the
refusal
of
it
,
he
made
known
his
resentment
,
and
afterwards
when
the
Consul
made
his
report
to
the
Senate
touching
the
Governments
,
he
praised
his
Zeal
and
his
Opinion
,
adding
,
that
it
was
but
Justice
that
Pompey
and
Caesar
should
be
called
from
their
Governments
both
together
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Curio
declareth
himself
against
Pompey
.
Caesar
returns
the
Legion
that
Pompey
had
lent
him
.
THE
Spirits
of
this
Age
were
two
refined
not
to
apprehend
at
first
sight
the
meaning
of
this
Proposition
.
All
that
were
Pompey's
Friends
began
to
grow
very
uneasie
to
Curio
.
Appius
one
of
the
Censors
,
and
who
had
been
raised
to
his
Authority
by
Pompey
,
threatned
to
expell
him
the
Senate
,
and
proposed
it
in
one
of
the
Assemblies
.
Curio
submitted
to
every
thing
that
might
be
Decreed
particularly
against
himself
,
but
would
abate
nothing
where
Caesar's
Interest
seem'd
to
be
struck
at
,
and
the
Consul
Paulus
withstood
the
Affront
that
was
like
to
have
been
offered
him
.
Curio
imparted
upon
this
his
Proposition
to
the
People
,
who
received
it
so
well
,
and
with
such
Joy
,
that
they
covered
him
with
flowers
,
and
in
that
manner
accompanied
him
home
to
his
House
:
He
himself
afterwards
in
an
Assembly
of
the
People
,
when
they
ordered
that
Caesar
,
though
absent
,
should
have
power
to
demand
the
Consulship
.
This
obliged
Pompey
to
leave
Rome
,
under
pretence
of
going
to
his
Government
,
but
he
went
no
farther
than
to
one
of
his
Countrey
houses
,
where
falling
sick
,
he
wrote
to
the
Senate
that
he
was
ready
to
give
up
all
all
his
Employments
when
Caesar
would
ever
consent
to
part
with
his
,
and
that
he
would
confirm
this
upon
his
return
to
Rome
.
Curio
took
him
at
his
word
,
and
told
him
it
was
his
duty
to
begin
what
he
proposed
,
and
that
he
would
engage
on
Caesar's
part
,
that
the
Example
should
be
followed
.
The
business
was
then
put
into
debate
,
but
came
to
no
conclusion
,
onely
it
was
ordained
that
two
Legions
should
be
drawn
out
of
the
Troops
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
to
go
into
Syria
against
the
Parthians
,
this
was
onely
done
to
weaken
Caesar's
Army
,
for
Pompey
at
the
beginning
of
the
War
had
lent
him
a
Legion
of
his
.
Appius
was
sent
into
Gaul
to
draw
out
this
Legion
,
and
to
oblige
Caesar
to
give
another
of
his
own
,
who
though
he
easily
discerned
the
reason
of
this
order
,
by
no
means
in
the
least
opposed
it
,
but
surrendred
both
the
Legions
to
Appius
,
and
at
the
same
time
ordered
two
hundred
and
fifty
Drachma's
to
be
given
to
every
Souldier
.
Cicero
at
this
time
came
back
to
Rome
from
his
Government
of
Cilicia
,
where
he
pretended
for
his
great
Exploits
to
have
merited
the
Honour
of
Triumph
.
His
absence
had
hindered
him
from
taking
either
Party
in
these
differences
,
and
his
present
Pretensions
obliged
him
to
be
a
Mediatour
between
both
,
so
he
made
some
Propositions
for
an
Accommodation
,
but
they
would
not
be
hearkned
to
,
for
that
Appius
was
returned
,
and
had
published
abroad
,
that
Caesar
stood
very
ill
in
the
Opinion
of
his
Army
,
that
he
knew
little
or
nothing
of
their
Inclinations
,
and
that
they
would
certainly
come
over
to
the
Senates
Party
,
whenever
they
recovered
this
side
of
the
Alpes
.
This
relation
gave
Pompey
great
confidence
,
so
that
he
rejected
all
Projects
of
the
least
Accommodation
;
Cicero
could
not
be
heard
,
and
when
he
afterwards
asked
him
what
Powers
he
had
wherewith
to
oppose
Caesar
,
Pompey's
answer
was
,
that
he
need
onely
to
stamp
with
his
foot
,
and
that
the
Earth
would
bring
him
forth
an
Army
.
Many
of
the
Senatours
began
already
to
talk
very
meanly
of
Caesar
,
and
Cato
himself
haughtily
declared
that
he
would
bring
him
to
an
account
of
his
Actions
,
and
that
he
should
be
treated
as
Milo
had
been
used
before
him
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Caesar
sends
a
letter
to
the
Senate
;
They
declare
War
against
him
.
Anthony
and
Curio
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
go
to
find
out
Caesar.
CAesar
had
written
several
times
to
the
Senate
to
beg
them
,
that
they
would
have
some
regard
to
the
services
he
had
done
the
Republick
:
He
proposed
alternately
that
he
might
either
be
continued
in
his
Government
as
Pompey
had
been
,
or
that
he
might
be
permitted
in
his
absence
to
demand
the
Dignity
of
Consul
,
and
when
this
Proposition
was
rejected
,
he
requested
again
that
Curio's
expedient
might
be
admitted
of
;
but
in
these
his
last
Letters
he
proposed
the
surrendring
up
the
Government
of
Illyria
,
with
two
Legions
,
which
Cicero
urged
afterwards
in
Argument
for
a
Peace
;
but
as
we
observed
before
,
his
endeavours
,
became
altogether
unprofitable
,
and
Caesar
upon
the
news
he
received
of
the
ill
success
of
his
pretensions
,
repassed
the
Alpes
with
the
third
Legion
,
and
marched
to
Ravenna
,
from
thence
he
sent
Fabius
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
with
Letters
to
the
Consuls
,
who
were
Cornelius
Lentulus
,
and
Clodius
Marcellus
,
newly
chosen
:
Lentulus
refused
to
reade
his
Letters
,
but
Anthony
,
and
Quintus
,
Cassius
,
Longinus
,
the
Tribunes
,
obliged
them
to
be
read
before
the
Senate
;
they
contained
a
Catalogue
of
Caesar's
Services
,
and
an
assurance
that
he
would
send
back
his
Troops
when
ever
Pompey
should
disarm
.
Lentulus
would
by
no
means
admit
of
any
deliberation
upon
these
Letters
,
onely
told
the
Senate
,
that
upon
condition
they
themselves
would
be
vigorous
upon
this
occasion
,
he
was
ready
to
serve
the
Republick
with
the
utmost
hazard
of
his
life
,
but
if
they
suffered
themselves
to
be
remiss
and
negligent
,
he
knew
very
well
there
was
another
would
take
party
with
Caesar.
Scipio
declared
at
the
same
time
that
Pompey
was
ready
to
Sacrifice
himself
for
the
interests
of
the
Senate
,
if
they
would
stand
by
him
,
but
if
they
once
appeared
to
be
slow
or
irresolute
in
their
deliberations
,
it
would
after
that
be
vain
to
expect
any
assistence
from
him
.
And
though
Pompey
were
at
this
time
not
in
Rome
,
in
regard
those
who
had
Military
Commands
,
were
not
admitted
to
stay
in
the
Town
.
Caesar
said
,
That
considering
Scipio
was
his
Brother-in-Law
,
and
altogether
in
his
interests
;
This
advice
seemed
to
come
out
of
Pompey's
own
mouth
.
Some
other
of
the
Senatours
made
a
more
favourable
Construction
,
among
the
rest
,
Marcus
Marcellus
,
Sulpitius
Rufus
,
and
Calidius
himself
,
who
was
of
Opinion
that
Pompey
ought
to
go
to
his
Government
,
for
the
taking
away
all
pretence
from
Caesar
,
to
believe
that
those
two
Legions
retained
at
Rome
,
were
designed
to
prejudice
him
.
Lentulus
refused
to
make
a
report
of
this
Opinion
,
and
exclaimed
against
Calidius
and
the
rest
.
In
fine
,
a
Decree
was
formed
upon
the
advice
of
Scipio
in
these
Terms
;
That
Caesar
should
dismiss
his
Troops
within
a
certain
time
;
and
that
if
he
refused
Obedience
,
he
should
be
declared
an
Enemy
to
the
Common-wealth
.
Anthony
and
Cassius
opposed
this
Decree
,
by
that
means
raising
fresh
debates
,
which
were
managed
with
a
great
deal
of
sharpness
,
so
that
the
Assembly
did
not
separate
untill
it
was
very
late
.
The
night
was
employed
in
Pompey's
private
management
amongst
his
Friends
,
and
Curio's
among
the
other
Tribunes
.
The
next
day
Piso
the
Censor
,
and
Roscius
the
Pretor
,
demanded
five
days
time
to
go
to
find
out
Caesar
,
and
give
him
an
account
of
the
state
of
these
matters
,
which
was
refused
them
.
Lentulus
commanding
the
Tribunes
to
depart
the
Senate
,
so
that
a
Decree
was
published
,
which
never
was
usual
,
but
in
cases
of
the
utmost
extremity
,
that
the
Consuls
and
other
Magistrates
should
take
care
that
the
Republick
came
to
no
damage
;
in
pursuance
whereof
,
Marcellus
the
other
Consul
took
a
Sword
,
which
he
carry'd
publickly
to
Pompey
,
who
was
then
out
of
Town
,
accosting
him
in
these
Terms
,
I
command
you
in
the
name
of
the
Senate
,
that
you
assist
the
Republick
with
the
Troops
now
under
your
command
,
and
speedily
levy
more
.
From
this
moment
there
was
a
Successour
ordered
to
Caesar
,
which
was
Domitius
,
designed
Consul
for
the
year
following
.
All
his
Governments
were
disposed
of
,
whereof
Scipio
had
Syria
,
and
every
body
took
arms
in
Rome
,
and
appeared
in
a
habit
of
War
.
Caesar
failed
not
of
a
speedy
account
of
this
from
Curio
,
Anthony
and
Longinus
,
who
retreated
to
him
disguised
in
the
habits
of
their
Slaves
,
in
which
condition
he
shewed
them
to
his
Army
,
and
took
that
occasion
which
the
indiscretion
of
his
Enemies
presented
him
withal
,
to
make
appear
the
Injustice
and
Violence
of
their
Proceedings
:
Ye
see
,
said
he
,
these
Sacred
Persons
forced
to
conceal
themselves
in
the
habit
of
Slavery
,
to
shun
the
fury
of
my
Enemies
,
and
all
for
maintaining
those
Privileges
which
the
Laws
allowed
them
,
and
which
Sylla
himself
,
who
spared
nothing
else
,
never
durst
Violate
:
But
now
Pompey
,
who
boasts
himself
to
have
re-established
these
Privileges
,
has
deprived
these
Men
of
them
,
and
so
much
the
more
unjustly
,
and
ungratefully
,
since
it
was
for
their
supporting
of
my
Interest
,
who
have
always
been
true
to
his
,
though
he
does
not
this
of
his
own
inclination
,
but
it
may
be
easily
seen
is
driven
to
it
by
malice
of
my
Enemies
.
Adding
moreover
,
That
their
violence
appeared
sufficiently
by
that
Decree
which
was
never
heard
of
,
but
when
the
Commonwealth
was
in
open
danger
from
the
fury
of
the
Tribunes
,
or
the
Seditions
of
the
multitude
,
which
did
not
any
ways
appear
at
this
time
.
In
fine
,
tearing
his
Robe
,
and
falling
even
into
tears
,
he
conjured
all
his
Souldiers
that
they
would
defend
his
Honour
and
his
Reputation
,
after
having
served
nine
years
under
his
Command
with
so
much
glory
and
success
.
The
Souldiers
with
loud
cries
answered
him
,
That
they
were
ready
to
revenge
the
Injuries
done
to
their
General
,
and
to
the
Tribunes
.
CHAP.
XV.
The
passage
of
the
Rubicon
,
and
the
taking
of
Rimini
.
AMongst
the
many
Warlike
Qualities
of
Caesar
,
his
diligence
to
prevent
an
Enemy
,
and
pursue
a
Victory
,
was
the
most
admirable
;
he
had
often
surprised
others
,
but
was
never
known
to
have
been
surprised
himself
.
He
never
carried
a
Victory
,
but
he
made
himself
Master
of
the
Enemies
Camp
,
he
knew
well
how
necessary
,
and
of
what
importance
such
a
diligence
at
this
time
was
.
And
what
impressions
first
Exploits
make
towards
the
Reputation
of
any
Party
.
And
to
add
moreover
a
secret
upon
this
occasion
,
he
sent
some
Centurions
,
and
chosen
Men
armed
with
Swords
,
onely
to
to
put
themselves
as
secretly
as
possible
into
Rimini
,
which
was
the
chief
Town
on
that
side
of
his
Government
.
For
himself
,
he
spent
the
days
in
seeing
publick
Plays
,
and
the
Combat
of
the
Gladiatours
at
Ravenna
,
and
when
night
came
,
sate
himself
at
Table
amongst
his
Friends
,
but
soon
rose
up
again
,
and
desiring
his
Friends
to
make
themselves
welcome
,
told
them
,
he
would
return
in
a
moment
,
but
that
was
the
least
of
his
Designs
,
for
he
had
ordered
some
Mules
to
be
taken
out
of
a
Neighbouring
Mill
,
and
put
into
his
Chariot
,
in
which
Equipage
he
set
forwards
towards
Rimini
,
with
some
few
of
his
particular
Friends
whom
he
had
made
privy
to
his
Intention
,
and
one
Troop
of
Souldiers
;
it
was
a
troublesome
Journey
,
but
they
resolv'd
to
undergoe
it
,
so
that
sometimes
on
foot
,
and
sometimes
in
his
Chariot
,
Caesar
arrived
upon
the
Banks
of
Rubicon
,
which
is
a
little
River
separating
the
Cisalpine
Gaul
,
from
the
rest
of
Italy
.
In
this
place
all
the
misfortunes
of
that
War
which
he
was
going
to
undertake
,
presented
themselves
to
his
mind
.
Sometimes
he
had
thoughts
of
going
back
again
,
and
turning
himself
to
Asinius
Pollio
;
We
have
now
,
says
he
,
in
our
Power
to
return
,
but
if
we
pass
the
River
,
our
onely
retreat
must
be
to
our
Arms.
Some
Authours
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
Suetonius
himself
gives
an
account
of
a
Miracle
which
happened
to
him
upon
this
Occasion
,
perhaps
they
have
done
it
onely
more
particularly
to
signalize
that
famous
passage
of
the
Rubicon
,
by
something
extraordinary
,
but
however
it
might
be
,
it
will
not
be
here
improper
to
recount
it
.
Not
far
from
the
place
where
he
stood
,
there
appeared
all
of
a
sudden
a
man
of
an
extraordinary
stature
,
who
made
very
good
Musick
with
a
certain
Flute
or
Reed
which
he
plaid
upon
;
The
Novelty
of
the
sight
drew
together
a
great
many
of
the
Souldiers
,
and
among
the
rest
a
Trumpet
that
belonged
to
Caesar
,
so
soon
as
they
came
near
to
the
man
,
he
snatched
away
the
Trumpet
,
and
sounding
a
Charge
,
threw
himself
into
the
water
,
and
went
over
to
the
other
side
;
no
mention
is
made
what
became
of
him
,
onely
that
Caesar
without
farther
consideration
passed
the
River
,
crying
out
aloud
,
Let
us
go
where
the
Gods
so
remarkably
call
,
and
where
the
fury
of
our
Enemies
drives
us
,
the
Lot
is
cast
.
From
thence
,
without
making
the
least
stay
,
he
marched
directly
up
to
Rimini
,
and
possessed
himself
of
it
without
any
resistence
,
so
with
six
thousand
men
onely
he
began
that
famous
War
.
And
after
having
secured
himself
of
that
place
of
Importance
,
sent
orders
to
his
Troops
to
follow
with
all
diligence
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
The
amazement
of
the
Senatours
:
They
leave
Rome
,
and
retire
to
Capua
.
THIS
sudden
and
unexpected
enterprise
gave
most
terrible
apprehensions
to
the
City
of
Rome
.
They
believed
already
that
Caesar
was
at
their
Gates
with
all
his
Army
,
and
it
was
an
odd
confusion
to
see
the
Countrey
People
come
for
safeguard
into
the
City
,
and
at
the
same
time
the
Citizens
flying
into
the
Countrey
,
no
body
knew
which
side
to
take
;
and
Cicero
himself
began
to
believe
that
Pompey
had
not
made
the
least
preparations
,
that
he
was
not
in
any
condition
to
make
head
against
Caesar
,
and
that
he
had
neither
Troops
,
nor
place
of
retreat
.
For
Cicero
found
himself
under
as
difficult
circumstances
as
any
body
,
and
his
uneasiness
appeared
in
all
the
Epistles
which
he
wrote
upon
this
Occasion
,
If
I
should
stay
,
(
says
he
,
in
one
of
them
,
)
I
know
not
here
whom
I
ought
to
be
most
ashamed
to
accompany
,
Lepidus
,
Volcatius
or
Sulpitius
,
neither
of
these
but
is
as
silly
as
Domitius
,
and
as
inconstant
as
Appius
,
but
Pompey
engages
me
by
the
obligations
which
I
owe
him
,
and
not
by
his
Authority
;
for
what
Authority
can
a
man
deserve
,
who
could
honour
Caesar
in
the
highest
degree
,
after
we
were
all
afraid
of
him
,
and
who
believes
now
,
when
he
begins
to
fear
him
,
that
all
the
world
ought
to
declare
against
him
?
Thus
in
few
words
Cicero
gave
a
description
of
Pompey
and
his
Party
,
in
the
mean
while
making
his
interest
with
Caesar
,
by
the
means
of
Dolabella
and
Caelius
,
and
other
of
his
Friends
,
to
which
purpose
Caelius
in
one
of
his
letters
to
him
(
wherein
he
shews
himself
a
man
of
very
pleasant
observation
)
advises
him
this
for
a
Maxime
,
That
in
the
Divisions
of
a
Government
,
while
the
matter
is
disputed
by
words
onely
,
every
man
ought
to
espouse
that
Party
which
he
thinks
is
the
Iustest
;
but
when
once
it
comes
to
Arms
,
te
join
evermore
with
the
strongest
,
and
to
believe
that
he
who
has
the
best
Sword
,
has
the
best
Cause
.
Pompey
underwent
no
small
regret
and
discontentment
during
this
Perplexity
:
His
whole
Party
reproached
him
that
he
had
deceived
them
,
demanding
of
him
where
his
Troops
were
,
and
Favonius
,
who
was
grown
crack-brained
with
Philosophical
Projects
,
and
pretending
to
imitate
Cato
,
told
him
,
That
it
was
now
high
time
for
him
to
stamp
upon
the
Earth
with
his
foot
,
and
bring
forth
the
Souldiers
which
he
had
promised
them
.
At
the
last
Pompey
was
forced
to
tell
them
that
they
should
not
want
Souldiers
,
if
they
would
but
follow
him
and
quit
Rome
,
or
indeed
Italy
,
which
they
were
not
able
to
defend
,
that
it
was
neither
their
Houses
nor
their
Provinces
that
could
inspire
them
with
the
love
of
Vertue
and
of
Liberty
.
But
that
Men
of
Honour
would
find
it
in
all
Retreats
,
and
that
to
unite
themselves
,
was
the
way
to
put
them
into
a
condition
of
returning
back
again
to
their
Houses
with
Glory
.
This
discourse
,
and
the
affection
which
they
bore
to
Pompey
,
made
them
resolve
at
last
to
quit
the
City
,
for
though
they
blamed
his
Conduct
,
they
knew
not
how
to
hate
him
,
so
the
Consuls
,
and
almost
all
the
Senate
followed
him
to
Capua
,
where
were
the
two
Legions
which
Caesar
had
sent
from
Gaul
.
The
behaviour
of
Labienus
contributed
at
this
time
much
to
their
assurance
.
This
Man
was
one
of
Caesar's
Lieutenants
,
had
served
in
Gaul
with
a
great
deal
of
Reputation
,
and
was
therefore
well
esteemed
by
Caesar
,
but
afterwards
,
when
his
Services
,
and
the
Riches
he
had
gotten
in
them
,
began
to
make
him
vain
,
Caesar
thought
fit
to
let
him
see
he
would
be
his
General
,
and
not
yet
his
Companion
;
this
caused
Labienus
to
change
his
Party
,
and
his
deserting
made
indeed
a
great
shew
,
but
produced
very
little
advantage
.
No
brave
Man
thought
the
better
of
him
for
it
,
and
from
that
time
he
performed
nothing
that
was
considerable
,
and
though
the
Example
might
have
been
of
dangerous
Consequence
in
the
beginning
of
a
War
of
that
Nature
,
yet
Caesar
either
through
his
Wisdom
,
or
the
greatness
of
his
Mind
,
seemed
little
to
value
or
take
notice
of
it
,
for
he
sent
Labienus
all
his
Money
after
him
,
and
all
his
Equipage
.
From
this
time
Pompey
apply'd
himself
to
take
care
of
his
business
,
and
put
his
affairs
in
some
order
,
and
resolved
to
retire
into
[
*
](A33186-e22270-b)
*
Pollentia
.
Pouille
.
He
left
Lucius
Domitius
in
Corfinium
,
and
Cicero
to
command
in
Capua
,
who
received
the
Commission
with
some
reluctancy
,
but
as
he
had
left
him
neither
Men
nor
Money
,
he
apprehended
that
that
employment
would
not
much
injure
his
good
Correspondence
with
Caesar.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Some
Propositions
of
Peace
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
but
without
any
success
.
CAesar
was
still
at
Rimini
,
where
Lucius
,
Caesar
his
Kinsman
,
and
whose
Father
served
at
that
time
in
his
Army
,
came
with
Roscius
to
find
him
out
.
After
some
discourses
about
other
Affairs
,
Lucius
told
Caesar
that
Pompey
had
Commanded
him
to
wait
upon
him
,
and
to
beg
of
him
that
he
would
doe
him
Justice
,
in
regard
of
what
had
passed
between
them
,
that
he
should
think
himself
very
unhappy
,
if
it
were
possible
for
Caesar
to
think
himself
injured
by
him
,
in
what
he
had
done
onely
in
consideration
of
the
Commonwealth
;
that
it
had
always
been
his
Maxime
to
prefer
the
Publick
Good
before
his
own
particular
Interests
,
and
that
it
would
equally
redound
to
Caesar's
Glory
also
to
sacrifice
his
resentments
to
the
repose
of
his
Countrey
,
and
not
to
drive
things
so
far
as
by
endeavouring
to
revenge
himself
upon
his
Enemies
to
give
a
wound
to
the
Commonwealth
.
Roscius
too
entertained
him
with
discourse
much
to
this
purpose
:
but
these
Civilities
which
were
indeed
but
merely
such
,
and
from
the
Teeth
outward
,
were
of
no
great
weight
with
Caesar
,
nevertheless
he
resolved
upon
the
dismissing
of
these
Gentlemen
,
to
give
them
some
taste
of
his
sentiments
,
so
he
told
them
,
That
since
they
came
in
that
manner
Commissionated
from
Pompey
,
it
was
his
desire
that
they
would
charge
themselves
back
again
with
some
Propositions
on
his
part
,
especially
if
they
desired
to
appease
the
present
Troubles
,
and
quiet
the
fears
of
Italy
.
That
he
had
evermore
less
considered
his
life
than
the
honour
and
welfare
of
the
Commonwealth
,
but
that
he
could
not
without
extreme
grief
of
mind
see
that
his
Enemies
would
take
from
him
those
favours
which
the
People
of
Rome
thought
fit
to
have
allowed
him
,
that
they
would
cut
off
six
months
from
the
time
of
his
Government
,
to
force
him
to
Rome
in
spight
of
the
will
of
the
People
,
who
had
ordained
,
That
although
he
were
absent
,
he
should
be
considered
as
if
he
were
actually
present
in
the
Assemblies
for
the
Election
of
Consuls
,
that
he
had
nevertheless
been
content
to
put
up
that
injury
for
the
sake
of
the
publick
Peace
.
That
he
had
desired
by
his
Letters
that
all
the
Generals
might
quit
their
Armies
at
once
,
but
by
no
means
possible
could
obtain
it
.
But
that
on
the
contrary
Troops
were
levied
throughout
all
Italy
.
That
they
had
retained
the
two
Legions
which
were
taken
from
him
,
under
a
false
pretence
of
going
against
the
Parthians
,
and
the
whole
City
was
up
in
Arms
,
and
therefore
to
what
purpose
was
all
this
designed
,
except
for
his
ruine
?
that
for
all
this
he
was
disposed
to
reduce
himself
to
the
last
extremities
,
and
suffer
every
thing
for
the
sake
of
the
Republick
;
That
Pompey
should
retire
to
his
Government
,
that
the
Senatours
should
discharge
their
Troops
,
and
that
every
one
should
lay
down
his
Arms
throughout
all
Italy
,
that
Rome
should
be
no
more
held
in
Awe
,
but
the
Assemblies
be
left
to
their
Ancient
Liberty
.
In
short
,
that
the
full
Authority
of
the
Senate
,
and
the
People
of
Rome
should
be
restored
.
To
this
discourse
Caesar
added
,
that
matters
might
be
determined
better
by
an
enterview
between
him
and
Pompey
,
whereby
they
might
agree
upon
a
method
of
putting
this
in
Practice
,
and
take
mutual
Oaths
of
assurance
from
each
other
.
Roscius
and
Lucius
returned
back
to
Capua
with
these
Propositions
,
and
made
report
of
them
to
the
Consuls
,
and
to
Pompey
.
They
deliberated
upon
the
matter
,
and
wrote
back
their
answer
in
these
Terms
,
That
Caesar
should
return
into
Gaul
,
that
he
should
abandon
Rimini
,
after
which
,
Pompey
should
depart
for
Spain
,
that
in
the
mean
while
they
would
continue
their
Levies
till
Caesar
gave
them
assurances
that
this
should
be
performed
with
all
sincerity
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
The
progress
of
Caesar.
He
seizes
upon
the
March
of
Ancona
.
The
siege
of
Corfinium
.
IT
was
not
a
desire
of
Peace
which
carried
on
this
Correspondence
,
matters
were
too
far
engaged
,
and
the
Enmity
too
openly
declared
to
leave
any
room
for
a
sincere
Accommodation
.
Pompey's
business
was
but
to
gain
time
,
and
had
great
relyance
upon
the
assistence
of
the
Forces
of
the
East
,
which
were
absolutely
in
his
interest
.
Caesar
too
depending
upon
the
valour
and
affections
of
his
Souldiers
had
no
design
of
quitting
his
Arms
,
but
onely
to
make
it
appear
as
fairly
as
he
could
,
that
he
had
taken
them
up
with
Justice
.
His
Propositions
being
but
as
so
many
Manifesto's
or
Remonstrances
,
for
as
a
Politician
of
those
times
observed
,
they
might
easily
have
come
to
an
agreement
,
but
that
was
none
of
their
business
,
for
they
both
aimed
at
the
Government
.
Caesar
found
he
had
no
reason
to
obey
the
Senate
,
who
would
have
obliged
him
to
retire
,
and
leave
a
good
Garrison
,
and
disband
his
Troops
,
so
long
as
Pompey
continued
in
Arms
,
and
making
new
Levies
,
without
any
certain
day
fixt
for
his
departure
into
Spain
;
wherefore
without
loosing
more
time
,
he
resolved
upon
action
,
and
to
that
purpose
sent
Anthony
to
[
*
](A33186-e22840-b)
*
Aretium
.
Arezzo
with
five
Cohorts
to
make
new
Levies
.
In
the
mean
time
he
seized
upon
Pisaura
,
and
Fano
,
and
Ancona
,
and
upon
advice
received
,
that
Thermus
the
Pretor
was
at
Fermo
with
five
Cohorts
belonging
to
Pompey
,
he
sent
Curio
thither
with
three
of
his
,
upon
whose
arrival
the
Inhabitants
revolted
,
and
obliged
Thermus
to
depart
,
whose
Troops
deserted
him
.
In
fine
,
all
the
[
*
](A33186-e22940-b)
*
Picenum
.
March
of
Ancona
submitted
voluntarily
to
Caesar
:
This
Progress
of
his
redoubled
the
fears
at
Rome
,
whither
Lentulus
was
come
back
to
seize
upon
the
publick
Treasures
,
but
upon
the
report
that
Caesar
was
coming
,
left
the
Treasury
open
,
and
with
Marcellus
and
several
others
,
betook
himself
to
flight
.
In
the
mean
time
the
twelfth
Legion
came
to
join
Caesar
,
who
marched
to
[
†
](A33186-e23020-b)
†
Ascasum
.
Ascoli
,
which
Lentulus
had
possessed
himself
of
with
ten
Cohorts
,
he
staid
not
there
for
C●sar's
coming
,
but
retreated
in
confusion
,
a
great
part
of
his
Souldiers
deserting
him
also
,
the
rest
joined
with
Vibullius
Rufus
,
who
was
at
that
time
too
raising
new
recruits
,
whereof
he
composed
ten
Cohorts
,
and
went
to
Corfinium
to
find
out
Domitius
Aenobarsus
,
of
whom
Cicero
makes
mention
,
and
who
was
designed
to
have
succeeded
Caesar.
This
man
was
of
an
illustrious
Family
,
though
but
of
the
order
of
the
People
,
but
the
Merits
of
his
Ancestours
had
raised
them
to
the
dignity
of
Patricians
,
he
was
of
a
fantastical
inconstant
spirit
,
with
a
fiery
and
barbarous
humour
much
like
that
of
Nero
after
him
,
whose
great
great
Grandfather
he
was
.
He
had
with
him
twenty
Cohorts
of
new
raised
Troops
in
Corfinium
,
besides
,
the
twelve
that
belonged
to
Rufus
,
with
these
Forces
he
resolved
to
expect
Caesar.
Now
as
that
place
was
the
first
that
durst
undertake
to
make
head
against
Caesar
,
every
body
expected
with
impatience
what
would
be
the
success
of
the
enterprise
.
Caesar
made
his
approaches
with
two
Legions
,
and
was
engaged
by
five
Cohorts
,
who
defended
a
Bridge
about
three
miles
from
the
City
.
They
were
driven
back
even
to
the
Gates
of
Corfinium
,
which
thereupon
was
immediately
invested
.
Domitius
prepared
himself
for
a
vigorous
defence
,
and
wrote
word
to
Pompey
,
That
there
was
now
a
fair
opportunity
to
hem
in
Caesar
,
if
he
would
but
come
up
,
that
it
would
not
be
for
his
Reputation
to
abandon
thirty
Cohorts
,
besides
a
great
many
Senatours
and
Knights
of
Rome
;
Pompey's
answer
was
,
That
he
was
not
then
in
a
condition
to
set
the
Forces
of
the
Commonwealth
,
upon
the
hazard
of
a
Battel
that
Domitius
had
engaged
himself
in
Corfinium
,
absolutely
contrary
to
his
Opinion
,
and
that
he
ought
to
think
of
making
as
fair
and
speedy
a
retreat
as
was
possible
,
and
come
to
join
himself
with
the
Consuls
and
the
rest
of
the
Senate
.
It
was
upon
this
refusal
that
Cicero
became
so
transported
against
Pompey
,
in
one
of
his
Epistles
to
Atticus
.
I
should
have
believed
(
said
he
)
that
Pompey
would
have
had
more
regard
to
his
Reputation
;
He
himself
has
nourished
and
made
Caesar
great
,
and
now
all
of
a
sudden
is
grown
afraid
of
him
.
He
will
hearken
to
no
Propositions
of
Peace
,
and
yet
is
in
no
preparation
for
War
.
He
has
lost
the
March
of
Ancona
by
his
own
fault
,
has
put
himself
into
[
*
](A33186-e23320-b)
*
Pollentia
.
Povilla
,
and
would
go
into
Greece
without
thinking
fitting
to
make
us
in
the
least
acquainted
with
his
Designs
.
In
short
,
Domitius
presses
him
for
relief
,
and
represents
to
him
how
much
his
Glory
is
concerned
in
it
,
but
Pompey
renounces
his
Glory
,
and
retires
to
Brundusium
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
The
taking
of
Corfinium
.
Caesar
gives
Domitius
and
the
other
Senatours
their
liberty
;
He
writes
to
Cicero
.
Domitius
thought
it
his
wisest
way
to
conceal
this
answer
which
he
received
from
Pompey
,
and
said
,
that
the
General
was
upon
his
march
to
relieve
them
,
in
the
mean
time
contriving
with
the
trustiest
of
his
Friends
how
to
make
a
private
retreat
.
The
secret
could
not
be
so
nicely
managed
,
but
that
his
very
face
and
all
his
Actions
discovered
it
,
so
that
the
Souldiers
fell
to
Mutiny
,
and
proposed
surrendring
to
Caesar
,
who
had
now
recruited
his
Army
with
the
ninth
Legion
,
and
two
and
twenty
Cohorts
raised
in
Gaul
,
besides
three
hundred
German
Horse
which
a
certain
Petty
King
towards
the
side
of
Bavaria
had
sent
him
.
Caesar
pressed
the
place
with
those
Troops
he
had
put
under
the
command
of
Curio
,
so
that
no
means
of
retreat
being
left
,
the
Souldiers
secured
Domitius
,
and
sent
Deputies
to
Caesar
to
certifie
him
,
That
they
were
ready
to
open
the
Gates
to
him
and
surrender
.
This
happened
at
the
beginning
of
the
night
,
so
that
Caesar
would
not
make
his
entry
at
that
time
,
fearing
lest
in
the
dark
his
Souldiers
might
be
tempted
to
commit
disorders
,
and
pillage
the
City
;
Wherefore
he
onely
caused
his
Guards
to
be
doubled
,
and
kept
his
Army
at
their
Arms
all
night
.
At
break
of
day
Lentulus
called
from
the
Rampart
to
one
of
Caesar's
advanced
Sentinels
,
and
demanded
of
him
if
he
might
have
security
to
come
and
see
Caesar.
Caesar
had
notice
of
it
,
and
sent
him
his
Parole
,
Lentulus
presently
came
forth
conducted
by
Domitius
his
Souldiers
to
the
presence
of
Caesar.
He
began
his
discourse
with
praying
Caesar
to
forgive
him
,
in
respect
of
their
ancient
Friendship
,
and
afterwards
enlarged
himself
upon
the
favours
Caesar
had
done
him
;
That
he
was
indebted
to
him
for
all
the
Honours
he
enjoyed
in
the
dignity
of
Pontifex
,
in
the
Government
of
Spain
,
in
the
Consulship
.
Here
Caesar
interrupted
him
,
saying
,
That
he
was
not
come
from
Gaul
to
offend
any
body
but
onely
to
defend
himself
against
the
outrages
of
his
Enemies
,
to
restore
the
Honour
of
the
Tribunes
who
had
been
ignominiously
banished
,
and
to
recover
his
own
Liberty
with
that
of
the
People
of
Rome
,
whom
a
Cabal
of
ill
designing
men
had
now
enslaved
.
Lentulus
taking
heart
at
this
discourse
,
desired
of
him
the
liberty
to
return
into
the
Town
,
saying
,
That
the
favour
which
Caesar
had
shewn
him
would
be
a
great
motive
towards
the
assuring
of
the
others
,
many
whereof
had
taken
desperate
resolutions
against
their
own
lives
,
meaning
by
this
Domitius
,
who
by
a
certain
return
of
tenderness
which
Nature
has
for
life
,
was
now
seeking
for
remedy
against
some
Poison
which
he
imagined
he
had
taken
,
though
he
had
no
great
need
of
it
,
for
his
Physician
,
had
onely
given
him
a
Vomit
,
which
had
its
usual
operation
.
Caesar
ordered
all
the
Senatours
,
and
the
other
Noble
Romans
that
were
there
,
to
come
forth
of
the
Town
,
as
Domitius
,
Lentulus
,
Spinther
,
Vibullius
,
Rufus
,
Quintillius
Varus
,
and
Lucius
Rubrius
,
together
with
the
Sons
of
Domitius
,
besides
a
great
many
young
Gentlemen
and
Roman
Knights
.
He
forbad
his
Souldiers
offering
of
them
the
least
affront
even
in
speech
,
and
after
having
told
them
in
a
few
words
,
that
he
never
had
till
now
great
reason
to
value
himself
upon
their
acknowledgment
of
any
obligations
that
they
owed
him
,
he
gave
them
all
their
liberty
to
go
where
they
pleased
;
and
to
shew
that
he
as
little
valued
the
Money
,
as
the
lives
of
his
Enemies
,
he
restored
to
Domitius
six
thousand
Sesterces
,
which
he
had
deposited
in
the
Bank
of
Corfinium
,
though
he
could
not
be
ignorant
that
it
was
the
publick
stock
.
As
this
action
was
diversly
interpreted
,
Caesar
thought
himself
obliged
to
give
some
account
of
his
reasons
for
it
in
a
letter
which
he
wrote
to
Cicero
upon
some
praises
he
had
given
him
for
the
business
of
Corfinium
.
The
letter
was
in
these
Terms
.
Caesar
the
Emperour
to
Cicero
the
Emperour
.
I
Am
now
assured
that
you
know
me
,
since
you
appear
to
be
satisfied
that
nothing
is
so
far
from
my
nature
as
Cruelty
;
I
have
sought
nothing
in
this
proceeding
but
my
own
particular
satisfaction
,
but
at
present
I
am
proud
to
find
that
it
deserves
your
Approbation
,
and
I
am
no
longer
troubled
to
see
that
those
whom
I
have
spared
,
should
be
returned
with
my
Enemies
to
fight
again
against
me
,
since
I
wish
no
greater
advantage
than
to
let
them
know
that
they
will
be
always
like
themselves
,
and
I
too
will
as
little
alter
.
The
name
of
Emperour
was
at
this
time
no
other
than
a
Title
of
Honour
which
the
Souldiers
gave
their
Generals
,
after
some
great
Victory
,
Caesar
(
the
world
knew
)
had
well
deserved
it
;
Cicero
had
gotten
it
by
some
little
exploits
of
his
done
in
his
Government
of
Cilicia
,
and
it
was
onely
to
flatter
him
,
that
Caesar
gave
it
him
in
this
Letter
,
wherein
he
mentions
Domitius
,
Rufus
and
Varus
,
for
that
they
made
so
ungratefull
use
of
the
liberty
he
had
given
them
;
for
Domitius
went
to
Marseilles
to
seduce
that
City
from
Caesar's
Interest
,
Rufus
into
Spain
,
and
Varus
into
Africk
upon
the
same
design
.
CHAP.
XX.
New
Propositions
for
Peace
.
Caesar
besieges
Pompey
in
Brundusium
.
Pompey
retires
by
Sea
.
DOmitius
his
Souldiers
went
all
over
to
Caesar's
side
,
but
as
he
could
put
no
great
confidence
in
them
,
he
sent
them
into
Sicily
,
and
began
to
march
with
his
whole
Army
,
which
consisted
of
four
Veteran
,
and
two
new
raised
Legions
.
All
the
Towns
opened
him
their
Gates
,
and
their
Governours
fled
,
being
several
of
them
deserted
by
their
Souldiers
who
came
over
to
Caesar.
Pompey
himself
did
not
think
fit
to
stay
for
him
,
but
retreated
to
Brundusium
,
where
the
Consuls
immediately
embarked
to
go
to
[
*
](A33186-e24110-b)
*
Dyrachium
.
Durazzo
with
thirty
Cohorts
.
Pompey
remaining
in
the
Town
with
twenty
others
;
Caesar
soon
after
arrived
,
but
e'er
he
began
to
make
any
Attack
,
resolved
once
more
to
endeavour
an
Accommodation
:
He
had
taken
one
Magius
an
Engineer
,
belonging
to
Pompey
,
and
set
him
at
liberty
,
with
orders
to
tell
his
General
,
That
it
might
be
for
the
common
interest
of
them
both
,
as
well
as
the
good
of
the
Republick
,
that
they
two
might
have
a
Meeting
,
and
that
they
might
more
fairly
and
easily
hand
to
hand
come
to
an
agreement
,
than
by
the
means
of
any
third
Person
:
Magius
brought
him
no
answer
back
again
,
which
obliged
Caesar
uncertain
of
the
designs
of
Pompey
,
to
endeavour
the
blocking
up
the
entry
of
the
Port
of
Brundusium
.
To
this
purpose
he
caused
a
Bank
or
dam
to
be
raised
on
each
side
of
the
Port
where
it
was
narrowest
,
and
they
could
find
ground
,
and
where
no
bottom
could
be
reached
,
he
caused
two
Vessels
to
be
fastened
together
thirty
foot
square
every
way
,
and
made
them
to
advance
over
against
the
entry
of
the
Haven
;
they
were
moored
with
four
Anchors
,
one
at
every
Corner
,
and
to
these
were
joined
two
other
Vessels
of
the
same
bulk
,
with
design
to
form
a
sort
of
stacade
or
chain
;
the
first
bridge
of
these
Vessels
was
covered
with
Earth
and
green
Turf
,
to
the
end
that
those
who
were
to
defend
them
might
have
firm
footing
to
fight
upon
,
and
the
two
sides
were
furnished
with
Hurdles
in
the
nature
of
Parapets
,
and
one
of
these
Vessels
carried
from
square
to
square
,
a
Tower
containing
two
stories
for
defending
of
the
work
from
Attacks
,
and
from
fire
.
It
was
easie
to
judge
for
what
design
all
this
pains
was
undertaken
.
Pompey
endeavoured
to
break
it
,
and
to
that
purpose
made
use
of
several
Merchant
Ships
of
burthen
that
were
in
the
Haven
.
He
caused
there
to
be
raised
Towers
of
three
stories
high
,
which
he
furnished
with
Engines
and
all
sorts
of
Darts
;
with
these
he
run
against
Caesar's
Vessels
,
hoping
thereby
to
separate
them
,
and
hinder
the
continuation
of
the
work
,
which
occasioned
dayly
some
little
skirmishes
with
Darts
and
Arrows
.
All
this
time
Caesar's
design
was
to
seek
for
a
Peace
,
and
having
received
no
news
of
Magius
,
caused
Caninius
one
of
his
Lieutenants
to
demand
an
enterview
with
Scribonius
Libo
his
Friend
,
and
an
Officer
under
Pompey
.
His
orders
were
to
exhort
Libo
to
Peace
,
and
that
the
surest
way
to
accomplish
it
would
be
an
interview
between
Pompey
and
Caesar
,
that
Caesar
was
assured
matters
might
by
that
means
be
ordered
with
equal
satisfaction
to
both
Parties
,
and
that
the
glory
would
redound
to
Libo
,
if
by
his
care
and
mediation
they
should
come
to
the
laying
down
of
Arms
;
Caninius
proceeded
according
to
his
Commission
,
Libo
made
a
report
of
it
to
Pompey
,
and
returning
back
to
his
Friend
,
told
him
,
That
the
Consuls
being
absent
no
Propositions
of
that
kind
could
be
received
.
From
this
time
Caesar
lost
all
hopes
of
an
Accommodation
,
and
set
his
thoughts
wholly
upon
the
War
,
half
his
business
being
already
done
to
his
hands
,
by
reason
the
Vessels
which
transported
the
Consuls
,
and
their
Troops
,
were
returned
from
Durazzo
,
which
opportunity
Pompey
thought
fit
to
make
use
of
for
withdrawing
himself
,
and
to
secure
his
retreat
he
immediately
caused
all
the
Gates
of
the
City
to
be
walled
up
,
and
several
Houses
to
be
demolished
in
the
Piazza's
,
and
cross
streets
.
The
Avenues
of
the
Port
were
cut
off
by
certain
Pits
which
were
filled
with
stakes
,
and
covered
over
with
Hurdles
and
Earth
,
besides
,
two
which
were
onely
defended
with
Beams
,
and
Joysts
made
very
sharp
at
the
ends
,
and
planted
after
the
manner
of
Fraize
:
After
these
Precautions
,
he
caused
his
Souldiers
to
embark
with
all
silence
imaginable
,
leaving
onely
some
Archers
and
Slingers
upon
the
Walls
,
who
had
a
signal
given
them
to
retreat
,
so
soon
as
his
Souldiers
should
be
gotten
on
Board
,
for
he
caused
some
Challops
,
or
small
Boats
to
attend
them
in
a
convenient
place
for
their
Embarkment
also
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Brundusium
dissatisfi'd
with
Pompey's
Souldiers
,
and
provoked
by
the
ruine
of
their
Houses
,
advised
Caesar
of
their
retreat
,
who
immediately
put
his
Troops
into
order
,
and
gave
command
for
the
planting
of
Ladders
at
the
same
moment
of
time
that
Pompey
should
give
the
signal
to
his
Archers
,
who
yet
easily
secured
their
retreat
by
certain
private
paths
that
they
were
well
acquainted
with
.
So
that
Pompey
got
all
this
Troops
on
Board
,
and
at
the
beginning
of
the
night
weighed
Anchor
;
Caesar's
Souldiers
got
over
the
Walls
,
and
had
certainly
fallen
into
the
Pits
which
were
prepared
for
them
,
had
not
the
People
of
the
Town
given
them
warning
,
so
that
they
were
forced
to
take
a
large
Circuit
to
come
to
the
Port
;
which
nevertheless
was
not
so
great
a
hindrance
to
them
;
but
that
they
had
time
enough
with
Barks
,
and
some
other
small
Vessels
to
seize
upon
two
of
Pompey's
Ships
,
who
had
run
themselves
a
ground
in
going
out
of
the
Haven
,
while
the
rest
made
all
the
Sail
they
could
,
and
saved
themselves
.
Caesar
seeing
himself
in
sixty
days
Master
of
all
Italy
,
was
now
extremely
desirous
to
attack
his
Enemies
e'er
yet
the
supplies
they
expected
from
Asia
could
come
to
join
them
.
But
wanting
Shipping
,
he
resolved
to
go
to
Rome
,
to
settle
there
some
sort
of
Government
,
and
then
pass
into
Spain
,
to
drive
thence
those
Troops
of
Pompey
,
who
had
taken
possession
of
it
under
the
Command
of
Affranius
and
Petreius
.
He
sent
orders
to
all
his
Officers
Commanding
upon
that
side
,
to
get
together
some
Shipping
,
and
send
them
to
Brundusium
.
He
gave
Valerius
one
Legion
to
go
into
Sardignia
,
and
three
to
Curio
for
Sicily
,
with
orders
to
go
forward
into
Africk
so
soon
as
they
had
brought
that
Island
to
Submission
,
Cato
Commanded
there
for
the
Senate
,
and
Aurelius
Cotta
in
Sardignia
.
They
neither
of
them
staid
to
attend
the
coming
up
of
Caesar's
Troops
.
And
Cato
after
having
publickly
complained
of
Pompey's
Conduct
totally
abandoned
Sicily
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Caesar
goes
to
Rome
,
by
the
way
sees
Cicero
.
He
seizes
upon
the
money
of
the
publick
Treasury
,
and
goes
into
Spain
.
The
siege
of
Marseilles
.
NOW
Caesar
having
put
his
Troops
into
good
Quarters
,
began
his
Journey
towards
Rome
,
after
having
written
to
all
those
of
the
Senate
,
who
had
not
already
declared
themselves
to
meet
him
there
,
and
assist
him
with
their
Councils
:
But
above
all
,
he
desired
to
see
Cicero
,
and
pressed
him
to
come
by
Oppius
and
Coelius
,
who
were
Friends
to
them
both
,
and
near
his
Person
.
Caesar
,
the
more
to
engage
him
to
it
,
took
an
opportunity
to
see
him
in
his
Journey
.
The
Conversation
that
passed
between
two
so
extraordinary
men
as
they
were
,
and
moved
each
by
different
Considerations
,
must
needs
have
something
in
it
very
remarkable
.
Caesar
complain'd
to
Cicero
of
his
refusal
to
go
to
Rome
,
and
told
him
;
That
by
that
repugnancy
he
would
make
it
believed
that
he
blamed
his
Conduct
,
which
might
give
ill
impressions
,
and
be
of
bad
Example
to
the
other
Senatours
.
To
which
Cicero
replyed
,
That
the
reasons
he
proceeded
upon
were
very
different
from
those
of
the
others
.
But
Caesar
still
pressed
him
,
saying
,
That
he
desired
his
presence
at
Rome
for
no
other
end
than
the
proposing
of
some
Accommodation
;
Might
I
(
replyed
Cicero
)
here
speak
my
Opinion
?
I
have
nothing
to
prescribe
you
,
upon
that
occasion
;
Then
(
says
Caesar
)
I
will
tell
you
:
You
will
tell
me
(
answered
Cicero
)
that
the
Spanish
expedition
does
not
please
the
Senate
,
that
the
Army
ought
not
to
go
into
Greece
;
In
short
,
I
have
much
adoe
to
forbear
discovering
the
Compassion
I
have
for
the
present
state
of
Pompey's
Fortune
;
Oh
(
replies
Caesar
)
I
cannot
understand
why
things
of
this
nature
should
be
said
to
me
,
whose
duty
it
is
to
distrust
my self
.
And
that
is
one
reason
too
(
says
Cicero
)
why
I
would
not
go
to
Rome
,
for
it
is
my
duty
also
to
speak
my
mind
,
or
else
I
ought
not
to
appear
in
the
Senate
.
Caesar
left
him
to
give
him
time
for
reflexion
,
but
Cicero
could
not
resolve
with
himself
to
go
to
Rome
.
But
Caesar
arriving
there
,
composed
a
body
of
such
Senatours
as
he
found
there
,
and
called
them
the
Senate
,
and
when
they
were
Assembled
,
made
them
a
speech
in
justification
of
his
Conduct
.
The
reasons
he
alledged
may
he
easily
imagined
,
the
most
weighty
of
them
having
been
already
taken
notice
of
.
He
proposed
to
the
Senate
the
sending
of
Ambassadours
to
Pompey
,
without
bogling
at
the
point
of
Honour
,
which
Pompey
had
laid
down
for
a
Maxime
,
which
was
,
That
in
paying
that
respect
to
any
one
,
they
attributed
to
him
a
Supreme
Authority
,
and
that
it
was
a
mark
of
fear
on
their
part
who
did
it
.
But
there
was
no
body
to
be
found
who
would
undertake
this
Commission
,
because
Pompey
by
the
advice
of
Domi●●u●
,
had
declared
all
such
Senatours
Enemies
as
should
remain
Neutrals
.
Caesar
therefore
would
not
insist
upon
this
Proposition
of
an
Embassy
,
but
began
to
think
of
providing
himself
with
Money
,
his
recourse
was
to
the
publick
Treasury
which
he
would
have
had
opened
.
But
Metellus
one
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
opposed
him
upon
it
,
alledging
,
That
the
Laws
forbad
it
,
that
that
money
was
sacred
,
and
that
heretofore
most
horrible
imprecations
had
been
denounced
upon
those
who
should
ever
touch
it
for
any
other
occasions
than
the
Gallick
War
.
Caesar
told
him
,
He
had
removed
the
reasons
of
those
maledictions
by
bringing
Gaul
under
subjection
to
the
Romans
.
And
when
the
Tribune
insisted
still
upon
the
Laws
;
Caesar
being
something
moved
,
told
him
,
That
Arms
and
Laws
seldom
agre●●
very
well
together
.
Therefore
adds
he
,
If
you
do
not
like
my
proceeding
,
you
may
please
to
withdraw
,
the
War
will
not
admit
of
this
liberty
of
Contradiction
,
but
when
Peace
has
once
obliged
us
to
lay
down
our
Arms
,
you
may
take
your
time
to
enlarge
your self
upon
the
power
and
virtue
of
the
Laws
;
I
relinquish
much
of
my
right
in
vouchsafing
to
tell
you
this
;
for
you
ought
to
know
that
you
are
now
in
my
power
,
with
all
those
who
have
provoked
the
people
against
me
.
After
this
Discourse
he
went
to
the
Doors
of
the
Treasury
,
the
Keys
whereof
not
being
to
be
found
;
Caesar
sent
for
People
to
break
open
the
Locks
,
and
when
Metellus
had
still
the
boldness
to
dispute
it
with
him
,
in
a
rage
laid
his
hand
upon
his
Sword
,
and
threatned
to
kill
him
,
saying
,
Know
young
man
,
that
it
is
harder
for
me
to
say
this
than
to
doe
it
.
These
words
and
behaviour
of
Caesar
so
terrifi'd
Metellus
,
that
he
retired
.
Caesar
took
out
of
the
Treasury
3000
pound
weight
of
gold
.
And
the
example
of
Metellus
was
the
reason
,
that
during
the
rest
of
the
War
,
never
any
thing
was
refused
him
.
After
this
he
departed
from
Rome
upon
his
Spanish
expedition
;
having
first
sent
orders
to
all
his
Troops
to
come
and
join
him
;
he
received
news
in
Provence
that
Pompey
had
sent
Rufus
into
Spain
,
and
that
by
Pompey's
intriguing
with
their
Ambassadours
when
they
were
at
Rome
in
the
beginning
of
the
War
,
the
People
of
Marseilles
had
resolved
to
refuse
him
entrance
into
their
City
,
that
Domitius
was
gone
thither
with
seven
Gallies
filled
with
the
Slaves
,
Libertines
and
Peasants
that
belonged
to
his
Lands
,
and
that
the
Marseillians
had
called
down
to
their
Succour
all
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Neighbouring
Mountains
.
Caesar
sent
for
fifteen
of
the
chief
Men
of
the
City
,
to
desire
of
them
,
That
they
would
not
begin
a
War
with
him
,
but
rather
follow
the
example
of
all
Italy
and
submit
.
They
returned
back
to
the
City
to
advise
upon
the
matter
,
from
whence
they
sent
him
this
answer
:
That
having
understood
that
the
People
of
Rome
were
divided
,
and
that
Pompey
and
Caesar
were
the
heads
of
the
two
Parties
,
they
had
resolved
to
take
neither
part
where
two
men
were
concerned
,
to
whom
they
had
equal
obligations
.
In
the
mean
time
Domitius
arriving
,
was
received
into
the
City
,
so
declaring
him
General
,
they
put
their
Navy
to
Sea
;
Caesar
incensed
at
their
proceeding
,
besieged
the
Town
with
three
Legions
,
and
ordered
twelve
Ships
of
War
to
be
built
at
Arles
;
which
were
completed
in
thirty
days
,
Decimus
Brutus
was
appointed
to
command
them
;
and
Caius
Trebonius
his
Lieutenant
General
was
left
to
continue
the
Siege
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Pompey
gathers
together
great
Forces
.
Fabius
enters
Spain
with
the
Troops
belonging
to
Caesar.
THough
Pompey's
design
had
at
the
first
been
ill
interpreted
.
He
had
too
much
courage
,
and
was
too
great
a
Captain
to
have
proceeded
in
that
manner
without
being
obliged
by
very
powerfull
reasons
.
He
knew
well
the
valour
of
Caesar's
Souldiers
,
inured
by
ten
years
service
against
Warlike
Nations
,
and
by
the
merit
of
their
General
.
Besides
,
he
was
willing
to
preserve
his
Reputation
,
and
not
put
himself
to
the
hazard
of
being
beaten
without
hopes
of
recovery
,
with
Troops
but
newly
raised
and
unexperienced
.
Besides
,
he
could
not
assure
himself
of
the
fidelity
of
those
two
Legions
which
Caesar
had
surrendered
him
,
and
who
for
several
years
had
served
under
a
Man
who
understood
all
the
arts
of
making
himself
beloved
.
It
was
this
which
caused
him
to
go
into
Greece
,
there
of
such
Succours
as
he
could
draw
out
of
Asia
,
which
was
wholly
in
his
Interest
to
form
a
body
that
might
be
fit
to
make
head
against
Caesar.
In
effect
in
a
short
time
he
found
that
he
had
a
very
considerable
Army
.
He
applyed
himself
therefore
to
exercise
his
Souldiers
,
with
an
able
Fleet
to
make
himself
Master
at
Sea
,
and
to
furnish
himself
with
Darts
,
Engines
,
and
all
such
Equipage
as
was
necessary
for
him
.
He
reckoned
much
too
upon
his
Army
that
was
in
Spain
,
composed
all
of
very
good
Legions
,
hoping
that
if
Caesar
lost
not
his
Reputation
,
he
might
at
least
lose
there
the
best
of
his
Souldiers
,
which
must
indeed
have
succeeded
as
Pompey
imagined
,
had
he
himself
been
at
the
head
of
that
Army
,
or
had
he
sent
any
of
his
best
Officers
to
command
it
.
But
Caesar
,
who
knew
the
condition
it
was
in
,
said
with
his
usual
confidence
that
he
went
to
find
an
Army
without
a
General
;
but
that
he
should
come
back
and
find
a
General
without
an
Army
.
Afranius
,
Petreius
,
and
Varro
commanded
in
Spain
for
Pompey
,
and
understanding
by
Vibullius
Rufus
,
that
Caesar
was
upon
his
march
to
attack
them
;
upon
this
advice
they
resolved
that
Petreius
should
join
with
Afranius
,
and
that
Varro
with
his
Troops
should
guard
the
inner
part
of
the
Countrey
.
They
making
choice
of
Lerida
for
the
Post
where
they
would
attend
the
coming
of
Caesar.
Afranius
had
three
Legions
,
and
Petreius
two
others
,
with
four
and
twenty
Cohorts
of
the
Natives
of
the
Countrey
,
and
five
thousand
Horse
.
Caesar
had
caused
the
passages
of
the
Pyreneans
to
be
possessed
by
three
Legions
,
Commanded
by
Fabius
,
who
after
having
put
to
flight
some
of
Afranius
his
Troops
that
guarded
those
Defiles
,
was
advanced
into
Catalonia
,
Caesar
followed
him
with
three
other
Legions
,
three
thousand
Horse
which
had
accompanied
him
all
his
Conquests
,
and
as
many
Gallick
Cavalry
,
composed
all
of
the
noblest
and
bravest
Men
of
that
Nation
,
besides
the
Gascons
and
the
Basques
.
There
ran
at
this
time
a
report
,
that
Pompey
would
come
by
Mauritania
to
put
himself
at
the
head
of
his
Army
,
which
caused
Caesar
to
use
extr●me
diligence
,
and
to
assure
himself
of
his
Troops
by
an
extraordinary
way
of
proceeding
.
For
he
borrow'd
certain
sums
of
Money
of
all
his
Officers
,
which
he
distributed
amongst
his
Souldiers
,
by
that
means
engaging
his
Officers
by
their
own
proper
interests
,
and
his
Souldiers
by
his
liberality
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Caesar
joyns
his
Army
,
and
marches
against
Petreius
and
Afranius
.
[
*
](A33186-e25930-b)
*
Ilerd●
.
LErida
is
a
City
of
Catalonia
,
within
twenty
miles
of
the
Ebre
,
situated
upon
an
advanced
ground
between
the
Rivers
Segre
and
Cinga
.
Fabius
had
advanced
himself
between
these
two
Rivers
,
and
had
caused
two
Bridges
to
be
laid
over
the
Segre
four
thousand
paces
distance
from
each
other
,
for
the
convenience
of
Forrage
.
The
Enemies
Generals
had
done
the
same
thing
for
the
same
reason
.
So
that
the
Cavalry
of
both
Parties
were
every
day
engaged
.
There
happened
at
the
same
time
a
fierce
fight
between
two
of
Fabius's
Legions
,
and
Afranius
with
four
of
his
.
The
two
Legions
were
commanded
by
Plancus
,
and
had
certainly
been
put
to
the
rout
,
had
not
Fabius
come
up
to
their
relief
with
all
his
Troops
;
Caesar
in
the
mean
while
marched
to
joyn
him
with
eight
hundred
Horse
,
and
in
two
days
made
that
Road
which
reaches
from
the
Pyreneans
down
to
the
Segre
.
After
that
he
had
understood
the
disposition
of
the
places
,
and
of
the
Countrey
,
and
that
the
rest
of
his
Troops
were
arrived
,
he
gave
orders
for
the
repairing
of
one
of
those
Bridges
which
the
River
had
broken
down
,
and
left
six
Cohorts
with
all
his
Baggage
to
guard
the
Bridge
,
and
his
Camp
.
Marching
emba●●elled
in
three
Lines
,
till
he
came
within
view
of
the
Enemy
.
Afranius
appeared
with
his
Troops
in
Battalia
,
upon
an
eminence
where
he
was
encamped
,
and
where
Caesar
could
not
attack
him
,
which
oblig'd
him
to
post
himself
four
hundred
paces
onely
from
the
foot
of
the
Mountain
.
The
Romans
never
used
to
encamp
without
retrenching
themselves
within
a
Ditch
,
and
a
Palisade
,
which
the
Legionary
Souldiers
could
throw
up
in
an
instant
,
every
one
of
them
besides
his
Arms
carrying
a
stake
upon
his
Shoulders
for
the
making
of
the
Palisade
.
This
was
their
first
work
;
and
this
they
supported
with
Earth
and
Turf
for
the
forming
of
a
Rampart
.
Caesar
that
he
might
not
be
disturbed
in
intrenching
,
left
his
two
foremost
lines
to
remain
in
Battalia
,
while
the
third
wrought
under
the
shelter
of
the
two
others
,
and
threw
up
a
Ditch
of
fifteen
foot
breadth
,
so
that
face
of
the
Camp
which
looked
towards
the
Enemy
,
was
fortifi'd
e'er
Afranius
could
perceive
it
.
Then
Caesar
caused
his
Troops
to
retreat
by
the
two
ends
of
the
Trench
.
His
whole
Army
were
all
that
night
at
their
Arms
,
and
the
next
day
he
drew
up
three
Legions
in
Battalia
behind
the
Ditch
.
As
it
was
a
hard
matter
to
get
Turf
,
he
contented
himself
to
cause
a
Trench
to
be
thrown
up
upon
the
other
sides
of
his
Camp
,
by
the
three
Legions
who
were
not
at
their
Arms.
The
work
was
completed
in
a
few
days
,
though
Afranius
and
Petreius
made
some
attempts
to
hinder
it
,
but
unsuccessfully
,
so
that
being
in
so
good
a
condition
as
it
was
,
Caesar
caused
all
his
Equipage
to
come
up
,
with
the
Cohorts
that
were
at
the
guard
of
the
Bridge
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
The
Battel
of
Lerida
.
BEtween
the
Eminence
where
the
Enemy
was
Encamped
;
and
the
Town
of
Lerida
,
there
was
a
Plain
of
about
three
hundred
paces
,
and
in
the
middle
of
that
Plain
a
small
advanced
ground
,
Caesar
endeavoured
to
get
possession
of
this
Post
,
and
fortifie
himself
there
,
by
that
means
to
take
away
from
the
Enemy
the
conveniency
of
their
Bridge
,
and
their
communication
with
the
City
,
from
whence
they
furnished
themselves
with
all
their
subsistence
.
He
caused
three
of
his
Legions
to
advance
,
which
he
posted
in
three
different
places
,
giving
orders
to
the
first
Battalion
of
that
Legion
which
was
nearest
to
the
advanced
ground
to
run
all
together
,
and
possess
themselves
of
it
.
But
the
Cohorts
of
Afranius
his
advanced
Guard
,
who
had
less
way
to
go
,
got
thither
first
,
and
repulsed
Caesar's
Men.
They
were
seconded
with
other
Troops
,
so
that
the
Battel
grew
hot
in
that
place
.
The
manner
of
fighting
on
both
sides
was
very
different
.
Afranius
his
Souldiers
accustomed
to
Wars
against
the
Barbarians
,
who
never
keep
their
ground
,
charged
fiercely
at
the
first
,
and
advanced
with
a
great
deal
of
Courage
,
but
they
took
no
care
of
their
ranks
,
but
opened
themselves
in
fighting
,
and
when
ever
they
were
pressed
hard
,
thought
it
no
dishonour
to
give
ground
,
and
abandon
their
Posts
,
and
this
Caesar
says
happened
in
regard
that
Souldiers
easily
learn
the
Discipline
of
those
places
where
they
have
longest
served
.
Caesar's
Men
on
the
contrary
thought
it
was
for
their
Honour
to
fight
Embodied
,
and
to
keep
their
ranks
,
and
never
to
quit
their
Colours
nor
their
Posts
.
In
the
mean
time
the
manner
of
the
Enemies
fighting
surprised
them
by
its
Novelty
,
they
believed
that
they
should
be
hemm'd
in
,
and
the
whole
Battalion
moved
with
a
great
deal
of
disorder
,
and
the
astonishment
had
certainly
reached
the
rest
of
the
Troops
,
who
were
not
accustomed
to
see
themselves
push't
by
their
Enemies
,
had
not
Caesar
assured
them
by
his
presence
.
He
caused
a
Legion
to
go
on
entire
,
and
it
was
the
ninth
,
which
put
a
stop
to
the
Attempts
of
the
Enemy
,
and
charged
them
so
hotly
,
that
they
retreated
under
the
walls
of
Lerida
.
But
that
Legion
enraged
with
the
affront
they
had
received
,
engaged
themselves
too
inconsiderately
in
so
dangerous
a
place
,
upon
the
steep
part
of
the
rising
ground
,
upon
which
the
City
was
built
.
Afranius
his
Souldiers
returned
to
the
charge
,
and
as
they
had
gotten
the
advantage
of
the
place
,
and
Caesar
also
had
recruited
his
Men
,
the
Battel
lasted
five
hours
upon
that
spot
with
great
disadvantage
to
Caesar's
Party
,
who
were
forced
to
fight
up
hill
,
and
where
every
Dart
from
the
Enemy
did
execution
,
which
last
obliged
them
to
run
up
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
,
and
with
so
much
vigour
,
that
they
pushed
the
Enemies
Party
which
were
in
the
Trenches
,
and
the
others
also
in
the
same
place
.
By
this
time
Caesar's
Horse
were
with
difficulty
advanced
to
favour
their
retreat
which
they
made
without
any
disorder
.
Both
Parties
attributed
to
themselves
the
Honour
of
the
Victory
.
Caesar
,
because
his
Troops
had
maintained
the
fight
for
five
hours
in
so
disadvantageous
a
Post
,
and
that
they
had
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
,
put
the
Enemy
to
flight
.
And
Afranius
for
that
his
being
less
in
number
,
had
had
at
first
the
advantage
,
and
that
he
still
remained
Master
of
the
Post
for
which
they
fought
,
and
which
he
caused
to
be
fortified
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
Caesar's
Army
reduced
to
great
extremities
by
the
overflowing
of
two
Rivers
.
Cicero
and
a
great
many
other
Senatours
go
to
find
out
Pompey
.
AN
Accident
which
happened
two
days
after
this
Battel
,
gave
him
still
greater
hopes
.
The
Rains
which
fell
in
abundance
,
and
melted
the
Snow
upon
the
Mountains
,
so
swelled
up
the
two
Rivers
,
that
the
Rapidity
of
the
Waters
carried
away
both
Caesar's
Bridges
,
so
that
he
saw
himself
shut
up
between
two
over-flown
Rivers
,
and
could
receive
neither
Convoys
of
Provisions
,
nor
those
powerfull
succours
which
he
expected
out
of
Gaul
and
Italy
:
This
was
at
the
beginning
of
Summer
,
when
the
Corn
was
not
yet
ripe
enough
for
the
making
of
Bread
.
Besides
Afranius
his
Spaniards
being
well
acquainted
with
the
Countrey
,
and
accustomed
to
pass
the
Rivers
in
Goat-skins
,
which
they
always
carried
with
them
to
the
Wars
,
continually
met
and
fell
upon
Caesar's
Men
,
when
ever
any
of
them
were
stragling
or
out
from
the
rest
.
Afranius
,
on
the
other
side
,
had
great
store
of
Corn
,
and
other
Provisions
,
which
he
still
supply'd
himself
withall
out
of
that
part
of
the
Countrey
which
lay
behind
his
Camp
,
and
which
had
not
yet
been
ravaged
.
Caesar
attempted
to
repair
his
Bridges
,
but
the
largeness
and
violence
of
the
Rivers
rendered
all
his
endeavours
fruitless
;
besides
,
that
the
Enemy
disturbed
the
Work
with
flights
of
Darts
from
the
other
side
of
the
Segre
:
by
this
time
the
succours
from
Gaul
were
arrived
,
consisting
of
Archers
and
Cavalry
,
composed
of
the
best
and
chosen
youth
of
Gaul
,
all
Sons
of
Senatours
,
or
Knights
,
whom
Caesar
had
honoured
with
those
dignities
.
According
to
the
custome
of
that
Nation
,
they
brought
with
them
great
Equipages
,
abundance
of
Chariots
and
Slaves
,
but
all
in
no
order
,
and
without
command
.
They
arrived
,
in
this
condition
,
upon
the
Bank
of
the
Segre
,
which
they
could
not
pass
;
And
Afranius
being
advised
of
the
difficulties
they
were
in
,
passed
over
with
three
Legions
,
and
all
his
Cavalry
,
to
surprize
them
.
The
sight
of
the
Enemy
made
the
Gauls
to
rally
,
and
form
themselves
into
a
Body
,
which
stood
and
received
the
Enemies
Horse
with
a
great
deal
of
Bravery
;
but
seeing
the
Colours
of
the
Legions
appearing
,
they
retreated
towards
the
Mountains
,
without
any
more
loss
than
200
Archers
,
a
few
Horsemen
,
and
some
Servants
that
were
with
their
Equipages
.
In
the
mean
time
the
want
of
Provisions
grew
to
a
great
height
in
Caesar's
Camp
,
and
his
Souldiers
were
very
much
discouraged
,
as
well
with
the
fears
of
future
miseries
,
as
with
the
sense
of
the
present
.
A
Bushel
of
Corn
was
sold
for
Fifty
pence
,
and
Fortune
seemed
absolutely
to
declare
her self
for
Afranius
,
whose
Troops
enjoyed
all
manner
of
plenty
.
Both
he
and
Petreius
gave
an
account
,
by
Letters
,
to
Rome
,
of
the
advantage
they
had
gotten
;
And
those
of
Pompey's
Party
went
in
shoales
to
pay
visits
to
Afranius
his
Wife
,
and
congratulate
with
her
upon
the
news
:
A
great
many
Senatours
,
who
had
till
then
stood
neuters
,
went
to
find
out
Pompey
,
some
in
hopes
to
make
their
Court
to
him
,
by
carrying
him
the
first
account
of
so
good
Tidings
;
others
to
get
what
shares
they
could
in
the
fruit
of
a
Victory
,
which
they
already
assured
themselves
of
,
by
the
ruine
of
Caesar.
Cicero
was
one
of
these
last
in
spight
of
the
wholsome
advice
of
Atticus
,
the
endeavours
of
his
best
friends
,
who
were
then
with
Caesar
,
and
Caesar's
own
Letters
to
him
,
wherein
he
conjures
him
,
for
the
sake
of
their
Friendship
,
to
remain
Neuter
.
It
will
not
be
believed
(
says
he
in
one
of
them
)
that
the
Iustice
of
my
Enemies
Cause
has
prevailed
with
you
to
declare
against
me
,
but
that
you
have
been
dista●ed
at
some
action
of
mine
which
would
most
sensibly
grieve
me
.
A
Man
of
Honour
who
loves
his
Countrey
,
and
its
Peace
,
ought
to
avoid
the
taking
of
any
side
in
the
disorders
of
a
Civil
War
.
The
mere
consideration
of
danger
hath
hindered
many
men
from
following
those
opinions
,
though
they
might
have
perhaps
approved
of
them
.
For
you
,
who
know
by
my
conduct
the
extent
of
my
Soul
and
my
Friendship
,
you
cannot
doe
better
nor
more
for
your
Honour
than
to
avoid
the
engaging
your self
,
by
any
means
,
in
these
Broils
.
But
these
reasons
were
not
of
such
prevalency
with
Cicero
,
as
the
News
he
received
from
Spain
.
Therefore
he
went
to
find
Pompey
,
who
was
very
glad
to
see
him
,
but
gave
him
no
Employment
,
being
not
very
well
satisfied
with
him
,
for
that
he
had
observed
in
him
some
regret
to
be
engaged
so
unseasonably
,
and
which
he
could
not
forbear
giving
instances
of
by
his
Raileries
;
For
when
Pompey
reproached
him
,
that
he
came
in
a
little
late
;
How
late
?
(
answered
he
)
I
do
not
find
your
affairs
in
such
forwardness
.
And
another
time
,
when
it
was
told
him
,
that
seven
Eagles
had
been
taken
in
Pompey's
Camp
,
and
that
it
was
a
happy
Omen
.
It
would
be
very
lucky
indeed
(
said
he
)
▪
if
we
were
going
to
make
War
upon
the
Magpies
:
so
that
Pompey
could
not
refrain
telling
of
him
,
That
he
should
get
him
gone
into
Caesar
's
Camp
,
where
he
would
have
less
reason
to
Iest
,
and
more
to
be
Afraid
.
At
last
,
Cato
having
remonstrated
to
him
,
That
he
ought
to
have
preserved
the
Neutrality
which
he
at
first
made
profession
of
,
and
that
the
Inconstancy
of
his
proceeding
was
unworthy
of
a
Man
,
as
he
was
well
acquainted
with
the
Maximes
of
True
Philosophy
.
Cicero
took
the
first
opportunity
of
retiring
,
and
never
came
up
to
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
Caesar
passes
the
Segre
,
and
pursues
Afranius
and
Petreius
.
THE
Joy
of
Pompey's
Party
was
not
very
long-liv'd
,
but
quickly
changed
with
the
Fortune
of
Caesar
;
who
,
after
having
vainly
endeavoured
to
repair
his
Bridges
,
gave
orders
amongst
his
Souldiers
for
the
Building
some
of
those
sort
of
Vessels
,
the
use
whereof
they
had
learned
in
the
British
Expedition
.
The
Keel
and
bottom
of
these
Boats
was
of
Light
Wood
,
and
the
rest
with
Ozier
,
covered
over
with
Leather
:
he
caused
them
to
be
transported
in
the
night
upon
Chariots
,
22
miles
from
his
Camp
,
and
so
passed
over
his
Souldiers
to
the
other
side
of
the
River
,
who
possessed
themselves
of
an
advanced
ground
,
where
they
retrenched
before
the
Enemy
could
get
any
notice
of
their
design
.
These
Troops
were
followed
by
one
Legion
,
and
in
two
days
a
Bridge
was
built
in
that
place
.
The
Succours
and
Provisions
which
came
from
Gaul
passed
easily
over
,
and
their
Souldiers
were
refreshed
.
Caesar
then
caused
his
Horse
to
go
over
,
who
surprised
the
Forragers
,
a
great
number
whereof
they
slew
,
routing
their
Guard
which
consisted
of
Spaniards
,
and
carried
away
a
considerable
booty
.
At
this
time
the
face
of
Affairs
seemed
utterly
changed
.
The
valour
of
Caesar's
Horse
had
so
amazed
the
Enemy
,
that
they
never
after
durst
venture
out
to
fetch
in
Forrage
,
and
the
Towns
of
Heusia
,
Callahora
,
Taragona
,
Tacca
and
Vich
coming
over
intirely
to
his
party
,
sent
him
Provisions
.
Illurgavia
another
City
near
Ebre
followed
their
example
,
and
one
Cohort
of
that
City
,
which
was
in
the
Enemies
service
,
revolted
to
Caesar's
Camp
.
He
then
caused
an
Intrenchment
to
be
thrown
up
thirty
foot
in
depth
,
by
that
means
to
make
the
Segre
fordable
,
and
spare
his
Horse
the
pains
of
fetching
a
long
circuit
to
find
the
Bridge
.
Pompey's
Generals
began
now
,
in
their
turn
,
to
be
afraid
of
the
want
of
provisions
,
because
that
Caesar
was
much
too
strong
for
them
in
Cavalry
.
So
they
resolve
to
go
into
Portugal
,
where
the
People
held
the
Name
of
Pompey
in
great
Veneration
.
For
this
design
they
furnished
themselves
with
what
Boats
they
could
get
in
and
about
the
River
Ebre
,
and
carried
them
to
Octogesa
.
This
was
a
place
about
Twenty
Mile
from
their
Camp
,
then
they
commanded
a
Bridge
to
be
made
of
these
Boats
,
and
passed
the
Segre
with
two
Legions
.
Caesar's
Work
and
Afranius's
Bridge
came
to
be
finished
much
about
the
same
time
,
with
extreme
diligence
on
both
sides
,
and
unspeakable
labour
on
Caesar's
part
.
In
fine
,
Pompey's
two
Generals
left
two
Cohorts
in
Garrison
at
Lerida
,
and
went
with
all
their
Troops
to
join
the
two
Legions
which
were
passed
over
.
At
the
third
Watch
all
that
Army
decamped
to
gain
the
Ebre
;
after
which
,
Caesar
sounding
the
depth
of
the
Ford
,
and
finding
it
in
good
condition
,
commanded
all
his
Cavalry
to
pass
and
fall
upon
the
Enemy
;
At
break
of
day
,
from
the
Eminency
of
Caesar's
Camp
,
he
could
discover
that
his
Horse
had
joined
the
Enemy
,
that
they
extremely
pressed
their
Rere-guard
,
and
had
put
them
into
disorder
,
which
was
easily
to
be
guessed
from
the
confusion
of
their
motion
.
The
Souldiers
ran
about
the
Camp
,
crying
,
that
the
Enemy
would
escape
,
and
yet
protract
the
War
longer
than
there
was
necessity
for
it
;
They
desired
their
Officers
to
assure
Caesar
,
that
they
would
refuse
no
Fatigue
to
come
to
a
Battel
,
and
that
they
could
easily
foard
over
where
the
Horse
had
gone
before
them
:
This
eagerness
of
theirs
was
the
reason
that
he
left
the
weakest
of
his
Men
,
with
one
Legion
,
to
guard
his
Camp
.
And
after
having
disposed
a
great
many
Horse
both
above
and
below
the
Ford
,
he
caused
his
other
Legions
to
pass
over
without
their
Baggage
;
some
of
the
Souldiers
were
carried
away
by
the
swiftness
of
the
Stream
,
but
were
saved
by
the
horsemen
.
So
that
all
the
Army
got
over
without
the
loss
of
one
Man
.
Assoon
as
they
came
on
the
other
side
of
the
Ford
they
drew
up
in
Battalia
,
and
Marched
so
fast
,
that
though
they
were
forced
to
go
six
Miles
about
,
and
had
lost
a
great
deal
of
time
in
passing
the
River
,
they
joined
the
Enemy
before
three
a
Clock
in
the
Afternoon
,
who
had
come
away
at
midnight
.
Afranius
and
Petreius
drew
up
their
Troops
upon
the
hill
,
Caesar
kept
his
on
the
Plain
,
being
unwilling
,
(
weary
as
they
were
)
to
expose
them
to
a
Battel
.
But
in
the
moment
that
the
two
Generals
moved
towards
a
retreat
,
he
followed
them
without
resting
,
and
forced
them
to
Encamp
much
sooner
than
they
had
at
first
resolved
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
Different
motions
of
the
two
Armies
.
Caesar
besieges
the
Enemies
tow
Generals
.
FRom
the
place
where
they
were
Encamped
,
there
was
a
Plain
of
five
Miles
,
reaching
to
the
Mountains
and
Defiles
which
they
had
a
mind
to
possess
themselves
of
,
to
put
a
stop
to
Caesar's
Cavalry
,
and
go
without
danger
as
far
as
the
Ebre
.
Caesar
understood
this
design
,
and
that
they
intended
silently
to
quit
their
Camp
,
so
he
immediately
ordered
a
cry
in
his
Camp
of
Load
the
Baggage
,
which
was
an
usual
Cry
amongst
the
Roman
Souldiers
.
This
noise
kept
the
Enemy
in
their
Trenches
,
fearing
lest
they
should
be
surprised
in
disorder
upon
their
march
,
but
at
break
of
day
Petreius
went
to
take
an
account
of
the
Defiles
with
a
small
party
of
Horse
.
Decidius
Saxa
had
received
the
same
orders
from
Caesar
,
they
both
brought
back
word
to
their
Camp
,
that
he
who
first
got
possession
of
those
Defiles
might
cut
off
from
the
Enemy
the
passage
to
the
Ebre
.
Afranius
and
Petreius
called
a
Council
of
War
,
whether
they
should
depart
that
night
,
or
stay
till
morning
;
those
that
were
of
the
opinion
to
stay
till
morning
,
carried
it
,
by
reason
of
the
hazard
they
must
run
,
should
they
be
ingaged
to
a
Battel
in
the
dark
,
where
the
Souldiers
(
especially
in
a
Civil
War
as
this
was
)
would
not
be
retained
by
the
example
of
their
Officers
,
nor
any
sense
of
their
own
shame
.
At
break
of
day
Caesar
left
his
Trenches
,
and
marched
with
all
his
Troops
towards
the
Hills
,
taking
a
great
Circuit
without
keeping
any
certain
Road.
The
Vallies
were
very
difficult
of
passage
,
being
full
of
sharp
Rocks
,
and
rough
ways
.
But
the
Souldiers
persuaded
that
the
price
of
the
Victory
,
and
the
end
of
all
their
Toils
depended
upon
their
diligence
,
to
ease
themselves
,
gave
their
Arms
to
those
who
were
first
got
over
,
and
so
supported
one
another
in
the
passage
:
Immediately
Afranius's
men
having
left
their
Trenches
,
and
observing
the
motion
of
Caesar's
Army
,
which
was
not
toward
the
way
which
led
to
the
Mountains
,
by
reason
of
their
going
about
,
believed
,
that
prest
for
want
of
Forrage
,
he
was
upon
his
retreat
,
upon
which
they
set
up
great
hootings
,
and
their
Commanders
were
very
glad
that
they
had
stayed
for
the
day
,
without
running
any
hazard
in
the
night
.
But
when
they
perceived
by
their
facing
to
the
right
,
that
the
first
of
the
Troops
were
already
got
on
the
other
side
of
their
Camp
,
they
thought
it
high
time
for
them
to
depart
and
prevent
the
Enemy
,
so
they
cryed
to
Arms
,
and
marched
,
after
having
left
some
Cohorts
to
guard
the
Camp
and
the
Baggage
.
It
was
their
business
to
try
who
could
first
get
possession
of
the
Mountains
.
The
difficulty
of
the
ways
was
a
great
hindrance
to
Caesar's
Troops
;
but
his
Cavalry
as
much
incommoded
those
of
Afranius
.
So
they
already
saw
themselves
necessitated
to
lose
their
Baggage
to
save
themselves
,
for
Caesar's
Horse
had
got
between
them
and
their
Camp
.
The
matter
of
importance
was
,
who
should
make
themselves
Masters
of
the
Defiles
.
Caesar
by
the
diligence
of
his
Men
carried
it
,
where
after
having
passed
the
Rocks
,
which
were
almost
inaccessible
,
found
the
Plain
where
he
might
draw
up
his
Legions
in
Battalia
.
The
two
Generals
seeing
the
Infantry
before
them
,
and
the
Horse
behind
them
,
made
a
hault
upon
a
hill
,
from
whence
they
detached
four
Cohorts
of
Spaniards
,
who
were
disigned
to
get
possession
of
a
Mountain
which
seemed
to
be
the
highest
,
and
by
that
means
to
open
themselves
a
way
to
the
Ebre
.
But
they
were
hemmed
in
by
Caesar's
Horse
,
who
cut
them
all
to
pieces
in
sight
of
both
Armies
.
His
Souldiers
pressed
him
that
he
would
take
that
occasions
to
complete
the
defeat
of
his
Enemies
,
whose
fear
appeared
by
the
disorder
their
Colours
were
in
,
but
he
would
not
doe
it
,
for
he
saw
the
Victory
assured
without
fighting
,
and
was
resolved
to
spare
the
bloud
of
his
Souldiers
,
so
he
caused
his
Cavalry
to
retreat
,
and
gave
the
Enemy
liberty
to
return
to
their
Camp
,
which
they
had
quitted
in
the
morning
.
Caesar
leaving
some
Troops
at
the
Defiles
,
and
having
blockt
up
the
passage
to
the
Ebre
,
came
the
next
day
and
posted
himself
in
sight
of
their
Trenches
.
They
had
but
two
things
to
chuse
,
either
to
return
to
Lerida
,
or
go
to
Tarracona
.
As
they
were
consulting
upon
this
,
news
was
brought
them
that
Caesar's
Cavalry
had
fallen
upon
theirs
,
which
were
gone
to
get
water
,
which
obliged
them
to
send
more
Legionary
Cohorts
,
seconded
with
Cavalry
to
maintain
a
work
they
designed
to
make
,
by
throwing
up
a
Trench
as
far
as
the
Segre
.
The
two
Generals
divided
themselves
for
this
Design
,
and
as
they
were
busying
themselves
about
it
,
their
Souldiers
left
their
Trenches
,
and
came
to
a
Parley
with
Caesar's
they
almost
all
of
them
knew
one
another
,
being
of
the
same
City
,
and
most
of
them
either
Friends
or
Relations
.
They
gave
them
thanks
that
the
day
before
they
had
not
fallen
upon
them
in
that
disorder
they
were
then
in
,
they
bemoaned
themselves
that
they
should
be
forc't
to
carry
Arms
against
Men
who
for
so
many
reasons
ought
to
be
dear
to
them
.
In
short
,
they
demanded
surety
for
their
Generals
,
promising
in
that
case
to
surrender
themselves
to
Caesar
,
to
whom
also
they
deputed
their
Principal
Centurions
for
a
Treaty
.
In
the
mean
while
inviting
Caesar's
Souldiers
into
their
Camp
,
and
carrying
them
into
their
Tents
,
where
they
offered
them
such
refreshments
as
they
had
.
Afranius's
Son
himself
entered
upon
Capitulation
by
the
means
of
Sulpitius
a
Lieutenant
General
,
and
there
was
some
appearance
that
the
two
Armies
being
united
,
matters
might
have
been
brought
to
a
kind
conclusion
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
Petreius
causes
several
of
Caesar's
Souldiers
to
be
slain
.
He
decampeth
,
and
Caesar
follows
him
,
but
without
a
design
of
defeating
him
utterly
.
UPon
the
news
of
this
,
Afranius
returned
to
the
Camp
,
and
retired
himself
to
his
Tent
,
resolved
against
all
events
.
Petreius
did
not
so
,
he
caused
several
of
his
Slaves
and
his
Guards
to
take
their
Arms
,
and
with
some
Spanish
Horse
ran
to
the
Trenches
,
driving
thence
Caesar's
Men
,
and
causing
his
own
Souldiers
to
retire
.
Those
of
Caesar
rallied
,
seeing
that
he
ordered
those
Spaniards
to
charge
them
,
and
after
having
lost
some
Men
,
retreated
to
their
Camp
.
Petreius
being
entered
into
his
,
went
from
Quarter
to
Quarter
,
and
assembling
his
Troops
together
,
conjured
them
with
tears
in
his
Eyes
to
remember
Pompey
their
General
,
to
whom
they
had
so
mighty
obligations
,
and
demanded
from
them
a
new
Oath
of
Fidelity
,
he
took
it
first
himself
,
afterwards
obliging
Afranius
to
it
,
and
all
the
other
Officers
,
and
in
fine
,
all
the
Souldiers
one
after
another
.
Then
it
was
ordered
that
all
those
that
had
any
of
Caesar's
Souldiers
in
their
Tents
should
bring
them
forth
,
some
were
produced
and
Massacred
in
the
presence
of
the
whole
Army
.
They
believed
that
the
obligations
of
that
Oath
,
and
that
example
of
Cruelty
,
would
be
so
strong
an
engagement
,
that
the
Souldiers
would
never
after
break
it
;
nevertheless
,
a
great
many
preserved
those
that
were
in
their
Tents
,
without
discovering
of
them
,
and
at
night
helpt
them
to
escape
over
the
Ramparts
.
Caesar
would
not
imitate
this
Cruelty
of
the
Enemies
Generals
,
but
sent
back
all
their
Souldiers
which
were
in
his
Camp
,
at
least
all
those
that
would
return
,
(
for
a
great
many
Officers
had
taken
Party
with
him
.
)
The
Enemy
pressed
by
all
manner
of
necessity
,
resolved
now
to
retreat
to
Lerida
,
where
they
had
yet
some
Provisions
,
and
the
next
morning
they
Decamped
.
The
order
of
their
March
was
thus
,
the
best
of
their
Cohorts
they
placed
in
their
Rere
Guard
,
to
make
head
in
the
Plain
against
Caesar's
Army
,
which
followed
them
afterwards
as
they
were
passing
the
Mountain
,
they
more
easily
defended
themselves
,
because
that
those
who
first
got
up
,
could
with
their
Darts
defend
them
that
followed
;
but
upon
the
descent
on
the
other
side
they
found
great
disadvantage
,
for
they
could
not
assist
one
another
,
and
Caesar's
Cavalry
might
annoy
them
with
Darts
.
As
they
went
down
to
avoid
this
,
the
Legions
in
a
whole
body
making
a
hault
,
charged
so
fiercely
upon
the
Cavalry
,
that
they
forced
them
to
retire
,
and
after
having
so
repulsed
them
,
ran
with
what
speed
they
could
into
the
Valley
to
get
to
the
other
side
,
where
they
might
face
about
,
but
by
reason
of
what
had
hapned
,
they
were
not
persued
very
fast
,
and
after
having
marched
four
miles
,
Afranius
and
Petreius
encamped
upon
an
advanced
ground
,
where
they
made
a
sort
of
retrenchment
.
Caesar
posted
himself
very
near
them
,
and
after
they
had
observed
that
his
Horse
were
gone
out
to
Forrage
,
they
began
about
Noon
to
march
again
.
Caesar
immediately
followed
them
with
his
Infantry
,
and
sent
order
to
his
Horse
to
come
up
to
him
at
four
of
the
Clock
,
they
quickly
returned
,
and
the
Enemy
being
pressed
by
his
whole
Army
,
were
forced
to
take
another
Post
very
disadvantageous
,
and
far
from
any
water
.
Caesar
would
not
for
the
reasons
I
have
already
related
,
intirely
defeat
them
,
though
he
might
easily
have
done
it
,
but
left
them
at
liberty
to
retrench
themselves
,
which
they
did
with
all
possible
diligence
,
and
carrying
on
their
Trenches
from
one
Post
to
another
,
endeavoured
to
advance
under
the
shelter
of
their
Works
.
But
this
onely
served
to
hinder
them
more
from
water
,
which
for
one
whole
day
they
wanted
.
The
next
day
all
their
Army
marched
in
Battalia
to
seek
for
some
,
but
no
one
durst
leave
the
body
to
go
and
fetch
in
Forrage
.
This
gave
Caesar
to
understand
the
necessity
to
which
they
were
reduced
,
and
confirmed
him
in
his
design
,
so
he
ordered
the
beginning
of
his
Line
for
the
blocking
of
them
up
.
Three
days
were
so
employed
in
removing
earth
on
every
side
,
during
which
time
they
caused
all
the
Beasts
of
burthen
in
their
Camp
to
be
killed
.
In
the
mean
while
Caesar's
work
was
very
much
advanced
,
and
at
three
a
clock
in
the
afternoon
,
the
two
Generals
drew
out
to
oppose
it
,
embattelling
themselves
upon
three
lines
.
Caesar
for
the
sake
of
his
Reputation
would
not
seem
to
decline
the
Fight
;
so
he
drew
up
his
Troops
in
Battalia
upon
three
Lines
also
.
The
Cohorts
of
the
Legions
upon
the
right
and
left
,
the
Archers
and
Slingers
in
the
Centre
,
and
his
Horse
upon
the
Wings
.
In
this
order
he
attended
their
motion
,
resolving
himself
not
to
begin
the
attack
.
The
two
Armies
were
upon
their
Retrenchments
,
which
were
onely
carried
on
for
two
hundred
paces
,
and
so
they
remained
till
night
without
doing
any
thing
.
Caesar
then
caused
his
Works
to
be
renewed
,
and
the
two
Generals
had
a
design
to
open
themselves
a
passage
to
the
Segre
,
to
try
there
if
they
could
find
a
Ford
;
but
this
hope
of
theirs
was
frustrated
by
the
light
armed
German
Foot
,
and
a
Party
of
Horse
which
Caesar
had
sent
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
to
defend
the
passages
by
Corps
du
Guard
,
which
he
caused
every
where
to
be
Posted
.
CHAP.
XXIX
.
Afranius
and
Petreius
pressed
for
want
of
provision
,
surrender
themselves
to
Caesar
with
all
their
Army
.
AT
last
having
for
four
days
suffered
all
the
inconveniences
imaginable
,
as
want
of
Corn
,
Forrage
,
Water
,
and
every
thing
else
that
was
necessary
,
Afranius
and
Petreius
demanded
a
private
Treaty
,
which
Caesar
refused
them
,
and
obliged
them
to
speak
what
they
had
to
offer
in
presence
of
both
the
Armies
;
Afranius
his
Son
was
given
for
Hostage
,
and
Afranius
himself
spoke
for
his
Party
,
he
excused
them
,
for
that
they
had
to
the
last
extremity
maintained
that
fidelity
which
they
owed
to
Pompey
their
General
,
and
said
,
That
they
believed
they
had
given
sufficient
marks
of
their
Zeal
which
if
he
thought
a
Crime
,
they
were
already
sufficiently
punished
for
it
by
the
misery
which
he
had
brought
upon
them
,
that
they
acknowledged
their
defeat
,
and
begged
that
Caesar
would
use
it
according
to
his
wonted
generosity
,
and
not
treat
them
with
the
utmost
rigour
.
He
spoke
this
in
a
very
submissive
manner
;
to
which
Caesar
answered
,
That
Afranius
and
his
Collegue
had
less
reason
than
any
body
to
complain
and
desire
favour
,
that
all
the
others
had
done
but
their
duty
,
that
he
had
refused
to
fall
upon
them
when
he
had
the
advantage
,
if
possible
by
such
honourable
proceedings
to
have
obliged
them
to
a
peace
,
that
his
Army
being
unwilling
to
revenge
upon
their
Souldiers
the
perfidy
by
which
they
had
put
his
men
to
the
Sword
,
and
their
Souldiers
also
testifying
their
wishes
for
Peace
,
in
sending
to
them
to
demand
it
,
was
a
sufficient
Testimony
that
every
body
did
entertain
sentiments
of
Iustice
and
Amity
,
except
Afranius
and
his
Collegue
,
who
without
having
any
regard
to
the
rules
of
truce
and
intervews
,
had
barbarously
butchered
his
men
after
having
surprized
them
by
a
false
shew
of
Friendliness
and
good
intention
,
that
they
being
therefore
justly
fallen
into
a
condition
which
such
arrogance
and
obstinacy
deserved
were
reduced
to
implore
that
with
submission
which
they
had
before
refused
with
contempt
;
but
that
nevertheless
he
would
not
pretend
to
take
any
advantage
either
of
their
submission
,
or
the
favours
of
Fortune
,
but
onely
oblige
them
to
dismiss
those
Troops
that
for
so
long
time
had
born
Arms
against
him
.
That
and
something
more
he
added
against
the
Conduct
of
his
Enemies
,
and
in
fine
,
said
,
That
as
he
had
no
design
(
though
he
might
easily
do
it
)
to
make
use
of
those
Troops
for
his
assistence
,
so
he
would
take
care
they
should
not
be
employed
to
his
prejudice
,
that
therefore
they
should
quit
the
Province
,
and
discharge
their
Souldiers
,
which
was
the
onely
condition
of
Peace
he
had
to
propose
.
Afranius's
Souldiers
approved
of
this
discourse
,
and
testified
their
joy
by
their
acclamations
;
so
every
thing
was
ordered
accordingly
,
and
those
who
were
setled
in
Spain
were
discharged
upon
the
place
,
the
others
were
to
be
dismissed
,
so
soon
as
they
arrived
at
the
River
Avarus
,
Caesar
promised
to
furnish
them
with
Provisions
till
they
came
to
that
place
,
and
not
to
compell
any
of
them
to
take
Party
in
his
Troops
,
which
was
all
faithfully
performed
.
Fussius
Calenus
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
General
,
guarded
them
with
two
Legions
as
far
as
Avarus
,
where
they
had
liberty
to
depart
.
It
is
true
that
the
greatest
part
of
them
ingaged
themselves
voluntarily
in
Caesar's
Service
,
and
the
two
Generals
went
to
find
out
Pompey
.
Caesar
that
he
might
leave
himself
no
Enemy
in
Spain
,
caused
two
Legions
to
advance
under
the
Command
of
Cassius
Longinus
,
and
went
himself
to
Cordova
with
six
hundred
Horse
.
Varro
,
who
commanded
for
Pompey
,
had
made
some
preparations
there
towards
War
,
after
having
a
long
time
disputed
with
himself
which
side
he
should
take
,
but
at
the
arrival
of
Caesar
all
the
Towns
,
and
one
intire
Legion
abandon'd
Varro
;
this
obliged
him
to
retire
to
Cadiz
,
where
he
had
some
Shipping
:
In
the
mean
while
Caesar
becoming
Master
of
the
whole
Province
,
Varro
himself
came
to
seek
him
out
,
and
surrendred
the
remainder
of
his
Forces
into
his
hands
,
Caesar
at
that
time
leaving
Longinus
with
four
Legions
in
Spain
,
after
having
drawn
great
sums
of
Money
out
of
all
the
Towns
,
he
Embarked
himself
on
board
Varro's
Ships
,
to
go
to
Tarragona
,
from
whence
he
went
by
land
to
Narbone
,
and
so
to
the
siege
of
Marseilles
.
CHAP.
XXX
.
The
continuation
of
the
Siege
of
Marseilles
,
and
the
taking
of
that
City
.
Caesar
chosen
Dictatour
.
The
defeat
and
death
of
Curio
in
Africa
.
THAT
City
still
held
out
against
Trebonius
,
who
besieged
it
by
Land
,
and
Decimus
[
*
](A33186-e28420-b)
*
Junius
.
Brutus
,
who
attacked
it
by
Sea
,
and
its
obstinacy
had
like
to
have
cost
it
its
intire
ruine
.
The
Inhabitants
,
under
the
conduct
of
Domitius
,
and
assisted
by
the
Mountaneirs
near
the
City
,
a
fierce
People
,
and
very
good
Souldiers
,
having
twice
given
Battel
by
Sea
to
Brutus
,
though
with
some
difficulty
,
had
been
beaten
in
again
.
They
were
also
attacked
by
Land
,
and
blocked
up
by
Lines
and
other
Works
.
Necessity
had
driven
them
also
to
make
use
of
Artifices
,
and
under
the
pretence
of
a
Treaty
,
which
made
Caesar's
Souldiers
negligent
,
they
made
a
strong
Sally
,
in
which
they
burnt
a
great
many
Towers
and
Warlike
Engines
,
and
this
was
the
reason
that
the
Siege
lasted
so
long
;
besides
,
Trebonius
had
orders
from
Caesar
,
not
to
force
the
place
,
for
fear
it
should
be
utterly
laid
in
Ruines
by
the
unruliness
of
the
Souldiers
.
Caesar
arrived
just
as
they
were
reduced
to
their
last
extremity
,
and
when
the
Plague
was
already
got
amongst
the
People
,
who
had
been
for
so
long
time
shut
up
.
They
sent
Deputies
to
him
for
a
fair
Capitulation
,
during
which
time
Dumitius
made
his
escape
by
Sea
;
Caesar
pardoned
them
in
favour
,
as
he
said
,
of
their
Name
and
Antiquity
,
rather
than
for
any
other
merit
,
upon
condition
,
that
they
should
surrender
to
him
all
their
Arms
and
Engines
of
War
,
and
give
him
all
the
Money
that
was
in
the
City
;
so
after
having
left
two
Legions
there
in
Garrison
,
and
sending
the
other
into
Italy
,
he
departed
for
Rome
,
where
the
news
of
his
Conquests
had
caused
him
to
be
chosen
Dictatour
,
by
Marcus
[
*
](A33186-e28550-b)
*
Aemilius
.
Lepidus
,
who
was
then
Pretor
;
but
that
good
fortune
,
which
seemed
hitherto
to
be
inseparable
from
his
Party
,
forsook
him
in
Africa
,
whither
Curio
was
gone
from
Sicily
with
two
Legions
and
500
Horse
.
This
young
Man
,
full
of
fire
and
courage
,
but
without
much
experience
in
War
,
had
to
doe
with
Attius
Varus
,
a
Lieutenant
of
Pompey's
,
assisted
by
that
Quintillius
Varus
whom
Caesar
had
set
at
liberty
,
when
he
had
taken
him
Prisoner
in
Corfinium
,
and
Iuba
King
of
Mauritania
.
This
Prince
was
a
particular
Enemy
to
Curio
,
by
reason
,
that
when
he
was
Tribune
he
had
proposed
the
reducing
of
his
Kingdom
into
a
Province
:
Quintillius
being
acquainted
with
Curio's
Souldiers
,
when
they
had
served
in
Corfinium
,
tried
at
first
to
debauch
some
of
them
;
but
Curio
preserved
their
Faith
by
his
Eloquence
,
and
the
consideration
of
the
Name
and
Victories
of
Caesar
;
and
to
keep
them
in
employment
,
led
them
on
to
attack
the
Camp
of
Attius
Varus
,
near
Vtica
,
the
Battel
was
very
bloudy
,
and
at
last
Caesar's
Men
became
Masters
of
the
Camp
;
Varus
was
wounded
,
and
Curio
laid
Siege
to
Vtica
,
when
Iuba
arrived
with
great
Forces
within
Twenty
five
Miles
of
the
place
.
Curio
was
much
too
weak
for
Iuba
,
and
expecting
the
coming
up
of
new
Troops
,
his
design
was
not
to
expose
himself
to
a
Battel
,
when
the
African
caused
a
report
to
be
spread
that
some
Important
Affairs
called
him
back
into
his
Countrey
,
and
that
he
would
leave
Saburra
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
with
part
of
his
Forces
,
to
raise
the
Siege
of
Vtica
;
Curio's
Youth
(
saith
Caesar
)
animated
with
courage
,
and
the
good
success
of
his
first
exploits
,
made
him
too
easily
to
believe
that
report
;
so
he
resolved
for
fighting
,
and
went
to
find
Saburra
upon
the
River
Bagadra
,
where
he
was
encamped
.
At
his
first
coming
he
surprised
the
Enemies
Numidian
Horse
,
whereof
he
made
a
great
slaughter
;
and
as
he
understood
that
Saburra
Commanded
those
Troops
,
his
present
joy
and
future
hopes
hindred
him
from
seeking
any
farther
Information
:
So
,
with
his
Troops
,
wearied
as
they
were
,
he
marched
directly
upon
the
Enemy
.
Iuba
hearing
of
this
,
sent
Two
thousand
Gallick
and
Spanish
Horse
,
which
were
of
his
Guards
,
to
his
Lieutenant
,
with
orders
to
retreat
,
(
in
fighting
,
)
towards
him
.
He
was
but
six
Miles
from
Saburra
,
and
Marched
that
hour
with
his
whole
Army
and
Forty
Elephants
;
Saburra
following
the
King's
Command
,
drew
up
his
Men
in
Battalia
,
and
made
a
kind
of
retreat
,
which
caused
Curio
to
attack
him
very
fiercely
;
and
though
for
mere
weariness
a
great
many
of
his
Horse
had
abandoned
him
,
Saburra
would
make
no
opposition
but
with
his
own
Cavalry
against
Curio's
,
which
consisted
onely
of
Two
hundred
Horse
,
and
with
this
Squadron
,
where-ever
he
attacked
them
,
he
made
the
Enemy
give
way
:
The
Cohorts
of
the
Legions
had
the
same
success
,
but
the
Enemy
always
Rallied
in
expectation
of
Iuba's
Succour
.
At
last
the
Romans
,
finding
themselves
hemmed
in
by
the
numbers
,
which
all
of
a
sudden
increased
upon
them
,
Curio
began
to
see
his
fault
;
He
would
have
made
an
attempt
to
have
gained
a
Mountain
with
his
Foot
,
but
Saburra
opposed
him
with
all
his
Horse
.
Then
Domitius
,
who
commanded
Curio's
,
would
have
persuaded
him
to
have
saved
himself
with
what
Cavalry
he
had
left
,
promising
not
to
forsake
him
.
Can
I
,
sayes
Curio
,
look
Caesar
in
the
Face
,
after
having
lost
an
Army
which
he
hath
trusted
to
my
Conduct
?
At
these
words
he
threw
himself
amongst
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
,
where
he
was
slain
,
the
rest
of
his
Troops
were
cut
in
pieces
,
and
Iuba
used
the
Victory
with
so
much
Insolence
,
that
he
caused
all
the
other
Cohorts
who
were
in
the
Camp
,
and
to
whom
Varus
had
given
his
word
for
their
safety
,
to
be
killed
in
cold
bloud
.
So
Caesar
lost
two
Legions
,
and
all
Africk
entire
,
which
afterwards
remained
for
Pompey's
Party
,
whose
hopes
,
by
this
defeat
of
Curio
,
overcame
his
despair
for
the
loss
of
Spain
.
CHAP.
XXXI
.
Pompey's
Forces
.
The
Defeat
of
Dylabella
and
Cajus
Antonius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenants
,
Brutus
goes
to
find
out
Pompey
.
BY
this
means
almost
all
the
World
becoming
ingaged
in
the
Quarrel
of
these
two
Men
,
was
sensible
of
the
Calamities
of
War
which
that
division
had
produced
.
Pompey
had
brought
over
all
the
East
to
his
Interest
;
and
during
the
time
of
Caesar's
being
at
Rome
and
in
Spain
,
had
drawn
together
very
powerfull
Armies
both
by
Sea
and
Land
:
his
Land
Army
consisted
of
three
Roman
Legions
effective
,
without
reckoning
the
other
two
which
Scipio
his
Brother-in-law
brought
him
:
Three
thousand
Archers
of
Crete
,
of
Lacedemonia
,
and
of
Pontus
,
Eight
Cohorts
of
Slingers
,
and
7000
Horse
,
composed
(
besides
the
Roman
Knights
)
of
Succours
sent
from
Deijotarus
King
of
Galitia
,
Ariobarzakes
King
of
Cappadocia
,
Cotis
and
Rhascupolis
Kings
of
Thrace
,
and
Antiochus
King
of
Comagena
;
these
Troops
were
distributed
into
Curazzo
and
Apollonia
,
and
over
all
that
Coast
,
to
oppose
the
coming
down
of
Caesar
;
the
Naval
Army
consisted
of
Five
hundred
great
Ships
,
without
reckoning
Vessels
that
were
rowed
with
Oars
,
as
Gallies
,
Brigantines
and
others
;
the
Principal
Commanders
were
Pompey's
eldest
Son
,
called
after
his
own
Name
,
Decius
L●lius
,
Cajus
Triarius
,
Cajus
Cassius
,
Cajus
Marcellus
,
Scribonius
Libo
,
and
Marcus
Octavius
,
all
these
Commanders
had
their
particular
Squadrons
,
and
received
Orders
from
Bibulus
who
executed
the
Office
of
Admiral
:
Besides
these
Forces
,
Pompey
had
drawn
great
Sums
of
Money
out
of
Asia
and
Greece
;
And
to
recompence
himself
,
in
some
manner
,
for
the
loss
of
Spain
,
had
caused
Dolabella
and
Cajus
Antonius
,
who
commanded
for
Caesar
on
the
Coast
of
Illyria
,
to
be
attached
.
Dolabella
was
easily
routed
,
and
Cajus
,
who
came
to
his
succour
,
not
being
strong
enough
to
keep
the
Sea
,
was
driven
into
the
Island
of
Corcyra
,
where
Octavius
and
Libo
besieged
him
.
He
defended
himself
very
well
;
but
at
last
his
Souldiers
prest
by
Famine
,
and
corrupted
by
Puleio
,
one
of
their
Centurions
,
surrendred
themselves
to
Octavius
,
and
betrayed
also
their
Commandant
into
his
hands
.
Some
Officers
,
who
thought
to
save
themselves
over
Land
,
being
pursued
by
the
Enemy
,
flew
themselves
,
and
not
one
Man
of
all
those
Troops
escaped
.
These
advantages
,
which
daily
kept
up
the
reputation
of
his
Party
,
still
engaged
more
persons
of
consideration
to
come
and
join
themselves
with
Pompey
,
so
that
he
found
he
had
in
his
Camp
above
200
Senatours
,
whereof
he
composed
a
body
,
and
they
assembled
themselves
in
the
form
of
a
Senate
.
In
one
of
these
Assemblies
,
by
the
advice
of
Cato
,
it
was
determined
,
that
no
Roman
Citizen
should
be
put
to
death
out
of
Battel
,
and
that
no
Town
subject
to
the
Roman
Empire
should
be
sacked
.
In
effect
,
this
Laudable
and
Honourable
Decree
drew
the
good
wishes
of
the
People
upon
the
Authours
of
it
,
and
gave
the
reputation
of
great
Justice
and
Humanity
to
their
designs
,
and
was
the
occasion
that
the
fortune
of
Caesar
hung
for
a
long
time
doubtfull
,
and
it
was
upon
this
pretence
also
,
that
Brutus
afterwards
Conspired
against
him
;
Brutus
had
a
great
deal
of
reason
to
hate
Pompey
,
who
had
caused
his
Father
to
be
put
to
death
.
Nevertheless
,
that
Severe
Vertue
,
whereof
he
made
profession
,
and
the
example
of
Cato
,
who
was
his
Uncle
and
Father-in-law
,
ingaged
him
in
that
party
which
he
thought
had
the
most
Justice
on
its
side
.
And
though
he
would
never
speak
to
Pompey
,
nor
indeed
so
much
as
salute
him
,
he
nevertheless
disdained
not
then
to
serve
under
him
,
to
shew
,
that
he
could
sacrifice
his
particular
resentments
to
the
Interest
of
the
Republick
.
Pompey
received
him
with
a
great
deal
of
Joy
,
and
did
him
signal
honours
.
But
Brutus
,
in
consideration
of
his
youth
,
would
take
no
employment
,
but
rather
chose
to
leave
the
Commands
to
those
who
were
above
him
in
age
as
well
as
dignity
.
CHAP.
XXXII
.
A
Mutiny
amongst
Caesar's
Troops
;
he
reduces
them
to
their
duty
by
his
Eloquence
and
Resolution
.
He
is
chosen
Consul
with
Servilius
,
and
makes
new
Laws
.
IN
the
meanwhile
,
Caesar
being
still
at
Marseilles
,
received
news
,
that
the
Souldiers
of
the
ninth
Legion
were
in
Mutiny
at
Plaisance
against
their
Commanders
,
demanding
their
discharges
,
and
the
Money
which
had
been
promised
to
each
of
them
at
the
beginning
of
the
War
.
But
that
which
stuck
in
their
stomachs
,
was
,
that
they
were
prohibited
the
liberty
of
Plundering
,
which
they
hoped
to
have
obtained
from
the
need
which
he
had
of
their
service
.
It
was
Caesar's
Maxime
,
never
to
condescend
upon
these
occasions
,
but
to
support
himself
by
a
resolute
Conduct
,
and
the
Authority
which
he
had
gotten
.
So
he
posted
to
Plaisance
with
some
Troops
,
and
calling
the
Mutineers
together
,
I
know
not
,
says
he
,
what
ill
fortune
opposes
the
end
of
my
good
Intentions
;
But
I
desire
to
have
no
others
to
bear
witness
than
your selves
of
the
diligence
which
I
have
used
in
War
,
which
if
it
be
prolonged
,
it
has
not
been
my
fault
,
but
the
fault
of
my
enemies
,
who
fly
before
us
.
After
the
Conquest
of
Gaul
,
where
every
one
of
you
,
under
my
Conduct
,
got
both
Riches
and
Honour
,
we
began
this
War
by
Common
Consent
,
nor
was
it
the
effect
of
any
private
deliberations
.
We
have
begun
and
carried
it
on
unanimously
;
but
now
when
it
is
arrived
to
its
greatest
height
,
you
seek
for
a
preten●e
to
abandon
me
,
and
instead
of
obeying
your
Officers
you
would
command
them
.
This
is
that
which
obliges
me
to
throw
off
that
mildness
and
humanity
which
I
have
hitherto
used
,
to
put
in
practice
the
Maximes
of
Petreius
;
and
I
command
instantly
a
Decimation
of
the
Ninth
Legion
,
who
hath
rebelled
against
my
Orders
.
The
Mutineers
,
as
much
confounded
at
these
words
as
if
they
had
been
Thunder-strucken
,
threw
themselves
at
his
Feet
,
and
,
with
Tears
in
their
Eyes
,
begged
for
Pardon
,
all
their
Officers
did
the
same
thing
:
Caesar
,
for
some
time
,
was
Inexorable
,
but
at
last
ordered
,
they
should
cast
Lots
,
and
the
Lots
●ell
on
the
Chief
Mutineers
,
to
the
number
of
Six
and
twenty
;
but
Caesar's
Anger
being
over
,
he
was
contented
that
onely
Twelve
of
the
most
notorious
of
them
should
suffer
,
who
were
Executed
upon
the
place
:
afterwards
it
was
found
,
that
one
of
these
was
Innocent
;
and
for
that
he
could
not
be
restor'd
to
life
,
Caesar
caused
him
who
had
accused
him
falsly
to
be
put
to
death
also
.
Then
(
after
a
great
many
Indeavours
to
persuade
him
to
it
)
he
gave
leave
that
the
rest
of
that
Legion
which
he
had
broken
,
should
still
serve
under
him
.
After
this
he
went
to
Rome
,
where
he
held
the
Comitia
,
or
Assemblies
of
the
People
,
in
quality
of
Dictatour
;
he
kept
that
Dignity
onely
Eleven
days
,
and
caused
himself
to
be
chosen
Consul
with
Servilius
Isauricus
;
and
,
as
his
Design
was
to
make
himself
as
many
Friends
as
was
possible
;
in
pursuance
of
that
purpose
he
proposed
several
favourable
Laws
;
the
first
was
concerning
the
borrowing
of
Money
for
the
War
,
as
it
usually
happens
,
having
ruined
all
Credit
,
and
rendred
a
great
many
Men
insolvable
,
Caesar
ordained
,
that
an
estimate
should
be
made
of
Inheritances
,
at
the
same
value
they
bore
before
the
War
,
and
that
Creditours
should
take
them
according
to
this
estimation
,
so
he
took
away
their
fear
of
a
general
Bankruptry
,
and
supported
the
Credit
of
the
Debtours
.
Besides
,
he
drew
to
his
party
all
such
as
expected
to
be
favoured
in
this
estimate
,
which
was
the
end
of
that
Law
.
The
other
Law
was
,
for
the
calling
home
those
who
had
been
Condemned
during
the
time
that
Pompey
presided
in
the
passing
Sentences
of
Justice
.
Caesar
made
also
several
other
Ordinances
,
and
after
having
quitted
the
Name
and
Dignity
of
Dictatour
,
departed
for
Brundusium
.
CHAP.
XXXIII
.
Caesar
with
part
of
his
Army
goes
into
Greece
:
some
discourse
of
Peace
,
but
to
no
purpose
.
Two
Armies
draw
towards
one
another
near
Durazzo
.
HE
had
already
sent
Orders
to
Twelve
of
his
Legions
and
all
his
Cavalry
for
their
Rendezvous
at
Brundusium
;
the
Legions
were
grown
very
thin
by
the
Wars
,
and
the
Marches
they
had
made
,
as
well
as
by
the
Diseases
of
the
Autumn
,
which
this
year
proved
very
epidemical
.
In
the
mean
while
,
for
want
of
Shipping
,
onely
five
of
them
could
embark
,
who
amounted
to
no
more
than
Twenty
thousand
Foot
,
and
Six
hundred
Horse
.
He
told
his
Souldiers
,
That
as
they
were
within
a
day
of
bringing
all
their
toile
to
an
end
,
by
a
glorious
Victory
.
It
was
necessary
to
leave
their
Servants
and
Equipage
in
Italy
,
to
the
end
that
a
greater
number
of
those
Men
,
who
were
fit
for
service
,
might
have
room
to
Embark
,
that
they
might
assure
themselves
of
the
fruit
of
their
victory
,
and
of
his
acknowledgments
.
They
all
cried
out
,
that
he
should
lead
them
where
he
pleased
;
so
they
went
on
board
with
great
Joy
,
and
in
spight
of
the
rigour
of
the
season
,
upon
the
Fourth
of
Ianuary
,
Caesar
weighed
Anchor
.
This
much
surprized
the
Officers
of
Pompey's
Navy
,
who
could
not
persuade
themselves
that
Caesar
would
venture
his
Troops
at
that
time
of
the
year
when
the
Seas
were
so
dangerous
.
But
Caesar
timed
it
so
well
,
that
he
made
his
passage
in
one
day
,
and
came
into
a
Road
at
the
foot
of
those
Mountains
,
which
are
called
the
Cearaunium
Mountains
;
he
made
choice
of
that
place
,
because
it
was
far
from
the
Ports
which
were
possessed
by
his
Enemies
;
when
,
after
having
landed
his
Souldiers
,
he
sent
back
the
Ships
to
transport
the
rest
of
his
Army
under
the
Command
of
Cale●●●
.
Bibulus
was
at
Ca●●yra
with
a
Hundred
and
ten
Ships
,
and
at
the
first
news
of
Caesar's
passage
put
himself
to
Sea
,
and
meeting
Caesar's
Vessels
upon
the
return
,
took
Thirty
of
them
,
upon
whom
he
discharged
in
Malice
,
for
he
burnt
them
all
,
with
the
very
Seamen
that
were
in
them
,
and
with
his
Fleet
took
possession
of
all
the
Ports
and
Roads
between
Salonium
and
Orica
:
He
placed
every
where
up
and
down
very
strong
Guards
,
and
lay
himself
on
board
,
notwithstanding
the
danger
of
the
season
.
In
the
mean
time
Caesar
took
possession
of
Orica
and
Apollonia
,
who
,
at
sight
of
his
Troops
,
surrendred
themselves
;
by
that
means
to
cut
off
from
Bibulus
all
conveniency
from
Land
,
so
long
as
he
should
stay
to
deprive
him
of
the
advantage
of
the
Sea
.
Caesar
,
who
always
took
great
care
to
justifie
his
Arms
,
and
make
known
the
sincerity
of
his
Intentions
,
had
still
in
his
hands
Vibullius
Rufus
,
whom
he
had
twice
taken
Prisoner
,
first
at
Corfinium
,
and
a
second
time
in
Spain
.
Him
he
sent
to
Pompey
,
with
whom
Rufus
had
some
Credit
;
and
desired
him
to
represent
to
him
,
That
Fortune
seemed
hitherto
to
have
distributed
equal
loss
and
equal
advantages
to
both
parties
,
by
that
means
,
if
possible
,
to
bring
them
to
some
accommodation
.
But
as
each
of
them
was
obstinate
in
his
opinion
,
let
Arbitratours
be
chosen
between
them
,
who
should
be
the
Senate
and
the
People
of
Rome
;
that
if
Pompey
would
renounce
his
Interest
,
and
in
three
days
dismiss
his
Troops
,
he
himself
would
doe
so
also
.
Rufus
charged
with
these
Orders
,
departed
with
all
diligence
,
and
rid
Post
to
advise
Pompey
of
Caesar's
arrival
,
that
being
the
main
thing
which
obliged
Rufus
to
make
indeed
such
haste
,
for
he
knew
very
well
Pompey
would
not
commit
such
an
Errour
as
to
take
the
Senate
and
the
People
of
Arbitratours
,
who
at
that
time
were
absolutely
for
Caesar.
Bibulus
at
the
same
time
made
another
Proposition
,
which
he
knew
very
well
how
to
evade
,
which
was
,
to
make
a
Truce
,
and
permit
Pompey's
Ships
to
fetch
from
the
Land
Wood
,
Water
and
other
Refreshments
that
they
wanted
:
to
which
Caesar
answered
,
That
as
they
guarded
the
Sea
against
him
,
he
would
guard
the
Land
against
them
;
that
if
by
the
means
of
a
Truce
,
they
would
have
the
conveniency
of
the
Land
,
they
ought
to
leave
him
the
liberty
of
the
Sea
,
and
draw
off
their
Squadrons
which
guarded
the
Coasts
.
His
design
was
,
to
gain
time
for
the
Transporting
the
rest
of
his
Troops
:
but
Bibulus
,
who
knew
it
very
well
,
would
accept
of
no
Truce
upon
such
Conditions
.
Pompey
was
in
Macedonia
,
where
Rufus
joined
with
him
,
and
fearing
lest
Caesar
should
take
from
him
Durazzo
,
Marched
with
his
whole
Army
to
save
that
place
where
all
his
Ammunitions
were
lodged
.
It
was
in
this
March
that
he
understood
the
difference
between
new
Levies
and
old
Souldiers
;
For
as
he
made
very
great
Journeys
,
abundance
of
the
Men
,
either
through
laziness
,
or
not
being
able
to
support
the
Fatigue
,
abandoned
him
;
and
at
the
least
noise
that
Caesar
was
coming
,
were
in
continual
disorder
,
and
appeared
as
if
they
were
defeated
already
.
Pompey
nevertheless
came
first
to
Durazzo
,
where
he
Intrenched
himself
upon
the
River
of
Apse
,
and
where
Labyenus
found
out
an
expedient
for
the
confirming
of
his
Troops
.
He
caused
the
whole
Army
to
be
drawn
together
,
and
in
the
presence
of
all
the
Souldiers
.
Sware
that
he
would
never
forsake
his
General
,
but
follow
him
through
all
his
Fortunes
,
all
the
other
Officers
took
the
same
Oath
,
and
then
the
Souldiers
one
after
another
.
Caesar
being
prevented
by
the
Enemy
,
came
also
and
Incamped
himself
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
,
to
cover
the
City
of
Apollonia
,
and
both
of
them
in
this
manner
remained
for
some
time
,
expecting
the
Succours
that
were
to
come
up
to
them
.
CHAP.
XXXIV
.
Caesar
exposes
himself
alone
in
a
Skiff
to
go
and
find
the
rest
of
his
Army
.
CAesar's
Legions
who
remained
in
Italy
,
were
most
of
them
old
Souldiers
,
who
had
served
a
long
time
under
him
.
At
the
first
orders
which
they
received
for
their
Rendezvous
at
Brundusium
,
the
proposing
of
still
new
toils
made
them
begin
to
murmure
,
saying
,
That
they
had
worn
out
their
bodies
,
and
drained
their
veins
in
Caesar
's
Service
,
that
the
weakness
to
which
they
were
reduced
,
and
the
wounds
which
covered
them
ought
to
make
him
sensible
that
they
were
neither
immortal
nor
invulnerable
;
but
in
the
mean
while
they
were
dragged
from
War
to
War
,
till
the
very
Iron
of
their
Armour
was
wasted
with
wearing
,
and
abundance
of
other
discourse
which
old
Souldiers
that
have
done
good
Service
will
venture
upon
.
In
effect
they
took
no
care
to
go
to
Brundusium
,
but
when
they
understood
that
Caesar
had
passed
the
Sea
,
and
was
near
the
Enemy
;
the
love
which
they
had
for
him
could
not
conceal
it self
,
all
their
murmurings
were
turned
into
reproaches
and
complaints
against
their
Officers
,
that
they
had
not
marched
them
soon
enough
,
they
cursed
their
sloath
,
and
spent
whole
days
upon
the
rocks
of
the
Coast
,
in
looking
if
they
could
see
the
Vessels
returning
for
their
Embarkment
.
Caesar
for
his
part
was
as
much
uneasie
;
he
had
written
at
first
to
Calenus
the
danger
he
had
in
passing
;
all
the
Coast
being
possessed
with
the
Enemies
Vessels
,
and
that
advice
saved
his
Troops
;
for
Calenus
having
caused
them
to
Embark
on
board
those
Vessels
which
he
had
left
,
Caesar's
Letter
obliged
him
to
stay
,
and
one
onely
Vessel
that
mistook
his
orders
,
fell
into
the
hands
of
Bibulus
,
who
again
caused
all
that
were
on
board
to
be
slain
,
to
terrify
others
by
that
example
.
