Of
EUROPE
,
a
brief
DESCRIPTION
.
EVROPE
is
the
least
of
the
Four
parts
of
the
World
,
yet
nothing
inferiour
in
Goodness
to
the
rest
,
in
the
Generosity
of
People
,
Riches
,
Worth
and
Vertue
,
and
exceeding
them
,
if
we
consider
the
Flourishing
of
the
True
Religion
;
and
is
said
to
take
its
Name
from
Europa
the
Daughter
of
Agenor
King
of
Phoenicia
;
containing
many
Flourishing
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
;
as
will
appear
in
the
sequel
.
And
is
accounted
in
length
2800
miles
;
In
breadth
1200
;
bounded
on
the
West
,
with
the
main
Ocean
;
on
the
East
,
with
the
Aegean
Sea
,
Pontus
Euxinus
,
the
Fenns
of
Maeotis
,
and
the
River
Tanais
;
from
which
a
right
Line
conjecturally
drawn
from
the
Bay
of
Granvicus
,
it
is
dis-joined
from
Asia
;
In
the
North
,
it
is
bounded
with
the
Hyperborean
Sea
;
and
on
the
South
,
with
the
Mediterranean
,
divided
into
Continent
,
and
Islands
,
the
Continent
Intire
,
and
the
Islands
dispersed
,
In
the
Greek
,
Ionian
,
Aegean
,
Adriatick
,
Mediterranean
,
Cretan
,
and
Northern
Seas
;
divided
chiefly
into
France
,
Spain
,
Italy
,
the
Alps
,
Germany
,
Britain
,
Belgium
,
Denmark
,
Swedeland
,
Hungary
,
Sclavonia
,
Russia
,
Poland
,
Dacia
,
and
Greece
;
with
the
dispersed
Islands
.
And
in
Europe
,
beside
the
Latin
Tongue
,
which
is
now
rather
Scholastical
,
than
National
,
there
are
other
diversities
of
Language
,
besides
the
Italian
and
French
,
supposed
to
be
corruptly
derived
from
the
Latin
;
and
has
been
Famous
by
twice
giving
Laws
to
the
World
,
during
the
flourishing
of
the
Greek
and
Roman
Empires
;
and
at
this
day
,
though
the
least
of
the
four
parts
,
it
excels
,
in
what
may
be
called
solid
good
,
the
other
Three
,
&c.
A
Queen
she
Reigns
,
upheld
by
strictest
Fate
,
Whilst
th'
other
Three
,
on
her
as
Hand-Maids
wait
,
With
Tribute
Glories
,
to
enrich
her
State.
A
Geographical
AND
Historical
Description
OF
THE
KINGDOM
OF
FRANCE
,
In
its
Particular
Countries
,
Provinces
,
Cities
,
Towns
,
&c.
THE
Flourishing
Kingdom
of
France
,
being
the
nearest
part
of
the
Continent
on
which
we
border
;
I
have
thought
,
for
the
observing
the
most
regular
method
,
to
begin
this
History
of
the
World
,
with
the
Description
of
it
,
and
its
appendances
.
As
for
France
,
or
so
much
as
is
generally
understood
of
it
;
it
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
a
branch
of
the
Alps
,
passing
between
Dauphin
and
Peimont
.
Switzerland
,
Savoy
,
some
part
of
Germany
,
and
the
Neitherlands
;
on
the
West
with
a
Branch
of
the
Pyreenian
Mountains
,
dividing
Spaine
,
and
with
the
Aquitane
Ocean
;
on
the
North
with
the
Brittish
Seas
,
and
part
of
Belgium
,
and
has
on
the
South
the
rest
of
the
Pyreenian
Mountains
,
and
the
Mediterranian
Sea
,
being
in
a
manner
Square
;
accounted
in
Length
,
from
Calais
to
Toulon
620
Miles
,
reckoning
73
to
a
Degree
,
and
in
Breadth
from
the
borders
of
Lorain
to
Brest
,
or
from
Nice
in
Peimont
to
Bayon
492
Miles
,
though
of
late
the
Teretories
have
been
much
inlarged
by
the
new
Conquests
and
Acquisitions
,
but
being
to
speak
of
them
in
the
Counrries
where
they
properly
have
their
Scituation
,
I
willingly
here
omit
them
.
This
Country
is
called
by
the
English
France
,
by
the
Italians
Francia
,
and
so
by
the
Spaniards
;
by
the
Germans
Franckreich
,
by
the
Turks
Alfrangua
,
and
is
the
antient
Gallia
of
Caesar
and
Pliny
;
lying
excellently
in
Compaction
,
between
the
most
Flourishing
Kingdoms
and
States
of
Europe
,
Scituate
in
the
middle
of
the
North
Temperate
Zone
,
between
the
middle
Parralells
of
the
Fifth
Clime
,
where
the
longest
Day
is
13
Hours
;
and
the
middle
Parralell
of
the
Eighth
Clime
,
where
they
extend
to
16
Hours
and
a
half
:
So
that
the
Air
is
very
Healthful
,
the
Country
every
where
Rich
and
Fertile
,
and
the
People
numerous
;
as
likewise
the
Cities
and
Towns
,
no
less
than
4000
being
reckon'd
of
note
,
especially
the
greatest
part
of
them
,
and
was
Distinguished
by
four
Parts
or
Divisions
,
when
the
Romans
(
not
without
great
blood-shed
)
brought
it
under
their
Subjection
,
viz.
1.
The
Narbonensis
,
or
Bracatta
,
containing
Dauphir
,
Languedock
,
and
a
part
of
Savoy
.
2.
Aquitanica
,
taking
its
denomination
from
the
City
Aquae
Augusta
,
and
now
known
by
that
of
d'
Aeque
,
containing
Gascoigne
,
Limoisin
,
Guinne
,
Sanctogne
,
Querci
,
Peregort
,
Bourbonnois
and
Aurergne
.
3.
Celtica
,
comprehending
the
Provinces
of
Normandy
,
Britagne
,
Anjou
,
Tourain
,
Maine
,
Labeause
,
part
of
Campagne
,
the
Isles
of
France
,
the
Dukedom
of
Burgundy
,
and
the
County
of
Lionoise
.
4.
Belgica
,
containing
Picardy
,
a
part
of
Campaigne
,
Burgundy
,
and
the
Spanish
Netherlands
:
But
in
the
time
of
Honorius
the
Emperor
,
the
Goths
having
over-run
Spain
and
Italy
,
sent
their
Forces
to
Invade
the
Norbonensian
Gauls
,
and
having
Subdued
them
,
called
their
Country
Langue
de
Goth
,
and
from
thence
Languedock
;
nor
did
they
stay
here
,
but
extended
their
Conquests
to
the
River
Ligeris
,
now
the
Famous
Loire
,
founding
themselves
a
Kingdom
,
and
making
Tholouse
the
Regal
Residence
;
nor
was
it
long
before
the
Burgundiones
,
or
Burgundians
,
who
had
Seated
themselves
in
a
part
of
the
Country
of
Cassubii
,
and
some
of
the
Teretories
of
Brandenburg
,
joyning
with
the
Vandles
and
Sweths
,
seized
upon
other
parts
of
France
,
and
grasped
them
with
so
hard
a
hand
,
that
they
in
spight
of
Opposition
founded
themselves
a
Kingdom
,
called
the
Kingdom
of
Burgundy
,
but
afterward
reduced
to
a
Dukedom
,
and
now
in
the
hands
or
possession
of
the
present
French
King.
The
Kingdom
of
France
is
Hereditary
to
the
Males
,
but
not
to
the
Females
,
who
are
disabled
by
the
Salique
Law
,
and
the
Heir
or
Eldest
Son
is
stiled
Dauphin
of
France
;
nor
can
the
Younger
Son
of
the
King
,
by
the
Law
of
Apennages
,
have
any
part
in
the
Government
with
the
Elder
:
And
this
Monarchy
has
been
upheld
ever
since
the
Year
420
,
by
the
Races
of
Three
Kings
,
viz.
the
Moravinian
,
Carolinian
and
Capitine
,
in
a
Descent
of
63
Kings
;
and
here
the
Christian
Religion
is
held
to
be
first
Planted
amongst
the
Gaules
by
Martialis
,
but
amongst
the
French
,
or
the
latter
setled
People
of
the
Kingdom
,
by
Remigius
,
much
latter
:
as
for
the
Arms
Royal
,
now
boren
by
the
Kings
,
they
are
Three
Flower
de
Luces
Azure
,
in
a
Field
Or
,
being
a
Device
taken
by
Charles
the
Sixth
.
This
Kingdom
is
composed
of
Estates
,
and
Orders
threefold
,
viz.
the
Clergy
,
the
Nobility
,
and
the
Commons
;
and
here
are
usually
found
16
Arch-Bishops
,
and
106
Bishops
,
not
accounting
those
of
Arras
,
Tournay
,
and
Perpignan
;
16
Abbots
Heads
of
Orders
and
Congregations
,
and
about
30000
Curate-ships
:
and
not
accounting
other
Governments
,
there
are
12
Peers
chiefly
appointed
,
or
ancient
Peer-ships
,
besides
others
of
new
Creation
,
and
the
Order
is
that
of
the
Holy
Ghost
.
There
are
likewise
11
Parliaments
,
8
Chambers
of
Accounts
,
22
Publick
Places
of
Receipt
,
or
Generalities
of
the
Kings
Revenues
.
The
Rivers
of
this
Kingdom
are
principally
Four
,
viz.
the
Rhone
,
or
Rosne
,
the
Loire
,
the
Garonne
,
and
the
Seine
;
who
receive
into
them
many
other
Rivers
,
and
wash
the
Walls
of
the
chief
Cities
and
Towns
,
&c.
the
first
arising
about
3
Miles
from
the
head
of
the
River
Rhine
,
the
second
about
the
Mountains
of
Avergne
,
the
third
from
the
Pyreenian
Hills
,
and
the
Fourth
has
its
Spring
in
Burgundy
.
The
Mountains
of
most
note
are
those
of
Avergne
,
part
of
the
Alps
,
and
the
Pyreenes
,
on
the
latter
of
which
Nature
strangely
expresses
her self
,
for
that
part
of
those
Mountains
toward
rich
and
wealthy
France
,
are
altogether
barren
,
but
that
towards
Spain
exceeding
Fruitful
,
as
if
it
had
divested
it self
to
cloath
the
one
,
and
robbed
the
other
.
In
the
Year
1614
Lovis
the
13
convened
the
Estates
of
the
Provinces
under
12
Heads
,
or
great
Governments
,
four
of
which
lying
towards
the
North
,
border
upon
the
Seine
,
and
the
other
Rivers
that
augment
its
Stream
,
viz.
Picardy
,
Normandy
,
the
Isles
of
France
and
Campaigne
,
adjoyning
towards
the
middle
to
the
Loire
,
Orlenoise
,
Britagne
,
Burgundy
,
and
Lionoise
;
and
the
other
Four
towards
the
South
,
near
the
Garonne
,
viz.
Dauphin
,
Guienne
,
Lauguedock
and
Provence
;
and
under
the
Orlenoise
are
contained
Maine
,
Perche
and
Beauce
:
on
the
hither
side
of
the
Loire
,
Nievernois
,
Anjou
and
Touraine
;
and
above
this
River
beyond
Poctou
,
Berrey
,
and
Burgundy
,
hath
Bresti
,
and
under
Lionoise
,
are
comprehended
Lionois
,
Auvergne
,
Burbounois
,
and
Marche
;
under
Guienne
is
Bearne
,
Gascogne
,
and
Guienne
,
Saintogne
,
Perigort
,
Limosin
,
Querci
,
and
Rovergne
;
and
under
Languedock
is
found
Cevenes
.
The
chief
Cities
are
,
1.
Paris
,
situate
in
the
Isle
of
France
,
anciently
called
Lutetia
,
by
reason
of
the
Clayeness
of
the
Ground
about
it
;
which
for
Riches
,
Stateliness
of
Building
,
the
many
Magnificent
Pallaces
and
Churches
,
that
every
where
adorne
it
,
and
the
Fruitfulness
of
the
Soil
about
it
and
number
of
its
Inhabitants
,
may
compare
with
most
in
Europe
.
2.
Lions
,
or
Lugdunum
.
3.
Orleance
.
4.
Bullogne
,
taken
by
Henry
the
●ighth
of
England
1544.
5.
Amiens
.
6.
St.
Quintiens
,
where
the
English
Forces
under
the
Command
of
the
Earl
of
Pembrook
,
in
the
Quarrel
of
Philip
the
Second
of
Spain
,
overthrew
the
French
,
Anno
1557.
7.
Burdeaux
.
8.
Roane
or
Rovenysenlis
.
10.
Rhemes
.
11.
Claremont
.
12.
Tholouse
.
13
Calais
,
which
being
taken
by
Edward
the
3
of
England
,
remained
in
the
hands
of
the
English
220
Years
,
and
was
lost
in
the
reign
of
Queen
Mary
,
soon
after
the
Battle
of
St.
Quintines
,
and
the
occasion
,
as
many
conjecture
of
hastning
her
end
,
she
giving
out
,
That
if
she
were
opened
when
dead
,
they
might
find
Calais
written
on
her
Heart
,
&c.
Many
other
Cities
and
Towns
there
are
of
note
,
whose
names
for
brevities
sake
I
must
omit
and
in
general
proceed
to
say
;
there
is
no
Kingdom
better
stored
with
considerable
places
,
nor
more
abounding
in
plenty
of
what
ever
may
conduce
,
to
the
Commodity
and
suport
of
Humane
Life
;
abounding
with
almost
all
the
sundry
sorts
of
Fruits
that
Europe
produces
,
as
also
store
of
River
and
Sea-Fish
;
a
great
number
of
Cattle
,
plenty
of
Wine
,
Corn
,
Salt
,
Linnen
Cloth
,
Flax
,
Hemp
,
Wool
,
Saffron
,
Paper
,
and
many
other
Products
and
Manufactories
,
very
considerable
;
for
which
the
Natives
,
&c.
as
it
were
command
the
Commodities
,
or
ready
Money
of
most
Countries
;
as
for
the
Coins
those
chiefly
in
use
,
are
the
Pistole
of
Gold
,
and
the
Crown
of
Silver
.
As
for
the
people
of
this
Kingdom
,
they
are
great
pretenders
to
Antiquity
,
deriving
their
Original
,
as
to
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Country
from
Meseck
the
sixt
Son
of
Japhet
,
though
the
first
Inhabitants
mentioned
with
any
credit
in
History
,
were
the
antient
Gauls
,
a
people
thrifty
and
valiant
;
who
under
the
leading
of
Bellovessus
,
conquered
the
heither
part
of
Italy
called
Gallia
Cisalpina
,
and
soon
after
under
the
conduct
of
Segovesus
,
subdued
a
great
part
of
Germany
,
nor
resting
there
,
under
Brennus
another
of
their
Commanders
;
they
discomfited
the
Roman
Army
and
Sacked
even
Rome
it self
,
and
so
passed
Conquering
on
into
Asia
,
where
they
fixed
a
Government
,
calling
it
Gaul-Asia
,
since
corruptly
Gallatia
,
on
which
the
Learned
Dubartas
discants
,
viz.
The
Antient
Gaul
in
roving
every
way
,
As
far
as
Phoebus
darts
his
Golden
Ray
;
Seiz'd
Italy
the
Worlds
proud
Mistriss
sack't
,
Which
rather
Mars
than
Romulus
compact
:
Then
Spoils
Pisidia
,
Missia
doth
Inthraul
And
midst
of
Asia
plants
another
Gaul
.
The
present
Inhabitants
though
somewhat
fantastick
,
are
generaly
of
a
free
and
curteous
Behahaviour
,
kind
to
strangers
,
and
extremely
given
to
Complement
;
the
Women
are
likewise
wonderfully
familiar
even
with
Strangers
especially
in
Speech
,
taking
it
for
a
great
peice
of
breeding
,
not
to
be
too
Austere
or
Reserved
.
Their
Apparel
for
the
most
part
is
rather
Gay
than
Costly
,
made
of
light
Stuffs
and
slight
Silks
,
&c.
though
the
Country
people
are
distinguished
from
others
;
by
the
Men's
wearing
a
large
pair
of
Breeches
and
a
Coat
to
their
Knees
;
and
the
Womens
attireing
their
Heads
,
or
rather
wraping
them
in
Linnen
,
and
these
are
in
a
manner
Drudges
,
or
Slaves
,
to
the
Gentry
,
especially
such
as
are
their
Land-lords
,
they
being
all
of
them
Tenants
at
Will
,
and
have
their
Rent
raised
as
the
Land
improves
,
or
as
the
Lord
thinks
fit
;
which
is
the
occasion
of
their
great
Poverty
;
for
although
many
of
them
hold
Farms
of
Wine
and
Corn
,
they
have
scarce
the
happiness
to
tast
the
first
,
or
eat
any
good
Bread
made
of
the
latter
.
In
Arts
and
Manufactury
,
the
French
are
very
Ingenious
,
and
in
War
very
furious
,
at
the
first
onset
,
but
with
the
change
of
Fortune
their
courage
soon
abates
;
though
Caesar
confessed
that
he
slew
110000.
of
them
before
he
could
bring
them
into
subjection
;
yet
by
a
small
power
of
the
English
,
they
were
frequently
worsted
;
in
the
Reign
of
Edward
the
Third
,
and
almost
the
whole
Kingdom
,
after
the
Fortunate
Battle
of
Azin-court
,
Conquored
and
brought
under
subjection
by
Henry
the
fifth
,
who
with
15000.
men
,
only
overthrew
an
Army
of
above
100000.
in
which
the
flower
of
their
Nobility
were
either
Slain
,
or
taken
Prisoners
:
Nor
is
it
less
the
Fortune
,
or
rather
misfortune
in
all
Battles
,
to
have
the
greatest
storm
of
War
fall
upon
their
Nobility
.
The
things
worthy
of
Note
in
this
Illustruous
Kingdom
,
are
the
Cathedral
Church
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
in
Paris
,
Vulgarly
called
Notrodam
;
supported
by
120.
Pillars
,
whereof
12.
are
very
great
,
but
the
remainder
indifferently
large
,
and
in
the
midst
of
the
Church
is
a
Chancel
,
accounted
71
paces
in
length
,
and
60
in
bredth
;
and
in
the
Circuit
or
Circumference
,
it
hath
45
Chappels
,
and
is
closed
with
Iron
Gates
,
and
two
double
doors
in
the
front
,
adorn'd
with
the
Statues
of
28
Kings
;
and
on
the
sides
are
four
Towers
of
Bell-fries
of
44
Cubits
in
height
,
and
a
Bell
so
large
called
St.
Mary
,
that
24
Men
are
required
to
Ring
it
out
.
The
Seven
Wonders
of
Dauphin
,
viz.
The
burnig
Fountain
,
the
Inaccessable
Mountain
,
the
Tower
of
Sanevenin
,
the
Wine-fats
of
Sassinage
,
the
Wine
Fountain
,
the
Manna
of
Briancon
,
and
the
Fountain
of
Barberon
;
which
Rarities
see
at
large
in
Allard
Sylva
:
The
Statue
of
Joan
the
Peucelle
,
who
assisted
the
French
against
the
English
,
and
raised
the
Seige
of
Orleance
,
acting
many
Wonders
in
feats
of
Arms
,
till
taken
by
the
English
and
burnt
for
a
Witch
:
As
for
the
Building
,
in
Cities
and
considerable
Towns
,
it
is
mostly
of
rough
Stone
,
Plastered
and
rough
cast
over
flat
roofed
;
and
commonly
4
,
5
,
and
6
Stories
.
And
now
to
France
I
might
add
the
new
aquisitions
,
but
more
of
them
hereafter
.
The
chief
Islands
are
Rhee
the
out-work
of
Rochle
,
in
attempting
the
Relief
of
which
the
English
lost
many
brave
men
in
the
year
1627.
The
strong
Bell
Isle
,
Venetica
San.
Colosus
,
Salt
,
Nermoustier
,
Oleron
Vliaras
,
where
our
King
Richard
the
Third
,
as
Lord
of
the
Sea
,
gave
those
Laws
Marine
so
much
in
request
,
and
known
as
the
Laws
of
Olerone
,
Rochle
,
famous
for
the
siege
it
sustained
against
the
whole
power
of
France
;
Ovissant
over
against
the
Lizard
,
and
in
the
Mediterranian
are
the
Isles
of
de
Eres
by
Ptolomie
,
called
the
Staaechades
.
The
Discription
of
the
Kingdom
of
Spain
,
in
its
Provinces
,
&c.
SPain
is
acknowledged
the
most
Western
part
of
Europe
,
formerly
called
by
the
Greeks
Iberia
and
Hsperia
enviornd
on
every
side
by
the
Sea
,
except
towards
France
;
from
which
it
is
parted
only
by
the
Pyreenian
Mountains
:
The
Seas
that
bound
it
are
the
Cantabrian
on
the
North
,
the
Atlantick
Ocean
on
the
West
,
and
the
Straights
of
Gibraltar
,
on
the
South
;
on
the
East
with
the
Mediterranian
;
the
Pyreenians
bearing
only
to
the
North
East
,
and
is
formed
by
Strabo
,
in
the
shape
of
an
Oxes
Hide
;
containing
as
well
Portugal
as
Spain
,
Scituated
in
the
most
Southern
part
of
the
Northern
Temperate
Zone
;
so
that
the
longest
day
exceeds
not
15
hours
,
accounted
760
miles
in
length
,
and
600
in
bredth
.
As
for
the
Original
of
this
People
in
Relation
to
their
possessing
the
Country
,
Authors
differ
;
for
some
will
have
them
to
be
of
the
Progeny
of
Tubal
Son
of
Japhat
,
as
being
the
decendants
of
the
Iberij
who
entred
the
Kingdom
under
Pannus
:
Others
that
they
are
derived
from
the
Celtae
,
a
powerful
people
decended
from
Alchenaz
,
who
first
peopling
it
,
called
the
whole
Country
Celtiberia
;
but
more
certain
it
is
,
that
the
Phoenicians
failing
from
Tyre
,
planted
Collonies
here
,
and
after
them
the
Rhodians
;
nor
did
the
Carthagenians
fail
in
a
manner
to
subdue
it
,
till
being
worsted
in
the
second
Punick
War
,
it
became
Tributary
to
the
Romans
,
who
devided
it
into
3
Provinces
,
viz.
Boetica
,
Lusitanica
and
Terraconensis
;
the
●irst
of
these
containing
the
Kingdoms
of
Andeluzia
and
Granata
;
part
of
New
Castile
and
Estremadure
,
Inhabited
by
the
Turdulie
Eastward
,
and
by
the
Celti
towards
the
West
;
Lusitania
contained
Portugal
,
and
part
of
Old
and
New
Castile
,
and
the
remaining
part
was
comprehended
in
Terragon
;
and
again
they
laid
it
into
two
parts
,
comprehending
the
two
first
Provinces
in
one
;
and
so
it
remained
till
the
time
of
Honorius
the
Emperor
,
when
Gundericus
King
of
the
Vandels
,
broke
in
and
over-run
it
with
a
numerous
Army
,
Anno
400
;
but
had
not
well
settled
themselves
before
the
Goths
Invaded
,
it
and
drove
the
new
possessors
into
Affrica
;
and
in
the
year
720.
under
the
conduct
of
Musa
and
Tarrif
,
who
were
invited
in
by
Julian
,
with
a
great
Army
of
Moors
and
Saracens
entred
warring
upon
the
Goths
and
after
a
Battle
of
seven
days
became
Victorious
dividing
the
Countrey
amongst
them
;
so
that
at
last
it
fell
into
12
divisions
,
viz.
Leon
Oviedo
,
Navarre
,
Corduba
,
Gallicta
,
Bisca
,
Tolledo
,
Murica
,
Castile
,
Portugal
,
Valentia
,
Catalonia
and
Aragon
;
and
so
they
stand
at
this
day
:
wherefore
I
proceed
to
speak
of
them
in
their
order
and
due
places
.
Leon
had
heretofore
the
Name
of
Austria
,
and
is
a
very
pleasant
Country
,
yielding
Mines
of
precious
Mettal
,
some
Gold
,
Red
Lead
,
and
Vermillion
,
though
otherwise
not
very
fruitful
,
as
being
some-what
Mountainous
,
yet
gives
Title
to
the
Eldest
Son
of
Castile
,
notwithstanding
few
Towns
of
note
are
found
in
it
.
Navarr
is
a
Kingdom
of
great
Antiquity
,
bounded
on
the
East
,
with
the
Pyreenian
Mountains
,
on
the
West
with
Iberius
,
North
Biscay
,
and
South
Aragon
;
being
a
Campaign
Country
,
not
subject
to
Woods
,
or
Inclosures
,
yet
abounds
with
Trees
in
the
nature
of
Hedg-rows
,
considerably
fruitful
,
and
has
for
Its
chief
Cities
,
Victoria
,
Sanguessij
,
Viana
,
and
Pampelune
,
Garisoned
as
the
chief
defence
of
the
Spaniards
,
against
the
Incursions
of
the
French
in
time
of
War
,
who
's
King
,
though
wanting
the
Possession
,
has
the
Title
of
that
Kingdom
,
the
Revenues
whereof
has
been
estimated
at
One
hundred
Thousand
Duckets
.
Corduba
,
is
a
very
fruitful
Province
,
accounted
and
judged
,
(
as
it
is
)
the
richest
in
all
Spain
,
abounding
in
Cordivant
Skins
,
Mallago
,
Sherry
,
Oranges
,
Cattle
,
Fish
,
Corn
,
great
store
of
Fowl
;
and
has
in
it
divers
fair
Cities
;
as
1st
,
Corduba
the
Principal
from
which
it
takes
its
Name
.
2d
.
Xeres
.
3d.
Sevil.
4th
.
Granada
.
5th
.
Mallaga
.
6th
.
Almeria
.
7th
.
Guadalcanal
,
where
the
rich
Mines
are
found
.
Galicia
,
is
a
Country
very
Mountainous
,
many
of
which
cannot
be
passed
without
great
difficulty
,
and
others
by
reason
of
their
Craggyness
,
held
not
passible
;
yet
in
this
Province
are
found
the
Cities
of
Compostella
,
the
Seat
of
an
Arch-Bishop
,
called
St.
Jago
,
in
Honour
of
St.
James
the
Apostle
,
whom
they
impute
to
be
buryed
here
;
Bajonna
a
place
very
pleasant
for
its
Scituation
,
and
Corronna
,
or
Groynne
.
This
Country
is
held
the
Principal
in
Spain
,
for
the
breed
of
Jennets
;
and
here
is
found
the
Promontory
Nerius
,
formerly
held
to
be
the
Ne
plus
ultra
.
Bisca
,
makes
a
Famons
Bay
into
the
Ocean
,
yet
many
times
proves
dangerous
to
Sailers
;
and
although
the
Country
is
Mountainous
,
yet
it
has
many
pleasant
Valleys
,
and
is
adorned
with
Cities
,
and
Towns
of
note
,
as
St.
Sebastian
,
Tholosa
,
Fonterabia
,
Bilboa
,
&c.
And
from
the
Mountains
of
this
Country
,
the
Rivers
that
water
the
greatest
part
of
Spain
have
their
Springs
,
being
accounted
no
less
than
One
hundred
and
fifty
;
and
great
store
of
Timber
for
Shipping
is
found
in
those
parts
,
with
some
Iron
Mines
,
&c.
Toledo
,
a
part
of
New
Castile
,
takes
its
name
from
the
principal
City
,
scituate
on
the
banks
of
Tagus
or
Taio
,
exceeding
pleasant
,
and
is
ordinarily
the
Residence
of
the
Nobility
,
and
of
Merchants
that
Trade
in
these
Parts
;
being
the
See
of
an
Arch-Bishop
,
who
is
above
the
rest
of
the
Bishops
of
that
Kingdom
,
his
Revenue
being
accounted
Three
hundred
thousand
Crowns
;
and
here
the
Kings
of
the
Goths
and
Moors
held
their
Courts
:
there
are
likewise
found
the
Cities
of
Calatrava
and
Talboia
,
one
scituate
on
the
Ava
,
and
the
other
on
the
Tagus
.
Murica
,
contains
the
City
Murica
,
the
Town
of
Alicant
,
and
New
Carthage
,
being
a
Country
very
plentiful
,
though
thinly
peopled
;
and
hence
come
the
Alicant
wines
and
curious
Earthen
Vessels
,
with
much
fine
silks
:
Nor
did
the
Romans
in
their
Conquest
for
some
time
reap
a
less
benefit
than
Twenty
five
thousand
drams
of
Silver
a
week
,
from
this
Country
only
.
Castile
Old
and
New
contain
the
Towns
of
Soria
,
Segovia
,
Valodolid
,
Salamanca
,
a
University
,
&c.
Madrid
the
Kings
Principal
Seat
;
Alcala
and
Alcaltura
,
most
of
them
very
pleasantly
scituate
,
as
being
posited
in
the
heart
of
the
Kingdom
of
Spain
,
abounding
with
Corn
,
Fruits
,
and
Cattle
;
and
the
latter
watered
with
the
River
Tagus
and
Ava
,
which
much
inrich
the
Country
.
As
for
Portugal
it
is
now
a
separate
Kingdom
,
wherefore
I
intend
to
speak
of
it
in
its
due
place
,
as
more
proper
in
a
work
of
this
Nature
.
The
Principal
Rivers
appropiated
to
Spain
,
are
the
Tagus
or
Taio
,
the
Duero
or
Duerius
,
the
Guiadiana
or
Anas
,
which
for
a
good
space
Ingulfs
it self
,
and
runs
under
ground
,
giving
the
Spaniards
Occasion
to
boast
,
that
they
have
one
of
the
fairest
Bridges
,
in
the
World
,
on
which
Ten
thousand
Cattle
feed
,
and
over
which
an
Army
with
extended
Wings
may
March
;
the
other
Rivers
of
note
are
Gualdahquiver
,
and
the
Ebro
,
called
by
Strabo
,
Baetis
,
and
Iberus
.
As
for
the
Mountains
they
are
distinguished
into
six
great
Ridges
,
continued
knit
together
,
whereof
the
lesser
are
but
parts
,
the
chief
of
which
are
the
Pyreenians
that
extend
from
the
Cantabrian
▪
Ocean
to
the
Mediterranian
Sea
.
As
for
the
People
of
Spain
,
they
are
swarthy
of
Complexion
,
black-Hair
,
and
of
a
good
Proportion
,
stately
in
their
Actions
,
and
grave
of
Deportment
,
very
serious
in
their
Carriage
,
and
Offices
,
much
addicted
to
Religion
,
and
very
Observant
and
Faithful
to
their
Prince
,
not
prone
to
alter
their
Determination
,
but
patient
in
Adversity
,
in
War
they
are
very
Deliberate
and
Cautious
,
not
much
regarding
Arts
,
but
adict
themselves
much
to
Women
,
and
are
generally
very
much
conceited
of
themselves
;
As
for
the
Women
they
carry
themselves
very
sober
and
discreet
,
and
are
tolerably
handsome
:
Those
that
are
marryed
are
in
great
Subjection
to
their
Husbands
,
and
extream
loving
;
though
the
men
are
naturally
Jealous
.
In
matters
of
Religion
,
they
are
Roman
Catholicks
,
only
there
are
some
Churches
of
Toledo
,
where
the
Mus-Arabick
Office
is
used
.
As
for
the
Language
,
it
is
not
all
the
same
,
for
in
some
parts
,
it
has
a
mixture
of
French
,
in
others
much
of
the
Moorish
,
and
in
some
again
the
Gothish
Arabick
,
but
generally
and
vulgarly
,
the
Old
Spanish
is
used
,
which
has
much
Affinity
with
the
Latin
;
and
as
for
the
Civil
and
Imperial
Laws
used
amongst
them
,
they
are
intermixed
with
many
Customs
of
the
Goths
,
and
the
King
governs
his
Provinces
by
Vice-Roys
,
or
Ministers
of
State
;
and
though
this
Couutry
is
not
very
fruitful
in
Corn
and
Cattle
,
yet
it
generally
abounds
in
Wines
,
Oyls
,
Sugars
,
Rice
,
Silk
,
Liquoras
,
Honey
,
Wax
,
Saffron
,
Anniseeds
,
Rosin
,
Almonds
,
Oranges
,
Lemmons
,
Cakes
,
Soap
,
Anchovies
,
Soda
,
Barrilla
,
Shumack
,
Wool
,
Lamb-Skins
,
Tobacco
,
besides
the
great
Treasures
of
Gold
and
Silver
that
comes
from
America
,
from
whence
it
is
conjectured
since
the
first
discovery
,
that
above
Fifteen
hundred
thirty
six
Millions
of
Gold
has
been
brought
into
Spain
.
As
for
the
Buildings
,
they
are
every
where
more
solid
and
durable
,
than
stately
and
magnificent
,
unless
at
Sevil
;
in
Relation
to
which
,
the
Spaniards
usually
say
,
he
that
has
not
been
at
Sevil
,
has
seen
no
stately
Building
.
As
for
Apparrel
,
they
affect
rather
Gravity
than
Gaudiness
;
and
their
Diet
is
as
sparing
,
consisting
for
the
most
part
of
Herbs
,
made
into
Pottage
,
with
minced
Meats
and
Salads
;
though
there
is
scarcely
a
Mechanick
in
any
noted
Town
,
but
when
he
goes
abroad
,
has
his
Cloak
on
,
and
his
Rapier
by
his
side
,
and
walks
in
as
much
State
as
the
greatest
Don
in
the
Kingdom
.
A
Description
of
the
Kingdom
of
Portugal
.
THIS
Kingdom
was
in
the
time
of
the
Roman
Conquests
accounted
a
Province
of
Spain
,
but
since
,
been
a
Kingdom
of
about
Five
hundred
years
standing
,
bounded
on
the
North
,
with
the
River
Minio
,
and
Ava
,
which
parts
it
from
Gallicia
;
on
the
East
with
the
two
Castles
,
and
Estremadure
;
on
the
South
,
with
Algarve
;
and
on
the
West
,
with
the
Atlantick
Ocean
;
and
was
anciently
called
Lusitania
,
deriving
its
present
Name
from
Porto
,
a
Haven
Town
,
scituate
in
the
mouth
of
the
River
Dueras
,
the
usual
Landing
place
of
the
Gauls
;
and
thence
corruptly
called
Portugal
,
or
the
Gauls
Port
;
and
is
accounted
to
be
in
length
,
from
North
to
South
,
about
Six
score
Leagues
,
running
along
the
Sea-Coast
;
and
consequently
,
not
answerable
in
breadth
,
in
which
it
disproportions
,
as
in
some
places
Twenty
five
,
some
Thirty
,
and
in
other
Fifty
Leagues
.
This
Kingdom
,
especially
of
late
years
,
has
made
its
self
famously
known
throughout
the
World
,
by
its
Discoveries
,
and
Trafficks
,
in
Navigation
;
so
that
no
Trading
part
of
the
Universe
,
has
escaped
its
Knowledge
.
As
for
the
Provinces
attributed
to
Portugal
,
they
are
principally
Six
,
which
are
as
many
General
Governments
,
Inter-Dueras
,
and
Minho
,
Tralos-Montes
,
Beyra
,
Estremadure
,
Aleuteio
,
and
the
Kingdom
of
Algarue
;
and
of
these
,
Inter-Dueras
,
and
Minho
,
are
the
most
noted
,
as
being
exceeding
Fruitful
,
and
well
Peopled
,
that
for
Eighteen
Leagues
in
length
,
and
Twelve
in
bredth
,
it
possesses
One
hundred
and
thirty
Monasteries
,
One
Thousand
four
hundred
and
sixty
Parishes
,
Five
Thousand
Fountains
,
or
Springs
of
Water
,
Two
hundred
Stone-Bridges
,
and
Six
Sea
Ports
:
The
chief
City
in
these
Parts
,
is
Porto
,
called
by
the
English
Port
à
Port
,
from
its
delightful
Scituation
,
and
the
Advantage
of
the
Commodities
of
the
Country
,
there
in
abundance
found
;
this
place
contains
Four
thousand
Houses
,
and
is
much
traded
to
by
divers
Nations
;
the
next
to
this
is
Braga
,
famed
for
the
many
Councils
held
there
.
Tralos
Montes
,
is
a
part
of
this
Kingdom
,
stored
with
Rich
Mines
,
and
in
it
is
found
the
City
of
Braganca
,
the
Capital
of
the
Dukedom
of
that
Title
,
besides
which
there
are
Towns
of
lesser
note
,
and
the
Princes
who
are
derived
from
this
Title
usually
reside
at
Villa-Viciosa
,
being
now
in
Possession
of
the
Crown
;
and
had
before
their
coming
to
it
,
a
Prerogative
,
beyond
the
Grandees
of
Spain
,
to
sit
in
publick
under
the
Royal
Canopie
of
the
Spanish
Kings
;
Beyra
another
part
of
this
Kingdom
is
exceeding
fertile
,
producing
store
of
Millet
,
Rye
,
Apples
,
Chestnuts
,
Catle
,
Corn
,
&c.
And
in
it
is
scituate
the
Famous
City
of
Coimbra
,
noted
for
its
University
,
and
the
See
of
a
Bishop
,
&c.
Estremadure
abounds
in
Wines
,
Oyls
,
Salt
,
and
Honey
,
gathered
from
Citron
Flowers
;
and
in
it
is
seated
Lisbon
the
Principal
City
of
the
Kingdom
,
upon
five
little
rising
Hills
;
on
the
Right
bank
of
the
River
Tagus
,
or
Taio
,
and
Arch-Bishops
See
,
the
usual
Residence
of
the
Kings
of
Portugal
,
and
a
City
of
great
Trade
,
having
the
Advantage
of
the
Ebing
and
Flowing
of
the
Sea
,
as
being
but
Five
Miles
from
it
,
held
to
contain
Thirty
two
Parishes
,
Three
hundred
fifty
Streets
,
Eleven
thousand
Houses
,
and
One
hundred
sixty
thousand
Inhabitants
;
the
Compas
computed
to
be
near
Seven
Miles
accounting
the
Subburbs
,
and
was
once
the
greatest
Emporium
of
Europe
.
Santarim
,
a
place
much
in
Request
for
the
abundance
of
Olives
,
that
grow
about
it
;
insomuch
,
that
the
Natives
boast
,
but
how
truly
,
I
know
not
,
that
they
could
make
a
River
,
as
big
as
the
Tagus
of
their
Oyl
:
Setuba
,
an
other
Town
in
this
Tract
,
is
accommodated
with
one
of
the
best
Havens
in
the
Kingdom
,
being
no
less
than
Thirty
Miles
long
,
and
Three
broad
,
abounding
with
Salt-Pits
,
and
Wine
,
which
bring
a
great
Revenue
into
the
Kings
Coffers
.
Alenteio
,
extreamly
abounds
with
Corn
,
insomuch
,
that
it
is
held
to
be
the
Grainery
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
has
in
it
the
City
of
Elvara
,
the
second
to
that
of
Lisbon
,
near
which
,
the
Portuguez
won
a
considerable
Victory
against
the
Spaniards
in
1663.
And
next
this
,
Elvas
claims
Place
,
for
the
many
Sieges
it
has
held
out
against
the
Spaniard
,
and
the
plenty
of
Oyls
the
Neighbourhoods
produce
,
&c.
Ourique
is
the
place
,
near
to
which
was
fought
the
Famous
Battle
,
which
occasioned
the
proclaiming
the
King
of
Portugal
of
the
House
of
Braganca
,
Portelegar
,
is
a
Bishops
See.
Algarve
,
though
little
in
extent
,
has
the
Title
of
a
Kingdom
,
and
was
re-united
to
the
Crown
by
the
Marriage
of
Alphonse
the
Third
,
with
Beatrice
of
Castile
,
abounding
in
Eggs
,
Almonds
,
Olives
,
Wines
,
Corn.
Cattle
,
&c.
And
for
the
Chief
Towns
,
they
are
Tavila
,
Faro
,
Silves
,
and
Lagos
.
The
Natives
of
this
Kingdom
,
are
very
frugal
,
yet
live
in
much
plenty
,
the
Earth
producing
every
where
abundance
:
Nor
did
their
Navigation
in
former
days
,
less
conduce
to
their
Support
and
Grandeur
;
being
held
the
first
Europeans
that
publickly
Trafficked
into
the
remote
parts
of
the
World
,
to
bring
it
to
any
considerable
Perfection
.
The
People
are
generally
straight
Limbed
,
and
well
proportioned
,
very
soft
skinned
,
but
somewhat
inclined
to
swarthiness
,
by
reason
of
the
heat
in
those
parts
;
the
Air
is
very
healthy
,
and
the
Country
for
the
most
part
Hilly
,
though
few
of
note
.
The
Roman
Catholick
Religion
,
is
only
publickly
professed
.
There
are
three
Arch-Bishopricks
,
viz.
at
Lisbon
,
Braga
,
and
Elvora
;
and
Ten
Bishopricks
.
They
have
Parliaments
as
occasion
requires
it
,
held
at
Lisbon
and
Porto
,
and
Twenty
seven
places
have
their
Generalities
;
and
the
Revenues
of
the
Kingdom
is
held
to
be
about
Ten
Millions
of
Livers
,
not
accounting
their
Collonies
in
the
East-Indies
:
And
although
Portugal
was
seized
on
by
the
King
of
Spain
,
after
the
fatal
Battle
of
Alcazar
in
Affrick
,
and
the
Death
of
King
Henry
,
who
Succeeded
Sabastian
,
slain
by
the
Moors
;
it
revolted
in
the
year
,
1640.
And
is
governed
by
a
King
of
its
own
,
as
a
separate
Kingdom
from
Spain
,
and
thus
much
for
Portugal
,
A
Description
of
Italy
,
In
its
Kingdoms
and
Dominions
,
&c.
ITaly
is
a
very
Fruitful
Country
,
and
held
for
its
Pleasantness
to
be
the
Mistriss
of
all
Countries
,
as
it
once
was
Empress
of
the
World
,
and
is
incompassed
with
the
Adriatick
,
Jonian
,
and
Tyrrian
Seas
:
Except
,
towards
France
and
Germany
,
from
which
it
is
parted
by
the
Alps
,
which
renders
it
in
a
manner
a
Penjusula
,
but
more
peculiarly
,
it
has
on
the
East
the
lower
part
of
the
Adriatick
,
and
the
Jonian
Sea
,
deviding
it
from
Greece
;
on
the
West
,
it
has
the
River
Varus
,
and
some
part
of
the
Alps
,
parting
it
from
France
;
on
the
North
,
a
part
of
the
Alps
divides
it
from
Germany
,
and
on
the
other
parts
,
the
Adriatique
Sea
devides
it
from
Dalmatia
,
being
held
by
the
Antients
to
be
in
form
like
an
Oak-Leaf
.
This
Country
branched
out
into
sundry
principalities
and
Provinces
,
is
scituate
in
a
most
Fruitful
and
temperate
Air
,
under
the
fifth
climate
of
the
North
temperate
Zone
,
which
is
totally
taken
up
;
so
that
the
Longest
day
is
15
hours
,
and
three
fifth
parts
of
an
hour
,
Northward
and
Southward
,
not
much
above
14
hours
,
and
the
parts
mentioned
;
and
is
reckoned
in
length
,
from
Augusta
Praetoria
,
now
called
Aost
,
unto
Otranto
the
most
Easternly
part
of
Naples
1020
miles
,
and
in
bredth
from
the
River
Varo
,
which
parts
it
from
that
Province
to
the
Mouth
of
the
River
Arsa
in
Friuli
;
where
it
is
the
broadest
410
miles
,
and
where
the
narrowest
,
which
is
about
Otranto
,
exceeds
not
23.
so
that
the
whole
compass
by
Sea
,
reckoning
windings
and
turnings
,
is
held
to
be
3448
miles
,
but
reckoned
in
a
straight
line
upon
the
coast
,
it
falls
much
short
as
not
above
2550.
As
for
the
first
Inhabiters
of
this
Country
,
they
remaine
doubtful
,
for
as
soon
as
Historians
make
any
considerable
mention
of
it
,
we
find
it
Inhabited
by
divers
Nations
,
held
to
be
Greek
Colonies
,
who
transported
themselves
at
sundry
times
;
the
people
of
the
Sea
Coast
being
said
to
come
thither
under
Janus
,
Anno
Mundi
,
1925.
After
them
Saturn
out
of
Creet
;
then
Evander
or
Oenotrus
out
of
Arcadia
,
and
then
Aeneas
with
his
Trojans
,
with
many
others
;
but
after
the
Romans
grew
powerful
,
they
brought
the
whole
Country
into
subjection
,
and
,
held
it
in
spite
of
the
frequent
Invasions
of
Phyrus
Hanibal
,
the
Gauls
,
Cimbri
,
and
others
,
till
the
time
of
Honorius
the
Emperor
,
at
what
time
the
Goths
Vandals
,
Herulies
,
Huns
,
and
other
Barbarous
Nations
,
passing
the
Alps
,
rent
it
from
the
Empire
,
and
devided
it
amongst
themselves
establishing
many
Kingdoms
and
Principalities
;
and
when
these
were
in
a
manner
subdued
by
the
Valour
and
Conduct
of
Narses
,
Bellarius
,
and
other
Imperial
Generals
.
Albonius
King
of
the
Lumbards
,
seized
upon
the
greatest
part
of
it
calling
it
Longobardia
,
vulgarly
Lumbardy
;
but
they
a
considerable
time
after
were
brought
under
by
Pepin
King
of
France
,
called
in
by
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
who
reduced
their
Kingdom
to
a
straight
compass
;
after
which
the
seat
of
the
Roman
Empire
was
fixed
in
Germany
,
and
Italy
,
parcell'd
out
amongst
sundry
Princes
,
and
the
usual
Division
is
into
six
parts
viz.
Lumbardy
,
the
Land
of
the
Church
,
Nap●ls
,
●ascany
,
Genoa
,
the
Signory
of
Venice
;
but
more
particularly
into
five
greater
and
six
lesser
;
as
for
the
first
,
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
the
Papacy
,
the
Signory
of
Venice
,
the
Dukedom
of
Florence
,
and
the
Dukedom
of
Millain
,
the
lesser
are
the
Dukedoms
of
Mantoua
,
Vrbine
,
Modena
,
Parma
,
with
the
States
of
Genoa
and
Luca
;
and
of
these
in
their
Order
.
The
Kingdom
of
Naples
Described
,
&c.
AS
for
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
it
is
Governed
at
this
day
by
a
Vice-Roy
,
under
the
King
of
Spain
;
and
is
scituate
in
the
most
pleasant
part
of
Italy
,
devided
from
the
Territories
of
the
Church
,
by
the
River
Axofenus
,
being
on
the
other
parts
Inviornd
with
the
Seas
;
making
many
commodious
Havens
,
and
contains
the
Provinces
of
Lavaro
,
Calabria
Inferior
and
Superior
,
Otranto
,
Apulia
,
Puglia
,
Abruzzo
.
In
Lavaro
is
founded
the
City
of
Naples
,
from
whence
the
Kingdom
takes
its
Name
,
and
many
others
of
lesser
note
;
but
that
which
is
most
noted
,
is
the
Mountain
Vesuvius
lately
called
Somma
,
being
exceeding
high
,
and
casting
Flames
out
at
the
top
of
it
,
in
a
dreadful
manner
;
though
all
the
borders
or
parts
of
it
are
otherways
very
pleasant
and
fruitful
,
abounding
in
Vines
,
Flower-Gardens
,
Olive-Yards
and
rich
Pastures
;
many
of
the
Houses
of
the
Gentry
,
and
Country
Villages
;
the
City
it self
being
seated
at
the
foot
of
the
Mountain
,
and
other
Hills
that
branch
from
it
,
extending
from
the
South-West
to
the
North-East
,
in
a
manner
Triangular
;
and
so
Fruitful
is
the
Country
in
Corn
,
that
the
Importation
of
Bread
is
forbidden
upon
great
penalties
.
As
for
the
Buildings
,
they
are
of
free
Stone
;
many
of
them
four
Stories
in
height
,
and
the
Tops
flat
,
the
Windows
are
generally
covered
with
fine
Linnen
or
Tiffany
in
stead
of
Glass
,
which
gives
an
equal
Light
and
keeps
out
the
heat
of
the
Sun
:
Nor
consists
the
City
of
Naples
of
any
more
than
three
considerable
broad
Streets
,
called
La
Vicaria
,
La
Lapuan
,
and
La
Toletano
;
the
rest
being
inconsiderable
Lanes
,
and
places
of
less
note
;
having
8
Gates
towards
the
Sea
,
and
as
many
towards
the
Land
,
strongly
walled
and
defended
with
three
Castles
.
The
Women
here
,
are
very
beautiful
,
and
through
the
abundance
of
Silks
found
in
these
parts
,
the
meanest
Citizens
Wives
go
clad
in
it
;
the
people
are
very
thrifty
and
industruous
,
especially
about
their
Gardens
,
from
whence
they
derive
a
great
part
of
their
Food
,
in
Fruits
,
Herbs
,
Roots
,
&c.
as
living
very
spare
and
temperate
,
though
the
Country
abounds
in
plenty
.
The
Estates
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
as
we
may
properly
call
them
,
under
the
Spanish
Vice-Roy
,
are
held
to
be
14
Princes
,
25
Dukes
,
30
Marquesses
,
54
Earls
,
and
400
Barons
and
Gentlemen
;
having
4
publick
Houses
,
called
the
Segij
,
in
which
they
meet
to
consult
Affairs
of
Importance
;
as
also
places
are
appointed
for
the
meeting
of
Merchants
in
the
way
of
Trade
.
Calabria
is
another
Province
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
bounded
with
the
Jonian
and
Tyrrenean
Seas
,
and
with
the
River
Jano
,
said
to
be
500
miles
in
compass
,
divided
into
the
higher
and
lower
Calabria
:
The
chief
Cities
of
the
former
being
Consentia
and
Salernum
,
the
chief
resort
of
Italian
Physitians
,
pleasantly
scituated
and
well
inhabited
;
the
Buildings
agreeing
with
those
of
Naples
,
though
not
in
the
General
so
sumptuous
,
and
all
the
Neighbouring
Countries
are
full
of
Villages
,
and
very
Fruitful
;
and
in
the
latter
Calabria
,
Cuterzary
,
is
seated
as
principal
,
being
a
strong
City
well
Walled
,
and
Fortified
;
and
formerly
this
Country
was
called
Magna
Graecia
,
from
the
many
Greek
Collonies
that
seated
themselves
in
it
.
Otranto
is
on
three
parts
bound
with
the
Sea
,
and
on
the
other
with
Puglia
,
having
Tarentum
and
Brundusum
for
its
chief
places
;
formerly
boasting
it self
one
of
the
best
Havens
in
Europe
;
but
for
some
years
past
choaked
up
,
or
much
obstructed
by
shoales
of
Sand
carry'd
in
by
the
Sea
;
so
that
a
Ship
cannot
without
some
difficulty
enter
,
by
which
means
the
places
are
much
reduced
:
Here
are
found
likewise
the
Towns
of
Otranto
and
Gallipolis
,
very
plentious
in
Oyls
,
Wines
,
and
Manufacturies
of
Silks
,
and
other
matters
of
value
;
there
are
found
great
store
of
Corn
,
Mellions
,
Citron
,
Saffron
,
&c.
and
what
is
one
thing
observable
,
no
Partridges
pass
the
Limits
of
this
Country
.
Apulia
another
Province
of
Naples
,
extends
it self
from
the
confines
of
Brundusium
,
to
the
River
Fortore
,
and
is
properly
devided
into
two
Provinces
,
and
has
for
its
principal
City
that
of
Manfredo
;
Scituate
beneath
the
Hill
of
St.
Angello
,
accommodated
with
many
stately
Buildings
,
and
is
the
Seat
of
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Siponto
;
and
that
which
adds
more
to
its
advantage
,
is
that
it
has
a
capacious
Harbour
,
capable
of
receiving
Ships
and
Galleys
of
great
burthen
,
and
is
defended
with
a
very
stong
Castle
,
the
Country
all
about
it
being
very
Fruitful
.
Puglia
is
bounded
with
the
Rivers
Tronto
and
Fortore
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Barlet
,
which
has
a
good
Haven
belonging
to
it
,
and
held
to
be
one
of
the
4
strong
holds
of
Italy
;
and
Cannae
the
Country
though
somewhat
Hilly
,
or
Mountainous
;
abounds
with
Cattle
,
Saffron
,
and
many
other
Commodities
incident
to
Italy
.
Abruzzo
is
in
like
manner
a
part
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
having
for
its
chiefest
Cities
or
Towns
Aquino
,
giving
Birth
of
Thomas
Aquinas
,
and
Sulmo
Famous
for
the
Birth
of
Ovid
the
Poet
,
both
pleasantly
seated
and
well
inhabited
.
The
Papacy
Described
,
&c.
AS
for
the
Papacy
,
commonly
called
the
Estate
of
the
Pope
,
Inherent
to
the
See
of
Rome
;
it
consists
of
two
Natures
or
Jurisdictions
,
as
Spiritual
and
Temporal
principalities
,
as
touching
the
latter
of
which
it
has
under
its
Jurisdiction
many
large
Terretories
lying
between
the
River
Fiore
and
Cajetta
,
between
Prenestae
and
the
Truentian
Straights
,
the
Dukedom
of
Vrbin
excepted
,
containing
the
Provinces
of
Romandiola
,
Murchia
,
Spolletto
,
and
that
usually
called
St.
Peters
Patrimony
is
accounted
Spiritual
.
The
first
of
these
extends
to
the
Venetian
Terretories
on
the
West
,
and
to
Rubicon
on
the
East
,
a
little
River
so
called
from
the
Redness
of
the
Waters
,
over
which
in
the
flourishing
time
of
the
Romans
;
the
Consuls
were
forbiden
to
come
armed
homewards
,
least
the
fear
of
any
designed
might
bring
a
terror
upon
the
City
of
Rome
.
As
for
the
chief
Cities
in
this
part
,
they
are
Bononia
,
the
prime
University
of
Italy
,
and
where
the
Civil
Law
is
very
much
studyed
:
This
City
is
Round
of
form
Built
with
Brick
and
Free-stone
,
commodiously
scituate
,
and
has
towards
the
Streets
,
Arched
Cloysters
to
secure
such
as
pass
them
from
Rain
,
&c.
Here
is
likewise
found
the
City
Ferrara
,
scituate
on
the
banks
of
the
River
Po
,
and
fortified
on
all
other
parts
,
with
a
strong
Wall●
in
which
the
former
Dukes
held
the
stately
Pallace
of
Beluedevere
,
so
named
from
its
pleasant
scituation
;
as
also
Ravenna
of
great
antiquity
,
renowned
in
Antient
History
;
accommodated
about
two
miles
distant
with
a
famous
Port
or
Haven
.
This
Province
or
Country
,
produces
Corn
,
Wine
,
Oyl
,
some
Drugs
,
plenty
of
Cattle
,
and
especially
good
Horses
.