At
last
,
Bibulus
dying
of
an
illness
which
he
got
at
Sea
,
leaving
no
Commander
in
chief
to
succeed
him
,
the
Guards
began
not
to
be
kept
so
exactly
as
before
.
Caesar
saw
that
opportunity
favourable
for
the
passing
of
his
Troops
,
and
was
almost
despairing
that
they
were
not
arrived
so
soon
as
he
would
have
had
them
,
for
he
had
written
several
times
.
At
last
his
impatience
drove
him
upon
an
action
which
nothing
could
excuse
but
the
confidence
which
he
always
had
in
his
good
Fortune
,
neither
has
he
made
any
mention
of
it
in
his
Commentaries
,
nor
of
another
Action
of
his
,
which
Su●tonius
takes
notice
of
,
where
he
underwent
no
less
danger
,
but
had
more
necessity
for
it
.
It
was
thus
,
the
Gauls
having
in
his
absence
besieged
his
Legions
,
he
took
a
Gallick
habit
,
and
in
that
disguise
went
through
the
Corps
du
Guard
,
and
the
whole
Enemies
Army
to
come
to
his
Camp
,
and
it
is
very
remarkable
,
that
this
General
who
could
so
freely
hazard
his
own
Person
,
never
marched
his
Army
but
with
the
greatest
caution
imaginable
,
and
after
having
first
exactly
informed
himself
of
all
the
Defiles
and
other
passages
that
were
upon
his
way
.
Caesar
therefore
now
disguised
in
the
habit
of
a
Slave
,
without
making
any
of
his
people
acquainted
with
his
design
,
put
himself
on
board
a
Fisher-mans
Bark
that
was
in
the
mouth
of
the
River
Apse
,
they
were
to
go
out
that
night
,
and
his
design
being
,
when
they
were
out
at
Sea
,
to
make
them
row
directly
to
Brundusium
,
they
went
away
at
the
beginning
of
the
night
,
but
a
stiff
gale
of
wind
blowing
in
upon
the
mouth
of
the
River
,
made
the
Sea
very
rough
in
that
place
,
the
Master
of
the
Bark
made
several
attempts
,
with
his
Mariners
to
row
out
to
Sea
,
but
as
the
storm
and
the
wind
encreased
,
he
ordered
to
forbear
.
Caesar
onely
opposed
this
design
,
and
because
the
man
was
afraid
of
the
danger
,
of
a
sudden
discovering
himself
,
and
seeing
that
the
Fisherman
knew
him
,
Fear
nothing
,
says
he
,
for
thou
carriest
Caesar
and
his
Fortune
.
The
Mariners
encouraged
by
Caesar's
presence
,
behaved
themselves
so
well
,
that
they
overcame
the
violence
of
the
waves
,
but
the
Sea
was
so
rough
,
and
so
high
without
the
mouth
of
the
River
,
that
they
imagined
they
must
be
all
lost
,
and
were
at
last
forced
to
return
to
land
.
Caesar
went
back
to
his
Camp
,
where
his
Souldiers
running
in
whole
shoals
to
his
Tent
,
with
a
great
deal
of
tenderness
reproached
him
,
saying
,
That
he
disgrac'd
them
by
going
to
seek
out
new
Forces
to
fight
the
Enemy
which
they
had
before
them
,
whom
they
were
sure
they
had
strength
and
courage
enough
to
overcome
whenever
he
would
vouchsafe
to
put
himself
at
the
bead
of
them
.
CHAP.
XXXV
.
The
happy
arrival
of
Caesar's
Troops
in
Greece
.
Caelius
and
Milo
raising
disturbances
in
Italy
,
are
slain
.
IT
was
not
without
reason
that
Caesar
was
so
disquieted
for
his
Troops
in
Italy
.
Scribonius
Libo
,
was
gone
from
Orica
with
50
Ships
under
his
Command
,
and
posted
himself
in
an
Island
near
Brundusium
,
where
he
seized
upon
several
Merchant
Ships
which
were
in
the
Road
,
he
made
also
several
descents
into
the
main
land
,
and
with
success
,
upon
this
advantage
he
sent
word
to
Pompey
,
that
with
his
Fleet
onely
he
could
hinder
C●sar's
Troops
from
passing
into
Epirus
,
and
that
in
the
mean
while
the
other
Vessels
might
be
refitted
.
Caesar
had
also
received
other
news
from
Rome
,
which
made
him
very
uneasie
.
Caelius
,
of
whom
I
have
spoken
before
,
being
discontented
,
with
that
Party
in
which
his
hatred
to
Attius
,
and
Curio's
Friendship
had
embarked
him
,
sought
all
occasions
to
act
against
the
Ordinances
of
Caesar.
He
was
Pretor
,
with
Trebonius
,
whom
Caesar
had
put
into
Commission
for
taking
the
estimate
of
the
inheritances
;
Caelius
proclaimed
that
he
was
ready
to
receive
the
complaints
of
all
such
as
had
received
any
injury
,
and
that
he
was
ready
to
doe
them
justice
:
very
few
came
to
make
their
Complaints
,
and
all
Senatours
opposed
the
undertaking
,
which
obliged
him
to
leave
Rome
under
pretence
of
going
to
find
out
Caesar
,
but
it
was
to
join
himself
with
Milo
,
who
was
returned
into
Italy
,
and
had
gathered
together
a
great
number
of
Gladiatours
and
Peasants
,
they
reported
what
they
did
was
by
order
from
Pompey
,
but
Caesar's
good
Fortune
delivered
him
at
one
blow
from
this
inconvenience
,
Milo
and
Caelius
being
killed
at
the
same
time
.
Milo
besieging
a
little
Town
in
Calabria
,
and
Caelius
by
some
Gallick
and
Spanish
Cavalry
whom
he
would
have
persuaded
to
desert
.
Antonius
and
Calenus
,
put
Libo
also
to
flight
from
before
Brundusium
,
after
having
taken
one
of
his
Gallies
,
with
those
Shallops
that
belong'd
to
their
Vessels
fortified
with
Hurdles
in
the
manner
of
a
Parrapet
,
and
Manned
with
good
Souldiers
.
Then
they
Embarked
their
Troops
,
and
departed
from
Brundusium
,
the
weather
being
very
fair
,
and
the
wind
South
.
Caesar
had
written
very
earnestly
to
them
upon
this
occasion
,
and
commanded
them
to
come
and
land
at
Apollonia
,
they
made
their
passage
in
a
days
time
,
and
when
they
were
arrived
within
sight
of
Apollonia
,
and
Durazzo
,
Coponius
went
out
with
the
Rhodian
Squadron
which
he
commanded
,
to
hinder
their
coming
in
.
The
wind
was
favourable
to
Caesar's
People
,
and
began
to
encrease
in
the
moment
that
the
Enemy
appeared
.
Coponius
was
nevertheless
resolved
to
follow
them
,
and
Ceasar's
Generals
,
who
were
for
avoiding
a
fight
at
Sea
,
put
themselves
into
the
Haven
of
Nimphis
,
three
miles
above
Lisso
.
This
Haven
was
sheltred
from
the
South-East
wind
,
but
was
exposed
to
the
South
,
and
by
extraordinary
good
Fortune
,
the
wind
which
had
been
at
South
for
two
days
together
,
changed
to
the
South-East
in
the
very
moment
that
they
cast
Anchor
,
so
those
of
Caesar
got
safe
into
a
good
Haven
,
and
Coponius's
Squadron
was
driven
upon
the
Coast
with
so
much
violence
,
that
all
his
Vessels
perished
,
the
Souldiers
and
Seamen
were
most
of
them
drowned
,
and
the
rest
fell
into
Caesar's
hands
,
who
afterwards
gave
them
their
liberty
.
Two
of
Antonius's
Ships
,
who
could
not
follow
the
rest
came
to
an
Anchor
near
Lisso
,
whom
Ottacilius
Crassus
,
who
Commanded
for
Pompey
,
caused
to
be
attacked
with
Shallops
,
and
other
little
Boats
.
One
of
the
Ships
had
in
her
220
new
raised
Levies
,
and
the
other
200
old
Souldiers
,
the
new
raised
men
being
terrified
with
the
number
of
the
Enemy
,
surrendred
themselves
to
Ottacilius
upon
his
Parole
,
who
nevertheless
with
horrid
perfidy
,
put
them
all
to
the
Sword
;
but
the
Veterans
amusing
the
Enemy
by
a
feigned
Capitulation
▪
made
the
Seamen
run
their
Vessel
a
shore
,
where
they
saved
themselves
,
and
after
having
repulsed
and
beaten
six
hundred
Horse
,
whom
Ottacilius
sent
against
them
,
they
went
and
joined
themselves
with
Antonius
:
The
City
of
Lisso
also
revolted
against
Ottacilius
,
who
retreated
towards
Pompey
,
leaving
the
place
to
Antonius
,
who
immediately
took
it
into
his
possession
.
CHAP.
XXXVI
.
Marcus
Antonius
joins
himself
with
Caesar
in
spight
of
Pompey
,
who
retreats
to
Aspargua
near
Durazzo
.
ANtonius
had
with
him
three
old
Legions
,
two
Legions
of
new
raised
Souldiers
,
and
eight
hundred
Horse
.
He
sent
his
Ships
into
Italy
to
transport
the
rest
of
the
Troops
,
and
kept
onely
his
flat
bottomed
Boats
at
Lisso
,
which
were
a
sort
of
Vessels
the
G●ul●
were
wont
to
make
use
of
,
to
the
end
that
if
Pompey
should
have
a
design
of
putting
to
Sea
,
Caesar
might
be
in
a
condition
to
follow
him
.
Then
Antonius
gave
him
an
account
of
his
arrival
,
and
where
he
was
Pompey
at
the
same
time
learned
the
news
by
those
who
had
seen
the
Ships
under
Sail
before
Dur●●zo
.
These
two
Generals
were
encamped
upon
the
River
of
Apse
,
and
as
their
Camps
were
onely
separated
by
that
River
,
the
Souldiers
had
frequent
Parley
's
,
which
〈◊〉
the
●●st
Propo●●o●●
that
ever
〈◊〉
made
for
an
Accommodation
.
Vibullius
Rufus
,
when
Caesar
sent
him
,
had
made
the
first
overture
,
but
Pompey
by
the
advice
of
Libo
,
of
Luceius
,
and
a
certain
Greek
named
Theophanes
,
who
was
his
chief
Confident
,
st●●d
out
upon
a
point
of
Honour
,
at
that
time
something
unseasonable
,
(
at
least
,
if
we
may
believe
Caesar
in
his
Commentaries
)
saying
,
That
he
could
not
bear
the
thinking
that
his
life
and
his
return
to
Rome
should
appear
to
the
world
as
a
favour
bestowed
upon
him
by
Caesar.
Nevertheless
Vatinius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
,
endeavoured
to
renew
the
Conference
upon
the
River
of
Apse
;
and
on
Pompey's
behalf
,
Varro
had
promised
there
should
be
a
Meeting
to
that
purpose
.
All
the
Lieutenant
Generals
of
both
Parties
agreed
upon
a
day
for
Conference
;
when
they
came
to
the
place
appointed
,
Labienus
advanced
,
and
after
having
spoke
something
upon
the
Subject
they
were
to
treat
of
,
he
was
interrupted
by
a
great
number
of
Arrows
and
other
Darts
,
which
were
shot
at
Caesar's
Lieutenants
.
Vatinius
was
sheltered
by
the
Bucklers
of
the
Souldiers
who
were
with
him
,
but
Cornelius
Balbus
,
Plotius
,
and
Tiburtius
,
were
wounded
,
and
Labienus
cryed
out
with
great
insolence
,
That
it
was
to
no
purpose
to
speak
farther
of
peace
,
if
they
brought
not
with
them
the
head
of
Caesar
:
This
is
what
he
himself
hath
reported
,
and
that
from
this
moment
he
thought
of
nothing
but
War
,
this
happened
some
time
before
the
coming
of
Antonius
,
so
the
two
Generals
decamped
in
the
same
day
.
Caesar
to
join
himself
with
Antonius
,
and
Pompey
to
hinder
him
.
He
had
no
River
to
pass
as
Caesar
had
,
but
went
and
posted
himself
in
a
place
which
he
thought
most
proper
for
an
Ambuscade
,
which
he
laid
for
Antonius
,
but
he
being
advised
of
it
by
the
Greeks
of
the
Countrey
,
entrenched
himself
in
a
Post
,
where
he
stayed
and
expected
Caesar
,
who
soon
after
arrived
;
and
Pompey
fearing
to
be
hemmed
in
between
the
two
Armies
,
retreated
to
Aspargua
,
near
Durazzo
,
leaving
Antonius
the
liberty
of
joining
Caesar
,
which
he
did
the
same
day
.
So
Caesar
and
Pompey
at
the
head
of
all
their
Troops
were
in
a
readiness
to
dispute
the
Empire
of
the
world
,
and
all
the
glory
which
they
both
had
gotten
in
War
,
and
as
they
have
obscured
the
lustre
and
reputation
of
all
those
who
went
before
them
,
and
as
their
names
to
this
day
are
made
use
of
,
when
ever
we
would
describe
the
qualifications
of
an
able
General
.
The
account
of
all
their
proceedings
cannot
but
afford
us
great
use
as
well
as
pleasure
:
We
have
here
taken
it
out
of
the
Commentaries
of
Caesar
,
who
as
far
as
we
are
able
to
judge
,
has
reported
it
with
all
sincerity
.
CHAP.
XXXVII
.
Caesar
offers
Battel
to
Pompey
,
who
refuses
it
.
They
both
post
themselves
near
Durazzo
.
Caesar
hemmed
in
by
the
lines
of
Pompey's
Camp
.
CAesar
(
after
having
drawn
together
all
his
Army
,
and
knowing
that
Pompey
was
at
Aspargua
)
marched
directly
towards
him
,
and
in
his
passage
forced
a
Burrough
Town
,
where
Pompey
had
left
a
Garrison
.
After
three
days
march
he
came
in
sight
of
the
Enemies
Camp
,
and
fortified
his
own
,
from
whence
the
next
day
he
drew
out
all
his
Troops
to
offer
Battel
to
Pompey
,
who
refused
it
,
and
came
not
forth
.
Caesar
knew
from
that
moment
that
he
must
take
other
measures
.
So
he
decamped
the
next
day
to
go
towards
Durazzo
,
and
though
he
was
forced
to
march
by
certain
Defiles
,
which
were
very
incommodious
;
he
had
two
designs
,
either
to
reduce
Pompey
to
shut
himself
up
in
Durazzo
,
or
to
cut
off
his
passage
thither
,
forasmuch
as
all
his
Provisions
and
Equipage
of
War
was
there
,
which
last
design
in
part
succeeded
.
Pompey
believed
at
the
first
by
the
motion
of
Caesar's
Troops
,
that
they
were
forced
to
draw
off
for
want
to
Provisions
;
but
when
he
understood
his
design
by
his
Spies
,
and
those
whom
he
sent
to
make
incursions
into
the
Countrey
;
The
next
day
he
began
to
march
,
hoping
that
he
might
prevent
the
Enemy
by
a
shorter
way
than
that
which
they
had
been
forced
to
make
use
of
.
But
Caesar
having
foreseen
what
might
happen
,
and
incouraging
his
Souldiers
by
his
words
and
his
own
Example
,
left
them
onely
a
small
part
of
the
night
to
rest
themselves
in
,
and
arrived
the
next
morning
under
the
Walls
of
Durazzo
,
when
they
began
to
discover
the
Van
of
Pompey's
Army
,
who
immediately
calling
a
Council
of
War
,
went
and
possessed
himself
of
a
Hill
called
Petra
,
which
commanded
the
Sea
,
and
under
which
there
was
a
small
shelter
for
Ships
,
where
very
few
winds
could
come
to
annoy
them
.
They
both
immediately
intrenched
themselves
in
the
Posts
they
had
taken
.
Pompey
caused
a
party
of
his
Ships
to
come
under
his
Camp
,
and
immediately
sent
into
Asia
,
and
the
other
Countries
which
held
for
him
,
to
fetch
Provisions
and
Ammunition
;
Caesar
perceiving
then
that
the
War
might
in
all
likelyhood
last
long
,
that
he
had
very
little
Corn
,
and
that
his
places
of
Retreat
on
the
Coasts
of
Italy
and
Spain
were
very
uncertain
,
sent
Canuleius
one
of
his
Lieutenants
into
Epirus
:
He
caused
Magazines
to
be
lodged
from
place
to
place
,
in
regard
that
Province
was
a
great
way
off
,
and
ordered
all
the
Neighbouring
Towns
to
come
out
and
work
at
the
Carriages
;
Moreover
he
caused
what
Corn
could
be
found
in
the
Island
,
in
the
Burrough
Towns
of
the
Parthians
,
and
all
the
other
Castles
,
to
be
brought
in
to
him
▪
But
as
that
Soil
could
furnish
him
with
very
little
(
Pompey
having
already
ruined
all
those
places
,
and
taken
away
the
Corn
,
)
the
succours
proved
to
be
but
very
inconsiderable
.
This
put
Caesar
upon
a
design
which
he
conceived
might
be
feasible
from
the
nature
and
disposition
of
the
ground
.
All
round
Pompey's
Camp
there
were
certain
little
Hills
that
were
high
and
hard
to
climb
,
these
Caesar
possessed
himself
of
,
and
built
Towers
upon
them
in
the
nature
of
Redoubts
,
then
causing
lines
of
Communication
to
be
drawn
from
Mountain
to
Mountain
,
or
other
works
according
to
the
disposition
of
the
place
,
endeavoured
by
that
circumvallation
to
block
up
Pompey
.
Pompey
on
his
part
endeavoured
to
extend
himself
,
and
take
in
as
much
of
the
Countrey
as
was
possible
with
the
length
of
his
Works
,
which
he
carried
on
very
far
,
fortifying
from
Hill
to
Hill
,
so
that
with
four
and
twenty
Redoubts
he
possessed
a
space
of
15000
paces
,
where
his
Cavalry
found
Forrage
,
and
where
also
there
were
abundance
of
Fields
sown
with
Corn
;
We
shall
not
undertake
to
judge
of
the
Conduct
of
these
great
Men
to
rashly
as
other
Authours
have
done
,
who
have
declared
that
all
those
Works
were
of
no
use
nor
advantage
;
for
they
had
both
of
them
their
particular
reasons
for
what
they
did
,
and
Caesar
has
reported
some
of
his
,
saying
,
That
his
design
was
to
cut
off
from
Pompey
's
Cavalry
the
liberty
of
going
out
in
Parties
,
for
that
they
were
more
in
number
than
his
,
and
might
very
much
incommode
his
Convoy's
,
take
from
him
the
conveniency
of
Forrage
,
and
by
that
means
render
them
unfit
for
service
.
Besides
,
his
business
was
to
beat
down
that
high
esteem
which
kept
up
Pompey
's
Party
amongst
the
Nations
that
were
Strangers
,
when
all
the
world
should
know
that
he
was
invested
by
Caesar
,
and
that
he
durst
not
venture
the
hazard
of
a
Battel
.
For
it
was
that
which
Pompey
could
by
no
means
be
brought
to
,
nor
to
go
far
from
the
Sea
,
from
whence
he
had
all
his
Provisions
,
nor
from
Durazzo
,
where
were
all
his
Engines
,
his
Darts
and
other
Ammunitions
of
War
;
and
in
fine
,
it
appears
with
great
likelyhood
that
these
Leaders
both
of
them
accomplished
in
the
Art
of
War
,
and
instructed
by
long
experience
of
the
many
advantages
which
a
sudden
occasion
well
managed
might
offer
,
especially
between
two
Armies
so
near
to
one
another
,
were
both
of
them
watchfull
for
the
first
opportunity
.
In
effect
,
as
Caesar's
Men
dayly
carried
on
their
Works
to
prevent
their
being
attacked
in
their
Rere
,
those
of
Pompey
did
the
same
to
enlarge
themselves
,
and
hinder
the
Enemy
from
assaulting
them
upon
the
Flancks
.
They
had
the
advantage
in
number
;
besides
,
theirs
being
the
innermost
circumvallation
,
was
not
extended
so
far
as
Caesar's
.
And
though
Pompey
avoided
a
general
Battel
,
nevertheless
he
dayly
sent
out
his
Archers
and
Slingers
against
the
Enemy
,
which
obliged
Caesar's
Souldiers
to
make
certain
Blinds
with
Clothes
and
Skins
for
their
defence
against
the
Arrows
.
CHAP.
XXXVIII
.
A
fght
between
Caesar
and
Pompey's
Troops
.
CAesar
applied
himself
principally
to
shut
up
the
Enemy
with
his
lines
,
who
on
their
part
endeavoured
the
gaining
more
ground
,
which
was
the
reason
that
no
day
passed
without
some
encounter
or
other
.
Caesar's
ninth
Legion
had
taken
possession
of
an
advanced
ground
,
where
they
began
to
fortify
themselves
,
when
from
a
Neighbouring
eminence
almost
level
with
it
,
Pompey
sent
his
Lancers
against
that
Legion
,
and
then
caused
his
light
armed
Souldiers
to
advance
with
Engines
,
wherewith
he
played
upon
those
that
wrought
.
Therefore
as
it
was
a
very
hard
task
for
Caesar's
Souldiers
to
fight
and
work
both
at
the
same
time
,
and
considering
how
they
were
battered
on
every
side
,
he
resolved
to
draw
them
off
,
but
as
he
was
to
make
his
retreat
by
the
steep
part
of
the
Mountain
it
proved
a
business
very
nice
and
dangerous
.
The
Enemy
,
who
believed
that
their
fear
was
the
occasion
of
their
retreat
,
became
more
fierce
,
and
prest
them
so
much
the
closer
;
and
it
has
been
observed
,
that
Pompey
was
so
far
transported
,
as
to
say
,
That
he
would
be
contended
to
be
thought
no
Souldier
,
if
Caesar
's
Legions
got
off
from
that
place
where
they
had
so
rashly
engaged
themselves
without
loss
.
Nevertheless
,
this
was
Caesar's
design
,
he
caused
a
great
many
Hurdles
to
be
brought
and
planted
towards
the
front
of
the
Enemy
,
upon
the
bending
of
the
hill
;
behind
these
,
he
ordered
the
throwing
up
of
a
little
Ditch
,
and
all
the
Avenues
to
be
intangled
and
filled
up
with
cumbersome
matter
,
after
this
,
he
drew
up
his
Slingers
to
favour
the
retreat
,
and
marched
his
Legions
through
their
intervals
.
This
proceeding
augmented
the
fury
of
Pompey's
Souldiers
,
who
had
already
thrown
down
the
Hurdles
to
pass
the
Ditch
,
when
Caesar
gave
the
word
of
Command
to
face
about
,
and
after
that
Antonius
,
who
Commanded
that
Legion
,
had
exhorted
them
to
behave
themselves
well
,
he
Commanded
to
sound
a
charge
,
and
attack
those
that
were
come
over
;
the
Souldiers
at
their
close
order
discharged
their
Javelins
,
and
running
up
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
,
drove
back
those
of
Pompey
,
and
put
them
to
flight
.
The
Ditch
,
the
Hurdles
,
and
the
other
incumbrances
incommoded
them
very
much
,
and
was
the
occasion
that
a
great
many
of
them
perished
;
but
Caesar's
Men
being
contented
to
have
secured
their
Retreat
,
returned
back
,
after
having
killed
a
great
number
of
the
Enemy
,
and
onely
lost
five
Men
of
their
own
.
This
manner
of
making
War
from
Mountain
to
Mountain
,
was
doubtless
very
extraordinary
,
and
the
design
of
that
sort
of
siege
was
no
otherways
,
for
Caesar
undertook
to
besiege
an
Enemy
,
who
was
much
stronger
than
himself
,
and
who
had
Provisions
and
Ammunitions
in
abundance
,
when
his
own
Men
at
the
same
time
were
reduced
to
the
greatest
extremity
imaginable
,
at
least
for
want
of
Corn
,
though
Epirus
had
furnished
them
with
flesh
,
nevertheless
they
bore
all
with
most
admirable
constancy
,
contenting
themselves
with
Beans
and
Barley
,
moreover
,
they
found
the
way
of
making
Bread
with
a
Root
called
Chara
,
which
they
mingled
with
Milk
,
and
some
of
this
they
often
threw
amongst
Pompey's
Souldiers
,
saying
,
That
they
would
rather
eat
the
Barks
of
Trees
,
than
let
Pompey
escape
,
whom
they
had
now
in
their
power
.
He
was
extremely
surprised
at
it
,
and
said
,
That
he
did
not
think
he
had
had
wild
Beasts
to
deal
withall
.
Neither
was
he
without
his
inconveniences
;
his
Cavalry
began
to
suffer
for
want
of
Forrage
,
both
the
Beasts
and
the
Men
dying
in
his
Camp
,
had
corrupted
the
air
,
and
ingendred
Diseases
;
besides
,
they
wanted
water
,
for
Caesar
had
either
stopt
or
turned
the
course
of
the
Rivers
which
used
to
supply
them
,
his
own
Men
having
it
in
all
abundance
,
and
enjoying
a
very
good
air
,
so
that
the
advantages
and
disadvantages
being
equally
distributed
between
the
two
Armies
,
they
passed
no
day
without
enterprising
something
or
other
.
Pompey
had
observed
by
the
lights
which
were
every
night
set
up
in
Caesar's
Fortifications
,
where
his
Souldiers
kept
their
Guard
,
then
causing
some
Archers
to
advance
in
the
dark
,
shot
flights
of
Arrows
into
the
Fortifications
,
that
wounded
a
great
many
Men
,
but
for
this
inconveniency
they
soon
found
a
remedy
,
they
made
their
Fires
in
one
place
,
and
posted
their
Corps
du
Guard
in
another
.
But
as
these
little
Skirmishes
signified
nothing
to
the
main
matter
,
Pompey
resolved
not
to
defer
it
to
the
last
extremity
;
and
knowing
that
Casar
was
one
night
gone
from
his
Camp
for
the
management
of
some
Intelligence
which
he
had
in
Durazzo
,
went
that
very
night
,
with
the
best
part
of
his
Troops
,
to
attack
a
Castle
which
was
near
Caesar's
Camp
,
and
defended
by
one
Cohort
,
while
he
caused
six
other
attacks
to
be
made
at
the
same
time
in
different
places
.
CHAP.
XXXIX
.
Pompey
attacks
Caesar's
Fortifications
;
the
Valour
of
Sceva
.
Pompey
quits
his
Camp
;
the
Treason
of
Roscillus
and
Aegus
.
CAesar's
Men
,
notwithstanding
their
being
surprised
,
defended
themselves
beyond
imagination
;
and
though
they
were
overwhelmed
with
Darts
and
Arrows
,
though
four
Centurions
had
lost
each
of
them
an
eye
,
and
that
all
the
Souldiers
,
without
exception
,
were
wounded
,
nevertheless
,
unequal
as
it
was
,
they
maintained
the
Fight
for
above
fifteen
hours
.
Sceva
,
one
of
the
Centurions
,
who
defended
the
Castle-gate
,
being
wounded
in
the
eye
,
in
the
shoulder
and
the
thigh
,
stretched
out
his
hand
to
the
Enemy
,
as
if
he
made
sign
of
surrendring
himself
,
and
as
two
of
their
Officers
advanced
towards
him
,
he
attacked
them
both
with
his
Sword
,
one
after
another
;
All
the
Souldiers
behaved
themselves
with
the
same
Courage
;
so
that
Sylla
,
who
commanded
the
Camp
in
Caesar's
absence
,
had
time
enough
,
with
two
Legions
,
to
come
up
to
their
succour
.
Pompey's
Troops
were
not
able
to
bear
the
first
charge
;
And
it
is
believed
,
that
had
Sylla
followed
his
advantage
,
he
might
have
totally
routed
them
in
their
Retreat
:
but
as
the
duty
of
a
Lieutenant
is
very
different
from
that
of
a
Captain-General
,
in
consideration
that
one
never
acts
but
by
Limited
Orders
,
when
the
other
is
at
liberty
to
proceed
according
to
the
best
of
his
Judgment
.
Caesar
himself
excused
him
for
being
contented
to
have
repulsed
the
Enemy
and
cleared
the
Fortifications
:
There
was
found
within
the
place
Thirty
thousand
Arrows
,
which
they
presented
to
Caesar
when
he
came
back
,
with
the
Buckler
of
Sceva
,
which
had
been
pierced
with
Two
hundred
and
thirty
shots
.
Caesar
,
according
to
his
usual
manner
,
Caressed
extremely
all
the
Souldiers
of
that
Cohort
;
he
caused
their
proportions
of
Bread
and
their
Pay
to
be
doubled
,
and
gave
almost
to
all
of
them
Bracelets
,
Piles
and
other
marks
of
honour
:
as
for
Sceva
,
he
had
given
him
for
reward
Two
thousand
Crowns
,
and
was
advanced
from
the
Eighth
Company
to
the
Command
of
the
First
.
Pompey
drew
not
his
Troops
far
off
from
the
Castle
,
onely
encamping
himself
where
the
Darts
could
not
reach
him
;
in
all
his
different
Attacks
he
had
lost
Two
thousand
Men
,
and
Six
Ensigns
;
so
he
made
,
in
a
short
time
,
good
Works
round
his
Camp
,
as
Redoubts
and
Ditches
,
of
Fifteen
foot
broad
,
fortified
with
Pallisadoes
towards
the
Enemy
;
and
at
last
,
after
having
caused
the
Entrances
into
his
Camp
to
be
filled
up
,
he
chose
a
very
dark
night
,
and
retreated
with
all
his
Troops
into
his
old
Trenches
.
Caesar
,
incouraged
by
this
good
success
,
went
every
day
and
presented
him
Battel
within
view
of
his
Lines
;
and
though
Pompey
drew
out
also
in
Battalia
,
nevertheless
he
always
kept
his
Troops
under
defence
of
his
Ramparts
,
where
Caesar
did
not
think
fit
to
attack
him
.
Pompey
had
sent
all
his
Cavalry
by
Shipping
to
Durazzo
,
for
their
subsistence
,
and
to
try
to
incommode
the
Enemy
,
by
making
Incursions
.
But
Caesar
possessed
himself
of
the
two
Avenues
,
by
which
onely
he
could
send
out
parties
;
so
Pompey
was
forced
to
order
their
return
to
the
Camp
,
by
the
same
way
that
they
went
;
and
here
indeed
they
suffered
much
,
the
Horses
being
forced
to
eat
Reeds
and
Leaves
shaken
together
,
which
made
them
very
lean
;
and
the
Horsemen
themselves
had
much
ado
to
subsist
,
by
reason
that
every
thing
being
consumed
within
,
they
were
forced
to
fetch
their
Provisions
from
very
far
.
So
their
General
resolved
to
make
one
attempt
for
all
to
force
the
Trenches
.
Roscillus
and
Aegus
,
the
Sons
of
Albuscillus
,
a
Man
of
the
first
quality
in
Savoy
,
had
served
under
Caesar
ever
since
the
Gallick
War
,
where
they
had
behaved
themselves
very
well
,
nor
were
they
ill
rewarded
for
it
.
For
besides
the
Senatorian
Dignity
which
he
had
bestowed
upon
them
,
they
had
received
great
marks
of
his
acknowledgment
,
and
were
grown
very
rich
;
These
two
Men
relying
upon
the
Friendship
of
their
General
,
and
puffed
up
with
a
foolish
and
barbarous
arrogance
,
treated
all
their
under
Officers
with
contempt
,
cheated
their
Souldiers
of
their
Pay
,
and
whatsoever
Booty
their
Troops
,
met
with
,
still
kept
it
to
themselves
.
This
obliged
the
Men
to
make
their
Complaints
to
Caesar
,
acquainting
him
also
,
that
though
they
might
have
received
full
Pay
,
their
Troops
were
never
Completed
.
Caesar
believing
this
no
fit
time
to
make
examples
in
,
and
that
something
ought
to
be
allowed
in
consideration
of
the
merit
of
these
two
Brothers
,
neglected
the
taking
any
notice
of
the
matter
,
but
did
not
forget
privately
to
tell
them
his
opinion
,
and
assure
them
,
it
would
be
more
for
their
advantage
to
serve
him
well
.
These
two
men
,
provoked
by
this
Remonstrance
,
and
believing
that
though
he
slipt
it
now
,
he
might
take
another
opportunity
to
resent
their
ill
conduct
,
resolved
to
quit
his
Service
,
and
go
over
to
the
Enemies
Camp
.
So
after
having
unsuccessfully
attempted
to
kill
Volusenus
the
General
of
the
Cavalry
,
they
borrowed
what
Money
they
could
,
and
carrying
away
a
great
many
Horses
,
went
and
surrendred
themselves
to
Pompey
,
who
received
them
with
as
much
Joy
,
as
upon
so
extraordinary
an
occasion
might
be
expected
;
none
of
Caesar's
Souldiers
having
yet
come
over
to
Pompey
,
though
every
day
some
of
his
took
party
with
Caesar.
CHAP.
XL.
Pompey
attacks
Caesar's
Trenches
:
great
disorder
amongst
Caesar's
Troops
;
he
confirms
them
by
his
presence
.
THE
Savoyards
who
knew
where
Caesar's
Trenches
were
weakest
,
instructed
Pompey
in
the
particulars
of
it
,
which
confirmed
him
in
that
design
he
had
before
resolved
upon
.
He
caused
Helmets
of
Ozier-twigs
to
be
made
for
all
his
Souldiers
,
and
commanded
they
should
fall
to
digging
of
Turff
;
when
this
was
done
he
put
a
great
number
of
Archers
and
Light-armed
Foot
on
board
the
Merchant
Ships
and
Shallops
;
At
the
same
time
he
carried
Sixty
Cohorts
,
which
he
drew
out
of
his
Camp
and
his
Fortifications
,
to
that
part
of
Caesar's
Trenches
which
was
nearest
the
Sea
,
and
farthest
from
the
General
's
Quarters
.
At
the
same
time
the
Vessels
who
brought
the
Turff
and
the
Light-armed
Foot
came
ashore
in
the
same
place
;
[
*
](A33186-e33270-b)
*
Cornelius
Lentulus
Marcellinus
the
Questor
Commanded
there
for
Caesar
,
but
he
being
indisposed
,
Posthumus
gave
Orders
under
him
.
That
side
of
the
Rampart
which
looked
towards
the
Enemy
was
Ten
foot
high
,
and
as
many
broad
,
with
a
Ditch
of
Fifteen
foot
;
and
Caesar
having
foreseen
that
Pompey
might
,
by
Sea
,
make
some
attempt
upon
that
Post
,
had
caused
another
to
be
thrown
up
,
parallel
to
it
,
Five
hundred
Paces
distance
,
but
it
was
not
indeed
altogether
so
deep
.
His
design
was
to
have
made
a
third
,
which
should
have
joined
them
both
upon
the
Sea-side
;
But
it
seeming
so
cruel
a
thing
to
him
to
harass
the
Souldiers
,
wearied
with
throwing
up
Works
,
which
already
took
up
Nineteen
thousand
Paces
of
Ground
,
hindred
his
putting
of
it
in
execution
.
In
the
meanwhile
this
negligence
had
like
to
have
cost
him
his
Fortune
and
all
his
Reputation
.
Pompey
had
notice
of
this
fault
by
the
Savoyards
,
so
at
break
of
day
he
came
with
all
those
Forces
I
mentioned
,
to
attack
the
Cohorts
of
the
ninth
Legion
which
were
upon
the
Guard
at
the
Sea-side
.
They
were
surprised
with
the
Light-armed
Foot
and
Archers
from
the
Ships
,
who
immediately
surrounded
and
attacked
them
with
flights
of
Arrows
.
The
Ditches
were
filled
with
the
Turff
which
Pompey
had
caused
to
be
brought
thither
,
so
his
Legionaries
planted
their
Ladders
against
the
Rampart
,
and
with
their
Darts
and
their
Engines
overthrew
those
that
defended
it
:
The
Helmets
of
Ozier
which
they
had
defended
them
from
the
fall
of
Stones
,
which
were
the
onely
Arms
that
Caesar's
Men
could
make
use
of
upon
this
occasion
:
so
these
Souldiers
being
attacked
on
every
side
,
and
seeing
that
the
Enemy
advanced
to
hem
them
in
by
that
part
of
the
Entrenchment
which
was
not
Fortified
quitted
their
Posts
and
turned
their
backs
Marcellinus
hearing
what
had
happened
,
ordered
some
Cohorts
to
March
to
their
Relief
;
but
the
fear
and
confusion
of
those
who
fled
from
the
Camp
,
infected
them
also
;
and
all
the
other
Troops
which
were
sent
to
their
assistence
served
onely
to
add
to
their
disorder
.
All
the
Officers
of
the
first
Cohort
were
lost
upon
this
occasion
,
except
the
eldest
Centurion
.
He
who
carried
the
Eagle
of
the
Legion
,
seeing
himself
mortally
wounded
,
calling
to
him
some
Horsemen
;
I
have
,
said
he
,
for
many
years
preserved
this
Ensign
with
the
hazard
of
my
life
,
and
now
I
am
dying
,
with
the
same
affection
I
restore
it
unto
Caesar
,
do
not
let
it
be
lost
by
a
misfortune
,
which
is
not
yet
come
upon
us
,
but
save
it
to
return
it
to
Caesar.
So
the
Standard
was
preserved
,
but
the
slaughter
every
where
was
great
.
In
the
meanwhile
Pompey
drawing
near
to
Marcellinus
his
Camp
,
where
the
fear
had
already
got
possession
,
Antonius
appeared
hard
by
,
upon
an
advanced
ground
,
with
Twelve
Cohorts
,
which
Pompey
perceiving
made
a
halt
,
and
Caesar's
Troops
began
to
take
heart
again
:
Caesar
arrived
a
moment
after
with
the
other
Cohorts
,
and
by
causing
every
where
thick
smoaks
to
be
made
,
gave
the
signal
that
Relief
was
coming
.
And
when
he
saw
that
Pompey
,
who
was
retired
,
had
forced
those
Lines
,
whereby
he
thought
to
shut
him
up
,
he
found
it
convenient
to
change
his
design
,
and
immediately
caused
a
Post
to
be
fortified
near
the
Sea
,
there
to
encamp
himself
,
to
the
end
that
he
might
have
the
liberty
of
Forrage
,
and
reception
for
his
Shipping
.
CHAP.
XLI
.
Caesar
,
in
a
great
Battel
,
is
overthrown
:
Pompey
loses
the
opportunity
of
totally
routing
him
.
Caesar's
opinion
upon
that
occasion
.
AS
these
Entrenchments
were
almost
completed
,
his
Scouts
brought
him
word
that
there
was
a
Legion
Marching
on
the
back-side
of
the
Wood
to
take
possession
of
Pompey's
old
Camp
.
To
comprehend
this
we
must
understand
,
that
after
the
Ninth
Legion
(
as
we
before
observed
)
had
made
head
against
Pompey's
Troops
,
and
repulsed
them
with
advantage
,
Casar
had
posted
himself
in
the
place
where
that
action
was
done
;
The
Camp
reached
as
far
as
a
Wood
,
and
was
not
above
Four
hundred
paces
from
the
Sea
.
Some
days
after
Casar
had
quitted
that
Post
,
and
Pompey
took
possession
of
it
.
And
because
he
had
more
Legions
,
he
onely
caused
another
Cover
to
be
made
to
the
first
Camp
,
without
ruining
the
old
Fortifications
;
so
this
little
Camp
served
onely
for
a
Platform
or
Cittadel
to
the
great
one
.
He
also
caused
a
Line
to
be
drawn
from
the
left
Angle
of
his
Camp
about
Four
hundred
paces
,
as
far
as
the
River
,
for
a
passage
to
the
Water
in
safety
;
but
a
little
time
after
he
also
changed
his
design
,
and
quitted
that
Post
,
the
lines
whereof
were
still
standing
.
This
was
the
place
whither
that
Legion
was
Marching
;
Casar's
Sentinels
gave
him
an
account
of
it
;
and
those
who
from
the
Hills
had
observed
the
motion
,
confirming
the
News
,
he
believed
that
fortune
presented
him
with
this
occasion
to
repair
the
loss
he
had
before
sustained
;
so
leaving
onely
two
Cohorts
to
make
a
shew
upon
the
Ramparts
,
he
Marched
in
all
secrecy
with
33
Cohorts
,
in
which
number
was
the
Ninth
Legion
,
although
it
had
lost
a
great
many
Souldiers
and
Officers
.
His
Army
was
upon
two
Lines
,
and
he
upon
the
Left
Wing
.
All
things
succeeded
immediately
as
he
expected
,
he
arrived
at
the
Camp
before
Pompey
could
have
any
notice
of
it
;
and
the
Wing
which
he
headed
Charging
fiercely
upon
the
Rampart
,
put
those
who
defended
it
to
flight
.
The
Battel
was
very
fierce
at
the
entrance
,
which
was
filled
with
Turnpikes
.
Puleio
,
he
who
betrayed
Cajus
Antonius's
Army
,
defended
it
with
extraordinary
Valour
,
but
at
last
Caesar's
Men
carried
it
merely
by
their
Courage
,
and
having
broke
the
Turnpikes
in
pieces
,
they
entred
within
the
first
Fortification
,
and
afterwards
attacked
the
Platform
whither
the
Legion
was
retreated
;
a
great
many
were
killed
in
this
place
;
and
the
Action
had
been
very
fine
,
and
of
great
advantage
,
if
Fortune
,
who
loves
to
shew
the
power
which
●he
usurpes
over
all
things
,
and
especially
in
War
,
had
not
proved
unconstant
.
The
Cohorts
of
Caesar's
Right
Wing
searching
for
the
entrance
into
the
Camp
,
followed
the
outside
of
that
Trench
which
led
them
to
the
River
,
believing
that
it
was
the
Rampart
of
the
Camp
,
when
perceiving
their
Errour
▪
they
put
themselves
upon
the
Rampart
,
and
as
there
was
no
body
there
to
defend
it
,
passed
easily
;
all
the
Cavalry
followed
these
Cohorts
,
seeking
for
breaches
to
enter
.
This
unhappy
proceeding
gave
Pompey
time
to
come
to
their
succour
with
the
Fifth
Legion
,
putting
all
his
Cavalry
before
him
;
so
that
both
parts
of
the
Camp
which
was
attacked
,
at
the
same
time
discover'd
Pompey
Marching
Embattelled
with
his
legions
.
At
sight
of
this
every
thing
began
to
change
;
the
Legion
that
was
besieged
,
by
the
hope
of
this
Succour
,
recovered
so
much
courage
as
to
make
a
Sally
and
Charge
those
of
Caesar.
His
Cavalry
finding
themselves
disordered
in
passing
the
Ramparts
,
thought
of
nothing
but
how
to
save
themselves
;
and
his
right
and
left
wing
being
separated
,
were
equally
terrified
with
seeing
the
Horse
upon
the
flight
,
and
fearing
to
be
cut
in
pieces
in
that
strait
place
,
hurried
through
the
breaches
of
the
Ramparts
with
so
much
disorder
,
that
a
great
many
falling
headlong
into
the
Ditches
,
the
others
passed
over
them
to
save
themselves
.
The
Souldiers
of
the
left
wing
,
seeing
the
Succours
of
Pompey
,
the
overthrow
of
their
Friends
,
and
the
Enemy
before
and
behind
them
,
sought
to
return
through
the
place
where
they
entred
.
At
last
,
nothing
but
disorder
,
fear
and
a
total
rout
was
every
where
to
be
seen
;
so
that
in
spight
of
all
Caesar's
endeavours
himself
,
to
retain
the
Ensigns
which
fled
,
abundance
of
them
forsook
him
,
their
Colours
,
Horses
and
all
,
and
run
away
on
Foot
.
One
amongst
the
rest
,
an
able
and
strong
Man
,
but
confounded
with
the
fear
he
was
in
,
turned
upon
him
the
point
of
his
Launce
,
and
had
certainly
killed
him
,
if
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
at
one
blow
,
had
not
cut
off
his
arm
.
At
last
,
a
Party
of
Pompey's
Horse
appearing
at
the
entrance
of
the
Camp
,
forced
them
to
make
head
in
that
place
.
Pompey
pursued
his
Victory
as
far
as
Caesar's
very
Camp
,
but
durst
not
attack
it
,
in
which
he
committed
a
fault
which
cost
him
dear
in
the
consequence
.
Caesar
avouches
,
That
his
Army
might
have
been
entirely
overthrown
upon
that
occasion
:
and
farther
adds
,
That
he
had
been
lost
without
redress
,
could
Pompey
have
known
how
to
have
made
use
of
the
Victory
:
For
this
he
gives
three
Reasons
,
That
Pompey
was
afraid
of
falling
into
an
Ambuscade
;
That
his
Cavalry
amused
themselves
too
long
with
desiring
to
force
the
entrance
into
the
Trenches
;
And
that
that
defeat
happening
beyond
his
hopes
,
he
knew
not
immediately
how
to
take
the
right
course
:
To
this
we
may
add
,
That
in
all
likelihood
Pompey's
Troops
suffered
themselves
to
be
deluded
,
that
in
spight
of
him
they
would
follow
the
Runaways
,
and
that
he
would
not
engage
himself
to
attack
Caesar's
Camp
,
knowing
well
,
that
he
left
behind
him
a
brave
and
daring
Enemy
,
with
a
great
part
of
his
Forces
.
CHAP.
XLII
.
Caesar's
discourse
to
his
Troops
to
confirm
them
;
he
Decamps
to
March
toward
Thessaly
.
Pompey
follows
him
.
CAesar
lost
a
great
many
Men
upon
these
two
occasions
,
which
happened
both
in
the
same
day
.
Some
have
given
an
account
of
Nine
hundred
and
sixty
Souldiers
,
Thirty
two
Ensigns
,
and
a
great
many
excellent
Officers
;
amongst
others
Tuticanus
and
Felginas
,
who
were
both
Gauls
;
another
Felginas
of
Plaisance
,
Gravius
Sacrativir
,
and
Thirty
Tribunes
or
Centurions
.
Pompey
and
his
whole
Party
were
much
encouraged
with
the
Victory
,
and
sent
the
News
of
it
over
all
the
World
,
reporting
,
That
Caesar
was
totally
routed
,
and
with
what
miserable
Troops
he
had
left
,
fled
before
them
.
It
is
true
indeed
,
that
reflecting
upon
his
conduct
,
he
passed
the
next
night
not
very
pleasantly
.
But
as
he
understood
the
valour
of
his
Souldiers
,
and
knowing
that
the
disorder
was
occasioned
by
themselves
,
and
not
by
the
vigour
of
the
Enemy
;
having
besides
been
used
to
the
changeableness
of
Fortune
,
and
the
effects
of
a
panick
Fear
,
where
an
unseasonable
apprehension
intangles
the
greatest
Armies
,
and
the
disorders
,
which
the
Imprudence
of
a
General
Officer
,
or
the
negligence
of
any
particular
Commander
may
produce
,
he
would
not
suffer
himself
to
lose
either
his
courage
or
his
hopes
,
but
he
imagined
that
it
might
be
proper
wholly
to
change
the
manner
of
that
War
,
and
to
speak
to
his
Souldiers
.
Therefore
he
caused
them
to
quit
the
Fortifications
all
at
the
same
time
;
and
when
he
had
re-assembled
them
.
I
see
nothing
(
says
he
)
in
this
occasion
,
which
ought
to
trouble
you
;
and
after
so
many
Battels
,
wherein
ye
have
won
glory
and
advantage
,
gallant
Men
ought
not
to
be
discouraged
with
a
little
disgrace
.
We
ought
to
thank
Fortune
for
our
Conquest
of
all
Italy
,
which
cost
〈◊〉
not
a
wound
;
for
our
subduing
Spain
,
possessed
by
powerfull
Armies
,
under
experienced
and
able
Commanders
,
and
reducing
so
easily
those
rich
and
fertile
Provinces
which
now
lie
round
us
.
Remember
still
the
good
Fortune
ye
had
in
passing
the
Sea
to
come
hither
,
even
through
the
Fleets
of
your
Enemies
,
when
not
onely
the
Havens
,
but
the
very
Rivers
too
were
taken
up
by
their
Troops
.
If
in
this
last
encounter
Fortune
seemed
to
have
forsaken
us
,
correct
her
Capricio●sness
by
your
own
Valour
and
Industry
;
For
it
is
easie
to
perceive
,
that
her
fault
,
and
not
your
own
,
has
brought
upon
us
the
present
misfortune
;
the
place
of
Battel
was
well
chosen
,
ye
carried
the
Enemies
Camp
at
the
first
onset
;
ye
beat
and
put
them
to
flight
with
your
Swords
in
your
hands
;
and
if
one
little
disorder
,
one
errour
of
Inadvertency
,
or
indeed
if
destiny
it self
has
deprived
us
of
the
advantage
we
had
gotten
,
ye
ought
to
endeavour
to
recover
it
by
your
proper
virtue
;
so
this
Misfortune
shall
turn
to
your
glory
as
it
did
in
Gergoria
;
and
those
who
in
this
Battel
have
shewn
the
least
fear
,
shall
be
the
first
to
charge
the
Enemy
in
the
next
.
After
this
Harangue
he
Cashiered
some
Ensigns
,
but
he
had
not
need
to
make
any
other
examples
;
For
the
Souldiers
offered
,
and
would
voluntarily
have
undertaken
great
Labours
to
punish
themselves
.
They
desired
a
Battel
,
where
they
might
either
all
die
,
or
be
revenged
.
Some
of
the
Chief
Officers
were
of
opinion
,
that
this
eagerness
ought
to
be
made
use
of
:
But
Caesar
thought
otherwise
;
so
he
commanded
his
Baggage
,
with
all
the
Sick
and
Wounded
,
to
March
in
the
beginning
of
the
night
towards
Apolonia
.
He
gave
them
one
Legion
for
their
Convoy
,
with
order
to
make
no
stop
till
they
came
to
the
place
.
These
orders
being
executed
,
retaining
two
Legions
in
his
Camp
,
at
Three
a
Clock
in
the
Morning
he
caused
all
the
other
Legions
to
March
out
by
the
Avenues
and
follow
the
Baggage
▪
and
a
little
while
after
,
making
the
usual
Cries
according
to
the
Custome
of
Military
Discipline
at
that
time
,
he
departed
at
the
head
of
his
Two
Legions
,
to
join
the
Body
of
his
Army
,
which
he
did
with
all
speed
.
Pompey
,
when
he
knew
the
design
of
his
Enemy
,
lost
no
time
,
he
quitted
his
Camp
with
all
his
Army
,
and
sent
his
Cavalry
full
speed
to
put
a
stop
to
Caesar's
Troops
.
But
as
they
were
gone
a
great
way
before
,
and
Marched
without
Baggage
,
Pompey's
Cavalry
came
not
up
to
them
till
the
end
of
the
Journey
,
at
the
passage
of
the
River
G●●uso
.
Caesar
opposed
them
with
his
Horse
,
and
Four
hundred
others
of
his
best
Souldiers
,
mingled
in
their
Ranks
,
who
made
great
havock
amongst
Pompey's
Men
,
and
forced
them
to
retreat
:
so
he
passed
the
River
,
and
went
and
Posted
himself
in
his
old
Camp
near
Asparagium
;
he
kept
all
his
Infantry
at
their
Arms
in
the
Trenches
,
and
sent
out
his
Horse
to
Forage
,
with
orders
to
return
again
with
what
speed
they
could
.
Pompey
also
came
and
took
possession
of
his
old
Camp
near
Asparagium
.
And
his
Souldiers
having
no
Fortifications
to
make
in
a
place
so
well
Entrenched
as
that
was
,
went
out
,
some
to
fetch
in
Wood
and
Provisions
,
others
,
who
in
the
haste
of
their
departure
,
had
forgotten
something
in
the
other
Camp
,
which
was
not
far
off
,
after
having
laid
down
their
Arms
,
returned
again
thither
.
Caesar
,
who
imagined
s●mething
like
this
might
happen
,
decamped
the
next
day
at
Noon
,
and
pressing
his
Troops
hard
,
had
Marched
them
Eight
miles
,
before
Pompey
could
be
in
a
condition
to
follow
him
:
the
next
morning
Caesar
departed
again
at
break
of
day
,
always
causing
his
Baggage
to
March
before
,
that
nothing
might
incommode
the
order
of
his
Army
.
This
method
he
used
the
days
following
,
and
by
that
means
got
over
the
Rivers
and
difficult
passages
without
the
loss
of
any
of
his
Men
;
for
though
Pompey
followed
him
with
extreme
diligence
,
the
advantage
of
being
a
day
before
him
,
and
the
inconveniency
of
his
Baggage
forced
him
,
upon
the
fourth
day
,
to
give
over
the
unsuccessfull
persuit
.
CHAP.
XLIII
.
Caesar
goes
into
Apolonia
,
Domitius
joins
himself
with
him
,
the
taking
of
Gomphes
and
Metropolis
.
CAesar
was
forced
to
go
to
Apolonia
to
dispose
there
of
his
sick
Men
to
muster
his
Army
,
and
leave
some
Troops
in
their
Quarters
,
by
that
means
to
secure
his
Allies
,
spending
no
more
time
in
this
Voyage
than
was
absolutely
necessary
for
a
man
who
had
other
business
upon
his
hands
,
he
feared
lest
Pompey
might
surprise
Domitius
Calvinus
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
who
was
in
Macedonia
with
three
Legions
,
accompanied
with
Cassius
Langinus
.
They
had
thoughts
of
Metellus
Scipio
,
Pompey's
Brother-in-Law
,
who
Commanded
the
Legions
of
Syria
with
Favonius
and
other
Officers
,
and
had
often
endeavoured
to
engage
them
upon
some
advantage
.
Now
Caesar's
design
was
either
to
draw
Pompey
far
from
the
Sea
,
and
force
him
to
a
Battel
,
or
if
that
General
should
go
into
Italy
to
leave
Domitius
,
and
return
by
Illyria
to
follow
Pompey
,
or
at
last
if
Scipio
should
besiege
Orica
or
Apolonia
to
fall
upon
him
,
whom
he
knew
very
well
Pompey
would
not
forsake
.
Pompey
thought
also
to
surprise
Domitius
,
before
Caesar
came
up
;
so
these
two
Generals
marched
with
all
the
speed
and
diligence
imaginable
,
and
Domitius
thought
of
delivering
himself
to
the
Enemy
;
for
the
news
of
the
Battel
at
Durazzo
,
having
turned
the
minds
of
the
people
in
favour
of
Pompey
,
they
had
stopped
all
Caesar's
Couriers
to
Domitius
,
who
receiving
no
intelligence
of
the
marching
of
the
Armies
,
was
come
to
post
himself
at
Heraclea
.
This
City
was
under
the
Mountain
of
Cadavia
,
where
Pompey's
Army
must
pass
to
get
into
Macedonia
;
Caesar's
had
been
retarded
by
their
Voyage
to
Apolonia
,
and
every
thing
seemed
to
contribute
to
the
loss
of
Domitius
,
which
had
been
inevitable
,
if
some
Savoyards
belonging
to
Rostillus
and
his
Brother
had
not
by
chance
met
with
his
Couriers
.
As
they
had
all
served
together
in
Gaul
,
they
did
not
treat
them
like
Enemies
,
onely
with
a
kind
of
Vanity
,
which
Souldiers
sometime
will
be
guilty
of
,
told
them
that
Caesar
was
beaten
,
that
he
was
retreated
,
and
that
Pompey
was
coming
up
with
all
his
Army
.
This
advice
saved
Domitius
,
who
made
his
Retreat
so
opportunely
,
that
he
was
not
gone
above
four
hours
before
Pompey's
arrival
.
He
went
to
Aegeta
upon
the
Frontiers
of
Thessaly
,
where
he
joined
himself
with
Caesar.
This
General
seeing
all
his
Forces
together
,
marched
to
Gomphes
,
which
is
the
first
Town
upon
the
way
from
Epirus
to
Thessaly
,
the
Inhabitants
who
at
first
had
promised
Caesar
their
Obedience
,
changed
their
minds
as
others
had
done
before
them
,
upon
the
report
of
his
being
beaten
,
being
persuaded
to
it
by
Aridrostenes
,
Pretor
of
Thessaly
,
he
was
then
in
the
City
,
and
after
having
sent
to
Scipio
and
Pompey
for
succour
,
caused
the
Gates
to
be
shut
against
Caesar
,
Scipio
was
at
Lerissa
,
and
Pompey
was
not
yet
in
Thessaly
,
which
caused
Caesar
to
attack
Gomphes
,
he
ordered
Ladders
,
great
Baskets
filled
with
earth
,
and
Hurdles
to
be
got
ready
with
all
diligence
,
and
after
having
represented
to
his
Souldiers
the
benefit
of
forcing
a
place
that
was
very
rich
,
and
well
furnished
he
caused
an
assault
to
be
made
with
so
much
fury
,
that
the
Town
was
taken
by
nine
a
clock
the
same
day
,
he
abandoned
it
to
be
pillaged
,
and
without
stopping
marched
his
Army
to
Metropolis
,
before
the
news
should
arrive
of
the
taking
of
Gomphes
.
In
effect
the
Inhabitants
of
Metropolis
had
a
design
to
stand
upon
their
defence
,
but
the
Prisoners
which
were
taken
at
Gomphes
,
and
whom
Caesar
caused
to
be
shewn
to
them
,
made
them
Wise
by
their
Example
,
so
they
opened
their
Gates
to
Caesar
,
who
took
care
,
and
protected
them
from
violence
;
this
Conduct
of
his
brought
back
all
the
Towns
of
Thessaly
to
his
Party
,
except
Lerissa
,
which
Scipio
had
taken
into
his
possession
.
CHAP.
XLIV
.
Scipio
joins
his
Troops
with
those
of
Pompey's
,
They
post
themselves
in
the
Plains
of
Pharsalia
.
The
approach
of
the
two
Armies
.
Pompey's
uneasiness
.
POmpey
arrived
at
Thessaly
within
a
few
days
after
the
taking
of
Gomphes
,
and
advanced
near
Pharsalia
,
whither
Scipio
went
to
join
him
with
his
two
Legions
.
He
was
received
by
his
Son-in-Law
with
a
great
deal
of
Magnificence
;
and
Pompey
being
willing
he
should
share
in
Command
with
him
,
ordered
him
a
general
Quarter
,
separate
from
his
own
,
and
according
to
the
Roman
Custome
,
the
Trumpets
came
and
sounded
every
morning
at
Scipio's
Tent
as
well
as
Pompey's
.
Caesar
was
all
this
while
giving
Orders
for
the
subsistence
of
his
Army
,
and
making
Remarks
upon
the
Inclinations
of
his
Souldiers
;
Therefore
so
soon
as
he
understood
that
they
had
forgotten
their
misfortune
at
Durazzo
,
caused
them
to
advance
as
far
as
the
Plains
of
Pharsalia
,
where
Pompey
was
encamped
.
The
approach
of
these
two
Armies
,
in
which
were
all
the
chosen
Roman
Legions
,
whose
Valour
was
to
decide
the
Fate
of
that
great
Empire
,
the
hatred
and
ambition
of
the
Generals
,
animated
by
the
Prize
as
well
as
the
Glory
,
which
must
of
necessity
accrew
to
the
Conquerour
,
and
the
little
appearance
there
was
of
an
Accommodation
,
made
it
easily
to
be
judged
that
nothing
but
a
general
Battel
could
be
fit
to
determine
that
famous
quarrel
.
Pompey's
Party
incouraged
by
the
advantages
they
had
gotten
at
Durazzo
,
doubted
not
of
success
.
Every
proceeding
which
did
not
seem
to
tend
towards
a
Battel
,
was
looked
upon
by
them
as
an
Obstacle
to
their
returning
into
Italy
,
they
say
Pompey
let
himself
be
flattered
too
much
in
his
Command
.
Domitius
called
him
Agamemnon
,
insinuating
,
that
he
Commanded
over
Kings
,
and
Favonius
after
his
unthinking
manner
,
told
the
other
Senatours
,
that
they
must
not
expect
that
year
again
to
eat
the
Figs
of
Tusculum
.
Besides
,
Domitius
,
Scipio
and
Lentulus
were
ready
to
fall
out
who
should
have
the
charge
of
Pontifex
,
which
Caesar
was
then
possessed
of
,
all
other
Dignities
were
disposed
of
,
a
great
many
having
sent
already
to
Rome
to
take
Houses
near
the
Place
,
where
the
Magistrates
were
to
be
chosen
,
so
to
be
lodged
with
more
conveniency
,
for
pursuing
the
charges
they
pretended
to
,
and
Arrius
Rufus
would
have
accused
Afranius
,
for
having
(
as
he
said
)
sold
Spain
to
Caesar
,
which
made
Afranius
say
upon
all
occasions
,
Why
do
not
we
go
and
find
out
that
Merchant
of
Provinces
.
In
short
,
every
one
set
his
thoughts
upon
sharing
the
fruits
of
the
Victory
without
considering
how
to
gain
it
.
But
Caesar
took
another
course
,
he
endeavoured
to
incourage
his
Souldiers
by
little
Combates
,
every
day
sending
out
Parties
,
and
exercised
the
young
Men
of
his
Legions
to
mingle
themselves
amongst
their
Cavalry
,
and
contend
for
swiftness
,
even
with
the
Horses
;
so
though
Pompey
surpassed
in
the
number
of
Cavalry
,
yet
his
being
assisted
by
those
light
armed
Foot
,
were
not
afraid
of
them
,
and
in
one
Re-incounter
they
defeated
a
great
number
of
them
,
and
slew
one
of
the
Savoyards
that
had
deserted
.
When
Caesar
understood
that
his
Troops
had
recovered
their
wonted
Courage
,
and
were
desirous
to
go
upon
the
Enemy
,
he
drew
out
of
his
Camp
and
offered
Pompey
Battel
.
That
General
had
no
design
to
come
to
blows
,
and
thought
to
have
wasted
Caesar's
Troops
by
Fatigue
and
want
of
Provision
.
He
drew
indeed
out
of
his
Camp
,
but
kept
himself
always
under
his
Trenches
,
at
the
Foot
of
the
advanced
ground
where
he
was
posted
,
Caesar
could
not
attack
him
in
that
place
without
great
disadvantage
,
so
that
he
resolved
the
next
day
to
decamp
,
to
the
end
that
by
frequent
motions
he
might
weary
out
Pompey's
Troops
,
who
were
not
so
hardened
to
toil
as
his
,
He
caused
all
the
Baggage
to
be
loaded
that
night
,
the
Tents
were
already
pulled
down
,
and
a
March
was
founded
through
the
Camp
by
break
of
day
,
when
he
received
advice
that
Pompey's
Army
was
in
Battalia
,
far
enough
from
his
Trenches
.
Then
Caesar
caused
all
his
Troops
to
hault
,
and
with
extreme
joy
told
them
Let
us
defer
our
departure
my
Fellow
Sould
〈…〉
nd
think
of
fighting
,
it
is
that
which
we
have
long
most
earnestly
wished
for
,
therefore
let
us
not
lose
the
opportunity
our
Enemies
present
us
withall
,
perhaps
they
will
not
be
always
of
this
Opinion
,
and
it
may
be
hard
for
us
to
find
them
in
so
good
humour
another
time
.
After
this
short
discourse
he
drew
up
his
Troops
in
order
,
and
marched
them
towards
the
place
of
Battel
.
CHAP.
XLV
.
Pompey
forced
to
fight
against
his
Opinion
.
His
Discourse
with
Labienus
.
Some
Presages
.
POmpey
was
not
able
longer
to
hold
out
against
the
insolencies
and
murmurings
of
his
Officers
,
and
in
fine
,
they
had
so
fully
persuaded
him
to
fight
,
that
he
promised
them
that
he
would
defeat
the
Troops
of
Caesar
,
this
was
in
the
Council
of
War
,
where
he
was
assisted
by
all
the
Senatours
of
his
Party
.
I
am
very
sensible
,
said
he
,
that
the
execution
of
my
promise
may
appear
something
difficult
,
but
ye
will
not
longer
doubt
of
it
,
when
I
shall
have
told
you
in
what
manner
I
intend
to
proceed
.
All
my
Horse
have
promised
me
that
they
will
attack
the
Enemy
upon
the
flanks
,
before
they
shall
be
able
to
discharge
one
Dart
,
so
we
shall
carry
the
Victory
without
hazarding
our
Legions
with
the
price
of
one
wound
,
and
as
you
know
the
advantage
which
the
number
and
courage
of
our
Cavalry
has
over
those
of
the
Enemy
;
I
believe
there
is
no
man
here
present
can
doubt
of
the
success
,
but
will
boldly
prepare
himself
to
the
Battel
which
is
desired
with
so
much
earnestness
,
and
I
hope
that
ye
will
maintain
the
reputation
of
your
Valour
so
famous
over
all
the
world
.
After
this
,
Labienus
said
a
great
many
things
in
contempt
of
Caesar's
Troops
,
And
to
the
Honour
of
Pompey
,
think
not
(
said
he
)
that
these
are
the
same
Souldiers
who
conquered
the
Gauls
,
and
vanquished
the
Germans
,
for
I
was
present
there
,
and
speak
nothing
here
whereof
I
am
not
well
informed
,
there
is
hardly
any
of
those
old
Souldiers
remaining
,
many
of
them
have
perished
in
Battel
.
The
Diseases
of
the
last
Autumn
have
destroyed
a
great
many
more
,
and
the
rest
are
gone
to
their
homes
.
Those
Troops
which
ye
see
at
present
,
are
but
Recruits
of
some
miserable
Peasants
,
raised
in
the
Cisalpine
Gaul
,
the
bravest
whereof
were
slain
at
the
last
Battel
of
Durazzo
.
Afterwards
Labienus
took
an
Oath
that
he
would
never
return
into
his
Camp
if
he
were
not
Victour
,
and
exhorted
the
others
to
doe
so
too
.
Every
one
swore
in
his
turn
,
this
new
kind
of
Oath
re-doubled
their
hopes
,
and
no
less
their
joy
,
Because
,
says
Caesar
,
they
were
persuaded
that
so
great
a
General
as
Labienus
was
,
would
not
swear
to
a
thing
which
he
had
not
been
resolved
to
execute
.
In
the
mean
time
there
hapned
Presages
that
were
not
at
all
favourable
to
Pompey
.
The
night
before
the
Battel
,
he
dreamed
that
he
was
at
Rome
,
in
a
Theatre
he
had
built
,
and
that
the
people
received
him
with
great
Acclamations
,
and
went
to
adorn
with
Trophies
the
Temple
of
Venus
the
Victorious
.
This
dream
seemed
to
respect
the
glory
of
Caesar
,
who
attributed
the
Original
of
his
Family
to
Venus
,
at
least
Plutarch
and
some
other
Authours
have
so
explained
it
.
There
was
also
seen
a
light
like
that
of
a
Flambeau
,
which
kindling
it self
over
Caesar's
Camp
,
came
and
fell
upon
Pompey's
.
And
there
happened
at
break
of
day
one
of
those
false
Alarums
which
they
call
Panick
fears
,
Caesar
on
the
contrary
had
happy
Omens
,
and
the
Diviner
,
who
looked
into
the
Entrails
of
the
Sacrifices
,
told
him
two
days
before
the
Battel
,
that
he
foresaw
a
change
in
the
present
state
of
his
Fortune
,
and
that
that
change
depended
upon
his
Courage
,
and
the
Valour
of
his
Troops
.
CHAP.
XLVI
.
The
order
of
the
two
Armies
.
The
year
of
the
world
4006
,
since
the
foundation
of
Rome
76
,
before
the
birth
of
our
Saviour
47.
The
two
Generals
speak
to
their
Souldiers
to
encourage
them
to
the
fight
.
POmpey's
Army
consisted
of
five
and
forty
thousand
Foot
,
and
seven
thousand
Horse
,
being
in
all
five
Legions
with
the
Spanish
Cohorts
which
Afranius
had
raised
after
his
defeat
.
These
Cohorts
,
and
those
of
the
Legions
were
in
number
112
,
seven
whereof
he
left
to
guard
his
Camp
;
and
all
these
Troops
were
upon
three
lines
,
every
Legion
making
three
Battalions
,
(
viz.
)
The
Hasta●i
,
the
Principes
and
Triarii
,
the
first
Battalion
seconding
the
second
,
and
the
second
the
third
.
The
Battalions
were
each
of
them
of
sixteen
hundred
Men
,
drawn
up
in
half
Cohorts
(
that
is
to
say
)
two
hunred
Men
in
rank
,
and
eight
Men
in
file
.
The
Legions
of
Syria
were
in
the
middle
,
and
Scipio
Commanded
them
.
The
Spanish
Cohorts
and
Legion
of
Silicia
,
whom
Pompey
principally
relyed
on
,
were
upon
the
Right
under
the
Command
of
Domitius
Enofarbus
,
Pompey
put
himself
upon
the
left
,
where
Lentulus
Commanded
with
the
two
Legions
that
Caesar
had
restored
in
the
beginning
of
the
War
.
The
other
Cohorts
were
in
the
same
order
between
the
Legions
of
Scipio
and
the
two
Wings
.
The
Auxiliary
Troops
,
at
least
those
who
fought
in
order
,
as
the
Greeks
did
,
made
the
body
of
Reserve
.
For
the
others
,
Pompey
had
caused
them
to
draw
out
without
order
upon
the
left
,
with
his
Archers
,
Slingers
,
and
all
his
Cavalry
,
his
Right
being
fortified
with
a
River
that
was
hard
to
pass
.
Caesar
had
onely
24
Cohorts
,
who
made
but
twenty
two
thousand
Men
,
reckoning
the
two
Cohorts
which
he
had
left
to
guard
his
Camp
.
His
Army
was
drawn
up
also
upon
three
lines
in
the
same
order
with
Pompey's
,
the
tenth
Legion
was
upon
the
Right
,
and
the
ninth
upon
the
Left
,
and
because
that
that
Legion
was
weak
,
the
eighth
was
so
near
it
,
that
they
both
seemed
to
make
but
one
Body
,
with
orders
to
second
one
another
.
The
rest
of
the
Cohorts
being
drawn
up
between
these
Legions
,
were
in
the
Centre
where
Domitius
Calvinus
Commanded
,
Sylla
having
the
right
Wing
,
and
Antonius
the
left
,
Caesar
put
himself
at
the
head
of
the
tenth
Legion
,
whose
Valour
he
had
often
experienced
,
and
also
to
be
opposite
to
Pompey
,
whose
design
was
to
fall
upon
the
flanks
of
Caesar's
Troops
,
who
soon
observed
it
by
his
order
of
Battel
,
so
he
drew
six
Cohorts
out
of
all
his
Troops
,
whereof
he
composed
a
body
of
Reserve
,
he
exactly
instructed
them
in
what
they
were
to
doe
,
and
above
all
,
gave
them
to
understand
that
all
the
hopes
of
Victory
depended
upon
their
Valour
▪
Moreover
,
he
ordered
his
third
line
not
to
march
,
till
they
should
receive
a
si●nal
from
him
.
In
fine
,
his
Cavalry
to
the
number
of
a
thousand
Horse
,
covered
the
right
of
the
tenth
Legion
.
The
Armies
being
thus
in
sight
of
one
another
,
the
two
Generals
went
from
Rank
to
Rank
encouraging
their
Souldiers
.
Pompey
represented
to
his
the
Iustice
and
Merit
of
the
Cause
they
defended
.
The
advantage
of
their
number
strengthened
by
the
assistence
of
so
many
illustrious
Senatours
,
and
the
Victory
of
Durazzo
.
Caesar
was
contented
onely
to
demonstrate
,
That
he
had
endeavoured
by
all
ways
possible
to
obtain
an
honourable
Peace
,
and
if
his
Enemies
had
been
willing
,
they
might
have
spared
the
Republick
the
bloud
of
so
many
brave
Men.
So
seeing
the
impatience
of
his
Souldiers
to
fall
on
,
he
gave
the
signal
of
Battel
.
CHAP.
XLVII
.
The
Battel
of
Pharsalia
.
The
fierceness
of
Crastinus
.
The
flight
of
Pompey
,
and
overthrow
of
his
Troops
.
HE
had
a
Voluntier
in
his
Army
called
Crastinus
,
who
the
last
year
was
eldest
Brigadiere
of
the
tenth
Legion
.
This
man
coming
up
to
Caesar
,
General
,
said
he
,
I
intend
this
day
to
give
you
reason
to
speak
well
of
me
,
whether
I
live
or
die
.
And
then
calling
to
him
the
Souldiers
he
had
Commanded
,
Follow
me
,
he
cryed
,
this
is
the
last
occasion
we
shall
ever
have
to
acquit
our selves
of
the
duty
we
owe
our
General
,
and
recover
our
Liberty
.
After
these
words
he
advanced
,
and
was
followed
with
about
twenty
six
Voluntiers
,
there
was
onely
so
much
space
between
the
two
Armies
as
was
just
sufficient
for
the
place
of
Battel
;
but
Pompey
had
ordered
his
Men
to
remain
firm
at
their
Posts
,
which
Conduct
Caesar
blamed
him
for
,
and
we
may
depend
upon
his
Opinion
for
it
,
and
the
reasons
which
he
has
given
in
his
Commentaries
.
His
Souldiers
seeing
that
the
Enemy
would
spare
them
no
ground
,
behaved
themselves
like
Men
who
very
well
understood
their
business
,
and
of
their
own
accord
made
a
hault
in
the
midst
of
their
Carriere
,
and
after
having
taken
breath
a
little
,
ran
on
upon
the
Enemy
,
where
they
first
discharged
their
Javelins
,
and
then
drew
their
Swords
,
as
Caesar
had
given
them
orders
.
Pompey's
Men
received
the
Charge
without
the
least
disorder
,
and
then
made
their
discharge
,
and
drew
their
Swords
also
,
their
word
of
Battel
was
,
Hercules
the
Invincible
,
and
Caesar's
,
Venus
the
Victorious
.
The
Battel
was
cruel
and
bloudy
,
as
it
could
not
be
otherwise
between
so
many
brave
Men
,
animated
by
their
Glory
and
particular
Interests
,
both
sides
had
an
Ambition
either
to
Conquer
the
Enemy
,
or
die
upon
the
spot
,
without
appearing
the
least
disordered
,
either
with
the
horrible
noise
of
Arms
,
or
the
cries
of
the
wounded
and
dying
Men
that
fell
on
both
sides
.
Crastinus
with
his
little
Troop
routed
the
Rank
that
opposed
him
,
and
had
charged
into
the
middle
of
the
Battalion
where
he
was
stopped
,
and
born
dead
to
the
ground
by
a
wound
with
a
Sword
,
which
pierced
his
head
through
the
mouth
,
and
came
out
at
the
nape
of
the
neck
,
by
this
means
the
Victory
became
doubtfull
in
that
place
,
when
Pompey
Commanded
his
Cavalry
to
go
on
.
It
consisted
of
the
chiefest
of
the
Roman
Nobility
,
and
the
Allies
all
young
handsome
Men
,
and
such
as
had
great
care
of
their
Persons
.
At
first
they
made
Caesar's
Men
give
ground
,
and
had
got
upon
the
flank
of
his
Army
,
when
causing
the
six
Cohorts
to
advance
,
which
were
his
body
of
Reserve
,
he
gave
them
order
to
march
with
their
Pikes
ported
,
and
in
that
manner
to
charge
upon
the
face
of
their
Enemies
▪
This
contrivance
disordered
those
young
Men
,
and
the
fear
of
spoyling
their
faces
,
put
them
into
confusion
,
so
that
Caesar's
Cavalry
rallying
,
charged
upon
them
and
brake
them
to
pieces
in
a
moment
.
They
had
not
the
courage
to
rally
,
but
galloped
full
speed
to
the
Neighbouring
Mountains
.
All
the
Slingers
and
Archers
being
thus
abandoned
by
the
Cavalry
,
were
cut
to
pieces
,
and
Caesar's
Men
following
their
advantage
,
came
and
charged
Pompey's
Troops
upon
the
naked
flank
.
They
had
maintained
the
fight
with
a
great
deal
of
resolution
,
and
though
that
Charge
had
disordered
them
,
the
Allies
defended
themselves
on
every
side
,
when
Casar
gave
the
signal
for
his
third
Line
to
advance
,
so
those
fresh
Troops
pouring
in
upon
those
of
Pompey
,
who
were
wearied
and
attacked
on
every
side
,
easily
broke
them
.
The
flight
began
amongst
the
Strangers
,
who
getting
into
their
Camp
,
and
securing
what
they
well
could
carry
away
,
fled
full
speed
,
though
Pompey's
right
Wing
still
stood
and
kept
their
ground
,
but
Caesar's
causing
a
Cry
to
be
given
out
,
Of
kill
the
Strangers
,
but
save
the
Romans
,
was
the
reason
that
the
Romans
laid
down
their
Arms
,
and
demanded
Quarter
,
which
was
given
them
accordingly
.
But
there
was
a
terrible
slaughter
amongst
the
Strangers
.
Pompey
seeing
himself
,
as
he
said
afterwards
,
betrayed
by
the
Cowardise
of
those
Troops
on
whom
he
most
depended
,
the
moment
that
he
saw
his
Cavalry
routed
,
left
the
fight
,
and
returned
into
his
Camp
,
telling
his
Officers
,
who
were
upon
the
Guard
,
That
they
should
take
care
to
defend
the
Lines
if
any
disgrace
happened
,
and
that
he
was
going
to
give
the
same
orders
to
all
the
rest
.
So
he
retreated
into
his
Tent
,
to
attend
what
might
happen
.
In
the
mean
time
Caesar
seeing
the
Victory
sure
,
cried
out
to
his
Souldiers
,
That
they
ought
to
pursue
the
Victory
,
and
take
the
Enemies
Camp
.
And
though
they
were
wearied
out
by
the
extreme
heat
and
fatigue
,
for
it
was
now
high
Noon
;
Nevertheless
,
when
they
saw
their
General
marching
on
foot
at
the
head
of
them
,
directly
to
Pompey's
Trenches
they
followed
him
.
The
Cohorts
that
guarded
the
Camp
,
and
the
Auxiliary
Thracians
made
a
stout
resistence
.
But
at
last
being
pressed
on
every
side
,
they
gave
ground
,
and
fled
towards
the
Mountains
which
were
hard
by
.
Pompey
upon
this
occasion
shewed
nothing
that
was
either
worthy
of
his
Courage
or
Reputation
,
nor
gave
the
least
Order
for
his
Defence
,
and
when
Caesar's
Men
were
already
in
his
Lines
,
How
,
(
says
he
)
in
my
very
Camp
?
So
getting
on
Horseback
,
he
escaped
through
the
Decumane
Gate
,
and
fled
to
Larissa
,
where
he
made
not
the
least
stay
,
but
with
the
same
diligence
got
to
the
Sea
side
,
accompanied
with
thirty
Horsemen
,
and
Embarked
himself
on
Board
a
Merchants
Vessel
.
Caesar
found
almost
through
the
whole
Camp
,
Table
Linen
spread
,
and
Cuboards
covered
with
Plate
,
Lentulus's
Tent
amongst
the
rest
was
trimmed
up
with
Ivy
and
other
Boughs
to
keep
off
the
heat
,
by
which
may
be
guessed
,
the
confidence
of
those
Men
,
who
made
such
preparations
for
pleasure
after
a
Victory
,
which
they
believed
themselves
sure
of
.
Caesar
begged
of
his
Souldiers
not
to
amuse
themselves
with
the
Plunder
,
but
to
complete
the
Victory
;
and
by
his
Authority
,
and
the
respect
which
they
bore
him
,
he
prevailed
.
So
he
immediately
caused
a
Trench
to
be
thrown
up
about
the
Mountain
where
the
Enemy
was
Retreated
,
who
,
wanting
Water
,
were
forced
to
quit
it
,
and
March
to
Larissa
.
After
this
,
he
divided
his
Troops
,
sending
one
part
of
them
to
Guard
Pompey's
Camp
,
and
the
other
into
his
own
,
Marching
in
Person
with
the
Fourth
Legion
to
cut
off
a
passage
from
the
Enemy
.
He
drew
up
in
Battalia
Six
thousand
Paces
from
that
place
,
which
caused
Pompey's
Men
to
make
a
hault
.
They
were
upon
a
Hill
which
had
a
River
at
the
foot
of
it
;
and
Caesar
,
notwithstanding
the
weariness
of
his
men
,
and
that
it
was
almost
night
,
obliged
them
yet
to
cut
off
that
Conveniency
from
the
Enemy
by
a
Trench
.
This
last
necessity
forced
them
to
a
Capitulation
,
and
some
Senatours
made
their
escape
in
the
dark
.
Caesar
ordered
all
the
Souldiers
to
come
down
into
the
Plain
and
lay
down
their
Arms
,
which
they
obeyed
,
and
falling
upon
their
knees
before
him
,
begged
for
Pardon
,
which
he
granted
them
with
all
kindness
imaginable
,
and
commanded
his
Souldiers
not
to
offer
them
any
affront
,
nor
Plunder
their
Baggage
.
After
this
he
sent
back
the
Troops
that
were
with
him
,
with
orders
for
fresh
ones
to
come
up
to
him
,
with
whom
he
Marched
towards
Larissa
,
where
he
arrived
the
same
day
.
Thus
it
was
that
he
knew
how
to
make
use
of
a
Victory
and
manage
his
advantages
.
And
though
we
have
all
these
particulars
from
himself
,
considering
they
have
not
been
hitherto
contradicted
,
we
ought
not
to
call
them
in
question
;
but
rather
consider
,
whether
we
ought
most
to
admire
his
Conduct
,
his
Courage
,
or
his
dispatch
,
or
indeed
the
Obedience
and
the
respect
which
his
Troops
shewed
him
.
He
lost
in
this
Battel
onely
Two
hundred
Men
,
amongst
whom
indeed
were
Thirty
of
his
best
Officers
.
This
little
number
could
not
but
be
very
surprising
,
for
on
Pompey's
side
there
were
15000
Men
slain
,
and
Four
and
twenty
thousand
who
surrendred
themselves
to
Caesar
;
who
,
when
he
perceived
the
Field
covered
with
the
Bodies
of
the
dead
,
says
he
to
Pollio
.
They
would
have
it
so
.
Caesar
,
after
all
his
great
actions
,
must
have
been
condemned
,
had
not
he
been
supported
by
the
Valour
of
his
Troops
:
there
were
Four
and
twenty
Colours
brought
to
him
,
and
Nine
Eagles
.
In
short
,
a
great
many
Officers
of
the
Enemy's
Army
fell
in
this
Battel
,
and
amongst
the
rest
Domitius
,
who
was
slain
by
some
Horsemen
as
he
fled
towards
the
Mountain
.
CHAP.
XLVIII
.
Some
other
Presages
reported
to
Caesar.
BESIDES
those
Presages
which
happened
before
this
Battel
,
and
seemed
no
promise
a
great
Victory
to
Caesar
,
he
has
made
a
Report
of
some
others
equally
as
propitious
.
In
a
Temple
of
Minerva
a
Statue
of
Victory
,
which
stood
looking
towards
the
Altar
,
turned
it self
towards
the
Door
of
the
Temple
the
very
day
that
Pompey
was
defeated
.
And
at
Antioch
in
Syria
,
upon
the
same
day
there
were
heard
such
terrible
Cries
,
and
so
great
a
noise
of
Battel
,
that
all
the
People
ran
in
Arms
up
to
the
Ramparts
:
the
same
thing
happened
at
Ptolemaïs
;
and
at
Pergama
was
heard
a
Noise
of
Trumpets
,
in
the
most
secret
place
of
the
Temple
,
where
none
but
the
Priests
had
liberty
to
enter
:
and
besides
all
this
,
at
Tralles
,
in
a
Temple
of
Victory
Consecrated
to
the
Honour
of
Caesar
,
in
few
days
there
was
seen
a
Palmtree
growing
up
between
the
Joinings
of
the
Stairs
of
the
Pavement
,
which
reached
up
to
the
Roof
.
Caesar
stands
ingaged
for
the
truth
of
these
Miracles
,
since
he
himself
reports
them
.
What
follows
is
taken
out
of
Titus
Livius
,
and
confirmed
by
Plutarch
.
Casus
Cornelius
,
a
very
Learned
Augur
,
was
at
Padua
when
this
Battel
happened
,
who
observing
there
the
Flight
of
Birds
,
by
the
great
knowledge
which
he
had
acquired
in
that
Art
,
understood
so
exactly
the
moment
when
it
began
;
that
he
took
notice
of
it
to
those
that
were
with
him
,
and
told
them
precisely
how
long
it
would
last
:
and
after
sitting
down
,
and
making
some
new
observations
,
all
of
a
sudden
rose
up
,
Crying
out
,
Caesar
,
thou
art
Conquerour
.
But
,
this
surprising
news
of
his
not
being
received
with
that
credit
he
desired
,
taking
the
Crown
from
his
head
,
which
the
Augures
always
wear
in
the
Ministery
of
their
Function
,
Swore
that
he
would
never
put
it
on
again
,
till
the
truth
of
what
he
had
said
should
be
confirmed
;
which
soon
after
happened
.
CHAP.
XLIX
.
Pompey
puts
to
Sea
,
and
takes
in
King
Dejotarus
and
goes
to
Amphipolis
.
IN
the
meanwhile
Pompey
having
left
the
Town
of
Larissa
,
dismist
all
the
Slaves
of
his
Train
,
and
went
,
by
the
Sea-side
,
through
the
pleasant
Valley
of
Tempe
,
accompanied
onely
with
a
small
number
of
his
Friends
,
the
two
Lentuluses's
were
with
him
,
and
Favonius
,
who
,
either
out
of
Respect
,
or
Pity
,
rendred
him
all
the
Offices
of
an
affectionate
Servant
,
and
did
it
so
handsomly
,
that
Pompey
was
forced
to
permit
it
,
signifying
his
acknowledgments
in
a
Greek
Verse
,
the
Sense
whereof
was
,
That
every
thing
became
a
generous
Man
:
In
this
condition
,
very
far
different
from
what
he
enjoyed
the
precedent
day
,
when
he
was
cover'd
with
Glory
,
a
Commander
of
Kings
,
and
all
the
greatness
of
Rome
,
he
found
himself
reduced
to
seek
for
a
retreat
in
a
poor
Fisher-man's
Cabbin
;
where
,
having
for
some
time
reposed
himself
,
he
went
on
board
a
small
Barque
,
to
try
if
he
could
reach
Amphipolis
;
as
he
sailed
along
by
the
Shore
,
his
Friends
espied
a
Merchant
Ship
commanded
by
Petilius
.
This
Petilius
was
a
Roman
,
of
the
order
of
the
People
,
and
knowing
Pompey
by
sight
onely
,
had
Dream't
,
that
he
saw
him
in
a
mean
condition
,
far
beneath
that
Lustre
with
which
he
had
heretofore
appeared
at
Rome
:
as
he
was
telling
this
Dream
to
his
Friends
about
him
,
news
was
brought
him
,
that
they
discover'd
a
Barque
Rowing
towards
the
Vessel
;
that
those
who
were
in
her
seemed
in
distress
:
upon
this
he
came
up
above-Deck
,
from
whence
he
discover'd
and
knew
Pompey
;
so
he
order'd
his
Shallop
to
be
hoisted
out
,
and
Rowed
on
Board
him
,
where
calling
for
the
General
,
he
gave
him
his
hand
to
help
him
into
the
Boat
,
and
all
those
who
were
with
him
▪
forbearing
(
for
the
respect
he
bore
him
)
to
enquire
into
the
Misfortune
which
had
reduced
him
to
that
extremity
.
They
had
now
hoisted
Sail
to
stand
off
from
the
Coast
,
when
they
discovered
from
the
Sea-side
King
Dejo●arus
,
with
stretched-out
hands
making
a
sign
to
be
taken
in
;
they
sent
off
the
Barque
,
which
brought
him
on
Board
the
Ship
,
and
then
Pompey
stood
over
for
Amphipolis
.
In
this
place
he
consulted
with
his
Friends
what
course
he
should
take
;
the
great
confidence
with
which
he
relied
on
the
number
and
valour
of
his
Troops
,
and
the
over-positive
hopes
of
Victory
,
had
hindred
him
from
thinking
of
any
provision
against
the
Misfortune
he
was
now
fallen
into
.
For
though
he
had
been
often
sensible
of
the
disgraces
of
Fortune
,
yet
,
as
she
had
never
surprised
him
so
lulled
in
security
as
now
,
he
had
always
found
means
to
recover
himself
with
advantage
.
But
,
upon
this
occasion
,
as
he
foresaw
nothing
in
his
mind
but
an
assured
Victory
,
his
defeat
was
therefore
the
more
intolerable
,
for
that
it
left
him
naked
,
and
disarmed
of
all
relief
.
Moreover
,
this
was
the
reason
of
all
the
false
steps
he
made
at
the
latter
end
of
this
War
,
when
he
left
the
Sea-side
to
follow
Caesar
into
Thessaly
.
And
his
Misfortune
so
far
infatuated
him
,
that
he
could
not
think
of
laying
hold
of
those
advantages
which
he
yet
had
by
Sea
,
where
he
had
a
powerfull
and
Victorious
Army
.
Laelius
,
who
Commanded
one
part
of
it
,
had
besieged
Vattinius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
,
in
the
Port
at
Brundusium
,
and
Cassius
,
in
two
Reincounters
,
had
burnt
above
Forty
of
the
Enemies
Ships
,
in
the
narrow
passage
within
the
Port
of
Messina
.
But
the
astonishment
Pompey
was
in
,
together
with
his
evil
destiny
,
hindred
him
from
helping
himself
by
the
advantage
he
might
have
made
of
these
Victories
,
if
he
had
headed
his
Navy
.
For
he
stayed
but
one
day
at
Amphipolis
,
where
,
to
disguise
his
designs
,
he
caused
Orders
to
be
published
for
all
the
Citizens
of
Rome
and
Youth
of
Greece
to
come
to
him
.
But
when
he
heard
that
Caesar
was
upon
his
March
,
he
stayed
for
no
body
,
and
Sailed
towards
Lesbos
.
CHAP.
L.
Pompey
goes
to
meet
his
Wife
at
Lesbos
:
he
resolves
to
retire
into
Aegypt
.
Achillas
,
Photinus
and
Theodotus
advised
the
King
to
put
him
to
death
.
Pompey
slain
by
a
Roman
called
Septinius
.
HIS
Wife
Cornelia
was
at
Metylena
,
the
Capital
City
of
that
Island
,
with
their
youngest
Children
.
Pompey's
Letters
,
after
the
Battel
of
Durazzo
,
had
given
her
great
hopes
,
and
she
was
daily
expecting
news
of
the
total
defeat
of
Caesar
,
when
Pompey
arriving
in
the
Haven
,
sent
one
of
his
Friends
to
her
.
The
sadness
with
which
this
Messenger
approached
her
,
and
the
Tears
that
fell
from
him
,
soon
made
Cornelia
apprehend
the
misfortune
that
had
happened
.
She
fell
down
dead
upon
the
floor
,
and
remained
a
long
time
insensible
;
but
at
last
coming
to
her self
,
and
being
told
that
Pompey
stayed
for
her
at
the
Port
alone
,
in
a
poor
Vessel
which
he
had
borrowed
,
she
ran
on
foot
to
the
place
where
Pompey
came
to
imbrace
her
:
and
that
Meeting
had
something
in
it
more
sad
and
touching
,
than
can
well
be
expressed
.
She
accused
her self
of
being
the
onely
cause
of
her
Husband's
Misfortunes
;
complaining
of
the
ill
destiny
which
Allied
her
to
Crassus
first
,
and
afterwards
to
Pompey
,
onely
to
bring
about
the
Ruine
of
two
so
Illustrious
Families
.
Pompey
endeavoured
all
he
was
able
to
forget
his
own
grief
,
and
alleviate
that
of
Cornelia
;
and
at
last
,
more
by
his
tenderness
,
than
any
reasons
he
was
able
to
urge
,
with
much
ado
appeased
her
.
But
afterwards
could
not
forbear
complaining
against
the
Gods
,
and
their
Providence
,
to
Cratippus
a
famous
Philosopher
,
who
was
then
at
Metilena
.
The
Pride
of
Man
having
always
the
property
to
use
God
Insolently
,
even
at
the
time
when
they
find
themselves
forced
to
be
humble
towards
their
fellow
Creatures
.
In
fine
,
Pompey
carried
away
Cornelia
,
and
went
with
some
Vessels
that
came
to
join
him
into
Cilicia
,
from
whence
he
returned
to
the
Island
of
Cyprus
;
there
he
learnt
the
news
,
that
the
Cities
of
Antioch
and
Rhodes
had
declared
against
him
.
This
made
him
resolve
,
after
many
deliberations
,
to
retire
into
Aegypt
,
where
Ptolemy
then
Reigned
,
the
Son
of
that
other
Ptolemy
,
whom
he
had
caused
to
be
restored
to
his
Kingdom
by
Gabinius
,
which
made
him
prefer
this
Countrey
above
any
other
else
which
could
be
proposed
for
his
Retreat
.
This
King
was
very
young
,
and
absolutely
governed
by
Achillas
,
who
Commanded
his
Army
,
Photinus
the
first
Gentleman
of
his
Bedchamber
,
and
Theodotus
his
Tutour
:
he
was
then
at
Pelusium
;
with
an
Army
which
he
was
leading
against
his
Sister
Cleopatra
,
whom
these
Ministers
had
driven
from
the
Court
.
Pompey
sent
some
of
his
Friends
to
the
King
to
desire
Succours
,
and
a
Retreat
within
his
Countrey
:
which
demand
much
perplexing
him
,
he
referred
the
matter
to
his
Council
;
and
which
means
the
fate
of
Pompey
the
great
came
to
be
in
the
hands
of
these
three
miserable
Fellows
:
Photinus
and
Archillas
were
of
different
opinions
,
the
one
was
for
sending
of
him
back
,
and
the
other
for
entertaining
of
him
;
when
Theodotus
,
to
shew
his
Eloquence
,
Remonstrated
,
That
neither
of
those
opinions
was
according
to
the
Rules
of
true
Policy
:
that
by
following
the
last
,
they
should
make
Pompey
their
Master
,
and
Caesar
their
Enemy
;
and
by
the
first
offend
them
both
.
Pompey
,
for
being
sent
away
;
and
Caesar
,
for
letting
of
him
escape
:
therefore
That
they
ought
to
Invite
him
to
shore
,
and
kill
him
:
being
sure
,
by
that
means
,
to
obtain
Caesar's
Friendship
,
and
never
hereafter
be
afraid
of
Pompey
.
Concluding
with
that
Maxim
,
which
is
since
grown
into
a
Proverb
,
That
a
dead
Lion
never
bites
.
According
to
this
Resolution
,
they
sent
Achillas
,
accompanied
by
Septimius
,
who
was
then
Tribune
,
and
had
been
a
Centurion
under
Pompey
,
Salvius
another
Roman
,
and
three
or
four
Souldiers
,
they
went
into
a
Barque
which
carried
them
to
the
Ship
where
Pompey
was
,
with
his
Wife
and
all
his
Friends
;
this
manner
of
reception
appeared
a
very
ill
Omen
,
especially
to
Cornelia
,
who
could
not
refrain
from
weeping
:
but
when
he
saw
that
the
King's
Ships
had
already
weighed
Anchor
,
and
were
coming
to
surround
his
,
and
that
Septimius
saluted
him
with
the
Title
of
General
,
he
resolved
to
put
the
best
face
he
could
upon
a
thing
which
was
no
longer
in
his
power
to
refuse
;
So
giving
his
hand
to
Achillas
,
who
had
also
saluted
him
in
Greek
,
he
turned
towards
his
Wife
and
Children
,
repeating
two
Greek
Verses
;
which
signifie
,
That
he
who
enters
into
the
house
of
a
Tyrant
becomes
a
Slave
,
though
he
came
thither
Free
:
Two
of
his
Captains
entred
the
Barque
before
him
with
Philip
and
Seynes
,
the
one
his
Freed-man
,
and
the
other
his
Slave
▪
as
they
were
a
considerable
time
in
passing
from
the
Vessel
to
the
Shore
,
and
observing
that
no
body
offered
any
Discourse
,
Pompey
addressing
himself
to
Septimius
,
who
(
according
to
the
Roman
Discipline
,
which
did
not
permit
any
under
Officers
to
sit
down
in
the
presence
of
their
General
)
stood
up
;
told
him
,
That
he
believed
he
might
heretofore
have
known
him
.
Septimius
onely
answered
him
by
bowing
his
head
,
which
was
the
reason
that
he
drew
out
his
Tablets
to
consider
the
Speech
which
he
designed
to
make
to
Ptolemy
.
In
the
meanwhile
the
Barque
coming
near
the
Shore
,
a
great
many
Aegyptian
Souldiers
came
running
towards
it
,
and
as
Pompey
gave
his
hand
to
Philip
,
to
raise
himself
up
,
Septimius
,
from
behind
him
,
run
him
through
the
Body
with
his
Sword
;
he
fell
with
the
Wound
;
and
seeing
that
Achillas
and
Salvius
came
at
him
with
their
Swords
drawn
,
he
cover'd
his
Face
with
his
Mantle
,
and
without
shewing
any
mark
of
fear
,
freely
offered
himself
to
the
Death
they
brought
him
.
At
this
terrible
Spectacle
,
all
those
who
were
on
Board
Pompey's
Ships
made
a
hideous
out-cry
;
but
seeing
the
Aegyptian
Gallies
advancing
towards
them
,
the
care
of
their
safety
made
them
give
over
their
pity
,
and
save
themselves
with
all
the
sail
they
could
make
,
under
a
fair
Wind
,
which
opportunely
freshned
upon
them
that
minute
.
Such
was
the
end
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
who
,
after
having
escaped
so
many
dangers
,
where
he
might
have
fallen
with
honour
,
came
at
last
to
lose
his
life
miserably
by
the
hands
of
three
or
four
Villains
,
who
were
soon
after
punished
for
their
Crime
by
Caesar.
He
died
at
the
Age
of
Nine
and
fifty
years
,
and
upon
the
Eve
of
his
Birth-day
.
CHAP.
LI.
Philip
,
Pompey's
Freed-man
,
pays
him
his
last
Rites
of
Funeral
.
The
Misfortunes
of
Lentulus
.
AFterwards
cutting
off
his
Head
,
they
left
the
Body
upon
the
Shore
,
exposed
for
some
time
to
the
curiosity
of
the
Aegyptian
Souldiers
;
and
,
at
last
,
Philip
,
his
Freed-man
,
carried
it
aside
,
where
he
washed
it
in
the
Sea
,
and
wrapped
it
in
his
Mantle
;
as
he
was
gathering
together
some
pieces
of
a
broken
Boat
to
make
a
Pile
,
he
was
surprised
by
an
old
Roman
,
who
had
setled
in
Aegypt
,
but
had
served
heretofore
under
Pompey
;
Who
art
thou
,
said
he
to
Philip
,
that
art
making
these
preparations
for
the
Funeral
of
the
Great
Pompey
?
Philip
answered
him
,
That
he
was
one
of
his
Freed-men
:
Ah
,
reply'd
the
old
Man
,
thou
shalt
not
have
all
this
Honour
to
thy self
,
but
suffer
me
,
I
beg
thee
,
to
partake
in
an
action
that
is
so
Iust
and
Sacred
;
to
the
end
that
among
all
the
discomforts
of
my
exile
,
I
may
please
my self
,
to
think
,
I
have
had
the
honour
to
touch
the
Body
,
and
assist
the
Funeral
of
the
greatest
Souldier
Rome
ever
had
.
So
they
gave
him
the
last
Rites
;
the
sadness
of
which
Ceremony
was
very
particular
;
Lentulus
who
was
coming
from
Cyprus
,
without
knowing
of
Pompey's
Misfortune
,
passed
by
that
place
in
a
Shallop
,
who
seeing
the
Fire
,
began
to
be
very
curious
about
the
matter
,
and
caused
his
Shallop
to
put
in
,
that
he
might
speak
with
Philip
,
whom
he
did
not
know
in
that
condition
:
after
some
sad
reflexions
,
Who
is
the
unhappy
Wretch
,
says
he
,
that
is
come
in
that
place
to
finish
his
destiny
;
adding
with
a
Sigh
,
Alas
,
is
it
not
Pompey
the
Great
?
When
he
came
ashore
,
he
was
given
to
understand
by
the
Freed-man
,
that
his
apprehensions
were
but
too
true
.
So
his
grief
staying
him
too
long
upon
the
place
,
he
was
taken
by
some
Aegyptian
Souldiers
and
carried
to
the
King
,
who
put
him
to
death
in
Prison
.
Caesar
afterwards
caused
a
magnificent
Sepulchre
to
be
built
on
this
place
,
with
a
Temple
which
he
called
,
The
Temple
of
Wrath
;
and
it
's
very
likely
that
it
is
the
same
place
which
Travellers
to
this
day
call
Pompey's
Pillar
.
CHAP.
LII
.
Caesar
pursues
his
Victory
.
Cassius
surrenders
himself
to
him
with
all
his
Fleet.
Caesar
lands
in
Aegypt
.
The
Insolence
of
Photinus
and
Achillas
.
IN
the
mean
while
Caesar
,
who
knew
that
all
the
hopes
of
his
Enemies
were
wrapped
up
in
the
Person
of
Pompey
,
followed
him
with
his
usual
diligence
at
the
head
of
his
Cavalry
,
having
given
orders
to
one
of
his
Legions
to
March
after
him
;
when
he
understood
at
Amphipolis
that
Pompey
had
abandoned
Greece
,
he
resolved
to
go
into
Asia
,
and
wanting
Ships
,
put
what
Troops
he
had
in
Barques
;
and
now
it
seemed
as
if
Fortune
was
resolved
to
take
this
occasion
,
to
shew
still
that
she
would
have
a
share
in
his
elevation
.
Cassius
retreating
into
Asia
with
a
Navy
of
60
Ships
,
fell
in
amongst
Caesar's
little
Fleet.
And
that
Man
who
had
since
the
courage
to
Murther
him
in
the
very
midst
of
Rome
,
could
not
have
wished
for
a
fairer
occasion
than
now
to
kill
him
with
honour
:
For
Caesar
was
not
in
any
condition
to
make
resistence
.
In
the
meanwhile
he
walked
upon
the
Deck
of
his
Ship
with
the
Aire
of
a
Conquerour
;
and
that
resolute
behaviour
so
over-awed
Cassius
(
who
was
otherwise
a
very
brave
Man
)
that
he
went
aboard
his
Shallop
,
and
came
to
throw
himself
at
Caesar's
feet
;
he
surrendred
into
his
hands
all
the
Ships
under
his
Command
,
demanding
no
other
favour
than
his
Life
,
with
all
the
submission
of
a
Conquer'd
Enemy
:
Caesar
granted
it
in
his
usual
obliging
manner
,
and
then
went
into
Asia
,
where
,
after
having
dispatched
some
orders
,
and
prevented
the
ruine
of
the
famous
Temple
of
Diana
of
the
Ephesians
,
whose
Treasures
Amphius
would
have
plundered
in
the
name
of
Pompey
,
he
understood
he
was
retreated
into
the
Island
of
Cyprus
,
not
in
the
least
imagining
that
he
could
have
a
design
of
going
into
Aegypt
.
Therefore
that
he
might
give
him
no
time
to
Fortifie
himself
,
he
went
to
Rhodes
,
where
he
Embarqu'd
with
two
Legions
,
which
were
reduc'd
to
3200
Men
,
and
800
Horse
.
And
though
those
Forces
were
not
very
considerable
,
yet
the
confidence
which
he
had
in
his
Victories
,
and
the
high
reputation
they
had
gotten
him
,
could
not
persuade
him
,
but
that
wherever
he
came
he
must
meet
with
awe
and
obedience
.
So
he
went
directly
to
Alexandria
without
staying
for
the
rest
of
his
Troops
,
to
whom
he
sent
orders
immediately
to
follow
him
;
upon
his
Landing
,
he
was
entertained
with
the
News
of
the
Death
of
Pompey
,
whose
Head
was
presented
him
,
and
the
Ring
,
which
,
according
to
the
custome
of
the
Age
,
he
was
wont
to
make
use
of
for
a
Signet
.
This
Mournfull
Spectacle
,
the
Friendship
which
he
heretofore
had
had
with
Pompey
,
and
the
sad
Imagination
of
those
Misfortunes
,
which
attend
the
greatest
Men
,
drew
Tears
from
his
eyes
:
So
he
turned
away
his
Face
with
horrour
,
and
ordered
him
who
brought
him
the
Present
,
to
retire
,
keeping
onely
the
Ring
,
upon
the
stone
whereof
was
ingraved
a
Lion
holding
a
Sword
in
his
Paw
.
Afterwards
he
made
his
entry
into
the
City
as
Consul
.
The
Souldiers
who
were
there
in
Garrison
were
offended
,
for
that
he
caused
the
Axes
to
be
carried
before
him
,
and
said
,
That
it
was
done
in
Contempt
of
the
Royal
Authority
,
which
was
the
occasion
that
for
some
days
together
several
disorders
happened
,
in
which
a
great
many
Roman
Souldiers
were
slain
.
This
forced
Caesar
to
send
new
Orders
to
his
Troops
to
come
and
join
him
with
all
speed
,
with
fair
Promises
and
Presents
gaining
to
his
side
a
great
many
of
Pompey's
Souldiers
,
who
were
then
wandring
about
that
Kingdom
,
and
wrote
word
to
his
Friends
at
Rome
,
That
the
greatest
pleasure
which
he
found
from
his
Victory
,
was
the
saving
every
day
the
life
of
some
one
of
those
who
had
born
Arms
against
him
.
In
the
mean
while
as
an
argument
of
his
Confidence
,
he
made
great
entertainments
,
and
assisted
at
the
Conferences
of
Philosophers
,
who
were
in
great
numbers
within
that
City
.
But
Photinus
,
who
was
come
to
Alexandria
with
the
King
,
gave
him
every
day
fresh
marks
of
his
untoward
intentions
,
he
had
written
to
Achillas
,
who
Commanded
the
Army
to
come
to
Alexandria
,
and
those
Succours
made
him
insolent
,
for
he
caused
musty
Corn
to
be
distributed
to
Caesar's
Souldiers
,
and
one
day
when
Ptolemy
treated
him
in
his
Palace
,
he
caused
him
to
be
served
in
earthen
Vessels
,
saying
▪
That
the
Gold
and
Silver
Plate
was
engaged
for
the
payment
of
the
King's
debts
.
This
was
because
Ptolemy
owed
Caesar
a
Milion
seven
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Crowns
,
the
seven
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Caesar
abated
in
favour
of
his
Children
,
but
demanded
the
remaining
Milion
for
the
necessity
of
his
present
affairs
,
and
when
Photinus
told
him
,
That
he
would
doe
better
to
think
of
other
matters
that
were
of
greater
consequence
.
Caesar
answered
him
,
He
was
not
come
into
Aegypt
to
ask
Counsel
.
In
fine
,
the
insolence
of
that
Eunuch
which
provoked
him
upon
all
occasions
,
and
it
may
be
also
the
reputation
of
the
admirable
beauty
of
Cleopatra
,
caused
him
to
declare
,
That
being
the
first
Magistrate
of
Rome
,
he
was
resolved
to
enquire
into
the
difference
between
the
King
and
his
Sister
.
For
Ptolemy
the
Father
had
by
his
last
Will
named
for
his
Heirs
the
eldest
of
his
two
Daughters
having
conjured
the
people
of
Rome
by
the
Gods
,
and
by
the
Alliance
that
was
between
them
to
see
his
will
put
in
execution
,
a
Copy
whereof
he
had
sent
to
Rome
,
and
it
was
upon
this
foundation
that
Caesar
proceeded
.
But
while
this
matter
was
in
dispute
,
Achillas
came
to
Alexandria
at
the
head
of
his
Army
.
These
Troops
were
very
formidable
both
their
number
and
for
their
valour
,
they
were
composed
in
part
of
Gabinius
his
old
Souldiers
,
who
were
most
of
them
married
in
Aegypt
,
and
had
taken
upon
them
the
Customes
and
Discipline
of
the
Aegyptians
.
The
other
part
was
made
up
of
such
men
as
had
been
disbanded
in
Syria
and
Cilicia
,
and
the
other
Neighbouring
Provinces
,
and
the
rest
were
banished
men
,
and
run-away
slaves
,
who
were
sure
of
a
safe
retreat
in
Alexandria
,
and
if
they
took
party
in
the
Troops
,
a
certain
protection
from
the
other
Souldiers
,
who
frequently
rescued
them
by
force
of
Arms
from
their
Masters
that
pursued
them
.
These
Troops
by
a
horrible
Licence
,
(
but
what
was
ordinary
amongst
those
sort
of
people
,
)
had
usurped
a
privilege
of
demanding
the
head
of
any
of
the
King's
Ministers
when
ever
they
thought
fitting
,
and
plunder
the
richest
of
their
Goods
under
pretence
of
augmenting
their
pay
,
and
also
to
depose
and
set
up
their
Kings
.
There
were
here
at
this
time
2000
old
Cavalry
exercised
in
all
the
Wars
of
Alexandria
,
and
these
were
the
men
who
had
restored
Ptolemy
to
his
Throne
,
who
had
slain
the
two
Sons
of
Bibulus
,
and
for
a
long
time
had
made
War
upon
the
Aegyptians
.
CHAP.
LIII
.
Caesar
fortifies
himself
in
Alexandria
.
He
is
attacked
by
Achillas
.
He
seizes
upon
Pharos
.
Falls
in
love
with
Cleopatra
.
He
is
besieged
by
the
Aegyptians
.
CAesar
knowing
well
the
valour
and
experience
of
these
Troops
,
and
finding
himself
not
strong
enough
to
make
head
against
them
in
the
Field
,
took
care
to
fortify
those
Quarters
of
the
City
where
his
Legions
were
,
and
to
secure
himself
of
the
King's
Person
,
in
whose
name
he
deputed
to
the
Army
Dioscorides
and
Serapion
,
who
were
the
two
principal
Friends
of
the
old
Ptolemy
,
and
who
had
been
Ambassadours
at
Rome
.
But
Achillas
,
instead
of
giving
them
Audience
,
charged
upon
them
in
such
manner
,
that
one
of
them
was
killed
upon
the
place
,
and
the
other
saved
his
life
by
feigning
to
be
dead
.
After
this
act
of
violence
,
Caesar
caused
the
Quarters
of
Alexandria
to
be
fortified
,
where
his
Troops
were
retreated
,
and
was
the
next
day
attacked
by
Achillas
,
Caesar's
Souldiers
sustained
the
first
onset
,
and
repulsed
the
Enemy
,
whose
chief
design
was
to
get
possession
of
the
50
Ships
and
22
Gallies
that
were
in
the
Haven
,
which
obliged
Caesar
after
a
long
and
doubtfull
fight
to
possess
himself
of
Pharos
,
and
set
fire
to
those
Vessels
,
whose
flames
being
driven
by
the
wind
upon
some
Houses
near
the
Port
burnt
them
to
the
ground
by
a
misfortune
,
in
which
we
can
never
enough
lament
that
famous
Library
belonging
to
the
Kings
of
Aegypt
,
consisting
as
some
Authours
report
,
of
700000
Volumes
.
The
Pharos
is
a
Tower
built
in
the
Island
,
which
makes
the
Haven
of
Alexandria
,
and
it
was
built
with
so
much
Art
and
Magnificence
,
that
it
has
ever
been
lookt
upon
for
one
of
the
seven
Wonders
of
the
World
.
There
was
moreover
in
the
Island
several
Houses
and
other
Edifices
,
being
joined
to
the
Continent
by
a
Bridge
at
the
end
of
a
Peer
that
was
very
narrow
,
and
in
length
800
paces
,
the
taking
of
this
Post
made
Caesar
Master
by
Sea
,
but
he
was
very
close
shut
up
towards
the
land
by
the
Troops
of
Achillas
,
the
People
also
of
Alexandria
were
against
him
,
and
without
any
respect
to
the
Person
of
their
Prince
had
several
times
attacked
the
Palace
where
they
were
lodged
together
.
But
Ptolemy
encouraged
to
it
by
Caesar
,
appeased
their
tumult
by
his
Presence
.
Caesar
that
he
might
not
have
any
longer
an
Enemy
to
fear
,
but
those
who
were
without
,
got
himself
at
last
rid
of
Photinus
,
and
had
sent
for
Cleopatra
,
who
he
said
he
would
marry
to
her
Brother
,
according
to
the
Aegyptian
Custome
,
and
the
intent
of
their
Fathers
Will
.
The
Eunuch
was
killed
going
from
an
entertainment
at
the
King's
Lodgings
under
pretence
that
he
would
have
taken
away
the
young
Ptolemy
,
and
carried
him
into
the
Aegyptian
Camp
,
which
was
not
without
some
ground
,
for
Ganymede
the
other
Eunuch
had
taken
away
Arsinoe
,
the
youngest
of
Ptolemy's
Sisters
,
causing
her
to
be
acknowledged
for
Queen
,
and
it
was
in
her
name
that
Achillas
made
War
against
Caesar.
But
that
enterprise
which
at
first
perplext
him
,
turned
in
the
consequence
to
his
advantage
.
Ganymede
could
not
longer
bear
the
reputation
which
Achillas
had
gotten
amongst
the
Troops
,
so
he
caused
him
to
be
slain
,
and
made
himself
be
declared
General
of
the
Army
.
In
the
mean
time
Cleopatra
came
to
Caesar
with
a
great
deal
of
danger
,
out
of
which
her
own
Wisedom
and
good
management
happily
delivered
her
,
she
embarked
her self
in
a
Shallop
onely
with
Apollodorus
one
of
her
Domesticks
,
and
arriving
that
night
under
the
Castle
of
Alexandria
,
that
man
binding
her
up
in
a
Packet
of
those
necessaries
which
he
brought
along
with
him
,
took
her
upon
his
back
,
and
by
that
means
deceiving
the
Aegyptian
Guard
,
carried
her
to
Caesar.
It
is
said
that
that
mark
which
she
then
gave
of
her
Wit
,
contributed
much
to
the
growth
of
a
passion
,
which
he
afterwards
entertained
for
that
Princess
,
or
at
least
it
is
Plutarch's
Opinion
.
But
to
say
the
truth
,
the
Slave
may
be
reasonably
supposed
to
have
had
the
best
part
in
that
Contrivance
.
On
the
other
side
Caesar
was
too
sensible
of
the
Charms
of
Beauty
,
not
to
be
touched
with
those
of
Cleopatra
.
She
was
then
in
the
Prime
of
her
Youth
,
and
one
of
those
sprightly
Grecian
Beauties
,
where
every
feature
has
its
particular
Charm
.
All
which
was
seconded
by
an
admirable
Wit
,
and
a
Voice
so
soft
and
bewitching
,
that
that
perfection
onely
without
the
help
of
her
Eyes
(
for
she
had
the
finest
in
the
World
)
inslaved
the
hearts
of
every
one
that
heard
her
,
nor
could
Caesar
refuse
her
his
,
since
he
had
not
been
able
to
defend
it
before
against
a
certain
Moorish
Queen
,
CHAP.
LIV.
Caesar
receives
succours
.
A
Sea
fight
.
A
disorder
amongst
Caesar's
Troops
,
upon
the
Peer
.
He
saves
himself
by
swimming
.
He
restores
the
Aegyptians
their
King
,
who
declares
War
against
him
.
IN
the
mean
time
the
four
and
twentieth
Legion
was
arrived
for
his
relief
,
and
came
to
have
landed
near
Alexandria
.
Caesar
went
out
with
all
his
Ships
to
meet
them
;
and
in
his
return
was
set
upon
by
the
Aegyptian
Fleet
,
but
seconded
by
the
Ships
of
Rhodes
,
easily
put
them
to
the
rout
,
taking
one
of
the
Enemies
Vessels
,
sinking
another
,
and
killing
a
great
many
of
their
Men
,
so
that
had
not
the
night
come
on
too
fast
,
he
must
have
been
Master
of
their
whole
Fleet.
Ganymede
did
all
that
he
was
able
to
take
away
the
Terrour
which
this
ill
success
had
raised
amongst
them
,
and
put
to
Sea
again
another
stronger
Fleet
,
with
which
he
came
to
attack
Caesar.
The
fight
was
very
fierce
,
but
the
Valour
and
Experience
of
Euphranor
,
who
Commanded
the
Ships
of
Rhodes
,
turned
all
to
the
advantage
of
the
Romans
,
who
took
two
Aegyptian
Gallies
,
and
sunk
three
,
the
rest
saved
themselves
under
the
Peer
of
Pharos
▪
Caesar
being
onely
Master
of
the
Tower
,
which
was
the
reason
that
at
one
and
the
same
time
he
made
an
Attack
upon
the
Island
,
and
the
Peer
with
ten
Cohorts
of
light
armed
Foot
,
and
the
Gallick
Cavalry
,
which
he
had
chosen
out
of
all
his
Troops
.
The
Attack
succeeding
,
the
Island
and
the
Peer
were
taken
,
and
the
Aegyptians
driven
beyond
the
Bridge
,
Caesar
immediately
caused
it
to
be
fortified
,
and
with
stones
stopped
up
the
passage
under
the
Bridge
,
that
none
of
the
Enemies
Barks
might
go
through
.
As
they
were
busie
at
this
work
,
the
Enemy
came
from
the
City-ward
with
Barks
and
Shallops
to
attack
the
head
of
the
Bridge
,
and
the
sides
of
the
Peer
.
Caesar
was
upon
the
Peer
in
Person
to
encourage
his
Souldiers
,
when
a
great
number
of
the
Mariners
and
Seamen
belonging
to
his
Vessels
,
came
thither
without
any
order
,
partly
out
of
Curiosity
,
and
partly
out
of
the
desire
they
had
to
come
to
a
Battel
.
At
first
they
behaved
themselves
well
enough
with
throwing
stones
,
and
with
their
slings
.
But
the
Aegyptians
taking
notice
of
the
disorder
they
were
in
,
resolved
to
come
down
and
attack
them
;
upon
this
,
these
Men
ran
again
on
Board
their
Vessels
as
unseasonably
as
they
had
left
them
.
Their
flight
raised
the
Courage
of
the
Aegyptians
,
who
pursued
them
with
great
Cries
,
and
which
so
terrified
the
Romans
that
defended
the
Bridge
,
and
who
believing
they
were
surrounded
by
their
Enemies
,
thought
of
nothing
but
of
saving
themselves
in
their
Vessels
.
The
confusion
was
great
,
and
in
this
Rout
the
Enemy
killed
at
least
four
hundred
Legionaries
.
Caesar
after
having
tried
all
his
endeavours
to
prevent
the
running
away
of
his
Men
,
was
at
last
forced
to
go
on
board
his
Ship
,
but
as
he
perceived
the
number
of
those
that
followed
him
,
and
the
danger
that
might
thence
arise
,
he
put
himself
to
swimming
,
but
with
so
great
presence
of
mind
,
that
he
lost
not
one
of
those
Papers
which
he
all
the
while
held
out
of
the
Water
with
one
hand
,
to
preserve
them
from
wetting
,
nor
his
Coat
Armour
,
which
he
carried
in
his
Teeth
.
So
swimming
about
two
hundred
paces
to
his
Ships
,
he
sent
out
Shallops
and
Barks
to
the
relief
of
his
People
,
some
of
them
were
saved
,
but
his
own
Vessel
as
he
had
foreseen
,
was
sunk
by
the
number
of
those
who
were
in
her
,
and
who
all
perished
.
This
Disgrace
instead
of
abating
their
Courage
,
served
onely
to
provoke
Caesar's
Souldiers
,
which
appeared
whenever
they
came
upon
Duty
for
the
raising
of
the
Works
,
and
forced
the
Aegyptians
to
have
recourse
to
Artifices
.
They
sent
Deputies
to
Caesar
to
demand
of
him
their
King
,
saying
,
That
they
were
weary
of
being
Commanded
by
a
Girl
,
and
the
Tyranny
of
Ganymede
,
and
that
they
were
willing
to
make
Peace
with
the
Romans
under
the
Authority
of
their
lawfull
Prince
.
Ptol●my
on
the
other
side
perfectly
instructed
in
the
arts
of
Dissimulation
,
no
less
by
his
own
Genius
,
than
the
Lessons
which
were
given
him
by
his
Governours
,
with
tears
in
his
Eyes
begged
of
him
to
keep
him
with
him
,
saying
,
That
the
pres●●ce
of
Caesar
did
more
Charm
him
than
his
Kingdom
.
Caesar
was
not
ignorant
of
the
perfidiousness
of
these
People
,
but
he
believed
he
ought
in
generosity
to
give
them
their
Prince
,
to
the
end
he
might
either
gain
upon
them
by
that
favour
,
or
at
least
fight
with
more
Honour
against
a
King
,
so
he
restored
him
to
his
Army
,
where
he
was
no
sooner
arrived
,
but
he
renewed
the
War
with
so
much
earnestness
,
that
it
seems
(
says
Hirtius
)
the
tears
which
he
shed
when
he
left
Caesar
,
were
tears
of
joy
.
In
the
mean
time
Caesar's
Friends
were
upon
their
march
through
Syria
to
his
relief
,
and
the
Aegyptians
,
who
were
advised
of
it
before
him
,
sought
all
occasions
to
hinder
the
Convoys
from
coming
to
him
by
Sea
,
which
was
the
occasion
of
another
Sea
Battel
,
where
the
brave
Euphranor
perished
with
his
Vessel
,
they
being
too
far
advanced
,
nor
well
followed
.
But
the
Aegyptians
enjoyed
not
this
advantage
long
,
for
Mithridates
of
Pergama
,
who
was
very
considerable
for
the
greatness
of
his
Birth
and
his
Authority
,
and
of
great
Reputation
in
War
in
Cilicia
and
Syria
,
had
raised
an
Army
for
Caesar's
Service
,
who
came
with
these
Troops
to
attack
Pelusium
,
which
he
took
by
storm
.
That
City
was
the
Key
of
Aegypt
by
Land
as
the
Pharos
was
towards
the
Sea
.
From
thence
Mithridates
advanced
towards
Alexandria
for
the
relief
of
Caesar
,
which
forced
Ptolemy
to
divide
his
Troops
to
defend
the
passage
of
the
Nile
.
That
River
as
it
comes
near
the
Sea
,
separates
it self
into
many
Branches
,
whereof
the
two
most
considerable
leave
a
large
space
of
Land
between
them
,
forming
as
it
were
an
Island
which
the
Aegyptians
call
Delta
,
for
the
resemblance
of
its
Figure
to
that
Greek
Letter
.
Δ.
CHAP.
LV.
Mithridates
defeats
the
Aegyptians
.
He
joins
himself
with
Caesar
,
who
attacks
Ptolemy's
Camp
.
The
Aegyptians
routed
.
Their
King
is
drowned
.
Caesar
establishes
Cleopatra
Queen
of
Aegypt
with
her
Brother
.
MIthridates
who
very
well
understood
the
Roman
Discipline
,
received
the
first
on-set
of
the
Aegyptians
in
his
Trenches
,
and
when
he
saw
them
in
disorder
,
sallied
,
and
killed
a
great
number
of
them
before
they
could
get
to
their
Vessels
which
were
upon
the
Nile
.
Caesar
and
Ptolemy
were
both
advised
of
what
had
happened
much
about
the
same
time
,
and
immediately
began
their
march
,
one
to
join
himself
with
Mithridates
,
and
the
other
to
hinder
him
.
The
King
went
in
his
Ships
along
the
Nile
,
and
Caesar
to
avoid
a
Sea
fight
in
the
Chanel
of
the
River
,
went
and
made
his
descent
above
the
mouth
of
the
River
,
towards
the
Coast
of
Asia
,
and
with
his
usual
diligence
came
to
join
Mithridates
,
without
being
the
least
incommoded
by
the
King
.