Marchia
extendeth
from
Puglia
to
Otranto
between
the
Appenine
and
the
Sea
,
commodiously
divided
into
little
rising
Hills
,
and
fertile
Plaines
,
by
which
means
it
is
very
Fruitful
,
greatly
abounding
with
Corn
,
Wine
,
and
Oyl
:
It
s
principal
Empori
is
Ancona
,
by
reason
of
the
commodiousness
of
its
Haven
,
and
is
a
fair
City
incompassed
with
three
Mountains
,
and
hath
the
form
of
a
half
Moon
,
the
Streets
are
narrow
and
paved
with
Flint
;
the
Haven
is
Triangular
,
where
are
curious
Walks
,
and
a
place
called
la
Loggia
,
where
the
Merchants
that
resort
thither
for
Trade
,
do
meet
and
is
very
healthy
:
the
other
considerable
Cities
are
Firmo
,
and
Ascoli
,
aud
in
this
Province
stands
Loretto
,
so
Famous
for
our
Ladies
Miracles
.
Spolletto
,
anciently
Vmbria
,
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Spolletto
,
from
whence
it
takes
its
name
Onietto
,
scituate
on
a
high
Rock
and
Asis
,
where
St.
Francis
was
born
:
and
though
this
Province
is
not
large
,
yet
it
abounds
with
Wine
,
Corn
,
Oyl
,
Saffron
,
Cattle
,
Figs
,
&c.
St.
Peters
Patrimony
,
so
called
,
and
accouned
the
Spiritual
Jurisdiction
,
contains
all
the
ancient
Latium
,
or
Campaigna
di
Roma
,
and
the
chief
City
is
Rome
,
formerly
the
Capital
of
the
most
cousiderable
Empire
in
the
World
,
Mistriss
of
the
fairest
part
of
the
Universe
,
and
said
thro'
the
excess
of
her
many
Conquests
to
extend
by
Degrees
,
from
2
Miles
in
compass
to
50
,
and
had
on
her
Walls
740
Towers
,
spreading
over
,
or
taking
in
her
circumference
7
Mountains
or
Hills
,
viz.
Pallatinus
,
Capitolinus
,
Vnivalis
,
Aventinus
,
Esquiliuus
,
Caelius
,
and
Querinalis
;
and
is
scituate
on
the
banks
of
the
Famous
River
Tiber
;
though
at
this
day
it
is
not
accounted
above
11
Miles
in
Circuit
,
however
containing
many
stately
Structures
and
Monuments
of
its
ancient
Greatness
:
But
what
renders
it
most
Eminent
is
the
Popes
Pallace
on
the
Vatican
Hill
,
the
Famous
Church
Dedicated
to
St.
Peter
,
one
of
the
goodliest
Structures
in
the
World
,
accounted
520
Feet
in
Length
,
aad
385
in
Bredth
,
adorned
with
Paintings
,
Tombs
,
and
other
choice
Pieces
of
Antiquity
,
almost
Innumerable
;
the
Vatican
Library
,
and
many
Monuments
of
the
Roman
Emperors
;
and
not
far
from
this
City
is
Pont
Mill
,
where
Constantine
the
great
was
shewed
the
Cross
in
the
Clouds
,
with
this
Motto
,
viz.
In
hoc
Vincis
,
in
this
you
shall
overcome
;
which
made
him
take
the
Insign
of
the
Cross
for
his
Banner
;
and
accordingly
prevailing
over
his
Enemies
he
not
only
Imbraced
the
Christian
Religion
himself
,
but
commanded
it
should
be
observed
throughout
his
Empire
:
And
indeed
in
Rome
centers
the
Plenty
and
Glory
of
Italy
,
the
Inhabitants
being
accounted
two
Hundred
Thousand
,
most
Clergy-men
.
The
Seignorie
or
Common-wealth
of
Venice
Described
,
&c
:
NOrth
of
the
Alps
from
Roman-di-ola
,
are
the
Italian
Provinces
,
appertaining
to
the
State
of
Venice
,
bounded
on
the
South
with
the
Territories
of
Ferarra
,
and
the
rest
of
Roman
di-ola
;
on
the
West
with
the
Dukedom
of
Millain
;
on
the
North
with
the
main
Body
of
the
Alps
;
and
on
the
East
with
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
and
the
River
Arsia
which
,
parts
them
from
Liburnia
:
besides
it
commands
a
great
part
of
Greece
,
especially
by
the
late
successful
Acquisitions
and
Victories
,
as
well
as
divers
Islands
in
the
Sea
,
and
has
all
along
been
the
Bulwark
of
Christendom
against
the
Turks
.
As
for
the
chief
City
upon
which
the
rest
depend
,
it
gives
a
Name
to
the
People
,
and
is
wonderfully
situate
,
or
seated
at
the
bottom
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
or
Gulf
of
Venice
,
upon
72
Islands
,
five
Miles
distant
from
the
main
Land
,
defended
from
the
rage
of
Sea
and
Storms
by
a
prodigeous
work
;
being
a
bank
of
(
some
say
60
other
)
35
miles
in
length
;
open
in
7
places
for
passage
,
with
Boats
and
Gallys
,
&c.
of
small
burthen
,
of
which
they
have
commonly
1300
,
but
for
great
Vessels
the
only
passage
is
at
Malamacco
,
and
Castle
Lido
,
strongly
fortified
and
yet
this
City
is
Computed
no
more
than
8
miles
in
circuit
;
having
for
its
better
conveniency
4000
bridges
,
one
of
which
is
very
famous
,
passing
over
the
Great
Chanel
;
and
the
rest
,
pass
waters
of
lesser
note
,
which
in
divers
places
refresh
this
Maritime
City
.
The
Arsmal
is
the
most
beautiful
,
bigest
,
and
best
furnished
in
Europe
;
being
about
2
miles
in
circuit
▪
and
has
a
Magazine
of
all
sorts
of
Arms
,
Engines
and
Amunition
for
Sea
or
Land
Service
,
amongst
which
are
1000
Coats
of
plate
Garnished
with
Gold
,
and
covered
with
Velvet
;
but
what
is
most
admirable
is
the
Church
of
St
Mark
,
their
Titular
Saint
;
wrought
with
Mosaick
work
,
supported
with
Pillars
of
Marble
and
Prophery
;
adorn'd
with
Images
,
Tombs
,
&c.
that
for
the
abundance
of
Jewels
,
Pearls
,
Gold
,
and
Silver
,
that
cover
and
adorn
them
,
and
their
Altars
it
may
be
thought
that
the
whole
Treasury
of
the
State
might
be
Imployed
to
that
purpose
;
and
besides
there
are
found
200
Pallaces
built
of
Marble
,
and
adorned
with
Collumnes
,
Statues
,
Pictures
,
and
other
things
of
great
Value
;
that
for
their
grandure
,
they
are
capable
of
entertaining
any
Prince
;
They
have
likewise
73
rich
Hospitals
;
56
Tribunals
,
or
Courts
of
Justice
;
67
parish
Churches
,
26
Monasteries
of
Nuns
54
Convents
of
Friars
,
18
Chappels
and
6
Free-Schools
;
and
so
powerful
once
they
were
that
they
held
War
with
all
the
Prince
of
Europe
,
&c.
England
excepted
,
for
the
space
of
seven
years
,
and
wanted
neither
men
nor
money
;
and
if
we
consider
▪
what
Wars
they
have
had
for
near
200
years
(
at
times
)
with
the
Turks
;
we
must
needs
proceed
to
wonder
how
they
should
support
themselves
under
that
expence
of
Treasure
,
and
loss
of
men
;
but
their
Income
is
mostly
by
Navigation
,
and
the
fruitfulness
of
their
Islands
;
so
that
according
to
a
Modern
account
,
it
has
amounted
in
the
Treasury
,
(
not
reckoning
the
Effects
of
particular
men
,
)
to
five
millions
and
320000
Duckets
yearly
:
as
for
the
City
it
is
Governed
by
a
Duke
,
and
the
Sennate
;
and
so
consequently
all
the
Countries
and
Cities
under
its
Jurisdiction
,
many
of
which
we
shall
have
occasion
to
mention
hereafter
,
and
therefore
purposely
omit
them
in
this
description
:
only
by
the
way
take
notice
,
that
the
Terretories
of
this
Signorie
,
are
divided
into
Land
and
Sea
;
and
in
Lombardy
,
Marca
,
Trevigiana
,
Friuli
and
Istri
,
part
of
Dalmatia
,
Sclavoniae
,
Albania
,
and
the
Morea
;
and
in
their
Jurisdiction
are
the
famous
Cities
of
Padua
,
Brescia
,
Bergamo
,
Vicenza
and
others
;
as
for
their
Islands
the
principal
are
Corfu
,
Cephalonia
,
Zant
,
Ithaca
,
and
others
lately
regained
.
The
Discription
of
the
Dukedom
of
Florence
,
or
Tuscany
.
THis
Dukedom
now
under
the
Grand
Duke
of
Tuscany
,
is
divided
from
St.
Peter's
Patrimony
,
on
the
East
,
by
the
River
Pisco
,
on
the
West
by
the
River
Macra
,
from
the
Common-wealth
of
Genoa
;
on
the
North
from
Romandiola
,
and
Marca
Anconitana
,
by
the
Apennine
Hills
;
and
on
the
South
,
has
for
its
boundar●
the
Tyrrean
and
Tuscan
Seas
.
This
Country
formerly
had
its
name
from
the
City
of
Florence
,
Scituate
nigh
the
confluence
of
the
River
Arno
,
round
in
form
and
strongly
fortified
with
a
Wall
,
&c.
and
8
Forts
,
whereof
the
greatest
lyes
towards
the
South
;
the
buildings
are
very
stately
,
errected
with
Free-stone
and
Marble
,
flat
on
the
roofs
,
except
the
Pallaces
which
are
adorned
with
Towers
and
Pinacles
;
the
Pavements
of
the
Streets
being
likewise
for
the
most
part
broad
Free-stone
,
a
River
running
through
the
chief
of
them
,
which
greatly
cools
and
refreshes
the
City
in
the
heat
of
Summer
;
and
over
it
is
a
stately
Bridge
allmost
in
the
middle
of
the
City
,
and
towards
the
North
East
it
is
Encompassed
with
pleasant
Hills
,
gently
rising
and
planted
with
choice
Fruits
,
and
sheltered
from
storms
by
the
Apennine
Mountains
that
lye
behind
them
;
nor
does
the
South
side
want
the
like
advantage
,
whilest
the
West
Exposes
it
to
the
Flowry
Valleys
of
Arno
;
and
without
the
Wall
are
the
Garden
houses
and
Pallaces
of
the
Nobility
and
Gentry
,
which
likewise
scatter
over
all
the
pleasant
Fields
;
insomuch
that
it
is
accounted
the
Glory
of
Italy
,
frequently
stiled
its
Garden
,
and
takes
its
name
from
the
Flowry
Plains
,
and
Gardens
that
inclose
,
or
expend
themselves
about
it
.
The
next
City
of
note
is
Pisa
,
through
which
the
River
Arno
runs
,
from
East
to
West
,
its
Scituation
being
in
a
plain
;
and
towards
the
North-west
by
North
is
a
Gate
,
and
a
fair
Cathederal
Church
,
most
curiously
wrought
and
Paved
with
Marble
;
and
here
the
Duke
of
Florence
or
Tuscany
has
a
Pallace
,
seated
on
the
bank
of
the
River
Sienna
;
another
City
is
scituate
on
a
rising
Hill
,
indifferently
ascending
above
the
Valleys
;
the
streets
of
which
,
a
thing
unusual
,
are
paved
with
Brick
,
wherefore
no
Carts
nor
Coaches
are
allowed
to
pass
through
them
,
but
the
burthens
are
carry'd
by
men
Mules
and
Asses
;
and
has
in
it
several
stately
Towers
and
Fountains
,
the
Women
of
this
place
being
likewise
reckoned
the
fairest
of
all
Italy
.
Massa
is
a
Town
most
noted
for
the
Quarries
of
Marble
in
its
neighbourhood
.
In
this
Dukedom
is
the
famous
Legorne
,
so
much
traded
to
by
Merchants
of
most
Nations
in
Europe
;
opening
to
the
Sea
a
spacious
Port
or
Haven
,
and
is
a
Mart
or
Emporis
for
all
the
principal
commodities
of
Italy
,
and
many
that
are
brought
over-land
out
of
remote
Countries
;
and
here
our
Merchants
have
frequently
settled
a
Factory
,
the
people
being
generally
fair
dealers
,
and
wonderfully
obliging
to
strangers
;
so
that
the
Custom
of
this
place
is
the
greatest
part
of
the
Dukes
Revenues
,
being
very
considerable
▪
As
for
this
City
it
is
seated
in
a
fruitful
Plain
,
with
commodious
Avenews
,
being
somewhat
long
in
form
from
North
to
South
,
and
is
defended
with
two
Towers
that
stand
inward
to
the
Sea
,
for
the
guard
of
the
Haven
,
that
for
great
Ships
lying
farther
into
the
Sea
,
than
that
for
Gallies
and
lesser
Vessels
,
which
is
sheltered
by
a
Wall
drawn
almost
round
it
;
and
here
it
is
the
English
Merchants
trading
to
Italy
have
their
Lading
.
The
Dukedom
of
Milain
Described
,
&c.
THE
Dutchy
of
Milaine
,
is
very
pleasantly
seated
,
in
the
Country
of
Lumbardy
,
amongst
fruitful
Plains
,
and
little
rising
Hills
;
and
held
the
most
desirable
Place
of
these
Countrys
.
It
s
chief
City
is
Milain
,
Anciently
Mediolanum
,
which
though
so
often
ruined
,
as
having
been
taken
no
less
than
Twenty
times
,
and
besiged
Forty
,
has
still
rise
out
of
its
Ashes
,
more
fair
and
splendid
than
at
first
,
being
now
accounted
the
greatest
City
of
Lombardy
;
seated
in
a
large
Plain
,
and
incompassed
with
Rivers
,
strongly
guarded
with
a
spacious
and
well
fortified
Castle
,
and
other
extraordinary
Fortifications
.
As
for
the
Building
,
it
is
very
stately
and
magnificent
;
but
the
most
remarkable
are
Castles
or
Cittadels
,
the
Hospital
or
Lazarette
;
the
Cathedral
or
Dome
:
besides
there
are
36
Monastries
,
30
Convents
of
Fryers
of
sundry
Orders
,
96
Parochial
,
and
11
Collegate
Churches
,
mos●
of
which
are
beautified
and
adorned
with
Images
▪
Paintings
,
Sculptures
;
there
is
moreover
,
a
Cabinet
of
exceeding
Rarieties
,
not
to
be
paralelled
,
as
report
goes
,
in
any
place
.
The
City
in
circuit
is
accounted
Ten
miles
,
very
populous
,
imagined
to
contain
300000
Souls
;
the
Inhabitants
mostly
Rich
,
as
very
much
Trading
in
Merchandice
,
especially
Silks
,
Gloves
,
Ribbons
,
&c.
from
whence
our
Millinary
Ware-men
derive
the
Denomination
of
their
Trade
;
The
City
being
much
Traded
to
from
France
,
Spain
,
and
all
parts
of
Italy
.
As
for
other
places
of
note
in
this
Jurisdiction
,
they
are
principally
Pavia
,
Papia
,
made
a
University
by
Charles
the
IV.
guarded
by
a
strong
Castle
,
and
has
in
it
a
fair
Cathedral
Church
,
supposed
the
richest
of
Revenue
in
Italy
,
viz.
300000
Crowns
per.
Ann.
And
near
this
place
,
King
Francis
the
first
of
France
,
was
overthrown
in
a
great
Battle
,
and
taken
Prisoner
by
Lanoy
the
Duke
of
Burbone
and
others
,
commanding
for
Charles
the
V.
Alexandria
or
Alessandris
,
the
strongest
work
in
the
whole
Dutchey
;
Cremona
seated
on
the
Banks
of
the
River
Poe
,
accommodated
with
a
good
Trade
,
stately
muildings
,
large
Streets
,
and
pleasant
Gardens
,
noted
for
its
Tower
and
Cathedral
Church
.
And
here
it
was
that
Vitellus
his
Souldiers
were
defeated
by
those
of
Vespatian
,
and
the
Town
fired
by
them
.
The
Lakes
found
here
are
Lago
,
Magiore
,
in
length
56
miles
,
and
6
in
breadth
,
having
in
it
2
Islands
,
called
the
Boremeans
,
fruitful
and
pleasant
,
even
to
a
wonder
,
Lago
Delcoma
and
Lugani
Lacus
,
and
the
Rivers
are
Olgio
Adde
Lambro
,
Tesine
,
&c.
As
for
the
Hills
they
are
of
no
remark
.
The
Ancient
Inhabitants
of
this
Country
were
the
Insubres
,
Conquered
by
the
Romans
,
then
by
the
Gauls
,
and
next
by
the
Lombards
,
but
now
the
Country
is
under
the
protection
of
the
King
of
Spain
,
who
appoints
a
Governour
to
reside
in
Millain
,
where
St.
Ambrose
once
was
Bishop
.
The
Dutchy
of
Modena
described
.
THIS
Part
,
or
Province
of
Italy
,
contains
the
City
of
Modena
,
and
Reggio
,
with
the
adjoyning
Territories
:
As
for
the
Capital
City
of
Modena
,
it
was
known
,
and
is
so
still
in
Roman
History
,
by
the
Name
of
Mutina
,
famous
for
the
first
bloody
battle
between
Marcus
Antonius
,
and
Augustus
Caesar
;
and
is
at
this
day
the
Residence
of
the
Duke
,
whose
Pallace
,
though
not
appearing
very
large
outwardly
,
is
nevertheless
very
Famous
and
Magnificent
,
by
the
rich
Adornments
within
;
his
Cabin
or
Museum
being
furnished
with
the
choice
of
Natural
Rarities
,
as
Jewels
,
&c.
to
an
extraordinary
Value
:
And
here
Otho
the
Emperor
slew
himself
,
upon
his
Army
being
defeated
by
Vitellus
.
As
for
the
Country
,
though
it
is
not
large
,
it
nevertheless
is
very
fruitful
,
and
abounds
with
great
store
of
curious
Fruits
,
Corn
,
Cattle
,
and
other
things
fit
mans
for
Subsistance
,
watered
with
many
small
Streams
,
and
mostly
plain
,
but
that
which
renders
it
more
Famous
,
is
its
being
the
Native
Country
of
our
present
Queen
Mary
,
Consort
to
his
Most
Sacred
Majesty
,
King
James
the
Second
.
The
People
of
this
Dukedom
are
said
to
be
better
natur'd
than
most
of
Italy
;
quick
in
their
Resolution
,
easie
to
be
pacified
when
wronged
,
and
Friendly
in
their
Entertainment
of
Strangers
.
A
Description
of
the
Dukedom
or
Principality
of
Parma
.
THIS
Country
hath
on
the
North
Mantua
on
the
South
the
Appennine
Hills
,
on
the
West
Milan
,
and
on
the
East
the
Country
of
Modena
.
The
chief
City
is
Parma
,
seated
on
the
River
Pirma
,
in
a
Fruitful
Plain
,
being
about
4
miles
in
compass
;
adorned
with
many
Rich
and
Stately
Structures
,
well
Peopled
,
and
much
frequented
by
Gentry
,
greatly
Addicted
to
Learning
,
Arts
and
Arms
;
the
adjoyning
Plains
produce
excellent
Pasturage
,
which
feed
abundance
of
Sheep
,
of
whose
Milk
is
made
the
Parmasan
Cheese
,
so
much
in
esteem
in
all
Countries
;
and
here
the
Duke's
Pallace
is
seated
,
where
he
holds
a
Court
in
great
State
:
as
for
the
Churches
they
are
beautified
,
and
rarely
imbellished
with
Pictures
and
Images
.
Piacenza
or
Placentia
is
the
second
City
,
famous
for
the
Resistance
it
made
against
Hannibal
,
and
h●s
Brother
Asdrubal
,
upon
their
cutting
their
way
through
the
Alps
,
and
Invading
Italy
;
and
now
as
much
esteemed
for
the
Fairs
and
Marts
kept
here
,
to
which
the
Merchants
and
others
resort
from
the
Neighbouring
Country
to
make
their
Exchanges
:
The
Principal
River
is
Trebia
,
where
the
Romans
in
a
Fatal
Battle
were
overthrown
by
the
Carthagenians
,
and
40000
of
them
computed
to
be
slain
;
and
near
to
Placentia
are
many
Salt-pits
and
Mines
of
Iron
.
A
description
of
the
Dukedom
of
Mantoua
.
THE
Dukedom
of
Mantoua
is
a
very
fair
Country
,
very
plentiful
in
Corn
,
Wine
,
Cattle
,
and
rich
Pastures
,
and
Fruits
of
sundry
Kinds
:
As
for
the
chief
City
that
gives
it
the
Name
,
it
is
Seated
in
a
Lake
of
20
Miles
compass
,
by
Nature
very
strong
and
fencible
,
there
being
no
Land
access
to
it
but
by
Cause-ways
,
and
in
it
stands
the
Dukes
Pallace
,
very
fair
and
stately
,
though
he
has
another
Pallace
for
Pleasure
and
Delight
exceeding
this
,
at
Marmirolla
,
five
Miles
from
this
City
;
As
for
Mantoua
it
is
in
a
manner
round
,
save
that
the
Lake
on
the
North-East
sides
,
enters
it
like
a
half
Moon
:
The
Buildings
are
partly
of
Brick
,
and
partly
of
Free
Stone
,
and
the
Streets
large
and
clean
:
In
the
midst
is
a
large
Market-place
,
where
all
manner
of
Strangers
are
admitted
to
vend
their
Ware
,
though
the
greatest
Traffick
is
in
the
hands
of
the
Jews
,
who
grow
Rich
by
the
Impoverishment
of
the
Citizens
,
and
is
in
compass
4
Miles
,
having
8
Gates
,
and
strengthened
by
a
good
Wall.
This
City
is
of
antient
standing
,
and
contains
about
50000
People
,
and
has
often
been
brought
into
Distress
by
the
Germans
,
especially
in
the
Year
1619
▪
and
1630.
As
for
the
Dukes
Revenue
,
it
is
counted
400000
Crowns
per
Annum
,
though
many
will
not
credit
it
,
seeing
some
few
Years
since
,
he
made
over
part
of
his
Dutchy
to
the
French
King
▪
for
a
considerable
Sum
of
Money
;
and
here
it
is
held
unlawful
to
wear
a
Sword
,
or
any
other
Weapon
without
Lisence
;
and
in
this
City
the
Famous
Virgil
had
his
Birth
,
as
by
his
Ecclogus
appears
,
&c.
and
to
this
Dukedom
partly
appertains
the
Dukedom
of
Montferrat
,
in
the
South-East
of
Piemont
,
and
other
Territories
.
The
Dukedom
of
Urbin
described
:
THE
Dukedom
of
Vrbin
may
be
said
to
lie
within
the
Territories
of
the
Church
,
bounded
on
the
North
with
the
Adriatick
,
on
the
South
with
the
Apennine
Hills
,
on
the
West
with
Romagna
,
or
Roma-di-ola
,
and
on
the
East
with
Marca
Aconitania
,
being
in
length
Sixty
,
and
in
breadth
Thirty
five
Miles
,
and
is
accounted
to
contain
Two
hundred
Castles
,
and
Seven
Principal
Towns
,
the
chief
is
Vrbin
seated
at
the
bottom
of
the
Apennine
Hills
,
and
built
in
the
fashion
of
a
Miter
.
The
next
to
it
Pisauro
,
containing
an
excellent
Haven
,
for
the
Reception
of
considerable
Vesels
;
and
a
Third
is
Belforto
,
more
inward
,
and
supposed
to
be
in
the
middle
of
the
Country
:
The
chief
of
the
Castles
are
,
the
Rocks
of
St.
Leo
,
and
Marivolo
;
and
at
Vrbin
,
Polidorus
Virgil
was
born
,
who
being
a
Collector
of
Peter
Pence
in
England
for
the
Pope
,
wrote
a
History
of
the
many
remarkable
Transactions
of
our
Country
,
and
is
quoted
by
most
of
our
modern
Historians
The
Estate
or
Common
Wealth
of
Genoa
Described
.
THE
Estate
of
Genoa
,
formerly
contained
a
large
part
of
Italy
,
and
were
accounted
the
most
expert
in
Navigation
of
all
Europe
,
but
of
late
,
through
the
many
Wars
they
have
maintained
against
the
Venetians
,
and
other
neighbouring
Princes
,
their
own
Intestine
Broils
,
and
their
neglect
of
Navigation
and
Traffick
,
they
are
greatly
reduced
,
holding
little
more
than
Liguria
and
Corsica
:
The
first
of
these
has
on
the
East
the
River
Varus
,
on
the
West
parted
from
Tuscany
by
the
Magura
,
on
the
North
the
Apennine
Hills
,
and
on
the
South
the
Ligurian
or
Tyrrenian
Seas
.
As
for
the
City
of
Genoa
,
it
is
seated
on
the
sides
of
small
rising
Hills
,
tho'
behind
it
are
those
of
greater
height
,
lying
open
on
the
South
side
to
the
Sea
,
where
it
has
a
goodly
Haven
,
in
the
form
of
a
Cresant
or
half
Moon
,
upon
the
Horn
whereof
,
towards
the
East
,
is
the
Sea
Bank
Lamola
,
about
600
paces
in
length
,
keeping
off
the
Waves
that
beat
upon
the
City
on
the
East
side
;
and
in
the
middle
of
this
Bank
is
a
Fort
built
to
defend
the
Navy
that
may
Anchor
there
,
so
that
the
circuit
of
this
City
is
accounted
Eight
miles
,
and
though
the
Streets
are
narrow
,
yet
the
Palaces
of
the
Dey
,
and
Houses
of
the
Senators
,
are
very
stately
;
nor
are
their
Walls
less
strengthned
with
Bull-warks
,
and
other
Fortifications
.
The
Houses
in
the
High-streets
are
Four
Stories
,
and
many
Five
,
the
Windows
being
Glazed
,
which
is
not
usual
in
Italy
,
many
of
them
built
of
Marble
,
but
all
of
Freestone
:
The
Streets
paved
with
Flint
,
and
the
Suburbs
full
of
Gardens
and
Houses
of
the
Nobility
and
Gentry
.
As
for
the
People
,
they
are
Masters
of
other
Cities
,
as
Noli
,
Sarazena
,
and
Savon
,
being
noble
minded
and
generous
in
all
their
Actions
,
formerly
much
inclined
to
War
and
search
of
Adventures
;
insomuch
that
they
assisted
,
with
a
great
Fleet
in
the
Holy
War
,
and
taking
of
Jerusalem
by
the
Christian
Army
,
and
aided
Phillip
the
French
King
with
10000
Men
,
against
Edward
the
Third
of
England
,
where
in
one
Battle
they
were
most
of
them
slain
.
They
Aided
likewise
the
Spaniards
in
1588
to
Invade
England
,
with
several
great
Carracts
and
Galleys
;
which
were
either
lost
upon
the
Coast
,
or
cast
away
in
their
Flight
homeward
,
which
loss
they
have
never
since
fully
recovered
;
yet
they
lately
made
a
stout
Defence
against
the
Naval
Power
of
France
,
which
could
effect
no
more
,
than
beating
down
some
part
of
their
City
,
by
Bombing
it
at
a
distance
,
as
being
well
assured
they
had
no
Fleet
capable
of
Engaging
.
The
Country
abounds
in
all
the
Plenties
of
Italy
,
and
here
only
the
Women
have
the
greatest
Freedom
,
without
the
Jelosie
or
Suspition
of
their
Husbands
of
any
Italians
;
and
as
a
further
Honour
to
this
place
,
it
gave
Birth
to
Christopher
Columbus
,
the
first
Discoverer
of
the
New
World
or
Country
of
America
.
The
State
of
Lucca
Described
.
THe
State
of
Lucca
is
held
to
be
scituate
within
the
Dukedom
of
Tuscany
or
Florence
,
comprehending
the
Town
and
Terretory
of
Lucca
.
As
for
Lucca
,
it
is
seated
in
a
fruitful
Plain
,
strongly
fortified
with
a
good
Wall
,
and
incompassed
with
pleasant
Trees
,
so
that
at
a
distance
it
seems
to
stand
in
a
Wood
,
and
the
Plain
wherein
it
is
seated
,
is
invironed
with
Mountains
or
large
Hills
,
except
towards
Pistola
,
where
it
opens
to
the
Sea
,
and
is
three
miles
in
compass
;
as
for
the
Streets
,
they
are
narrow
and
paved
with
broad
Freestone
,
and
in
it
are
many
Palaces
,
and
Merchants
Houses
,
curious
built
of
Free-stone
,
according
to
other
Building
in
Italy
,
and
was
formerly
a
place
of
great
Trade
for
Silks
,
Stuffs
,
Carpets
,
Cloth
of
Gold
,
and
the
like
;
there
being
a
great
concourse
of
Merchants
,
call'd
Luccois
Merchants
,
that
were
wont
to
meet
there
at
several
Fairs
or
Marts
,
held
for
that
purpose
,
but
of
late
the
Trade
is
declined
:
however
the
Inhabitants
inrich
themselves
by
their
Manufacture
,
which
they
send
to
other
places
of
greater
Trade
.
And
here
there
is
a
strict
Law
,
that
no
Person
shall
wear
any
Weapon
,
no
not
a
Knife
,
unless
it
be
blunted
;
the
People
being
generally
very
courteous
to
Strangers
.
And
thus
much
for
what
may
be
properly
call'd
Italy
,
which
taken
in
general
,
is
one
of
the
most
fruitful
and
pleasant
Countrys
of
the
World
,
of
which
Europe
being
call'd
the
Head
,
this
is
accounted
the
Face
.
But
for
brevity
sake
I
must
desist
any
further
Comment
,
and
proceed
to
other
parts
adjoyning
.
The
Dukedom
of
Lorrain
Described
.
THIS
Country
is
Invironed
with
a
part
of
Belgium
,
Alsatia
,
the
Country
of
Burgundy
and
Campaign
,
and
is
about
180
Miles
in
compass
,
exceeding
Fruitful
in
Corn
,
Wine
,
store
of
Cattle
,
but
especially
Horses
of
an
Excellent
Breed
;
the
Rivers
and
Lakes
abounding
with
Fish
,
and
the
Soil
with
rich
Mines
:
The
chief
Town
is
Nancy
,
seated
upon
the
River
Meuse
,
and
in
it
the
Ducal
Pallace
,
much
resorted
to
for
Wines
,
Brandies
,
and
other
Commodities
;
the
Buildings
are
very
stately
and
commodious
,
most
of
them
of
Stone
,
and
well
fortified
with
a
Wall
of
great
Strength
:
The
next
to
this
are
St.
Nicholas
,
and
Vancoleus
very
strong
and
well
Garisoned
by
the
French
into
whose
hands
the
Country
fell
,
in
the
Reign
of
King
Lewis
the
13.
though
the
present
Duke
of
Lorain
now
warring
in
Hungary
,
is
on
all
hands
concluded
to
be
the
rightful
Prince
.
As
for
the
manners
and
Customs
of
the
people
they
are
a
mixture
of
Germany
and
France
,
as
being
seated
between
those
Countries
,
&c.
The
Dukedom
of
Savoy
,
and
Country
of
Peimont
Described
,
&c.
AS
for
Savoy
,
it
is
a
very
Mountainous
Country
bounded
by
the
Dauphenet
,
Bress
,
Switzerland
,
Peimont
and
the
Alps
;
the
Antient
Inhabitants
were
the
Allobroges
,
who
submitted
to
Hanibal
,
when
he
entered
Italy
with
his
Carthagenians
to
War
against
the
Romans
;
at
what
time
Bruncius
and
his
Brother
being
at
variance
about
the
Succession
to
the
Kingdom
,
he
reconciled
them
;
afterward
it
was
made
a
Roman
Province
,
and
was
called
from
one
of
the
Kings
that
then
Reigned
being
a
Favorite
to
Augustus
Caesar
,
Alpes
Coctiae
;
but
in
the
declining
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
it
became
a
part
of
the
Kingdom
of
Burgundy
,
and
passed
with
other
rights
of
the
Empire
to
Germany
;
but
now
is
independent
under
a
Duke
,
who
is
soveraign
Lord
of
the
Country
.
The
Chief
Towns
of
Savoy
are
Chambiers
,
Scituate
in
a
pleasant
Valley
amongst
Mountains
,
and
is
graced
with
a
Ducal
Pallace
and
many
stately
buildings
of
the
Nobles
,
who
are
for
the
most
part
very
Gentile
,
Active
and
Airy
,
though
the
Country
people
on
the
contrary
are
very
Imbicil
and
Slugish
.
Tarantaise
,
an
Arch-Episcopal
See
,
Scituate
amongst
Mountains
as
the
former
,
full
of
pleasant
buildings
:
Aquabelle
,
Mauridune
another
Arch-Episcopal
See.
Under
the
power
and
Jursdiction
of
the
Savonian
D●ke
,
it
is
Peimont
unless
a
small
part
of
it
claimed
by
the
Duke
of
Mantoua
,
seated
at
the
Foot
of
the
Mountains
,
and
bounded
on
the
East
with
Milain
,
on
the
West
with
Savoy
,
on
the
North
with
Switzer-land
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
Mediterranean
,
being
more
fertile
than
the
other
;
containing
52
Earldoms
,
and
15
Marquesats
,
besides
Barronies
and
Lordships
;
and
here
dwell
the
progeny
of
the
Albigenses
,
who
about
the
year
1100
stood
,
for
the
Liberty
and
Doctrine
of
the
Church
of
their
Predecessors
and
about
the
year
1250
,
were
near
all
destroyed
and
ruined
by
the
Popes
and
French
Kings
;
when
the
remainder
prefering
their
Concience
before
their
Country
,
retired
up
into
the
Mountains
,
and
by
their
Industry
and
Indefatigable
Husbandry
,
made
the
very
Rocks
bring
forth
Grass
and
Herbage
for
themselves
and
their
Cattle
,
&c.
and
here
they
worshiped
God
,
according
to
the
Worship
of
rhe
reformed
Churches
;
greatly
increasing
in
number
,
as
being
followed
with
blessings
,
untill
the
latter
end
of
the
Reign
of
Francis
the
first
,
at
what
time
happened
the
Massacre
of
Merinianum
,
or
Mariguan
Gallis
and
Chabriers
,
and
in
the
year
1662
and
1663
,
they
were
again
persecuted
by
the
Savoiard
,
and
since
that
in
the
year
1684
we
had
a
Mellancholy
account
of
their
treatment
:
and
although
there
are
many
good
Towns
under
the
Government
of
Savoy
;
yet
the
Duke
chiefly
resides
at
the
City
Turin
Scituate
on
the
River
Po
and
is
the
seat
of
an
Arch-Bishop
and
a
University
,
where
Erasmus
took
his
degree
,
and
for
Scituation
is
accounted
one
of
the
plesantest
in
Europe
.
The
Seignory
of
Geneva
,
and
the
Alps
Described
.
GENEVA
is
within
the
Limits
of
the
Dukedom
of
Savoy
,
the
whole
Seignory
not
exceeding
Eight
Leagues
in
compass
,
Scituate
on
the
Lake
Lemanus
,
and
devided
into
two
parts
by
the
River
Rosne
.
The
City
strongly
walled
and
fortified
,
as
being
the
head
of
a
Free
state
;
containing
a
flourishing
University
,
Governed
by
a
Common
Council
,
or
200
of
the
chief
Burghers
,
four
of
which
are
called
Sindiques
:
As
for
the
Church
Government
it
is
composed
of
Lay-men
,
Elders
,
and
Ministers
founded
by
John
Calvin
1541.
and
although
this
City
has
been
beseiged
by
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
and
others
who
have
undertaken
to
reduce
it
,
yet
it
has
manfully
defended
it self
against
all
Invasions
;
and
as
for
the
revenue
it
is
reckoned
60000
Crowns
per
annum
.
The
building
is
generally
of
Free-stone
,
and
the
North
side
of
the
City
lies
close
to
the
South
side
of
the
Lake
,
where
is
a
little
Haven
for
Gallies
,
built
to
keep
free
passage
on
the
Lake
,
defended
by
a
strong
Fort
;
a
River
Issuing
from
the
Lake
runs
through
the
lower
part
of
the
City
,
and
is
passed
by
two
commodious
Bridges
.
And
although
it
is
a
Receptacle
for
all
manner
of
Religions
,
and
people
that
fly
from
Persecution
,
yet
such
is
the
Law
,
that
even
a
Malefactor
is
Condemned
there
for
a
Crime
committed
in
his
own
Country
,
if
proved
against
him
,
and
Adultry
punishable
with
death
;
Fornication
the
first
time
with
9
days
fasting
or
living
with
Bread
and
Water
in
Prison
;
the
second
time
with
Whipping
,
and
the
third
with
banishment
;
notwithstanding
which
and
although
the
Women
be
more
reserved
here
than
in
any
other
place
,
those
Affairs
go
forward
in
private
.
This
Signory
abounds
with
all
manner
of
Fruits
,
great
store
of
Fish
;
and
is
much
Traded
to
especially
by
the
Italian
Merchants
for
Velvets
,
Taffatas
,
Musquet
Barrels
,
and
Calevers
,
&c.
The
Alps
are
the
greatest
Ridge
of
Mountains
in
Europe
,
parting
Germany
,
France
,
and
Italy
,
and
in
some
places
require
five
days
to
ascend
them
.
There
being
five
passages
through
them
into
Italy
,
viz.
3
out
of
France
and
2
out
of
Germany
.
The
1
from
France
is
through
Provence
,
close
upon
the
Tyrrenian
Seas
,
through
Liguria
,
being
the
Easiest
;
the
2
through
the
Hill
Geneara
,
into
the
Marquesat
of
Zaluzzes
,
and
so
into
Lumbardy
:
The
third
is
over
the
Mount
Cenis
,
and
through
the
Country
of
Turin
.
As
sor
those
out
of
Germany
,
the
first
is
through
the
Country
of
the
Grissons
,
by
the
Province
of
Valtoline
;
the
last
through
the
County
of
Tirol
,
near
to
the
Towns
of
Juspurk
and
Trent
;
and
as
for
these
Mountains
,
they
are
in
many
parts
very
fruitful
;
divers
Villages
and
Towns
,
being
Scituate
on
them
,
though
mostly
barren
,
and
in
many
places
the
Snow
and
Frost
continues
all
the
year
,
without
the
Suns
having
power
to
dissolve
it
,
by
reason
the
assent
is
so
near
the
cold
Region
;
and
through
part
of
them
Hanibal
cut
,
dissolving
,
or
loosening
the
Rocks
with
Fire
and
Vinegar
,
when
he
broke
unexpectedly
into
Italy
and
defeated
the
Roman
Army
;
and
indeed
in
some
places
they
are
dreadfull
even
to
look
on
.
The
Description
of
the
County
of
Roussillon
and
Catalonia
.
ROussillon
by
the
French
Included
between
the
branches
of
the
Pyreenean
Mountains
if
we
begin
at
Mount
Cavo
,
the
one
extending
to
Colibre
and
C.
de
Creux
a
Promontary
,
that
is
the
furthest
point
East
of
Cattalonia
;
as
for
the
other
it
passes
unto
Salsas
,
and
as
for
the
places
of
note
,
they
are
Perpignan
,
Pupirianum
;
and
Perpinianum
built
out
of
the
ruins
of
Ruscinum
,
by
Guinard
Earl
of
Roussillon
,
Scituate
upon
the
banks
of
the
River
Thelis
or
Thetis
,
in
a
pleasant
fruitful
plain
,
&c.
A
rich
and
flourishing
Emporie
,
and
a
strong
hold
against
the
French
,
till
the
year
1644
;
and
of
such
esteem
was
this
little
Country
in
former
times
,
that
it
was
pawned
by
John
King
of
Aragon
in
1462
,
to
Lewis
the
11th
.
of
France
for
300000
Crowns
,
and
restored
to
Ferdenand
the
Catholick
,
by
Charles
the
Eight
,
that
he
might
not
be
diverted
from
the
Conquest
of
Naples
.
and
abounds
with
plenty
,
&c.
Catalonia
or
as
the
French
call
it
.
Cattalogne
,
joyns
to
the
Country
of
Roussillon
,
is
accounted
170
Italian
Miles
in
length
,
and
in
breadth
130
,
and
held
to
contain
the
Dukedom
of
Cardona
,
3
Marquesates
,
11
Earldoms
,
divers
Barronies
and
Lordships
,
and
45
Cities
or
walled
Towns
,
and
600000
Inhabitants
;
amongst
which
(
in
the
time
of
Boterius
)
were
10000
French
Shepherds
and
Husbandmen
.
As
for
the
Country
,
some
Authors
inform
us
,
that
it
is
generally
Hilly
,
and
full
of
Woods
,
yielding
but
small
store
of
Corn
,
Wine
,
and
Fruits
;
though
others
speak
more
favourably
of
it
,
and
affirm
it
affords
plenty
of
Corn
,
Wine
,
and
Oyl
,
though
indeed
it
is
mostly
inriched
by
its
Maritime
Scituation
.
The
chief
Town
is
Bracelonia
seated
upon
the
Mediterranian
Sea
,
between
the
Rivers
Besons
and
Rubricat
or
Lobrecat
,
and
is
a
rich
noted
Port
much
Traded
to
:
The
buildings
are
very
stately
,
and
contain
a
Bishops
See
;
an
Academy
,
and
sundry
other
advantages
of
Gardens
and
pleasant
places
that
render
it
delightful
and
well
Inhabited
.
A
Description
of
Belgium
,
or
the
Neitherland
Provinces
,
&c.
THE
Tract
now
called
Belgium
or
the
Neitherlands
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Westphalia
,
Gulick
,
Cleve
,
Triers
,
and
the
Provinces
of
the
higher
Germany
,
on
the
West
with
the
main
Ocean
,
which
divides
it
from
Brittain
,
&c.
on
the
North
with
the
River
Ems
,
which
parts
it
from
East
Friezland
,
and
on
the
South
with
Picardy
and
Campaign
,
two
French
Provinces
,
and
upon
the
South-East
with
the
Dukedom
of
Lorain
;
and
as
for
the
Country
in
its
present
Estate
,
it
is
divided
into
17
Provinces
,
viz.
The
Dukedoms
of
Limburg
,
Luxenburg
,
Gelderland
,
Brabant
,
the
Marquisate
of
the
Holy
Empire
,
the
Earldoms
of
Flanders
,
Artois
,
Hatndult
,
Namurre
,
Zutphan
,
Holland
,
Zealand
,
the
Barronies
of
West
Friezland
,
Vtrecht
,
Overysel
,
Machlyn
,
and
Groyning
,
or
Groningen
,
and
of
these
in
their
Order
.
Limburg
.
THE
Dukedom
of
Limburg
is
pleasantly
scituate
,
and
a
very
fruitful
Province
,
having
the
Famous
City
of
Mastreich
,
so
lately
renowned
for
its
Sieges
,
as
its
Capitol
,
though
the
Bishoprick
of
Leige
is
its
appendent
,
in
which
is
the
City
of
Leige
,
the
Bishop
Regents
usual
Residence
,
the
See
at
present
vacant
by
the
Death
of
the
late
Bishop
,
and
hath
under
it
52
Barronies
,
and
in
it
a
University
,
where
at
one
time
(
if
the
Story
may
be
credited
)
Studied
9
Sons
of
Kings
,
the
Sons
of
24
Dukes
,
and
29
Earls
;
it
being
commodiously
and
healthfully
scituate
on
the
River
Meuse
;
the
Buildings
very
fair
and
spacious
,
and
is
accommodated
with
divers
Monasteries
and
Abbies
,
the
whole
Bishoprick
containing
24
walled
Towns
,
and
1800
Villages
;
as
also
the
Eastern
part
,
properly
termed
a
part
of
the
Dutchy
of
Limburg
,
contains
5
walled
Towns
,
and
23
Villages
,
where
Limburg
(
that
gives
the
Province
Name
)
is
pleasantly
scituate
on
the
River
Wesa
or
Wesel
,
or
Wesar
;
and
from
this
Fertile
Country
,
abounding
with
whatever
is
necessary
for
the
Support
of
Humane
Life
,
is
found
that
Stone
so
much
used
in
publick
,
called
Lapis
Calaminaris
.
Luxemburg
.
LVxemburg
is
another
Province
of
the
Low
Countries
,
having
Limburg
for
its
boundard
on
the
North
,
Lorain
on
the
South
,
the
Bishoprick
of
Triers
on
the
East
,
and
the
River
Meuse
on
the
West
,
and
is
accounted
in
circumference
24●
Miles
,
containing
23
walled
Towns
,
and
1169
Vi●lages
of
the
former
,
of
which
Luxemburg
scitua●●
on
the
River
Asnaius
,
Danvillees
and
Bostonake
are
chief
:
The
upper
part
of
this
Dukedom
is
generally
Inhabited
by
Germans
,
but
the
French
possess
most
of
the
lower
part
,
and
indeed
they
speak
either
Languages
in
most
of
the
Villages
,
and
in
manners
participate
of
both
Nations
;
and
bordering
upon
this
Dukedom
is
the
Famous
Forrest
of
Ardena
,
formerly
accounted
the
greatest
in
Europe
,
as
being
500
Miles
in
compass
,
consisting
mostly
of
Chest-nut
Trees
,
but
now
burnt
,
and
otherways
destroyed
to
the
circumference
of
90
Miles
,
and
near
it
are
found
the
Spaw
Baths
,
so
much
frequented
by
divers
Nations
for
the
restoring
them
to
Health
,
by
removing
sundry
Malladies
and
Diseases
;
and
in
this
Region
are
held
to
be
7
Earldoms
,
and
many
other
petty
Governments
.
The
Soil
is
naturally
Fruitful
and
Pleasant
by
Scituation
.
Brabant
.
BRabant
has
for
its
boundard
on
the
South-East
and
North
,
the
River
Meuse
,
on
the
West
the
Schald
,
or
the
Sclade
;
in
length
it
is
accounted
70
Miles
,
and
in
breadth
60
,
containing
26
walled
Towns
,
and
700
Villages
;
the
principal
of
the
former
being
Lovaine
,
a
City
6
miles
in
compass
,
inclosing
beside
the
stately
Building
,
pleasant
Hills
,
Valleys
,
Meadows
,
Fragrant
Gardens
,
and
is
a
noted
University
,
consisting
of
20
stately
Colledges
.
The
next
of
note
is
Bruxelles
,
or
Brussels
,
the
usual
seat
of
the
Governor
,
for
the
King
of
Spain
,
pleasantly
seated
and
Inviorned
with
Gardens
and
little
riseing
Hills
;
and
near
it
is
the
City
of
Bergeaupzone
,
a
garrisoned
place
,
strongly
fortified
;
and
here
is
found
likewise
,
the
Town
of
Breda
,
surprised
by
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
and
taken
from
the
Spaniards
by
a
small
number
of
Gentlemen
,
who
came
upon
it
in
the
night
time
,
in
a
Boat
covered
with
Turfs
,
and
desperately
setting
upon
the
Garrison
possessed
themselves
of
it
;
and
yet
more
famous
for
the
Treaty
between
his
Late
Majesty
of
England
,
and
his
Subjects
,
whereupon
ensued
his
happy
Restauration
;
and
in
this
Province
is
contained
the
Marquesa●e
of
the
Empire
,
whose
chief
Town
or
City
is
Antwerp
,
7
Miles
in
compass
,
once
a
famous
Empori
,
or
the
Scale
of
Europe
,
by
reason
of
its
Scituation
on
the
River
—
having
two
Marts
yearly
,
and
for
the
more
safe
Resort
of
Strangers
,
qualified
with
extraordinary
Priviledges
,
and
here
the
Portugals
exposed
their
East
India
Goods
to
Sale
,
and
dispersed
them
through
Europe
,
but
of
late
the
Hollanders
growing
powerful
at
Sea
,
and
great
Traffickers
,
have
removed
the
Scale
for
the
most
part
to
Amsterdam
.
Flanders
.
THIS
Province
which
amongst
the
vulgar
passes
current
for
the
10
,
is
divided
into
Galicam
,
Imperialem
,
and
Tutonicam
,
the
latter
being
separated
from
the
two
first
by
the
River
Ley
,
where
is
found
the
City
of
Gaunt
,
the
Birth
Place
of
John
Duke
of
Lancaster
,
Son
to
Edward
the
Third
of
England
,
from
thence
called
John
of
Gaunt
;
and
is
so
large
within
the
Walls
,
that
there
is
large
Pastures
,
and
Corn
Fields
,
besides
many
Gardens
,
and
other
pleasant
places
,
and
is
Commodiously
seated
upon
the
River
Schald
,
which
devides
it
in
many
parts
;
so
that
for
the
conveniency
of
the
Inhabitants
there
are
98
Bridges
:
The
next
to
this
are
Brugis
and
Ypres
,
walled
and
well
fortified
,
and
within
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Province
,
are
the
famous
Sea
Ports
,
or
Frontier
Towns
of
Dunkirk
,
taken
from
the
Spainards
by
the
Valour
of
the
English
,
and
since
delivered
to
the
French
:
Scluse
,
which
has
a
spacious
Haven
,
capable
of
containing
500
Sail
of
Ships
;
and
to
these
we
must
add
Newport
and
Ostend
.
Imperial
Flanders
,
so
called
for
Distinctions
sake
,
is
devided
from
Brabant
,
by
the
River
Dender
,
and
in
it
are
found
the
Towns
of
Alost
and
Dendermond
,
scituate
very
pleasantly
upon
the
Banks
of
that
River
with
Hulst
,
a
considerable
Town
,
indifferently
fortified
,
the
Country
is
generaly
fruitful
,
and
the
people
very
thrifty
and
sparing
,
&c.
Gallicam
,
or
Gallica
Flanders
,
taking
its
Denomination
from
its
dependency
on
the
French
,
or
the
nearness
to
that
Country
,
has
for
its
chief
Town
,
Lisle
or
Lile
,
a
Town
of
great
Trade
,
and
much
Resort
,
where
sundry
Merchants
have
Ware-Houses
,
and
some
petty
Factories
;
the
next
to
it
in
Dignity
is
Doway
,
much
noted
for
its
University
,
and
the
great
Resort
of
most
Christian
Nations
thither
to
see
the
curious
Library
,
and
other
Rarities
;
and
here
likewise
stands
Tornay
,
taken
from
the
French
by
King
Henry
the
Eighth
of
England
,
and
ransomed
by
the
Inhabitants
at
100000
Ducats
;
there
are
moreover
32
walled
Towns
of
lesser
note
,
and
1178
Villages
,
within
the
Jurisdiction
of
this
Province
,
adorned
with
stately
Buildings
,
and
pleasant
Gardens
,
replenished
with
Fountains
,
and
pleasant
Streams
;
and
is
in
all
parts
very
Fruitful
,
as
lying
low
,
and
not
any
where
incumbred
with
Mountains
,
from
which
indeed
the
Provinces
are
generally
free
,
&c.
Artois
is
a
very
pleasant
Province
,
and
was
once
intirely
French
;
but
now
(
as
the
rest
I
have
mentioned
)
under
the
Government
of
the
King
of
Spain
,
quitted
by
Henry
the
Second
of
France
,
to
Philip
the
Second
of
Spain
,
in
the
League
of
Chambray
;
and
is
said
to
contain
854
Villages
,
and
12
Towns
of
note
;
the
chief
being
Arras
,
from
whence
our
Cloath
of
Arras
comes
,
and
Lilliers
.
The
Principal
Frontier
Towns
that
opposes
Piccardie
are
Hedinfort
,
Ayre
,
Pernes
,
and
St.
Omers
,
most
of
them
very
strong
and
sencible
.
Hainault
is
considerably
spacious
,
as
being
Sixty
Miles
in
length
,
and
Fourty
Eight
in
breadth
,
in
which
are
computed
950
Villages
,
and
24
considerable
Towns
,
as
Monts
Famous
for
the
overthrow
of
the
French
Army
,
under
the
command
of
the
Duke
of
Luxemburg
,
by
the
Dutch
and
Germans
,
under
the
command
of
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
&c.
routed
near
this
Town
1676.
Valenciens
very
commodiously
seated
,
so
that
it
cannot
be
besieged
but
by
a
considerable
Army
,
divided
into
three
parts
:
Conde
and
Bavais
,
Towns
of
considerable
strength
,
the
latter
supposed
to
be
built
upon
the
ruins
of
the
antient
Belgium
,
the
Province
in
general
is
very
pleasant
and
fruitful
.
Namurre
is
very
commodiously
scituate
,
and
yields
the
Inhabitants
great
Advantages
from
the
Iron
Mines
,
and
Marble
Quars
;
as
also
those
of
Free
Stone
,
and
what
is
indeed
a
wonder
in
nature
,
viz.
The
Stone
Cole
which
is
extinguished
by
Oyl
,
but
burns
the
brighter
for
having
Water
cast
upon
it
;
and
here
are
found
the
City
Namurre
,
giving
name
to
the
Province
as
also
Charlemont
,
Valen-court
,
or
Bornies
,
with
about
182
Villages
,
accommodated
with
rich
Pastures
,
pleasant
Gardens
,
with
store
of
Fruits
and
Cattle
.
Machlyn
,
though
it
is
reckoned
to
be
scituate
within
the
circuit
of
the
Province
of
Brabant
;
yet
has
in
it
9
Villages
,
with
several
Castles
and
Places
of
strength
,
as
its
dependences
being
a
strong
Town
,
seated
in
the
midst
of
the
Waters
of
the
River
Dole
,
so
that
upon
drawing
up
the
Sluces
,
the
Country
about
it
may
be
drowned
;
and
was
of
such
esteem
before
the
Wars
with
Spain
,
that
it
was
the
seat
of
a
Parliament
;
but
now
is
somewhat
impaired
by
a
fire
that
happened
some
years
since
,
by
the
blowing
up
of
a
Magazine
of
800
Barrils
of
Gun-powder
.
These
are
those
properly
called
the
Spanish
Provinces
and
Neitherlands
,
which
were
formerly
free
Estates
,
and
most
of
them
Independent
,
governed
by
their
proper
Princes
and
Magistrates
;
but
under
a
claim
of
right
by
Title
,
and
the
more
prevailing
Power
of
the
Sword
,
wearied
by
War
,
they
were
reduced
by
the
Spanish
Kings
part
,
of
whose
Dominions
they
are
at
this
day
accounted
:
However
,
the
7
confederated
Estates
,
commonly
called
the
United
Provinces
,
viz.
Zealand
,
Holland
,
Vtretch
,
Guelderland
,
Zutphen
,
Groningen
,
Over-Yssel
,
and
some
part
of
Brabant
,
and
Flanders
,
have
yet
those
Priviledges
the
former
enjoyed
,
making
for
their
better
defence
against
the
Incroachments
of
their
powerful
Neighbours
,
a
strict
League
and
Union
in
the
year
1581.
which
has
ever
since
inviolably
continued
,
called
now
the
Estates
of
the
Low-Countries
.
A
Description
,
particularly
of
the
Low-Countries
.
ZEaland
or
Sealand
,
is
a
Country
standing
upon
7
Islands
Northward
in
the
Sea
▪
commodiously
scituate
for
Shipping
,
and
Harbours
,
so
that
it
may
in
a
manner
be
questioned
,
whether
the
Inhabitants
live
on
the
Water
or
on
the
Land
,
and
though
it
consists
of
7
Islands
only
at
present
,
it
formerly
was
15
whereof
8
have
been
swallowed
up
by
the
Waves
,
with
their
Towns
and
Cities
,
so
that
we
may
well
alude
.