By
this
means
matters
were
reduced
to
the
hazard
of
a
Battel
.
Ptolemy
was
advantageously
incamped
in
a
Post
which
had
the
River
Nile
on
one
side
,
behind
him
a
Precipice
,
and
on
the
other
side
a
Moor
or
Marshy
ground
.
There
was
a
River
or
Canal
between
the
Aegyptian
Camp
and
Caesar's
Army
.
The
King
commanded
all
his
Cavalry
,
and
a
detachment
of
chosen
foot
to
defend
that
passage
,
the
Banks
whereof
were
very
high
.
The
Romans
were
several
times
repulsed
,
at
last
the
shame
to
see
the
Aegyptians
so
long
maintain
the
fight
against
them
,
obliged
Caesar's
Gallick
Horse
to
enter
the
Channel
in
several
places
,
they
opening
themselves
a
passage
,
while
the
Legionaries
got
over
upon
great
Trees
,
which
they
had
cut
for
that
purpose
,
which
bold
undertaking
confounded
the
Aegyptians
,
who
with
some
loss
made
their
retreat
to
the
Kings
Camp
.
The
next
day
Caesar
causing
all
his
Troops
to
pass
over
,
made
an
attack
upon
their
Camp
along
the
Banks
of
Nilus
,
which
being
the
easiest
place
for
that
purpose
,
was
the
reason
that
the
Aegyptians
had
drawn
thither
their
best
Troops
,
and
neglected
the
other
part
which
they
thought
inaccessible
.
This
Caesar
quickly
understood
by
the
stout
resistence
which
he
here
met
withal
,
he
therefore
drew
out
some
Cohorts
under
the
Command
of
Carsulenus
,
one
of
his
ancientest
and
best
Officers
to
attack
their
Camp
,
where
the
Fortification
was
steepest
.
They
there
found
little
resistence
,
by
reason
that
on-set
was
so
contrary
to
expectation
.
By
this
means
they
entred
,
and
put
the
whole
Aegyptian
Camp
into
disorder
.
Immediately
every
one
thought
of
nothing
but
his
own
safety
,
and
in
this
confusion
the
King
himself
getting
on
Board
a
Vessel
,
was
drowned
with
all
those
that
followed
him
,
and
who
by
their
numbers
sunk
the
Ship
.
After
this
Victory
there
was
nothing
found
in
Aegypt
able
to
resist
Caesar.
The
City
of
Alexandria
was
the
first
that
submitted
,
so
he
made
his
entry
as
Conquerour
,
and
pardoned
the
Citizens
in
favour
of
Cleopatra
,
whom
he
established
Queen
with
her
younger
Brother
Ptolemy
,
according
to
the
intent
of
their
Father's
Will
,
driving
out
Arsino●
and
Ganymede
.
The
following
days
he
dedicated
to
the
love
which
he
had
for
that
Princess
,
and
the
rejoycings
for
his
Victory
.
Some
Authours
report
that
he
went
up
the
Nile
with
her
a
Magnificent
Galley
,
and
that
he
had
gone
as
far
as
Aethiopia
,
if
his
Army
had
not
refused
to
follow
him
.
At
last
he
left
her
with
Child
of
a
Son
who
was
afterwards
called
Caesario
,
and
departed
from
Aegypt
to
go
into
Syria
with
his
sixth
Legion
against
Pharnaces
the
Son
of
Mithridates
,
the
others
being
left
in
Aegypt
by
his
order
to
hinder
the
revolt
of
that
new
Conquest
.
CHAP.
LVI
.
Cato
retires
into
Africa
,
and
Cicero
into
Italy
,
where
Caesar
Pardons
him
.
Pompey's
Sons
go
into
Spain
;
Cato
joins
himself
with
Scipio
and
Juba
.
Some
broils
at
Rome
.
THE
Death
of
Pompey
was
so
far
from
bringing
this
War
to
an
end
,
that
it
served
onely
to
diffuse
it
almost
over
all
the
parts
of
the
World
.
Cato
was
at
Durazzo
during
the
Battle
at
Pharsalia
,
where
he
Commanded
a
Powerfull
Fleet
:
From
thence
he
went
into
the
Island
of
Corsira
,
meeting
there
with
Cicero
who
had
not
been
at
the
Battel
,
and
many
other
Senatours
,
who
had
escaped
thither
from
it
,
amongst
whom
was
the
Eldest
Son
of
Pompey
.
Cato
,
who
always
was
for
governing
himself
according
to
the
prescription
of
the
Law
,
offered
the
Command
of
the
Army
to
Cicero
,
who
had
been
Consul
;
who
,
not
thinking
himself
fit
for
such
a
Charge
,
refused
it
;
which
provoked
this
Pompey's
Son
,
and
all
the
young
Men
of
his
Party
against
him
.
They
called
him
Traitour
,
and
drew
their
Swords
upon
him
;
So
that
had
not
Cato's
Authority
interposed
and
appeased
him
,
they
had
certainly
slain
him
:
he
escaped
in
a
terrible
fright
to
Brundusium
,
from
whence
he
Wrote
to
Oppius
and
Balbus
,
who
were
with
Caesar
,
to
excuse
the
choice
he
had
made
of
an
unfortunate
Party
:
and
though
his
Brother
Quintus
,
by
some
provocation
,
whereof
he
complains
in
many
of
his
Letters
,
without
mentioning
the
Cause
,
had
accused
him
to
Caesar
;
and
though
Quintus
his
Son
had
done
him
very
ill
offices
,
nevertheless
Caesar
pardoned
him
,
and
treated
him
very
kindly
in
his
return
to
Italy
.
The
others
took
different
Parties
,
and
Cato
retreated
into
Africa
,
where
he
expected
to
meet
with
Pompey
,
whose
eldest
Son
he
sent
into
Spain
.
Cassius
Longinus
,
whom
Caesar
had
left
there
,
was
very
much
embroiled
with
those
People
,
and
with
his
Souldiers
themselves
,
whom
he
had
used
so
ill
,
that
he
was
wounded
as
he
sate
in
his
Tribunal
.
This
affair
had
very
great
consequences
,
and
Marcellus
,
though
Caesar's
Friend
,
had
declared
himself
against
Longinus
,
and
made
War
upon
him
,
when
Lepidus
arrived
on
Caesar's
part
,
to
inquire
into
the
cause
of
their
Division
.
Longinus
refused
to
obey
:
But
as
he
retreated
by
Sea
,
with
what
Booty
he
had
got
together
in
his
Government
,
he
perished
in
the
Mouth
of
the
Ebre
.
These
Divisions
gave
time
to
young
Pompey
to
practise
upon
those
People
,
and
many
of
the
Roman
Souldiers
,
who
still
retained
a
great
veneration
for
the
Name
of
his
Father
,
and
to
gather
together
some
time
afterwards
a
considerable
Army
.
When
Scipio
had
joined
himself
in
Africa
with
King
Iuba
and
Attius
Varus
,
and
by
that
means
enabled
himself
to
renew
a
dangerous
War
in
that
Province
,
being
assisted
by
Ten
thousand
Men
which
Cato
brought
him
.
The
youngest
of
Pompey's
Children
had
met
him
upon
the
Coasts
of
Africa
,
where
he
understood
from
Cato
the
death
of
his
Father
;
which
obliged
him
to
go
and
cast
Anchor
at
Cyrena
,
where
he
passed
the
Winter
;
from
thence
he
went
forward
to
the
Desarts
of
Lybia
,
after
having
furnished
himself
with
Provisions
and
Water
,
and
especially
of
those
sort
of
Men
,
who
,
by
sucking
,
cure
the
Wounds
made
by
the
bites
of
Serpents
,
who
very
much
abound
in
these
Desarts
,
and
who
have
also
the
art
of
Charming
them
.
It
was
in
this
seven
days
journey
that
the
Constancy
of
Cato
ought
much
to
be
admired
,
for
he
Marched
always
on
foot
the
foremost
at
the
head
of
his
Troops
;
always
drinking
the
last
,
nor
that
neither
,
till
all
the
rest
of
his
Army
had
undergon
the
extremest
Thirst
,
and
were
running
to
quench
it
at
the
Wells
which
they
found
in
those
Desarts
.
At
last
he
arrived
at
Scipio
and
Iuba's
Camp
.
But
the
Insolence
of
that
King
of
the
Barbarians
grew
soon
disgustfull
to
him
,
and
caused
him
to
retire
into
the
City
of
Vtica
,
after
having
left
his
Troops
with
Scipio
,
who
,
with
those
of
Iuba
,
formed
them
into
a
Body
very
formidable
to
Caesar
;
who
besides
had
received
advice
,
that
his
Affairs
were
extremely
intangled
at
Rome
,
whither
he
had
sent
Anthony
in
quality
of
the
General
of
the
Cavalry
.
This
was
the
second
Dignity
next
to
that
of
Dictatour
,
and
in
Caesar's
absence
gave
Antonius
absolute
Command
of
the
Republick
.
Dolabella
was
then
Tribune
of
the
People
,
and
Antonius's
Friend
,
and
in
Caesar's
Interest
;
he
had
conceived
a
Project
in
his
head
to
cause
all
the
ancient
Contracts
to
be
broken
,
that
so
he
might
be
called
upon
at
Rome
to
make
new
Tables
;
and
Antonius
at
the
first
assisted
his
design
,
but
entertaining
some
suspicion
that
Dolabella
had
gotten
too
familiar
an
acquaintance
with
his
Wife
,
he
turned
her
away
,
and
joined
himself
with
some
of
the
Senatours
,
who
were
for
opposing
the
Tribune
.
As
they
were
both
fierce
young
Men
,
and
of
great
Quality
,
this
Division
of
theirs
had
very
ill
consequences
,
they
came
in
Arms
to
the
Publick
Place
,
where
,
after
a
great
Combat
,
Dolabella
was
put
to
flight
.
CHAP.
LVII
.
Caesar
goes
into
Asia
.
THIS
news
extremely
troubled
Caesar
,
who
was
afraid
lest
these
Divisions
might
at
last
ruine
his
Party
,
and
that
the
Insolence
of
his
Officers
might
render
him
yet
more
Odious
to
the
Romans
.
He
knew
,
besides
,
that
the
Souldiers
which
he
had
sent
into
Italy
,
had
thrown
off
all
manner
of
Military
Discipline
,
and
that
his
presence
onely
could
be
of
force
to
bring
them
back
to
their
duty
.
So
he
resolved
to
take
a
Journey
into
Asia
for
the
establishing
of
Peace
in
those
Provinces
,
and
then
go
to
Rome
.
Syria
being
in
Peace
,
he
left
there
Sextus
Caesar
his
Kinsman
with
one
Legion
,
and
afterwards
embarked
himself
to
go
into
Cilicia
,
where
landing
,
he
advanced
by
great
Marches
as
far
as
[
*
](A33186-e41160-b)
*
A
Province
of
the
lesser
Asia
.
Galatia
.
There
Dejotarus
the
[
†
](A33186-e41200-b)
†
This
was
a
Title
which
was
given
to
those
Princes
who
were
not
really
Kings
,
though
they
exercised
Sovereign
Authority
.
Tetrarch
of
that
Province
,
called
King
of
Armenia
by
the
Senate
,
came
to
find
him
out
,
and
excuse
himself
for
having
followed
Pompey's
Party
;
Caesar
received
him
with
a
great
deal
of
Humanity
,
and
after
having
something
reproached
him
with
the
good
Offices
which
he
had
heretofore
done
him
at
Rome
,
he
caused
Dejotarus
to
take
again
those
marks
of
Royalty
which
he
had
quitted
,
and
join
the
Troops
of
that
King
with
his
own
.
From
thence
he
marched
against
Pharnaces
,
who
had
possessed
himself
of
Cappadocia
,
and
the
lesser
Armenia
,
under
Dejotarus
,
and
who
had
defeated
Domitius
Calvinus
one
of
his
Lieutenants
.
This
Prince
,
who
knew
what
necessity
of
Affairs
called
Caesar
to
Rome
,
sought
onely
to
gain
time
,
and
to
that
purpose
sent
Ambassadours
to
Caesar
,
They
besought
him
not
to
treat
their
King
as
an
Enemy
for
the
sake
of
Dejotarus
,
who
had
sent
Troops
to
Pompey
,
since
Pharnaces
had
never
assisted
him
neither
with
Men
nor
Money
,
that
at
least
he
would
be
as
favourable
to
him
as
he
had
been
to
that
Prince
,
whom
he
had
pardoned
,
but
that
nevertheless
in
what
manner
soever
it
should
be
his
fortune
to
be
treated
,
he
should
always
observe
his
Orders
.
Caesar
answered
,
That
that
would
be
the
best
way
of
shewing
himself
a
Friend
,
That
what
he
said
of
Dejotarus
,
had
no
relation
to
the
affairs
in
hand
,
since
all
the
world
knew
that
he
received
not
less
joy
in
pardoning
those
many
particular
injuries
which
were
done
to
himself
,
than
in
revenging
such
as
had
been
offered
to
the
Republick
.
This
was
because
Pharnaces
,
pufft
up
with
his
Victory
,
had
treated
the
Roman
Citizens
which
were
in
his
Provinces
with
great
Cruelty
,
putting
the
men
to
death
,
and
castrating
the
Boys
.
Caesar
added
moreover
,
That
he
ought
to
quit
Pontus
,
and
restore
their
Goods
again
to
the
Romans
;
after
which
he
might
accept
perhaps
of
his
Present
,
being
a
Crown
of
Gold
,
which
he
had
refused
▪
Pharnaces
having
received
this
answer
,
desired
time
for
the
satisfying
of
these
demands
.
But
Caesar
seeing
through
his
Artifices
,
resolved
to
get
nearer
to
him
,
by
that
means
either
to
bring
him
to
Obedience
,
or
give
him
Battel
:
He
had
with
him
onely
four
Legions
,
one
of
old
Troops
,
by
their
fatigues
and
marches
reduced
to
a
little
more
than
a
thousand
men
,
one
belonging
to
Dejotarus
,
and
two
of
those
which
had
been
beaten
under
Domitius
.
With
these
Forces
he
advanced
as
far
as
Ziela
,
a
City
of
Pontus
,
near
to
which
Mithridates
had
heretofore
got
the
better
of
the
Romans
.
This
seemed
a
favourable
Omen
to
Pharnaces
,
who
was
the
Son
of
that
King
.
Therefore
as
Caesar
was
causing
a
Hill
to
be
fortified
about
1000
paces
from
the
Enemies
Camp
,
this
Prince
despising
the
small
number
of
the
Romans
,
and
the
Troops
which
he
had
once
beaten
,
quitted
his
Trenches
,
and
came
to
attack
them
;
when
Caesar
seeing
him
in
the
Valley
,
which
separated
the
two
Camps
,
where
his
Battalions
were
one
above
another
,
because
the
place
was
narrow
,
and
where
,
says
he
,
no
man
of
common
sense
would
ever
have
engaged
himself
,
he
despised
his
want
of
Experience
,
but
when
at
the
same
time
he
saw
him
coming
up
the
Hill
,
where
he
was
posted
,
admiring
his
Courage
,
or
indeed
rather
his
Rashness
,
he
gave
the
signal
of
Battel
.
This
surprizal
caused
at
first
some
disorder
amongst
the
Romans
,
which
was
augmented
by
those
Chariots
armed
with
Scithes
,
which
marched
at
the
head
of
the
Enemy
,
and
rendred
the
Battel
very
bloudy
;
but
when
Caesar's
People
,
and
especially
the
Veteran
Legion
,
had
recovered
their
order
,
they
forced
the
Enemy
to
give
ground
,
and
defeated
them
with
so
great
a
slaughter
,
that
Caesar
several
times
could
not
forbear
saying
,
That
Pompey
was
very
happy
to
have
gotten
so
much
glory
at
so
easie
a
rate
against
such
an
Enemy
.
It
was
also
for
this
Victory
that
when
he
Triumphed
at
Rome
,
he
bore
this
famous
Inscription
,
Veni
,
Vidi
,
Vici
,
I
came
,
I
saw
,
I
overcame
.
In
effect
,
this
absolutely
put
an
end
to
the
War
,
for
he
took
Pharnaces's
Camp
,
who
fled
into
the
remotest
places
of
Asia
,
he
abandoned
all
the
plunder
to
his
Souldiers
,
and
after
having
restored
Dejotarus
his
Troops
again
,
giving
some
necessary
orders
to
the
Neighbouring
Provinces
,
where
he
left
two
Legions
under
Cassius
Vinicianus
,
and
establishing
Mithridates
of
Pergama
,
who
had
served
him
so
well
in
Aegypt
,
King
of
[
*
](A33186-e41660-b)
*
This
is
that
Countrey
which
lies
on
the
other
side
of
the
Channel
over
against
Constantinople
.
Bosphorus
,
he
embarked
and
went
into
Italy
,
with
a
diligence
which
put
all
the
world
in
Admiration
.
CHAP.
LVIII
.
Caesar
returns
into
Italy
.
His
Troops
Mutiny
,
he
appeases
them
,
and
returns
into
Africa
.
More
Battels
.
UPON
his
arrival
in
Italy
,
Cicero
and
a
great
many
others
of
Pompey's
Party
came
to
meet
him
,
and
were
received
by
him
,
as
if
they
had
always
been
of
his
Interest
.
This
his
moderation
and
behaviour
purchased
him
the
favour
of
the
people
of
Rome
,
so
that
he
very
easily
qualified
all
Divisions
there
,
and
got
himself
chosen
Consul
,
but
he
found
not
matters
in
so
good
a
condition
amongst
his
Troops
,
who
were
grown
to
that
height
of
insolence
,
that
the
tenth
Legion
,
whom
for
its
Valour
he
had
always
particularly
favoured
,
openly
revolted
,
and
killed
Isconius
and
Galba
,
two
of
the
Senatours
,
so
he
sent
for
other
Troops
into
Rome
to
guard
the
City
,
and
notwithstanding
the
Counsel
of
his
Friends
to
the
contrary
,
went
to
find
out
this
Mutinous
Legion
,
which
was
drawn
up
in
the
field
of
Mars
,
the
pretence
of
their
Revolt
was
the
rewards
which
he
had
promised
them
before
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
.
Nevertheless
,
when
he
appeared
before
them
,
the
presence
of
a
General
famous
for
so
many
Victories
,
so
brave
as
he
was
,
and
of
so
noble
a
presence
,
struck
them
with
such
respect
,
that
the
most
Insolent
of
them
had
not
a
word
which
he
durst
utter
.
So
he
mounted
upon
a
Tribunal
,
and
demanding
of
them
,
What
they
had
to
say
to
him
in
relation
to
their
rewards
?
They
onely
begged
of
him
to
give
them
leave
to
quit
their
Arms
,
alledging
their
age
,
their
wounds
,
and
their
long
service
;
It
is
but
just
,
says
he
,
I
do
give
you
leave
,
and
ye
may
be
gone
.
This
answer
indeed
surprized
them
,
for
they
believing
that
he
had
still
need
of
their
service
,
expected
that
he
would
have
given
them
Presents
to
have
kept
them
together
,
so
that
they
continuing
yet
for
some
time
without
saying
any
thing
;
As
to
your
rewards
(
says
he
)
those
I
will
give
you
when
I
have
triumphed
over
the
rest
of
my
Enemies
.
This
word
rewards
made
them
recollect
themselves
a
little
,
they
began
to
believe
that
he
would
have
forgotten
their
Revolt
,
for
they
were
ashamed
to
forsake
him
,
promising
themselves
yet
great
advantages
under
his
Conduct
,
besides
,
they
saw
they
should
be
but
a
laughing
stock
to
both
Parties
,
there
being
no
man
in
Italy
who
durst
put
himself
at
the
head
of
them
,
for
this
reason
they
expected
with
great
apprehension
how
he
would
farther
explain
himself
,
and
his
Friends
about
him
very
much
importuned
him
.
When
he
began
to
speak
to
them
,
he
called
them
Citizens
.
This
word
,
which
seemed
to
degrade
them
,
was
like
a
clap
of
Thunder
in
their
Ears
,
so
they
cryed
out
with
confusion
,
That
they
were
Souldiers
,
and
as
he
made
an
offer
to
come
down
angrily
from
his
Tribunal
,
they
threw
themselves
at
his
feet
,
Conjuring
him
to
inflict
all
those
punishments
upon
them
which
their
insolence
deserved
,
rather
than
disband
them
so
shamefully
.
This
was
the
Point
which
he
desired
to
bring
them
to
,
so
he
remained
a
long
time
inflexible
either
to
their
prayers
or
their
tears
,
till
at
last
pretending
himself
overcome
by
the
importunity
of
his
Friends
,
he
once
more
ascended
the
Tribunal
,
and
said
,
That
that
Revolt
so
much
the
more
surprized
him
,
for
that
it
came
from
the
Legion
which
he
had
distinguished
by
his
particular
favours
,
that
for
all
this
he
would
not
punish
them
after
he
had
once
so
much
loved
them
,
that
he
would
allow
all
that
he
had
promised
them
,
and
more
than
that
Lands
too
for
their
subsistence
,
when
he
should
have
completed
the
War
in
Africa
;
but
that
they
should
not
follow
him
in
that
War
,
but
remain
in
Italy
.
This
last
exception
yet
more
and
more
afflicted
them
,
they
offered
themselves
to
be
decimated
for
punishment
of
their
fault
.
And
this
submission
so
intirely
appeased
him
,
that
he
consented
they
should
have
leave
to
follow
him
.
In
this
manner
by
his
Resolution
and
his
Address
did
he
gloriously
acquit
himself
in
an
undertaking
of
so
much
danger
.
Caesar
made
but
a
short
stay
at
Rome
after
this
action
,
and
when
he
had
re-established
order
and
quiet
in
the
City
,
leaving
Antonius
to
Command
there
,
he
marched
by
great
Journeys
into
Sicily
.
He
would
not
make
his
entry
into
any
City
,
but
to
signify
the
impatience
he
had
to
go
into
Africa
,
encamped
himself
so
near
the
Sea-side
,
that
the
waves
flowed
up
to
the
very
foot
of
his
Tent
,
and
though
the
Winds
were
contrary
,
he
nevertheless
Embarked
what
Souldiers
he
had
with
him
,
who
consisted
of
one
Legion
of
new
Levies
and
600
Horse
.
In
the
mean
while
four
other
new
Legions
,
and
one
more
,
being
a
Veteran
Legion
,
came
up
with
about
2000
Horse
,
which
obliged
him
to
send
away
all
his
Fleet
,
whom
he
soon
after
joyned
,
leaving
orders
with
Alienus
the
Pretor
of
Sicily
,
to
send
him
the
other
Legions
as
fast
as
they
should
arrive
.
Now
as
the
Troops
of
his
Enemies
consisted
of
great
numbers
,
for
Iuba
had
four
Legions
,
abundance
of
light
armed
Foot
and
Cavalry
almost
innumerable
;
Scipio
ten
Legions
,
six
and
twenty
Elephants
,
and
a
great
many
Ships
which
were
in
possession
of
all
the
Ports
of
Africa
.
Caesar
had
appointed
his
Fleet
no
certain
place
of
Rendezvous
,
he
came
in
four
days
time
in
sight
of
the
African
Coast
,
and
passing
with
part
of
his
Navy
before
the
Cities
of
Clupea
and
Neapolis
,
he
presented
himself
before
Adrumetum
,
Considius
Commanded
in
that
place
,
and
Piso
guarded
the
Coast
with
2000
Moo●ish
Horse
.
Caesar
made
shew
as
if
he
would
attack
the
Port
,
and
afterwards
ran
ashore
a
little
way
off
,
where
he
landed
onely
with
3000
Foot
,
and
150
Horse
.
In
the
first
place
he
Commanded
that
none
of
his
Souldiers
should
straggle
from
the
Body
,
and
advanced
his
Troops
towards
the
City
,
where
after
having
intrenched
himself
,
he
sent
one
of
his
Prisoners
to
Considius
,
who
after
having
understood
that
he
came
from
Caesar
,
caused
him
to
be
slain
in
his
presence
,
and
sent
his
Letters
to
Scipio
,
Caesar
,
who
had
no
design
to
attack
that
place
,
marched
all
along
the
Coast
to
Ruspina
,
being
all
the
way
annoyed
by
Parties
from
the
Enemy
.
And
it
was
in
one
of
these
occasions
that
30
Gallick
Horse
beat
2000
Moors
,
and
drove
them
almost
to
the
Gates
of
Adrumetum
,
he
durst
not
quit
the
Sea
,
being
uncertain
what
might
become
of
the
rest
of
his
Fleet
,
and
though
he
had
sent
ten
Vessels
to
inquire
intelligence
,
and
had
taken
the
City
of
[
*
](A33186-e42150-b)
*
Tripoli
.
Lepta
,
from
whence
having
furnished
himself
with
good
store
of
Provisions
,
he
returned
towards
Ruspina
,
and
went
on
Board
with
six
old
Cohorts
,
without
making
any
discovery
of
what
he
designed
.
When
his
absence
was
known
in
the
Camp
,
the
Souldiers
were
extremely
astonished
,
and
were
for
a
whole
night
almost
desperate
.
In
the
mean
while
he
was
Coasting
,
and
by
good
fortune
met
the
rest
of
his
Fleet
,
which
came
upon
the
same
design
,
so
he
returned
to
his
Camp
with
great
diligence
,
and
drew
up
his
Army
in
Battalia
to
receive
those
who
landed
.
His
presence
put
an
end
to
their
apprehensions
,
so
he
decamped
the
same
hour
to
advance
farther
into
the
Countrey
;
he
had
hardly
marched
three
miles
when
his
Scouts
brought
him
word
that
the
Enemy
appeared
:
A
moment
after
he
himself
discovered
a
very
thick
dust
which
was
from
Labienus
,
Scipio's
Lieutenant
,
who
came
with
a
great
Army
either
to
hinder
his
descent
,
or
to
fall
upon
him
as
he
was
in
disorder
,
and
in
effect
whatever
Hirtius
says
in
his
Commentaries
,
almost
all
other
Authours
believe
that
Caesar
found
himself
at
this
time
in
great
danger
,
the
number
of
his
Enemies
was
much
greater
than
that
of
his
own
Troops
,
and
his
Souldiers
being
almost
all
of
them
new
raised
Men
,
had
not
been
acquainted
with
the
manner
of
fighting
against
the
Numidians
.
These
People
,
as
they
doe
to
this
day
,
observe
no
manner
of
Order
,
but
being
very
well
Mounted
,
used
to
fight
by
running
out
from
their
main
Body
throwing
a
great
many
Lances
,
and
retreating
at
the
same
time
that
their
Enemy
comes
forth
against
them
.
Caesar
had
need
now
of
all
his
Experience
as
well
as
Courage
,
to
hinder
his
being
totally
put
to
a
rout
,
he
fought
with
his
own
hands
,
and
taking
by
the
Collar
an
Officer
who
carried
the
Eagle
of
that
Legion
which
fled
brought
him
up
into
the
foremost
ranks
.
At
last
a
Souldier
of
the
tenth
Legion
,
(
whom
Labienus
affronted
,
after
having
known
him
,
)
lancing
his
Horse
with
a
Javelin
.
C●●sar
,
while
Labienus
was
carrying
off
,
endeavoured
with
his
Legionaries
to
open
a
passage
through
the
Enemy
,
who
had
hemmed
him
in
,
and
made
his
retreat
good
into
his
Camp
,
in
despight
of
the
coming
up
of
Petreius
,
who
it
is
said
spared
him
upon
this
occasion
,
under
pretence
that
he
ought
not
to
take
away
from
Scipio
their
General
the
Glory
of
completing
the
Victory
.
A
little
time
after
Scipio
came
to
join
his
Lieutenant
with
eight
Legions
,
and
4000
Horse
,
proclaiming
every
where
that
Iuba
was
following
him
with
yet
greater
reinforcement
.
This
report
extremely
terrified
Caesar's
new
Souldiers
,
their
fear
appeared
in
their
very
faces
,
and
in
all
their
motions
,
and
as
it
had
made
them
very
apprehensive
,
Caesar
to
take
away
that
inconveniency
,
caused
them
to
be
drawn
together
,
where
he
spake
to
them
,
I
am
(
said
he
)
very
glad
to
let
you
understand
that
in
a
few
days
Juba
is
to
arrive
with
10
Legions
,
30000
Horse
,
100000
light
armed
Foot
,
and
300
Elephants
,
so
that
those
who
are
now
so
curious
,
and
dispute
so
much
upon
the
matter
,
may
be
at
rest
and
believe
me
,
since
I
ought
to
know
it
,
else
I
shall
send
them
on
board
the
worst
and
oldest
of
my
Ships
,
where
it
shall
please
the
winds
and
fortune
to
carry
them
.
This
discourse
so
full
of
assurance
,
inspired
them
with
fresh
Courage
,
and
put
a
stop
to
those
sort
of
reports
.
It
is
true
indeed
,
that
Iuba
was
coming
up
,
but
Boguo
a
King
of
one
part
of
Mauritania
,
and
Sittius
a
Roman
,
who
was
setled
in
Africa
with
a
great
many
of
Marius's
Souldiers
had
entred
his
Kingdom
,
and
made
such
Progress
there
,
as
obliged
him
to
return
,
so
the
War
was
carried
on
between
the
two
Roman
Generals
,
and
Caesar
,
who
would
forget
nothing
that
might
be
for
the
advantage
of
his
Affairs
,
knowing
that
many
were
of
opinion
that
the
Scipio's
seemed
as
if
born
to
triumph
in
Africa
,
chose
from
amongst
his
Troops
a
man
of
very
small
merit
,
but
one
who
bore
that
name
with
the
Sirname
Salutio
,
and
caused
all
orders
to
be
issued
out
in
his
name
,
as
if
he
had
been
General
.
In
the
mean
while
he
wearied
the
Enemy
by
different
movements
,
dayly
retrenching
himself
,
and
besides
his
Ramparts
,
which
were
furnished
with
all
sorts
of
Darts
,
made
moreover
Ditches
filled
with
stakes
,
and
in
this
condition
suffered
the
affronts
of
Scipio
,
who
came
often
to
offer
him
Battel
;
Caesar
contenting
himself
to
let
his
Cavalry
onely
draw
out
,
and
distributing
his
Orders
with
so
much
security
,
that
he
hardly
so
much
as
went
out
of
his
Tent.
Moreover
,
as
his
Souldiers
were
not
yet
much
inured
to
War
,
he
took
pains
himself
for
their
instruction
,
shewing
them
how
they
ought
to
receive
the
on-sets
of
the
Enemy
,
in
what
manner
they
ought
to
make
their
Retreat
,
when
they
ought
to
Charge
,
and
when
to
recover
their
Ranks
.
In
short
,
all
necessary
postures
with
the
same
care
that
a
Master
of
Defence
instructs
his
Scholars
.
He
forgot
not
also
to
quicken
the
succours
that
were
coming
up
,
and
which
he
expected
,
by
People
whom
he
dispatched
express
into
several
places
,
never
being
satisfied
with
any
excuse
against
the
execution
of
his
orders
.
At
last
Alienus
sent
him
from
Sicily
two
old
Legions
,
800
Gallick
Horse
,
and
1000
Archers
or
Slingers
,
who
arrived
fortunately
at
Ruspina
;
with
these
Recruits
Caesar
left
his
Retrenchments
,
and
marched
towards
Vzita
,
as
if
he
would
attack
it
.
Scipio
came
to
succour
that
place
,
and
this
motion
was
the
occasion
of
great
disputes
without
any
advantage
on
one
side
or
the
other
.
Caesar's
Cavalry
suffered
much
for
want
of
Forrage
,
and
were
forced
to
feed
their
Horses
with
the
Moss
growing
on
the
Sea-side
,
which
they
first
washed
,
to
take
out
the
Salt
,
and
then
mingled
with
quitch
Grass
,
the
Legionaries
themselves
having
brought
no
Tents
,
were
forced
to
lodge
under
very
ill
Barraques
.
This
inconveniency
had
like
to
have
caused
a
great
disorder
amongst
them
by
a
kind
of
Prodigy
that
happened
,
which
was
,
that
one
night
towards
the
time
that
the
Plyades
disappear
,
there
fell
in
his
Camp
certain
stones
like
Hail
,
which
wounded
a
great
many
,
and
overthrew
all
their
Barraques
,
so
that
they
passed
the
whole
night
covered
onely
with
their
Bucklers
.
Nevertheless
nothing
could
diminish
the
love
which
they
had
for
their
General
.
And
some
old
Souldiers
being
taken
on
Board
a
Vessel
at
Thapsus
,
and
carried
to
Scipio
,
though
he
made
them
very
advantageous
Offers
,
refused
positively
to
follow
him
,
and
chose
rather
to
see
themselves
cut
in
pieces
by
Scipio's
Orders
,
than
undergo
the
shame
of
being
called
Deserters
.
In
the
mean
time
Iuba
being
solicited
by
Letters
from
Scipio
,
having
left
Saburra
to
defend
his
Kingdom
,
came
up
with
three
Legions
,
800
brideled
[
*
](A33186-e42650-b)
*
This
distinction
is
made
,
because
the
Numidians
carried
their
Horses
to
the
Wars
without
any
Bridles
,
causing
them
to
turn
to
the
right
or
left
with
a
certain
switch
or
rod.
Horse
,
and
a
great
number
of
Numidians
and
light
armed
Foot
,
with
30
Elephants
;
his
presence
added
much
to
the
Courage
of
Scipio's
Troops
.
This
King
of
Barbarians
,
causing
himself
to
be
respected
above
the
Roman
Officers
,
and
treating
them
with
Contempt
.
They
several
times
attacked
those
Parties
which
Caesar
sent
out
for
discovery
,
and
came
often
to
disturb
their
Works
,
insomuch
that
one
day
Iuba
,
Scipio
,
and
Labienus
came
at
the
head
of
all
their
Horse
,
to
affront
his
Legionaries
in
sight
of
his
Camp
.
Caesar's
Cavalry
,
who
were
upon
the
Guard
,
were
forced
to
give
ground
,
but
the
Legionaries
taking
their
Arms
,
and
marching
up
in
order
,
the
Horse
returned
to
the
Charge
so
vigourously
,
that
had
it
not
been
for
the
darkness
caused
by
the
dust
,
and
the
coming
on
of
the
night
,
Iuba
,
and
Labienus
had
certainly
fallen
into
the
hands
of
Caesar
,
and
their
Cavalry
been
utterly
defeated
.
CHAP.
LIX
.
Caesar
chastiseth
some
Mutineers
,
and
after
several
movements
defeats
Scipio
and
Juba
.
THESE
performances
very
much
encouraged
Caesar's
Souldiers
,
who
were
encamped
near
Vzita
,
when
the
ninth
and
tenth
Legion
came
up
to
his
Camp
,
the
Insolence
of
the
Revolters
could
not
be
so
well
forgotten
,
but
that
he
had
still
a
resolution
to
make
an
example
of
some
of
them
to
the
rest
of
his
Troops
;
wherefore
being
informed
that
Avienus
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
of
that
Legion
,
had
taken
up
a
whole
Vessel
for
his
own
Equipage
and
Horses
,
without
receiving
so
much
as
one
Souldier
,
he
took
that
occasion
,
and
being
well
assured
of
the
affection
of
the
rest
of
his
Souldiers
,
gave
orders
that
all
the
Officers
that
belonged
to
the
Legions
,
should
be
called
together
.
I
could
well
have
wisht
(
said
he
)
that
some
persons
might
by
this
time
have
reformed
their
licentious
and
insolent
behaviour
,
and
made
some
reflexions
upon
my
good
nature
,
my
forbearance
,
and
my
patience
,
but
since
they
have
not
known
how
to
regulate
themselves
,
I
am
resolved
to
make
such
an
example
as
the
Discipline
of
War
requires
.
Therefore
you
Avienus
,
who
have
debauched
the
Souldiers
of
the
Roman
People
against
the
Republick
,
committed
a
thousand
exactions
in
the
Cities
of
Italy
,
and
who
are
as
useless
to
the
Common-wealth
as
you
are
to
me
,
seeing
that
instead
of
Souldiers
,
you
thought
a
whole
Ship
but
sufficient
for
your
Equipage
,
and
by
that
means
have
obstructed
the
service
of
the
Republick
,
I
here
Casheer
you
from
my
Army
,
Commanding
you
to
leave
Africa
this
very
day
,
and
withdraw
your self
as
far
hence
as
it
's
possible
.
You
Fontejus
,
who
are
a
seditious
Tribune
,
and
a
base
Citizen
,
I
Command
you
also
to
depart
the
Camp
.
And
you
Salienus
,
Tiro
,
and
Clusinas
,
who
after
having
by
favour
,
and
not
by
merit
obtained
the
Posts
ye
now
Command
in
,
have
shewen
as
little
Valour
in
War
as
Honesty
in
Peace
,
and
who
have
always
taken
more
care
to
make
your
Souldiers
mutiny
against
their
General
,
than
to
behave
your selves
as
Men
of
Honour
ought
to
doe
;
I
declare
you
unworthy
of
any
Command
in
my
Army
,
and
here
ordain
that
this
moment
ye
depart
out
of
Africa
.
Immediately
he
put
them
into
the
hands
of
some
Centurions
,
and
leaving
them
onely
each
a
slave
to
attend
him
,
Commanded
them
to
be
put
on
Board
upon
different
Ships
.
On
the
other
side
Iuba
,
who
domineered
in
the
other
Party
,
and
who
treated
even
Scipio
himself
with
Arrogance
,
having
forced
him
to
quit
the
Coat
Armour
of
Purple
,
which
distinguished
him
as
General
,
caused
almost
dayly
his
Troops
to
draw
out
in
Battalia
before
Caesar's
Camp
,
who
thought
himself
obliged
in
Honour
to
quit
his
Retrenchments
.
Scipio
had
put
all
his
Legions
,
and
those
of
Iuba
upon
the
first
line
,
the
Numidian
Foot
upon
the
second
,
the
Wings
whereof
appeared
to
be
doubled
,
the
Elephants
being
on
the
right
and
left
upon
the
Wings
,
and
behind
the
Elephants
the
Numidian
Cavalry
,
all
his
bridled
Horse
and
light
armed
Foot
were
upon
the
right
,
the
City
of
Vzita
closing
up
the
left
,
and
this
he
did
with
a
design
to
hem
in
the
Troops
of
Caesar
,
who
had
ordered
his
men
in
this
manner
,
the
seventh
and
ninth
Legion
were
upon
the
left
,
the
twenty
ninth
and
thirtieth
were
upon
the
right
,
and
four
Legions
in
the
Centre
.
The
new
Legions
composed
the
second
Line
,
he
had
also
made
a
third
,
which
took
up
but
half
the
left
of
the
second
Line
,
it
being
covered
upon
the
right
with
his
Retrenchments
.
In
this
place
also
he
had
posted
all
his
Cavalry
,
and
as
he
thought
not
fit
much
to
rely
upon
them
,
the
tenth
Legion
was
Commanded
to
second
them
,
his
light
armed
Foot
being
drawn
up
in
the
Intervals
of
the
Cavalry
:
In
this
posture
the
two
Armies
remained
at
about
300
paces
distance
facing
each
other
,
from
morning
till
four
a
clock
in
the
Evening
,
without
fighting
,
which
perhaps
had
never
before
happened
.
But
Caesar
offering
to
retire
,
all
the
Numidian
Cavalry
came
thundring
upon
his
left
Wing
,
and
his
Horsemen
being
a
little
too
far
advanced
,
a
great
many
of
them
were
wounded
,
and
one
slain
,
with
26
of
his
light
armed
Foot
,
the
night
hindred
any
farther
proceeding
,
and
Scipio
retreated
into
his
Camp
with
a
great
deal
of
Joy
.
Now
all
the
thoughts
of
Caesar
were
,
how
he
might
take
away
from
his
People
the
fear
they
had
of
the
Enemy
,
and
especially
of
their
Elephants
,
wherefore
having
some
of
them
in
his
Camp
,
he
accustomed
his
Souldiers
to
approach
them
boldly
,
he
caused
them
to
observe
the
place
where
those
Beasts
were
most
easily
to
be
wounded
,
and
caused
his
Cavalry
to
assault
them
with
blunted
Lances
,
by
that
means
to
inure
the
Horses
to
the
sight
of
them
.
At
last
,
when
by
these
exercises
he
found
they
were
grown
no
longer
afraid
of
them
,
he
decamped
,
seeking
dayly
how
he
might
post
himself
with
most
advantage
.
After
many
removings
,
and
some
skirmishes
,
wherein
Labienus
came
by
the
worst
,
observing
that
his
Enemies
began
to
fear
the
Valour
of
his
Legions
,
he
went
to
attack
the
City
of
Thapsus
,
where
Virgilius
Commanded
for
Scipio
with
a
very
strong
Garrison
.
Scipio
,
who
was
afraid
,
lest
in
loosing
that
City
,
his
Reputation
might
suffer
,
came
also
to
post
himself
about
the
nine
miles
from
Caesar
,
where
he
and
Iuba
entrenched
themselves
in
two
several
Camps
.
There
was
near
to
Thapsus
a
Pond
of
salt
water
,
about
1500
paces
distant
from
the
Sea
.
Scipio's
design
was
by
that
interval
to
put
some
Troops
into
the
place
,
but
Caesar
,
who
had
foreseen
as
much
,
and
expected
it
,
had
built
a
Fort
there
,
and
left
a
Garrison
in
three
places
,
which
obliged
Scipio
to
make
some
attacks
,
but
without
success
,
and
after
having
passed
a
whole
night
and
a
day
on
the
banks
of
the
Pond
,
set
his
Troops
a
work
for
retrenching
themselves
towards
the
Sea
,
1500
paces
from
Caesar's
Fort.
Caesar
about
break
of
day
was
informed
of
the
proceeding
,
so
leaving
Asprinas
to
guard
his
Camp
,
he
marched
directly
upon
the
Enemy
by
the
interval
,
which
was
between
the
Pond
and
the
Sea
.
He
sent
also
orders
to
those
who
Commanded
his
Vessels
that
were
before
Thapsus
,
that
leaving
onely
some
to
defend
the
mouth
of
the
Port
,
they
should
advance
with
the
rest
on
the
other
side
of
Scipio's
Camp
,
and
at
the
first
noise
of
Battel
,
setting
their
Souldiers
on
shore
,
make
an
attack
upon
that
side
with
noise
and
shouting
.
Caesar's
Army
marched
upon
three
lines
,
the
four
best
Legions
on
the
front
,
and
the
five
others
making
as
it
were
a
body
of
Reserve
,
five
Cohorts
upon
the
Wings
,
who
were
designed
to
engage
the
Elephants
,
with
all
his
Archers
and
Slingers
,
and
his
light
armed
Foot
mingled
with
his
Cavalry
.
For
himself
,
he
was
on
foot
,
going
through
the
ranks
,
and
animating
his
Souldiers
by
his
presence
and
his
Exhortations
.
He
found
Scipio
drawn
up
in
Battalia
before
his
Retrenchments
,
the
works
whereof
he
caused
dayly
to
be
continued
,
but
at
the
sight
of
Caesar's
Army
his
Souldiers
began
to
be
much
disordered
.
It
was
easie
to
see
how
they
ran
about
from
one
place
to
another
,
sometimes
into
the
Camp
,
and
sometimes
out
again
in
all
manner
of
confusion
,
which
extremely
animated
Caesar's
Men
,
who
nevertheless
did
what
he
could
to
oppose
their
impatience
,
and
ran
to
put
a
stop
to
such
as
he
saw
most
eager
,
when
upon
the
right
Wing
,
a
Trumpet
contrary
to
his
Orders
,
sounded
a
Charge
,
immediately
the
Cohorts
upon
the
Wings
,
in
spight
of
their
Commanders
,
ran
on
,
which
Caesar
seeing
,
gave
for
the
word
of
Battel
,
Felicitas
,
and
calling
for
his
Horse
,
was
the
first
that
charged
the
Enemy
.
Scipio's
Elephants
were
immediately
put
to
flight
by
the
Archers
and
Slingers
upon
the
right
Wing
,
and
overthrowing
the
Souldiers
that
were
behind
them
,
ran
into
the
entrance
of
the
Camp
.
The
Moorish
Cavalry
being
abandoned
by
the
Elephants
,
were
easily
dispersed
,
and
Caesar's
Legions
killing
all
that
opposed
their
way
,
got
possession
of
the
Enemies
Trenches
.
The
Garrison
of
Thapsus
had
made
one
sally
,
but
were
driven
in
again
by
the
very
Servants
that
belonged
to
Caesar's
Camp
,
so
that
nothing
but
disorder
and
fear
appearing
every
where
,
Scipio's
Men
had
nothing
to
consider
of
,
but
flying
towards
the
Camp
,
which
for
two
days
before
they
had
quitted
,
but
seeing
themselves
without
any
Leader
,
they
threw
down
their
Arms
,
that
they
might
run
more
lightly
towards
the
Camp
of
Iuba
,
which
those
of
Caesar's
Troops
,
who
had
not
been
engaged
,
had
already
forced
,
so
these
poor
Souldiers
of
Scipio
retreated
up
to
a
hill
,
where
,
though
they
made
sign
that
they
would
surrender
themselves
,
though
they
saluted
Caesar's
Men
,
and
had
thrown
down
their
Arms
,
nevertheless
,
the
Veterans
,
heated
with
bloud
,
and
transported
with
fury
,
after
having
wounded
and
killed
some
Senatours
of
their
own
Party
,
whom
they
did
not
love
,
and
who
would
have
with-held
them
,
they
cut
them
all
in
pieces
,
though
Caesar
himself
were
present
.
CHAP.
LX.
The
death
of
Scipio
and
Juba
.
Caesar
marches
towards
Utica
.
The
death
of
Cato
.
PLutarch
reports
that
50000
Men
fell
in
this
Battel
,
Hirtius
reckons
onely
10000.
This
Victory
,
so
absolute
as
it
was
,
cost
Caesar
but
50
Souldiers
.
All
the
heads
of
that
Party
seeing
no
hopes
of
farther
relief
,
perished
by
divers
accidents
,
Scipio
endeavouring
to
save
himself
by
Sea
,
finding
his
Vessel
taken
,
ran
upon
his
own
Sword
.
Iuba
and
Petreius
fought
one
against
the
other
,
where
Petreius
being
slain
by
the
King
,
he
also
commanded
a
death
from
the
hands
of
one
of
his
slaves
.
Afranius
and
Faustus
,
the
Sons
of
Silla
,
were
taken
by
Sittius
,
who
put
them
to
death
.
Onely
Labienus
escaped
into
Spain
,
and
all
Africa
submitted
to
Caesar
,
except
the
City
of
Vtica
:
Cato
Commanded
there
with
some
Troops
,
and
had
established
a
kind
of
a
Senate
,
composed
of
300
Romans
which
he
had
gathered
to
him
,
he
received
the
news
of
the
Battel
by
some
of
Scipio's
Horsemen
,
who
had
rallied
together
in
a
considerable
number
,
and
as
the
Inhabitants
of
Vtica
had
always
appeared
inclined
to
Caesar
,
Cato
to
secure
them
,
had
put
them
into
a
Fortification
without
the
City
.
The
Cavaliers
would
have
taken
this
occasion
to
plunder
,
but
Cato
went
to
them
,
and
by
his
Intercession
and
Authority
persuaded
them
not
to
use
any
violence
.
They
offered
him
to
follow
him
if
he
would
make
his
retreat
with
them
,
but
he
answered
,
That
his
design
was
to
hold
out
the
siege
,
though
when
he
returned
into
the
Town
,
he
found
the
minds
of
every
body
so
divided
,
and
so
unresolved
,
that
he
soon
quitted
that
design
for
another
more
agreeable
to
his
Character
,
and
those
Opinions
of
Philosophy
whereof
he
had
always
made
profession
.
In
the
mean
while
he
gave
out
his
Orders
with
most
admirable
Prudence
and
Resolution
.
He
sent
away
the
Cavaliers
,
fearing
lest
they
should
commit
some
new
disorder
.
He
persuaded
several
of
his
Friends
to
save
themselves
by
Sea
,
others
(
as
Lucius
,
who
was
a
Kinsman
of
Caesar's
)
to
rely
upon
his
goodness
,
this
last
thing
he
recommended
to
his
Children
,
and
made
a
large
discourse
to
the
eldest
,
exhorting
him
never
to
intermeddle
with
the
affairs
of
the
Republick
.
At
night
,
according
to
his
usual
Custome
,
he
came
to
Supper
,
(
that
is
to
say
)
sitting
,
for
since
the
death
of
Pompey
,
he
had
never
,
according
to
the
Roman
Custome
,
lain
down
at
his
Meals
.
Several
of
his
particular
Friends
were
with
him
,
and
amongst
others
,
some
Philosophers
.
The
Discourse
ran
altogether
upon
Philosophy
,
and
Cato
defended
that
Maxim
,
That
the
Vertuous
onely
were
happy
and
free
,
but
wicked
men
always
miserable
and
in
slavery
.
He
grew
very
warm
upon
this
Subject
,
and
managed
it
with
so
much
heat
,
that
his
Friends
might
easily
discover
he
had
something
more
than
ordinary
in
his
mind
,
nor
could
they
conceal
the
grief
it
gave
them
,
which
caused
him
to
change
the
discourse
,
and
apply
himself
to
his
business
,
so
he
gave
out
several
orders
,
to
let
them
see
that
life
and
he
were
not
yet
upon
ill
terms
.
A
little
time
after
he
went
to
bed
,
having
first
embraced
his
Sons
,
and
the
whole
Company
,
but
with
so
much
tenderness
,
that
it
redoubled
their
suspicions
,
and
caused
them
to
take
away
his
Sword
,
which
he
was
always
wont
to
have
by
him
.
He
took
up
Plato's
Book
of
the
Soul
,
and
after
having
read
a
little
while
,
looking
for
his
Sword
,
and
not
finding
it
,
he
called
for
one
of
his
Slaves
,
and
without
the
least
disorder
onely
bid
him
fetch
it
,
but
seeing
he
was
not
obeyed
,
he
asked
for
it
a
second
time
,
and
grew
so
angry
,
that
he
struck
the
slave
with
such
force
,
that
he
hurt
his
hand
,
crying
out
,
He
was
betrayed
,
and
should
be
delivered
to
his
Enemies
naked
and
disarmed
.
At
the
noise
of
this
,
his
Sons
and
his
Friends
came
into
his
Chamber
,
he
spoke
to
them
with
some
passion
,
saying
,
How
long
is
it
that
ye
have
observed
me
to
have
lost
common
sense
?
And
why
do
ye
not
try
to
persuade
me
by
reason
,
without
obliging
me
by
force
to
follow
other
Opinions
than
those
I
have
already
?
Why
dost
not
thou
(
said
he
to
his
Son
)
bind
thy
Father
,
and
tye
up
his
hands
,
that
so
I
may
be
no
longer
in
a
condition
to
defend
my self
against
Caesar
,
for
against
my self
I
have
no
need
of
the
help
of
a
Sword
,
can
any
man
miss
of
a
way
to
death
?
may
he
not
stifle
himself
,
or
beat
out
his
brains
against
the
Walls
?
At
this
Discourse
his
Sons
went
out
of
the
Chamber
weeping
,
and
left
him
with
Demetrius
,
and
Apollodorus
,
who
were
two
Philosophers
,
and
his
Friends
,
so
he
renewed
the
discourse
with
something
more
of
moderation
,
Are
not
ye
also
,
says
he
,
of
the
opinion
to
persuade
a
man
of
my
years
in
spight
of
himself
to
save
his
life
?
And
do
not
you
stay
here
to
sit
like
Mutes
,
and
wait
upon
me
for
my
guard
?
Or
if
you
bring
me
any
good
reasons
to
convince
me
,
that
having
nothing
else
to
rely
on
,
it
would
not
be
a
thing
unworthy
of
my self
to
beg
my
life
as
a
particular
favour
from
the
hands
of
my
Enemy
,
why
do
ye
not
proceed
to
prove
it
to
me
?
That
so
renouncing
all
those
Maxims
which
we
have
hitherto
maintained
together
,
and
becoming
more
wise
by
the
means
of
Caesar
,
we
may
find
our selves
so
much
the
more
obliged
to
him
;
It
is
not
,
added
he
,
that
I
have
yet
resolved
upon
that
Subject
,
I
would
debate
it
with
you
after
having
examined
those
Books
and
Reasons
which
Philosophy
supplies
us
with
upon
the
like
occasion
.
Go
,
get
ye
gone
,
and
tell
my
Sons
that
they
ought
not
to
think
of
persuading
me
by
force
to
a
thing
which
they
cannot
convince
me
of
by
Reason
.
After
this
,
Demetrius
went
out
and
sent
him
back
his
Sword
by
a
young
Slave
,
he
examined
the
point
,
if
it
were
good
,
and
would
enter
well
,
and
finding
it
to
his
mind
,
he
laid
it
by
him
,
saying
,
I
am
Master
of
my self
,
so
he
took
again
the
Book
,
which
he
read
twice
over
,
and
then
fell
into
so
sound
a
sleep
,
that
he
was
heard
into
his
Anti-Chamber
:
about
midnight
he
called
two
of
his
Free-Men
,
Cleantes
his
Physician
,
and
Butas
,
this
last
he
sentto
the
Port
,
to
see
if
those
that
would
embark
themselves
,
were
departed
,
and
made
his
Physician
apply
a
Plaster
to
his
hand
that
was
hurt
.
This
care
of
himself
extremely
rejoyced
all
his
Family
,
Butas
came
back
to
tell
him
that
every
body
was
embarked
,
and
that
the
Sea
was
very
rough
.
He
seemed
to
shew
a
great
deal
of
concern
for
his
Friends
that
were
on
Board
,
and
sent
back
Butas
to
see
if
any
of
them
were
not
driven
back
,
and
wanted
his
assistence
.
The
day
began
to
appear
,
when
Butas
returned
to
tell
him
that
the
Sea
was
grown
calm
,
and
that
no
noise
was
heard
upon
the
Port
:
so
Cato
dismissed
him
,
and
hardly
was
the
Freed-man
got
out
of
his
Chamber
,
when
he
took
his
Sword
,
and
thrust
himself
through
the
Breast
,
the
hurt
of
his
hand
so
hindred
the
blow
,
that
he
did
not
dye
immediately
,
but
staggering
,
fell
upon
his
Bed
,
and
at
the
same
time
threw
down
a
Table
,
upon
which
he
had
drawn
some
figures
of
Geometry
,
at
the
noise
of
this
his
Slaves
came
in
,
and
with
their
Cries
brought
also
his
Sons
and
his
Friends
,
they
found
him
weltring
in
his
bloud
,
his
Bowels
out
of
his
body
,
and
were
so
confounded
with
their
grief
,
that
they
beheld
him
without
being
able
to
give
him
any
assistance
,
his
Eyes
were
yet
open
,
which
caused
his
Physician
to
ease
him
upon
the
Bed
,
and
after
having
put
up
his
Bowels
,
which
had
not
been
hurt
,
he
closed
up
the
wound
.
Upon
this
,
Cato
recovered
his
Spirits
,
and
being
transported
with
fury
,
thrust
back
the
Physician
,
rent
open
his
wound
again
,
and
tearing
his
Bowels
,
expired
before
their
Eyes
.
In
this
manner
dyed
Cato
,
at
the
age
of
55
years
,
and
though
this
last
action
of
his
found
many
admirers
,
nevertheless
Brutus
himself
,
who
was
his
Nephew
,
condemned
it
in
a
Book
which
he
wrote
a
purpose
,
and
many
reasons
there
are
indeed
why
it
ought
to
be
considered
with
horrour
;
Caesar
also
was
of
the
same
Opinion
,
and
wrote
upon
the
same
subject
when
he
heard
the
news
of
his
death
.
He
said
,
That
Cato
had
envied
him
the
glory
of
saving
his
life
,
and
it
is
for
that
reason
,
said
he
,
that
I
envy
his
death
.
He
pardoned
his
Son
,
who
was
afterwards
slain
at
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
with
much
more
glory
than
he
had
lived
,
having
discovered
too
strong
an
inclination
for
the
Wife
of
a
Prince
of
the
bloud
Royal
of
Cappadocia
,
whose
name
was
Psyche
,
which
in
Greek
signifies
the
Soul
,
and
her
Husband's
name
was
Maphradates
,
which
caused
a
saying
amongst
the
Romans
,
That
Maphradates
and
Cato
were
good
Friends
,
for
they
had
but
one
Soul
,
and
moreover
Cato
is
generous
and
magnanimous
,
for
he
has
a
Royal
Soul
.
CHAP.
LXI
.
Caesar
returns
to
Rome
.
The
Pomp
and
Magnificence
of
his
Triumphs
.
AFTER
the
death
of
Cato
,
Vtica
surrendred
to
Caesar
,
he
pardoned
the
Inhabitants
,
but
as
many
as
fell
into
his
hands
of
the
three
hundred
that
had
usurped
the
quality
of
Senatours
,
he
put
to
death
.
So
Africa
being
intirely
brought
into
subjection
,
he
returned
to
Rome
to
Triumph
for
all
his
Victories
.
At
first
,
to
obtain
the
favour
of
the
People
,
he
gave
them
to
understand
in
a
speech
he
made
them
,
That
his
last
Victory
had
gained
the
Republick
a
Countrey
so
rich
,
and
of
such
an
extent
,
that
it
was
able
to
furnish
600000
Bushels
of
Corn
,
and
2000
pounds
of
Oil
yearly
.
After
this
he
ordered
the
preparation
for
his
Triumph
upon
four
successive
days
,
the
first
designed
for
the
Triumph
over
Gaul
,
shewed
to
the
Romans
in
a
great
many
Tables
the
names
of
300
Nations
,
and
800
Cities
Conquered
by
the
death
of
a
Milion
of
Foes
,
whom
he
had
defeated
in
several
Battels
.
Amongst
the
Prisoners
,
appeared
that
Vercingentorix
,
who
had
raised
up
all
the
Gauls
against
the
Romans
,
and
who
had
attacked
Caesar
at
the
siege
of
Alecia
,
followed
by
300000
fighting
Men
,
besides
threescore
and
ten
thousand
that
were
in
the
place
besieged
,
all
the
Roman
Souldiers
followed
their
General
Crowned
with
Laurels
,
and
in
that
Equipage
he
went
to
the
Capitol
,
the
steps
whereof
he
mounted
upon
his
knees
,
forty
Elephants
being
ranged
on
each
side
,
carrying
great
Candlesticks
,
filled
with
Flambeaus
.
This
shew
lasted
till
night
,
by
reason
that
the
Axeltree
of
his
Triumphant
Chariot
broke
,
which
had
like
to
have
thrown
down
the
Conqueror
at
the
time
when
he
thought
himself
at
the
highest
Pinacle
of
his
Glory
.
The
second
Triumph
was
over
Aegypt
,
where
appeared
the
Pictures
of
Ptolemy
,
Photinus
and
Achillas
,
which
very
much
rejoyced
the
People
of
Rome
.
The
third
shewed
the
defeat
of
Pharnaces
,
and
the
flight
of
that
King
,
which
caused
great
shouts
of
Joy
amongst
the
Romans
,
and
many
Ralleries
upon
the
Conquered
,
and
here
it
was
that
he
made
use
of
that
Inscription
[
*
](A33186-e44260-b)
*
Veni
,
vidi
,
vici
.
whereof
we
have
spoken
.
But
when
in
the
fourth
Triumph
they
saw
the
descriptions
of
Scipio
,
Petreius
,
and
Cato
himself
,
who
was
painted
tearing
his
Bowels
,
they
sighed
as
much
for
sorrow
.
The
Son
of
Iuba
,
who
yet
was
very
young
,
was
carried
amongst
the
Prisoners
,
and
that
Prince
coming
to
be
afterwards
a
very
gallant
Man
,
and
of
great
understanding
,
Augustus
gave
him
back
again
part
of
his
Father's
Kingdom
,
and
Married
him
to
young
Cleopatra
,
the
Daughter
of
Marcus
Antonius
.
The
Silver
,
the
Vessels
,
and
Statues
of
Goldsmiths
work
which
were
used
in
these
Triumphs
,
amounted
to
threescore
and
sixty
five
thousand
Talents
,
besides
a
thousand
eight
hundred
and
twenty
two
Crowns
of
Gold
,
which
weighed
15033
l.
sterl
.
and
were
Presents
which
the
Princes
and
Cities
had
made
him
after
Victories
according
to
the
Customs
of
those
times
.
It
was
out
of
this
sum
that
he
paid
his
Souldiers
,
besides
what
he
had
promised
them
in
the
beginning
of
the
Civil
Wars
.
To
every
one
5000
Drachma's
,
as
much
more
to
the
Centurions
,
and
twice
as
much
to
the
Tribunes
and
Commanders
of
the
Cavalry
,
and
for
their
retreat
after
the
Wars
,
he
gave
them
Inheritances
in
several
places
separated
from
Italy
.
The
People
also
were
sensible
of
his
Bounty
,
he
distributed
to
each
particular
person
ten
bushels
of
Corn
,
and
ten
pounds
of
Oil
,
and
besides
the
300
Denarii
which
he
had
promised
a
100
more
,
as
for
their
Arrears
;
he
ordered
also
in
favour
of
the
poorer
sort
,
that
the
rent
of
Houses
,
which
was
grown
to
an
excessive
rate
,
should
be
reduced
in
Rome
to
2000
Sestertii
,
and
in
Italy
to
500
,
and
after
this
he
entertained
the
whole
People
at
22000
Tables
,
and
to
the
end
that
nothing
might
be
wanting
to
the
Pomp
of
these
Feasts
,
caused
2000
Gladiatours
to
fight
before
the
People
,
amongst
whom
appeared
Leptenus
and
Calpenus
,
who
had
been
Senatours
,
and
all
this
under
the
pretence
of
Celebrating
the
Funerals
of
his
Daughter
Iulia.
Upon
the
following
days
also
were
seen
Comedies
in
all
sort
of
Languages
represented
in
several
places
of
the
City
,
where
the
Children
of
the
Asian
Princes
danced
Armed
.
The
Cirque
was
inlarged
by
his
order
,
and
surrounded
with
a
Ditch
filled
with
Water
;
and
in
this
place
the
Children
of
the
Roman
Nobles
exercised
on
Horseback
,
and
upon
Chariots
,
with
2
and
4
in
front
;
at
last
being
divided
into
two
Troops
,
they
represented
that
sort
of
Game
which
was
called
[
*
](A33186-e44420-b)
*
That
is
,
because
these
Games
were
instituted
by
the
Trojans
.
Troy
,
to
these
divertisements
succeeded
those
of
hunting
of
wild
Beasts
,
which
lasted
five
days
.
Afterwards
,
two
Armies
were
shewn
incamped
in
the
Cirque
,
each
consisting
of
500
Foot
Souldiers
,
20
Elephants
,
and
300
Horse
,
who
represented
a
Battel
.
The
Wrestlers
also
took
up
two
days
.
And
after
all
,
upon
a
Lake
made
a
purpose
in
the
field
of
Mars
,
two
Fleets
of
Gallies
furnished
with
a
1000
Souldiers
,
and
4000
Rowers
or
Mariners
diverted
the
People
with
the
representations
of
a
Naval
fight
.
These
entertainments
having
drawn
so
many
People
to
Rome
,
that
the
greatest
part
of
them
were
forced
to
incamp
in
the
publick
places
,
a
great
many
being
stifled
in
the
press
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
two
that
were
Senatours
.
CHAP.
LXII
.
Caesar
goes
into
Spain
,
where
he
defeats
the
two
Sons
of
Pompey
,
the
oldest
whereof
is
slain
.
DUring
the
time
of
these
rejoycings
,
the
two
Sons
of
Pompey
fortified
themselves
in
Spain
,
and
as
that
People
still
passionately
affected
the
memory
of
their
Father
,
they
soon
got
together
a
powerfull
Army
;
they
had
also
very
good
Officers
,
and
amongst
the
rest
Labienus
,
which
obliged
Caesar
to
go
in
person
to
oppose
their
proceedings
.
He
was
then
the
third
time
Dictatour
,
but
e'er
he
would
depart
,
resolving
to
take
a
general
review
of
the
Inhabitants
of
Rome
,
as
the
Censors
had
formerly
done
,
he
found
onely
150000
heads
of
Families
remaining
of
320000
which
had
been
numbred
before
the
Civil
War
,
which
now
had
wasted
the
greater
half
of
them
,
Caesar
nevertheless
arrived
in
Spain
sooner
than
he
was
expected
.
Cneius
,
the
eldest
of
the
two
Pompey's
,
had
besieged
the
City
of
Vlloa
,
and
Sextus
the
younger
Brother
was
in
Cordova
with
a
strong
Garrison
.
Caesar
to
raise
the
siege
,
and
give
some
jealousie
to
Cneius
,
advanced
towards
Cordova
with
what
Troops
he
had
with
him
,
and
those
others
that
were
in
the
Province
under
the
Commands
of
Pedius
and
Fabius
his
Lieutenant
Generals
.
This
proceeding
had
its
effect
accordingly
,
for
Cneius
solicited
by
Letters
from
his
Brother
,
raised
the
siege
from
before
Vlloa
,
and
came
to
oppose
Caesar
,
who
after
having
vainly
endeavoured
to
draw
him
to
Battel
,
went
to
invest
Atecua
,
that
being
the
place
of
most
importance
,
which
held
out
for
the
Pompey's
.
Cneius
being
deceived
by
those
fires
which
Caesar
had
kindled
in
his
Camp
,
discovered
not
that
he
was
marched
,
till
it
was
too
late
to
follow
him
,
so
he
retreated
to
Cordova
to
refresh
his
Troops
,
and
came
afterwards
to
take
possession
of
some
hills
near
Caesar's
Camp
,
but
the
Camp
was
so
well
fortified
,
that
he
could
attempt
nothing
upon
him
.
The
siege
lasted
a
long
time
,
and
the
besieged
defended
themselves
very
well
,
which
obliged
Cneius
several
times
to
endeavour
the
putting
of
Succours
into
the
place
,
to
which
purpose
he
made
divers
skirmishes
,
and
indeed
not
much
to
his
disadvantage
.
At
last
those
of
the
Garrison
seeing
themselves
pressed
,
undertook
by
a
most
horrible
Treachery
to
cut
the
Throats
of
the
Inhabitants
,
and
then
make
a
general
Sally
for
the
forcing
the
circumvallation
of
Caesar's
Camp
.
The
Massacre
was
put
in
execution
,
but
their
Villany
succeeded
not
,
for
they
were
beaten
in
their
Sally
,
and
driven
back
into
the
Town
with
great
slaughter
.
At
last
Minutius
,
who
Commanded
there
in
chief
,
desired
that
he
might
Capitulate
,
and
surrendred
the
place
almost
in
the
sight
of
Cneius
.
After
this
,
Caesar
drew
nearer
with
his
Camp
,
and
they
disputed
for
the
ground
by
several
Works
which
they
caused
to
be
thrown
up
,
and
which
at
last
occasioned
a
great
Battel
;
wherein
Caesar's
Cavalry
were
forced
to
give
ground
to
those
of
the
Enemy
,
which
advantage
seeming
a
kind
of
reparation
for
the
loss
of
Atecua
,
very
much
raised
the
courage
of
Cneius
,
some
of
his
Letters
being
intercepted
,
wherein
he
gave
account
,
That
Caesar
had
onely
with
him
raw
and
unexperienced
Souldiers
,
that
he
durst
not
put
himself
upon
the
hazard
of
Battel
,
but
that
nevertheless
means
should
be
found
to
force
him
to
it
.
With
this
imagination
he
went
to
incamp
himself
near
[
*
](A33186-e44890-b)
*
Sevill
.
Hispalis
.
In
the
mean
while
Caesar
possessed
himself
of
two
Castles
,
and
knowing
that
Cneius
was
incamped
in
the
Plain
of
Munda
,
he
marched
his
Army
thither
.
The
two
Generals
were
equally
impatient
to
come
to
an
ingagement
,
so
that
Cneius
drew
up
his
Troops
in
Battalia
,
by
break
of
day
he
had
posted
himself
very
well
upon
a
Hill
,
both
sides
whereof
were
defended
,
one
by
the
City
of
Munda
,
and
the
other
by
a
little
River
and
a
Marsh
,
the
exactness
of
their
order
shewed
his
Troops
to
great
advantage
,
especially
his
Horse
,
who
were
very
well
armed
,
the
River
also
being
upon
his
right
hand
,
and
separating
the
Hill
,
where
he
was
incamped
from
the
Plain
,
which
was
five
Miles
in
length
,
and
reached
as
far
as
Caesar's
Camp
.
He
also
had
drawn
up
his
Troops
in
Battalia
,
and
expected
when
the
Enemy
should
come
down
into
the
Plain
to
fight
him
.
But
as
they
never
stirred
above
a
thousand
paces
from
the
City
.
Caesar
advanced
as
far
as
the
Rivolet
:
now
according
to
the
Rules
of
War
Cneius
ought
to
have
ingaged
him
in
his
passage
,
but
his
general
Officers
were
obstinately
of
Opinion
to
defend
the
Hill
.
Caesar
well
perceiving
that
he
could
not
come
at
them
without
great
disadvantage
,
and
that
they
prepared
themselves
to
charge
him
as
he
came
up
,
caused
his
Army
to
hault
,
as
if
he
intended
to
fortify
himself
in
that
Post.
His
Army
consisted
of
24
Cohorts
,
and
8000
Horse
,
the
tenth
Legion
were
upon
the
Right
,
the
third
and
fifth
upon
the
Left
,
and
the
Cavalry
upon
the
Wings
.
Cneius
had
fourteen
Le●gions
,
the
Cavalry
and
his
light
armed
Foot
amounted
to
6000
Men
,
with
an
equal
number
of
Auxiliary
Troops
.
Caesar's
Souldiers
murmured
that
he
would
not
let
them
make
use
of
the
occasion
to
ingage
,
and
the
delay
so
incouraged
those
of
Cneius
,
that
they
advanced
upon
the
declining
part
of
the
Hill
,
so
both
sides
gave
a
shout
,
and
the
Battel
began
.
The
first
shock
was
managed
on
both
parts
with
so
much
courage
,
that
Casar's
Men
,
who
had
been
used
to
Conquer
,
found
themselves
something
abated
of
their
fierceness
.
The
tenth
Legion
,
though
extremely
weakned
in
number
,
nevertheless
pressed
hard
upon
that
which
it
was
ingaged
withall
.
But
Cneius
Commanded
a
Legion
to
march
up
upon
the
Right
to
its
assistence
.
During
this
proceeding
,
C●sar's
Cavalry
charged
Pompey's
left
Wing
,
who
received
it
in
very
good
Order
,
so
that
all
the
Troops
on
both
sides
being
now
ingaged
,
every
one
was
to
expect
his
safety
from
his
own
proper
Valour
.
All
Authours
agree
that
Caesar
was
never
in
so
great
danger
as
now
,
and
he
himself
has
since
declared
,
That
ever
before
he
fought
for
glory
,
but
at
Munda
for
his
life
.
He
threw
himself
several
times
amongst
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
,
crying
out
to
his
People
,
That
they
ought
to
take
him
and
deliver
him
to
those
Children
to
save
themselves
the
shame
of
being
beaten
,
so
well
did
he
encourage
them
by
his
speeches
,
but
much
better
by
a
thousand
actions
of
bravery
which
he
performed
,
that
at
last
with
much
adoe
he
overthrew
Cneius's
Troops
,
and
killed
thirty
thousand
upon
the
place
,
but
he
lost
a
thousand
of
his
own
Men
,
and
had
five
hundred
wounded
.
All
the
Ensigns
were
taken
,
and
Varus
and
Labienus
slain
in
the
Battel
.
Cneius
with
150
Horse
escaped
to
[
†
](A33186-e45150-b)
†
Tariffa
.
Carteia
,
from
whence
thinking
to
get
away
by
Sea
,
he
was
forced
by
the
arrival
of
Didius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
,
to
return
to
Land
.
He
was
immediately
besieged
within
a
Tower
,
and
attacked
so
vigorously
,
that
being
wounded
in
the
Shoulder
and
the
Thigh
,
having
his
Heel
put
out
of
joint
,
he
was
forsaken
by
his
People
,
and
slain
in
a
Cave
,
where
he
had
hid
himself
.
The
young
Sextus
had
better
fortune
,
for
escaping
from
Cordova
,
where
he
had
been
during
the
time
of
the
Battel
,
he
concealed
himself
so
well
,
that
Caesar
could
not
find
him
,
or
at
least
because
he
was
so
young
,
mistook
him
.
After
this
Victory
,
which
put
an
end
to
that
famous
War
,
there
nothing
appeared
to
make
resistence
,
so
Caesar
having
given
out
several
Orders
,
and
exacted
great
Contributions
from
the
Enemies
Cities
,
under
pretence
of
punishing
their
Rebellion
,
he
returned
to
Rome
not
a
little
glad
,
that
he
had
at
last
brought
under
submission
that
Commonwealth
which
gave
Laws
to
the
greatest
part
of
the
World
.
CHAP.
LXIII
.
Caesar's
return
to
Rome
.
He
makes
several
Laws
.
The
extreme
Honours
which
were
done
him
,
draw
upon
him
the
Envy
of
the
Senate
.
HE
would
needs
Triumph
at
his
return
,
but
that
Triumph
was
by
no
means
attended
with
any
joyfull
Acclamations
of
the
People
,
who
were
grieved
to
see
the
Memory
of
their
beloved
Pompey
insulted
over
.
After
this
,
Caesar
applyed
himself
to
regulate
the
state
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
pardoned
all
those
who
had
born
Arms
against
him
.
He
caused
also
Pompey's
Statues
to
be
set
up
again
,
and
Cicero
observed
very
properly
upon
that
occasion
,
saying
,
That
Caesar
by
restoring
Pompey
's
Statues
secured
his
own
.
He
published
several
Laws
,
as
that
which
limited
the
expences
of
Feasts
,
which
he
caused
to
be
observed
with
all
severity
.
Another
touching
the
use
of
Litters
,
embroidered
Robes
and
Pearls
,
which
he
confined
onely
to
certain
Persons
.
That
which
allowed
the
right
of
a
free
Citizen
to
all
People
of
Quality
of
whatsoever
profession
,
besides
,
a
great
many
other
very
good
Ordinances
.
He
sate
in
Judgment
with
wonderfull
diligence
and
application
,
and
without
suffering
himself
to
be
balanced
in
favour
of
any
of
the
Criminals
.
Moreover
,
to
shew
that
nothing
should
escape
his
care
,
he
undertook
to
regulate
the
Roman
Year
,
which
was
at
that
time
very
much
confounded
,
and
as
it
consisted
but
of
ten
months
,
according
to
the
establishment
of
Romulus
,
and
Numa
had
taken
care
to
add
two
others
,
consisting
of
sixty
five
days
,
nevertheless
the
year
wanted
eleven
days
and
a
quarter
,
and
though
several
remedies
had
been
sought
for
the
reforming
of
that
Errour
,
it
happened
out
in
succession
of
time
that
the
Festivals
came
in
seasons
quite
contrary
to
their
Institution
;
as
for
example
,
those
for
the
Vintages
in
Spring
,
and
those
of
the
Harvest
in
Winter
.
Caesar
,
after
having
consulted
upon
this
occasion
the
most
able
Astronomers
,
and
being
himself
very
well
instructed
in
that
Science
,
whereof
he
had
written
,
regulated
the
Year
according
to
the
course
of
the
Sun
,
to
three
hundred
sixty
five
days
,
and
one
day
more
to
be
added
every
fourth
year
,
which
was
called
the
Bissextile
,
and
this
is
the
foundation
of
that
method
which
we
to
this
day
follow
.
He
added
to
the
ten
old
Months
two
others
,
which
are
Ianuary
and
February
,
that
so
the
Reformation
he
made
might
be
just
and
proportionable
.
In
the
mean
time
,
as
he
was
no-ways
beloved
by
those
who
were
greatest
in
the
Senate
,
though
his
Ordinances
had
no
other
than
the
publick
good
,
they
forbore
not
to
vilify
him
by
their
Raileries
;
and
Cicero
amongst
the
rest
,
being
in
a
place
,
where
it
was
said
,
that
the
next
day
the
sign
of
the
Harp
would
be
visible
(
Ah
,
said
he
)
according
to
the
Ordinance
.
Now
,
though
Caesar
had
Information
of
their
discourses
,
he
bore
it
all
with
so
great
moderation
,
that
when
some
other
People
had
yet
the
insolence
to
violate
his
Reputation
by
Libels
,
he
never
so
much
as
inquired
after
them
.
All
his
designs
shewed
the
greatness
of
his
Soul
,
he
made
a
proposition
for
adorning
of
the
City
of
Rome
with
a
magnificent
Temple
consecrated
to
Mars
,
and
with
a
Theatre
.
He
undertook
to
drain
the
Marshes
near
Rome
,
and
to
empty
the
Lakes
.
After
these
Works
,
he
was
for
falling
upon
the
Parthians
,
to
revenge
the
death
of
Crassus
,
and
they
being
Conquered
,
to
enter
through
Hircania
,
along
the
Banks
of
the
Caspian
Sea
into
Scythia
,
to
open
himself
a
way
through
Germany
into
Gaul
,
and
so
return
to
Rome
.
But
all
these
Projects
ended
in
his
death
.
Caesar's
good
fortune
,
which
had
appeared
by
so
many
Victories
,
his
Merit
and
great
Abilities
,
supported
by
the
affection
of
the
People
,
and
the
love
of
his
Souldiers
had
raised
him
to
a
degree
above
all
other
Romans
.
But
as
it
usually
happens
in
Common-wealths
,
where
every
one
valuing
himself
upon
his
own
Merit
,
looks
upon
absolute
Command
as
a
right
which
he
one
day
in
his
turn
may
pretend
to
,
that
advancement
had
brought
upon
him
the
jealousie
of
all
the
Senatours
,
who
could
respect
him
no
otherwise
than
the
Usurper
of
a
Rank
,
which
they
thought
themselves
deserved
as
well
as
he
.
It
being
certain
,
that
in
matters
of
Ambition
as
well
as
Interest
,
no
Man
ever
thinks
any
thing
too
much
for
himself
.
In
the
mean
while
in
a
shamefull
manner
they
dayly
flattered
his
Vanity
with
new
Honours
,
preferring
him
even
in
his
life
time
in
some
sort
amongst
the
Gods
.
They
thought
it
not
enough
to
cause
him
to
be
chosen
Consul
for
ten
years
,
and
perpetual
Dictatour
,
to
give
him
the
name
of
Emperour
,
and
Father
of
his
Countrey
,
and
to
declare
his
Person
Sacred
and
Inviolable
;
But
they
ordained
him
also
a
Statue
amongst
those
of
the
Kings
,
a
Tribunal
in
the
Orchestria
,
a
Chair
of
Gold
in
the
Senate
,
and
in
fine
in
the
Shews
of
the
Cirque
,
a
Canopy
,
a
Cushion
,
and
Offerings
,
as
to
the
Images
of
the
Gods
,
with
a
Temple
,
Altars
,
as
also
a
high
Priest
,
and
Sacrificers
.
Some
Authours
have
reported
that
he
procured
these
Honours
by
his
Authority
,
others
,
that
they
were
freely
bestowed
upon
him
.
That
which
appears
most
certain
is
,
that
they
were
so
agreed
upon
in
the
Senate
,
and
that
all
those
who
were
then
present
,
came
to
him
in
a
body
to
acquaint
him
with
the
Decree
they
had
made
,
he
was
then
in
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
and
whether
it
were
out
of
State
,
or
for
some
other
Reason
,
he
received
them
sitting
without
rising
up
to
goe
and
meet
them
.
Some
say
that
Balbus
held
him
when
he
would
have
raised
himself
,
others
,
that
it
was
in
offence
to
Tributius
,
who
pretended
to
tell
him
what
he
was
to
doe
.
However
it
was
,
this
neglect
offended
the
Senatours
,
and
caused
them
to
discover
their
hatred
,
for
from
this
time
they
contrived
among
themselves
to
publish
abroad
,
how
that
he
affected
the
name
of
King
:
He
had
indeed
the
power
in
effect
,
and
did
onely
want
the
Name
,
which
was
odious
to
the
Romans
.
Caesar
,
who
very
well
knew
how
much
that
aversion
imported
,
very
well
defended
himself
from
it
,
and
one
day
when
some
People
called
him
Lord
and
King
,
he
answered
,
That
he
was
Caesar.
Nevertheless
,
he
often
let
discourses
fall
,
which
very
much
promoted
those
Reports
that
were
spread
of
his
Ambition
.
He
said
,
That
a
Republick
was
no
other
than
a
name
and
mere
Idea
,
and
that
Sylla
had
discovered
himself
to
be
very
ignorant
,
when
he
renounced
that
of
Dictatour
.
All
these
Discourses
were
malitiously
improved
,
and
served
for
great
use
to
those
who
envied
him
.
Two
Adventures
,
which
afterwards
happened
,
contributed
also
very
much
to
their
Confirmation
.
As
he
returned
from
a
publick
Sacrifice
upon
the
day
of
the
Latine
Festivals
,
some
body
had
Crowned
his
Statue
with
a
Laurel
,
bound
about
with
a
little
band
of
white
Linen
,
which
was
a
sort
of
Diadem
.
Marulla
and
Cesestius
,
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
took
off
the
Crown
,
and
Imprisoned
him
who
had
placed
it
there
,
which
made
Caesar
angry
,
he
went
to
the
Tribunes
,
quarrelled
with
them
publickly
,
and
took
away
their
Employments
,
and
that
Affront
offered
to
those
Magistrates
,
who
maintained
the
interests
of
the
People
,
provoked
them
against
him
.
The
other
accident
was
yet
more
notorious
.
There
was
celebrated
at
Rome
a
Festival
in
Honour
of
the
God
Pan
,
which
they
called
Lupercalls
,
in
that
Ceremony
the
young
Romans
of
the
best
Quality
,
and
who
were
for
that
year
in
Employments
,
ran
naked
through
the
City
with
lether
Thongs
,
wherewith
they
wantonly
struck
all
those
they
met
,
and
by
ridiculous
Superstition
,
the
most
Vertuous
Women
were
wont
to
go
meet
them
,
and
offer
their
hands
to
be
touched
with
these
Thongs
,
believing
that
that
had
the
Virtue
to
procure
them
a
happy
Lying-in
,
and
also
make
them
fruitfull
.
Antonius
,
who
was
Consul
,
appeared
upon
this
occasion
,
and
Caesar
assisted
at
the
shew
seated
upon
a
Tribunal
in
a
Chair
of
Gold
,
and
in
a
habit
of
Triumph
.
Antonius
passing
through
the
People
,
who
opened
to
the
right
and
left
to
make
him
way
,
went
up
to
the
Tribunal
,
and
presented
a
Crown
to
Caesar
,
some
there
were
who
clapped
their
Hands
,
as
if
they
approved
of
it
,
but
when
Caesar
put
back
the
Crown
,
there
was
a
general
Applause
,
Antonius
offered
it
to
him
a
second
time
,
but
still
with
as
little
marks
of
satisfaction
from
the
People
,
Caesar
again
refused
it
,
which
was
followed
with
loud
Acclamations
,
Caesar
by
this
understood
their
sentiments
,
which
,
he
made
use
of
this
Tryal
more
clearly
to
inform
himself
of
,
he
rose
up
to
carry
the
Crown
to
the
Capitol
,
but
was
not
Master
of
his
disorder
,
and
said
that
night
to
his
Friends
,
That
if
he
knew
any
man
who
would
out
his
Throat
,
he
could
know
offer
it
to
him
freely
.
CHAP.
LXIV
.
A
Conspiracy
against
Caesar.
Presages
of
his
death
.
He
is
murthered
in
the
Senate
.
THough
he
had
yet
a
thousand
other
Testimonies
of
the
hatred
he
lay
under
,
he
abandoned
himself
so
utterly
to
his
Destiny
,
that
from
this
moment
he
neglected
any
manner
of
security
for
himself
against
his
Enemies
.
He
was
heard
to
say
,
That
he
had
rather
fall
by
Treason
once
,
than
be
so
miserable
,
as
to
be
always
afraid
of
it
.
And
another
time
,
That
the
Republick
had
more
interest
than
himself
in
his
preservation
,
that
he
had
gotten
Glory
and
Power
enough
,
but
that
after
his
death
,
the
Commonwealth
would
be
more
harassed
with
Civil
Wars
than
ever
yet
it
had
been
.
And
one
day
before
his
death
,
being
at
Supper
with
Lepidus
,
as
his
Friends
disputed
amongst
themselves
,
whilst
he
was
writing
,
what
death
was
easiest
,
It
is
that
,
said
he
,
turning
towards
them
,
which
is
the
most
sudden
and
the
least
foreseen
.
He
disbanded
his
Company
of
Spanish
Guards
,
and
contented
himself
to
be
defended
with
the
protection
of
his
Friends
,
which
facilitated
an
enterprise
upon
his
life
.
Above
threescore
Senatours
entred
into
this
Conspiracy
,
the
Principals
whereof
were
Brutus
,
whose
life
Caesar
had
saved
after
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
,
and
Cassius
,
who
had
surrendred
Pompey's
Fleet
to
him
in
the
Hellespont
,
they
were
both
Pretors
and
Enemies
,
because
that
Caesar
had
named
Brutus
for
the
eldest
Pretor
to
the
prejudice
of
Cassius
,
who
was
above
him
in
Age
and
Dignity
;
the
name
of
Brutus
had
been
famous
in
Rome
,
ever
since
the
[
*
](A33186-e45960-b)
*
Junius
Brutus
.
Consul
so
called
,
who
had
banished
the
Kings
.
There
was
found
written
at
the
foot
of
his
Statue
,
WOVLD
TO
GOD
THOV
WERT
ALIVE
.
And
certain
Billets
were
thrown
into
the
Pretors
Tribunal
,
wherein
were
written
these
words
,
Brutus
,
thou
art
asleep
and
not
a
true
Brutus
.
Cassius
was
Authour
of
most
of
these
things
.
He
hated
Caesar
for
several
reasons
,
but
chiefly
,
because
he
had
taken
from
him
the
Lions
wherewith
he
intended
to
have
given
a
shew
to
the
People
,
so
Caesar
mistrusted
him
,
and
when
his
Friends
advised
him
to
look
narrowly
into
the
Conduct
of
Antonius
and
Dolabella
,
It
is
not
,
said
he
,
those
perfumed
and
plump
Sparks
that
I
distrust
,
but
those
meagre
and
pale
Gentlemen
.
He
omitted
not
nevertheless
to
prepare
his
Expedition
against
the
Parthians
,
and
caused
sixteen
Legions
to
march
,
and
Ten
Thousand
Horse
for
his
going
into
Asia
.
His
design
was
to
depart
four
days
after
to
put
himself
at
the
head
of
them
,
when
the
Conspiratours
caused
a
report
to
be
spread
,
that
according
to
the
Sybill's
Oracles
the
Parthians
could
not
be
overcome
but
by
a
King
,
and
that
upon
this
pretence
Cotta
was
to
propose
to
the
Senate
the
giving
of
him
that
Title
.
Cassius
took
this
occasion
to
go
and
visit
Brutus
,
demanding
of
him
,
If
he
would
go
to
the
Senate
upon
the
Ides
of
March
,
when
Caesar's
Friends
were
to
propose
the
declaring
of
him
King
.
Brutus
said
,
That
he
would
not
be
there
.
But
replyed
Cassius
,
if
you
should
be
called
thither
,
Then
said
Brutus
,
I
shall
think
it
my
Duty
,
to
speak
,
contradict
,
and
dye
,
rather
than
lose
our
liberty
;
Ah
,
answered
Cassius
,
what
Roman
is
there
that
would
suffer
you
to
dye
for
his
Liberty
,
you
are
ignorant
Brutus
,
who
you
are
,
if
you
believe
that
those
Billets
which
are
thrown
into
the
Tribunal
,
come
from
any
mean
▪
People
,
and
not
from
the
most
Illustrious
and
bravest
Men
of
Rome
.
They
demand
from
other
Pretors
,
Games
,
Shews
,
and
Gladiatours
,
but
they
expect
from
you
as
a
debt
of
Succession
the
ruine
of
Tyranny
,
being
ready
to
expose
themselves
to
all
hazards
for
your
sake
,
if
you
can
find
in
your
heart
to
dispose
your self
to
their
Wishes
.
After
this
Conversation
they
parted
,
and
the
Name
of
Brutus
,
whose
Person
was
very
much
Esteemed
,
ingaged
a
great
many
in
the
Conspiracy
,
so
they
resolved
to
put
their
design
in
execution
upon
the
very
Ides
of
March
,
and
in
the
Hall
of
the
Senate
.
A
great
many
Prodigies
foretold
this
misfortune
to
Caesar
,
there
was
found
in
an
old
Tomb
at
Cappua
,
a
place
of
Brass
,
whereon
it
was
written
in
Greek
Letters
,
that
when
the
Bones
of
Capys
should
be
found
,
a
Man
of
the
Race
of
Iülus
should
be
slain
by
the
hands
of
his
Kinsmen
,
and
that
his
death
should
be
●evenged
by
the
desolation
of
all
Italy
.
Word
was
brought
him
,
that
those
Horses
which
he
had
Consecrated
,
and
let
loose
at
the
passage
of
the
Rubicon
,
had
not
eaten
for
several
days
,
and
were
seen
to
weep
.
Spurina
,
a
very
able
Diviner
,
told
him
when
he
Sacrificed
,
that
great
dangers
threatned
him
upon
the
Ides
of
March
,
and
upon
the
Eve
of
that
day
,
a
Wren
flying
into
the
Hall
of
Pompey
,
with
a
Branch
of
Laurel
in
her
Mouth
,
was
torn
to
pieces
by
other
Birds
,
who
pursued
her
from
a
Neighbouring
Wood.
He
dreamt
the
same
Night
that
he
was
carried
above
the
Clouds
,
and
that
he
shook
hands
with
Iove
,
and
his
Wife
Calphurnia
dreamt
also
that
the
top
of
her
House
fell
down
,
and
that
her
Husband
was
Assassinated
in
her
Armes
,
the
Doors
of
the
Chamber
opening
at
the
same
time
of
their
own
accord
with
great
noise
.
This
last
accident
something
confounded
him
,
and
his
Wife
by
her
Prayers
and
Tears
,
prevailed
that
he
would
not
go
abroad
that
day
.
But
another
Brutus
,
sirnamed
Decimus
,
who
was
one
of
the
Conspiratours
,
though
of
the
number
of
his
nearest
Friends
,
caused
him
to
change
his
resolution
in
remonstrating
to
him
,
He
was
expected
at
the
Senate
,
and
that
it
would
be
a
shame
for
him
not
to
venture
out
of
doors
,
but
when
it
should
please
Calphurnia
to
dream
favourably
;
so
De●imus
carried
him
almost
by
force
out
of
his
Lodgings
,
and
as
every
thing
seemed
to
contribute
to
his
destruction
,
a
Slave
,
who
came
to
give
him
advice
of
the
Conspiracy
,
could
never
get
up
through
the
croud
of
People
that
surrounded
him
.
Artimedorus
of
Cnidus
,
his
Host
and
Friend
having
presented
him
with
a
Memorial
to
the
same
purpose
,
he
mingled
it
without
reading
amongst
other
Papers
that
were
given
him
,
and
Lena
,
who
was
one
of
the
Conspiratours
,
entertaining
him
a
great
while
in
private
as
he
came
out
of
his
Litter
;
The
others
,
who
believed
themselves
discovered
,
thought
already
of
killing
themselves
with
the
Daggers
which
they
had
under
their
Robes
,
when
Lena
quitting
Caesar
,
and
kissing
his
hand
,
gave
them
to
understand
that
he
thanked
him
for
some
favour
which
he
came
to
obtain
.
The
Assembly
of
the
Senate
was
held
in
a
place
which
Pompey
had
caused
to
be
built
for
that
purpose
,
and
which
for
that
reason
was
called
the
Court
or
Hall
of
Pompey
,
where
was
to
be
seen
his
Statue
in
Marble
,
raised
upon
a
Pedestal
,
Caesar
as
he
was
entring
,
met
Spurina
,
and
smiling
,
told
him
,
The
Ides
of
March
were
come
.
Yes
,
answered
the
Divinor
,
but
they
are
not
past
.
When
he
had
taken
his
place
,
the
Conspiratours
turned
towards
him
under
pretence
of
saluting
him
,
and
Tullius
Cymber
approached
to
ask
pardon
for
his
Brother
,
who
was
then
in
Exile
,
Caesar
deferred
the
matter
,
and
put
back
Cymber
,
who
pressed
upon
him
so
far
,
as
to
take
hold
on
both
sides
of
his
Robe
,
and
when
Caesar
cryed
out
,
It
was
a
violent
Proceeding
,
Casca
,
who
was
behind
him
,
gave
him
the
first
stab
with
a
Poniard
near
the
Shoulder
,
the
wound
glanced
,
and
was
not
mortal
,
Caesar
struck
Casca
through
the
Arm
with
his
Dagger
,
crying
out
,
Traitour
,
what
dost
thou
;
Casca
on
the
other
side
called
his
Brother
,
and
Caesar
would
have
raised
himself
,
but
he
received
a
mortal
wound
in
the
Breast
,
and
all
the
Conspiratours
charged
upon
him
together
with
so
much
fury
,
that
many
of
them
were
themselves
wounded
,
he
nevertheless
made
great
resistence
,
whirling
himself
amongst
them
like
a
Lion
,
In
the
〈…〉
of
Rome
710
,
before
the
birth
of
our
Saviour
▪
43.
till
perceiving
Brutus
with
his
Dagger
in
his
hand
,
he
then
covered
his
Face
,
and
wrapping
himself
in
his
Robe
,
went
and
fell
at
the
Foot
of
Pompey's
Statue
,
pierced
with
24
wounds
.
The
End
of
the
first
Volume
.
THE
HISTORY
Of
the
Second
TRIVMVIRATE
.
Down
from
the
Death
of
Caesar
to
that
of
Brutus
.
Volume
II.
CHAP.
I.
The
Troubles
and
Fears
of
the
Senate
,
and
the
People
of
Rome
after
the
death
of
Caesar.
THE
death
of
Caesar
brought
so
much
disorder
into
the
Senate
,
and
amongst
the
People
of
Rome
,
that
the
Conspiratours
soon
perceived
what
they
had
done
was
not
like
to
meet
with
any
general
Approbation
,
all
the
Senatours
,
who
were
not
Accomplices
,
fled
from
the
place
of
Assembly
with
such
haste
,
that
it
had
like
to
have
cost
some
of
them
their
Lives
as
they
went
out
of
the
Doors
,
and
the
People
Alarum'd
at
the
News
,
left
all
their
several
Employments
,
some
to
run
to
the
place
where
the
Murther
had
been
committed
,
and
others
up
and
down
the
City
to
inform
themselves
of
the
circumstances
of
the
matter
.
The
Market
place
was
plundered
,
and
several
Senatours
,
who
were
retiring
themselves
in
great
Terrour
,
were
mischief'd
in
the
Tumult
.
In
the
mean
time
Brutus
,
who
was
lookt
upon
as
the
chief
of
the
Conspiracy
,
had
done
all
that
in
him
lay
to
qualify
their
fears
,
and
after
the
Action
had
offered
himself
to
declare
the
motives
of
it
,
but
no
body
would
hear
him
;
this
proceeding
much
surprized
him
,
and
astonished
also
the
other
Conspiratours
,
whereof
Cassius
and
he
were
of
the
greatest
Authority
,
as
well
by
the
Charges
of
Pretor
,
which
they
then
executed
,
as
by
the
particular
Merit
which
distinguished
them
.
Brutus
by
his
Father's
side
descended
from
that
other
Brutus
,
who
had
driven
the
Tarquins
out
of
Rome
,
and
had
laid
the
Foundations
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
by
his
Mother
Servillia
,
from
Servillius
Hala
,
who
had
slain
Melius
for
having
unseasonably
discovered
such
marks
of
Ambition
,
as
by
no
means
were
pleasing
to
the
Senate
,
by
which
means
it
seemed
as
if
the
hatred
of
Tyrants
had
descended
into
the
heart
of
Brutus
by
the
bloud
of
his
Ancestours
,
and
himself
in
a
Letter
written
to
Cicero
,
highly
declared
,
That
he
could
not
suffer
that
even
his
Father
should
have
any
Authority
above
the
Laws
and
the
Senate
.
This
fierce
Opinion
,
as
it
might
be
natural
to
him
,
might
also
be
some
excuse
for
the
violence
which
transported
him
against
Caesar.
That
great
Man
had
used
him
with
all
the
tenderness
of
a
Father
,
and
though
Brutus
fought
against
him
in
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
,
gave
strict
Command
to
all
his
Officers
to
spare
his
life
,
and
after
the
Battel
having
pardoned
him
,
promoted
him
to
the
highest
Dignities
,
and
one
day
shewing
his
Breast
to
some
People
,
who
advised
him
not
to
trust
him
too
far
,
Do
you
believe
then
,
said
he
,
that
Brutus
cares
for
such
poor
pillage
as
this
is
?
At
last
,
when
he
saw
him
with
his
Dagger
in
his
hand
,
coming
towards
him
,
he
cried
out
,
What
my
Son
,
and
thou
too
?
These
Opinions
were
caused
by
the
passion
that
Caesar
had
had
for
Servillia
,
the
Mother
of
Brutus
,
he
was
not
ill
received
by
her
,
and
she
took
such
little
care
to
hide
it
,
that
she
used
to
send
him
Letters
even
into
the
Senate
.
One
day
when
it
was
debated
there
what
punishment
should
be
inflicted
upon
the
Accomplices
of
Cataline's
Conspiracy
,
one
of
these
Letters
was
brought
to
Caesar
,
[
*
](A33186-e47000-b)
*
They
had
both
one
Mother
,
but
two
Fathers
.
Cato
,
who
was
Servillia's
half
Brother
,
cryed
out
,
That
it
contained
some
dangerous
matter
,
when
Caesar
for
his
justification
gave
him
the
Tablets
,
which
Cato
read
to
himself
,
and
then
threw
hem
back
to
him
again
,
calling
him
Drunkard
,
but
did
not
think
fit
to
make
any
farther
mention
of
the
Letter
.
It
was
said
that
Brutus
was
born
in
the
height
of
this
Amour
,
so
that
it
will
need
some
pains
to
j●stify
what
he
since
did
to
Caesar
,
for
that
thing
excepted
,
all
his
inclinations
were
towards
Vertue
,
he
had
moderated
the
heat
of
his
Temper
,
by
applying
himself
to
Learning
,
and
the
study
of
Philosophy
,
which
though
it
was
then
divided
into
many
Sects
,
he
was
yet
acquainted
with
them
all
.
He
loved
nothing
but
Glory
,
and
avoided
Pleasures
,
he
was
sober
,
watchfull
,
of
an
invincible
Courage
,
Complaisant
and
Affable
in
all
Conversation
,
and
for
these
Qualities
was
beloved
of
the
People
,
adored
by
his
Friends
,
and
esteemed
even
by
his
very
Enemies
.
Cassius's
Character
was
of
a
much
different
nature
,
he
was
very
stout
,
and
in
the
Parthian
War
had
signalized
himself
by
many
brave
Actions
.
He
had
a
great
and
fiery
Spirit
,
a
quick
an
sprightly
Wit
,
but
his
Warmth
often
carried
him
even
into
Transport
and
Violence
.
He
was
something
suspected
of
Self-interest
,
and
not
over-exactness
in
doing
Justice
.
In
short
,
many
are
of
Opinion
that
he
conspired
against
Caesar
,
not
so
much
out
of
the
hatred
of
Tyranny
,
as
for
the
particular
Quarrel
which
he
had
against
the
Tyrant
.
CHAP.
II.
Brutus
and
Cassius
indeavour
to
justify
what
they
have
done
before
the
People
,
who
rise
upon
them
.
They
retire
to
the
Capitol
.
THese
two
Men
went
out
of
the
Senate
at
the
Head
of
the
Conspiratours
with
their
bloudy
Daggers
in
their
hands
,
in
this
condition
they
presented
themselves
before
the
People
,
and
in
the
first
heat
,
several
,
who
had
no
share
in
the
Action
,
desirous
to
attribute
some
false
merit
of
it
to
themselves
,
joyned
the
Conspiratours
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
,
amongst
the
rest
Aquinius
,
Dollabella
,
and
Pettilius
,
who
afterwards
by
their
death
paid
dear
for
that
impertinence
,
and
vanity
,
for
though
they
caused
a
Cap
to
be
carried
before
them
upon
a
Lance
,
as
a
Token
of
Liberty
,
and
though
Brutus
depended
upon
the
great
Name
and
Example
of
his
Ancestours
,
the
People
received
them
with
sadness
and
with
silence
,
not
giving
them
any
of
those
Acclamations
which
they
expected
;
so
they
thought
fit
to
retire
to
the
Capitol
,
causing
themselves
to
be
guarded
by
Gladiatours
belonging
to
another
Brutus
,
sirnamed
Decimus
,
who
was
also
in
the
Conspiracy
.
They
were
not
now
any
longer
the
People
,
who
heretofore
had
defended
their
Liberties
with
a
Zeal
transported
even
to
Madness
,
all
Opinions
of
that
kind
had
given
place
to
Interest
,
and
they
were
better
pleased
with
some
present
Gain
,
than
any
Whimsey
of
Dominion
,
by
which
means
they
were
more
afraid
of
Poverty
than
Subjection
.
Marius
,
Sylla
,
and
some
others
had
taught
them
these
Maximes
,
and
besides
,
several
Strangers
,
and
abundance
of
Freed-men
being
crept
in
amongst
them
,
had
corrupted
the
purity
of
the
true
Roman
bloud
,
and
debauched
their
Noble
Thoughts
,
nevertheless
they
came
to
the
Capitol
in
great
numbers
,
and
Cassius
himself
ventring
to
come
down
,
was
received
by
them
with
Applause
;
this
again
assured
the
Conspiratours
,
so
they
returned
to
the
publick
place
,
where
Brutus
was
accompanied
with
the
most
considerable
Men
of
the
Senate
,
even
to
the
Tribunal
,
wherein
he
designed
to
speak
to
the
People
.
Several
Authours
have
reported
that
he
came
onely
with
Cassius
,
and
that
their
Hands
were
yet
besmeared
with
Caesar's
bloud
.
However
it
were
,
all
they
said
,
shewed
a
great
deal
of
Resolution
.
They
maintained
that
what
they
had
done
,
was
not
onely
just
,
but
that
it
deserved
to
be
rewarded
,
attributing
the
glory
to
one
another
with
large
and
reciprocal
Praises
.
After
this
,
they
proceeded
to
the
Commendation
of
Decimus
,
who
had
so
seasonably
assisted
them
with
his
Gladiatours
,
and
exhorted
the
People
,
To
maintain
that
Liberty
and
good
Fortune
which
they
had
procured
them
,
that
they
should
remember
how
their
Ancestours
had
heretofore
expelled
Kings
,
whose
Government
was
no
less
unjust
and
violent
than
Caesar
's
had
been
.
In
fine
,
they
proposed
the
return
of
Sextus
,
the
Son
of
Pompey
,
and
to
make
Celerius
and
Marullus
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
who
had
first
dared
as
they
said
,
To
attack
the
Tyranny
,
in
taking
the
Diadem
from
Caesar
's
Statue
.
The
People
gave
great
attention
to
their
Discourse
.
But
when
[
*
](A33186-e47370-b)
*
Cornelius
.
Cinna
advanced
to
speak
,
it
soon
appeared
that
their
silence
proceeded
onely
from
that
respect
which
they
bore
to
the
Vertue
of
Brutus
.
This
Cinna
had
received
many
benefits
from
Caesar
,
and
even
the
Charge
of
Pretor
,
which
was
the
second
Dignity
in
the
Republick
;
the
Pretors
were
to
distribute
particular
Justice
,
and
Commanded
also
Armies
in
several
Provinces
that
were
assigned
them
.
Cinna
stripped
himself
of
the
Robe
,
which
was
the
mark
of
his
Dignity
,
and
threw
it
from
him
with
Contempt
,
saying
,
That
he
would
not
be
honoured
with
the
favours
of
a
Tyrant
.
He
extolled
the
action
of
the
Conspiratours
,
and
proposed
that
they
might
be
rewarded
with
extraordinary
Honours
,
but
his
discourse
and
behaviour
appeared
so
odious
to
the
People
,
that
they
were
provoked
against
him
,
and
interrupted
him
with
Affronts
and
Curses
.
Nevertheless
,
Dollabella
forbore
not
to
present
himself
to
speak
after
him
,
he
was
a
young
Man
in
great
Esteem
,
and
Cicero's
Son-in-Law
,
Caesar
had
designed
to
have
left
him
Consul
in
Rome
,
when
he
went
to
the
Parthian
War
,
nevertheless
he
condemned
the
Memory
of
that
great
Man
,
and
those
,
who
during
his
life
time
had
so
much
honoured
him
.
He
applauded
the
Murther
,
and
transported
himself
so
far
as
to
express
his
sorrow
for
not
having
had
a
part
in
so
glorious
an
Action
.
The
commotion
of
the
People
against
C●●●s
,
taught
Brutus
and
Cassius
what
they
were
to
expect
.
The
returned
to
the
Capitol
,
where
Brutus
fearing
to
be
besieged
,
caused
several
Senatours
,
who
merely
in
point
of
Honour
had
followed
him
,
to
return
to
their
Houses
,
not
thinking
it
just
,
that
those
who
had
no
share
in
the
Action
,
should
be
ingaged
in
the
danger
.
CHAP.
III.
Antonius
and
Lepidus
rally
Caesar's
Friends
.
Some
propositions
of
Accommodation
.
THIS
News
extremely
rejoyced
Caesar's
Friends
,
the
chief
whereof
were
Marcus
Antonius
and
Lepidus
.
Antonius
was
very
Illustrious
both
by
his
Birth
and
his
Valour
,
being
descended
from
one
of
the
noblest
Families
in
Rome
,
which
derived
it's
Original
from
Anton
the
Son
of
Hercules
.
He
was
of
a
very
comely
Personage
,
upon
all
occasions
Magnificent
,
and
passionately
beloved
by
the
Souldiery
.
His
bounty
,
and
that
familiarity
wherewith
he
was
wont
sometimes
to
debauch
with
them
,
had
engaged
them
to
him
.
The
Criticks
of
his
Age
have
reproached
him
for
being
too
much
addicted
to
his
Pleasures
,
but
that
inclination
never
hindred
him
from
behaving
himself
with
great
resolution
upon
all
weighty
occasions
,
and
necessity
evermore
awakened
his
Vertue
.
But
Pleasure
at
last
got
the
better
of
him
,
and
cost
him
his
life
,
besides
,
when
ill
Fortune
had
imbittered
his
Spirit
,
he
could
not
forbear
discovering
some
inclinations
towards
Avarice
and
Cruelty
.
He
was
ingaged
in
the
Fortunes
of
Caesar
,
and
Caesar
had
made
him
General
of
the
Cavalry
,
which
was
the
second
Dignity
of
Rome
,
when
it
was
under
a
Dictatour
,
and
at
the
time
of
Caesar's
death
he
was
Consul
.
Now
the
Consulship
was
the
highest
Dignity
amongst
the
Romans
in
the
time
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
lasted
but
for
one
year
,
it
was
executed
by
two
Persons
who
had
equal
Authority
,
who
were
chosen
by
the
Voices
of
the
People
,
and
who
Commanded
within
and
without
the
City
.
It
is
true
,
that
the
Dictatour
was
yet
above
the
Consul
,
but
he
was
never
made
but
upon
extraordinary
occasions
of
the
greatest
importance
,
and
he
it
was
who
named
the
General
of
the
Cavalry
.
Sylla
first
,
and
Caesar
after
him
added
to
the
time
and
duration
of
that
Dignity
,
even
at
last
to
make
it
perpetual
,
but
that
was
without
Example
,
and
they
have
been
both
reproached
with
it
as
a
Tyrannical
Action●
Lepidus
also
was
of
Illustrious
Extraction
,
very
rich
,
and
no
less
considerable
in
Rom●
for
his
Civility
,
and
the
great
Charges
that
he
had
executed
;
he
at
this
time
Commanded
the
Cavalry
by
Commission
in
the
room
of
Octavius
,
Caesar's
Nephew
,
whose
charge
it
was
.
He
was
much
esteemed
for
his
honesty
,
but
he
wanted
that
resolution
which
is
necessary
upon
all
difficulties
,
especially
amongst
such
People
as
he
had
to
deal
withall
.
Both
these
Men
were
at
the
Senate
when
Caesar
was
slain
.
It
is
true
that
the
Conspiratours
who
stood
in
fear
of
the
vigour
and
courage
of
Antonius
,
had
given
charge
to
Trebonius
to
make
use
of
some
pretence
to
stop
him
at
the
Hall
door
,
but
they
both
got
off
in
the
throng
,
Antonius
into
the
House
of
one
of
his
Friends
,
and
Lepidus
into
the
Island
made
by
the
Tyber
,
in
the
middle
of
Rome
,
where
he
had
a
Legion
of
Souldiers
that
loved
Caesar.
He
marched
them
into
a
place
called
the
field
of
Mars
,
there
to
expect
Antonius's
Orders
,
who
ought
to
Command
by
reason
of
his
Dignity
.
When
they
understood
the
astonishment
of
the
Senate
,
and
how
the
minds
of
the
People
were
disposed
,
they
resolved
to
revenge
the
death
of
their
Friend
,
while
Brutus
and
those
of
his
Party
were
consulting
what
course
to
take
;
at
last
the
conclusion
was
,
to
send
Deputies
to
Antonius
and
Lepidus
,
To
desire
them
to
consider
the
misfortune
that
their
division
might
bring
upon
their
common
Countrey
.
The
Deputies
had
orders
to
handle
the
Articles
of
Caesar's
Murther
with
all
niceness
,
That
no
hatred
to
his
Person
had
put
them
upon
that
design
,
but
onely
the
love
they
bore
their
Countrey
,
who
had
already
been
so
drained
by
Civil
Wars
,
that
any
new
disunion
must
certainly
carry
away
the
miserable
remainder
,
that
they
●elieved
them
also
too
generous
to
let
any
particular
hatred
transport
them
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Publick
.
Yet
these
reasons
alone
were
not
of
force
enough
to
convince
Antonius
and
Lepidus
;
but
as
they
feared
that
Sextus
might
declare
against
them
,
and
lest
Decimus
,
who
had
obtained
from
Caesar
the
Government
of
the
Cisalpine
Gall
should
fall
upon
them
with
a
powerfull
Army
,
which
he
had
then
under
his
Command
,
they
resolved
to
gain
what
time
they
could
,
and
endeavour
the
debauching
of
Decimus's
Souldiers
,
upon
this
resolution
Antonius
made
answer
to
the
Deputies
,
That
for
their
particular
Revenge
they
would
joyfully
Sacrifice
it
to
the
publick
good
,
that
indeed
their
Honour
,
and
the
Oath
they
had
given
to
Caesar
,
ought
to
engage
them
to
revenge
his
death
.
And
that
they
were
of
Opinion
it
was
much
more
honourable
to
live
without
reproach
amongst
a
few
good
Men
,
than
to
draw
upon
themselves
the
miseries
that
are
due
to
falshood
,
but
as
they
were
not
obstinate
,
they
would
voluntarily
consent
that
the
Assembly
should
be
called
,
and
that
then
they
might
easily
be
governed
by
the
advice
of
so
many
Illustrious
and
discerning
Persons
as
should
compose
the
Body
of
the
Senate
.
Antonius
received
Commendation
and
Thanks
for
this
answer
,
which
the
Deputies
carried
back
to
the
Capitol
.
In
the
mean
time
Lepidus
,
by
order
of
Antonius
,
posted
that
night
Corps
du
Guard
throughout
all
the
City
,
while
those
,
whose
interest
it
was
,
were
soliciting
their
affairs
with
their
Friends
.
Those
whom
Caesar
had
employed
in
his
Troops
,
being
every
where
heard
to
utter
strange
Threats
,
provided
what
he
had
promised
them
was
not
made
good
.
Calphurnia
,
Caesar's
Widow
,
caused
also
that
night
her
Money
and
Papers
to
be
carried
to
Antonius
his
House
,
who
as
he
was
Consul
,
caused
it
to
be
Published
,
that
he
would
hold
the
Senate
in
the
Temple
of
Tellus
near
his
own
House
.
CHAP.
IV.
The
Senate
Assembles
.
Diversity
of
Opinions
amongst
the
Senatours
.
Caesar's
Ordinances
Ratified
.
CINNA
,
who
the
day
before
had
thrown
away
his
Pretor's
Robe
in
the
presence
of
the
People
,
was
the
first
that
came
to
the
place
of
Assembly
,
when
Caesar's
Souldiers
provoked
with
his
presence
,
fell
upon
him
with
stones
,
following
him
to
a
House
,
whither
he
went
for
shelter
,
they
would
have
set
it
on
fire
,
if
Lepidus
had
not
hindred
them
,
and
appeased
the
disorder
.
The
most
violent
of
the
Senatours
came
not
thither
,
being
retired
among
the
Conspiratours
,
and
Antonius
was
not
at
all
angry
at
it
,
so
there
appeared
through
all
the
Assembly
nothing
but
Peace
and
Temper
.
Nevertheless
Opinions
were
found
to
be
very
different
,
some
praised
what
the
Conspiratours
had
done
,
and
proposed
that
they
might
be
rewarded
.
Some
again
said
,
That
it
was
sufficient
to
approve
of
it
without
ordering
Recompences
,
when
no
body
demanded
them
.
Others
equally
were
for
throwing
out
both
the
Applauses
and
the
Recompences
,
and
said
,
That
it
was
sufficient
if
they
forgot
what
was
past
,
and
were
willing
that
it
should
be
pardoned
.
There
were
some
who
declared
boldly
,
That
it
was
an
odious
action
,
but
they
would
not
hinder
what
might
be
done
for
the
safety
of
those
who
had
committed
it
,
because
they
belonged
to
the
most
Illustrious
Families
of
Rome
.
To
this
it
was
answered
,
That
that
indemnity
had
already
been
allowed
them
.
And
when
it
was
urged
,
That
what
they
had
done
,
could
not
be
praised
without
wronging
the
memory
of
Caesar.
Others
replyed
,
That
the
business
now
in
hand
was
not
to
think
of
the
dead
,
but
to
consider
the
living
.
At
last
one
of
the
company
brought
it
to
this
,
That
they
had
but
two
things
to
choose
,
either
to
agree
that
Caesar
was
a
Tyrant
,
or
that
those
who
murthered
him
stood
in
need
of
pardon
.
All
the
Opinions
terminated
in
this
,
so
it
was
concluded
that
these
two
points
should
be
debated
.
Then
Antonius
,
whose
business
it
was
to
draw
advantage
from
their
Division
,
desired
them
to
consider
,
That
if
they
condemned
the
memory
of
Caesar
,
they
ought
also
to
Cancell
his
Orders
,
that
that
would
have
respect
not
onely
to
the
Empire
in
General
,
but
almost
to
every
particular
man
there
present
,
that
some
were
in
possession
of
Dignities
,
others
of
Employments
,
others
of
Governments
,
and
all
by
virtue
of
Caesar
's
Orders
,
that
if
these
Orders
were
unjust
,
they
ought
to
resolve
to
lay
aside
those
honours
which
they
could
no
longer
think
were
lawfully
conferred
upon
them
.
Now
the
first
debate
of
all
matters
of
Importance
was
evermore
held
in
the
Senate
,
and
afterwards
proposed
to
the
People
,
who
by
their
advice
either
confirmed
or
rejected
the
Decree
,
so
these
words
of
Antonius
caused
a
great
commotion
in
the
Assembly
,
and
here
one
little
spark
of
Interest
eclipsed
all
the
plausible
and
high
resolutions
of
those
grave
Senatours
,
they
all
rose
up
,
crying
out
in
confusion
,
That
it
was
insufferable
that
the
Dignities
they
were
invested
in
,
should
come
to
be
Canvased
amongst
the
People
.
Especially
Dollabella
,
who
was
designed
Consul
,
and
who
indeed
had
need
of
a
dispensation
,
being
not
yet
qualified
in
age
as
the
Law
required
,
he
who
found
he
could
not
maintain
himself
,
but
by
the
Authority
of
Caesar
,
whose
Memory
the
day
before
he
had
violated
,
appeared
now
the
most
eager
in
his
defence
,
and
charged
those
with
wrong
doing
who
had
praised
the
Murtherers
of
a
Dictatour
.
Nevertheless
,
several
Pretors
threw
off
their
Robes
,
which
they
had
hopes
afterwards
to
take
up
again
by
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
.
Upon
this
Antonius
and
Lepidus
left
the
Senate
,
several
Senatours
ran
after
them
,
to
desire
them
to
return
,
and
overtook
them
in
sight
of
the
People
,
who
were
assembled
in
a
great
number
about
the
Gates
of
the
Temple
;
then
Antonius
threw
open
his
Robe
,
and
shewed
that
he
was
armed
,
saying
,
That
he
knew
no
other
way
to
secure
his
life
than
that
of
Arms.
Several
cryed
out
,
That
he
ought
to
provide
against
those
disorders
.
Others
demanded
Peace
;
And
what
assurance
,
says
he
,
can
there
be
in
that
Peace
,
where
even
the
Religion
of
Oaths
was
not
of
force
enough
to
defend
Caesar
?
Then
those
who
were
to
revenge
,
called
Lepidus
,
he
came
down
the
stairs
of
the
Temple
,
and
getting
upon
the
advantage
of
the
ground
,
I
was
,
says
he
,
yesterday
here
with
Caesar
in
this
very
place
,
where
I
now
lament
his
death
.
Upon
this
the
outcrys
began
again
,
some
for
Revenge
,
others
for
Peace
;
at
last
they
desired
him
to
take
upon
him
the
Dignity
of
Sovereign
Pontifex
,
which
Office
had
been
Caesar's
,
he
begged
of
them
,
To
reserve
those
kind
thoughts
they
had
for
him
,
and
seeing
that
those
who
inclined
to
Peace
were
the
strongest
Party
,
he
said
,
he
would
be
over
persuaded
by
them
against
his
own
inclination
,
and
returned
to
the
Senate
.
The
Confusion
still
lasted
upon
the
place
,
but
Antonius
,
who
came
to
prove
the
indifference
of
the
People
for
both
the
two
Parties
,
and
who
perceived
well
,
that
it
would
be
a
difficult
matter
to
bring
the
Conspiratous
to
punishment
,
made
a
Remonstrance
,
That
if
the
memory
of
Caesar
were
Condemned
,
all
the
Provinces
of
the
Empire
,
who
were
governed
by
his
Orders
,
would
look
upon
themselves
as
disingaged
of
their
Oath
and
their
Obedience
,
that
that
would
be
in
effect
to
proclaim
so
many
Men
of
Quality
as
he
had
raised
,
unworthy
of
their
Honours
;
that
that
must
turn
to
the
confusion
of
the
Republick
,
and
draw
upon
them
the
Contempt
of
Nations
that
were
Strangers
,
that
therefore
they
ought
to
consent
that
it
was
necessary
to
Ratify
the
Ordinances
of
Caesar
;
but
than
to
observe
how
Ridiculous
't
would
appear
at
the
same
time
to
give
Praises
and
Rewards
to
his
Murtherers
.
For
all
this
,
he
would
not
oppose
the
Compassion
which
pleaded
for
their
Pardon
,
in
consideration
of
their
Relations
,
provided
that
it
might
appear
done
at
the
Petition
of
their
Families
,
that
he
himself
had
there
consented
to
it
,
not
that
he
by
any
means
thought
it
agreeable
to
Iustice
,
but
for
the
publick
Quiet
.
So
his
advice
was
followed
,
and
the
Decree
passed
in
those
terms
,
there
were
onely
added
the
names
of
such
who
had
had
employments
,
and
other
honours
as
they
particularly
had
desired
.
CHAP.
V.
New
Divisions
occasioned
by
Caesar's
Will.
Brutus
and
Cassius
speak
to
the
People
in
their
own
justification
.
They
come
to
an
agreement
with
Anthony
and
Lepidus
.
THIS
Proceeding
redounded
much
to
Antonius's
Reputation
,
for
he
had
discharged
himself
of
this
business
with
a
great
deal
of
Address
and
Industry
,
though
very
many
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
even
Cicero
himself
were
of
opinion
,
That
he
thought
more
of
his
pleasure
than
the
business
of
the
Commonwealth
.
The
Senatours
went
home
to
their
Houses
very
well
satisfied
,
when
streight
a
new
difficulty
arose
.
Piso
declared
,
That
having
the
Will
of
Caesar
in
his
possession
,
he
had
given
it
into
the
protection
of
the
Vestals
,
with
orders
to
return
it
into
his
hands
.
It
was
told
him
,
That
the
Will
must
not
be
produced
,
and
that
it
would
be
very
improper
to
doe
him
Funeral
Honours
,
since
it
might
produce
fresh
Tumults
.
Piso
was
Caesar's
Father-in-Law
,
and
for
that
reason
ingaged
both
in
Honour
and
Friendship
to
see
his
last
will
put
in
execution
,
he
answered
,
That
he
would
discharge
himself
of
what
he
owed
to
his
Son-in-Law
and
his
Friend
;
and
when
it
was
answered
him
,
That
what
Caesar
disposed
of
,
was
the
Goods
which
belonged
to
the
Republick
,
which
by
this
means
was
robbed
of
its
right
,
and
that
he
should
be
called
to
an
account
for
his
proceedings
.
These
threatnings
caused
him
to
demand
of
the
Consuls
,
That
they
would
assemble
the
Senatours
which
were
yet
present
.
So
they
returned
to
the
Temple
,
where
Piso
delivered
himself
in
these
terms
,
I
am
sorry
to
see
that
the
number
of
Caesar
's
Murtherers
increases
each
moment
,
and
that
far
from
being
satisfied
with
the
cruel
death
which
they
have
made
him
suffer
,
they
yet
desire
that
the
body
of
a
Sovereign
Pontifex
should
be
deprived
of
the
Honours
of
Funeral
,
which
were
never
refused
to
the
meanest
Man
;
they
forbid
me
with
Threatnings
to
publish
his
Will
,
they
would
divide
his
Fortune
amongst
them
as
the
estate
of
a
Tyrant
,
and
which
is
most
surprizing
of
all
,
those
very
men
who
come
to
Ratify
what
he
hath
Ordained
in
the
Commonwealth
,
endeavour
to
suppress
what
he
hath
disposed
in
particular
,
and
though
it
be
neither
Cassius
nor
Brutus
themselves
that
declare
these
Opinions
,
it
is
easie
to
believe
that
those
who
maintain
it
,
are
influenced
by
them
.
However
it
be
,
order
you
what
you
please
as
to
Caesar
's
Funeral
,
but
for
his
Will
I
shall
remain
Master
of
that
,
and
so
long
as
I
have
breath
,
will
never
betray
that
Confidence
and
Trust
which
he
reposed
in
me
.
This
discourse
occasioned
a
fresh
Contest
,
those
who
believed
they
might
be
concerned
in
it
,
were
for
the
Will
,
so
it
was
ordered
that
it
should
be
Published
,
and
that
Funeral
Honours
should
be
given
to
Caesar
at
the
expence
of
the
Publick
.
Brutus
and
his
Friends
were
soon
advised
of
these
Proceedings
,
so
they
judged
it
convenient
to
prevent
the
minds
of
the
People
,
and
for
this
design
sent
to
desire
them
that
they
would
come
to
the
Capitol
.