Invenies
sub
Aquis
,
&
ad-huc
austendere
nautae
,
Inclinata
solent
,
cum
maenibus
opida
versis
,
&c.
The
Waters
hide
them
,
and
the
Sailers
show
,
The
Ruined
Walls
,
and
Steeples
as
they
Row.
The
chief
Towns
of
this
Province
,
are
Middleburg
,
Famous
for
Traffick
,
and
the
Staple
for
French
and
Spanish
Wines
;
Flushing
,
a
strong
and
fortified
Sea
Town
.
All
the
Islands
are
fertile
,
much
abounding
with
Pastures
,
Corn
,
and
plenty
of
Cattle
,
yielding
a
great
deal
of
Madder
,
for
dying
,
Wooll
,
&c.
HOLLAND
,
(
the
chief
of
the
Provinces
,
under
the
Denomination
of
which
the
rest
are
vulgarly
called
,
and
is
the
most
powerful
in
Shipping
,
and
Navigation
,
)
comprehends
the
Famous
City
of
Amsterdam
,
by
which
the
River
Tay
flows
like
a
large
Sea
,
and
is
one
of
the
chief
Empories
of
Europe
,
Rotterdam
,
Leyden
an
University
,
Doort
,
Delph
,
Harlem
,
and
other
places
of
note
,
as
the
Hague
,
&c.
the
which
,
though
but
an
Inland
Village
,
is
much
honoured
by
the
Concourse
,
resorting
thither
,
and
the
frequent
assembling
of
the
Estates
;
and
this
,
more
than
any
other
part
,
abounds
with
Woods
,
esteemed
though
but
small
,
to
contian
400
Villages
,
and
20
walled
Towns
in
its
Jurisdiction
.
VTRECHT
,
another
of
these
Provinces
has
five
considerable
Towns
in
it
,
of
which
Vtrecht
,
Mont-fort
,
and
Rhenen
,
are
the
principal
;
as
also
70
Villages
,
many
of
them
very
fair
and
pleasant
,
all
well
watered
,
and
accommodated
with
Gardens
,
Pasturages
,
and
other
things
necessary
for
the
use
of
Man
;
the
Province
was
anciently
called
Antonia
,
but
since
took
its
Name
from
a
Ferry
that
was
kept
there
,
for
the
Transportation
of
Passengers
,
&c.
OVER-YSSEL
,
another
of
the
Provinces
,
is
memorable
for
the
City
of
Daventree
,
won
by
Robert
Earl
of
Leicester
,
an
English
Peer
,
in
the
time
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
from
the
Spaniard
,
and
delivered
to
the
States
,
and
has
besides
11
good
Towns
of
which
Campene
,
Swall
,
and
Daventree
are
the
chief
,
101
Villages
,
and
abounds
with
good
Pasture●
,
Meddows
,
Corn
and
Cattle
,
producing
yearly
a●
extraordinary
quantity
of
Butter
and
Cheese
,
and
the
rather
Fruitful
,
as
being
well
watered
by
the
River
Yssel
,
from
which
it
appears
to
take
its
name
.
ZVTPHEN
,
though
it
claims
the
Jurisdiction
of
a
Province
,
yet
it
is
no
more
than
a
Town
in
Guelderland
,
free
,
and
independent
,
before
which
(
to
the
great
Grief
of
all
good
Men
)
the
Famous
and
Learned
Sir
Philip
Sidney
,
received
the
Mortal
wound
of
which
he
dyed
,
though
the
Town
was
notwithstanding
won
by
his
Conduct
and
Valour
,
being
a
very
antient
Earldom
.
GVELDERLAND
is
a
Dukedom
of
considerable
note
,
abounding
with
Plenty
of
all
sorts
of
Provisions
,
and
many
curious
Manufactures
,
and
is
held
to
contain
24
Towns
,
and
300
Villages
.
The
chief
of
the
Towns
being
Nimegen
,
seated
on
a
branch
of
the
River
Rhine
,
and
much
noted
for
the
Treaty
held
there
,
Ruremond
and
Arnheim
,
and
is
recounted
in
Historians
to
take
its
name
from
Geluba
;
once
a
famous
Town
Scituate
in
the
Province
,
but
now
altogether
ruined
or
reduced
to
a
strait
compass
.
GROINING
or
GRONINGEN
,
is
a
Barrony
of
West
Friezland
,
so
large
that
under
its
Jurisdiction
it
has
154
Towns
and
Villages
,
the
principal
being
Old
Haven
and
Keikerk
,
and
boasts
of
great
Plenty
and
much
Riches
.
FRIEZLAND
contains
11
chief
Towns
,
the
most
considerable
being
Harlingem
,
Lewarden
,
and
Zwichen
,
with
about
345
Villages
,
Incompassed
with
Excellent
Pasture
grounds
,
abounding
in
Herds
of
Cattle
,
of
a
more
then
ordinary
bigness
,
and
is
in
a
manner
,
every
where
refresh'd
with
pleasant
Streams
;
and
not
far
from
it
is
the
Island
of
Scelinck
,
on
the
Coast
whereof
the
Fishing
trade
is
continually
maintained
;
and
there
are
found
Dog-Fish
in
abundance
.
The
Air
in
these
,
and
the
other
Provinces
,
is
at
this
day
very
temperate
;
so
that
,
although
the
Winters
last
long
,
yet
are
they
not
excessive
;
and
as
for
the
Summer
it
is
gentle
and
mild
,
resembling
the
Spring
,
in
the
more
Southern
Countries
;
as
for
the
People
they
are
generally
corpulent
,
well
proportioned
,
and
great
Artists
,
being
quick
of
Invention
,
and
very
curious
Artificers
.
The
Women
are
for
the
most
part
tolerably
handsome
,
and
constant
House-wifes
much
in
subjection
to
their
Husbands
,
and
very
careful
in
the
management
of
such
Affairs
as
they
understand
:
They
are
(
both
Men
and
Women
)
frequently
great
drinkers
;
nor
do
they
come
behind
hand
,
especially
those
of
the
7
Provinces
last
mentioned
,
in
eating
;
and
as
for
their
Warfare
they
are
better
Soldiers
,
and
more
fortunate
by
Sea
then
Land
,
for
indeed
Navigation
is
in
a
manner
their
greatest
business
;
many
of
those
,
we
properly
call
the
Dutch
,
being
born
on
Ship-board
,
and
there
brought
up
;
their
Parents
having
no
Land
,
Houses
or
Tenements
,
but
live
on
board
for
the
most
part
,
and
are
seldom
in
Lodgings
which
is
all
they
take
care
for
,
rejecting
any
settlement
;
and
thus
much
in
brief
for
the
17
Provinces
,
or
Lower
Germany
,
from
whence
I
proceed
to
the
Higher
,
&c.
Germany
,
properly
so
call'd
,
Described
in
its
Province
and
Principalitie
.
GERMANY
,
in
which
at
this
day
the
Roman
Empire
has
its
Establishment
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Prussia
,
Poland
and
Hungary
,
on
the
West
with
Belgium
and
France
,
on
the
North
with
Denmark
,
and
the
Main
Sea
called
the
German
Ocean
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
Alps
,
and
is
Scituate
in
the
Northern
Temperate
Zone
,
under
the
7
and
11
Climates
having
17
hours
and
a
half
in
the
longest
day
Northward
,
and
14
and
a
half
Southward
;
the
compass
of
this
spacious
Country
,
being
accounted
2600
English
miles
,
held
to
be
effectually
the
largest
in
Europe
,
and
in
most
Parts
is
exceeding
Fruitful
,
the
Air
wholsom
;
and
consequently
the
Natives
(
were
they
more
temperate
)
would
be
exceeding
healthful
;
however
the
Inhabitants
for
honesty
of
conversation
and
firmness
to
their
Governors
,
are
much
to
be
applauded
;
Valiant
they
are
,
and
very
deliberate
in
their
Actions
;
the
Women
are
corpulent
and
tolerably
handsome
great
breeders
,
and
very
fruitful
;
though
for
the
Vulgar
sort
they
are
generally
poor
,
notwithstanding
they
are
curious
in
invention
,
and
performance
of
Arts
;
and
the
World
is
beholding
(
if
we
may
rightly
so
term
it
)
to
this
Nation
for
the
Invention
of
Printing
and
Gun-powder
.
GERMANY
is
exceeding
fertile
,
many
parts
of
it
abounding
with
Corn
,
Wine
,
Cattle
,
Minerals
,
as
Tin
,
Copper
,
Silver
,
and
some
Gold
,
Quicksilver
,
Linnen
Cloath
,
Allom
,
and
many
other
valuable
Commodities
,
and
is
properly
divided
into
the
upper
and
lower
Germany
.
The
first
of
these
more
bordering
upon
the
Alps
,
may
be
reckoned
to
contain
Austria
,
Bavaria
,
Suevia
,
Helvetia
,
Switzer
land
and
Alsatia
;
and
of
these
in
their
order
,
&c.
The
Upper
Germany
Described
.
AVSTRIA
,
a
Hereditary
Province
of
the
Empire
,
or
Arch-Dukedom
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
Antiently
Pannonia
Superiour
,
is
accounted
the
most
fertile
of
the
Provinces
,
in
Corn
,
Wine
,
Fish
,
Cattle
,
&c.
And
has
for
its
Metropolis
,
the
famous
City
of
Vienna
,
called
by
the
Dutch
Wien
;
more
noted
for
the
great
overthrow
,
the
Turks
received
before
it
,
in
the
year
1683.
after
it
had
sustained
a
Siege
of
near
3
months
;
and
is
commodiously
Scituate
upon
the
dividing
of
the
River
Danube
,
antiently
called
Ister
,
adorned
with
a
great
number
of
stately
Buildings
,
and
has
not
only
frequently
bafled
the
Ottoman
power
,
by
putting
a
stop
to
their
further
incroachment
into
Christendom
,
but
is
usually
the
Imperial
Residence
,
being
strongly
defended
with
a
Wall
,
and
several
Towers
:
and
under
the
Jurisdiction
of
this
Arch-Dukedom
are
the
Provinces
of
Styria
,
or
Steir-Mark
,
Carinthia
,
Tyrolis
and
Carniola
.
The
first
Scituate
on
the
Spurs
of
the
Alps
,
yet
considerably
fruitful
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Towns
Gretis
,
Hall
and
Marpurg
,
with
many
pleasant
Villages
.
The
second
is
considerably
large
,
as
containing
many
good
Towns
and
Villages
:
Those
of
note
being
Spital
,
Veit
,
and
Vellach
,
with
good
Pastures
,
and
fruitful
Plantations
of
Gardens
,
Orchards
,
&c.
The
Third
borders
,
or
is
rather
Scituate
on
a
part
of
the
Alps
,
very
montainous
,
and
but
indifferently
Fruitful
,
yeilding
more
in
Mines
then
in
other
Commodities
;
yet
contains
the
noted
Towns
of
Inspurch
,
Tyrol
and
Trent
,
so
much
known
by
the
Council
that
was
held
there
,
in
the
year
1546.
Seated
on
the
banks
of
the
River
Odesis
:
The
Country
is
in
a
manner
square
;
as
being
72
Miles
,
without
any
considerable
difference
,
every
way
.
The
Fourth
is
larger
than
any
of
the
former
as
being
150
miles
in
length
,
and
45
in
breadth
,
Invironed
with
Sclavonia
on
the
East
,
Italy
on
the
West
,
Istria
on
the
South
,
and
Carinthia
on
the
North
;
a
Country
,
it
is
very
fruitful
,
and
has
in
it
many
good
Towns
the
principal
being
Esling
and
New
Marcht
,
Scituate
on
the
Banks
of
the
River
Save
.
BAVARIA
is
a
large
Country
,
and
has
for
it's
Boundards
Styria
and
Austria
on
the
East
,
Leike
on
the
West
,
the
Danube
and
part
of
Franconia
on
the
North
,
and
Carinthia
together
with
Tyrol
on
the
South
;
and
has
for
its
principal
City
Munich
,
upon
the
River
Asser
,
being
the
Dukes
principal
Seat
;
Ingolstadt
on
the
Danube
,
comprehending
an
University
Ratisbon
,
Paslaw
,
Donow
,
Saltzburg
,
and
others
;
and
is
watered
with
the
Rivers
Danube
and
Saltzech
as
principal
streams
,
and
with
Rivers
of
lesser
note
;
and
so
opulent
is
it
,
that
Travellers
affirm
34
Cities
and
46
considerable
Walled
Towns
,
are
found
within
its
circumference
,
and
is
fruitful
in
every
thing
except
Wine
,
with
which
it
is
supplyed
out
of
other
Parts
.
SVEVIA
called
by
the
Dutch
Schwaben
,
is
bounded
Eastward
on
Bavaria
,
Westward
on
the
Danube
,
Northward
on
Franconia
,
and
Southward
on
Tyrol
and
Retia
,
or
the
Country
of
Grissens
;
and
has
for
its
Principal
Towns
Vlm
or
Elmus
,
Lindair
,
a
free
City
Seated
in
a
Peninsula
,
made
by
the
Lake
Acronius
,
Auspurg
,
Ravenspurg
,
Wherlingen
and
Norlingen
;
most
built
with
Free-stone
,
with
Houses
of
an
extraordinary
height
,
as
four
and
five
Stories
,
and
many
stately
Pallaces
,
Churches
,
&c.
The
Country
is
generally
well
peopled
and
with
those
of
a
good
Complexion
,
tall
and
well
set
;
the
women
Ruddy
and
Fair
,
and
the
Plains
abound
with
rich
Pastures
,
Cattle
and
Corn
;
for
Hills
there
are
none
of
considerable
note
;
and
the
principal
River
that
passes
through
it
,
is
the
Danube
,
receiving
other
Rivers
into
its
stream
;
and
although
Auspurg
is
accounted
a
City
of
this
Province
;
yet
in
it self
and
dependencies
,
it
is
a
Marquizat
.
HELVETIA
,
now
more
vulgarly
known
by
the
name
of
Switzerland
,
is
a
very
Mountainous
Country
,
as
being
posited
amongst
the
Alps
,
for
the
most
part
,
or
spurs
of
that
mountain
,
accounted
the
highest
habitable
Region
in
Europe
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
Tyrol
,
on
the
North
with
Lorain
,
on
the
West
with
France
,
and
on
the
South
with
Italy
;
and
is
at
this
day
cantoned
or
divided
into
13
Divisions
or
Jurisdictions
,
under
a
United
Confederacy
and
League
,
the
better
to
oppose
the
Invasion
of
any
powerful
Neighbours
;
and
these
have
for
their
Capitals
considerable
distinct
Cities
and
Countries
,
from
which
they
hold
their
Regulation
;
as
Zurich
,
Berne
,
Lucerne
,
Glaris
,
Prenij
,
Zugh
,
Friburg
,
Basil
,
Schaffhansen
,
Apensel
,
Soloturn
,
Vandenew
and
Suits
;
besides
in
the
Confederacy
is
comprehended
,
the
City
and
Marquesat
of
Baden
,
and
although
they
are
divided
in
Matters
of
Religion
,
5
being
of
the
Reformed
Church
,
and
the
rest
Roman-Catholicks
,
yet
that
makes
no
Separation
in
the
common
Interest
,
but
against
any
opposer
,
they
mutually
joyn
their
Forces
.
As
for
the
length
of
these
Countries
thus
United
,
it
is
accounted
240
miles
and
the
breadth
180
miles
,
and
from
these
Mountains
Issue
the
Famous
Rivers
Po
,
and
Rhone
or
Rosne
,
with
others
of
lesser
note
,
which
pass
through
many
Famous
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
;
and
indeed
the
Plains
that
are
found
amongst
the
Mountainous
places
,
are
exceeding
Fruitful
,
and
produce
many
Cattle
,
and
the
men
are
accounted
the
best
Soldiers
in
Europe
▪
and
for
as
much
as
their
Country
is
poor
,
they
much
addict
themselves
to
the
Sword
;
serving
for
pay
any
Prince
that
will
entertain
them
;
whereby
it
appears
,
that
no
less
than
one
Million
of
the●
have
fallen
in
sundry
Battles
within
One
hundred
years
past
.
ALSATIA
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Rhine
,
on
the
West
with
Lorain
,
on
the
North
with
the
Palatinate
,
and
on
the
South
Helvetia
;
having
for
its
Metropolis
the
famous
City
of
Stra●burg
,
on
the
Rhine
;
lately
taken
,
or
surprized
by
the
French
,
who
undertook
the
Quarrel
of
the
Bishop
that
layed
claim
to
that
Dignity
;
though
indeed
it
has
been
held
a
free
City
:
As
for
the
Building
,
it
is
very
stately
,
mostly
of
Free-stone
,
and
contains
several
fair
Churches
,
Senate-Houses
an●
Stores
;
the
Streets
,
though
not
very
wide
,
are
in
most
parts
refreshed
by
the
Streams
of
Water
that
pass
through
them
,
and
all
the
Country
about
it
abounds
with
fruitful
Fields
,
Vineyards
,
Cattle
,
Gardens
,
and
every
thing
that
may
be
termed
pleasant
and
delightful
,
and
has
in
the
circuit
a
considerable
number
of
Towns
and
Villages
,
and
was
reckoned
,
as
is
said
,
amongst
the
free
Imperial
Cities
.
To
these
in
this
division
of
the
Empire
,
we
may
add
Rhetia
,
or
the
Country
of
the
Grisons
,
bounded
on
the
West
with
Switzerland
,
on
the
East
with
Tyrol
on
the
South
with
Milain
,
and
on
the
North
with
Suevia
,
lying
half
in
Italy
and
half
in
Germany
;
so
that
the
People
for
the
most
part
are
Familiar
with
either
Language
,
and
is
a
Region
well
peopleed
and
plesantly
Scituate
,
only
somewhat
Mountainous
.
The
chief
Towns
are
Coyra
,
not
far
from
the
Rhine
,
Musocco
and
Bormia
;
and
in
these
parts
the
Reformed
and
Romish
Religion
are
indifferently
Practiced
;
and
thus
much
of
the
upper
or
higher
Germany
.
The
Lower
Germany
Described
,
in
its
Provinces
,
Free-Towns
,
&c
▪
THAT
which
we
properly
term
the
lower
Germany
,
may
be
conveniently
divided
into
Franconia
,
and
the
appendant
Territories
,
the
three
Electorates
of
the
Palatinate
,
Brandenburgh
and
Saxony
;
with
its
dependencies
.
Pomerania
,
Medenburgh
,
Brunswick
,
Lameburg
,
Hassia
,
East
Friezland
,
Westphalia
,
Cleveland
,
Wetteraw
or
Vetravia
,
&c.
and
of
these
in
their
order
.
FRANCONIA
,
supposed
by
some
to
be
the
first
Seat
of
the
Franks
or
French
,
has
for
its
boundards
,
on
the
East
Saxony
and
Bohemia
,
on
the
West
Elsas
,
on
the
North
Hassia
,
and
on
the
South
Bavaria
;
and
contains
many
fair
Cities
within
its
circle
or
circumference
,
as
Bamber
,
Weirtzburg
,
and
Metz
or
Mentz
,
the
Seat
of
a
Bishop
,
and
moreover
has
in
it
the
Pallace
of
the
chief
Electoral
Bishop
;
and
as
for
the
City
,
it
is
commodiously
seated
upon
pleasant
riseing
Hills
,
incompassed
with
a
Valley
and
spacious
Plains
,
yielding
great
abundance
of
Corn
,
Fruits
and
Pastures
;
being
Antiently
the
Seat
of
a
King
,
called
the
King
of
Mentz
:
And
in
the
Province
are
the
free
Cities
of
Noremburg
,
Rotenburgh
,
and
Francfort
,
at
the
latter
of
which
the
Electors
of
the
Empire
meet
,
as
occasion
serves
,
for
the
Election
of
the
Emperor
;
all
three
pleasantly
Seated
,
either
by
the
nature
of
the
Soil
,
or
the
industry
of
the
Inhabitants
,
well
fortified
and
of
great
concourse
;
there
being
two
of
the
most
noted
Fairs
in
Europe
,
held
twice
a
year
,
and
in
one
of
it's
streets
on
the
East
side
,
the
Jews
are
permitted
to
Trade
and
Inhabit
.
The
Kingdom
of
Bohemia
,
is
an
Antient
and
Famous
Kingdom
;
containing
the
Dukedom
of
Silesia
,
the
Marquesates
of
Lusatia
and
Moravia
;
accounted
in
circuit
550
English
Miles
,
being
cast
in
a
manner
round
or
circular
,
Walled
with
Mountains
or
large
Hills
,
and
was
once
held
to
contain
78
Cities
,
Castles
and
Walled
Towns
,
and
32000
Villages
and
stately
Buildings
of
the
Nobility
.
As
for
the
Soil
of
this
Kingdom
,
it
is
generally
Fruitful
producing
great
increase
of
Corn
and
Wine
,
and
in
many
parts
there
are
Mines
of
Iron
,
Lead
,
Tin
,
Copper
,
Gold
,
Silver
,
and
some
Quicksilver
:
As
for
the
Natives
,
they
are
of
a
chearful
Countenance
,
modest
behaviour
,
and
strong
of
Body
;
the
Women
very
fair
and
comly
,
tall
of
personage
and
broad
Shouldered
.
As
for
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
which
now
rests
in
the
house
of
Austria
,
he
is
one
of
the
Electors
of
the
Emperor
,
and
has
precedency
in
the
casting
voice
;
and
is
great
Cup-bearer
on
the
Coronation
day
The
chief
Cities
of
this
Kingdom
are
Prague
,
seated
on
the
River
Mulda
,
consisting
of
three
parts
,
by
reason
of
the
division
the
River
makes
,
though
joined
by
Bridges
,
and
has
in
it
many
stately
Buildings
of
Free-stone
,
though
in
the
generality
,
the
Houses
are
Timber
built
,
and
the
Walls
of
Clay
or
Loam
;
Egra
,
a
place
very
commodious
,
and
much
traded
to
,
watered
with
a
pleasant
Stream
,
and
accommodated
with
curious
Gardens
and
Orchards
,
●●dweis
and
others
.
SILESIA
is
a
Part
or
Province
of
the
Kingdom
,
of
Bohemia
,
extending
in
length
240
Miles
,
and
in
breadth
80
Miles
,
divided
almost
in
equal
parts
by
the
River
Oder
,
into
which
many
lesser
Rivers
discharge
themselves
,
and
so
well
water
the
Country
,
that
it
is
exceeding
fruitful
almost
every
where
,
though
the
Air
is
much
colder
than
with
us
at
all
times
,
and
what
the
Soil
wants
,
the
Inhabitants
by
their
industry
make
out
;
and
in
it
is
scituate
the
famous
City
of
Breslaw
,
or
Preslaw
,
accounted
for
stately
Building
,
and
Commodiousness
,
one
of
the
chief
Cities
belonging
to
the
Emperor
.
There
are
moreover
the
Cities
of
Jadendorf
,
and
Glogaw
,
with
a
great
number
of
pleasant
Villages
.
LVSATIA
,
or
Lusutia
,
is
divided
into
the
Higher
and
Lower
Countries
,
and
though
but
small
,
yet
exceeding
Populous
,
so
that
Historians
affirm
,
that
this
little
Province
has
sent
20000
Armed
Men
into
the
Field
,
and
is
in
most
parts
Fruitful
,
as
being
watered
by
the
River
Nise
or
Nisso
,
and
other
Streams
,
and
has
as
chief
Cities
Trabel
and
Groliz
,
with
many
walled
Towns
,
and
a
great
number
of
Villages
,
though
several
have
been
destroyed
,
by
the
Incursions
of
the
Turks
and
Tartars
,
and
the
Intestine
Wars
.
Moravia
is
a
very
pleasant
Country
,
affording
store
of
Wine
,
Corn
,
and
curious
Fruits
,
with
some
Myrrh
,
and
Frankincense
,
the
Shrubs
and
Trees
growing
naturally
wild
,
as
well
as
in
Gardens
by
Improvement
;
the
Country
being
very
Wooddy
and
Mountainous
,
and
is
a
Marquisate
of
the
Empire
,
the
chief
Towns
being
Almutz
,
an
University
,
and
Brinne
,
the
Seat
of
the
Marquess
;
the
Country
receiving
its
name
(
as
most
conjecture
)
from
the
River
Moravia
that
runs
through
it
;
and
although
the
Territories
are
not
large
,
the
People
are
nevertheless
divided
in
Language
,
between
the
Teutonick
,
Bohemian
,
and
Sclavonian
.
The
Electorate
of
the
Palatinate
,
or
the
Country
under
that
Denomination
,
contains
the
Upper
and
Lower
Palatinates
,
and
extends
for
the
most
part
along
the
Rhine
96
,
and
is
in
breadth
72
Miles
,
said
to
be
the
fruitfullest
of
all
others
,
affording
abundance
of
Rhenish
Wines
,
pressed
from
the
Grapes
that
grow
in
great
plenty
on
the
Banks
of
that
famous
River
,
from
whence
the
Wine
takes
its
Name
;
and
in
any
vacancy
of
the
Empire
,
the
Prince
Elector
of
these
Palatinates
has
a
far
larger
Jurisdiction
,
which
terminates
not
till
the
Coronation
of
the
Emperor
,
where
he
takes
his
place
as
Arch-Sewer
,
and
in
the
Upper
of
these
Palatinates
is
scituate
,
the
City
of
Newburg
,
Amburg
,
and
Castel
;
and
in
the
Lower
Heidelburg
,
the
Seat
of
the
Palsgrave
of
the
Rhine
,
incompassed
with
high
Hills
,
on
the
North-East
,
and
South
Frankendale
,
Openheim
and
Crutznach
;
and
on
the
East-side
of
this
Country
are
Lauden
,
and
Winheim
,
and
on
the
West
Xeifers
and
Newstadt
.
The
Electorate
of
Saxony
has
for
its
Eastern
boundard
Lusatia
,
for
its
Western
Hassia
,
for
its
Northe●
Brunswick
,
and
on
the
South
Bohemia
and
Franconia
;
and
contains
the
Countries
commonly
called
Turingia
,
Misnia
,
Voitland
,
and
the
proper
Saxony
;
as
for
the
first
of
these
,
it
comprehends
the
Principalities
of
Manfieldt
and
Anhalt
,
the
Prince
of
it
being
a
Lantgrave
;
and
although
the
Country
exceeds
not
12
German
Miles
,
either
way
,
yet
the
Soil
is
exceeding
Fruitful
,
and
so
abounds
that
its
Fruitfulness
supplies
other
Places
of
greater
extent
;
and
being
divided
into
12
Countries
,
is
held
to
contain
44
Cities
,
walled
Towns
,
and
strong
Castles
;
and
about
2000
Villages
,
and
great
Houses
of
Noble
Men
;
as
for
the
Duke
of
Saxonies
chief
Seat
it
is
Ersdorf
,
though
there
are
other
famous
Places
within
his
Jurisdiction
,
as
Dresden
,
seated
on
the
River
Albis
,
in
a
pleasant
Plain
,
passing
between
two
Mountains
:
Leipzich
,
a
Famous
University
,
especially
for
the
study
of
Physick
,
and
Philosophy
;
built
mostly
with
free-stone
,
and
pleasantly
invironed
with
Corn-Fields
:
Wintenburg
,
the
place
where
Faustus
studied
Necromancy
,
with
many
others
;
and
this
by
some
is
held
to
be
the
Country
that
gave
Birth
to
those
Saxons
that
invaded
England
,
and
brought
it
under
Subjection
.
The
Electorate
of
Brandenburg
(
though
no
more
properly
held
than
a
Marquisate
,
notwithstanding
the
Elector
is
stiled
a
Duke
)
is
a
very
spacious
Country
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
Saxony
;
on
the
West
with
Poland
,
on
the
South
with
Lusatia
,
and
on
the
North
with
Pomerania
;
accounted
500
Miles
in
Circumference
,
containing
fifty
considerable
Cities
,
and
64
walled
Towns
,
besides
a
great
number
of
Villages
:
This
Elector
being
held
the
most
potent
of
the
Empire
,
as
it
has
been
evident
by
his
contending
with
the
Sweeds
,
Danes
,
and
others
.
The
chief
Cities
are
Brandenburg
,
curiously
scituate
,
and
adorned
with
many
stately
Buildings
,
and
rare
pieces
of
Antiquity
:
Berlin
,
the
place
of
usual
Residence
,
and
where
the
Duke
has
a
Magnificent
Pallace
,
seated
on
the
River
Spree
:
Oderam
and
Havelburg
,
the
See
or
Seat
of
a
Bishop
,
though
the
Reformed
Religion
is
that
which
is
maintained
and
supported
by
the
Prince
:
And
this
Marquisate
is
divided
into
the
New
and
Old
,
Water'd
by
the
Od●r
and
Albis
,
and
the
Elector
is
great
Chamberlain
of
the
Empire
,
all
the
Country
being
exceeding
Fruitful
,
and
naturally
bringing
forth
abundance
of
Corn
,
Pasturages
,
and
some
Wines
.
POMERANIA
is
on
the
East
bounded
by
the
River
Vistula
,
on
the
North
with
the
Baltique
Ocean
,
on
the
West
with
Medenburg
,
and
on
the
South
with
Brandenburg
;
and
here
is
sound
the
famous
Stetin
,
which
with
a
very
small
Garrison
,
held
a
Siege
of
3
Months
,
against
the
whole
Power
of
the
Elector
of
Brandenburg
:
Wolgast
,
Gripswald
,
Wallin
,
and
Newtrepon
,
with
many
other
places
of
strength
,
commodiously
seated
on
the
banks
of
Rivers
,
or
the
Sea-Coast
;
and
although
this
Province
is
not
large
,
it
nevertheless
yields
great
store
of
Corn
,
Cattle
,
&c.
and
lies
very
advantageous
for
Sea
Traffick
,
and
to
it
appertain
the
Islands
of
Volinia
,
Wisedonian
,
and
Rugia
.
MEDENBVRG
is
scituate
on
the
West
part
of
Pomerania
,
and
is
the
more
Fruitful
of
the
two
,
as
having
many
Populous
Cities
and
Towns
within
its
Jurisdiction
,
the
chief
being
Steremberg
,
from
whence
the
Late
Governour
of
Vienna
derives
his
Title
,
Malchaw
,
Wesmar
and
Rostock
,
the
latter
of
these
a
University
,
and
is
watered
with
pleasant
Streams
,
&c.
LVNBVRG
,
and
Brunswick
,
have
for
their
Northern
boundard
Denmark
,
for
their
Southern
Saxony
,
and
Hassia
,
and
East
and
West
Brandenburg
,
and
West-Phalen
,
being
properly
two
Dukedoms
,
pleasantly
scituate
;
as
for
the
chief
Cities
,
they
are
Brunswick
,
a
free
City
of
the
Empire
;
from
this
place
the
true
Mum
is
brought
over
,
and
is
a
strong
fortified
Garrison
,
no
ways
in
Subjection
to
the
Emperor
;
Halbertstadt
,
or
Herbertstadt
,
a
Bishops
See
;
Wolfbitten
,
the
Residence
of
the
Duke
,
where
he
has
a
stately
Pallace
:
And
Lunburg
the
Seat
of
the
Lunburg
Duke
,
a
very
pleasant
City
,
commodiously
seated
for
Trade
and
Pleasure
:
The
Country
about
it
producing
store
of
Fruits
,
and
Corn
,
and
the
Pastures
breeding
up
a
great
number
of
Cattle
.
HASSIA
,
is
governed
by
a
Lant-Grave
,
and
lies
East-ward
of
Saxony
,
South-ward
of
Franconia
,
West-ward
,
and
North-ward
of
West-Phalen
,
being
a
Mountainous
Country
,
though
in
many
Parts
,
there
are
fertile
Plains
,
which
yield
great
store
of
Corn
,
and
Fruits
:
nor
do
the
Mountains
that
rise
by
degrees
fail
,
especially
about
the
skirts
of
them
,
to
bring
forth
considerable
encrease
,
and
as
for
this
Country
,
at
present
it
is
divided
into
two
Families
,
the
one
of
Cassel
,
and
the
other
of
Darmstat
,
being
of
the
Younger
House
:
As
for
the
chief
places
that
appertain
to
the
Lantgraves
,
they
are
Cassel
,
or
Castel
,
on
the
River
Fuld
,
Marpurg
on
the
River
Lohn
;
an
University
founded
Anno
1426
,
by
Lewis
Bishop
of
Munster
,
and
near
it
is
a
stately
and
well
fortified
Castle
,
seated
on
a
Hill
,
high
and
steep
,
so
that
it
is
accounted
impregnable
,
if
well
defended
;
and
is
the
chief
Place
of
Residence
in
time
of
War
,
or
Danger
,
giving
a
prospect
of
the
whole
Country
.
Darmstadt
,
is
another
chief
Town
,
guarded
by
a
strong
Castle
,
and
is
the
Inheritance
or
Seat
of
the
Younger
House
of
the
Lantgraves
;
and
part
of
this
Country
belongs
to
the
Abbey
of
Fulda
,
accounted
one
of
the
greatest
Revenues
in
Europe
;
and
was
founded
by
St.
Boniface
an
English-man
,
insomuch
,
that
the
Ab●ot
is
accounted
a
Prince
of
the
Empire
;
and
takes
Place
,
as
Chancellor
to
the
Empress
,
stiling
himself
Primate
of
Gallia
.
EAST
FRIESLAND
,
has
on
the
West
,
the
River
Ems
;
on
the
North
,
the
Ocean
;
on
the
West
,
the
Weser
;
and
on
the
South
,
West-Phalia
;
and
though
it
is
a
Country
of
no
large
extent
,
yet
it
is
in
many
parts
very
Fruitful
;
and
is
divided
by
the
River
Ems
only
,
from
the
Provinces
of
the
Vnited
Netherlands
;
and
has
Embden
,
the
utmost
Borders
of
the
Empire
for
its
chief
City
,
pleasantly
scituate
,
and
contains
many
stately
buildings
,
though
in
general
they
are
built
of
Brick
;
and
the
next
to
this
is
Oldenburg
,
considerable
for
its
Trade
,
and
is
of
it self
an
Earldom
.
WEST-PHALIA
,
has
for
its
boundards
on
the
East
,
Brunswick
;
on
the
North
,
the
Ocean
;
on
the
South
,
Hassia
;
on
the
West
,
Belgium
;
being
a
Country
full
of
Woods
and
Forrests
,
which
yields
them
notwithstanding
great
Commodities
,
by
reason
of
the
abundance
of
Wild
Hogs
found
therein
;
said
to
take
their
beginning
from
one
Farrow
,
which
a
Sow
,
straying
from
a
Farm-House
,
cast
in
these
Woods
;
and
of
the
Legs
of
these
Hogs
,
taken
in
great
numbers
,
are
our
West-Phalia
Hams
so
much
in
Esteem
&c.
And
although
this
Country
is
properly
West-Phalia
;
yet
the
Northern
part
,
changes
its
name
to
that
of
Bremen
;
and
is
governed
by
a
Bishop
,
who
is
Lord
of
this
Tract
;
notwithstanding
,
the
Duke
of
Saxony
claims
a
part
,
and
other
parts
are
held
to
belong
to
the
Bishopricks
of
Cullen
,
Munster
,
and
Triers
:
The
chief
Cities
are
Asdrop
,
Clappenburg
,
and
Exenburg
.
As
for
the
chief
Towns
under
the
Bishop
of
Munster
,
they
are
Munster
,
scituate
on
the
bank
of
the
River
Ems
,
Warendrop
,
and
others
,
and
have
a
pleasant
Country
,
all
about
their
Neighbourhood
,
very
Fertile
,
and
abounding
with
store
of
Corn
and
Cattle
,
plain
for
the
most
part
,
there
being
few
or
no
considerable
Hills
in
this
Tract
.
CVLLEN
,
or
the
Bishoprick
of
Collen
,
though
not
large
,
is
nevertheless
a
very
Fruitful
Country
,
and
greatly
to
be
desired
,
whose
Arch-Bishop
is
Chancellor
of
Italy
,
and
held
to
be
the
second
chief
Elector
of
the
Empire
;
and
has
in
his
Jurisdiction
,
besides
the
City
of
Cullen
as
chief
,
those
of
Lintz
,
Ernance
,
and
Bonna
,
much
noted
for
the
Arch-Bishops
Pallace
,
held
to
be
one
of
the
most
stately
in
the
Empire
.
TRIERS
is
a
Bishoprick
of
note
,
and
contains
many
fair
Cities
and
Towns
,
as
Triers
,
from
whence
it
takes
its
name
,
Coblents
,
Boport
,
and
Engers
,
in
chief
;
and
is
pleasantly
watered
with
the
Moselle
,
which
renders
the
Country
in
its
passage
very
Fruitful
,
the
Bishop
whereof
is
accounted
the
third
Spiritual
Elector
of
the
Empire
.
CLEVELAND
,
is
accounted
a
Dutchy
,
and
borders
upon
Gelderland
,
a
small
Country
,
yet
as
the
rest
in
this
Tract
of
Land
,
by
reason
of
its
commodious
Scituation
,
very
Fruitful
,
containing
the
Regiments
or
Territories
of
Gulick
,
Cleve
,
and
Berge
:
As
for
the
Dutchy
of
Gulick
,
it
contains
the
City
of
Akan
in
chief
,
and
some
other
Towns
of
note
,
with
sundry
pleasant
Villages
,
and
claims
the
honour
of
the
Emperors
Presence
,
soon
after
his
Election
,
as
taking
here
a
Silver
Crown
,
and
performing
some
other
customary
Ceremonies
.
As
for
the
chief
Cities
of
the
Dutchy
of
Cleveland
,
they
are
Cleve
,
Wesel
,
Emmerick
,
Calkar
,
and
others
,
with
their
Villages
and
Dependancies
;
and
those
of
the
Dutchy
of
Berge
,
or
Mont
,
are
Mursburg
,
Dusledorp
,
Hattingen
,
very
commodiously
scituate
,
and
the
whole
Country
watered
with
pleasant
Streams
,
so
that
the
Soyl
yields
naturally
an
extraordinary
increase
to
the
Husbandmen
.
VETERAVIA
is
another
Country
of
this
Tract
,
accounted
a
Province
of
the
Empire
,
lying
to
the
South-West
of
Hassia
,
somewhat
larger
than
those
lately
mentioned
,
as
comprehending
the
Countrys
of
Nassaw
,
Hannaw
,
and
Friburg
a
Free
City
;
as
for
Nassaw
it
contains
many
considerable
Towns
,
and
is
Famous
for
the
Princes
of
that
House
,
who
in
defence
of
the
Netherlands
,
so
long
opposed
the
Power
of
Spain
;
and
from
which
House
,
the
Illustrious
Prince
of
Orange
is
descended
;
this
Country
yields
abundance
of
Corn
,
and
many
Vines
,
yet
producing
no
great
store
of
Wine
;
and
in
them
,
besides
the
Towns
I
have
mentioned
,
are
found
the
Towns
of
Dellinbourg
,
Windeck
,
Hebron
,
and
Catzenelbogen
,
which
latter
has
been
accounted
an
Earldom
.
As
for
the
Nobility
of
Germany
,
the
Title
descends
to
all
the
Sons
,
which
makes
them
numerous
,
though
the
Younger
Houses
want
for
the
most
part
Estates
to
support
them
;
and
thus
much
briefly
of
the
Empire
,
and
its
dependencies
.
Sweedland
Described
,
in
its
Countryes
and
Provinces
,
&c.
SWEEDEN
,
or
Sweedland
,
is
a
Famous
Northern
Country
,
renowned
for
its
many
great
Enterprizes
,
and
Undertakings
;
and
is
bounded
on
the
West
with
the
Dosrin
Hills
,
dividing
it
from
Norway
;
and
on
the
North
with
the
Frozen
Ocean
;
on
the
South
with
Denmark
,
Leifland
,
and
the
Baltick
Sea
,
taking
,
as
many
hold
,
its
Name
from
Sueci
,
Suetheans
,
or
Suethedie
;
and
is
in
length
from
Stockholm
to
the
Borders
of
Lapland
1000
Itali●n
Miles
,
and
about
600
in
breadth
,
reaching
in
a
manner
,
from
the
first
Parallel
of
the
Twelfth
Clime
where
the
Pole
is
elevated
38
Degrees
,
and
26
Mi●nutes
,
as
far
as
to
the
71
degrees
of
Latitude
,
〈◊〉
which
account
,
the
longest
day
in
the
Souther●
point
,
exceeds
not
18
Hours
,
though
in
the
ex●treamest
Northern
parts
,
they
have
scarcely
〈◊〉
Night
for
Two
Months
;
and
this
Kingdom
,
tho●g●
posited
in
an
extream
cold
Region
,
is
notwithstand●ing
kept
so
warm
by
the
Mists
that
arise
from
the
I●slands
,
that
much
of
the
Rigor
other
Countries
〈◊〉
the
same
Latitude
suffer
is
abated
,
and
is
a
Monarchy
,
one
of
the
Antientest
in
the
Northern
Parts
〈◊〉
the
World
(
if
their
report
be
true
who
boa●
th●
immediate
Succession
,
from
above
100
Kings
;
an●
that
the
first
amongst
them
was
the
Son
of
Japhet
,
one
of
the
Sons
of
Noah
.
)
As
for
the
Kings
of
Sweedland
,
they
stile
themselves
Kings
of
Sweeds
,
Vandals
,
Goths
;
great
Princes
of
Finland
,
Dukes
of
Estonia
and
Carolia
;
Lords
of
Ingria
,
and
bear
three
Royal
Crowns
for
their
Arms
;
and
the
present
King
of
this
Country
is
Charles
the
11.
of
the
Family
of
the
Palatine
of
Deuxponts
;
as
for
the
Soil
(
by
the
industry
of
the
people
)
it
is
render'd
exceeding
fertile
,
and
the
Air
very
healthful
;
unless
in
places
where
the
Moorish
damps
arise
from
Fenns
,
by
the
neglect
of
not
opening
the
Water
course
;
so
that
the
Inhabitants
generally
live
to
an
extream
old
Age
:
And
as
for
the
Country
it
abounds
with
Corn
,
Cattle
,
Fruits
and
Minerals
as
Silver
,
Copper
,
Lead
:
There
are
found
considerable
quantities
of
Furs
,
and
other
Commodities
,
and
is
divided
into
,
or
distinguished
by
the
Provinces
of
Lapland
,
Gothland
,
Finland
,
and
Sweeden
.
LAPLAND
or
LAPPIA
is
the
most
Northern
Part
of
Scandia
,
and
is
divided
into
the
Eastern
and
Western
parts
:
The
first
containing
Biarmia
and
●orolia
,
which
properly
appertains
to
Russia
,
or
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Czars
of
Muscovy
,
and
the
latter
comprehending
Lappia
and
Scrisinia
,
under
the
Government
of
the
King
of
Sweeden
;
and
the
people
in
many
parts
,
especially
the
most
extream
are
Heathen
Idolaters
,
or
such
as
pay
Adoration
to
Creatures
;
especially
such
as
they
first
see
in
the
Morning
,
and
are
held
to
deal
in
Magick
and
Witchcraft
,
and
to
sell
Winds
to
Saylors
that
Navigate
those
Seas
;
however
they
are
miserably
poor
,
as
living
in
the
most
barren
part
of
the
Country
,
and
pay
their
acknowledgement
or
Tribute
only
in
Furs
of
Foxes
,
Martins
&c.
which
tolerably
abound
in
those
parts
;
and
they
dwell
for
the
most
part
in
Cotts
,
where
they
are
by
reason
of
their
Temperance
very
Healthful
;
some
of
them
living
to
140
years
.
Next
to
the
before
mentioned
Division
is
Finland
,
between
the
Finland
Bay
and
the
Baltick
Ocean
of
considerable
Extent
,
and
is
full
of
pleasant
Pastures
,
yielding
very
much
Corn
and
Fruits
,
and
is
properly
a
Dutchy
which
some
of
the
Sweedish
Kings
were
wont
to
assign
,
for
the
security
of
their
Brothers
Portions
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Albo
,
a
Bishops
See
,
Viburg
or
Viborch
,
a
Fortress
of
considerable
Strength
;
Narve
,
Rangia
and
Castle-Helm
,
and
near
a
place
called
Razeburg
;
in
this
Country
is
a
Province
in
which
the
Needle-touch
by
a
Load-stone
keeps
continually
turning
.
GOTHLAND
held
to
be
the
Birth-place
of
the
antient
Goths
,
is
accounted
one
of
the
most
fertil
Provinces
appertaining
to
this
Monarchy
,
participating
both
of
Island
and
Continent
;
as
being
divided
into
both
the
Islands
,
lying
in
the
Baltick
Sea
,
being
the
biggest
in
these
parts
,
containing
five
or
six
commodious
Ports
;
and
on
some
of
the
Rocks
appear
yet
divers
Inscriptions
(
by
way
of
Monuments
)
in
the
Antient
Gothish
Characters
,
one
Isle
being
18
miles
in
length
,
and
5
in
breadth
;
and
as
for
what
is
of
this
Province
,
on
the
main
Land
,
it
is
posited
in
the
hithermost
part
of
Scandia
bordering
on
Denmark
,
where
is
Seated
the
noted
City
of
Norkoping
,
commodiously
on
the
Sea
,
the
place
from
when
abundance
of
Copper
is
brought
:
Loduvisa
a
place
much
traded
to
,
Colmar
,
fortified
with
a
very
strong
Castle
,
Waldburg
and
others
,
and
is
in
all
parts
very
fruitful
;
so
that
it
is
called
by
many
of
the
Sweeds
Goodland
,
instead
of
Gothland
.
SWEDLAND
properly
so
called
,
though
contributing
its
name
in
general
to
the
rest
of
the
Provinces
is
fertil
in
many
parts
;
but
it
holds
not
throughout
by
reason
of
the
many
Rocks
and
barren
Hills
,
and
the
chief
City
is
Stockholm
,
or
Holmia
,
defended
with
a
Castle
Royal
on
a
Sea
Port
,
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Lake
Meler
,
which
some
of
the
Sweedish
Kings
designed
to
cut
into
the
Wenner
,
or
Lake
,
thereby
to
have
joyned
the
Baltick
and
the
Ocean
,
frustrating
thereby
the
Passage
of
the
Sound
,
but
it
proved
a
Work
of
so
much
Difficulty
,
that
it
was
laid
aside
;
and
this
Lake
is
held
to
receive
Twenty
Four
Rivers
,
and
disburthens
it self
with
such
noise
and
fury
,
that
it
is
by
some
called
Devils
Mouth
:
But
as
for
the
Kings
Ships
,
and
Vessels
of
great
Burthen
,
they
generally
lye
at
Elsenore
,
defended
by
a
strong
Castle
,
and
so
shelter'd
from
the
Wind
,
that
they
may
lye
without
Anchors
.
Vpsal
contains
the
Metropolitan
Church
,
where
the
Kings
are
usually
Crowned
,
and
formerly
held
their
Court
;
and
is
a
University
of
this
Kingdom
,
and
the
most
remarkable
Mart
;
Carlstat
upon
the
Wenner
,
abounds
with
Brass
and
Copper
:
Strongues
is
a
Bishops
See.
There
are
yet
two
other
Provinces
,
or
Divisions
of
this
Kingdom
;
viz.
Livonia
,
by
the
Germans
called
Liefland
and
Ingria
,
vulgarly
Ingermanland
;
the
first
deliver'd
by
the
Poles
upon
treaty
,
and
the
last
taken
from
the
Muscovites
,
and
are
both
of
them
indifferently
fruitful
,
and
have
in
them
many
considerable
Villages
and
some
Towns
of
note
.
The
Commodities
of
these
Countries
,
in
general
are
Copper
,
Brass
,
Lead
,
Ox-hides
,
Tallow
,
Furs
,
Goat-skins
,
Elks-skins
,
the
Skins
of
Deer
;
Honey
,
Allom
,
Corn
;
and
in
many
places
there
are
Silver
Mines
,
but
of
no
consider
able
advantage
.
The
men
are
Active
,
Naturally
strong
,
indifferent
good
Seamen
,
and
resolute
Soldiers
;
Industrious
,
Ingenious
,
and
very
courteous
to
strangers
;
and
had
the
Christian
Faith
first
planted
amongst
them
,
by
Ausgarius
Arch-Bishop
of
Bremen
;
and
in
matters
of
Judicature
,
or
deciding
Controversies
,
each
respective
Territory
has
its
Viscount
,
every
Province
its
Lans-men
,
or
Consul
,
and
every
Town
it's
Lay-man
or
Consul
;
and
there
lyeth
an
Appeal
from
the
Consul
to
the
Laymen
,
and
from
the
Lay
men
to
the
Viscount
,
and
from
him
to
the
King
,
in
whose
only
power
it
is
absolutely
to
determine
the
matter
.
As
for
the
Women
they
are
generally
well
featured
,
proper
in
person
,
very
modest
and
courteous
,
loving
to
their
Husbands
,
and
affable
to
strangers
.
A
Description
of
Denmark
,
in
its
Countries
,
Provinces
,
&c.
DENMARK
,
Quasi
,
Danes-Mark
,
comprehending
its
intire
Circuit
or
Territories
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Baltick
Sea
,
and
a
part
of
Sweedland
,
on
the
West
with
the
Main
Ocean
on
the
North
East
,
with
another
part
of
Sweedland
,
full
North
with
the
Frozen
Ocean
,
and
on
the
South
with
Germany
;
lying
partly
on
the
North
temperate
Zone
,
and
partly
within
the
Artick
Circle
;
extending
from
the
middle
Parallel
of
the
tenth
Clime
,
or
55
degrees
of
Latitude
,
where
it
joyneth
to
Germany
,
and
71
where
the
Frozen
Ocean
bounds
it
;
the
longest
day
in
the
most
Southern
parts
,
being
17
hours
and
a
quarter
;
but
for
2
Months
and
3
Weeks
they
have
no
Night
at
all
in
the
extream
North
,
and
is
commonly
distinguished
in
these
parts
,
comprehending
the
Appendances
.
The
Dukedom
of
Holstein
,
containing
Wagerland
Dithmarsh
,
Stormaria
and
Holstein
.
The
Kingdom
of
Denmark
containing
the
two
Juitlands
,
and
the
Hemodes
or
Baltick
Islands
,
and
the
Kingdom
o●
Norway
(
now
in
subjection
to
the
Danes
)
with
the
Islands
in
the
North
Sea
,
&c.
that
properly
belong
to
it
;
and
of
these
in
their
order
.
The
Cimbrick
Chersonese
,
in
which
the
two
Juitlands
,
and
the
Dukedom
of
Holstein
are
contained
,
is
in
length
120
miles
,
and
in
breadth
80
,
and
accounted
to
have
within
that
Tract
of
Land
;
being
in
a
manner
a
Peninsula
,
20
Royal
Castles
and
Pallaces
;
28
Cities
of
note
;
4
Bishop
Sees
,
and
a
considerable
number
of
Villages
;
in
many
places
very
Fruitful
,
and
affording
sundry
curious
Havens
;
and
on
the
South
East
is
Wagerland
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Towns
Hamburg
on
the
Elbe
.
Lubeck
seated
on
the
confluence
of
the
Trave
and
Billew
,
near
the
fall
of
that
River
into
the
Baltick
Sea
;
much
traded
to
by
sundry
Merchants
,
where
they
find
great
store
of
the
Commodities
of
those
Countries
which
are
accounted
the
most
fertile
.
Dithmarsh
spreads
the
West
side
of
the
Chersonesus
,
Scituate
between
the
River
Albis
and
Endera
,
giving
Title
to
the
Eldest
Son
of
the
King
of
Denmark
,
and
has
Meldrop
and
Marnes
for
its
principal
Towns
;
and
although
by
reason
of
the
many
Marishes
and
Moorish
grounds
,
the
soil
in
many
places
is
not
commodious
for
Tillage
,
yet
nevertheless
it
feeds
great
store
of
Cattle
.
STORMARIA
or
STORMARSH
lying
betwen
the
River
Elbe
,
and
the
Rivers
Billew
and
Store
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Towns
Crampe
on
the
Bank
of
a
little
River
of
the
same
name
,
falling
into
the
Store
,
and
is
well
fortified
and
reckoned
one
of
the
Keys
of
the
Kingdom
;
nor
less
noted
for
the
great
resistance
it
made
against
Walestein
the
Imperial
General
;
who
's
powerful
Army
it
resisted
13
Months
,
and
at
last
brought
him
to
good
terms
of
Composition
.
Tychenburgh
on
the
Banks
of
the
River
Elbe
;
Bredenburg
,
Jetzebo
,
Gulick●tadt
and
others
.
South
Juitland
,
or
the
Dukedom
of
Sleswick
,
is
that
part
of
the
Chersonesus
that
lyes
next
to
Holstein
;
having
for
its
chief
Towns
,
Fleusburg
on
the
Baltick
shoar
Scituate
amongst
high
Mountains
:
Sleswick
on
the
River
Slea
;
from
which
the
Dukedom
of
Sleswick
has
its
name
,
Goterp
and
Londen
a
Haven
Town
upon
the
Banks
of
the
River
Ender
.
North
Juitland
is
the
most
Northern
part
of
the
Ch●rsonesus
and
has
for
it's
chief
Towns
Halne
,
Rircopen
,
Arhausen
and
Nicopen
;
the
soil
very
Fruitful
,
and
much
abounding
with
Wheat
,
Barly
,
Rice
;
store
of
Cattle
,
producing
Butter
and
Cheese
in
great
abundance
;
and
able
Horses
for
War
,
or
any
other
service
,
here
are
also
found
Rich
Furs
.
As
for
those
that
are
called
the
Baltick
Islands
;
properly
belonging
to
the
King
of
Denmark
though
they
are
35
in
number
dispersed
in
the
Baltick
Sea
,
many
of
them
are
Inconsiderable
,
and
some
not
Inhabited
;
the
chief
are
Zeland
,
Fionia
,
or
Funen
;
Arsen
or
Aria
,
Langland
,
Laland
,
Falster
,
Mone
,
Heuen
or
Wern
,
Island
and
Bornholme
;
of
which
only
the
first
is
very
considerable
,
as
having
in
it
13
Cities
,
the
chief
of
which
is
Copenhagen
the
Residence
of
the
Danish
Kings
;
where
the
Regal
Pallace
,
though
not
very
stately
,
is
seated
;
and
is
a
City
of
considerable
Trade
,
though
the
Buildings
are
generally
mean
,
as
Erected
of
Loam
and
Timber
;
there
is
a
Market
constantly
kept
,
and
is
the
only
University
within
the
Government
;
it
is
defended
with
a
strong
Wall
and
a
Castle
,
and
thither
are
brought
all
sorts
of
Commodities
the
Kingdom
affords
.
SCANDIA
that
part
which
appertains
to
Denmark
,
is
in
the
South
of
a
Peninsula
,
divided
into
three
Provinces
;
as
Scandia
,
Hallandia
,
and
Blescida
;
the
first
of
these
is
72
Miles
in
length
and
48
in
breadth
,
reckoned
the
most
fruitful
and
pleasant
of
all
the
Countries
lying
about
it
,
as
being
on
three
parts
bounded
by
Sea
,
and
has
for
its
principal
Towns
,
Lonpen
a
spacious
Haven
.