When
they
were
assembled
there
in
a
great
number
,
Brutus
presenting
himself
,
said
,
That
they
were
not
retired
to
that
place
as
Offenders
,
who
sought
a
Sanctuary
,
but
to
prevent
the
misfortunes
that
might
arise
from
the
Affront
which
had
been
done
to
Cinna
,
that
they
had
understood
how
their
Enemies
spoke
of
the
death
of
Caesar
,
as
of
a
great
Crime
which
broke
all
those
measures
that
could
be
taken
with
them
for
their
safety
,
that
this
discourse
obliged
them
to
declare
their
Innocence
and
good
Intentions
,
that
since
the
death
of
Pompey
,
Caesar
had
always
acted
as
an
open
Tyrant
,
that
he
had
disposed
of
great
Charges
and
principal
employments
of
his
own
head
,
and
without
the
advice
of
the
Senate
;
that
he
had
turned
two
Tribunes
out
of
their
Offices
,
for
no
other
reason
than
that
they
had
taken
the
Crown
from
one
of
his
Images
,
that
by
that
means
he
was
the
first
that
had
attempted
to
violate
that
respect
which
was
due
to
Sacred
Persons
.
Besides
,
that
they
did
not
believe
any
Oath
was
of
force
enough
to
oblige
the
maintenance
of
Tyranny
,
that
in
all
other
occasions
their
words
should
be
Sacred
and
Inviolable
;
that
for
the
rewards
which
Caesar
had
promised
,
they
were
resolved
to
allow
of
them
in
the
name
of
the
Commonwealth
,
that
those
who
had
already
received
Inheritances
,
should
continue
in
the
possession
of
them
,
and
that
such
as
had
had
their
Lands
taken
from
them
,
should
have
their
Losses
repaired
out
of
the
first
money
that
came
into
the
publick
Treasury
.
This
discourse
was
received
with
Acclamations
,
and
the
People
admired
the
resolution
of
the
Conspiratours
,
so
by
this
means
their
minds
being
turned
wholly
in
their
favour
,
the
next
day
in
the
Assembly
of
the
Senate
,
Cicero's
Eloquence
found
it
no
hard
matter
to
persuade
,
That
all
which
had
passed
might
be
forgotten
.
His
advice
was
seconded
by
Plancus
,
so
an
Amnesty
or
Act
of
Oblivion
was
published
.
Antonius
and
Lepidus
sent
their
Children
to
the
Capitol
as
Hostages
for
the
Conspiratours
security
;
so
Brutus
descended
with
all
his
Accomplices
.
At
last
for
a
Testimony
of
a
sincere
Reconciliation
,
Antonius
entertained
Cassius
at
Supper
,
and
Brutus
was
at
home
with
Lepidus
.
These
last
,
who
were
Wise
Men
,
parted
very
well
in
appearance
,
but
as
Anthony
was
a
Laughter
,
and
Cassius
given
to
be
Cholerick
,
their
Conversation
was
not
without
some
sharpness
.
Antonius
asked
Cassius
,
If
he
had
not
yet
a
concealed
Dagger
?
Yes
,
answered
Cassius
,
and
a
sharp
one
too
for
those
who
dare
aspire
to
the
Tyranny
,
which
answer
it
is
believed
put
a
stop
to
any
farther
Jesting
.
CHAP.
VI.
Caesar's
Will
read
publickly
.
Antonius
makes
his
Funeral
Oration
.
THE
fire
of
Division
began
to
be
apparent
to
all
such
as
could
discern
any
thing
,
the
minds
of
the
People
were
so
well
disposed
,
that
they
doubted
not
but
the
Commonwealth
would
soon
recover
its
ancient
Majesty
.
But
those
who
judged
better
were
not
so
deceived
,
and
amongst
others
,
Atticus
,
the
particular
Friend
of
Cicero
,
this
was
a
Roman
Knight
of
the
first
of
that
Order
,
which
was
distinguished
from
that
of
the
Senatours
,
the
softness
of
his
Inclination
,
and
the
weakness
of
his
Constitution
had
hindred
him
from
signalizing
himself
in
Wars
,
but
the
qualifications
of
his
Mind
,
his
Honesty
and
his
Sincerity
,
made
him
be
considered
as
a
Man
of
great
Merit
,
and
gained
him
many
noble
Friends
;
and
though
he
had
some
in
all
Parties
,
and
that
the
opposite
Interest
which
imbroiled
them
,
had
raised
amongst
them
mortal
hatreds
,
Atticus
behaved
himself
evermore
with
such
dexterity
,
that
he
preserved
his
interest
in
them
all
.
This
management
preserved
him
from
the
miseries
of
the
age
he
lived
in
,
and
gave
him
at
last
the
Honour
of
seeing
his
Family
Allied
to
the
Caesars
,
which
considering
the
fury
of
the
Civil
Wars
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
that
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
that
which
followed
,
and
how
many
noble
Persons
perished
in
those
Divisions
,
I
know
not
where
we
can
find
an
Example
like
him
.
Cicero
was
of
no
great
Birth
,
and
had
been
often
reproached
for
the
Novelty
of
his
Nobility
,
but
the
Beauty
of
his
Wit
,
his
Eloquence
,
wherein
he
exceeded
the
best
Oratours
of
those
times
,
when
that
qualification
was
in
its
highest
lustre
,
and
a
certain
kind
of
Courage
which
rendred
him
fearless
upon
every
occasion
,
that
required
not
the
drawing
of
his
Sword
,
and
where
he
managed
the
interest
of
the
Commonwealth
,
had
raised
him
to
the
highest
Honours
,
he
discharged
the
Consulship
with
a
great
deal
of
Glory
,
in
putting
a
stop
to
Catiline's
Conspiracy
,
so
that
in
speaking
of
it
,
he
almost
made
himself
ridiculous
and
insupportable
to
his
Friends
,
even
Brutus
could
not
forbear
rallying
of
him
for
it
very
sharply
in
a
Letter
which
he
wrote
to
Atticus
,
and
which
is
still
extant
.
Atticus
therefore
,
who
knew
how
little
assurance
was
to
be
had
from
the
inconstancy
of
the
People
,
could
not
forbear
declaring
to
his
Friends
his
fears
,
lest
the
opening
of
Caesar's
Will
,
and
the
publick
Honours
that
were
to
be
done
him
,
should
occasion
new
Troubles
.
His
apprehensions
were
but
too
well
grounded
,
for
Piso
brought
the
Will
,
which
was
opened
in
Antonius's
House
,
and
read
in
the
presence
of
the
People
.
Octavius
the
Grand-son
of
Iulia
,
Caesar's
Sister
,
was
by
it
Adopted
to
take
upon
him
his
Name
,
and
constituted
Heir
of
nine
parts
of
hs
Estate
,
and
[
*
](A33186-e49180-b)
*
Lucius
Pinarius
,
and
Quintus
Pedius
were
also
Caesar's
Grand
Nephews
.
Pinarius
and
Pedius
of
three
other
parts
.
To
the
Roman
People
he
left
the
Gardens
,
which
he
had
on
the
other
side
of
the
Tiber
,
and
to
every
Citizen
in
particular
24
Drachma's
.
Amongst
his
second
Heirs
who
were
to
inherit
in
case
of
Mortality
according
to
Custome
,
he
substituted
Decimus
Brutus
,
who
was
one
of
the
Conspiratours
.
Several
others
also
who
had
dipped
their
hands
in
his
bloud
,
were
named
for
Tutours
to
his
Son
,
in
case
he
had
left
one
.
At
these
Tokens
of
Caesar's
Goodness
,
and
his
Affection
for
the
People
,
none
could
forbear
their
Tears
and
Lamentations
.
But
Decimus
,
his
being
substituted
an
Heir
,
provoked
the
Indignation
of
the
whole
Assembly
.
After
this
,
Piso
caused
the
Body
to
be
brought
forth
with
a
great
deal
of
Pomp
,
those
who
carried
it
were
all
Men
in
Office
,
and
of
the
most
Illustrious
in
the
Senate
.
It
was
set
down
in
the
middle
of
the
Forum
,
upon
a
place
called
the
Rostra
,
with
a
guard
of
Armed
Souldiers
,
in
this
place
there
was
erected
a
little
Temple
of
guilded
Wood
,
according
to
the
Model
of
that
of
Venus
,
which
they
called
the
Mother
,
because
the
Family
of
Iulus
,
which
was
the
name
of
the
Caesars
,
pretended
to
have
their
Original
from
that
Goddess
.
In
this
little
Temple
was
a
Bed
of
Ivory
,
Magnificently
Adorn'd
with
Curtains
of
Cloth
of
Gold
and
Purple
,
at
the
head
of
the
Bed
was
a
Trophy
,
with
the
Robe
which
he
wore
when
he
was
assassinated
.
For
the
Pile
,
it
was
prepared
in
the
Field
of
Mars
.
All
the
People
ran
to
see
this
sight
,
weeping
and
lamenting
a
new
,
even
those
who
bore
Arms
made
a
great
noise
,
as
if
they
demanded
Vengeance
.
Now
that
Custome
among
the
Romans
was
,
that
one
of
the
Kinsmen
of
the
dead
Man
,
one
of
his
Friends
,
or
at
least
one
of
his
Brethren
in
Office
,
should
speak
in
his
Praise
.
Antonius
,
who
was
Consul
with
Caesar
,
when
he
was
slain
,
was
his
Friend
also
,
and
his
Ally
,
so
he
laid
hold
of
that
occasion
for
the
improvement
of
what
he
designed
,
Gentlemen
,
said
he
,
though
I
alone
present
my self
to
praise
the
Memory
of
that
great
Man
,
whose
Body
you
see
here
before
you
,
methinks
I
reade
in
your
faces
that
upon
this
occasion
you
are
all
of
the
same
Opinion
with
me
,
and
that
there
is
not
one
of
those
who
hears
me
now
,
but
in
his
heart
praises
him
also
.
By
this
means
,
when
I
shall
recount
to
you
his
great
Actions
,
his
Vertues
,
and
then
those
Honours
wherewith
the
Senate
and
you
afterwards
have
Rewarded
them
,
I
shall
not
speak
only
what
I
think
my self
,
but
moreover
as
your
Interpreter
.
Then
he
made
a
report
of
all
those
Titles
of
Honour
which
had
been
given
to
Caesar
,
his
Dictatourship
,
his
being
several
times
Consul
,
with
the
Name
of
the
Father
of
his
Countrey
,
from
thence
he
passed
on
to
his
Vertues
,
praising
his
Courage
,
his
Eloquence
,
his
Humanity
,
and
his
Mildness
,
which
was
so
great
,
said
he
,
that
he
was
never
able
to
withhold
his
good
inclinations
,
even
from
those
who
had
offended
him
.
After
this
,
he
repeated
the
Oath
which
the
People
of
Rome
had
made
to
C●sar
,
by
which
they
swore
,
That
his
Person
should
be
Sacred
and
Inviolable
,
and
took
the
Gods
to
Witness
,
that
they
would
defend
it
with
the
hazard
of
their
lives
.
But
observing
at
this
discourse
some
alteration
in
several
of
the
Senatours
,
he
concluded
with
saying
,
That
what
had
been
done
ought
to
be
forgotten
,
that
it
was
the
Crime
of
some
Demons
that
were
Enemies
to
Rome
,
rather
than
Men
,
and
that
nothing
now
ought
farther
to
be
thought
of
,
than
the
Honouring
of
the
Memory
of
the
Illustrious
Dead
,
and
placing
him
amongst
the
Gods
.
CHAP.
VII
.
The
Pomp
of
Caesar's
Funeral
.
The
Rising
of
the
People
of
Rome
,
and
their
Fury
against
the
Conspiratours
.
WHILE
this
Discourse
lasted
,
one
of
those
who
were
called
Archimimi
,
(
who
assisted
where
great
Men
were
to
attend
,
and
often
represented
them
)
as
if
some
Fury
had
possessed
him
,
tore
Caesar's
Robe
off
from
the
Trophy
,
and
shewed
it
to
the
People
,
crying
out
,
That
it
was
the
spoil
of
a
Person
beloved
of
the
Gods
,
and
reverenced
of
all
the
People
even
to
Adoration
.
He
added
several
things
of
the
like
nature
in
a
terrible
Tone
,
and
weeping
between
while
with
Outcries
,
and
strange
postures
of
Sorrow
,
which
stirred
up
the
compassion
of
the
People
.
At
the
same
time
was
to
be
seen
the
Figure
of
C●sar
in
Wax
,
which
moved
it self
by
Springs
,
and
shewed
the
Wounds
which
he
had
received
upon
his
face
,
and
in
his
Body
,
this
sight
transported
the
People
even
to
Madness
,
they
cryed
out
,
They
would
inflict
most
cruel
punishments
on
those
that
had
murthered
him
.
Some
proposed
the
burning
the
Body
in
the
Capitol
,
to
doe
him
the
more
Honour
,
others
said
,
That
that
duty
ought
to
be
paid
him
in
the
Hall
of
Pompey
,
when
two
Armed
Men
carrying
each
of
them
two
Javelins
,
set
fire
with
Flambeaus
to
the
little
Temple
where
the
Bed
was
,
so
every
Body
ran
thither
,
some
with
the
first
bits
of
Wood
they
could
get
together
,
others
with
the
Benches
and
Chairs
of
the
Magistrates
,
who
held
Courts
of
Justice
in
that
place
,
so
that
the
Body
,
the
Bed
,
and
the
Temple
were
all
consumed
in
a
moment
.
All
Authours
agree
in
this
,
but
Plutarch
says
,
That
he
who
shewed
Caesar
's
Robe
to
the
People
,
was
Antonius
himself
.
Now
as
the
commotion
of
a
furious
People
runs
always
to
extremity
,
many
round
about
the
Funeral
Pile
took
up
flaming
Brands
,
and
ran
to
set
fire
to
the
Conspiratours
Houses
,
who
being
all
of
the
most
Illustrious
Families
of
Rome
,
by
the
great
number
of
their
Domesticks
repulsed
the
Violence
,
so
the
People
retired
with
terrible
Threats
,
which
very
much
affrighted
them
,
they
reasonably
judged
that
there
was
no
longer
safety
for
them
in
the
City
,
especially
after
an
extraordinary
Accident
which
arrived
at
the
same
time
.
One
of
Caesar's
Friends
,
who
was
a
Versifier
,
and
to
his
Misfortune
,
called
Cinna
,
had
dreamt
the
night
before
that
Caesar
had
invited
him
to
Supper
,
and
upon
his
refusal
had
taken
him
by
the
hand
,
and
forcibly
dragged
him
into
a
dark
place
,
this
dream
had
given
him
a
Fever
,
nevertheless
that
hindred
him
not
from
rising
to
go
and
pay
his
last
Offices
to
his
Friend
,
he
came
just
in
the
nick
of
time
,
when
the
People
were
returning
in
rage
from
the
Conspiratours
Houses
,
when
some
body
unluckily
called
him
by
his
Name
,
and
that
Name
so
odious
for
the
sake
of
the
other
Cinna
,
who
had
made
an
Oration
the
day
before
,
was
as
a
signal
for
them
to
fall
upon
him
with
such
rage
,
that
the
poor
Wretch
was
torn
in
a
thousand
pieces
in
a
moment
.
There
are
a
hundred
other
instances
how
much
Caesar
was
beloved
,
the
old
Souldiers
,
who
had
served
under
him
,
threw
into
the
fire
all
their
Coronets
,
Pikes
,
Bracelets
,
and
other
Tokens
of
Honour
which
he
had
given
them
.
A
great
many
Ladies
of
Quality
also
threw
in
their
Childrens
Robes
and
Ornaments
,
with
every
thing
which
they
had
of
Value
about
them
.
All
the
Strangers
who
were
at
Rome
,
mourned
after
their
Customs
,
and
particularly
the
Jews
,
who
watched
several
nights
at
the
Pile
.
At
last
Divine
Honours
were
given
him
,
and
an
Altar
was
erected
in
the
place
where
he
had
been
burnt
,
and
where
Octavius
Caesar
,
since
called
Augustus
,
caused
a
Temple
to
be
built
,
and
a
Pillar
of
Jaspar
,
twenty
foot
high
,
with
this
Title
,
To
the
Father
of
his
Countrey
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
The
Artifices
of
Antonius
.
He
procures
himself
Guards
.
Brutus
and
Cassius
withdraw
from
Rome
.
Antonius
gets
the
Government
of
Macedonia
for
his
Brother
.
Cyrene
is
given
to
Cassius
,
and
Bithynia
to
Brutus
.
THE
Commotions
and
Fury
of
the
People
made
the
Senatours
very
much
suspect
the
Conduct
of
Antonius
,
who
had
still
need
of
their
favour
,
so
he
resolved
to
regain
it
by
a
desperate
undertaking
,
which
happened
to
please
them
.
Amatius
,
who
called
himself
the
Son
of
Marius
,
committed
great
disorders
in
the
City
with
some
People
whom
the
reputation
of
his
Father
had
gathered
about
him
.
Antonius
caused
him
to
be
apprehended
and
slain
without
more
formality
.
The
Senate
approved
the
Action
,
since
it
assured
the
Conspiratours
,
amongst
the
others
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
whom
those
Mutineers
had
threatned
.
But
the
manner
of
this
Proceeding
did
not
please
them
,
and
Antonius's
boldness
made
them
afraid
.
Amatius
his
People
publickly
complained
,
and
Assembled
themselves
about
the
Altar
of
Caesar
,
whence
Antonius
and
his
Collegue
Dollabella
caused
the
Souldiers
to
disperse
them
,
and
Dollabella
erected
a
Statue
with
this
Inscription
,
To
the
good
Father
,
which
very
much
displeased
Cicero
.
This
provoked
the
Mutineers
,
they
came
together
the
next
day
in
the
same
place
where
they
appeared
,
washing
the
foot
of
the
Altar
and
the
Statue
with
their
tears
;
at
last
their
Compassion
was
turned
into
Madness
,
and
they
ran
to
the
place
where
the
Image
which
Dollabella
had
set
up
,
was
guarded
,
to
set
it
on
fire
,
but
Dollabella
,
commanded
them
to
be
fallen
upon
,
where
many
were
killed
,
and
of
those
who
were
taken
,
the
Slaves
by
his
order
were
hanged
,
and
the
others
thrown
down
Rocks
.
This
Chastisement
appeased
the
Sedition
,
but
it
made
the
Consuls
hatefull
to
the
People
.
Antonius
preserved
himself
well
with
the
Senate
,
and
to
gain
them
intirely
,
proposed
the
recalling
of
the
young
Pompey
,
and
that
some
Recompence
might
be
allotted
him
for
the
loss
of
his
Father's
Estate
,
and
the
Command
of
the
Fleets
put
into
his
hands
.
These
things
extremely
pleased
all
the
Senatours
to
see
the
safety
of
Brutus
and
the
other
Conspiratours
,
as
well
as
the
Authority
of
Pompey's
Party
established
.
Cicero
praised
Anthony
,
and
in
an
Eloquent
Oration
thanked
him
in
the
Senate
;
Anthony
took
this
occasion
to
demand
Guards
for
the
safety
of
his
Person
,
nor
was
there
any
who
durst
refuse
it
a
Magistrate
who
had
sacrificed
himself
to
the
hatred
of
the
People
for
the
interest
of
the
Senate
.
Upon
this
pretence
he
raised
about
6000
Men
,
all
old
Souldiers
,
who
had
served
under
Iulius
Caesar
,
and
almost
all
of
them
Men
fit
to
Command
.
This
was
the
first
,
but
not
the
onely
step
which
the
Senate
made
against
their
own
Interest
,
and
it
was
wonderfull
to
see
the
most
discerning
Persons
of
so
refined
an
age
act
with
so
much
inconstancy
as
then
appeared
in
all
their
proceedings
.
But
they
soon
repented
of
what
they
had
agreed
to
,
and
it
was
remonstrated
to
Antonius
,
That
so
great
a
number
of
Guards
were
but
unprofitable
as
well
as
odious
.
He
promised
to
reduce
them
when
the
hatred
of
the
People
should
be
appeased
.
In
the
mean
time
he
gained
to
his
interest
Caesar's
Secretary
,
called
Faberius
,
and
by
that
means
made
himself
Master
of
all
his
Memorials
.
Now
there
had
been
published
a
general
approbation
of
all
that
Caesar
had
ordained
,
and
under
this
pretence
Antonius
by
the
help
of
the
Secretary
brought
into
the
Senate
People
wholly
in
his
Interest
,
he
called
home
the
banished
Men
,
created
new
Officers
,
and
all
,
said
he
,
in
pursuance
of
Caesar's
Memorials
,
which
he
fashioned
according
to
his
fancy
;
the
People
laughed
at
these
Officers
and
new
Senatours
,
calling
them
[
*
](A33186-e50140-b)
*
By
reason
of
Charon's
Bark
that
Caesar
had
passed
in
.
Charonitae
,
and
all
this
was
the
occasion
that
new
distrusts
arose
,
and
those
of
the
Conspiratours
,
to
whom
Caesar
had
given
Governments
,
withdrew
themselves
,
Decimus
into
the
Cisalpine
Gall
,
which
is
to
say
,
Piedmont
,
the
Countrey
of
Milan
,
and
all
that
which
is
called
Lombardy
,
Tribonius
into
Asia
,
Cimber
into
Bithynia
,
Brutus
and
Cassius
had
Macedonia
and
Syria
.
They
would
not
yet
abandon
the
City
and
their
Friends
,
so
they
tryed
if
they
could
make
their
Authority
prevail
as
they
were
Pretors
,
but
as
they
could
not
secure
themselves
of
the
minds
of
the
People
,
they
lived
as
private
Men
,
and
wrote
to
their
Friends
to
fortify
in
their
Provinces
.
The
Proceedings
of
Antonius
increased
dayly
their
Suspicions
,
and
that
private
life
of
theirs
seemed
a
kind
of
dishonour
to
the
Senate
,
whose
Idols
(
to
speak
properly
)
they
were
,
so
they
were
ordered
to
go
and
procure
Victualling
and
Provisions
of
Corn
for
the
City
,
to
the
end
that
they
might
have
a
plausible
pretence
of
quitting
it
,
and
afterwards
retire
themselves
to
their
Governments
,
without
making
their
Retreat
look
like
a
●light
.
Of
this
Antonius
failed
not
to
make
good
advantage
,
his
two
Brothers
,
sirnamed
Cajus
and
Lucius
,
were
the
one
Pretor
,
and
the
other
Tribune
,
so
that
he
being
Consul
,
the
Authority
of
these
three
great
Offices
made
him
almost
absolute
in
the
Government
of
the
Commonwealth
.
He
had
an
inclination
to
the
Government
of
Syria
,
but
he
saw
very
well
that
the
asking
of
it
would
onely
increase
the
distrust
of
the
Senate
,
where
already
many
designs
were
on
Foot
against
his
Interest
,
and
which
also
he
was
very
well
informed
of
.
Dolabella
his
Collegue
in
the
Consulship
had
been
drawn
into
that
business
,
but
Antonius
,
who
knew
his
Unconstancy
and
his
Ambition
,
cunningly
persuaded
him
to
demand
the
Government
of
Syria
,
and
the
Army
which
Caesar
had
prepared
against
the
Parthians
.
The
young
Man
ran
presently
into
the
snare
,
and
when
it
was
Remonstrated
to
him
,
That
that
Proposition
was
contrary
to
the
Ordinances
of
Caesar
;
He
answered
,
That
Caesar
's
design
was
to
make
War
upon
the
Parthians
,
that
as
to
his
Decrees
,
Cassius
had
first
mistaken
them
in
permitting
the
old
Souldiers
to
sell
the
Inheritances
which
had
been
given
them
,
and
which
Caesar
had
expresly
forbidden
,
that
for
what
remained
,
it
would
be
an
affront
to
him
to
believe
that
Cassius
had
any
advantage
over
him
either
in
Courage
or
in
Conduct
.
The
Senate
thus
intangled
,
went
another
way
to
work
,
they
resolved
to
persuade
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
called
Asprinas
,
to
find
out
some
Religious
reason
for
the
opposing
of
this
Proposition
,
when
it
should
come
before
the
People
under
the
pretence
of
Thunder
,
or
some
other
unlucky
Omen
.
All
the
Roman
Histories
are
full
of
this
kind
of
Superstition
,
and
after
this
manner
the
People
fansied
to
themselves
either
fortunate
or
unlucky
Presages
upon
unlucky
Omens
,
their
Assemblies
always
separated
,
and
the
squeeking
of
a
Mouse
would
frequently
fright
them
from
their
debates
of
the
highest
importance
.
The
Cunning
Men
made
the
right
use
of
this
weakness
,
when
any
thing
was
proposed
which
did
not
please
them
,
and
this
was
the
design
of
the
Senate
,
which
they
thought
ought
to
have
been
promoted
by
Antonius
,
he
being
one
of
the
College
of
Augures
(
who
were
a
certain
sort
of
Dignitaries
that
judged
of
these
kind
of
Omens
)
and
who
they
imagined
wished
the
Government
of
Syria
for
himself
.
But
these
were
false
measures
,
for
Antonius
seized
upon
the
Tribune
as
an
Impostour
,
and
was
the
occasion
that
Dolabella
got
the
Province
,
and
the
Army
afterwards
.
He
demanded
Macedonia
for
his
Brother
Cajus
,
which
none
durst
refuse
him
.
All
that
the
Senate
could
doe
,
was
to
put
the
Friends
of
Brutus
and
Cassius
also
upon
demanding
other
Provinces
instead
of
those
that
had
been
taken
from
them
,
which
they
obtained
,
to
Cassius
was
given
Cyrene
upon
the
Coast
of
Africa
,
with
that
of
Crete
,
at
present
called
Candia
,
and
Bithynia
to
Brutus
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Octavius
the
grand
Nephew
of
Caesar
,
comes
to
Rome
against
the
Opinion
of
his
Kindred
,
he
declares
himself
Caesar's
Heir
,
and
takes
upon
him
his
Name
.
IN
the
mean
time
news
arrived
at
Rome
,
that
Octavius
the
grand
Nephew
of
Caesar
,
whom
he
had
Adopted
and
declared
his
chief
Heir
,
was
coming
to
enter
upon
his
Succession
.
Octavius
,
so
famous
since
by
the
Name
of
Augustus
Caesar
,
was
of
a
very
Ancient
and
Illustrious
Family
in
Italy
,
but
he
came
out
of
a
branch
of
that
Family
which
had
not
been
much
advanced
.
He
was
handsome
,
and
so
very
beautifull
,
that
it
acquired
him
Veneration
,
he
had
a
great
deal
of
Wit
,
which
was
subtile
and
cunning
,
a
lofty
Mind
,
of
extreme
Wisedom
,
and
very
insinuating
Conversation
.
Caesar
,
who
had
not
any
nearer
Kinsman
,
took
a
great
deal
of
care
of
his
Education
,
and
he
improved
so
well
under
so
good
a
Master
,
that
his
Merit
advanced
him
to
the
Empire
of
the
World
.
He
governed
with
so
great
Wisedom
and
Moderation
,
that
the
Prudence
and
Mildness
of
Augustus
have
been
ever
since
wished
to
his
Successours
:
though
he
was
now
but
very
young
,
his
Unkle
caused
him
to
exercise
the
charge
of
General
of
the
Cavalry
for
one
complete
year
,
and
afterwards
sent
him
to
Appollonia
,
a
City
upon
the
Coast
of
Epirus
,
to
complete
his
Studies
and
his
Exercises
,
thither
came
to
him
dayly
the
principal
Commanders
of
the
Troops
of
that
Province
,
and
even
the
Souldiers
also
to
make
their
Court
to
him
,
and
entertain
him
with
Combates
and
Games
;
after
having
staid
about
six
months
in
that
City
,
he
understood
the
death
of
Caesar
,
and
all
his
Friends
advised
to
seek
Protection
from
the
Troops
of
that
Province
,
who
had
served
under
Caesar
,
and
still
honoured
his
Memory
.
His
Mother
was
Married
again
to
a
Man
of
Quality
,
called
Martius
Philippus
,
so
they
both
wrote
to
him
by
way
of
advice
,
To
undertake
nothing
that
might
bring
trouble
upon
him
,
but
that
he
would
take
warning
by
his
Vnkle
,
and
come
to
Rome
to
them
,
where
he
might
lead
a
quiet
and
peaceable
life
,
and
that
they
would
take
care
of
his
preservation
.
These
different
Counsels
were
enough
to
intangle
a
Man
who
was
now
but
eighteen
years
of
Age.
But
of
all
the
Counsels
that
were
proposed
to
him
,
he
resolved
upon
the
most
honest
and
the
most
generous
,
which
was
,
To
revenge
the
death
of
his
Vnkle
,
so
he
put
himself
on
Ship-board
,
and
came
and
landed
at
a
certain
little
Town
near
Brundusi●m
,
where
he
was
informed
of
what
had
been
done
at
Rome
since
the
death
of
Caesar
,
and
though
he
had
received
fresh
Letters
from
his
Mother
,
nevertheless
fully
resolved
to
declare
himself
Heir
to
the
Fortune
and
Name
of
Caesar.
With
this
design
he
went
to
Br●ndusi●m
,
after
being
first
well
assured
that
none
of
the
Murtherers
of
his
Unkle
were
in
the
place
,
such
of
Caesar's
old
Souldiers
as
were
Quartered
in
that
City
,
came
out
to
meet
him
,
and
did
him
Honours
as
the
Son
of
their
General
.
He
made
a
Sacrifice
to
the
Gods
,
and
after
having
according
to
the
Roman
Custome
taken
upon
him
the
Name
of
his
Adoptive
Father
;
all
his
Friends
,
his
Slaves
,
his
Freed-men
,
and
many
other
Souldiers
came
to
him
upon
the
News
.
The
very
Arms
,
Money
and
Provision
which
were
sent
to
the
Troops
of
Macedonia
,
were
brought
to
him
,
and
this
happy
beginning
put
him
upon
his
march
towards
Rome
,
in
his
Journey
thither
he
saw
Cicero
,
who
avoided
the
calling
of
him
Caesar
,
though
every
body
else
at
that
time
did
it
,
because
,
says
he
,
in
a
Letter
Philip
himself
did
not
doe
it
,
and
that
no
good
Citizen
ought
so
long
as
he
is
attended
with
such
as
threaten
our
Friends
.
Nevertheless
he
remained
not
long
in
this
Opinion
,
and
Octavius
arriving
at
last
at
Rome
,
declared
to
his
Friends
,
That
notwithstanding
their
fears
,
he
could
not
but
think
himself
unworthy
of
life
,
should
he
not
use
his
utmost
indeavours
to
revenge
the
death
of
Caesar.
It
is
said
,
that
his
Mother
imbraced
him
at
these
words
,
and
approved
of
his
Design
.
Now
Antonius
had
sent
no
body
out
to
meet
him
,
which
coldness
of
proceeding
much
augmented
the
fears
of
young
Caesar's
Friends
.
But
he
declared
how
he
thought
it
very
just
that
a
young
Man
,
of
but
a
private
condition
as
he
was
,
should
make
the
first
steps
towards
Antonius
,
who
was
his
Seniour
,
and
a
Consul
;
so
he
besought
his
Friends
to
bear
him
company
to
that
visit
the
next
morning
,
who
all
attended
him
accordingly
;
as
he
was
going
thither
,
he
met
Cajus
,
Antonius
his
Brother
,
who
was
Pretor
,
and
took
that
occasion
to
declare
to
him
his
Adoption
,
and
caused
it
to
be
registred
according
to
Custome
.
CHAP.
X.
Octavius
visits
Antonius
,
who
receives
him
very
ill
.
His
demands
,
and
Antonius
his
Answer
.
OCtavius
was
forc't
to
wait
a
great
while
at
Antonius
's
Gate
,
who
nevertheless
at
last
received
him
with
a
great
deal
of
Complement
and
Ceremony
,
after
which
they
were
come
to
the
Point
.
Young
Caesar
began
,
and
highly
praised
Antonius
,
to
whom
he
confessed
he
had
many
obligations
,
after
which
,
he
modestly
complained
to
him
,
For
that
he
had
suffered
a
Pardon
to
pass
for
Caesar's
Murtherers
,
whom
he
might
have
punished
with
as
much
severity
,
and
as
Arbitrarily
as
he
had
done
Amatius
.
That
he
had
also
gone
farther
,
and
given
his
advice
for
the
allotting
of
them
Provinces
and
Governments
,
when
he
himself
presided
in
the
Senate
as
Consul
.
He
handsomely
represented
to
him
Caesar
's
Friendship
,
and
the
good
Offices
he
had
done
him
,
adding
,
That
Caesar
would
have
adopted
him
,
had
he
not
been
persuaded
that
a
Man
,
as
he
was
,
descended
from
Hercules
,
would
have
made
a
scruple
of
entring
into
the
Family
of
Aeneas
:
He
conjured
him
by
the
Memory
of
his
Father
to
assist
him
in
revenging
his
death
,
at
least
not
to
oppose
the
design
he
had
of
proceeding
in
it
.
He
gave
him
to
understand
that
he
was
resolved
to
satisfy
what
was
stipulated
in
the
Will
,
and
to
distribute
amongst
the
People
and
the
Souldiers
what
Caesar
had
left
them
.
Nevertheless
,
having
little
Fortune
of
his
own
,
he
desired
him
to
deliver
him
fourteen
hundred
and
fifteen
thousand
Crowns
out
of
the
Money
which
Caesar
had
left
,
and
to
lend
him
as
much
more
out
of
the
publick
stock
as
he
should
have
occasion
for
.
That
for
the
Moveables
and
Goods
,
them
he
might
keep
,
he
being
contented
to
allow
them
as
marks
and
remembrances
of
Caesar's
affection
.
Antonius
amazed
at
the
young
Man's
Confidence
,
and
being
piqued
at
the
last
Article
of
his
discourse
,
told
him
,
That
there
might
have
been
some
reason
for
what
he
urged
,
had
Caesar
left
him
heir
of
the
Roman
Empire
as
well
as
of
his
Name
and
Fortune
,
but
that
the
Sovereign
Authority
had
no
Title
of
Succession
in
Rome
,
and
that
therefore
he
ought
not
to
demand
reasons
of
him
for
what
he
had
done
in
the
Government
of
the
Commonwealth
.
That
for
the
obligations
which
he
thought
he
owed
him
,
he
was
willing
to
dispense
with
them
,
since
what
he
had
done
was
without
any
prospect
of
his
Service
,
and
onely
designed
for
the
good
of
his
Countrey
.
That
nevertheless
he
had
not
forgotten
Caesar's
Friendship
,
but
had
secured
to
him
those
Honours
due
to
his
Memory
,
even
to
the
hazard
of
his
own
life
.
That
for
the
rest
,
he
had
permitted
it
,
because
't
was
not
in
his
power
to
have
opposed
it
without
declaring
himself
a
Friend
to
Tyranny
.
That
nevertheless
his
want
of
experience
was
excusable
,
which
had
hindred
him
from
taking
these
things
into
his
consideration
,
though
it
would
require
some
to
be
sensible
that
the
advantages
arising
to
him
from
his
Succession
to
Caesar
,
did
onely
in
part
belong
to
him
,
that
he
was
not
at
all
jealous
of
his
good
Fortune
,
though
by
his
own
Confession
,
it
might
as
well
have
happened
to
himself
,
since
Caesar
would
have
adopted
him
,
had
he
not
been
of
the
Race
of
Hercules
.
That
as
to
Caesar's
Money
,
it
did
not
amount
to
so
great
a
sum
as
he
imagined
,
a
great
part
of
it
belonging
to
the
publick
,
which
he
had
given
his
orders
for
inquiring
into
,
since
Caesar
himself
(
had
he
lived
)
would
not
have
taken
it
ill
to
have
been
made
accountable
that
another
part
had
been
divided
amongst
the
Officers
,
besides
Dollabella
his
Brother
,
and
himself
,
who
had
refused
the
receiving
any
of
it
.
That
in
truth
he
had
distributed
it
amongst
those
to
whom
Caesar
had
ordained
it
,
and
was
ready
to
put
the
remainder
into
his
hands
,
but
that
if
he
were
Wise
,
he
would
employ
it
for
the
satisfaction
of
such
as
had
reason
of
complaint
either
against
his
Father
or
himself
,
and
for
the
sending
back
that
shoal
of
followers
who
accompanied
him
into
their
Colonies
,
rather
than
give
it
to
the
People
,
it
being
a
surprizing
thing
that
a
man
so
knowing
as
he
was
in
the
Grecian
History
,
should
seem
to
rely
upon
popular
affection
,
which
was
more
unconstant
than
the
Waves
of
the
Ocean
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Octavius
falls
out
with
Antonius
.
He
gains
the
affections
of
the
People
.
Antonius
sends
for
the
Macedonian
Army
into
Italy
.
THese
words
,
and
this
proceeding
of
Antonius
offending
young
Caesar
,
he
took
his
leave
of
him
,
repeating
several
times
as
he
went
out
of
the
door
the
name
of
his
Father
,
so
he
resolved
to
convert
all
his
own
Fortune
,
and
what
more
amounted
to
him
from
his
Succession
to
Caesar
into
ready
Money
,
by
that
means
to
put
himself
into
a
condition
of
satisfying
the
People
,
and
gaining
their
favour
,
whereof
he
knew
that
Antonius
had
but
a
small
share
,
by
reason
of
his
Inquisition
into
the
publick
Money
.
This
design
of
his
made
the
Senate
afraid
of
him
,
though
they
were
not
at
all
disturbed
to
see
him
fall
out
with
Antonius
,
because
they
hoped
that
that
Division
might
weaken
them
both
,
and
so
make
their
Ruine
more
easie
,
and
that
the
publick
Treasury
would
be
improved
by
what
should
arrive
to
it
out
of
Caesar's
Estate
.
Now
the
time
was
come
,
that
Brutus
was
to
give
the
Games
,
these
Games
were
certain
magnificent
Shews
which
the
Magistrates
at
the
going
out
of
their
Offices
gave
for
the
Divertisement
of
the
People
.
There
were
to
be
seen
the
Combats
of
Gladiatours
bred
up
and
taught
to
cut
one
anothers
Throats
on
purpose
,
upon
these
occasions
,
the
huntings
of
wild
Beasts
,
every
thing
that
could
be
found
rare
throughout
the
Provinces
,
Comedies
,
and
Musick
Prizes
.
In
short
,
the
expences
of
it
would
appear
incredible
to
any
who
have
not
been
acquainted
with
the
greatness
and
riches
of
Rome
.
Brutus
to
be
sure
had
spared
no
cost
for
the
setting
out
of
his
Games
,
his
Friends
hoping
that
by
that
Magnificence
he
might
regain
the
Friendship
of
the
People
.
Nevertheless
they
durst
not
counsel
him
to
appear
there
,
because
they
were
advised
that
a
great
number
of
Caesar's
old
Souldiers
flocked
dayly
to
Rome
.
In
effect
,
young
Caesar
having
sold
all
he
had
,
and
distributed
it
amongst
the
most
Factious
of
the
People
,
proceeded
now
to
selling
the
Goods
of
his
Mother
and
Father-in-Law
,
forcing
Pedius
and
Pinarius
his
Co-heirs
in
the
Succession
of
Caesar
,
to
quit
their
parts
to
him
,
which
he
also
sold
,
and
immediately
distributed
accordingly
.
These
things
made
a
great
noise
amongst
the
People
,
who
believed
themselves
now
more
obliged
to
him
than
to
the
very
Caesar
,
who
had
left
them
the
Money
.
The
Souldiers
came
also
from
all
parts
of
Italy
to
partake
of
his
liberality
;
so
that
though
Brutus
his
Games
were
very
Magnificent
,
and
the
People
extremely
pleased
with
them
,
his
Friends
no
sooner
demanded
that
he
and
Cassius
might
be
recalled
home
,
but
Caesar's
Party
put
a
stop
to
the
Shews
,
and
would
not
let
them
go
on
till
that
request
were
absolutely
rejected
.
It
was
easie
to
perceive
that
this
refusal
was
the
work
of
young
Caesar
,
and
those
who
before
wondred
at
his
boldness
for
making
Head
against
Anthony
,
were
now
as
much
surprized
at
his
Address
also
and
Power
.
By
this
means
Brutus
and
Cassius
lost
all
hopes
of
returning
to
Rome
,
and
went
one
into
Macedonia
,
and
the
other
into
Syria
,
they
pretended
that
Caesar
had
allotted
them
those
Provinces
which
had
since
been
unjustly
taken
from
them
,
and
Dollabella
,
whose
interest
was
Syria
,
departed
with
all
diligence
to
take
possession
of
his
Government
.
Antonius
very
well
knew
at
this
time
that
he
had
need
of
new
Forces
,
he
had
his
Eyes
upon
the
Army
which
was
in
Macedonia
,
composed
of
six
Legions
of
seasoned
Souldiers
,
abundance
of
Lancers
and
Cavalry
,
with
a
great
Equipage
of
Engines
,
and
all
sorts
of
Ammunition
,
he
was
afraid
lest
Dollabella
should
take
these
Troops
,
and
carry
them
against
the
Parthians
,
so
he
resolved
to
send
for
them
into
Italy
,
and
(
to
keep
them
the
mean
while
in
Macedonia
)
caused
a
report
to
be
spread
,
that
the
Getae
had
made
an
incursion
there
with
great
powers
.
Now
as
his
Brother
was
already
Governour
of
that
Province
,
it
was
his
Opinion
that
the
Command
of
those
Troops
would
not
be
deny'd
him
for
the
making
head
against
those
Barbarians
,
when
the
Senate
made
an
Order
,
that
some
body
should
be
sent
to
inquire
into
the
truth
of
that
news
.
So
Antonius
taking
notice
how
his
Plot
had
alarum'd
them
,
and
that
they
were
afraid
lest
he
should
make
himself
Dictatour
,
proposed
,
That
that
Office
might
be
abolished
for
ever
with
free
liberty
to
kill
and
destroy
whomsoever
should
have
the
boldness
to
offer
at
it
.
This
Proposition
so
agreeable
to
all
Parties
,
confirmed
the
Senate
,
when
at
last
by
under-hand
management
,
and
presents
which
he
made
,
Antonius
obtained
the
Command
of
the
Army
.
He
sent
his
Brother
Cajus
in
all
diligence
to
acquaint
the
Troops
with
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
with
private
orders
to
bring
them
into
Italy
,
so
those
Deputies
who
had
been
sent
to
inquire
into
the
state
of
that
Province
,
returned
and
brought
word
that
the
Getae
were
not
yet
entred
there
,
but
that
an
erruption
of
them
was
expected
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Antonius
demands
the
Government
of
the
Cisalpine
Gaul
.
He
offends
young
Caesar.
The
Souldiers
oblige
him
to
an
agreement
with
him
,
Antonius
gets
the
Government
.
IN
the
mean
time
Brutus
and
Cassius
made
preparations
for
War
,
and
Tribonius
,
whom
they
had
sent
into
Asia
,
fortified
the
places
of
that
Countrey
,
while
Antonius
Triumphed
at
Rome
,
all
his
Artifices
succeeded
in
the
Senate
,
and
he
thought
there
was
nothing
now
which
he
might
not
hope
for
,
Gaul
,
where
Decimus
Commanded
,
appeared
very
convenient
for
his
designs
,
so
he
was
not
afraid
to
demand
the
Government
of
it
out
of
the
confidence
he
had
in
his
Authority
.
This
Proposition
began
to
open
the
Eyes
of
the
Senatours
,
who
now
saw
openly
the
Ambition
of
Antonius
,
so
they
absolutely
rejected
his
Demands
,
and
sent
Deputies
to
Decimus
,
to
advise
him
,
To
strengthen
himself
against
the
pretensions
of
Antonius
,
who
was
now
resolved
to
obtain
that
from
the
People
,
which
had
been
refused
him
by
the
Senate
.
But
to
the
end
that
he
might
first
try
all
means
of
preserving
himself
in
their
favour
,
he
took
an
occasion
of
falling
out
with
young
Caesar
,
whose
Power
already
began
to
be
formidable
.
Critonius
,
who
was
Aedilis
,
was
to
give
Games
to
the
People
,
according
to
the
Custome
I
before
mentioned
.
It
was
Ordained
,
That
the
Image
of
Caesar
should
assist
at
all
the
Shews
,
placed
in
a
Magnificent
Seat
,
and
Crowned
with
Gold
.
Now
as
his
Adopted
Son
caused
the
Seat
to
be
brought
,
Critonius
opposed
him
upon
the
place
,
saying
,
He
would
not
allow
that
Caesar
should
be
honoured
at
his
expence
.
Young
Caesar
made
his
Complaints
of
this
to
the
Consul
,
who
was
Antonius
,
but
he
refused
to
doe
him
Justice
,
saying
,
That
it
was
none
of
his
business
to
interpose
in
that
matter
;
at
which
,
Octavius
being
provoked
,
fiercely
replyed
,
In
spight
of
the
uneasiness
of
those
Men
who
are
thus
impertinently
squeamish
,
my
Father's
Image
shall
appear
in
the
place
that
is
designed
for
it
,
nay
,
and
by
your
own
Decree
too
.
These
words
offended
Antonius
,
or
rather
to
speak
properly
,
Antonius
had
a
mind
to
be
offended
:
so
he
reproached
young
Caesar
,
that
all
his
Proceedings
tended
to
the
stirring
up
of
the
People
,
and
threatned
him
to
commit
him
to
Prison
,
forbidding
him
at
last
to
bring
his
Father's
Image
,
not
onely
to
Critonius
his
Games
,
but
even
to
those
which
Caesar
himself
was
to
exhibit
in
Honour
of
his
Father
before
the
Temple
of
Venus
.
These
prohibitions
appeared
so
full
of
Injustice
and
Violence
,
that
they
extremely
exasperated
the
People
,
so
young
Caesar
made
the
right
use
of
the
Quarrel
,
for
he
went
into
the
publick
Places
,
where
he
complained
of
the
injury
done
to
the
Memory
of
his
Father
.
Wherefore
,
said
he
,
(
as
if
Antonius
had
been
himself
present
)
should
thy
hatred
to
me
extend
it self
to
Caesar
,
who
has
deserved
so
well
of
thee
?
I
am
ready
joyfully
to
Sacrifice
my self
to
thy
Revenge
,
provided
thou
wilt
have
regard
to
the
Memory
of
my
Father
,
who
preferred
thee
above
all
other
Friendships
;
I
here
to
thy
insatiable
Avarice
freely
abandon
all
the
Fortune
which
he
left
to
me
,
onely
permit
me
enough
wherewith
to
satisfy
his
last
desires
,
I
beg
this
of
thee
for
the
Peoples
sake
,
and
not
my
own
,
for
I
shall
think
my self
rich
and
honourable
enough
if
I
can
but
doe
Iustice
to
his
Memory
in
distributing
amongst
the
People
what
he
has
left
them
.
This
discourse
was
immediately
spread
all
over
the
City
,
and
made
so
great
impression
,
that
Antonius
began
to
be
desperate
,
and
threatned
Revenge
.
When
Caesar's
Friends
,
and
even
the
old
Souldiers
,
whom
Antonius
had
taken
for
his
Guards
,
remonstrated
to
him
,
How
shamefull
it
was
in
this
manner
to
wrong
the
Memory
of
their
General
as
well
as
his
own
,
since
it
would
turn
at
last
to
their
confusion
,
and
purchase
him
but
little
Honour
.
As
he
had
need
of
these
People
,
he
thought
fit
to
hearken
to
them
,
and
after
having
complained
of
young
Caesar's
Proceedings
,
whom
he
accused
of
Arrogance
,
and
aspiring
to
an
equality
with
himself
,
who
was
elder
than
he
,
and
of
an
established
Reputation
,
he
said
,
That
he
was
willing
that
all
things
might
be
forgotten
in
complyance
to
the
desires
of
so
many
brave
men
.
He
had
besides
this
,
another
reason
for
his
complyance
.
He
was
now
to
try
what
Reputation
Caesar
had
amongst
the
People
,
which
he
pretended
he
would
make
use
of
for
his
assistence
in
getting
the
Province
of
Gall
,
so
the
Souldiers
obliged
them
to
see
one
another
,
and
they
parted
good
Friends
.
Immediately
Antonius
caused
the
Law
to
be
published
for
his
Government
,
and
notwithstanding
all
the
Senate
could
doe
with
the
Tribunes
,
Caesar's
underhand
management
with
the
People
,
the
many
Armed
Souldiers
which
he
brought
to
the
Assembly
in
favour
of
Antonius
against
Decimus
,
who
had
been
one
of
his
Father's
Murtherers
,
and
Antonius's
Money
,
wherewith
he
had
corrupted
the
Tribunes
,
made
the
Law
pass
,
and
he
got
the
Government
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
New
Quarrels
between
Antonius
and
Caesar.
Cicero
declares
himself
for
Caesar.
He
offends
Antonius
in
his
Orations
.
ANTONIVS
having
now
gotten
what
he
wished
for
,
began
to
contrive
according
to
his
Maximes
how
to
restore
himself
with
the
Senate
,
and
whether
it
were
that
he
little
valued
young
Caesar
,
or
whether
it
were
by
a
secret
motion
of
that
Antipathy
which
afterwards
so
much
declared
it self
,
and
was
at
last
the
cause
of
his
destruction
,
he
seemed
not
to
take
much
care
how
he
disgusted
him
,
so
he
might
re-unite
himself
with
the
Senate
.
It
is
true
,
that
there
was
a
strong
opposition
between
these
two
Spirits
,
but
Caesar's
had
the
advantage
,
and
there
runs
a
story
upon
this
occasion
,
that
a
certain
famous
Aegyptian
Astrologer
told
him
one
day
in
the
presence
of
Cleopatra
,
That
his
Fortune
,
which
was
so
Illustrious
at
present
,
should
lose
all
its
splendour
when
it
came
near
to
that
of
Caesar
,
and
therefore
advised
him
always
to
shun
that
young
man
as
much
as
possible
;
because
,
said
he
to
Antonius
,
thy
Genius
is
afraid
of
his
.
In
effect
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Alliances
which
their
common
interest
could
form
between
them
,
they
were
always
embroiled
till
the
death
of
Antonius
.
The
pretence
they
now
took
was
this
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
being
dead
,
Caesar
recommended
Flaminius
to
the
place
,
this
made
the
People
believe
that
he
had
a
mind
to
it
himself
,
and
gave
him
to
understand
,
That
he
might
easily
carry
it
by
their
Votes
.
This
Testimony
of
their
Esteem
for
him
alarum'd
the
Senate
,
who
fearing
lest
he
should
make
use
of
the
Authority
of
that
Office
for
the
revenging
the
death
of
his
Father
,
resolved
to
oppose
it
,
and
Antonius
published
a
Decree
,
by
which
he
forbad
any
man
to
assist
Caesar
,
who
not
being
yet
a
Senatour
,
could
not
according
to
Law
pretend
to
that
Dignity
.
These
prohibitions
provoked
the
People
,
who
looked
upon
their
Authority
by
this
means
struck
at
,
so
upon
the
day
of
the
Assembly
,
Antonius
had
the
misfortune
to
see
his
Reputation
shaken
,
as
well
as
his
life
in
great
hazard
,
insomuch
that
he
was
forced
to
permit
the
Tribunes
to
cancell
his
Decree
;
so
Flaminius
had
the
Office
,
and
Caesar
well
perceived
that
it
was
now
time
for
him
to
take
measures
against
the
unconstancy
of
Antonius
,
whose
credit
and
assistence
was
like
to
cost
more
than
it
was
worth
;
so
he
sent
Deputies
to
such
Souldiers
as
had
served
under
his
Father
,
and
were
now
divided
up
and
down
Italy
,
sending
also
into
the
very
Army
of
Antonius
,
a
sort
of
Manifesto
,
Copies
whereof
he
caused
to
be
scattered
about
the
Camp
.
Besides
this
,
he
took
a
resolution
of
applying
himself
to
the
Senate
,
and
Cicero
,
whom
Philippus
had
gained
to
his
Party
,
with
all
his
Credit
was
assisting
to
the
design
.
Now
there
was
at
this
time
a
cruel
feud
betwixt
Cicero
and
Antonius
,
and
their
hatred
had
been
declared
by
the
furious
declamations
which
they
made
against
one
another
in
the
Senate
▪
those
of
Cicero
remain
still
amongst
us
,
and
are
called
his
Philippicks
,
because
he
has
there
imitated
Demosthenes
,
who
wrote
after
the
same
manner
against
King
Philip
the
Father
of
Alexander
.
The
twelfth
is
very
admirable
in
its
kind
,
and
from
the
first
we
may
learn
the
causes
of
their
Division
.
Cicero
being
wearied
with
the
troubles
of
Rome
,
and
grieved
at
the
retreat
of
Brutus
,
had
resolved
to
go
into
Greece
,
there
to
lead
a
more
peaceable
life
.
He
had
been
twice
on
Ship-board
with
this
design
,
but
the
winds
were
both
times
against
him
,
and
he
was
forc'd
to
come
ashore
again
at
Rhegium
:
In
this
place
he
understood
the
speech
that
Antonius
had
made
for
the
abolishing
the
Dictatourship
,
and
the
great
hopes
which
appeared
from
that
action
of
Re-establishing
Liberty
;
so
his
thoughts
of
retirement
soon
forsook
him
,
and
nothing
,
as
he
said
himself
,
could
satisfy
his
impatience
to
be
once
more
at
Rome
.
He
was
received
there
with
extreme
Joy
,
and
almost
every
body
went
out
to
meet
him
.
Now
the
Senate
was
to
assemble
the
next
day
,
but
Cicero
would
not
be
there
,
and
feigned
himself
sick
.
It
was
said
,
That
he
had
received
advice
of
some
design
against
his
life
,
but
when
,
according
to
Custome
the
Senatours
were
called
,
and
one
of
his
Friends
reported
the
cause
of
his
absence
,
Antonius
,
who
presided
as
he
was
Consul
,
said
,
That
he
would
go
seek
him
,
and
carry
so
many
People
with
him
as
should
bring
him
away
House
and
all
.
Cicero
in
a
speech
made
at
another
meeting
,
complained
of
this
outrage
of
the
Consul
;
Antonius
answered
him
sharply
,
and
reproached
him
,
for
that
upon
the
day
of
Caesar's
Murther
,
Brutus
holding
his
bloudy
Dagger
in
his
hand
,
had
called
upon
Cicero
,
and
declared
to
him
the
return
of
Liberty
.
This
it
was
that
occasioned
the
Rupture
between
these
two
Men
,
which
appeared
more
plain
in
the
second
Oration
,
and
this
disposition
of
mind
made
Cicero
so
warm
for
the
interest
of
young
Caesar
,
and
laid
the
foundations
of
that
Power
,
to
which
afterwards
he
raised
himself
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Antonius
and
Caesar
meet
at
the
Capitol
.
They
fall
out
again
.
Caesar
raises
Troops
.
WHILE
those
Libels
which
were
scattered
up
and
down
the
Camp
of
Antonius
were
taking
effect
there
,
the
Souldiers
who
were
at
Rome
gave
him
to
understand
,
That
they
were
not
well
satisfied
of
the
misunderstanding
between
him
and
Caesar
,
which
was
like
to
ruine
all
hopes
of
revenging
the
death
of
their
General
,
since
they
expected
that
revenge
from
him
and
young
Caesar
,
as
two
of
the
nearest
Relation
and
Interest
;
but
that
if
they
proceeded
in
the
course
they
had
taken
,
they
would
but
betray
themselves
to
their
own
Enemies
,
and
expose
their
Friends
to
punishment
.
Antonius
thought
he
was
obliged
to
justify
himself
,
and
therefore
in
a
long
Harangue
gave
them
an
account
of
his
Conduct
,
letting
them
understand
,
That
all
his
proceedings
hitherto
had
tended
to
nothing
else
but
the
revenge
they
wished
for
;
he
shewed
them
all
the
turnings
and
windings
that
he
had
made
use
of
to
bring
this
design
about
;
so
that
they
no
longer
found
reasons
to
doubt
him
,
nor
indeed
did
the
Senate
,
who
being
informed
of
this
discourse
,
became
perfectly
acquainted
with
the
depth
of
his
intentions
,
and
saw
the
design
of
his
wicked
Policy
.
At
last
,
those
,
whose
business
it
was
to
re-unite
Antonius
and
Caesar
,
persuaded
them
to
an
interview
at
the
Capitol
,
where
they
promised
each
other
Friendship
,
though
it
lasted
not
long
,
for
some
few
days
afterwards
,
Antonius
caused
several
of
his
Guards
to
be
seized
upon
,
saying
,
That
Caesar
had
wrought
with
them
to
kill
him
.
But
this
matter
has
never
been
well
laid
open
:
some
say
,
That
it
was
onely
a
supposition
of
Antonius
.
Others
,
That
it
was
really
truth
,
and
that
the
Senate
,
with
whom
Caesar
was
at
that
time
upon
very
good
terms
,
would
gladly
have
been
rid
of
Antonius
by
such
a
means
.
There
was
indeed
great
appearance
of
the
truth
of
this
,
for
the
wisest
of
the
Senatours
,
who
imagined
that
when
they
were
once
rid
of
this
Enemy
,
the
other
would
be
ruined
more
easily
,
declared
,
That
Caesar
had
just
reasons
to
revenge
himself
upon
Antonius
,
and
that
the
wicked
proceedings
which
he
had
made
use
of
,
would
have
provoked
any
other
man
as
well
as
he
to
resent
them
.
Now
Caesar
boldly
threw
this
suspicion
back
in
the
teeth
of
Antonius
,
he
went
himself
to
his
Gates
to
demand
Justice
,
crying
out
,
That
he
desired
for
his
Iudges
no
other
than
his
own
Friends
.
The
People
without
farther
inquiry
into
the
matter
,
condemned
Antonius
,
and
some
there
are
who
believe
that
all
this
business
was
agreed
upon
before
hand
between
those
two
Parties
for
the
accomplishment
of
their
designs
,
so
very
uncertain
are
the
judgments
of
Men
in
matters
of
importance
.
At
last
Caesar
understanding
that
Antonius
was
gone
to
Brundusium
to
appease
some
Commotion
which
was
beginning
there
,
and
to
recommend
himself
to
the
Troops
of
Macedonia
,
whom
Cajus
had
brought
into
Italy
,
and
that
he
would
soon
return
again
with
a
great
Guard
,
upon
advice
thereof
,
resolved
to
visit
such
Cities
as
had
been
established
by
his
Father
,
and
bring
them
intirely
into
his
interest
;
so
he
went
to
Cerere
and
Silio
,
which
are
two
places
not
far
from
Capua
,
where
he
raised
Money
,
and
by
promising
500
Drachma's
by
head
to
every
one
that
would
follow
him
,
he
raised
about
10000.
Men
,
who
were
not
indeed
regulated
Troops
,
but
nevertheless
were
such
as
had
served
in
the
Wars
under
Iulius
Caesar
,
so
he
put
them
all
under
one
Colours
as
a
Guard
for
his
Person
,
and
thus
accompanied
,
returned
to
Rome
;
now
the
fear
was
so
much
the
greater
in
the
City
,
for
that
Antonius
was
expected
there
,
who
brought
Troops
with
him
also
;
so
the
Opinions
of
Men
began
to
be
very
much
divided
,
some
went
and
took
party
with
Caesar
,
others
declared
themselves
for
Antonius
,
and
(
as
it
dayly
happens
to
those
Men
,
who
are
so
very
wise
,
that
they
can
resolve
of
nothing
,
)
a
great
many
upon
this
occasion
were
so
afraid
of
taking
wrong
measures
,
that
they
took
none
at
all
.
Now
a
certain
Tribune
called
Carnutius
,
who
was
a
great
Enemy
to
Antonius
,
would
have
obliged
the
Roman
People
to
join
with
Caesar
,
so
he
went
to
find
him
out
at
the
Temple
of
Mars
,
which
is
fifteen
Stades
from
Rome
,
from
whence
he
brought
,
and
caused
him
to
lodge
in
the
Temple
of
Castor
and
Pollux
.
Caesar's
Souldiers
drew
up
about
the
Temple
,
when
Carnutius
fell
upon
declaiming
against
Antonius
,
and
praising
the
Conduct
of
Caesar.
Now
there
were
at
this
time
in
Rome
several
Souldiers
of
the
Macedonian
Army
,
who
could
not
bear
that
their
General
should
be
spoken
ill
of
,
and
declared
their
Resentments
.
Caesar's
Men
replyed
upon
them
.
But
as
they
were
for
the
most
part
without
Arms
,
matters
staid
there
,
and
went
no
farther
.
This
unseasonable
accident
made
him
very
uneasie
,
and
a
great
part
of
his
People
asking
leave
of
him
to
go
and
get
Arms
,
he
granted
it
,
keeping
onely
three
thousand
Men
about
his
Person
;
nevertheless
,
those
who
had
quitted
him
,
being
accustomed
to
a
Warlike
life
,
could
not
find
in
their
hearts
to
stay
at
home
,
so
they
returned
again
to
him
very
well
appointed
,
and
he
having
in
the
mean
time
furnished
himself
with
Money
about
Ravenna
,
and
the
other
Cities
,
he
joining
them
with
the
other
Troops
,
made
a
considerable
body
,
and
put
them
into
Quarters
about
Aretium
.
CHAP.
XV.
Antonius
joins
his
Army
,
but
is
not
well
received
.
He
returns
to
Rome
.
Two
of
his
Legions
desert
him
,
and
go
to
Caesar's
Army
.
Antonius's
force
.
WHILE
these
matters
were
transacted
,
Antonius
went
and
joyned
himself
with
his
Army
,
which
was
composed
of
four
Legions
of
those
six
which
had
been
in
Macedonia
.
They
received
him
with
a
great
deal
of
coldness
and
silence
,
which
extremely
troubled
him
,
for
it
was
the
Custome
for
a
General
to
be
always
received
with
great
Acclamations
,
and
to
have
a
speech
made
to
him
in
the
name
of
the
Army
.
But
these
contented
themselves
to
follow
him
without
speaking
a
word
as
far
as
his
Tribunal
.
Their
discontent
proceeded
from
the
little
care
which
he
had
taken
to
revenge
the
death
of
Caesar
,
whom
those
Souldiers
loved
most
passionately
.
Antonius
was
not
able
to
hide
the
disorder
he
was
under
,
but
discovered
it
in
the
discourse
he
made
to
them
,
and
wherewith
they
were
offended
,
especially
in
Relation
to
what
he
spoke
against
young
Caesar
,
he
complained
to
them
,
That
they
had
entertained
his
Messengers
,
and
suffered
them
to
carry
on
Intrigues
in
his
Camp
without
giving
him
advice
of
the
disorder
.
But
in
the
end
to
flatter
them
,
he
promised
to
carry
them
into
Gall
,
which
was
a
rich
and
fruitfull
Province
,
and
offered
to
each
Man
50
Drachma's
:
These
offers
were
so
mean
in
the
Opinion
of
the
Souldiers
,
that
laughing
aloud
,
they
derided
him
,
and
at
last
went
away
without
hearing
of
him
any
farther
.
This
insolence
of
theirs
re-doubled
the
anger
of
Antonius
,
so
he
descended
from
his
Tribunal
,
saying
,
That
he
would
teach
them
Obedience
,
and
immediately
Commanded
the
Colonels
of
the
Legions
to
bring
him
their
Rolls
,
they
always
had
them
about
them
,
and
knew
the
humour
and
inclinations
of
their
Souldiers
,
Antonius
picked
out
the
most
Mutinous
amongst
them
,
and
made
them
an
Example
,
though
their
punishment
served
onely
to
provoke
the
rest
.
This
Caesar's
Emissaries
knew
very
well
how
to
make
their
advantage
of
,
so
they
scattered
about
new
Libels
against
the
Avarice
and
Cruelty
of
Antonius
,
which
he
was
advised
of
,
and
Commanded
that
those
Men
should
be
delivered
into
his
hands
,
with
terrible
threatnings
if
he
were
not
obeyed
.
But
all
his
diligence
was
to
no
purpose
,
no
body
would
discover
them
,
and
he
was
strangely
amazed
at
that
fidelity
which
seemed
to
be
a
general
Conspiracy
against
him
.
This
joyned
to
the
news
of
what
progress
Caesar
had
made
,
put
him
upon
making
a
new
tryal
of
the
Spirits
of
his
Souldiers
,
he
excused
himself
to
them
,
That
for
the
maintaining
of
Military
Discipline
,
he
had
been
forc't
to
bring
Mutineers
to
punishment
,
that
the
offer
he
had
made
them
of
50
Drachma's
ought
not
to
be
lookt
upon
by
them
as
intended
for
a
reward
,
since
i●
was
neither
proportionable
to
his
liberality
,
nor
their
merit
,
for
that
he
intended
it
onely
as
a
small
mark
of
his
acknowledgment
.
He
put
them
into
the
bargain
upon
great
hopes
,
but
said
not
a
word
of
augmenting
the
sum
,
lest
it
might
be
believed
that
he
had
given
way
to
the
insolence
of
his
Souldiers
.
Iulius
Caesar
had
always
proceeded
in
this
manner
,
nor
ever
gave
way
to
any
Sedition
,
but
on
the
contrary
appeared
always
to
be
most
bold
,
when
his
Friends
were
trembling
for
his
safety
.
Upon
these
occasions
one
word
onely
pronounced
with
Authority
was
sufficient
to
quell
a
Mutiny
,
and
this
was
indeed
the
effect
of
such
an
esteem
as
is
supported
by
extraordinary
Merit
.
Nevertheless
,
this
manner
of
proceeding
has
not
succeeded
with
every
body
,
nor
did
Antonius
find
it
seasonable
,
though
he
afterwards
changed
all
the
Officers
,
and
put
others
in
their
places
,
whom
he
thought
better
disposed
towards
him
;
so
he
Commanded
them
to
march
to
Rimini
,
keeping
onely
a
thousand
Men
about
his
Person
,
with
which
he
went
to
Rome
.
He
made
his
entry
there
in
a
very
fierce
manner
with
his
Souldiers
in
Arms
,
causing
them
to
keep
Watch
and
Guard
about
his
House
,
as
if
they
had
been
in
the
Camp
.
But
as
he
was
designing
to
go
to
the
Senate
,
and
there
complain
against
Caesar
,
news
was
brought
him
that
one
of
his
Legions
,
called
the
Martial
,
was
gone
over
to
the
contrary
Party
,
which
news
very
much
amazed
him
;
so
that
he
doubted
whether
he
ought
to
go
to
the
Senate
House
or
not
,
especially
when
he
understood
farther
that
the
fourth
Legion
had
followed
the
Example
,
and
was
revolted
also
.
Nevertheless
,
he
went
thither
,
but
spoke
little
,
especially
of
the
subject
he
came
about
.
After
this
,
he
went
to
Alba
,
to
try
if
he
might
reduce
those
two
Legions
which
were
retreated
thither
,
they
refused
him
entrance
,
which
was
the
reason
that
he
sent
in
all
haste
,
and
offered
his
Souldiers
500
Drachma's
a
Man
,
as
Caesar
had
done
before
him
.
From
this
place
he
went
to
Tibur
,
where
his
Ammunitions
were
lodged
,
and
where
such
Troops
as
he
had
remaining
(
being
confirmed
by
the
offers
he
had
made
them
)
came
and
met
him
with
an
addition
of
the
tenth
Legion
,
which
was
newly
arrived
by
Sea
.
The
folly
of
the
Senate
and
Roman
People
was
again
apparent
upon
this
occasion
:
many
of
the
Senatours
,
a
great
number
of
Knights
,
and
several
of
the
People
ran
to
offer
him
their
services
,
so
that
there
became
a
Question
in
Rome
,
In
what
Countrey
lived
the
Enemies
of
Antonius
?
They
found
him
busie
in
receiving
the
Oaths
of
his
Souldiery
,
which
they
themselves
offered
also
to
take
.
This
action
gave
him
great
Reputation
,
and
was
the
occasion
that
many
of
those
People
who
had
yet
taken
no
Party
,
came
and
joined
themselves
with
him
,
so
that
he
marched
to
Rimini
with
four
Legions
of
old
Souldiers
,
a
considerable
number
of
Horsemen
and
Launcers
,
as
also
one
Legion
of
new
raised
Men
;
besides
this
,
Lepidus
had
four
more
in
Spain
,
Assinius
Pollio
two
,
Plancus
also
Commanded
three
in
the
Transalpine
Gall
,
and
at
this
time
all
those
Leaders
appeared
in
the
interests
of
Antonius
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Caesar's
force
.
He
assures
himself
of
the
affections
of
his
Troops
.
ON
the
other
side
Caesar
was
at
Alba
with
the
two
Legions
that
deserted
Antonius
,
one
of
new
raised
Souldiers
,
and
two
of
such
old
ones
as
had
served
under
his
Father
,
from
this
place
he
sent
Deputies
to
the
Senate
,
who
were
now
no
longer
Masters
of
their
own
proceedings
,
for
either
fear
or
particular
hatred
carried
them
away
,
and
those
very
Men
who
could
prostrate
themselves
before
Antonius
,
were
for
applauding
Caesar
from
the
very
moment
that
he
appeared
powerfull
enough
to
make
them
afraid
of
him
.
They
would
have
been
very
glad
if
the
deserting
Legions
had
come
and
offered
them
their
service
;
but
as
there
was
no
Remedy
for
the
present
Disease
,
they
approved
so
heartily
of
their
proceeding
as
well
as
Caesar's
,
that
it
became
now
another
Question
at
Rome
,
If
Antonious
had
ever
had
a
Friend
there
?
In
the
mean
while
being
of
Opinion
that
it
would
not
become
their
Wisedom
and
Gravity
to
doe
any
thing
contrary
to
Form
,
they
sent
word
to
Caesar
,
that
they
would
adjourn
all
affairs
till
the
new
Election
of
Consuls
;
but
his
Souldiers
,
who
were
not
altogether
so
formal
,
were
for
obliging
him
to
take
upon
him
the
Quality
of
Consul
or
Emperour
,
saying
,
That
they
had
been
used
to
serve
under
no
Generals
but
who
had
been
so
qualified
.
And
they
had
already
prepared
for
him
the
Rods
and
Axes
,
which
were
wont
to
be
born
before
those
Magistrates
.
The
name
of
Emperour
was
not
then
in
such
force
as
it
is
now
,
for
it
signified
no
more
than
the
General
of
an
Army
,
it
is
true
,
that
it
was
given
to
any
man
,
but
after
some
famous
Victory
or
great
Conquest
▪
and
then
their
Souldiers
gave
it
with
great
Acclamations
,
it
being
then
a
mark
of
Honour
,
which
has
since
grown
into
a
Title
.
Caesar
refused
it
,
and
seeing
they
would
press
it
upon
him
,
thought
himself
obliged
to
acquaint
his
Officers
with
his
Reasons
.
My
Friends
,
said
he
,
It
is
not
the
love
which
the
Senate
bears
us
that
obliges
them
to
declare
in
our
behalf
,
but
the
fear
that
they
have
of
the
power
of
Antonius
,
for
they
would
make
use
of
us
to
destroy
him
and
the
murtherers
of
my
Father
,
who
are
all
their
Relations
and
Friends
,
have
imagined
that
this
is
the
way
to
save
themselves
,
pretending
to
fortify
themselves
in
weakning
of
us
:
but
this
is
no
time
to
let
them
understand
that
we
have
penetrated
so
far
into
their
Policy
,
which
we
should
certainly
doe
,
should
I
accept
of
those
Honours
which
you
offer
me
,
and
which
they
would
look
upon
as
an
incroachment
upon
their
Authority
.
We
ought
therefore
to
manage
our selves
with
more
subtilty
,
and
persuade
them
of
our
respect
by
our
Obedience
,
for
by
that
way
of
proceeding
we
shall
more
surely
obtain
the
thing
we
wish
for
,
and
they
will
voluntarily
bestow
a
Dignity
upon
me
,
which
they
well
know
you
are
able
to
give
me
in
spight
of
them
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Antonius
besieges
Decimus
Brutus
in
Modena
.
AFTER
this
discourse
Caesar
went
to
exercise
his
Troops
,
where
the
Martial
and
fourth
Legion
skirmished
before
him
,
he
took
opportunely
that
occasion
to
ingage
them
by
fresh
bounty
,
so
he
again
gave
500
Drachma's
to
each
Souldier
,
and
promised
as
much
more
if
they
carried
the
Victory
.
These
Intrigues
had
given
Decimus
time
to
fortify
himself
in
his
Government
,
and
when
Antonius
sent
him
the
Ordinance
of
the
People
,
by
which
he
was
invested
in
that
Employment
,
Decimus's
answer
was
,
That
he
had
been
established
there
by
a
Decree
of
the
Senate
;
In
answer
to
this
,
Antonius
onely
gave
him
a
short
time
for
his
departure
,
but
the
other
demanded
from
day
to
day
that
it
might
be
prolonged
,
which
Antonius
refused
him
,
and
he
could
have
easily
defeated
him
,
but
was
unwilling
so
soon
to
use
force
,
and
therefore
contented
himself
with
seizing
of
the
best
places
of
the
Province
.
Decimus
,
who
apprehended
a
general
Revolt
,
pretended
that
he
had
received
Orders
from
the
Senate
to
come
to
Rome
,
so
he
marched
to
Modena
,
which
he
took
possession
of
with
his
Troops
:
this
was
then
a
great
and
rich
City
,
and
Decimus
made
choice
of
it
to
oppose
Antonius
without
fear
of
being
forc't
thence
.
He
had
one
good
Troop
of
Gladiatours
,
and
three
Legions
,
two
of
old
Souldiers
,
whom
he
had
heretofore
Commanded
under
Iulius
Caesar
,
and
one
of
new
raised
Men
,
Antonius
immediately
besieged
him
in
the
place
,
blocking
him
closely
up
with
lines
and
other
Works
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Hirtius
and
Pansa
chosen
Consuls
.
The
Decree
of
the
Senate
against
Antonius
.
The
death
of
Trebonius
.
Dollabella
declared
an
Enemy
to
the
Republick
.
Honours
and
Offices
allotted
to
Cassius
and
Brutus
.
THE
siege
of
Modena
was
lookt
upon
by
Caesar
,
and
the
Senate
as
a
Declaration
of
War
,
where
at
last
new
Consuls
were
Created
upon
the
first
of
Ianuary
,
in
the
year
711
,
since
the
foundation
of
Rome
,
which
shall
serve
as
a
Date
for
the
rest
of
the
History
.
These
Consuls
were
Hirtius
and
Pansa
,
both
intimate
Friends
and
Disciples
of
Cicero
,
who
boasts
that
he
taught
them
the
Rules
of
Eloquence
,
they
were
both
also
the
Creatures
of
Iulius
Caesar.
Hirtius
had
always
served
under
him
,
and
it
is
he
who
has
given
the
Relation
of
the
Wars
of
Aegypt
and
Africa
,
which
is
annexed
to
his
Commentaries
,
and
Pansa
made
profession
of
a
particular
Friendship
with
him
.
They
assembled
the
Senate
,
where
Cicero
,
who
had
then
all
the
Authority
,
persuaded
War
against
Antonius
,
by
a
discourse
which
is
still
extant
.
We
may
there
reade
his
Reasons
,
which
are
drawn
from
the
Insolence
and
Conduct
of
Antonius
,
as
well
as
Ambition
;
the
matter
,
as
it
usually
happens
,
did
not
pass
without
a
reply
,
for
Piso
maintained
the
interest
of
Antonius
,
and
indeavoured
to
justify
him
,
but
Cicero's
underhand
management
proved
too
strong
,
and
an
Arrest
had
gone
out
against
Antonius
,
if
Salvius
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
had
not
opposed
it
in
the
name
of
the
People
.
This
was
the
greatest
Privilege
of
those
kind
of
Offices
,
for
though
there
were
many
of
them
,
one
alone
had
right
to
oppose
the
general
consent
,
and
that
opposition
hindred
the
effect
of
all
debates
.
It
was
the
Peoples
business
to
decide
this
difference
,
and
though
nothing
was
then
ordered
as
to
the
business
of
Antonius
,
because
of
the
Tribunes
opposition
:
It
was
resolved
that
Decimus
should
be
thanked
for
maintaining
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
,
that
Caesar
should
be
joined
with
the
Consuls
,
and
Command
equally
with
them
,
that
his
Statue
should
be
set
up
in
Gold
,
that
he
should
be
entred
in
the
Senate
,
and
have
power
to
demand
the
Consulship
ten
years
,
before
he
came
to
such
Age
as
the
Law
in
that
case
required
,
to
the
end
that
the
Legions
might
be
rewarded
after
Victory
,
according
as
he
had
promised
them
.
The
courage
of
Salvius
made
way
for
the
Mother
and
Wife
of
Antonius
to
solicite
his
Cause
with
her
Son
,
who
was
yet
young
,
and
all
their
other
Friends
and
Relations
.
Antonius
his
Mother
was
called
Iulia
,
of
Caesar's
Family
,
and
in
great
Esteem
both
for
her
Birth
and
for
her
Vertue
;
his
Wife
Fulvia
,
when
she
Married
him
,
was
the
Widow
of
Claudius
.
This
Widow
was
very
beautifull
,
and
of
a
popular
,
but
Ancient
Family
,
Ambitious
above
the
capacity
of
her
Sex
,
and
who
absolutely
governed
her
Husband
,
she
had
also
some
light
inclinations
to
Gallantry
,
which
was
perhaps
the
effect
of
her
Ambition
,
for
she
always
loved
to
deal
amongst
the
best
Quality
,
at
least
we
may
reade
at
this
time
an
Epigramm
of
Augustus
,
where
he
complains
that
Fulvia
declares
War
against
him
,
because
he
could
not
have
a
passion
for
her
,
and
assist
her
in
revenging
the
infidelities
of
her
Husband
.
These
Ladies
and
all
their
Family
appeared
in
mourning
Robes
before
the
People
,
and
moved
their
Compassion
.
Piso
took
this
occasion
to
try
once
more
what
could
be
done
in
favour
of
Antonius
,
but
the
Eloquence
of
Cicero
dazled
their
minds
,
and
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
was
confirmed
,
the
charge
of
drawing
it
up
was
given
to
Cicero
,
which
he
performed
in
much
severer
terms
than
had
been
resolved
upon
;
the
terms
of
the
Arrest
were
,
That
Antonius
should
immediately
raise
his
siege
from
before
Modena
,
and
that
he
should
quit
the
whole
Province
of
Gall
,
which
reaches
from
the
Alps
as
far
as
the
Rubicon
,
with
a
citation
before
the
Senate
in
case
of
Disobedience
to
give
an
account
of
his
Actions
.
About
this
time
news
was
come
to
Rome
of
the
death
of
Trebonius
,
whose
Body
was
brought
thither
by
his
Friends
,
and
who
was
the
first
of
Caesar's
Murtherers
that
was
punished
for
his
Crime
.
To
understand
the
manner
of
it
,
we
must
recollect
that
Dolabella
departing
with
great
diligence
for
his
Government
of
Syria
found
that
Countrey
in
commotion
by
the
intrigues
of
Trebonius
,
whom
Brutus
had
sent
thither
as
his
Lieutenant
,
and
when
he
would
have
entred
into
Pergama
and
Smyrna
,
the
Gates
were
shut
against
him
.
Nevertheless
,
Trebonius
neglected
not
to
send
Provisions
to
him
as
to
a
Consul
,
and
sent
word
to
those
of
Ephesus
,
that
they
should
receive
him
.
Dolabella
,
who
had
raised
Troops
by
virtue
of
his
Office
,
and
was
still
highly
respected
,
took
his
way
towards
Ephesus
,
Trebonius
sending
out
some
Companies
after
him
to
observe
his
march
,
the
Consul
went
so
directly
towards
Ephesus
,
that
it
took
off
all
manner
of
suspicion
,
so
that
a
great
many
of
the
Men
returned
again
to
Smyrna
,
leaving
onely
a
small
number
merely
for
form
sake
.
Then
Dolabella
turning
upon
those
who
remained
,
cut
them
all
in
pieces
,
and
coming
back
briskly
to
Smyrna
,
took
it
by
assault
.
The
Souldiers
found
Trebonius
a●ed
,
who
desired
them
,
To
carry
him
to
Dolabella
;
We
will
carry
you
,
said
the
Commander
,
but
your
Head
must
stay
here
,
so
he
cut
it
off
immediately
,
and
the
body
was
dragged
up
and
down
by
the
Souldiers
with
all
manner
of
Indignity
,
for
though
he
had
not
himself
assaulted
Iulius
Caesar
,
he
was
one
of
the
Conspiratours
,
and
was
the
Man
that
while
the
Deed
was
doing
,
amused
Antonius
at
the
door
of
the
Senate
House
,
so
they
shewed
their
hatred
to
him
by
a
thousand
Affronts
which
they
did
him
.
Dolabella
caused
the
Head
to
be
fixt
upon
the
Tribunal
,
where
he
gave
Audience
,
and
whence
the
Souldiers
took
it
away
again
,
trundling
of
it
up
and
down
a
long
time
upon
the
pavement
.
The
Body
was
taken
up
by
his
Friends
,
and
carried
,
as
I
said
before
,
to
Rome
,
where
the
Senate
,
according
to
that
folly
which
they
now
shewed
in
every
thing
they
undertook
,
declared
Dolabella
a
Rebel
,
and
an
Enemy
of
his
Countrey
.
With
the
same
madness
they
made
an
Order
,
That
Brutus
should
have
the
Government
of
Macedonia
and
Illyria
,
and
Command
the
Armies
of
those
Provinces
,
till
such
time
as
the
Commonwealth
recovered
its
ancient
Majesty
.
That
he
might
make
use
of
the
Fleet
which
Apuleius
had
got
together
,
and
the
sum
of
seven
thousand
Talents
,
which
Julius
Caesar
had
sent
into
the
City
of
Demetriades
,
with
abundance
of
Ammunitions
of
War
for
the
attacking
of
the
Parthians
.
To
Cassius
was
given
Syria
,
and
the
charge
of
making
War
against
Dolabella
,
and
an
Ordinance
passed
,
That
all
such
as
had
Command
of
any
Provinces
or
Armies
belonging
to
the
Roman
People
,
should
receive
Orders
from
those
two
Generals
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Antonius's
Letter
to
Hirtius
and
young
Caesar.
ANTONIVS
resolved
to
take
this
occasion
to
shake
the
minds
of
Hirtius
and
young
Caesar
,
who
could
not
be
very
well
pleased
with
these
demonstrations
of
good
will
towards
the
Murtherers
of
his
Father
;
therefore
though
the
Letter
be
something
long
,
in
regard
it
will
be
for
our
Instruction
in
the
affairs
of
that
Age
,
and
that
in
the
consequence
it
had
its
design'd
effect
,
it
will
not
be
improper
here
to
recite
the
Original
,
which
was
in
these
terms
.
Antonius
to
Hirtius
and
Caesar.
I
Have
not
been
more
pleased
at
the
news
of
Trebonius's
death
,
than
grieved
to
understand
how
it
has
been
received
at
Rome
.
We
ought
to
rejoyce
to
see
a
Villain
justly
sacrificed
to
the
ashes
of
the
most
Illustrious
of
Men
,
and
that
e'er
a
year
came
to
an
end
,
the
justice
of
the
Gods
having
declared
it self
by
the
punishment
of
one
of
the
Paricides
,
seems
to
threaten
the
rest
.
But
on
the
other
side
it
is
matter
of
affliction
to
see
Dolabella
declared
a
Rebel
for
having
punished
and
Assassinate
,
and
that
the
Son
of
one
of
her
meanest
Men
should
be
more
dear
to
Rome
than
the
Father
of
his
Countrey
,
and
which
is
yet
more
terrible
is
,
that
you
Hirtius
,
who
have
been
honoured
with
benefits
from
Caesar
,
he
having
left
you
in
a
state
of
Fortune
which
you
your self
wonder
at
;
and
that
you
,
young
Man
,
who
owe
all
you
enjoy
to
his
name
,
could
ever
agree
with
those
who
thought
it
Iustice
to
Condemn
Dolabella
,
and
that
one
who
is
a
Prisoner
ought
to
escape
from
those
who
now
besiege
him
,
and
that
an
absolute
power
should
be
given
to
Cassius
and
Brutus
.
Doubtless
you
look
upon
these
things
with
the
same
Spirit
that
you
saw
what
passed
before
,
you
have
given
the
name
of
Senate
to
the
rest
of
Pompey's
Camp
,
and
have
put
Cicero
at
the
head
of
you
,
though
he
be
reduced
to
nothing
.
You
have
fortified
Macedonia
with
a
powerfull
Army
,
and
given
Africa
to
Varus
,
who
has
been
twice
a
Prisoner
.
Cassius
hath
been
sent
into
Syria
,
and
you
have
suffered
that
Casca
should
take
upon
him
the
Dignity
of
Tribune
.
That
the
Revenues
which
Caesar
gave
the
Luperci
,
should
be
taken
from
them
,
and
that
the
Veterans
should
be
drawn
out
of
their
Colonies
,
where
the
Law
,
and
the
Order
of
the
Senate
has
established
them
.
A
promise
has
passed
,
and
by
your
consent
too
,
that
the
People
of
Marseilles
should
be
restored
to
those
Privileges
which
the
Laws
of
War
had
taken
from
them
.
The
intent
of
the
Hirtian
Law
is
utterly
forgotten
,
which
prohibits
Pompey's
Party
from
pretending
to
any
Honours
.
Brutus
is
suborned
by
the
Money
of
Apuleius
,
and
the
punishment
inflicted
on
Poetus
and
Menedemus
,
who
had
been
honoured
with
City
Freedoms
,
and
were
Caesar's
Hosts
,
has
been
approved
of
,
yet
Theopompus
is
neglected
,
who
was
driven
out
naked
by
Trebonius
,
and
forced
to
fly
to
Alexandria
,
while
you
have
entertained
Sergius
Galba
in
your
Camp
,
armed
with
the
same
Dagger
,
wherewith
be
committed
a
most
execrable
Paracide
.
In
short
,
you
force
my
Souldiers
and
the
Veterans
to
the
destruction
of
their
Generals
and
their
Comerades
,
after
having
drawn
them
together
under
a
pretence
of
pursuing
the
murtherers
of
Caesar.
By
this
means
you
have
approved
of
nothing
,
you
have
done
nothing
,
but
what
Pompey
himself
,
were
he
alive
again
,
would
doe
,
or
his
Son
,
if
he
had
any
power
in
Rome
.
It
is
reported
that
no
Peace
can
be
concluded
,
if
I
let
not
Brutus
go
,
or
if
I
furnish
him
not
with
Provisions
,
but
is
this
the
Opinion
of
those
old
Souldiers
,
whose
minds
and
judgments
have
not
been
debauched
,
corrupted
with
Flatteries
,
and
poisoned
with
Bribes
like
yours
?
You
will
say
that
you
marched
to
the
relief
of
their
Companions
whom
I
hold
besieged
.
I
shall
give
them
pardon
and
liberty
with
all
my
heart
,
provided
that
they
leave
him
to
Iustice
who
so
well
deserves
it
.
As
to
the
rest
,
you
sent
me
word
that
a
Peace
has
been
mentioned
in
the
Senate
,
and
that
five
Consulary
Deputies
have
been
sent
to
me
upon
that
design
.
But
it
is
hard
to
expect
any
Iustice
and
Moderation
from
those
Men
who
so
fiercely
rejected
the
fair
Conditions
which
I
offered
,
and
even
some
whereof
I
was
willing
to
have
abated
.
Nor
is
it
reasonable
to
believe
that
those
Men
who
have
Condemned
Dolabella
for
doing
well
,
will
ever
pardon
me
for
being
of
the
same
Opinion
with
him
.
I
therefore
leave
it
to
your
Wisedom
to
examine
whether
it
will
be
more
Honour
and
advantage
to
our
Party
to
revenge
the
death
of
Trebonius
,
or
the
death
of
Caesar
:
And
whether
it
will
be
more
just
that
we
go
together
by
the
Ears
to
set
Pompey's
interest
on
foot
again
,
which
has
been
so
often
defeated
,
or
to
rally
our selves
,
to
prevent
our
ill
treatment
from
those
Enemies
who
onely
wait
their
advantage
when
some
misfortune
shall
arrive
to
any
one
of
us
.
Our
good
Chance
hitherto
has
provided
otherwise
,
that
two
Parties
of
the
same
interest
should
not
cruelly
tear
each
other
to
pieces
by
Cicero's
Orders
,
who
thinks
himself
very
happy
in
deceiving
you
by
those
false
demonstrations
of
Honour
wherewith
he
boasts
that
he
has
imposed
upon
Caesar.
For
my
part
I
will
never
suffer
any
outrage
either
against
my self
or
my
Friends
,
this
is
my
resolution
.
I
will
never
abandon
the
Party
that
Pompey
hates
,
nor
shall
the
Veterans
ever
by
my
consent
be
rooted
out
of
their
possessions
,
and
then
betrayed
one
after
another
to
their
execution
.
Nor
will
i
ever
break
the
word
which
I
have
given
to
Dolabella
,
nor
the
Alliance
which
I
have
made
with
so
honourable
a
man
as
Lepidus
,
as
well
as
what
I
owe
to
Plancus
,
to
whom
communicate
all
my
designs
,
if
(
as
I
hope
they
will
)
the
immortal
Gods
prove
favourable
to
my
just
intentions
,
I
shall
live
with
joy
:
But
if
they
have
appointed
me
another
Destiny
,
I
shall
but
taste
before
hand
the
pleasure
of
your
punishments
,
for
if
Pompey's
Party
be
thus
insolent
under
their
defeat
,
I
shall
leave
you
to
make
the
sad
experiment
of
what
they
will
come
too
,
when
they
are
Victorious
.
As
for
you
,
I
could
willingly
bear
,
with
the
injuries
of
my
Friends
,
if
they
themselves
would
but
forget
them
,
and
agree
with
me
to
revenge
the
murther
of
Caesar.
It
will
never
prevail
upon
my
belief
that
Deputies
should
come
with
Peace
from
the
same
place
whence
War
is
thundring
,
if
they
do
come
,
I
am
ready
to
hear
what
they
have
to
propose
.
CHAP.
XX.
The
Consuls
raise
Troops
for
the
relief
of
Decimus
,
which
was
but
one
Legion
.
The
manner
of
laying
sieges
in
those
times
.
Ventidius
raises
Troops
for
Antonius
.
IF
this
Letter
had
not
much
effect
upon
Hirtius
,
it
caused
great
reflexions
in
the
mind
of
young
Caesar.
For
what
the
Senate
had
hitherto
done
,
might
reasonably
be
excused
,
the
Ambition
of
Antonius
,
and
the
safety
of
the
Conspiratours
were
some
sort
of
pretence
for
them
,
but
when
he
found
that
they
promoted
their
Commanders
to
the
highest
Power
,
and
that
they
prosecuted
all
such
as
were
for
revenging
the
death
of
his
Father
,
he
saw
clearly
what
their
designs
were
,
and
what
measures
he
was
to
take
,
he
well
knew
that
the
Consulary
Dignity
carried
with
it
all
Authority
of
Command
;
he
saw
no
Propositions
of
Rewards
,
but
to
the
deserting
Legions
.
Nevertheless
,
as
he
thought
himself
engaged
in
Honour
to
the
War
,
and
being
willing
to
establish
his
Reputation
by
some
Illustrious
Action
,
he
resolved
to
dissemble
all
with
a
Prudence
much
surpassing
his
Age
,
so
that
in
all
this
affair
he
made
not
so
much
as
one
step
against
his
true
Interest
.
Now
it
was
the
custome
with
Sacrifices
to
thank
the
Gods
for
any
Honours
received
,
Caesar
had
publickly
discharged
that
Duty
,
and
in
a
short
discourse
gave
his
Souldiers
to
understand
,
That
he
thought
himself
obliged
onely
to
them
for
his
Dignity
,
since
the
Senate
would
never
have
allowed
it
him
but
for
their
sakes
,
and
that
therefore
he
would
magnificently
reward
them
.
So
the
Consuls
divided
their
Charges
,
Pansa
went
into
Italy
to
raise
new
Troops
,
and
Hirtius
came
to
Caesar
to
Command
the
Army
with
him
.
He
demanded
of
him
by
a
private
Order
from
the
Senate
those
two
Legions
which
had
quitted
Antonius
,
and
which
Caesar
,
without
any
more
adoe
,
gave
him
,
so
their
next
business
was
to
put
their
Troops
into
Quarters
.
A
Legion
at
that
time
was
much
the
same
thing
as
a
Regiment
is
now
,
but
something
stronger
,
consisting
of
about
six
thousand
Foot
,
and
six
hundred
Horse
,
which
always
attended
them
,
a
certain
number
of
Archers
which
were
called
Launcers
,
each
Legion
having
its
particular
Engines
and
Ammunition
.
The
Constitution
too
,
which
was
called
a
Cohort
,
consisted
of
about
four
or
five
hundred
Men.
Now
the
manner
of
sieges
in
those
times
was
also
very
different
from
what
is
at
this
day
in
Practice
,
they
had
no
Artillery
,
nor
any
other
Engines
of
fire
,
they
always
attacked
a
Town
by
Scalings
,
Sappings
,
or
battering
Rams
;
their
Scalings
were
of
two
sorts
,
either
with
the
help
of
Ladders
,
or
else
when
the
Wall
was
not
very
high
,
the
Souldiers
covered
with
their
Bucklers
,
made
their
approaches
,
those
who
were
nearest
stood
upright
with
their
Bucklers
upon
their
heads
,
those
who
followed
stooping
a
little
,
till
the
rere
Rank
,
who
were
either
upon
their
Knees
,
or
lay
flat
with
their
Bellies
on
the
ground
,
so
the
others
mounted
upon
them
,
and
this
was
that
which
they
called
the
Tortoise
.
The
Sapping
is
still
in
use
;
and
for
the
Ram
,
it
was
a
great
Beam
armed
with
a
Head
of
Iron
hanging
by
Cords
upon
four
Joysts
set
upright
,
and
fastened
together
at
the
top
.
This
Engine
was
set
in
motion
,
and
forc't
violently
against
the
Wall
,
which
sometimes
took
effect
accordingly
,
but
when
the
Wall
was
very
thick
,
and
the
Garrison
strong
,
the
last
recourse
which
the
Besiegers
usually
had
was
to
Famine
.
And
this
was
that
which
now
pressed
the
Troops
of
Decimus
,
he
gave
notice
of
it
by
Letters
to
Hirtius
and
Caesar
,
who
left
their
Quarters
to
go
to
his
Relief
,
and
came
and
encamped
themselves
near
Antonius's
Lines
.
He
was
much
stronger
than
they
,
but
as
it
was
a
difficult
Countrey
,
full
of
Ditches
,
and
he
having
a
River
to
pass
over
,
durst
not
attack
them
.
Cicero
at
this
time
governed
in
Rome
with
an
absolute
Authority
,
and
there
it
was
that
he
made
use
of
his
great
Talent
of
Wit
which
he
employed
chiefly
in
raising
Money
at
the
expence
of
Antonius's
Friends
,
who
were
called
to
account
with
the
extremest
Rigour
.
Ventidius
,
who
was
a
Souldier
of
Fortune
,
and
a
particular
Friend
to
Antonius
,
upon
this
Persecution
quitted
the
City
,
and
being
well
known
for
his
Valour
,
and
beloved
by
the
Souldiers
,
he
raised
two
Legions
in
Italy
,
where
all
Iulius
Caesar's
Souldiers
were
dispersed
in
a
great
number
,
and
with
these
he
resolved
to
relieve
Antonius
.
But
to
doe
him
first
one
signal
service
,
he
caused
several
Troops
privately
to
enter
into
Rome
,
where
he
design'd
to
have
feiz'd
upon
Cicero
;
this
Enterprise
occasioned
great
fear
through
all
the
City
,
several
fled
with
their
whole
Families
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
Cicero
himself
,
sufficiently
affrighted
,
so
that
by
this
means
Ventidius
failed
of
his
design
,
and
that
Man
who
afterwards
so
gallantly
signalized
himself
by
defeating
the
Parthians
,
marched
with
his
Army
towards
Modena
,
but
Hirtius
and
Caesar
cut
off
his
passage
,
and
forced
him
to
retreat
towards
the
Marsh
of
Ancona
,
where
he
raised
another
Legion
to
those
he
had
already
,
which
afterwards
proved
a
great
succour
to
Antonius
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
A
Battel
between
Antonius's
Troops
and
Caesar's
,
joined
with
the
Consuls
.
Pansa
mortally
mounded
.
Caesar's
Troops
are
beaten
.
Hirtius
comes
to
their
relief
,
and
defeats
Antonius
.
IN
this
manner
both
Parties
daily
fortified
themselves
,
and
Pansa
,
who
had
raised
four
Legions
of
new
Souldiers
,
sent
word
to
Hirtius
and
Caesar
to
take
care
for
the
safety
of
his
passage
,
he
could
not
come
to
them
but
by
narrow
passes
through
the
Woods
,
which
they
sent
the
Martial
Legion
and
their
two
Companies
of
Guards
to
take
possession
of
;
there
was
a
certain
Causway
which
went
a-cross
a
Marsh
,
at
the
coming
out
of
the
Woods
,
and
at
the
end
of
the
Causway
a
large
Burrough
Town
,
called
Forum
Gallorum
,
at
present
Castell
Franco
,
between
Modena
and
Bulloigne
.
Into
this
Town
Antonius
put
his
two
best
Legions
,
which
were
the
second
and
the
thirty
third
,
and
his
Company
of
Guards
,
together
with
that
of
Sillanus
:
before
him
he
placed
his
Cavalry
and
his
Archers
to
intice
on
the
Enemy
,
and
cover
his
Legions
,
for
he
would
not
have
had
them
known
that
he
had
brought
them
thither
;
Galba
Commanded
the
Consuls
Van-Guard
with
Carsuleius
,
the
Colonel
of
the
Martial
Legion
.
Their
Souldiers
were
incouraged
at
the
sight
of
the
Cavalry
,
and
past
the
Causway
briskly
with
the
two
Companies
;
Pansa
came
galloping
to
the
head
of
the
Troops
,
after
having
ordered
the
two
new
Legions
softly
to
follow
him
,
he
formed
his
order
of
Battel
with
twelve
Cohorts
of
the
Martial
Legion
,
and
the
Companies
of
Guards
taking
the
left
Wing
,
where
the
Guards
were
with
two
Cohorts
of
the
Legion
,
and
leaving
the
right
with
the
other
eight
to
Galba
.
At
the
same
time
Antonius
drew
his
Legions
out
of
the
Town
,
and
charged
the
Enemy
e'er
the
new
Legions
could
come
up
,
the
place
was
blocked
up
,
and
the
Souldiers
very
much
provoked
.
Antonius's
Legions
were
for
revenging
themselves
upon
the
Martial
,
who
had
deserted
them
;
and
on
the
other
side
the
Martials
were
as
firmly
resolved
to
maintain
their
Honour
,
so
that
by
this
means
the
Battel
became
a
particular
Quarrel
between
the
Souldiers
,
who
immediately
fell
on
with
all
fierceness
,
they
could
not
open
their
Ranks
,
but
fought
at
Swords
Point
,
every
blow
they
gave
each
other
,
gave
a
wound
too
,
no
cries
of
pain
were
heard
,
but
shouts
of
Fury
,
and
in
the
very
moment
that
one
man
was
knocked
down
or
slain
,
the
body
was
carried
off
,
and
another
advanced
into
his
place
,
these
being
all
old
Souldiers
,
who
had
no
need
of
Commanders
to
make
them
understand
their
Duty
.
At
last
the
Consuls
right
Wing
,
where
Galba
Commanded
,
gave
ground
to
the
thirty
third
Legion
for
above
a
hundred
paces
.
But
as
Galba
saw
that
Antonius's
Moorish
Cavalry
gained
upon
his
Flanck
,
he
drew
up
his
Archers
against
him
,
and
drew
off
his
Companies
.
In
the
mean
time
Pansa
,
who
on
his
side
had
engaged
himself
a
little
too
far
,
was
hemmed
in
,
and
received
a
wound
with
a
half
Pike
in
the
Belly
,
which
forc't
him
to
be
carried
off
.
His
being
wounded
so
astonished
the
Souldiers
,
that
they
possessed
themselves
of
the
Causway
in
great
disorder
,
when
the
new
Troops
,
instead
of
seconding
of
them
began
immediately
to
fly
,
and
were
followed
by
all
the
rest
of
the
Army
,
except
Caesar's
company
of
Guards
,
who
made
head
upon
the
Causway
with
Galba
,
and
were
cut
to
pieces
.
Galba
saved
himself
on
Horseback
,
and
had
like
to
have
been
slain
by
his
own
very
Party
,
who
were
rallied
hard
by
a
Fort
which
Torquatus
the
Questor
had
caused
in
haste
to
be
thrown
up
.
The
Office
of
Questor
was
in
the
nature
of
a
Treasurer
General
,
but
he
had
also
Command
over
the
Troops
.
The
Martial
Legion
mad
with
spight
and
shame
,
made
head
in
this
place
,
refusing
to
enter
the
Fort
,
Antonius
admiring
their
Virtue
,
durst
not
charge
them
under
that
Fortification
,
but
having
made
a
great
slaughter
amongst
the
new
Souldiers
,
who
fled
in
disorder
,
retreated
.
Caesar
was
at
this
Battel
,
where
he
mingled
himself
even
in
the
midst
,
but
the
shoal
of
those
who
ran
away
,
carried
him
with
them
,
notwithstanding
he
endeavoured
all
he
could
to
the
contrary
.
Nevertheless
,
Antonius
has
Reproached
him
since
that
he
lost
his
Coat
of
Arms
and
his
Horse
there
,
and
did
not
appear
in
two
days
afterwards
.
Hirtius
,
who
was
near
Modena
,
marched
upon
the
first
news
of
the
Battel
with
twenty
Cohorts
,
and
with
so
great
diligence
,
that
though
he
had
near
sixty
stades
to
Travell
,
he
came
up
with
Antonius's
Troops
,
who
were
retreating
disorderly
after
their
Victory
,
he
charged
them
furiously
,
but
those
brave
men
,
though
so
surprized
,
made
yet
a
vigorous
resistence
,
but
at
last
were
forc't
to
give
way
,
Hirtius
pursuing
them
Pell-mell
even
into
the
Marsh
,
where
he
durst
not
engage
himself
,
and
the
night
too
coming
on
,
forc't
him
to
a
retreat
.
The
Marsh
was
covered
with
the
dead
and
wounded
,
and
Antonius's
Souldiers
,
notwithstanding
the
fatigue
of
the
Battel
,
remained
still
all
the
night
a
Horseback
to
fetch
off
their
wounded
Companions
,
whom
they
carried
some
behind
them
,
and
drew
off
others
at
their
Horses
Tails
,
so
that
by
this
means
a
great
many
were
preserved
.
The
loss
was
equal
on
both
sides
in
the
first
Battel
,
but
in
the
second
Hirtius
had
very
few
Men
slain
,
having
taken
two
Eagles
and
several
other
Colours
,
but
Caesar's
company
of
Guards
being
intirely
destroyed
,
were
bewailed
extremely
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Antonius
defeated
by
Hirtius
and
Caesar.
The
death
of
Hirtius
.
The
raising
of
the
siege
of
Modena
.
Brutus
writes
to
Cicero
.
AFTER
the
Battel
both
Armies
returned
to
their
Camps
about
Modena
,
where
Antonius
resolved
onely
to
defend
his
Lines
without
hazarding
a
second
Battel
:
On
the
other
side
Hirtius
and
Caesar
were
for
Engaging
,
and
there
daily
happened
very
severe
skirmishes
.
At
last
the
Consul
began
to
move
towards
that
side
of
the
Mountain
,
where
Antonius's
Camp
was
least
fortified
,
to
try
if
he
could
put
any
relief
into
the
Town
,
Antonius
immediately
opposed
them
with
his
Cavalry
,
who
were
beaten
from
their
ground
,
so
that
he
was
forced
to
cause
two
Legions
to
advance
.
The
Enemy
rejoycing
at
these
proceedings
,
charged
those
Troops
,
when
the
two
Legions
giving
ground
,
Antonius
sent
away
for
another
,
but
the
circumvallation
reached
so
far
,
and
their
Succours
were
so
long
a
time
coming
,
that
the
two
Legions
were
totally
put
to
the
Rout.
Hirtius
followed
his
advantage
very
vigorously
,
entring
the
Lines
,
and
was
already
got
into
the
Quarters
of
Antonius
,
but
was
there
slain
.
Caesar
got
great
Honour
upon
this
occasion
,
he
carried
off
the
Consul's
Body
,
and
taking
the
Eagle
out
of
the
Standard
bearers
Hands
,
who
was
very
much
wounded
,
carried
it
himself
,
till
the
very
minute
that
Antonius's
Troops
were
absolutely
defeated
;
the
night
hindred
his
total
overthrow
,
and
the
two
Generals
continued
a
Horseback
till
morning
with
all
their
Troops
.
Then
Antonius
called
a
Council
of
his
Friends
,
who
advised
him
to
continue
the
siege
,
by
reason
that
the
two
Consuls
were
the
one
wounded
,
and
the
other
dead
,
and
that
Decimus
was
reduced
to
the
last
extremity
.
But
he
fearing
lest
Caesar
,
who
had
a
great
many
Pioneers
,
should
carry
on
his
Works
between
him
and
the
City
,
and
by
that
means
get
succours
into
the
place
,
was
afraid
also
lest
those
two
defeats
might
loose
him
Lepidus
and
Plancus
;
so
he
raised
the
siege
,
and
retreated
up
to
the
Mountains
to
go
and
join
himself
with
Ventidius
.
It
was
doubtless
in
the
heat
of
joy
for
this
Victory
,
that
Cicero
wrote
to
young
Caesar
,
desiring
him
in
his
Letter
,
That
he
would
be
contented
to
spare
the
Republick
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
The
Letter
was
sent
by
Atticus
to
Brutus
,
who
was
very
much
provoked
at
it
,
and
complained
very
sharply
of
Cicero
,
who
had
also
reproached
Casca
with
the
murther
of
Caesar.
Brutus
offended
at
the
proceeding
,
sent
word
to
Atticus
,
That
that
reproach
might
be
returned
upon
Cicero
himself
,
who
had
slain
more
than
one
Citizen
in
his
Consulship
,
and
was
therefore
a
greater
murtherer
than
ever
Casca
was
.
Is
it
,
added
he
,
because
we
do
not
quote
the
Ides
of
March
upon
all
occasions
in
and
out
of
Season
,
as
he
does
his
Nones
of
December
,
that
esteems
us
less
than
him
?
He
boasts
that
he
has
maintained
the
War
against
Antonius
,
without
ever
having
drawn
his
Sword
.
What
is
that
to
me
if
for
the
reward
of
defeating
Antonius
,
it
demanded
that
one
succeed
him
?
This
is
not
any
longer
,
said
he
,
to
be
afraid
of
Slavery
,
but
of
the
Master
that
imposes
it
.
And
in
another
place
,
Is
it
out
of
fear
of
Octavius
's
power
that
Cicero
believes
we
ought
to
allow
him
these
Honours
?
That
fear
,
says
he
,
is
foolish
,
which
obliges
us
to
provide
against
an
evil
by
means
that
are
as
bad
as
the
evil
we
are
afraid
of
,
and
which
perhaps
too
might
have
been
avoided
.
We
are
too
much
afraid
of
Death
,
Banishment
and
Poverty
.
These
things
appear
to
Cicero
as
great
evils
,
and
provided
there
he
but
those
that
will
allow
him
what
he
desires
,
respect
him
,
and
praise
him
,
he
reckons
an
honourable
Slavery
as
nothing
,
if
such
a
thing
as
Honour
can
subsist
with
so
great
Infamy
.
In
short
,
not
to
repeat
the
whole
Letter
,
he
said
,
That
he
had
no
great
Opinion
of
those
fine
Arts
which
Cicero
was
so
much
a
Master
of
:
For
what
use
do
we
see
him
make
of
all
that
he
has
written
concerning
the
Liberty
of
his
Countrey
,
true
Honour
,
Death
,
Banishment
and
Poverty
.
Brutus
wrote
also
to
Cicero
himself
in
terms
not
quite
so
sharp
,
but
full
as
pressing
,
but
the
Letter
is
too
long
to
mingle
with
the
body
of
a
History
,
where
it
will
not
appear
much
to
the
purpose
,
besides
it
is
to
be
seen
amongst
many
others
in
Cicero's
Epistles
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Decimus
speaks
to
Caesar
,
who
treats
him
ill
.
The
death
of
Pansa
.
His
dying
words
to
Caesar.
DECIMVS
was
at
Macedonia
,
and
in
great
disputes
with
himself
in
what
manner
he
ought
to
proceed
with
Caesar
;
but
as
he
knew
how
irreconcilable
a
hatred
he
had
reason
to
expect
from
him
,
he
thought
it
his
best
way
to
break
down
all
the
Bridges
that
were
upon
the
River
,
and
after
that
precaution
he
sent
a
Herald
to
Caesar
,
who
in
the
name
of
Decimus
,
Gave
him
thanks
for
the
liberty
which
he
owed
to
his
relief
,
and
taking
all
the
Romans
to
Witness
,
protested
that
it
was
onely
by
mere
hazard
that
Decimus
had
been
ingaged
in
the
unhappy
Conspiracy
.
At
last
he
begged
of
him
,
That
he
would
allow
of
a
free
interview
,
the
River
being
between
them
.
Caesar
received
this
discourse
very
surlily
,
and
made
answer
,
That
Decimus
owed
him
no
obligation
,
that
he
came
not
thither
by
any
means
for
his
relief
,
but
to
fight
with
Antonius
,
who
nevertheless
might
one
day
come
to
be
his
Friend
,
but
that
Decimus
should
ever
be
his
mortal
Enemy
,
and
that
he
would
neither
speak
with
him
,
nor
see
him
.
Therefore
,
says
he
,
let
him
go
wherever
he
has
a
mind
to
go
,
since
those
who
are
at
Rome
will
have
it
for
Decimus
,
who
was
near
the
River
understood
this
answer
,
And
be●ought
Caesar
that
he
would
onely
for
the
Letters
of
the
Senate
,
which
confirmed
him
in
the
Government
of
Gall
,
and
forbad
him
admittance
into
the
Province
.
Caesar
,
though
offended
with
his
insolence
,
did
not
think
it
seasonable
at
this
time
to
resent
it
,
though
he
might
easily
have
done
it
,
so
he
returned
to
Bulloigne
to
see
Pansa
,
who
lay
there
wounded
;
they
wrote
both
to
the
Senate
,
and
at
the
instance
of
Cicero
there
were
ordered
50
days
of
publick
Devotions
and
Thanksgivings
,
which
had
never
been
done
for
any
other
Victory
before
.
The
promise
also
of
500
Drachma's
to
the
Legions
was
confirmed
with
a
farther
Provision
,
that
it
should
be
paid
to
the
Widows
or
Heirs
of
those
who
died
in
Battel
.
Pansa
died
of
his
wounds
some
few
days
afterwards
,
whose
death
occasioned
some
suspicion
of
Caesar
,
at
least
the
Physician
he
made
use
of
,
one
whose
name
was
Glyco
,
was
put
into
Prison
,
and
accused
for
having
poysoned
the
wound
;
but
Brutus
answered
for
the
Honesty
of
the
Physician
,
and
wrote
in
his
behalf
to
Cicero
,
yet
still
Caesar's
Enemies
spread
the
suspicions
abroad
,
as
also
that
he
had
slain
Hirtius
in
the
heat
of
the
Battel
.
But
Pansa
himself
was
so
well
persuaded
to
the
contrary
,
that
he
desired
to
see
him
before
his
death
,
and
thus
spoke
to
him
,
I
loved
your
Father
more
than
my self
,
and
when
he
was
slain
in
the
Senate
,
I
would
have
hazarded
my
own
life
to
have
saved
his
,
had
I
been
furnished
with
Arms.
I
would
doe
his
Memory
Iustice
in
doing
you
some
Service
,
which
my
misfortune
hinders
me
from
on
this
occasion
,
which
should
be
by
advertising
you
of
what
designs
the
Senate
have
against
you
,
for
it
is
nothing
but
the
fear
of
your
Troops
which
forces
those
People
to
caress
you
,
and
they
had
never
allowed
you
those
Honours
you
are
at
present
possessed
of
,
but
to
fire
you
more
to
the
destruction
of
Antonius
.
Their
business
is
to
dash
you
to
pieces
one
against
the
other
,
by
that
means
to
re-establish
Pompey's
Pa●t●
,
is
being
the
thing
which
they
most
pressingly
recommended
to
Hirtius
and
me
,
but
the
Friendship
wherewith
Caesar
once
honoured
me
,
obliges
me
to
give
you
such
Counsel
as
I
my self
would
take
upon
the
same
occasion
,
unite
your self
with
Antonius
,
for
it
is
the
onely
way
to
preserve
your
life
and
advance
your
Fortune
.
I
could
not
with
Honour
have
given
you
this
advice
sooner
,
because
it
would
have
betrayed
the
Trust
which
they
reposed
in
me
,
but
at
present
,
since
Antonius
is
ouerthrown
,
Hirtius
dead
,
and
I
just
following
him
,
I
think
my self
discharged
of
my
Oath
,
and
therefore
may
acquit
my self
of
what
I
owe
to
the
memory
of
Caesar.
I
surrender
you
your
Troops
,
and
would
also
restore
you
those
which
the
Senate
gave
me
,
did
I
not
fear
it
might
cause
their
aversion
towards
you
,
for
the
Commanders
are
but
so
many
private
Spies
upon
our
Conduct
,
so
I
would
have
you
consent
that
they
may
be
put
into
the
hands
of
Torquatus
.
He
died
about
a
quarter
of
an
hour
afterwards
,
having
given
his
Troops
to
Torquatus
,
who
by
orders
from
the
Senate
,
carried
them
to
Decimus
,
and
Caesar
sent
the
Bodies
of
the
two
Consuls
to
Rome
with
great
Magnificence
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
Cassius
in
Syria
.
He
raises
great
Forces
.
The
Conduct
of
Cleopatra
.
Brutus
defeats
Antonius's
Brother
,
and
takes
him
Prisoner
.
IN
this
manner
the
Senate
endeavoured
by
all
sort
of
ways
to
re-establish
their
Authority
,
and
the
news
which
came
from
the
East
gave
them
very
great
hopes
of
it
.
Cassius
arriving
in
Syria
,
found
the
Legions
in
that
Province
revolted
,
by
reason
of
the
death
of
[
*
](A33186-e57610-b)
*
Julius
.
Sextus
,
who
was
a
young
Man
,
and
a
Kinsman
of
Iulius
Caesar
,
who
had
left
him
there
upon
Honour
to
Command
a
Legion
,
whereof
Cacilius
Bassus
was
Tribune
or
Colonel
.
This
young
Man
lived
very
disorderly
,
and
when
Bassus
advised
him
to
reform
his
Conduct
,
he
used
him
ill
,
so
that
the
Souldiers
provoked
to
see
their
Colonel
affronted
fell
to
Mutiny
,
and
in
the
Tumult
Sextus
was
slain
.
They
well
knew
that
Caesar
,
who
was
then
alive
,
would
not
forgive
them
that
fault
,
so
they
desperately
resolved
to
stand
by
what
they
had
done
,
and
debauched
also
another
Legion
into
their
Crime
,
Caesar
sent
orders
to
Marcus
to
reduce
them
to
their
Obedience
with
three
Legions
which
he
Commanded
,
but
the
Mutineers
got
the
better
of
him
so
far
,
that
he
was
forced
to
demand
the
assistence
of
Crispus
,
who
had
three
other
Legions
in
Bithynia
,
they
had
besieged
Bassus
,
who
defended
himself
very
well
,
when
after
the
death
of
Caesar
,
Cassius
with
the
Senates
orders
arrived
in
the
Province
.
The
Mutineers
were
transported
with
this
occasion
,
so
they
declared
immediately
for
the
Senate
,
and
Cassius
managed
it
so
well
,
that
he
brought
over
Marcus
and
Crispus
also
into
his
Interest
,
by
that
means
re-uniting
all
those
Troops
under
his
own
Command
.
He
had
also
notice
that
Alienus
was
in
Palestine
with
four
Legions
that
Cleopatra
had
raised
,
and
which
she
had
put
into
Alienus's
hands
by
the
Command
of
Dolabella
.
Cleopatra
reigned
then
in
Aegypt
by
the
Authority
of
Caesar
,
who
loved
her
,
and
had
placed
her
upon
the
Throne
after
the
death
of
her
Brother
,
and
it
was
in
acknowledgment
of
those
favours
,
that
she
had
raised
these
Troops
to
offer
him
their
service
,
when
he
should
march
against
the
Parthians
.
The
death
of
this
great
Man
had
altered
those
thoughts
to
others
of
Revenge
,
so
understanding
that
Dolabella
was
in
Syria
,
and
that
he
had
declared
himself
against
Caesar's
Murtherers
by
the
death
of
Tr●bonius
,
she
sent
him
those
Legions
under
the
Command
of
Alienus
.
Cassius
,
with
his
Army
marched
against
him
,
which
forced
Alienus
,
finding
he
was
not
strong
enough
to
give
him
Battel
with
the
four
Legions
to
go
over
to
his
side
,
by
which
means
Cassius
was
in
a
short
time
at
the
head
of
12
Legions
.
He
imparted
this
good
news
to
all
his
Friends
,
and
went
afterwards
to
besiege
Dolabella
in
Laodicea
,
which
is
a
City
of
Syria
.
On
the
other
side
,
Brutus
in
Macedonia
,
the
Government
whereof
Hortentius
had
put
into
his
hands
,
by
the
means
of
Apuloius's
Money
had
drawn
to
him
all
such
of
Pompey's
Souldiers
as
were
in
Thessaly
,
and
all
the
Neighbouring
Princes
,
who
still
had
a
respect
for
the
Memory
of
Pompey
,
assisted
him
with
their
Troops
,
so
that
the
whole
World
was
again
divided
between
two
Men
,
for
they
were
no
more
,
since
it
was
in
effect
the
Credit
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
which
kept
up
the
War
between
those
of
their
several
Parties
,
Cajus
the
Brother
of
Antonius
was
gone
with
one
Legion
into
Macedonia
,
where
Brutus
,
who
was
much
stronger
than
he
,
might
easily
have
destroyed
him
,
but
resolving
to
Husband
well
the
lives
of
his
Fellow
Citizens
,
and
the
Repute
which
he
had
already
gotten
for
great
Moderation
,
he
contented
himself
to
weary
him
out
with
moving
from
one
place
to
another
,
and
it
was
Cicero's
Son
who
Commanded
the
Party
against
him
.
He
was
as
yet
but
a
young
Man
,
though
of
great
expectation
,
and
Brutus
praised
him
extremely
in
the
Letters
which
he
wrote
to
Cicero
.
He
got
the
better
of
Cajus
in
two
or
three
little
encounters
,
the
ill
success
whereof
at
last
was
the
reason
that
all
Cajus
his
Souldiers
surrendred
themselves
to
Brutus
,
and
he
himself
was
at
last
forc't
to
follow
their
example
.
Brutus
used
him
very
well
,
without
depriving
him
of
any
marks
of
his
Dignity
till
the
death
of
Cicero
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
Caesar
demands
the
Honour
of
Triumph
,
which
is
refused
him
.
He
attempts
the
Consulship
by
Cicero's
interference
.
THE
news
of
these
proceedings
was
received
in
Italy
with
very
different
sentiments
,
the
Senate
were
extremely
rejoiced
at
it
,
but
young
Caesar
seemed
to
have
a
very
little
share
in
their
pleasure
,
the
last
advice
of
Pansa
wholly
employed
his
thoughts
,
and
to
sound
the
inclinations
of
the
Senate
,
he
sent
to
demand
a
Triumph
,
but
that
Honour
was
denied
to
Caesar
,
who
from
the
very
moment
resolved
to
use
his
best
indeavours
to
re-unite
himself
with
Antonius
.
He
sent
him
back
all
the
Prisoners
which
he
had
taken
at
the
Battel
of
Modena
,
and
amongst
the
rest
Decius
,
a
particular
friend
of
Antonius
having
first
discovered
to
him
his
intentions
,
he
let
Ventidius's
Army
pass
,
which
he
might
have
destroyed
,
and
also
saw
him
particularly
himself
,
to
complain
to
him
of
the
Divisions
that
ruined
the
interest
of
their
Party
.
At
last
he
sent
to
Lepidus
,
and
Pollio
,
to
give
them
to
understand
the
same
thing
,
and
all
this
with
the
greatest
secrecy
in
the
world
.
In
the
mean
time
Decimus
wrote
word
to
the
Senate
that
Antonius
was
ruined
,
that
he
was
not
able
to
stand
before
him
,
and
that
he
would
undertake
in
a
short
time
to
chase
him
to
the
other
side
of
the
Alps
,
the
joy
for
this
news
was
every
where
apparent
,
so
without
any
farther
consideration
a
Committee
was
appointed
of
ten
Senatours
for
the
drawing
up
of
a
Process
against
Antonius
,
and
abolishing
all
that
he
had
done
during
his
Consulship
.
This
was
an
oblique
blow
with
which
they
intended
to
wound
the
Ordinances
of
Iulius
Caesar.
Those
of
Pompey's
Party
solicited
Decimus
that
he
would
demand
the
Consulship
in
the
room
of
Hirtius
and
Pansa
.
Caesar
also
had
the
same
design
,
but
discovered
it
at
first
onely
to
Cicero
,
to
whom
he
sent
word
,
That
he
much
desired
to
see
himself
once
Consul
with
him
,
that
so
he
might
be
instructed
in
those
rules
and
methods
which
are
requisite
for
the
government
of
the
Commonwealth
.
That
for
his
part
he
onely
desired
the
name
of
Consul
,
to
recompence
himself
in
some
measure
for
the
loss
of
his
Triumph
,
but
that
he
would
leave
the
Authority
intirely
to
Cicero
.
He
could
not
have
thought
of
any
thing
better
to
prevail
upon
the
weakness
of
that
Man
,
all
his
great
knowledge
and
experience
gave
way
to
that
bait
of
Vain-glory
,
so
he
proposed
it
to
the
Senate
with
a
great
many
circumlocutions
,
which
nevertheless
could
not
disguise
it
so
well
,
but
that
his
vanity
was
perceived
,
and
made
light
of
by
the
Senate
,
who
laughed
at
him
for
his
pains
,
and
the
Kinsmen
of
the
Conspiratours
hindred
any
farther
proceeding
towards
the
Election
of
Consuls
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
Antonius
makes
his
retreat
into
Gall.
He
makes
himself
Master
of
Lepidus's
Army
.
He
returns
into
Italy
with
seventeen
Legions
.
ANTONIVS
began
now
to
understand
his
true
interest
,
those
Friends
which
Caesar
had
sent
to
him
,
had
opened
his
Eyes
,
but
he
had
a
mind
in
the
first
place
throughly
to
discover
the
intentions
of
Lepidus
,
who
was
advanced
out
of
Spain
as
far
as
the
place
where
the
Rivers
of
Rhone
and
Saone
meet
;
the
Senate
had
given
orders
to
him
and
Plancus
to
fortify
themselves
in
that
place
,
and
it
was
at
this
time
that
Plancus
laid
the
foundation
of
the
City
of
Lyons
.
Antonius
passed
over
the
Alps
,
having
first
gained
Cule●
,
who
guarded
the
narrow
passages
,
in
all
that
march
his
Army
suffered
most
extremely
,
and
Antonius
even
out-did
himself
in
instructing
his
Souldiers
by
his
own
example
to
indure
their
weariness
and
their
wants
;
at
last
he
came
and
incamped
hard
by
Lepidus
,
but
fortified
himself
not
in
the
least
,
because
he
would
make
it
known
that
he
thought
himself
near
his
Friends
.