Falskerbode
,
Elbogue
and
Elsinburg
one
of
the
Keys
of
the
Sound
.
HALLANDIA
is
but
a
small
Tract
of
Land
,
yet
yields
much
Fruits
and
Corn
▪
many
Cattle
,
and
lying
South
of
Scania
,
has
Halaenego
for
its
principal
Town
,
from
which
it
seems
to
take
its
name
;
and
is
well
watered
with
pleasant
Streams
.
BLESCIDA
lies
North
of
Sweedland
,
and
though
it
has
many
fertile
Plains
,
yet
it
is
generally
Mountainous
or
Craggy
hilled
,
having
for
its
chief
Tradeing
Town
,
Malmogia
and
Colmar
,
a
strong
Fortress
bordering
on
Sweedland
.
A
Discription
of
Norway
.
NORWAY
,
though
under
the
King
of
Denmark
,
is
however
a
Kingdom
of
it self
,
being
bounded
on
the
East
with
Denmark
,
on
the
West
with
the
Ocean
,
on
the
North
with
Lappia
or
Lapland
,
and
on
the
South
with
Sweeden
;
but
lying
so
much
in
the
extremities
of
cold
,
though
it
is
a
vast
tract
of
Land
,
it
is
for
the
most
part
Rocky
,
Mountainous
and
Barren
,
not
being
furnished
with
stores
of
its
one
Production
,
fit
for
the
support
of
these
few
People
it
contains
,
the
greatest
Commodity
it
affords
being
Stock-Fish
,
Ship
Masts
,
Deal
Boards
,
Tackle
for
Shipping
,
Pitch
,
Tann'd
Leather
,
Train
Oyl
,
Furrs
,
and
Tallow
.
As
for
the
Towns
or
Villages
,
they
are
very
thinn
,
and
the
Houses
for
a
great
part
are
made
of
Dirt
and
Hurdles
,
covered
with
Thatch
,
and
windowed
with
Lattice
;
and
the
whole
Country
is
divided
into
5
Praefectures
or
Governments
,
according
to
the
Number
of
the
Royal
Castles
,
built
for
the
defence
of
the
Country
,
known
by
the
Names
of
Bohus
,
Ager-Huis
,
Agger-Huse
,
Trundheim
,
and
Ward-Huis
.
The
chief
Towns
in
these
several
Jurisdictions
,
are
Anslo
or
Astoia
,
on
a
Bay
opposite
to
Juitland
,
an
Episcopal
See
,
Bergen
,
an
Episcopal
Sea
,
and
the
ordinary
Residence
of
the
Governour
for
the
King
of
Denmark
;
Marstrand
seated
in
a
half
Island
amongst
Rocks
&c.
Trandiheim
,
Antiently
Nidrosia
an
Arch-Bishops
See
who
is
Metropolitan
of
Norway
;
and
Ward-huis
seated
in
the
Island
of
Ward
;
and
although
the
Country
(
abounding
with
horrid
Woods
,
and
desolate
Mountains
)
is
naturally
Poor
,
yet
at
certain
Seasons
little
Beasts
,
about
the
bigness
of
Field
Mice
,
over-spread
like
Locusts
the
Fertile
Parts
of
the
Field
,
&c.
and
consume
every
thing
that
's
green
or
pleasant
in
their
way
,
and
then
gathering
together
they
die
in
heaps
,
thereby
occasioning
a
Pestilential
Noisomness
,
that
much
afflicts
the
Inhabitants
with
Diseases
;
and
these
they
call
Lemmers
,
affirming
them
to
be
dropt
out
of
the
Clouds
in
Tempestuous
Weather
:
Nor
do
the
Whales
,
that
appear
on
that
Coast
in
great
number
,
less
disturb
their
Fishing
Trade
,
by
the
indangering
the
sinking
of
their
Boats
and
small
Vessels
;
which
monstrous
Creatures
they
have
lately
found
the
Art
of
chasing
away
,
by
throwing
Oyl
of
Castor
into
the
Sea
,
at
the
Scent
whereof
they
fly
:
And
though
the
People
are
miserable
Poor
,
they
nevertheless
hate
dishonesty
,
and
greatly
delight
in
Plain
Dealing
.
A
Description
of
Russia
,
comprehending
the
Dukedom
of
Muscovy
.
THIS
large
Tract
of
Land
is
bounded
on
the
West
with
Livonia
and
Finland
;
on
the
East
with
Tartary
;
on
the
North
by
the
Frozen
Ocean
,
and
part
of
Lapland
;
on
the
South
with
Lithuania
,
●rim
Taytary
,
and
the
Euxine
Sea
;
and
is
accounted
in
its
greatest
length
from
East
to
West
3300
Miles
,
and
in
breadth
3065
,
being
subject
to
the
Czar
of
Muscovy
,
or
great
Duke
,
who
notwithstanding
stiles
himself
Emperor
of
Russia
,
or
Russland
,
which
is
part
in
Europe
,
and
part
in
Asia
,
divided
by
the
River
Tanais
,
the
boundard
of
two
parts
of
the
World.
The
chief
City
is
Mosco
,
the
Seat
of
the
great
Duke
,
and
the
Patriarch
,
and
of
most
of
the
Nobility
,
being
very
large
,
though
not
stately
;
there
are
besides
this
of
note
,
Roscovia
,
and
Novograd
,
Archepiscopal
Sees
,
Vologda
,
Smolensko
,
and
Plescovia
,
held
to
be
the
only
walled
Town
in
Muscovy
,
Vstium
,
Mosayce
,
St.
Nicholas
,
Sugana
,
Gragapolis
,
and
the
chief
Maritime
Port
is
Arch-Angel
,
seated
in
the
proper
Russia
,
whither
our
Merchants
Trade
,
and
the
Russia
Company
have
a
Factory
,
the
Country
yielding
store
of
Furrs
,
as
Sables
,
White
Fox
,
Martins
,
Black
Fox
,
Honey
,
Wax
,
Cattle
,
Tallow
,
Red
Deer-skins
,
Hides
,
Hemp
,
Flax
,
Tar
,
Brimstone
,
Salt
Petre
,
Train
Oyl
,
Tongues
,
and
the
like
;
and
the
Soil
towards
the
Southern
Parts
is
exceeding
Fruitful
,
producing
abundance
of
Corn
,
and
rich
Pastures
,
with
Fruits
of
various
Kinds
,
watered
by
the
River
Volga
,
that
passes
from
thence
through
a
part
of
Tartary
;
but
to
the
Extream
North
,
which
lies
in
upward
of
76
Degrees
,
the
Weather
is
so
Cold
,
that
little
but
Rocks
,
Woods
,
Mountains
,
and
Ice
are
found
there
,
containing
a
Vicissitude
of
Light
and
Darkness
;
for
the
Day
,
if
we
have
a
respect
to
the
Twy-light
,
lasts
six
Months
,
and
a
great
part
of
the
other
six
they
see
not
the
Sun
,
but
have
the
Country
covered
with
Snows
and
during
Frosts
,
the
Sea
being
never
free
from
Rocks
and
Mountains
of
Ice
,
over
great
Arms
of
which
the
Inhabitants
pass
with
Wagons
,
Sleads
,
and
other
Carriages
:
Nor
are
there
found
any
Inhabitants
in
those
desolate
Parts
during
the
Winter
Season
,
but
in
that
little
Summer
they
have
,
the
Shepherds
and
Fishermen
,
set
up
Hutts
or
Tents
,
though
in
the
Woods
on
this
Coast
,
are
the
tallest
Trees
in
Europe
.
The
Inhabitants
of
this
Country
are
Thick
,
not
tall
,
but
rather
square
,
habiting
themselves
in
Furrs
,
course
Cloth
,
and
Feeding
to
excess
,
given
greatly
to
Drinking
,
though
it
be
strictly
forbid
,
and
are
generally
False
and
Perfidious
,
nor
regarding
their
Words
,
but
studying
to
Over-reach
,
or
Cozen
all
they
can
,
insomuch
that
being
in
other
Countries
,
they
strive
to
dissemble
their
own
,
the
better
to
be
Credited
:
The
Women
are
tolerably
handsome
,
well
Limbed
and
Proportioned
,
and
have
a
strange
Custom
amongst
them
,
not
to
think
their
Husbands
either
Love
or
Regard
them
,
unless
they
once
or
twice
a
day
Cudgel
their
Sides
.
Their
Religion
in
most
things
agrees
with
that
of
the
Greek
Church
,
not
making
any
acknowledgment
to
the
Pope
,
or
See
of
Rome
,
but
have
a
Patriarch
of
their
own
,
to
whom
all
their
Ecclesiasticks
submit
:
And
as
for
the
Government
it
is
absolute
,
the
Czar
,
who
is
by
the
People
in
extraordinary
Esteem
and
Veneration
,
having
in
his
Hands
the
Power
of
Life
and
Death
,
disposing
at
his
Pleasure
both
of
the
Body
and
Goods
of
his
Subjects
,
and
is
seldom
out
of
War
with
the
Tartars
,
a
Roving
People
that
border
upon
the
most
Fruitful
part
of
his
Country
;
and
though
the
Armies
of
the
Muscovites
are
generally
numerous
,
yet
are
they
composed
for
the
most
part
of
stragling
People
,
and
seldom
answer
in
valour
the
least
that
may
be
expected
from
them
,
as
has
not
only
in
times
past
,
but
lately
been
manifest
,
and
the
reason
is
,
because
they
go
poor
,
and
unfurnished
into
the
Field
.
A
Description
of
Poland
,
&c.
POLAND
is
a
very
considerable
Kingdom
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
River
Boristhenes
,
on
the
West
with
the
Vistula
;
on
the
South
with
Hungary
;
and
on
the
North
with
the
Baltick
Sea
;
and
is
for
the
most
part
plain
and
level
,
tho'
in
some
places
there
are
little
rising
Hills
,
abounding
with
Woods
,
and
is
properly
divided
into
the
Provinces
of
Livonia
,
Lithuania
,
Volhinia
,
Samogitia
,
Prussia
,
Massovia
,
Podalia
,
Russia
Nigri
,
Podlassia
,
and
Poland
;
and
the
chief
Cities
are
,
Guesna
,
an
Archiepiscopal
See
,
Posnavia
,
Cadissia
,
Siradia
,
Vladistavia
,
Crac●via
,
and
Caminiec
;
the
latter
in
the
Possession
of
the
Turks
,
who
hold
it
as
their
Frontier
in
those
parts
;
and
in
Cracovia
is
a
famous
University
.
The
Buildings
in
this
Kingdom
,
and
the
Provinces
that
compose
it
,
are
for
the
most
part
of
Timber
and
Loam
;
the
Land
full
of
Forrests
,
with
many
Rivers
,
yielding
notwithstanding
abundance
of
Corn
,
but
is
defective
in
Wine
;
Honey
and
Wax
,
are
likewise
found
in
great
store
,
with
Fruits
of
divers
Kinds
,
and
a
great
Number
of
Cattle
and
wild
Beasts
;
there
are
also
Salt-pits
,
and
in
some
places
Mines
of
Brimstone
,
Copper
and
Iron
.
The
Polanders
are
generally
Tall
,
well
Proportioned
,
Courteous
,
and
Pleasant
of
Behaviour
;
their
Garments
are
rich
,
and
of
divers
Colours
,
being
much
conceited
of
their
own
worth
,
and
loving
to
be
Praised
,
or
rather
Flattered
:
As
for
Lithuania
,
one
of
the
Provinces
of
this
Kingdom
,
though
it
is
a
very
large
one
,
yet
it
is
so
full
of
Fenns
,
and
pestered
by
the
over-flowing
of
Rivers
,
that
it
is
not
currantly
passable
,
but
when
the
Frosts
are
great
,
at
what
time
they
have
no
hindrance
,
neither
by
Rivers
nor
Fenns
,
and
their
greatest
Wealth
consists
in
Cattle
,
Honey
,
Wax
and
Furrs
:
As
for
the
Language
generally
spoken
,
it
is
the
Sclavonian
;
and
in
the
North
Extremities
,
where
Villages
and
Towns
are
very
scarce
,
the
People
dwell
in
Hutts
of
Straw
and
Loam
,
with
Holes
at
the
top
of
them
to
let
in
the
Light
,
and
give
vent
to
the
Smoak
,
living
in
miserable
Poverty
,
as
do
(
for
the
major
part
)
the
Peasants
or
inferiour
People
,
being
in
a
manner
Slaves
to
the
great
ones
,
whose
Tenants
they
are
,
though
the
Richer
Sort
are
very
Profuse
and
Expensive
,
rather
Prodigal
than
Liberal
,
Impatient
of
Injuries
,
Delicious
in
Diet
,
and
costly
in
Attire
,
often
shaving
their
Heads
,
except
one
Lock
,
which
they
preserve
with
great
care
,
being
generally
good
Soldiers
,
and
much
Glory
if
they
can
kill
a
Turk
in
Battle
,
and
bring
off
his
Head
,
in
Token
of
which
,
they
wear
Feathers
in
their
Caps
.
Theft
in
these
Parts
is
very
rare
,
especially
to
be
committed
by
a
Native
Polander
,
and
all
Crimes
are
severely
punished
:
As
for
the
Religion
they
Profess
,
in
Relation
to
the
Government
,
it
is
that
of
the
Romish
Church
,
though
the
Reformed
way
of
Worship
is
allowed
and
tolerated
;
and
the
King
is
of
late
Elective
;
the
Women
are
tolerably
Fair
and
well
Proportioned
,
very
Witty
and
Ingenious
,
great
admirers
,
and
observers
,
of
their
Husbands
,
and
very
neat
in
their
Houses
.
A
Peasant
in
this
Country
(
unless
in
time
of
great
Danger
or
Invasion
)
is
not
suffered
to
bear
Arms
;
and
when
the
Gospel
is
Read
in
the
Churches
,
the
Gentry
and
Nobility
draw
their
Swords
,
in
token
that
they
are
ready
to
defend
it
with
their
Lives
.
As
for
the
Circumference
of
this
Kingdom
,
and
the
Provinces
appertaining
to
it
,
some
Account
it
2600
Miles
,
and
is
Scituate
under
the
8
and
12
Climates
:
So
that
the
longest
Day
Southward
,
is
16
Hours
,
and
Northward
18
;
bordering
upon
it
are
the
huge
Carpathian
Mountains
,
where
sundry
Rivers
have
their
Springs
,
that
Water
the
Provinces
,
and
pass
through
many
Countries
.
A
Description
of
the
Kingdom
of
Hungary
,
&c.
HVNGARY
,
one
of
the
Fruitfullest
Countries
of
Europe
,
before
Wasted
and
Destroyed
by
a
Tedious
War
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Transilvania
and
Wallachia
,
on
the
West
Stiria
,
Austria
,
and
Moravia
,
on
the
North
with
the
Carpathian
Mountains
,
on
the
South
with
Sclavonia
,
and
some
part
of
Dacia
;
accounted
in
Length
300
English
Miles
,
and
109
in
Breadth
,
lying
in
the
North
Temperate
Zone
,
between
the
middle
Parallels
of
the
7
and
9
Climates
,
so
that
the
longest
Day
in
the
South
is
15
Hours
and
a
half
,
and
16
in
the
North
,
and
was
Anciently
called
Pannonia
.
The
People
of
this
Country
are
strong
of
Body
,
boisterous
of
Behaviour
,
and
have
no
great
regard
to
Liberal
Arts
,
or
Mechanick
Occupations
,
as
giving
themselves
mostly
to
War
,
and
taking
it
for
the
greatest
Affront
Imaginable
to
be
esteemed
a
Coward
,
which
they
find
no
other
way
to
obliterate
,
but
by
killing
a
Turk
,
after
which
they
have
the
Liberty
of
wearing
a
Feather
,
as
a
Trophee
of
their
Exploit
;
and
though
they
are
extreamly
Covetous
,
they
are
no
ways
willing
to
Labour
,
but
rather
desire
to
live
upon
the
Spoil
:
As
for
the
Females
they
have
no
claim
to
any
Inheritance
,
so
that
the
Male
Line
failing
,
the
Estate
goes
to
the
common
Treasury
;
nor
have
the
Daughters
any
other
Portion
given
them
,
than
a
Wedding
Garment
,
and
are
for
the
most
part
obliged
to
lie
on
hard
Quilts
,
till
such
time
as
they
are
Married
.
As
for
their
Cities
and
Towns
,
they
are
fortified
for
War
,
as
having
for
upward
of
two
Hundred
Years
been
Imbroiled
with
the
Turks
,
Transilvanians
;
and
other
Neighbouring
Nations
;
the
chief
of
which
are
,
Presburg
,
Buda
,
Belgrade
,
Gran
,
New-hausel
,
Great
Warradine
,
Alba
Regalis
,
Raab
,
Commora
,
Temeswar
,
Gyula
,
Agria
,
Esseck
,
Pest
,
&c.
which
have
strugled
with
various
Fortunes
and
Success
,
though
at
present
most
of
the
strong
Holds
of
this
Kingdom
,
through
the
late
good
success
are
in
the
Imperialists
hands
;
the
Kingdom
being
Hereditary
to
the
House
of
Austria
,
of
which
Joseph
the
Emperor's
Son
,
and
Arch-duke
of
Austria
,
is
now
Crowned
King.
The
Soil
,
though
for
the
most
part
Untilled
,
is
notwithstanding
wonderful
Fruitful
,
yielding
Corn
where
they
Till
it
,
thrice
in
a
Year
,
and
in
some
places
the
Pastures
are
so
rank
for
want
of
Feeding
,
that
it
rises
the
height
of
a
Man
;
it
abounds
likewise
with
Fruits
of
all
Kinds
,
especially
abundance
of
Rich
Vines
,
of
whose
Grapes
rich
Wine
is
made
,
and
Deer
,
Goats
,
Hares
,
Conies
,
and
wild
Foul
are
here
in
great
Plenty
,
though
none
be
forbidden
to
take
them
;
there
are
likewise
Mines
of
Silver
,
and
in
some
places
Gold
is
found
;
and
in
time
of
Peace
the
Cattle
so
multiply
,
that
they
are
obliged
to
send
great
store
of
them
into
divers
parts
of
Europe
,
to
prevent
their
over-running
the
Country
.
The
Religion
Established
in
the
Kingdom
of
Hungary
,
is
that
of
the
Romish
Communion
,
though
at
present
the
Reformed
Worship
is
Tollerated
:
The
chief
Rivers
are
the
Danube
,
the
Gran
,
the
Waag
,
and
the
Nitrea
;
though
many
other
Water
this
Fruitful
Country
;
but
for
Mountains
there
are
none
considerable
,
the
Country
being
generally
plain
,
unless
a
few
pleasant
rising
Hills
,
many
of
them
Crowned
with
Vines
;
and
here
is
the
Famous
Bridg
of
Esseck
,
7
Miles
in
Length
:
passing
over
3
Rivers
,
and
divers
Marshes
,
though
lately
it
has
been
much
ruined
and
destroyed
.
The
Description
of
Sclavonia
.
SCLAVONIA
is
a
considerable
Country
,
bordering
on
Hungary
,
which
bounds
it
on
the
North
;
as
the
Adriatick
Sea
does
on
the
South
;
Carniola
,
Histria
,
and
the
Seignory
of
Venice
on
the
West
;
and
Servia
,
Epirus
,
and
Macedonia
on
the
East
;
accounted
in
Length
480
Miles
,
and
in
Breadth
325
,
of
Italian
Measure
,
Scituate
in
the
North
Temperate
Zone
,
between
the
Middle
Parallels
of
the
6
and
7
Climates
;
so
that
the
longest
Day
exceeds
not
15
Hours
and
a
half
.
This
Country
contains
many
small
Provinces
or
Divisions
,
as
Windishland
,
Croatia
,
Bosnia
,
Dalmatia
,
Contado-Dizara
,
and
the
Sclavonian
Islands
;
and
the
chief
Cities
or
Towns
are
,
Zatha
,
Zacaocz
,
Windisgretz
,
Sagona
,
Ragusa
,
scituate
on
the
Adriatick
,
being
a
place
of
great
Traffick
,
Sebenicum
or
Sicum
,
Zara
or
Jadera
,
Scodra
or
Scutary
,
before
which
the
Turks
lost
100000
Men
,
Lissa
,
Gradiska
,
Buman
,
Novigrad
,
and
Sisseg
,
or
Sisseck
,
with
others
of
lesser
Note
,
scatter'd
throughout
the
Provinces
,
which
are
partly
in
the
Hands
of
the
Turks
,
and
partly
in
the
Possession
of
the
Imperialists
and
Venetians
.
These
Countries
for
the
most
part
afford
abundance
of
good
Pasture
,
abound
in
Fruits
,
and
are
rich
in
Corn
,
yielding
some
Mines
,
and
great
store
of
Cattle
,
watered
in
many
places
by
the
Danube
,
Save
,
Drave
,
and
other
Rivers
of
note
;
and
as
for
the
People
they
are
hardy
,
and
inured
either
to
War
or
Labour
;
and
though
they
give
themselves
not
much
to
Till
the
Ground
,
because
the
Turks
and
Venetians
for
the
most
part
,
reap
the
Benefit
of
their
Labours
,
yet
they
want
nothing
that
is
necessary
for
the
support
of
Humane
Life
;
forasmuch
as
the
Cattle
and
Sheep
bring
forth
their
Young
twice
in
the
Year
;
and
although
Corn
be
but
barely
cast
on
the
Ground
,
without
Tillage
,
it
will
bring
forth
Increase
.
As
for
the
People
,
though
they
are
stubborn
,
and
much
addicted
to
Pride
,
yet
are
they
put
to
many
servile
Labours
,
by
their
more
proud
Conquerors
,
who
Lord
it
over
them
as
if
they
were
no
other
than
their
Drudges
;
for
which
reason
the
Word
Slave
,
is
derived
from
these
Sclaves
,
through
the
unmerciful
Usage
they
found
at
the
hands
of
the
Venetians
,
when
they
were
first
brought
into
Subjection
by
the
Seigniory
of
Venice
:
As
for
their
Religious
Worship
,
it
is
in
most
parts
according
to
that
of
the
Greek
Church
,
whose
Patriarch
they
acknowledg
Supream
in
Ecclesiastical
Matters
;
and
here
they
permit
their
Women
very
rarely
to
marry
,
till
they
are
24
years
of
Age
,
nor
the
Men
till
30.
And
at
this
time
,
the
Venetians
have
3000
Sclavonian
Horse-men
Inrolled
amongst
their
Militia
,
and
have
at
all
times
drained
this
People
to
assist
in
their
Wars
against
the
Turks
and
neighbouring
Christians
:
And
as
for
the
Native
Sclaves
,
their
Garb
is
half
Sleeved
Gowns
,
of
violet
Cloth
,
and
a
Bonnet
of
the
same
,
much
like
to
that
of
the
Scots
▪
shaving
their
Heads
all
but
a
Lock
of
Hair
on
their
Crown
,
after
the
Fashion
of
the
Turks
;
the
Women
likewise
cut
their
Hair
indifferent
short
,
and
if
so
it
be
not
naturally
Black
,
they
use
Art
to
render
it
of
that
Colour
.
A
Description
of
Dacia
,
in
its
sundry
Principalities
and
Provinces
,
&c.
DACIA
,
properly
so
held
in
the
time
of
the
flourishing
Roman
Empire
,
is
bounded
on
the
North
with
Podolia
,
and
some
other
part
of
the
Realm
of
Poland
;
on
the
South
with
part
of
Thrace
and
Macedonia
;
on
the
East
with
the
rest
of
Thrace
;
and
on
the
West
with
Hungary
and
Sclavonia
;
held
at
present
to
comprehend
the
Principalities
of
Transilvania
,
Moldavia
,
Wallachia
,
Rascia
,
Servia
and
Bulgaria
;
extending
from
the
7
to
the
10
Clime
,
so
that
in
the
most
Southern
parts
,
the
days
are
15
hours
3
quarters
at
the
longest
,
and
17
in
the
most
Northern
.
TRANSILVANIA
the
first
Division
of
Dacia
,
takes
its
name
from
its
lying
behind
the
great
Hungarian
Woods
,
and
is
in
time
of
Peace
an
exceeding
Fruitful
Country
;
abounding
in
Fruits
,
Corn
,
Cattle
,
Fish
,
Salt-pits
,
Stone-quarries
,
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
Quicksilver
,
and
other
Metals
;
and
in
the
Woods
are
found
many
wild
Bulls
,
and
wild
Cattle
;
and
the
Pastures
breed
many
fair
Horses
,
the
best
for
War
in
all
those
parts
;
and
in
the
Frontiers
they
have
Seven
Towers
to
guard
the
approach
from
Hungary
,
which
gives
the
Dutch
occasion
to
call
it
Seven-Burg
;
though
the
chief
Towns
are
Clusenburg
,
Carolstaat
,
Harmanstadt
,
and
many
others
,
and
are
Governed
by
a
Prince
of
their
own
,
who
has
a
long
time
been
Tributary
to
the
Turks
;
but
since
their
late
bad
success
,
put
himself
and
his
Country
under
the
Protection
of
the
Emperor
.
MOLDAVIA
Quasi
Maetavia
,
said
so
to
be
called
from
its
nearness
to
the
Fenns
of
Maeotis
,
is
a
Country
abounding
with
Woods
,
yet
very
plenteous
in
Wine
,
Corn
and
Pastures
,
producing
great
store
of
Cattle
though
thinly
peopled
,
by
which
means
it
is
but
slenderly
Tilled
;
however
they
have
out
of
this
small
Province
,
supplyed
the
great
and
populous
City
of
Constantinople
,
with
store
of
Provisions
;
so
that
together
with
what
they
send
to
Poland
,
the
tenth
Peny
,
by
way
of
Custom
,
amounts
to
150000
Crowns
yearly
,
though
the
Gentry
and
Clergy
are
excused
from
paying
any
thing
of
this
nature
,
Constantinople
receiving
from
hence
every
year
500
Ship
Loads
of
Provision
only
.
The
chief
Towns
are
Occaz●ma
the
Seat
of
the
Vaivod
or
Prince
Cotiim
a
strong
Fortress
Biolograde
and
Bender
,
and
has
in
it
two
Arch-Bishops
Sees
;
the
people
in
Religious
matters
following
the
Traditions
of
the
Greek
Church
.
WALACHIA
is
another
Province
of
Dacia
,
held
to
derive
its
name
from
Flacous
,
a
noble
Roman
,
who
was
Governor
of
it
in
the
time
of
Trajan
the
Emperor
;
so
that
the
people
at
this
day
speak
a
kind
of
a
corrupt
Latin
or
Italian
;
and
this
Country
is
in
length
500
miles
,
in
breadth
120
,
being
for
the
most
part
plain
and
full
of
Pastures
,
flourishing
Medows
which
feed
a
great
many
Cattle
,
and
bring
up
excellent
Horses
for
War
and
Service
of
any
kind
;
here
are
found
likewise
Salt-pits
and
Iron
Mines
;
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
▪
the
which
for
fear
it
should
entice
the
Turks
to
〈◊〉
their
Country
,
they
keep
for
the
most
part
concealed
;
they
also
in
sundry
places
have
store
of
Vines
,
yielding
plenty
of
Wine
;
and
have
for
their
chief
Towns
Galatza
on
the
Influx
of
the
River
Pruth
,
into
the
Danube
;
Frescortum
,
Prai●aba
,
and
Zorza
;
and
is
watered
with
the
Rivers
Danube
,
Teln
,
Alluta
,
Fulmina
,
Stertius
and
Herasius
;
and
is
as
the
former
,
Gove●
〈…〉
a
Vai●od
▪
and
dependant
in
Religious
●gean
and
〈◊〉
Church
;
the
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
being
Governed
by
an
Arch-Bishop
and
two
Bishops
,
and
pays
at
this
day
Tribute
to
the
Turks
.
RASCIA
,
another
Province
of
Dacia
,
has
in
it
the
Towns
of
Bodon
,
Zarnovia
,
Covin
,
Novebard
,
Severine
,
Colambes
and
Columbella
;
but
continually
lying
in
the
way
of
War
;
the
Turks
and
Tartars
,
by
their
often
marching
through
it
,
have
by
the
Waste
and
Plunder
they
made
,
so
impoverished
the
Inhabitants
,
that
the
Towns
and
Villages
are
extreamly
thin
;
and
although
the
Soil
is
in
many
parts
capable
of
producing
Corn
and
Fruits
,
yet
wanting
men
to
Till
it
,
it
produces
nothing
material
;
nor
are
those
that
Inhabit
it
any
ways
incouraged
to
Manure
the
Fields
,
as
knowing
others
will
reap
the
Fruits
of
their
Labour
.
SERVIA
is
a
Country
by
Nature
more
Fruitful
,
and
was
Antiently
very
Rich
and
Flourishing
,
till
the
Turks
made
themselves
masters
of
it
,
by
the
fatal
overthrow
of
Lazarus
the
Despot
,
on
the
plains
of
Cossovia
,
and
was
well
stored
with
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
especially
near
the
Town
▪
of
Zorbenick●
;
but
now
they
are
either
Exhausted
,
or
thrown
in
,
so
that
little
advantage
accrues
by
them
;
and
the
people
indeed
are
degenerated
from
their
former
manners
and
behaviour
,
as
being
Rude
,
Gluttonous
,
and
much
given
to
Wine
.
Their
principal
Towns
are
Nissa
,
Vidina
,
Cra●●●
,
Zorbenic
and
Semunder
,
and
the
Province
is
commodiously
watered
by
the
Rivers
Colubra
,
Lem
,
Ibra
and
Moravia
,
with
some
others
,
very
pleasant
and
plentiful
in
many
places
.
BVLGARIA
was
Antiently
a
Kingdom
,
and
called
by
the
Romans
Missa
Inferior
,
as
Servia
was
Missa
Superior
;
and
is
a
Country
very
Mountainous
and
full
of
rugged
Hills
,
steep
Rocks
,
and
fearful
Water-falls
,
taking
its
name
from
〈◊〉
Bulgars
a
Scythian
people
,
who
in
the●●g
with
Woo●d
,
upon
it
,
driving
out
the
Antient
Inhabitants
;
and
is
divided
from
Thrace
by
the
great
Mountain
Haemus
,
whose
Spurs
and
Branches
in
a
manner
over-run
it
;
yet
the
Kings
hereof
have
been
accounted
very
powerful
;
insomuch
that
they
have
worsted
in
sundry
Battles
,
the
Latin
and
Greek
Emperors
of
Constantinople
:
and
received
the
Christian
Faith
,
towards
the
end
of
the
Reign
of
Justinian
the
Second
.
The
places
of
most
note
are
Mesembria
,
Divogatia
,
Axium
,
Nicopolis
,
Marcionopolis
,
and
are
watered
by
the
Danube
;
which
in
part
of
this
Country
takes
the
name
of
Ister
,
and
is
now
Tributary
to
the
Turks
;
who
for
the
most
part
imploy
the
Natives
in
their
Wars
,
as
being
very
Valiant
and
Daring
,
A
Description
of
Greece
,
in
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
as
Antiently
it
stood
,
&c.
GREECE
as
we
now
must
take
it
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Propontick
,
Hellespont
,
and
Aegean
Seas
;
on
the
West
with
the
Adriatick
;
and
on
the
North
with
the
Mount
Haemus
,
parting
it
from
Servia
and
Bulgaria
,
and
some
part
of
Illiricum
;
and
on
the
South
with
the
Ionian
Sea
;
being
in
a
manner
a
Peninsula
,
or
rather
a
half
Island
,
commodiously
Scituate
for
Navigation
,
and
has
had
divers
notable
Revolutions
,
being
now
inti●●●
〈◊〉
the
possession
of
the
Turks
,
unless
what
the
●enetians
have
preserved
,
or
wrested
from
them
;
and
as
this
large
Country
properly
stands
at
present
,
I
think
it
highly
necessary
,
for
the
better
conveniency
of
describing
it
,
to
divide
it
into
respective
Provinces
and
Countries
,
&c.
1.
Peloponesus
.
2.
Achaia
.
3.
Epirus
.
4.
Albania
.
5.
Macedonia
:
6.
Thrace
,
and
as
for
the
Islands
of
the
Ionian
,
Aegean
and
Propontick
Seas
;
together
with
the
famous
Creet
,
I
shall
leave
them
to
a
particular
description
of
all
the
Islands
of
note
,
&c.
Peloponesus
is
in
a
manner
inclosed
by
the
Sea
,
only
where
by
a
small
Isthmus
it
is
joyned
to
the
European
Continent
,
of
no
more
than
six
miles
in
breadth
;
which
the
Grecians
and
Venetians
formerly
fortified
with
a
great
Wall
and
five
Castles
,
Antiently
called
Hexamillium
;
but
in
the
Wars
with
Amurath
the
second
Turkish
Emperor
they
were
overthrown
;
and
this
Country
is
accounted
600
miles
in
circuit
,
and
though
it
has
passed
under
divers
names
,
it
is
now
called
the
Morea
,
and
held
to
be
the
most
pleasant
Country
of
Greece
,
abounding
in
fruitfulness
,
and
all
things
necessary
for
the
support
of
Human
Life
;
adorned
with
many
goodly
Plains
and
pleasant
rising
Hills
,
furnished
on
every
side
with
sundry
commodious
Ports
and
Havens
;
and
though
for
the
bigness
of
it
no
Country
has
suffered
more
in
the
ruin
of
so
many
stately
Cities
,
yet
it
remains
at
this
day
,
the
most
populous
and
best
Inhabited
of
all
the
Grecian
Continent
;
and
near
the
middle
of
it
,
in
Laconia
is
the
Mount
Taygetus
,
the
top
whereof
gives
a
prospect
over
the
whole
Country
,
which
is
properly
divided
into
7
Provinces
,
viz.
Achaia-Propria
,
Elis
,
Messene
,
Arcadia
,
Laconia
,
Argolis
and
Corinthia
.
Achaia-Propria
has
on
the
East
for
its
boundard
Argolis
and
Corinth
;
on
the
West
the
Ionian
Sea
;
on
the
North
the
Gulf
of
Lepanto
;
on
the
South
Elis
;
so
named
from
the
Achaei
once
Inhabiting
it
;
the
Adjuncta
Propria
being
added
to
difference
it
from
Achaia
in
the
main
Land
or
Continent
of
Greece
.
In
this
part
the
considerable
places
are
Chiarenza
Antiently
Dymae
,
Scituate
in
the
most
Western
point
of
it
,
on
or
near
the
Promontory
,
Araxum
,
Aegria
,
once
the
chief
City
of
this
Tract
,
now
called
Xilocastro
,
Chaminisa
,
Antiently
Olneus
,
Patreae
,
a
pleasant
Town
Scituate
opposit
to
the
Mouth
of
the
Gulf
Lepanto
;
being
a
place
of
considerable
Trade
,
and
most
note
on
the
Bay
of
Corinth
,
from
whence
it
is
called
Golfo-di-Patras
and
here
the
English
had
once
a
Consul
for
the
establishment
of
Trade
,
called
the
Consul
of
the
Morea
,
and
is
memorable
for
the
death
of
St
Andrew
,
the
Apostle
,
who
there
suffer'd
Martyrdom
;
and
next
to
these
are
Pellene
,
Hellice
,
Buris
,
the
latter
two
much
ruined
or
rather
sunk
in
the
Sea
by
a
Tempest
,
about
the
time
of
the
Battle
of
Leuctres
;
Tritaea
and
Phera
;
but
the
chief
Town
which
separated
from
the
rest
,
we
may
term
a
Province
is
Sicyon
,
Scituate
in
the
most
Eastern
part
,
and
gives
name
to
the
Country
of
Sicyonia
abounding
in
Olives
,
Wine
,
and
Iron
Mines
;
the
Inhabitants
whereof
count
themselves
the
Antientest
of
Greece
,
and
have
been
Governed
by
a
Succession
of
26
Kings
,
before
they
fell
into
other
Methods
of
Government
.
The
Country
of
Elis
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Arcadia
,
on
the
West
with
the
Ionian
Sea
,
on
the
North
with
Achaia-Propria
,
and
on
the
South
Messenia
;
and
has
for
its
chief
City
Elis
,
giving
name
to
the
Province
,
and
was
founded
as
some
Historians
have
it
,
by
Elisha
Son
of
Javan
,
and
Grandchild
of
Japhet
;
and
near
unto
it
runs
the
River
Alpheus
:
In
this
Tract
is
found
Olympia
,
near
to
which
once
stood
the
Statue
of
Jupiter
〈◊〉
60
Cubits
in
heighth
,
and
every
way
proportionable
,
composed
of
Gold
and
Ivory
,
by
Phidias
;
and
here
were
held
the
Olympic
Games
,
Instituted
by
Hercules
.
MESSENIA
is
seated
in
the
most
Southern
part
of
the
Peninsula
,
and
takes
its
name
from
the
City
of
Messene
Scituate
on
Sinus
Messenaicus
now
called
Golfo-di-Corone
,
lately
taken
and
posse●led
by
the
Vene●ians
;
in
this
Tract
stood
Pylos
the
chief
City
of
King
Nestor
,
but
now
called
Navarino
,
a
small
Village
of
little
note
Metron
or
Methone
,
is
commodionsly
seated
in
a
half
Island
,
and
has
on
the
South
side
a
capacious
Bay
about
3
miles
over
,
fit
for
the
reception
of
great
Vessels
.
Corone
the
City
that
gives
name
to
the
Golfo-di-Corone
,
&c.
Cyparissi
now
called
Arcudia
,
from
which
the
Bay
adjoyning
takes
its
name
;
and
although
this
Province
abounding
with
Corn
,
Cattle
and
Fruits
,
was
taken
by
the
Turks
in
the
year
1500
,
yet
in
this
last
War
it
is
mostly
recovered
by
the
Venetians
.
ARCADIA
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Laconia
,
on
the
West
with
Elis
and
Messene
,
on
the
North
with
Achaia-Propria
;
and
on
the
South
with
the
Sea
;
and
is
said
to
take
its
name
from
Arcas
the
Son
of
Jupiter
and
Calisto
,
called
before
that
Pel●●gia
,
and
has
for
its
chief
City
Mantinia
;
near
unto
which
the
Thebans
in
a
mortal
Battle
,
overthrew
the
Spartans
and
Athenians
;
and
then
Epaminondas
that
famous
Leader
received
his
Mortal
wound
.
This
Province
is
exceeding
fertil
,
abounding
in
Cattle
and
rich
Pastures
,
Fruits
of
sundry
kinds
,
and
divers
Minerals
;
insomuch
that
for
its
pleasantness
,
many
curious
fancies
have
been
●abled
upon
it
;
and
in
this
Country
Sir
Philip
Sidney
layed
the
Seene
of
his
famous
work
.
LACONIA
has
on
the
East
and
South
the
Sea
,
on
the
West
Arcadia
,
and
on
the
North
Argolis
,
Antiently
called
Lelegia
;
and
was
once
reckoned
to
●ontain
100
Cities
,
though
now
it
comes
very
short
of
that
number
:
The
chief
are
Leuctres
,
Amyclae
,
Thulana
,
near
to
which
Hercules
is
said
to
kill
the
Hydra
;
Salass●a
,
Epidaurus
seated
on
the
Bay
of
Malvasia
,
a
Town
well
Built
and
Fortified
;
and
Sparta
so
called
from
Spartus
a
Prince
of
Argos
;
as
for
this
part
it
is
wonderful
fruitful
,
and
lies
very
commodious
for
Traffick
and
Navigation
,
greatly
abounding
in
all
the
Commodities
common
to
Greece
;
being
pleasantly
watered
with
the
River
Eurotas
,
and
other
Streams
of
lesser
note
;
having
many
fair
Promontories
,
Bays
,
and
Havens
.
ARGOLIS
is
bounded
on
the
South
with
Laconia
,
on
the
West
with
Corinthia
and
Achaia-Propria
,
and
on
the
East
and
North
with
the
Sea
;
taking
its
name
from
the
City
Argos
,
its
Metropolis
,
once
the
Head
of
a
famous
Kingdom
;
and
in
this
City
King
Pyrrhus
the
great
Grecian
Conqueror
,
after
he
had
Victoriously
forced
his
entrance
,
was
slain
with
a
Tile
thrown
at
him
by
an
old
Woman
,
from
the
top
of
a
House
;
and
besides
this
,
it
has
Traezan
,
Tyrinthia
,
Nemea
,
and
some
others
;
and
grew
in
times
past
from
a
small
Province
,
to
a
powerful
Kingdom
;
being
once
the
chiefest
of
Greece
in
strength
giving
Birth
to
many
renowned
persons
,
and
the
most
famed
for
the
breed
of
Horses
.
CORINTHIA
,
though
but
a
little
Region
,
is
yet
nevertheless
exceeding
pleasant
and
fruitful
,
lying
towards
the
Istmus
or
neck
of
Land
that
joyns
the
rest
of
Greece
to
Peloponesus
,
between
Argolis
▪
and
Achaia
Propria
;
containing
only
the
Territories
of
Corinth
,
and
the
chief
Towns
are
Cincrea
,
Corinth
,
memorable
for
the
Epistles
Saint
Paul
wrote
to
the
Inhabitants
;
commodiously
Scituate
for
the
command
of
all
Greece
,
but
that
the
Inhabitants
give
themselves
more
to
Merchandise
than
War
;
and
although
it
has
been
a
long
time
in
the
hands
of
the
Turks
,
it
was
the
last
year
taken
by
the
Venetians
;
and
is
Seated
on
the
bottom
of
the
neck
or
Istmus
,
the
Ionian
Sea
being
on
the
West
,
and
the
Aegean
on
the
East
,
washing
its
walls
;
and
makeing
on
each
side
a
Capacious
Haven
,
and
was
formerly
exceedingly
Fortified
but
of
latter
times
the
Security
the
Turks
supposed
themselves
in
,
on
that
part
of
their
Empire
,
made
them
little
mind
keeping
it
from
running
to
decay
.
And
thus
much
may
briefly
suffice
,
as
for
that
part
of
Greece
called
Peloponesus
.
As
for
the
other
Achaia
,
it
is
properly
divided
into
Attica
,
Megaris
,
Baetia
,
Phocis
,
Aetolia
,
Doris
,
Locris
;
and
the
chief
City
accounted
amongst
these
is
Athens
,
once
the
head
of
a
famous
Common-wealth
,
and
sometime
a
Kingdom
;
and
is
Seated
very
advantagiously
,
making
a
Port
into
the
Sea
,
and
was
once
the
Mistriss
of
Arts
and
Arms
;
and
in
St.
Pauls
time
,
who
wrote
his
first
and
second
Epistle
from
hence
to
the
Thessalonians
a
very
flourishing
City
,
but
by
the
Wars
and
Misfortunes
it
has
sustained
,
is
now
only
noted
,
for
what
it
has
been
,
more
than
for
what
it
is
.
MEGARIS
is
but
a
small
Region
,
yet
very
pleasant
and
much
abounding
in
Corn
and
Fruits
,
and
has
for
its
chief
City
Magaria
.
BAETIA
is
much
larger
than
the
former
,
and
was
once
all
the
Dominion
or
Kingdom
of
Thebes
,
that
famous
City
,
so
much
noted
to
be
built
by
Cadmus
the
Phaenician
,
being
the
Metropolis
:
and
in
this
Tract
are
found
likewise
Aulis
and
Platea
,
and
is
watered
with
divers
pleasant
streams
.
PHOCIS
is
memorable
for
the
Mountain
Parnassus
,
and
was
much
noted
for
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
the
foot
of
it
,
but
now
that
stately
Structure
where
the
Delphic
Oracle
gave
Answers
is
ruined
,
and
scarcely
any
part
of
it
remaining
.
AETOLIA
is
another
considerable
part
of
this
Tract
,
divided
by
the
River
Pindus
from
Epirus
;
once
a
country
of
great
note
,
and
full
of
Towns
and
places
of
strength
,
but
now
retains
at
present
few
of
note
except
Chalcis
and
Thermum
;
however
the
whole
Country
is
pleasant
,
abounding
in
Pastures
,
watered
with
many
Rivers
,
yielding
some
Mines
,
and
great
store
of
Cattle
.
LOCRIS
though
it
is
but
a
small
Region
,
yet
lies
Commodiously
on
the
Sea
Coast
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Town
Lepanto
;
in
sight
of
which
was
fought
the
famous
Battle
or
Sea
fight
,
between
the
Turks
,
Venetians
,
and
consederate
Christians
;
in
which
29000
of
the
Turks
were
killed
,
4000
taken
Prisoners
,
140
Gallies
Burnt
,
Taken
,
and
Sunk
,
and
1200
Christian
Slaves
rescued
,
in
the
year
1571.
and
as
for
the
Trade
here
,
it
consists
in
Leather
,
Oyl
,
Tobacco
,
Furrs
,
Wheat
,
Barly
,
Rice
,
&c.
And
is
again
in
the
Possession
or
under
the
Power
of
the
Venetians
.
DORIS
is
a
small
Province
bounding
upon
,
or
rather
appertaining
to
Locris
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Town
or
City
,
Amphissa
,
bordering
upon
the
Mountain
Parnassus
;
here
is
also
found
Guidas
,
where
the
stately
Temple
of
Venus
stood
,
and
where
St.
Paul
continued
a
long
time
:
And
as
for
this
Tract
it
is
very
Pleasant
and
Fruitful
,
watered
with
small
Rivers
,
but
none
of
note
.
Epirus
,
was
once
a
Famous
Kingdom
,
of
which
Pyrrhus
(
who
Invaded
the
Romans
in
Italy
)
was
King
,
but
more
memorable
for
being
under
the
Regency
of
the
great
Scanderbeg
,
who
with
a
handful
of
Men
stood
out
against
the
whole
Power
of
the
Turkish
Empire
,
in
the
Reigns
of
Amurath
the
Second
,
and
Mahomet
the
great
,
defeating
and
destroying
Prodigious
Armies
of
the
Infidels
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Cro●ja
,
Petrela
,
Petra
,
Alba
,
and
Stelusia
;
the
Country
is
very
Fruitful
,
tho'
somewhat
Mountainous
,
and
was
once
accounted
next
to
Macedon
,
the
most
powerful
in
Greece
,
and
at
this
day
greatly
abounds
in
Cattle
,
rich
Pastures
and
Corn.
ALBANIA
is
bounded
with
Macedon
,
Sclavonia
,
Epirus
,
and
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Durazzo
,
and
Albinopolis
,
memorable
for
its
Breed
of
Horses
,
which
the
Turks
use
mostly
in
their
Wars
,
and
the
Courage
of
its
Inhabitants
,
whose
Country
being
but
Indifferently
Fruitful
,
and
too
strait
for
the
Inhabitants
,
they
like
the
Swiss
,
rather
choose
the
Exercise
of
Arms
,
than
Husbandry
.
MACEDON
,
once
Famous
for
being
Head
of
the
Greek
Empire
,
is
bounded
with
Missa
Superior
,
Migdonia
,
Epirus
,
and
Achaia
,
and
is
a
very
Rich
and
Flourishing
Country
,
though
the
Turks
greatly
oppress
the
Native
Greeks
,
and
make
them
labour
that
they
may
reap
the
greatest
Profit
,
and
abounds
not
only
with
Cattle
,
Corn
,
and
some
Wine
,
but
in
it
are
found
Mines
of
Gold
,
and
other
Mettals
;
and
of
this
Country
Alexander
the
Great
was
King
,
who
not
only
Conquered
the
greatest
part
of
Asia
,
but
brought
all
Greece
into
Subjection
,
founding
here
the
third
Empire
of
the
World
:
And
as
for
the
chief
Cities
,
they
are
Aedassa
,
Andrastus
,
Eriba
,
Scidra
,
and
Philippus
,
or
Philipopolis
,
Built
by
Philip
the
Father
of
Alexander
;
and
to
the
People
of
this
City
it
was
,
that
St.
Paul
Wrote
his
Epistle
.
THESSALY
was
once
likewise
a
Kingdom
,
lying
on
the
South
of
Macedon
,
abounding
with
Pleasant
Valleys
and
Hills
,
and
amongst
the
latter
are
found
that
of
Olympus
,
so
famed
for
Transcending
the
Clouds
,
Othris
,
Pelion
,
and
Ossa
,
so
often
struck
with
Thunder
,
and
Fabled
to
be
laid
one
upon
the
other
,
when
the
Giants
went
about
to
Storm
the
Skies
.
The
Country
indeed
is
very
Fruitful
in
many
Parts
,
and
produces
an
Excellent
Breed
of
Horses
,
the
Natives
being
held
first
to
Invent
the
Art
of
Breaking
and
Backing
them
:
and
here
Achilles
Reigned
,
who
was
Slain
at
the
Siege
of
Troy
:
The
chief
Towns
of
this
Country
are
La●ia
,
Tricca
,
Pharsalia
,
on
whose
large
Plains
Caesar
and
Pompey
fought
for
the
Empire
of
the
World
;
as
also
Philippi
,
in
whose
Fields
Augustus
Caesar
and
Marcus
Antonius
,
overthrew
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
MIGDONIA
is
a
small
Country
,
and
accounted
by
most
a
part
of
Thrace
,
and
famous
for
nothing
more
than
the
Hill
Athos
,
held
to
be
the
highest
in
the
World
,
as
being
3
days
Journey
in
Ascent
,
and
75
Miles
in
Circuit
;
so
that
its
shadow
reaches
(
upon
the
declining
of
the
Sun
)
40
Miles
:
nor
are
there
wanting
in
this
Country
Cities
and
Towns
of
considerable
Note
,
as
Thessalonica
,
commonly
called
Salonica
(
to
whose
Inhabitants
two
of
St.
Pauls
Epistles
are
directed
)
Appollonia
,
Nicladia
,
and
others
.
THRACE
,
properly
so
called
,
though
now
Romaniae
,
as
it
lies
at
present
circum
scribed
is
within
these
Boundards
,
viz.
on
the
East
the
Euxine
,
or
black
Sea
,
the
Propontis
and
Hellespont
;
on
the
West
with
Macedon
;
on
the
South
with
the
Aegean
Sea
,
and
part
of
Macedon
,
and
on
the
North
with
the
large
Hill
Haemus
;
and
is
a
large
and
goodly
Province
,
accounted
20
Days
Journey
in
Length
,
and
6
in
Breadth
,
and
in
Relation
to
the
Heavens
reacheth
unto
44
Degrees
North
Latitude
,
so
that
the
longest
Day
in
Summer
is
about
15
Hours
,
and
3
Quarters
;
and
in
this
Country
is
Scituate
the
great
City
of
Constantinople
,
so
Named
by
Constantine
the
Great
,
and
made
by
him
the
Capital
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
is
now
the
like
to
the
Turkish
Empire
,
and
the
chief
Residence
of
the
Grand
Seigniour
;
Built
in
a
Triangular
manner
,
the
one
Angle
thrusting
into
the
Main
Land
,
and
the
other
two
bordering
upon
the
Sea
;
Adrianople
,
Built
by
Adrian
the
Emperor
,
and
Trajanopolis
,
Founded
by
the
Emperor
Trajan
;
with
others
of
lesser
Note
.
This
Country
as
to
the
Soil
,
is
very
Fruitful
,
but
by
Reason
of
the
sharp
cold
Air
coming
off
the
Seas
,
they
ripen
not
kindly
,
nor
do
the
Inhabitants
trouble
themselves
much
with
Husbandry
,
as
knowing
they
labour
but
for
others
;
however
in
their
Gardens
towards
the
Sea
,
they
are
very
curious
,
so
that
much
Wine
is
produced
from
the
Grapes
that
grow
there
,
which
is
properly
called
Greek
Wine
,
and
mostly
sent
into
other
Countries
,
the
Turks
by
their
Law
being
forbidden
to
Drink
it
:
They
have
large
Plains
likewise
where
Corn
grows
indifferently
Plentiful
,
but
more
Pulse
which
is
amongst
them
in
great
use
.
The
Natives
of
this
Country
,
as
indeed
of
all
Greece
,
are
much
declined
from
what
they
formerly
were
,
in
Learning
,
Arts
,
and
Arms
,
as
being
no
better
than
Slaves
to
the
Imperious
Turks
,
who
Lord
it
over
them
,
whereby
they
are
discouraged
and
dulled
,
even
to
a
kind
of
Stupidity
;
nor
does
the
Eloquence
of
their
Original
Language
continue
pure
amongst
them
,
but
is
mostly
corrupted
,
insomuch
that
they
in
few
parts
perfectly
understand
the
Antient
Greek
.
The
Commodities
found
in
the
Principal
Trading
Towns
of
this
,
and
other
Sea
Provinces
,
are
Grograms
,
Carpets
,
Silks
,
Drugs
,
Leather
,
Chamlets
;
and
indeed
the
chief
Commodities
of
Europe
and
Asia
,
which
Pay
great
Customs
to
the
Grand
Seigniour
.
And
thus
much
for
the
main
Land
of
Europe
,
whose
Islands
we
shall
hereafter
consider
,
with
those
of
the
other
Three
Parts
of
the
World
,
when
we
come
to
treat
of
the
Respective
Seas
in
which
they
are
posited
,
and
therefore
,
for
Orders
Sake
,
Omit
them
here
,
and
proceed
to
Asia
.
A
Geographical
and
Historical
Description
OF
ASIA
.
In
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
&c.
Of
Asia
in
General
.
ASIA
held
to
be
larger
than
Europe
and
Africa
,
is
bounded
on
the
West
with
the
Mediterranean
and
Aegean
Seas
,
the
Hellespont
,
Propontis
,
and
the
Thracian
Bosphorus
,
the
Euxine
Sea
,
Palus
Maeotis
,
the
Rivers
Tanais
and
Duina
,
a
Line
in
that
case
being
drawn
from
the
first
to
the
second
River
,
as
its
bounda●d
to
Europe
;
on
the
North
it
is
bounded
with
the
main
Scythian
Ocean
,
on
the
East
by
the
Streights
of
Annian
,
the
Indian
Ocean
,
and
Mare
del
Zur
,
on
the
South
,
with
the
Mediterranian
,
or
so
much
of
it
,
as
is
called
the
Carpathian
Sea
,
bathing
the
Shoars
of
Anatolia
;
and
the
Main
Southern
Ocean
,
passing
along
the
Coasts
of
India
,
Arabia
,
and
Persia
;
and
on
the
South-East
,
with
the
Arabian
Bay
,
or
Red
Sea
,
parting
it
from
Africa
,
and
is
indeed
washed
on
all
sides
with
the
Sea
,
but
where
a
narrow
Istmus
joyns
it
to
Africa
,
and
the
space
of
ground
between
the
Tanais
and
Diuna
,
where
it
is
joyned
to
Europe
.
This
large
Tract
of
Land
,
is
held
by
some
,
to
take
its
Name
from
Asia
,
the
Daughter
of
Oceanus
,
and
Thetis
the
Wife
of
Japetus
,
and
Mother
of
Prometheus
,
and
others
,
from
Asius
,
Son
of
Atis
,
a
King
of
Lydia
;
but
Originals
of
this
kind
,
being
generally
uncertain
,
it
will
be
convenient
to
wave
them
,
and
proceed
to
what
is
more
Material
,
viz.
In
Antient
times
Asia
was
divided
into
the
Greater
and
Lesser
;
but
by
modern
Writers
,
it
is
divided
into
five
parts
,
according
to
the
Divisions
it
is
settled
in
;
as
First
,
that
which
Borders
upon
Europe
,
is
alotted
the
Great
Duke
of
Muscovy
;
the
Second
,
the
Great
Cham
of
Tartary
;
the
Third
,
the
Turk
;
the
Fourth
,
the
King
of
Persia
;
and
the
Fifth
,
held
by
the
Great
Mogul
,
and
others
,
known
by
the
Name
of
the
East
India
;
not
accounting
the
petty
Princes
,
who
have
independent
Provinces
,
nor
what
remains
in
the
Hands
or
Possession
of
the
Europeans
in
sundry
Parts
,
&c.
To
which
five
we
may
properly
add
China
,
a
large
Country
,
very
populous
,
and
powerful
,
accounted
one
of
the
Fruitfullest
in
Asia
.
This
part
of
the
World
may
rightly
be
held
or
termed
,
the
Noblest
of
all
other
,
as
conjectured
,
on
all
hands
,
once
to
contain
the
Earthly
Paradise
:
Here
the
Law
was
given
,
and
here
our
blessed
Saviour
,
wrought
the
stupendious
,
and
amazing
work
of
our
Redemption
:
Hence
sprung
the
Noble
Sciences
,
that
the
Greeks
learned
of
the
Hebrews
,
and
flourished
under
the
Monarchie
of
the
Medes
,
Persians
and
Assyrians
:
And
is
divided
into
two
Parts
,
or
Divisions
,
as
Asia
Major
,
and
Asia
Minor
,
the
latter
called
Anatolia
;
the
whole
Country
scituate
East
and
West
,
from
52
to
169
Degrees
of
Longitude
;
and
North
and
South
,
from
82
Degrees
of
Latitude
,
to
the
very
Aequator
or
Aequinoctial
Line
;
some
few
Islands
only
lying
beyond
that
Circle
,
which
occasions
the
longest
Summers
Day
in
the
most
Southern
part
,
to
exceed
little
above
12
Hours
,
though
in
the
most
Northern
Parts
,
for
near
the
space
of
Four
Months
,
they
have
no
Night
at
all
.
As
for
the
Commodities
,
this
great
part
of
the
World
abounds
with
in
general
,
they
are
Gold
,
Silver
,
all
sorts
of
Minerals
,
Jewels
,
Pearls
,
Spices
,
Odours
,
Ivory
,
Drugs
of
sundry
kinds
,
Silks
,
Dyes
,
Sweet-woods
,
Perfumes
,
&c.
But
to
come
nearer
to
the
Description
of
the
Countries
,
for
Orders
sake
,
it
is
convenient
to
begin
with
Asia
Minor
,
or
Anatolia
.
Asia
Minor
,
or
Anatolia
,
described
,
in
its
Kingdoms
,
and
Provinces
,
&c.
ASIA
MINOR
,
or
Anatolia
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
,
with
the
River
Euphrates
;
on
the
West
,
with
the
Thracian
Bosphorus
,
Propontis
,
Hellespont
,
and
the
Aegean
Sea
,
parted
by
them
from
Europe
;
on
the
North
with
Pontus
Euxinus
,
or
the
Black
Sea
;
on
the
South
by
the
Rhodian
,
Lydian
,
and
Pamphilian
Seas
,
and
several
parts
of
the
Mediterranean
;
extending
from
51
to
72
degrees
,
of
Longitude
;
and
from
36
to
45
degrees
of
Latitude
,
and
is
accounted
in
length
,
from
the
Hellespont
to
the
Euphrates
630
Miles
,
and
in
breadth
from
Trabezond
,
a
City
so
called
to
Sinus
Issicus
in
Cilicia
,
210
,
and
is
under
the
middle
Parallel
of
the
Fourth
,
to
the
Sixth
Clime
,
by
reason
of
which
,
the
longest
Day
in
the
Summer
Southward
,
is
but
14
Hours
and
a
half
,
and
differs
not
above
an
Hour
in
the
extreamest
North
,
which
is
longer
,
insomuch
that
the
Air
is
very
Temperate
,
and
the
Soil
very
fit
for
any
sort
of
Grain
or
Fruit
;
but
that
Husbandry
is
neglected
by
reason
of
its
being
under
the
Turkish
Yoak
,
though
the
Rich
Pasture
of
its
own
accord
breeds
great
store
of
Cattle
,
and
an
excellent
Race
of
Horses
;
and
here
stood
the
Famous
City
of
Troy
,
so
much
renowned
for
its
sustaining
Ten
Years
Siege
,
against
the
whole
Power
of
Greece
:
nor
did
this
Country
formerly
boast
of
less
than
4000
Cities
and
Towns
,
but
at
this
day
most
of
them
are
found
to
be
Ruined
by
War
and
Earth
quakes
.
As
for
the
Division
of
this
part
of
Asia
,
it
is
properly
divided
into
Bythinia
,
Pontus
,
Paphlagonia
,
Galatia
,
Cappadocia
,
Armenia
minor
,
Phrygia
minor
,
Phrygia
major
,
the
greater
and
the
lesser
Missias
,
Aeolis
,
and
Ionia
,
Lydia
,
Caria
,
Lycia
,
Lycaonia
,
Pisidia
,
Pamphilia
;
and
what
in
the
time
it
appertained
to
the
Roman
and
Greek
Empires
,
were
under
the
Province
of
the
Rhodes
;
and
of
these
in
their
Order
.
BITHYNIA
,
is
a
very
pleasant
Province
of
Asia
minor
,
formerly
called
Bebrycia
,
and
afterwards
Migdonia
,
taking
the
present
Name
from
one
Bithynius
,
who
was
King
thereof
when
a
Kingdom
,
though
〈◊〉
will
have
this
Name
derived
from
Thyni
a
People
of
Thrace
,
who
Subdued
and
Possessed
it
.
The
Country
is
naturally
Rich
on
that
part
bordering
upon
the
Bosphorus
,
opposite
to
Constantinople
,
which
is
Scituate
on
the
European
Shoar
,
full
of
little
rising
Hills
,
and
grassy
Plains
,
and
was
once
the
Delight
of
such
as
sailed
those
Seas
,
or
Streights
;
but
the
Turks
(
who
affect
neither
Art
nor
Sumptuousness
in
their
Retirements
or
Recreation
)
have
neither
Improved
,
nor
kept
up
the
pleasant
Gardens
and
Pallaces
they
found
in
it
.
The
Principal
Towns
of
Bithynia
,
are
Scutari
,
facing
Constantinople
,
Chalcedon
,
memorable
for
the
Fourth
General
Council
there
Assembled
,
for
the
Suppression
of
the
Nestorian
Hereticks
,
Nicomede
,
so
named
from
Nicomedes
once
King
of
Bithynia
,
Libussa
,
memorable
for
the
Death
and
Sepulchre
of
the
Famous
Hannibal
,
the
Carthaginian
General
,
who
fell
by
Poison
,
Prusa
,
once
a
considerable
City
,
and
the
Residence
of
the
Turkish
Kings
,
till
Mahomet
the
First
removed
to
Adrianople
:
Nice
,
or
Nicaea
,
Scituate
on
the
Fenns
of
the
River
Ascanius
,
Famous
for
nothing
more
,
than
the
first
General
Council
held
there
under
Constantine
the
Great
,
Anno
314.
to
Settle
the
Peace
of
the
Church
,
greatly
disturbed
and
put
out
of
Order
by
the
Arian
Heresie
,
where
there
Assembled
no
more
than
318
Bishops
,
yet
in
such
Esteem
for
Learning
and
Piety
,
that
to
this
Day
,
it
is
highly
approved
by
all
good
Men
;
and
here
after
the
taking
of
Constantinople
by
the
Latin
Princes
,
the
Greek
Emperor
held
his
Residence
;
and
the
Rivers
of
this
Province
are
Phillis
,
Ascamius
,
Sangaris
,
or
Sangri
,
but
for
Hills
or
Mountains
none
of
note
appear
.
PONTVS
,
or
Metapontus
is
a
Bordering
Province
on
Bithynia
,
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Flaviopolis
,
Claudiopolis
,
Juliopolis
,
Diospolis
,
Heraclea
,
Amastris
,
Phillium
,
and
others
formerly
very
famous
,
but
o●
later
Times
not
of
much
note
;
and
in
that
Part
called
the
Eastern
Pontus
,
is
Sinope
,
pleasantly
seated
on
a
long
Promontory
,
shooting
into
the
Main
,
and
memoralble
for
the
Sepulchre
of
King
Mithridates
,
who
held
a
Forty
Years
War
against
the
Romans
;
Themisciyra
,
now
called
Fanogoria
;
Amasia
,
the
Birth
Place
of
Strabo
the
Geographer
;
Cabira
,
afterward
called
Diopolis
,
noted
for
the
overthrow
Lucullus
gave
King
Mithridates
near
it
,
when
to
retard
the
Pursuit
of
his
Enemies
,
he
was
obliged
to
scatter
his
Treasure
in
the
way
,
and
thereby
escaped
their
Hands
,
with
the
greatest
part
of
his
Forces
:
As
for
the
Rivers
in
these
Parts
,
or
any
other
Division
of
Pontus
,
they
are
not
(
except
Thermodon
,
on
whose
Banks
the
Amazonians
formerly
Inhabited
)
of
any
considerable
note
.
PAPHLAGONIA
,
though
a
Country
of
little
compass
,
yet
once
was
the
chief
Seat
of
a
Powerful
People
,
but
ruined
by
Cyrus
for
their
Assisting
the
Lydians
against
him
,
and
the
Principal
Cities
were
Gangra
,
now
memorable
for
nothing
more
than
the
Council
held
there
in
the
Year
339.
Conica
,
or
Coniata
,
Pompeiopolis
,
Germanopolis
,
Xoana
,
and
Andrapa
;
and
from
this
Country
the
Venetians
had
their
Original
,
as
sprung
from
a
People
called
Heneti
,
antiently
Inhabiting
a
part
of
it
;
and
,
as
the
rest
,
the
Soil
is
very
Fruitful
in
places
where
it
is
Manured
:
The
Inhabitants
are
a
mixture
of
Greeks
and
Turks
,
with
some
Christians
and
Jews
amongst
them
,
but
not
very
many
;
nor
have
they
any
considerable
Traffick
at
Sea
,
which
renders
the
Province
poor
.
GALATIA
,
deriving
its
Name
from
the
Gauls
,
when
they
over-ran
these
Parts
,
who
called
it
Gaul-Asia
,
and
corruptly
Galatia
;
it
was
likewise
called
Gallo-Graecia
,
from
the
mixture
of
Galls
and
Grecians
;
and
here
to
this
day
the
Antient
Language
of
〈◊〉
Galls
is
much
spoken
,
or
at
least
mixed
with
that
of
the
Greek
.
This
Country
(
above
what
we
have
mentioned
)
is
very
plentiful
in
Fruits
,
and
other
things
necessary
for
the
Support
of
Man-kind
;
and
in
this
part
only
is
the
Amethist
(
that
great
Preservative
against
Drunkenness
)
found
;
and
here
the
People
of
Old
had
the
Vanity
to
throw
Written
Papers
into
the
Funeral
Fires
of
their
Friends
,
as
conceiting
they
would
read
them
in
the
other
World
,
and
thereby
know
the
Sorrow
they
made
for
their
Departure
;
and
were
so
much
given
to
Sacrifices
,
that
it
is
Noted
by
Athenaeus
,
how
a
Rich
Galatian
for
the
space
of
a
Year
,
Feasted
the
whole
Province
with
the
Flesh
of
such
Beasts
,
as
were
ordained
for
Sacrifices
.
To
perswade
them
from
which
,
and
confirm
them
in
a
more
Glorious
Religion
,
St
Paul
Wrote
his
Epistle
to
this
People
:
As
for
Rivers
of
note
,
there
are
none
that
rise
in
this
Country
,
however
it
is
supplyed
with
refreshing
Streams
,
from
Halys
and
Sangarius
.
The
chief
Cities
are
An●yrana
,
now
called
Angauri
,
Olenus
,
Agriama
,
Tavium
,
or
Tanium
,
Androssi●
,
Fabarena
,
Thermae
,
and
Talachbacora
;
there
are
likewise
sundry
lesser
Towns
and
Villages
,
but
of
no
Note
.
CAPPADOCIA
,
is
on
the
East
of
Galatia
,
and
is
a
Country
abounding
with
Wine
,
and
sundry
kinds
of
curious
Fruits
,
many
Mines
of
Brass
,
Iron
,
Silver
,
and
other
Minerals
in
the
Mountains
,
and
other
Parts
,
as
also
store
of
Allom
,
and
Alabaster
;
moreover
the
Chrystal
,
Jasper
,
and
Onyx
Stone
;
it
affords
a
great
number
of
Cattle
,
but
more
especially
a
great
many
Horses
,
insomuch
that
they
are
sent
into
most
parts
of
Asia
;
and
as
a
boundard
of
this
Country
is
the
Famous
Ante-Taurus
,
a
ridg
or
chain
of
Mountains
,
bending
towards
the
North
,
and
in
it
were
Born
most
of
the
noted
Ring-leaders
of
those
Sects
of
Hereticks
,
that
so
much
opposed
the
Church
in
its
Infancy
,
insomuch
that
it
grew
into
a
custom
,
to
call
a
wicked
Man
a
Cappadocian
;
and
has
for
its
Principal
Cities
and
Towns
Erzirium
,
upon
the
Borders
of
the
great
Armenia
,
where
the
Turkish
Army
usually
Wintered
in
their
return
from
the
Persian
Expeditions
,
and
is
the
Seat
of
a
Bassa
.
Mazaca
once
the
Residence
of
St.
Basil
:
Sebastia
,
so
named
in
Honour
of
Augustus
,
whom
the
Greeks
called
Sebastas
;
Trepesus
or
Trepesond
,
once
the
Seat
of
an
Empire
,
but
now
under
the
power
of
the
Turks
,
where
the
Amazons
were
said
to
Inhabit
,
at
the
time
Troy
was
razed
by
the
Greeks
,
and
till
displaced
by
Alexander
the
Great
.
ARMENIA
MINOR
,
though
somewhat
mountainous
,
is
however
a
very
fertile
Country
;
and
is
held
by
some
to
be
that
Ararat
,
upon
whose
Hills
Noah's
Ark
rested
after
the
Deluge
;
and
so
consequently
first
to
have
been
peopled
after
that
Universal
Calamity
,
and
is
only
parted
from
Armenia
Major
by
the
famous
River
Euphrates
,
and
is
so
inclosed
in
most
parts
,
with
that
and
the
Mountains
Taurus
and
Ante-Taurus
,
that
it
is
difficult
to
be
entred
,
though
in
other
places
it
is
delightful
,
and
well
watered
by
pleasant
Streams
issuing
out
of
the
Mountains
;
the
chief
being
Melas
,
which
falls
into
Euphrates
,
and
is
so
called
from
the
blackness
of
the
Waters
.
This
Country
was
once
a
part
of
Cappadocia
,
till
the
Armenians
wrested
it
by
force
,
and
planted
their
Colonies
here
,
from
whom
it
took
the
present
name
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Nicopolis
,
Suur
,
antiently
Melitene
,
Oromandus
,
built
by
Pompey
the
Great
,
in
token
of
his
Victory
over
Tigranes
the
Syrian
King
,
under
whom
was
both
the
Armenia's
,
Garnace
,
Caucusum
,
and
Arbyss●s
,
whither
St.
Chrysistom
was
Banished
by
the
means
of
the
Empress
Eudoxia
,
who
took
part
with
the
Hereticks
:
and
these
Countries
had
the
Blessing
to
be
converted
to
the
Christian
Faith
,
by
St.
Paul
and
St.
Peter
,
as
appears
by
the
Epistle
of
the
first
to
the
Galatians
,
and
of
the
last
to
the
Strangers
scattered
or
dispersed
in
Pontus
,
Galatia
,
Cappadocia
,
Asia
,
and
Bithynia
,
&c.
And
what
remains
is
more
properly
called
Asia
,
though
circumscribed
in
Anatolia
,
or
Asia
Minor
,
viz.
Asia
Propria
,
was
formerly
held
to
be
the
most
rich
and
flourishing
part
of
this
Peninsula
,
as
Tully
affirms
,
when
he
certifies
that
the
Roman
Tributes
from
other
parts
were
but
sufficient
to
defray
the
charges
of
keeping
them
;
but
Asia
says
he
,
is
so
Fertile
and
Rich
,
that
for
the
fruitfulness
of
the
Fields
,
variety
of
Fruits
,
largeness
of
Pastures
,
and
quantity
of
Commodities
,
which
were
brought
from
thence
,
it
abundantly
excelled
all
other
Countries
;
and
it
properly
includes
Phrygia
Minor
,
Phrygia
Major
,
Mysia
,
Aeolis
,
Ionia
,
Lydia
and
Cario
.
Phrygia
Minor
,
so
called
,
as
many
hold
it
,
from
the
River
Phryx
,
descending
from
the
greater
Phrygia
,
is
a
very
fruitful
Country
,
mostly
Champaign
,
and
watered
with
sundry
noted
Rivers
,
as
Scamander
,
Xanthus
,
Simois
,
and
others
so
much
renowned
by
Homer
.
In
this
Country
,
upon
the
Banks
of
Scamander
,
stood
the
famous
City
of
Troy
,
whose
goodly
Ruins
,
appear
in
some
sort
,
to
this
day
;
and
from
the
Inhabitants
of
which
City
most
Nations
labour
to
fetch
their
Original
.
Near
to
it
stands
Troas
or
New
Troy
,
begun
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
finished
by
Lysimachus
,
one
of
his
Captains
,
who
yet
named
it
Troas
Alexandri
,
in
honour
of
his
Master
.
Here
are
found
likewise
the
Ports
of
Lyrnessus
and
Sigaeum
,
with
many
other
things
,
upon
which
the
Poets
especially
have
been
large
,
who
keep
them
alive
even
in
their
Ruins
;
for
indeed
little
else
remains
at
this
day
;
for
as
Ovid
has
it
,
Jam
seges
est
ubi
Troja
fuit
,
resecandaque
falce
,
Luxuriat
Phrygio
sanguine
pinguis
humus
.
Corn
ripe
for
Sciths
,
grows
where
Troy
once
stood
,
And
the
Soils
fatted
with
the
Phrygian
Blood.
PHRYGIA
MAJOR
,
joyns
to
the
former
,
and
is
a
very
fruitful
Country
,
abounding
with
some
Corn
,
Wine
,
and
some
Olive-Yards
well
watered
,
by
the
River
Sangarius
and
Marsyas
;
the
former
taking
its
Spring
in
this
Country
,
discharges
it self
into
the
Euxine
Sea
.
And
the
Towns
are
Gordian
,
once
the
Residence
of
Gordius
,
who
of
a
Husbandman
being
made
King
,
hung
up
the
Furniture
of
his
Waggons
and
Ploughs
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
,
tied
in
such
a
Knot
,
that
an
old
Prophecy
run
,
That
he
who
could
unty
it
should
be
Monarch
of
the
World
;
which
Alexander
the
Great
,
upon
his
coming
thither
,
trying
to
do
and
failing
therein
,
cut
it
in
sunder
with
his
Sword
,
shewing
thereby
,
what
Policy
could
not
do
Force
should
effect
.
Colosse
,
where
the
Colossians
,
to
whom
St.
Paul
wrote
one
of
his
Epistles
dwelt
:
Miedaeum
,
once
the
Seat
of
Midas
;
Pesinus
where
the
Statue
of
Cibele
was
held
in
great
Veneration
,
and
being
from
thence
shipped
for
Rome
,
the
Ship
by
no
means
could
be
brought
to
pass
up
the
Tiber
,
till
a
Vestal
Virgin
,
who
had
been
accused
of
Incontinency
,
to
clear
her
Innocence
,
by
fastning
her
Girdle
to
it
(
if
you
will
believe
the
Story
)
drew
it
up
the
River
;
and
the
reason
why
the
Romans
so
coveted
it
was
,
that
the
Empire
of
the
World
had
been
promised
to
those
that
could
get
it
into
their
possession
.
MYSIA
is
a
Country
lying
,
as
it
were
,
between
the
Phrygia's
,
supposed
antiently
to
be
a
Phrygian
Nation
,
being
much
the
same
for
Fertility
:
And
here
is
found
the
Asian
Olympus
,
a
vast
Mountain
,
but
inferior
to
that
of
the
same
name
in
Greece
,
and
has
,
for
Rivers
of
note
Cacus
and
Aesopus
;
on
the
Banks
of
the
former
stands
the
once
famous
City
of
Pergamus
,
but
now
of
little
note
.
There
is
likewise
the
River
Granicus
,
having
its
Fountain
in
Mysia
Major
,
and
falling
into
the
Propontis
,
on
the
Banks
of
which
Alexander
gained
the
first
Victory
against
Darius
the
Persian
King
;
who
upon
his
first
coming
into
Asia
,
had
made
so
little
account
of
him
,
that
he
sent
Order
to
his
Lieutenant
in
Anatolia
to
take
him
alive
,
and
after
having
whipped
him
with
Rods
,
to
send
him
bound
to
his
Presence
.
And
this
Mysia
is
divided
into
the
lesser
and
greater
;
and
here
stands
the
Tower
of
Abydos
,
over
against
Sestos
in
Thrace
,
memorable
for
the
Story
of
Hero
and
Leander
;
with
many
other
things
more
remarkable
;
as
the
Inhabitants
slaying
themselves
,
to
prevent
falling
into
the
hands
of
Philip
the
Father
of
Persaeus
King
of
Macedon
,
its
being
betrayed
to
the
Turks
by
the
Daughter
of
the
Governour
,
upon
her
falling
in
Love
with
Abderachmen
,
a
Turkish
Officer
;
upon
her
Dreaming
she
fell
into
a
miry
place
,
and
he
coming
by
took
her
up
and
wiped
her
clean
,
&c.
Cyzicus
,
famous
for
its
Port
,
Marble
Towns
and
stately
Buildings
,
&c.
And
in
Mysia
Major
are
found
Apollonia
,
Dainta
,
Trajanopolis
,
Alydda
,
and
others
.
AEOLIS
and
IONIA
Are
generally
conjunct
,
as
Countreys
much
depending
on
each
other
,
indifferently
Fruitful
,
and
contain
sundry
good
Harbours
.
The
principal
places
in
the
first
are
Pitana
,
Acarnea
,
Elaea
,
Myrina
,
now
Sebastopolis
,
Cene
the
the
chief
in
this
part
;
Cumaea
the
Birth-place
of
one
of
the
Sybils
,
and
Phaecia
;
and
the
People
are
held
by
Josephus
to
descend
from
Elisha
the
Son
of
Javan
,
but
by
the
many
Conquests
that
have
been
made
of
this
and
other
Countreys
,
whereby
the
People
have
been
either
destroyed
or
carried
away
,
and
others
planted
in
their
steads
,
such
Originals
must
needs
be
uncertain
.
IONIA
,
Has
for
its
principal
Cities
Mias
on
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
,
which
Artaxerxes
assigned
to
Themistocles
the
noble
Athenian
,
when
the
ingrateful
City
of
Athens
had
banished
him
after
the
glorious
Conquests
he
had
Atchieved
in
their
behalf
.
Erythra
,
memorable
for
the
Habitation
of
one
of
the
Sybils
,
Lebedus
,
Clazomene
and
others
,
especially
Smyrna
,
a
fair
Haven
City
,
on
a
Bay
named
from
it
the
Bay
of
Smyrna
,
and
is
not
only
famous
for
comprehending
one
of
the
Seven
Churches
of
Asia
,
written
to
by
St.
John
,
but
is
at
present
a
place
of
great
Traffick
,
where
the
English
have
a
Factory
,
and
most
Europeans
trade
for
Chamlets
,
Grogran
,
and
other
Stuffs
,
Drugs
,
with
many
such
like
Commodities
:
The
Grand
Signior
having
there
a
Custom-House
which
brings
in
a
vast
Revenue
;
and
in
old
times
there
stood
a
goodly
Temple
,
dedicated
to
Homer
the
Greek
Poet
,
as
supposed
to
be
the
place
of
his
Birth
.
In
this
Tract
is
likewise
found
the
City
of
Ephesus
,
so
renowned
for
the
Temple
of
Diana
,
accounted
one
of
the
Seven
Wonders
of
the
World
,
and
was
in
its
Splendour
425
feet
in
length
,
and
in
breadth
220
,
supported
with
127
Pillars
of
polish'd
Marble
,
curiously
wrought
,
and
was
indeed
a
very
goodly
Structure
,
and
so
it
had
need
,
for
after
it
was
modelled
by
Ctesiphon
,
a
most
expert
Architect
,
it
was
200
years
in
Building
,
though
Burnt
in
one
day
by
Erastrotus
,
on
purpose
,
as
he
alledged
to
get
him
a
Name
,
though
of
Infamy
.
LYDIA
once
a
famous
Kingdom
till
ruined
by
the
Persians
,
under
the
leading
of
Cyrus
;
took
its
name
,
as
many
Historians
will
have
it
,
from
Lud
the
Son
of
Sem
;
the
People
of
which
Country
are
said
to
be
the
first
Coiners
of
Monies
,
and
Inventers
of
sundry
Games
;
and
here
is
the
Mountain
Tomalus
covered
naturally
with
Vines
and
Sipylus
;
and
which
are
very
fruitful
Valleys
;
and
yield
the
best
Saffron
of
Asia
:
the
Rivers
of
note
are
Hermus
,
which
taking
its
source
in
Phrygia
Major
,
passes
by
the
skirts
of
Lydia
,
pleasantly
watering
the
Pastures
,
&c.
and
falls
into
a
fair
Bay
of
the
Aegean
Sea
,
opening
towards
the
Island
of
Clazomene
;
likewise
Pactolus
Castros
,
and
the
Meander
;
the
which
though
upon
a
direct
line
not
exceeding
60
miles
is
nevertheless
in
measuring
the
winding
,
accounted
600
which
greatly
●etters
the
Country
;
in
which
are
found
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
and
some
Stone
of
considerable
value
;
and
has
for
it's
chief
City
Sardis
,
seated
on
the
River
Pactalus
.
Philadelphia
near
to
the
bank
of
the
River
Caistras
:
Thyatyra
,
Laodicea
and
others
;
nothing
more
renowned
than
to
be
of
the
number
of
the
7
Churches
,
to
which
St.
John
wrote
his
Apocalypse
;
and
of
this
Country
Croesus
the
Rich
was
King
,
who
was
deceived
by
the
Oracle
,
in
these
words
,
viz.
CROESUS
Halyn
penetrans
magnam
subvertit
opum
vim
.
Thus
Englished
:
When
Croesus
over
Halys
goes
A
mighty
Nation
he
o'erthrows
.
Which
he
Interpreting
according
to
his
own
hopes
,
crossed
the
River
,
and
was
vanquished
and
taken
Prisoner
by
Cyrus
;
overthrowing
indeed
his
own
People
,
and
was
the
last
King
of
Lydia
.
Caria
is
on
the
North
of
Lydia
,
in
which
is
the
Hill
Latmus
,
where
Endimion
retired
for
the
better
privacy
in
the
study
of
Astrology
,
and
there
finding
out
the
course
of
the
Moon
and
her
changes
,
gave
occasion
to
the
Fable
of
his
being
beloved
by
her
and
her
kissing
him
,
&c.
and
the
River
Salmacis
which
enfeebles
any
Person
that
enters
into
it
or
drinks
of
the
water
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
,
&c.
Miletus
,
Mindus
,
Heraclea
and
Latmum
,
Borgilia
or
Borgilos
,
Milusa
,
Primassus
,
and
others
;
and
in
the
Southwest
of
this
Province
,
thrusting
it self
into
the
Sea
like
a
Promontory
,
stands
the
little
Country
of
Doris
;
so
called
from
Dores
a
Greek
people
that
first
Inhabited
it
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Cnidus
,
Cressa
,
formerly
a
noted
Haven
Town
;
Halicarnassus
,
where
Queen
Arthemisia
in
Memory
of
King
Mausolus
her
Husband
,
raised
at
vast
expence
a
Monument
,
accounted
one
of
the
7
Wonders
of
the
World
,
from
which
all
great
Structures
of
that
kind
are
called
Mausoles
.
As
for
the
people
of
Caria
,
their
name
or
denomination
,
is
conjectured
to
be
derived
from
Cares
the
Son
of
Pharoneus
King
of
Argos
;
though
Bochartus
rather
alludes
it
to
the
Phaenician
word
Car
,
signifying
a
sheep
or
Ram
,
because
they
were
formerly
dealers
in
Flocks
,
with
which
their
Country
abounded
,
and
is
indeed
full
of
rich
Pastures
.
LYCIA
lyes
on
the
West
of
Caria
;
said
to
take
its
name
from
Lycius
,
Son
to
Pandion
King
of
Athens
;
and
is
a
Country
inclosed
in
a
manner
with
Sea
and
Mountains
;
the
principal
Mountain
being
Taurus
,
the
biggest
in
Asia
;
which
begins
in
this
Province
,
and
extends
to
the
Eastern
Sea
;
one
of
its
branches
in
this
Country
is
the
Chimaera
,
casting
out
Flames
like
Mount
Aetna
;
which
gave
occasion
to
the
Fablers
of
former
times
,
to
render
it
dreadful
,
by
likening
it
to
a
Monstrous
Beast
,
with
a
Head
like
a
Lyon
,
a
Belly
like
a
Goat
,
and
a
Tail
like
a
Serpent
;
though
some
to
justifie
this
Fiction
,
will
have
it
to
be
infested
at
the
bottom
by
Serpents
,
grazed
in
the
middle
by
Goats
,
and
containing
nearer
to
the
top
,
dens
of
Lions
,
altogether
framing
the
Monster
,
said
to
be
destroyed
by
Bellerophon
;
which
indeed
tended
to
nothing
more
than
that
he
first
caused
the
Mountain
to
be
Inhabited
,
and
this
Country
in
former
days
was
so
opulent
,
that
60
Cities
of
note
were
found
in
it
,
but
now
most
of
them
Ruined
;
the
chief
in
it
being
Are
,
Phaselis
,
Myra
,
Solima
,
Rhodia
,
Pataras
,
Mylios
,
and
Podelia
;
and
so
powerful
were
the
Lycians
in
the
time
of
Cyrus
the
Persian
,
that
they
were
not
without
great
difficulty
brought
under
,
but
from
thence
forward
followed
the
Fortune
of
the
Conquerors
as
the
Greeks
,
Romans
and
Turks
,
&c.
LYCAONIA
is
a
Country
so
named
from
the
Lycaones
,
a
people
of
Lycia
;
or
from
the
Lycaonians
a
people
,
the
Inhabitants
of
Lyconia
a
Town
in
Phrygia
Major
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Iconium
,
once
the
chief
Residence
of
the
Caramanian
Kings
,
who
so
stoutly
opposed
in
its
beginning
the
Growth
of
the
Ottoman
Empire
;
Lystra
,
the
birth
place
of
Timothy
the
Evangelist
;
and
here
it
was
that
the
superstitious
people
would
have
done
divine
Sacrifice
to
Paul
and
Barnabas
;
Darbe
,
Laranda
,
Paralais
,
Adopissus
,
Canna
and
Caratha
;
but
as
for
the
Inhabitants
,
they
are
not
found
in
History
to
be
of
any
considerable
note
;
nor
does
their
Country
much
abound
in
Fruits
or
Corn
,
for
want
of
Convenient
streams
to
water
it
.
PISIDIA
is
on
the
South
of
Lycaonia
,
and
is
a
small
Country
,
yet
furnished
with
great
plenty
of
all
things
necessary
for
Human
subsistance
;
where
the
Plains
extend
themselves
,
though
in
some
parts
it
is
much
Incumbered
with
Barren
Mountains
;
and
has
in
it
the
Towns
or
Cities
of
Antioch
,
Seleucia
,
Lysinnia
,
Selge
,
Sagalassa
,
Cremna
,
Termessus
,
Olbanassa
and
Plutanessus
;
the
Antient
Inhabitants
being
said
to
descend
from
the
Solimi
,
a
people
on
the
Borders
of
Lycia
;
and
were
formerly
daring
and
valiant
,
as
appeared
in
their
opposing
Cyrus
,
and
did
more
wonders
than
any
of
their
more
powerful
Neighbours
,
but
now
being
in
subjection
to
the
Turks
,
who
hold
them
as
Vassals
or
Slaves
,
they
have
lost
much
of
their
Courage
and
Industry
.
PAMPHYLIA
has
Pisidia
on
the
North
,
and
is
separated
from
it
by
the
Mountain
Taurus
;
and
it
s
held
to
take
its
name
from
its
being
Inhabited
by
a
mixture
of
Nations
;
which
word
in
the
Greek
expresses
no
less
,
and
is
much
over-run
with
the
Spurs
or
Branches
of
Taurus
;
rendering
it
Barren
in
many
places
;
yet
on
those
Mountainous
parts
abundance
of
Goats
are
fed
,
whose
Flesh
serves
for
Food
,
Hair
for
making
Chamlets
,
and
Skins
for
Leather
;
yet
that
part
which
is
the
Sea
coast
,
and
runs
150
miles
on
the
Mediterranean
,
is
well
Inhabited
,
and
enjoys
sundry
Towns
of
Note
,
as
Attalia
,
Perge
,
Side
,
Magidis
,
Aspendas
,
Oliba
,
Caracensium
,
Colobrassus
,
Cretopolis
,
and
Menedemium
,
and
is
watered
with
the
Rivers
Cestrus
,
Cataractus
,
and
Eurymedon
;
and
since
they
first
planted
this
Country
,
they
have
been
frequently
brought
under
subjection
by
the
Pontois
,
Persians
,
Romans
and
lastly
by
the
Turks
,
who
at
present
remain
Lords
of
all
the
lesser
Asia
,
and
good
part
of
the
greater
.
CILICIA
has
Pamphylia
on
the
West
,
and
is
a
very
fruitful
Country
,
especially
on
the
Eastern
part
;
and
is
said
to
take
its
name
from
Cilice
the
Brother
of
Cadmus
;
and
though
it
is
but
meanly
Inhabited
,
yet
it
is
much
traded
to
;
and
has
in
it
many
Towns
of
Note
,
as
Tarsus
the
Birth
place
of
St.
Paul
,
Anchiala
,
Epiphania
,
Adena
,
Mopsuestia
,
Nicopolis
,
Amavara
,
Scandelora
,
and
others
watered
with
the
River
Pyramus
,
now
called
Malmistra
,
Orismagdus
,
Calicadnus
,
and
the
famous
Cydnus
,
whose
waters
are
so
Cool
,
and
withal
so
Rapid
that
they
had
like
to
have
proved
fatal
to
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
did
so
to
Fredrick
the
first
German
Emperor
;
for
whilst
he
was
bathing
in
the
stream
,
he
was
carried
away
by
the
violence
of
the
Current
,
and
smothered
in
the
waves
.
As
for
the
chief
Mountains
they
are
Amanus
and
Taurus
accounted
the
largest
in
the
world
.
ISAVRICA
is
a
distinct
Province
from
the
former
seated
on
both
sides
of
Taurus
,
which
renders
it
altogether
Mountainous
,
being
East
to
Pamphylia
;
parted
in
the
midst
by
the
River
Calecadnus
on
whose
banks
are
many
Vines
and
pleasant
Pastures
and
has
for
its
principal
City
and
Towns
Seleucia
,
I●auria
,
and
Claudiopolis
;
and
as
for
this
and
the
Province
of
Cilicia
,
they
were
Anciently
famous
for
Piracies
;
but
Pompey
breaking
their
power
at
Sea
placed
them
in
a
more
Inland
Country
,
and
especially
on
these
Mountains
in
a
strait
compass
,
but
they
have
since
inlarged
their
borders
.
And
thus
for
Anatolia
or
Asia
Minor
,
except
such
Islands
as
are
reputed
to
appertain
to
it
,
which
shall
be
treated
of
in
another
place
;
it
being
our
design
that
nothing
shall
be
omitted
,
though
we
are
obliged
to
be
brief
,
constrained
to
it
by
the
narrowness
of
our
compass
;
only
note
that
it
is
wholly
subject
to
the
Turks
.
The
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
of
the
greater
Asia
Described
.
AS
to
the
Boundards
and
Scituation
of
this
Part
of
the
World
,
it
has
been
already
laid
down
in
general
,
wherefore
now
nothing
remains
,
but
to
describe
it
in
particular
,
&c.
and
to
do
this
in
order
,
we
will
begin
with
▪
The
Kingdom
of
Syria
.
THE
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
as
it
Antiently
was
,
is
bounded
on
the
North
with
Cilicia
;
on
the
South
with
other
parts
of
Asia
minor
;
on
the
East
with
the
River
Euphrates
;
and
on
the
West
with
the
Mediterranean
Sea
:
And
is
Inhabited
by
divers
sorts
of
People
,
Professing
sundry
Religions
,
as
Christianity
,
Judaism
,
Mahometism
,
and
in
some
places
not
altogether
freed
from
Paganism
;
for
upon
the
Borders
next
to
Armenia
minor
,
there
dwell
the
Cardi
,
or
Coerdes
,
a
People
who
pay
Veneration
to
the
Devil
,
and
the
slender
excuse
they
alledg
for
it
is
,
to
prevent
his
doing
them
Mischief
,
they
being
on
the
contrary
assured
,
that
God
being
in
his
Nature
good
,
he
will
not
injure
them
.
And
the
whole
Country
is
divided
into
3
Provinces
,
viz.
Phoenicia
,
Caelo-Syria
,
and
Syro-Phaenicia
.
PHAENICIA
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
and
South
with
Palestine
;
on
the
North
with
Syria
,
so
properly
called
;
on
the
West
with
the
Mediterranean
Sea
;
and
has
this
Name
given
it
by
the
Greeks
,
from
the
abundance
of
Palm
Trees
that
are
found
growing
therein
,
the
Word
signifying
in
that
Language
a
Palm
:
As
for
the
Country
it self
it
is
not
great
,
for
though
in
Length
it
reaches
to
the
further
side
of
Mount
Carmel
,
and
again
to
the
River
Volanus
,
on
the
North
,
the
Breadth
however
is
so
inconsiderable
,
that
it
rather
seemeth
a
Sea-Coast
,
than
a
Country
;
nor
did
the
Phaenicians
less
improve
the
opportunity
in
former
times
,
but
were
accounted
the
chief
Navigators
of
the
World.
As
for
the
Cities
of
note
they
are
,
Acon
,
seated
in
a
Pleasant
Plain
of
great
Length
,
Besieged
by
the
Western
Christians
in
their
Expedition
for
the
regaining
the
Holy
Land
.
Sarepta
,
the
place
where
the
Woman
sustained
Elias
,
or
rather
he
her
,
by
Miracle
in
the
time
of
Famine
:
Tyre
once
a
Famous
Sea
Town
,
but
now
little
of
it
remains
:
Sidon
a
Pleasant
Place
,
but
wants
of
its
former
Largeness
and
Grandeur
,
being
reduced
to
a
narrow
compass
.
As
for
the
chief
Mountains
they
are
Libanus
and
Carmel
;
and
as
for
Rivers
there
are
few
of
note
,
the
principal
being
Adonis
,
however
the
Country
is
Fruitful
in
Olives
and
Vines
.
COELO-SYRIA
is
more
compacted
than
the
former
,
and
is
watered
with
the
Rivers
Abana
and
Pharaphar
,
called
in
Scripture
the
Rivers
of
Damascus
,
and
has
in
it
the
Mountains
of
Asmadamus
,
a
ridg
of
Hills
beginning
at
the
East
Point
of
Ante-Libanus
,
and
bending
directly
Southward
,
shuts
up
that
part
from
the
Land
of
Israel
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Towns
Heliopolis
,
so
called
from
an
Image
of
the
Sun
formerly
Worshipped
there
;
Chalcis
,
Abila
,
Adida
,
Hippus
,
or
Hypone
,
Capitolias
,
Gadara
,
Gerasa
,
Scythopolis
,
Philadelphia
and
Damascus
,
the
Head
of
this
Province
,
once
a
Famous
City
,
but
now
reduced
to
a
small
compass
,
however
it
is
Scituate
in
a
large
Plain
,
Invironed
with
Hills
,
and
watered
by
the
River
Chrysorhe●●
,
having
about
it
many
pleasant
Gardens
,
Orchards
and
Fountains
;
and
indeed
the
whole
Country
,
where
the
Mountains
interpose
not
,
is
a
Terrestrial
Paradice
,
which
made
the
Impostor
Mahomet
refuse
it
for
his
Regal
Seat
,
lest
swallowed
up
in
the
Delights
and
Pleasures
of
that
Country
,
he
should
forget
his
Business
.
SYRO-PHAENICIA
is
a
third
Provinc●
of
this
Kingdom
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
and
Towns
Aleppo
,
a
considerable
Mart
Town
,
though
not
bordering
on
the
Sea
,
but
standing
within
the
Land
,
for
hither
the
Merchants
of
Egypt
,
Arabi●
and
Persia
,
come
over
Land
with
their
Camels
Laden
with
Silks
,
Cloth
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
Drugs
,
Spices
,
&c.
Biblis
,
Tripolis
a
place
taken
and
possessed
by
the
Western
Christians
,
in
their
Expedition
to
the
Holy
Land
,
and
is
a
very
considerable
Sea-Port
Town
,
Fortified
with
a
strong
Wall
,
and
many
Towns
,
and
has
many
Store-houses
for
the
Accommodation
of
Merchants
;
and
that
part
of
the
Mountain
Libanus
,
that
stretches
upon
it
like
a
Curtain
,
abounds
with
Fruit
Trees
,
Vines
,
and
Trees
harbouring
abundance
of
Silk
Worms
;
but
of
this
Country
Antiochia
is
accounted
the
Metropolis
,
and
not
far
from
it
is
the
River
Orontes
,
which
beginning
in
Coelo-Syria
,
ingulfs
it self
and
riseth
near
Apamea
,
watering
Antiochia
,
and
passing
thence
16
Miles
;
falls
into
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
and
from
hence
come
the
greatest
part
of
our
Tapistry
Hangings
.
The
Building
in
this
Country
,
and
indeed
in
all
Syria
,
is
one
high
Roof
,
with
a
plain
Top
,
Plaistered
or
Terrassed
to
walk
on
the
Plat-form
,
and
Arched
Cloisters
before
the
Doors
,
so
that
People
may
walk
dry
in
the
Streets
,
in
all
Weathers
.
As
for
Religion
they
are
as
the
first
,
a
mixture
,
&c.
A
Description
of
the
Land
of
PALESTINE
.
PALESTINE
is
bounded
with
the
Hills
of
Hermon
;
on
the
East
parted
by
them
from
Coelo-Syria
,
and
Arabia
Deserta
;
on
the
West
with
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
and
some
part
of
Phaenicia
;
on
the
North
with
Ante-Libanus
,
and
the
remaining
part
of
Phaenicia
;
on
the
South
with
Arabia
the
Stony
,
called
Palestine
,
from
the
Philistines
,
a
People
that
Inhabit
it
;
but
it
is
not
conjectured
they
held
any
more
than
a
part
of
it
,
but
being
very
Powerful
gave
a
general
Name
to
this
Country
;
as
the
Asiaticks
usually
call
the
Europeans
Franks
,
from
France
,
which
is
only
a
small
part
of
it
;
however
we
will
take
it
as
formerly
it
stood
,
viz.
its
Division
into
Galilea
,
Judea
,
Idumea
,
and
Samaria
,
accounted
200
Miles
in
Length
,
though
not
above
50
in
Breadth
,
possessed
by
the
Tribes
of
Israel
,
as
the
Land
Promised
to
Abraham
,
&c.
GALILEA
is
accounted
the
most
Northern
Part
of
Palestine
,
being
divided
into
the
higher
and
lower
,
the
first
allotted
to
the
Tribes
of
Napthali
,
Asher
,
and
part
of
the
Tribe
of
Dan
,
is
a
pleasant
Country
abounding
with
all
manner
of
Fruits
,
and
Exuberant
,
that
for
its
Plenty
this
Conjunct
with
the
rest
,
was
called
a
Land
flowing
with
Milk
and
Honey
;
the
chief
Cities
being
Apheck
,
whose
Wall
falling
slew
27000
of
Benhadad's
Soldiers
.
Giscala
,
the
Birth-place
of
Jehu
,
who
Slew
Joram
his
Master
,
and
took
upon
him
the
Kingdom
;
here
is
likewise
found
Capernaum
,
where
our
Blessed
Saviour
healed
the
Centurions
Servant
,
and
Fed
3000
with
5
Loaves
and
2
Fishes
;
not
far
from
it
Ribla
,
where
Unfortunate
King
Zedekiah
,
after
he
had
seen
the
slaughter
of
his
Children
,
had
his
Eyes
put
out
,
and
to
these
we
may
add
Genesareth
,
Hamath
,
and
Ramath
.
As
for
the
lower
Galilea
,
it
contained
the
Tribes
of
Zebulon
and
Issachar
,
and
the
first
of
these
had
for
their
chief
Cities
Cana
,
where
our
Blessed
Saviour
wrought
his
first
Miracle
;
Bethsaida
,
the
Birth
place
of
St.
Peter
,
St.
Andrew
,
and
St.
Philip.
Hippopolis
,
Tiberias
on
the
Sea
Coast
,
and
some
other
Towns
of
lesser
note
,
as
Nazareth
,
and
Bethulia
;
here
is
likewise
found
the
Mount
Tabor
,
on
which
our
Lord
was
Transfigured
,
as
a
manifestation
of
his
Glory
;
as
also
the
Brook
Kishon
,
out
of
which
flows
the
Famous
River
bearing
that
Name
.
The
principal
places
appertaining
to
the
Tribe
of
Issachar
,
were
Tarichea
,
on
the
side
of
the
Lake
,
about
Eight
miles
from
Tiberias
,
and
was
so
stoutly
defended
against
Vespatian
,
that
it
cost
him
the
Lives
of
1200
men
,
before
he
made
himself
Master
of
it
;
Chishon
a
City
of
the
Levites
,
Rameth
,
called
also
Jarmouth
,
another
City
of
the
Levites
,
where
the
Hills
of
Gilboa
take
their
beginning
,
and
pass
Westward
to
the
Mediterranean
,
and
East
to
Jezreel
;
En-haddad
,
near
which
Saul
being
discomfited
by
the
Philistins
,
slew
himself
in
dispair
.
Nai●
on
the
Banks
of
the
River
Kison
,
where
our
blessed
Saviour
raised
the
Widows
Son
to
Life
;
and
on
the
Banks
of
the
same
River
standeth
Haphraim
or
Aphraim
,
Endor
,
the
place
where
Saul
consulted
the
Witch
,
about
the
raising
Samuel
;
Deborath
,
one
of
the
Cities
of
Refuge
,
Arbela
,
&c.
And
although
these
Tribes
are
held
to
be
carried
away
by
Salmanasser
,
and
the
Galileans
placed
in
their
stead
,
yet
they
were
strict
Complyers
with
the
Jewish
Ceremonies
and
Customs
,
and
so
zealously
affected
that
neither
Threats
nor
Force
could
oblige
them
to
offer
Sacrifice
to
the
Health
of
the
Roman
Emperors
.
SAMARIA
,
The
Country
taking
its
name
from
the
chief
City
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
River
Jordan
;
on
the
West
with
the
Miditerranean
Sea
;
on
the
North
with
Galilee
;
and
on
the
South
with
Judea
:
And
gives
in
all
parts
a
curious
Prospect
of
pleasant
Fields
and
Valleys
,
with
little
rising
Hills
,
from
whence
issue
refreshing
Streams
;
and
is
every
scattered
over
with
Fountains
,
affording
abundance
of
Grass
,
and
consequently
a
great
number
of
Cattle
;
and
the
People
were
for
the
most
part
Assyrians
,
sent
thither
by
that
Conquering
King
to
supply
the
places
of
the
Captive
Israelites
,
and
were
Gentiles
at
first
,
till
better
instructed
by
the
Lyons
God
sent
amongst
them
,
and
afterward
by
the
Priest
,
who
returned
with
the
Five
Books
of
Moses
,
and
taught
them
the
manner
of
the
God
of
the
Land
,
2
Kings
17.
However
they
frequently
relapsed
and
forsook
their
living
Strength
,
as
may
be
seen
in
Holy
Writ
:
and
this
Province
upon
its
being
first
possessed
by
the
Children
of
Israel
,
was
allotted
to
the
Tribe
of
Ephraim
,
and
the
two
half
Tribes
of
Manasses
;
the
one
seated
on
the
Mediterranean
,
and
the
other
beyond
Jordan
.
In
the
half
Tribe
of
Manasses
,
on
the
Mediterranean
,
the
chief
Cities
were
found
to
be
Bethsan
,
Terza
,
Acrabata
,
Thebes
,
Ephra
or
Hophra
,
Asophon
,
Bezek
,
Jezreel
,
Megiddo
,
Dora
or
Dor
,
Caesarea
;
and
others
,
many
of
them
memorable
in
Scripture
upon
sundry
occasions
.
The
Tribe
of
Ephraim
had
for
their
chief
Cities
,
or
most
considerable
places
,
Saron
,
on
the
Mediterranean
,
Lydda
,
Ajalon
or
Helon
,
a
City
of
the
Levites
;
Thenath-Chares
,
given
to
Josuah
,
Adasa
or
Adarsa
,
where
Judas
Macchabeus
overthrew
with
3000
men
,
the
vast
Army
of
Nicanor
:
Jefleti
or
Pelethi
,
giving
name
to
the
Pelethites
,
that
were
of
David's
Guard
:
Silo
scituate
on
the
top
of
a
lofty
Mountain
,
and
the
receptacle
of
the
Ark
,
till
taken
by
the
Philistines
;
Michmas
,
Najoth
,
Bethoron
,
the
City
of
the
Levites
,
Pirhathon
,
Simor
,
and
Samaria
,
the
Metropolis
of
the
Kingdom
of
Israel
,
founded
by
Omri
,
one
of
their
Kings
,
on
the
top
of
the
Mountain
Samron
,
taking
thence
its
name
,
overlooking
the
Sea-coast
,
and
was
very
stately
and
magnificent
,
vying
with
Jerusalem
,
but
much
impaired
by
the
Wars
that
have
frequently
happened
,
and
at
this
day
scarce
to
be
found
,
or
at
least
extreamly
wanting
of
its
former
Glory
;
and
in
this
compass
mixed
together
in
a
manner
the
other
Tribes
mentioned
were
contained
.
JVDEA
,
The
Country
of
the
more
peculiar
remnant
of
the
Jews
,
containing
the
Tribe
of
Juda
,
but
may
be
said
to
be
divided
between
the
Philistines
,
the
Tribes
of
Dan
,
Simeon
,
and
Benjamin
:
At
first
the
Philistines
commanded
the
Sea
Coast
from
the
South
of
Phaenicia
,
to
the
North
of
Idumea
,
or
from
the
City
of
Gaza
,
to
the
Castle
of
Pilgrims
,
taking
both
,
except
Joppa
,
into
the
Accompt
,
and
but
that
and
all
the
Northern
Towns
were
the
Israelites
;
and
though
the
Philistines
held
no
more
then
six
of
note
,
yet
they
were
of
such
importance
and
so
strongly
fortified
,
that
having
the
Edomites
to
back
them
,
and
some
other
Neighbours
,
who
relished
not
the
Jewish
Nation
,
they
perplexed
and
wearied
them
continually
with
Wars
and
Inroads
,
and
became
more
troublesom
,
than
the
whole
body
of
the
Canaanites
;
which
Towns
were
Gath
or
Geth
,
where
the
Giant
Goliah
slain
by
David
was
Born
;
Accaron
on
the
South
of
Gath
,
a
Town
of
great
Wealth
and
Power
;
Ashdod
,
by
the
Grecians
called
Azotos
,
Memorable
for
the
Temple
of
Dagon
,
whither
the
Ark
of
the
Lord
was
carryed
when
taken
by
the
Philistines
;
Ascalon
,
Scituate
on
the
Coast
of
the
Mediterranean
,
aad
first
Founded
by
a
Noble
Lydian
;
Gaza
more
Inland
,
signifying
in
the
Persian
Language
the
Place
of
Treasure
,
where
indeed
Cambyses
layed
up
the
Tribute
of
those
Countries
;
and
Majoma
the
Port
Town
of
Gaza
:
And
in
these
they
had
their
strong
Holds
,
from
which
they
so
often
vexed
the
Israelites
.
The
chief
places
possessed
by
the
Tribe
of
Dan
were
Joppa
,
since
called
Jaffa
,
once
a
Famous
Mart
Town
,
and
the
Principal
Haven
of
those
parts
,
taken
by
the
Christians
in
the
Holy
War
;
Rama
or
as
the
Moors
call'd
it
Romula
,
built
with
Free-stone
,
and
scituate
upon
rising
Hills
,
in
a
Sandy
Plain
,
where
yet
remain
the
Ruines
of
a
Monastery
and
several
Christian
Churches
.
Imnia
,
the
place
where
Judas
Macchabeus
Burnt
the
Syrian
Fleet.
Ceder
,
or
Cedron
;
Modini
,
where
the
Macchabees
were
Buried
;
Gibbethon
,
Cariathjarim
,
Beth-shemesh
,
to
which
the
Ark
was
brought
by
the
Oxen
,
when
dismiss'd
by
the
Philistines
;
Tisrah
,
Caspin
,
Lachis
,
Ajalon
,
a
City
of
the
Levites
,
mentioned
before
in
the
Tribe
of
Ephraim
,
in
the
Borders
whereof
it
is
Scituate
;
which
occasions
Authors
to
disagree
in
which
Tribe
to
place
it
,
and
therefore
leave
it
indifferently
to
either
.
To
the
Tribe
of
Simeon
is
ascribed
the
Cities
and
Towns
of
Gerar
;
Siceleg
,
or
Ziglag
;
Haijn
,
a
City
of
Levites
;
Cariath-Sepher
,
Interpreted
the
City
of
Books
,
within
the
Borders
of
Simeon
,
but
appertaining
to
Judah
;
and
Chorma
,
with
others
of
smaller
note
,
rather
Villages
than
Towns.
The
Tribe
of
Judah
,
so
called
from
Judah
the
Fourth
Son
of
Leah
,
had
for
its
Lot
Arda
,
Scituate
in
the
Entrance
of
Judea
;
Hebron
,
one
of
the
Antientest
Cities
of
the
Canaanites
,
formerly
Inhabited
by
the
Giant-like
Sons
of
Anakim
,
or
Anak
,
the
Word
signifying
a
Chain
,
and
here
it
was
that
Abraham
bought
a
Buryal
Place
for
his
Dead
,
and
Buried
his
Wife
Sarah
;
Tecoa
,
the
City
of
Amos
;
Jether
,
or
Jutter
;
Maresa
,
where
the
Prophet
Micah
was
born
;
Emmaus
,
since
called
Nicopolis
;
Hasor
,
or
Chatsor
,
one
of
the
Frontier
Towns
of
Idumea
;
Odalla
,
or
Hadullun
;
Ceila
,
or
Keila
,
where
David
hid
himself
when
he
fled
from
Saul
;
Eleutheropolis
,
or
the
free
City
,
not
far
from
Hebron
;
Azeca
;
Beth-sur
,
or
Bethsora
,
signifying
the
House
of
Rocks
,
alluded
from
its
standing
on
a
Rocky
Hill
;
Adoram
bordering
on
the
Dead
Sea
;
Zore
,
in
former
times
called
Bela
,
but
took
its
Name
from
the
words
of
Lot
,
the
word
Tsohor
,
Importing
Refuge
,
Safety
,
or
Deliverance
;
Massada
a
strong
Hold
;
Libna
a
strong
Fortified
City
,
seated
in
the
Corner
of
Juda
between
the
Tribes
of
Dan
and
Benjamin
;
Ziph
in
the
Wilderness
,
where
Saul
came
to
pursue
David
.