Nevertheless
Lepidus
sent
him
word
that
the
Senate
had
given
him
orders
to
prosecute
him
as
an
Enemy
,
but
Antonius
,
who
had
let
his
beard
and
hair
grow
,
came
and
shewed
himself
in
that
condition
to
Lepidus's
Souldiers
,
they
had
all
served
with
him
under
Iulius
Caesar
,
esteemed
him
for
his
Courage
,
and
the
Civility
of
his
Manners
,
so
that
the
condition
they
now
saw
him
in
,
moved
them
to
compassion
;
he
spoke
to
them
several
times
between
the
two
Camps
,
where
they
would
meet
him
,
though
Lepidus
did
all
that
lay
in
his
power
to
prevent
it
.
Antonius
Souldiers
were
dayly
telling
them
stories
of
the
goodness
of
their
General
,
that
he
marched
the
first
on
foot
into
the
middle
of
the
Snow
himself
,
comforting
those
whom
he
saw
were
wearied
,
which
gained
the
very
hearts
of
them
;
at
last
,
Lepidus
perceiving
that
he
was
no
longer
Master
of
his
Troops
,
that
they
had
sent
Claudius
and
Laelius
to
Antonius
to
invite
him
to
come
into
their
Camp
,
where
they
would
receive
him
for
their
General
,
and
at
the
same
time
cut
off
Lepidus
,
if
he
would
give
them
Orders
.
Antonius
forbad
them
the
doing
of
him
any
violence
,
and
the
next
day
passed
over
a
shallow
part
of
the
River
,
which
separated
them
,
and
came
into
Lepidus's
Camp
.
The
Souldiers
received
him
with
great
Acclamations
,
and
Lepidus
being
very
much
terrified
,
offered
him
his
Command
.
Antonius
refused
it
,
but
was
willing
to
divide
with
him
,
though
the
Authority
should
still
remain
intirely
his
.
Plancus
,
who
was
loath
to
expose
himself
to
the
like
disgrace
,
past
Iserum
with
four
Legions
,
and
retreated
into
Savoy
,
as
if
he
had
a
design
of
joining
himself
with
Decimus
,
but
it
was
indeed
to
make
choice
of
his
Party
according
as
Fortune
should
declare
her self
.
By
this
means
Antonius
was
at
the
head
of
23
Legions
,
and
above
ten
thousand
Horse
,
he
left
six
Legions
on
the
other
side
of
the
Alps
,
under
the
Command
of
one
of
his
drinking
Companions
,
called
Varius
,
but
in
railery
sirnamed
Cotyllo
,
(
that
word
signifying
a
Flagon
)
and
returned
over
the
Mountains
with
17
Legions
and
all
his
Cavalry
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
Caesar
pursues
the
Consulship
.
He
speaks
to
his
Souldiers
.
He
marches
towards
Rome
.
The
fright
the
Senate
were
in
.
NOW
to
make
the
best
use
of
that
amazement
which
this
success
of
Antonius
had
brought
into
Rome
,
Caesar
resolved
once
more
to
set
his
design
on
foot
of
pursuing
the
Consulship
.
The
Senate
had
changed
their
method
,
they
had
declared
Caesar
General
with
Decimus
,
to
make
War
against
Antonius
,
but
at
the
same
time
had
offended
him
by
a
foolish
way
of
proceeding
,
in
sending
ten
Commissaries
to
carry
the
Money
,
which
had
been
promised
to
the
two
Legions
,
without
naming
himself
for
that
employment
.
These
Commissaries
had
private
orders
to
endeavour
to
corrupt
the
Souldiers
of
the
two
Legions
,
and
to
persuade
them
to
go
and
join
Decimus
,
where
it
was
told
them
their
Money
should
be
ready
;
but
Caesar
took
care
they
should
be
so
well
lookt
after
,
that
they
could
get
no
opportunity
of
speaking
to
the
Souldiers
;
and
when
he
let
them
understand
how
well
he
was
informed
of
their
design
,
they
were
so
afraid
,
that
they
returned
to
Rome
without
ever
so
much
as
distributing
the
money
.
Caesar
took
this
occasion
to
convince
his
Souldiers
,
That
what
the
Senate
aimed
at
,
was
onely
the
destruction
of
his
Father's
Party
by
the
divisions
they
indeavoured
to
sow
amongst
them
;
so
he
unravelled
all
the
secret
of
that
Policy
which
had
caused
so
many
waverings
between
him
and
Antonius
.
He
made
them
take
notice
how
they
indeavoured
to
raise
jealousie
amongst
his
Troops
,
by
that
distinction
of
Recompences
,
and
after
all
,
the
last
attempt
which
they
had
made
towards
the
weakning
of
Caesar's
Ordinances
.
What
security
,
said
he
,
can
ye
pretend
to
have
now
for
those
Houses
,
those
Inheritances
,
and
those
Goods
which
my
Father
allotted
you
?
Do
ye
not
believe
also
that
my
life
must
be
in
danger
amongst
the
Relations
and
Friends
of
those
who
cruel●y
murthered
him
?
But
it
is
not
the
care
of
that
which
most
nearly
touches
me
,
I
would
give
it
up
with
chearfulness
,
if
that
Sacrifice
would
secure
the
safety
of
so
many
Men
of
consideration
as
have
followed
my
interests
;
ye
know
that
I
am
not
Ambitious
,
and
ye
have
seen
me
too
refuse
those
mar●s
of
Honour
which
ye
have
offered
me
,
but
I
desire
some
of
you
at
present
,
in
consideration
of
your selves
,
the
onely
way
to
preserve
your
Lives
and
Fortunes
,
must
be
the
making
of
me
Consul
by
your
Votes
,
after
that
,
we
will
make
it
our
business
to
secure
you
in
the
possession
of
those
Goods
which
my
Father
left
you
.
We
will
revenge
his
death
,
and
shall
be
in
a
better
condition
for
the
distribution
of
Rewards
.
The
Souldiers
received
this
Proposition
with
a
great
deal
of
Joy
,
and
immediately
named
Deputies
to
go
and
make
their
demand
to
the
Senate
,
who
returned
no
favourable
answer
,
excusing
themselves
in
regard
of
Caesar's
Youth
.
But
the
Deputies
being
well
instructed
,
alledged
Corvinus
,
the
two
Scipio's
,
Pompey
and
Dolabella
,
who
had
all
obtained
that
Magistracy
before
they
came
to
Age
,
and
that
Caesar
himself
had
a
dispensation
from
the
Senate
.
They
spoke
these
things
with
a
certain
Souldier-like
Liberty
,
which
was
not
very
agreeable
to
the
Senatours
,
who
interrupted
them
with
crying
out
against
it
,
when
a
certain
Captain
called
Cornelius
,
who
was
the
first
of
the
Deputies
,
laying
his
Hand
upon
his
Sword
,
said
,
If
ye
will
not
give
it
him
,
here
's
▪
that
shall
.
After
these
words
he
left
the
Senate
,
and
returned
to
give
Caesar
an
account
of
the
ill
success
of
his
Deputation
.
The
Souldiers
provoked
by
their
refusal
,
cryed
out
,
That
they
desired
to
be
lead
to
Rome
,
and
that
Caesar
as
Heir
to
his
Father
,
had
sufficient
Authority
to
make
whom
he
pleased
Consuls
.
He
took
care
this
heat
of
theirs
should
not
grow
cold
again
,
so
he
marched
towards
Rome
with
eight
Legions
,
and
passed
the
Rubicon
as
his
Father
had
done
before
;
he
divided
his
Army
into
two
Bodies
,
the
briskest
whereof
he
took
with
him
,
that
he
might
surprize
his
Enemies
by
his
diligence
,
leaving
orders
with
the
rest
to
come
and
join
him
by
small
marches
,
and
understanding
that
the
Senate
had
deputed
new
Commissaries
with
the
Money
,
he
sent
out
a
party
of
Souldiers
before
to
meet
them
,
which
so
terrified
them
,
that
they
immediately
returned
to
Rome
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
The
Senates
want
of
resolution
.
Caesar
enters
into
the
City
.
He
treats
Cicero
ill
,
and
is
declared
Consul
with
Pedius
.
NOW
there
was
nothing
but
disorder
to
be
found
in
the
City
,
and
as
it
usually
happened
upon
the
like
occasions
every
Senatour
was
for
laying
the
blame
of
their
ill
Conduct
upon
his
Neighbour
,
but
that
was
now
to
little
purpose
,
for
some
resolution
must
be
taken
,
so
it
was
concluded
,
That
one
half
of
the
Money
which
the
Senate
had
promised
to
the
two
Legions
,
should
be
sent
them
,
together
with
a
farther
promise
of
as
much
more
to
the
others
.
That
Caesar
onely
should
have
the
care
of
the
distribution
of
this
Money
,
and
be
permitted
to
demand
the
Consulship
,
though
he
were
not
himself
there
present
.
So
Deputies
were
sent
to
acquaint
him
with
these
Resolutions
,
but
the
very
moment
after
they
appeared
again
too
mean
as
well
as
too
rash
.
Some
foolish
remainders
of
that
fierceness
which
was
natural
to
those
ancient
Romans
,
made
them
ashamed
to
yield
thus
to
the
proceedings
of
a
young
Man
,
and
the
insolence
of
the
Souldiery
.
By
chance
too
at
the
same
time
two
Legions
who
came
from
Libya
arrived
at
the
Gates
of
the
City
,
they
were
received
as
a
Succour
sent
thither
from
the
Gods
,
and
it
was
resolved
with
these
Troops
,
and
the
Legion
that
Pansa
had
sent
back
to
the
Senate
,
joined
with
such
as
were
fit
to
bear
Arms
within
the
Walls
to
defend
the
City
.
So
Pretors
were
appointed
to
Command
them
,
and
great
hopes
there
seemed
to
be
that
these
marks
of
their
Courage
and
Resolution
might
astonish
Caesar.
His
Mother
and
his
Sisters
were
in
the
City
,
but
when
the
Senate
caused
them
to
be
sought
for
,
to
secure
them
as
Hostages
,
they
were
not
to
be
found
,
which
was
an
instance
that
Caesar
had
still
some
faithfull
Friends
there
;
the
danger
that
those
Persons
who
were
so
dear
to
him
were
in
,
had
made
him
to
redouble
his
diligence
,
so
he
sent
his
Cavalry
with
all
the
haste
they
could
make
to
seize
upon
the
Gates
,
and
assure
the
People
of
his
good
Intentions
,
himself
following
close
at
their
Heels
with
his
Legions
,
the
sight
whereof
soon
moderated
the
Zeal
of
those
Men
who
appeared
so
hot
for
the
defence
of
their
Countrey
,
so
without
any
resistence
they
seized
upon
the
Quirinal
Mountain
,
where
Caesar's
Friends
,
and
the
most
Illustrious
of
the
Senatours
came
to
salute
him
.
The
People
mingled
themselves
amongst
the
Souldiers
,
bringing
them
refreshments
,
and
the
next
day
Caesar
,
attended
by
some
of
the
best
of
his
Men
for
the
guard
of
his
Person
,
made
his
entrance
into
the
City
,
where
he
was
every
where
received
with
the
joyfull
Acclamations
of
the
People
,
and
met
by
his
Mother
and
Sisters
,
who
had
been
retreated
amongst
the
Vestals
.
His
Mother
was
called
Actia
,
the
Daughter
of
Actius
Balbus
,
and
Iulia
the
Sister
of
Iulius
Caesar
,
and
his
Sisters
all
bore
the
name
of
Octavia
,
the
youngest
whereof
afterwards
Married
Antonius
,
though
she
proved
unfortunate
in
the
Match
,
by
reason
of
the
madness
wherewith
Cleopatra
had
bewitched
that
Man
,
though
Octavia
had
much
the
advantage
of
her
both
in
Beauty
and
Wisedom
,
which
made
her
esteemed
for
one
of
the
most
Vertuous
Ladies
of
her
time
.
The
three
Legions
that
were
in
the
City
,
sent
also
to
offer
their
service
to
Caesar
,
who
received
them
with
the
Pretors
that
Commanded
them
,
all
,
except
Cornutus
,
who
slew
himself
with
his
own
hands
.
Cicero
was
one
of
the
last
in
paying
him
his
Devoirs
,
and
Caesar
after
some
sharp
railery
,
told
him
,
That
he
was
the
last
of
his
Enemies
who
had
visited
him
.
It
had
been
reported
to
Caesar
how
Cicero
should
say
in
the
Senate
,
That
the
young
man
ought
to
be
praised
,
honoured
,
and
advanced
.
The
last
word
bearing
in
the
Latine
a
double
Interpretation
,
for
Tollere
signifies
as
well
to
take
away
ones
life
,
so
that
the
equivocation
seemed
something
remarkable
.
The
next
night
several
Persons
spread
about
a
report
that
the
Martial
and
third
Legions
would
take
Party
with
the
Senate
,
who
had
no
more
Wit
but
to
believe
it
,
and
sent
a
Pretor
,
whose
Name
was
Acilius
Crassus
into
the
March
of
Ancona
to
raise
Forces
.
The
Senatours
Assembled
themselves
,
and
Cicero
,
offended
at
Caesar's
railery
,
was
one
of
the
first
who
came
to
the
place
,
receiving
the
others
as
they
entred
with
a
great
deal
of
Joy
.
But
day
appearing
,
soon
convinced
them
of
their
Errour
,
and
Cicero
fled
out
of
the
City
.
It
would
be
hard
to
believe
that
such
prudent
and
discerning
Men
as
were
then
in
the
Senate
should
be
so
fickle
,
were
we
not
convinced
by
a
thousand
experiences
,
that
great
Interests
as
well
as
violent
Passions
will
disorder
the
most
solid
Judgments
.
Caesar
made
himself
very
merry
with
this
accident
,
but
caused
his
Troops
to
approach
as
far
as
the
Field
of
Mars
,
and
to
persuade
a
good
Opinion
of
his
moderation
,
he
forgave
Crassus
,
who
came
to
seek
him
,
and
ask
his
Pardon
.
After
which
,
he
caused
the
publick
Money
,
which
was
kept
at
Ianiculum
,
to
be
brought
,
whereof
he
paid
2500
Drachma's
to
every
Souldier
,
and
promised
satisfaction
for
what
was
behind
,
so
they
proceeded
to
the
Election
of
Consuls
,
and
Caesar
to
leave
the
People
in
appearance
the
liberty
of
their
Votes
,
went
out
of
the
City
and
was
declared
Consul
with
Pedius
,
who
had
granted
him
his
part
of
what
his
Uncle
had
left
them
,
he
immediately
came
back
again
so
soon
as
he
understood
he
was
chosen
,
and
it
is
said
,
That
as
he
was
sacrificing
according
to
Custome
,
there
were
seen
twelve
Vultures
,
being
the
same
number
which
appeared
to
Romulus
the
Founder
of
Rome
.
His
first
publick
act
was
the
Declaration
which
he
made
to
the
People
of
Iulius
Caesar's
having
adopted
him
according
to
the
intention
of
the
Law
in
that
Case
,
so
the
Adoption
was
confirmed
,
and
his
Fathers
●●eed-men
,
many
whereof
were
in
possession
of
great
Estates
,
according
to
Custome
acknowledged
him
for
their
Patron
,
and
afterwards
did
him
very
considerable
service
both
in
their
Persons
and
their
Fortunes
.
CHAP.
XXIX
.
Caesar
causes
Brutus
and
Cassius
to
be
Condemned
,
with
all
those
who
had
murthered
his
Vncle
.
Antonius
pursues
Decimus
,
who
is
at
last
slain
.
AS
all
the
thoughts
of
young
Caesar
were
intent
upon
revenging
the
death
of
his
Father
,
he
no
sooner
saw
the
Sovereign
Authority
in
his
hands
,
but
he
set
himself
seriously
to
work
about
the
business
,
so
causing
the
Arrest
which
the
Senate
had
sent
out
against
Dolabella
to
be
cancelled
,
Brutus
and
Cassius
were
accused
of
Treason
and
Murther
by
Cornificius
and
[
*
](A33186-e59770-b)
*
This
man
was
of
no
great
Family
,
but
was
afterwards
the
chief
Favourite
of
Augustus
,
by
reason
of
his
Valour
and
Merit
,
he
married
Julia
the
Daughter
of
Augustus
,
the
Name
of
his
Family
was
Vipsallius
.
Agrippa
,
and
the
other
Accomplices
by
others
of
Caesar's
Friends
,
the
Accused
were
all
Condemned
for
Contumacy
,
and
it
is
said
,
that
when
(
as
the
Custome
was
)
Brutus
was
cited
to
appear
,
many
could
not
forbear
from
weeping
,
and
a
Senatour
named
Sicilius
,
had
the
boldness
to
declare
,
That
Brutus
was
innocent
,
and
valued
himself
upon
the
matter
.
Caesar
took
that
opportunity
to
make
yet
his
moderation
more
remarkable
in
pardoning
of
him
for
the
present
,
but
found
a
way
afterwards
to
be
revenged
of
him
in
the
Proscription
of
the
Triumvirate
.
Quintus
Gallius
,
the
Brother
of
a
Pretor
,
was
afterwards
accused
,
for
that
at
the
solicitations
of
Antonius
,
he
had
Conspired
against
Caesar
,
the
People
plundered
the
House
of
the
Pretor
,
who
was
not
then
at
Rome
,
and
the
Senate
Condemned
Quintus
to
death
,
Caesar
onely
ordered
him
to
go
and
find
out
his
Brother
,
but
he
disappeared
in
his
Journey
,
and
was
no
more
heard
of
.
In
the
mean
time
news
was
brought
,
that
Brutus
,
who
was
in
Macedonia
,
had
published
,
That
he
would
come
and
appear
to
Iustice
at
the
head
of
twenty
Legions
.
Caesar
,
who
did
not
desire
he
should
be
so
well
accompanied
,
was
resolved
to
spare
him
one
half
of
the
Journey
.
The
Senate
had
given
him
the
charge
of
making
War
against
Antonius
and
Lepidus
,
he
went
from
Rome
upon
this
expedition
with
great
preparation
and
very
good
Troops
,
leaving
Pedius
his
Collegue
in
the
City
,
who
,
as
of
his
own
proper
motion
proposed
to
the
Senate
,
That
all
seeds
of
Division
might
be
rooted
out
by
Cancelling
whatsoever
had
been
ordered
against
Antonius
and
Lepidus
.
This
Proposition
was
by
no
means
very
agreeable
,
but
the
Authority
of
those
who
made
it
,
rendred
it
necessary
,
so
the
Senate
wrote
to
Caesar
for
his
Opinion
of
the
matter
,
who
as
if
with
some
violence
upon
himself
,
and
being
forced
by
his
Souldiers
,
at
last
consented
to
it
.
In
acknowledgment
of
this
good
turn
,
Antonius
sent
him
word
that
he
would
go
and
find
out
Decimus
,
whose
Person
was
very
odious
to
all
Iulius
Caesar's
Friends
,
and
Plancus
and
Pollio
in
consideration
of
Caesar
,
joined
Antonius's
Army
with
six
Legions
,
Decimus
had
ten
under
his
Command
,
but
the
four
best
of
them
,
who
consisted
of
old
Souldiers
,
were
in
a
very
ill
condition
,
by
reason
of
the
sickness
and
other
Fatigues
which
they
had
suffered
in
Modena
,
the
six
others
were
new
Men
,
without
any
experience
,
so
that
he
durst
not
stay
for
Antonius
with
those
Forces
,
but
laid
a
design
of
retreating
into
Macedonia
by
the
way
of
Ravenna
,
and
the
Adriatick
Gulph
,
but
Caesar
opposed
him
there
with
his
Troops
,
so
that
Decimus
was
reduced
to
a
necessity
of
thinking
how
he
might
pass
the
Rhine
,
and
make
his
retreat
good
through
Germany
.
The
fatigues
and
dangers
of
this
Voyage
so
ill
rellished
with
the
new
Souldiers
,
that
they
deserted
him
,
and
came
over
to
Antonius's
Army
,
Decimus
seeing
himself
by
this
means
abandoned
by
all
his
Infantry
,
dismist
all
the
stranger
Cavalry
who
were
with
him
,
and
out
of
his
own
Purse
furnished
them
with
Money
for
the
charge
of
their
Voyage
,
retaining
onely
with
him
three
hundred
of
those
who
were
best
disposed
to
his
interest
,
with
this
attendance
he
marched
as
far
as
the
Rhine
,
when
being
affrighted
at
the
rapidness
of
the
stream
,
and
the
largeness
of
the
River
,
each
man
was
for
seeking
a
civil
pretence
of
drawing
off
,
so
there
remained
with
Decimus
onely
ten
of
his
Friends
.
In
this
extremity
he
put
on
a
Gallick
habit
to
disguise
himself
,
and
as
he
perfectly
understood
that
Language
,
he
believed
he
might
easily
pass
for
some
Cavalier
that
had
quitted
the
service
.
But
the
misfortune
that
followed
him
,
or
rather
the
punishment
of
his
Crime
brought
him
into
the
hands
of
certain
Moroders
,
who
without
taking
any
Party
,
were
for
plundering
all
they
met
withall
;
he
demanded
to
speak
with
their
Captain
,
and
found
by
chance
that
it
was
one
Camillus
,
whom
he
had
formerly
obliged
,
this
Camillus
received
Decimus
indeed
very
honourably
,
but
according
to
the
Custome
of
those
sort
of
People
,
gave
advice
to
Antonius
of
what
had
happened
;
Antonius
was
touched
with
much
Compassion
to
understand
the
sad
condition
of
a
man
so
considerable
for
his
Birth
,
and
the
great
Offices
he
had
born
,
but
as
he
could
doe
him
no
favour
,
and
was
therefore
resolved
not
to
see
him
,
he
sent
word
to
Camillus
to
send
him
his
Head
,
which
was
immediately
obeyed
,
and
when
it
was
brought
to
him
,
he
caused
it
to
be
buried
,
so
[
*
](A33186-e60310-b)
*
He
was
called
Decimus
Junius
Brutus
.
Decimus
was
the
second
of
Iulius
Caesar's
Murtherers
,
upon
whom
the
death
of
that
great
Man
was
revenged
;
he
had
always
been
of
his
Party
against
Pompey
,
and
Caesar
had
honoured
him
with
a
particular
Friendship
,
as
appears
in
his
Will.
He
had
upon
many
great
occasions
made
him
Commander
of
his
Cavalry
,
and
at
last
had
given
him
the
Government
of
Gaul
,
which
were
things
that
made
his
Action
appear
by
so
much
the
more
Infamous
and
Horrible
.
Another
of
the
Murtherers
called
Basilius
,
perished
also
at
the
same
time
by
the
hands
of
his
Slaves
,
whom
he
had
treated
with
all
manner
of
Cruelty
.
CHAP.
XXX
.
Presages
which
were
before
the
Triumvirate
.
The
Alliance
of
Caesar
,
Antonius
and
Lepidus
,
called
the
Triumvirate
.
They
meet
in
a
certain
Island
.
Their
Ordinances
.
NOthing
so
much
satisfies
the
Pride
of
Mankind
,
as
the
Opinion
whereby
they
flatter
themselves
with
being
able
to
foresee
what
shall
happen
,
since
by
that
means
they
imagine
they
are
in
some
degree
equal
to
the
Gods
,
and
it
was
doubtless
that
presumption
which
first
introduced
Auguries
,
Presages
and
all
those
sorts
of
Divinings
,
and
which
so
much
recommended
them
to
the
Romans
.
All
their
Histories
are
full
of
them
,
but
more
particularly
upon
this
occasion
.
They
believed
that
something
must
have
been
wanting
to
the
importance
of
that
great
Issue
which
overthrew
the
estate
of
the
whole
Universe
,
and
laid
the
foundation
of
the
greatest
Empire
that
ever
was
in
the
World
upon
the
Ruines
of
the
Roman
Commonwealth
,
if
it
had
not
been
foretold
by
Prodigies
.
Dogs
were
heard
to
howl
round
about
the
City
like
Wolves
,
and
Wolves
were
seen
running
even
about
the
Market
place
,
where
they
took
away
the
Meat
from
the
Shambles
;
an
Ox
spoke
,
as
also
did
an
Infant
,
as
it
was
fresh
born
from
the
Womb
of
its
Mother
;
some
of
the
Statues
sweated
bloud
,
and
others
water
;
terrible
signs
were
seen
round
about
the
Sun
.
At
last
showres
of
Stones
fell
from
Heaven
,
and
the
Temples
and
Images
of
the
Gods
were
broken
with
Thunder
.
The
Senate
terrified
with
these
Prodigies
,
sent
into
Tuscany
for
those
Men
called
Augures
,
who
professed
the
explanation
of
these
sort
of
Prodigies
,
and
out
of
this
Countrey
it
was
that
this
Superstition
first
came
into
Rome
.
The
eldest
Augure
said
,
That
by
these
Presages
the
Gods
foretold
the
restoring
of
Kings
to
Rome
,
where
they
should
have
absolute
Command
over
all
men
,
except
,
said
he
,
my self
,
and
at
these
words
he
held
his
breath
so
obstinately
,
that
he
stifled
himself
in
the
midst
of
the
Assembly
.
The
success
was
but
too
answerable
to
his
Conjectures
.
Caesar
and
Antonius
were
united
by
the
means
of
Lepidus
,
who
obliged
them
to
see
one
another
for
the
adjusting
of
their
pretensions
;
for
this
interview
was
chosen
a
little
Island
made
by
the
River
Panarus
hard
by
Modena
,
hither
Caesar
and
Antonius
came
,
each
with
four
Legions
,
the
River
being
between
them
,
Lepidus
first
went
over
alone
into
the
Island
,
to
discover
if
there
were
reason
to
fear
any
surprizal
,
when
he
had
satisfied
himself
,
he
held
up
his
Robe
,
which
was
a
signal
for
them
to
approach
,
Caesar
and
Antonius
advanced
,
each
with
300
Men
a-piece
,
whom
they
left
at
the
foot
of
those
Bridges
which
had
been
made
there
for
that
present
purpose
,
and
onely
themselves
entred
the
Island
,
where
they
imbraced
,
and
afterwards
sate
down
in
an
open
place
,
where
both
the
Armies
might
see
every
thing
that
passed
.
Caesar
,
as
he
was
Consul
,
sate
in
the
midst
,
so
they
spent
about
two
or
three
days
there
for
the
regulating
their
interests
.
This
was
towards
the
end
of
November
,
in
the
year
above
dated
.
At
last
it
was
agreed
upon
,
That
Caesar
should
quit
the
Quality
of
Consul
,
the
Title
whereof
should
be
left
to
Ventidius
for
the
rest
of
the
year
,
That
the
Supreme
Authority
should
be
divided
between
those
three
in
the
same
manner
as
it
had
been
executed
by
Consuls
,
That
they
should
keep
it
for
the
space
of
five
years
under
the
name
of
Triumviri
,
and
in
the
Quality
of
the
Reformers
of
the
Commonwealth
,
That
they
should
cause
that
Authority
to
be
confirmed
by
the
Roman
People
,
That
Antonius
should
have
all
intire
on
the
other
side
of
the
Alps
,
Lepidus
that
on
this
side
of
the
Alps
,
with
Spain
,
and
Caesar
Africa
,
with
the
Isles
of
Sardignia
,
and
Sicily
,
That
Italy
should
remain
in
Common
,
as
also
the
Eastern
Provinces
,
which
were
at
present
in
the
possession
of
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
In
this
manner
,
says
Plutarch
,
did
these
men
divide
the
World
between
them
,
as
if
it
had
been
their
Inheritance
.
The
charge
of
making
War
upon
the
Conspiratours
was
given
to
Antonius
,
and
Caesar
,
while
Lepidus
was
to
stay
at
Rome
with
four
Legions
.
To
Antonius's
Troops
were
added
four
more
,
and
three
to
Caesar's
,
to
the
end
that
they
might
each
have
an
Army
of
twenty
Legions
;
afterwards
they
disposed
the
matter
of
Rewards
,
and
that
Article
was
indeed
of
great
importance
for
the
retaining
of
the
Troops
in
their
Obedience
;
then
was
it
ordered
,
That
the
Lands
and
Houses
of
18
of
the
best
Cities
of
Italy
which
should
be
chosen
out
by
the
Triumviri
,
according
as
they
found
reason
to
be
angry
with
them
,
should
be
abandoned
in
propriety
to
the
Souldiers
.
The
greatest
of
them
were
Capua
,
Regium
,
Benevent
,
Luceria
,
Rimini
and
Vibonia
.
All
this
was
regulated
without
the
least
contest
or
dispute
,
but
they
appeared
something
divided
as
to
the
revenge
they
resolved
to
take
upon
their
Enemies
;
Antonius
first
demanded
Cicero
,
whom
Caesar
by
some
remainders
of
Friendship
which
he
retained
for
him
would
have
preserved
;
Caesar
would
have
Lucius
sirnamed
like
himself
,
Caesar
,
and
Antonius's
Uncle
,
and
Lepidus
was
resolved
to
get
rid
of
his
Brother
Paulus
,
who
had
appeared
so
violent
in
prosecuting
his
Condemnation
,
when
he
joined
with
Antonius
.
At
last
hatred
got
the
better
of
Friendship
,
so
Caesar
abandoned
Cicero
,
for
Lucius
,
and
Lepidus
had
permission
to
put
his
Brother
to
death
,
and
that
their
revenge
too
might
appear
the
greater
,
they
resolved
to
imitate
the
manner
that
Marius
and
Sylla
had
made
use
of
.
Upon
a
Tablet
was
written
in
great
Letters
the
name
of
the
Man
Condemned
,
and
this
Tablet
was
set
up
in
the
publick
place
,
which
was
the
thing
they
called
Proscription
.
From
this
moment
any
man
might
kill
those
who
were
Proscribed
,
and
as
great
Rewards
were
set
upon
their
Heads
,
it
was
very
hard
for
any
of
them
to
escape
the
fury
of
the
Souldiers
animated
by
their
Interests
.
These
terrible
Articles
being
written
and
signed
,
Caesar
went
to
declare
them
to
the
Armies
,
who
gave
testimony
of
their
exceeding
Joy
thereat
,
and
then
all
the
Souldiers
of
the
three
Armies
came
together
,
and
mutually
treated
and
entertained
each
other
.
In
this
manner
was
concluded
that
famous
Triumvirate
,
the
consequences
whereof
were
so
terrible
,
and
which
gave
the
last
blow
to
the
Roman
Liberty
.
The
Triumvirate
is
a
Latine
word
,
signifying
a
Partnership
between
three
Men
,
that
of
a
Triumvir
serving
to
express
any
one
of
them
.
CHAP.
XXXI
.
The
Decree
of
the
Triumvirate
.
The
Proscription
.
Murthers
up
and
down
the
City
.
THE
Triumviri
having
thus
established
their
Authority
,
drew
up
a
Roll
of
all
those
they
resolved
should
die
,
wherein
though
hatred
seemed
to
have
the
greatest
part
,
yet
Interest
also
at
last
came
in
for
her
share
.
They
wanted
a
great
deal
of
Money
for
the
carrying
on
of
the
War
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
who
found
powerfull
Succours
in
the
Riches
of
Asia
,
and
from
the
assistence
of
the
Eastern
Princes
,
when
on
the
other
side
these
had
onely
Europe
for
their
share
,
and
especially
Italy
,
which
had
been
wasted
,
and
drained
by
long
Civil
Wars
;
they
laid
great
Imposts
upon
Salt
and
other
Merchandizes
,
but
that
not
being
sufficient
,
they
consulted
with
themselves
to
proscribe
a
great
many
of
the
richest
Men
of
Rome
,
and
so
make
advantage
by
the
Confiscation
of
their
Estates
,
but
first
they
declared
onely
the
names
of
seventeen
Persons
who
were
the
most
heinous
Enemies
of
these
three
Princes
,
Paulus
was
the
first
in
the
behalf
of
Lepidus
his
Brother
;
Lucius
Caesar
followed
Paulus
,
by
Caesar's
Order
,
and
Cicero
for
Antonius
;
after
these
,
were
named
Plancus
and
Plotius
his
Brother
designed
Consuls
for
the
year
insuing
,
the
Father-in-Law
of
Pollio
,
and
Thoranius
,
Caesar's
Procuratour
.
The
Decree
of
Proscription
began
in
these
Terms
.
Marcus
Lepidus
,
Marcus
Antonius
,
and
Octavius
Caesar
,
Chosen
for
the
Reformation
of
the
Commonwealth
.
If
the
Generosity
of
Julius
Caesar
had
not
persuaded
him
to
pardon
those
faithless
Men
,
and
give
them
besides
the
lives
they
were
unworthy
of
,
Honours
also
,
and
Offices
which
they
deserved
as
little
,
after
having
taken
up
Arms
against
his
Person
,
he
had
not
fallen
so
cruelly
by
their
Treason
,
nor
should
we
have
been
forced
to
use
the
ways
of
Rigour
against
those
who
have
declared
us
Enemies
to
our
Countrey
,
but
the
hatefull
designs
which
they
have
formed
against
us
,
the
horrible
Treachery
they
shewed
towards
Caesar
,
and
the
knowledge
which
we
have
of
their
Malice
and
Obstinacy
in
their
pernicious
Opinions
force
us
to
prevent
those
Evils
which
may
fall
upon
us
.
The
rest
contained
a
justification
of
the
Triumvirates
proceedings
,
founded
upon
the
advantages
which
Caesar
had
acquired
to
the
Romans
by
his
Victories
,
the
ingratitude
of
his
Murtherers
,
who
had
been
almost
all
of
them
honoured
by
his
Beneficence
,
and
by
his
Friendship
,
the
necessity
of
punishing
those
Enemies
,
who
by
their
Artifices
might
involve
the
City
of
Rome
in
unhappy
Divisions
,
while
Caesar
and
Antonius
were
employed
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
and
the
Example
of
Sylla
.
At
last
,
after
having
implored
the
assistence
of
the
Gods
,
and
good
Fortune
,
they
concluded
thus
,
That
no
man
should
dare
to
receive
,
conceal
,
or
help
to
escape
any
of
those
who
wer●
Proscribed
upon
any
pretence
whatsoever
,
nor
to
give
them
Money
,
or
other
relief
,
nor
to
hold
any
intelligence
with
them
upon
pain
of
being
put
into
the
fame
state
without
hopes
of
pardon
.
That
whosoever
should
bring
in
the
head
of
a
Proscribed
Man
,
should
have
2000
Crowns
,
if
a
Freed-man
,
and
if
he
were
a
Slave
,
his
liberty
and
1000
Crowns
.
That
the
Slave
who
should
kill
his
Master
,
should
have
besides
that
,
moreover
the
right
of
a
free
Citizen
.
That
the
same
reward
should
be
given
to
those
wh●
should
declare
the
place
where
any
Proscribed
Man
was
retreated
,
and
that
the
name
of
the
Discoverer
should
not
be
written
in
any
Register
or
other
Memorial
,
to
the
end
that
it
might
never
be
known
who
he
was
.
The
Souldiers
arrived
before
the
Decree
,
and
killed
at
first
four
of
the
Proscripts
,
some
in
their
Lodgings
,
and
others
in
the
Streets
,
after
which
they
ran
up
and
down
to
the
Houses
and
the
Temples
,
causing
a
general
Terrour
,
nothing
was
to
be
heard
but
cries
and
lamentations
,
and
in
regard
the
Decree
was
not
yet
made
publick
,
every
one
was
afraid
,
and
fansied
himself
in
the
number
of
those
that
were
Condemned
,
some
even
became
so
very
desperate
,
that
they
resolved
to
involve
the
whole
City
in
their
destruction
,
and
set
it
on
fire
,
Pedius
hindred
this
disorder
by
causing
it
to
be
published
,
That
onely
some
few
of
the
Enemies
of
the
Triumvirate
were
sought
after
,
and
that
the
others
had
nothing
to
be
afraid
of
.
So
the
next
day
he
caused
to
be
posted
up
the
names
of
those
seventeen
who
were
Condemned
,
but
heated
himself
so
much
with
running
up
and
down
to
satisfie
the
minds
of
the
People
,
that
he
died
the
night
following
.
CHAP.
XXXII
.
The
entry
of
the
Triumvirate
into
Rome
.
Murthers
committed
,
and
the
sad
condition
which
that
City
was
in
.
AFTER
this
the
Triumvirate
made
their
entry
into
the
City
upon
three
several
days
,
Caesar
upon
the
first
,
Antonius
upon
the
second
,
and
Lepidus
upon
the
third
▪
each
bringing
with
him
a
Legion
for
his
Guard
.
The
Law
by
which
they
invested
themselves
with
Consular
Authority
for
the
space
of
five
years
,
and
declared
themselves
Reformers
of
the
Commonwealth
was
published
by
Titius
.
Tribune
of
the
People
,
and
the
night
following
they
added
the
names
of
130
Persons
to
those
they
had
already
Proscribed
.
A
little
time
after
they
proclaimed
150
more
,
upon
pretence
that
they
had
been
forgotten
,
by
which
means
the
unfortunate
number
encreased
every
day
,
till
it
amounted
to
300
Senatours
,
and
above
2000
Knights
.
No
man
durst
refuse
entrance
into
his
House
to
any
of
the
Souldiers
,
who
searched
the
most
secret
places
,
and
Rome
at
this
time
appeared
like
a
Town
that
was
exposed
to
waste
and
pillage
.
In
this
disorder
several
who
had
never
been
Condemned
,
either
by
malice
or
mistake
were
slain
,
and
known
afterwards
by
their
heads
not
being
cut
off
.
In
short
,
all
the
most
Tragick
fury
that
either
revenge
,
hatred
,
or
interest
could
produce
,
and
all
the
most
generous
kindness
that
love
and
fidelity
could
inspire
,
were
to
be
seen
in
divers
accidents
relating
to
this
Proscription
.
Salvius
a
Tribune
of
the
People
,
was
the
first
that
was
slain
as
he
was
sitting
at
the
Table
,
and
entertaining
his
Friends
,
because
he
had
too
lightly
forsaken
Antonius's
Interest
,
whom
he
had
supported
against
Cicero
.
The
Pretor
Minutius
was
lost
by
the
folly
of
those
who
in
point
of
Honour
would
follow
him
,
and
were
the
cause
of
his
being
discovered
.
Annulis
and
Thauranius
were
betrayed
by
their
own
Sons
,
who
by
Divine
Justice
were
afterwards
rewarded
for
it
.
Ignatius
and
his
Sons
slew
each
other
.
The
tenderness
of
a
Father
was
fatal
to
B●avus
,
who
came
back
and
willingly
suffered
death
to
save
his
Sons
.
And
Ligarius
drowned
himself
in
despair
,
for
that
he
could
not
help
his
Brother
,
whom
he
saw
●lain
before
his
face
.
Salassus
his
Wife
betrayed
her
Husband
,
and
Fulvius
was
delivered
by
a
Slave
that
he
kept
.
Statius
at
the
Age
of
24
years
,
was
Proscribed
for
his
great
Riches
,
which
he
abandoned
to
pillage
,
and
setting
his
House
on
fire
,
burnt
himself
with
it
.
Coepio
,
after
having
made
a
brave
resistence
,
dy'd
with
his
Sword
in
his
hand
,
and
Veratinus
having
got
together
a
great
many
more
Proscripts
besides
himself
,
slew
by
their
help
a
considerable
number
of
Souldiers
,
and
made
his
escape
into
Sicily
.
Naso
snatcht
a
Sword
out
of
one
of
the
Souldiers
hands
,
and
with
it
killed
the
Slave
that
had
betrayed
him
.
On
the
contrary
,
another
Slave
slew
him
who
Commanded
the
Party
that
had
cut
his
Masters
Throat
.
Aemilius
seeing
some
Souldiers
running
after
one
of
these
unfortunate
People
,
asked
,
Who
the
Proscribed
man
was
?
It
is
your self
,
said
one
of
the
Souldiers
who
knew
him
,
and
immediately
slew
him
.
And
Cillius
and
Decius
seeing
their
Names
written
in
the
Tablet
,
attempting
unadvisedly
to
flie
,
by
that
means
drew
the
Souldiers
after
them
,
and
were
●lain
.
Icillius
joining
himself
with
some
People
who
were
carrying
a
dead
Body
out
of
the
City
,
was
slain
by
the
Guards
at
the
Gate
,
who
knew
him
,
by
taking
notice
that
there
was
one
bearer
more
than
the
ordinary
number
.
Varus
,
who
had
hid
himself
in
a
Mar●h
near
Minuturnum
,
was
taken
for
a
Robber
,
but
discovering
his
name
to
make
himself
known
,
was
slain
by
some
Souldiers
,
who
by
chance
were
there
.
Largus
having
been
spared
by
some
Souldiers
of
his
Acquaintance
,
and
meeting
others
that
pursued
him
,
he
returned
back
to
those
who
had
saved
him
,
to
the
end
that
they
might
gain
the
reward
of
killing
him
.
The
Head
of
Rufus
being
brought
to
Antonius
,
who
was
Proscribed
,
because
he
refused
to
sell
a
fair
House
which
stood
near
Fulvia's
,
he
said
,
That
that
Present
belonged
to
his
Wife
,
and
sent
it
to
her
.
CHAP.
XXXIII
.
Some
stirs
amongst
the
People
.
The
death
of
Cicero
.
NOtwithstanding
the
fear
which
these
terrible
examples
had
generally
caused
,
the
People
forbore
not
to
shew
some
courage
.
A
certain
Slave
having
hid
his
Master
,
took
his
habit
upon
him
,
and
presented
himself
to
the
Souldiers
,
who
were
in
search
of
him
,
but
another
Slave
discovered
the
Fact
,
and
the
Master
was
slain
,
upon
which
the
People
rose
up
against
this
faithless
Fellow
,
and
the
Triumviri
were
forced
to
cause
him
to
be
punished
,
and
the
trusty
Slave
to
be
rewarded
.
Another
having
betrayed
his
Master
Aterius
,
and
obtaining
his
Liberty
,
taken
possession
of
his
Goods
,
the
Children
of
Aterius
,
pursued
him
up
and
down
the
City
to
doe
him
violence
;
upon
this
the
People
rose
again
,
so
that
the
Triumvirate
restored
the
Goods
to
the
Children
,
and
put
the
Slave
into
their
hands
,
upon
pretence
that
he
had
exceeded
,
the
terms
of
the
Decree
.
There
were
a
hundred
Examples
of
the
like
nature
,
which
would
be
too
long
to
recount
:
but
the
Eloquence
of
Cicero
,
and
the
obligation
which
all
learned
Men
have
to
this
day
to
his
Memory
,
and
the
Works
he
has
left
behind
him
,
deserve
that
we
insist
a
little
upon
the
circumstances
of
his
death
.
He
was
with
his
Brother
Quintus
at
Tusculum
,
one
of
his
Countrey
Houses
,
where
they
understood
the
news
of
the
Proscription
,
so
they
went
both
to
Astyra
to
embark
themselves
for
their
passage
into
Macedonia
,
but
having
in
their
haste
and
fear
forgotten
to
take
Money
with
them
,
Quintus
returned
and
was
slain
a
few
days
after
,
together
with
his
Sons
,
who
suffered
themselves
to
be
a
long
time
tormented
before
they
would
discover
where
their
Father
was
concealed
.
Cicero
went
a-board
a
certain
Ship
,
but
the
inconveniences
of
his
Age
augmented
by
the
disorders
he
was
in
,
and
the
fatigues
of
being
at
Sea
forced
him
to
row
back
to
land
;
there
divided
between
the
hopes
which
he
had
in
Caesar's
Friendship
,
and
the
fear
of
death
,
he
formed
a
thousand
resolutions
,
and
amongst
the
rest
to
go
and
kill
himself
in
Caesar's
presence
,
by
that
means
to
fasten
upon
his
Person
those
Furies
which
revenge
the
rights
of
violated
Friendship
.
In
the
mean
time
he
could
find
no
way
for
his
safety
,
and
after
all
these
inquietudes
,
caused
himself
to
be
carried
in
a
Felluca
to
a
certain
House
which
he
had
near
Capua
.
It
is
said
,
that
during
this
short
Voyage
,
several
Crows
coming
from
a
certain
Temple
of
Apollo
,
which
stands
by
the
Sea-side
,
perched
themselves
upon
the
Sails
and
rigging
of
the
little
Vessel
that
carried
him
,
and
when
he
was
a-shore
,
and
in
his
House
the
same
Crows
came
and
fluttered
about
the
Window
of
the
Chamber
,
where
he
was
retired
to
rest
himself
;
one
of
those
very
Crows
came
even
into
the
Room
,
and
with
his
bill
spread
the
Cloathes
that
covered
Cicero
:
the
example
of
this
Creature
was
the
occasion
that
his
Slaves
became
sensible
of
their
own
Idleness
,
in
that
they
took
no
more
pains
to
save
the
life
of
a
man
for
whose
preservation
the
very
Birds
of
the
air
seemed
to
be
concerned
;
so
they
took
him
up
almost
by
force
to
carry
him
to
Sea
,
but
being
so
very
famous
and
well
known
as
he
was
,
every
step
he
made
,
and
all
his
places
of
retreat
were
discovered
,
and
Popilius
Lena
the
Tribune
,
with
a
certain
Captain
called
Herennius
,
came
to
his
House
the
very
moment
after
he
had
left
it
.
This
Lena
had
had
great
obligations
to
Cicero
,
who
had
saved
his
life
by
pleading
for
him
when
he
stood
accused
for
the
death
of
his
own
Father
,
they
made
use
of
all
manner
of
violence
against
his
Slaves
,
to
force
them
to
discover
where
their
Master
was
,
but
they
all
constantly
persisted
that
they
knew
nothing
of
the
matter
,
till
either
one
named
Cirillus
,
who
had
heretofore
served
Clodius
,
who
was
Cicero's
mortal
Enemy
,
or
else
Philologus
,
Quintus's
Freed-man
,
discovered
to
Lena
that
they
were
now
carrying
him
through
the
passages
of
a
certain
Wood
that
lead
to
the
Sea-side
.
Lena
got
before
,
with
part
of
the
Souldiers
,
and
Herennius
followed
the
Litter
through
th●
narrow
paths
.
Cicero
understanding
they
were
coming
,
Commanded
those
who
carried
him
,
to
stop
,
and
when
the
Souldiers
were
come
up
,
he
put
his
Head
out
of
the
Litter
,
and
lookt
upon
them
with
a
great
deal
of
assurance
.
This
constancy
which
they
expected
not
from
him
,
and
his
face
disfigured
,
as
it
was
,
with
the
troubles
he
had
lain
under
,
was
the
reason
that
several
of
them
stopt
and
turned
away
their
Eyes
while
Herennius
slew
him
;
he
cut
off
his
Head
and
both
his
hands
,
which
were
carried
to
Antonius
.
As
he
was
extremely
inraged
against
Cicero
for
the
Orations
which
he
had
made
against
him
,
he
could
not
forbear
insulting
over
those
poor
Members
with
the
most
injurious
reproaches
,
declaring
aloud
,
That
his
revenge
was
now
completed
,
and
that
he
would
have
no
farther
to
doe
with
the
Proscription
.
But
Fulvia's
hatred
could
not
be
confined
to
words
,
for
she
pierced
his
Tongue
several
times
with
a
golden
Bodkin
which
she
wore
in
her
hair
,
and
afterwards
Antonius
gave
Orders
that
the
Head
and
Hands
should
be
set
up
upon
a
place
called
the
Rostrum
,
where
the
Roman
People
could
not
without
Horrour
see
those
sad
remains
of
a
Man
who
had
so
often
Triumphed
there
by
the
force
and
Charms
of
his
Eloquence
.
Thus
died
Cicero
at
the
Age
of
sixty
four
years
,
he
was
a
Man
of
most
extraordinary
qualifications
,
especially
those
that
relate
to
Civil
Matters
and
Rules
of
Government
,
which
had
justly
advanced
him
amongst
the
most
Illustrious
Men
of
the
Age
he
lived
in
Antonius
himself
,
as
Plutarch
reports
,
made
some
sort
of
reparation
to
his
memory
,
for
he
put
Philologus
into
the
hands
of
Pomponia
,
Cicero's
Sister-in-Law
,
who
tormented
him
to
death
.
CHAP.
XXXIV
.
The
Triumph
of
Lepidus
.
The
Goods
of
the
Proscripts
set
to
Sale
.
Attacks
upon
the
Roman
Ladies
.
Their
speech
to
the
Triumvirate
.
WHILE
these
things
were
performing
,
Lepidus
resolved
to
Triumph
over
some
Nations
that
he
had
conquered
in
Spain
,
the
Edict
of
the
Triumph
was
very
particular
,
and
deserves
therefore
to
be
mentioned
,
it
being
in
these
terms
,
To
all
those
who
shall
honour
our
Triumph
with
Sacrifices
,
publick
Feastings
,
and
other
demonstrations
of
Ioy
,
Health
and
good
Fortune
,
but
to
those
who
refuse
it
misery
and
Proscription
.
We
may
easily
imagine
how
universal
the
joy
was
upon
this
occasion
,
for
every
one
stood
in
awe
of
the
Proscription
,
and
Lepidus
entred
Triumphant
into
the
City
,
where
the
Ceremony
was
honoured
with
more
Sacrifices
and
Feastings
than
had
ever
appeared
in
the
like
case
before
.
Then
was
set
to
sale
the
Goods
of
the
Proscripts
(
that
is
to
say
)
the
immoveables
for
the
moveables
had
been
plundered
,
but
there
were
found
very
few
Chapmen
,
for
it
was
lookt
upon
as
a
piece
of
Inhumanity
to
ruine
Families
that
were
otherwise
enough
afflicted
already
;
besides
,
there
appeared
no
security
for
Title
to
any
such
Goods
,
nor
was
any
man
willing
to
seem
Rich
by
purchasing
in
such
dangerous
times
.
Some
few
,
who
were
not
of
the
wisest
sort
,
were
willing
to
run
the
hazard
for
the
sake
of
a
good
Market
,
but
that
did
not
satisfie
the
Triumvirate
,
they
had
need
of
200000
Talents
for
the
War
,
which
was
a
sum
not
to
be
found
any
where
but
in
the
City
,
they
could
there
reckon
up
1400
of
the
richest
Ladies
of
Rome
,
Mothers
,
Daughters
,
Kinswomen
,
or
Allies
to
their
Enemies
;
these
Alliances
were
very
exactly
enquired
into
,
and
very
far
fetched
,
for
to
be
rich
,
was
enough
to
belong
to
one
of
the
Proscripts
.
These
Ladies
assembled
themselves
,
and
went
to
find
out
the
Mother
and
Sisters
of
Caesar
,
who
gave
them
a
very
civil
hearing
.
Antonius
his
Mother
did
the
same
thing
,
and
Fulvia
onely
refused
to
see
them
;
this
forc't
them
to
go
to
the
Palace
of
the
Triumviri
,
where
at
first
they
were
repulsed
by
the
Guards
of
Souldier
,
but
made
so
much
noise
,
that
at
last
one
of
them
was
permitted
to
speak
,
upon
condition
that
the
rest
would
be
silent
;
this
was
Hortentia
,
the
Daughter
of
a
certain
Nobleman
called
Hortentius
,
who
alone
of
all
the
Oratours
had
been
able
to
dispute
with
Cicero
for
Eloquence
,
My
Lords
,
said
she
,
the
Ladies
which
you
see
here
imploring
your
Iustice
and
your
Bounty
had
never
appeared
in
this
place
,
till
after
having
made
use
of
all
means
that
their
Natural
Modesty
and
best
understanding
could
inform
them
of
;
We
have
sought
the
protection
of
your
Mothers
and
your
Wifes
,
but
the
Respects
we
paid
,
could
not
find
favour
with
Fulvia
,
which
has
forced
us
here
to
make
a
publick
Complaint
,
though
it
be
contrary
to
those
rules
of
Decency
prescribed
our
Sex
,
and
which
we
have
hitherto
most
exactly
observed
.
Ye
have
deprived
us
of
our
Fathers
,
our
Children
,
our
Brethren
,
and
our
Husbands
;
Ye
pretend
that
ye
have
been
affronted
,
but
what
Injury
have
the
Women
done
you
that
they
must
be
impoverished
,
if
they
are
as
blameable
as
the
rest
,
why
do
ye
not
proscribe
them
too
?
In
the
mean
time
none
of
our
Sex
have
ever
declared
you
your
Countrey
's
Enemies
.
We
have
neither
plundered
your
Goods
,
nor
suborned
your
Souldiers
.
We
have
raised
no
Troops
against
you
,
nor
opposed
those
Honours
and
Offices
which
ye
pretend
to
.
Since
therefore
the
Women
have
no
part
in
those
Actions
that
offend
you
,
surely
they
ought
not
in
Iustice
to
suffer
the
punishment
which
ye
impose
upon
them
;
Empire
,
Dignities
and
Honours
are
not
made
for
us
.
We
pretend
not
to
govern
the
Re-publick
,
nor
is
it
our
Ambition
which
has
drawn
the
present
misfortune
on
our
Heads
.
What
reason
have
we
to
contribute
to
a
War
wherein
we
have
no
manner
of
Interest
?
War
has
already
raised
this
City
to
that
height
of
glory
which
we
now
see
her
in
.
In
the
mean
while
there
is
no
Example
to
be
found
that
the
Women
ever
were
concerned
in
it
,
the
natural
Privilege
of
our
Sex
has
exempted
us
from
that
profession
.
It
is
true
,
indeed
,
that
in
the
Carthaginian
War
our
Mothers
assisted
the
Re-publick
,
it
being
at
that
time
in
a
desperate
condition
;
but
for
all
that
,
neither
their
Houses
,
their
Lands
,
nor
their
Moveables
were
sold
for
that
service
,
some
Rings
and
some
Iewels
furnished
out
the
supply
,
but
it
was
neither
constraint
,
punishment
nor
violence
that
forc't
them
to
it
,
but
they
did
it
of
their
own
good
will
and
generous
disposition
.
What
fear
at
present
are
ye
in
for
the
City
,
which
is
our
common
Countrey
?
What
imminent
danger
threatens
it
?
If
the
Galls
or
Parthians
come
and
attack
it
,
ye
shall
not
find
us
less
Zealous
in
its
defence
than
our
Mothers
were
before
us
;
but
we
have
nothing
to
doe
,
nor
ought
to
be
concerned
in
Civil
Wars
,
neither
Caesar
nor
Pompey
did
ever
oblige
us
to
it
,
Marius
and
[
*
](A33186-e62400-b)
*
He
was
called
Cornelius
,
and
governed
Tyrannically
in
Rome
during
the
Wars
between
Marius
and
Sylla
.
Cinna
did
never
so
much
as
propose
it
,
no
,
not
Sylla
himself
,
who
was
the
first
that
ever
set
up
Tyranny
in
Rome
.
In
the
mean
time
ye
come
to
reform
the
State
,
and
ye
adorn
your selves
with
that
glorious
Title
.
This
discourse
appeared
so
bold
a
thing
to
the
Triumvirate
,
and
of
so
dangerous
a
consequence
,
to
see
that
the
Women
durst
speak
to
them
thus
in
publick
,
when
fear
had
tied
up
the
Tongues
of
the
Men
,
that
they
sent
their
Ushers
to
cause
them
to
retire
;
but
perceiving
that
that
proceeding
displeased
the
People
,
who
began
to
cry
out
against
such
violence
,
they
adjourned
the
affair
till
the
next
day
,
and
for
the
satisfaction
of
the
People
,
retrenched
the
number
of
the
Ladies
to
400
,
but
at
the
same
time
taxed
above
100000
Men
,
as
well
Citizens
as
Strangers
,
without
sparing
even
the
Sacrificers
themselves
for
the
payment
of
a
50
th
part
of
all
their
Estate
,
and
a
whole
years
Revenue
.
Upon
this
pretence
the
Souldiers
committed
such
horrible
violences
,
that
the
Triumviri
were
forced
to
Commissionate
one
from
amongst
them
to
hinder
those
disorders
;
but
not
daring
to
meddle
with
the
Souldiers
,
the
punishment
fell
upon
some
Slaves
,
who
were
disguised
in
their
habits
,
and
so
Crucified
.
CHAP.
XXXV
.
Several
of
the
Proscripts
escape
into
Sicily
to
Sextus
,
the
Son
of
Pompey
.
Some
extraordinary
Adventures
during
the
Proscription
.
AS
many
as
could
escape
the
Cruelty
of
the
Proscription
,
retired
either
into
Macedonia
to
Brutus
,
or
into
Africa
to
Cornificius
,
but
the
greatest
part
went
to
young
Pompey
in
Sicily
,
he
was
the
second
Son
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
for
the
eldest
was
slain
after
having
lost
the
Battel
of
Munda
against
Iulius
Caesar.
The
youth
of
the
youngest
was
the
reason
that
he
had
not
been
taken
notice
of
,
●ut
his
Courage
and
Bravery
soon
after
rendred
him
very
formidable
.
He
lived
for
some
time
as
a
Pirate
,
without
making
himself
known
any
otherways
than
by
the
boldness
of
his
Actions
,
but
when
he
found
himself
in
Reputation
,
he
soon
declared
who
he
was
,
and
rallied
together
his
Father's
Friends
.
He
routed
a
considerable
Army
that
Iulius
Caesar
had
sent
against
him
,
and
made
himself
at
last
so
powerfull
,
that
it
was
found
necessary
to
give
him
the
Government
of
Sicily
,
and
the
Office
of
Admiral
,
which
his
Father
had
executed
before
him
.
His
Generosity
was
at
this
time
a
very
great
succour
to
many
Illustrious
Persons
,
he
sent
Brigantines
and
other
small
Vessels
to
all
the
Coasts
of
Italy
,
to
receive
such
as
made
their
escape
,
and
treated
them
all
with
a
great
deal
of
kindness
.
Lepidus
his
Brother
,
and
Antonius
his
Uncle
got
away
by
other
means
.
Paulus
was
spared
by
the
Souldiers
,
who
were
not
very
fond
of
laying
violent
hands
upon
the
Brother
of
a
Triumvir
,
and
retreated
into
Macedonia
.
Lucius
saved
himself
in
his
Sisters
House
,
who
was
Antonius
his
Mother
,
and
who
generously
opposed
those
who
pursued
him
,
the
Souldiers
would
not
meddle
with
him
there
,
considering
he
was
under
her
Protection
,
so
she
went
to
find
out
her
Son
,
who
was
with
his
Collegues
,
I
am
come
,
said
she
,
to
accuse
my self
for
having
taken
my
Brother
into
my
House
,
where
I
am
resolved
to
protect
him
,
till
ye
shall
think
fit
to
put
us
both
to
death
together
,
for
I
am
not
ignorant
what
punishment
is
proposed
to
the
Concealers
of
Proscripts
.
Antonius
answered
,
That
she
had
done
like
a
good
Sister
,
but
an
ill
Mother
,
and
Lucius
was
no
more
enquired
after
,
[
*
](A33186-e62760-b)
*
Valerius
.
Messala
was
recalled
by
the
Triumvirate
,
they
by
a
publick
Declaration
owning
,
That
he
had
nothing
to
doe
in
Caesar's
Murther
.
But
he
refused
to
return
,
and
served
under
Brutus
till
after
the
Battel
of
Philippi
.
Bibulus
had
the
same
Fortune
,
and
got
himself
afterwards
great
employments
.
Lentulus
,
Apuleius
and
Antius
made
their
escape
with
their
Wifes
,
who
would
not
forsake
them
.
Reginus
was
concealed
by
his
,
and
when
he
was
going
out
of
the
City
disguised
in
a
Colliers
habit
,
his
Wife
following
in
a
Litter
,
was
stopped
by
a
Souldier
,
Reginus
turned
back
to
desire
the
Man
,
That
he
would
have
some
respect
for
the
Ladies
.
The
Souldier
who
had
served
under
him
,
knew
him
again
;
and
said
,
O
save
your self
my
General
,
for
I
shall
always
call
you
so
,
in
what
miserable
condition
soever
I
shall
find
you
.
Coponius
his
Wife
,
who
was
very
beautifull
,
got
her
Husband's
Pardon
by
another
favour
which
she
paid
for
it
to
Antonius
.
Geta
and
Oppius
were
saved
by
their
Sons
,
Geta
having
lost
one
of
his
Eyes
by
wearing
a
Plaster
upon
it
too
long
for
a
disguise
,
and
Oppius
his
Son
having
to
save
his
Father
,
carried
him
upon
his
Shoulders
,
was
for
that
Action
alone
declared
Edilis
by
the
People
,
and
not
being
rich
enough
to
furnish
out
the
expences
of
the
Games
,
all
the
Workmen
gave
him
generously
their
labour
for
nothing
,
and
those
who
assisted
at
the
Shew
,
made
him
such
Presents
,
that
he
became
very
rich
.
Ari●nus
,
and
Metellus
escaped
also
by
the
af●i●tence
of
their
Children
.
Restio
,
Appio
,
Menetus
,
and
Iunius
,
by
their
Slaves
.
Restio's
adventure
was
something
more
than
ordinary
,
he
had
with
a
hot
iron
marked
one
of
his
Slaves
in
the
fore-head
,
that
being
the
punishment
they
usually
inflicted
on
such
as
indeavoured
to
run
away
;
this
Slave
had
discovered
the
place
where
his
Master
lay
concealed
,
and
came
thither
to
find
him
.
Restio
believed
that
he
should
be
lost
,
and
that
the
Slave
would
now
revenge
himself
,
but
he
assured
him
to
the
contrary
,
saying
,
Can
my
Master
believe
that
the
Characters
imprinted
upon
my
fore-head
have
made
more
impression
there
than
the
benefits
which
I
have
received
from
him
have
done
in
my
heart
?
After
this
he
Conducted
him
to
a
Cave
,
whither
he
dayly
brought
him
Provisions
.
A
great
many
Souldiers
were
passing
often
by
the
place
,
and
occasioned
a
thousand
fears
to
the
Slave
;
at
last
he
followed
at
the
heels
of
one
of
the
Troops
,
and
took
his
time
so
well
,
that
he
fell
upon
an
old
Peasant
,
and
slew
him
before
their
faces
,
the
Souldiers
ran
upon
him
as
a
Murtherer
,
but
he
said
,
That
it
was
his
Master
whom
he
had
killed
to
revenge
himself
for
the
infamous
marks
which
they
might
see
upon
his
forehead
.
The
design
was
too
well
laid
not
to
succeed
,
the
Characters
were
visible
,
and
security
enough
for
him
,
so
the
Souldiers
took
the
head
of
a
Peasant
for
that
of
Restio
,
who
by
this
means
was
at
the
liberty
of
making
his
escape
more
easily
.
The
generosity
of
the
Slaves
of
Appio
and
Meneius
is
yet
more
admirable
,
they
suffered
themselves
to
be
both
slain
in
their
Masters
habits
,
the
one
in
a
Litter
,
and
the
other
upon
a
Bed
,
Appio
himself
standing
by
at
the
Murther
disguised
like
a
Slave
.
I
do
not
believe
that
any
thing
can
be
added
to
these
examples
of
fidelity
,
and
shall
conclude
with
the
bold
undertaking
of
Pomponius
,
he
dressed
himself
like
a
Pretor
,
and
his
Slaves
like
Ushers
,
and
in
this
condition
went
out
of
the
City
surrounded
by
these
Slaves
,
he
made
his
travelling
charges
all
the
way
upon
the
publick
expence
,
saying
,
That
he
was
sent
by
the
Triumvirate
to
young
Pompey
.
At
last
he
got
himself
a
good
Ship
,
but
still
as
Pretor
,
and
past
easily
over
into
Sicily
.
Hirtius
,
Apuleius
and
Aruntius
made
their
escape
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
;
[
*
](A33186-e63090-b)
*
This
was
not
he
that
Triumphed
over
the
Parthians
.
Ventidius
as
a
Captain
that
was
sent
to
search
for
Proscripts
;
and
another
Senatour
,
wearied
out
with
the
dayly
cares
of
concealing
himself
,
caused
himself
to
be
shaved
,
took
openly
a
little
School
,
and
kept
it
publickly
so
long
as
the
Proscription
lasted
,
no
body
imagining
that
a
miserable
Pedant
could
ever
have
been
considerable
enough
to
have
been
Proscribed
.
CHAP.
XXXVI
.
The
Examples
of
several
remarkable
changes
of
Fortune
.
THough
the
story
of
these
accidents
may
seem
perhaps
a
little
too
long
,
as
they
relate
properly
to
the
Triumvirate
.
We
ought
not
to
pass
over
two
Examples
which
are
very
natural
instances
of
the
inconstancy
and
revolution
of
Humane
Fortune
.
Balbinus
being
Proscribed
by
Antonius
,
had
with
much
adoe
made
his
retreat
to
Pompey
,
who
after
several
years
of
War
came
to
an
agreement
with
Caesar.
Balbinus
returned
to
Rome
,
where
he
afterwards
obtained
the
Dignity
of
Consul
.
Lepidus
was
at
that
time
fallen
from
that
high
estate
,
where
he
had
once
appeared
,
Caesar
having
given
him
his
life
merely
out
of
Compassion
.
It
happened
that
his
Wife
and
his
Son
were
accused
by
Mecoenas
,
[
*
](A33186-e63230-b)
*
Cajus
Cilnius
Mecoenas
he
was
the
Favourite
of
Augustus
,
and
the
man
whose
name
is
so
Celebrated
amongst
the
learned
.
the
Governour
of
Rome
,
for
a
Conspiracy
against
the
life
of
Caesar
,
the
Son
was
sent
Prisoner
to
Actium
,
and
the
Wife
forced
to
give
security
before
the
Consul
.
Lepidus
,
who
solicited
for
her
,
had
several
times
been
repulsed
at
Balbinus
his
Gate
,
at
last
he
got
an
opportunity
of
speaking
with
him
,
and
said
thus
,
You
know
very
well
that
I
have
no
share
in
my
Son's
Offence
,
and
that
it
was
not
I
who
Proscribed
you
,
though
it
were
at
that
time
in
my
power
to
have
done
it
,
therefore
I
beg
of
you
to
reflect
upon
the
sad
alteration
of
our
Fortune
,
and
to
grant
me
the
favour
I
beg
of
you
,
either
take
my
security
for
my
Wife
,
or
send
me
with
her
a
Prisoner
to
Caesar.
Balbinus
touched
with
Compassion
to
see
a
Man
at
his
feet
,
whose
power
heretofore
had
been
so
formidable
,
made
those
reflexions
he
desired
,
and
discharged
his
Wife
.
The
other
Example
is
of
Cicero's
Son
,
he
was
with
Brutus
at
the
time
of
his
Father's
death
,
and
served
under
him
as
a
Lieutenant
General
,
and
after
his
defeat
made
his
retreat
with
Pompey
,
who
gave
him
the
same
employment
.
Pompey
made
his
own
Peace
,
and
Cicero
returned
to
Rome
,
where
Caesar
to
shew
the
esteem
he
had
for
his
Father
,
gave
him
the
Dignity
of
chief
Pontifex
,
and
chose
him
for
his
Collegue
in
the
Consulship
after
the
defeat
of
Antonius
.
Cicero
had
by
this
means
the
satisfaction
of
seeing
in
his
power
the
memory
of
Antonius
,
who
was
Condemned
by
the
Senate
,
all
his
Images
broken
down
,
and
a
Decree
past
,
That
none
of
that
Family
should
ever
after
take
upon
them
the
sirname
of
Marcus
.
During
which
time
Caesar
testified
so
great
a
Veneration
for
the
Memory
of
Cicero
,
that
having
one
day
found
one
of
his
Books
in
the
hands
of
his
[
*
](A33186-e63460-b)
*
One
of
the
Sons
of
Agrippa
and
Julia
,
called
Cajus
.
Grandson
,
who
indeavoured
to
hide
it
for
fear
lest
Augustus
should
be
angry
with
him
for
reading
in
it
,
he
took
the
Book
,
and
having
read
a
good
while
,
returned
it
to
him
again
,
saying
,
My
Son
,
he
was
a
very
knowing
Man
,
and
Zealous
for
his
Countrey
.
By
this
means
the
death
of
Cicero
was
revenged
upon
the
memory
of
his
greatest
Enemy
,
as
was
his
Eloquence
also
upon
the
back
of
an
impertinent
Critick
called
Coelius
,
who
had
undertaken
to
expose
the
Works
of
that
great
Oratour
.
Cicero
the
Son
caused
his
Slaves
to
whip
him
,
so
the
Critick
burnt
his
Remarks
,
which
had
brought
upon
his
Bones
so
scurvy
an
answer
.
Even
Brutus
had
his
share
too
in
revenging
Cicero
,
and
notwithstanding
his
moderation
,
and
the
disturbance
which
the
Letter
written
to
Octavius
had
given
him
,
he
sacrificed
to
him
Cajus
the
Brother
of
Antonius
,
whom
Hortentius
put
to
death
by
his
Orders
.
CHAP.
XXXVII
.
The
end
of
the
Proscription
.
War
in
Africa
▪
Sextius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
,
overthrows
Cornificius
,
the
Lieutenant
of
Brutus
.
AT
last
the
Triumviri
came
into
the
Senate
to
declare
that
the
Proscription
was
at
an
end
.
Lepidus
excused
himself
for
what
had
passed
,
and
assured
the
Senatours
of
a
more
moderate
Conduct
.
Caesar
,
who
was
more
Politick
,
said
,
That
he
would
yet
reserve
to
himself
the
liberty
of
punishing
such
as
were
guilty
.
In
the
mean
time
he
had
long
disputed
with
the
other
two
concerning
the
Proscription
,
but
it
was
his
judgment
now
that
the
Spirits
of
the
People
ought
to
be
kept
in
awe
in
the
present
conjuncture
,
when
Brutus
and
Cassius
became
dayly
more
formidable
,
and
when
their
Lieutenants
still
disputed
for
Africa
with
those
of
Caesar.
[
*
](A33186-e63740-b)
*
This
was
another
,
and
not
Caesar
's
Friend
who
had
accused
Brutus
.
Cornificius
was
there
with
Troops
in
behalf
of
Brutus
,
and
when
Sextius
arrived
there
on
Caesar's
part
,
and
published
the
Ordinance
of
the
People
,
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
was
produced
in
answer
to
them
,
so
that
Arms
was
the
last
recourse
for
the
maintenance
of
their
Rights
.
Sextius
being
the
weakest
,
retreated
into
a
strong
place
,
where
he
was
besieged
by
Ventidius
,
Cornificius
his
Lieutenant
.
He
defended
himself
very
well
,
and
in
the
mean
time
held
intelligence
with
Arabio
,
a
King
of
that
Countrey
,
and
a
certain
People
called
Sittians
,
who
were
the
residue
of
some
Roman
Souldiers
established
in
Libya
under
the
Conduct
of
Sittius
,
who
had
been
banished
from
Rome
.
The
Sons
of
this
Sittius
had
been
obliged
to
Iulius
Caesar
,
which
caused
them
with
Arabio
to
assist
Sextius
.
Sextius
strengthened
with
these
succours
,
got
the
better
of
Ventidius
,
and
that
done
,
marched
against
Cornificius
,
who
expected
him
near
Vtica
.
The
strength
of
both
Armies
consisted
in
their
Cavalry
,
Laelius
Cornificius's
Lieutenant
,
came
with
all
his
to
discover
the
strength
of
Sextius
,
Arabio
was
detached
to
oppose
him
;
in
the
mean
time
Sextius
charged
Laelius
upon
the
flank
,
and
forc'd
him
to
retreat
up
to
a
Hill
,
where
Arabio
had
orders
to
attack
him
.
Cornificius
having
left
his
Retrenchments
to
succour
his
Lieutenant
,
Sextius
marched
against
him
,
while
a
Party
of
Arabio's
Troops
,
who
knew
the
Countrey
,
found
a
way
through
the
Rocks
,
and
came
to
rifle
Cornificius
his
Camp.
Roseius
,
who
Commanded
there
,
was
slain
at
the
first
on-set
,
and
the
Camp
plundered
,
Cornificius
being
pressed
by
Sextius
,
would
have
retreated
towards
his
Lieutenant
,
but
was
cut
off
by
Arabio's
Cavalry
,
who
flew
him
.
When
,
Laelius
beholding
the
action
from
the
hill
,
where
he
was
posted
,
died
by
his
own
hand
,
the
Troops
thus
deprived
of
their
Commanders
,
were
easily
put
to
the
rout
,
and
that
great
Victory
which
got
Caesar
all
Africa
,
cost
Sextius
but
a
very
few
Men.
CHAP.
XXXVIII
.
Dolabella
is
defeated
and
slain
by
Cassius
.
DOlabella
had
not
the
same
success
in
Syria
,
where
Cassius
made
War
upon
him
with
12
Legions
,
and
a
body
of
Parthian
Cavalry
,
whom
his
reputation
had
drawn
into
his
service
.
Dolabella
had
got
together
a
great
Fleet
of
Ships
out
of
Lycia
,
Rhodes
and
Cilicia
,
which
Figulus
Commanded
under
him
:
for
himself
,
he
was
got
into
Laodicea
,
with
two
Legions
,
where
Cassius
besieged
him
,
and
sent
orders
into
Phoenicia
,
Libya
and
Rhodes
,
for
the
procuring
of
Ships
also
.
The
names
of
these
Provinces
being
often
mentioned
in
this
History
,
it
will
be
but
reasonable
to
give
some
account
in
gross
of
what
they
are
at
present
.
Syria
was
a
place
of
great
extent
,
and
contained
all
those
Countries
which
are
upon
the
Coast
of
the
Mediterranean
Sea
from
the
Gulph
of
Issica
,
at
present
called
the
gulph
of
Laiazzo
,
as
far
as
Aegypt
,
for
Palestine
,
(
called
at
present
the
Holy-Land
)
was
comprised
under
the
name
and
Government
of
the
lower
Syria
,
the
largeness
of
that
Province
reached
as
far
as
Euphrates
.
The
rest
of
Asia
,
which
was
subject
to
the
Romans
,
was
called
Natolia
,
or
the
lesser
Asia
,
as
it
is
at
present
,
and
contained
a
great
many
Provinces
from
Laiazzo
,
as
far
as
the
Euxine
Sea
,
which
we
call
the
black
Sea
,
all
that
Countrey
being
at
present
subjected
to
the
Turk
;
it
was
then
very
much
peopled
,
though
it
be
not
so
now
,
except
upon
the
Sea
Coasts
.
Phoenicia
is
that
little
Countrey
,
where
stood
the
Cities
of
Tyre
and
Sidon
,
at
present
Sur
and
Sayde
;
and
Libya
contained
all
that
Coast
of
Africa
,
called
at
present
Barbary
,
from
Tripolis
as
far
as
Algier
.
We
may
find
a
more
exact
description
in
Geographical
Writings
,
but
this
is
sufficient
for
our
understanding
of
the
present
History
.
Cassius
his
orders
were
but
very
ill
executed
,
for
the
Sidonians
onely
sent
him
Ships
,
the
Rhodians
excusing
themselves
,
and
Libya
was
wholly
submitted
to
Caesar
by
the
Victory
of
Sextius
.
Cassius
with
what
Ships
he
had
went
and
attacked
the
Fleet
of
Dolabella
,
who
put
him
to
flight
,
and
took
five
of
his
Ships
,
which
forced
him
to
dispatch
more
pressing
Orders
even
to
Cleopatra
,
but
as
the
inclinations
of
that
Queen
were
not
much
disposed
towards
that
Party
,
she
excused
her self
upon
the
Famine
which
at
that
time
raged
in
Aegypt
.
In
the
mean
time
she
put
to
Sea
a
powerfull
Fleet
to
succour
Dolabella
,
but
the
Winds
and
Tempests
opposed
her
design
,
and
her
Fleet
being
much
shattered
and
indamaged
,
became
of
no
use
at
that
time
to
Caesar's
Party
.
Serapion
,
who
Commanded
for
her
in
the
Island
of
Cyprus
,
took
other
measures
,
he
came
and
joined
Cassius's
Fleet
with
a
great
supply
of
Ships
,
those
of
Tyre
sent
him
some
also
,
by
which
means
he
found
himself
in
a
condition
to
block
up
Dolabella
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
Cleopatra
afterwards
disavowed
what
Serapion
had
done
,
but
there
is
great
reason
to
believe
that
she
managed
her self
so
between
both
Parties
,
to
see
on
which
side
Fortune
would
declare
her self
.
The
Lycians
and
Rhodians
sent
word
to
Cassius
that
they
would
have
nothing
to
doe
with
the
Roman
Wars
,
and
that
the
Ships
which
they
had
lent
Dolabella
,
had
no
orders
to
fight
.
This
answer
provoked
Cassius
,
but
he
judged
it
was
no
proper
time
at
present
to
shew
that
resentment
,
which
afterwards
caused
the
desolation
of
those
two
Provinces
.
He
attacked
Dolabella
,
who
made
a
great
defence
by
land
,
and
fought
one
Battel
with
equal
advantage
,
but
his
Fleet
was
intirely
defeated
,
and
Cassius
having
corrupted
some
Souldiers
of
the
Garrison
took
the
City
of
Laodicea
by
surprizal
.
Dolabella
caused
one
of
his
Souldiers
to
cut
his
throat
,
who
when
he
had
done
killed
himself
,
and
the
City
was
left
to
be
plundered
.
Cassius
caused
the
principal
Citizens
to
be
put
to
death
,
and
forc'd
the
others
to
redeem
themselves
at
such
great
Ransomes
,
that
the
City
was
utterly
laid
desolate
.
CHAP.
XXXIX
.
Cassius
lays
waste
the
City
of
Tharsus
.
He
joins
himself
with
Brutus
.
They
take
measures
for
carrying
on
the
War
.
THIS
Victory
put
Cassius
upon
making
new
Conquests
,
and
he
was
threatning
Cleopatra
and
her
Kingdom
,
when
he
received
Letters
from
Brutus
,
who
sent
him
word
,
That
as
the
cares
which
they
took
to
raise
such
powerfull
Armies
,
were
not
designed
for
their
particular
advancement
,
but
the
liberty
of
their
Countrey
;
they
ought
not
so
much
to
think
of
gaining
glory
by
new
Conquests
,
as
destroying
those
who
sought
the
ruine
of
that
liberty
:
that
therefore
it
was
high
time
to
turn
their
thoughts
towards
Italy
,
which
now
groaned
under
the
oppression
of
Tyrants
.
Cassius
,
who
had
great
respect
for
Brutus
his
Vertue
,
quitted
his
enterprise
,
and
marched
directly
to
him
.
The
City
of
Tharsus
stood
unhappily
in
his
way
,
it
was
at
that
time
divided
into
two
different
Factions
,
which
were
the
cause
of
its
ruine
;
they
had
honoured
Cassius
with
a
Crown
of
Gold
when
he
came
into
Syria
,
and
another
Party
had
done
the
same
Honours
to
Dolabella
.
They
had
also
charged
some
of
Cimber's
Troops
,
who
came
to
join
Cassius's
Army
,
which
was
the
reason
that
he
Condemned
them
to
the
payment
of
1500
Talents
;
for
the
furnishing
of
this
sum
,
they
first
sold
the
Goods
of
the
Publick
,
and
the
Ornaments
of
their
Temples
,
afterwards
their
Children
of
both
Sexes
,
and
at
last
their
Women
and
their
old
Men
;
and
as
the
Price
of
all
these
things
did
not
amount
to
the
Tax
,
they
found
themselves
reduced
to
sell
their
young
Men
,
some
whereof
in
despair
hanged
themselves
.
This
cruel
necessity
did
at
last
move
Cassius
to
pity
,
who
remitted
them
the
rest
of
the
payment
,
but
the
City
remained
in
a
very
miserable
condition
.
Brutus
staid
for
him
hard
by
Smyrna
,
and
it
was
in
passing
through
Europe
into
Asia
,
that
he
caused
that
famous
Medal
to
be
stamped
with
his
own
Image
on
one
side
,
and
on
the
reverse
a
Cap
,
the
mark
of
Liberty
between
two
Poniards
,
with
these
words
,
Eidus
Martias
(
that
is
to
say
)
the
day
of
the
Ides
of
March
.
They
met
extremely
joyfull
to
see
themselves
followed
by
such
great
Forces
,
as
put
them
into
a
condition
of
disputing
the
Roman
Empire
and
Liberty
,
after
having
left
Rome
in
a
miserable
condition
,
despoiled
of
all
their
Fortune
without
Money
,
and
without
Forces
.
Brutus
had
drained
his
Finances
for
the
equipping
of
a
Fleet
,
so
he
demanded
of
Cassius
half
of
that
Money
which
he
had
raised
in
Asia
.
This
Proposition
offended
Cassius's
Friends
,
who
could
not
take
it
well
that
the
fruit
of
their
toils
,
and
the
hazards
they
had
run
,
should
be
divided
for
the
inriching
of
Brutus's
Souldiers
;
Cassius
also
thought
no
less
,
but
however
durst
not
refuse
a
third
of
what
he
had
gotten
.
Then
they
fell
to
debating
what
measures
they
ought
to
take
.
Brutus
was
for
passing
into
Greece
,
where
Caesar
and
Antonius
were
expected
with
fourty
Legions
,
and
where
Decidius
Saxa
,
and
Norbanus
were
already
arrived
with
eight
.
Cassius
said
,
That
that
great
number
of
Forces
ought
to
render
them
the
less
formidable
,
since
they
would
find
in
that
Countrey
two
Enemies
,
which
were
Want
and
Famine
,
to
fight
against
them
.
That
they
ought
therefore
to
leave
them
to
be
destroyed
by
those
means
,
and
to
attack
Rhodes
and
the
Lycians
,
by
that
means
to
leave
the
Enemy
no
relief
or
retreat
behind
them
.
His
advice
was
followed
,
and
the
Armies
divided
,
Brutus
marched
against
the
Lycians
,
and
Cassius
against
Rhodes
.
CHAP.
XL.
Cassius
attacks
Rhodes
.
The
siege
of
that
City
.
The
taking
and
desolation
of
Rhodes
by
Cassius
.
THAT
City
was
at
this
time
very
strong
,
and
in
great
reputation
for
its
Naval
Forces
,
they
had
three
and
thirty
Ships
of
War
,
besides
a
great
many
other
small
Vessels
,
all
which
had
rendred
that
People
very
sturdy
and
insolent
.
The
most
Wise
,
and
the
richest
amongst
them
,
who
dreaded
the
Valour
of
the
Romans
,
prevailed
.
Nevertheless
,
that
some
body
should
be
sent
to
Cassius
to
make
an
excuse
for
those
succours
which
they
had
given
Dolabella
,
with
offers
to
follow
the
orders
of
the
Senate
.
Cassius
answered
the
Deputies
,
That
they
ought
to
defend
themselves
by
Arms
,
and
not
by
such
pitifull
reasons
,
that
to
give
proof
of
their
neutrality
,
they
ought
to
assist
him
as
they
had
aided
Dolabella
.
That
in
respect
of
the
orders
of
the
Senate
,
the
Proposition
which
they
made
of
observing
them
was
ridiculous
,
since
they
could
not
be
ignorant
that
the
greatest
part
of
the
Senatours
were
dispersed
by
the
cruelty
of
those
Tyrants
who
oppressed
the
City
of
Rome
.
That
he
should
find
yet
a
way
how
to
punish
those
Tyrants
,
and
Chastise
the
Rhodians
also
if
they
would
not
obey
.
This
answer
terrified
all
those
who
were
capable
of
any
consideration
,
but
the
rash
and
silly
People
immediately
chose
them
Captains
.
They
spoke
of
nothing
but
the
Victories
which
they
had
obtained
against
[
*
](A33186-e65310-b)
*
A
King
of
Pontus
,
who
made
War
upon
the
Romans
40
years
.
Mithridates
and
[
†
](A33186-e65360-b)
†
A
King
of
Macedonia
,
and
the
Son
of
Antigonus
,
one
of
Alexander
's
Commanders
.
Demetrius
.
Cassius
(
said
they
)
is
neither
so
great
a
Man
,
nor
an
abter
Officer
.
He
had
heretofore
studied
at
Rhodes
,
where
his
Tutour
still
lived
,
being
a
learned
Man
,
and
of
very
agreeable
conversation
,
whose
name
was
Archelaus
.
He
coming
to
give
Cassius
a
visit
,
(
who
still
preserved
a
respect
for
his
Person
)
represented
to
him
the
glory
and
vertue
of
the
ancient
Inhabitants
of
Rhodes
,
the
fidelity
which
they
had
ever
preserved
towards
the
Roman
People
,
their
Alliances
confirmed
by
so
many
Oaths
.
In
short
,
the
Education
and
good
Literature
which
Cassius
had
received
in
that
City
.
Cassius
answered
,
That
Archelaus
must
have
done
him
wrong
,
if
he
had
not
counselled
the
Rhodians
to
have
imbraced
his
interests
,
but
that
if
he
had
given
them
that
Counsel
,
he
came
to
support
them
with
his
Arms.
He
complained
of
the
succours
they
had
given
to
Dolabella
,
That
the
fidelity
and
those
alliances
which
they
alledged
,
ought
to
be
an
obligation
upon
them
to
support
the
liberty
of
Rome
,
and
those
who
defended
it
.
That
he
demanded
succours
of
them
as
Pretor
,
created
by
the
Senate
,
and
the
honestest
party
of
the
Roman
People
,
and
in
the
name
of
many
noble
Senatours
and
other
Romans
who
were
with
him
.
That
if
they
would
not
acknowledge
him
in
that
Quality
,
neither
he
nor
those
Senatours
could
look
upon
them
any
otherways
than
as
Strangers
and
Enemies
.
After
this
answer
Archelaus
took
his
leave
,
the
Rhodians
immediately
put
their
Fleet
to
Sea
under
two
Commanders
,
whose
names
were
Alexander
and
Manasses
,
and
came
to
meet
Cassius
as
far
as
Gnidos
.
This
was
the
same
place
where
they
had
beaten
the
Army
of
Mithridates
,
which
seemed
a
favourable
Omen
to
their
present
undertaking
.
Cassius
having
caused
his
Fleet
to
advance
,
the
fight
became
long
and
bloudy
,
by
reason
of
the
Valour
of
the
Rhodians
,
and
the
nimbleness
of
their
Ships
,
till
at
last
Cassius
,
who
was
stronger
in
number
,
hemmed
them
in
,
and
rendred
that
nimbleness
useless
,
so
being
forced
to
lye
still
as
they
fought
,
they
lost
five
of
their
Vessels
,
the
rest
with
much
adoe
saved
themselves
,
but
extremely
shattered
,
and
Cassius
came
before
Rhodes
,
where
he
had
another
Sea
Battel
,
in
which
the
Rhodians
being
again
defeated
,
Cassius
landed
with
his
Troops
,
and
attacked
the
City
on
every
side
,
notwithstanding
the
many
Sallies
made
by
the
besieged
.
He
caused
Towers
to
be
raised
of
Wood
near
the
Walls
,
from
whence
they
very
much
incommoded
the
besieged
,
who
were
forced
to
demand
Composition
,
which
while
it
was
in
Treaty
,
the
rich
Party
opened
the
Gates
to
Cassius
,
who
entred
into
the
City
,
where
he
caused
a
Tribunal
to
be
raised
,
and
a
Launce
planted
before
him
,
as
it
was
the
Custome
of
the
Roman
Generals
when
ever
they
had
taken
a
City
by
force
:
he
forbade
his
Souldiers
upon
pain
of
death
to
offer
at
any
pillage
,
he
caused
fifteeen
of
the
most
obstinate
Citizens
to
be
brought
before
him
,
whom
he
put
to
death
,
he
condemned
five
and
twenty
more
,
who
had
made
their
escape
,
and
afterwards
Commanded
,
That
all
the
Gold
and
Silver
which
was
either
in
the
Temples
,
or
other
publick
places
,
as
well
as
particular
Coffers
,
should
within
a
prefixt
time
be
brought
to
him
.
And
to
the
end
that
no
man
might
dare
to
conceal
any
,
the
Order
ran
upon
pain
of
death
.
He
promised
also
the
tenth
part
to
Persons
that
were
free
,
and
liberty
to
all
such
Slaves
as
should
discover
any
that
was
hidden
.
This
succeeded
with
him
accordingly
,
and
after
the
punishment
of
three
or
four
who
had
put
their
Wealth
out
of
the
way
,
the
terrour
of
death
,
and
fear
of
Discoverers
forced
all
the
rest
to
bring
to
light
what
they
had
hidden
either
in
Pits
,
Tombs
,
or
any
other
places
.
By
this
means
Cassius
got
together
great
sums
of
Money
at
the
expence
of
the
City
of
Rhodes
,
and
gave
order
also
that
those
of
Asia
should
advance
ten
years
of
those
Taxes
which
they
paid
to
the
Romans
.
He
sent
afterwards
Marcus
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
with
sixty
Ships
to
go
and
plunder
Peloponnesus
,
and
oppose
Cleopatra
,
who
was
said
to
have
put
a
powerfull
Fleet
to
Sea
in
favour
of
Caesar
and
Antonius
.
CHAP.
XLI
.
Brutus
enters
into
Lycia
.
He
besieges
the
City
Xanthus
.
THE
desolation
of
that
famous
Grecian
City
was
doubtless
the
reason
why
Plutarch
,
who
was
otherways
a
very
good
Historian
,
has
written
,
That
Cassius
used
this
Conquest
of
Rhodes
neither
with
Humanity
nor
Modesty
.
For
we
cannot
look
upon
the
punishment
of
fifteen
Mutineers
as
any
great
mark
of
Inhumanity
,
and
for
the
Wealth
of
the
Inhabitants
it
did
belong
to
him
by
the
right
of
War
.
But
as
Plutarch
was
a
Grecian
,
the
love
of
his
Countrey
has
in
spight
of
his
Philosophy
transported
him
upon
several
occasions
,
so
that
though
his
Works
be
one
of
the
finest
pieces
that
any
of
the
Ancients
have
left
us
,
we
may
observe
to
the
same
purpose
that
the
most
Wise
and
Learned
Men
(
for
those
were
his
Qualities
)
have
not
been
able
sometimes
to
avoid
shewing
the
marks
of
humane
frailty
.
Brutus
,
whom
that
Authour
hath
so
highly
praised
,
proceeded
much
more
cruelly
in
Lycia
.
The
City
of
Xanthus
was
one
of
the
strongest
places
in
that
Province
.
Brutus
after
some
light
Rencounters
had
forced
all
those
who
bore
Arms
to
shut
themselves
up
there
,
and
then
besieged
them
.
Lycia
is
a
Province
of
the
lesser
Asia
,
and
its
name
seems
to
be
derived
from
the
word
Lyces
,
which
in
Greek
signifies
a
Wolf
,
the
stoutness
of
those
People
holding
much
resemblance
with
the
fierceness
of
that
Creature
.
The
River
of
Xanthus
,
from
whence
the
City
had
its
name
,
ran
through
the
middle
of
it
,
and
many
saved
themselves
by
night
with
swimming
under
water
through
that
River
,
where
Brutus
laid
Nets
with
Bells
tied
to
them
,
who
by
the
noise
they
made
,
gave
notice
when
any
were
plunged
into
them
,
the
Ditches
of
the
City
were
very
deep
,
and
fifteen
paces
broad
,
and
the
Xanthians
from
their
Walls
launced
a
great
many
Darts
against
the
Romans
,
who
endeavour'd
to
fill
up
those
Ditches
:
against
these
Darts
Brutus
caused
Pallisado's
to
be
made
,
and
after
having
divided
his
Troops
into
several
bodies
to
go
and
fetch
Baskets
of
earth
,
he
caused
so
great
a
number
of
them
to
be
brought
,
that
he
filled
up
the
Ditch
,
after
which
his
Souldiers
came
to
blows
with
those
who
defended
the
out-works
of
the
Walls
,
and
drove
them
into
the
Town
.
The
Wall
being
fiercely
battered
by
the
Rams
,
and
falling
down
in
several
places
,
Brutus
drew
off
his
Men
,
that
he
might
give
the
Enemy
time
to
Capitulate
,
but
the
Xanthians
looking
upon
this
as
an
effect
of
fear
,
made
a
fierce
Sally
out
of
the
Town
to
set
fire
to
the
Engines
,
when
the
Romans
turning
upon
them
,
charged
them
so
home
,
that
those
who
were
at
the
Gates
,
were
forced
to
lock
them
,
fearing
lest
the
Enemy
should
enter
the
Town
with
those
who
fled
;
so
all
those
Xanthians
who
remained
without
were
cut
in
pieces
,
which
nevertheless
hindred
not
another
Sally
about
Noon
,
which
was
performed
so
vigorously
,
that
Brutus's
Engines
were
abandoned
and
burnt
.
Upon
this
,
shame
and
despight
made
the
Romans
Rally
,
and
drive
back
the
Enemy
again
to
the
Gates
,
who
by
reason
of
the
former
accident
were
not
now
locked
.
The
Romans
entred
Pell-mell
with
those
whom
they
pursued
,
when
immediately
the
Portcullis
was
let
down
,
by
which
means
near
two
thousand
Roman
Souldiers
who
had
gotten
entrance
,
were
shut
up
in
the
City
,
and
being
overwhelmed
with
Darts
and
Stones
,
which
were
thrown
at
them
from
the
tops
of
the
Ramparts
,
they
Rallied
themselves
,
and
got
possession
of
the
Temple
of
Sarpedon
,
who
had
heretofore
been
King
of
Lycia
,
and
was
slain
in
the
Trojan
War
.
The
extreme
danger
these
People
were
in
,
put
all
Brutus's
Army
upon
finding
out
a
way
how
they
might
speedily
succour
them
,
the
Ladders
were
burnt
,
and
some
were
for
making
new
ones
,
but
that
being
an
expedient
which
would
take
up
too
much
time
,
they
made
use
of
the
Masts
of
Ships
to
mount
by
,
others
fastened
great
Nails
to
a
Cord
,
which
they
threw
up
upon
the
Wall
,
and
when
ever
the
Nail
took
hold
on
any
place
,
got
up
by
the
Cord.
Thus
they
tried
a
hundred
useless
ways
e'er
they
could
find
a
good
one
,
when
a
certain
people
called
Inandes
,
who
were
Neighbours
and
Enemies
to
the
Xanthians
,
and
who
were
in
Brutus's
Army
,
contrived
to
get
up
by
certain
Rocks
almost
inaccessible
,
which
were
joined
on
one
side
to
the
Walls
of
the
Town
;
several
Romans
followed
them
,
and
notwithstanding
the
Enemies
Darts
,
which
killed
them
many
men
,
they
got
upon
the
top
of
the
Walls
,
from
thence
with
their
hands
they
helped
up
their
Companions
,
and
by
that
means
got
in
great
numbers
upon
the
Ramparts
.
CHAP.
XLII
.
The
taking
of
Xanthus
.
The
fury
and
despair
of
the
Xanthians
.
THERE
was
near
this
place
a
Gate
shut
up
and
fastened
with
beams
and
other
things
of
that
nature
,
thither
the
Romans
,
who
were
upon
the
Rampart
,
ran
in
great
haste
,
and
soon
found
out
a
way
to
destroy
what
filled
up
the
Gate
;
so
by
that
means
Brutus's
Troops
entred
the
Town
,
making
horrible
Cries
to
animate
their
Companions
,
and
terrify
the
Enemy
,
who
furiously
attacked
the
Temple
of
Sarpedon
;
but
when
they
perceived
that
the
City
was
taken
,
dispersed
themselves
in
a
moment
,
and
retreated
every
one
to
his
own
House
.
The
Romans
surprized
at
this
retreat
,
were
more
amazed
when
they
saw
several
places
of
the
Town
in
flames
,
for
these
Lycians
,
driven
by
a
fury
which
was
almost
beyond
imagination
,
resolved
to
bury
themselves
in
the
ashes
of
their
City
,
either
their
natural
fierceness
having
inspired
them
on
a
sudden
with
this
desperate
design
,
or
having
premeditated
and
resolved
upon
it
before
.
The
Romans
ran
immediately
to
extinguish
the
fire
,
but
those
mad
people
repulsed
them
with
flights
of
Arrows
and
other
Darts
,
they
cut
the
Throats
of
their
Wifes
,
their
Children
and
their
Slaves
before
the
Souldiers
faces
,
and
afterwards
leapt
into
the
middle
of
the
flames
;
others
ran
like
wild
Beasts
upon
their
Enemies
Weapons
,
the
very
Children
offered
their
Throats
to
their
Fathers
Swords
,
or
else
threw
themselves
down
from
the
tops
of
the
Houses
into
the
fire
,
and
after
the
Conflagration
was
over
,
a
Woman
who
had
hanged
her self
,
was
found
holding
in
one
hand
her
Child
,
whom
she
had
strangled
,
and
in
the
other
a
Torch
,
wherewith
she
had
set
fire
to
her
House
.
Brutus
was
not
able
to
see
this
sad
spectacle
,
being
so
touched
with
it
,
that
he
wept
,
but
did
all
that
lay
in
his
power
to
save
the
small
remainders
of
those
miserable
people
,
by
declaring
that
he
would
give
a
reward
to
every
Souldier
who
should
bring
him
a
Xanthian
,
though
all
his
cares
were
able
to
preserve
no
more
than
fifteen
,
who
notwithstanding
complained
,
That
in
spight
of
themselves
their
lives
were
preserved
.
This
furious
proceeding
was
it
seems
no
new
thing
to
the
Inhabitants
of
Xanthus
,
for
they
had
already
made
use
of
it
twice
before
,
the
first
time
when
Harpagus
,
Cyrus's
Lieutenant
,
attacked
them
,
and
afterwards
when
they
were
besieged
by
Alexander
.
From
this
City
Brutus
marched
against
Patarea
,
but
fearing
the
same
desperate
proceeding
there
which
he
had
found
at
Xanthus
,
he
did
not
press
it
,
onely
sent
a
Summons
to
the
Inhabitants
that
they
would
not
force
him
to
destroy
them
,
and
those
Xanthians
whom
he
had
preserved
,
were
by
his
orders
sent
into
Patarea
,
to
the
end
that
by
telling
the
story
of
their
own
miseries
,
they
might
make
the
others
afraid
,
and
serve
as
well
for
Example
as
Instruction
.
He
also
set
at
liberty
several
Women
who
had
fallen
into
his
hands
,
and
by
those
mild
proceedings
was
at
last
successfull
,
for
the
City
surrendred
it self
,
and
Brutus
according
to
the
example
of
Cassius
,
gave
out
severe
orders
,
That
all
the
gold
and
silver
that
could
be
found
there
should
be
brought
to
him
;
but
that
which
he
did
better
than
Cassius
was
,
that
he
Condemned
a
Slave
who
had
given
advice
of
a
certain
Treasure
that
his
Master
had
hidden
,
the
Masters
Mother
declared
,
That
it
was
she
who
had
concealed
the
Money
,
but
the
Slave
without
being
interrogated
,
maintained
the
contrary
,
and
the
Master
said
not
a
word
;
but
Brutus
considering
that
the
insolence
of
this
Slave
proceeded
from
no
other
grounds
than
the
hatred
which
he
bore
to
his
Master
,
sent
him
to
the
Gibbet
,
and
restored
to
the
Mother
and
her
Son
both
their
Money
and
their
Liberty
.
Another
action
of
Justice
got
him
a
great
deal
of
Honour
.
Theodotus
was
the
Man
who
had
the
most
contributed
to
the
death
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
by
that
Harangue
which
he
made
at
Ptolemey's
Council
Board
.
This
Man
was
in
Asia
,
where
he
sculk'd
about
from
Town
to
Town
;
but
Brutus
caused
him
to
be
seized
upon
and
put
to
a
cruel
death
,
and
the
punishment
of
this
speech-maker
was
a
very
welcome
thing
to
all
the
Princes
of
that
Countrey
,
who
had
a
great
Veneration
for
the
Memory
of
Pompey
.
CHAP.
LXIII
.
Caesar
and
Antonius
caused
their
Troops
to
pass
into
Macedonia
.
Cassius
joins
himself
with
Brutus
.
Their
interview
.
IT
was
much
about
this
time
that
Lentulas
,
Brutus's
Lieutenant
,
surprized
the
Port
of
Smyrna
,
and
drew
great
Sums
of
Money
out
of
that
City
.
He
went
afterwards
to
find
out
Brutus
,
who
to
his
own
Fleet
had
joined
the
Lycian
Ships
,
whom
he
had
intirely
Conquered
,
and
sent
them
to
Abydos
to
stay
there
for
Cassius
,
his
design
was
to
unite
their
Forces
with
those
of
young
Pompey
,
and
so
act
jointly
against
Italy
.
But
Caesar
and
Antonius
prevented
them
,
and
notwithstanding
all
the
indeavours
of
Marcus
,
Cassius's
Lieutenant
,
past
their
Troops
into
Macedonia
after
this
manner
;
Caesar
had
caused
Salvidienus
to
attack
Pompey
,
and
while
his
Land
Army
was
with
him
at
Rhegium
,
fought
a
great
Battel
in
the
straits
of
Messina
,
C●●sar's
Ships
being
heavy
,
and
not
easily
to
be
managed
at
first
suffered
very
much
,
but
the
Valour
of
those
Souldiers
who
were
on
board
,
maintained
the
Combat
till
night
,
and
was
the
Cause
that
the
two
Fleets
separated
with
equal
advantage
,
though
disabled
from
any
farther
service
for
a
long
time
.
During
the
time
of
this
Battel
,
Antonius
had
besieged
Marcus
in
a
Port
near
Brundusium
,
but
that
Lieutenant
being
almost
equal
to
him
in
number
of
Ships
,
he
was
forced
to
call
Caesar
;
afterwards
Marcus
retreated
and
kept
the
Sea
with
a
design
to
annoy
those
Vessels
who
were
to
transport
the
Triumvirates
Forces
,
but
the
Winds
broke
his
Measures
,
and
were
so
favourable
to
the
others
,
both
in
their
going
and
returning
,
that
not
one
of
them
was
taken
,
so
he
went
to
join
Domitius
,
and
they
made
together
130
great
Ships
,
besides
many
other
light
Vessels
which
were
to
be
employed
for
hindring
the
passage
of
any
Provisions
into
Macedonia
,
which
must
have
reduced
the
Triumvirate
to
the
utmost
necessity
,
had
Brutus
and
Cassius
known
how
to
manage
their
advantage
.
These
two
Generals
had
joined
each
other
at
Sandis
,
where
their
Souldiers
gave
them
the
Title
of
Emperour
,
there
was
at
first
some
contest
between
them
upon
their
different
interests
,
which
they
were
resolved
to
regulate
when
they
came
face
to
face
.
The
dispute
grew
very
warm
between
them
,
so
that
they
first
came
to
most
severe
Reproaches
,
and
afterwards
to
Tears
.
The
discourse
was
so
loud
,
that
Favonius
,
notwithstanding
all
the
opposition
of
their
Guards
,
came
into
the
Chamber
where
they
were
.
Favonius
was
(
to
speak
properly
)
Cato's
Ape
,
ridiculous
as
any
Imitatour
always
must
be
,
with
quickness
enough
indeed
,
but
little
or
no
judgment
.
In
short
,
the
most
famous
giddy
brain
pretender
to
Vertue
and
Philosophy
,
which
was
in
that
time
;
his
Sect
(
we
may
well
imagine
)
was
that
of
the
Cynicks
,
he
entred
the
Chamber
with
a
very
grave
air
,
pronouncing
aloud
a
Verse
of
Homer
,
which
signifies
,
Believe
me
,
for
I
am
older
than
ye
both
.
Cassius
fell
a
laughing
,
but
Brutus
drove
him
out
again
,
calling
him
,
a
Dog
and
a
Counterfeit
Philosopher
.
In
the
mean
while
the
Dispute
ended
,
and
they
went
and
supped
together
,
where
Favonius
was
admitted
to
play
the
fool
for
the
Company
.
CHAP.
XLIV
.
Brutus
sees
a
Ghost
.
Cassius
satisfies
him
by
his
Reasons
.
THERE
happened
several
other
Disputes
between
them
,
wherein
Brutus
evermore
preserved
the
steadiness
of
his
Character
,
but
as
they
are
wide
from
the
purpose
,
we
shall
onely
recount
here
that
famous
Story
of
a
Ghost
or
Spectre
which
appeared
to
him
in
this
place
.
Brutus
was
very
sober
,
and
slept
but
little
,
especially
in
time
of
War
,
he
onely
lay
down
for
a
short
while
after
Supper
,
and
for
the
rest
of
the
night
he
was
wont
to
employ
one
third
for
the
dispatch
of
his
Affairs
,
another
in
Reading
,
and
the
last
in
giving
Orders
.
According
to
this
Custome
he
was
in
his
Tent
very
busie
upon
some
thought
which
wholly
took
up
his
mind
,
there
was
a
general
silence
through
all
the
Camp
,
and
especially
round
his
Tent
,
when
of
a
sudden
he
heard
a
noise
at
the
door
,
which
at
the
same
time
opened
of
its
own
accord
,
he
cast
his
Eye
towards
the
place
,
and
perceived
the
frightfull
figure
of
a
hideous
Spectre
,
of
a
proportion
much
more
than
natural
,
which
presented
it self
before
him
,
he
had
nevertheless
the
Courage
to
speak
to
it
,
demanding
,
If
it
were
a
God
or
a
Man
,
and
for
what
reason
it
came
thither
?
I
am
,
said
the
Ghost
,
thy
Evil
Genius
,
Brutus
,
thou
shalt
see
me
again
near
Philippi
.
Brutus
without
being
terrified
,
answered
again
,
Well
,
I
will
see
thee
,
so
it
disappeared
,
and
Brutus
called
up
his
Slaves
,
who
all
told
him
,
That
they
had
neither
seen
nor
heard
any
thing
.
He
continued
waking
all
the
rest
of
the
night
,
and
as
soon
as
it
was
day
,
went
to
give
an
account
of
what
had
happened
to
Cassius
,
who
as
to
his
Philosophy
was
an
Epicurean
,
he
attributed
all
the
Vision
merely
to
the
weakness
of
the
senses
,
and
the
force
of
imagination
,
which
easily
turns
them
towards
all
sorts
of
Idea's
.
This
he
maintained
by
the
example
of
Dreams
,
where
the
fancy
forming
different
Images
,
agitates
the
Organs
of
the
Body
after
the
same
manner
as
they
would
be
by
outward
objects
.
This
is
that
,
said
he
,
to
Brutus
,
which
hath
happened
to
you
,
your
senses
being
tired
with
fatiguing
and
watching
,
have
been
easily
imposed
upon
by
the
imagination
.
As
for
the
rest
,
that
there
are
any
such
sort
of
Spirits
here
,
and
that
they
have
voice
,
or
humane
shape
,
or
any
power
over
us
,
let
us
never
believe
it
,
though
I
could
earnestly
wish
it
were
so
,
to
the
end
that
we
might
not
onely
rely
upon
those
many
Forces
,
Arms
and
Ships
which
we
have
now
attending
on
us
,
but
also
upon
the
assistence
of
those
immortal
Beings
who
could
not
but
be
favourable
to
designs
so
Sacred
and
Iust
as
ours
are
.
This
discourse
satisfied
Brutus
,
and
he
had
afterwards
an
Omen
which
absolutely
assured
him
,
two
Eagles
came
to
settle
upon
the
foremost
rank
of
the
Souldiers
that
marched
in
Battalia
,
and
followed
them
till
the
evening
before
the
Battel
of
Philippi
.
This
is
a
City
lying
between
Macedonia
and
Thracia
,
near
the
narrow
passages
of
Salapia
and
Torpida
,
through
which
those
who
go
out
of
Asia
into
Europe
must
of
necessity
pass
.
Norbanus
,
and
Decidius
Saxa
,
Caesar's
Lieutenants
,
had
taken
possession
of
those
passages
with
very
strong
Forces
,
so
Brutus
and
Cassius
following
the
advice
of
Rhascupolis
King
of
Thrace
,
resolved
to
take
a
long
compass
round
by
Lysimachia
,
and
arrived
at
the
black
Golph
,
called
at
present
Charidia
,
where
they
came
ashore
.
From
thence
they
marched
upon
two
Lines
,
which
took
up
the
whole
Land
from
the
Sea
up
as
far
as
[
*
](A33186-e67050-b)
*
A
City
of
Thrace
.
Enio
,
and
put
one
Legion
on
Board
their
Ships
under
the
Command
of
Cymber
one
of
the
Conspiratours
,
by
that
means
to
give
some
jealousie
to
Norbanus
,
and
force
him
to
quit
those
passages
before
the
arrival
of
Caesar
and
Antonius
,
who
were
now
marching
with
all
speed
to
his
relief
.
CHAP.
XLV
.
The
Forces
of
Cassius
and
Brutus
.
Those
of
Antonius
and
Caesar.
Cassius
speaks
to
his
Souldiers
.
IT
was
not
without
a
great
deal
of
terrour
that
every
body
stood
expecting
the
success
of
these
two
powerfull
Armies
,
who
were
to
decide
the
fortune
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
The
Conspiratours
Forces
consisted
of
nineteen
Legions
,
which
made
in
all
24
thousand
Foot
,
and
20000
Horse
.
The
Triumviri's
Legions
were
but
nineteen
,
for
they
had
been
forc't
to
leave
Troops
in
Italy
to
make
head
against
young
Pompey
.
These
Legions
were
better
completed
than
the
Conspiratours
were
,
by
which
means
they
were
stronger
in
their
Infantry
,
which
consisted
of
100000
Men
,
but
they
had
onely
thirteen
thousand
Horse
.
Brutus
and
Cassius
resolved
at
this
time
to
take
a
general
review
,
and
speak
to
their
Souldiers
.
These
sort
of
Actions
were
of
great
Reputation
amongst
the
Romans
,
being
always
mingled
with
Religion
,
they
prepared
a
Magnificent
Tribunal
for
their
General
Officers
,
and
before
the
Tribunal
an
Altar
,
the
Sacrificers
in
view
of
all
the
Army
offered
up
three
sorts
of
[
*
](A33186-e67230-b)
*
A
Sow
,
a
Sheep
,
and
a
Bull.
Victims
which
they
divided
into
two
parts
,
and
these
two
parts
they
ranged
on
each
side
of
the
way
which
lead
to
the
Altar
.
All
the
Officers
and
Souldiers
of
the
Army
marched
one
after
another
between
those
pieces
of
the
Sacrifices
which
were
thus
ranged
,
and
went
to
the
Altar
to
take
the
Oath
.
This
they
called
[
*
](A33186-e67250-b)
*
Lustrare
exercitum
.
purifying
of
the
Army
,
and
it
was
in
this
manner
that
Brutus
and
Cassius
proceeded
.
They
appeared
upon
the
Tribunal
,
having
upon
their
right
Hand
the
Magistrates
and
Roman
Senatours
,
and
on
their
left
those
Princes
who
Commanded
Foreign
Troops
.
The
Souldiers
were
all
splendidly
attired
,
and
adorned
with
the
spoils
of
Asia
.
This
was
one
of
Brutus's
Maximes
,
who
was
of
Opinion
,
That
the
richness
of
their
Habits
and
their
Arms
would
make
an
addition
of
Courage
to
the
Souldiers
;
because
,
said
he
,
those
who
have
them
,
will
fight
out
of
Covetousness
to
preserve
them
,
and
those
who
are
Ambitious
,
for
the
honour
of
them
.
When
the
Sacrifice
was
over
,
Cassius
,
who
was
the
elder
Man
,
took
upon
him
to
speak
,
and
represented
to
the
Souldiers
,
That
as
both
the
Souldiers
and
Officers
had
in
this
War
but
one
common
Interest
,
it
was
just
that
every
one
should
reciprocally
take
such
security
as
Generals
always
ought
to
have
in
their
Troops
,
and
the
Troops
in
their
Generals
;
That
the
foundation
of
that
trust
might
be
reasonably
laid
upon
the
assistence
of
so
many
Noble
Romans
Foreign
Princes
,
and
Gallant
Souldiers
,
upon
the
abundance
of
Money
and
Provisions
which
yet
their
Enemies
wanted
,
upon
their
Naval
Forces
,
they
being
every
where
Masters
at
Sea
.
And
in
short
,
upon
the
Justice
of
their
Arms
,
That
they
were
not
liable
to
any
reproach
except
for
the
death
of
Julius
Caesar
,
who
had
deprived
the
Romans
of
all
their
Rights
,
and
the
liberty
of
choosing
Magistrates
,
and
who
had
established
Tyranny
in
their
City
;
That
all
the
Senate
had
consented
to
that
action
,
though
onely
a
small
number
of
them
put
it
in
execution
.
He
inlarged
himself
very
much
upon
this
Point
,
and
afterwards
proceeded
to
the
Cruelty
of
the
Triumvirate
.
At
last
he
concluded
with
assuring
them
,
That
2500
Drachma's
should
be
immediately
given
to
the
Souldiers
,
5000
to
the
Captains
,
and
double
the
sum
to
the
Colonels
.
The
Souldiers
were
extremely
rejoyced
to
hear
these
words
,
but
much
more
when
they
saw
the
Money
,
they
thanked
their
Generals
,
and
after
having
bestowed
sufficient
Praises
upon
them
,
prepared
to
march
with
a
great
deal
of
chearfulness
.
Brutus
and
Cassius
made
also
considerable
Presents
to
the
chief
Officers
and
Commanders
of
the
Foreign
Troops
,
so
that
the
whole
Army
being
very
well
satisfied
,
advanced
towards
the
Plain
of
Orica
,
to
the
foot
of
the
Mountain
,
where
are
those
narrow
passages
which
I
have
before
made
mention
of
.
CHAP.
XLVI
.
The
two
Armies
draw
near
each
other
.
A
description
of
the
City
of
Philippi
and
its
out-works
.
UPON
the
news
of
this
,
Norbanus
sent
word
to
Decidius
to
come
and
join
him
,
and
when
they
were
together
,
they
fortified
themselves
so
well
in
the
narrow
passages
,
that
there
was
no
possibility
of
any
ways
annoying
them
.
Brutus
being
very
much
confounded
,
consulted
with
Rhascupolis
,
who
was
perfectly
acquainted
with
all
that
Countrey
,
and
that
Prince
told
him
,
That
there
was
another
passage
over
those
rough
Mountains
,
but
that
it
would
take
them
up
three
days
march
,
and
moreover
they
must
want
water
,
but
that
if
they
would
carry
it
with
them
,
he
would
undertake
to
conduct
the
Troops
by
the
fourth
day
to
the
River
of
Arpessa
,
which
was
but
one
days
march
from
the
City
of
Philippi
,
and
by
a
way
where
the
very
Birds
themselves
should
never
see
them
,
because
of
the
height
of
the
Trees
which
covered
those
narrow
passages
.
The
Souldiers
being
well
incouraged
,
resolved
to
pass
through
that
place
,
notwithstanding
the
difficulty
of
the
ways
▪
every
one
provided
himself
with
Water
,
and
Bibulus
led
the
Vanguard
with
Rhascupolis
.
The
Troops
suffered
great
hardship
in
this
march
,
and
began
also
to
want
Water
,
so
they
were
already
for
accusing
the
King
of
Treason
,
when
their
Scouts
discovered
the
River
,
they
immediately
signified
their
joy
to
the
Army
with
great
Cries
,
to
which
all
the
Troops
answered
,
and
the
two
Generals
who
were
in
their
Rere-guard
,
doubled
their
speed
.
Rhascupolis's
Brother
,
whose
Name
was
Rhascus
,
served
at
this
time
under
Caesar.
They
had
thus
divided
themselves
,
to
the
end
that
one
of
them
might
partake
of
the
good
Fortune
of
the
Conquerours
for
the
preservation
of
their
Estates
.
By
these
great
Cries
Rhascus
knew
that
the
Enemies
were
passed
,
and
was
much
surprized
that
so
great
an
Army
should
get
through
such
rough
places
,
where
even
the
Wild-beasts
found
many
difficulties
,
he
gave
notice
thereof
to
Norbanus
,
who
was
afterwards
forced
to
quit
his
Post
,
and
retreat
with
Decidius
to
Amphipolis
.
Brutus
by
this
means
got
possession
of
the
City
of
Philippi
,
and
Cymber
being
arrived
with
his
Fleet
near
the
place
,
they
fortified
themselves
there
.
The
City
of
Philippi
,
which
was
heretofore
called
Datos
,
took
this
new
name
from
Philip
the
Father
of
Alexander
,
who
fortified
it
.
It
is
built
upon
a
little
Hill
,
where
are
abundance
of
Springs
,
having
other
woody
Hills
towards
the
North
,
towards
the
South
a
Marsh
,
which
goes
as
far
as
the
Sea
,
towards
the
East
the
straits
of
Salapea
and
Torpida
,
and
towards
the
West
a
Plain
which
reaches
as
far
as
the
River
Strymon
.
This
Plain
was
full
of
very
pleasant
Meadows
,
and
near
enough
to
the
City
stood
a
little
Eminence
where
Brutus
encamped
himself
.
Cassius
went
and
took
possession
of
an
advanced
ground
about
a
League
and
a
half
from
him
,
and
they
drew
lines
of
Communication
from
one
Camp
to
the
other
.
This
was
(
as
I
said
)
the
onely
place
through
which
there
lay
a
passage
out
of
Asia
into
Europe
.
They
had
before
them
the
Plain
,
through
which
there
ran
a
little
River
called
Ganga
,
upon
their
left
hand
was
the
River
Strymon
,
and
the
Marsh
,
the
inaccessible
narrow
passages
upon
their
right
,
and
behind
them
the
Sea
,
by
which
they
could
furnish
themselves
with
all
sort
of
Conveniences
out
of
the
Cities
of
[
*
](A33186-e67780-b)
*
An
Island
near
Thrace
.
Thasos
and
[
†
](A33186-e67810-b)
†
A
City
of
Thrace
.
Neapoli
,
where
they
had
setled
their
Provisions
.
CHAP.
XLVII
.
The
two
Armies
retrench
themselves
.
Their
different
movements
,
and
some
skirmishes
.
The
uneasiness
of
Cassius
.
THE
danger
which
Norbanus
was
in
,
caused
Antonius
to
make
such
extraordinary
haste
,
that
even
Brutus
himself
was
surprized
at
it
.
The
occasion
of
this
quick
dispatch
was
the
City
of
Amphipolis
,
where
the
Triumviri
designed
to
place
their
Magazines
,
and
Antonius
,
when
he
understood
that
Norbanus
was
retreated
thither
,
was
very
much
rejoyced
at
it
;
he
left
a
Legion
there
under
the
Command
of
Pinarius
,
and
then
went
and
posted
himself
boldly
in
the
sight
of
the
Conspiratours
,
they
had
very
much
the
advantage
of
him
by
the
situation
of
their
Camp
,
Wood
,
the
Water
of
the
River
,
and
abundance
of
Provisions
.
Antonius
on
the
contrary
had
no
Water
but
what
he
drew
out
of
Pits
,
which
he
had
caused
to
be
digged
on
purpose
,
and
his
Wood
from
the
Marsh
,
his
Provisions
came
to
him
very
far
,
and
were
also
very
scarce
.
In
the
mean
time
his
boldness
amazed
the
Enemies
Army
,
and
forced
the
Generals
to
make
new
Works
,
wherewith
Cassius
filled
up
all
the
ground
which
lay
between
his
Camp
and
the
Marsh
,
by
which
means
the
whole
front
of
their
Camp
was
well
fortified
,
and
their
flanks
covered
,
Brutus's
by
the
declining
of
the
hill
,
and
Cassius's
by
the
Marsh
and
Sea
.
These
Works
produced
dayly
some
skirmish
or
other
between
the
Cavalry
that
guarded
the
Pioneers
,
wherein
the
Conspiratours
Party
had
generally
the
advantage
.
At
last
Caesar
,
who
had
lain
sick
at
Dyrrachium
,
came
to
the
Army
,
and
his
Troops
in
Testimony
of
their
joy
drew
out
of
their
Camp
in
Battalia
.
Brutus
puffed
up
with
the
good
success
which
his
Cavalry
had
had
in
little
skirmishes
,
or
,
as
he
himself
said
,
impatient
to
put
an
end
to
the
miseries
of
Mankind
by
a
glorious
Victory
,
or
a
noble
Death
,
drew
up
his
Troops
also
,
but
Cassius
persuaded
him
to
stay
in
his
Trenches
.
It
is
but
a
vain
thing
to
flatter
our selves
with
that
resolution
which
we
pretend
to
be
furnished
withall
from
Reason
and
Philosophy
,
for
it
evermore
abandons
us
when
we
have
most
need
of
it
,
and
two
Presages
were
able
to
overthrow
all
Cassius's
Epicurean
Principles
,
and
which
is
a
greater
discovery
of
humane
frailty
,
those
Presages
which
appeared
so
dreadfull
to
him
,
would
seem
but
very
ridiculous
to
a
great
many
Men.
One
of
his
Officers
presented
him
a
wreath
of
flowers
which
he
was
to
wear
when
he
sacrificed
,
with
the
inside
outward
.
And
he
who
as
the
Custome
was
,
carried
a
golden
figure
of
Victory
at
the
head
of
Cassius's
Ensigns
,
stumbled
with
the
Image
,
and
fell
upon
his
Nose
.
There
were
moreover
Crows
and
other
Birds
of
that
kind
,
seen
flying
about
the
Camp
,
a
swarm
of
Bees
was
found
there
too
,
which
a
Man
would
think
should
be
no
very
surprizing
thing
near
Woods
and
Meadows
.
Nevertheless
,
these
Remarks
which
a
man
of
common
sense
would
now
despise
,
were
at
that
time
so
very
considerable
,
that
they
utterly
confounded
the
mind
of
Cassius
,
and
infected
his
whole
Army
with
the
same
frailty
,
which
occasioned
the
loss
of
that
Battel
upon
which
the
fate
of
the
Roman
Empire
depended
.
CHAP.
XLVIII
.
Antonius
possesses
himself
of
a
Post
behind
the
Enemies
Camp
.
Brutus
resolves
to
fight
contrary
to
the
Opinion
of
Cassius
.
ANTONIVS
very
well
understood
the
reason
why
the
Conspiratours
avoided
fighting
,
he
knew
that
Asia
being
behind
them
,
furnished
them
with
Provisions
in
abundance
,
whilst
Aegypt
,
harassed
with
Famine
,
could
afford
none
to
the
Forces
of
the
Triumvirate
;
that
Pompey
would
hinder
them
from
fetching
any
out
of
Spain
,
and
that
Marcus
and
Domitius
defended
the
passage
into
Italy
,
so
that
their
onely
recourse
was
to
Macedonia
and
Thessaly
,
which
must
be
soon
exhausted
.
Cassius
also
represented
the
same
thing
dayly
to
Brutus
and
his
Officers
;
but
at
last
the
Courage
of
Antonius
overcame
all
those
difficulties
,
he
was
drawn
up
against
Cassius
,
as
Brutus
was
against
Caesar
,
and
indeavoured
to
get
possession
of
a
Post
,
which
was
on
the
other
side
of
the
Marsh
behind
Cassius's
Camp
.
He
gave
orders
for
the
throwing
of
Earth
upon
the
Reeds
,
and
upon
this
Earth
spread
Stones
;
and
this
kind
of
Causway
he
caused
to
be
supported
by
pieces
of
Wood
driven
cross-ways
into
the
Marsh
,
and
where
the
Water
was
too
high
made
Bridges
:
Antonius
every
day
covered
this
Work
with
Skirmishes
,
and
as
it
was
secretly
carried
on
a-cross
the
Reeds
,
the
Enemies
could
perceive
nothing
but
the
Towers
and
Fortifications
which
they
saw
upon
that
Post
which
lay
on
the
other
side
of
the
Marsh
,
Cassius
admired
the
work
,
and
Antonius's
boldness
,
and
that
he
might
in
nothing
give
place
to
him
,
extended
his
Lines
along
the
Marsh
as
far
as
the
Sea
,
and
by
that
proceeding
meeting
with
Antonius's
Causway
,
cut
it
off
,
by
which
means
those
of
the
Triumviri's
Forces
,
who
were
already
gotten
on
the
other
side
of
the
Marsh
,
became
very
much
exposed
.