BETHLEHEM
call'd
Bethlehem-Judah
,
to
distinguish
it
from
one
of
the
same
name
in
Zebulon
,
the
Birth
place
of
our
Blessed
Saviour
,
and
the
Grave
of
those
Innocents
that
suffer'd
on
his
account
by
the
Cruelty
of
Herod
.
As
for
the
Territories
of
these
Cities
and
Towns
,
they
are
exceeding
fruitful
,
and
in
many
of
the
Valleys
are
Gardens
of
Balsam
or
Opobalsamum
Trees
.
The
Tribe
of
Benjamin
had
for
its
Portion
the
Cities
of
Mizpeh
,
Gebah
,
Gibeah
,
Ai
,
Gibeon
,
Jericho
,
Anathoth
,
Nob
,
Gilgal
,
Bethel
,
Ramath
,
differrent
from
what
has
been
mentioned
;
Chadi
,
or
Haidi
,
Lod
and
Ono
;
but
the
chief
Magnificence
of
this
Tribe
,
was
the
Famous
City
of
Jerusalem
,
scituate
upon
a
Rocky
Mountain
,
yet
in
most
parts
easie
of
ascent
;
Invironed
with
Neighbouring
Hills
▪
and
consisted
in
its
most
flourishing
time
of
four
parts
,
separated
by
several
Walls
,
resembling
distinct
Cities
,
divided
into
the
upper
,
lower
and
new
Cities
;
together
with
the
City
of
Herod
,
which
made
the
Fourth
division
;
all
the
Walls
fortified
with
Towers
and
Castles
,
and
the
Cities
stor'd
with
stately
Buildings
,
Fountains
,
and
pleasant
Gardens
;
but
all
these
exceeded
by
the
magnificence
of
the
Temple
,
held
to
be
the
chief
wonder
of
the
World
;
the
Description
of
which
is
lively
set
down
in
the
Old
Testament
;
wherefore
it
will
be
superfluous
here
to
delineate
it
,
though
at
this
day
its
Glory
is
laid
in
the
dust
.
The
Tribe
of
Levi
,
though
properly
a
Tribe
of
the
Israelites
,
had
no
Possessions
assigned
it
,
but
had
the
Priesthood
for
its
Inheritance
;
and
therefore
scattered
or
planted
in
divers
Cities
,
assigned
for
the
Levitical
Residence
;
being
as
Jacob
their
Father
had
before
Prophesied
:
divided
in
Jacob
,
and
scattered
in
Israel
,
their
Portions
being
to
live
on
the
Altar
,
and
the
Tenths
of
the
Offerings
,
&c.
and
as
it
is
in
Joshua
18.
17.
The
Priesthood
of
the
Lord
was
their
Inheritance
.
And
of
these
there
were
four
Kinds
or
Distinctions
.
1.
Punies
or
Tirones
,
which
from
their
Childhood
,
till
the
25
year
of
their
Age
,
were
obliged
to
Learn
the
duty
of
their
Office
,
2.
Graduats
which
were
obliged
for
4
years
to
study
the
Law
,
or
till
they
were
well
grounded
in
it
.
3.
Licentiates
who
actually
exercised
the
Priestly
Office
:
And
4
the
Doctors
or
Rabbins
,
who
where
of
the
highest
Order
,
and
expounded
the
Law
to
the
People
.
IDVMEA
is
a
part
of
Palestine
,
separate
from
the
Tribes
commonly
called
the
Land
of
Edom
;
bounded
on
the
East
and
South
with
Arabia
the
Stony
;
on
the
North
with
Judea
;
on
the
West
with
the
Mediterranean
Sea
;
Inhabited
by
the
Children
of
Esau
Brother
to
Jacob
;
and
is
a
very
fruitful
Country
towards
the
Sea
coast
;
but
that
bordering
on
Arabia
is
somewhat
Barren
and
Mountainous
though
they
heretofore
afforded
Balm
,
and
now
a
great
many
Palm-trees
grow
there
;
as
for
the
People
,
they
are
,
and
antiently
were
,
rude
,
boisterous
and
untractable
,
given
much
to
Violence
,
and
were
no
small
contributers
,
by
raising
a
Sedition
in
Jerusalem
,
to
the
Destruction
of
that
famous
City
by
the
Romans
,
under
Titus
;
and
had
for
their
chief
Cities
and
Towns
,
Dinhahath
,
the
City
of
Bela
,
the
first
King
of
Edom
,
Aniath
the
City
of
Hadad
,
and
Pan
the
City
of
Hadar
;
two
other
Kings
of
this
Country
,
mentioned
in
Genesis
,
Berzamna
,
Caparosa
,
Gamararis
,
Elasa
,
Rossa
,
Rhinocurura
,
Raphia
,
and
others
,
with
many
scattered
Castles
and
Villages
;
and
of
this
Country
the
Horites
are
thought
to
be
the
first
Inhabitants
;
amongst
whom
Esau
,
upon
the
discontent
he
received
by
his
Brothers
circumventing
him
of
the
Blessing
,
went
to
dwell
,
and
took
to
him
Wives
of
the
Daughters
of
the
People
of
the
Land
;
and
as
though
the
two
Brothers
Difference
had
been
inherent
to
Posterity
,
the
Edomites
alwaies
proved
mortal
Enemies
to
the
Israelites
,
not
only
siding
with
their
Enemies
,
but
making
continual
War
and
Inroads
upon
them
their selves
.
The
other
Parts
of
Palestine
,
which
may
properly
be
so
called
,
are
the
Divisions
of
Peraea
and
Ituraea
,
and
the
first
of
these
lies
between
the
Mountains
of
Arnon
,
and
the
River
Jordan
,
abounding
with
Olives
,
Vines
,
and
Palm-Trees
,
the
Soil
every
where
being
exceeding
Rich
,
and
was
formerly
the
Habitation
of
the
Midianites
,
Moabites
,
and
Ammonites
,
as
also
of
the
two
Tribes
of
Gad
and
Reuben
.
The
Quarter
of
the
Midianites
was
at
the
South
Side
of
the
Dead
Sea
,
at
the
very
entrance
of
the
Country
,
and
were
held
to
Descend
from
one
or
more
of
the
5
Sons
of
Madian
the
Son
of
Abraham
,
by
Keturah
,
mentioned
in
Gen.
25.
4.
and
had
for
their
chief
Cities
Recome
,
Built
by
one
of
the
5
Midianitish
Kings
,
slain
by
Joshua
;
and
Midian
on
the
bank
of
the
Dead
Sea
;
and
these
were
they
,
that
by
the
advice
of
Balaam
,
sent
out
their
Beautiful
Women
to
Insnare
the
Israelites
,
upon
their
entrance
into
the
Land
of
Canaan
.
The
Moabites
Possessed
all
that
part
of
the
Country
,
from
the
boundards
of
the
Midianites
on
the
South
,
as
far
as
Esebon
on
the
North
,
on
both
sides
the
River
Arnon
,
having
the
River
Jordan
on
the
West
,
and
the
Hills
of
Abarim
on
the
East
,
first
possessed
by
the
Emmims
,
a
Race
of
Giants
,
whose
Principal
City
was
Sheneth
Kirjathaim
,
but
they
being
Vanquished
by
Chedorlaomer
;
and
driven
thence
,
their
forsaken
Seats
were
possessed
by
the
Moabites
,
Descended
from
Moab
one
of
the
Sons
of
Lot
,
and
had
for
their
Cities
in
chief
Rabbat
,
the
Regal
Seat
of
Balak
King
of
Moab
;
Diblathum
,
Gallim
,
Muthana
,
Nathaliel
,
Bamath
,
Mispha
,
Hor
,
Kirhajareth
,
and
some
few
others
of
little
note
;
and
this
Country
God
commanded
Moses
to
spare
,
because
he
had
given
it
for
an
Inheritance
to
the
Sons
of
Lot.
The
Ammonites
had
their
Habitations
on
the
North-East
of
the
River
Arnon
,
and
possessed
all
that
Tract
from
Arnon
on
the
●ead
of
the
River
,
to
the
City
Rabbah
,
and
on
both
sides
the
River
Ja●oc
,
as
well
within
as
without
the
Mountains
of
Galaad
,
Antiently
the
Seat
of
the
Raphaim
and
Zamzummins
,
a
Race
of
Giant-like
People
;
and
had
for
their
chief
Cities
Rabbah
,
before
which
Vriah
was
Slain
on
the
account
of
his
Wife
;
Dothema
,
Mitspa
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
,
and
had
continual
War
with
Israel
,
God
appointing
them
as
a
Thorn
in
their
side
,
because
they
had
not
at
first
rooted
them
out
of
the
Land
.
The
Reubenites
or
Tribe
of
Reuben
,
had
their
Dwellings
appointed
on
the
East
side
of
Jordan
,
having
the
Gadites
on
the
North
,
and
the
Arabian
Desarts
on
the
East
,
and
on
the
South
the
Land
of
Moab
,
parted
by
the
River
Arnon
;
whose
chief
Cities
were
Abel
,
Sittim
,
Bethabara
,
or
Beth-bara
,
Machaerus
,
Lasa
or
Lesha
,
Medeba
,
Bosor
or
Bozra
,
a
City
of
Refuge
to
the
Levites
;
Livias
,
a
Town
Built
by
Herod
,
in
Honour
of
Livia
the
Mother
of
Tiberius
Caesar
;
Kedmoth
,
Adom
,
Heshbon
,
Bamothbal
;
and
within
their
Territories
is
the
Mount
Nebo
,
from
whose
Top
Moses
took
a
view
of
the
Land
of
Canaan
;
and
joyning
to
it
is
the
Hill
Pisga
,
or
to
say
more
truly
,
one
of
the
Tops
or
Spires
of
the
same
Mountain
.
The
Gadites
,
so
called
from
Gad
the
Seventh
Son
of
Jacob
,
begot
on
Zilpha
the
Hand-maid
of
Leah
,
had
their
Lot
of
the
Promised
Land
,
between
the
Reubenites
on
the
South
,
and
half
the
Tribe
of
Menasses
on
the
North
,
the
River
Jordan
on
the
West
,
and
the
Mountains
of
Arnon
on
the
East
;
and
inhabited
the
Cities
of
Aroer
,
upon
the
Banks
of
the
River
Arnon
,
Dihon
,
towards
Jordan
;
Beth●mrah
,
Natoroth
,
Beth-haram
,
Beth-ezob
,
Mahanaim
,
so
called
from
the
Apparition
of
Angels
;
Succot●
,
Jahzor
,
Ramoth
,
Penuel
,
&c.
All
the
Plains
of
this
Country
being
exceeding
Fruitful
,
as
on
purpose
prepared
for
the
Favourites
of
Heaven
;
yet
the
People
who
had
been
brought
out
of
Slavery
with
a
mighty
hand
,
growing
fat
in
these
fruitful
Fields
,
soon
forgot
their
Maker
,
and
went
a
Whoring
after
the
Gods
of
the
Strangers
,
for
which
the
Canaanites
had
been
cast
out
of
the
Land
.
There
were
moreover
in
this
Tract
,
called
the
Land
of
Palestine
,
the
Trachonites
inhabiting
the
Hilly
Country
,
bordering
on
the
Ammonites
,
called
the
Mountains
of
Gilead
,
extending
Northward
as
far
as
Libanus
,
living
,
as
Josephus
tells
us
,
for
the
most
part
,
in
Woods
and
Caves
,
upon
Prey
and
Spoil
,
&c.
The
Batanea
▪
a
People
living
in
a
part
of
the
Kingdom
of
Basan
,
but
their
Kingdom
,
upon
the
Arrival
of
the
Children
of
Israel
,
was
given
to
the
other
half
Tribe
of
Manasses
,
and
contained
many
fenced
large
Cities
:
The
chief
was
Pella
,
formerly
called
But
is
,
but
the
Name
changed
by
Seleucius
,
the
great
Assyrian
King
,
of
the
Greek
Race
;
destroyed
by
Alexander
Janaeus
,
a
King
of
the
Jews
,
for
refusing
to
admit
the
Law
of
Moses
,
but
afterward
by
Pompey
the
Great
restored
to
its
former
Luster
:
And
more
memorable
in
Church
History
,
for
the
Voice
heard
from
Heaven
,
admonishing
the
Christians
then
in
Jerusalem
to
retire
thither
,
that
they
might
escape
the
Destruction
that
the
Roman
Army
,
under
the
leading
of
Titus
,
was
about
to
bring
upon
that
great
and
sinful
City
.
Gessur
,
since
called
Aurantis
,
the
last
Division
of
Ituraea
,
is
North
of
Basan
,
and
was
once
accounted
a
Kingdom
;
and
had
for
its
chief
Cities
Hauran
,
Gessur
,
Mahacath
,
Chatsar
,
Hevanus
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
.
As
for
the
Country
of
Palestine
in
general
,
or
the
promised
Land
,
it
is
taken
by
some
to
be
the
place
where
the
Terrestrial
Paradise
stood
,
and
is
indeed
Fruitful
,
even
to
a
miracle
;
for
in
most
places
there
is
an
Eternal
Spring
,
and
in
Summer
the
Flowers
alwaies
smiling
,
and
the
Vernant
Trees
seldom
casting
their
ripe
and
mellowed
Fruit
before
Blossoms
and
green
Fruit
take
place
,
and
are
naturally
of
extraordinary
growth
;
insomuch
,
that
we
read
,
when
Caleb
,
Josuah
,
and
others
,
went
up
to
spie
the
Land
,
they
brought
a
cluster
of
Grapes
,
as
an
earnest
of
the
rest
,
so
large
,
that
they
were
obliged
to
carry
it
upon
a
Staff
,
between
two
of
them
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Land
of
Palestine
,
as
it
flourished
in
its
most
glorious
daies
,
but
now
its
antient
Inhabitants
are
scattered
over
the
face
of
the
Earth
,
and
Turks
possess
their
pleasant
places
.
The
three
ARABIA'S
Described
,
in
their
Countreys
and
Provinces
.
1.
ARABIA
DESERTA
,
called
by
the
Turks
Beriara
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Babylonian
Territories
;
on
the
West
with
some
part
of
Palestine
and
Arabia
the
stony
;
on
the
North
with
Mesopotami●
and
Palmyrene
;
the
first
of
these
parting
it
from
Euphrates
;
and
on
the
South
with
Arabia
Petraea
part
,
and
Arabia
Felix
;
and
takes
the
name
of
Deserta
from
the
great
Desarts
that
are
found
in
it
,
all
of
loose
Sands
,
taking
eight
daies
in
passing
over
them
,
which
at
certain
times
are
carried
so
violently
by
the
Wind
,
that
Travellers
are
overwhelmed
under
heaps
and
mountains
of
Dust
,
and
buryed
Alive
:
as
also
are
the
Shepherds
,
who
build
little
Cots
on
the
borders
of
these
Desarts
,
though
very
poor
and
despicable
:
as
Lucan
has
it
in
his
Pharsalia
;
and
thus
Englished
.
The
greatest
part
of
Land
,
the
Winds
do
bear
Unto
the
Skies
,
which
hangs
not
fixed
there
.
His
House
and
Land
,
the
Nasamonian
Seas
,
Fly
in
the
Wind
their
little
Cottages
.
Blown
o'r
their
Heads
into
the
Air
as
high
,
As
from
a
Fire
the
Smoak
and
Sparkles
fly
,
Till
mounted
,
Dust
like
Smoak
obscure
the
Sky
.
Mountains
of
Dust
,
the
South
Winds
furious
hand
,
Rolls
o'r
them
till
their
drown'd
in
heaps
of
Sand.
And
indeed
this
whole
Division
of
Arabia
yields
nothing
pleasant
,
being
mostly
inhabited
by
Thieves
and
Rovers
,
who
having
committed
Robberies
and
Outrages
,
in
more
populous
and
wealthy
Countries
make
this
their
retreat
,
as
knowing
few
will
give
themselves
the
trouble
of
looking
for
them
in
so
waste
and
desolate
a
Country
;
yet
there
are
some
few
Cities
and
Towns
found
in
it
,
but
those
mostly
on
the
Borders
,
viz.
Sabe
or
Saba
,
the
Habitation
of
the
Sabaeans
,
that
was
so
called
from
the
Grandson
of
Abraham
by
Keturah
,
mentioned
Gen.
25.
3.
And
these
were
they
that
plundered
Job
of
his
Cattle
;
Thema
,
supposed
to
be
the
City
of
Eliphaz
the
Them
anite
,
one
of
Job's
Visitants
;
Shua
,
Tharsacas
,
Zagmais
,
Phunton
,
Oboth
,
and
Reganna
;
though
they
had
no
formal
Government
,
as
being
a
disjoynted
People
,
the
poverty
of
the
Country
obliging
every
one
to
shift
as
he
could
;
although
now
counted
part
of
the
Turkish
Empire
,
it
is
so
only
in
name
rather
than
in
effect
,
as
paying
little
or
no
Tribute
to
the
Grand
Signior
.
2.
Arabia
Petraea
,
or
the
Stony
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Deserta
,
and
a
part
of
Sinus
Persicus
,
on
the
West
with
the
Isthmus
,
that
joyns
Africa
to
Asia
,
and
part
of
the
Red
Sea
,
or
Arabian
Gulph
,
on
the
North
with
Palestine
,
and
on
the
South
with
a
long
ridge
of
Mountains
,
dividing
it
from
Arabia
Felix
,
and
is
called
Petraea
,
from
its
rockyness
,
and
the
abundance
of
large
Stones
that
are
found
every
where
in
it
;
and
is
indeed
barren
in
a
manner
,
as
the
former
,
but
more
firm
and
solid
,
which
gives
it
the
preheminence
in
Fruitfulness
;
and
is
full
of
woody
Mountains
,
wherein
the
wild
Arabs
lurk
and
fortifie
themselves
,
being
reduced
under
Captains
of
Tribes
,
as
also
untravell'd
Desarts
,
unless
by
such
as
carry
their
Provision
with
them
for
fear
of
starving
,
and
for
that
they
are
many
times
set
upon
and
murthered
by
the
Thieves
and
Rovers
;
so
that
the
general
passage
to
Egypt
and
Babylon
is
by
Caravans
,
to
defend
which
there
seldom
go
less
than
4
or
500
armed
men
,
where
they
carry
their
Merchandize
upon
Camels
,
one
of
these
Beasts
carrying
ordinarily
6
or
800
weight
,
and
sometimes
a
1000
,
and
are
the
fittest
of
all
Creatures
for
this
Journey
,
because
they
will
endure
three
or
four
daies
together
without
drink
,
in
a
Country
where
Water
is
not
to
be
found
,
but
rather
by
chance
than
any
certainty
;
and
of
these
Desarts
the
most
memorable
are
those
of
Sinan
,
Pharan
;
the
Inhabitants
said
to
descend
from
Chus
and
Ishmael
,
intermixed
with
the
Medianites
,
who
are
held
to
be
of
the
posterity
of
Madian
,
the
Son
of
Abraham
by
Keturah
,
and
have
for
their
chief
places
,
Petra
,
memorable
for
the
many
Sieges
it
has
held
out
against
the
Syrians
,
Jews
,
and
Romans
,
&c.
And
was
much
aimed
at
in
the
time
of
the
Holy
War
,
even
coveted
by
the
Turks
and
Christians
,
as
a
Gate
or
Inlet
to
Palestine
;
Bosra
,
said
to
be
built
,
or
rather
repaired
by
Augustus
Caesar
,
to
curb
that
wild
and
untractable
Nation
;
Ph●ra
,
Bernice
,
Sur
,
Havilah
,
Madian
,
Rephaim
,
Kadesh-Barnea
,
and
Thara
;
and
in
this
Country
stands
the
famous
Mount
Sinai
,
on
which
the
Law
was
given
;
and
here
for
the
most
part
it
was
that
the
Children
of
Israel
suffered
so
much
in
the
Wildernesses
and
Desarts
,
during
their
progress
to
the
Land
of
Canaan
.
And
the
Character
Marcellinus
gives
more
particularly
of
these
Arabians
,
is
viz.
That
they
are
a
martial
People
,
half
naked
,
clad
only
as
far
as
the
Groin
,
with
painted
Cloaths
,
ranging
up
and
down
upon
Camels
,
swift
Horses
,
and
Dromedaries
,
as
well
in
Peace
as
times
of
Trouble
,
not
used
to
Plough
,
plan●●
Trees
,
or
get
their
Living
by
Tillage
,
but
wander
for
the
most
part
,
from
one
place
to
another
,
without
any
setled
Habitation
;
nor
have
they
the
use
of
Laws
,
neither
can
they
long
endure
the
Air
or
Soil
in
one
place
:
Their
Food
is
chiefly
upon
Venison
,
and
store
of
Milk
,
Herbs
,
Fruits
,
and
Wild
Foul
;
but
as
for
Corn
and
Wine
they
have
none
:
their
Wives
are
hired
only
for
a
time
,
though
for
a
shew
of
Marriage
they
present
their
Husbands
with
a
Spear
and
a
Tent
,
as
their
Dowry
,
though
they
part
when
they
please
;
and
both
Sexes
are
extreamly
given
to
Lust
,
the
Women
as
rambling
as
the
Men
,
leaving
their
Children
to
the
help
of
Providence
,
where
they
fall
without
any
further
care
of
them
.
As
for
the
Rivers
in
this
thirsty
Land
,
there
are
but
few
,
and
the
chief
are
Trajanus
Amnis
,
Trajans
River
passing
through
the
Country
,
and
ending
its
course
in
the
Red
Sea
,
Rinocorura
,
called
in
Scripture
the
Torrent
of
Egypt
,
rising
in
this
Countrey
,
and
passing
by
the
Borders
of
Idumea
,
falls
into
the
Lake
of
Sirbon
.
3.
ARABIA
FELIX
,
or
the
Happy
Arabia
,
so
call'd
from
its
Fruitfulness
,
supplying
in
a
manner
the
defect
of
the
foregoing
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Persian
;
and
on
the
West
with
the
Arabian
Gulphs
;
on
the
North
with
a
continued
ridg
of
Mountains
;
and
on
the
South
with
the
main
Ocean
,
whose
bounds
is
not
known
.
In
this
Arabia
,
the
Fields
,
Valleys
and
Hills
are
exceeding
Fruitful
,
abounding
with
Myrrh
,
Frankincense
,
Balsamum
,
Spices
,
Fruits
of
sundry
kinds
,
very
delicious
;
as
also
Gold
,
precious
Stones
,
&c.
and
lying
so
commodiously
on
the
Seas
,
is
acquainted
with
what
ever
Blessing
,
either
Element
can
afford
,
well
furnished
with
quiet
Harbours
,
and
Roads
for
Shipping
,
the
Towns
of
Trade
and
Merchandise
standing
near
together
,
and
the
retiring
Houses
of
the
Kings
neat
and
very
sumptuous
,
the
Countrey
being
generally
accommodated
with
wholsom
Fountains
,
and
Medicinal
Waters
,
with
sundry
Brooks
and
Rivers
cool
and
clear
,
and
the
temperature
of
the
Air
exceeding
healthful
.
And
this
Countrey
by
the
Arabians
themselves
is
called
Jeman
and
Al-jeman
;
and
although
the
people
are
more
Civil
here
than
in
the
other
parts
,
yet
they
had
and
have
many
Barbarous
Customs
amongst
them
,
as
Carnally
knowing
their
nearest
Relations
,
holding
Community
of
Wives
;
and
of
dead
Bodies
no
care
is
taken
,
but
they
cast
them
into
some
Ditch
or
a
Dung
hill
,
and
are
frequently
a
bragging
of
their
descent
from
Jupiter
,
foolishly
neglecting
all
Arts
and
Sciences
,
as
disparagements
to
so
great
a
Nobility
;
however
there
are
some
amongst
them
that
apply
themselves
to
Grazing
,
the
Countrey
abounding
with
Cattle
and
rich
Pastures
,
and
others
to
Merchandize
,
tho
the
chief
Product
of
the
Countrey
is
managed
by
Strangers
.
The
chief
Cities
or
Towns
that
are
at
this
Day
found
in
this
Tract
are
Elgra
,
on
the
Shoar
of
the
Red
Sea
,
called
Sinus
Elgranaticus
;
Jathrib
,
or
Jatrib
,
in
the
way
between
Algiar
and
Medina
,
the
Birth-place
of
Mahomet
the
Impostor
;
and
in
the
City
of
Medina
(
to
which
is
added
the
Name
of
Talmabi
,
signifying
the
City
of
the
Prophet
)
is
the
Sepulchre
of
Mahomet
,
not
drawn
up
with
a
Load-stone
as
the
Vulgar
rumour
goes
,
but
inclosed
in
the
manner
of
our
Sepulchres
with
an
Iron
Grate
,
and
covered
with
a
green
Velvet
Carpet
,
which
the
Grand
Seigniour
sends
every
Year
as
his
Offering
;
so
that
when
the
New
arrives
,
the
Old
is
cut
into
innumerable
Shreds
,
and
Sold
to
Pilgrims
by
the
Priests
at
large
rates
as
Holy
Reliques
;
and
in
this
Temple
,
which
is
large
and
Magnificent
,
are
3000
Lamps
continually
burning
:
Meccha
a
Town
Scituate
in
a
barren
Soil
,
not
far
from
Medina
,
but
of
greater
Resort
and
Traffick
,
the
Commodities
not
only
of
Arabia
,
but
of
Persia
and
India
flowing
thither
,
from
whence
it
is
dispersed
into
all
parts
of
the
Turkish
Empire
;
and
here
it
is
made
Death
for
any
Christian
to
come
,
so
made
to
pr●
Clouds
.
Discovery
of
the
Fopperies
in
their
Religion
,
and
is
utterly
destitute
of
Waters
,
except
such
as
is
taken
in
Cisterns
when
it
Rains
,
or
brought
on
Camels
Backs
from
distant
Places
,
though
three
Carravans
with
Troops
of
Merchants
and
Pilgrims
Visit
it
every
Year
:
Zidon
accounted
the
Haven
Town
of
Meccha
,
though
distant
40
Miles
,
Scituate
on
the
Red
Sea
;
Zebit
,
held
now
the
Metropolis
of
the
Country
,
much
Traded
to
for
Spices
,
Sugar
,
and
Fruits
;
Eltor
a
Port
Town
,
where
the
Christians
are
suffered
to
Inhabit
.
Aden
on
the
entrance
of
the
Red
Sea
,
and
is
the
most
Famous
Empory
of
this
Country
,
well
Fortified
,
and
has
a
very
capacious
Haven
for
the
reception
of
Shipping
,
once
the
Head
of
a
distinct
Kingdom
,
but
now
in
Subjection
to
the
Turks
,
being
Treacherously
surprized
by
them
in
the
Year
1538
,
and
soon
after
all
the
rest
of
the
Country
,
Hor
,
Zarnal
,
and
Muskahat
,
over-against
Surat
in
the
East-India's
:
As
for
the
Woods
that
are
found
here
,
they
naturally
abound
with
Spices
,
and
Odours
,
which
in
their
Bloom
send
forth
a
grateful
Smell
,
which
accosts
the
Mariners
before
they
can
see
the
Land
,
and
the
Rivers
are
many
,
the
chief
Harman
,
Lar
,
Prion
,
Messinatis
,
Betius
,
&c.
and
in
the
Arabian
Fields
,
or
no
where
,
the
Phoenix
is
said
to
Inhabit
.
A
Description
of
Chaldaea
,
Assyria
,
and
Mesopotamia
,
in
their
Countries
and
Provinces
,
&c.
As
also
the
Mountains
Kingdoms
,
&c.
THESE
three
Countries
or
Provinces
,
are
held
to
have
been
the
Principal
Body
of
the
●●mpire
,
wherefore
it
is
thought
fit
to
place
them
together
,
though
in
our
Proceeding
to
Describe
them
,
we
shall
do
it
severally
;
and
First
1.
CHALD
AEA
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
a
Persian
Province
,
called
Susina
;
on
the
West
with
the
Desert
of
Arabia
;
on
the
South
with
the
rest
of
Deserta
,
and
the
Persian
Gulf
;
and
on
the
North
with
Mesopotamia
.
As
for
the
Original
from
which
this
Country
has
its
Name
,
is
uncertain
;
however
it
is
exceeding
Fruitful
,
yielding
Corn
in
many
places
2
and
300
Fold
;
and
Pliny
affirms
the
Babylonians
Mow
their
Corn
twice
a
Year
,
and
Seed
it
a
third
time
,
or
else
it
would
Produce
nothing
but
Blades
;
and
here
many
hold
the
Terrestrial
Paradice
,
a
Select
Garden
,
more
Inriched
by
the
Bounty
of
Heaven
,
than
any
other
part
of
the
World
;
and
the
Reason
they
give
for
it
is
,
because
the
Rivers
mentioned
in
Scripture
to
flow
from
it
are
found
in
this
Tract
,
according
to
all
circumstances
the
same
,
though
length
of
Time
has
caused
corruption
or
alteration
,
but
rather
in
name
than
place
,
&c.
and
in
this
Country
,
on
the
large
Plains
of
Shinar
was
founded
Babel
,
signifying
in
the
Hebrew
Confusion
,
where
happened
the
first
Confusion
of
Languages
,
a
work
so
Stupendious
,
being
the
Business
of
almost
all
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Earth
,
that
before
it
was
left
off
,
it
began
to
rea●
a
Head
of
Majesty
,
5146
Cubits
from
the
Ground
,
having
proportionable
Basis
and
Circumference
,
the
Passages
going
up
winding
,
and
so
easie
of
Ascent
.
that
Horses
and
Carts
might
not
only
pass
up
it
,
but
meet
and
turn
,
having
Lodgings
and
Stations
in
them
for
Men
and
Beast
,
and
Earth
spread
upon
the
mighty
Work
for
Corn
Fields
;
and
all
this
foolishly
undertaken
to
secure
themselves
in
case
of
a
second
Deluge
;
and
would
however
(
had
it
not
been
prevented
by
the
Divine
Power
)
according
to
the
Model
devised
,
have
Transcended
the
Clouds
.
In
this
Tract
was
the
City
of
Babylon
in
its
Antient
Glory
,
the
Walls
of
which
was
46
Miles
in
Circuit
,
50
Cubits
in
heighth
,
and
of
such
a
thickness
,
that
Carts
and
Carriages
might
meet
on
the
top
of
it
,
Finished
in
one
Year
by
the
daily
Labour
of
200000
Work-men
,
Built
on
both
sides
the
River
Euphrates
,
having
its
Communication
by
stately
Bridges
,
and
is
said
when
taken
by
Cyrus
the
Persian
,
that
he
had
possessed
one
part
of
it
three
days
,
before
the
more
remote
Inhabitants
knew
the
Enemy
was
entered
;
but
it
has
been
since
that
time
destroyed
and
removed
;
so
that
at
this
day
Bagdat
is
taken
for
Babylon
,
Scituate
on
the
River
Tigris
,
and
now
in
the
Possession
of
the
Turk
;
the
other
Places
of
note
are
,
Ctesiphon
,
Sipparum
,
Apamia
,
Vologesia
,
Borsipha
,
and
Balsora
,
the
Port
of
Bagdat
or
new
Babylon
,
Scituate
at
the
Fall
of
Euphrates
,
into
Sinus
Persicus
,
a
Place
of
great
Trade
and
Wealth
,
now
in
the
hands
of
the
Persians
.
As
for
Mountains
this
Country
affords
not
any
;
and
for
Rivers
,
the
chief
are
Euphrates
and
Tigris
:
The
People
anciently
were
much
addicted
to
South-saying
and
Divination
,
and
held
to
be
first
Idolaters
,
but
now
they
are
divided
into
several
Sects
,
and
become
a
mixture
of
Christians
,
Jews
,
and
Mahometans
,
though
once
the
Christian
Faith
Flourished
here
altogether
,
as
Planted
by
St.
Peter
,
who
assures
us
that
he
was
at
Babylon
in
the
latter
end
of
his
first
Epistle
.
2.
ASSYRIA
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Media
;
on
the
West
with
Mesopotamia
;
on
the
South
with
Susiana
;
and
on
the
North
with
some
part
of
Turcomania
,
and
part
of
Chaldaea
,
taking
its
name
from
Assur
the
Son
of
Sem
,
who
first
Inhabited
it
,
though
of
late
it
has
been
called
by
other
Names
,
but
this
being
warrantable
by
Scripture
,
we
shall
the
rather
continue
it
.
As
for
the
Countrey
,
it
is
free
from
Hills
,
unless
such
as
render
it
very
Commodious
,
so
that
being
watered
with
pleasant
Springs
and
Rivers
,
it
is
every
where
very
Fruitful
,
and
the
People
were
anciently
very
Warlike
,
making
themselves
by
their
Arms
Lords
of
the
greatest
part
of
the
East
,
extending
their
Dominion
from
the
Mediterranean
Sea
to
the
River
Indus
;
the
Men
especially
very
formal
in
their
Habit
,
wearing
Robes
trailing
on
the
ground
,
their
Hair
exceeding
long
,
and
their
Caps
so
steeple
Crowned
,
that
they
seem
like
Pyramids
,
Perfuming
themselves
,
and
Adorning
with
Jewels
,
Rings
,
&c.
and
a
Staff
of
Ivory
,
Rich
Wood
,
or
some
precious
Mettal
in
the
form
of
a
Scepter
in
their
Hands
;
and
as
for
the
ancient
Custom
,
it
was
to
expose
the
fairest
Women
to
Sale
in
open
Market
,
not
as
Slaves
,
but
to
be
purchased
as
Wives
,
and
with
the
Money
they
put
off
those
of
the
courser
sort
that
were
more
deformed
;
happy
for
our
English
Doudies
,
were
the
Custom
in
use
amongst
us
:
And
as
for
the
Celebration
of
Marriage
,
it
is
a
little
strange
;
viz.
The
Bride-groom
sees
not
his
Bride
before
the
Wedding-day
,
but
takes
her
upon
the
good
report
of
his
Friends
and
others
,
when
having
made
the
Bargain
with
her
Parents
,
they
meet
in
the
Chancel
of
the
Church
,
and
there
the
Cassisse
or
Priest
obliges
the
Bridegroom
to
put
his
hand
through
the
hole
of
a
Partition
,
and
take
the
Bride
by
the
Hand
,
which
done
,
her
Mother
with
a
sharp
Bodkin
pricks
his
hand
all
over
with
much
eagerness
;
and
if
so
,
for
all
that
he
holds
her
fast
,
and
wrings
her
hand
till
she
squeak
,
they
term
it
a
presage
of
lasting
Love
,
but
if
he
let
go
,
the
contrary
;
and
if
the
first
Year
a
Male
child
is
born
,
the
Father
loses
his
Name
,
and
is
called
Abba
or
Father
,
the
Sons
Name
being
added
to
it
.
ASSYRIA
is
principally
watered
with
the
Tygris
;
so
named
from
its
swiftness
and
rapidity
:
Into
which
,
as
Ptolomy
affirms
,
discharge
themselves
,
the
Rivers
Cuprus
,
Lycus
and
Gorges
,
with
some
other
Streams
,
or
Rivulets
,
and
the
whole
Assyria
was
divided
into
six
parts
,
viz.
Araphachits
,
Adiabene
,
Calacine
,
Sitacene
,
Arbelites
,
and
Apoloniates
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
Calach
,
one
of
the
four
Cities
built
in
the
Land
of
Assur
by
Nimrod
;
Sittaca
,
about
Two
Miles
from
the
Banks
of
Tygris
;
Athela
,
Apollonia
,
Geguamela
;
Memorable
for
the
first
great
overthrow
given
by
Alexander
to
Darius
the
Persian
,
wherein
90000
Persians
are
accounted
to
be
slain
,
with
the
loss
of
300
Macedonians
only
;
Reboboth
another
City
,
said
to
be
built
by
Nimrod
,
but
now
supposed
to
be
that
called
Birrha
.
On
the
Tygris
;
Rhesen
another
,
said
to
be
built
by
the
same
party
;
Ninive
,
first
built
by
Nimrod
,
and
so
named
from
Ninus
his
Son
or
Nephew
;
the
City
to
which
Jonah
was
sent
,
and
in
those
days
accounted
Sixty
Miles
in
Circuit
,
which
may
properly
enough
in
those
hot
Countreys
be
accounted
three
days
Journey
:
Mosul
,
seated
on
the
Tygris
,
Arzeri
and
Scheheruzal
,
the
chief
Residence
of
the
Turkish
Bassa
,
Governour
of
this
Countrey
.
As
for
the
Profession
of
the
Natives
,
and
some
Strangers
mingled
amongst
them
,
't
is
that
of
the
Nestorians
,
but
the
standing
Religion
is
Mahometism
imposed
by
the
Turks
.
3.
MESOFOTAMIA
has
on
the
East
for
its
boundard
the
River
Tygris
,
parted
by
it
from
Assyria
;
on
the
West
the
Euphrates
;
on
the
North
Mount
Tauryus
;
on
the
South
Chaldaed
and
Arabia
Deserta
,
and
is
frequently
in
Scripture
called
Padan-Aram
which
in
the
Latine
signifies
Syria
Culta
,
and
was
,
anciently
Inhabited
by
the
Aramites
,
and
is
full
of
Rich
Pastures
,
the
Soil
very
fruitful
in
Corn
,
abounds
with
Vine-yards
and
store
of
Cattel
,
and
is
indeed
so
well
furnished
with
all
things
necessary
for
Humane
Support
and
Pleasure
,
that
Strabo
calls
it
Mesopotamia
Felix
,
tho
in
the
extream
South
,
there
are
a
few
barren
Desarts
and
some
rough
Mountains
or
Hills
;
and
though
it
is
a
kind
of
a
Compounded
Countrey
,
yet
the
people
are
very
Active
and
Industrious
,
improving
Natures
Bounty
more
than
any
in
this
Tract
,
though
being
but
a
small
Countrey
,
it
has
always
been
in
Subjection
,
and
is
watered
with
the
Rivers
Tygris
,
Euphrates
,
and
Caboras
or
Abaras
.
The
chief
Cities
found
in
this
Countrey
,
are
Edessa
,
Cologenbar
,
Nisibius
,
and
Vr
;
as
for
their
Religion
,
as
far
as
relates
to
Christianity
,
it
is
in
a
manner
Orthodox
,
agreeing
in
most
Points
with
the
Reformed
Churches
of
Europe
.
I
might
now
proceed
to
say
something
of
the
Two
Kingdoms
in
the
great
Mountain
Taurus
,
named
from
their
two
last
Kings
,
the
Kingdoms
of
Aledeules
and
Bahaman
;
the
first
subdued
by
Selimus
the
First
Emperour
of
the
Turks
,
and
the
last
by
Abas
the
Persian
Sophy
;
but
having
nothing
but
Rocks
and
barren
Mountains
to
deal
with
,
and
indeed
the
difficulties
the
Inhabitants
struggle
with
,
being
more
to
be
wondered
at
than
any
thing
else
,
I
shall
thus
briefly
pass
them
over
,
and
proceed
to
Turcomania
.
Turcomania
described
in
its
Provinces
,
&c.
TVRCOMANIA
,
or
the
Land
of
Turky
,
so
called
from
the
Turks
Inhabiting
it
before
they
got
by
Stratagem
the
Persian
Empire
,
is
on
the
East
bounded
with
Media
and
the
Caspian
Sea
;
on
the
West
with
Cappadocia
,
Armenia
Minor
,
and
the
Euxine
Sea
;
on
the
North
with
Tartary
,
and
on
the
South
with
Assyria
and
Mesopotamia
;
and
is
properly
divided
into
four
parts
,
viz.
Armenia
Major
,
held
to
be
the
true
Turcomania
;
Colchis
,
now
called
Mengrelia
;
Iberia
now
called
Georgia
;
and
Albania
called
by
some
Zuirca
,
and
of
these
in
their
order
.
ARMENIA
MAJOR
,
now
called
Turcomania
,
is
a
very
Hilly
Countrey
,
as
much
overspread
with
the
Spurs
of
Mount
Taurus
and
Anti-Taurus
,
though
between
them
are
many
fruitful
Valleys
,
that
produce
store
of
Cattle
:
The
greatest
business
of
these
people
when
exempted
from
War
,
being
to
feed
Sheep
upon
the
Mountains
,
and
other
Cattle
on
the
lower
ground
,
driving
them
from
place
to
place
where
the
Pastures
are
best
,
and
where
they
find
the
most
commodious
Springs
,
carrying
with
them
their
Families
,
Tents
,
and
Provision
,
and
usually
go
Armed
,
not
so
much
for
fear
of
Rovers
,
as
Wild
Beasts
that
possess
the
Caves
of
those
Mountains
:
The
People
being
large
of
Body
,
comely
of
Personage
,
much
used
to
the
Bow
and
Spear
;
patient
of
all
kind
of
Labour
:
The
Women
are
very
homely
,
but
of
a
manly
aspect
,
and
when
occasion
requires
,
addict
themselves
in
Disguises
to
the
Wars
,
and
mingled
with
the
Men
,
perform
equal
Exploits
;
and
in
Towns
,
where
they
are
setled
,
their
Families
are
very
great
,
by
reason
they
co-habit
under
one
Roof
to
the
third
or
fourth
Generation
,
the
eldest
commonly
bearing
Rule
,
and
being
in
all
things
absolute
as
King
of
the
Family
,
yet
those
live
not
idle
,
but
employ
themselves
in
making
Tapestries
,
Gograms
,
Watered
Chamlets
,
and
other
Manufactures
,
dispersed
into
all
parts
,
and
some
,
tho
not
many
of
them
are
considerable
Merchants
,
dispersing
themselves
over
the
Eastern
Countrey
,
and
from
a
Mountain
of
this
Armenia
called
Abas
has
the
great
River
Araxis
its
Fountain
,
and
the
people
generally
are
Christians
.
The
chief
Cities
and
Towns
of
this
Country
are
,
Artaxata
the
Royal
seat
of
the
Antient
Kings
of
Armenia
;
Sebastia
,
now
called
Suassia
;
seated
on
the
Euphrates
,
Tigranes
,
Certa
,
Arsamosata
,
Clamassum
,
Cholna
,
Baraza
,
Chars
,
Colonia
,
Thespia
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
:
as
for
Forrests
or
Woods
,
this
Country
has
very
few
,
and
none
considerable
.
COLCHIS
the
second
Division
of
Turcomania
on
the
North
of
Armenia
is
Inhabited
by
a
rude
uncivillized
people
;
however
the
soil
is
fertile
producing
naturally
,
much
plenty
,
and
the
Vines
of
their
own
accord
,
twist
themselves
about
Trees
;
creeping
up
into
the
spreading
Branches
,
and
affording
much
Wine
;
but
that
which
in
Antient
times
rendred
it
most
memorable
,
was
the
abundance
of
Gold
found
in
the
Sands
of
the
Rivers
issuing
from
the
Mount
Caucasus
;
for
which
Jason
made
his
Expedition
;
and
thereby
gave
the
occasion
of
the
Fable
of
the
Golden
Fleece
:
there
were
likewise
found
divers
Veins
of
Silver
in
the
Mountains
,
though
at
present
for
want
of
working
,
or
being
exhausted
,
the
People
deficient
in
Coin
,
are
obliged
to
Barter
Goods
for
such
things
as
their
necessities
require
;
however
they
are
much
given
to
Riot
and
Excess
,
nor
do
they
refuse
to
prostitute
their
Wives
and
Sisters
,
to
the
pleasure
of
their
guests
upon
any
slight
Entertainment
,
as
not
thinking
they
can
be
otherways
sufficiently
welcom
;
nor
do
the
Women
refuse
a
complyance
.
And
here
the
chief
Cities
are
,
or
were
Dioscurias
,
Sibaris
once
the
Royal
Seat
of
the
Colchine
Kings
;
Siganeam
,
Aeopolis
,
Neapolis
,
Phasis
;
from
whence
the
Phesants
were
first
brought
into
Europe
by
the
Greeks
;
Alvati
,
Mechlessus
,
Zadris
and
Sirace
;
though
at
present
none
of
them
considerable
;
however
the
Christian
Religion
continues
here
,
though
the
Turks
have
possessed
themselves
of
the
Country
.
IBERIA
takes
its
name
from
the
River
Iberius
,
running
through
it
,
though
lately
the
name
is
changed
to
Georgia
;
as
some
will
have
it
from
St.
George
the
Capadocian
Martyr
;
who
first
planted
,
or
at
least
greatly
improved
the
Christian
Religion
amongst
them
.
The
Country
is
Mountainous
,
Woody
,
and
a
great
part
of
it
covered
with
Snow
three
quarters
of
the
year
;
so
that
the
Soil
not
being
very
fruitful
,
the
people
addict
themselves
much
to
War
;
so
that
for
a
long
time
they
lived
in
freedom
under
their
own
Princes
,
till
the
Persian
▪
War
;
at
what
time
they
partly
by
force
,
and
partly
by
submission
,
became
Tributary
to
the
Ottoman
Emperors
;
so
that
it
contains
not
any
Cities
of
note
;
however
amongst
them
are
reckoned
Artaxissa
,
Vasada
,
Lubium
,
and
Armastica
,
so
named
by
P●olomy
;
though
at
present
Cremen
and
Cachet
are
in
most
esteem
;
and
to
keep
the
people
in
aw
,
the
Turks
have
fortified
many
places
;
and
amongst
others
the
strong
Castle
of
Teflis
,
the
Key
of
Media
,
now
called
Servan
,
Garrisoned
with
6000
men
;
and
has
in
it
besides
other
Ammunition
100
pieces
of
Ordnance
.
ALBANIA
in
Asia
,
distinct
from
that
in
Europe
,
East
of
Iberia
is
accounted
to
be
first
peopled
by
Gether
Son
of
Aram
,
and
Nephew
of
Japhet
,
and
rested
out
of
the
way
of
War
till
the
Romans
time
;
when
siding
with
Tigranes
King
of
Armenia
Major
,
and
Mithridates
King
of
Pontus
,
they
were
brought
under
subjection
by
Pompey
.
The
Soil
of
this
Country
is
very
rich
in
many
parts
,
as
being
watered
with
the
Rivers
Saonia
,
Cyrus
,
Gerrus
and
Albania
;
and
on
the
latter
is
seated
a
City
of
that
name
,
the
chief
of
the
Province
;
here
are
likewise
found
Chabala
,
Thelbis
,
Getara
,
Namechiae
and
Telebae
:
The
chief
commodities
are
Corn
,
Cattle
,
Wine
,
and
some
Manufactures
,
and
has
over
it
a
Turkish
Bassa
;
and
from
these
Countries
the
Turks
are
held
on
all
hands
to
descend
,
as
in
the
History
of
that
people
,
appears
more
at
large
.
Media
and
Persia
described
,
in
their
respective
Provinces
,
&c.
MEDIA
(
the
first
that
occurs
in
order
)
is
bounded
on
the
West
with
Armenia
Major
,
and
some
part
of
Assyria
;
on
the
East
with
Parthia
,
and
some
part
of
Hyrcania
,
and
the
Provinces
of
Persia
;
on
the
North
with
the
Caspian
Sea
,
and
Georgia
;
and
on
the
South
with
other
parts
of
Persia
;
held
to
take
its
name
from
Madai
,
the
Son
of
Japhet
,
who
first
planted
it
;
though
at
this
day
it
is
called
by
the
Turks
(
in
whose
possession
the
greatest
part
of
it
is
)
Sheirvan
,
or
Servan
;
the
word
in
their
Language
signifying
a
Milky
plain
;
alluding
thereby
to
the
great
plenty
of
the
Country
,
and
is
of
large
extent
;
once
famous
for
a
warlike
people
,
that
over-run
the
greatest
part
of
the
East
;
yet
this
Country
like
all
others
,
differs
in
degree
of
fertility
,
for
although
the
South
part
is
exceeding
fruitful
;
yet
the
North
part
lying
between
Mount
Taurus
and
the
Hyrcanian
Sea
,
is
very
barren
;
insomuch
that
the
people
make
their
Bread
of
dryed
Almonds
,
and
their
drink
of
the
Juice
of
certain
Herbs
;
no
Fruit
trees
flourishing
there
,
nor
any
considerable
quantity
of
Corn.
As
for
the
Kingdom
of
Media
,
we
may
properly
divide
it
into
two
Provinces
;
viz.
Atropatia
and
Media
Major
;
the
first
of
these
contains
the
northern
parts
of
the
country
;
and
is
held
to
be
that
,
where
Salmanasser
,
the
Assyrian
King
placed
the
Israelites
,
whom
he
carryed
into
Captivity
,
and
is
watered
by
the
River
Gonza
;
and
had
for
its
chief
Cities
or
Towns
Hamadum
,
Gonzavia
,
Mandagarsis
,
Gelin
,
Bochu
,
Eres
,
Sumachia
,
or
Shamaki
;
the
last
built
by
Cyrus
the
Persian
,
and
much
Illustrated
by
others
;
and
in
it
as
a
Monument
,
stands
a
Pillar
Interwoven
with
the
Heads
of
Noble
men
all
of
Flint
,
curiously
wrought
,
&c.
This
Province
is
very
Mountainous
,
as
having
the
Spurs
of
the
Taurus
branching
out
,
and
the
body
of
the
Mountain
it self
,
&c.
MEDIA-MAJOR
,
on
the
South
of
Mount
Taurus
,
is
a
very
pleasant
Country
;
yielding
Corn
and
Wine
in
abundance
,
with
many
pleasant
Fruits
,
and
good
Pastures
,
watered
every
where
with
fresh
streams
;
so
that
Cattle
,
especially
Horses
encrease
in
great
numbers
;
the
men
being
generally
expert
Riders
,
and
much
redoubted
in
War
.
The
chief
Cities
that
were
here
found
are
the
great
E●batana
,
to
which
Semir
amis
took
such
a
liking
,
that
she
caused
for
its
better
Accommodation
,
water
courses
to
be
cut
through
the
Mountain
Orontes
,
reckoned
to
be
in
compass
24
Italian
miles
and
fortified
with
a
Wall
of
70
Cubits
high
,
50
broad
,
with
100
Gates
,
and
Towers
built
over
them
of
smooth
stone
,
and
had
formerly
six
lesser
Walls
,
though
now
little
of
it
remains
.
Taurus
a
City
pleasantly
scituate
,
under
the
shadow
of
Orontes
;
opening
to
a
curious
fertile
Plain
on
the
South
;
once
a
place
of
great
Trading
,
but
having
been
often
ruined
by
the
Turks
,
in
their
Wars
with
the
Persians
;
it
has
lost
much
of
its
former
splendor
.
Arsacia
built
by
some
of
the
Parthian
Kings
,
in
their
Conquest
of
this
Country
:
Casbin
scituate
in
an
open
Plain
,
on
the
Banks
of
a
small
River
,
but
of
no
considerable
Trade
,
though
the
Persian
Sophies
have
a
Pallace
in
it
:
Rages
,
Nassivan
,
Ardovile
,
Sultania
,
Turcoman
,
and
Marant
.
The
Christian
Religion
is
held
to
be
first
planted
here
by
St.
Thomas
;
and
though
it
was
not
Universally
Embraced
,
yet
it
flourished
till
Mahometism
was
introduced
,
more
by
the
power
of
the
Sword
than
the
Peoples
Inclination
.
Persia
Described
.
PERSIA
has
for
its
Eastern
boundard
India
;
for
the
Western
Media
,
Assyria
,
and
Chaldaea
;
the
Northern
Tartary
;
and
the
Southern
the
main
Ocean
;
so
named
,
(
if
you
will
credit
the
Story
)
from
Perseus
,
Son
to
Jupiter
and
Danae
;
though
rather
from
Persis
a
small
Province
;
or
part
of
the
Country
which
took
its
name
from
one
of
their
Kings
:
and
the
whole
Region
of
Persia
,
is
found
to
extend
from
82
degrees
of
Longitude
,
to
120.
36
degrees
in
all
,
and
in
bredth
from
32
degrees
North
Latitude
to
42
,
scituate
under
the
fourth
,
fifth
,
and
sixth
Climates
;
so
that
the
longest
day
in
the
Southern
parts
,
is
13
hours
and
almost
three
quarters
but
in
the
most
Northern
15
and
a
quarter
;
the
Air
for
the
most
part
pure
and
wholsom
,
though
the
Earth
by
reason
of
the
great
heat
of
the
Sun
,
is
dry
,
and
sandy
in
many
parts
,
and
destitute
of
water
;
having
few
Rivers
,
and
not
many
Lakes
;
however
taking
the
Country
in
general
,
it
abounds
with
all
things
necessary
,
and
may
properly
be
divided
into
12
Provinces
,
viz.
Susiana
,
Persis
,
Carmania
,
Ormus
,
Gedrosia
,
Drangiana
,
Aria
,
Parthia
,
Arachosia
,
Paropamisus
,
Hyrcania
,
and
Margiana
;
and
held
to
be
one
of
the
Antientest
Kingdoms
of
the
East
;
the
people
as
the
Chaldaeans
,
giving
themselves
up
to
the
Study
of
Astrology
;
and
as
to
their
Religion
,
it
s
the
Sect
of
Haly
,
differing
in
many
things
,
from
the
Tenets
of
the
Impostor
Mahomet
;
tho
amongst
them
are
many
Christians
and
more
Jews
;
and
the
chief
Rivers
that
visit
Persia
,
are
Araxis
,
some
windings
of
Euphrates
and
Tigris
;
and
here
are
found
Mount
Taurus
,
the
Seriphian
Hills
,
and
some
others
of
less
note
:
And
has
for
the
most
material
Cities
,
Persopolis
,
Aracca
,
Tarsiana
,
and
others
;
the
Country
affording
Dates
,
Myrrh
,
Drugs
,
Spices
,
Mines
of
Silver
,
Brass
,
Quarries
of
of
Marble
,
Cedar-wood
,
and
rich
Manufactures
of
Silks
,
and
Embroideries
of
Silver
and
Gold
,
and
has
been
much
traded
to
,
by
the
European
Merchants
,
especially
the
Island
of
Ormus
;
accounted
the
most
fruitful
in
the
World
;
so
that
those
who
have
compared
the
World
to
a
Ring
,
have
allowed
this
to
be
the
Jewel
,
that
ought
to
be
set
in
it
;
for
the
Portugals
upon
their
first
coming
hither
,
so
much
inriched
themselves
,
that
they
easily
commanded
the
whole
Trade
of
Europe
.
As
for
the
Persians
,
they
are
generally
good
natured
,
courteous
to
Strangers
,
exceeding
obedient
to
their
Prince
,
whom
they
in
a
manner
Idolize
;
they
are
tall
of
Stature
,
well
Limbed
,
and
for
the
most
part
handsome
(
especially
the
Women
)
Patient
of
Labour
,
yet
through
the
Plenty
of
the
Country
much
given
to
Luxury
,
Valiant
in
Fighting
,
as
well
the
Women
as
the
Men
,
who
accompany
their
Husbands
to
the
War
in
disguise
,
and
frequently
die
Fighting
by
their
sides
,
as
appeared
by
the
great
number
of
them
found
upon
the
stripping
of
the
Slain
in
many
Battles
fought
between
them
and
the
Turks
.
And
within
this
Jurisdiction
we
may
include
Bactria
,
lying
West
of
Margiana
,
watered
by
the
River
Oxus
,
so
that
it
is
partly
Fruitful
,
and
partly
Barren
and
Desert
,
possessed
by
a
rough
and
untractable
People
,
and
has
many
Woods
and
Forrests
full
of
wild
Beasts
,
which
renders
the
Passage
dangerous
to
Travellers
,
and
has
its
Name
from
Bactria
the
Metropolitan
City
,
Seated
at
the
Foot
of
the
Mountain
Sogdij
,
and
is
now
in
Subjection
to
the
Persians
.
Tartaria
Described
,
in
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
&c.
TARTARIA
,
or
Tartary
,
is
a
large
Tract
on
the
Northern
part
of
Asia
,
and
shooting
out
considerably
to
Europe
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
China
,
and
the
Eastern
Ocean
;
on
the
West
with
Russia
and
Podolia
,
a
Province
of
the
Kingdom
of
Poland
;
on
the
North
with
the
Frozen
Scythian
Ocean
;
and
on
the
South
with
another
part
of
China
,
from
which
it
is
separated
by
a
mighty
Wall
,
the
River
Oxus
parting
it
from
Bactria
and
Margiana
,
the
Caspian
Sea
from
Media
and
Hyrcania
;
the
Caucasian
Mountains
from
Turcomania
,
and
the
Euxine
Sea
from
Anatolia
and
Thrace
,
and
is
possessed
under
the
general
Name
of
Tartars
,
by
many
powerful
Nations
,
accounted
to
be
5400
Miles
from
East
to
West
,
and
3600
from
North
to
South
.
The
People
are
generally
Rude
,
giving
themselves
more
to
War
and
Rapine
,
than
to
Arts
or
Husbandry
,
big
Bodied
,
broad
Faced
,
little
and
hollow
Eyed
,
thick
Lipped
,
and
flat
Nosed
,
Swarthy
of
Complexion
,
tho
distant
enough
from
the
Sun
,
hardy
and
capable
of
induring
extream
Hardships
,
loving
to
ride●●
tho
on
Cows
,
Oxen
,
and
other
Beasts
,
not
used
in
other
parts
in
such
Services
;
their
Speech
carries
a
kind
of
a
whining
Tone
with
it
,
and
when
a
Company
are
got
together
a
Singing
,
one
would
imagine
them
a
consort
of
Wolves
a
Howling
,
and
have
indeed
in
their
many
Excursions
and
Wars
proved
the
Terror
of
the
World
,
yet
are
seldom
Covetous
,
of
more
than
is
sufficient
to
support
them
,
as
being
altogether
regardless
of
Silver
,
Gold
,
or
costly
Apparel
,
going
for
the
most
part
clad
with
the
Skins
and
Furrs
of
Beasts
they
take
by
Hunting
,
and
are
by
some
held
to
be
the
Off-spring
of
the
Ten
Tribes
removed
out
of
Palestine
by
Salmanasser
;
for
many
of
the
great
Lords
of
the
Tartars
st●●e
themselves
Naphthalites
,
Danites
,
&c.
and
Canton
themselves
into
Families
and
Tribes
.
This
Countrey
is
usually
divided
into
these
following
Provinces
,
viz
,
Precopensis
,
Asciatica
,
Antigua
,
Zagatha
and
Cathaia
:
The
first
contains
Taurica
Chersonesus
,
and
the
Asciatican
Banks
of
Tanais
,
taking
its
name
from
Precops
the
chief
City
,
and
has
in
it
,
beside
the
Towns
of
Ozaclow
,
Capha
,
Crim
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
.
The
second
contains
Asciatica
Deserta
,
or
Deserta
Muscovita
,
held
to
be
the
ancient
Sarmatia
Asciatica
,
remaining
unciviliz'd
at
this
day
;
as
feeding
upon
Raw
Horse-flesh
,
sucking
Blood
from
living
Creatures
,
and
oftentimes
preying
upon
each
other
,
and
neglecting
all
manner
of
Tillage
.
The
Third
contains
the
Cities
of
Noyhan
,
Cashan
,
Charackzieke
,
Astracan
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
as
Coras
,
Caracora
,
and
the
whole
Kingdom
of
Tendock
,
and
affords
the
Drug
called
Rhubarb
,
not
any
other
where
to
be
found
.
The
fourth
Division
contains
Scythia
,
Inter
Imaum
,
inhabited
by
a
more
civiliz'd
People
of
the
Tartars
,
and
have
for
their
chief
Cities
Istigias
,
scituate
in
a
very
fruitful
Plain
,
to
which
flow
the
principal
Commodities
of
the
whole
Kingdom
,
and
Samarchand
,
usually
the
Residence
of
the
Tartarian
Chams
,
where
Tamerlain
the
Great
was
born
and
died
;
but
the
most
pleasant
of
all
,
and
indeed
the
Glory
of
the
whole
Countrey
,
is
the
Kingdom
of
Cathia
.
The
Soil
of
this
part
of
Tartary
yields
a
superabundance
of
Fruits
,
Corn
,
Hemp
,
Flax
,
&c.
and
the
other
Merchandise
are
Woolls
,
Rhubarb
,
Musk
,
Silks
,
and
Manufactures
of
its
own
,
and
also
those
of
China
,
that
are
brought
hither
,
and
has
for
its
Chief
Cities
Cambalu
,
Tebeth
,
Carraran
,
and
Xeamdu
,
all
of
them
very
stately
;
containing
in
their
large
Circumferences
,
Pallaces
,
fixed
and
moving
,
Parks
,
Pastures
,
with
many
other
Rarities
;
but
in
all
these
Countreys
,
the
Government
is
Arbitrary
,
the
Lives
and
Estates
of
the
People
depending
upon
the
pleasure
of
the
Prince
.
There
are
yet
another
sort
of
this
people
called
Crimesian
Tartars
,
inhabiting
the
Crim
,
on
the
Fenns
of
Maeotis
and
borders
of
Moscovy
and
Poland
,
but
much
of
the
nature
of
those
already
mentioned
.
As
for
Religion
,
they
are
in
many
places
divided
in
Opinion
,
as
being
a
mixture
of
Armenians
,
Christians
,
Jews
,
Mahometa●s
,
and
some
Idolaters
.
The
chief
Rivers
that
Water
this
Countrey
,
are
the
Tanais
and
Volga
,
and
the
principal
Mount
Imaus
,
which
runs
in
a
long
Chain
or
Ridge
,
branching
however
into
divers
Spurs
,
&c.
A
description
of
the
Kingdom
of
China
in
its
Provinces
,
&c.
CHINA
is
a
large
Kingdom
,
though
not
well
known
,
till
the
latter
times
to
the
Europeans
,
bounded
on
the
North
with
the
Eastern
Tartars
,
and
Altay
;
separated
from
them
by
a
continued
Chain
of
Hills
,
and
a
Wall
of
400
Leagues
in
length
,
furnished
with
Towers
,
and
so
broad
,
that
a
Cart
may
be
driven
on
the
top
of
it
,
built
(
as
they
give
it
out
)
by
Tzaintzon
the
117th
King
of
China
.
The
Southern
boundards
are
partly
Cochin-China
,
a
Province
of
the
East
India
,
and
partly
the
Ocean
;
on
the
East
with
the
Oriental
Ocean
,
and
on
the
West
with
part
of
India
and
Cathaia
;
and
is
indeed
on
all
parts
so
hemmed
in
with
Mountains
,
Seas
,
and
Artificial
Fortifications
,
that
it
is
no
wonder
Travellers
missed
it
in
their
way
to
other
Countreys
.
This
Kingdom
,
according
to
the
account
of
the
Natives
,
contains
15
Provinces
,
viz.
Canton
,
Foqueit
,
Olam
,
Sisuam
,
Tolenchia
,
Cansay
,
Miuchian
,
Ochian
,
Hionam
▪
Paguia
,
Tuitan
,
Quinchen
,
Chagnian
,
Susnam
,
and
Quinsay
,
in
which
are
Computed
591
Cities
,
1593
Walled
Towns
,
4200
Unwalled
Towns
,
and
1154
Castles
;
the
whole
Countrey
being
accounted
3000
Leagues
in
Circumference
,
reaching
from
130
to
160
Degrees
of
Longitude
,
and
from
the
Tropick
of
Cancer
to
the
53
Degree
of
Latitude
,
lying
under
all
the
Climes
from
the
Third
to
the
Ninth
,
so
that
the
Air
is
very
Temperate
and
Healthful
,
by
which
the
Natives
are
for
the
most
part
exempted
from
Sickness
,
and
live
to
an
extream
Age
:
As
for
the
Riches
and
Fertility
,
it
is
very
much
,
even
to
admiration
,
the
people
being
very
Industrious
,
and
the
Soil
as
suitable
;
so
that
in
many
places
they
have
two
,
and
in
most
parts
three
Harvests
in
a
Year
,
nor
do
they
spare
to
Plant
and
Sow
,
the
best
of
all
kinds
they
can
compass
.
The
chief
Commodities
coming
from
hence
are
Pearls
,
Bezora
Stones
,
Wooll
,
Cotton
,
Olives
,
Wine
,
Flax
,
Metals
,
Fruit
,
China
Ware
of
sundry
kinds
,
Stuffs
,
Carpets
,
Embroideries
,
Musk
,
Amber
,
&c.
The
People
are
of
a
Swarthy
Complexion
,
especially
those
living
towards
the
Southern
parts
,
short
Nosed
,
black
Eyed
,
with
thin
Beards
,
wearing
long
Garments
,
with
loose
Sleeves
,
and
Hair
at
its
full
growth
;
they
are
much
given
to
often
eating
,
but
then
they
do
it
very
sparingly
,
not
touching
their
Victuals
with
their
hands
,
but
take
it
with
a
Fork
made
of
Ebbony
or
Ivory
,
from
whom
the
Europeans
learned
the
Fashion
.
The
Men
are
very
Jealous
of
their
Wives
,
insomuch
that
they
will
not
suffer
them
to
go
abroad
,
nor
sit
at
the
Table
with
them
if
any
Stranger
be
there
,
unless
some
very
near
Kinsman
;
however
they
permit
them
to
go
as
Gay
as
they
please
about
the
House
,
and
one
Trick
has
been
brought
into
a
Custom
,
to
prevent
their
desiring
to
ramble
,
the
which
is
by
the
hard
binding
up
their
Feet
when
Children
,
to
render
them
small
,
that
being
accounted
the
greatest
Ornament
or
Beauty
,
so
that
being
Cripled
by
that
means
,
they
cannot
go
without
pain
.
As
for
their
dead
,
they
bury
them
in
Fields
fifteen
days
after
their
decease
:
They
that
are
buried
within
the
Walls
of
Cities
,
&c.
being
by
them
accounted
most
miserable
.
Knowledge
they
have
of
the
Deity
,
and
some
marks
and
foot-steps
of
Christianity
is
remaining
amongst
them
,
but
so
obscured
,
that
they
live
for
the
most
part
after
the
manner
of
the
ancient
Gentiles
,
offering
Sacrifices
to
the
Devil
,
thereby
to
appease
him
,
that
he
should
do
'em
no
Mischief
;
and
will
needs
have
the
date
of
their
Actions
,
or
the
beginning
of
their
Kingdom
,
long
before
the
Wor●d
was
made
,
telling
many
strange
and
incredible
Stories
about
the
Creation
,
&c.
In
their
Building
,
and
indeed
in
all
their
Actions
,
they
are
very
neat
,
and
the
Countrey
so
populous
,
though
the
Wars
with
the
Tartars
have
somwhat
lessened
the
number
;
that
some
of
their
Kings
have
brought
a
Million
of
People
into
the
Field
,
and
has
seldom
less
,
than
1000
Ships
of
War
,
though
of
no
great
Service
,
in
a
readiness
,
and
10000
lesser
Vessels
on
several
Rivers
,
for
carrying
of
Goods
and
Merchandise
from
place
to
place
;
yet
so
jealous
are
they
of
Strangers
prying
into
their
Affairs
,
that
in
some
Cities
't
is
Death
for
any
but
a
Native
to
lodge
a
Night
within
the
Walls
,
nor
is
he
permitted
in
the
day
time
to
enter
,
without
giving
his
name
to
a
Publique
Notary
,
which
when
he
returns
,
he
must
see
crossed
out
,
or
where
ever
he
is
found
,
he
suffers
for
it
.
The
Towns
and
Cities
are
too
Numerous
to
be
particularly
recited
,
but
the
principal
are
Quinsay
,
100
Miles
in
Circuit
,
with
a
Lake
of
30
Miles
compass
within
the
Walls
,
in
the
middle
of
which
is
an
Island
,
where
the
Emperor
(
as
he
stiles
himself
)
has
a
Magnificent
Pallace
,
and
is
thought
to
contain
Two
millions
of
People
.
Pequin
or
Pekin
,
not
much
inferiour
to
the
former
in
bigness
,
but
nothing
in
Trade
,
and
all
the
Countrey
is
so
free
from
Hills
or
Mountains
,
that
the
Chinese
ride
in
Charriots
made
of
Reeds
,
or
Canes
,
which
by
the
help
of
Sails
is
driven
by
the
Wind
,
as
if
drawn
by
Horses
,
or
floating
upon
the
Water
.
As
for
the
Rivers
,
they
are
but
few
,
and
those
proceed
from
great
Lakes
,
as
wanting
hills
to
give
them
Springs
;
the
principal
are
Aspthara
,
Senus
,
Ambactu
,
and
Cotiaris
,
all
Navigable
;
and
have
over
them
a
great
Number
of
Bridges
,
the
Arches
of
some
of
them
rising
so
high
,
that
a
Ship
under
Sail
may
pass
with
as
much
ease
as
a
Boat
:
And
as
for
the
Customs
arising
by
Trade
,
they
are
so
great
,
that
no
Prince
whatsoever
receives
so
much
upon
the
like
occasion
.
East
India
described
,
in
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
&c.
INDIA
the
largest
Tract
in
the
World
,
going
under
one
entire
name
or
denomination
,
except
Tartary
and
China
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Oriental
Sea
,
and
a
part
of
China
;
on
the
West
with
the
Dominions
of
the
Persian
Sophy
;
and
on
the
North
with
Branches
of
Mount
Taurus
,
that
divide
it
from
Tartary
;
and
on
the
South
with
the
Indian
Ocean
:
The
whole
Countrey
(
as
most
considerate
persons
affirm
)
taking
its
name
from
the
River
Indus
,
the
most
famous
and
noted
in
that
part
of
Asia
;
tho
some
will
have
it
to
be
so
called
from
the
end
or
furthest
extent
of
Asia
,
and
is
extended
from
106
to
159
degrees
of
Longitude
,
and
from
the
Equinoctial
or
Equator
,
to
44
degrees
of
North
Latitude
,
as
to
the
main
Continent
,
tho
some
Islands
reckoned
within
the
compass
of
India
,
extend
to
9
degrees
South
Latitude
.
This
Countrey
,
to
give
it
its
due
,
is
in
most
parts
exceeding
pleasant
and
flourishing
,
enjoying
healthful
and
Temperate
Air
,
unless
at
some
Seasons
,
when
the
heat
is
excessive
in
the
Southern
parts
,
the
Summer
continuing
there
much
longer
than
with
us
,
so
that
they
have
in
a
manner
Two
Summers
giving
a
double
increase
;
so
that
they
want
nothing
fit
for
the
sustaining
the
Life
of
Man
,
or
whatever
may
tend
to
Recreation
or
Delight
:
The
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
generally
abounding
with
Precious
Stones
,
Spices
,
Perfumes
,
Medicinals
,
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
and
Minerals
of
all
other
kinds
,
Copper
and
Lead
excepted
;
and
that
they
may
not
so
abound
as
to
reject
the
Traffick
of
other
Countries
,
they
are
deficient
in
Wheat
and
Vines
,
and
have
but
few
Horses
;
the
Creatures
they
use
for
Service
,
being
Camels
,
Elephants
,
and
Dromedaries
,
with
other
Creatures
of
lesser
note
:
Though
the
Woods
,
Plains
,
and
Rivers
abound
with
Tygers
;
some
Lyons
,
Rhinocerots
,
Apes
,
Serpents
,
and
Crocodiles
;
and
in
the
Seas
are
found
Whales
of
a
monstrous
size
,
as
66
Cubits
in
length
and
20
in
thickness
,
with
lesser
Fish
of
sundry
forms
,
not
found
in
the
European
Seas
,
nor
perhaps
in
any
other
.
The
Natives
of
India
are
different
,
according
to
the
Climates
they
inhabit
;
but
in
general
of
a-Swarthy
Complexion
,
Tall
of
Stature
,
Strong
of
Body
,
and
in
most
places
very
much
Civiliz'd
,
and
Exact
Dealers
;
and
altho
the
common
sort
are
but
meanly
clad
,
and
many
only
with
Garments
capable
of
hiding
their
Privities
,
and
others
meerly
for
Decency
,
yet
those
of
the
better
rank
observe
a
Majesty
in
both
Sex
,
as
to
their
Raiment
and
Attendants
,
Perfuming
themselves
,
and
wearing
besides
Rich
Attire
,
Jewels
,
and
other
Ornaments
of
great
value
;
and
tho
the
Women
are
barred
of
that
Perfection
of
Beauty
the
Europeans
posses
,
yet
have
they
many
lovely
and
attractive
Features
,
wearing
their
Hair
long
and
loose
,
yet
covered
with
a
Veil
of
Calicut
Lawn
;
their
Ears
hung
with
Rings
and
Jewels
,
so
heavy
,
that
the
weight
distorts
and
disproportions
them
;
they
have
also
Jewels
in
their
Noses
,
according
to
their
degree
,
and
are
very
submissive
and
loving
to
their
Husbands
,
insomuch
that
they
frequently
leap
into
the
Funeral
Fires
,
and
perish
with
the
dead
Body
,
in
hopes
to
enjoy
him
in
another
World
;
those
that
refuse
it
,
being
looked
upon
worse
than
common
Prostitutes
,
and
not
only
hated
,
but
severely
persecuted
,
to
the
hazard
of
a
worse
Death
by
their
own
Relations
.
The
Religion
of
the
India's
is
mostly
that
of
Gentilism
,
tho
Mahometism
has
made
a
considerable
progress
;
and
since
the
Europeans
have
Traded
here
,
Christianity
has
considerably
prevailed
or
rather
revived
;
it
being
held
on
all
hands
that
St.
Thomas
the
Apostle
planted
the
Christian
Religion
in
these
parts
,
of
which
upon
the
first
Arrival
of
the
Portugals
,
many
marks
remained
;
and
in
this
Countrey
it
is
held
he
suffered
Matyrdom
,
being
run
through
the
Body
with
a
Spear
as
he
was
at
his
Devotion
,
by
the
Command
of
an
Indian
King
;
and
if
we
take
India
in
general
,
it
consists
of
a
mixture
of
five
sorts
of
people
more
especially
,
viz.
Indians
,
Moors
or
Arabians
,
Jews
,
Tartars
,
and
European
Christians
,
who
have
planted
divers
Colonies
on
the
Sea
Coast
,
and
in
the
Islands
,
strongly
fortifying
themselves
against
the
Power
of
the
Natives
and
other
Strangers
.
This
large
Countrey
,
especially
on
the
Continent
,
is
principally
divided
into
India
intra
Gangem
,
and
India
extra
Gangem
,
and
then
subdivided
into
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
and
the
chief
contained
in
the
former
,
are
Narsinga
,
Mallabar
,
Balassia
,
Cambaia
,
Mandoa
,
Bengala
,
Ostrian
,
Conora
,
and
Dellie
;
and
of
these
in
their
order
.
NARSINGA
lies
on
the
East
of
the
Golf
of
Bengal
,
properly
accounted
a
Kingdom
,
and
is
3000
miles
in
Compass
,
the
King
whereof
is
not
subject
to
the
Great
Mogul
,
but
for
his
support
,
and
the
defence
of
his
Countrey
,
keeps
40000
Men
in
pay
,
and
can
raise
upon
occasion
a
far
greater
Number
;
the
Countrey
is
very
fruitful
,
as
being
watered
with
many
pleasant
Streams
,
besides
what
the
Ganges
contributes
towards
it
,
and
has
for
its
Chief
City
Melleaper
,
otherwise
called
St.
Thomas
,
in
Memory
of
the
Apostle
said
to
be
Martyred
in
it
;
Bisnagar
a
Town
of
considerable
Beauty
and
Trade
;
as
also
Narsinga
,
from
whence
the
Kingdom
seems
to
take
its
Name
;
and
here
the
Women
burn
themselves
with
their
Husbands
.
MALLABAR
,
formerly
called
Aurea
Chersonesus
,
is
a
Countrey
extreamly
well
peopled
,
yielding
Corn
,
Spices
,
Cocoes
,
Jaceroes
,
and
although
it
has
not
above
25
Leagues
of
Sea
Coast
,
yet
it
has
in
its
Tract
the
Provinces
of
Kanonor
,
Calecut
,
Cranganor
,
Cochin
and
Cariolam
,
and
is
of
large
Inland
extent
;
the
people
upon
many
parts
of
the
Coast
addicting
themselves
to
Piracy
,
and
prove
very
inhospitable
to
Strangers
,
eating
Humane
Flesh
,
and
giving
their
Virgins
to
the
Priests
or
Strangers
to
be
deflowred
,
before
they
suffer
them
to
be
Bedded
by
themselves
when
Married
;
with
many
other
Barbarous
Customs
,
as
their
changing
their
Wives
,
and
their
having
sometimes
but
one
between
seven
or
eight
of
them
.
BALASSIA
,
called
the
Kingdom
of
Bocan
,
tho
but
very
small
,
is
nevertheless
famed
for
the
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
found
therein
,
by
which
the
Neighbouring
Countreys
are
enriched
,
having
for
its
Chief
Towns
Senergian
,
Balassia
,
and
Bocan
,
very
Fruitful
in
many
parts
,
and
much
Traded
to
.
CAMBAIA
,
called
by
some
Guzant
,
is
accommodated
with
500
Miles
of
Sea
Coast
,
very
Fertile
,
and
is
full
of
Cities
and
Towns
,
many
of
them
considerably
Traded
to
,
and
altho
Cattle
of
sundry
kinds
abound
here
,
the
people
are
so
Superstitious
,
that
they
will
eat
no
Flesh
,
but
live
upon
what
else
the
Countrey
affords
,
fancying
,
like
the
Pythagoreans
,
that
the
Souls
of
Men
pass
into
Beasts
,
&c.
though
they
spare
not
to
kill
the
Elephants
for
their
vory
,
and
have
for
their
Chief
Sea
Towns
,
Daman
,
Curate
,
Bandora
,
Ravellum
,
and
for
those
more
inland
Campanel
,
Tanaa
,
Mollar
,
and
Cambaia
;
the
last
giving
Name
to
the
whole
Kingdom
.
MANDOA
,
a
Province
very
Fruitful
,
and
stored
with
considerable
Towns
,
and
above
the
rest
Mandoa
,
from
which
it
takes
its
name
,
being
30
Miles
in
compass
,
and
said
to
be
so
well
Furnished
for
Defence
,
that
it
held
out
a
Twelve
years
Siege
against
the
Armies
of
very
Powerful
Kings
;
Molta
,
where
the
Women
imitating
the
Men
,
ride
a
stride
with
Boots
and
Spurs
on
,
&c.
BENGALA
,
is
a
very
large
,
and
no
less
Fruitful
Kingdom
,
lying
upon
the
great
Golf
of
the
Sea
,
to
which
it
gives
Name
,
making
120
Leagues
of
Sea
Coast
,
watered
by
the
River
Chaberis
,
on
which
are
seated
many
considerable
Inland
Towns
,
full
of
people
,
but
such
as
are
exceeding
Crafty
and
Deceitful
,
thinking
it
no
crime
to
cozen
or
over-reach
Strangers
,
nor
the
Women
to
prostitute
their
Bodies
to
any
that
will
give
them
Money
;
the
Fathers
letting
the
Daughters
to
hire
for
so
long
as
is
desired
to
do
the
Work
at
Bed
and
Board
,
it
being
the
Custom
of
the
Countrey
,
being
a
place
much
resorted
,
by
reason
of
the
rich
Commodities
found
there
,
as
Ginger
,
Long
Pepper
,
Silks
,
Cottons
,
and
others
,
&c.
As
for
the
Chief
Cities
,
they
are
Bengala
,
scituate
on
the
Bay
or
Golf
Chatigan
,
or
Satigar
,
and
Gouro
,
and
in
this
Tract
the
beast
called
the
Rhinoceros
,
is
chiefly
found
.
ORISTAN
or
Orixa
is
a
Province
not
very
large
,
yet
furnished
with
Rice
,
Cloath
of
Cotton
,
a
fine
Stuff
like
Silk
made
of
Grass
,
and
there
called
Yeva
;
Long
Pepper
,
Ginger
,
Mirabolans
,
and
other
Commodities
;
So
that
from
the
Haven
of
Orissa
25
or
30
Ships
have
been
laden
with
the
Commodities
of
this
Province
in
a
Season
;
and
here
the
people
differ
from
the
foregoing
,
as
being
very
honest
and
just
in
their
Dealings
,
and
has
for
its
Chief
City
Raman
,
where
the
Governour
for
the
Mogul
resides
.
CANORA
is
a
Kingdom
of
considerable
strength
and
largeness
,
but
famed
for
nothing
more
than
the
Quarries
of
Adamant
,
where
likewise
Diamonds
of
Considerable
Value
are
found
,
and
that
none
may
purloyn
them
,
a
Wall
is
drawn
about
the
Hill
,
and
a
Guard
set
upon
the
Gates
:
As
for
the
chief
Cities
or
Towns
,
they
are
Lispeo
,
Dangar
,
and
Vltabat
,
with
some
other
of
lesser
note
.
DELLIE
is
accounted
as
the
former
,
a
Kingdom
,
the
Prince
,
or
rather
Governour
of
it
living
in
great
State
,
and
is
so
highly
Reverenced
by
his
Subjects
,
that
they
not
only
kneel
when
he
passes
in
a
Rich
Chair
of
State
carried
on
Mens
Shoulders
,
but
upon
Notice
given
that
he
shaves
his
Beard
,
or
has
his
Hair
Cut
,
a
Jubile
is
kept
throughout
his
Countrey
:
As
for
the
Soil
,
it
is
not
very
Fruitful
,
as
lying
considerably
Northward
,
and
more
subject
to
Frosts
than
the
rest
:
It
s
Chief
City
is
Dellie
,
from
whence
the
Kingdom
takes
its
Name
;
besides
which
,
there
are
of
note
,
Fremel
,
Fultaber
and
Besmer
;
and
these
People
above
other
Indians
addict
themselves
much
to
the
study
of
Magick
.
In
this
Tract
of
Intra
Gangem
,
are
found
the
Provinces
of
Cochin
,
where
the
Portugals
hold
a
considerable
Trade
,
and
have
some
Collonies
;
Cranganor
a
small
Kingdom
,
mostly
inhabited
by
such
as
stile
themselves
the
Christians
of
St.
Thomas
,
and
is
very
plentiful
as
well
in
Product
as
Manufacture
:
Conlam
is
a
small
Dominion
of
about
80
Miles
extent
,
Governed
by
a
Petty
King
;
but
for
want
of
good
Havens
or
Sea-coast
,
not
much
Traded
to
,
though
it
comprehends
Three
and
twenty
Walled
Towns.
India
Extra
Gangem
.
IN
this
part
of
India
are
found
divers
Rich
Countreys
,
viz.
ARACHAN
,
an
Inland
Region
invironed
with
Mountains
and
Woods
,
yet
exceeding
Fruitful
,
and
in
it
are
gathered
from
the
Rough
Rocks
,
&c.
great
quantities
of
Precious
Stones
;
as
for
the
Chief
City
it
is
Arachan
.
MACHIN
a
little
Kingdom
,
wherein
grows
the
Wood
Aloes
,
much
esteemed
and
valued
,
and
has
Machin
for
its
Chief
City
.
CAMBOIA
a
large
Countrey
full
of
People
,
abounding
with
Elephants
and
Rhinocerots
;
also
with
Gold
Silver
and
Aloes
,
and
other
Commodities
of
considerable
value
,
put
to
Sale
in
Camboia
its
Chief
City
.
COCHIN
,
China
a
Countrey
(
once
belonging
to
the
Chinese
,
but
now
under
the
Mogul
,
Governed
by
his
Deputed
King
▪
)
abounding
with
Porcelain
,
Aloes
,
Silks
,
Gold
,
Silver
,
&c.
having
its
Chief
City
of
the
same
Name
.
BRAMA
once
a
Kingdom
of
no
account
,
but
now
by
the
Conquests
the
Kings
have
made
,
it
has
under
its
power
Cal●●
,
P●o●a
,
Melinta
,
M●a●da
,
Decan
,
Tangu
,
Ava
,
Machin
,
Aracan
,
Odia
,
Pegu
,
Siam
,
and
others
;
so
that
it
is
the
most
powerful
in
this
Tract
;
and
the
City
of
Pegu
is
the
Royal
Residence
of
that
King.
SIAM
,
once
a
powerful
Kingdom
,
the
King
thereof
styling
himself
Mighty
,
but
now
,
as
before
intimated
,
it
is
Tributary
to
the
King
of
Brama
,
and
is
however
a
very
Fertil
Countrey
,
having
Malucca
for
its
Chief
City
,
possessed
by
the
Portugals
,
and
much
Traded
to
by
other
Nations
for
Spices
.
PEGV
was
formerly
so
powerful
,
that
the
Kings
thereof
have
brought
Armies
of
11
and
900000
men
into
the
Field
,
extending
their
Conquests
very
wide
,
but
now
the
good
Fortune
of
the
Bramanian
holds
it
in
subjection
.
These
are
the
places
of
chief
Note
upon
the
Continent
;
however
there
are
found
in
this
large
Tract
the
Provinces
or
Kingdoms
of
Dulsinda
,
Pengab
,
Agra
,
Sanga
,
Camboia
,
Decan
,
Botanter
,
Patanaw
,
and
Jangoma
;
many
of
them
very
spacious
,
abounding
with
Fruits
,
Cattle
,
Minerals
,
Precious
Stones
,
and
the
like
:
This
Countrey
rarely
failing
any
where
to
produce
something
worthy
of
Note
.
The
Principal
Rivers
are
Ganges
,
Indus
,
and
Hydaspes
;
the
first
in
such
esteem
with
the
Natives
,
that
they
come
many
miles
on
Pilgrimage
to
it
,
Superstitiously
imagining
,
that
if
they
drink
the
Water
of
this
River
before
they
die
,
they
shall
undoubtedly
possess
their
Imagined
Felicity
in
another
World
;
and
in
the
last
are
found
a
great
number
of
Precious
Stones
,
washed
from
the
Rocks
and
Mountains
,
by
the
sudden
Showers
;
and
to
these
Streams
above
40
considerable
Rivers
contribute
,
fatning
and
enriching
the
Soil
in
every
part
where
they
flow
.
As
for
Mountains
of
note
,
except
some
Branches
of
Ta●rus
,
there
are
but
few
.
A
Geographical
and
Historical
Description
OF
AFRICA
,
In
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
&c.
AFRICA
larger
than
Europe
,
but
less
than
Asia
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Red
Sea
and
Arabian
Bay
,
parted
by
them
from
Asia
;
on
the
West
with
the
Main
Atlantick
Ocean
,
separating
it
from
America
;
on
the
North
with
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
dividing
it
from
Europe
and
Anatolia
;
and
on
the
South
with
the
Aethiopick
Ocean
,
separating
it
from
the
Southern
Continent
;
and
joyns
only
to
Asia
by
an
Isthmus
of
60
Miles
,
over
which
Cleopatra
the
Queen
of
Aegypt
when
she
fled
with
Antony
from
the
Naval
Fight
at
Actium
,
purposed
to
draw
by
main
force
her
Ships
and
Galleys
into
the
Red
Sea
,
but
was
disswaded
from
it
,
by
being
put
in
hopes
of
a
better
Fortune
.
AFRICA
is
held
to
have
taken
its
name
from
Affro
or
Apher
,
descended
from
Abraham
,
and
is
properly
held
to
contain
Six
principal
Regions
,
besides
other
of
lesser
note
,
viz.
Barbary
,
Egypt
,
Numidia
,
Sarra
,
the
Countrey
of
the
Negro's
,
and
the
Dominions
of
Prestor
John
,
and
is
in
form
like
a
Pyramid
reversed
,
the
Basis
of
which
,
from
Tangier
to
the
Straights
of
Gibralter
,
to
the
Point
where
it
joyneth
to
Asia
,
is
counted
1920
Italian
Miles
,
the
Cone
of
it
very
narrow
,
but
to
reckon
from
the
Cone
or
Pyris
,
to
the
Northern
parts
of
the
Basis
,
it
extendeth
it self
4155
Miles
,
and
is
scituate
for
the
most
part
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
being
crossed
by
the
Equator
almost
in
the
midst
,
which
made
some
of
the
Ancient
Writers
conceive
it
not
habitable
,
by
reason
of
the
excessive
Heat
in
the
middle
and
more
southern
parts
,
in
which
they
deceived
themselves
;
for
altho
in
some
places
it
is
full
of
Sandy
Desarts
,
yet
the
greatest
part
of
those
Regions
that
lie
near
or
under
the
Line
,
are
furnished
with
so
many
Fountains
,
Rivers
,
and
little
Brooks
,
Cedars
and
other
lofty
Trees
,
casting
a
large
Shade
as
well
as
bearing
delicate
Fruits
,
and
at
all
times
stored
with
Blossoms
,
that
the
place
is
not
despicable
,
but
much
to
be
desired
,
and
especially
places
more
Northward
,
but
leaving
it
in
general
,
we
proceed
(
for
the
better
satisfaction
of
the
Reader
)
to
particulars
.
A
Description
of
Egypt
,
&c.
EGYPT
,
once
a
Famous
and
Flourishing
Kingdom
,
now
in
the
hand
of
the
Turks
;
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Idumaea
,
and
the
Arabian
Bay
;
on
the
West
with
Numidia
,
Barbary
,
and
part
of
Lybia
;
on
the
North
with
the
Mediterranean
Sea
;
and
on
the
South
with
Aethiopia
Superiour
,
containing
in
length
from
the
Mediterranean
to
the
City
of
Asua
or
Syene
bordering
on
Aethiopia
,
562
Italian
Miles
,
and
in
breadth
from
Roseta
to
Damiatia
,
or
from
the
most
Western
Branch
of
Nile
to
the
farthest
East
160
of
the
like
Miles
;
said
to
be
first
Inhabited
by
Misraim
the
Son
of
Chus
,
and
Grandchild
to
Cham
,
scituate
under
the
Second
and
Fifth
Climates
,
making
the
longest
Summers
day
but
13
hours
and
a
half
,
and
altho
by
reason
of
its
Southerly
scituation
,
it
must
consequently
be
in
a
hot
and
sultry
Air
;
it
has
nevertheless
fresh
Gales
of
Wind
to
temperate
it
,
and
once
a
Year
〈◊〉
over-flowing
of
the
River
Nilus
,
which
renders
it
so
Fruitful
,
that
it
abounds
with
rich
Pastures
,
store
of
Camels
,
Horses
,
Oxen
,
Asses
,
Sheep
and
Goats
of
extraordinary
growth
;
also
with
infinite
store
of
Wild
and
Tame
Fowl
,
with
plenty
of
Minerals
,
Precious
Stones
,
Wine
,
Choice
Fruits
,
as
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Citrons
,
Pomegranats
,
Cherries
,
&c.
and
has
Palm
Trees
in
great
numbers
growing
Male
and
Female
,
and
the
Female
bears
not
unless
she
grows
by
the
Male
;
a
Tree
universally
useful
,
as
serving
to
above
twenty
ends
.
As
for
the
People
,
they
are
of
a
Swarthy
or
Tawny
Complexion
,
very
much
inured
to
Labour
,
tho
the
Countrey
yields
great
Encrease
of
its
own
accord
;
very
servile
and
obedient
to
their
Conquerers
,
who
Lord
it
over
them
;
the
Richer
sort
generally
addicting
themselves
to
Necromancy
and
Sorcery
,
and
are
said
first
to
Teach
the
use
of
Letters
to
the
Phaenicians
,
though
the
Magi
,
and
those
that
were
stiled
their
Priests
,
strugled
all
that
in
them
lay
to
obscure
Learning
,
by
representing
the
meaning
of
what
they
intended
to
express
in
Hieroglyphicks
,
shadowing
it
under
divers
forms
of
Birds
and
Beast
,
&c.
and
here
are
to
be
found
the
Ruins
of
mighty
Structures
,
as
the
Pyramids
and
Tower
of
Pharo's
built
of
Marble
,
exceeding
high
,
nightly
hung
with
Lights
,
as
a
Sea-mark
to
Sailors
,
and
many
other
rare
Matters
to
demonstrate
the
Magnificence
of
a
Plenteous
Kingdom
.
As
for
the
Cities
of
Egypt
,
they
are
generally
built
upon
Hills
or
high
rising
Ground
,
to
stand
dry
during
the
over-flowing
of
Nilus
,
from
whose
Waters
the
Countrey
receives
its
Fertility
;
so
that
whilst
it
carries
its
Stream
over
the
Land
,
they
Commerce
with
each
other
by
little
Boats
,
which
beginning
on
the
15th
of
June
,
lasts
40
days
,
standing
15
Cubits
in
many
places
,
and
in
40
more
gathers
its
Waters
within
the
Banks
,
by
which
means
the
Earth
is
so
well
tempered
(
for
in
this
Kingdom
there
falls
no
Rain
)
that
the
Encrease
is
sixty
and
eighty
fold
,
their
Harvest
being
commonly
in
our
March
and
April
;
and
if
the
River
flows
too
scanty
or
too
immoderate
,
then
it
betokens
scarcity
or
some
misfortune
to
the
Prince
,
Governour
,
or
State
,
and
whilst
its
Waters
are
abroad
,
which
at
the
first
issuing
create
a
Plague
for
the
space
of
a
day
:
The
Cattle
feed
on
the
Hills
;
and
when
the
Famine
was
here
in
the
Reign
of
Pharaoh
,
this
River
refused
to
pass
its
bounds
,
or
give
any
Assistance
to
the
Thirsty
Land
.
This
Countrey
was
formerly
divided
into
two
parts
,
viz.
Delta
and
Thebais
;
the
first
lying
between
the
two
extream
Branches
of
the
River
Nilus
,
in
form
of
the
greek
Letter
,
from
whence
it
takes
it's
name
,
and
the
last
taking
name
from
the
City
of
Thebes
,
containing
all
the
rest
of
the
Rivers
Course
;
and
these
again
with
some
odd
Angles
,
are
divided
by
some
into
many
Parts
,
Shires
,
or
Counties
,
and
is
said
in
the
time
of
King
Amasis
the
Second
to
contain
20000
Cities
,
Towns
,
and
considerable
Castles
,
but
now
a
far
less
number
,
as
being
ruined
in
their
several
Wars
,
&c.
they
being
Cairo
or
Grand
Cair
,
Alexandria
,
Pelusium
,
since
called
Damiatia
,
taken
and
possessed
by
the
Christians
in
the
Holy
War
,
yet
held
out
so
obstinately
upon
the
Siege
,
that
70000
persons
died
of
the
Famine
and
Pestilence
:
Heros
or
Heroum
,
scituate
on
the
Arabian
Isthmus
,
at
the
very
bottom
of
the
Golf
,
where
Jacob
and
Joseph
had
their
first
interview
:
Heliopolis
,
the
City
of
the
Sun
,
now
called
Betsames
in
the
Land
of
Goshen
:
Arsinoe
,
on
the
Shoar
of
the
Red
Sea
,
Cleopatris
built
by
Queen
Cleopatra
:
Gleba
Rubra
,
by
the
Greeks
called
Hierabolus
,
and
sometimes
Erithia
Bolus
,
of
which
there
goes
a
Story
,
That
King
Amenophis
the
Fifth
being
Blind
,
was
informed
by
one
of
his
Magi
,
that
if
he
could
procure
the
Water
or
Urine
of
a
Woman
that
had
been
Married
a
Twelve-month
and
upward
,
who
had
known
no
Man
but
her
Husband
,
it
would
restore
him
to
Sight
,
when
having
tried
in
vain
a
great
number
,
at
last
one
was
found
,
whose
Urine
effected
it
,
upon
which
he
took
her
as
a
mark
of
Honour
,
to
be
his
Queen
,
and
caused
the
rest
to
be
brought
into
this
Town
,
and
to
be
burnt
together
with
it
.
As
for
the
Egyptians
,
they
are
a
great
many
of
them
Mahometans
,
and
some
maintain
their
first
Idolatrous
Custom
,
in
Worshipping
an
Ox
,
Onions
,
Leeks
,
and
other
Foolish
Matters
,
and
when
they
have
a
great
Increase
,
they
Offer
to
the
God
Nilus
,
as
they
term
the
River
,
in
which
Feast
the
poorer
sort
spend
almost
all
they
have
Laboured
for
through
the
course
of
the
Year
;
and
indeed
,
this
Country
in
Fruitfulness
,
occasioned
by
that
River
,
affords
them
no
small
Store
,
alluding
to
which
,
thus
the
Poet
Lucan
;
Terra
suis
contenta
bonis
,
non
indiga
Mercis
,
Aut
Jovis
;
in
solo
tanta
est
Fiducia
Nilo
.
The
Earth
content
with
it
's
own
Wealth
doth
crave
No
Forreign
Wares
,
nor
Jove
himself
they
have
,
Their
Hope
's
alone
in
Nilus
Fruitful
wave
.
And
one
thing
extraordinary
in
this
Kingdom
,
we
think
not
fit
to
pass
by
,
which
if
true
(
as
indeed
it
is
confirmed
by
People
of
known
Credit
)
may
justly
create
a
wonder
in
all
,
coming
to
pass
by
a
supernatural
means
,
and
not
the
work
of
Art
and
Nature
,
viz.
about
five
Miles
from
Cair
,
there
is
said
to
be
a
place
which
every
Good
Friday
shews
the
appearance
of
the
Heads
,
Legs
,
Arms
,
&c.
of
Men
and
Children
,
as
if
rising
out
of
the
Ground
,
to
a
very
great
Number
;
however
if
any
Person
approach
them
,
they
shrink
in
again
:
A
strange
forerunner
,
or
earnest
,
if
true
,
of
the
Resurrection
of
the
whole
Body
,
presented
Yearly
by
the
rising
of
the
Members
;
and
to
confirm
the
Truth
hereof
,
Stephen
Dupleis
(
held
to
be
a
sober
discerning
Man
)
affirms
to
be
an
Eye
Witness
of
the
Wonder
,
and
that
he
had
touched
diverse
of
the
rising
Members
,
and
as
he
was
once
about
to
do
it
to
the
Head
of
a
Child
,
a
Carian
forbad
it
,
telling
him
he
knew
not
what
he
did
.
Another
Wonder
is
the
Crocodile
,
which
coming
from
a
small
Egg
,
not
exceeding
the
bigness
of
a
Turkies
,
grows
to
be
30
Feet
in
length
and
proportionable
in
thickness
,
living
at
Pleasure
in
the
Water
,
or
on
the
Land
,
destroying
not
only
Fish
,
but
Men
and
Beasts
;
and
with
these
the
Nilus
abounds
,
as
also
with
a
Fish
called
the
River
Horse
;
and
thus
much
for
Egypt
.
A
Description
of
Barbary
.
BARBARY
,
(
a
considerable
part
of
Africk
,
so
called
)
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Cyrenaica
;
on
the
West
with
the
Atlantick
Ocean
;
on
the
North
with
the
Streights
of
Gibraltar
,
and
some
part
of
the
Atlantick
Ocean
;
on
the
South
with
Mount
Atlas
,
separated
by
that
Mount
from
the
Desarts
of
Lybia
,
scituate
under
the
third
and
fourth
Climates
,
so
that
the
longest
Summers
Day
in
the
most
Southern
parts
,
amounts
to
13
Hours
3
Quarters
,
but
in
the
North
4
and
a
Quarter
,
accounted
in
Length
1500
Miles
,
and
in
Breadth
in
some
places
100
,
and
in
others
near
300
Miles
,
taking
its
Name
from
the
Word
Bar
made
double
signifying
in
the
Saracens
Language
a
Desart
.
The
Part
of
Barbary
lying
towards
the
Mediterranean
,
is
full
of
craggy
Hills
and
Mountains
,
shaded
on
the
Top
with
Woods
,
where
Lyons
and
other
Beasts
of
Prey
shelter
themselves
,
though
the
Valleys
are
very
Fruitful
,
but
deficient
in
Wheat
,
insomuch
that
the
Inhabitants
Eat
Barley
Bread
,
yet
between
these
and
Mount
Atlas
,
the
Country
is
Champian
,
watered
with
many
Pleasant
Rivers
,
issuing
from
that
Mountain
,
rendering
the
Soil
rich
and
fertile
,
so
that
it
affords
great
store
of
Plums
,
Pears
,
Figs
,
Cherries
,
Apples
of
sundry
Kinds
,
Oyl
,
Honey
,
Sugar
,
and
some
Mines
of
Gold
,
called
Barbary
Gold
,
being
the
finest
of
all
other
:
And
Pliny
reports
that
near
Leptis
we
may
behold
a
Date
Tree
over-shadowing
an
Olive
,
and
under
the
Olive
a
Fig-Tree
,
and
under
the
Fig
,
a
Pomegranate-Tree
,
and
under
that
a
Vine
,
and
under
the
the
Vine
,
Pease
or
Corn
,
&c.
all
Flourishing
at
the
same
time
,
and
this
they
do
the
rather
,
that
they
may
shelter
each
other
from
the
heat
of
the
Sun.
The
People
are
of
a
Dusky
Colour
,
inclining
to
Blackness
,
held
to
Descend
from
the
Arabians
,
so
that
the
Language
they
Speak
in
most
parts
is
the
Arabick
,
or
so
bordering
upon
it
that
it
may
be
easily
understood
,
and
are
Impatient
of
Labour
,
Covetous
of
Honour
,
Crafty
and
Deceitful
,
yet
studious
in
matters
of
their
Law
,
and
some
Sciences
,
more
especially
Philosophy
and
the
Mathematicks
,
and
are
in
Religion
generally
Mahometans
;
they
are
also
stately
of
Gate
,
exceeding
Mistrustful
,
Implacable
in
their
Hatred
,
and
Jealous
beyond
compare
;
for
the
Women
indeed
are
comely
of
Body
,
well
Featured
,
delicate
,
soft
Skinn'd
,
and
want
nothing
but
Colour
to
make
them
Accomplish'd
Beauties
;
nor
has
this
Country
failed
to
produce
Persons
,
not
only
Famous
for
Arts
and
Arms
,
but
for
Piety
and
Learning
,
as
,
Amilcar
,
Hannibal
,
Septimus
Severus
,
Massinissa
,
Tertullian
,
Cyprian
,
Arnobius
,
Lactantius
,
Augustine
,
and
others
of
no
less
Note
;
and
here
once
Ruled
Queen
Dido
in
the
Famous
City
of
Carthage
,
which
City
so
long
and
strongly
contended
with
Rome
for
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
but
at
last
was
destroyed
through
the
Importunity
of
Cato
,
at
which
time
there
was
found
in
it
(
notwithstanding
the
charge
of
a
tedious
War
)
470000
pound
weight
of
Silver
.
As
for
the
whole
Country
,
called
Barbar
,
it
was
Divided
into
7
Parts
,
viz.
Africa
Propria
,
called
also
Zugitania
,
Byzantena
,
Tripolitana
,
Numidia
,
Mauritania
,
Caesariensis
,
Sitisensis
,
and
T●●gitania
,
under
diverse
Kings
and
Governours
,
who
then
held
it
as
Tributaries
to
the
Roman
Emperors
,
but
since
reduced
to
four
Divisions
,
viz.
Tunis
,
Tremesen
or
Algiers
,
Fesso
,
and
Morocco
;
and
of
these
in
their
order
.
TVNIS
is
accounted
a
Kingdom
,
containing
whatever
the
Antients
called
Africa
Propria
,
or
Minor
,
and
Numidia
Antiqua
,
the
Air
very
Temperate
,
considering
the
degree
it
lyes
in
;
the
Soil
very
Fruitful
,
divided
again
into
5
parts
,
viz.
Bugia
,
Constantia
,
Tunis
,
Tripoley
and
Ezab
,
accommodated
with
many
curious
Havens
,
the
chief
being
Tripoley
,
where
the
Turkish
Bassa
resides
;
and
Tunis
a
considerable
City
giving
Name
to
the
Kingdom
,
supposed
to
be
founded
on
the
ruins
of
the
Antient
Carthage
;
and
hath
in
it
a
Temple
of
singular
Beauty
and
Greatness
.
TREMESEN
,
or
the
Kingdom
of
Algiers
,
commonly
called
Argie
,
now
in
the
hands
of
the
Piratical
Turks
;
has
for
its
chief
City
Algiers
,
from
which
the
Country
takes
its
name
,
Scituate
near
the
Sea
in
the
form
of
a
Triangle
with
a
Haven
,
but
neither
great
nor
secure
from
the
fury
of
the
North
Winds
;
though
the
City
is
strong
and
beautiful
,
having
not
only
in
it
spacious
Inns
,
but
Baths
,
and
Mosques
,
very
commodious
and
sumptuous
;
and
here
every
Trade
takes
a
Street
to
themselves
;
the
Streets
standing
even
one
above
another
,
upon
the
rising
of
the
Hill
;
which
renders
it
a
very
pleasant
prospect
,
to
such
as
sail
by
it
,
and
the
Harbour
or
Mole
defended
with
strong
Castles
,
and
other
works
,
which
render
the
Approach
inaccessible
and
was
formerly
a
place
to
which
Merchants
traded
;
but
now
only
a
nest
of
Pirates
,
studying
and
striving
all
they
can
,
to
endamage
and
molest
,
such
as
sail
those
Straits
or
Seas
;
and
though
they
have
been
often
curbed
by
the
English
,
French
,
and
Dutch
,
&c.
and
brought
to
terms
of
Peace
;
yet
like
thorow
paced
Thieves
,
they
never
kept
it
longer
than
they
found
an
opportunity
,
to
break
it
to
their
advantage
;
and
were
in
the
year
1688
;
so
resolute
when
the
French
Fleet
lay
before
it
,
and
had
with
their
Bombs
fired
the
Town
about
their
Ears
,
not
only
to
reject
the
offer
made
,
but
in
contempt
to
that
puissant
Monarch
,
to
shoot
his
Consul
out
of
a
Mortar
,
or
piece
of
Cannon
towards
the
French
Ships
in
the
Road
,
&c.
As
for
the
Upland
Country
,
it
has
many
pleasant
Towns
and
Villages
in
it
,
abounding
with
Gardens
,
Vineyards
,
Pastures
,
Cattle
,
Corn-Fields
,
and
Fruits
of
sundry
kinds
.
FEZ
and
MOROCCO
,
are
now
joyned
under
one
King
,
who
fondly
stiles
himself
Emperor
;
and
contain
the
whole
Country
of
Mauritania
,
properly
so
called
,
which
took
its
name
from
the
Mauri
,
a
people
that
Antiently
Inhabited
it
;
and
the
first
of
these
has
Fez
for
its
chief
City
,
giving
name
to
the
Kingdom
;
and
here
was
scituate
the
City
of
Tangier
,
lately
demolished
by
the
English
,
as
not
worth
the
keeping
;
nor
is
the
Country
wanting
in
large
Forrests
,
Green
Fields
,
Vineyards
,
flourishing
Gardens
,
abounding
with
Fruits
,
and
producing
an
infinite
number
of
Cattle
,
a
breed
of
excellent
Horses
,
and
the
Mountains
many
wild
Beasts
,
watered
with
the
Rivers
Buringrug
and
Inavis
for
the
space
of
100
Miles
.
MOROCCO
is
Scituate
in
a
warm
breathing
Air
,
which
renders
the
Country
very
fertile
;
so
that
it
abounds
with
Figs
,
Dates
,
Grapes
,
Apples
,
Olives
,
Honey
,
Sugar
,
and
Cattle
;
the
whole
Country
being
divided
into
7
parts
,
viz.
Guzzula
,
Morocco
,
Hea
,
Duccala
,
Hascorasus
and
Tedles
,
all
holding
under
the
King
of
Morocco
,
and
paying
him
Tribute
,
his
Power
being
Absolute
and
Tyrannical
;
insomuch
that
he
causes
whom
he
pleases
to
be
put
to
Death
,
that
is
,
cast
to
the
Lyons
,
or
other
wild
Beasts
,
to
make
him
sport
;
nor
can
any
of
his
Subjects
,
account
what
he
has
his
own
;
as
for
the
Profession
of
Religion
these
people
make
,
it
is
Mahometism
,
though
there
are
a
great
many
Jews
,
and
some
Christians
,
living
amongst
them
;
as
for
Rivers
there
are
not
many
in
this
Country
,
the
Land
being
watered
mostly
by
Brooks
,
and
little
Springs
;
nor
do
they
know
in
most
parts
what
Winter
means
as
never
having
seen
Ice
or
Snow
,
but
what
hangs
on
the
Top
of
the
Atlas
a
huge
Mountain
,
held
to
Transcend
the
Clouds
;
the
top
of
it
Crowned
with
Pines
,
and
so
steep
and
rugged
,
that
it
cannot
but
with
great
difficulty
be
ascended
;
lying
in
the
upper
part
,
so
near
the
Cold
Region
;
that
not
withstanding
the
people
beneath
fry
with
the
scorching
heat
of
the
Sun
;
it
is
covered
with
Snow
and
Ice
:
of
which
Virgil
thus
writes
.
Atlantis
Cinctum
,
&c.
Atlas
whose
Piny
Head
,
with
Clowds
Inclosed
,
Is
to
the
Storms
of
Wind
,
and
Rain
exposed
;
Now
hides
the
Snow
his
Arms
,
now
tumbleth
down
,
Upon
his
Chinn
,
his
Beard
with
Ice
o'regrown
.
Lybia
Interior
Described
,
&c.
LYBIA
INTERIOR
,
has
for
its
Northern
bound
Mount
Atlas
,
parted
by
it
from
Barbary
and
Cyrenaica
on
the
East
;
Lybia
Marmarica
on
the
South
;
Aethiopia
Inferior
,
and
the
Land
of
Negro's
and
bounded
with
the
Atlantick
Ocean
on
the
West
distinguished
from
the
other
Lybia
by
interior
,
as
lying
more
in
the
main
Land
of
Africk
.