It
was
not
doubted
in
the
Conspiratours
Camp
,
but
that
Antonius
would
doe
all
that
in
him
lay
to
disingage
his
Troops
.
The
onely
question
was
how
they
should
receive
him
,
whether
out
of
their
Lines
in
Battalia
,
or
onely
by
defending
their
Lines
.
Brutus
carried
the
dispute
for
a
general
Battel
,
chiefly
,
because
some
of
the
Souldiers
had
already
deserted
.
This
reason
prevailed
also
with
all
the
rest
of
the
Officers
,
except
Atellius
,
who
still
insisted
for
staying
till
Winter
was
over
,
Brutus
asked
him
,
What
advantage
he
hoped
for
from
such
a
prolongation
;
what
,
said
he
,
to
live
a
year
longer
.
This
answer
added
to
the
disorder
of
Cassius
,
who
heard
it
,
and
who
after
the
Council
broke
up
,
went
to
Supper
with
Messala
.
This
Messala
was
a
young
Man
of
Noble
birth
,
who
had
a
great
deal
of
Wit
,
and
was
very
learned
for
a
Man
of
Quality
,
he
became
afterwards
as
I
have
already
observed
,
in
great
favour
with
Augustus
,
and
had
the
Command
of
the
best
and
bravest
Legion
of
that
Army
.
Cassius
was
sad
and
thoughtfull
all
the
Supper
time
,
though
he
was
naturally
very
gay
,
and
as
he
rose
from
the
Table
,
taking
Messala
by
the
hand
,
Messala
,
said
he
,
you
must
bear
me
witness
that
I
am
forc't
in
the
same
manner
as
Pompey
once
was
,
to
expose
the
liberty
of
the
Roman
People
to
the
hazard
of
a
Battel
;
nevertheless
we
ought
to
hope
well
from
fortune
,
but
we
have
taken
ill
Counsel
.
So
he
retired
,
after
having
invited
Messala
to
Supper
with
him
the
next
night
,
the
morrow
being
his
birth-day
.
CHAP.
XLIX
.
The
Battel
of
Philippi
.
Brutus
overthrows
Caesar's
Troops
.
Cassius
being
defeated
by
Antonius
,
in
despair
kills
himself
.
AT
break
of
day
there
appeared
the
Coat
Armour
of
Purple
upon
the
two
Generals
Tents
,
which
amongst
the
Romans
was
the
signal
of
Battel
,
so
whilst
that
the
Troops
were
putting
themselves
in
a
readiness
,
Cassius
was
desirous
to
know
Brutus's
opinion
of
what
they
ought
to
doe
in
case
matters
should
miscarry
.
Brutus
said
,
That
he
had
heretofore
in
his
Writings
condemned
the
death
of
Cato
,
and
maintained
(
what
was
indeed
very
true
)
that
that
manner
of
avoiding
such
disgraces
as
Providence
sends
upon
us
,
was
a
horrible
attempt
against
the
power
of
Heaven
,
and
wicked
in
the
eyes
of
men
;
but
that
he
had
now
altered
his
opinion
,
since
being
no
longer
Master
of
one
life
,
which
he
had
sacrificed
to
his
Countrey
upon
the
Ides
of
March
,
he
was
resolved
to
change
it
for
a
happier
if
Fortune
proved
his
Enemy
.
Cassius
imbraced
him
,
and
smiling
,
told
him
,
Now
we
may
go
on
upon
the
Enemy
,
for
either
we
will
be
Conquerours
our selves
,
or
we
will
have
no
cause
to
fear
those
that
are
so
.
This
was
doubtless
a
sure
method
for
the
preventing
any
farther
fear
,
but
it
is
very
apparent
by
this
discourse
,
that
for
this
resolution
they
were
more
beholding
to
their
frailty
,
than
to
that
greatness
of
Soul
whereon
they
so
much
valued
themselves
,
for
it
was
neither
this
Opinion
,
nor
Caesar's
death
that
deserves
those
Heroick
Titles
which
Cicero
in
his
Epistles
hath
given
them
.
They
afterwards
appointed
their
order
of
Battel
,
Brutus
had
the
right
Wing
with
Messala
,
and
Cassius
the
left
.
The
Triumviri's
Army
was
already
drawn
up
,
Antonius
onely
Commanded
,
because
Caesar
was
sick
,
whose
Troops
had
the
left
Wing
,
and
Antonius's
the
right
.
At
last
about
Noon
he
marched
against
Cassius
with
the
party
that
he
headed
.
The
inequality
of
the
ground
forced
his
Legions
upon
such
a
motion
,
that
Brutus's
Troops
believed
they
were
coming
against
them
,
so
that
without
expecting
the
Word
or
the
Commands
of
their
General
,
they
advanced
to
receive
them
.
Antonius
avoided
the
ingaging
,
by
a
motion
which
he
made
to
the
right
to
go
●●ainst
Cassius
.
He
lost
some
Souldiers
there
,
and
must
have
been
fallen
upon
in
the
flank
,
if
Caesar's
Army
had
not
advanced
.
Brutus's
Souldiers
marched
without
order
,
but
with
so
much
heat
,
that
at
the
first
onset
they
overthrew
all
that
opposed
them
.
Messala
followed
by
three
Legions
,
pushed
even
into
Caesar's
Camp
,
who
had
just
left
it
,
and
was
retreated
very
sick
to
Antonius's
.
They
found
his
Litter
,
which
they
pierced
several
times
through
and
through
,
so
that
a
report
began
to
be
spread
about
that
he
was
slain
.
He
has
since
written
,
That
one
of
his
Friends
called
[
*
](A33186-e68820-b)
*
This
was
a
Physician
.
Artorius
,
persuaded
him
to
this
retreat
upon
the
occasion
of
a
dream
.
The
slaughter
was
great
in
Caesar's
Camp
,
and
there
fell
in
it
2000
Lacedemonians
who
fought
on
his
side
.
Three
of
his
Legions
were
also
cut
to
pieces
upon
the
spot
,
and
Brutus
must
have
obtained
an
intire
Victory
,
could
he
possibly
have
governed
the
fury
of
his
Souldiers
,
who
would
needs
engage
themselves
too
far
.
Antonius
knew
well
how
to
make
his
advantage
of
this
Errour
,
and
without
changing
,
went
directly
upon
Cassius
,
who
expected
him
in
Battalia
upon
the
advanced
ground
,
the
Combat
was
very
rough
,
and
after
several
takings
and
re-takings
of
each
other
,
they
fell
together
Pell-mell
with
their
Swords
in
their
hands
.
In
the
mean
time
a
Party
of
Antonius's
Souldiers
opened
a
passage
through
the
Lines
,
at
the
bottom
of
the
Marsh
,
and
when
they
came
up
,
charging
Cassius's
Troops
upon
the
flank
,
overthrew
them
with
great
slaughter
.
Antonius
Commanded
four
Legions
to
pursue
the
Victory
over
the
Marsh
,
hastening
the
others
to
Cassius's
Camp
,
which
was
very
ill
guarded
,
by
reason
that
all
the
Souldiers
were
come
forth
to
the
Battel
,
he
soon
made
himself
Master
of
it
,
which
raised
so
great
a
consternation
in
the
rest
of
the
Army
,
that
they
immediately
dispersed
themselves
.
Cassius
did
upon
this
occasion
all
that
could
be
expected
from
a
man
of
Courage
,
he
returned
several
times
to
the
charge
,
and
took
himself
the
Eagle
out
of
an
Ensigns
hand
,
who
was
running
away
,
and
held
it
a
long
time
before
him
,
but
he
forgot
the
duty
of
a
General
,
when
he
so
long
tamely
expected
Antonius
,
whom
he
ought
to
have
charged
at
the
same
time
that
Brutus
went
on
.
At
last
his
Guards
forsaking
him
,
he
was
forced
to
retreat
up
to
an
advanced
ground
near
the
City
of
Philippi
.
He
had
lost
eight
thousand
Men
,
reckoning
the
Sutlers
that
were
killed
in
his
Camp
.
But
there
were
once
as
many
slain
on
Caesar's
side
,
from
whom
there
were
taken
three
Eagles
,
and
several
other
Colours
,
by
which
Brutus
believing
he
had
gotten
an
intire
Victory
,
led
back
his
Troops
loaden
with
pillage
to
his
Camp
,
when
observing
that
in
Cassius's
Camp
the
Tents
were
thrown
down
,
and
perceiving
by
the
number
,
and
the
Arms
of
those
Souldiers
who
were
within
,
that
they
were
Enemies
,
he
immediately
detached
a
body
of
Cavalry
to
hasten
to
the
relief
of
his
Friend
,
though
by
misfortune
that
relief
did
but
add
speed
to
his
ruine
.
Cassius
was
short
sighted
,
and
besides
,
the
dust
which
the
fight
had
raised
all
over
the
Field
,
hindred
him
from
distinguishing
Brutus's
Troops
.
Nevertheless
he
saw
confusedly
some
Cavalry
marching
,
and
sent
Titinius
,
one
of
his
Friends
to
discover
what
they
were
.
He
was
received
with
great
cries
of
joy
by
Brutus's
Cavalry
,
who
embracing
him
,
asked
him
,
What
news
of
his
General
.
Cassius
perceiving
this
from
the
place
where
he
was
,
and
believing
that
those
men
who
ran
to
embrace
Titinius
,
had
taken
him
Prisoner
,
Alas
,
said
he
,
to
preserve
the
remainder
of
a
miserable
life
,
I
have
exposed
my
best
friend
to
be
taken
.
At
these
words
he
went
into
a
Tent
with
the
Gentleman
of
his
Horse
,
whose
name
was
Pindarus
;
we
have
no
very
good
account
of
what
passed
there
;
but
Cassius
was
found
dead
of
a
wound
in
his
Neck
,
and
Pindarus
never
appeared
afterwards
.
Titinius
arrived
within
a
moment
with
the
Cavalry
,
and
all
rejoycing
,
but
their
joy
was
soon
turned
into
a
sad
affliction
,
and
Titinius
after
having
accused
himself
of
folly
and
laziness
,
slew
himself
upon
the
body
of
his
Friend
.
CHAP.
L.
Brutus's
Melancholy
.
His
Fleet
defeats
that
of
Caesar
and
Antonius
,
and
Brutus
knows
not
of
it
.
He
speaks
to
his
Troops
to
confirm
them
.
BRVTVS
was
extremely
sorrowfull
for
the
death
of
his
Companion
,
whom
he
called
the
last
of
the
Romans
,
and
causing
his
body
privately
to
be
removed
,
sent
it
to
Thasos
,
to
pay
him
the
last
Offices
of
Funeral
.
In
the
mean
time
he
told
his
Friends
,
That
he
thought
him
very
happy
in
that
he
was
now
beyond
the
reach
of
those
misfortunes
which
remained
yet
for
them
to
suffer
.
In
effect
,
his
death
utterly
discomposed
the
whole
affairs
of
the
Conspiratours
,
and
it
will
not
be
improper
to
say
that
Cassius
killed
himself
in
despight
of
his
good
Fortune
.
Several
have
reported
that
he
knew
of
Brutus's
Victory
,
and
that
the
same
day
whereon
they
fought
at
Philippi
,
they
overthrew
Caesar's
Fleet
,
which
was
carrying
Provisions
to
the
Triumviri
,
together
with
a
strong
relief
,
consisting
of
two
Legions
,
and
Caesar's
Company
of
Guards
.
Marcus
and
Domitius
had
performed
this
good
service
against
another
Domitius
sirnamed
Calvinus
,
who
in
this
fight
either
by
the
Sword
or
by
fire
,
lost
the
best
of
his
Souldiers
,
and
almost
all
his
Ships
.
This
defeat
must
have
ruined
the
Triumviri
beyond
all
hopes
of
recovery
,
had
Brutus
but
been
informed
of
it
,
but
the
negligence
or
malice
of
some
of
his
Officers
hindred
the
giving
him
any
account
of
the
matter
,
and
his
own
vexation
and
impatience
hastened
on
his
ruine
,
or
to
speak
more
properly
,
the
Divine
Providence
did
it
,
which
now
seemed
resolved
to
put
an
end
to
the
Civil
Wars
,
by
appointing
a
Master
over
the
Roman
Empire
.
The
next
day
after
the
fight
,
Brutus
called
together
the
Souldiers
of
both
Armies
;
where
after
having
praised
the
Valour
of
his
own
men
,
and
the
Victory
they
had
gotten
,
he
exhorted
them
,
To
shew
once
more
how
obedient
they
could
be
,
and
observe
their
Generals
better
than
they
had
done
before
.
He
gave
them
to
understand
the
necessities
the
Enemies
were
reduced
to
,
And
that
that
was
the
onely
cause
of
their
boldness
and
courage
,
since
they
would
never
have
sought
to
have
fallen
in
Battel
,
had
they
not
been
afraid
of
being
starv'd
by
Famine
.
He
caused
also
1000
Drachma's
to
be
given
to
every
Souldier
,
with
a
promise
,
That
after
the
Victory
,
they
should
have
the
liberty
of
plundering
the
two
Cities
of
Lacedemon
and
Thessalonica
,
by
which
,
in
the
judgment
even
of
those
Authours
who
have
appeared
most
zealous
for
his
memory
,
he
strayed
very
wide
of
those
sentiments
of
humanity
and
moderation
which
he
had
all
his
life
time
affected
.
Antonius
also
having
occasion
to
speak
to
his
men
,
made
a
good
use
of
the
death
of
Cassius
,
It
is
,
said
he
,
an
unanswerable
proof
that
our
Enemies
are
defeated
,
they
can
never
dare
to
dispute
the
Victory
with
us
,
since
the
bravest
and
most
able
of
their
Generals
has
been
driven
to
so
desperate
a
proceeding
;
but
it
is
our
business
to
force
them
themselves
to
this
Confession
,
and
offer
them
Battel
.
If
they
shall
be
so
faint-hearted
as
to
refuse
it
,
ye
shall
see
that
they
will
acknowledge
themselves
Conquered
.
He
did
not
moreover
forget
to
speak
of
Rewards
,
and
promised
5000
Drachma's
to
every
Souldier
,
after
which
he
marched
his
Troops
in
Battalia
,
till
they
came
in
sight
of
Brutus's
Lines
,
who
did
not
draw
out
,
so
that
though
Antonius
were
himself
at
the
point
of
despair
,
he
omitted
not
to
make
his
Souldiers
sensible
how
fearfull
their
Enemies
were
,
and
dayly
to
indeavour
the
bringing
of
them
to
a
Battel
.
Brutus
had
moreover
other
troubles
in
his
Camp
,
Cassius's
Troops
would
hardly
obey
him
,
and
the
shame
of
their
having
been
beaten
,
began
to
make
them
Mutinous
,
this
forc't
him
to
rid
himself
of
what
Prisoners
he
had
taken
,
so
the
Romans
he
set
at
liberty
,
and
put
the
Slaves
to
the
Sword
.
At
last
Antonius
and
Caesar
,
(
who
now
began
to
be
fit
for
action
)
being
pressed
by
the
ill
condition
that
their
Troops
were
in
,
who
by
the
Rains
and
the
Frost
that
followed
,
suffered
extremely
in
those
deep
places
,
where
they
were
encamped
,
made
an
attempt
,
which
succeeded
to
their
wishes
,
and
decided
the
matter
.
CHAP.
LI.
Brutus
utterly
defeated
by
Antonius
and
Caesar.
BRVTVS
had
since
the
last
Battel
quitted
an
advanced
ground
,
which
was
within
the
compass
of
Cassius's
Camp
,
Caesar
immediately
took
possession
of
that
Post
with
two
of
his
Legions
,
who
fortified
themselves
there
.
Afterwards
he
sent
ten
other
Legions
about
a
quarter
of
a
League
from
thence
towards
the
Sea
,
with
a
design
to
cut
off
any
Provisions
from
coming
to
the
Conspiratours
.
Brutus
on
his
part
caused
divers
Works
to
be
carried
on
,
by
which
means
they
were
several
days
disputing
for
the
ground
foot
to
foot
by
their
Works
.
At
last
,
Brutus's
Souldiers
mutined
,
they
got
together
in
Troops
up
and
down
the
Field
,
and
demanded
,
What
Cowardliness
their
General
had
lately
observed
in
them
,
that
he
could
suffer
the
Enemy
dayly
to
come
and
brave
them
with
safety
,
that
he
would
give
them
leave
to
make
use
of
those
Arms
,
and
that
Courage
which
their
Enemies
had
been
so
often
made
sensible
of
.
Brutus
for
some
time
dissembled
his
resentment
,
and
afterwards
fearing
lest
they
should
forsake
him
,
which
he
began
already
to
have
strong
suspicions
of
,
he
all
of
a
sudden
gave
way
to
the
impatience
of
his
People
,
and
resolved
to
put
an
end
to
his
as
well
as
the
Romans
inquietudes
,
by
the
fortune
of
Arms.
It
is
reported
that
the
Spectre
which
had
appeared
to
him
,
came
to
him
again
the
night
before
this
great
Battel
,
but
that
it
onely
appeared
without
saying
any
thing
.
That
the
Eagle
which
belonged
to
his
first
Legion
,
was
covered
with
Bees
,
and
that
a
certain
sweat
in
the
nature
of
Oil
,
which
had
the
perfume
of
Roses
,
came
from
the
Arme
of
one
of
his
Captains
in
such
quantity
,
that
it
wet
several
handkerchiefs
.
The
Authours
of
those
times
also
report
,
that
the
first
man
whom
Brutus's
Troops
met
withall
as
they
drew
out
of
their
Camp
,
was
a
Negro
,
whom
they
cut
to
pieces
with
their
Swords
.
The
Souldiers
of
both
parties
were
encouraged
from
different
reasons
,
those
of
the
Triumviri
saw
that
they
must
either
Conquer
or
die
with
Famine
.
And
Brutus's
men
were
resolved
to
maintain
the
honour
of
their
first
Victory
,
and
that
boldness
wherewith
they
had
demanded
Battel
contrary
to
the
Opinion
of
their
General
.
Brutus
was
in
the
foremost
rank
very
well
mounted
,
Fellow
Souldiers
(
said
he
to
his
People
)
ye
have
desired
to
fight
contrary
to
my
Opinion
,
when
the
miseries
which
our
Enemies
were
reduced
to
,
might
have
assured
us
the
Victory
without
any
hazard
,
but
that
did
not
appear
honourable
enough
for
you
,
ye
are
for
buying
glory
at
the
price
of
your
bloud
,
and
now
it
lies
upon
you
to
complete
the
business
,
and
not
to
deceive
that
trust
which
I
have
reposed
in
your
Valour
.
On
the
other
side
Caesar
and
Antonius
said
to
their
Souldiers
,
Thus
ye
see
now
our
Enemies
in
a
place
where
we
have
a
long
time
wished
them
,
they
are
now
no
longer
covered
with
those
Fortifications
which
made
them
so
bold
before
,
so
that
their
destiny
is
in
your
own
hands
,
though
ye
have
but
one
thing
to
chuse
,
which
is
to
overcome
,
or
perish
by
the
most
miserable
of
deaths
,
which
is
that
of
Famine
.
After
this
the
two
Armies
advanced
within
the
reach
of
their
Darts
,
when
in
the
very
moment
appeared
two
Eagles
in
the
Air
,
who
began
a
cruel
fight
together
,
and
drew
the
admiration
of
all
the
Troops
,
that
which
was
on
Brutus's
side
was
beaten
,
and
fled
away
,
which
so
animated
the
Souldiers
of
the
Triumviri
,
that
they
gave
a
great
shout
,
and
marched
on
with
fury
,
they
lanced
their
Javelins
as
it
had
been
onely
for
fashion
sake
,
and
the
Legions
came
immediately
hand
to
hand
.
The
fight
was
long
and
bloudy
,
the
right
Wing
,
which
Brutus
led
,
drove
back
that
of
Antonius
,
but
at
the
same
time
his
left
recoiled
before
Caesar's
Legions
.
There
was
afterwards
no
more
giving
of
ground
,
and
what
was
won
was
won
by
force
of
Arms
,
like
a
heavy
Engine
that
can
hardly
be
removed
.
At
last
Caesar's
Cavalry
having
repulsed
those
of
Cassius
,
who
behaved
themselves
very
ill
,
gained
the
flank
of
the
Conspiratour's
left
Wing
;
the
fear
of
being
hemmed
in
made
them
open
their
Battalions
to
the
right
and
left
,
that
they
might
make
head
every
way
.
Caesar's
Men
charged
into
intervals
and
broke
them
to
pieces
,
then
that
Line
gave
way
,
and
turning
upon
the
second
,
produced
nothing
but
fear
and
disorder
,
a
proceeding
contrary
to
what
had
been
used
in
the
first
Battel
,
caused
at
this
time
the
loss
of
Brutus
;
for
those
Troops
terrified
and
prest
hard
by
Caesar
,
came
tumbling
upon
the
Wing
which
Brutus
commanded
,
and
notwithstanding
all
that
he
could
doe
to
rally
them
broke
it
in
pieces
.
Cato's
Son
,
who
commanded
under
him
,
seeing
that
all
must
now
inevitably
be
lost
,
ran
into
the
thickest
of
the
Enemy's
Battalions
,
and
uttring
aloud
his
own
Name
and
his
Father's
,
was
there
slain
.
Caesar
and
Antonius
neglected
none
of
their
advantages
,
and
on
every
side
charged
those
Troops
which
were
in
disorder
.
Antonius
took
care
to
follow
the
victory
,
and
Caesar
not
being
able
to
doe
it
,
commanded
Norbanus
to
go
to
the
Enemy's
Camp
,
where
a
great
slaughter
was
made
of
those
who
confusedly
were
retreating
.
Almost
all
Brutus's
best
Officers
perished
in
this
fight
,
by
endeavouring
to
save
the
person
of
their
General
.
A
body
of
Thracian
Cavalry
,
commanded
by
Rhastus
,
persued
him
very
hard
,
and
must
have
taken
him
had
it
not
been
for
Lucilius
,
who
was
his
best
friend
.
This
Man
charged
the
Thracians
and
stopped
them
,
till
seeing
himself
encompassed
round
,
he
cried
out
that
he
was
Brutus
,
and
demanded
Quarter
,
desiring
that
they
would
carry
him
to
Antonius
.
These
Cavaliers
,
transported
with
their
good
fortune
,
sent
word
of
it
to
Antonius
,
and
brought
him
their
Prisoner
:
He
notwithstanding
all
his
hatred
could
not
but
be
concerned
at
this
adventure
,
which
cost
him
many
reflexions
.
He
was
extremely
confounded
to
think
how
he
ought
to
be
▪
have
himself
to
those
that
brought
him
the
news
,
and
who
appeared
before
him
with
different
opinions
of
the
matter
,
when
Lucilius
shewing
himself
in
the
midst
of
those
who
conducted
him
;
No
Man
(
said
he
to
Antonius
)
shall
ever
have
the
honour
to
take
Brutus
alive
,
nor
will
the
Gods
permit
that
Fortune
shall
have
such
advantage
over
his
Vertue
,
but
he
will
always
be
found
,
whether
dead
or
living
,
in
a
condition
that
becomes
his
Courage
.
I
have
here
delivered
my self
up
to
save
him
,
I
am
now
in
your
hands
,
and
you
may
dispose
of
my
life
just
as
you
please
.
Antonius
could
not
but
admire
the
vertue
of
the
Man
,
and
told
the
Thracians
,
that
they
were
much
happier
than
they
believed
they
were
,
since
in
stead
of
the
enemy
whom
they
thought
they
had
brought
him
,
they
had
made
him
a
present
of
a
friend
.
Indeed
Lucilius
was
afterwards
one
of
his
first
friends
,
and
to
the
day
of
his
death
discharged
himself
with
an
inviolable
fidelity
.
CHAP.
LII
.
Brutus's
last
Words
and
Death
.
Messala
goes
over
to
Caesar
with
all
his
Forces
.
THIS
contrivance
of
Lucilius
and
the
night
together
gave
Brutus
time
to
pass
over
a
little
River
,
and
make
his
retreat
up
to
an
advanced
ground
which
was
hard
by
.
There
(
lifting
up
his
eyes
to
Heaven
)
*
unhappy
Vertue
,
said
he
,
I
follow
thee
as
a
solid
good
,
but
thou
art
onely
a
thing
merely
talked
of
,
a
vain
empty
name
,
or
at
best
a
slave
of
fortune
.
He
afterwards
repeated
several
times
another
Greek
Verse
which
signifies
,
Punish
,
great
Jove
,
the
authour
of
these
evils
,
by
which
it
was
thought
he
designed
Antonius
,
who
afterwards
remembred
it
when
he
was
driven
to
that
extremity
by
Caesar
after
the
Battel
of
Actium
.
Afterwards
,
with
abundance
of
praises
as
well
as
sighs
,
he
repeated
the
names
of
all
those
of
his
friends
whom
he
had
seen
perish
upon
that
occasion
.
One
of
those
who
was
still
with
him
complained
that
he
was
thirsty
,
and
the
Souldiers
running
to
the
River
fetched
water
in
their
Helmets
and
brought
it
.
Volumnius
a
noble
Senatour
,
who
had
been
gone
out
to
discover
what
might
be
the
reason
of
a
certain
noise
which
they
had
then
heard
,
returned
at
this
time
,
and
asking
if
there
were
any
water
,
We
have
all
drank
,
(
said
Brutus
to
him
smiling
)
but
do
not
you
be
troubled
,
for
the
spring
is
not
far
off
,
so
the
Souldiers
returned
to
the
River
,
but
had
much
adoe
to
get
back
again
,
and
were
several
of
them
wounded
,
which
gave
Brutus
to
understand
that
he
was
invested
;
then
he
exhorted
those
that
were
with
him
to
make
some
attempt
to
get
to
their
Camp
,
which
yet
held
out
;
but
they
had
lost
all
their
courage
,
and
told
him
that
he
would
doe
better
to
think
of
saving
himself
.
I
know
very
well
(
answered
he
)
that
I
ought
to
doe
it
,
but
it
is
with
my
hands
and
not
with
my
feet
.
Then
Statilius
,
one
of
his
Officers
,
offered
to
go
by
himself
to
the
Camp
,
and
that
if
it
were
not
taken
,
to
advance
a
lighted
Flambeau
in
the
air
for
a
signal
.
The
Flambeau
appeared
,
which
gave
some
hopes
to
Brutus
,
so
he
expected
a
long
time
,
saying
,
Statilius
would
come
if
he
were
alive
.
But
he
was
slain
in
his
return
by
some
Souldiers
belonging
to
one
of
those
Corps
du
guard
which
the
Triumviri
had
every
where
posted
.
At
last
Brutus
,
wearied
with
expectation
,
and
seeing
that
the
day
approached
,
whispered
something
in
the
ear
of
one
of
his
Domesticks
,
whose
name
was
Clitus
,
and
who
answered
him
nothing
,
but
fell
a-weeping
,
which
made
Brutus
call
Dardanus
,
who
served
him
as
General
of
his
Horse
,
to
him
also
he
said
something
and
addressed
himself
afterwards
to
Volumnius
,
who
has
written
all
these
particulars
.
But
seeing
they
onely
answered
him
with
their
tears
,
he
raised
himself
up
and
made
them
a
short
discourse
to
thank
them
for
that
fidelity
wherewith
they
had
so
generously
and
to
the
last
extremity
followed
his
fortune
.
He
said
he
lookt
upon
himself
much
happier
than
any
of
his
Conquerours
,
since
he
should
enjoy
that
reputation
which
always
follows
Vertue
,
and
which
Tyranny
and
Injustice
can
never
deserve
.
He
conjured
his
friends
to
think
of
preserving
their
lives
,
since
he
hoped
that
Caesar
and
Antonius
being
satisfied
with
his
death
,
would
not
persue
their
cruelty
any
farther
.
He
afterwards
went
aside
some
few
paces
with
a
certain
Greek
,
whose
name
was
Strato
,
a
very
learned
Rhetorician
;
and
for
that
reason
by
him
highly
esteemed
,
he
begged
of
this
man
,
by
that
strict
League
that
was
made
between
them
,
to
doe
that
office
for
him
which
those
other
friends
had
refused
,
and
seeing
that
he
could
not
resolve
upon
it
▪
he
called
for
a
slave
.
Ah!
(
then
said
Strato
)
it
shall
never
be
said
that
Brutus
in
his
last
extremity
stood
in
need
of
the
assistence
of
a
slave
for
want
of
a
friend
,
so
turning
away
his
head
,
he
presented
the
point
of
his
sword
to
Brutus
,
who
threw
himself
upon
it
with
such
violence
that
it
pierced
him
through
,
and
he
died
immediately
.
Thus
did
this
Man
,
The
year
of
the
World
4012.
since
the
building
of
Rome
712.
before
the
birth
of
our
Saviour
41.
born
with
so
great
advantages
and
qualified
so
well
,
by
a
tragical
end
pay
for
that
horrible
ingratitude
wherewith
he
had
dyed
his
hands
in
the
bloud
of
a
Man
to
whom
he
stood
indebted
for
the
highest
favours
.
It
is
a
crime
which
can
never
be
washed
off
from
his
memory
,
no
not
by
all
the
Vertue
which
he
so
ill
employed
,
both
in
that
action
and
at
his
death
.
Several
have
reported
circumstances
otherwise
,
but
all
agree
in
this
,
that
Messala
a
long
time
afterwards
presenting
Strato
to
Augustus
said
,
See
here
,
Caesar
,
the
Man
who
paid
the
last
offices
to
my
Brutus
,
and
that
Augustus
extremely
cherished
Strato
,
who
afterwards
served
him
very
faithfully
.
Antonius
hearing
the
next
day
of
Brutus's
death
,
went
to
the
place
where
the
Body
still
lay
,
and
covered
it
himself
with
a
rich
Coat
of
Armour
which
he
wore
,
and
when
news
was
brought
him
afterwards
that
some
body
had
stripped
him
,
he
caused
the
Thief
to
be
taken
and
put
to
death
.
The
Body
was
burnt
by
his
orders
,
and
the
ashes
sent
to
Servilia
,
Brutus's
Wife
,
whose
name
was
Porcia
,
and
was
Cato
of
Vtica's
Daughter
,
so
that
having
such
a
Father
,
and
such
a
Husband
,
we
may
easily
imagine
what
were
the
maxims
of
that
Vertue
which
she
so
openly
made
profession
of
;
and
she
was
resolved
to
give
proofs
of
it
by
a
death
by
which
she
out-did
the
fury
of
those
two
Men
whom
she
most
tenderly
loved
.
And
though
since
the
death
of
her
Husband
she
was
so
strictly
observed
,
that
it
was
impossible
for
her
either
to
make
use
of
Poison
or
Dagger
,
she
swallowed
so
many
hot
Coals
and
Ashes
that
she
choaked
her self
.
Though
,
to
speak
the
truth
of
the
matter
,
there
is
a
great
deal
of
reason
to
believe
that
this
kind
of
death
was
rather
invented
by
the
Wits
,
who
were
desirous
to
report
that
tragical
adventure
in
all
its
circumstances
,
and
make
,
as
they
have
done
,
a
Subject
for
a
good
[
*
](A33186-e70550-b)
*
Mart.
l.
1.
Epigram
;
since
Plutarch
assures
us
that
he
had
seen
some
of
Brutus's
Letters
,
wherein
he
complains
of
his
friends
at
Rome
for
suffering
Porcia
to
die
of
Melancholy
.
Brutus's
Friends
and
his
Officers
took
different
parties
,
all
those
who
knew
themselves
guilty
of
Iulius
Caesar's
death
,
slew
themselves
with
their
own
hands
;
the
others
rallying
with
Messala
,
Bibulus
and
Cornificius
,
sent
Deputies
to
Caesar
and
Antonius
for
an
honourable
composition
,
which
the
two
Generals
frankly
allowed
of
,
so
they
went
into
their
Army
with
14000
Men
,
who
yet
might
have
made
a
great
deal
of
disturbance
in
a
fortified
Camp
,
and
that
was
the
reason
which
facilitated
the
Capitulation
.
And
the
Camp
was
afterwards
given
up
to
be
plundered
.
By
this
famous
overthrow
the
Triumviri
at
last
established
themselves
in
an
authority
,
which
none
were
found
powerfull
enough
to
dispute
with
them
,
and
which
gave
the
last
blow
to
the
Roman
liberty
.
The
death
of
Caesar
was
revenged
,
and
by
this
Victory
did
his
Son
begin
to
lay
the
foundations
of
an
Empire
,
which
at
last
for
its
grandeur
and
extent
has
never
yet
been
equalled
.
THE
CONTINUATION
OF
THE
HISTORY
OF
THE
Second
Triumvirate
.
CHAP.
I.
After
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
Anthony
and
Caesar
bring
their
Enemies
to
punishment
.
They
part
the
Forces
of
Pompey
.
Caesar
goes
into
Italy
.
AS
the
love
of
Liberty
was
the
most
predominant
passion
the
Romans
had
,
so
never
any
people
defended
with
more
vigour
that
good
which
they
valued
more
than
their
Lives
.
It
was
this
that
bred
so
many
divisions
among
them
,
and
was
the
cause
of
such
bloudy
Wars
;
in
which
one
of
the
parties
always
had
the
specious
pretence
of
upholding
the
publick
Liberty
:
But
as
the
last
sighs
and
groans
are
usually
most
violent
,
so
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
which
was
the
last
effort
of
the
dying
Commonwealth
,
was
the
greatest
struggle
that
ever
she
had
for
the
maintaining
her
authority
.
The
Sedition
of
the
Gracchi
was
the
first
where
the
Bloud
of
Roman
Citizens
was
shed
,
however
that
seemed
to
be
but
onely
a
Popular
Commotion
,
seeing
it
was
decided
in
the
Forum
in
an
hours
time
.
The
Wars
that
were
kindled
afterwards
between
Marius
and
Sylla
had
longer
and
more
fatal
consequences
:
But
then
Italy
,
or
rather
Rome
,
onely
was
the
Theatre
of
them
;
and
what
animosity
soever
appeared
between
the
two
Parties
the
rest
of
the
World
felt
nothing
of
it
.
The
division
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
went
much
farther
,
the
whole
Roman
Empire
was
shaken
by
it
:
But
although
all
its
Forces
had
fought
at
Pharsalia
,
they
were
not
comparable
to
those
that
appeared
afterwards
at
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
where
above
200000
effective
Men
were
in
Arms
,
commanded
by
the
greatest
Generals
of
that
time
.
Besides
too
,
in
the
forementioned
Commotions
,
several
Senatours
thought
they
might
very
well
stand
neuters
out
of
their
respect
to
the
Commonwealth
,
whose
name
at
least
in
appearance
was
still
reverenced
,
whereas
in
this
last
occasion
,
the
mask
being
laid
aside
by
the
proceeding
and
declarations
of
the
Triumvirs
all
management
and
conduct
was
useless
,
and
there
was
an
absolute
necessity
of
taking
one
side
or
t'other
,
for
Liberty
or
against
it
.
But
that
was
utterly
ruined
by
the
defeat
of
Brutus
,
and
from
that
moment
Caesar
and
Anthony
began
to
act
as
Sovereigns
and
divide
the
Roman
Empire
as
theirs
by
Conquest
;
for
though
Lepidus
had
his
share
of
the
Government
,
yet
as
he
had
had
none
in
the
danger
of
the
Wars
,
he
was
but
very
little
considered
,
all
the
love
of
the
Souldiers
,
which
was
the
firmest
prop
of
their
Empire
,
being
turned
in
favour
of
those
that
had
headed
them
upon
all
occasions
.
The
following
days
after
the
Victory
were
employ'd
by
the
Triumvirs
in
punishing
their
foes
;
Anthony
sacrificed
Hortensius
to
the
memory
of
his
Brother
Caius
,
and
put
Varro
to
death
,
who
reproach'd
him
with
his
debauches
,
and
in
some
sort
did
then
foretell
the
miserable
end
he
himself
should
come
to
.
Livius
Drusus
,
the
Father
of
that
Livia
who
was
afterwards
married
to
Augustus
killed
himself
in
his
Tent
,
and
Quintilius
Varus
adorned
with
all
the
marks
of
the
honours
and
dignities
he
had
passed
through
,
made
himself
be
slain
by
his
freedman
.
Caesar
upon
this
occasion
appeared
much
more
cruel
than
Anthony
,
whether
it
were
that
the
pain
and
uneasiness
of
his
sickness
had
sowred
his
humour
,
or
that
he
really
had
a
bent
to
cruelty
,
or
what
is
more
likely
had
his
temper
so
much
at
command
,
that
he
put
on
gentleness
or
severity
as
in
policy
was
necessary
.
He
sent
the
Head
of
Brutus
to
Rome
to
be
thrown
at
the
Feet
of
his
Father's
statue
,
and
forced
a
Senatour
and
his
Son
to
draw
Lots
for
their
lives
,
but
they
both
refused
it
;
the
Father
voluntarily
gave
up
himself
to
execution
,
and
the
Son
stab'd
himself
before
Caesar's
face
.
To
another
that
beg'd
of
him
that
he
might
have
the
Rites
of
Burial
,
he
said
that
that
would
soon
be
at
the
disposal
of
the
Ravens
;
these
and
such
like
bitter
words
,
joined
to
the
rigour
of
his
punishments
,
rendred
him
so
odious
to
the
rest
of
the
Prisoners
that
were
brought
fettered
before
them
,
that
they
saluted
Anthony
with
respect
,
but
loaded
Caesar
with
injuries
and
bloudy
reproaches
,
which
none
did
with
more
violence
than
Favonius
,
who
at
his
death
took
all
the
liberty
of
speech
and
railing
freedom
of
a
Cynick
Philosopher
.
After
having
thus
satisfied
their
revenge
,
the
Triumvirs
thought
upon
establishing
their
authority
.
Anthony
undertook
to
go
into
Asia
to
gather
Money
in
those
Provinces
that
were
tributary
to
the
Romans
;
and
Caesar
took
upon
him
to
lead
the
old
Troops
into
Italy
to
put
them
in
possession
of
the
Lands
that
were
promised
them
.
This
Commission
was
an
undertaking
both
nice
and
full
of
danger
.
Caesar
had
to
doe
with
Souldiers
who
thought
they
had
right
to
give
Laws
even
to
their
Commanders
for
the
great
services
they
had
done
them
,
and
who
would
never
have
wanted
welcome
entertainment
from
the
other
side
;
for
the
remainders
of
the
contrary
Faction
did
still
subsist
in
the
persons
of
Domitius
and
Staius
Murcus
,
the
Lieutenant-Generals
of
Brutus
who
had
both
very
powerfull
Fleets
;
for
Cassius
of
Parma
had
joined
them
with
thirty
Rhodian
Ships
assisted
by
Clodius
Forulus
and
young
Cicero
,
so
that
they
were
able
to
make
a
considerable
progress
had
they
remained
united
,
but
their
ambition
divided
them
.
Domitius
,
who
would
be
independent
and
head
of
the
Party
,
quitted
Murcus
,
who
thereupon
went
and
joined
with
Pompey
,
the
most
dangerous
Enemy
of
the
Triumvirs
.
He
was
Master
of
Sicily
,
and
very
strong
at
Sea
,
and
if
he
had
had
but
as
much
conduct
as
he
had
valour
,
he
would
have
been
able
to
dispute
the
Empire
of
the
World
with
them
,
or
at
least
have
shared
it
;
but
for
want
of
good
education
,
learning
and
knowledge
,
he
was
of
so
irresolute
a
temper
,
that
though
he
had
a
brisk
and
ready
wit
,
he
so
wholly
abandoned
himself
to
the
management
of
his
freedom
,
that
he
seemed
rather
to
be
their
Slave
.
Among
them
Menas
and
Menecrates
were
of
most
authority
,
they
commanded
his
Troops
made
up
of
fugitive
Slaves
,
and
of
those
Souldiers
that
the
fury
of
the
Triumvirs
had
driven
out
of
Italy
:
but
that
which
more
maintained
the
reputation
of
this
Party
was
the
great
number
of
noble
persons
that
were
proscribed
,
who
had
fled
for
refuge
into
Sicily
,
like
those
driven
by
storms
,
to
whom
a
small
shelter
or
an
open
Road
appears
a
safe
harbour
.
The
arrival
of
Murcus
encreased
his
Forces
;
nevertheless
he
did
not
oppose
Caesar
,
who
returned
into
Italy
with
five
Legions
and
4000
Horse
,
Anthony
having
kept
with
him
10000
and
six
Legions
.
They
had
disbanded
the
rest
of
their
Army
,
after
they
had
satisfied
them
with
what
Money
they
had
left
,
and
what
they
found
in
the
Conspiratours
Camp
.
They
were
all
old
Souldiers
whose
time
of
service
was
expired
,
and
who
besides
that
pretended
to
the
rewards
and
inheritances
that
had
been
promised
them
;
't
was
this
that
was
the
most
perplexing
business
and
important
care
of
the
Triumvirs
.
Though
the
43
Legions
they
had
in
the
beginning
of
the
War
were
by
this
time
reduced
to
28
,
they
had
still
need
of
vast
sums
to
pay
according
to
their
promise
5000
Drachmas
to
every
private
Souldier
,
almost
100
li.
and
to
the
others
in
proportion
;
this
was
the
principal
motive
of
Anthony's
expedition
into
Asia
,
he
had
besides
the
Legions
4000
old
Souldiers
,
Volunteers
,
who
served
him
as
his
Guards
,
and
as
many
remained
with
Caesar
in
the
same
post
.
CHAP.
II.
Anthony
goes
into
Grecia
,
he
stays
at
Athens
,
he
goes
into
Asia
,
where
he
is
honourably
received
,
his
Speech
to
the
Deputies
.
ANTHONY
loved
his
pleasure
above
all
other
things
,
and
upon
the
least
respite
he
had
from
business
he
always
follow'd
his
natural
bent
and
inclination
.
After
the
atchievement
of
such
a
famous
Victory
that
seemed
to
be
gained
wholly
by
him
,
he
could
not
refuse
himself
the
satisfaction
of
seeing
Greece
,
it
being
the
Countrey
of
the
World
where
flattery
was
managed
with
most
delicacy
;
to
gain
the
hearts
of
this
People
,
he
would
needs
dis-robe
himself
of
all
kind
of
Majesty
,
that
rendred
him
any
ways
formidable
to
them
,
he
was
familiarly
present
at
the
conferences
of
the
Philosophers
at
Athens
,
and
made
great
Presents
to
that
City
,
and
never
was
better
pleased
than
when
he
was
called
the
Friend
and
Patron
of
the
Greeks
,
or
a
lover
of
the
Athenians
.
He
administred
justice
with
great
gentleness
and
equity
,
and
was
always
giving
them
some
taste
of
his
rallying
humour
,
as
when
those
of
Megara
earnestly
desired
he
would
go
and
see
the
place
of
their
Assemblies
,
imagining
he
would
admire
the
structure
of
it
;
he
went
thither
and
after
he
had
intentively
viewed
it
,
when
one
took
the
boldness
to
ask
him
what
he
thought
of
it
,
it
appears
to
me
,
saith
he
,
to
be
very
little
,
and
ready
to
fall
to
ruine
.
He
took
the
measures
of
the
Temple
of
Apollo
Pythius
,
out
of
a
design
to
finish
it
,
as
he
had
promised
the
Senate
;
and
then
leaving
Marcus
Censorius
to
command
in
Greece
,
he
went
over
into
Asia
with
all
his
Troops
.
There
all
the
Princes
of
the
East
that
acknowledged
the
Roman
power
,
came
to
make
their
court
to
him
,
and
the
fairest
Princesses
strove
to
gain
his
favour
either
by
the
charms
of
their
Beauty
or
the
magnificence
of
their
Presents
.
This
crowd
of
Sovereigns
that
daily
waited
in
his
Anti-chamber
with
their
praises
and
submissions
did
most
agreeably
flatter
his
ambition
,
but
the
manner
of
his
reception
at
Ephesus
wrought
it
up
to
intolerable
pride
.
The
inhabitants
went
to
meet
him
drest
like
Fawns
and
Satyrs
,
the
Women
like
Bacchanals
,
armed
with
Thirses
,
crowned
with
Ivy
,
and
covered
with
Tyger's
Skins
;
all
this
was
accompanied
with
a
pleasant
consort
of
Flutes
,
Hoboys
and
other
instruments
.
They
called
Anthony
Bacchus
,
Father
of
the
Graces
and
Gentleness
;
and
indeed
the
name
suited
him
well
,
but
not
in
respect
of
every
body
.
'T
is
true
indeed
he
pardoned
all
those
of
Brutus's
Party
that
surrendred
themselves
to
him
,
except
Petronius
and
Quintus
,
the
first
was
charged
with
being
one
of
the
Conspiratours
against
Caesar
,
and
the
other
with
betraying
Dolabella
in
Laodicea
,
but
then
he
took
away
the
Estates
of
several
rich
Citizens
to
enrich
his
Flatterers
and
Bouffons
,
who
making
people
that
were
in
perfect
health
believe
they
were
dead
,
very
impudently
went
and
beg'd
their
Estates
:
Among
others
a
Cook
of
his
,
for
dressing
him
a
Supper
that
pleased
him
,
got
the
House
of
a
wealthy
inhabitant
of
Magnesia
.
In
the
mean
time
,
being
pressed
by
the
necessity
of
giving
his
Troops
satisfaction
,
he
assembles
all
the
Deputies
of
all
those
that
were
either
subjects
or
allies
of
the
Roman
Empire
in
Asia
,
and
harangued
them
after
this
manner
.
Gentlemen
,
ye
must
needs
be
sensible
of
the
advantages
ye
have
enjoyed
under
the
Government
of
the
Romans
,
and
with
what
gentleness
they
have
governed
you
ever
since
Attalus
at
his
death
bequeathed
you
to
them
;
they
freely
remitted
all
those
Taxes
ye
paid
to
that
Prince
and
his
predecessours
,
till
the
ambition
of
some
of
our
Citizens
,
making
them
rebell
against
us
,
we
were
obliged
to
draw
some
supply
of
money
which
we
wanted
from
these
Provinces
;
but
it
was
with
such
moderation
that
the
Tax
was
much
beneath
what
ye
were
able
to
give
.
As
our
design
was
not
to
ruine
you
,
we
onely
demanded
a
part
of
your
revenue
,
that
at
least
we
might
have
our
share
of
your
assistence
as
well
as
our
Enemies
,
who
,
far
from
treating
you
with
the
same
lenity
,
exacted
much
more
from
you
by
down-right
violence
,
and
against
the
authority
of
the
Senate
.
Ye
may
very
well
remember
that
Julius
Caesar
generously
forgave
you
the
third
part
of
the
impost
ye
granted
him
,
and
having
regard
to
your
Petitions
and
complaints
,
gave
leave
that
ye
your selves
should
gather
the
Taxes
among
your
own
Subjects
,
yet
all
these
testimonies
of
his
clemency
and
humanity
have
not
been
able
to
hinder
some
ill-minded
Senatours
from
making
him
pass
for
a
Tyrant
;
they
declared
themselves
our
enemies
because
we
endeavoured
to
revenge
the
murther
of
him
,
who
was
both
our
friend
and
our
General
,
but
ye
,
notwithstanding
the
great
obligations
ye
owed
him
,
have
not
been
ashamed
to
assist
his
murtherers
with
vast
sums
of
Money
.
And
since
that
ye
would
needs
run
their
fortune
in
the
War
,
and
that
the
Gods
have
been
pleased
to
grant
the
Victory
,
not
according
to
your
wishes
but
their
own
justice
,
there
is
all
the
reason
in
the
world
we
should
treat
you
as
the
allies
,
or
indeed
as
the
accomplices
of
our
Foes
,
and
that
we
should
impose
some
punishment
upon
you
.
But
as
we
are
willing
to
believe
that
this
fault
is
rather
the
effect
of
their
violence
than
your
will
,
we
shall
not
proceed
against
you
with
any
cruel
or
insupportable
punishments
.
Ye
know
without
doubt
we
owe
our
Souldiers
large
recompences
,
as
the
reward
of
the
Victories
they
have
gained
,
and
for
this
we
have
engaged
both
our
Words
and
Oaths
.
These
rewards
ought
to
be
given
in
Money
,
in
Lands
and
in
Houses
.
We
have
28
Legions
,
which
make
170000
Men
,
besides
some
other
Troops
,
not
counting
the
Cavalry
,
nor
the
Veterans
that
have
obtained
their
dismission
,
so
that
ye
may
judge
of
our
occasions
by
the
number
of
our
Souldiers
.
'T
was
this
that
obliged
Caesar
to
go
into
Italy
to
distribute
these
rewards
in
Lands
and
Houses
.
Even
whole
Cities
will
scarce
be
sufficient
for
this
design
,
which
at
the
same
time
will
alter
the
state
and
circumstances
of
that
Province
:
But
because
we
will
not
take
your
Cities
and
inheritances
from
you
,
nor
drive
you
from
your
Temples
and
the
Sepulchres
of
your
Forefathers
,
all
the
punishment
ye
have
deserved
shall
be
imposed
in
Money
,
without
forcing
you
however
to
give
us
all
ye
are
worth
.
But
even
this
proceeding
too
is
displeasing
to
us
,
it
seems
too
rigorous
;
and
we
are
resolved
to
doe
nothing
but
what
shall
be
approved
of
by
reasonable
and
uninteressed
Persons
.
We
demand
of
you
onely
what
ye
gave
our
Adversaries
,
which
is
ten
years
Tribute
;
but
as
ye
paid
it
to
them
in
two
years
time
,
we
require
it
of
you
in
one
,
for
our
occasions
that
press
us
constrain
us
to
decree
it
so
;
and
besides
the
love
and
esteem
ye
seem
to
have
for
us
should
make
you
have
the
same
sentiments
.
This
is
all
the
pain
ye
shall
endure
,
seeing
the
Laws
of
humanity
permit
not
always
that
the
punishment
should
be
proportionable
to
the
crime
.
All
those
that
were
present
threw
themselves
weeping
at
the
feet
of
Anthony
.
They
remonstrated
to
him
that
Their
assisting
Brutus
and
Cassius
could
not
be
laid
to
their
charge
as
a
crime
,
because
they
were
forced
to
it
,
and
that
by
such
intolerable
usage
,
that
they
were
rather
objects
of
mercy
and
pity
than
punishment
.
That
they
should
esteem
themselves
even
too
happy
to
be
able
to
assist
those
to
whom
they
were
so
much
obliged
with
all
they
were
worth
;
but
since
their
Enemies
had
taken
not
onely
all
their
Gold
and
Silver
that
was
coined
,
but
all
the
Plate
and
ornaments
of
the
Cities
and
Temples
,
they
were
reduced
to
the
utmost
extremity
.
This
Discourse
not
being
able
to
satisfie
Anthony
,
the
Oratour
Hybreas
told
him
boldly
enough
,
My
Lord
,
If
you
would
exact
from
us
in
one
year
what
we
are
but
able
to
pay
in
two
,
you
should
that
year
give
us
two
Harvests
and
two
Vintages
.
This
liberty
of
speech
did
not
at
all
displease
Anthony
,
for
he
loved
a
thing
well
said
;
and
the
same
Hybreas
upon
another
occasion
said
to
him
,
Asia
has
already
paid
to
you
200000
Talents
,
if
the
Money
did
not
come
to
your
hands
bring
them
to
an
account
that
received
it
,
but
if
it
did
and
you
have
none
of
it
left
we
are
undone
.
At
length
after
many
contests
,
these
Deputies
beseeched
Anthony
to
be
contented
with
the
Tax
of
nine
years
to
be
paid
in
two
,
which
he
granted
them
.
So
all
the
tributary
Kings
and
Princes
of
Asia
,
with
the
free
Cities
,
and
all
the
People
in
general
were
obliged
to
contribute
to
the
payment
of
this
sum
.
Anthony
after
this
went
a
progress
all
about
●he
Countrey
,
where
he
gave
extraordinary
demonstrations
of
his
generosity
and
good
nature
.
He
pardoned
Lucius
,
Brother
to
Cassius
,
and
several
others
of
his
Enemies
,
whom
the
report
of
his
clemency
drew
out
of
the
places
where
they
were
hid
;
onely
he
spared
none
that
had
a
hand
in
the
death
of
Caesar
,
or
were
of
the
number
of
the
Conspiratours
.
Lycia
that
was
laid
waste
by
Brutus
he
exempted
from
the
contribution
.
He
persuaded
the
Xanthians
to
rebuild
their
City
;
to
the
Rhodians
he
gave
Andros
,
Tenos
and
Gnidos
.
Those
of
Tharsus
and
Laodicea
enjoyed
freedom
from
the
imposition
in
consideration
that
they
had
been
severely
used
by
Cassius
,
and
set
at
liberty
those
of
these
two
Cities
that
had
been
made
Slaves
.
Amongst
the
rest
he
was
not
unmindfull
of
the
Athenians
,
but
gave
them
the
Isle
of
Egina
;
so
that
the
whole
weight
of
the
contribution
fell
heaviest
upon
the
People
of
the
lesser
Asia
,
Syria
,
Phrygia
,
Mysia
and
Gallatia
,
who
were
extremely
harassed
,
as
likewise
were
the
Provinces
of
Cappadocia
,
Cilicia
and
Palestine
.
Anthony
then
made
himself
sovereign
Judge
of
the
differences
between
the
Kings
of
those
Countries
,
as
in
Cappadocia
between
Ariarathes
and
Sysenes
,
for
whom
the
beauty
of
his
Mother
Glaphyra
was
so
powerfull
as
to
carry
the
Crown
from
his
Competitour
.
At
this
time
he
received
very
favourably
the
Embassy
from
Hircanus
,
King
and
High-priest
of
the
Jews
,
and
began
to
give
Herod
marks
of
his
favour
for
the
services
he
had
received
from
his
Father
Antipater
.
CHAP.
III.
Cleopatra
Queen
of
Aegypt
her
Character
,
she
comes
to
Anthony
,
their
interview
,
Anthony
puts
Arsinoe
the
Sister
of
Cleopatra
to
death
.
AMong
those
Sovereigns
whose
destiny
depended
on
the
absolute
will
and
disposition
of
Anthony
,
Cleopatra
,
Queen
of
Aegypt
,
by
her
conduct
found
she
had
reason
both
to
hope
and
fear
:
She
had
managed
her self
like
an
adroit
Politician
in
the
time
of
the
War
,
assisting
Dolabella
at
the
same
time
that
Serapion
,
her
Lieutenant
in
Cyprus
,
●ought
for
Cassius
;
she
knew
well
enough
that
this
had
not
been
very
pleasing
to
the
Triumviri
,
considering
what
she
owed
to
the
memory
of
Iulius
Caesar.
The
love
of
that
great
Man
and
her
was
sufficiently
known
to
all
the
World
,
but
as
if
she
had
been
resolved
to
conquer
and
triumph
over
the
Romans
in
the
Persons
of
their
Generals
;
she
had
received
the
Addresses
of
Pompey's
eldest
Son
,
so
that
never
Beauty
was
ever
signalized
by
more
illustrious
conquests
.
The
amorous
passions
she
had
inspired
when
she
was
very
young
gave
her
such
an
opinion
of
her
Charms
as
she
hoped
she
easily
might
revive
that
flame
in
Anthony's
heart
of
which
heretofore
he
had
given
her
testimony
,
when
he
commanded
the
Cavalry
of
Gabinius
in
Aegypt
.
But
above
all
it
was
her
Wit
that
maintained
this
hope
in
her
,
for
though
her
Person
was
very
charming
,
and
the
beauty
and
brightness
of
her
Eyes
was
not
to
be
withstood
,
yet
there
were
at
Rome
those
of
her
Sex
that
did
not
yield
to
her
in
the
least
for
Mein
nor
Beauty
,
but
none
could
compare
with
her
for
the
agreeableness
of
her
Wit
and
her
charming
conversation
;
it
was
such
a
pleasure
to
hear
her
talk
,
and
all
her
Discourse
was
animated
with
such
an
air
as
was
not
to
be
expressed
,
that
it
made
an
extraordinary
impression
upon
all
those
that
heard
her
;
the
very
tone
of
her
Voice
,
accompanied
with
the
loveliness
of
her
Eyes
and
the
liveliness
of
her
Wit
never
failed
both
to
please
and
persuade
.
Then
she
expressed
her self
with
so
much
facility
in
so
many
several
Languages
,
that
even
that
was
enough
to
pass
for
a
Prodigy
.
The
most
Barbarous
Nations
with
wonder
heard
her
answer
their
Ambassadours
without
an
Interpreter
;
she
understood
,
besides
many
others
,
the
Ethiopian
,
the
Troglodite
,
the
Hebrew
,
the
Arabian
,
Syrian
,
Median
and
Parthian
Tongues
,
and
it
was
the
more
admirable
in
her
by
reason
several
of
the
Kings
her
Predecessours
had
not
been
able
to
learn
the
Aegyptian
,
and
some
of
them
had
forgot
the
Macedonian
,
their
own
Mother
Tongue
.
The
great
confidence
she
put
in
these
her
extraordinary
accomplishments
gave
her
more
assurance
to
go
to
Anthony
,
who
had
sent
Dellius
to
cite
her
to
give
an
account
of
her
conduct
to
him
.
Dellius
was
a
Man
of
Wit
and
Learning
,
and
a
famous
Historian
,
but
one
of
very
ill
principles
:
Messala
called
him
the
Vaulter
of
the
Civil
Wars
;
for
he
went
from
the
service
of
Dolabella
to
Cassius's
side
,
and
then
quitted
Cassius
for
Anthony
,
and
at
last
traiterously
left
Anthony
and
went
over
to
Caesar
:
And
his
character
and
disposition
was
suitable
,
being
of
the
number
of
those
Fellows
who
have
always
a
base
compliance
for
all
the
inclinations
of
their
Masters
.
And
as
he
very
well
understood
the
humour
of
Anthony
,
he
had
no
sooner
beheld
the
Beauty
of
the
Queen
,
and
was
sensible
of
the
address
and
power
of
her
Wit
and
understanding
,
but
he
easily
judged
what
sentiments
she
was
likely
to
inspire
him
with
.
It
is
reported
too
that
he
was
so
sensible
of
Cleopatra's
Charms
as
to
engage
his
Heart
,
and
that
she
was
not
displeased
with
his
Love
(
and
indeed
in
the
time
of
Seneca
,
there
went
about
Letters
of
his
to
that
Queen
,
written
with
a
little
too
much
familiarity
)
however
,
he
omitted
nothing
that
might
please
her
;
he
assured
her
that
Anthony
was
the
best
natured
and
most
Gentile
humoured
Man
in
the
World
,
to
Persons
of
so
extraordinary
merit
and
such
admirable
qualifications
,
and
that
she
had
nothing
to
apprehend
,
unless
it
were
making
him
too
much
in
love
with
her
,
which
she
did
not
fear
in
the
least
.
She
then
prepared
to
meet
him
,
but
in
so
gallant
a
manner
,
that
at
first
sight
it
made
a
most
pleasing
impression
upon
his
Soul
.
Anthony
waited
for
her
in
Cilicia
.
Cleopatra
arriving
at
the
mouth
of
the
River
Cydnus
,
embarked
her self
upon
a
Vessel
whose
Poop
was
of
Gold
,
the
Sails
of
Purple
Silk
,
the
Oars
of
Silver
,
which
gently
kept
time
to
a
Symphony
made
by
a
consort
of
excellent
Musick
.
The
Queen
was
laid
under
a
Canopy
of
rich
Cloth
of
Gold
,
drest
like
Venus
,
rising
out
of
the
Sea
,
about
her
were
lovely
Children
like
Cupids
fanning
her
,
the
handsomest
of
her
Women
habited
like
Nereïds
and
Graces
were
leaning
negligently
on
the
sides
and
shrowds
of
the
Vessels
;
the
sweets
that
were
burning
perfumed
the
Banks
of
the
River
,
which
were
covered
with
an
infinite
number
of
People
,
who
ran
thither
with
such
earnestness
that
Anthony
,
who
was
mounted
on
a
Throne
to
make
a
shew
of
Majesty
,
was
left
quite
alone
whilst
all
the
Multitude
that
flocked
to
the
River
shouted
for
joy
,
and
cried
that
the
Goddess
Venus
was
come
to
visit
the
God
Bacchus
for
the
happiness
of
Asia
.
Anthony
thought
himself
obliged
in
civility
to
desire
her
to
land
and
sup
with
him
,
but
she
replied
it
would
be
better
if
he
supped
with
her
,
which
he
did
not
refuse
lest
he
should
appear
ill
bred
.
He
was
surprised
at
the
neatness
and
magnificence
of
the
entertainment
,
but
that
which
he
most
admired
was
the
ingenious
placing
of
the
Lights
,
which
both
adorned
and
enlightned
the
Hall
,
being
so
disposed
as
they
made
a
hundred
several
delightfull
figures
.
The
next
day
he
in
his
turn
would
treat
her
,
and
endeavoured
all
he
could
to
outgo
her
in
a
sumptuous
entertainment
,
but
he
himself
soon
perceived
he
was
far
short
of
it
,
so
that
turning
all
to
railery
,
he
first
began
to
laugh
at
the
want
of
contrivance
and
ingenuity
in
his
Attendants
.
All
his
mirth
and
jests
were
blunt
and
Souldier-like
,
which
extremely
pleased
Cleopatra
,
and
soon
made
her
understand
Anthony's
true
character
and
humour
;
but
she
carried
on
the
railery
with
all
the
delicacy
and
dexterity
imaginable
,
till
at
last
taking
a
more
serious
air
in
her
Discourses
,
she
told
him
,
that
she
came
not
thither
to
clear
her self
but
to
be
recompensed
for
the
Services
she
had
done
him
and
Caesar
:
She
insisted
much
upon
the
Forces
she
had
sent
with
Ali●nus
to
the
Assistence
of
Dolabella
,
and
valued
her self
upon
the
Fleet
she
put
to
Sea
in
spight
of
Cassius
and
his
Generals
,
which
she
commanded
in
person
when
it
was
scattered
by
storms
,
and
underwent
so
many
dangers
in
that
expedition
;
in
short
,
so
many
excellencies
and
charms
both
of
Wit
and
Judgment
appeared
in
her
conversation
,
that
Anthony
could
no
longer
defend
his
Heart
,
but
from
that
moment
entertained
such
a
Passion
for
her
,
as
was
the
cause
of
all
the
misfortunes
of
his
life
,
and
which
ended
not
but
with
it
.
The
first
Sacrifice
he
made
her
was
her
Sister
Arsinoe
;
he
put
her
to
death
though
she
came
to
beg
his
protection
,
after
she
had
taken
Sanctuary
in
the
Temple
of
Diana
at
Miletus
,
and
made
Serapion
give
her
up
the
City
of
Tyre
.
He
drove
away
a
false
Ptolemy
,
whom
(
for
his
likeness
to
Cleopatra's
Brother
,
who
was
defeated
by
Iulius
Caesar
,
and
drowned
in
the
Nile
)
those
of
Aradus
had
acknowledged
for
their
King
.
CHAP.
IV.
Caesar's
Sickness
.
He
comes
to
Rome
.
His
difficulties
in
distributing
Rewards
.
The
dangers
he
run
upon
this
occasion
.
THIS
Passion
so
fatal
to
Anthony
was
no
less
to
all
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
Italy
first
of
all
began
to
feel
the
effects
of
it
.
Caesar
being
landed
there
found
himself
so
ill
at
Brundusium
that
the
news
of
his
death
was
reported
every
where
;
however
,
he
wrote
to
the
Senate
that
he
should
shortly
be
at
Rome
,
and
ordered
thanks
to
be
given
to
the
Gods
for
the
defeat
of
the
Conspiratours
.
This
news
was
received
according
to
the
different
inclinations
of
the
Senatours
.
Those
that
loved
him
were
afflicted
at
his
Sickess
and
wished
his
return
,
which
others
as
much
apprehended
,
out
of
fear
,
that
the
report
that
had
run
of
his
death
was
a
trick
to
discover
their
intentions
;
and
the
terrour
of
these
last
was
so
great
that
some
of
them
began
to
think
of
making
away
themselves
;
therefore
to
prevent
the
consequences
of
these
different
agitations
,
Caesar
came
to
Rome
as
soon
as
his
strength
would
permit
him
.
In
persuance
of
the
agreement
they
had
made
when
they
parted
,
the
Lieutenants
of
Anthony
delivered
him
up
two
Legions
,
and
the
Government
of
Africa
,
which
Caesar
left
to
Lepidus
,
having
been
convinced
of
the
sincerity
of
his
intentions
(
for
some
secret
enemies
of
his
had
accused
him
to
his
Collegues
of
intelligence
with
Pompey
.
But
the
most
pressing
and
difficult
affair
was
to
content
the
Souldiers
without
provoking
the
People
;
it
was
absolutely
necessary
either
to
abandon
the
several
Towns
destined
for
their
recompence
,
or
else
to
satisfie
them
with
Money
to
establish
themselves
elsewhere
.
The
publick
Treasury
was
exhausted
,
and
Caesar
saw
no
help
from
thence
;
almost
all
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Towns
concerned
in
this
matter
were
come
to
Rome
.
Women
with
Children
in
their
Armes
,
whose
young
years
and
innocence
drew
every
ones
compassion
,
daily
filled
the
Temples
and
publick
places
with
their
lamentations
.
The
People
said
openly
,
that
this
War
had
not
been
undertaken
for
the
publick
good
,
but
onely
in
persuance
of
the
Triumvirs
private
interest
,
and
that
since
they
had
reaped
the
advantage
of
it
,
it
was
but
reasonable
that
they
should
bear
the
charges
,
and
not
reward
their
Souldiers
with
the
oppression
of
the
poor
People
.
Those
that
thought
themselves
more
politick
,
discoursing
concerning
this
management
of
the
Triumvirs
,
said
,
that
by
establishing
Troops
in
the
Cities
their
intent
was
wholly
to
bring
them
under
,
and
reduce
them
to
a
kind
of
slavery
.
Caesar
all
this
while
was
not
ignorant
of
these
complaints
,
and
patiently
bore
these
murmurings
;
but
then
he
borrowed
Money
on
all
hands
for
his
Men
,
and
when
that
was
not
sufficient
he
was
forced
to
give
them
Places
for
their
inheritance
.
The
Town
of
Cremona
was
one
of
those
that
suffered
most
in
this
distribution
,
for
being
so
well
affected
to
Brutus's
side
,
and
Mantua
onely
by
reason
of
her
neighbourhood
had
more
than
her
share
in
these
misfortunes
,
in
which
the
Muses
choicest
Darling
,
and
the
greatest
Wit
and
best
Poet
that
ever
Rome
brought
forth
had
like
to
have
perished
.
This
was
the
Poet
Virgil
,
who
was
a
party
concerned
in
this
publick
calamity
,
for
defending
the
possession
of
his
small
Estate
from
Arrius
the
Centurion
,
encouraged
to
it
I
suppose
by
the
knowledge
of
his
own
merit
and
the
friendship
of
some
great
Man
at
Rome
;
but
the
Souldier
as
little
knew
the
one
as
he
valued
the
other
,
and
therefore
the
Poet
was
forced
to
fly
and
save
himself
from
the
Centurion
,
who
persued
him
with
his
drawn
Sword
,
by
swimming
cross
a
River
.
The
happy
Fate
that
attends
on
Learning
saved
him
;
and
it
's
probable
that
this
adventure
contributed
to
his
reputation
,
since
it
is
the
Subject
of
that
excellent
Eclogue
which
is
the
first
of
his
Bucolicks
.
Caesar
himself
was
not
exempted
from
danger
,
for
both
Souldiers
and
People
were
equally
mutinous
and
exasperated
against
him
;
for
it
hapned
that
a
private
Souldier
,
being
seated
among
the
Knights
in
the
Amphitheatre
to
see
the
publick
Shews
,
he
made
him
be
pulled
from
thence
by
an
Officer
;
Caesar's
ill-willers
immediately
gave
it
out
that
he
was
drawn
to
punishment
,
the
other
Souldiers
in
great
fury
immediately
mutined
against
him
,
and
he
had
had
difficulty
enough
to
save
his
life
from
them
if
their
Fellow
had
not
presently
appeared
untouch'd
.
He
was
forced
to
endure
all
these
insolencies
by
the
necessity
he
had
of
the
Souldiers
to
preserve
his
dignity
,
which
he
could
not
maintain
without
their
assistence
,
and
they
too
having
all
their
hopes
depending
on
their
Generals
,
were
for
their
own
sakes
absolutely
obliged
to
protect
them
;
and
for
this
reason
they
kept
in
Arms
and
very
well
united
among
themselves
.
However
,
Fulvia
,
Anthony's
Wife
,
made
her
advantage
of
these
disorders
to
bring
her
designs
about
;
the
report
of
her
Husband's
unfaithfulness
to
her
bed
inclined
her
to
be
revenged
on
him
in
like
manner
:
She
would
willingly
had
Caesar
partake
in
this
piece
of
revenge
,
but
he
was
not
inclined
to
it
,
which
drew
upon
him
all
the
rage
of
this
Woman
,
agitated
at
the
same
time
with
such
a
furious
passion
as
jealously
,
and
more
exasperated
by
the
frustrating
her
desires
.
Lucius
,
Brother
to
Anthony
,
was
then
Consul
;
he
had
all
the
defects
of
his
Brother
,
and
not
one
of
his
vertues
,
at
least
if
one
would
believe
the
Authours
of
that
age
,
who
living
under
the
Empire
of
the
Successours
of
the
Caesars
,
took
care
to
make
their
Enemies
odious
in
the
characters
they
gave
of
them
.
But
to
say
truth
,
if
we
consider
the
resolution
he
shewed
at
Perusia
,
there
is
reason
to
imagine
that
this
account
of
theirs
is
extremely
to
his
disadvantage
.
He
was
very
much
obliged
to
Fulvia
,
for
having
got
him
the
honour
of
Triumph
,
for
his
conquering
some
Nations
in
the
Alps
;
he
was
besides
assisted
by
the
counsel
of
Manius
,
Anthony's
Friend
,
who
was
indeed
a
Man
of
sense
,
but
very
dangerous
to
deal
with
.
To
them
did
Fulvia
represent
that
Caesar
doing
all
in
his
own
name
attributed
to
himself
all
the
applause
,
as
well
as
the
conferring
all
manner
of
recompences
and
exemptions
.
She
made
Lucius
sensible
that
it
was
convenient
they
should
go
together
to
the
Quarters
of
Anthony's
two
Legions
that
were
delivered
to
Caesar
,
and
with
her
she
carried
her
Children
.
There
they
publickly
declared
that
there
was
no
need
of
depriving
innocent
persons
of
their
Estates
,
since
the
possessions
of
the
Triumvirs
open
and
declared
Enemies
were
sufficient
to
recompense
the
Souldiers
.
This
discourse
gained
them
the
good
Wills
of
all
those
who
thought
themselves
unjustly
driven
out
of
their
inheritances
,
by
reason
they
were
not
at
all
concerned
in
the
Civil
War
.
Caesar
saw
well
enough
to
what
end
these
transactions
tended
,
but
as
yet
was
not
able
to
oppose
them
.
Lucius
proposed
to
him
the
staying
for
Anthony
e'er
he
distributed
the
rewards
,
but
the
impatience
of
the
Souldiers
not
allowing
them
time
enough
for
that
,
he
then
agreed
to
appoint
Commissioners
in
his
name
for
that
purpose
,
that
so
by
that
means
he
himself
might
gain
the
esteem
of
the
Souldiers
.
They
then
therefore
began
to
put
Anthony's
two
Legions
in
possession
of
the
Lands
assigned
them
,
but
not
till
Lucius
and
Fulvia
had
exhorted
them
not
to
forget
their
General
,
who
had
always
been
a
father
to
them
,
and
to
whom
the
honour
of
the
Victory
at
Philippi
was
due
,
besides
the
Commissaries
that
were
deputed
,
privily
advised
the
Souldiers
to
use
their
own
discretion
,
and
doe
what
they
pleased
;
which
carried
them
to
commit
strange
insolencies
,
and
enlarge
their
bounds
much
beyond
what
was
set
them
,
even
to
the
laying
waste
whole
Towns
.
Caesar
in
the
mean
time
was
the
object
of
their
complaints
,
and
loaded
with
their
curses
,
and
on
the
other
hand
he
found
himself
hemmed
in
by
powerfull
Enemies
;
for
on
one
side
Pompey
hindered
the
importation
of
Provisions
into
the
Ports
of
Italy
,
on
the
other
side
Domitius
and
Murcus
were
Masters
of
the
Sea
with
their
Fleets
.
'T
was
in
these
circumstances
doubtless
that
he
found
he
had
need
to
use
all
the
prudence
and
address
he
was
master
of
.
He
therefore
exempted
from
the
distribution
the
Lands
of
the
Senatours
,
and
the
Dowries
of
Widows
,
as
likewise
those
Lands
that
could
not
maintain
such
a
certain
number
of
Souldiers
;
but
then
to
content
the
Souldiery
to
whom
these
exemptions
were
not
at
all
pleasing
,
he
granted
that
the
next
kindred
of
those
that
were
slain
in
the
last
Battels
should
have
their
share
in
the
distribution
.
Thus
he
was
forced
to
manage
them
by
all
the
ways
of
gentleness
he
could
,
for
the
vigorous
and
bold
actions
of
his
Father
Iulius
were
now
impracticable
.
The
Troops
were
now
sensible
of
the
absolute
necessity
there
was
of
them
,
and
for
that
reason
were
obedient
neither
to
their
Superiours
nor
their
Discipline
,
but
as
they
themselves
pleased
;
so
that
Caesar
was
cautious
how
he
dealt
with
them
in
so
dangerous
a
conjuncture
,
especially
after
what
had
hapned
to
him
upon
this
occasion
.
He
had
appointed
a
day
of
Rendezvouz
to
his
Souldiers
in
the
field
of
Mars
that
there
he
might
proceed
to
the
distribution
of
the
Lands
.
They
there
met
before
day
,
and
finding
he
came
not
soon
enough
among
them
,
they
began
to
grow
mutinous
and
talk
very
scurrilously
against
him
;
upon
this
Nonius
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
ventured
to
remonstrate
to
them
their
impatience
and
the
indecency
of
their
carriage
,
but
his
speeches
were
streight
laught
at
,
and
from
jeers
they
soon
came
to
injuries
and
blows
.
The
Tribune
was
forced
to
fly
for
it
,
and
seeing
no
other
means
to
escape
,
he
threw
himself
into
the
Tiber
and
was
there
drowned
.
The
Mutineers
drew
out
his
Body
and
exposed
it
in
the
way
by
which
Caesar
was
to
pass
to
the
Field
of
Mars
,
to
instruct
him
what
he
was
to
trust
to
by
this
fatal
example
:
His
Friends
gave
him
notice
of
this
disorder
,
and
counselled
him
to
avoid
it
;
he
would
not
however
follow
their
advice
,
telling
them
his
absence
would
encourage
and
carry
them
on
to
greater
insolencies
.
He
therefore
went
to
them
,
and
seeing
the
Body
of
Nonius
laid
out
,
he
onely
turned
a
little
on
one
side
.
Being
come
into
the
midst
of
the
assembly
,
he
seemed
to
believe
that
this
piece
of
Cruelty
proceeded
onely
from
some
of
Nonius's
particular
Enemies
,
exhorting
the
Souldiers
not
to
carry
on
their
hatred
and
revenge
so
far
another
time
;
then
without
mentioning
it
any
more
,
he
passed
to
the
distributing
the
Lands
and
the
marks
of
honour
that
were
due
to
those
that
had
signalized
themselves
in
any
action
.
Some
that
had
not
deserved
any
presented
themselves
,
he
though
he
knew
them
well
enough
did
not
refuse
them
,
but
accepted
them
without
the
least
sign
of
displeasure
.
The
Souldiers
by
these
testimonies
of
prudence
and
bounty
in
their
General
were
touched
with
so
much
shame
and
repentance
that
they
required
the
authours
of
Nonius's
murther
might
be
punished
;
he
answered
that
they
would
be
punished
enough
by
the
reproaches
of
their
Conscience
,
and
by
the
remorse
that
would
follow
so
ill
an
action
.
This
Answer
of
his
quite
gained
their
hearts
,
so
that
all
their
fury
was
turned
into
praises
and
acclamations
of
joy
.
In
this
place
we
must
not
forget
two
important
reflexions
of
Appian
upon
the
causes
of
the
insolence
of
the
Souldiery
,
because
they
sufficiently
mark
the
wisedom
and
penetration
of
that
Historian
.
He
says
,
that
as
in
those
times
the
Praetors
and
other
Officers
that
commanded
the
Troops
were
not
created
by
the
suffrages
of
the
People
according
as
the
Laws
required
,
so
their
authority
had
no
longer
that
awfull
respect
which
the
Laws
usually
stamped
upon
it
;
and
that
besides
,
the
Souldiers
were
not
present
at
assemblies
to
offer
their
service
to
their
Countrey
,
but
to
him
that
promised
them
most
for
their
assistence
,
not
against
Enemies
and
Strangers
but
their
own
Fellow-Citizens
;
so
that
they
did
not
look
upon
themselves
as
Souldiers
bound
to
the
Republick
by
Oaths
and
Laws
,
but
as
Friends
who
out
of
a
mutual
affection
assisted
their
Friends
upon
occasion
,
seeing
even
their
Generals
who
employed
them
for
their
own
particular
interest
,
considered
them
onely
as
such
.
The
other
reflexion
is
,
that
Deserters
being
heretofore
by
the
Roman
Laws
punished
with
death
without
any
hope
of
pardon
,
they
now
instead
of
that
were
well
paid
and
rewarded
with
honours
for
their
deserting
;
and
seeing
on
all
sides
the
same
Ensigns
,
the
same
Language
,
and
the
same
Discipline
,
and
every
one
of
the
Generals
pretending
to
be
authorised
by
the
Laws
,
and
to
fight
in
behalf
of
the
Commonwealth
,
they
did
not
imagine
they
betrayed
their
Party
what
side
soever
they
took
,
and
under
this
pretext
passed
from
one
Camp
to
another
without
any
scruple
at
all
;
that
this
ill
princip
and
disorder
was
the
cause
why
whole
Armies
sometimes
forsook
their
Commander
in
chief
,
this
baseness
being
countenanced
by
the
example
of
most
remarkable
Men
of
either
party
;
so
that
it
was
no
longer
the
Laws
that
kept
Men
in
the
service
,
but
the
hopes
of
interest
and
profit
,
which
falling
short
of
their
expectation
,
was
the
cause
that
carried
them
on
to
such
insolencies
,
and
was
the
original
of
so
many
Mutinies
and
Seditions
.
CHAP.
V.
Misunderstandings
between
Caesar
,
Fulvia
and
Lucius
;
They
come
to
open
War
.
The
Negligence
of
Pompey
.
ROME
was
not
at
all
exempted
from
those
ills
that
afflicted
the
rest
of
Italy
.
Provisions
were
extreme
dear
by
reason
Pompey
stopped
all
the
passages
by
Sea
from
abroad
,
and
at
home
the
Troops
consumed
all
the
increase
of
the
Land
.
Besides
this
,
they
dayly
committed
a
thousand
insolences
in
the
City
,
so
that
all
Trading
ceased
,
and
the
Artizans
durst
no
longer
open
their
Shops
.
Lucius
seemed
to
be
very
much
grieved
at
these
disorders
and
detested
the
Triumvirate
as
the
source
of
all
these
miseries
.
Caesar
on
his
part
used
all
the
means
he
could
to
assist
,
or
at
least
to
pacifie
the
poor
Countrey
People
that
were
driven
from
their
Possessions
.
He
heard
their
complaints
and
promised
to
doe
them
justice
,
which
incensed
the
Souldiers
that
were
Anthony's
,
being
yet
more
stirred
up
to
it
by
the
artifices
of
Fulvia
.
Caesar
openly
complained
of
this
Woman
,
declaring
that
she
wholly
acted
against
the
interest
and
true
sentiments
of
her
Husband
;
but
she
hearkned
to
no
Body
but
Manius
,
who
persuaded
her
that
nothing
but
a
War
could
force
Anthony
from
Cleopatra
's
Armes
,
and
bring
him
into
Italy
.
As
for
Lucius
,
he
had
no
other
sentiments
but
what
were
influenced
by
these
two
.
Caesar
having
left
Rome
,
Lucius
would
have
gone
with
him
and
carried
Anthony's
Children
;
but
understanding
Caesar
had
sent
some
Horse
into
Abruzzo
to
hinder
the
landing
of
Pompey's
Troops
,
he
made
as
if
they
were
sent
against
him
,
and
so
retired
himself
unto
the
Lands
of
Anthony
,
where
he
assembled
the
Souldiers
;
publishing
that
Caesar
hated
his
Brother
and
designed
to
ruine
him
.
He
on
the
contrary
declared
,
that
he
was
bound
to
Anthony
both
by
the
obligations
of
interest
and
friendship
,
and
that
Lucius
onely
practised
this
means
to
dissolve
the
authority
of
the
Triumvirate
,
which
was
the
onely
engagement
for
the
Souldiers
recompences
.
Their
Officers
then
assembled
and
agreed
upon
certain
Articles
which
were
never
executed
,
onely
Salvidienus
,
Lieutenant
of
Caesar
,
passed
the
Alps
for
Spain
without
any
hindrance
from
Asinius
Pollio
,
who
commanded
for
Anthony
in
Gallia
Narbonensis
.
In
the
mean
time
Fulvia
and
Lucius
were
retired
to
Preneste
,
for
fear
(
said
they
)
of
Caesar
and
his
ambition
,
which
they
made
out
by
the
example
of
Lepidus
,
who
had
not
the
least
authority
in
Rome
.
The
Officers
of
the
Veterans
went
to
Rome
,
where
they
inspected
the
Treaty
and
Articles
that
were
made
between
Anthony
and
Caesar
,
and
after
they
had
perused
them
they
engaged
themselves
by
oath
to
judge
impartially
the
differences
of
their
Generals
,
according
to
reason
and
equity
,
and
to
that
end
sent
Deputies
to
Lucius
.
He
then
was
moved
by
their
remonstrances
,
but
Manius
represented
the
face
of
things
otherwise
,
that
whilst
Anthony
was
labouring
to
get
Money
for
the
Souldiers
,
Caesar
dealt
under-hand
with
them
for
his
own
private
interest
.
That
he
had
set
Gaul
at
liberty
,
which
was
part
of
Anthony's
Government
,
that
he
had
overrun
all
Italy
with
his
Souldiers
,
although
there
were
but
eighteen
Towns
destined
for
them
;
that
instead
of
twenty
eight
Legions
who
were
to
be
rewarded
,
there
were
thirty
four
that
appeared
with
their
pretensions
;
that
he
had
sacked
and
ravaged
even
the
very
Temples
of
the
Gods
to
give
them
the
riches
of
them
,
and
all
under
pretence
of
marching
against
Pompey
,
which
as
affairs
stood
now
was
impossible
,
for
what
of
Provision
and
Ammunition
;
but
that
his
real
purpose
was
by
this
profusion
to
engage
them
to
his
side
against
Anthony
.
It
was
to
this
intent
too
that
he
sold
every
thing
that
belonged
to
the
Triumvirs
in
common
so
cheap
,
that
indeed
he
rather
gave
than
sold
;
and
therefore
if
he
was
desirous
of
Peace
,
he
ought
to
give
an
account
of
what
had
passed
through
his
hands
,
and
for
the
future
to
act
jointly
with
them
,
since
they
had
regard
onely
to
the
publick
good
.
These
accusations
and
complaints
of
theirs
were
absolutely
against
one
article
of
the
Edict
of
the
Triumvira●e
,
which
in
express
terms
mentioned
,
that
what
one
of
the
Triumvirs
ordained
should
be
consumed
by
the
other
two
.
Caesar
was
too
wise
to
let
this
pass
without
insisting
upon
it
,
taking
his
measures
accordingly
for
the
War
,
which
he
plainly
foresaw
.
As
all
the
actions
of
great
Men
are
exposed
to
the
reasonings
and
censures
of
the
Politicians
,
several
of
them
have
imagined
that
this
War
was
onely
an
effect
of
his
cunning
,
that
he
might
force
his
secret
Enemies
to
declare
themselves
,
and
so
by
the
confiscation
of
their
Estates
,
make
a
fond
for
the
payment
of
his
Souldiers
.
Part
of
Anthony's
two
Legions
who
were
at
Ancona
,
troubled
at
these
Divisions
,
deputed
to
him
some
of
their
Officers
to
propose
an
agreement
between
them
,
and
put
an
end
to
these
Factions
.
Caesar
gave
them
a
gratious
hearing
,
and
assured
them
that
he
both
honoured
and
loved
Anthony
,
and
that
he
would
never
part
interests
nor
alliance
,
but
that
Lucius
had
not
the
same
sentiments
for
him
.
These
Deputies
then
manifested
to
Lucius
this
Declaration
of
Caesar's
,
and
plainly
told
him
,
that
if
he
were
not
contented
to
acquiesce
in
the
judgment
of
those
equitable
and
uninterested
Persons
who
should
be
chosen
by
the
two
Armies
,
they
then
knew
well
which
side
they
ought
to
take
.
Lucius
was
very
sensible
of
these
last
expressions
,
and
agreed
to
a
Conference
with
Caesar
,
and
to
this
end
made
choice
of
the
Town
of
Gabii
,
between
Rome
and
Preneste
.
There
then
were
placed
two
Tribunals
for
the
Generals
,
who
were
in
Person
to
lay
down
their
Reasons
,
and
seats
for
the
Judges
.
Caesar
came
thither
first
,
and
sent
out
a
Party
of
Horse
on
that
side
that
Lucius
was
to
come
,
who
also
had
done
the
same
;
these
two
Detachments
met
and
charged
each
other
,
so
that
on
Lucius's
side
some
Cavaliers
were
killed
,
who
upon
this
was
so
frighted
that
he
could
never
after
be
persuaded
to
go
any
farther
.
Perhaps
Caesar
knowing
his
weakness
had
given
such
an
express
command
to
engage
,
that
so
he
might
break
off
the
Conference
.
Whatever
the
matter
was
,
Lucius
came
not
,
whereupon
the
Judges
gave
it
against
him
,
and
engaged
themselves
to
serve
Caesar
against
him
.
This
first
act
of
hostility
was
taken
as
a
Declaration
of
War
,
which
began
by
very
sharp
Letters
Caesar
and
Lucius
sent
each
other
.
Lucius
had
under
his
command
six
Legions
during
his
Consulship
,
and
eleven
others
of
Anthony's
,
commanded
by
Calenus
.
Caesar
had
four
at
Capua
,
with
some
others
about
his
Pers●n
,
and
six
that
Salvidienus
brought
him
;
so
that
their
Forces
were
near
upon
equal
.
Lucius
drew
Money
from
those
Nations
to
whom
Anthony
had
granted
freedom
,
and
Caesar
from
the
Provinces
that
fell
to
his
share
,
excepting
Sardignia
,
besides
what
he
took
by
way
of
Loan
out
of
the
Temples
where
the
publick
Treasuries
were
kept
,
as
at
Rome
in
the
Capitol
,
and
in
the
Towns
of
Aneona
,
Livininm
,
[
*
](A33186-e74310-b)
*
Nemausus
.
Nismes
and
Tibur
.
The
other
Provinces
were
not
able
to
give
him
any
assistence
;
for
Pompey
,
assisted
by
all
the
banished
Persons
who
hated
the
Triumvirate
,
had
laid
them
waste
,
and
if
he
had
rightly
understood
his
interest
and
known
how
to
manage
to
his
own
advantage
the
affection
the
People
had
for
his
Father's
memory
,
he
by
these
Divisions
might
very
easily
have
made
himself
Master
of
all
Italy
;
for
Murcus
was
come
up
to
him
with
two
Legions
,
twenty
four
Ships
and
abundance
of
Treasure
;
he
had
besides
receiv'd
a
considerable
re-inforcement
from
Cephalonia
,
and
his
Forces
did
dayly
encrease
by
addition
of
Fugitives
that
fled
to
him
for
refuge
;
but
withall
he
had
this
misfortune
,
that
he
had
never
a
faithfull
Friend
to
animate
and
push
on
his
irresolute
and
changeable
Temper
by
vigorous
daring
Counsels
.
He
was
contented
to
be
upon
the
defensive
onely
,
and
calmly
see
his
Enemies
dispute
an
Empire
to
which
he
had
onely
pretensions
sufficient
to
make
both
Parties
when
united
fall
upon
him
with
their
joint
Forces
.
CHAP.
VI.
Fagius
,
Lieutenant
of
Caesar
,
is
overthrown
in
Africa
by
Sextius
,
Anthony's
Lieutenant
.
Caesar
and
Lucius
make
preparations
of
War
against
each
other
.
SExtius
,
General
of
the
Horse
to
Anthony
,
governed
in
Africa
,
and
in
persuance
of
the
Triumvirate
agreement
had
very
frankly
given
up
his
Forces
and
Province
to
Fagius
,
Lieutenant
General
to
Caesar
.
Assoon
as
he
understood
by
Letters
from
Lucius
,
that
Fulvia
and
all
Anthony's
Friends
were
fallen
out
with
Caesar
,
and
that
this
difference
was
likely
to
end
in
an
open
War
,
he
believed
that
Fagius
would
deliver
him
his
Troops
again
with
the
same
justice
and
gallantry
that
he
had
received
them
,
but
he
found
he
had
to
deal
with
a
brutal
Man
that
had
neither
.
Upon
his
refusal
he
prepared
to
fight
him
,
and
by
the
reputation
he
had
among
them
drew
to
his
party
several
Africans
which
joined
to
the
Romans
that
had
still
remained
with
him
,
made
up
a
considerable
Force
,
and
with
it
marched
against
Fagius
;
he
waited
for
him
,
and
they
came
to
a
fierce
engagement
,
in
which
Fagius
seeing
the
two
Wings
of
his
Army
beaten
,
and
that
his
Men
forsook
him
,
he
killed
himself
with
his
own
hand
;
so
victorious
Sextius
retook
the
Government
of
the
two
Lybias
.
Bocchus
,
King
of
Manritania
,
Lucius
's
Friend
,
encouraged
by
this
success
,
drove
Carina
,
one
of
Caesar's
Party
,
out
of
Africk
.
On
the
other
side
Domitius
with
eighty
Ships
,
manned
with
two
Legions
,
and
a
great
number
of
Slingers
,
Archers
and
armed
Gladiators
,
cruised
in
the
Ionian
Seas
,
and
pillaged
all
the
Coasts
that
obeyed
the
Triumvirs
.
He
came
up
even
to
Brundusium
,
and
there
took
several
of
Caesar's
Ships
,
who
therefore
was
forced
to
send
a
Legion
thither
,
and
sent
for
Salvidienus
to
him
;
in
the
mean
time
he
drew
together
all
the
old
Troops
dispersed
throughout
Italy
,
and
demanded
assistence
of
those
Princes
that
were
of
his
Party
.
Lucius
on
his
side
used
the
same
diligence
;
and
besides
,
he
found
he
had
the
Peoples
favour
,
who
considered
him
as
the
Protectour
of
their
Liberty
.
Therefore
for
this
reason
Caesar
assembled
the
Senatours
and
Roman
Knights
;
he
told
them
that
his
Enemies
despised
him
,
because
they
thought
that
it
was
out
of
fear
that
he
delayed
to
attack
them
,
but
that
now
he
intended
to
let
them
know
the
true
reasons
of
this
his
conduct
.
As
for
his
Army
,
that
dayly
was
increased
and
strengthned
with
old
tried
Souldiers
,
who
breathed
nothing
but
War
,
but
that
he
had
an
extreme
regret
to
come
to
that
extremity
,
as
unwilling
to
act
over
again
the
horrours
of
a
Civil
War
,
of
which
not
Thrace
or
Macedon
was
to
be
the
Seat
,
but
Italy
,
which
must
alone
endure
all
the
calumities
that
would
follow
this
Division
:
That
he
could
not
blame
Anthony
,
who
in
like
manner
had
no
reason
to
complain
of
him
;
th●●
with
all
earnestness
and
passion
he
desired
to
live
in
amity
with
Lucius
,
and
that
he
desired
them
to
use
their
endeavours
to
encline
him
to
reason
,
but
that
if
by
this
he
could
not
be
influenced
,
he
would
soon
make
him
know
that
his
Patience
was
the
effect
of
his
Goodness
and
Vertue
,
not
of
his
Fear
;
that
in
the
mean
time
,
he
conjured
them
they
would
bear
witness
to
Anthony
of
his
sincerity
,
and
assist
him
against
Lucius
,
who
so
unjustly
attacked
him
.
Upon
this
the
Senate
and
People
deputed
some
of
their
Body
to
Lucius
,
who
answered
them
that
Caesar
had
not
done
fairly
,
but
concealed
several
things
from
them
.
Manius
shewed
them
some
Letters
of
Caesar's
,
(
which
were
supposed
to
be
fictitious
)
in
which
he
requested
them
to
assist
him
to
maintain
his
dignity
and
authority
by
violence
and
force
of
Arms
;
thereupon
the
Deputies
demanding
who
they
thought
those
were
that
would
oppose
him
,
received
nothing
but
vain
equivocating
Answers
,
upon
which
they
retired
.
Then
both
Parties
betook
themselves
to
their
Arms.
Caesar
went
out
of
Rome
,
and
left
Lepidus
to
command
there
;
he
sent
home
Clodia
,
the
Daughter
of
Fulvia
by
her
former
Husband
,
whom
he
had
betrothed
when
he
first
made
alliance
with
Anthony
.
Fulvia
outraged
at
this
affront
,
to
manifest
her
greater
resentment
of
it
,
went
to
the
Camp
,
where
she
appeared
at
the
head
of
the
Troops
with
a
Helmet
on
her
Head
,
and
a
Sword
by
her
Side
.
And
at
the
same
time
two
Legions
of
Anthony's
,
who
were
in
Garrison
in
Alba
,
mutined
;
which
obliged
Caesar
and
Lucius
to
march
thitherwards
to
reap
some
advantage
from
that
disorder
.
Lucius
got
thither
first
,
and
quelled
the
Sedition
.
Caesar
in
his
march
meeting
with
Furnius
,
Lucius's
Lieutenant
,
who
was
carring
him
a
great
reinforcement
charged
him
as
he
recreated
to
a
Mountain
;
the
Night
hindred
his
defeat
,
and
gave
Furnius
an
opportunity
to
get
into
the
Town
of
Sentia
,
where
he
was
immediately
besieged
by
Caesar.
Lucius
seeing
him
engaged
in
this
Siege
,
took
the
occasion
to
return
to
Rome
,
and
sent
thither
his
Cavalry
,
which
was
there
received
by
Nonius
,
and
a
little
after
he
arrived
there
himself
with
the
rest
of
his
Legions
.
Lepidus
durst
not
stay
his
coming
,
since
he
had
openly
declared
himself
against
the
Triumvirate
,
but
fled
and
saved
himself
in
Caesar's
Camp
.
And
in
effect
,
Lucius
before
the
People
declaimed
against
the
Triumvirate
,
which
he
plainly
called
Tyranny
:
He
told
them
that
Caesar
and
Lepidus
should
soon
be
punished
for
their
violences
,
and
that
his
Brother
would
renounce
this
unjust
power
to
take
the
more
lawfull
one
of
Consul
.
This
Discourse
pleased
the
Romans
,
so
that
they
saluted
him
with
the
Title
of
Emperour
.
Caesar
having
notice
of
this
inconstancy
of
the
People
,
left
his
Lieutenant
to
carry
on
the
Siege
,
and
marched
to
Rome
,
where
Lucius
durst
not
expect
him
.
In
this
while
Caesar's
Lieutenant
took
the
Town
of
Sentia
,
which
Furnius
quitted
to
follow
Caesar.
Lucius
when
he
was
got
out
of
Rome
,
increased
his
Army
with
Anthony's
Souldiers
▪
who
daily
joined
him
:
But
as
a
great
misfortune
to
his
designs
,
Barbatus
,
Anthony's
[
*
](A33186-e75200-b)
*
Treasurer
.
Questor
,
arrived
in
Italy
,
having
left
his
General
by
reason
of
some
distast
.
Several
Persons
demanded
of
him
what
were
Anthony's
sentiments
of
these
transactions
in
Italy
when
he
was
informed
of
them
by
Fulvia's
Letters
.
The
Questor
told
them
that
Anthony
did
not
at
all
approve
of
the
measures
they
took
to
quarrel
with
Caesar
for
what
he
did
to
maintain
the
authority
of
the
Triumvirate
.
This
report
immediately
spread
it self
,
and
quite
changed
the
affections
of
many
,
so
that
believing
they
should
not
disoblige
Anthony
by
making
their
Court
to
Caesar
,
without
any
hesitation
adhered
to
Caesar's
Party
,
where
they
were
convinced
all
the
authority
of
the
Triumvirate
was
united
.
CHAP.
VII
.
The
Forces
of
the
two
Parties
.
The
Characters
of
the
principal
Officers
,
as
Agrippa
,
Salvidienu●
,
Ventidius
and
Pollio
.
Lucius
is
besieged
in
Perusia
.
THE
Forces
of
each
side
consisted
in
three
distinct
Bodies
,
which
besides
the
two
Heads
of
the
Parties
,
were
commanded
by
very
able
Generals
,
and
who
afterwards
performed
very
extraordinary
actions
.
These
were
Agrippa
and
Salvidienus
on
Caesar's
side
,
and
Pollio
and
Ventidius
on
that
of
Lucius
.
But
Pollio
had
this
advantage
over
the
other
three
,
that
he
was
a
Man
of
Letters
and
an
excellent
Oratour
;
yet
though
he
had
a
great
passion
for
Learning
and
Arts
,
he
was
no
less
a
good
Souldier
and
skilled
in
the
art
of
War
.
He
professed
himself
besides
an
exact
Man
of
honour
and
a
steadfast
Friend
:
It
was
this
last
Vertue
that
made
him
a
Partizan
of
Anthony's
,
being
bound
to
him
by
all
the
bands
of
Friendship
which
they
had
contracted
when
they
served
together
under
Iulius
Caesar
.
Both
he
and
the
others
were
but
meanly
born
,
and
particularly
Ventidius
was
reproached
for
being
a
Slave
;
for
in
the
War
of
the
Allies
his
Mother
was
led
in
Triumph
by
Strabo
,
Pompey's
Father
,
carrying
her
little
Son
in
her
Armes
;
afterwards
mere
necessity
reduced
him
to
hire
out
Mules
to
the
Magistrates
that
were
employed
in
the
Provinces
,
this
gave
him
an
opportunity
of
doing
a
service
for
Iulius
Caesar
,
which
gained
him
the
favour
of
that
great
Man
.
He
then
received
him
under
his
Command
,
where
Ventidius
by
his
valour
making
himself
remarkable
,
he
came
afterwards
to
be
Tribune
of
the
People
and
then
Pretor
.
In
this
dignity
he
by
his
interest
with
the
Souldiery
,
was
a
great
help
to
Anthony's
affairs
,
whom
he
assisted
very
powerfully
.
Anthony
out
of
gratitude
used
all
his
interest
and
authority
to
get
him
the
charge
of
Chief-Priest
and
Consul
;
whereupon
the
People
were
very
much
choqued
at
his
preferment
,
and
published
Lebels
against
him
.
Some
of
the
Verses
were
to
this
purpose
:
Assemble
your selves
and
consult
,
O
ye
Augurs
and
Southsayers
,
upon
this
extraordinary
Prodigy
,
he
that
curried
the
Mules
is
become
Consul
.
But
for
all
this
,
this
very
Man
,
so
despised
by
the
Romans
,
was
the
onely
Man
that
ever
revenged
that
signal
shame
and
affront
given
them
by
the
Parthians
in
the
overthrow
of
Crassus
.
He
defeated
them
in
three
Battels
,
killed
their
King's
Son
,
and
was
the
onely
General
of
all
the
Romans
that
ever
had
the
honour
and
happiness
of
triumphing
over
that
Nation
.
And
indeed
the
Romans
,
though
late
,
were
sensible
of
the
justice
they
owed
to
his
valour
,
in
ordaining
magnificent
Funeral
Rites
for
him
at
the
charge
of
the
publick
.
Agrippa
had
no
less
merit
,
and
his
vertue
was
less
envied
;
he
particularly
signalized
himself
whereever
he
had
any
command
,
but
above
all
in
the
defeat
of
Pompey
,
and
the
Victory
over
Anthony
at
Actium
.
He
had
besides
ever
the
chiefest
place
in
Augustus
his
favour
,
and
had
the
honour
to
be
his
Son-in-law
,
and
to
leave
Emperours
of
his
posterity
.
He
justly
passed
for
the
greatest
Captain
of
his
time
,
and
never
did
Man
shew
more
obedience
to
his
Prince
,
nor
more
ambition
to
command
others
.
He
was
a
great
enemy
to
all
delays
,
and
had
no
sooner
formed
any
enterprise
but
he
immediately
put
it
in
execution
;
withall
he
was
generous
,
sincere
,
and
above
all
affected
a
frank
liberty
of
speaking
his
mind
,
so
that
he
even
spared
not
taxing
his
Prince
of
some
actions
that
were
displeasing
to
him
,
as
savoured
too
much
of
cruelty
.
Salvidienus
his
character
was
very
different
from
this
;
he
was
no
better
born
than
the
others
,
or
to
say
better
,
much
worse
;
for
he
was
but
a
poor
Peasant
,
forced
for
want
to
look
after
Cattel
:
whilst
he
was
such
,
there
happened
to
him
something
that
appeared
a
prodigy
,
his
Head
seemed
as
if
all
in
a
flame
;
this
moved
him
to
list
himself
in
the
Army
,
where
by
his
valour
he
rose
to
the
most
considerable
commands
,
but
then
he
was
carried
on
by
an
unmeasurable
ambition
to
undertake
any
thing
to
satisfie
his
unreasonable
desires
;
he
was
of
a
depraved
mind
,
and
of
an
ill
turned
mischievous
temper
,
those
wicked
inclinations
made
him
most
ungratefully
conspire
against
Caesar
,
who
had
made
him
Consul
against
the
received
rule
,
without
being
a
Senatour
;
but
Salvidienus
was
punished
for
this
Treason
as
he
deserved
,
and
so
his
Death
was
as
infamous
as
his
Birth
.
He
had
now
repassed
the
Alps
,
and
was
marching
to
join
Caesar
in
spight
of
Ventidius
and
Pollio
,
who
were
at
the
heels
of
him
with
their
Armies
.
As
this
joining
was
a
matter
of
very
great
importance
,
Lucius
chiefly
strove
to
hinder
it
;
and
Salvidienus
had
been
utterly
lost
if
Agrippa
had
not
advanced
between
Lucius
and
him
,
and
attacked
the
Town
of
Sutrium
,
which
he
carried
by
storm
.
This
Town
had
shewed
it self
very
affectionate
to
Lucius
,
and
the
danger
it
was
in
moved
him
to
turn
head
and
relieve
it
;
which
gave
Salvidienus
opportunity
to
join
Agrippa
,
and
so
they
made
themselves
Masters
of
the
Passes
and
Defiles
,
through
which
the
Armies
of
Ventidius
and
Pollio
were
to
march
,
and
Lucius
not
being
strong
enough
to
oppose
them
retreated
into
Perusia
,
and
there
expected
his
Generals
.
Caesar
having
news
of
this
strait
,
made
thither
and
rallied
Agrippa
and
Salvidienus
to
besiege
Lucius
in
that
place
.
It
is
seated
in
that
Countrey
which
was
formerly
called
Hetruria
,
and
now
belongs
to
the
Ecclesiastical
Dominion
;
it
was
strongly
situated
,
as
being
built
upon
a
Hill
,
which
made
Lucius
hope
Caesar
would
ruine
his
Army
by
this
Siege
:
he
then
dispatched
Manius
to
Pollio
and
Ventidius
to
oblige
them
to
come
to
his
relief
;
and
at
the
same
time
sent
out
Trissinius
with
4000
Horse
to
ravage
those
Towns
that
were
for
Caesar.
Pollio
and
Ventidius
were
none
of
the
best
Friends
,
for
each
of
them
would
have
commanded
in
chief
,
neither
being
willing
to
submit
to
his
equal
.
Besides
too
,
they
were
not
certain
what
sentiments
Anthony
would
have
upon
this
occasion
of
this
War
,
by
reason
Lucius
had
openly
declared
himself
an
enemy
of
the
Triumvirate
.
As
for
Fulvia
,
she
was
always
governed
by
her
own
passion
;
she
had
raised
Forces
under
the
command
of
Plancus
,
and
by
her
Letters
never
ceased
pressing
Pollio
,
Ventidius
,
Ateius
and
Calenus
to
succour
their
General
's
Brother
.
But
there
hapned
a
disgrace
to
her
,
that
mortified
her
extremely
,
for
as
she
was
going
to
Rome
to
manage
some
new
Broil
,
she
met
with
a
Legion
of
Caesar's
,
who
charged
her
Convoy
that
guarded
her
,
defeated
it
and
took
all
her
equipage
.
At
length
Pollio
and
Ventidius
took
a
resolution
to
advance
towards
Perusia
in
two
distinct
Bodies
.
Caesar
having
intelligence
of
their
motion
,
with
Agrippa
marched
against
them
,
hindred
their
joining
with
Plancus
,
and
forced
Ventidius
into
Ariminum
,
(
now
Rimini
)
and
Pollio
into
Ravenna
,
or
according
to
Velleius
,
into
that
Isle
where
Venice
now
is
,
and
Plancus
into
Pollentia
,
and
leaving
sufficient
Forces
to
maintain
the
several
Blocades
he
returned
to
his
Siege
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
The
Siege
of
Perusia
.
Caesar
in
danger
.
The
extreme
misery
of
the
besieged
.
AS
Caesar
could
not
pretend
to
force
so
great
an
Army
in
a
place
of
that
importance
,
so
neither
would
he
make
a
formal
Siege
of
it
,
but
resolved
to
reduce
it
by
Famine
;
to
this
end
he
drew
about
it
a
Line
of
contravallation
of
fifty
six
stadiums
in
compass
,
and
withall
,
carried
two
Trenches
to
the
River
Tibur
to
hinder
any
attempt
or
relief
of
the
Enemies
on
that
side
,
this
Line
he
strengthened
with
a
Rampart
,
flanked
with
Towers
at
equal
distances
,
and
at
his
return
he
sunk
the
Trenches
thirty
Foot
deep
,
and
covered
it
with
a
Wall
,
upon
which
he
placed
wooden
Towers
,
1500
in
number
,
distant
one
from
the
other
sixty
Foot
;
and
these
were
all
fortified
with
great
Beams
,
and
filled
with
Archers
and
Slingers
and
all
sorts
of
offensive
Engines
.
The
besieged
strove
to
hinder
these
Works
by
frequent
and
fierce
Sallies
,
and
Lucius
having
abundance
of
Gladiators
with
him
,
had
always
the
better
of
it
when
they
came
to
'
handy-blows
;
but
then
Caesar's
Men
had
the
advantage
of
them
by
their
Artillery
and
missive
Weapons
,
at
which
they
were
very
expert
▪
It
was
in
one
of
these
actions
that
Caesar
ran
an
extreme
hazard
by
a
very
extraordinary
accident
.
Lucius
seeing
his
Provisions
daily
diminished
,
resolved
to
make
one
great
attempt
on
a
famous
festival
night
,
believing
that
the
besiegers
would
be
busied
in
the
celebration
of
it
,
and
by
that
means
be
less
upon
their
guard
.
Caesar
was
then
offering
Sacrifice
very
near
the
Walls
of
Perusia
;
the
Diviners
inspecting
the
entrails
of
the
Victim
,
found
nothing
but
fatal
presages
in
them
,
at
which
Caesar
was
much
concerned
,
while
at
that
instant
Lucius's
Gladiators
made
a
Sally
,
the
Sacrifice
was
left
,
the
Sacrificers
fled
,
and
Caesar
had
certainly
been
either
slain
or
taken
Prisoner
,
if
the
Legion
that
was
upon
the
guard
in
the
nearest
Trenches
had
not
speedily
advanced
to
his
relief
;
in
the
mean
while
the
Gladiators
carried
away
the
Victim
,
Entrails
and
all
the
preparation
of
the
Sacrifice
:
these
were
reinforced
and
backed
by
more
Troops
,
so
that
they
charged
to
the
Trenches
where
the
same
Legion
made
head
against
them
;
and
Caesar
rallying
some
Cohorts
of
his
Guards
,
charged
them
in
the
Flank
,
and
beat
them
into
the
Town
.
Whilst
this
general
distraction
was
in
the
Army
,
for
Caesar's
safety
,
the
Diviners
alone
came
to
him
very
joyfull
,
and
told
him
that
the
Gods
were
propitious
to
him
,
and
that
all
the
misfortune
threatned
by
the
ill-boding
Entrails
of
the
Victim
,
concerned
onely
the
Enemies
that
had
them
in
their
possession
.
Perhaps
Caesar
himself
did
not
believe
it
so
,
however
the
thing
was
well
imagined
,
and
adroilty
turned
to
re-assure
the
dismayed
Souldiers
,
and
indeed
afterwards
the
event
confirmed
this
prediction
.
The
City
of
Rome
had
her
share
in
the
calamities
of
this
War
,
Corn
was
excessive
dear
,
and
the
rabble
that
upon
these
occasions
observe
no
measures
nor
duty
,
understanding
that
Caesar's
Officers
had
laid
up
great
stores
,
rose
and
plundred
the
Magazines
and
several
of
the
wealthiest
houses
in
the
City
.
Now
Ventidius
,
Pollio
and
Plancus
believed
they
were
obliged
in
honour
,
not
to
let
Lucius
be
any
longer
besieged
,
and
resolved
by
agreement
to
march
and
force
Caesar
to
a
battel
or
else
to
raise
his
siege
against
them
;
he
detached
Agrippa
and
Salvidienus
with
a
Body
,
who
could
not
however
hinder
their
joyning
and
advancing
to
Fulsina
distant
from
Perusia
160
Stadiums
.
Lucius
having
notice
of
their
approach
by
the
Signals
they
made
him
in
the
night
by
fire
was
extremely
rejoyced
at
it
,
not
doubting
in
the
least
but
they
would
make
some
great
push
for
his
relief
.
This
was
indeed
the
intention
of
Ventidius
and
Pollio
,
but
Plancus
who
always
abounded
in
reasons
and
cool
counsels
,
when
they
were
to
avoid
fighting
,
remonstrated
to
them
,
that
Agrippa
who
was
as
strong
as
they
upon
their
least
motion
would
charge
them
in
the
rere
,
and
having
Caesar
before
them
there
was
no
avoiding
the
defeat
of
their
Troops
,
for
which
they
alone
were
responsible
to
Anthony
;
this
Counsel
which
was
not
without
ground
,
added
to
the
dislike
they
had
of
Lucius
his
conduct
made
them
think
of
a
retreat
,
which
put
the
besieged
into
utter
despair
,
they
attempted
another
Sally
though
with
as
little
success
as
the
former
,
for
all
the
fight
lasted
from
nine
at
night
till
next
morning
.
Then
Lucius
made
a
review
and
an
inventory
of
all
the
provisions
that
were
in
the
place
,
that
he
might
the
better
distribute
by
measure
amongst
the
Souldiers
,
without
any
consideration
of
the
Slaves
,
and
to
hinder
them
that
they
should
not
desert
,
he
set
Guards
upon
them
lest
they
should
inform
the
enemy
of
the
extreme
necessity
they
were
in
:
These
poor
wretches
reduced
to
this
horrible
misery
,
wandered
about
the
works
to
seek
out
herbs
,
grass
and
roots
,
and
some
fed
upon
the
vilest
Ordurci
which
onely
served
to
make
an
end
of
them
the
sooner
,
for
almost
all
of
them
died
and
Lucius
made
them
be
buried
in
ditches
on
heaps
,
not
being
willing
to
burn
them
,
as
well
for
that
the
besiegers
should
not
have
any
notice
of
it
by
the
fires
,
as
not
to
corrupt
the
Air
by
the
stench
of
the
burning
Bodies
.
At
length
the
Souldiers
pressed
by
the
want
and
famine
which
daily
encreased
,
begged
him
to
give
them
leave
to
make
a
general
Sally
,
as
desiring
rather
to
dye
with
their
Arms
in
their
hands
,
than
to
perish
by
so
terrible
a
death
as
starving
.
Yet
they
hoped
to
behave
themselves
so
gallantly
,
as
to
put
an
end
to
all
their
sufferings
by
a
glorious
Victory
over
their
enemies
.
Immediately
Lucius
approved
of
this
resolution
of
theirs
,
telling
them
,
that
they
had
nothing
else
to
trust
to
now
,
but
either
to
dye
or
Conquer
;
they
resolved
therefore
to
sally
at
break
of
day
to
avoid
the
disorder
that
might
happen
in
the
dark
,
and
provided
good
store
of
iron
Crows
,
Mattocks
,
Spades
and
other
tools
to
break
Caesar's
wall
,
and
they
had
Ladders
and
long
Hooks
to
scale
the
Walls
and
pass
the
Trenches
,
and
so
oppose
the
enemies
Towers
,
which
had
beams
and
timbers
in
them
to
fling
upon
the
Walls
in
the
nature
of
Bridges
,
with
such
like
preparation
these
brave
Souldiers
with
an
amazing
resolution
fiercely
attacked
Caesar's
lines
.
The
ditch
was
immediately
filled
up
,
and
the
Palisade
pulled
down
,
so
that
they
came
to
the
Wall
which
they
undermined
on
all
sides
,
while
others
strove
by
the
help
of
scaling
Ladders
to
get
upon
it
;
the
rowling
Towers
advanced
,
raining
a
dreadfull
storm
of
Darts
and
Arrows
upon
the
besiegers
,
who
were
astonished
at
this
furious
assault
,
for
the
Souldiers
of
Lucius
fought
as
men
reduced
to
despair
,
death
appearing
nothing
so
terrible
to
them
as
famine
,
and
though
they
fought
with
all
the
disadvantage
imaginable
,
and
though
they
were
struck
through
with
Darts
and
Arrows
,
with
which
the
enemies
flanked
them
from
the
Ramparts
;
they
still
vigorously
employed
both
Crows
and
Beams
to
make
a
breach
in
the
Wall
,
openly
exposing
themselves
to
the
enemies
shot
,
by
though
great
numbers
fell
,
yet
the
rest
were
not
in
the
least
dismayed
.
By
this
time
the
nimblest
that
had
mounted
the
Wall
came
to
handy
strokes
with
the
foe
,
and
the
battel
grew
warmer
,
no
body
could
retreat
without
falling
headlong
down
,
and
the
besieged
fought
with
that
unexpressible
fury
,
that
when
they
wanted
arms
like
wild
Beasts
they
used
their
hands
and
teeth
,
and
doubtless
this
obstinate
bravery
had
gained
them
an
absolute
Victory
had
the
forces
been
any-ways
equal
;
but
Caesar
having
more
men
than
Lucius
,
he
from
time
to
time
reinforced
them
with
fresh
reserves
,
which
at
last
beat
the
tired
besieged
with
their
Engines
from
off
the
Wall
;
these
gallant
men
though
stunned
at
their
fall
still
clung
to
the
Wall
with
their
hands
,
and
either
strove
to
pull
out
the
stones
,
or
else
by
their
words
encouraged
their
fellows
who
still
fought
.
Lucius
moved
at
so
extraordinary
a
valour
and
fidelity
,
and
knowing
he
had
very
great
reason
to
preserve
them
,
whose
courage
now
onely
served
to
destroy
them
,
commanded
a
Retreat
to
be
sounded
:
Caesars
men
immediately
gave
loud
shouts
of
Joy
,
and
according
to
the
Romans
custome
when
they
gained
a
Victory
struck
their
Swords
against
their
Bucklers
,
the
others
raging
at
this
with
all
haste
and
fury
got
together
those
Ladders
that
remained
and
returned
to
the
attack
,
resolved
either
to
carry
the
Rampart
or
be
buried
in
the
Ditch
,
if
Lucius
had
not
withheld
them
,
and
by
his
Prayers
and
even
moving
them
with
his
tears
made
them
retreat
.
At
last
they
obeyed
him
,
though
with
that
regret
as
cannot
be
expressed
.
Caesar
at
night
doubled
his
Guards
and
Watches
fearing
another
attack
,
and
gave
his
orders
for
the
speedy
marching
of
relief
in
case
of
necessity
.
As
for
the
besieged
their
weariness
and
vexation
scarce
gave
them
leasure
to
think
of
placing
advanced
Guards
,
so
that
it
gave
opportunity
to
many
Souldiers
,
and
several
considerable
Officers
to
go
over
to
Caesar.
CHAP.
IX
.
Lucius
resolves
to
treat
with
Caesar.
He
Harangues
his
Souldiers
,
and
sends
Deputies
to
Caesar.
LVcius
finding
himself
reduced
to
the
utmost
extremity
,
and
finding
no
probability
of
relief
,
concluded
at
last
to
give
way
to
this
cruel
necessity
,
and
think
of
capitulating
:
He
therefore
communicated
his
intentions
to
his
chief
Officers
,
and
though
among
them
some
particular
enemies
of
Caesar
opposed
it
,
yet
he
persisted
in
his
resolution
;
but
fearing
that
the
Souldiers
might
deliver
him
up
to
Caesar
,
he
drew
them
together
and
told
them
,
That
in
all
this
War
he
had
no
other
design
,
but
by
abolishing
the
Tyranny
of
the
Triumvirate
to
set
his
Countrey
at
liberty
,
which
he
undertook
with
more
Justice
,
by
reason
all
pretences
to
this
pernicious
League
were
ceased
by
the
defeat
of
Brutus
and
Cassius
;
that
Lepidus
had
in
a
manner
quitted
his
part
of
the
Empire
,
and
Anthony
in
Asia
minded
nothing
but
his
delights
and
heaping
up
money
,
but
that
Caesar
alone
bouyed
up
the
remains
of
that
unjust
power
,
which
had
moved
him
to
lay
hold
on
the
Troubles
occasioned
by
the
distribution
of
Lands
,
to
restore
that
rightfull
Authority
to
the
Commonwealth
which
had
been
so
usurped
from
it
,
and
that
he
had
the
greater
obligation
upon
him
to
doe
it
,
by
reason
he
was
Consul
.
But
that
Caesar
to
overthrow
so
just
a
design
,
had
loaded
him
with
the
ill
Will
and
hatred
of
all
the
Souldiery
,
maliciously
taxing
him
of
endeavouring
to
oppose
and
hinder
them
of
the
rewards
they
had
deserved
,
in
favour
of
the
Peasants
;
that
at
first
he
knew
nothing
of
these
reports
,
and
that
when
he
did
he
despised
them
,
that
he
had
besides
deputed
Commissioners
to
divide
the
Lands
,
and
so
he
might
have
hindred
the
Veteran
Souldiers
joyning
Caesar
,
and
fighting
against
their
own
Interests
,
as
they
would
plainly
see
by
the
event
:
knowing
therefore
we
were
ruined
by
Famine
,
not
by
the
Valour
of
our
foes
,
and
since
our
Officers
abandon
us
;
I
could
have
made
use
of
several
expedients
for
my
own
security
,
besides
the
satisfaction
I
felt
for
doing
my
duty
and
behaving
my self
like
a
man
of
honour
:
But
however
,
this
is
none
of
my
intention
,
I
consult
your
safety
before
my
own
Glory
,
and
am
now
sending
to
the
Conquerour
to
offer
him
my
Life
and
Person
,
provided
,
in
making
me
the
object
of
all
his
hatred
and
revenge
,
he
spares
you
,
ye
that
are
Roman
Citizens
,
ye
that
have
formerly
served
under
him
,
and
who
in
maintaining
a
just
and
noble
Cause
,
are
not
vanquished
by
the
force
of
his
Arms
,
but
by
extreme
Famine
.
After
this
discourse
,
he
chose
out
three
of
his
chief
Commanders
to
go
to
Caesar
,
which
the
Souldiers
saw
with
a
great
deal
of
regret
,
and
withall
were
full
of
Praises
of
the
Vertue
and
Goodness
of
their
General
.
These
Deputies
represented
to
Caesar
,
that
as
the
Souldiers
and
Officers
on
both
sides
had
one
and
the
same
Countrey
,
that
they
were
all
of
them
allied
to
one
another
,
either
by
kindred
or
friendship
,
having
served
together
under
his
Father
and
under
him
,
the
besieged
hoped
he
would
not
treat
them
as
objects
of
his
revenge
;
since
it
was
not
any
aversion
against
him
,
that
made
them
take
up
Arms
,
but
out
of
a
motive
of
pure
affection
to
their
Countrey
;
taking
example
of
those
noble
Romans
that
were
their
Ancestours
.
To
this
they
added
many
other
reasons
,
to
moderate
Caesar's
resentments
.
Caesar
who
was
well
informed
of
the
several
Interests
and
Inclinations
of
his
Enemies
,
and
knowing
that
there
were
several
among
them
that
had
never
born
Arms
but
against
him
,
and
others
that
entred
into
this
party
onely
to
have
their
share
of
the
Lands
,
answered
very
discreetly
,
That
he
pardoned
those
who
had
served
under
Anthony
,
but
as
to
the
others
they
should
yield
upon
Discretion
:
this
he
said
in
publick
,
but
he
privately
told
Furnius
one
of
the
Deputies
,
That
he
intended
not
the
least
injury
to
Lucius
and
his
Souldiers
for
what
was
past
,
but
onely
to
some
Enemies
of
his
,
who
out
of
Malice
to
him
had
been
the
occasion
of
all
these
disorders
:
When
the
Deputies
returned
to
Perusia
,
all
those
that
judged
Caesar's
hate
by
what
they
bore
him
,
were
extremely
enraged
with
Furnius
,
for
his
private
conference
with
Caesar.
They
represented
to
Lucius
,
that
they
were
intended
as
Victims
to
Caesar's
cruelty
,
because
he
knew
their
affection
to
their
Countrey
,
and
that
they
should
capitulate
for
their
safety
,
or
else
resolve
all
to
dye
with
their
Arms
in
their
hands
.
Lucius
moved
with
Compassion
for
so
many
People
,
saw
there
was
a
necessity
of
sending
other
Deputies
,
but
he
knew
none
more
proper
than
himself
,
and
therefore
immediately
went
without
taking
any
hostage
or
caution
for
his
security
.
Caesar
advertised
of
this
went
to
receive
him
,
and
to
shew
his
earnest
desire
he
had
to
put
an
end
to
this
War
,
was
the
first
that
came
out
of
his
Camp
:
As
soon
as
ever
Lucius
espied
him
,
he
commanded
those
that
were
with
him
to
make
a
halt
,
and
he
alone
advanced
to
the
brink
of
the
Ditch
.
They
were
both
of
them
clad
in
their
Ornaments
of
War
,
and
adorned
with
all
the
marks
of
their
Dignity
;
after
the
first
complements
and
actions
of
Civility
;
Lucius
spoke
after
this
manner
.
CHAP.
X.
Lucius
Speech
to
Caesar
,
his
Answer
.
IF
I
had
not
the
honour
to
be
a
Roman
I
should
now
appear
full
of
Confusion
,
for
being
Conquered
and
yielding
upon
discretion
,
having
that
in
my
hands
that
would
keep
me
from
that
shame
;
but
after
I
had
fought
against
a
Roman
for
the
common
good
of
our
Countrey
,
I
do
not
in
the
least
think
my self
dishoured
by
being
vanquished
by
a
General
that
is
a
Roman
.
I
do
not
speak
this
to
avoid
whatever
you
decree
against
my
Person
,
for
you
see
I
am
come
alone
into
the
midst
of
the
Troops
to
surrender
my self
to
your
disposal
,
without
any
conditions
for
my self
,
or
demanding
any
security
,
or
making
any
other
request
than
for
the
pardon
of
those
that
have
served
me
in
this
War
;
even
the
reasonableness
of
the
thing
may
be
a
motive
to
it
,
and
your
own
interest
requires
it
:
and
therefore
to
convince
you
throughly
of
this
,
I
will
first
speak
as
to
my self
,
and
after
of
those
that
followed
me
.
I
do
not
pretend
to
conceal
from
you
,
that
I
alone
am
the
Authour
of
all
that
has
been
acted
against
you
,
and
therefore
think
it
just
that
all
the
resentments
should
light
on
me
,
and
if
I
seem
to
make
some
excuses
,
't
is
not
that
I
vainly
hope
for
any
assistance
from
my
Brother
or
his
Friends
,
for
that
is
now
too
late
,
but
that
it
is
necessary
you
should
know
the
truth
which
I
will
not
now
disguise
or
palliate
.
When
I
undertook
this
War
,
my
design
was
not
to
usurp
your
Authority
,
but
to
re-establish
that
of
the
Common-wealth
oppressed
by
the
power
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
you
your self
must
needs
yield
this
truth
,
since
by
the
very
Edict
of
the
Triumvirate
,
you
owned
your
Authority
was
not
lawfull
;
but
that
you
had
this
Pretext
,
that
you
were
forced
to
take
up
Arms
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
Now
they
are
destroyed
and
none
of
their
party
are
in
a
condition
to
oppose
you
,
what
pretence
have
you
to
be
in
Arms
,
unless
it
be
to
make
your selves
feared
and
obeyed
?
I
saw
the
five
years
of
your
League
expired
,
and
hoped
to
restore
the
Consular
dignity
,
and
the
rightfull
and
lawfull
power
of
the
other
Magistrates
.
I
own
that
in
persuance
of
this
,
I
had
less
consideration
for
my
Brother
than
the
Republick
,
my
intent
being
to
force
him
if
need
were
at
his
arrival
to
concur
with
me
in
this
design
,
and
as
I
passionately
desired
this
Glorious
action
should
be
done
in
my
Consulship
,
and
you
might
have
had
the
honour
of
it
in
renouncing
your
Authority
,
but
seeing
all
your
motions
tended
otherwise
,
I
came
to
Rome
to
force
you
to
it
,
knowing
▪
my self
a
Roman
,
and
considerable
both
by
birth
and
for
the
Office
I
bore
:
these
therefore
are
the
true
reasons
that
carried
me
to
take
up
Arms
,
and
not
the
Counsels
of
a
Manius
and
Fulvia
,
much
less
the
division
of
the
Lands
you
allotted
the
Souldiers
that
fought
at
Philippi
,
nor
was
it
any
Compassion
for
those
that
were
driven
from
their
Houses
and
Inheritances
;
quite
contrary
,
I
had
named
Commissioners
for
the
distribution
,
who
had
order
to
strain
a
point
in
favour
of
the
Souldiers
against
the
Peasants
,
this
however
is
the
pretence
you
have
used
to
animate
the
Veteran
Souldiers
against
me
,
by
making
them
believe
I
opposed
it
:
it
was
this
that
moved
them
against
me
,
and
that
has
taken
away
all
the
Confidence
that
I
had
in
them
,
and
all
the
Will
they
had
to
serve
me
,
by
which
I
confess
you
have
your
own
interest
in
the
intention
you
had
of
making
War
with
me
,
and
I
have
mine
in
declaring
War
to
compass
my
intent
.
And
since
I
have
put
my self
into
your
hands
,
I
do
not
in
the
least
fear
to
tell
you
plainly
the
true
Sense
I
had
and
still
have
of
your
Conduct
,
whatever
you
please
to
decree
against
me
:
It
is
this
as
I
have
already
told
you
,
that
moved
me
to
come
to
you
my self
,
and
as
to
what
concerns
my
Kindred
,
my
Friends
and
my
Troops
,
if
you
will
but
take
it
in
good
part
,
I
will
now
give
you
advice
that
shall
turn
both
to
your
Glory
and
advantage
;
and
this
is
not
to
shew
any
resentment
for
what
has
passed
in
this
difference
,
but
to
consider
the
unconstancy
of
fortune
that
depends
on
the
chance
of
War
,
not
to
fright
the
Souldiers
by
punishing
them
,
but
by
Gentleness
draw
them
to
serve
you
upon
occasion
,
as
they
have
already
against
the
Conspiratours
,
and
shew
them
by
your
usage
of
them
,
that
their
greatest
security
will
be
to
follow
the
Conquerour
.
But
if
this
Counsel
is
suspected
as
given
by
an
Enemy
,
I
conjure
you
not
to
impute
as
a
fault
the
fidelity
they
have
shewed
me
,
nor
the
misfortune
that
has
followed
it
,
but
to
turn
all
your
Vengeance
against
me
,
as
the
onely
cause
of
these
ills
:
it
was
this
that
obliged
me
to
speak
to
you
in
private
,
to
take
away
all
the
suspicion
they
might
have
had
,
that
in
seeming
to
affect
speaking
for
their
interest
and
safety
I
might
onely
consult
my
own
.
This
discourse
that
shewed
a
resolution
and
greatness
of
Soul
,
worthy
of
an
ancient
Roman
was
not
very
pleasing
to
Caesar
,
but
he
took
care
not
to
testifie
all
his
resentment
against
him
,
that
was
the
brother
of
Anthony
,
whom
for
several
reasons
he
was
obliged
to
have
a
consideration
for
.
As
he
had
a
great
presence
of
mind
and
a
ready
Wit
,
he
thus
answered
him
.
As
soon
as
I
understood
you
came
to
me
,
I
advanced
out
of
my
Camp
to
meet
you
,
to
give
you
full
liberty
of
explaining
your
Thoughts
;
the
Submission
you
have
shewn
in
yielding
your self
to
me
as
those
ought
to
doe
,
that
are
touched
with
remorse
,
keeps
me
from
remarking
the
Crimes
you
unjustly
charge
me
with
,
and
the
disguising
so
many
known
truths
,
though
this
discourse
of
yours
injures
me
more
than
your
former
Actions
;
but
since
you
frankly
give
me
up
both
your self
,
your
Friends
and
your
Troops
,
this
generous
proceeding
hinders
me
from
acting
what
I
ought
,
both
as
Conquerour
and
injured
.
You
have
by
this
quite
disarmed
my
Choler
and
my
Power
:
I
therefore
return
you
yours
in
letting
you
enjoy
the
conditions
of
our
former
agreement
,
though
the
Law
of
Arms
might
oblige
you
to
obey
without
resistence
,
the
Will
of
the
Vanquisher
.
I
will
however
doe
what
is
worthy
of
me
,
and
for
the
respect
I
owe
the
Gods
,
my
Dignity
and
your
own
Person
,
which
so
nobly
you
abandon
to
me
,
I
will
not
at
all
betray
the
trust
you
have
placed
in
my
Goodness
and
Clemency
.
As
these
discourses
are
not
Fictitious
or
merely
Ornamental
,
and
that
Appian
who
reports
them
,
assures
he
took
them
out
of
very
faithfull
Memoirs
which
remained
concerning
this
War
,
it
is
hoped
the
length
of
them
will
not
be
displeasing
,
what
intention
soever
there
were
of
not
being
engaged
in
the
recital
of
Speeches
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Lucius
and
Caesar
part
.
Lucius
delivers
up
the
Town
.
Caesar
speaks
to
the
besieged
Souldiers
with
indignation
,
he
punishes
the
Senatours
of
Perusia
,
the
Town
is
pillaged
and
by
accident
burnt
.
Tiberius
continues
the
War
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
from
whence
he
is
driven
by
Caesar.
THE
two
Generals
parted
well
enough
satisfied
with
each
other
in
appearance
.
Caesar
could
not
forbear
praising
Lucius
his
great
courage
,
which
all
his
misfortunes
had
not
been
able
to
abate
.
Lucius
above
all
things
esteemed
Caesar's
great
moderation
,
and
his
manner
of
expressing
things
of
such
moment
in
so
few
words
;
he
commanded
all
his
Officers
to
go
and
receive
their
Orders
from
Caesar
,
and
carry
him
their
muster
Rolls
,
as
was
usual
with
the
Romans
,
who
when
they
took
Orders
from
the
General
always
shewed
the
muster
Rolls
of
the
Legions
.
Caesar
in
giving
it
out
commanded
them
on
their
side
to
keep
a
Guard
,
and
he
did
the
like
on
his
.
The
next
morning
by
break
of
day
he
offered
Sacrifice
,
and
Lucius
marched
out
his
Troops
in
good
order
,
who
saluted
Caesar
as
far
as
they
could
discern
him
:
He
commanded
them
to
halt
upon
the
ground
he
shewed
them
,
the
old
Legions
who
demanded
their
share
of
the
Inheritances
on
one
side
,
and
the
new
raised
ones
on
the
other
.
The
Sacrifice
ended
,
Caesar
crowned
with
Laurel
mounted
on
a
Tribunal
,
and
commanded
all
the
vanquished
Souldiers
to
lay
down
their
Arms
;
he
then
reproached
the
ingratitude
of
the
old
Legions
with
terrible
threats
,
and
though
they
had
notice
before
he
would
doe
so
,
it
filled
them
all
with
fear
.
Caesar's
Souldiers
,
whether
by
permission
of
their
General
,
or
moved
with
Pity
at
their
dejected
Companions
,
advanced
to
them
,
and
embracing
them
with
tears
begged
mercy
for
them
.
Caesar
as
very
much
moved
,
fiercely
told
them
,
they
always
opposed
his
Intentions
,
and
though
in
truth
he
knew
them
to
be
very
brave
,
yet
he
would
fain
know
of
them
what
injury
they
had
received
from
him
,
or
what
advantage
they
hoped
for
from
his
Enemies
,
that
should
make
them
bear
Arms
against
his
Person
,
his
Souldiers
,
and
indeed
against
themselves
,
since
he
onely
laboured
for
their
interest
;
but
that
he
would
not
insist
upon
this
any
farther
,
and
therefore
in
consideration
of
his
Souldiers
he
pardoned
them
,
and
for
the
future
would
not
look
upon
them
as
Enemies
,
but
Souldiers
that
would
follow
none
but
himself
.
This
Speech
was
followed
by
general
shouts
of
Praises
and
Acclamations
;
he
then
ordered
his
Officers
to
receive
those
of
Lucius
into
their
Tents
,
and
his
Souldiers
to
encamp
where
they
were
,
till
he
had
resolved
upon
what
part
to
send
them
to
,
and
what
Officers
should
command
them
.
Afterwards
without
coming
down
from
his
Tribunal
,
he
sent
to
Lucius
to
come
out
of
Perusia
:
This
Consul
then
appeared
a
little
after
accompanied
by
his
Lieutenants
,
and
all
the
Senatours
that
were
of
his
party
,
who
were
very
much
cast
down
at
this
revolution
.
Caesar's
Troops
entred
Perusia
,
and
seized
upon
all
the
Posts
and
places
of
Arms
:
he
caused
Lucius
to
seat
himself
by
him
,
and
his
chief
Officers
received
all
the
Senatours
with
orders
to
use
them
well
,
but
withall
to
look
well
after
them
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Town
were
upon
the
Walls
,
from
whence
with
lamentable
Cries
they
sued
for
pardon
.
Caesar
ordered
they
should
all
come
forth
,
except
those
that
composed
the
Council
of
the
City
,
and
it
was
against
these
that
he
employed
all
his
vengeance
and
severity
;
it
is
said
,
that
when
they
were
brought
before
him
laden
with
Chains
and
begging
for
mercy
,
he
replyed
onely
these
terrible
words
,
Ye
must
die
,
and
then
made
three
hundred
of
them
be
slain
as
Victims
near
an
Altar
,
erected
in
honour
of
his
Father
upon
the
Ides
of
March
the
same
day
he
was
murthered
;
one
onely
named
Lucius
Emilius
was
spared
,
because
being
at
Rome
after
the
murther
of
Iulius
Caesar
,
he
counselled
the
Conspiratours
should
be
put
to
death
.
The
Town
was
going
to
be
pillaged
,
when
one
of
the
noblest
Inhabitants
called
Macedonicus
,
put
fire
to
his
own
house
and
stabbed
himself
;
this
fire
carried
on
by
a
high
wind
spread
it self
from
house
to
house
,
and
in
less
than
an
hour
laid
all
Perusia
in
ashes
,
except
the
Temple
of
Vulcan
.
Appian
reports
,
that
this
Macedonicus
was
one
of
Lucius
his
Souldiers
named
Cestius
,
who
had
this
Sirname
given
him
,
because
he
had
served
a
long
time
in
Macedon
:
Thus
ended
this
fatal
War
which
threatned
Italy
with
utter
desolation
.
For
although
Pollio
,
Ventidius
,
Plancus
,
and
other
Commanders
of
Anthony
had
still
thirteen
Legions
and
fifteen
hundred
Horse
,
whether
it
were
that
there
was
no
good
understanding
among
them
,
or
that
they
did
not
approve
of
Lucius
his
Conduct
,
they
all
withdrew
and
retired
themselves
;
some
to
Brundusium
,
as
Plancus
,
who
left
the
two
Legions
he
commanded
to
Agrippa
,
others
to
Tarentum
,
and
some
to
Ravenna
.
Pollio
alone
made
an
honourable
Retreat
,
and
went
and
joyned
himself
to
Domitius
.
Fulvia
desperate
with
these
misfortunes
saved
her self
at
Brundusium
,
and
from
thence
passed
over
into
Macedon
.
Tiberius
maintained
the
remainders
of
the
party
a
long
time
after
near
Naples
.
He
was
a
man
illustrious
for
his
Family
,
but
much
more
considerable
for
his
Valour
and
Wit
;
he
had
been
Pretor
,
and
was
then
High
Priest
,
yet
his
name
had
remained
in
Oblivion
had
it
not
been
for
his
marriage
with
Livia
:
She
was
of
a
noble
Family
,
a
branch
of
the
Claudian
entred
by
Adoption
into
the
Livian
.
She
was
Mistress
of
abundance
of
Vertue
and
Beauty
,
but
of
much
more
agreeableness
and
address
.
The
Friendship
of
Tiberius
with
Lucius
had
engaged
him
to
his
party
,
and
his
defeat
had
not
discouraged
him
,
he
endeavoured
all
he
could
to
repair
this
misfortune
,
even
to
set
Slaves
free
and
make
them
Souldiers
:
Caesar
to
quench
this
fire
in
the
beginning
marched
towards
Naples
with
diligence
,
and
attacked
Tiberius
so
briskly
,
that
all
he
could
doe
was
to
save
himself
in
Sicily
.
One
may
here
with
Velleius
reflect
upon
the
strange
turns
of
Fortune
,
which
may
learn
us
,
that
as
to
what
regards
the
future
,
fears
are
often
as
false
as
hopes
.
Livia
flying
the
fury
of
Caesar
waited
on
onely
by
one
servant
,
and
carrying
her
Son
in
her
Armes
after
she
had
made
prodigious
escapes
from
danger
,
was
forced
to
get
into
a
little
Boat
to
get
to
her
Husband
;
her
Son
who
was
then
but
two
years
old
had
like
to
have
been
the
innocent
cause
of
death
to
her
that
gave
him
life
,
by
discovering
twice
by
his
crying
.
This
extremity
of
theirs
,
and
the
small
hopes
they
had
of
Caesar's
Clemency
gave
them
but
very
slender
hopes
:
However
,
after
the
return
of
Tiberius
to
Italy
by
the
Treaty
made
with
Pompey
,
Livia
was
so
fortunate
by
her
beauty
to
Conquer
the
heart
of
Caesar
;
he
married
her
and
loved
her
passionately
to
the
very
day
of
his
death
:
And
this
Woman
,
whom
Caligula
was
wont
to
call
Vlysses
in
Petty-coats
,
so
well
knew
how
to
manage
Caesar's
Temper
by
her
cunning
,
that
she
obtained
of
him
the
Empire
for
her
Son
.
Since
therefore
there
appeared
to
Enemy
in
Italy
after
the
defeat
of
Tiberius
,
Caesar
went
to
Rome
,
where
he
entred
in
Triumphant
Robes
,
and
Crowned
with
Laurel
.
There
were
celebrated
publick
Feasts
,
and
it
was
ordained
,
that
whatever
General
should
hereafter
merit
the
Honour
of
Triumph
and
should
be
Crowned
,
that
Caesar
should
have
a
share
in
all
his
Honours
.
CHAP.
XII
.
The
diversions
of
Anthony
and
Cleopatra
.
The
Prodigality
of
their
Entertainments
.
The
ingenuity
of
Cleopatra
.
ANthony
was
still
fixed
at
Alexandria
by
the
Charms
of
Cleopatra
,
and
thought
of
nothing
but
enjoying
those
Pleasures
,
she
every
day
presented
him
with
,
in
some
new
and
delightfull
shape
:
Never
did
any
one
possess
like
her
the
Art
of
refining
and
heightning
them
by
the
Charms
of
Novelty
.
She
introduced
them
in
the
most
serious
business
,
and
even
the
most
inconsiderable
trifles
when
managed
by
her
,
received
such
an
Air
as
made
them
agreeable
Diversions
;
so
that
whether
they
played
or
treated
one
another
,
or
hunted
,
this
Queen
still
made
one
,
and
was
the
Soul
of
all
intermingling
by
some
lively
piece
of
Wit.
She
would
often
run
about
the
Town
with
Anthony
in
disguise
,
and
go
into
Tradesmens
shops
,
and
jeer
and
scold
with
them
,
where
they
many
times
met
with
very
pleasant
replies
,
and
sometimes
blows
.
'T
was
on
these
occasions
that
Cleopatra
shewed
all
her
Gayety
and
Wit
,
whether
it
were
in
maintaining
or
retorting
Raillery
,
or
in
telling
the
story
of
such
Adventures
,
with
an
unparallel'd
grace
:
these
ways
however
were
very
odious
,
and
disgustfull
to
the
graver
and
soberer
sort
of
People
.
But
the
Egyptians
who
in
general
have
a
great
deal
of
Wit
,
were
not
at
all
displeased
with
this
familiar
Carriage
of
theirs
,
and
said
pleasantly
,
that
Anthony
shewed
them
his
Comical
Countenance
,
and
kept
a
Tragical
one
for
the
Romans
.
The
Queen
had
besides
invented
a
Society
,
they
called
the
Inimitable
life
,
and
those
who
made
the
most
sumptuous
Entertainments
carried
away
the
Prize
.
The
expence
of
these
Treats
were
excessive
,
as
appears
by
these
two
examples
.
A
Greek
Physician
Friend
to
Anthony's
Clerk
of
the
Kitchin
,
came
one
day
where
the
Meat
was
dressing
,
and
among
abundance
of
other
provisions
,
he
saw
eight
whole
wild
Boars
a-roasting
;
he
imagined
that
these
were
making
ready
for
a
great
number
of
Guests
,
and
asking
his
Friend
,
he
told
him
smiling
,
that
there
were
to
be
but
twelve
at
this
Feast
,
but
that
the
exact
hour
being
uncertain
,
and
the
Meat
to
be
served
at
a
punctual
nick
of
time
,
when
it
was
exquisitely
drest
,
and
that
being
past
,
others
of
the
same
kind
were
prepared
to
be
ready
when
called
for
.
This
Physician
being
afterwards
in
the
service
of
Anthony's
eldest
Son
,
was
one
day
at
his
Dinner
,
whither
there
came
a
canting
kind
of
Mountebank
,
who
as
it's
usual
with
such
sort
of
Fellows
,
tired
every
body
with
the
impertinence
of
his
talk
;
the
Physician
put
him
this
Argument
,
there
is
some
kind
of
Ague
,
wherein
cold
Water
is
good
.
All
those
that
have
Agues
,
have
some
kind
of
Ague
,
therefore
cold
water
is
good
for
all
those
that
have
Agues
.
The
Quack
remained
silent
and
non-plust
,
and
Anthony's
Son
was
so
pleased
with
it
that
he
said
to
the
Physician
,
I
give
thee
,
Philotas
,
for
this
Iest
all
that
thou
seest
there
,
pointing
to
a
Cupboard
of
golden
Plates
of
a
great
value
.
Philotas
thanked
him
for
this
favour
,
believing
he
was
onely
obliged
to
him
for
his
Good
will
.
But
he
was
very
much
surprized
the
next
day
,
when
he
saw
the
rich
Vessels
brought
home
to
his
house
by
Slaves
,
followed
by
an
Officer
of
the
young
Prince
,
who
bid
him
put
his
mark
upon
them
,
and
as
he
excused
himself
out
of
a
belief
some
inconvenience
might
happen
to
him
,
what
says
the
Officer
to
him
,
do
not
you
know
that
he
who
makes
you
this
Present
is
the
Son
of
Anthony
?
But
however
,
If
you
will
take
my
Counsel
accept
rather
of
the
value
in
Money
,
for
it
may
happen
,
that
his
Father
may
be
concerned
for
the
loss
of
some
of
them
,
because
they
are
antick
,
and
of
the
hands
of
excellent
Masters
.
The
other
example
did
not
happen
at
this
time
,
but
yet
it
sitteth
our
subject
too
well
to
be
omitted
.
Anthony
by
that
time
he
returned
from
the
Parthian
War
,
was
grown
a
great
proficient
in
the
Aegyptian
sumptuousness
and
Luxury
,
and
daily
carried
it
on
with
greater
delicacy
and
expence
;
yet
Cleopatra
affected
being
nauseated
,
and
looked
upon
his
Entertainments
with
a
despising
Air
,
onely
to
oblige
him
to
ask
her
,
as
he
did
,
What
she
could
add
to
the
Magnificence
of
his
Treats
.
I
will
said
she
,
give
you
one
that
shall
cost
10000
Sesterces
;
Leave
,
my
Lord
,
the
Line
and
Nets
to
us
Aegyptians
;
fishing
is
our
business
,
who
are
Sovereigns
of
Pharos
and
Canopus
,
yours
is
to
take
Cities
,
Provinces
and
Kings
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Anthony
receives
the
news
of
his
Brother's
defeat
.
He
resolves
for
War
,
and
makes
an
alliance
with
Pompey
.
Caesar
marries
Scribonia
.
The
death
of
Fulvia
.
Anthony
is
Master
of
Domitius
his
Fleet
which
yields
to
him
.
THere
was
more
than
need
of
such
important
News
as
he
then
received
to
draw
Anthony
from
the
Charms
that
held
him
so
sure
;
he
understood
that
his
Brother
had
been
overthrown
by
Caesar
,
that
his
Wife
and
all
his
Friends
had
quitted
Italy
,
that
Caesar
had
made
himself
Master
of
Gaul
which
belonged
to
him
,
and
that
he
had
constrained
the
Son
of
Calenus
after
the
death
of
his
Father
to
deliver
him
up
eleven
Legions
which
he
commanded
in
that
Province
.
From
another
part
they
sent
him
word
,
that
the
Parthians
under
the
command
of
Pacorus
their
King's
Son
,
assisted
by
Labienus
and
Barzapharnes
had
made
themselves
Masters
of
Syria
.
That
Antigenus
the
Brother
of
Hircanus
High
Priest
of
the
Jews
,
had
brought
them
to
Ierusalem
,
which
they
sackt
,
and
carried
away
Prisoners
,
Hircanus
and
Phasactus
,
and
Herod's
brother
who
was
himself
fled
into
the
mountains
of
Iudaea
.
These
successes
so
disadtagious
to
Anthony's
affairs
made
him
think
of
War
,
and
to
this
end
he
got
together
two
hundred
Ships
,
his
intent
was
immediately
to
fall
upon
his
Enemies
;
but
the
earnest
instances
of
Fulvia
and
his
Friends
forced
him
to
turn
toward
Italy
.
He
went
from
Alexandria
to
Tyre
,
from
whence
passing
by
the
Isles
of
Cyprus
and
Rhodes
he
came
to
Athens
,
where
he
met
Fulvia
:
He
was
extraordinary
angry
at
what
had
happened
,
and
above
all
with
Manius
,
whom
he
accused
as
the
cause
of
all
these
disorders
.
Libo
,
Pompey's
Father
in-Law
,
with
Saturninus
and
some
other
Senatours
,
tryed
to
make
a
League
between
these
two
Generals
,
for
that
Pompey
had
received
Iulia
Anthony's
Mother
with
a
great
deal
of
respect
,
he
told
them
,
that
he
was
extremely
obliged
to
Pompey
for
his
Civility
,
and
that
he
would
let
slip
no
occasion
of
returning
it
,
and
that
he
would
joyn
Interests
with
him
if
Caesar
came
to
an
open
breach
,
but
that
if
he
kept
to
the
Agreement
they
had
made
,
he
would
engage
Caesar
to
grant
him
his
Friendship
.
Caesar
advertised
of
his
intentions
was
very
willing
to
it
,
but
withall
forgot
nothing
that
might
make
for
his
own
interest
.
He
underhand
animated
the
Veterans
against
Anthony
,
under
pretence
that
Pompey
who
was
engaged
with
him
,
would
hinder
them
of
their
rewards
which
they
enjoyed
:
though
they
had
reason
to
believe
that
Pompey
would
doe
so
,
yet
the
reputation
that
Anthony
had
gained
at
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
made
them
have
a
great
Veneration
for
his
Valour
;
so
that
though
Caesar
knew
himself
stronger
at
Land
,
than
both
Anthony
and
Pompey
joyned
together
,
having
no
less
than
forty
Legions
,
yet
as
he
was
not
well
assured
of
the
affection
of
his
Souldiers
,
and
that
he
wanted
ships
of
which
they
had
great
store
;
he
thought
it
convenient
to
hearken
to
an
accommodation
.
Scribonia
the
Sister
of
Libo
was
a
rich
Widow
,
very
considerable
for
the
Dignity
of
the
two
Husbands
she
had
had
,
but
she
was
one
of
those
perverse
Women
,
whose
uneasie
vexatious
Pride
is
a
great
plague
to
a
Husband
.
Caesar
did
not
stick
at
preferring
her
before
the
fairest
and
noblest
Ladies
of
Rome
,
that
he
might
gain
the
Friendship
of
Libo
who
esteemed
himself
very
much
honoured
by
this
alliance
,
and
sent
his
free
Consent
from
Sicily
.
Among
the
Legions
of
Caesar
there
were
six
,
who
were
very
affectionate
to
Anthony's
interest
;
and
as
Lepidus
lived
now
in
Italy
as
a
private
Person
,
Caesar
made
as
if
it
were
unbecoming
the
Majesty
of
the
Triumviri
,
and
so
sent
him
to
Africa
,
the
Government
whereof
was
designed
for
him
,
with
these
six
Legions
.
After
he
had
got
rid
of
Lepidus
and
the
suspected
Legions
,
he
set
himself
to
flatter
Lucius
,
and
in
all
their
Discourses
praised
his
great
Courage
and
his
Zeal
for
his
Countrey
,
and
finding
he
valued
himself
very
much
upon
this
particular
,
even
to
the
saying
that
he
was
ready
to
take
up
Arms
against
his
own
Brother
,
if
he
would
not
submit
his
Authority
to
that
of
the
Commonwealth
,
he
gave
him
very
great
praises
for
this
high
piece
of
Gallantry
,
and
said
it
was
not
reasonable
he
should
be
employed
against
his
own
Flesh
and
Bloud
,
and
to
that
end
desired
him
to
go
and
Command
in
Spain
,
but
gave
him
such
Lieutenants
,
as
in
effect
were
real
Guards
upon
him
.
The
merit
and
Character
of
Caesar
,
was
very
extraordinary
,
and
the
World
must
own
that
he
is
with
all
Justice
ranked
among
the
greatest
Princes
that
ever
were
.
Suetonius
and
the
rest
of
the
Historians
give
sufficient
testimony
of
it
;
but
they
have
none
of
them
penetrated
to
the
bottom
of
this
exquisite
Politician's
designs
,
which
in
this
place
appear
in
their
greatest
excellency
,
and
contributed
full
as
much
to
his
Rise
as
his
own
proper
deserts
:
't
is
true
indeed
that
this
great
Cunning
was
joined
with
great
Vertues
and
very
noble
Qualities
,
for
without
them
it
wou'd
be
but
a
kind
of
sordid
Craft
,
which
commonly
raises
men
onely
for
their
greater
confusion
.
Anthony
,
informed
of
these
Transactions
,
advanced
towards
Italy
,
without
shewing
the
least
concern
for
Fulvia
whom
he
left
sick
at
Sicyonia
;
this
last
neglect
and
scorn
of
her
Husband
finished
what
his
infidelity
had
begun
,
she
was
not
able
to
bear
so
many
misfortunes
at
once
,
but
dyed
in
that
City
lamented
by
very
few
.
Anthony
was
now
in
a
very
great
perplexity
.
Domitius
cruzed
the
Ionian
Seas
with
a
Fleet
much
more
powerfull
than
his
,
and
there
was
a
necessity
of
fighting
his
passage
.
At
[
*
](A33186-e79320-b)
*
Corcyra
.
Corfu
they
met
,
and
here
Anthony
shewed
that
all
the
delights
of
Aegypt
had
not
in
the
least
diminished
that
great
courage
which
he
had
signalized
in
so
many
actions
.
He
commanded
his
whole
Fleet
to
lye
by
upon
their
Oars
,
and
with
five
Gallies
onely
made
up
to
that
of
Domitius
.
Plancus
,
who
was
none
of
the
bravest
,
by
no
means
approved
of
this
conduct
of
his
,
terming
it
an
extravagant
piece
of
rashness
;
telling
Anthony
,
It
was
impossible
that
ever
Domitius
wou'd
be
his
friend
,
who
had
been
engaged
in
the
Conspiracy
against
I.
Caesar.
In
the
mean
time
the
Vessels
stood
their
course
notwithstanding
all
his
politick
reasons
,
and
he
was
ready
to
dye
with
fear
to
see
himself
almost
in
the
midst
of
an
Enemy's
Fleet
that
came
up
in
a
fighting
posture
.
One
of
Anthony's
Guards
,
who
stood
upon
the
Prow
of
his
Gally
,
fiercely
called
to
those
of
Domitius
to
strike
their
Flag
to
Anthony
,
who
was
of
a
higher
quality
than
their
Commander
in
chief
.
They
immediately
obeyed
;
and
after
they
had
with
loud
shouts
and
all
tokens
of
respect
saluted
him
General
,
drew
up
round
Anthony
.
The
Souldiers
on
both
sides
saluted
each
other
,
and
Domitius
himself
came
on
board
Anthony
,
and
delivered
him
up
the
command
of
his
Fleet.
In
this
manner
Appian
relates
this
action
.
But
Velleius
with
more
probability
says
,
it
was
thus
managed
by
an
Intrigue
of
Pollio's
,
who
by
this
acquitted
himself
of
all
the
Obligations
he
owed
to
Anthony
.
The
two
Fleets
being
join'd
came
to
an
Anchor
at
Palante
,
a
Town
in
Epirus
,
from
whence
they
stood
over
to
Brundusium
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Anthony
arrives
at
Brundusium
.
He
is
refused
entrance
.
The
Veterans
force
Caesar
and
him
to
agree
.
They
come
to
a
Treaty
by
the
mediation
of
Cocceius
.
Anthony
marrys
Octavia
.
The
Punishment
and
Death
of
Salvidienus
.
IN
this
City
Caesar
had
five
Legions
which
shut
the
Gates
against
Anthony
,
and
stood
upon
their
guard
,
not
against
him
they
said
,
but
Domitius
,
Caesar's
declared
Enemy
;
upon
this
refusal
,
he
made
himself
Master
of
the
Haven
and
Isles
,
and
blocked
up
the
Place
.
This
Town
is
almost
encompassed
with
the
Sea
,
except
one
avenue
on
the
Land
side
,
which
Anthony
defended
by
a
Trench
fortified
by
many
Towers
.
He
sent
to
Pompey
,
to
advance
with
his
Forces
and
enter
Italy.
Anthony's
Troops
besides
took
Sigionte
in
Ausonia
,
and
Pompey
besieged
the
Cities
of
Thuria
and
Cosance
.
Caesar
marched
with
his
Army
in
all
haste
,
after
he
had
detached
Agrippa
,
against
Pompey
.
Agrippa
re-took
Sigionte
,
and
beat
Pompey
from
Thuria
.
The
Veterans
were
vexed
at
this
War
,
and
while
they
were
drawn
together
by
order
of
Caesar
to
goe
against
Pompey
,
as
soon
as
they
knew
Anthony
and
he
were
joined
,
they
refused
to
march
.
Caesar
,
though
he
found
they
were
so
distasted
,
made
them
follow
him
,
which
they
did
but
onely
out
of
a
design
to
come
to
an
agreement
.
In
the
mean
time
Anthony
had
sent
for
his
Army
from
Macedonia
and
hardly
pressed
the
besieged
.
He
had
besides
manned
several
Vessels
with
Peasants
and
useless
People
,
and
brought
them
into
the
Port
of
Brundusium
which
did
much
intimidate
the
besieged
,
thinking
he
had
been
re-inforced
with
considerable
Succours
.
He
had
here
a
misfortune
which
yet
he
fully
repaired
by
his
Valour
.
Servilius
,
one
of
his
Officers
,
with
1200
Horse
which
he
commanded
,
went
over
to
Caesar.
Anthony
received
this
News
as
he
was
at
Table
;
he
with
all
his
friends
that
were
with
him
immediately
rose
,
and
march'd
with
onely
400
Horse
to
Iria
,
where
Caesar
had
placed
a
body
of
Cavalry
of
1500.
These
men
,
astonished
with
the
presence
of
Anthony
,
whom
by
reason
of
the
Victory
of
Philippi
they
believed
invincible
,
yielded
to
him
,
and
he
brought
them
to
his
Camp
.
The
advanced
Parties
on
both
sides
came
up
to
the
very
Works
,
and
reproached
each
other
:
at
length
Caesar's
Souldiers
declared
to
Anthony's
that
they
were
come
thither
to
no
other
end
than
to
oblige
their
two
Generals
to
a
Peace
;
and
that
if
Anthony
would
not
yield
to
it
,
though
they
had
always
a
great
veneration
for
his
Valour
,
yet
they
were
too
much
obliged
to
Caesar
,
not
to
serve
him
till
death
.
As
Anthony
very
well
knew
their
Valour
and
Experience
;
these
Discourses
made
him
seriously
reflect
upon
the
Consequences
of
these
Jarrs
.
It
hapned
,
the
year
before
,
Caesar
had
sent
to
him
Cocceius
and
Cecinna
;
the
former
of
these
was
a
very
wise
,
well-meaning
man
,
and
equally
obliged
to
Anthony
and
Caesar
;
he
easily
foresaw
there
might
arise
some
difference
between
them
;
he
therefore
sent
back
Cecinna
,
and
staid
himself
with
Anthony
.
When
they
came
to
Brundusium
,
he
asked
permission
to
return
to
Caesar
,
offering
to
carry
any
Letter
from
him
.
Anthony
refused
to
write
,
telling
him
,
That
Caesar
was
his
Enemy
,
That
he
had
nothing
to
send
to
him
but
Reproaches
for
his
foul
dealing
,
which
he
had
already
told
him
by
Cecinna
:
however
added
laughing
,
If
you
please
,
I
'll
send
twice
as
many
Letters
by
you
to
the
same
purpose
.
Cocceius
answered
,
That
he
ought
not
to
account
Caesar
his
Enemy
who
had
had
so
much
consideration
for
his
brother
Lucius
and
his
other
friends
.
'T
is
then
,
replied
Anthony
,
out
of
pure
friendship
that
he
shuts
the
Gates
of
Brundusium
against
me
,
debauches
my
Souldiers
,
and
seizeth
upon
the
Provinces
that
are
fallen
to
my
share
;
for
,
as
to
his
Civilities
,
we
understand
the
motives
of
them
well
enough
;
he
uses
my
friends
well
,
that
by
his
self-interested
Liberalities
he
may
make
them
my
Enemies
.
Cocceius
finding
him
too
much
moved
,
would
insist
upon
it
no
longer
,
but
went
to
Caesar
,
who
appeared
amazed
at
his
return
and
reproached
him
with
his
long
stay
among
his
Enemies
.
After
some
Excuses
,
which
Caesar
took
in
good
part
,
Cocceius
laid
before
him
the
Reasons
Anthony
pretended
he
had
to
complain
of
him
,
upon
which
Caesar
to
clear
himself
said
,
He
had
not
taken
the
Command
of
the
Army
from
the
Son
of
Calenus
,
a
young
man
and
unexperienced
,
but
onely
to
hinder
the
design
of
Lucius
,
who
intended
to
re-establish
the
Authority
of
the
Common-wealth
;
and
that
it
was
contrary
to
his
Orders
that
the
Gates
of
Brundusium
were
shut
against
him
;
but
that
those
who
commanded
there
thought
they
were
obliged
to
it
,
seeing
Anthony
allied
with
Pompey
their
common
Enemy
,
and
accompanied
with
Domitius
one
of
the
Assassines
of
his
Father
Julius
,
and
who
had
declared
himself
his
Enemy
by
several
acts
of
hostility
.
Cocceius
answered
,
It
was
true
,
that
by
their
Treaty
they
engaged
themselves
not
to
enter
into
any
Alliance
with
the
Murtherers
of
Julius
Caesar
,
and
that
Anthony
had
not
,
neither
would
he
ever
forget
the
respect
he
owed
to
his
memory
;
that
Domitius
was
none
of
the
Conspiracy
,
not
being
named
in
the
Decree
made
against
them
:
It
was
true
indeed
,
he
had
followed
Brutus
;
but
if
he
intended
to
call
in
question
all
those
that
had
done
the
like
,
he
would
have
enough
to
doe
:
As
for
Pompey
,
Anthony
had
not
called
him
to
the
War
but
for
his
assistence
in
case
he
were
attacked
,
or
to
bring
them
to
accommodation
,
if
he
found
Caesar
disposed
to
it
.
That
besides
,
He
thought
himself
obliged
to
tell
him
,
that
he
himself
was
partly
the
cause
of
their
joining
,
by
his
making
War
with
the
friends
of
Anthony
in
Italy
,
without
which
,
none
durst
ever
have
entertained
any
correspondence
with
Pompey
.
Says
Caesar
then
,
Since
you
speak
of
Italy
,
you
should
not
forget
the
War
that
Fulvia
and
Manius
kindled
against
me
,
though
all
this
while
Pompey
had
never
the
courage
to
enterprise
any
thing
upon
this
Countrey
,
onely
now
he
ravages
the
Coasts
,
backed
with
the
assistence
of
Anthony
.
There
is
,
replies
Cocceius
,
something
more
than
this
,
which
I
will
not
offer
to
conceal
from
you
,
'T
is
not
the
Encouragement
of
Anthony
that
gives
Pompey
this
boldness
;
'T
is
his
positive
and
particular
Command
:
He
'
has
order
to
make
a
descent
,
and
land
his
whole
Army
,
which
is
very
considerable
,
and
not
barely
to
amuse
himself
to
spoil
the
Sea
coasts
,
but
bring
the
War
into
the
very
heart
of
Italy
,
if
you
do
not
quickly
make
Peace
'
.
Caesar
saw
well
enough
whither
these
Discourses
tended
,
and
did
not
in
the
least
take
it
amiss
from
Cocceius
;
he
onely
told
him
that
Pompey
had
not
yet
any
reason
to
value
himself
for
his
brave
Exploits
.
Cocceius
then
told
him
of
the
Death
of
Fulvia
,
caused
by
her
vexation
,
and
the
neglect
and
scorn
of
her
Husband
;
and
added
that
,
this
Obstacle
being
removed
,
there
wanted
nothing
but
to
come
to
a
clear
understanding
of
each
other
,
to
make
a
perfect
Reconciliation
.
Caesar
kept
Cocceius
at
Supper
,
and
made
him
lodge
with
him
,
but
he
could
not
be
prevailed
upon
to
write
to
Anthony
;
he
onely
complained
of
Iulia
,
because
she
chose
rather
to
retire
into
Sicily
,
than
give
him
an
opportunity
of
shewing
her
the
respect
he
always
had
for
her
,
as
being
his
Kinswoman
;
and
that
he
would
honour
her
no
less
than
his
own
Mother
:
he
prayed
Cocceius
to
assure
Iulia
of
his
Sentiments
to
her
,
and
so
sent
him
back
to
Anthony
:
as
he
went
,
he
saw
Caesar's
chief
Officers
and
many
old
Souldiers
,
who
all
testified
the
earnest
desire
they
had
of
an
Accommodation
,
because
they
were
not
willing
to
bear
Arms
against
Anthony
:
he
therefore
informed
him
of
the
Intentions
of
Caesar's
Souldiers
,
and
advised
him
to
cause
Pompey
to
retire
to
his
Island
,
and
send
away
Domitius
.
Iulia
by
her
Authority
seconded
his
Councils
,
so
that
Anthony
desired
Pompey
to
carry
back
his
Troops
to
Sicily
,
and
sent
Domitius
to
command
in
Bithynia
:
Upon
this
the
Souldiers
of
both
Armies
named
three
Commissioners
to
mediate
the
Accommodation
.
Pollio
was
appointed
on
Anthony's
side
,
Mecoenas
by
Caesar
,
and
Cocceius
who
had
the
greatest
share
in
this
negotiation
,
had
the
honour
to
be
the
Arbitratour
.
Mecoenas
,
so
well
known
by
the
praises
of
Virgil
and
Horace
,
was
a
Gentleman
of
an
exquisite
well-turned
wit
,
of
a
very
gentle
taking
humour
,
his
merit
joined
with
expertness
in
business
made
him
be
much
loved
by
Caesar
,
whose
favour
he
shared
with
Agrippa
.
The
latter
rendred
himself
considerable
by
his
great
services
,
the
former
by
his
wit
;
the
one
had
his
esteem
,
the
other
his
affection
.
Mecoenas
was
of
an
illustrious
race
,
which
he
derived
from
the
ancient
Kings
of
Hetruria
,
however
he
contented
himself
with
the
degree
of
a
Roman
Knight
,
making
all
the
end
of
his
Ambition
to
merit
the
Favour
of
his
Master
,
and
protect
and
advance
desert
wherever
he
found
it
.
The
testimonies
of
this
generous
and
bountifull
disposition
are
seen
with
admiration
in
the
Works
of
the
greatest
Men
of
his
Age
;
he
heaped
his
Liberalities
upon
them
to
that
degree
till
they
were
obliged
to
say
,
they
had
nothing
more
to
wish
for
:
this
Generosity
of
his
has
appeared
so
great
an
example
to
those
that
have
pretended
to
be
eminent
for
wit
or
learning
,
that
in
all
Ages
since
,
their
Protectours
have
been
honoured
with
the
Name
of
this
illustrious
Roman
,
to
excite
them
to
follow
his
Example
.
The
Mediatours
had
order
to
propose
to
the
two
Generals
a
perfect
Oblivion
of
all
matters
of
complaint
;
to
enter
into
a
perpetual
firm
Bond
of
friendship
;
and
to
establish
it
yet
more
by
the
tyes
of
bloud
,
the
Souldiers
desired
Anthony
should
marry
Octavia
,
Caesar's
sister
:
she
was
the
Widow
of
Marcellus
,
by
whom
she
had
a
Son
who
afterward
dyed
very
young
,
when
his
merit
and
vertues
were
preparing
for
him
the
Government
of
the
World
,
by
succeeding
Augustus
in
the
Empire
:
It
was
of
him
that
Virgil
said
,
the
Destinies
had
onely
shewn
him
to
the
Earth
,
and
taken
him
away
,
fearing
lest
Rome
should
have
had
too
much
vanity
for
the
possession
of
so
much
good
.
Caesar
had
an
extreme
love
and
tenderness
for
his
Sister
,
though
they
were
not
by
the
same
Mother
;
and
,
to
doe
her
justice
,
never
any
of
her
sex
deserved
so
much
esteem
for
her
excellent
qualities
:
her
beauty
was
the
least
thing
that
Octavia
prized
in
her self
,
which
yet
outshined
all
that
was
glorious
both
at
Rome
and
elsewhere
,
and
even
Anthony
himself
yielded
that
Cleopatra
could
not
dispute
even
this
with
her
:
she
onely
valued
her self
upon
her
vertue
,
all
her
Sentiments
were
generous
and
noble
;
and
though
all
her
actions
were
animated
by
an
incomparable
grace
and
carriage
,
yet
her
greatest
charm
was
sweetness
and
modesty
,
this
gallant
Character
she
always
maintained
with
a
most
admirable
constancy
notwithstanding
all
the
debauches
of
her
Husband
.
All
these
Conditions
of
the
Treaty
were
agreed
to
;
Caesar
and
Anthony
had
an
enterview
and
embraced
in
the
middle
of
the
two
Armies
,
who
by
their
Acclamations
testified
their
Joy
for
it
:
but
these
rejoycings
lasted
not
long
,
for
Caesar's
Souldiers
addressed
to
Anthony
for
the
recompences
he
had
promised
them
after
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
and
because
he
gave
them
a
fierce
denial
and
repulse
,
they
had
used
some
violence
to
him
,
if
Caesar
with
large
Promises
had
not
appeased
them
.
These
two
Generals
then
made
a
new
Division
.
Anthony
had
all
the
Provinces
of
the
East
to
Euphrates
,
from
a
line
drawn
through
the
middle
of
the
Ionian
Sea
,
from
Cadropolis
a
City
of
Illyria
to
Cyrene
in
Africk
;
all
from
that
line
to
the
Ocean
fell
to
Caesar.
Lepidus
remained
in
possession
of
Africk
.
It
was
concluded
,
that
Anthony
should
make
War
with
the
Parthians
and
Caesar
with
Pompey
,
if
he
refused
to
submit
to
reasonable
conditions
;
that
Caesar
should
give
Domitius
the
same
assurance
that
Anthony
had
,
and
pardon
all
those
that
had
born
Arms
against
him
at
Perusia
.
This
plainly
manifests
that
in
a
Civil
War
,
the
Heads
for
the
most
part
consider
their
own
Interests
,
by
which
alone
they
regulate
their
hatred
or
their
friendship
.
To
these
Conditions
they
added
also
that
the
Triumviri
might
in
Italy
levy
as
many
Souldiers
as
they
had
occasion
for
.
Anthony
sent
Ventidius
against
the
Parthians
,
and
Helenus
,
Caesar's
freed-man
,
went
into
Sardinia
,
where
Menas
made
War
with
Lucius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
.
Menas
had
already
destroyed
and
spoiled
the
Coasts
of
[
*
](A33186-e81310-b)
*
Tuscany
.
Hetruria
,
and
taken
Titius
,
who
was
gathering
Forces
in
Gallia
Narbonensis
.
Pompey
pardoned
Titius
in
favour
of
his
Father
who
was
with
him
in
Sicilia
,
and
because
his
had
the
name
of
Pompey
written
on
their
shields
;
but
afterwards
we
shall
see
that
Titius
requited
this
favour
with
a
piece
of
horrible
ingratitude
.
As
for
Menas
,
after
some
skirmishes
,
he
beat
Lucius
and
took
Helenus
,
whom
with
the
other
Prisoners
he
sent
to
Caesar
;
but
he
,
provoked
with
the
loss
of
Sardinia
,
would
not
hear
of
any
Accommodation
with
Pompey
.
The
two
Triumviri
went
to
Rome
,
where
Anthony
married
Octavia
with
a
dispensation
of
the
Senate
,
because
Widows
were
forbid
to
marry
till
the
tenth
month
after
their
Husbands
decease
.
All
Reconciliations
between
great
Men
are
ever
made
at
some
body's
cost
;
whether
it
is
they
imagine
their
confidence
to
be
more
firmly
established
by
these
Sacrifices
they
make
one
another
,
or
that
a
Secret
is
burthensome
to
them
,
or
that
they
vent
their
common
fury
and
discontent
upon
some
unfortunate
perfidious
person
,
who
by
taking
his
measures
on
both
sides
,
and
Trimming
,
thinks
to
make
his
fortune
;
but
so
it
was
,
that
Salvidienus
was
the
Victim
of
this
Reconciliation
.
Anthony
revealed
to
Caesar
,
that
this
Man
had
offered
him
his
Troops
and
his
Service
when
he
sent
him
into
Gall
,
and
had
repeated
these
Offers
to
him
at
Brundusium
.
Caesar
,
mortally
offended
at
this
perfidiousness
,
accused
him
before
the
Senate
;
he
was
by
it
declared
Foe
to
Caesar
and
the
People
of
Rome
,
and
dragged
to
punishment
;
there
were
publick
Prayers
made
and
Thanks
given
to
the
Gods
for
the
discovery
of
this
Treason
.
Anthony
was
blamed
for
discovering
this
,
and
censured
for
being
too
fond
of
a
new-made
friendship
:
he
on
his
part
would
make
his
Justice
remarkable
in
putting
Manius
to
death
,
who
had
been
the
principal
Authour
of
the
War
of
Perusia
and
Instigatour
of
the
ungovern'd
Passions
of
Fulvia
.
CHAP.
XV.
Rome
afflicted
with
Famine
;
the
People
mutiny
against
Anthony
and
Caesar
;
they
agree
with
Pompey
;
his
Generosity
.
THE
People
of
Rome
had
but
very
little
share
in
the
rejoicing
for
this
marriage
;
they
were
reduced
to
a
very
great
extremity
by
the
dearth
of
Corn.
Pompey
who
was
Master
of
Sicilia
hindred
the
traffick
and
importation
from
Greece
and
the
East
,
and
his
Lieutenants
in
Sardinia
stopp'd
that
of
Africk
and
Spain
.
One
cannot
but
wonder
that
this
People
who
treated
all
other
Nations
as
Slaves
,
at
this
time
were
dying
of
hunger
,
without
their
assistence
;
such
a
dependence
they
were
reduced
to
,
which
was
without
doubt
by
reason
of
the
incredible
number
of
the
Inhabitants
and
the
Desolation
the
Wars
had
made
in
Italy
;
and
this
is
no
ordinary
Example
of
the
revolution
of
humane
things
,
that
at
this
time
Africa
was
the
refuge
,
and
as
one
may
say
,
the
Nurse
of
Rome
.
Anthony
pressed
Caesar
either
to
an
Accommodation
with
Pompey
,
or
to
a
vigorous
open
War
with
him
,
to
open
the
Trade
;
but
they
wanted
Money
,
which
obliged
them
to
lay
on
two
Impositions
,
the
one
of
four
drachma's
and
a
half
for
every
Slave
,
the
other
upon
Successions
and
Legacies
left
by
Testaments
.
The
People
irritated
by
want
,
rose
up
in
opposition
to
these
Edicts
,
and
assaulted
Caesar
in
the
Forum
;
and
Anthony
going
to
his
aid
was
at
first
spared
by
the
Rabble
,
who
cryed
out
,
and
bid
him
retire
while
he
advised
them
to
be
peaceable
;
but
when
he
endeavoured
to
scatter
the
Mutineers
,
they
threw
Stones
at
him
too
,
and
he
had
like
to
have
been
slain
,
if
he
had
not
drawn
some
Troops
which
were
encamped
just
without
into
the
Town
,
who
charged
the
Mobile
and
killed
several
of
them
,
and
the
Souldiers
threw
their
bodies
into
the
Tyber
.
This
chastising
of
them
quelled
the
Mutiny
,
but
not
the
Famine
;
and
therefore
Anthony
was
forced
to
write
to
Libo
,
to
desire
him
to
come
to
Rome
.
Pompey
,
as
was
said
before
,
was
Libo's
Son-in-law
,
and
Caesar
had
married
his
Sister
.
Libo
came
as
far
as
the
Island
of
[
*
](A33186-e81910-b)
*
Ischia
.
Aenaria
,
where
he
expected
his
Pass-ports
;
no
sooner
was
his
Voyage
known
at
Rome
,
but
the
People
tumultuously
assembled
to
demand
Peace
of
the
Triumviri
,
and
threatned
Mutia
,
Pompey's
Mother
,
to
burn
her
in
her
own
house
if
she
did
not
incline
her
Son
to
it
.
It
was
no
less
desired
on
his
side
.
Murcus
,
whose
credit
with
him
was
very
great
,
advised
it
with
all
earnestness
.
Menas
alone
opposed
it
for
his
own
particular
interest
,
because
he
was
onely
valued
by
Pompey
for
his
experience
in
War
:
he
wrote
to
him
,
that
Murcus
aspired
to
the
Sovereign
Authority
,
which
Pompey
too
easily
believed
upon
the
instigation
of
this
enfranchized
Slave
.
Murcus
by
his
usage
soon
perceived
it
,
which
made
him
retire
to
Syracusa
,
where
he
was
murthered
by
some
Slaves
,
whom
afterwards
Pompey
executed
,
to
clear
himself
from
the
Murther
.
It
was
believed
however
that
he
was
the
Authour
of
it
,
or
that
Menas
had
done
it
by
his
order
.
This
Action
very
much
displeased
the
Senatours
that
were
retired
to
Pompey
,
who
by
this
saw
themselves
exposed
to
the
capricious
humour
of
a
Man
governed
by
Creatures
whose
base
originals
and
condition
made
them
capable
of
all
sorts
of
Villany
.
In
the
mean
time
Libo
came
to
Rome
,
and
persuaded
Caesar
and
Anthony
to
an
enterview
with
Pompey
,
that
they
in
person
,
face
to
face
,
might
put
an
end
to
their
differences
.
Pompey
at
the
earnest
solicitation
of
all
his
Officers
,
not
being
able
to
refuse
this
,
with
his
Fleet
advanced
to
[
*
](A33186-e82130-b)
*
Puzzolo
.
Puteoli
,
there
was
a
kind
of
a
Mole
made
,
where
the
Mount
Misenus
runs
into
the
Sea
,
for
the
convenience
of
the
Conference
.
Pompey
and
Libo
in
a
Gally
,
and
the
two
others
upon
the
Peere
.
Pompey
immediately
demanded
to
be
an
Associate
in
the
Empire
instead
of
Lepidus
,
which
was
absolutely
refused
,
as
a
piece
of
injustice
they
scorned
to
use
to
their
Companion
that
was
absent
;
there
was
much
contest
about
this
Article
,
and
they
parted
without
doing
any
thing
.
The
following
days
they
treated
by
Deputies
.
Pompey
then
let
fall
this
Pretension
,
so
that
all
the
difficulty
of
the
Negotiation
was
reduced
to
these
three
Articles
.
1.
That
those
who
were
Accomplices
in
the
Assassination
of
Iulius
Caesar
should
be
onely
banished
into
some
Place
they
would
make
choice
of
themselves
.
2.
That
those
who
for
other
causes
were
proscribed
,
should
have
liberty
of
returning
to
Rome
.
And
,
3.
That
these
last
should
be
restored
to
their
Estates
.
Anthony
and
Caesar
rejected
the
two
first
Articles
,
and
onely
granted
the
Proscripts
,
who
were
none
of
the
Conspiratours
,
leave
to
buy
their
Estates
.
Those
who
were
about
Pompey
,
terrified
by
the
Example
of
Murcus
,
consented
to
return
to
Rome
upon
this
condition
.
But
he
was
very
much
displeased
with
them
for
it
,
and
tearing
his
Clothes
for
very
rage
and
spight
,
called
them
Deserters
and
Fugitives
;
and
said
that
of
all
his
friends
Menas
alone
had
given
him
faithfull
and
●ninterested
counsell
.
In
the
end
,
the
People
of
Rome
pressing
on
one
side
,
and
Mutia
and
Iulia
on
the
other
,
they
had
a
second
enterview
,
and
the
Treaty
was
concluded
upon
these
Conditions
;
That
from
this
moment
the
War
should
cease
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
That
Commerce
and
Navigation
should
be
free
;
That
Pompey
should
withdraw
his
Troops
from
Italy
;
That
he
should
not
retain
the
Slaves
that
fled
to
him
.
That
he
should
suffer
to
Inroads
or
Descents
to
be
made
upon
the
Coasts
or
in
the
Ports
of
Italy
;
That
he
should
build
no
more
Vessels
than
those
he
had
already
;
and
that
he
should
immediately
send
all
the
Corn
he
had
stored
up
to
Rome
:
upon
this
Condition
they
granted
him
for
five
years
Sicilia
,
Sardinia
,
Corsica
,
and
all
the
Isles
which
he
was
in
possession
of
,
and
Peloponnesus
.
All
the
rest
of
the
Roman
Empire
to
remain
to
the
Triumviri
.
They
agreed
besides
,
That
Pompey
might
in
his
absence
,
by
any
of
his
friends
,
demand
the
Consulship
,
and
that
he
should
have
the
dignity
of
Pontifex
or
High-priest
.
As
for
those
who
were
proscribed
,
all
those
who
had
not
had
a
hand
in
the
Conspiracy
might
return
to
Rome
;
those
who
had
not
committed
any
Crime
,
but
were
fled
to
Pompey
onely
for
fear
▪
should
enjoy
all
their
Estates
,
and
the
culpable
the
fourth
part
onely
.
The
Slaves
which
had
served
under
Pompey
should
be
declared
free
;
and
the
free
Souldiers
,
after
their
time
of
Service
was
expired
,
should
have
their
share
of
the
division
of
Lands
,
as
those
of
Caesar
and
Anthony
.
This
Treaty
was
signed
by
the
three
Chiefs
,
and
after
it
was
sealed
they
sent
it
to
Rome
,
to
be
deposited
in
the
hands
of
the
Vestals
.
They
then
agreed
to
treat
each
other
,
as
a
mark
and
token
of
their
sincere
reconciliation
.
Pompey
chose
to
begin
,
and
when
Caesar
and
Anthony
asked
him
where
he
would
receive
them
;
shewing
them
his
Galley
,
answered
pleasantly
,
In
my
Vessels
.
The
word
Carinas
in
Latine
signifies
Vessels
or
Ships
,
and
was
likewise
the
name
of
a
Place
in
Rome
where
Pompey
the
Great
had
a
noble
Palace
,
which
Anthony
had
seized
on
by
right
of
Confiscation
▪
He
understood
the
Raillery
well
enough
,
but
here
we
must
allow
that
Caesar
and
he
extremely
forgot
their
prudence
upon
this
occasion
;
and
this
entertainment
had
like
to
have
cost
them
dear
,
if
Pompey
had
not
had
a
generous
great
Soul
:
as
he
was
at
Table
with
Caesar
and
Anthony
,
and
they
began
to
railly
Anthony
upon
his
fondness
for
Cleopatra
,
Menas
approached
Pompey
,
and
whispering
him
in
the
Ear
told
him
,
My
Lord
,
You
may
now
revenge
the
death
of
your
father
and
brother
,
and
make
your self
master
of
the
world
;
't
is
but
cutting
the
Cables
,
let
me
alone
for
the
rest
.
The
blow
was
sure
,
and
the
temptation
violent
.
Pompey
had
there
all
his
Fleet
in
Battalia
,
and
the
Troops
of
the
other
two
were
ashoar
.
He
,
after
a
little
pause
,
answered
him
,
Menas
may
violate
his
faith
,
that
may
be
fit
for
him
,
but
not
for
Pompey
.
We
have
already
mentioned
,
that
it
was
a
very
unfortunate
thing
to
have
the
Character
of
great
men
onely
from
Historians
,
who
either
through
fear
or
flattery
decryed
the
Enemies
of
the
Prince
they
followed
.
Velleius
,
who
wrote
in
the
time
of
Augustus
,
gives
us
a
very
ill
Portraicture
of
Pompey
.
'T
is
easily
perceived
he
had
not
all
the
prudence
and
dexterity
of
wit
that
Caesar
had
,
that
was
rather
a
defect
in
his
education
;
but
that
nobleness
of
mind
which
he
drew
from
his
birth
and
disposition
,
and
which
he
shewed
here
against
his
own
Interest
,
is
enough
to
cover
all
his
defects
,
and
ought
to
oblige
them
to
treat
his
memory
more
favourably
,
which
even
this
action
alone
is
sufficient
to
render
illustrious
.
Plutarch
relates
this
adventure
somewhat
differently
,
he
makes
Pompey
give
this
answer
to
the
Proposal
of
Menas
;
You
should
have
done
it
without
telling
me
,
but
now
I
'm
of
opinion
we
ought
to
keep
our
word
,
and
keep
inviolable
that
faith
we
have
engaged
.
We
may
perceive
by
this
Answer
that
so
considerable
an
advantage
joined
to
the
pleasure
of
Revenge
,
at
first
surprized
his
Generosity
,
but
it
was
onely
to
make
it
break
out
with
greater
force
,
and
triumph
the
more
in
rejecting
a
perfidious
action
,
what
profit
soever
might
accrue
,
and
for
this
reason
this
act
of
his
deserves
no
less
praise
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
The
People's
Ioy
upon
the
first
News
of
the
Peace
.
Caesar
goes
into
Gaul
,
and
Anthony
stays
at
Athens
.
THese
Diversions
did
not
hinder
them
from
thinking
of
more
firmly
establishing
their
Authority
by
Alliances
.
Pompey
promised
his
daughter
to
Marcus
Marcellus
the
Son
of
Octavia
,
and
they
named
the
Consuls
for
the
four
following
years
.
Anthony
and
Libo
were
declared
the
first
,
on
condition
that
Anthony
might
exercise
his
Office
by
the
deputation
of
one
of
his
friends
;
Caesar
and
Pompey
were
designed
the
second
;
Domitius
and
Sosius
the
third
;
and
Anthony
and
Caesar
were
appointed
to
succeed
them
for
the
fourth
.
Upon
this
they
parted
.
Pompey
returned
to
Sicilia
,
and
the
two
Triumviri
to
Rome
.
This
Peace
,
which
put
an
end
to
all
the
Civil-wars
,
was
received
and
welcomed
through
all
Italy
with
an
incredible
Joy
;
the
People
whereever
they
past
offered
publick
Sacrifices
;
they
ran
in
Crowds
before
them
,
giving
them
a
thousand
Thanks
and
Praises
.
The
Romans
above
all
witnessed
their
satisfaction
by
Bonefires
,
Games
and
publick
Feasts
:
they
had
prepared
them
a
magnificent
entry
;
but
Anthony
and
Caesar
refused
that
honour
,
and
went
into
Rome
by
night
:
those
onely
were
troubled
at
the
Peace
,
who
had
made
their
profit
and
advantage
by
the
Confiscations
of
the
banished
persons
which
they
had
usurped
,
and
which
got
them
powerfull
Enemies
,
for
all
the
proscribed
persons
returned
to
Rome
after
they
had
assured
Pompey
of
their
eternal
acknowledgments
and
obligations
to
him
.
Thus
had
he
the
glory
of
preserving
many
illustrious
members
of
the
Republick
,
as
Tiberius
,
Silanus
,
Sentius
,
Arontius
the
Son
of
Cicero
,
and
other
Senatours
;
their
return
redoubled
the
Romans
Joy
,
who
for
this
gave
publick
thanks
to
the
Gods
.
Caesar
,
to
keep
his
Souldiers
exercised
and
in
military
discipline
,
of
which
Idleness
is
the
greatest
plague
and
destruction
,
sent
one
part
of
his
Forces
into
Dalmatia
,
and
led
the
rest
himself
into
Gaul
,
where
some
Rebels
had
begun
to
make
some
stirs
.
Anthony
,
who
remained
at
Rome
,
left
it
some
time
after
,
to
go
to
the
Parthian
War
.
Before
he
went
,
he
caused
to
be
ratified
by
the
Senate
all
he
had
done
in
Asia
;
and
besides
,
approve
all
he
had
designed
to
doe
for
the
future
.
The
Kings
he
had
established
were
confirmed
by
Ordinance
of
the
Senate
in
their
several
Kingdoms
,
as
Darius
in
Pontus
,
Pharnaces
in
Idumaea
,
Herod
in
Iudaea
,
Amintas
in
Pisidia
,
and
Polemon
in
Cilicia
.
One
part
of
his
Troops
was
sent
into
Illy●ria
,
another
against
the
Dardanians
,
and
the
rest
into
Epirus
.
The
City
of
Athens
he
chose
to
pass
the
Winter
away
in
with
Octavia
,
in
this
place
he
pleased
himself
so
much
,
that
he
intirely
gave
himself
over
to
his
pleasures
and
diversions
,
quitting
all
the
tokens
and
marks
of
his
Authority
to
live
like
a
private
person
.
At
the
publick
Games
and
Exercises
he
assisted
clad
in
Grecian
habit
,
and
took
the
pains
himself
to
part
the
Combatants
.
In
his
Court
there
was
no
business
talked
of
but
onely
Learning
and
Philosophy
.
He
often
visited
the
Academia
,
the
Lyceum
,
and
those
places
destined
to
the
study
of
Philosophy
which
have
given
so
much
reputation
to
that
famous
City
.
He
spent
whole
days
to
hear
their
Disputations
and
their
Conferences
;
their
Feasts
and
Entertainments
always
ended
these
pleasing
Diversions
,
and
these
Treats
were
not
made
with
the
Profusion
of
the
Aegyptians
,
but
according
to
the
Sobriety
and
Modesty
of
the
Greeks
.
Octavia
went
with
him
every
where
:
In
this
charming
Wife
he
enjoyed
all
the
delights
of
Cleopatra
,
and
those
excellent
Vertues
besides
,
which
the
Aegyptian
had
not
.
Octavia
had
certainly
been
Mistress
of
his
Heart
,
if
she
had
not
had
the
misfortune
of
being
his
Wife
:
but
Anthony
was
one
of
those
who
think
all
innocent
pleasures
insipid
.
But
Octavia
had
not
onely
this
Rival
,
the
extravagance
of
the
Athenians
went
as
far
as
heaven
to
find
her
out
another
;
however
●ordid
Flatterers
were
never
better
served
;
Anthony
they
always
called
Bacchus
,
and
in
this
quality
all
mortals
were
much
below
him
;
they
proposed
he
should
marry
Minerva
,
the
Patroness
of
their
City
.
Anthony
accepted
of
the
match
;
but
for
the
more
honour
of
such
an
Alliance
,
he
asked
a
thousand
talents
for
her
portion
;
but
says
one
of
the
Match-makers
pleasantly
to
him
,
My
Lord
,
Jupiter
asked
nothing
with
your
Mother
Semele
.
Anthony
,
however
he
laugh'd
at
this
Jest
,
would
bate
nothing
of
the
Sum.
It
was
levyed
upon
all
the
Inhabitants
,
who
revenged
themselves
according
to
their
custome
,
that
is
,
by
raillery
,
of
which
the
Love
of
Cleopatra
was
the
principal
subject
.
Under
the
Statue
of
Anthony
they
wrote
these
words
,
Octavia
and
Minerva
,
to
Anthony
,
take
the
baggage
again
,
and
let
's
part
.
He
laugh'd
at
their
Jests
,
but
took
their
money
,
though
Dellius
,
to
mortifie
them
the
more
,
made
as
if
he
seriously
told
him
he
acted
against
the
Roman
Laws
,
which
allowed
three
years
for
the
payment
of
a
Portion
.
As
soon
as
the
Winter
was
passed
,
Anthony
re-assumed
with
the
marks
of
his
dignity
all
the
Majesty
of
an
Emperour
;
he
was
no
more
seen
but
in
the
company
of
his
Commanders
.
Athens
was
filled
with
Souldiers
,
who
soon
scared
away
the
Muses
.
He
received
the
Ambassadours
of
all
the
Princes
,
and
thought
of
nothing
but
putting
his
Fleet
to
Sea
,
building
of
Gallies
,
and
preparing
all
things
necessary
for
the
War
he
was
going
to
undertake
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
New
Causes
of
breach
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
.
Caesar
marries
Livia
.
Several
Fights
between
the
Lieutenants
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
.
THE
Treaty
of
Peace
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
had
regulated
their
pretension
,
but
not
their
Ambition
;
it
had
not
extinguished
in
them
that
Enmity
which
was
in
a
manner
natural
to
them
,
considering
what
fatal
effects
it
had
produced
between
their
Fathers
,
whose
animosity
yet
subsisted
in
the
minds
of
their
adherents
:
the
apparent
subject
of
their
difference
was
Peloponnesus
.
Caesar
pretended
that
the
sums
due
upon
account
by
that
Province
were
by
the
Treaty
due
to
the
Triumviri
;
that
Pompey
ought
to
be
responsible
for
them
;
and
either
recover
it
,
or
permit
them
to
doe
it
.
Pompey
maintained
that
,
in
giving
him
that
Countrey
,
they
gave
it
him
exempt
from
all
Charges
:
he
had
still
a
very
formidable
Fleet
,
which
by
the
Council
of
Menas
he
daily
augmented
;
this
was
another
subject
of
Complaint
for
Caesar
,
who
,
at
taking
some
Pirates
,
they
owned
that
Pompey
had
given
them
Commissions
to
pillage
the
Coasts
of
Italy
:
It
hapned
that
the
Senatours
that
were
about
Pompey
,
offended
at
the
insolence
of
his
freed-men
,
killed
some
of
them
;
and
Menas
,
not
thinking
Pompey
concern'd
enough
for
it
,
was
disgusted
with
him
.
Philadelphus
,
the
Freed-man
of
Caesar
,
had
an
opportunity
of
seeing
Menas
in
the
heat
of
his
resentment
and
dealt
with
him
to
draw
him
to
the
service
of
Caesar
;
promising
him
the
Government
of
Sardinia
and
Corsica
,
with
three
Legions
.
Caesar
immediately
disowned
his
freed-man
,
not
being
willing
,
as
he
said
,
to
begin
the
War
;
he
wrote
to
Anthony
to
return
to
Italy
to
regulate
all
these
differences
by
his
Authority
:
but
though
Caesar
seemed
intirely
taken
up
by
such
important
affairs
,
he
found
some
in
another
place
which
were
much
more
agreeable
;
and
Livia
was
the
subject
of
them
.
The
beauty
of
this
woman
,
joined
with
a
refined
and
dextrous
wit
,
made
the
greater
impression
upon
his
heart
,
which
was
disgusted
at
the
bitter
insupportable
humour
of
Scribonia
,
since
it
is
a
known
truth
,
that
there
is
nothing
makes
a
Mistress
appear
more
advantageous
to
the
eyes
of
a
discontented
husband
,
than
the
reflexion
he
makes
upon
the
opposite
disagreeable
manners
of
an
ill
Wife
.
Caesar
could
not
long
hold
out
against
so
many
charms
on
one
side
,
nor
against
the
daily
vexations
Scribonia
gave
him
on
the
other
;
he
divorced
her
,
and
his
love
for
the
other
was
so
violent
,
that
either
by
his
entreaties
or
his
authority
he
obliged
Tiberius
to
yield
him
Livia
,
although
then
big
with
child
;
but
as
this
great
belly
was
an
obstacle
to
his
passion
,
he
consulted
the
Priests
,
to
know
if
it
was
lawfull
to
marry
her
in
this
condition
.
The
Answer
was
,
that
if
there
was
any
doubt
who
was
the
Father
of
the
child
,
it
was
unlawfull
to
marry
the
Mother
,
but
that
the
Vertue
of
Livia
leaving
no
room
for
doubt
,
Caesar
might
lawfully
receive
her
from
the
hands
of
her
Husband
,
according
to
the
custome
of
the
Roman
Laws
,
which
permitted
divorce
.
Perhaps
,
says
Dion
,
this
Answer
was
founded
upon
the
ancient
Law
;
but
if
it
had
not
,
they
would
have
been
cautious
to
have
decided
it
otherwise
.
In
the
Ceremony
of
marriage
Tiberius
performed
the
office
of
Father
,
and
there
then
fell
out
an
accident
which
was
very
pleasant
.
Livia
had
with
her
a
little
child
who
usually
diverted
her
by
a
hundred
pretty
prattling
stories
,
and
seeing
she
was
at
Table
near
Caesar
,
and
that
Tiberius
was
in
another
place
farther
off
,
said
to
Livia
,
What
do
you
doe
there
,
Madam
?
Look
,
There
's
your
Husband
;
shewing
her
Tiberius
:
this
was
not
the
onely
Jest
upon
this
Subject
;
for
Livia
being
delivered
at
his
house
at
the
end
of
three
months
,
they
said
at
Rome
that
every
thing
favoured
the
fortunate
;
since
their
very
children
came
in
three
months
time
.
In
the
mean
while
,
the
Lieutenants
of
Caesar
had
got
together
a
great
number
of
Vessels
at
Ravenna
,
and
the
Forces
were
recalled
from
Gallia
when
Anthony
arrived
at
Brundusium
;
but
Caesar
not
being
there
at
the
time
appointed
,
he
returned
into
Greece
,
whether
it
was
because
he
was
ill
attended
,
or
that
he
had
some
mistrust
from
Caesar's
Fleet
which
was
very
strong
,
or
terrified
by
prodigies
,
is
uncertain
.
One
of
his
Sentinels
was
devoured
by
Wolves
,
who
left
nothing
of
him
whole
but
his
Face
,
and
the
main
Guard
which
was
near
perceived
nothing
of
it
;
and
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
told
Anthony
that
,
at
break
of
day
they
had
seen
a
Wolf
come
out
of
his
Tent.
Whatever
his
reasons
were
,
he
went
back
and
left
Letters
for
Caesar
,
whereby
he
exhorted
him
to
keep
to
the
Conditions
of
the
last
Treaty
,
and
claimed
Menas
as
belonging
to
him
from
the
succession
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
which
was
allotted
to
him
.
This
freed-man
without
any
more
deliberation
went
over
to
Caesar
to
have
his
protection
,
and
delivered
him
up
Sardinia
and
Corsica
:
he
was
very
well
received
by
Caesar
,
and
they
granted
him
all
the
rights
and
privileges
of
one
free-born
:
this
his
deserting
broke
all
the
measures
that
were
possible
to
be
taken
for
an
accommodation
.
Caesar
wrote
to
the
Senate
to
justifie
his
conduct
,
he
harangued
his
Army
,
and
made
his
Lieutenant
Calvisius
advance
,
and
he
soon
after
followed
accompanied
with
Menas
.
Pompey
was
then
at
Messana
,
from
whence
he
sent
out
his
Fleet
commanded
by
Menecrates
,
a
mortal
foe
to
Menas
;
the
two
Fleets
came
up
to
each
other
about
Sun
set
,
near
the
Island
of
Caesar's
Fleet
passed
the
night
in
the
Bay
of
Cumes
,
and
Menecrates
rode
at
Anchor
without
:
in
the
morning
he
made
up
to
the
enemies
who
lay
near
the
shoar
,
either
to
force
them
to
fight
or
to
run
foul
upon
the
Rock
.
Menecrates
was
the
more
advantageously
posted
by
reason
he
might
receive
assistence
from
the
Sea-ward
,
and
the
others
were
shut
up
between
the
Fleet
and
Shoar
,
and
had
nothing
but
their
valour
to
trust
to
;
as
for
Menas
,
he
was
courageous
even
to
rashness
;
who
as
he
had
distinguished
Menecrates
,
he
made
down
upon
him
with
extraordinary
fury
.
The
use
of
Cannon
was
not
known
in
those
days
,
so
that
Sea-fights
were
decided
by
handy-stroaks
,
grappling
the
Vessels
,
and
coming
board
and
board
,
after
they
had
born
the
first
shock
,
which
was
usually
very
violent
,
because
the
beak
or
spur
of
their
Gallies
was
armed
with
Iron
or
Brass
;
the
weakest
went
often
to
the
bottom
by
this
first
on-set
,
and
almost
all
their
Ships
of
war
had
Oars
in
the
nature
of
our
Gallies
to
goe
with
greater
force
.
The
first
brunt
of
these
freed-men
was
very
terrible
;
Menas
lost
the
beak
head
of
his
Gally
,
and
Menecrates
had
his
rudder
broke
.
Then
they
grappled
;
and
,
as
if
this
Fight
between
them
were
to
decide
the
fortune
of
the
Battel
,
they
fought
with
desperation
,
the
hatred
of
these
men
animating
them
as
much
as
glory
did
others
.
Menecrates
his
Vessel
was
h●gher
than
the
other
,
which
was
a
considerable
advantage
to
him
for
the
lancing
of
darts
,
which
were
thrown
downright
upon
that
of
Menas
,
who
,
by
his
extreme
courage
,
seconded
by
the
bravery
of
his
Souldiers
maintained
a
stout
Fight
,
though
he
had
a
pile
through
his
Arm
,
which
he
pulled
out
without
quitting
his
post
;
in
this
instant
Menecrates
was
hurt
in
his
Thigh
by
a
barbed
Dart
,
which
put
him
from
fighting
himself
;
and
,
though
he
still
encouraged
his
men
,
yet
Menas's
made
more
bold
by
this
advantage
boarded
his
Gally
so
vigorously
that
they
soon
made
themselves
Masters
of
it
.
Menecrates
,
in
despair
for
his
Defeat
,
threw
himself
into
the
Sea
,
rather
than
fall
into
the
hands
of
his
Enemy
,
who
sent
the
conquered
Ship
towards
the
shoar
,
and
he
himself
bore
down
to
help
Calvisius
,
who
fought
in
the
starboard
division
or
the
right
wing
of
the
Battel
.
This
Lieutenant
or
Vice-admiral
had
at
the
beginning
of
the
engagement
broke
the
larboard
division
or
left
wing
of
Pompey
;
but
,
as
he
too
closely
persued
those
that
ran
,
Demochares
,
Menecrates's
Vice-admiral
,
rallied
and
prest
the
remainder
of
Calvisius's
squadron
so
warmly
that
he
took
some
of
them
,
and
forced
the
others
to
buldge
upon
the
Rocks
,
where
he
burn'd
them
.
Calvisius
,
though
a
little
of
the
latest
,
perceived
his
errour
,
came
up
to
the
assistence
of
his
squadron
,
and
saved
some
of
them
,
and
,
night
coming
on
,
retired
into
the
Bay
of
Cumes
,
although
the
loss
fell
heaviest
on
Caesar's
side
.
Demochares
,
astonished
at
the
death
of
Menecrates
,
retreated
to
Sicilia
,
which
gave
opportunity
to
Calvisius
to
goe
out
of
this
Gulf
in
a
very
ill
equipage
.
Caesar
was
then
with
a
powerfull
Fleet
at
Tarentum
,
from
whence
he
went
to
Rhegium
to
attack
Pompey
,
who
had
onely
four
Sail
in
the
Port
of
Messana
.
Caesar
,
against
the
Advice
of
his
Officers
,
would
stay
for
Calvisius
,
in
the
mean
time
,
Demochares
joined
Pompey
,
who
made
Apollophanes
,
his
Rere-admiral
;
they
were
both
of
them
freed-men
,
and
certainly
these
fellows
,
whom
he
preferred
before
so
many
noble
Romans
,
had
either
a
great
deal
of
gallantry
and
desert
,
or
a
very
great
influence
over
him
:
In
this
Place
Caesar
received
the
News
of
the
Fight
at
Cumes
,
and
resolved
to
pass
the
Strait
or
Phare
of
Messina
to
meet
Calvisius
.
Pompey
,
seeing
him
engaged
in
this
narrow
passage
,
engaged
the
rere-most
Vessels
,
and
forced
the
others
to
draw
up
close
aboard
the
shoar
to
make
head
against
him
.
Demochares
,
having
a
Port
behind
him
,
attacked
them
with
great
advantage
in
this
narrow
strait
,
where
every
Ship
of
Caesar's
had
two
Enemies
upon
the
Bow
,
without
being
able
to
be
relieved
by
the
others
,
several
of
them
ran
a-shoar
either
purposely
or
forced
to
it
.
Caesar
himself
was
constrained
to
throw
himself
a-shoar
,
and
never
did
he
run
more
risque
than
at
this
time
;
and
as
he
went
upon
the
coast
to
rally
his
men
that
saved
themselves
out
of
the
shattered
Vessels
,
he
perceived
some
Brigantines
that
came
close
along
the
shoar
,
he
imagined
them
to
belong
to
his
own
Fleet
,
and
did
not
perceive
his
Errour
till
he
was
surrounded
by
the
Enemies
that
landed
.
The
knowledge
that
he
had
of
the
turning
ways
of
a
neighbouring
mountain
,
at
that
time
preserved
him
from
that
danger
to
throw
him
into
another
no
less
hazardous
.
A
Slave
of
Emilius
Paulus
,
who
was
then
with
Caesar
,
and
whose
Father
had
been
banished
,
believed
that
a
fit
opportunity
offered
it self
of
revenging
his
Master
.
He
came
near
to
Caesar
,
as
they
marched
in
disorder
,
and
stroke
at
him
with
his
Sword
;
the
darkness
of
the
night
made
him
miss
his
blow
,
and
he
was
immediately
killed
by
the
Souldiers
upon
the
Place
;
so
that
Fortune
,
or
,
to
speak
more
properly
,
Providence
preserved
in
one
day
from
three
imminent
dangers
the
Man
that
was
destined
for
the
Empire
of
the
World
.
When
he
had
gained
the
top
of
the
Mountain
,
he
rallied
as
many
of
his
Souldiers
as
he
could
.
In
the
mean
time
Cornificius
,
who
commanded
under
him
,
still
maintained
the
Combat
by
his
bravery
and
example
,
he
had
given
the
Galley
of
Demochares
so
rude
a
shock
that
he
sank
it
,
and
as
that
freed
man
went
aboard
another
,
he
perceived
Calvisius
and
Menas
,
who
came
to
Caesar's
assistence
:
This
made
him
sound
a
Retreat
,
to
the
great
wonder
of
Caesar's
Army
,
who
were
reduced
to
extremity
,
and
did
not
see
the
arrival
of
this
succour
.
The
weakness
of
the
Souldiers
,
and
the
ill
plight
of
the
Vessels
hindred
them
from
pursuing
the
Enemies
.
They
went
a-shoar
,
and
there
made
great
Fires
.
This
night
was
very
painfull
to
the
Souldiers
,
but
no
body
past
it
▪
with
more
perplexity
than
Caesar
himself
in
the
disquiet
,
to
know
the
fate
of
his
Fleet
:
these
Fires
,
which
he
descryed
from
the
top
of
the
mountain
,
gave
him
some
Hopes
,
which
he
endeavoured
to
inspire
the
Souldiers
with
that
were
with
him
.
But
incertainty
and
doubt
are
very
vexatious
,
and
the
state
he
left
his
Fleet
in
gave
him
mortal
apprehensions
.
His
Troops
that
were
spread
along
the
Coast
had
no
less
,
hearing
no
news
of
their
General
.
By
good
fortune
the
thirteenth
Legion
,
which
was
nearest
him
,
perceived
the
Fires
he
had
lighted
on
the
top
of
the
mountain
:
they
were
detached
to
know
what
it
was
;
and
when
they
understood
who
it
was
,
the
Souldiers
of
this
Legion
mounted
the
Rocks
without
following
any
Path
,
and
came
to
him
:
he
had
then
none
of
his
houshold
about
him
;
so
that
night
he
was
waited
on
by
the
Souldiers
:
he
sent
every
where
to
learn
news
of
his
Troops
;
and
knowing
Calvisius
was
safe
arrived
,
he
passed
the
rest
of
the
night
with
more
tranquillity
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
The
wreck
of
Caesar's
Fleet.
The
arrival
of
Anthony
at
Brundusium
.
He
agreed
with
Caesar
,
by
means
of
Octavia
.
THE
day
appearing
Caesar
saw
his
Vessels
stranded
upon
the
Coast
,
some
half
burnt
,
others
quite
consumed
,
the
Sea
was
all
covered
with
the
Wreck
;
but
that
which
afflicted
him
most
was
,
to
see
the
Enemy
approach
to
finish
his
Defeat
.
He
sent
to
Calvisius
to
put
the
remainders
of
his
Fleet
into
a
fighting
posture
;
and
he
himself
prepared
to
assist
him
.
The
Enemies
were
ready
drawn
up
in
battalia
,
without
moving
,
waiting
to
engage
Calvisius
as
soon
as
ever
he
began
to
work
:
When
immediately
the
Sea
began
to
run
very
high
with
a
Southerly
wind
.
Pompey
retired
into
the
Port
of
Messana
.
Menas
,
who
had
a
perfect
experience
in
Sea
affairs
,
stood
into
the
Ossin
with
his
Vessels
,
where
he
rode
with
all
his
Anchors
down
,
and
stemmed
the
head
Sea
with
the
force
of
his
Oars
:
so
the
greatest
fury
of
the
Storm
fell
upon
Caesar's
Gallies
,
who
were
anchored
close
by
the
shoar
,
and
had
ran
out
Booms
betwixt
them
and
it
,
to
hinder
their
striking
.
But
the
Wind
increasing
,
and
the
Sea
rolling
upon
them
very
furiously
,
all
fell
into
disorder
,
and
after
the
Cables
broke
and
gave
way
,
some
were
buldged
against
the
Rocks
,
and
others
stranded
.
The
noise
of
the
Storm
hindred
the
Pilots
from
being
heard
:
they
could
no
longer
work
the
Ships
;
so
that
in
this
confusion
falling
foul
of
one
another
,
the
weakest
were
split
by
the
stronger
.
There
one
might
see
Souldiers
,
Sailors
and
Officers
swallowed
by
the
Waves
,
or
else
half
dead
striving
to
swim
to
land
.
Night
came
on
and
increased
the
horrour
and
disorder
:
there
was
nothing
heard
but
lamentable
Cryes
mingled
with
the
noise
of
the
Waves
and
Wind.
One
cryed
out
for
help
,
another
called
to
his
Comrade
;
almost
all
of
them
bewailed
their
miserable
state
and
invoked
the
assistence
of
the
Gods
:
the
most
courageous
silently
waited
their
destiny
;
but
there
were
some
that
,
moved
by
a
fantastical
kind
of
despair
,
killed
themselves
,
as
if
in
Death
they
expected
something
worse
than
Death
it self
.
At
the
return
of
the
Sun
the
fury
of
the
Wind
slackned
,
and
some
time
after
the
Storm
ceased
.
The
Inhabitants
of
those
Coasts
affirmed
that
in
the
memory
of
Man
there
had
not
been
felt
any
so
terrible
as
this
.
In
this
Caesar
lost
two
thirds
of
his
Fleet
,
with
what
he
lost
in
the
Fight
:
to
shun
the
sight
of
this
dismal
spectacle
,
he
went
to
Vibonium
.
From
this
Place
he
sent
Orders
to
his
Lieutenants
,
to
double
their
care
and
their
guard
,
that
Pompey
upon
this
advantage
might
not
attempt
some
considerable
Enterprize
,
which
he
thought
not
on
in
the
least
,
for
which
oversight
he
was
very
much
blamed
;
nay
,
he
was
so
negligent
as
to
let
the
rest
of
Caesar's
shattered
Fleet
pass
by
him
to
Vibonium
;
but
this
carelesness
of
his
was
the
utter
ruine
of
all
his
Designs
and
of
his
Reputation
.
Caesar
went
into
Campania
very
much
afflicted
at
his
loss
:
he
now
found
himself
without
Ships
or
Money
,
and
the
People
of
Rome
famished
and
in
general
crying
out
against
this
War
:
he
dispatched
Mecoenas
to
Anthony
,
to
demand
his
assistence
,
and
to
explain
himself
upon
some
small
occasion
of
complaints
between
them
,
and
at
all
hazard
resolved
to
transport
his
Army
into
Sicilia
upon
Ships
of
burthen
and
Hulks
,
and
attack
Pompey
in
his
Isle
.
In
the
mean
time
the
City
of
Rome
was
much
terrified
with
the
Prodigies
which
hapned
at
that
time
:
from
Africk
there
came
News
,
that
at
Clypea
a
shoal
of
Dolphins
had
fought
with
so
much
fury
,
that
they
were
all
killed
;
that
it
had
rained
bloud
:
it
was
besides
observed
at
Rome
,
that
on
a
very
great
Festival
none
of
the
Senatours
had
eaten
in
the
Capitol
that
day
,
which
was
taken
for
a
very
ill
omen
.
One
of
these
Prodigies
onely
was
welcome
to
Caesar
,
because
it
was
very
pleasing
to
Livia
;
as
she
was
in
the
Countrey
,
an
Eagle
let
fall
into
her
lap
▪
a
milk
white
Hen
,
who
held
a
branch
of
Laurel
in
her
Bill
:
She
was
no
less
glad
than
surprized
at
so
extraordinary
an
adventure
.
She
bred
up
the
Hen
,
and
planted
the
Laurel
,
which
thrived
so
well
in
a
short
time
,
that
it
afforded
crowns
to
all
those
that
triumph'd
afterward
,
from
that
time
till
Nero
;
under
whom
this
Laurel
and
all
the
young
shoots
of
it
withered
all
on
a
sudden
,
and
at
the
same
time
ended
the
race
of
the
white
Hens
,
which
presaged
the
Death
of
that
Emperour
,
who
was
the
last
of
the
Caesar
Family
.
But
,
in
spight
of
all
these
dire
Portents
,
Caesar
had
intelligence
of
two
things
,
which
very
much
re-assured
him
;
the
one
was
,
that
Anthony
was
coming
to
his
aid
,
and
that
in
Agrippa
he
had
quite
routed
the
Gaules
in
a
very
great
Battel
.
This
turn
of
good
fortune
,
as
it
's
very
usual
,
confirmed
several
of
his
Party
to
his
Interest
,
who
by
this
time
began
to
waver
.
Every
one
strove
to
offer
him
Money
and
Vessels
,
by
which
means
he
set
forth
a
gallant
Fleet
,
which
at
this
time
very
much
raised
his
hopes
.
Anthony
arrived
at
Brundusium
with
three
hundred
Sail
,
giving
out
,
he
came
to
assist
Caesar
in
this
War
.
Caesar
could
very
well
have
dispensed
with
it
.
He
thought
he
was
already
too
powerfull
,
and
therefore
sought
all
manner
of
Pretences
to
excuse
his
going
to
meet
Anthony
,
who
was
not
over-well
satisfied
with
his
Proceedings
.
He
had
need
of
Souldiers
,
to
make
War
with
the
Parthians
;
and
willing
to
spare
the
charge
of
a
Fleet
,
he
designed
Caesar
should
take
his
Fleet
and
give
him
Land-forces
.
Octavia
offered
to
goe
to
her
Brother
,
to
clear
all
their
doubts
and
suspicions
,
and
induce
him
to
give
her
Husband
this
satisfaction
.
As
soon
as
Caesar
saw
her
,
he
gave
her
a
large
account
of
the
Dangers
he
had
run
in
his
War
with
Pompey
;
very
much
amplifying
them
and
Anthony's
negligence
in
assisting
him
.
Octavia
presently
stopp'd
his
Accusations
,
telling
him
,
Mecoenas
had
already
received
full
satisfaction
as
to
this
point
;
and
that
he
had
assured
that
there
should
be
no
more
said
of
it
.
Caesar
twitted
her
,
that
Anthony
had
sent
Callias
to
Lepidus
to
engage
him
to
make
War
against
him
.
She
replied
,
Callias
had
no
Commission
,
but
onely
to
propose
a
Match
between
his
son
and
Anthony
's
daughter
,
and
offered
to
deliver
him
up
the
man
,
that
he
might
draw
the
truth
from
him
by
torture
.
And
finding
Caesar
began
to
hearken
to
her
,
she
endeavoured
to
gain
his
Ministers
,
the
chief
of
whom
were
Agrippa
and
Mecoenas
:
they
had
both
of
them
a
profound
respect
for
Octavia
,
being
very
sensible
of
the
influence
she
had
over
her
Brother's
humour
.
You
see
,
said
she
,
Octavia
,
a
woman
of
the
greatest
quality
in
the
world
,
just
upon
the
point
of
being
made
the
most
miserable
of
her
sex
,
if
by
your
care
and
good
counsels
you
keep
her
not
from
these
misfortunes
.
All
the
Roman
Empire
has
their
eyes
upon
me
,
as
being
the
sister
of
Caesar
and
wife
of
Anthony
;
if
my
evil
destiny
should
carry
them
to
make
war
,
you
have
a
chance
of
fortune
in
favour
of
you
;
but
what
side
soever
falls
,
I
shall
be
unfortunate
,
and
shall
be
reduced
to
the
cruel
necessity
of
bewailing
the
loss
of
a
husband
or
a
brother
.
This
moving
Argument
,
joined
with
the
affection
Caesar
had
for
his
Sister
,
obliged
him
to
come
to
an
interview
with
Anthony
.
For
this
end
they
chose
a
place
between
Metapontum
and
Tarentum
,
upon
a
River
that
bears
the
name
of
the
latter
.
Anthony
came
thither
the
first
,
and
as
soon
as
he
saw
Caesar
coming
,
he
leaped
into
a
Boat
,
to
goe
and
receive
him
on
the
other
side
the
River
.
Caesar
,
not
to
be
behind-hand
with
him
in
Civility
,
hastily
advanced
in
another
Boat
;
they
met
in
the
midst
of
the
River
,
where
,
after
they
embraced
,
they
had
a
very
obliging
contest
,
on
which
side
they
should
land
;
Anthony
was
earnest
to
land
on
Caesar's
,
and
he
on
Anthony's
:
Caesar
at
last
prevailed
,
under
Pretence
of
waiting
on
his
Sister
who
was
returned
to
Tarentum
:
they
walked
together
to
this
Town
,
where
Caesar
spent
the
night
without
any
other
Guards
about
his
person
than
those
of
Anthony
,
who
next
day
went
likewise
without
Guards
,
and
lay
in
Caesar's
Camp
;
upon
which
Appion
says
very
well
,
that
this
excess
of
confidence
was
as
great
a
sign
of
their
Levity
,
as
the
differences
they
had
upon
every
slight
occasion
.
They
concluded
that
Caesar
should
put
off
his
Enterprize
against
Pompey
till
Spring
,
because
Anthony
could
no
longer
defer
his
expedition
against
the
Parthians
,
that
he
should
give
Caesar
120
Sail
,
who
should
furnish
him
with
two
Legions
of
Italian
Souldiers
;
and
Octavia
,
upon
her
own
account
,
gave
her
Brother
twenty
great
Vessels
,
the
best
that
were
in
her
Husband's
Fleet
,
and
Caesar
complemented
her
with
4000
old
Souldiers
,
to
increase
the
number
of
her
Guards
;
and
the
five
years
of
the
Triumvirate
being
almost
finished
,
they
prolonged
it
five
more
purely
by
their
own
Authority
,
without
valuing
the
consent
of
the
People
or
the
ratification
of
the
Senate
.
But
that
which
is
most
surprizing
in
this
Argument
is
,
that
Anthony
,
who
found
Octavia
so
amiable
,
who
so
much
admired
her
vertue
,
and
who
owed
to
her
care
all
the
advantages
he
reaped
by
this
Treaty
,
would
leave
her
and
a
daughter
he
had
by
her
in
Italy
;
and
,
for
all
this
,
Caesar
did
not
blame
the
injustice
of
his
Proceeding
.
The
reasons
they
both
had
for
their
proceeding
thus
are
not
come
to
our
knowledge
,
and
therefore
the
Historians
have
left
us
the
liberty
to
guess
at
them
.
'T
is
not
very
hard
to
divine
,
that
Anthony
,
returning
into
the
East
with
his
Soul
filled
with
the
imagination
of
those
pleasures
with
which
Cleopatra
had
so
long
charmed
him
,
he
look●d
upon
his
Wife
but
onely
as
an
obstacle
to
his
pleasures
,
upon
the
false
principle
of
men
of
his
character
;
that
all
the
honour
and
reputation
is
the
Wife
's
right
,
but
the
heart
and
affection
the
Mistresse's
.
And
as
he
knew
Octavia's
vertue
would
remain
unshaken
in
spight
of
all
his
ill-usage
and
infidelity
,
he
knew
he
could
leave
no
body
near
Caesar
who
would
inspire
him
with
better
Sentiments
for
him
and
his
interest
.
As
for
Caesar
,
whose
reach
was
so
extraordinary
,
although
he
were
very
sensible
of
this
injury
,
he
knew
well
enough
the
noise
Anthony's
usage
of
his
wife
would
make
in
the
World
,
and
how
it
would
load
him
with
all
the
hatred
of
the
Romans
,
who
had
a
great
veneration
for
his
Sister
;
and
therefore
,
it
may
be
,
was
very
glad
of
the
occasion
of
so
just
a
pretence
of
a
breach
with
Anthony
,
when
he
saw
it
was
most
for
his
advantage
.
At
this
time
Menas
,
incited
by
his
natural
levity
and
inconstancy
,
or
outraged
he
was
not
considered
as
he
deserved
,
abandoned
the
party
of
Caesar
,
and
returned
to
Pompey
with
his
Gallies
,
without
Calvisius
perceiving
his
revolt
;
which
made
Caesar
take
from
him
the
Command
of
the
Navy
,
to
give
it
to
Agrippa
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Caesar
puts
a
powerfull
Fleet
to
Sea
,
commanded
by
Agrippa
.
He
attacks
Pompey
in
Sicilia
.
Lepidus
comes
to
Caesar's
assistence
.
Several
Actions
.
AGrippa
,
the
better
to
acquit
himself
with
honour
in
this
Command
,
resolved
to
have
a
potent
Navy
at
Sea
,
and
to
fit
it
out
with
more
ease
and
convenience
,
he
made
use
of
two
Lakes
,
the
Lucrinus
and
the
Avernus
.
The
Lakes
were
Reservoirs
,
of
a
prodigious
extent
,
made
by
incredible
labour
and
expence
in
places
where
the
Sea
working
over
the
banks
in
foul
weather
had
naturally
formed
a
kind
of
Basin
or
Pool
:
in
these
Places
,
Art
assisting
Nature
had
hollowed
these
vast
Receptacles
,
and
made
them
capable
of
holding
a
great
Fleet
:
here
too
were
used
and
fattened
those
Oisters
,
Lampreys
and
other
Sea-fish
,
which
were
made
so
famous
by
being
made
the
chief
ingredients
of
the
Roman
Luxury
:
these
Places
had
communication
with
the
Sea
by
Sluices
.
Caesar
had
given
freedom
to
Twenty
thousand
Slaves
,
upon
condition
they
were
to
serve
at
the
Oar.
After
Agrippa
had
employed
the
remainder
of
this
year
and
all
the
next
to
build
several
Vessels
,
and
fit
out
the
other
,
he
daily
exercised
his
Souldiers
and
his
Chiorme
,
sometimes
by
Prizes
which
he
gave
the
best
Rowers
,
otherwhiles
by
Mock-fights
,
wherein
he
put
in
practice
all
the
necessary
motions
that
belonged
to
Sea-fights
:
by
this
means
he
trained
up
expert
Mariners
and
good
Souldiers
:
and
Caesar
,
who
knew
his
zeal
and
active
diligence
,
entirely
relied
on
him
.
But
as
the
Loss
he
had
formerly
sustained
was
believed
to
be
an
effect
of
the
anger
of
the
Gods
;
he
resolved
to
appease
them
with
great
Sacrifices
.
He
assembled
all
his
Navy
at
Puteoli
,
where
the
Ministers
designed
for
this
function
were
also
met
:
they
raised
Altars
on
the
Sea-shoar
,
which
were
sprinkled
with
the
Sea-water
,
in
sight
of
all
the
Souldiers
who
were
in
the
Vessels
in
a
profound
Silence
:
after
which
the
Sacrificers
in
Pinnaces
offered
up
Victims
,
and
,
accompanied
by
the
principal
Commanders
,
rowed
round
the
Fleet
,
carrying
the
limbs
of
the
Sacrifices
;
they
beseeched
the
Gods
,
that
all
the
misfortunes
the
Fleet
was
threatned
with
might
fall
upon
those
Victims
then
offered
;
and
at
the
same
time
threw
some
into
the
Sea
;
the
rest
were
burned
:
and
then
,
they
returned
to
the
Altars
,
which
they
perfumed
with
Incense
and
sweet
odours
,
while
all
the
Assistents
offered
up
their
Vows
,
Prayers
and
Supplications
.
In
this
manner
the
Romans
used
to
bless
and
purifie
their
Ships
before
they
undertook
any
great
expedition
.
Caesar
had
taken
order
to
assault
Pompey
on
all
sides
,
in
his
Fort
,
that
is
,
in
Sicilia
.
Lepidus
,
whom
he
had
sent
for
,
was
to
land
on
the
South
of
the
Isle
,
at
Lilybaeum
.
Taurus
,
who
was
at
Tarentum
,
attacked
him
on
the
East
side
,
and
Caesar
himself
on
the
West
:
he
made
choice
of
the
day
of
the
New
moon
dedicated
to
the
honour
of
I.
Caesar
in
the
month
of
Iuly
(
which
yet
retains
his
name
)
to
weigh
his
Anchors
and
set
sail
.
Pompey
on
his
part
prepared
to
make
a
very
vigorous
defence
:
he
sent
Pliny
to
Lilybaum
with
eight
Legions
and
a
great
number
of
light
armed
Foot
;
he
guarded
all
the
Coasts
of
Sicilia
and
the
Isles
of
Lipari
and
Carcyra
,
to
hinder
Caesar
from
seizing
on
them
,
he
himself
kept
in
the
Port
of
Messina
with
his
best
Ships
,
to
carry
Succours
where
it
was
necessary
.
Lepidus
was
come
from
Africa
with
twelve
Legions
and
Five
thousand
Numidian
Horse
upon
eighty
Ships
of
War
and
a
thousand
Barks
.
Taurus
had
a
hundred
and
two
Vessels
that
were
Anthony's
;
and
Caesar
,
followed
by
Appius
who
was
his
Lieutenant-general
,
was
come
from
Puzzolo
with
a
favourable
gale
.
But
it
seems
that
neither
the
Sea
nor
Winds
were
appeased
by
the
Sacrifices
.
Lepidus
,
by
a
Southerly
wind
which
sank
several
of
his
Barks
,
was
thrown
upon
the
Coast
of
Sicily
,
where
he
landed
with
much
pain
and
hazzard
:
However
he
put
his
Troops
in
good
order
;
and
,
after
he
had
taken
several
small
Places
,
he
besieged
Pliny
in
Lilybaeum
.
Taurus
,
foreseeing
the
Storm
,
retired
to
Tarentum
:
but
Caesar
suffered
most
of
all
;
his
Lieutenant
,
cast
upon
the
Rocks
near
Catanea
,
had
the
best
part
of
his
Vessels
split
and
bulged
;
he
himself
with
the
loss
of
one
Galley
made
in
to
a
Gulf
near
Eleata
;
but
this
Bay
lying
open
to
the
Southerly
wind
,
which
more
and
more
increased
,
Caesar's
Fleet
was
so
beaten
by
stress
of
weather
that
he
was
forced
to
save
himself
a-shoar
,
with
so
violent
a
displeasure
that
,
they
say
,
he
cryed
out
that
,
however
,
in
spight
of
even
Neptune
himself
,
he
would
get
the
Victory
.
He
lost
six
of
the
great
Ships
that
Octavia
had
given
him
,
twenty
six
others
,
and
many
light
Brigantines
or
pirating
Boats
called
Liburnicae
.
He
omitted
no
care
nor
diligence
to
repair
this
Misfortune
.
He
sent
Mecoenas
to
Rome
,
to
hinder
all
commotions
this
accident
might
cause
in
favour
of
Pompey
,
whose
name
the
People
had
respect
for
.
He
encouraged
the
Veterane
Souldiers
by
fresh
Promises
of
Rewards
.
And
after
he
had
visited
Taurus
at
Tarentum
,
where
his
Ships
were
in
good
order
,
he
came
to
Vibonium
,
where
he
gave
order
for
the
re-establishment
of
his
Navy
;
but
,
to
shew
the
weakness
and
misfortune
of
these
men
thus
clouded
by
a
false
Superstition
,
he
would
never
forgive
Neptune
this
last
disgrace
,
and
made
his
Image
be
taken
from
among
the
other
Divinities
the
day
the
publick
Games
were
celebrated
in
the
Circus
.
On
the
other
hand
,
Pompey
gave
thanks
and
offered
Sacrifices
to
this
God
,
and
trusted
so
much
to
his
assistence
,
that
he
never
minded
taking
any
advantage
from
his
Adversaries
disorder
;
he
said
that
,
these
repeated
Shipwrecks
in
Summer
when
the
Sea
is
commonly
calm
were
visible
tokens
of
the
favour
and
protection
of
Neptune
.
And
he
was
so
vain
as
to
adorn
himself
with
a
Robe
of
Yellow
,
the
Colour
consecrated
to
this
God
instead
of
a
Purple
one
,
the
usual
Ornament
of
Roman
Generals
.
In
the
mean
time
Caesar
refitted
his
Fleet
with
incredible
diligence
,
which
soon
made
Pompey
be
of
another
mind
;
convincing
him
of
his
false
hopes
he
had
flattered
himself
with
,
that
so
many
losses
would
discourage
Caesar.
He
therefore
sent
Menas
,
with
the
Squadron
he
commanded
,
to
see
what
posture
the
Enemies
were
in
.
This
freed-man
,
whose
courage
and
experience
deserved
better
than
to
be
joined
to
so
inconstant
and
perfidious
a
mind
,
already
repented
he
had
gone
back
to
Pompey
,
whose
Fleet
he
thought
to
have
commanded
,
but
was
disappointed
.
Therefore
he
resolved
to
perform
some
remarkable
Exploit
,
to
make
himself
considerable
and
be
courted
;
so
,
after
he
had
gained
the
affection
of
his
Souldiers
by
the
Money
he
distributed
among
them
,
in
three
days
he
made
1500
Stadiums
,
and
fell
upon
Caesar's
guard
Ships
.
He
took
three
immediately
,
sank
some
Victuallers
,
burn'd
others
;
and
by
these
brave
Exploits
astonished
the
whole
Fleet
of
Caesar
,
which
at
that
time
had
no
Commander
in
chief
.
He
,
besides
,
made
use
of
this
Strategeme
,
he
ran
his
Galley
into
a
kind
of
Bay
,
which
had
owzy
ground
,
as
if
he
had
been
drown'd
and
stranded
,
the
Souldiers
of
the
Legions
who
were
a-shoar
ran
to
seize
upon
it
;
but
when
Menas
saw
them
within
reach
of
his
Darts
,
he
threw
an
infinite
number
among
them
,
and
stood
out
again
to
Sea
,
laughing
at
and
mocking
them
with
Shouts
.
When
he
thought
he
had
made
himself
sufficiently
formidable
,
he
sent
a
man
to
Mindius
,
an
Officer
of
Caesar's
,
to
speak
with
him
.
Mindius
went
,
and
Menas
told
him
that
he
was
willing
to
return
to
Caesar's
service
,
which
the
hatred
and
injustice
of
Calvisius
made
him
forsake
.
Mindius
told
Messala
of
it
,
who
being
a
Man
of
honour
onely
,
scorned
his
Inconstancy
.
However
he
made
Caesar
acquainted
with
what
Mindius
had
done
with
him
.
Caesar
gave
him
what
Security
he
desired
,
but
it
was
rather
to
weaken
Pompey's
Party
,
than
strengthen
his
own
by
a
Man
who
was
not
to
be
trusted
.
Menas
came
and
threw
himself
at
Caesar's
Feet
,
who
pardoned
him
,
without
leaving
him
any
Command
,
and
displaced
and
changed
all
the
Officers
of
his
Vessels
.
However
,
if
we
will
beleive
Horace
,
Menas
retired
himself
with
great
wealth
,
and
served
afterwards
in
the
Post
of
a
military
Tribune
.
CHAP.
XX.
The
Actions
of
Agrippa
against
Pompey
,
who
beats
Caesar's
Fleet.
A
Little
after
this
,
Messala
,
by
order
from
Caesar
,
went
for
Sicilia
with
three
Legions
,
which
he
encamped
near
the
Bay
of
Taurominum
above
Lepidus
his
Camp
.
Three
other
Legions
were
sent
to
Stilide
,
on
the
other
side
.
And
Taurus
went
from
Tarentum
with
all
the
Squadron
he
commanded
,
to
make
himself
Master
of
the
Cape
of
Squlazzo
,
over
against
Taormina
;
in
the
mean
time
four
of
Lepidus
his
Legions
,
who
came
out
of
Africk
in
Barks
,
were
defeated
by
Papias
,
Pompey's
Lieutenant
.
Two
of
these
Legions
were
utterly
lost
,
except
some
few
Souldiers
that
saved
themselves
and
got
to
Lepidus
his
Camp
.
The
other
two
went
back
into
Africa
.
Caesar
was
then
with
all
his
Navy
at
the
Isle
of
Strongyle
,
from
whence
he
saw
the
Coast
of
Sicily
defended
by
Pompey's
Forces
who
were
at
Pylorus
,
Myles
,
Tindaride
,
and
other
Places
.
He
left
Agrippa
to
command
the
Fleet
,
and
returned
to
Vibonium
,
from
whence
going
into
Sicily
he
marched
towards
Taurominum
with
Messala's
three
Legions
.
Agrippa
,
who
longed
for
an
opportunity
of
signalizing
his
Valour
,
seeing
himself
Commander
in
chief
of
so
mighty
a
Fleet
,
besieged
Hiera
upon
the
Coast
of
Sicily
;
and
after
he
had
taken
it
,
he
had
surprized
Demochares
with
fourty
Sail
in
the
Port
of
Myles
,
if
Pompey
had
not
sent
Apollophanes
with
fourty
five
others
to
his
aid
,
whom
he
some
time
after
followed
with
eighty
.
Agrippa
had
left
half
his
Fleet
at
Hiera
,
and
went
with
the
rest
to
intercept
Papias
,
who
intended
to
get
into
the
Port
of
Myles
,
when
at
the
same
instant
he
discovered
Apollophanes
and
Pompey
,
who
made
towards
him
.
He
then
commanded
the
Ships
that
were
at
Hiera
with
all
speed
to
come
up
to
him
,
and
dispatched
a
light
Brigantine
to
let
Caesar
know
what
danger
he
was
in
.
But
that
he
might
not
be
hemmed
in
,
he
resolved
first
to
engage
Papias
,
who
was
nearest
hand
.
Papias
his
Gallies
were
light
and
well
manned
with
Rowers
;
Agrippa's
were
heavy
,
but
stronger
and
loftier
,
and
his
Souldiers
all
brave
and
men
of
service
;
which
gave
them
great
advantage
in
boarding
;
for
no
sooner
was
one
of
Pompey's
Gallies
grappled
but
it
was
taken
;
therefore
they
avoided
this
way
of
Fighting
,
and
onely
attacked
Agrippa's
by
surprize
,
bearing
upon
their
Quarter
,
breaking
their
Rudders
and
their
Oars
.
Pompey
advanced
with
his
Vessels
to
encompass
Agrippa
before
the
rest
of
his
Fleet
came
to
his
relief
from
Hiera
;
while
Papias
made
a
brave
Fight
,
though
his
Galley
were
split
by
Agrippa's
and
he
forced
to
change
his
Ship
.
Pompey
seeing
the
Vessels
come
from
Hiera
,
judged
his
would
be
too
weak
for
them
,
and
therefore
thought
of
a
Retreat
;
and
though
he
endeavoured
it
with
all
order
imaginable
,
he
could
not
hinder
Agrippa
from
taking
thirty
Gallies
,
with
the
loss
of
onely
five
of
his
own
.
The
Swiftness
of
Pompey's
Vessels
was
the
occasion
of
saving
the
remainder
,
because
they
ran
into
places
where
Agrippa
durst
not
follow
them
,
because
his
drew
more
water
,
and
would
have
been
aground
.
Agrippa
was
minded
to
block
them
up
but
his
Officers
represented
to
him
that
it
was
not
convenient
to
hazard
the
honour
of
so
brave
an
action
,
by
exposing
the
Fleet
to
the
danger
of
the
Winds
and
Seas
,
which
they
had
but
too
much
experience
of
already
.
he
followed
their
advice
,
and
retired
▪
Pompey
,
seeing
his
Souldiers
much
discouraged
by
this
ill
success
,
thought
it
was
not
in
the
least
proper
for
him
to
shew
any
signs
of
discontent
himself
.
Quite
contrary
,
he
praised
their
Valour
,
and
laid
the
blame
of
his
misfortunes
upon
the
weak
building
of
his
Ships
:
nay
,
he
gave
rewards
to
those
that
had
behaved
themselves
well
,
as
if
they
had
gained
a
Victory
;
and
this
management
of
his
in
this
conjuncture
was
a
great
reason
of
assuring
him
of
the
affection
of
his
Troops
:
These
differences
thus
balancing
the
Successes
of
both
Parties
were
very
convenient
for
the
designs
of
Lepidus
;
he
was
then
in
Sicilia
with
a
great
Army
,
as
if
he
were
onely
come
to
be
a
peaceable
Spectatour
of
the
Battels
,
and
to
see
both
Parties
Ruine
by
the
fury
and
length
of
this
War
.
This
Trimming
of
his
gave
Caesar
great
occasion
of
suspicion
,
but
it
was
not
now
time
to
shew
it
.
He
was
at
Squlazzo
with
Taurus
and
Messala's
Legions
when
he
heard
the
News
of
Agrippa's
Victory
,
and
thereupon
attempted
to
take
Taormina
,
thinking
Pompey
was
blocked
up
by
Agrippa
,
and
could
not
come
to
relieve
it
.
It
was
a
Post
of
great
importance
;
and
Pompey
,
who
had
foreseen
this
design
,
left
his
Fleet
with
Demochares
,
and
came
to
Messina
,
where
he
drew
into
a
Body
all
his
Forces
:
his
absence
gave
Agrippa
an
opportunity
to
assault
Tindaride
,
from
whence
being
repulsed
he
took
some
small
places
on
the
Sea-side
.
Caesar
going
on
Ship-board
with
the
greatest
part
of
his
Army
,
leaving
the
rest
with
M●ssala
,
came
before
Taur●minum
and
summoned
the
Garrison
.
Pompey's
Souldiers
answered
him
as
became
men
of
honour
,
and
upon
their
refusal
Caesar
with
his
Fleet
stood
over
to
the
other
side
of
the
mouth
of
the
River
O●●●balm
,
and
disembarked
them
near
a
Temple
of
Venus
,
and
from
thence
went
and
encamped
at
Artemisa
,
a
Temple
of
Diana
,
which
he
fortified
,
the
better
from
thence
to
attack
Taurominum
.
Whilst
his
Army
was
drawn
up
in
Battalia
,
staying
till
their
several
Quarters
were
allotted
them
,
they
saw
the
Army
of
Pompey
appear
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
Caesar
was
extremely
surprised
at
this
,
and
his
Troops
were
seized
with
so
great
a
fear
that
,
seeing
Pompey's
Horse
charge
their
advanced
Guards
,
they
put
themselves
into
disorder
.
Upon
this
occasion
Pompey
wanted
both
conduct
and
counsel
;
for
Caesar
had
been
utterly
defeated
,
if
he
had
been
but
warmly
attack'd
.
The
night
that
came
on
was
the
pretext
of
Pompey's
Retreat
which
he
made
towards
the
Mountain
Coccineum
,
from
whence
he
sent
all
his
Foot
to
Phenice
,
not
daring
to
encamp
with
it
so
near
Caesar
in
an
open
Countrey
.
Caesar
fortified
his
Camp
with
extraordinary
diligence
▪
so
that
he
quickly
put
himself
out
of
danger
of
being
forced
.
He
had
with
him
three
Legions
,
five
hundred
dismounted
Horse
,
a
thousand
light
●rmed
Foot
,
and
two
thousand
auxiliary
Forces
of
the
Allies
.
The
Fault
Pompey
had
committed
confirmed
him
in
the
opinion
he
had
of
his
want
of
experience
;
and
,
to
make
some
advantage
of
it
,
he
put
aboard
his
best
Souldiers
,
and
went
and
engaged
the
Enemies
Fleet.
The
Fight
was
very
hot
,
but
unfortunate
for
Caesar.
Pompey
soon
made
him
sensible
that
,
if
he
wanted
Conduct
,
he
did
not
want
Valour
;
so
that
he
took
several
Vessels
,
and
burn'd
others
,
and
had
quite
put
an
end
to
this
War
by
a
glorious
Victory
,
had
it
not
been
for
the
assistence
of
Cornificius
,
who
commanded
Caesar's
Army
on
Land
.
The
Battel
was
fought
not
far
from
Land
,
so
that
most
of
the
Souldiers
saved
themselves
on
Shoar
;
but
Caesar
lost
many
Gallies
in
this
Defeat
:
he
was
left
alone
with
onely
one
Attendant
in
a
Shallop
,
which
landed
him
at
the
Port
of
Abal●
.
These
great
misfortunes
,
joined
to
his
extreme
fatigues
,
brought
him
so
low
both
in
body
and
mind
,
that
he
laid
aside
all
care
of
his
preservation
,
and
endeavoured
to
forget
his
troubles
by
the
assistence
of
Sleep
,
which
the
solitude
he
was
in
with
onely
one
Slave
,
and
the
risque
he
ran
of
the
Enemies
,
could
not
hinder
him
from
.
In
this
state
he
was
found
by
his
Officers
,
who
were
along
the
Coast
to
meet
with
him
,
and
a-sleep
as
he
was
,
without
waking
him
,
they
carried
him
from
one
Boat
to
another
,
till
they
had
brought
him
safe
to
Messala's
Camp
:
here
a
Prodigy
happened
to
him
,
which
gave
him
great
hopes
:
a
great
Fish
threw
himself
out
of
the
Sea
upon
the
shoar
,
and
expired
at
his
feet
;
and
as
the
Romans
were
superstitious
and
gave
great
credit
to
these
Presages
,
Caesar
believed
this
betokened
Victory
to
him
,
as
if
the
Sea
by
this
tribute
and
submission
had
acknowledged
his
Power
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Caesar
gives
new
Orders
for
the
fighting
of
Pompey
,
who
in
a
general
battel
is
entirely
defeated
.
THE
first
care
of
Caesar
was
,
to
preserve
the
Forces
he
had
left
under
the
command
of
Cornificius
;
he
therefore
dispatched
away
Courriers
to
his
men
that
kept
the
Passes
of
the
mountains
,
with
positive
order
,
to
come
up
to
that
General
,
to
whom
he
sent
a
Brigantine
,
to
bid
him
be
ready
to
receive
them
.
After
this
forecast
he
took
a
little
rest
,
and
then
came
to
Stilide
with
great
diligence
.
Carinna
,
Messala's
Lieutenant
,
had
orders
to
go
to
Lipara
.
Agrippa
was
to
send
aid
to
Cornificius
,
and
Messala
to
return
to
Pu●eoli
,
to
make
Recruits
,
and
bring
the
first
Legion
to
Vibonium
.
For
had
he
not
used
all
the
Precaution
,
Cornificius
had
been
utterly
lost
;
for
Pompey
having
declined
to
fight
him
when
he
offered
him
Battel
;
he
had
retrenched
himself
in
sight
of
his
Camp
,
and
cut
off
all
Provisions
from
him
;
he
was
at
length
constrained
to
decamp
,
and
by
Pompey's
Numidian
Cavalry
was
forced
into
a
place
called
by
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
the
fiery
Brook
.
This
in
all
appearance
was
some
place
near
mount
Etna
;
and
the
Land
all
here
about
,
being
burnt
and
breathing
out
sulphureous
exhalations
,
dryes
up
the
Torrents
that
fall
,
so
that
all
is
covered
with
onely
ashes
and
dust
.
Here
the
Troops
of
Cornificius
had
perished
with
thirst
,
if
the
Succours
that
Agrippa
sent
to
him
by
Aronius
had
not
come
in
very
good
time
to
disengage
him
in
this
Extremity
.
However
,
Cornificius
was
so
much
puffed
up
with
vanity
for
this
Retreat
,
that
when
he
returned
to
Rome
,
as
a
mark
of
honour
to
himself
,
he
never
came
home
from
Supper
from
his
friends
houses
but
mounted
in
triumph
upon
an
Elephant
.
At
the
appearance
of
Agrippa's
Legions
the
Numidians
retreated
,
and
Cornificius
joined
Agrippa
,
who
had
taken
Tindaride
,
whither
he
afterwards
came
with
all
his
land
Forces
,
which
consisted
of
one
and
twenty
Legions
,
two
thousand
Horse
and
five
thousand
light-armed
Foot
.
Pompey
was
not
so
strong
by
Land
,
but
had
a
better
Fleet
than
Caesar.
They
made
several
motions
,
and
had
some
slight
skirmishes
;
but
at
length
,
Caesar
,
s●izing
upon
all
the
passages
of
Provision
by
land
,
made
Pompey's
Forces
retire
,
and
reduced
him
to
the
necessity
of
finishing
their
differences
by
a
Sea-sight
;
though
Caesar
was
not
very
willing
to
it
,
because
the
Sea
had
never
been
favourable
to
him
.
However
,
he
found
himself
obliged
to
it
in
honour
,
and
by
the
confidence
he
placed
in
the
Conduct
and
Valour
of
Agrippa
.
They
fixed
an
appointed
day
of
Battel
,
and
both
sides
prepared
for
it
.
The
two
Generals
were
to
meet
,
each
with
four
hundred
Vessels
.
Agrippa
,
contriving
all
ways
to
get
the
Victory
,
invented
a
kind
of
Engine
,
which
succeeded
very
well
:
This
was
a
Grappling
hook
,
made
of
a
piece
of
Timber
five
cubits
long
,
covered
over
with
Plates
of
Iron
,
at
each
end
whereof
was
a
Ring
of
Iron
;
to
one
end
was
fastned
a
Scyth
,
or
rather
a
great
Hook
,
to
the
other
several
Cables
to
draw
it
home
when
any
Vessel
was
grappled
.
The
impatience
of
the
Generals
made
them
come
very
betime
to
the
place
of
Battel
between
Myles
and
Naulocus
.
Their
Souldiers
carried
on
by
an
equal
ardor
soon
came
to
handy-blows
,
and
as
they
had
sufficient
leisure
to
prepare
for
it
,
Darts
,
Piles
,
Stones
,
Arrows
and
Fire-pots
were
all
employed
.
That
which
more
particularly
appears
in
Civil
wars
you
may
be
sure
happened
here
,
where
the
animosity
of
particular
persons
made
the
Combate
more
bloudy
than
if
between
neighbouring
Nations
,
onely
for
the
motive
of
Glory
and
Conquest
.
All
the
Gallies
were
grappled
by
this
Invention
of
Agrippa
,
nor
could
those
of
Pompey
avoid
this
disadvantageous
way
of
fighting
.
The
land
Forces
of
both
Parties
stood
as
Spectators
on
the
shoar
waiting
for
the
event
of
it
with
a
great
deal
of
apprehension
.
The
Victory
was
long
dubious
,
but
at
last
by
the
bravery
of
Agrippa
it
turned
in
favour
of
Caesar.
None
could
behave
themselves
better
than
he
did
upon
this
occasion
.
He
was
every
where
.
He
over-set
the
Enemies
Gallies
with
the
shock
of
his
,
which
was
the
best
and
strongest
of
the
Fleet
,
and
put
several
of
them
out
of
condition
of
fighting
,
and
performed
such
gallant
actions
that
Anthony
afterwards
reproached
Caesar
,
that
he
had
not
the
courage
so
much
as
to
see
the
Navies
in
Battel
order
,
but
lay
down
in
his
Gally
with
his
eyes
to
Heaven
,
as
one
besides
himself
and
frighted
out
of
his
senses
,
and
did
not
rise
to
shew
himself
to
the
Souldiers
till
after
Agrippa
had
put
his
Enemies
to
flight
.
The
truth
of
the
story
is
,
that
at
the
time
of
the
Engagement
Caesar
was
overcome
with
so
profound
a
Sleep
that
his
familiars
were
forced
to
wake
him
to
give
the
word
and
the
signal
for
the
Charge
,
and
this
is
the
ground
of
Anthony's
reproach
.
Caesar
,
upon
this
occasion
,
behaved
himself
like
a
man
of
prudence
and
courage
.
Nevertheless
,
he
gave
all
the
honour
of
it
to
Agrippa
,
whom
he
honoured
with
a
blew
Standard
and
a
rostral
Crown
.
This
was
so
total
a
Defeat
that
Pompey
had
onely
seventeen
Gallies
left
of
all
that
great
Fleet
,
with
which
he
fled
to
Messina
.
Caesar
onely
lost
three
that
were
sunk
;
but
there
were
sunk
of
Pompey's
twenty
eight
,
the
others
were
either
burnt
or
taken
.
This
great
Victory
had
this
remarkable
in
it
,
that
the
same
day
it
was
published
at
Rome
by
a
Souldier
,
who
,
no
doubt
inspired
,
proclaimed
it
aloud
,
and
ran
to
the
Capitol
and
laid
his
Sword
at
the
Feet
of
Iupiter's
Image
,
as
if
he
had
no
more
need
of
it
.
Pompey
,
who
had
so
often
neglected
his
advantages
in
prosperity
,
and
had
no
more
good
conduct
in
adversity
,
left
his
land
Forces
at
the
discretion
of
the
Conquerour
,
instead
of
going
to
them
and
reassuring
them
by
his
presence
;
so
that
Tistenus
,
who
commanded
them
,
went
with
all
his
Troops
into
Caesar's
service
.
Upon
this
Pompey
forsook
the
marks
and
habit
of
a
General
,
and
sent
to
those
of
Messina
,
that
if
they
intended
to
retire
and
save
themselves
,
they
should
speedily
embark
.
Pliny
had
eight
Legions
at
Lilybaeum
,
and
was
marching
to
assist
him
according
to
the
Orders
he
had
received
.
Pompey
was
in
Messina
,
a
very
strong
place
,
and
able
to
maintain
a
long
Siege
;
but
he
,
not
staying
for
his
Lieutenant
,
bore
through
the
strait
,
to
throw
himself
into
the
Power
of
Anthony
,
whose
protection
he
hoped
for
in
requital
of
that
he
had
formerly
given
his
Mother
Iulia.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Pompey's
flight
.
Lepidus
endeavours
to
make
himself
Master
of
Sicily
.
His
Souldiers
forsake
him
to
serve
Caesar
,
who
orders
the
Affairs
of
Rome
with
great
prudence
.
LEpidus
as
we
have
already
mentioned
quietly
watched
the
success
of
this
War
,
at
the
head
of
fourteen
Legions
in
very
good
quarters
.
As
soon
as
he
heard
of
Pompey's
defeat
he
came
near
to
Messina
,
which
had
been
already
assaulted
by
Agrippa
.
Pliny
had
put
himself
and
Forces
into
it
after
Pompey's
departure
,
but
seeing
there
was
no
way
but
surrendring
,
he
sent
to
the
two
Generals
to
capitulate
.
Agrippa
intreated
Lepidus
to
stay
till
Caesar's
arrival
,
which
at
farthest
would
be
next
morning
which
Lepidus
refused
,
and
as
he
was
the
strongest
upon
the
place
he
received
Pliny
upon
Composition
,
and
added
his
Troops
to
his
Army
,
after
which
he
abandoned
the
Town
to
the
pillage
of
the
Souldiers
.
Caesar
arriving
at
break
of
day
,
sent
to
Lepidus
to
complain
of
these
proceedings
,
as
also
for
his
seizing
upon
several
places
in
Sicilia
.
Lepidus
fiercely
answered
,
that
Caesar
had
taken
upon
him
all
the
authority
of
the
Triumvirate
,
whereto
he
had
as
much
right
as
himself
,
but
the
event
shewed
that
if
he
ever
had
he
knew
not
how
to
maintain
it
.
Caesar
was
one
of
those
extraordinary
Persons
,
whose
wit
and
gallantry
in
so
high
Advancement
keep
firm
,
and
still
raise
them
higher
;
whereas
in
men
of
vulgar
Spirits
it
often
happeneth
,
that
either
their
wit
prejudices
their
courage
,
or
their
valour
their
understanding
:
He
went
alone
to
Lepidus
his
Camp
without
any
other
assistence
than
that
of
his
own
merit
,
and
the
Authority
he
had
gained
by
his
Victories
.
The
Souldiers
of
Pompey
looked
upon
him
with
respect
,
and
drew
round
about
him
.
Lepidus
being
told
of
it
,
makes
haste
thither
and
scatters
the
Souldiers
,
and
made
them
charge
Caesar
,
who
was
hurt
by
a
Dart
thrown
at
him
,
which
yet
did
not
hinder
him
from
going
to
the
place
where
the
Eagles
of
the
Legions
were
planted
,
taking
one
of
them
which
he
advanced
in
the
Air
,
whereupon
all
the
Legionary
Souldiers
ran
in
crowds
and
saluted
him
as
their
General
.
Lepidus
being
the
second
time
abandoned
by
his
Souldiers
,
quitted
all
the
marks
of
his
Authority
which
he
could
no
longer
keep
,
took
a
mourning
Gown
,
and
after
he
had
remained
a
good
while
unregarded
in
the
throng
of
those
who
flocked
to
salute
Caesar
,
he
came
and
threw
himself
at
his
feet
.
This
was
a
terrible
mortifying
spectacle
worthy
of
reflexion
to
see
a
Tri●●vi●
,
who
had
disposed
of
the
Lives
of
many
noble
Persons
,
to
be
reduced
to
beg
his
own
,
of
one
whom
he
had
so
lately
insulted
over
Caesar
des●ised
him
too
much
to
take
it
from
him
,
he
pardoned
him
,
but
took
from
him
the
Rank
and
Authority
,
and
onely
left
him
his
Estate
and
the
Dignity
of
sovereign
Priest
.
The
Greek
Historians
to
give
more
honour
to
Caesar's
prudence
take
from
his
Courage
,
they
report
that
he
was
already
assured
of
the
greatest
part
of
Lepidus
his
Officers
before
he
went
into
his
Camp
,
and
that
he
had
with
him
a
Troop
of
Horse
,
and
that
being
charged
by
Lepidus
he
was
hurt
,
and
his
Esquire
killed
close
by
him
,
and
that
in
his
retreat
he
cut
to
pieces
a
Cohort
of
Pompey's
;
who
insulted
at
his
misfortune
.
That
the
next
day
Lepidus
seeing
his
Army
march
in
order
with
their
Ensigns
advanced
to
yield
themselves
to
Caesar
,
he
offered
to
seize
upon
an
Eagle
that
a
Souldier
carried
,
who
insolently
told
him
he
must
endure
it
,
or
it
would
cost
him
his
Life
:
however
it
was
,
they
all
agree
that
Lepidus
came
to
Caesar
to
beg
his
Life
,
which
was
granted
him
with
his
Office
of
Priesthood
and
Estate
.
Su●tonius
alone
says
,
that
Caesar
banished
him
to
Cyrceum
.
In
this
manner
the
Authority
of
the
Triumvirate
without
any
Competitor
,
came
wholly
into
the
hands
of
Caesar
and
Anthony
,
and
though
between
them
they
shared
the
greatest
part
of
the
world
,
even
that
would
not
suffice
their
Ambition
.
Caesar
would
not
suffer
Pompey
to
be
persued
,
whether
it
were
,
that
he
feared
that
carried
on
by
the●r
heat
in
the
Chase
of
him
,
they
would
●o
beyond
the
bounds
of
his
Dominions
,
and
that
Anthony
would
be
offended
at
it
,
or
that
he
was
willing
to
spare
the
Life
of
one
who
was
not
an
Accomplice
in
the
murther
of
his
Father
.
These
are
the
reasons
he
gave
out
,
but
those
who
look
into
the
bottom
of
his
Politicks
,
believe
that
he
was
willing
to
leave
an
unfortunate
Wretch
upon
Anthony's
hands
,
who
might
be
a
considerable
mischief
to
him
,
but
of
no
use
at
all
;
for
if
he
received
him
kindly
he
took
a
Companion
,
who
might
become
very
uneasie
to
him
,
and
whenever
Caesar
thought
fit
would
be
always
an
occasion
of
a
quarrel
,
On
the
other
side
in
putting
him
to
death
,
he
would
draw
upon
himself
the
aversion
of
the
Romans
,
and
the
particular
hatred
of
all
the
party
of
Pompey
the
Great
.
Never
any
Roman
General
was
ever
at
the
head
of
so
great
an
Army
as
was
at
this
time
in
Sicilia
,
he
had
there
forty
five
Legions
,
twenty
five
thousand
Horse
,
one
hundred
and
sixty
thousand
light
armed
Foot
,
with
six
hundred
ships
of
War
,
without
counting
the
Barks
and
smaller
Vessels
which
were
without
number
,
and
which
Caesar
restored
to
their
particular
owners
,
from
whom
they
had
been
taken
.
With
so
much
power
as
this
,
he
saw
himself
in
a
state
of
being
able
to
undertake
any
thing
,
if
he
had
not
now
been
checked
by
the
insolence
of
his
Souldiers
,
who
out
of
season
always
gave
him
some
occasion
of
disgust
to
interrupt
the
satisfaction
of
his
Victories
.
Though
he
had
distributed
among
them
great
sums
of
Money
,
and
promised
them
much
more
,
though
he
had
given
great
store
of
military
Crowns
,
and
other
marks
of
honour
,
t●e
Souldiers
were
not
content
;
when
they
begin
to
reflect
on
their
great
number
they
no
longer
are
obedient
to
Discipline
,
and
think
it
a
disparagement
to
obtain
that
by
Prayers
which
they
carry
by
force
:
it
was
in
this
manner
that
Caesar's
Souldiers
asked
their
dismission
,
and
the
same
rewards
that
were
granted
to
those
who
fought
at
Philippi
.
Caesar
brought
himself
out
of
this
plunge
,
partly
by
prayers
and
partly
by
threats
;
he
deferred
the
distributing
their
recompences
,
till
the
return
of
Anthony
,
and
told
them
the
Illyrians
had
declared
War
,
and
that
they
were
to
be
vanquished
before
any
thing
else
were
done
;
the
Legions
refused
to
march
before
they
had
satisfaction
.
Caesar
commanded
to
bring
out
more
Crowns
,
Spears
and
Bracelets
,
and
even
purple
Robes
for
the
Officers
,
giving
them
the
Dignity
and
rank
of
Senatours
;
but
a
Tribune
named
Hostitius
insolently
told
him
.
He
might
keep
those
Bawbles
for
Children
,
that
the
Souldiers
had
need
of
nothing
but
Money
and
Land
,
all
the
Army
shouted
at
this
saying
:
Caesar
thereupon
in
great
anger
came
down
from
his
Tribunal
and
retired
.
Hostitius
with
other
mutineers
went
even
up
to
his
Tent
;
but
the
next
morning
the
Tribune
was
not
to
be
found
,
which
terr●fied
the
Souldiers
,
and
made
every
one
c●nsult
his
own
safety
.
At
length
Caesar
dismist
those
who
had
been
at
the
Wars
of
Modena
and
Macedonia
,
the
others
he
pacified
by
large
promises
,
and
gave
every
one
five
hundred
Drachmas
which
he
got
out
of
Sicilia
,
that
was
condemned
to
pay
him
six
hundred
Talents
;
he
established
Preton
for
his
Lieutenant
in
Africa
and
Sicilia
,
where
he
left
the
one
half
of
his
Troops
.
He
sent
all
the
ships
he
had
of
Anthony
to
Tarentum
,
and
kept
the
others
with
him
to
carry
him
into
Italy
,
his
return
to
Rome
was
celebrated
with
all
the
honours
the
Senate
and
people
could
invent
.
The
Senatours
in
a
Body
received
him
at
the
Gates
of
the
City
,
and
conducted
him
to
the
Capitol
followed
by
all
the
people
,
Crowned
with
Garlands
of
Flowers
;
where
after
he
had
given
thanks
to
the
Gods
,
they
waited
on
him
to
his
Palace
.
Seeing
himself
rid
of
so
formidable
a
Rival
as
Pompey
,
he
thought
of
establishing
and
confirming
his
power
,
and
to
give
it
stronger
Foundation
,
he
would
begin
with
the
hearts
and
inclinations
of
the
Romans
themselves
,
putting
in
practice
those
wise
and
great
Maximes
which
rendred
his
Reign
so
happy
,
as
justly
to
acquire
it
the
name
of
August
.
He
went
to
the
Senate-house
,
where
he
gave
an
account
of
his
actions
in
a
very
Elegant
studied
Speech
,
which
he
caused
afterwards
to
be
published
,
the
conclusion
of
it
was
,
That
after
he
had
undergone
so
many
toils
,
and
●●●t
through
so
many
dangers
to
put
an
end
to
the
Civil
Wars
,
be
thought
himself
very
happy
,
to
see
his
countrey
in
profound
Peace
and
perfect
Union
,
and
that
to
make
it
sensible
of
some
advantage
by
it
,
he
remitted
all
the
Arrears
that
were
due
to
the
publick
Treasury
of
what
nature
soever
the
Debt
were
;
as
for
the
publick
Honours
they
offered
him
be
onely
desired
the
Permission
to
sacrifice
in
publick
on
those
days
on
which
he
had
won
his
Victories
,
and
a
golden
Statue
in
the
Forum
with
an
Inscription
which
should
declare
that
the
Senate
and
people
of
Rome
had
decreed
him
that
Honour
,
for
having
given
them
Peace
and
quiet
both
by
Sea
and
Land
:
He
refused
the
Office
of
Pontifex
Maximus
which
Laepidus
yet
enjoyed
,
and
rejected
with
anger
and
scorn
the
Proposition
that
was
made
to
put
him
to
death
,
as
an
Enemy
to
his
Countrey
.
He
sent
Letters
to
his
Lieutenants
with
orders
to
open
them
exactly
all
at
the
same
hour
which
he
specified
,
and
at
the
same
time
execute
the
Contents
of
them
,
this
concerned
the
Slaves
who
were
lifted
under
Pompey
,
and
who
were
declared
free
by
the
last
Agreement
made
with
him
;
they
were
all
seized
at
the
same
time
.
Caesar
restored
them
to
their
owners
,
or
their
heirs
,
those
whose
Masters
were
not
to
be
found
,
were
hanged
upon
Crosses
near
the
Cities
,
from
which
they
had
escaped
:
last
of
all
to
secure
the
publick
Peace
,
he
ordered
Sabinus
with
his
Troops
to
persue
and
bring
to
punishment
all
the
Thieves
that
wer●
to
be
found
in
Italy
and
Sicily
,
and
established
at
Rome
some
Companies
for
the
Guard
of
the
City
.
All
this
was
executed
with
so
much
order
and
diligence
,
that
the
Romans
began
to
have
an
extraordinary
Veneration
for
a
Man
who
had
so
great
a
prudence
at
the
age
of
twenty
eight
years
.
Some
Cities
in
Italy
,
went
even
to
the
erecting
Altars
to
him
,
especially
after
one
gallant
thing
he
did
;
he
found
among
the
Papers
of
Pompey
a
great
number
of
Letters
and
Memoirs
of
the
chief
Senatours
,
which
were
sufficient
to
occasion
among
them
very
troublesome
Affairs
.
He
brought
them
all
into
the
Forum
,
and
before
all
the
people
threw
them
all
into
a
fire
,
protesting
that
he
there
Sacrificed
all
his
private
Resentments
to
the
Commonwealth
,
with
a
design
to
give
up
his
Authority
as
soon
as
Anthony
should
return
from
the
Parthian
expedition
;
if
this
action
appeared
pleasing
unto
the
people
,
the
Protestation
which
followed
it
absolutely
gained
the
hearts
of
the
Romans
;
they
praised
him
to
the
Skies
,
and
to
shew
that
they
desired
always
to
obey
him
,
they
chose
him
Tribune
of
the
people
for
all
his
Life-time
.
Besides
,
by
this
they
thought
to
oblige
him
,
to
quit
the
more
odious
Dignity
of
Triumvi●
;
though
Caesar
understood
their
meaning
well
enough
,
he
did
not
decline
accepting
the
Office
of
perpetual
Tribune
,
which
rendred
his
Person
sacred
and
inviolable
;
as
for
the
suppr●ssion
of
the
Triumvirate
,
he
deferred
that
till
Anthony's
return
,
and
sent
Bibulus
,
to
communicate
to
him
this
resolution
,
and
after
he
had
disposed
of
the
Government
of
the
provinces
he
went
against
the
Illyrians
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Pompey
goes
into
Asia
,
where
he
makes
War
.
The
Lieutenants
of
Anthony
fight
and
take
him
.
The
death
of
Pompey
.
POmpey
was
at
this
time
at
Mitilene
,
where
he
understood
Anthony
was
engaged
in
a
War
against
the
Parthians
,
who
in
some
encounters
had
the
better
of
him
;
and
as
Pompey
was
a
man
of
no
great
reach
,
he
presently
imagined
that
he
might
take
Anthony's
post
in
the
East
,
or
at
least
come
in
for
a
share
of
his
Empire
.
In
persuance
of
this
design
he
sent
to
the
Kings
of
Pontus
and
Thracia
,
and
to
draw
them
to
his
party
proposed
great
advantages
to
them
;
he
sent
also
some
of
his
Friends
to
the
Parthian
King
to
offer
him
his
Service
and
his
Person
,
which
he
supposed
they
made
great
account
of
by
reason
of
the
Reputation
of
his
Father's
name
.
The
return
of
Anthony
to
Alexandria
did
not
make
him
change
his
intentions
,
he
resolved
onely
to
send
to
salute
him
,
and
desire
his
Protection
:
But
all
this
while
he
still
got
Ships
together
,
and
levied
Souldiers
under
pretence
of
defending
himself
against
Caesar.
Anthony
advertised
of
these
doings
,
ordered
Titius
to
take
the
Army
and
Fleet
that
lay
in
Syria
,
and
go
to
Pompey
and
make
him
explain
himself
what
he
intended
to
doe
;
and
either
to
fight
him
,
or
to
treat
him
with
all
honour
and
respect
if
he
yielded
himself
.
In
the
mean
time
,
those
whom
Pompey
had
sent
to
Anthony
,
had
executed
their
Commission
very
well
,
they
omitted
nothing
that
might
encline
him
to
favour
their
Master
;
they
layed
before
him
the
unmeasurable
Ambition
of
Caesar
and
the
Protection
that
Pompey
had
afforded
Iulia
,
Anthony's
Mother
;
to
this
they
added
that
reason
of
state
absolutely
required
,
that
Anthony
should
put
a
stop
to
the
progress
of
Caesar
,
and
withall
the
deposing
of
Lepidus
and
the
Consequences
of
that
example
were
not
forgot
,
and
the
forces
of
Pompey
which
they
magnified
,
besides
the
Glory
of
protecting
the
Son
of
the
greatest
Man
among
the
Romans
.
Anthony
,
throughly
informed
of
the
truth
,
to
all
these
discourses
onely
answered
,
That
if
what
they
told
him
of
Pompey's
intentions
were
true
,
he
would
soon
confirm
it
himself
by
coming
along
with
Titius
,
whom
he
had
sent
to
him
.
But
by
misfortune
to
Pompey
it
chanced
,
that
his
Envoys
he
sent
to
the
Parthian
King
,
were
taken
with
their
instructions
.
Anthony
shewed
them
to
these
Deputies
who
were
terribly
surprized
.
They
begged
Anthony
,
he
would
not
impute
this
perfidiousness
to
them
,
and
that
he
would
suspend
his
Resentment
against
Pompey
,
till
he
had
seen
what
would
pass
between
Titius
and
him
.
Furnius
,
Anthony's
Lieutenant
in
Asia
,
had
been
obliged
to
Pompey
,
and
not
being
yet
instructed
how
Anthony
was
inclined
,
had
received
him
with
respect
,
but
seeing
he
d●●ly
gave
new
occasions
of
suspicion
he
sent
word
of
it
to
Anthony
,
and
caused
Domitius
with
his
Troops
to
approach
:
Upon
this
Pompey
complained
that
they
looked
●pon
him
as
an
Enemy
,
and
yet
●o
all
this
while
carried
on
a
private
Intrigue
,
to
gain
Pomilius
by
the
means
of
Curius
who
was
in
his
Army
;
but
Curius
being
taken
and
executed
as
a
Traitour
,
Pompey
immediately
made
away
with
Theodorus
one
of
his
fre●●
Men
,
who
onely
was
privy
to
the
whole
secret
,
and
when
he
believed
,
that
it
was
quite
smothered
and
hush'd
up
,
he
seized
upon
Lampsacus
a
strong
City
,
and
well
peopled
with
Italians
,
with
whom
he
augmented
his
Forces
:
he
had
already
on
Foot
three
Legions
and
two
hundred
Horse
,
which
gave
him
the
boldness
to
besiege
Cy●icum
;
being
beaten
from
thence
,
Furnius
who
was
much
stronger
than
he
in
Horse
charged
him
in
his
retreat
.
Pompey
laid
an
Ambuscade
for
him
,
where
Furnius
lost
some
men
,
and
this
advantage
which
passed
for
a
great
Victory
,
drew
into
his
Service
several
vagabond
Souldiers
out
of
Mysia
and
the
Propontis
.
These
succours
made
him
think
on
vast
designs
:
He
assaulted
and
took
Nice
and
Nicomedia
,
where
he
got
good
store
of
money
but
no
provisions
,
which
he
stood
most
in
need
of
,
because
Furnius
with
his
Cavalry
cut
them
off
from
him
every
way
.
And
as
soon
as
Titius
arrived
at
Procon●●sus
with
a
strong
Army
and
a
great
many
Ships
▪
Cassius
of
Parma
,
Nas●di●s
,
Saturninu●
,
Thermus
and
Antistius
all
noble
Romans
treated
with
Titius
,
and
yielded
themselves
to
Anthony
;
but
that
which
quite
made
an
end
of
ruining
him
,
was
the
defection
of
Fannius
and
Libo
his
Father-in-Law
,
who
were
a
great
stay
to
his
party
,
by
their
credit
and
their
merit
;
he
would
have
retreated
through
the
plains
of
Bithynia
,
but
Titius
,
Furnius
and
Amintas
opposed
his
retreat
,
and
as
they
were
much
stronger
than
he
,
it
gave
them
so
much
Confidence
,
that
they
would
not
take
the
pains
to
fortifie
their
Camp
.
Pompey
undertook
with
three
thousand
Legionary
Souldiers
to
force
it
,
and
charging
them
in
the
night
,
he
put
them
into
so
great
disorder
,
that
there
could
be
no
reason
given
,
why
he
did
not
utterly
defeat
them
,
unless
it
were
his
unlucky
fate
.
They
after
had
time
to
rally
,
and
hemmed
him
on
every
side
,
which
forced
him
to
demand
a
conference
with
Furnius
.
Pompey
offered
to
yield
himself
to
him
or
to
Amintas
,
who
was
a
foreign
Prince
.
Furnius
told
him
,
That
neither
he
nor
Amintas
would
receive
him
in
prejudice
of
Titius
,
who
had
orders
concerning
him
from
Anthony
,
and
that
in
the
condition
he
was
then
,
he
had
more
need
to
think
of
saving
himself
,
than
of
sowing
Division
among
them
.
Pompey
then
reproached
Furnius
with
the
favour
he
had
done
him
,
in
saving
him
when
he
was
in
his
hands
,
and
very
much
insisted
he
should
not
yield
himself
to
Titius
,
who
treated
him
very
ungratefully
.
Furnius
though
he
had
an
extreme
regret
could
not
consent
to
it
;
and
Pompey
retired
quite
besides
himself
with
grief
.
He
forbid
any
fire
should
be
made
in
his
Camp
,
and
fiercely
marched
away
with
the
most
resolute
of
his
Souldiers
,
with
a
design
to
burn
Titius
his
Ships
;
and
it
may
be
,
this
enterprize
might
have
succeeded
if
by
a
total
excess
of
misfortune
,
he
had
not
been
betrayed
by
Scaurus
.
This
persidious
man
left
him
to
yield
himself
to
the
Enemies
whom
he
advertised
of
Pompey's
design
,
which
he
onely
conjectured
at
.
Amintas
was
detached
with
fifteen
hundred
Horse
to
persue
him
,
and
soon
overtook
Pompey
who
had
onely
foot
with
him
;
all
his
Souldiers
abandoned
him
,
so
that
he
was
forced
to
yield
upon
discretion
to
Amintas
,
who
carried
him
to
Titius
:
all
the
rest
of
his
Forces
surrendred
themselves
to
this
General
,
who
sent
Pompey
to
Miletus
,
where
he
sacrificed
him
to
his
Resentment
.
For
which
the
Romans
conceived
such
a
hatred
to
Titius
,
that
some
time
afterwards
they
drove
him
out
of
the
Circus
,
where
he
gave
them
publick
Games
,
and
in
effect
it
was
always
doubted
,
whether
Titius
received
orders
from
Anthony
,
or
whether
Plancus
who
commanded
in
Syria
,
did
not
abuse
the
Name
and
Signet
of
his
General
,
to
put
Pompey
to
death
,
out
of
fear
,
left
Cleopatra
should
save
him
for
his
Father's
sake
,
or
to
make
use
of
him
for
an
occasion
of
division
between
Caesar
and
Anthony
.
Thus
fell
the
youngest
Son
of
Pompey
the
Great
at
the
age
of
forty
years
,
after
he
had
for
some
time
maintained
and
kept
up
his
Father's
faction
;
as
much
by
his
own
valour
as
the
assistence
of
that
great
Name
:
Beside
that
,
Wisedom
did
not
go
along
with
his
courage
;
he
had
to
doe
with
two
,
whereof
one
was
the
wisest
,
and
the
other
the
bravest
Captain
of
their
time
.
He
had
too
the
misfortune
of
having
none
about
him
,
but
people
whose
Souls
as
mean
as
their
extraction
were
not
capable
by
their
Counsels
to
raise
his
vulgar
Genius
.
This
is
was
that
made
him
loose
so
many
fair
opportunities
,
and
at
last
precipitated
him
into
his
destruction
at
last
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
The
causes
of
the
division
between
Anthony
and
Caesar.
Anthony's
unfortunate
expedition
against
the
Parthians
;
his
return
to
Alexandria
.
IT
was
believed
,
that
the
death
of
Pompey
would
have
established
a
Peace
through
all
the
World
,
especially
since
Anthony
and
Caesar
might
in
the
extent
and
riches
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
find
all
that
was
capable
of
satisfying
their
Ambition
.
It
was
very
probable
too
,
that
their
distance
might
take
away
all
occasions
of
jealousie
that
daily
grow
between
Persons
,
whose
Authority
is
equal
,
and
who
are
often
together
.
But
yet
by
their
management
of
Affairs
it
was
quickly
seen
,
which
has
been
confirmed
by
so
many
examples
,
that
the
desire
of
reigning
observes
no
measures
,
and
the
most
sacred
things
.
The
Passion
of
Anthony
for
Cleopatra
,
and
the
gifts
he
daily
gave
her
of
the
Provinces
that
belonged
to
the
Roman
Empire
,
served
Caesar
for
a
pretext
to
renew
the
War
,
and
free
himself
from
a
Competitor
,
who
was
so
formidable
,
both
by
his
valour
,
and
his
Reputation
in
the
opinion
of
he
Souldiery
.
Anthony
had
added
to
Aegypt
,
Phoenicia
,
the
lower
Syria
,
the
Isle
of
Cyprus
and
a
great
part
of
Cilicia
,
besides
Arabia
the
happy
and
that
part
of
Iuda●
,
where
the
true
Balsame
grows
,
and
all
this
before
he
went
to
the
Parthian
War
.
These
Presents
that
he
made
to
a
foreign
Princess
at
the
Romans
cost
,
very
much
displeased
them
;
and
as
they
had
nothing
of
●●●ir
ancient
Liberty
left
them
,
but
the
privilege
of
censuring
the
actions
of
their
Governours
,
there
were
daily
published
at
Rome
very
scurrilous
discourses
of
Anthony's
prodigality
.
Caesar
abetted
these
murmurings
,
and
privately
encouraged
them
who
were
discontented
,
whenas
they
farther
heard
at
Rome
,
that
Anthony
had
given
foreign
Names
to
the
Children
he
had
by
Cleopatra
,
calling
the
Son
Alexander
,
and
the
daughter
Cleopatra
;
and
adding
to
them
the
Sirnames
of
the
Sun
and
Moon
.
Anthony
had
yet
remaining
in
Rome
several
Friends
,
who
gave
him
notice
of
the
discourses
that
went
in
his
prejudice
;
whereupon
he
published
an
Apology
for
himself
,
wherein
he
affirmed
,
that
the
Grandeur
of
the
Empire
of
the
Romans
was
not
more
conspicuous
for
the
Conquests
,
they
made
than
for
the
liberality
they
practised
in
bestowing
the
conquered
Provinces
,
and
that
true
Nobility
was
multiplyed
by
the
posterity
that
sovereign
Princes
left
in
several
places
;
and
that
was
the
reason
that
obliged
Hercules
,
from
whom
he
derived
himself
,
not
to
subject
himself
to
the
single
tye
of
a
Lawfull
wife
,
but
to
leave
the
foundation
of
several
illustrious
Races
in
all
parts
of
the
Earth
,
where
he
extended
his
Conquests
.
These
false
reasons
with
which
he
endeavoured
to
justifie
his
Passion
seemed
abominable
to
the
Romans
,
who
made
profession
of
a
stricter
Morality
.
At
this
time
too
,
it
was
that
Anthony
marched
against
the
Parthians
with
thirteen
Legions
,
ten
thousand
Gallick
or
Spanish
Horse
,
and
above
thirty
thousand
other
light
armed
Foot
and
Horse
;
but
this
great
preparation
that
made
all
the
East
tremble
,
served
onely
to
render
his
retreat
more
shamefull
,
and
to
make
him
loose
that
great
Reputation
which
he
had
gained
in
all
other
occasions
;
at
the
very
first
the
Parthians
slew
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
and
entirely
defeated
two
Legions
,
and
even
Anthony
himself
was
reduced
to
such
extremities
,
that
he
often
despaired
of
his
own
safety
.
At
last
after
he
had
lost
the
fourth
part
of
his
Troops
,
and
all
his
baggage
and
Engines
of
Artillary
,
or
Engines
,
he
saved
himself
in
Armenia
,
by
the
advice
of
a
Roman
who
had
been
a
Prisoner
among
the
Parthians
ever
since
the
death
of
Crassus
.
This
man
counselled
him
to
leave
the
Plains
and
gain
the
Mountains
,
where
though
the
ways
were
difficult
,
yet
he
was
free
from
the
insults
and
attacks
of
the
Enemy
,
all
whose
force
consisted
in
their
Cavalry
.
But
though
Anthony
in
this
War
behaved
himself
with
his
usual
bravery
;
nevertheless
the
loss
he
sustained
of
his
best
Souldiers
,
and
the
shamefull
retreat
of
such
a
General
as
he
,
who
in
all
likelyhood
was
once
able
to
have
conquered
his
Enemies
,
made
an
end
of
ruining
his
Reputation
.
It
is
said
,
that
all
these
misfortunes
were
the
consequences
of
his
Passion
for
the
Queen
of
Aegypt
,
for
that
he
had
begun
the
War
in
a
wrong
season
;
and
that
he
finished
it
too
soon
;
and
lastly
,
that
he
had
taken
no
measures
rightly
,
but
those
that
might
hasten
his
return
to
Cleopatra
,
even
to
the
neglecting
all
that
advantage
that
was
offered
him
by
the
division
of
the
Parthians
and
the
Medes
.
But
that
which
principally
outraged
the
Romans
was
,
the
taking
Art●bazus
King
of
Armeniae
,
whom
Anthony
led
in
Triumph
into
Alexandria
:
the
Pride
of
Rome
could
not
bear
,
that
a
Roman
General
should
impart
that
honour
to
a
foreign
Nation
,
and
that
she
should
be
deprived
of
the
advantage
of
insulting
over
vanquished
Kings
,
which
for
so
many
years
she
had
enjoyed
.
Caesar
made
all
these
faults
of
Anthony
be
taken
notice
of
,
and
above
all
exaggerated
the
little
value
he
had
for
his
Countrey
;
when
he
found
their
spirits
sufficiently
exasperated
against
him
,
he
resolved
to
send
Octavia
to
her
Husband
,
to
the
end
he
might
have
a
plausible
occasion
to
declare
War
if
he
should
offer
her
the
affront
of
sending
her
back
without
seeing
her
.
Anthony
was
then
at
Leucopolis
,
between
Tyre
and
Sidon
,
where
he
stayed
for
Cleopatra
with
an
impatience
he
was
not
able
to
conceal
:
what
means
soever
he
used
to
amuse
himself
and
forget
her
in
the
pleasures
of
his
Debauches
,
he
daily
left
the
Table
to
run
to
the
Sea-side
,
to
see
if
the
Queen
were
not
coming
:
at
last
she
came
,
bringing
with
her
great
quantity
of
Clothing
for
the
Souldiers
and
a
vast
Sum
of
money
;
at
least
Anthony
gave
her
the
honour
of
it
when
he
distributed
it
;
though
it
is
believed
it
all
came
out
of
his
own
Pocket
.
Almost
at
the
same
time
Niger
arrived
,
sent
by
Octavia
,
who
stayed
at
Athens
,
from
whence
she
sent
him
word
that
she
had
brought
him
Clothes
and
Arms
,
Horses
and
Presents
for
his
Officers
;
and
that
she
had
brought
him
2000
chosen
Souldiers
all
well
armed
.
This
was
very
heavy
news
for
the
Queen
:
she
feared
with
a
great
deal
of
reason
,
that
the
vertue
of
Octavia
joined
with
the
consideration
of
her
brother
would
deprive
her
of
the
Heart
of
Anthony
,
and
that
she
could
not
prevail
against
so
powerfull
a
Rival
,
the
moment
she
appeared
.
She
bethought
her self
to
feign
a
deep
Melancholy
:
she
abstained
from
almost
all
kind
of
food
on
purpose
to
make
herself
lean
;
and
when
she
was
near
Anthony
,
she
beheld
him
with
languishing
eyes
,
after
a
very
passionate
manner
,
as
one
quite
besides
her self
with
Love
;
she
let
fall
Tears
in
his
presence
,
and
turned
away
her
Face
,
as
if
she
desired
to
hide
from
him
those
marks
of
her
grief
.
And
besides
all
this
,
their
Flatterers
told
Anthony
,
that
he
was
very
cruel
and
hard
hearted
to
let
a
beautifull
Princess
,
who
loved
him
with
so
much
Passion
,
languish
so
for
him
;
that
her
sorrow
was
ready
to
take
away
her
life
,
which
she
onely
kept
for
his
sake
:
that
Octavia
ought
to
be
contented
with
being
considered
as
his
Wife
,
though
he
married
her
but
by
constraint
and
upon
a
politick
account
;
whereas
such
a
great
Queen
as
Cleopatra
had
no
more
but
the
title
of
his
Mistress
,
and
yet
thought
he
did
her
a
great
deal
of
honour
,
if
he
would
be
so
gratious
to
her
as
not
to
send
her
from
his
presence
,
which
she
could
not
bear
without
the
loss
of
her
life
.
These
Flatteries
prevailed
so
much
upon
Anthony's
weakness
,
that
they
quite
turned
his
thoughts
in
favour
of
Cleopatra
.
He
broke
off
his
enterprize
against
the
Parthians
notwithstanding
all
the
instances
of
the
King
of
the
Medes
who
offered
to
join
with
him
and
oppose
the
Enemies
with
his
Cavalry
accustomed
to
their
way
of
Fighting
,
who
when
they
were
backed
by
the
Roman
Legions
would
have
totally
defeated
them
.
He
onely
contented
himself
to
make
a
match
between
one
of
the
Sons
he
had
by
Cleopatra
and
a
Daughter
of
that
King
.
And
after
he
had
sent
word
to
Octavia
she
should
return
to
Rome
,
he
waited
on
Cleopatra
back
to
Alexandria
,
where
he
passed
the
Winter
in
all
kind
of
Pleasures
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
Caesar
accuses
Anthony
in
the
Senate
.
He
declares
War
against
Anthony
.
His
Forces
.
CAesar
was
not
at
all
surprized
at
the
Contempt
Anthony
shewed
for
Octavia
,
but
yet
he
testified
an
extreme
Resentment
for
it
.
As
soon
as
ever
his
Sister
came
to
Rome
he
ordered
her
to
leave
Anthony's
house
where
she
had
always
lived
;
and
it
was
upon
this
occasion
that
Octavia
made
her
vertue
be
admired
:
She
said
,
Though
she
had
a
great
respect
for
her
brother
,
yet
she
could
not
dispense
with
her self
to
obey
him
;
and
therefore
conjured
him
not
to
force
her
to
quit
the
house
of
a
person
she
would
always
honour
as
her
husband
,
in
spight
of
his
inconstancy
;
and
begged
him
to
forget
all
the
resentment
he
might
have
for
an
injury
which
onely
reguarded
her
alone
;
adding
moreover
,
that
her
interest
ought
not
to
oblige
him
to
declare
himself
Anthony
's
enemy
,
since
it
would
be
a
very
shamefull
thing
if
it
should
one
day
be
said
,
that
the
love
of
one
woman
and
the
jealousie
of
another
had
carried
two
persons
that
governed
such
a
great
Empire
to
plunge
the
Romans
into
the
mischiefs
of
a
Civil-war
.
Caesar
left
his
Sister
at
her
liberty
,
to
doe
as
she
pleased
;
and
indeed
the
carriage
of
Octavia
did
not
belye
her
words
.
She
always
kept
at
Anthony's
house
,
and
took
an
extraordinary
care
of
the
education
of
his
Children
,
without
making
any
distinction
between
her
own
Children
and
those
he
had
by
Fulvia
.
She
took
into
her
protection
all
those
whom
her
Husband
sent
to
Rome
to
sue
for
Offices
.
She
assisted
their
Pretensions
with
the
Authority
she
had
with
the
People
;
and
never
left
importuning
her
Brother
till
she
had
obtained
for
them
what
they
desired
.
But
nothing
did
more
prejudice
Anthony's
interest
than
this
behaviour
of
Octavia
,
though
it
were
quite
against
her
intention
;
this
great
generosity
of
hers
made
her
Husband
's
ill
usage
of
a
person
of
her
worth
seem
the
more
odious
,
was
that
which
purchased
the
general
hatred
of
the
Romans
;
which
was
yet
more
confirmed
by
what
he
did
at
Alexandria
.
Anthony
intending
as
it
were
to
spight
the
Romans
,
to
dispose
of
the
Provinces
of
his
Dominions
in
favour
of
Cleopatra
and
her
Children
,
erected
a
Throne
of
Silver
in
the
Gymnasium
,
the
place
where
the
young
men
performed
their
bodily
Exercises
:
Upon
this
Throne
were
two
Seats
of
Gold
,
one
for
him
,
and
another
for
Cleopatra
;
and
there
in
presence
of
all
the
People
he
declared
her
Queen
of
Aegypt
,
Cyprus
,
Lydia
and
lower
Syria
,
associating
with
her
Caesarion
,
the
Son
she
had
by
I.
Caesar.
To
the
Children
which
he
had
by
her
he
gave
the
Title
of
King
of
Kings
;
and
for
their
Dominions
,
to
Alexander
,
the
eldest
,
he
allotted
Armenia
,
Media
and
Parthia
,
which
he
pretended
to
conquer
in
a
little
time
,
Ptolemy
,
the
younger
,
had
Phoenicia
,
upper
Syria
and
Cilicia
:
then
they
appeared
,
Alexander
in
a
long
Median
Vest
,
with
a
high
Cidaris
and
Tiara
,
which
was
the
mark
of
Sovereignty
among
those
Nations
.
Ptolemy
had
Grecian
Buskins
,
a
royal
Mantle
and
a
large
Hat
adorned
with
a
Diadem
,
after
the
manner
of
the
Macedonian
Kings
,
the
Successors
of
Alexander
.
Thus
habited
,
they
came
to
thank
Anthony
and
Cleopatra
,
who
embraced
them
,
and
immediately
two
Companies
of
Guards
,
all
chosen
handsome
persons
,
the
one
Armenians
▪
the
other
Macedonians
,
were
drawn
up
near
these
young
Princes
.
But
that
which
appeared
most
remarkable
in
this
Solemnity
was
,
that
Cleopatra
appeared
drest
like
the
Goddess
Isis
,
and
ever
after
,
when
she
appeared
in
publick
,
she
always
wore
that
habit
;
and
all
her
Edicts
and
Decrees
were
ever
after
received
as
Oracles
of
the
New
Isis.
Caesar
then
thought
it
was
a
convenient
time
openly
to
declare
himself
:
he
accused
Anthony
of
all
these
Attempts
against
the
Majesty
of
the
Roman
Empire
before
the
Senate
and
the
People
of
Rome
.
Anthony
sent
to
Rome
to
make
his
defence
,
and
to
complain
of
Caesar.
He
said
,
He
had
seized
upon
all
Sicily
,
without
giving
him
any
share
;
that
he
had
dispossessed
Lepidus
,
and
kept
all
his
Governments
for
himself
;
and
that
he
had
divided
all
Italy
among
his
Souldiers
,
and
reserved
nothing
for
those
that
served
in
Asia
.
To
these
Accusations
Caesar
answered
,
That
,
as
for
Lepidus
,
he
was
obliged
to
depose
him
for
his
conduct
,
for
which
he
was
justly
punished
:
for
the
Conquests
he
had
made
,
he
was
willing
to
share
them
with
Anthony
,
when
he
would
divide
Armenia
which
he
had
conquered
;
and
for
the
Souldiers
that
served
with
Anthony
,
there
was
no
likelyhood
that
they
would
desire
some
pitifull
lands
in
Italy
after
they
had
conquered
Media
and
the
Empire
of
the
Parthians
by
the
great
Exploits
they
had
done
in
following
their
General
.
Anthony
was
so
nettled
with
this
Jear
,
that
he
ordered
Canidius
,
who
commanded
his
Army
,
to
march
without
intermission
towards
the
Sea-coasts
with
sixteen
Legions
to
pass
over
into
Europe
,
and
he
himself
with
Cleopatra
came
to
Ephesus
,
where
his
Lieutenants
had
got
together
eight
hundred
Vessels
,
whereof
Cleopatra
furnished
two
hundred
with
Three
Millions
.
twenty
thousand
Talents
and
Provisions
for
all
his
Forces
.
Anthony
,
by
the
Advice
of
Domitius
,
resolved
to
send
back
the
Queen
into
Aegypt
till
the
War
was
ended
;
but
she
,
fearing
lest
Octavia
should
make
an
advantage
of
this
opportunity
to
come
to
her
Husband
and
make
a
Peace
,
she
,
by
great
Presents
,
gained
Canidius
to
represent
to
Anthony
,
That
it
was
not
just
to
drive
away
a
Princess
with
disgrace
,
who
alone
maintained
almost
all
the
expence
of
the
War
.
That
,
besides
,
her
departure
would
deprive
him
of
the
assistence
of
the
Aegyptians
,
who
were
the
best
part
of
his
Navy
.
And
that
he
knew
there
was
no
King
among
the
Allies
to
whom
Cleopatra
yielded
in
prudence
or
understanding
,
as
it
appeared
by
the
manner
of
her
governing
so
mighty
a
Kingdom
;
besides
the
experience
she
had
gained
in
her
long
acquaintance
with
Anthony
,
whereby
she
had
perfectly
instructed
hir self
in
the
management
of
the
most
important
affairs
.
The
good
fortune
of
Caesar
and
Anthony's
evil
destiny
caused
this
Counsel
to
take
place
.
Cleopatra
stayed
,
and
they
went
to
Samos
,
where
,
for
preparation
for
so
great
an
enterprise
,
they
began
with
all
the
pleasures
that
could
be
devised
;
their
care
was
very
pleasantly
divided
;
on
one
side
all
the
Kings
,
Princes
and
Nations
from
Aegypt
to
the
Euxine
Sea
,
and
from
Armenia
to
Dalmatia
,
had
order
to
send
Arms
,
Provisions
and
Souldiers
to
Samos
;
on
the
other
,
all
the
Comedians
,
Dancers
,
Musicians
and
Bouffons
were
obliged
to
come
to
his
Isle
:
so
that
sometimes
a
Ship
that
was
thought
to
be
laden
with
Souldiers
,
who
conveyed
a
considerable
succour
of
Arms
and
Amunition
,
proved
to
be
laden
with
Players
,
Scenes
and
Machines
,
for
the
Stage
;
and
whilst
all
the
rest
of
the
World
was
in
extreme
desolation
,
Joy
and
all
kinds
of
pleasure
ruled
here
,
as
if
they
had
all
made
choice
of
this
place
to
retire
to
:
But
how
magnificent
soever
their
entertainments
were
,
they
wanted
their
chiefest
relish
which
was
confidence
,
for
Anthony's
displeasures
had
sowred
his
temper
to
that
degree
that
he
,
as
to
make
him
suspect
Cleopatra
her self
,
ate
of
no
thing
with
her
without
a
Taster
:
but
as
this
Precaution
seemed
to
be
very
injurious
to
Cleopatra
,
she
undertook
to
let
him
see
that
it
was
in
vain
to
stand
upon
his
guard
against
her
adress
.
She
always
added
life
to
the
entertainment
by
her
pleasant
company
,
so
that
once
at
a
meal
she
proposed
a
new
kind
of
diversion
of
drinking
one
anothers
Garlands
,
which
,
according
to
the
mode
of
those
times
,
all
the
Guests
were
crowned
with
,
dipping
the
Flowers
of
them
in
the
Wine
.
Anthony
applauded
the
Frolick
,
and
would
begin
it
with
Cleopatra's
Garland
,
as
she
very
well
foresaw
;
all
the
outside
Flowers
of
it
were
poisoned
,
the
Garland
was
pulled
to
pieces
and
put
into
a
golden
Cup
full
of
Wine
which
Anthony
was
just
carrying
to
his
Lips
when
Cleopatra
told
him
,
My
Lord
,
said
she
,
now
know
Cleopatra
better
and
learn
by
this
example
;
that
all
the
Precautions
signifie
nothing
against
her
,
if
her
heart
were
not
interested
in
your
preservation
;
whereupon
by
her
order
a
Criminal
was
immediately
brought
,
who
drank
the
poisoned
Wine
,
and
expired
upon
the
place
.
This
Action
cured
Anthony
of
his
suspicion
,
or
at
least
made
him
leave
off
troublesome
Precaution
,
which
it
seems
was
but
useless
against
the
art
of
this
Princess
,
who
could
so
skilfully
mingle
inevitable
Snares
of
death
among
her
pleasures
.
Every
City
of
Anthony's
Empire
had
a
share
in
these
Sacrifices
and
sent
an
Ox
thither
to
be
offered
:
and
the
Kings
who
accompanied
him
contented
who
should
make
the
noblest
entertainments
;
so
that
it
was
asked
by
one
,
What
rejoicing
they
would
make
for
a
Victory
,
who
made
such
magnificent
Treats
just
before
a
bloudy
War
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
Anthony
(
with
Cleopatra
)
goes
to
Athens
.
Plancus
and
several
others
of
his
Friends
forsake
him
.
THE
stay
Anthony
made
at
Samos
was
very
favourable
;
for
Caesar
had
made
no
provision
for
the
War
,
by
reason
all
Italy
mutinied
against
him
,
because
of
the
imposition
he
laid
upon
the
People
.
The
news
of
Anthony's
approach
with
such
formidable
Forces
had
augmented
this
disorder
and
quite
astonished
the
Romans
:
but
when
they
saw
that
all
these
Preparations
served
onely
to
fill
the
publick
Places
and
the
Theatres
of
the
Isle
of
Samos
,
Caesar
reassured
them
;
and
after
he
had
appeased
the
People
,
who
grumbled
according
to
custome
when
money
was
demanded
;
though
when
they
have
payed
,
they
never
think
of
it
afterwards
:
He
put
himself
into
a
posture
of
disputing
the
Empire
with
Forces
equal
to
his
Enemy
.
And
now
Cleopatra
,
envying
the
honours
she
had
received
at
Athens
,
had
likewise
a
desire
to
see
that
City
,
and
was
carried
thither
by
Anthony
;
she
distributed
great
Gifts
to
the
Athenians
,
who
in
recompence
were
not
behind-hand
with
their
usual
Flatteries
:
they
accorded
honours
beyond
the
condition
of
mortals
;
and
the
most
noble
Citizens
were
deputed
to
carry
her
the
Decree
.
Anthony
,
in
the
capacity
of
a
Citizen
of
Athens
,
would
be
the
chief
of
the
Embassy
,
he
was
Spokesman
and
harangued
the
Queen
in
the
name
of
the
People
:
At
length
,
to
give
her
the
utmost
of
his
Passion
,
he
sent
order
to
Octavia
to
goe
out
of
his
house
:
she
obeyed
,
without
murmuring
at
this
horrible
piece
of
injustice
,
and
retired
to
her
own
house
,
and
all
Anthony's
Children
with
her
,
except
Antyllus
,
who
was
with
his
Father
.
She
onely
lamented
her
hard
fate
,
because
she
was
forced
to
serve
for
a
pretence
to
a
War
,
whose
consequences
must
needs
be
fatal
to
her
.
Several
of
Anthony's
friends
not
being
able
any
longer
to
bear
with
his
disorders
,
abandoned
him
:
but
it
was
not
this
nor
the
choice
of
a
better
side
that
made
Plancus
leave
him
,
onely
Inconstancy
,
the
natural
disease
of
his
mind
:
he
had
been
the
basest
and
most
sordid
of
Cleopatra's
Flatterers
,
and
had
abased
himself
to
the
lowest
employments
about
Anthony
;
even
to
the
writing
his
bawdy
Letters
and
being
his
Pimp
.
And
though
he
had
been
Consul
,
General
of
an
Army
,
and
Governour
of
a
Province
,
he
was
not
ashamed
to
appear
at
a
Feast
among
the
Actors
in
a
Play
and
represent
Glaucus
,
a
Sea
God
.
It
was
doubtless
a
very
pleasant
spectacle
to
see
a
man
of
his
quality
naked
and
painted
green
,
and
crowned
with
Reeds
,
with
a
long
Beard
down
to
his
middle
,
and
a
huge
Tail
of
a
Fish
,
dancing
upon
his
Knees
,
and
making
a
hundred
ridiculous
postures
:
nor
did
this
Action
fail
of
making
him
be
scorned
.
Anthony
abused
him
and
reproached
him
for
some
Extortions
whereof
he
was
accused
,
which
soon
made
him
resolve
to
goe
to
Caesar
with
Titius
who
was
his
Nephew
.
When
he
came
to
Rome
,
he
accused
Anthony
before
the
Senate
of
several
Crimes
with
so
much
heat
,
that
Coponius
could
not
forbear
saying
to
him
,
Sure
you
never
observed
these
Crimes
of
Anthony
but
the
evening
before
your
departure
:
by
which
he
reproached
either
his
baseness
in
enduring
those
Crimes
so
long
,
or
his
sottishness
not
to
find
them
out
sooner
.
But
Pollio's
proceeding
was
as
generous
as
Plancus's
was
infamous
.
Pollio
had
retired
into
Italy
after
the
Peace
was
made
at
Tarentum
;
nor
had
he
ever
seen
Cleopatra
or
served
under
Anthony
since
his
Intrigue
with
that
Princess
:
yet
when
Caesar
pressed
him
to
follow
him
in
this
War
,
he
frankly
said
,
I
have
served
Anthony
Anthony's
Will
and
Testament
was
at
Rome
,
in
the
hands
of
the
Vestals
,
and
Plancus
it
was
who
gave
Caesar
notice
of
it
,
who
,
as
he
would
omit
nothing
that
might
serve
his
designs
,
demanded
the
sight
of
it
:
the
Vestals
refused
to
deliver
it
into
his
hands
;
but
by
an
equivocating
turn
they
told
him
,
If
he
would
come
and
fetch
it
,
they
would
not
hinder
him
.
Caesar
went
and
took
it
;
and
when
he
had
it
,
he
chose
out
the
Places
that
were
most
odious
in
it
,
and
read
them
in
full
Senate
.
But
this
action
was
not
approved
of
at
all
.
They
said
,
It
was
against
the
course
of
nature
to
punish
a
man
whilst
living
for
what
he
ordered
to
be
done
when
he
was
dead
.
Caesar
chiefly
insisted
upon
Anthony's
disposing
of
his
Sepulture
:
he
ordained
,
That
if
he
dyed
in
Rome
,
his
body
should
be
carried
in
funeral
pomp
through
the
principal
places
of
the
City
,
and
then
sent
into
Aegypt
to
Cleopatra
.
But
all
the
bustle
that
Caesar
made
upon
this
occasion
did
not
succeed
according
to
his
wish
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
goe
to
work
another
way
.
Calvisius
accused
Anthony
publickly
,
That
he
had
given
Cleopatra
the
famous
Library
of
the
Kings
of
Pergamus
composed
of
two
hundred
thousand
Volumes
;
That
he
had
trod
on
her
Toe
at
a
publick
entertainment
,
and
permitted
the
Ephesians
to
give
her
the
quality
of
their
Sovereign
in
his
presence
.
But
more
particularly
he
insisted
on
two
Articles
:
One
was
,
That
Anthony
,
having
received
Love-letters
from
Cleopatra
,
he
had
read
them
in
his
Tribunal
,
where
he
sate
judging
the
differences
of
several
Kings
of
Asia
.
The
other
,
That
one
day
,
when
Furnius
the
most
eloquent
Oratour
among
the
Romans
was
pleading
before
him
,
he
left
the
Oratour
and
the
Audience
to
follow
Cleopatra
's
litter
that
by
chance
pass'd
by
.
Nothing
gives
us
a
truer
Image
of
the
Roman
gravity
than
this
Passage
in
the
History
.
The
heads
of
this
Accusation
,
that
at
present
appear
frivolous
and
ridiculous
,
were
all
nevertheless
seriously
proposed
by
Calvisius
.
Nay
,
Plutarch
affirms
,
they
were
such
shrewd
ones
,
that
the
Accuser
invented
one
part
of
them
.
Certain
it
is
that
they
appeared
of
that
moment
and
weight
to
Anthony's
Friends
,
that
they
began
to
bestir
themselves
and
solicit
in
his
favour
,
to
hinder
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
by
which
he
was
to
be
declared
an
Enemy
to
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
.
Therefore
they
sent
Geminius
to
Athens
to
make
the
last
attempt
upon
his
Temper
.
The
arrival
of
this
man
so
much
alarmed
Cleopatra
,
that
she
offered
him
a
hundred
signal
Affronts
and
several
very
abusive
Jears
.
But
he
not
being
mortified
at
it
,
she
caused
Anthony
one
day
to
ask
him
the
cause
of
his
coming
.
Geminius
answered
,
That
things
of
that
nature
were
not
to
be
talked
of
over
a
bottle
;
and
,
that
it
was
necessary
to
be
sober
and
fasting
when
they
were
to
be
examined
;
but
this
he
was
sure
of
,
that
both
before
and
after
a
Debauch
he
saw
matters
would
goe
well
enough
,
if
Cleopatra
were
sent
into
Aegypt
.
Anthony
was
troubled
at
this
discourse
,
and
Cleopatra
said
to
Geminius
,
You
doe
very
wisely
to
own
the
truth
,
without
staying
till
it
is
extorted
from
you
by
torments
.
Geminius
did
not
think
it
convenient
to
stay
for
the
effect
of
this
Threat
,
but
fled
to
Rome
,
followed
by
several
other
Romans
who
were
disgusted
at
the
audaciousness
of
Cleopatra
and
the
insolence
of
her
Parasites
.
The
most
considerable
persons
of
those
who
forsook
them
were
Syllanus
and
the
famous
Dellius
,
who
at
a
meal
where
the
Wine
was
not
to
his
mind
said
,
That
they
made
them
drink
Vinegar
there
,
whilst
at
Rome
,
Sarmentus
drank
Falernian
Wine
.
This
Sarmentus
was
a
kind
of
a
Bouffon
to
Caesar.
As
there
is
in
all
Courts
some
certain
moments
when
every
thing
that
is
spoke
is
interpreted
to
have
a
secret
meaning
in
it
;
This
raillery
of
Dellius
was
so
ill
taken
by
Cleopatra
,
that
she
gave
order
to
have
him
murthered
.
Dellius
,
who
had
notice
of
it
,
and
not
being
willing
to
hazard
himself
to
gain
the
reputation
of
a
resolute
man
upon
this
occasion
,
was
it
may
be
glad
of
the
opportunity
to
follow
his
inclination
,
and
justly
deserve
the
name
of
Vaulter
,
which
afterwards
Messala
gave
him
at
Rome
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
The
Forces
of
Caesar
and
Anthony
.
They
write
sharp
Letters
to
each
other
.
Caesar
approaches
Anthony's
Army
which
lay
at
Actium
.
NO
sooner
did
Caesar
find
himself
strong
enough
to
carry
on
the
War
,
but
he
publickly
proclaimed
it
against
Cleopatra
,
and
abrogated
the
Authority
of
Anthony
,
who
had
already
in
a
manner
parted
with
it
in
favour
of
that
Princess
.
The
Decree
implied
besides
,
That
Anthony
was
no
longer
Master
of
his
own
will
,
by
reason
Cleopatra
with
her
Philtres
had
taken
away
the
very
use
of
his
reason
;
so
that
he
was
not
to
be
accounted
as
any
body
in
this
War
,
which
was
onely
managed
by
Mardion
her
Eunuch
,
and
Iras
and
Charmia
her
Women
,
who
absolutely
governed
Anthony
's
Empire
.
The
Prodigies
too
were
not
forgot
:
The
Town
of
Pisaurum
that
Anthony
had
rebuilt
on
the
shoar
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
was
swallowed
up
by
an
Earthquake
.
At
Alva
a
Statue
of
this
Triumvir
sweat
for
many
days
together
.
The
Temple
of
Hercules
at
Patras
was
burnt
by
Lightning
.
And
at
Athens
the
Image
of
Bacchus
that
stood
among
several
other
Images
of
the
Gods
was
alone
●verthrown
by
the
Wind.
The
same
thing
happened
to
two
Colossus's
called
the
Antonii
.
Last
of
all
,
The
Swallows
that
had
built
their
nests
in
the
Poop
of
Cleopatra's
Admiral
Galley
were
driven
away
by
other
Swallows
who
destroyed
what
the
former
had
made
.
All
these
were
explained
very
justly
,
but
't
was
after
Anthony's
Defeat
.
The
Forces
of
the
two
Triumviri
were
answerable
to
the
Empire
they
shared
between
them
;
nor
were
there
ever
seen
two
so
great
Powers
oppose
each
other
.
Anthony
commanded
over
all
the
Provinces
from
Armenia
and
the
Red-sea
to
the
Adriatick
Gulph
and
the
Euxine
Sea
;
and
Caesar
had
all
those
from
Sicily
to
the
Ocean
.
All
the
Kings
of
Asia
that
were
Allies
to
the
Romans
followed
the
fortune
of
Anthony
;
namely
,
Tarcondemus
King
of
Cilicia
,
Archelaus
of
Cappadocia
,
Philadelphus
of
Paphlagonia
,
Mithridates
of
Comagena
of
Thrace
,
these
Princes
were
in
person
in
his
Army
.
But
Polemon
King
of
Pontus
,
Malchus
King
of
Arabia
,
Herod
King
of
the
Iews
,
and
Amintas
King
of
Galatia
,
onely
sent
their
Troops
;
besides
these
,
Bacchus
King
of
Mauritania
,
who
brought
his
along
with
him
;
all
these
together
made
an
hundred
thousand
Foot
and
twelve
thousand
Horse
,
The
Navy
was
composed
of
five
hundred
Ships
of
War
,
whereof
some
had
eight
or
ten
Banks
of
Oars
.
Caesar
in
his
Party
had
no
foreign
Princes
,
and
his
Army
amounted
to
b●t
eighty
thousand
;
but
he
was
as
strong
in
Cavalry
as
his
Enemy
.
He
had
but
two
hundred
and
fifty
Vessels
,
all
light
,
and
very
well
manned
with
Sailers
,
Rowers
and
Souldiers
;
whereas
those
of
Anthony
were
vast
,
high
and
heavy
,
and
wanted
Rowers
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
take
up
all
the
Artisans
and
Labourers
of
Greece
to
employ
them
at
the
Oar.
Then
their
Hatred
shewed
it self
by
very
bitter
Letters
;
and
when
Caesar
reproached
Anthony
with
his
Love
for
Cleopatra
and
the
Prodigality
of
his
Feasts
,
he
on
the
other
side
put
him
in
mind
of
the
famous
Feasts
of
the
twelve
Gods
,
where
Caesar
and
the
other
Guests
were
clad
as
they
represented
the
Deities
they
adored
.
To
this
he
added
his
hasty
marriage
with
Livia
,
and
the
shamefull
divorcing
of
Scribonia
because
she
would
not
bear
with
the
Insolence
of
that
new
Mistress
;
and
all
the
Roman
Ladies
with
whom
Caesar
had
ever
had
any
Gallantry
or
Intrigue
were
brought
upon
the
Stage
.
He
even
proceeded
to
tax
him
with
Cowardise
at
the
Battels
of
Modena
and
Sicily
,
with
all
those
scandalous
Circumstances
that
were
mentioned
before
;
whereupon
Caesar
wrote
to
him
,
That
it
was
needless
to
fight
any
longer
with
the
Pen.
That
if
he
would
advance
with
his
Army
he
should
have
Ports
in
Italy
where
he
should
land
without
any
molestation
;
and
that
Caesar
would
draw
his
Troops
far
enough
from
the
Sea-side
,
to
give
Anthony
the
liberty
of
encamping
,
and
putting
his
Army
into
Battalia
.
To
make
a
return
to
this
Bravade
;
Anthony
,
though
he
were
much
older
,
challenged
Caesar
to
fight
a
single
combat
;
or
if
he
liked
not
this
,
he
offer'd
to
give
him
Battel
in
the
Plain
of
Pharsalia
,
where
I.
Caesar
and
Pompey
had
formerly
decided
their
Differences
.
So
each
of
the
Generals
endeavoured
to
manage
it
to
his
own
advantage
,
in
striving
to
make
his
own
Dominions
the
field
of
Combat
.
But
Fortune
ordered
it
should
be
otherwise
.
At
that
time
Anthony
was
at
Actium
,
where
,
while
he
spent
his
time
to
no
purpose
,
Caesar
went
from
Tarentum
,
where
his
Fleet
lay
,
and
surprized
Toryne
,
a
City
near
Actium
.
This
Exploit
astonished
Anthony's
Souldiers
,
because
his
Legions
were
not
yet
arrived
.
But
Cleopatra
,
to
re-assure
them
,
made
flight
of
it
,
and
said
,
What
matter
is
it
if
Caesar
has
taken
the
Scummer
,
alluding
to
the
word
Toryne
which
signifies
so
.
The
Town
of
Actium
,
which
this
action
has
made
so
famous
,
was
seated
upon
a
point
at
the
entrance
of
the
Gulf
of
Ambracia
on
the
Coast
of
Epirus
,
between
the
Islands
of
Corcyra
and
Cephalonia
.
Anthony
had
retired
all
his
Ships
into
the
Gulf
,
whither
Caesar
,
the
next
day
after
the
taking
of
Toryne
came
and
offered
him
Battel
.
Anthony
was
at
a
grievous
plunge
because
his
Vessels
wanted
Souldiers
to
man
them
.
But
that
drew
them
into
their
fighting
posture
with
the
Oars
a-peek
,
as
if
he
intended
to
bear
down
upon
the
Enemy
.
This
strategeme
had
its
effect
.
Caesar
,
who
durst
not
engage
him
in
that
narrow
passage
,
retreated
off
to
Sea
,
but
the
other
came
not
off
the
Gulf
,
and
as
he
perfectly
knew
the
Countrey
thereabouts
,
on
every
side
he
cut
off
the
Water
from
Caesar's
Camp
,
which
threw
his
Army
into
great
distress
.
Agrippa
omitted
not
to
take
the
Cities
of
Leucadia
and
Petras
,
and
seize
upon
Corinth
.
These
happy
Successes
occasioned
Amintas
and
Dejotarus
to
declare
for
Caesar.
Domitius
,
carried
on
by
their
Example
,
saved
himself
in
a
Cock-boat
,
and
came
to
Caesar
,
whose
side
he
did
not
much
favour
by
his
revolt
,
because
Anthony
,
according
to
his
natural
generosity
,
sent
him
his
People
and
all
his
Equipage
,
though
it
were
against
the
opinion
of
Cleopatra
her self
,
which
so
sensibly
touch'd
Domitius
who
was
sick
already
,
that
he
was
not
able
to
out-live
the
grief
of
abandoning
a
man
who
by
kindness
revenged
himself
for
his
perfidiousness
.
In
the
mean
time
Canidius
arrived
with
the
Legions
,
who
as
he
saw
the
danger
nearer
,
he
changed
his
mind
concerning
Cleopatra
:
He
would
have
had
Anthony
send
back
the
Queen
,
and
himself
goe
into
Macedonia
,
and
fight
by
Land
with
so
much
more
advantage
,
because
Dicomes
,
King
of
the
Getes
,
promised
him
a
powerfull
assistence
.
Then
said
Canidius
,
One
ought
not
to
regard
a
false
kind
of
shame
,
in
having
Caesar
Master
of
the
Sea
,
where
his
Souldiers
had
gained
a
great
deal
of
experience
during
the
War
with
Pompey
.
That
it
would
be
a
renouncing
both
sense
and
reason
,
to
put
to
the
hazard
of
the
Sea
and
Winds
a
Victory
which
by
Land
they
were
certain
of
by
the
Valour
and
Experience
of
their
General
,
who
to
this
day
had
kept
up
the
title
of
Invincible
;
and
by
the
Courage
of
their
Souldiers
whom
he
had
tried
in
so
many
dangers
.
Anthony
was
very
much
inclined
to
follow
this
Advice
;
but
Cleopatra
byassed
him
the
other
way
,
and
obliged
him
against
his
will
to
hazard
both
his
Empire
and
his
Life
in
a
Sea-fight
.
Here
also
it
was
that
Anthony
had
like
to
have
fallen
into
a
very
great
danger
.
And
this
may
serve
for
an
Instruction
to
persons
of
his
rank
,
not
too
freely
to
expose
themselves
,
when
they
are
near
the
Enemies
.
They
had
made
a
kind
of
Causey
,
which
ran
out
very
far
into
the
Sea
,
to
go
from
Anthony's
Camp
to
his
Fleet
;
as
he
passed
often
in
this
place
without
any
distrust
,
and
slenderly
accompanied
;
some
of
Caesar's
Souldiers
having
notice
of
it
by
a
Slave
,
made
out
a
Party
to
carry
him
off
;
and
came
so
near
,
that
they
took
the
Officer
that
marched
before
him
:
they
had
likewise
taken
Anthony
,
if
their
Impatience
had
not
discovered
them
too
soon
;
he
had
much
a-doe
to
save
himself
;
and
Caesar's
men
retreated
with
their
Prisoner
,
extremely
troubled
at
their
too
much
haste
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
The
battel
of
Actium
.
The
retreat
of
Cleopatra
.
The
flight
of
Anthony
.
Caesar
makes
himself
Master
of
Anthony's
Navy
and
his
Land-forces
.
ANthony
having
taken
a
resolution
to
fight
by
Sea
,
burnt
all
his
ships
of
burthen
,
except
sixty
that
belonged
to
Cleopatra
,
and
of
his
Men
of
War
kept
only
those
that
had
from
three
to
ten
Rows
or
Oars
,
which
he
manned
with
twenty
two
thousand
Foot
,
and
ten
thousand
Archers
.
As
he
was
putting
his
Fleet
into
order
of
battel
,
and
going
about
to
give
his
necessary
orders
,
an
old
Officer
,
a
very
brave
man
,
and
all
covered
with
Scars
,
thus
spoke
to
him
aloud
,
My
noble
General
,
Do
you
despise
this
Sword
and
this
Arm
,
which
my
very
wounds
have
not
been
able
to
weaken
:
That
you
will
place
your
hopes
in
brittle
Boats
▪
Leave
the
Aegyptians
and
Phoenicians
to
fight
at
Sea
,
but
put
us
ashore
where
we
are
used
to
meet
or
give
death
with
a
firm
foot
and
an
assured
look
.
Anthony
answered
nothing
▪
he
onely
made
a
sign
with
his
head
,
as
if
it
were
to
encourage
him
,
though
he
himself
did
not
seem
as
if
he
were
very
well
assured
,
for
when
the
Commanders
of
his
ships
propo●ed
taking
away
the
Sails
he
opposed
it
;
saying
,
He
would
not
have
one
of
the
Enemies
escape
:
for
four
days
together
,
the
Sea
ran
so
high
,
that
it
was
impossible
to
fight
the
fifth
;
the
Wind
was
down
,
and
then
the
two
Fleets
advanced
towards
each
other
with
their
Oars
in
very
good
order
.
It
was
a
terrible
but
a
very
noble
sight
,
and
worthy
the
reward
they
contended
for
,
to
see
on
one
side
the
Shore
,
where
there
were
two
hundred
thousand
Men
all
at
their
Arms
,
and
on
the
other
side
the
Sea
covered
with
an
incredible
number
of
Vessels
filled
with
Men
;
who
were
just
ready
to
employ
both
Fire
and
Steel
for
each
others
destruction
.
[
*
](A33186-e95100-b)
*
Anno
ab
U.
c.
721.
Thirty
one
years
before
Iesus
Christ
.
Anthony
was
at
the
right
Division
of
his
Navy
,
where
Publicola
commanded
:
Calius
was
upon
the
left
,
or
according
to
other
Authours
Sosius
.
Marcus
Octavius
with
Insteius
was
in
the
Centre
.
Agrippa
Caesar's
General
kept
in
the
middle
of
the
Fleet
,
having
Carius
upon
the
right
,
and
Aruntu
upon
the
lef●
:
Caesar
himself
onely
kept
the
Command
of
a
reserve
to
carry
relief
where
it
was
needfull
;
they
tell
us
nothing
more
of
the
order
of
the
two
Fleets
,
but
we
may
believe
;
that
the
Vessels
that
Caesar
commanded
made
a
second
Line
or
Division
,
and
that
Cleopatra
with
her
Gallies
did
the
same
in
Anthony's
.
This
General
in
a
Brigantine
went
about
encouraging
his
Men
with
the
remembrance
of
so
many
Victories
they
had
gained
under
his
Conduct
.
He
told
them
,
That
this
day
he
expected
the
Empire
of
the
World
from
their
valour
,
and
that
they
might
promise
themselves
answerable
rewards
;
that
the
largeness
of
his
Vessels
gave
them
opportunity
of
fighting
as
firmly
,
and
with
as
much
assurance
as
if
they
were
on
Land
;
and
for
this
reason
he
ordered
the
Pilots
not
to
quit
their
Posts
,
but
expect
the
Enemies
at
the
entrance
of
the
Gulf.
Caesar
on
his
side
gave
no
less
hopes
to
his
Souldiers
,
but
with
more
confidence
in
regard
he
was
animated
by
a
happy
Augury
.
At
break
of
day
coming
out
of
his
Tent
to
go
on
board
,
he
met
a
Countreyman
driving
an
Ass
before
him
;
moved
by
I
know
not
what
Curiosity
or
instinct
he
asked
him
his
Name
:
My
Lord
,
says
he
,
my
name
is
Eutyches
,
and
I
call
my
Ass
Nicon
;
the
first
of
these
Names
in
Greek
signifies
Happy
,
and
the
other
Conquerour
.
This
rencounter
made
Caesar
so
glad
,
that
he
no
longer
doubted
of
the
Victory
,
and
published
the
adventure
through
the
whole
Army
;
and
when
afterwards
he
erected
a
Trophy
for
the
Victory
,
with
the
Spurs
and
Breakheads
of
Anthony's
Gallies
;
the
Statues
of
the
Man
and
the
Ass
were
made
in
Brass
.
When
Caesar's
Fleet
was
drawn
up
,
he
went
to
the
right
Wing
and
staid
to
see
how
the
Enemies
would
work
to
give
the
Onset
;
their
Gallies
lay
as
if
they
were
at
an
Anchor
in
the
entrance
of
the
Gulf
,
and
lay
so
till
Noon
,
when
a
fresh
gale
carried
Anthony's
left
Division
out
of
the
Gulf.
Caesar
made
his
right
,
where
it
was
,
fall
a
Stern
,
to
draw
them
farther
out
to
Sea
,
that
he
might
encompass
them
with
his
Vessels
which
were
lighter
and
much
better
fitted
;
his
design
succeeded
,
and
the
battel
began
here
but
in
a
different
manner
than
usaul
.
For
there
was
no
shock
,
because
Anthony's
Gallies
were
too
heavy
,
and
those
of
Caesar
avoided
it
;
fearing
splitting
against
those
huge
Vessels
,
fortified
with
thick
Timber
and
iron
Spikes
,
so
that
this
fight
resembled
rather
an
assault
.
Caesar's
Souldiers
attacked
the
Enemies
with
Pikes
,
Javelins
,
Piles
and
Fire
pots
,
and
they
defended
themselves
with
Arrows
and
Darts
thrown
from
their
Engines
planted
on
wooden
Towers
Agrippa
,
whose
experience
out-went
all
the
Commanders
of
his
time
,
stood
out
with
the
point
of
his
left
Division
to
flank
Anthony's
,
which
made
Publicola
advance
to
hinder
it
.
Aruntius
laying
hold
on
this
occasion
,
bore
into
the
midst
of
the
Enemies
Fleet
which
he
put
into
some
disorder
;
but
the
valour
of
the
Souldiers
made
the
Victory
yet
doubtfull
:
as
they
were
all
of
them
chosen
Troops
,
they
defended
themselves
with
invincible
Courage
,
and
made
a
great
slaughter
of
the
Enemies
that
attempted
to
approach
them
.
When
streight
they
saw
Cleopatra's
sixty
Ga●lies
advance
between
the
two
Fleets
with
all
their
Sails
abroad
,
this
movement
equally
surprized
both
Navies
.
Anthony's
was
already
in
some
disorder
;
and
when
he
expected
some
great
action
from
these
Gallies
which
were
th●
best
of
his
Fleet
;
he
was
amazed
to
see
them
all
of
a
sudden
tack
about
,
and
run
towards
Peloponnesus
withall
the
Sail
they
could
bear
:
thus
the
Historians
relate
it
after
Plutarch
,
without
giving
any
other
reason
of
this
baseness
of
the
Aegyptians
,
than
the
timorousness
of
their
Queen
;
that
which
they
add
is
yet
more
surprizing
.
Anthony
had
given
too
many
proofs
of
his
Courage
,
ever
to
be
suspected
of
Cowardize
;
and
in
this
occasion
,
not
onely
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
but
his
own
Life
was
at
stake
;
and
there
was
nothing
to
make
him
despair
of
Success
,
for
quite
contrary
the
resolution
of
his
Men
,
and
their
firmness
in
maintaining
the
Combate
,
seem
to
assure
him
of
the
Victory
,
if
they
had
been
but
well
led
on
.
But
when
he
saw
Cleopatra
fly
,
he
forgot
the
care
,
both
of
his
honour
and
safety
,
to
make
himself
an
Accomplice
of
her
Cowardly
flight
;
and
as
if
he
had
nothing
more
to
apprehend
than
her
absence
,
he
thought
of
nothing
then
but
to
run
after
her
.
He
threw
himself
into
a
Gally
,
with
onely
Scellus
and
Alexander
the
Syrian
,
abandoning
his
Souldiers
,
that
so
generously
exposed
▪
their
lives
for
his
interest
,
and
followed
the
Course
that
Cleopatra
stood
.
She
soon
knew
him
,
and
put
a
flag
abroad
at
the
Prow
of
her
Gally
;
he
came
near
,
and
when
he
was
aboard
,
he
retired
to
the
Prow
without
so
much
as
seeing
the
Queen
,
and
was
a
good
while
alone
leaning
his
head
upon
his
hand
.
The
Gallantry
and
Fidelity
of
his
Souldiers
cannot
be
enough
admired
upon
this
occasion
,
although
the
General
had
left
them
,
and
the
report
of
his
flight
was
spread
all
about
the
Fleet
;
they
acted
like
people
that
would
not
believe
it
,
and
still
fought
with
the
same
eagerness
,
as
if
he
had
still
been
at
the
head
of
them
,
and
perhaps
they
might
have
got
the
Victory
which
they
disputed
till
five
in
the
Evening
,
if
the
Wind
that
rose
had
not
separated
them
,
and
given
the
Enemies
the
advantage
to
beat
them
by
piece-meal
,
for
want
of
a
Commander
to
rally
them
.
Three
hundred
Vessels
yielded
to
the
Conquerour
,
but
there
were
but
five
thousand
Men
killed
on
the
beaten
side
;
Caesar
having
done
all
he
could
to
spare
the
Lives
of
those
brave
Souldiers
,
whom
he
looked
upon
as
his
Subjects
:
He
made
Anthony's
flight
be
every
where
published
,
and
those
that
obstinately
defended
themselves
,
he
asked
who
they
fought
for
now
.
He
drew
off
his
Souldiers
,
whom
he
saw
too
eager
after
the
slaughter
,
and
gave
here
such
marks
of
his
Clemency
,
as
served
to
efface
the
memory
of
the
battel
of
Philippi
,
and
the
horrible
Proscriptions
of
the
Triumvirate
.
He
granted
a
general
pardon
before
it
was
desired
,
and
satisfied
himself
with
the
Punishment
of
a
very
few
,
and
those
his
particular
declared
Enemies
.
Caesar
lay
in
his
Gally
upon
the
place
,
and
the
next
day
went
ashore
.
The
Legions
of
Anthony
testified
no
less
faith
and
affection
to
their
General
,
than
the
Souldiers
of
his
Fleet.
Though
several
of
them
had
seen
his
retreat
,
yet
they
could
not
tell
how
to
believe
that
he
,
who
so
often
had
experience
of
the
inconstancy
of
fortune
,
and
had
still
surmounted
all
his
misfortunes
with
greater
Courage
,
should
be
capable
of
leaving
all
,
having
sufficient
Forces
to
dispute
the
Empire
,
there
remaining
nineteen
Legions
entire
,
and
twelve
thousand
Horse
;
they
still
hoped
he
would
come
and
put
himself
at
the
head
of
them
,
and
try
a
second
battel
;
and
though
at
last
they
lost
that
hope
,
and
were
quite
surrounded
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
they
kept
themselves
yet
seven
days
in
their
Camp
;
but
the
flight
of
Canidius
and
all
their
chief
Officers
,
so
broke
their
measures
that
they
resolved
to
accept
of
the
conditions
that
Caesar
offered
them
.
Thus
the
Roman
Empire
so
long
torn
by
the
Ambition
of
three
men
,
at
last
with
much
Joy
submitted
to
the
Command
of
one
alone
,
hoping
to
see
an
end
of
all
the
mischiefs
that
were
caused
by
the
Divisions
of
the
Triumviri
;
all
whose
Authority
by
this
Victory
was
united
in
the
Person
of
Caesar.
CHAP.
XXIX
.
Anthony
's
displeasure
against
Cleopatra
.
He
retires
into
Libya
,
and
returns
into
Aegypt
.
Anthony
was
still
taken
up
with
those
Melancholy
reflexions
,
the
present
condition
of
his
fortune
inspired
him
with
,
when
he
perceived
some
light
Gallies
of
Caesar's
that
rowed
up
to
him
;
in
spight
of
all
his
despair
,
he
could
not
bear
that
his
Enemies
should
come
and
brave
him
without
being
able
to
defend
himself
.
He
therefore
commanded
the
Pilot
to
tack
about
and
face
them
;
this
dispensed
them
all
except
one
,
whereupon
there
appeared
a
man
with
a
Javelin
in
his
hand
,
that
came
up
to
him
very
fiercely
,
threatning
him
;
Who
art
thou
,
cryes
Anthony
,
that
hast
the
Insolence
to
dare
persue
them
?
I
am
,
answered
he
,
Eurycles
the
Lacedemonian
brought
hither
by
the
good
fortune
of
Caesar
,
to
revenge
my
Father
whom
you
put
to
death
.
This
was
Lachares
whom
Anthony
had
punished
for
his
extortions
and
oppressions
:
however
Eurycles
durst
not
engage
Anthony's
Gally
,
but
attacked
Cleopatra's
Admiral
,
and
gave
him
so
rude
a
shock
,
that
he
ran
him
all
on
one
side
,
and
easily
took
him
and
another
Vessel
laden
with
all
that
Princess's
Equipage
.
After
he
retired
with
his
Prize
,
which
was
very
rich
,
Anthony
fell
again
into
his
Melancholy
,
and
continued
so
three
days
without
seeing
the
Queen
,
hindred
either
through
shame
or
anger
.
They
arrived
so
at
Tenarus
,
where
Cleopatra's
women
so
bestirred
themselves
,
that
they
brought
them
to
see
one
another
,
and
to
eat
together
;
in
this
place
several
of
Anthony's
Vessels
came
to
him
,
and
some
of
his
Friends
who
informed
him
of
the
total
defeat
of
his
Fleet
;
but
believing
his
Legions
held
out
yet
,
he
sent
to
Canidius
to
retreat
through
Macedonia
,
and
return
into
Asia
.
Then
he
purposed
to
retire
into
Africa
,
and
assembled
his
Friends
,
to
exhort
them
to
retire
and
take
their
measures
for
their
safety
.
After
which
,
he
made
a
Vessel
draw
near
wherein
was
all
his
Money
,
and
what
else
he
had
of
value
,
which
he
gave
them
to
divide
among
them
.
They
all
refused
his
Presents
,
and
weeping
told
him
,
They
would
always
follow
his
Fortune
.
This
testimony
of
their
Fidelity
moved
him
so
much
to
Compassion
,
that
he
could
not
refrain
Tears
:
Complaining
of
his
fortune
that
put
him
out
of
Capacity
of
giving
them
tokens
of
his
acknowledgement
and
gratitude
,
who
had
given
him
such
signal
marks
of
their
affection
;
he
added
that
he
should
very
much
injure
them
,
if
he
should
suffer
them
any
longer
to
be
entangled
in
his
Misfortunes
.
So
he
absolutely
Commanded
them
to
retire
themselves
,
and
wrote
to
Theopilus
Governour
of
Corinth
,
to
grant
them
refuge
till
they
had
made
their
Peace
with
Caesar.
After
he
had
given
these
orders
he
went
into
Africa
;
from
whence
he
sent
Cleopatra
into
Aegypt
,
and
remained
almost
alone
,
wandring
through
the
Desarts
of
Libya
,
without
any
other
company
than
Aristocrates
and
Lucilius
;
one
a
Greek
,
and
the
other
a
Roman
,
both
excellent
Rhetoricians
.
Lucilius
was
he
that
saved
Brutus
,
from
being
taken
at
the
battel
of
Philippi
;
and
ever
since
following
Anthony
,
even
to
his
death
continued
his
affection
.
But
Anthony
then
heard
that
the
Governour
had
revolted
to
Caesar
,
which
put
him
into
such
a
violent
despair
,
that
he
attempted
to
kill
himself
.
His
Friends
hindred
him
from
that
fatal
resolution
by
their
Prayers
and
Remonstrances
,
and
persuaded
him
to
return
to
Alexandria
,
where
he
found
Cleopatra
about
an
enterprize
,
that
shewed
the
greatness
of
her
spirit
.
As
that
neck
of
Land
which
joyns
Asia
and
Africa
is
but
three
hundred
furlongs
over
,
this
Queen
drew
her
Gallies
upon
Carriages
into
the
Red
Sea
;
where
she
designed
to
embark
her self
withall
her
Treasures
,
and
the
most
affectionate
of
her
Subjects
;
and
go
and
plant
her self
in
some
remote
part
of
the
World
,
far
from
the
dangers
of
War
,
and
the
fear
of
slavery
.
But
the
Arabians
near
the
City
of
Petra
,
that
were
Enemies
to
the
Aegyptians
,
burned
those
Vessels
that
were
first
transported
thus
,
which
made
Cleopatra
abandon
that
design
,
and
apply
her self
to
fortifie
the
avenues
of
her
Kingdom
,
which
were
of
very
difficult
access
.
Anthony's
behaviour
was
very
different
,
he
shewed
nothing
but
a
shamefull
weakness
:
He
shunned
all
Company
,
and
built
a
house
near
the
Pharos
,
far
out
into
the
Sea
;
where
he
shut
himself
up
without
either
Friends
or
Domesticks
,
to
imitate
Timon
,
as
he
said
,
since
he
had
no
less
reason
than
that
Athenian
to
hate
mankind
,
that
seeing
himself
betrayed
by
those
whom
he
had
most
obliged
,
this
perfidiousness
gave
him
occasion
to
suspect
and
hate
all
others
.
In
this
retirement
Canidius
brought
him
the
News
of
the
loss
of
his
Legions
,
and
here
he
heard
how
Herod
King
of
the
Iews
,
and
all
the
other
Kings
of
Asia
had
quitted
his
party
,
to
take
Caesar's
side
.
He
could
no
longer
force
his
natural
Temper
,
and
as
debauching
is
a
great
relief
to
people
of
his
humour
against
all
their
troubles
;
he
quitted
his
Cell
,
to
fall
a-feasting
upon
the
Solemnity
of
Caesarion's
being
received
into
the
degree
of
young
men
,
and
Antyllus
,
his
Son
by
Fulvia
,
his
putting
off
a
Gown
all
of
one
colour
,
and
without
any
ornament
;
for
the
Romans
distinguished
the
ages
of
their
Children
,
by
peculiar
habits
;
the
first
was
the
Praetexta
or
painted
Gown
,
like
our
flowered
Stuffs
,
which
they
wore
till
fourteeen
;
the
Pura
or
white
Robe
,
which
was
worn
till
eighteen
or
twenty
,
and
then
they
took
the
degree
of
young
men
,
and
every
one
wore
Clothes
according
to
his
quality
.
All
this
was
usually
performed
with
great
Ceremonies
,
which
served
Anthony
as
a
pretence
to
set
on
foot
again
the
Society
or
Club
they
had
formerly
,
but
instead
of
the
name
it
had
of
the
Inimitable
Life
,
they
called
it
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Synapothanoumen●i
,
that
is
,
of
those
that
dye
together
.
In
the
mean
time
Cleopatra
made
tryal
of
all
sorts
of
Poisons
upon
Criminals
,
even
to
the
biting
of
S●●p●●●s
;
they
say
,
that
after
many
Experiments
,
they
found
that
the
sting
of
the
Asp
gave
the
quickest
and
easiest
Death
,
and
there
is
reason
to
believe
,
she
from
that
very
time
made
choice
of
that
kind
of
death
,
if
her
ill
fortune
should
drive
her
to
an
extremity
.
CHAP.
XXX
.
Caesar
goes
into
Italy
.
He
pacifies
the
Souldiers
,
and
besieges
Alexandria
.
CAesar
was
yet
in
Italy
,
whither
he
was
recalled
by
Agrippa's
Letters
,
after
he
had
passed
one
part
of
the
Winter
at
Athens
and
the
other
at
Samos
.
The
occasion
of
his
return
into
Italy
was
the
Mutiny
of
his
Souldiers
whom
he
had
sent
to
Brundustum
after
the
Victory
.
After
their
usual
Custome
they
asked
their
Rewards
and
their
Discharge
.
In
his
passage
he
had
like
to
have
been
a
Cast-away
twice
;
the
first
time
upon
the
Coast
of
Italy
,
and
the
other
near
the
Ceraunian
Mountains
,
where
he
lost
several
of
his
Vessels
.
He
stayed
at
Brundustum
but
twenty
seven
days
,
to
appease
the
Souldiers
and
give
orders
,
after
which
with
his
Navy
he
sailed
into
Syria
,
while
his
Army
marched
a●long
the
Coasts
of
Africa
to
attack
Aegypt
on
the
other
side
.
All
the
Kings
of
Asia
,
Allies
to
the
Romans
,
came
to
assure
him
of
their
obedience
;
but
none
appeared
more
forward
than
Herod
,
who
went
as
far
as
Rhodes
to
lay
his
Crown
at
Caesar's
Feet
,
and
offered
him
his
Person
and
his
Troops
.
This
Prince
had
very
great
obligations
unto
Anthony
,
from
whom
he
held
both
his
Kingdom
and
his
Life
,
and
for
that
reason
he
had
maintained
his
Interests
in
the
East
with
so
much
Zeal
that
it
was
not
doubted
,
but
Caesar
would
treat
him
as
one
of
his
greatest
Enemies
.
Herod
himself
had
so
little
hopes
of
the
success
of
his
voyage
,
that
in
persuance
of
his
natural
bent
to
Cruelty
,
he
left
order
with
two
of
his
Confidents
to
put
his
Wife
Mariamne
,
whom
he
passionately
loved
,
to
death
,
in
case
he
miscarried
,
and
Caesar
were
not
disposed
to
pardon
him
.
This
Secret
was
revealed
to
Mariamne
by
one
of
his
Instruments
,
which
she
no●
being
able
to
keep
,
but
reproaching
her
Husband
with
it
at
his
return
to
Iudaea
,
was
the
cause
of
the
death
of
this
unfortunate
Princess
,
who
for
her
admirable
beauty
and
her
noble
race
,
which
was
that
of
the
Maccabees
,
deserved
a
gentler
destiny
.
Caesar
to
give
a
famous
instance
of
his
Clemency
,
pardoned
Herod
,
gave
him
his
Crown
,
and
received
him
into
the
number
of
his
Friends
.
Yet
he
refused
him
the
Pardon
of
Alexander
the
Syrian
,
who
was
one
of
Cleopatra's
most
dangerous
Flatterers
,
and
for
that
reason
very
much
esteemed
by
Anthony
,
whom
he
betrayed
after
a
very
base
manner
.
Anthony
had
sent
him
to
the
Kings
of
Asia
,
to
keep
them
in
his
Interests
,
and
this
perfidious
Villain
was
the
first
that
persuaded
Herod
to
follow
the
Fortune
of
Caesar
;
to
whom
this
Treason
seemed
so
odious
that
he
put
him
to
death
notwithstanding
all
Herod's
Entreaties
.
Anthony
and
Cleopatra
,
seeing
themselves
abandoned
by
all
their
Allies
,
resolved
though
too
late
to
send
Euphronius
,
their
Childrens
Tutor
,
to
make
some
Proposals
to
Caesar.
Cleopatra
asked
the
Kingdom
of
Aegypt
for
her
Children
,
and
Anthony
desired
he
might
live
as
a
private
man
at
Athens
,
if
Caesar
was
not
willing
he
should
tarry
in
Aegypt
.
He
absolutely
rejected
Anthony's
Propositions
;
and
sent
to
Cleopatra
,
That
he
would
refuse
her
nothing
that
was
just
and
reasonable
,
if
she
would
rid
her self
of
Anthony
or
drive
him
out
of
her
Kingdom
.
With
this
Answer
Euphronius
returned
,
and
with
him
Thyreus
,
a
freed-man
of
Caesar's
,
he
was
a
man
very
cunning
,
and
very
fit
to
mannage
an
Intrigue
;
who
coming
with
a
message
from
a
young
Emperour
to
an
ambitious
Princess
possest
with
a
great
opinion
of
her
own
beauty
,
had
no
difficulty
of
access
to
her
.
But
these
secret
Conferences
between
him
and
Cleopatra
,
and
the
honours
she
did
him
,
threw
Anthony
into
such
a
furious
Passion
of
Jealousie
,
that
he
made
poor
Thyreus
be
taken
and
cruelly
scourged
,
and
in
this
pickle
sent
him
to
Caesar
with
Letters
,
That
he
had
chastised
Thyreus
for
his
Insolence
,
and
because
he
insulted
over
him
at
a
time
when
his
ill
fortune
had
put
him
into
an
ill
humour
:
But
added
he
,
If
this
proceeding
of
mine
offend
you
,
you
have
Hipparchus
,
one
of
my
freed-men
,
in
your
hands
,
whip
him
,
or
hang
him
if
you
please
,
and
so
we
shall
be
even
.
But
this
was
a
pleasant
way
of
being
revenged
upon
Hipparchus
,
the
Son
of
Theophilus
,
Governour
of
Corinth
,
who
was
the
very
first
of
Anthony's
freed-men
that
went
over
to
Caesar.
Cleopatra
omitted
nothing
to
clear
Anthony's
mind
of
Jealousie
and
Suspicion
;
she
redoubled
her
Fondness
and
Caresses
;
and
whereas
she
used
to
celebrate
her
Birth-day
with
great
Feastings
and
Solemnities
,
she
neglected
that
;
but
on
Anthony's
Birth-day
she
made
such
a
noble
entertainment
,
that
all
the
Guests
were
even
enriched
with
the
Presents
she
made
them
for
Anthony's
sake
.
In
the
mean
time
Caesar
,
having
got
all
his
Forces
together
,
surprized
the
City
of
Pelusium
,
which
was
delivered
to
him
by
Seleucus
,
and
the
report
went
,
that
this
Governour
had
received
such
order
from
the
Queen
,
who
,
to
justifie
her self
,
delivered
his
Wife
and
Children
up
into
Anthony's
hands
.
Cleopatra
,
near
the
Temple
of
Isis
had
built
a
stately
building
which
she
designed
for
her
Sepulchre
:
into
this
place
was
carried
by
her
order
all
her
Treasure
;
as
Gold
,
Jewels
,
Pearls
,
Ivory
,
Ebony
,
Cinnamon
,
and
other
pretious
Woods
of
those
times
.
It
was
filled
besides
with
Torches
,
Fagots
,
Tow
and
other
combustible
matter
;
so
that
Caesar
,
who
had
notice
of
it
,
was
afraid
lest
out
of
despair
she
should
burn
her self
in
it
with
all
those
vast
Riches
:
as
he
always
kept
some
kind
of
correspondence
,
he
sent
People
to
her
to
give
her
hopes
,
that
she
might
expect
all
good
usage
from
the
esteem
he
had
for
her
.
But
in
this
time
he
advanced
with
his
Army
and
encamped
in
sight
of
Alexandria
.
CHAP.
XXXI
.
Anthony
defeats
Caesar's
Cavalry
.
He
is
forsaken
by
his
men
.
His
Despair
.
He
wounds
himself
.
Is
carried
to
Cleopatra
.
His
Death
.
THE
Pretence
of
so
formidable
a
Rival
revived
all
those
sparks
of
Generosity
in
Anthony's
breast
that
seemed
to
be
quite
extinct
.
Caesar's
hatred
was
declared
too
well
,
to
let
him
hope
for
any
thing
but
dying
like
a
true
Roman
,
and
this
Anthony
resolved
upon
.
He
rallyed
all
the
Troups
he
had
,
and
made
a
Sally
upon
Caesar's
Horse
which
was
advanced
.
This
action
shewed
what
Anthony
might
have
hoped
if
he
had
fought
by
Land
as
he
was
advised
.
He
beat
this
Cavalry
,
and
forced
it
home
to
Caesar's
Camp
,
which
he
put
into
disorder
;
nor
did
he
ever
shew
more
Courage
and
Conduct
than
now
.
After
this
Victory
he
entred
Alexandria
as
in
Triumph
,
and
went
all
armed
as
he
was
to
Cleopatra
,
to
tell
her
the
News
of
his
Advantage
.
He
presented
one
of
his
Cavaliers
to
her
which
had
behaved
himself
very
bravely
in
the
Fight
.
The
Queen
rewarded
his
Valour
with
an
Armour
of
Gold
;
but
that
very
night
,
this
ungratefull
wretch
went
to
Caesar.
Anthony
was
very
much
troubled
with
this
Man
,
that
shewed
such
a
dangerous
Example
.
He
tried
to
provoke
Caesar's
Generosity
,
and
proposed
a
Duel
to
him
;
but
he
very
coldly
answered
,
Anthony
had
ways
enough
to
dye
without
seeking
that
.
He
resolved
then
to
make
the
last
Push
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
with
a
design
to
conquer
or
dye
bravely
.
He
ordered
his
People
to
treat
him
with
more
magnificence
than
usually
they
did
.
Perhaps
,
said
he
to
them
,
this
may
be
the
last
Service
ye
may
doe
me
,
for
it
may
happen
that
to
morrow
you
may
have
another
Master
,
and
ye
may
see
me
no
more
.
However
,
added
he
,
I
do
not
pretend
to
lead
you
where
death
is
more
certain
than
victory
.
The
following
night
was
troubled
by
a
Prodigy
;
there
was
heard
a
great
noise
of
Voices
,
Instruments
and
Cryes
,
like
those
of
Bacchanals
,
all
this
passed
through
the
City
of
Alexandria
,
and
went
out
of
the
Gate
that
looked
towards
the
Enemies
Camp
.
As
Anthony
had
all
his
life
time
affected
to
imitate
Bacchus
,
this
prodigy
was
interpreted
to
his
disadvantage
;
and
it
was
said
,
that
this
God
abandoned
him
.
At
break
of
day
Anthony
posted
those
few
Troops
that
were
left
him
upon
the
rising
ground
near
the
Town
,
from
whence
he
sent
orders
to
his
Gallies
to
engage
the
Enemy
.
They
advanced
in
order
of
Batttel
;
but
as
soon
as
Anthony's
Souldiers
came
near
they
held
down
their
Arms
and
saluted
Caesar's
,
who
returning
the
Salute
,
both
Fleets
joined
and
moved
against
the
City
.
All
his
Cavalry
seeing
this
left
him
,
and
went
over
to
Caesar's
Camp
.
This
unfortunate
General
,
forsaken
by
his
men
,
and
seeing
he
could
not
be
so
happy
to
dye
with
glory
,
his
Arms
in
his
hands
,
he
was
forced
to
go
back
to
Alexandria
quite
besides
himself
with
rage
and
spight
,
crying
out
,
Cleopatra
had
betrayed
him
,
in
favour
of
those
whom
he
had
not
made
War
with
,
but
upon
her
account
.
This
being
told
the
Queen
,
the
fury
and
despair
of
Anthony
terrified
her
so
that
she
retired
to
her
Monument
or
Sepulchre
,
and
fastned
up
the
doors
,
and
let
down
the
Portcullis
,
the
Place
being
very
strong
;
and
then
made
a
report
be
spread
,
that
she
was
dead
,
which
was
told
Anthony
:
this
sad
news
recalled
all
that
tenderness
he
had
for
this
Princess
;
Miserable
man
,
cryed
he
,
what
doest
thou
stay
for
longer
,
when
fortune
has
deprived
thee
of
all
that
is
worth
living
for
?
At
these
words
he
entred
into
a
Cabinet
,
where
,
laying
aside
his
Armour
,
Cleopatra
,
cryed
he
,
my
greatest
grief
is
,
not
that
I
am
separated
from
thee
,
for
we
shall
soon
meet
;
but
that
I
,
who
have
commanded
so
many
gallant
men
,
should
be
out-done
by
a
woman
in
Courage
.
In
this
moment
he
called
Eros
,
the
most
faithfull
of
his
freed-men
,
whom
he
had
engaged
by
Oath
to
kill
him
when
he
was
reduced
to
a
necessity
of
dying
.
It
was
to
perform
his
Promise
that
he
called
for
him
.
Eros
drew
out
his
Sword
,
as
if
he
intended
to
perform
that
fatal
Duty
,
and
turning
a
little
a-side
gave
himself
a
wound
,
which
made
him
fall
dead
at
his
Master's
Feet
.
Dear
Eros
,
said
he
,
I
thank
thee
for
shewing
me
what
I
should
doe
.
He
then
gave
himself
a
blow
in
the
Belly
with
that
Violence
that
he
fell
backward
upon
a
Bed
that
was
near
;
though
the
wound
were
mortal
,
yet
the
bloud
was
stopped
by
the
situation
his
body
was
in
as
he
fell
,
so
that
he
came
to
himself
,
and
begged
of
his
friends
who
were
come
to
him
,
that
they
would
dispatch
him
.
But
they
all
ran
from
him
,
leaving
him
in
a
condition
to
move
the
most
insensible
to
pity
;
the
anguish
of
his
wound
,
and
the
rage
to
be
so
cruelly
forsaken
made
him
cry
out
and
tumble
about
the
strive
,
when
Cleopatra
hearing
of
it
sent
Diomedes
to
bring
him
to
her
.
Anthony
understanding
Cleopatra
yet
lived
,
ceased
lamenting
,
to
beg
his
Officers
,
who
were
then
returned
,
in
the
most
moving
manner
in
the
world
,
to
carry
him
to
her
:
with
much-a-doe
they
lifted
him
up
to
the
door
of
the
Tomb.
Cleopatra
durst
not
or
could
not
open
it
,
for
she
had
no
body
with
her
besides
two
of
her
Women
,
but
she
threw
out
some
Cords
from
a
window
.
All
the
People
of
Alexandria
were
present
at
this
sad
spectacle
,
and
owned
there
could
be
nothing
more
lamentable
than
to
see
this
great
man
,
renowned
for
so
many
Victories
,
bathed
in
his
Bloud
and
exspiring
,
holding
out
his
hands
to
Cleopatra
,
and
weakly
endeavouring
to
raise
himself
;
and
her
holding
her
Head
down
,
and
her
Body
almost
out
of
the
Window
,
striving
with
the
help
of
her
Women
to
pull
him
up
.
All
the
Spectatours
shewed
no
less
sorrow
by
their
several
motions
:
they
encouraged
her
,
and
seemed
to
assist
her
with
their
Cryes
,
for
that
was
all
the
help
they
could
give
her
.
At
last
,
after
much
pain
,
she
drew
him
up
to
the
Window
,
where
she
embraced
him
,
and
laid
him
on
a
Bed
.
Anthony
had
loved
her
too
much
;
and
the
state
he
was
in
was
too
moving
,
not
to
shew
a
real
grief
.
She
tore
her
Clothes
and
her
Face
,
and
beat
her
Breast
,
calling
Anthony
her
Lord
,
her
Husband
,
her
Emperour
;
and
though
she
had
her self
great
occasions
of
grief
,
yet
that
deplorable
object
before
her
eyes
was
more
than
all
the
rest
.
Anthony
conjured
her
to
stop
her
tears
and
moderate
her
transports
,
and
asked
for
some
Wine
;
whether
it
were
that
he
was
thirsty
or
that
he
thought
it
would
the
sooner
end
him
.
After
he
had
drank
,
he
exhorted
Cleopatra
to
endeavour
to
save
her
life
if
she
could
doe
it
with
Honour
,
and
to
that
end
she
might
put
more
confidence
in
Proculus
than
in
any
else
about
Caesar
;
that
she
should
not
make
too
much
reflexion
upon
the
cruel
turn
of
Fortune
which
he
felt
at
the
end
of
his
days
,
but
think
what
glory
he
had
lived
in
,
famous
for
so
many
Victories
,
Triumphs
and
Dignities
;
and
after
he
had
been
the
first
man
of
the
world
,
and
the
worthiest
of
the
Romans
,
he
was
overcome
by
a
Roman
.
He
expired
in
finishing
this
Discourse
in
the
moment
that
Proculus
arrived
from
Caesar.
Dercetes
one
of
Anthony's
Guards
had
given
notice
of
the
Death
of
his
Master
,
and
had
carried
the
Sword
with
which
he
slew
himself
,
yet
stained
with
his
Bloud
.
This
sad
Sight
forced
Caesar
to
retire
into
his
Tent.
And
now
the
strict
friendship
he
had
had
with
Anthony
,
their
Affinity
,
the
Dangers
they
had
past
together
came
into
his
thoughts
.
All
this
joined
with
his
Noble
extraction
,
his
Fame
for
so
many
Triumphs
and
Dignities
,
followed
by
such
a
deplorable
end
drew
Tears
from
him
.
He
called
his
Friends
in
and
laid
before
them
how
he
had
not
contributed
any
thing
to
the
overthrow
of
Anthony
by
any
hatred
or
ambition
.
He
shewed
them
the
Copies
of
the
Letters
he
had
written
to
him
,
which
contained
nothing
but
reasonable
and
just
Proposals
,
and
Anthony's
Answers
full
of
Passion
and
Disdain
.
After
this
he
sent
Proculus
to
employ
all
his
Art
and
Address
to
seize
upon
Cleopatra
.
Caesar
passionately
desired
in
his
Triumph
to
expose
to
the
sight
of
the
Romans
,
this
Queen
who
had
so
long
triumphed
over
one
of
their
Emperours
,
and
was
also
very
desirous
to
save
her
Treasures
.
Cleopatra
would
not
let
Proculus
enter
;
she
spoke
to
him
through
the
Chinks
of
the
Dore.
She
was
heard
to
ask
the
Kingdom
of
Aegypt
for
her
Children
;
and
Proculus
exhorted
her
to
put
an
intire
confidence
in
Caesar's
Clemency
,
and
the
affection
he
had
for
her
.
And
all
this
while
he
considered
well
all
the
Avenues
of
this
monument
:
when
he
had
taken
good
notice
of
them
he
returned
to
Caesar
,
who
the
same
instant
sent
Gallus
to
make
her
other
Propositions
;
while
Proculus
with
two
others
entred
by
the
Window
they
drew
Anthony
in
at
:
the
Queen
was
earnest
in
discourse
with
Gallus
,
when
one
of
her
Women
perceiving
Proculus
make
hastily
up
to
her
,
cryed
out
,
Poor
Princess
,
you
are
taken
.
At
this
Cry
Cleopatra
turned
her
Head
,
and
drew
out
a
dagger
she
had
at
her
Girdle
,
to
strike
it
into
her
Heart
:
but
the
Roman
caught
hold
of
her
Arm.
Madam
,
said
he
,
will
you
with
the
same
Crime
injure
both
your self
and
Caesar
,
in
depriving
him
of
the
most
illustrious
testimony
he
can
give
of
his
generosity
;
and
make
the
best
and
gentlest
of
Princes
pass
for
Cruel
?
He
then
took
the
dagger
from
her
and
searched
all
her
Clothes
with
Care
lest
she
should
have
any
Poison
concealed
about
her
.
CHAP.
XXXII
.
Caesar
enters
into
Alexandria
.
He
visits
Cleopatra
.
Her
Death
.
The
Posterity
of
Anthony
.
THIS
News
gave
Caesar
an
extreme
satisfaction
.
He
saw
himself
Master
of
the
World
by
the
Death
of
his
Enemy
;
and
had
in
his
hands
that
haughty
Queen
,
who
had
lifted
the
Crown
of
Aegypt
above
the
Empire
of
the
Romans
.
He
commanded
Epaphroditus
to
guard
her
with
exactest
care
,
and
yet
serve
her
like
a
Queen
.
He
then
made
his
Entrance
into
Alexandria
.
And
as
in
all
his
actions
he
still
had
something
of
the
Politician
,
he
chose
Arius
the
Philosopher
to
be
near
him
,
who
was
of
this
City
;
and
during
that
Solemnity
to
give
him
more
respect
,
Caesar
almost
always
talked
to
him
,
sometimes
very
familiarly
,
holding
out
his
hand
to
him
.
He
went
thus
to
the
Place
of
Exercises
where
all
the
People
were
assembled
by
his
order
.
The
Majesty
of
Caesar
followed
by
so
many
armed
Souldiers
,
who
breathed
nothing
but
destruction
threw
the
Aegyptians
into
a
mighty
fear
.
They
all
fell
on
their
Knees
and
implored
his
Pardon
;
and
when
Silence
was
made
,
Caesar
told
them
he
pardoned
the
People
in
consideration
of
their
illustrious
Founder
Alexander
the
Great
,
for
the
Beauty
of
the
Town
which
he
admired
,
and
for
the
Friendship
he
bore
to
his
Friend
Arius
their
fellow
Citizen
:
he
would
needs
see
the
Tomb
and
Body
of
Alexander
which
he
honoured
with
a
Crown
of
Gold
and
covered
it
with
Flowers
according
to
the
custome
of
those
times
.
But
when
they
asked
him
if
he
would
see
the
Sepulchres
of
the
Ptolemies
too
.
He
answered
,
He
desired
to
see
a
great
King
,
not
dead
Corpses
that
were
not
.
Aegypt
was
reduced
into
a
Province
,
and
Caesar
caused
his
Souldiers
to
cleanse
the
Chanels
of
the
Nile
,
which
very
much
contributed
to
the
fertility
of
that
Kingdom
which
abounded
in
Corn.
Several
Kings
,
Princes
and
Roman
Senatours
begged
of
him
the
Body
of
Anthony
to
pay
their
last
respects
to
it
,
but
he
would
not
deprive
Cleopatra
of
that
satisfaction
.
She
performed
it
with
a
great
deal
of
magnificence
,
and
Caesar
took
care
to
furnish
her
with
what
was
needfull
for
the
Pomp
of
the
Funeral
.
She
appeared
here
with
excess
of
grief
;
though
Caesar
strove
to
moderate
her
affliction
by
the
kind
usage
of
her
Children
whom
he
esteemed
as
his
Allies
.
Onely
Antyllus
,
the
eldest
of
Anthony's
Children
by
Fulvia
,
was
partaker
of
his
Father's
misfortune
,
as
being
of
an
age
capable
of
Resentment
,
and
having
been
always
bred
up
with
his
Father
,
had
imbibed
his
Sentiments
;
he
was
betrayed
by
Theodorus
,
his
Tutor
;
who
betrayed
him
,
to
rob
him
of
a
stone
of
great
value
.
Antyllus
threw
himself
at
the
Feet
of
an
Image
of
I.
Caesar
,
but
this
Sanctuary
stood
him
in
no
more
stead
than
his
Prayers
and
Tears
,
for
he
was
by
the
Souldiers
taken
from
thence
and
slain
.
The
traiterous
Schoolmaster
did
not
long
enjoy
the
fruits
of
his
Treason
;
for
he
,
not
confessing
his
Theft
,
they
searched
him
,
and
found
the
stone
sowed
up
in
his
Girdle
,
and
Caesar
made
him
be
fastned
to
a
Cross
,
where
the
People
of
Alexandria
,
with
Joy
saw
him
expire
.
Casarion
,
the
son
of
I.
Caesar
and
Cleopatra
,
was
also
delivered
up
by
Rhodon
,
to
whom
this
Princess
had
trusted
him
.
This
Son
whom
she
tenderly
loved
and
sent
him
with
a
great
Mass
of
Treasure
to
Ethiopia
;
it
was
for
this
that
this
perfidious
Governour
deceived
Caesarion
by
the
shewing
him
feigned
Letters
by
which
Caesar
recalled
him
to
put
him
upon
the
Throne
of
Aegypt
.
When
he
came
to
Alexandria
,
Caesar
was
sometime
in
suspence
between
policy
and
humanity
,
till
Arius
made
him
resolve
by
this
saying
,
It
is
not
safe
to
h●ve
many
Caesars
;
this
was
an
allusion
to
a
Verse
in
Homer
,
which
was
ill
cited
by
this
Philosopher
,
since
it
was
the
cause
of
Caesarion's
death
.
This
death
not
being
till
after
that
of
Cleopatra
,
and
Antyllus
slain
before
was
none
of
her
Son
,
she
had
no
cause
for
the
encrease
of
her
afflictions
;
but
the
greatness
of
her
Courage
,
made
the
loss
of
her
Liberty
insupportable
to
her
.
This
Melancholy
with
the
blows
with
which
she
had
bruised
her
Breast
,
put
her
into
a
slow
Fever
,
which
gave
her
hopes
she
should
soon
end
her
sorrows
with
her
Life
;
she
had
besides
resolved
to
abstain
from
eating
,
if
Olympius
her
Physician
who
wrote
this
story
had
not
discovered
this
secret
she
had
trusted
him
with
to
Caesar.
They
threatned
to
put
her
Children
to
death
,
if
she
persisted
in
this
obstinacy
,
this
was
the
onely
thing
she
could
be
sensible
of
;
so
she
suffered
her self
to
be
drest
,
and
took
all
they
desired
her
:
then
Caesar
resolved
to
see
her
;
by
his
Civilities
to
re-assure
her
mind
.
He
found
her
upon
a
low
bed
very
plain
,
and
as
soon
as
she
perceived
him
,
she
rose
in
her
Smock
to
throw
her self
at
his
feet
;
her
hair
was
in
disorder
,
and
torn
in
some
places
,
her
face
bleeding
and
scratched
,
and
her
breast
bruised
,
her
eyes
were
red
with
weeping
,
and
her
voice
weak
and
trembling
.
But
yet
all
these
accidents
had
not
defaced
that
great
beauty
,
nor
the
brightness
of
her
eyes
,
nor
the
charming
air
of
her
face
.
Caesar
civilly
lifted
her
up
,
and
sate
down
at
her
Beds-head
.
She
began
to
enter
into
a
justification
of
her
Conduct
;
but
there
were
too
palpable
Proofs
against
her
,
so
she
turned
her
discourse
into
humble
Prayers
and
put
into
his
hand
an
Inventory
of
all
her
Treasure
and
Jewels
.
Seleucus
,
Cleopatra's
Treasurer
had
followed
Caesar
,
and
by
a
barbarous
ingratitude
maintained
the
Queen
had
concealed
several
things
which
were
not
in
that
account
.
Cleopatra's
choler
cannot
better
be
expressed
than
by
the
effects
of
it
,
she
threw
her
self
out
of
bed
,
and
ran
and
took
this
persidious
Officer
by
the
hair
and
beat
him
severely
;
her
anger
might
be
real
,
but
the
Character
of
this
woman
may
give
a
suspicion
,
that
it
was
but
a
protence
to
shew
Caesar
her
beautifull
shape
and
body
,
which
she
had
too
great
a
Confidence
in
.
He
did
not
appear
moved
by
it
,
he
onely
laughed
at
this
action
,
and
led
the
Queen
to
her
Bed
.
Caesar
,
said
she
to
him
,
after
the
honour
you
have
done
me
,
to
visit
me
notwithstanding
of
the
miserable
condition
I
am
reduced
to
,
is
it
not
very
cruel
,
that
a
vile
Slave
should
accuse
me
of
a
Crime
,
because
I
laid
aside
some
trifles
;
Not
,
alas
,
to
adorn
my self
,
but
to
present
to
Octavia
and
Livia
,
to
make
use
of
their
intercession
to
obtain
your
favour
?
This
discourse
very
much
pleased
Caesar
,
who
believed
that
they
implyed
a
desire
she
had
to
preserve
her
Life
.
He
assured
her
,
She
might
keep
her
Iewels
,
and
that
he
would
keep
her
yet
more
generously
than
she
could
hope
for
,
and
then
retired
very
well
satisfied
with
his
Success
.
The
fame
of
Cleopatra's
great
beauty
had
inspired
all
the
young
Gentlemen
in
Caesar's
Court
with
a
desire
to
see
her
.
But
above
all
the
rest
,
Dolabella
one
of
the
greatest
Quality
,
whether
moved
to
it
by
love
or
pity
shewed
the
greatest
concern
for
her
,
and
certain
it
was
,
that
it
was
he
who
informed
her
of
Caesar's
intentions
,
to
return
to
Rome
through
Syria
,
and
that
he
had
resolved
within
three
days
,
to
send
her
and
her
Children
away
.
Upon
this
news
,
Cleopatra
desired
Caesar
,
that
he
would
permit
her
to
pay
certain
Funeral
Rites
to
the
memory
of
Anthony
,
which
he
granted
her
;
she
then
caused
her self
to
be
carried
to
the
stately
Sepulchre
before
mentioned
,
where
he
was
laid
,
and
there
without
any
other
attendance
but
her
two
women
,
she
was
a
good
space
without
doing
any
thing
besides
embracing
the
Tomb
,
and
pouring
forth
abundance
of
tears
;
at
length
the
excess
of
her
grief
thus
broke
forth
,
My
dearest
Anthony
,
said
she
,
I
was
a
Queen
and
free
,
nor
did
these
armes
of
mine
wear
chains
when
they
received
thee
in
this
Monument
;
but
now
I
offer
thee
these
Sacrifices
in
a
base
state
of
servitude
,
nor
dare
I
even
print
the
marks
of
my
grief
upon
this
captive
Body
,
that
,
it
seems
,
is
reserved
to
be
an
ornament
of
the
Triumph
of
thy
Enemy
;
expect
therefore
no
more
oblations
of
sorrow
from
thy
Cleopatra
,
she
is
ready
to
be
forced
from
thee
,
and
this
is
the
last
token
of
her
love
and
duty
she
is
able
to
give
thee
:
No
chance
was
able
to
separate
us
while
we
lived
,
but
I
am
afraid
our
cruel
destiny
will
part
us
in
our
deaths
;
and
as
by
a
strange
turn
of
fate
Aegypt
hath
afforded
thee
a
Tomb
,
so
Rome
will
me
,
which
will
be
the
onely
courtesie
I
shall
receive
from
thy
Countrey
:
Yet
I
hope
the
Deities
of
those
happy
abodes
,
where
thou
now
art
(
for
those
who
govern
here
below
,
have
delivered
us
up
to
our
Enemies
)
will
not
abandon
thy
yet
living
Wife
to
their
insolence
,
nor
shall
a
proud
Conquerour
have
the
pleasure
of
Triumphing
over
thee
in
her
Person
;
hide
me
therefore
here
,
and
receive
me
into
thy
Tomb
,
for
the
greatest
Woe
I
have
ever
yet
endured
,
has
been
the
little
time
that
I
have
lived
without
thee
.
After
she
had
ended
these
sad
Lamentations
,
she
crowned
the
Tomb
and
covered
it
with
Garlands
and
Flowers
,
every
moment
embracing
it
,
as
if
she
designed
to
grow
to
it
,
till
her
women
took
her
from
thence
to
carry
her
into
a
Bath
;
when
she
had
bathed
,
she
attired
her self
very
richly
,
which
she
had
not
done
since
her
Misfortune
,
and
was
served
at
Table
by
Caesar's
order
,
with
as
much
Magnificence
as
if
she
had
still
been
seated
on
her
Throne
.
While
she
was
eating
,
a
Countrey-man
came
and
desired
to
speak
to
the
Queen
;
the
Guards
stop'd
him
,
and
would
know
what
he
carried
in
a
basket
that
he
had
in
his
hand
.
The
Aegyptian
turned
up
some
leaves
and
shewed
them
very
large
and
lovely
Figs
,
and
offered
some
of
them
to
the
Souldiers
in
so
innocent
a
manner
,
that
they
let
him
goe
in
.
As
soon
as
Cleopatra
had
dined
,
she
commanded
all
to
void
the
Room
except
Iras
and
Charmion
who
had
always
attended
her
.
These
two
women
shut
the
Gates
after
the
Queen
had
sent
her
Tablets
carefully
sealed
up
to
Caesar
,
who
as
soon
as
he
opened
them
imagined
what
had
hapned
:
She
there
complained
of
her
sad
fate
,
and
begged
him
to
lay
her
body
by
Anthony
.
He
immediately
sent
people
in
all
haste
to
prevent
the
mischief
he
feared
;
they
found
the
Guards
very
quiet
,
and
ran
hastily
into
the
Queens
Chamber
,
and
found
her
laid
upon
a
Golden
bed
,
adorned
with
her
Royal
Robes
in
the
posture
of
one
a-sleep
.
Iras
was
laid
dead
at
her
feet
,
and
Charmion
who
was
yet
breathing
,
was
placing
her
Diadem
right
;
one
of
Caesar's
Messengers
very
angrily
said
to
her
,
Is
this
well
done
Charmion
?
Very
well
answered
she
,
and
as
becomes
a
Princess
descended
from
so
many
Kings
;
she
said
no
more
,
but
expired
at
her
Mistress
feet
.
It
is
yet
uncertain
which
way
Cleopatra
killed
her self
so
suddenly
and
so
easily
,
it
was
believed
,
it
was
by
the
poison
of
an
Asp
that
bit
her
,
and
Caesar
seemed
to
confirm
this
opinion
by
her
image
he
carried
in
Triumph
with
an
Asp
fastned
to
her
Arme.
They
say
that
this
Serpent
was
brought
her
hidden
under
the
Figs
,
as
she
had
contrived
,
that
it
might
sting
her
as
she
put
her
hand
into
the
Basket
,
and
that
perceiving
it
,
she
said
,
holding
out
her
Arme
,
Thou
art
there
then
;
others
say
she
kept
one
on
purpose
,
and
enraged
it
by
pricking
it
with
a
golden
Needle
,
but
all
this
is
but
conjectured
,
as
that
she
carried
poison
in
a
hollow
Bodkin
she
hid
in
her
hair
.
For
there
appeared
on
her
body
no
spots
or
marks
of
Poison
,
but
onely
two
small
pricks
on
her
Arme
scarce
to
be
perceived
,
and
no
Asp
was
to
be
found
in
the
Sepulchre
;
but
they
imagined
they
found
some
kind
of
track
in
the
Sand
on
that
side
next
the
Sea
.
Caesar
was
extremely
troubled
at
her
death
,
as
being
by
it
deprived
of
the
noblest
ornament
of
his
Triumph
:
however
,
he
could
not
but
admire
the
greatness
of
her
Courage
,
who
notwithstanding
the
weakness
of
her
sex
,
preferred
death
before
the
loss
of
Liberty
.
He
ordered
her
a
very
magnificent
funeral
,
and
her
body
as
she
had
desired
was
laid
by
that
of
Anthony
;
and
her
two
women
were
interred
with
Pomp
in
memory
of
their
Fidelity
.
Thus
this
Princess
,
whose
Wit
and
Beauty
had
made
so
great
a
noise
in
the
World
,
died
in
the
flower
of
her
Age
,
at
thirty
eight
years
old
.
She
reigned
in
Aegypt
twenty
two
years
,
fourteen
whereof
she
past
with
Anthony
,
and
all
that
while
had
a
total
ascendent
over
the
Soul
of
that
Emperour
.
Caesar
preserved
her
Statues
entire
,
but
beat
down
all
those
of
Anthony
;
but
the
consideration
for
Cleopatra's
memory
did
not
contribute
so
much
to
the
preservation
of
her
Images
,
as
the
thousand
Talents
which
Archibius
one
of
her
Friends
gave
Caesar
for
that
end
.
Those
therefore
erected
to
Anthony's
memory
were
entirely
demolished
both
in
Aegypt
and
Rome
,
where
the
Senate
pronounced
his
memory
infamous
,
and
decreed
that
none
of
his
Family
should
bear
the
name
of
Marcus
.
He
died
at
the
Age
of
fifty
three
,
or
as
some
say
fifty
six
years
,
and
by
his
three
Wives
left
seven
Children
.
The
fortune
of
Alexander
and
Ptolemy
his
Sons
by
Cleopatra
is
unknown
,
but
for
his
Daughter
young
Cleopatra
,
Octavia
took
care
and
bred
her
up
with
her
Children
,
and
married
her
to
Iuba
King
of
Mauritania
one
of
the
most
learned
and
most
vertuous
Princes
of
his
Age.
Antyllus
his
eldest
Son
by
Fulvia
,
was
slain
as
before
mentioned
,
and
Iulius
Antonius
the
youngest
,
was
very
much
esteemed
by
Caesar
,
to
that
degree
that
Octavia
,
whose
Generosity
for
that
unfortunate
Family
was
without
bounds
,
married
him
to
Marcella
,
one
of
her
Daughters
by
her
first
Husband
.
He
afterwards
indiscreetly
engaged
himself
in
the
intrigues
and
debauches
of
Iulia
,
Augustus
Caesar's
Daughter
;
which
Crime
was
the
cause
of
his
death
:
Octavia
had
by
Anthony
onely
two
Daughters
,
who
were
both
called
Antonia
.
The
eldest
married
Domitius
,
Nero's
Grandfather
,
and
the
youngest
who
inherited
both
her
Mothers
beauty
and
vertue
,
was
married
to
Drusus
the
Son
of
Tiberius
and
Livia
,
and
Son-in-Law
to
Caesar.
From
this
Marriage
came
Germanicus
,
who
was
esteemed
the
greatest
General
of
his
time
,
and
the
most
accomplished
Person
among
the
Romans
,
and
Claudius
who
was
Emperour
before
Nero
,
Caius
,
Sirnamed
Caligula
,
the
Son
of
Germanicus
,
did
also
govern
the
Roman
Empire
three
years
after
Tiberius
.
So
that
Anthony's
Family
in
spight
of
their
unfortunate
destiny
,
possest
the
Throne
and
gave
three
Emperours
to
the
Romans
.
FINIS
.