This
Countrey
,
however
it
anciently
was
distinguished
into
parts
,
stands
now
divided
into
Biledugerid
or
Numidia
;
Lybia
Deserta
,
or
Sarra
,
and
a
considerable
Portion
of
the
Countrey
called
Terra
Negritarum
,
or
the
Negro's
Countrey
;
and
as
for
Numidia
,
it
abounds
in
many
places
with
Cattle
,
Palm
Trees
,
and
Forrests
of
Wild
Beasts
,
not
more
Salvage
than
the
People
,
who
live
for
the
most
part
by
Rapine
and
Murther
,
inhospitable
to
Strangers
,
neglecting
Tillage
,
and
giving
themselves
up
chiefly
to
the
feeding
of
Cattle
upon
the
Mountains
,
Carrying
like
the
Tartars
their
Families
and
Tents
,
with
other
Provisions
from
place
to
place
,
by
reason
of
the
scarceness
of
Water
;
for
where
this
day
a
Spring
is
found
,
the
next
it
may
perhaps
be
sunk
again
;
yet
near
the
River
Dara
,
and
in
some
other
parts
,
the
Countrey
people
have
scattered
Villages
,
and
those
of
better
Rank
Castles
.
As
for
the
Towns
we
find
of
Note
,
they
are
or
were
Timugedit
,
Tafiletae
;
Talfet
,
a
Town
of
400
Houses
,
but
no
place
considerable
near
it
in
300
Miles
:
Techort
,
where
inhabit
the
most
Courteous
People
of
all
the
Countrey
,
and
chose
rather
to
Marry
their
Daughters
to
Strangers
than
to
Natives
,
with
some
other
of
lesser
note
,
not
worth
mention
,
as
being
exceeded
by
most
of
our
Countrey
Villages
.
LYBIA
DESERTA
,
is
a
place
so
destitute
and
poor
,
by
reason
it
mostly
consists
of
wide
Desarts
,
and
barren
Sands
,
breeding
numbers
of
Poisonous
Serpents
,
that
few
People
Inhabit
it
,
unless
Thieves
and
Robbers
,
who
live
upon
the
Spoil
of
those
that
attempt
to
pass
them
;
yet
near
the
Borders
,
where
there
is
any
Green
,
they
have
some
petty
Towns
,
such
as
go
for
Cities
in
those
Parts
,
as
Tagaza
,
20
Days
Journey
from
any
other
Peopled
Place
,
yet
affords
Veins
of
Salt
,
which
they
Exchange
for
Victuals
with
the
Tombutan
Merchants
,
or
else
must
Perish
for
want
,
and
are
many
times
over-whelm'd
with
the
Sands
,
driven
like
Clouds
upon
them
by
the
South
Wind
;
Guargata
,
Scituate
on
the
Brink
of
a
Lake
;
Huaden
,
and
Tomburaum
;
nor
was
this
Country
ever
fought
after
by
the
great
Conquerors
,
as
not
being
worth
their
Travel
,
&c.
TERR-ANIGRITARUM
,
or
the
Land
of
Negroes
,
is
partly
in
Libya
Interior
,
and
partly
without
it
,
and
is
exceeding
Hot
,
by
Reason
of
its
Scituation
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
yet
full
of
Black
People
;
and
though
a
great
part
of
it
be
Desart
,
yet
some
places
by
the
favour
of
Springs
are
so
well
knit
and
fastened
,
that
they
appear
Green
and
Flourishing
,
and
especially
those
that
lye
within
the
compass
of
the
over-flowing
of
the
River
Niger
,
insomuch
that
they
have
Pleasant
Gardens
,
Pastures
,
Corn
Fields
,
and
store
of
Cattle
,
Woods
full
of
Elephants
,
and
other
wild
Beasts
,
whose
Flesh
they
Eat
,
when
taken
by
Hunting
,
and
Clothe
themselves
with
their
Skins
,
but
have
very
few
Fruit-Trees
,
unless
such
as
bear
a
kind
of
a
Fruit
like
a
Chesnut
,
very
bitter
,
nor
have
they
,
unless
very
rarely
,
any
Rain
in
this
Country
,
but
are
supply'd
,
like
Egypt
,
by
Dews
,
and
the
over-flowing
of
Niger
.
The
People
of
this
Tract
were
so
simple
,
that
at
the
first
coming
of
the
Portugals
hither
to
trade
,
they
took
their
Ships
to
be
great
Birds
,
with
white
Wings
,
and
the
Roaring
of
their
Guns
to
be
the
Voice
of
the
Devil
;
nor
could
they
conceit
their
Bag-pipes
to
be
any
thing
but
Living
Creatures
,
and
when
they
were
permitted
to
convince
themselves
of
the
contrary
,
they
would
not
yet
be
beaten
out
of
it
,
but
that
they
were
Immediately
the
Work
of
God's
own
Hands
;
yet
are
they
very
Reverent
or
Respectful
to
their
King
,
who
exceeds
not
in
Manners
,
or
Breeding
one
of
our
Coblers
,
never
daring
when
they
come
before
him
to
look
in
his
Face
,
but
cast
their
Eyes
downward
,
and
when
they
sit
,
though
the
chiefest
of
his
Favourites
,
it
is
at
his
Feet
,
Flat
on
their
Buttocks
.
As
for
the
Religion
(
if
it
may
be
so
termed
)
of
these
Negroes
,
it
is
a
mixture
of
Idolatry
and
Mahometism
,
though
formerly
,
as
appears
by
some
footsteps
yet
left
,
Christianity
was
predominant
in
divers
parts
of
the
Land
;
and
through
this
Countrey
the
River
Nilus
passes
,
and
't
is
Watered
likewise
with
Senaga
,
a
River
arising
out
of
the
Lake
Guaga
,
little
inferior
to
the
former
,
and
has
divers
Mountains
,
as
Arualtes
,
Arangus
,
and
Deorum
Currus
,
thrusting
into
the
Sea
,
and
reaching
in
a
manner
the
Clouds
.
The
chief
Cities
of
this
Countrey
in
the
time
of
Ptolomy
,
were
Nigra
,
Thumondacana
,
Malachath
,
Seleuce
,
An●gath
,
Panagra
,
with
some
few
of
lesser
note
,
but
most
of
them
are
ruined
,
and
scarce
any
thing
but
their
names
remaining
;
however
there
are
some
crept
up
in
their
steads
,
but
those
not
many
,
as
Argina
,
Porto
Dio
Porto
del
Riscato
,
either
built
or
so
named
by
the
Portugals
.
In
this
Tract
(
for
it
is
a
very
large
one
,
taking
up
above
a
third
part
of
Africk
)
are
Guinea
,
extended
from
Sierra
Leona
in
the
10th
Degree
of
Longitude
,
to
Benin
in
the
30th
.
where
they
have
the
Juice
of
a
Tree
as
strong
as
Wine
,
as
also
Mines
of
Gold
:
A
place
very
Fruitful
,
and
much
abounding
in
Rice
,
Barley
,
Ivory
,
and
Guinea
Pepper
.
TOMBVTVM
,
a
Kingdom
of
it self
,
very
Rich
in
Mines
of
Gold
,
yet
a
greater
store
is
gained
by
his
Warring
on
his
Neighbours
;
as
also
Mell
,
Can●
,
Gialosia
,
Guber
,
Gua●gara
,
Gaoga
,
Gambra
or
G●mbea
,
Gialosi
,
Bito
,
Temiano
,
Zegzeg
,
Zaffara
,
Gethan
,
Medna
,
Daum
,
Gualta
,
Agadez
,
Cano
,
Cas●n●
,
Savaga
,
most
of
them
Petty
Princes
,
not
of
any
considerable
Note
.
BORNVM
,
a
large
and
populous
Countrey
,
accounted
500
Miles
in
Length
,
yet
mostly
Inhabited
by
keepers
of
Cattle
that
abound
here
,
by
reason
of
the
abundance
of
Pastures
;
and
here
they
use
no
Marriage
,
but
mix
together
as
they
think
convenient
,
giving
their
Children
Names
by
some
mark
or
token
of
their
Body
;
however
the
Kings
Revenues
are
great
,
his
very
Dogs
being
coupled
in
Chains
of
Gold.
BENIN
,
Eastward
of
Guinea
;
the
King
whereof
hath
600
Wives
,
with
whom
he
Marches
in
State
Twice
a
Year
to
show
them
to
Strangers
,
and
the
Subjects
following
the
Example
of
their
Prince
,
get
as
many
as
they
can
,
few
having
less
than
Ten
,
and
here
the
Men
and
Women
go
naked
till
they
are
Married
,
and
then
have
only
a
Covering
from
the
Waste
downward
,
Superstitiously
raising
the
Skin
with
three
slashes
of
a
Knife
,
from
the
Navel
to
the
Privy
Parts
,
as
a
mark
of
their
hopes
of
Salvation
.
NVBIA
,
a
considerable
Countrey
,
stretching
from
Gaoga
to
Nilus
,
has
Dangula
for
its
chief
Town
and
some
other
of
lesser
note
,
and
affords
,
amongst
other
Drugs
the
mortalest
of
Poysons
;
insomuch
that
the
tenth
part
of
a
Grain
will
dispatch
a
Man
in
a
quarter
of
an
hour
;
and
affords
moreover
Civit
,
Sugar
,
Sanders
,
Ivory
,
&c.
The
Kingdom
taking
its
Name
from
the
Nubiaea
,
a
certain
people
that
inhabit
it
,
and
is
well
refreshed
with
Rivers
and
Lakes
,
and
the
people
were
generally
Christians
,
a
strong
and
potent
Nation
,
well
Skill'd
in
War
,
in
so
much
that
Cyriacus
one
of
their
Kings
,
hearing
the
Christians
were
oppressed
in
Egypt
,
raised
an
Army
of
100000
Horse
to
succour
them
,
but
being
about
to
enter
that
Kingdom
,
to
the
great
Terrour
of
the
Turks
and
Sarazens
,
he
was
met
by
the
Patriarch
of
Alexandria
,
at
whose
Supplication
and
Entrcaty
he
returned
,
without
enterprizing
any
thing
Memorable
,
nor
has
it
been
long
since
they
,
for
want
of
Spiritual
Guides
to
strengthen
and
confirm
them
,
have
faln
off
from
the
Christian
Faith
,
and
embraced
the
Superstitions
of
Mahomet
.
Aethiopia
Superior
described
in
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
.
AETHIOPIA
SVPERIOR
has
on
the
East
Sinus
Barbaricus
,
and
the
Red
Sea
;
on
the
West
,
Lybia
Interior
and
the
Kingdom
of
Nubia
;
and
part
of
Congo
in
the
other
Aethiopia
on
the
North
;
Egypt
and
Lybia
Marmarica
on
the
South
;
the
Mountains
of
the
Moon
parting
it
from
Aethiopia
Inferiour
,
and
had
its
present
name
from
the
Grecians
,
and
is
scituate
on
both
sides
the
Equinoctial
,
extending
from
the
South
Parrallel
of
7
Degrees
to
the
North
end
of
the
Isle
Meroe
,
scituate
under
the
Fifth
Parallel
on
the
North
of
that
Circle
,
being
accounted
in
length
about
1500
Miles
,
and
in
breadth
about
half
as
much
,
in
Circumference
4300
Miles
;
containing
the
whole
Countrey
of
Aethiopia
,
as
before
limited
;
the
greatest
part
of
it
being
the
Abyssine
Empire
or
Dominion
of
Prestor
John
;
the
rest
comprehending
the
Kingdoms
of
Adel
and
Adea
,
the
Provinces
Quiola
and
Melindi
,
though
the
last
are
reckoned
parts
of
Aethiopia
Inferior
;
the
Island
of
Meroe
in
the
North
possessed
by
Mahometans
Enemies
to
Prestor
John
,
all
on
the
South
of
Nubia
and
the
West
of
Nilus
,
is
Inhabited
by
the
Anzichi
,
a
Cannibal
and
Idolatrous
People
,
who
have
a
King
of
their
own
;
and
all
the
Coast
of
the
Red
Sea
,
as
well
within
the
Coast
of
Babel-mandel
,
the
Port
of
Erocco
only
excepted
,
is
in
the
Possession
of
Moors
and
Arabians
,
who
pay
Homage
to
the
Kings
of
Adel
and
Adea
.
As
for
the
People
of
Aethiopia
,
properly
so
called
,
they
were
formerly
held
to
be
great
Astrologers
,
the
first
Ordainers
of
Sacred
Ceremonies
,
from
whom
the
Egyptians
had
their
Instructions
,
always
counted
good
Archers
,
yet
Treacherously
shooting
with
Poisoned
Arrows
;
they
go
ill
Cloathed
,
and
as
bad
Housed
,
for
the
most
part
extreamly
inclined
to
Barbarisin
,
and
unless
they
Swear
by
the
Life
of
their
Emperor
,
not
to
be
credited
in
matters
of
Weight
;
their
Colour
is
an
Olive
Tawny
,
inclining
more
to
Swarthiness
,
except
their
Emperor
,
who
as
a
mark
of
the
true
Prince
,
and
are
held
to
be
Converted
to
the
Christian
Faith
,
by
the
Eunuch
of
Queen
Candace
,
Converted
by
St.
Philip
the
Evangelist
,
which
Flourishes
amongst
them
to
this
day
,
and
comes
very
near
in
all
the
Material
Points
,
to
the
Orthodox
Religion
of
the
Reformed
European
Church
,
&c.
and
are
under
a
Patriarch
.
The
Country
of
the
Aethiops
,
is
like
all
other
Countries
in
this
Tract
,
Fruitful
in
some
Places
,
and
Barren
in
others
,
yet
it
generally
abounds
in
Rice
,
Barley
,
Beans
,
Pease
,
Sugars
,
Minerals
of
all
kinds
,
Cattle
,
viz.
Goats
,
Oxen
,
Sheep
,
Horses
;
and
have
great
store
of
Flax
and
Vines
,
yet
make
neither
Cloth
nor
Wine
,
unless
peculiarly
for
the
Emperor
,
Patriarch
,
or
great
Men
,
being
much
given
to
Sloth
;
nor
do
they
indeed
know
how
to
bring
their
Minerals
to
Perfection
,
nor
will
they
trouble
themselves
to
Fish
or
Hunt
,
tho'
the
Woods
and
Rivers
are
infinitely
stored
with
Fish
and
Venison
.
As
for
the
Provinces
comprehended
at
this
time
within
the
bounds
or
limits
of
Aethiopia
,
they
are
,
Guagere
,
Tigremaon
,
Angote
,
Damut
,
Amma
,
Bagamedrum
,
Goijami
,
Adel
,
Adea
,
Barnagassum
,
Danculi
,
D●bas
,
Fatigar
,
Xoa
,
and
Barus
;
though
not
all
,
as
I
intimated
within
the
Circuit
of
the
Abassine
Empire
;
and
of
Note
amongst
these
are
,
viz.
BARNAGOSVM
Scituate
upon
the
Red
Sea
,
extending
from
Suachen
,
almost
to
the
Mou●●
of
the
Streights
,
and
hath
for
its
Sea
Port
Frooco
,
the
only
Port
of
the
Empire
,
held
Tributary
from
the
Turks
,
who
sometimes
since
took
it
from
the
Aethiopians
,
with
the
Town
of
Suachen
,
for
which
they
pay
yearly
1000
ounces
of
Gold.
TIGRAMAON
,
lying
between
Nilus
,
Marabo
and
Angote
,
is
a
pleasant
Kingdom
,
though
of
no
great
extent
,
and
has
for
its
chief
City
Cazunia
,
supposed
to
be
the
Regal
Seat
of
Queen
Candace
,
whose
Enuch
St.
Philip
Baptized
.
ANGOTE
is
a
Province
considerably
Barren
,
lying
between
Tigramaon
and
Amare
;
insomuch
that
being
deficient
of
Gold
or
Silver
,
or
any
other
valuable
Commodities
,
Iron
,
Plate
,
or
Rings
,
and
hard
Loaves
of
Salt
,
made
to
sundry
degrees
of
bigness
,
pass
as
Current
.
XOA
is
more
Fertile
than
the
former
,
as
having
many
green
Pastures
,
where
a
great
Number
of
Cattle
Feed
,
as
likewise
abounding
with
Fruits
,
and
is
almost
in
all
parts
Grateful
to
the
Husbandman
.
FATIGAR
is
noted
for
having
in
it
a
Lake
of
that
Name
12
Miles
in
compass
,
being
on
the
Top
of
a
high
Mountain
,
from
whence
divers
Rivers
,
well
stored
with
Fish
,
descend
to
water
the
Country
.
GOIJAMI
is
famed
for
the
Mines
of
Gold
found
,
as
also
for
the
Unicorn
,
who
makes
his
abode
in
the
Hills
of
the
Moon
,
large
Mountains
so
called
,
because
the
Moon
upon
her
rising
,
appears
first
from
behind
them
to
that
Country
;
and
although
the
Beasts
are
rarely
taken
by
reason
of
their
Swiftness
,
yet
their
Horns
,
so
famous
for
expelling
Poison
are
found
,
which
at
a
certain
Period
of
Time
they
shed
.
GVGERA
,
otherways
Meroe
,
is
an
Island
of
which
we
intend
to
speak
hereafter
;
and
in
this
Country
is
found
the
Hill
Amara
,
which
is
a
Days
Journey
to
ascend
,
and
30
Miles
in
compass
,
in
Form
round
,
and
on
the
top
of
it
are
sundry
pleasant
Plains
and
Pallaces
,
the
Air
being
much
cooler
than
that
beneath
,
and
here
the
Princes
of
the
Blood
dwell
.
As
for
the
Emperors
Stile
,
by
reason
of
the
strangeness
of
it
,
we
think
fit
to
insert
it
,
viz.
P.
I.
Supream
of
his
Kingdoms
,
and
the
Beloved
of
God
,
the
Pillar
of
Faith
,
sprung
from
the
Stock
of
Judah
,
the
Son
of
David
,
the
Son
of
Solomon
,
the
Son
of
the
Column
of
Sion
,
the
Son
of
the
Seed
of
Jacob
,
and
the
Son
of
the
Hand-maid
of
Mary
,
the
Son
of
Nahu
,
after
the
Flesh
,
the
Son
of
St.
Peter
,
and
St.
Paul
,
after
the
Spirit
,
Emperor
of
the
higher
and
lesser
Aethiopia
,
and
of
the
most
mighty
Kingdoms
,
Dominions
,
and
Countries
of
Xoa
,
Goa
,
Caffares
,
Fatigar
,
Angote
,
Balignazo
,
Adea
,
Vangue
,
Goijami
,
(
where
are
the
Fountains
of
Nile
)
Amara
,
Banguamedron
,
Ambea
,
Vangucum
,
Tigremean
,
Sabaim
,
(
the
Birth-place
of
the
Queen
of
Saba
)
Barnagosum
;
and
Lord
of
all
the
Region
unto
the
Confines
of
Egypt
.
And
is
said
to
have
for
his
Arms
,
a
Lyon
Rampant
,
in
a
Field
Or
,
with
this
Motto
,
viz.
The
Lyon
of
the
Tribe
of
Judah
shall
overcome
.
Which
gives
many
occasion
to
think
,
he
either
descended
of
the
Jewish
Race
,
from
the
Stock
of
David
,
or
from
the
Off-spring
of
the
Queen
of
Sheba
,
or
Saba
,
called
the
Queen
of
the
South
,
supposed
to
be
Begotten
by
Solomon
;
but
leaving
these
Conjectures
to
those
that
are
disposed
to
make
a
more
strict
Inquiry
into
them
,
we
proceed
to
the
Inferior
Aethiopia
.
Aethiopia
Inferior
Described
,
in
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
&c.
AETHIOPIA
Inferior
has
on
the
East
the
Red
Sea
;
on
the
West
the
Aethiopick
Ocean
;
on
the
North
the
Higher
Aethiopia
,
and
Terra
Nigritarum
;
and
on
the
South
the
Main
Ocean
,
parting
it
from
Terra
Australis
Incognita
;
being
lower
in
Scituation
than
the
former
;
a
Country
but
little
known
to
the
Ancients
,
but
since
more
fully
Discovered
,
and
is
divided
properly
into
4
Parts
,
viz.
Zang●bar
,
Monomotapa
,
Cafraria
,
and
Manicongo
;
and
as
for
the
People
,
they
differ
little
from
the
other
Aethiopia
,
either
in
Customs
or
Manners
,
going
Clad
with
striped
Plads
,
or
Skins
of
Beasts
,
part
Mahometans
and
part
Idolaters
.
ZANGEBAR
is
a
Country
Low
and
Fenny
,
by
reason
of
the
over-flowing
of
the
Rivers
,
and
so
pestered
with
Woods
and
Forrests
,
that
for
wa●
of
the
free
motion
of
the
Air
it
is
very
unwholsome
;
and
so
little
are
the
people
skilled
in
Shipping
,
that
the
Moors
who
dwell
on
the
Sea
Coasts
use
to
adventure
in
little
Vessels
sowed
together
with
Leather
Thongs
,
and
Caulk'd
with
Gum
,
having
no
other
Sails
than
the
Leaves
of
Palm
Trees
;
and
this
Province
contains
15
lesser
Provinces
,
as
Melindi
,
Mombaza
,
Quiola
,
Mosambique
,
a
very
Fruitful
,
Populous
Countrey
;
Sofala
,
supposed
the
Ophir●
of
Solomon
for
its
store
of
Gold
,
Ivory
,
and
other
Rich
Commodities
;
Moenhemago
or
Monemug
,
an
Inland
Province
,
affording
Mines
of
Gold
,
which
the
People
barter
with
the
Portugals
for
Silks
,
Taffata's
,
and
the
like
,
Moeneremage
,
Corova
,
Calen
,
Anzuga
,
Mombira
,
Mombiza
,
Bandi
,
Monzala
,
Ma●oas
,
Benda
and
Embreo
,
and
has
for
its
Chief
Cities
or
Places
of
resort
,
Mombaza
,
Ampaza
,
both
taken
by
the
Portugals
;
Quiola
,
Mosambique
,
Safola
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
;
and
in
this
Region
are
divers
Cannibals
of
a
black
and
horrid
Aspect
,
who
War
upon
their
Neighbours
for
no
other
end
than
that
they
may
eat
them
when
they
take
them
Captive
;
and
amongst
others
,
having
taken
Mombaza
,
they
made
a
great
Feast
of
the
King
and
such
Citizens
as
escaped
not
their
hands
,
and
would
have
no
Commerce
held
with
them
,
were
not
their
Countrey
exceeding
Rich.
MONOMOPATA
lies
mostly
upon
the
Sea
,
and
is
in
Circuit
3250
Italian
Miles
;
the
Air
very
Temperate
,
and
wholsome
and
pleasant
,
and
is
Watered
with
the
Rivers
,
Panami
,
Aurug
,
Luanga
,
Mangeano
,
in
whose
Sands
is
found
much
Gold
,
and
as
for
the
people
of
this
Tract
,
they
are
black
of
Complexion
,
mean
of
Stature
,
swift
of
Foot
,
and
very
strong
,
covering
themselves
only
with
Cotton
Cloath
,
and
diet
upon
Flesh
,
Fish
,
Milk
,
Rice
and
Oyl
of
Susiman
,
being
Pagans
in
Religion
,
Worshipping
a
God
called
Mozimo
,
yet
invisible
,
for
they
hate
Idols
;
and
here
above
all
Countreys
in
Africk
,
the
Women
have
the
greatest
priviledges
.
They
punish
Theft
,
Adultery
,
and
Witch-craft
with
Death
,
yet
have
no
Prisons
,
but
execute
the
Offenders
as
soon
as
taken
;
and
the
lesser
Provinces
into
which
this
greater
is
divided
,
are
Motuca
,
Rich
in
Mines
of
Gold
,
Torra
or
Butna
,
Boro
,
Quiticut
,
Inhambran
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
they
being
all
very
Fruitful
,
but
most
famed
for
their
Mines
of
Gold
;
but
their
Towns
are
very
inconsiderable
,
the
people
mostly
living
in
stragling
Cotts
,
the
meaner
sort
not
suffered
to
have
any
Doors
.
CAFRARIA
,
A
third
Division
of
this
Aethiopia
,
is
a
Country
greatly
abounding
with
Herds
of
Cattle
,
Deer
,
Antelopes
,
Baboons
,
Foxes
,
Hares
,
●elicans
,
Ostriches
,
Herons
,
Ducks
,
Geese
,
Pheasants
,
Partridges
;
exceeding
well
watered
,
but
deficient
in
Corn
,
by
the
neglect
of
the
Natives
,
who
choose
rather
to
live
idly
upon
the
bounty
of
Nature
,
than
to
improve
it
by
Art
;
making
their
Aboads
in
Woods
and
Forrests
,
and
building
,
for
the
most
part
,
their
Houses
of
Branches
of
Trees
,
interwoven
Hurdle-waies
,
and
are
black
of
Colour
,
thick
Lipped
,
flat
Nosed
,
long
Headed
,
but
longer
Eared
,
which
reach
beneath
their
Shoulders
,
occasioned
by
their
hanging
extraordinary
Weights
in
them
for
Ornaments
,
as
Rings
,
Chains
,
&c.
And
to
render
themselves
more
beautiful
,
slash
their
Skins
in
divers
parts
,
carving
it
out
into
sundry
Forms
,
in
imitation
of
the
Antient
Britains
;
and
the
better
to
show
it
in
all
parts
,
they
go
mostly
naked
,
unless
a
piece
of
a
Beast's
Skin
over
their
Privities
;
and
those
that
go
best
attired
,
it
is
only
in
Skins
of
Beasts
,
rough
as
they
take
them
off
,
their
Dyet
being
raw
Flesh
,
and
with
the
Guts
of
Be●sts
they
adorn
themselves
,
by
hanging
them
about
their
Necks
,
and
indeed
are
altogether
Brutal
and
Bestial
.
And
in
this
Tract
live
the
Imb●ans
,
not
far
from
the
Cape
of
Good-hope
,
Tall
,
and
o●
considerable
Strength
,
living
by
War
and
Rapine
▪
feeding
on
the
Flesh
of
their
conquered
En●mies
and
dying
Friends
,
whose
Deaths
they
hasten
,
that
they
may
the
sooner
Eat
them
,
and
make
Drinking
Cups
of
their
Sculls
;
and
in
their
War
▪
they
fight
with
Poisoned
Arrows
,
and
a
long
Pol●
,
hardened
at
the
end
with
Fire
,
carrying
likewise
Fire
before
them
,
signifying
thereby
that
they
intend
to
Roast
and
Boil
all
they
shall
overcome
;
and
these
were
they
that
Eat
up
the
King
of
Mambaza
and
his
People
;
their
King
if
such
a
Monster
deserve
that
sacred
Epithete
,
accounting
himself
Lord
of
all
the
Earth
;
and
when
at
any
time
the
Heat
or
Rain
offends
him
,
he
darts
his
Poisoned
Arrows
at
Heaven
,
by
way
of
defiance
:
As
for
Towns
,
they
have
none
of
any
note
,
living
in
Hutts
,
stragling
Villages
,
aud
Woods
;
and
in
these
parts
is
the
Cape
of
Good-hope
,
frequently
touch'd
by
such
as
Sail
to
the
East-Indies
;
and
the
better
to
discover
the
customs
of
these
People
,
in
the
beastly
and
inhumane
condition
they
live
in
,
take
the
following
account
,
viz.
It
happened
that
some
English
Ships
,
in
their
way
home
from
the
Indies
,
●ortuned
to
take
two
of
the
Natives
,
near
the
Bay
of
Soldania
,
in
order
to
learn
from
them
,
when
they
could
be
brought
to
speak
English
,
a
farther
account
of
the
Country
,
and
one
of
them
,
named
Coore
,
they
brought
to
London
,
the
other
dying
by
the
way
,
when
the
better
to
please
him
,
they
not
only
arayed
him
in
fine
Cloaths
,
but
gave
him
Beads
,
Bells
,
and
other
things
,
wherein
the
Natives
of
his
Countrey
most
delighted
.
yet
not
these
,
nor
the
sumptuous
Fare
he
met
with
,
could
alter
his
inclination
,
for
he
altogether
appeared
Dogged
and
Melancholy
;
and
when
he
had
a
smattering
of
English
,
he
would
often
throw
himself
upon
the
Ground
,
in
a
melancholy
posture
,
and
passionately
cry'd
out
,
Home
go
Saldania
,
go
Coore
home
,
go
.
So
that
all
hopes
being
lost
of
bringing
him
to
any
better
manners
,
than
what
he
had
naturally
im●ibed
,
they
sent
him
back
again
by
the
next
Ships
,
and
set
him
,
to
his
no
small
joy
,
on
Shore
where
they
found
him
:
So
that
at
any
time
when
he
saw
Ships
with
English
Colours
,
he
would
come
running
to
the
Bay
with
Gut
and
Garbidg
about
his
Neck
,
to
them
,
doing
them
all
the
good
Offices
he
could
,
being
more
pleased
with
that
Beastly
manner
of
Living
than
any
other
.
MANICONGO
,
is
a
very
temperate
Region
,
free
from
extream
Colds
,
as
being
scituate
under
the
Equator
,
rendring
by
that
means
the
Soil
exceeding
fruitful
,
affording
Fruits
,
Plants
,
Herbs
,
store
of
Pasturage
;
abundance
of
Bulls
,
Cows
,
Goats
,
Hares
,
Deer
,
Elephants
,
and
Serpents
so
large
that
they
will
swallow
a
Man
;
Fowl
of
sundry
kinds
,
they
have
in
great
plenty
,
both
wild
and
tame
,
as
being
watered
with
the
Rivers
Coanza
,
Bengo
,
Barbela
,
Ambrizi
,
Dande
,
Loza
,
and
Zare
,
and
has
in
it
the
Mountains
of
Siera
,
Complida
,
the
Chrystalline
Mountain
,
where
great
store
of
Chrystal
is
found
,
the
Mountains
of
the
Sun
,
the
Mountains
of
Sal
Nitri
affording
great
quantities
of
that
kind
of
Minerals
,
and
the
Mountains
of
Cabambe
,
rich
in
Mines
of
Silver
.
And
this
Province
of
Manicongo
,
contains
sundry
lesser
;
the
King
stiles
himself
,
King
of
Bomba
,
Congo
,
Sango
,
Sundi
,
Bangu
,
Batti
,
Pemba
,
Abundi
,
Matana
,
Quisoma
,
Angolu
,
and
Cacanga
,
Lord
of
Congemes
,
Amolaze
,
Langelum
,
Anzuichi
,
Chucchi
,
and
Zoanghi
,
though
several
of
them
are
undiscovered
to
the
Europeans
,
the
whole
Coast
being
first
discovered
by
the
Portugals
,
who
o●ened
a
way
on
this
side
of
Afric
,
to
the
Wealth
of
India
in
Asia
;
and
although
the
King
of
Congo
,
has
no
other
Current
Money
but
Cockle
Shells
,
yet
his
Revenues
are
great
by
Presents
,
for
none
may
come
to
him
empty
handed
,
as
also
by
his
share
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
digged
out
of
the
Mines
;
and
in
this
Tract
are
sundry
Nations
of
Cannibals
who
greedily
devour
Mans
Flesh
,
rather
than
that
of
Beasts
,
and
of
these
there
are
the
Igges
,
or
Giachi
,
inhabiting
the
Mountains
of
the
Sun
,
the
which
though
they
have
Wives
10
or
20
a
piece
,
yet
have
they
no
Children
to
be
their
Heirs
,
for
they
unnaturally
strangle
them
as
soon
as
Born
,
and
Eat
them
as
Dainties
,
supplying
the
Decrease
in
number
by
such
as
they
take
Prisoners
of
either
Sex
,
stealing
none
under
16
or
20
years
of
Age
,
which
by
force
and
custom
they
bring
to
be
as
bad
as
themselves
,
against
whom
the
Batti
,
a
neighbouring
Province
,
keeps
70000
Men
in
Arms
,
to
prevent
the
Stealing
or
Eating
the
rest
.
Another
sort
there
are
of
these
Monsters
in
Zazichana
,
who
Eat
not
only
their
Enemies
but
their
Friends
and
Kinsfolks
;
and
if
at
any
time
they
can
make
to
the
value
of
a
penny
more
of
a
Slave
Dead
than
Alive
,
they
kill
him
,
and
cut
out
his
Body
in
Joynts
,
selling
it
publickly
in
their
Shambles
,
as
Beef
and
Mutton
with
us
;
and
when
they
have
any
that
are
Lean
,
they
fat
them
for
the
Slaughter
.
And
great
pitty
it
is
,
that
so
good
and
fruitful
a
Country
,
as
these
Regions
of
Africk
,
should
be
possessed
with
such
impious
Wretches
;
wherefore
lest
a
further
Relation
of
such
a
barbarous
People
,
should
prove
ingrateful
to
the
Reader
,
we
will
put
a
period
to
the
Discourse
of
this
Country
,
and
of
Africa
,
till
we
come
to
the
Islands
,
and
so
proceed
to
the
Description
of
America
,
the
fourth
and
last
part
of
the
World
,
yet
discovered
Continent
,
&c.
A
GEOGRAPHICAL
AND
Historical
Description
OF
AMERICA
,
In
its
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
&c.
AMERICA
,
the
fourth
Division
of
the
World
,
so
named
by
Americus
Vespucius
,
an
adventurous
Florentine
,
who
discovered
a
part
of
the
Continent
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Atlantick
Ocean
,
and
the
Virginian
Seas
,
called
Mare
del
Noort
;
on
the
West
with
the
Pacifick
Ocean
,
called
Mare
Del
Zur
;
dividing
it
from
Asia
on
the
South
,
with
part
of
Terra
Australis
Incognita
,
from
which
separated
by
a
long
narrow
Streight
,
called
the
Streight
of
Magellan
;
but
on
the
North
reaches
,
as
some
suppose
,
to
the
Artick
Pole
;
the
bounds
are
not
known
,
and
although
this
Country
has
been
but
lately
discovered
by
us
,
yet
it
is
conjectured
to
be
as
anciently
Peopled
as
Europe
it self
,
and
though
some
have
guessed
it
was
knownto
the
Antient
Greeks
Romans
and
Carthaginians
,
yet
they
are
but
Conjectures
,
only
the
Arguments
or
Probabilities
,
they
bring
to
confirm
or
strengthen
them
,
being
much
too
weak
to
hold
with
a
considering
or
Judicious
Reader
,
and
therefore
coming
to
more
certainty
,
we
must
be
impartial
,
and
ascribe
the
Honour
of
the
Discovery
of
this
great
Country
,
called
by
many
A
New
World
,
to
the
Honour
and
Memory
of
Christopher
Colon
or
Columbus
,
a
Genoese
,
born
at
Neray
in
the
Signiory
of
Genoa
,
who
being
a
man
of
considerable
Abilities
of
mind
,
could
not
upon
considering
the
motion
of
the
Sun
,
perswade
himself
but
that
there
must
in
reason
be
large
Countries
not
found
out
,
to
which
it
communicated
its
influence
,
and
being
strongly
possessed
with
these
thoughts
,
he
imparted
them
to
the
State
of
Genoa
,
in
the
year
1486
,
whereupon
he
sent
his
Brother
Bartholomew
to
propose
the
Discovery
to
Henry
the
Seventh
of
England
,
who
unluckily
,
by
the
way
,
was
taken
Prisoner
,
though
some
time
after
,
being
set
at
liberty
,
he
performed
his
Trust
,
and
was
received
with
much
chearfulness
,
insomuch
that
Columbus
was
sent
for
by
the
King
:
happy
for
the
Natives
had
they
fell
into
such
merciful
hands
;
but
Providence
otherways
ordered
it
,
for
Columbus
ignorant
of
his
Brothers
being
taken
by
the
Pyrats
,
not
hearing
any
return
or
answer
,
concluded
his
Proposals
rejected
,
and
thereupon
he
made
his
Overtures
to
the
Court
of
Castile
,
where
after
many
delays
and
six
Years
Attendance
,
he
was
furnished
with
three
Ships
,
not
for
Conquest
,
but
Discovery
,
when
having
Sailed
sixty
days
on
the
Main
Ocean
,
he
could
descry
no
Land
,
so
that
the
disheartned
Spaniards
growing
out
of
love
with
so
tedious
,
and
as
they
concluded
,
fruitless
a
Voyage
,
began
to
Mutiny
,
refusing
to
pass
any
further
,
at
what
time
,
as
fortune
would
have
it
,
Columbus
espied
a
bright
Cloud
arise
,
growing
still
more
light
,
from
which
he
gathered
,
that
they
must
ascend
from
the
Fumes
of
the
Earth
,
and
not
the
Ocean
,
whereat
taking
Courage
,
he
prevailed
with
them
to
stand
three
days
course
,
and
if
in
that
time
no
Land
was
discovered
,
he
would
engage
to
return
;
when
towards
the
end
of
the
third
day
they
espied
Fire
,
which
they
afterward
found
to
be
on
the
Coast
of
Florida
,
where
Landing
his
Men
,
he
caused
a
Tree
to
be
cut
down
,
and
making
a
Cross
,
he
erected
it
on
the
●irm
Land
on
the
Eleventh
of
October
1492
,
taking
thereby
possession
of
this
New
World
in
the
name
of
the
Spanish
King
,
finding
it
exceeding
pleasant
and
promising
,
and
so
by
degrees
proceeded
further
,
and
after
him
divers
others
,
till
they
brought
to
light
the
Kingdoms
and
Countreys
Intended
here
to
be
described
.
The
Countrey
of
America
on
the
Continent
,
is
properly
divided
into
two
great
Peninsula's
,
whereof
that
toward
the
North
is
called
Mexicana
from
Mexico
the
Chief
City
,
computed
to
be
3000
Miles
in
Circumference
;
the
South
is
called
P●ruana
,
the
Sailing
about
which
is
reckoned
17000
Italian
Miles
,
and
the
Isthmus
that
joyns
them
together
,
is
very
long
,
but
narrow
in
some
places
,
no●
above
12
Miles
from
Sea
to
Sea
,
and
in
many
not
above
17
;
called
by
the
Spaniards
the
Streights
of
Darien
,
from
a
River
of
that
name
near
the
Isthmus
,
which
Isthmus
has
been
often
proposed
to
be
cut
,
that
by
the
joyning
the
two
Seas
,
the
passage
might
be
very
much
shortened
to
China
,
and
the
Molucca's
but
never
yet
enterprized
.
The
Mexican
Province
is
properly
divided
into
the
Continent
and
Islands
.
The
Continent
containeth
the
Provinces
of
Estotiland
,
Nova
Francia
,
Virginia
,
Florida
,
Califormia
,
Nova
Gallicia
,
Nova
Hispania
,
and
Guatimalia
,
and
these
sub-divided
into
lesser
Countries
.
The
Peruan
Province
,
or
the
Southern
Peninsula
,
taking
in
some
part
of
the
Isthmus
,
hath
on
the
Continent
the
Province
of
Castela
Aurea
,
Nova
Granada
,
Peru
,
Chiele
,
Parognay
,
Brasil
,
Guiana
,
and
Paria
,
with
their
several
Members
,
and
particular
Regions
,
of
which
in
their
order
,
and
then
of
the
Islands
of
the
Universe
.
Estotiland
,
and
its
Regions
described
.
UNder
the
name
of
Estotiland
we
comprehend
the
Northern
Regions
of
the
Mexican
Province
,
as
also
those
on
the
East
;
and
't
is
bounded
Eastward
with
the
Main
Ocean
;
on
the
South
with
Canida
,
or
Nova
Francia
;
on
the
West
with
undiscovered
Tracts
of
Land
;
and
on
the
North
with
an
Inlet
or
Bay
of
the
Sea
,
called
Hudsons
Bay
,
taking
its
name
from
Henry
Hudson
an
Englishman
,
who
first
discovered
it
.
ESTOTILAND
,
properly
so
called
,
is
the
most
Northern
Region
on
the
East
side
of
America
,
the
Soil
sufficiently
inriched
by
Nature
;
the
Natives
Rude
and
void
of
Civility
,
Arts
,
or
Tractableness
,
going
many
of
them
Named
,
notwithstanding
the
extream
Cold
,
living
by
the
Flesh
of
Wild
Beasts
they
kill
in
the
Woods
,
and
is
but
little
Inhabited
but
by
the
Natives
,
by
reason
of
the
lasting
Winters
;
the
greatest
Advantage
drawn
from
this
extream
Region
,
being
the
Fishing
Trade
,
where
in
the
Rivers
at
the
Season
,
are
such
a
Number
of
Cod
,
called
New-land-fish
,
that
with
a
red
Rag
and
a
Hook
,
a
Man
may
catch
forty
or
fifty
in
an
hour
,
which
dried
and
salted
,
are
brought
into
England
and
other
parts
of
Europe
;
besides
they
Trade
sometimes
with
the
Natives
for
Feathers
,
Furs
and
Skins
of
Beasts
;
and
the
most
noted
places
(
for
Cities
you
must
expect
none
)
are
such
as
have
been
named
by
the
English
,
viz.
Prince
Henry's
Fore-land
,
Charles
Cape
,
King's
Fore-land
,
and
Cape
Wolstenham
at
the
end
thereof
,
where
the
Streights
open
in
a
large
and
spacious
Bay
,
called
Hudsons
Bay
;
but
to
come
more
Southward
,
the
next
Region
is
Terra
Corterialis
.
In
Terra
Corterialis
,
the
people
are
found
to
be
of
a
little
better
Understanding
,
Cloathing
themselves
more
decently
in
Skins
of
Beasts
,
and
such
other
Garments
as
they
can
conveniently
obtain
,
being
generally
good
Archers
,
getting
their
Provision
thereby
,
yet
Strangers
to
Towns
and
Cities
,
as
living
in
Caves
and
Swamps
,
or
fortified
Woods
,
to
which
they
gave
the
Names
of
Towns
or
Villages
;
not
Marrying
,
but
living
Common
,
most
of
them
Idolaters
,
and
those
that
are
their
Guides
,
pretenders
to
Southsaying
and
Witchcraft
,
much
delighting
in
Fish
,
which
they
eat
more
gladly
than
any
thing
▪
though
a
French
Colony
setling
here
,
have
built
some
inconsiderable
Towns
,
indifferently
Inhabited
,
as
Brest
,
Cabo-Marzo
,
Sancta
Maria
,
and
some
others
;
and
this
part
was
first
discovered
by
Sebastian
Cabot
in
the
Year
1499
,
at
the
Charge
of
King
Henry
the
Seventh
,
though
not
Improved
,
but
took
soon
after
its
name
from
Gaspar
Corterialis
a
Portugal
,
who
some
years
after
,
Sailing
upon
Discovery
,
fell
in
with
it
;
and
here
are
found
Staggs
,
White
Bears
,
and
Scut-fish
a
Yard
long
,
and
such
shoals
of
Cod-fish
upon
the
Coast
,
that
they
retard
the
Sailing
of
the
Ships
.
NEW-FOVND-LAND
,
another
part
of
this
Tract
lies
on
the
South
of
Corterialis
,
parted
from
it
by
the
Frith
or
Streight
,
called
Golfes
des
Chasteaux
,
pretty
well
Inhabited
,
though
not
free
from
the
Extremities
of
Cold
,
and
has
on
the
Coast
such
abundance
of
Cod-fish
,
Herrings
,
Salmon
,
Mussles
,
with
Pearls
in
their
Shells
,
&c.
that
it
is
to
be
wondered
at
;
as
also
Thornbacks
,
Smelts
and
Oysters
;
the
up-land
Country
well
Manured
,
producing
naturally
Roses
,
and
bears
Pease
in
extraordinary
Crops
,
Flourishing
with
Trees
of
sundry
kinds
,
as
well
for
Fruits
as
Shades
;
and
in
these
Parts
the
Natives
,
scaping
the
Bloody
Cruelty
of
the
Spaniards
,
are
pretty
Numerous
,
being
of
a
reasonable
Stature
,
broad
Eye'd
,
full
Faced
,
and
Beardless
,
their
Complexion
the
Colour
of
Oaker
,
and
their
Houses
for
the
most
part
made
of
Pol●s
,
their
Tops
meeting
together
,
and
covered
over
with
Skins
,
their
Hearth
,
or
Fire-place
in
the
middle
,
after
the
manner
of
the
Laplanders
;
their
Boats
,
with
which
they
Sail
in
the
Rivers
,
and
on
the
Sea
near
the
Shoar
,
are
made
of
the
Bark
of
a
Tree
,
that
Country
affords
,
20
Feet
in
Length
and
4
in
Bredth
,
yet
one
of
them
weighs
not
1
Hundred
Weight
;
and
on
this
Coast
are
many
curious
Bays
,
safe
for
Ships
;
and
before
this
Part
,
which
some
term
an
Island
,
as
being
divided
by
the
Frith
from
the
Continent
,
lyeth
a
long
Bank
or
ridg
of
Ground
of
many
Hundred
Leagues
extent
,
but
not
above
24
at
the
Broadest
,
and
all
about
Islands
,
called
by
some
Cabo
Baccalaos
,
from
the
Swarms
of
Cod
fish
found
about
it
,
which
by
the
Natives
are
called
Baccalaos
,
so
that
the
Bears
frequently
pull
them
out
of
the
Water
with
their
Paws
and
eat
them
:
As
for
the
Natives
(
upon
the
coming
of
the
Christians
▪
)
they
Inhabited
the
Sea-Coast
,
but
now
for
the
most
part
have
betaken
themselves
to
the
Woods
and
Fastnesses
,
and
used
to
express
their
Duty
and
Reverence
towards
their
King
,
by
stroaking
their
Foreheads
,
and
rubbing
their
Noses
which
if
the
King
accepted
,
or
was
well
pleased
with
the
Party
,
he
turned
his
Head
to
his
left
Shoulder
,
as
a
mark
of
Favour
:
And
at
this
day
the
Fishery
for
Ling
and
Cod
,
chiefly
draws
the
English
thither
,
though
some
Furrs
and
Civit
are
likewise
to
be
found
,
which
the
Colonies
there
setled
have
much
improved
.
Canada
,
or
Nova
Francia
,
Described
,
&c.
ANother
part
of
this
Tract
,
is
called
Canada
,
from
the
River
of
that
Name
that
Waters
it
;
and
New
France
,
from
a
Colony
of
French
that
settled
there
,
who
at
their
first
arrival
were
gladly
received
by
the
Natives
,
with
Singing
and
Dancing
;
and
this
part
(
as
well
as
Nova
Scotia
,
and
Norembegue
)
is
considerably
Woody
,
in
the
up-land
parts
full
of
Stags
,
Bears
,
Hares
,
Martins
,
Foxes
,
whose
Flesh
(
till
more
Civiliz'd
)
the
Natives
did
Eat
raw
,
as
they
did
their
Fish
,
only
being
dryed
in
the
Sun
,
or
Smoak'd
in
their
Hovels
;
they
have
also
Coneys
,
Land
and
Water
Fowl
in
great
Plenty
,
taking
great
Pride
in
Bracelets
and
Chains
of
certain
Shells
,
called
Esurgnie
,
which
the●
gather
on
the
Coast
;
and
here
are
many
great
Rivers
of
fresh
Water
,
which
together
with
Mountains
of
Snow
,
render
it
very
cold
,
yet
Wheat
and
●ulse
grows
pretty
kindly
,
though
but
few
Fruit
Trees
;
and
here
the
Women
Labour
more
than
the
Men
,
and
if
so
the
Man
(
who
is
allowed
two
or
three
Wives
)
dye
,
the
Widows
will
not
be
induced
to
Marry
again
,
but
continue
in
their
sort
of
Mourning
,
which
is
to
daub
the
naked
parts
of
their
Body
over
with
Coal-dust
,
for
in
some
parts
of
this
Tract
they
go
Naked
,
both
Men
and
Women
.
VIRGINIA
is
a
Country
somewhat
more
pleasant
than
what
we
have
described
;
bounded
on
the
North
with
Canada
;
on
the
South
with
Florida
;
on
the
East
with
Mare
del
Noort
;
and
on
the
West
with
the
Woods
of
the
Country
,
the
end
of
them
not
Discovered
,
and
is
a
Colony
of
the
English
,
along
the
Sea
Coast
,
and
considerably
upland
,
so
called
in
Honour
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
that
Virgin
Queen
,
and
Glory
of
her
Sex
,
by
Sir
Walter
Raleigh
,
in
the
Year
1584.
though
by
the
Natives
called
Apalchen
,
from
a
Town
of
that
Name
,
the
Sea-coast
only
being
Pleasant
,
for
as
much
as
what
lies
more
In-land
,
is
full
of
barren
Mountains
and
rough
Woods
,
where
notwithstanding
the
Natives
Inhabit
in
poor
and
miserable
Houses
,
under
sundry
Chiefs
,
or
Petty
Kings
,
and
yet
frequently
at
War
amongst
themselves
,
for
those
wretched
Dwellings
,
and
sometimes
make
Inroads
,
and
Plunder
the
English
Territories
,
killing
as
many
as
fall
within
the
compass
of
their
Power
,
and
then
Fly
to
their
Woods
and
Fastness
,
where
they
know
they
cannot
without
great
hazard
and
danger
be
conveniently
pursued
.
The
Country
properly
called
Virginia
extends
from
34
to
38
Degrees
of
North
Latitude
,
and
is
very
Temperate
,
by
reason
of
the
frequent
Breizes
,
and
refreshing
Gales
of
Wind
that
allay
the
heat
,
so
that
it
affords
abundance
of
Pleasant
Valleys
,
Spacious
Fields
,
Fruit
Trees
,
as
in
England
,
yielding
a
greater
Increase
,
and
has
sundry
Veins
of
Allom
,
as
also
Pitch
,
Turpentine
,
Cedar
,
and
Olive
Trees
,
with
many
Pleasant
Hills
,
which
are
Planted
as
Vineyards
;
store
of
Fish
,
Fowl
,
Cattle
,
and
above
all
sundry
large
Plantations
of
Tobacco
,
especially
upon
James
and
York
Rivers
,
and
have
considerable
Towns
and
Villages
,
many
of
them
well
Fortified
,
to
prevent
Incursion
of
the
Savages
,
whose
Neighbouring
Petty
Princes
,
the
Governour
obliges
to
pay
Tribute
,
and
to
send
their
Slaves
if
any
outrage
be
committed
by
them
in
the
Territories
of
the
English
,
to
James
,
Charles
,
or
any
other
Town
,
appointed
to
be
Punished
according
to
the
degree
of
the
Fact
;
and
here
the
Natives
(
such
as
border
on
the
Plantation
)
are
much
Civiliz'd
,
in
consideration
of
those
that
are
more
remote
,
Trading
with
the
English
,
for
Furrs
,
Skins
,
and
Indian
Corn
,
which
they
fet
with
a
Stick
,
as
we
do
our
Beans
,
which
is
the
work
and
business
of
their
Wives
,
as
soon
as
they
have
bought
them
of
their
Parents
,
and
Built
them
a
House
,
which
for
the
most
part
is
of
Poles
,
pleated
on
the
Sides
and
Tops
Hurdle-wise
;
and
if
Female
Children
be
Born
,
they
as
soon
as
they
are
able
,
go
into
the
Field
to
work
with
their
Mother
,
but
the
Male
goes
along
with
his
Father
to
shoot
in
the
Woods
;
and
so
Lazy
are
the
Men
,
that
if
they
kill
any
considerable
Game
,
they
leave
it
at
a
certain
remarkable
Tree
,
and
when
they
come
home
send
their
Wife
to
fetch
it
,
who
dares
not
on
pain
of
Death
disoblige
her
Husband
.
But
this
is
only
meant
of
the
Natives
,
for
the
English
are
there
,
as
here
,
Governed
by
wholsom
Laws
,
and
live
for
the
most
part
in
great
Plenty
.
MARYLAND
lies
on
the
South
of
Virginia
in
the
same
Tract
,
divided
from
it
only
by
some
considerable
Rivers
,
and
is
as
the
former
a
Tobacco
Plantation
,
abounding
likewise
with
Corn
,
Cattle
,
and
considerable
Gardens
and
Orchards
of
Fruit
Trees
,
Planted
by
the
English.
As
for
the
Natives
Bordering
it
,
they
differ
not
in
manner
and
quality
from
the
former
,
going
mostly
loosly
Arrayed
in
Beasts
skins
,
Feathers
compacted
,
and
armed
with
Bows
and
Darts
.
NEW
ENGLAND
,
an
English
Colony
in
this
Tract
is
bounded
on
the
North-East
with
Norumbegua
,
on
the
Southwest
with
Novum
Belgium
;
and
on
the
other
parts
by
the
Woods
and
Sea
coast
;
scituate
in
the
middle
of
the
Temperate
Zone
,
between
the
degrees
of
41
and
44
,
equally
distant
from
the
Artick
Circle
,
and
the
Tropick
of
Cancer
;
which
renders
it
very
temperate
and
very
agreeable
to
the
Constitution
of
English
Bodies
,
the
Soil
being
alike
Fruitful
,
if
not
in
some
places
exceeding
ours
;
all
sorts
of
Grain
and
Fruit
trees
common
with
us
growing
kindly
there
:
The
Woods
there
are
very
great
,
wherein
for
the
most
part
the
Native
Indians
dwell
Fortefying
themselves
as
in
Towns
or
places
of
defence
,
living
upon
Deer
and
such
other
Creatures
,
as
those
vast
Wildernesses
whose
extents
are
unknown
to
the
English
abound
with
:
there
are
in
this
Country
store
of
Ducks
,
Geese
,
Turkies
,
Pigeons
,
Cranes
,
Swans
,
Partridges
,
and
almost
all
sort
of
Fowl
,
and
Cattle
,
common
to
us
in
Old
England
;
together
with
Furs
,
Amber
,
Flax
,
Pitch
,
Cables
,
Mast
,
and
in
brief
whatever
may
conduce
to
profit
and
pleasure
;
the
Native
Indians
,
in
these
parts
are
more
tractable
,
if
well
used
,
than
in
any
other
;
many
of
them
though
unconverted
,
often
saying
,
that
our
God
is
a
good
God
,
but
their
Tanto
evil
;
which
Tanto
is
no
other
than
the
Devil
,
or
a
wicked
Spirit
that
haunts
them
every
Moon
,
which
obliges
them
to
Worship
him
for
fear
,
though
to
those
that
are
converted
to
Christianity
he
never
appears
.
This
English
Colony
after
many
Attempts
and
bad
Successes
was
firmly
Established
1620
,
at
what
time
New
Plymouth
was
Built
and
Fortified
;
so
that
the
Indians
thereby
being
over-aw'd
,
suffered
the
Planters
without
controul
to
Build
other
Towns
,
the
chief
of
which
are
Bristol
,
Boston
,
Barstaple
,
and
others
,
alluding
to
the
Names
of
Sea
Towns
in
Old
England
;
and
are
accommodated
with
many
curious
Havens
commodious
for
Shipping
,
and
the
Country
watered
with
pleasant
Rivers
of
extraordinary
largeness
;
so
abounding
with
Fish
,
that
they
are
not
taken
for
dainties
:
The
Religion
professed
is
Presbyterial
;
and
for
a
long
time
they
were
all
Governed
at
their
own
dispose
,
and
Laws
,
made
by
a
Convocation
of
Planters
,
&c.
but
of
late
they
have
submitted
to
receive
a
Governer
from
England
NOVVM
BELGIVM
,
or
the
New
Neither-land
,
lies
in
this
Tract
on
the
South
of
New
England
,
extending
from
38
to
41
degrees
North
Latitude
;
a
place
into
which
the
Hollanders
intruded
themselves
,
considerable
Woody
;
which
Woods
naturally
abound
with
Nuts
and
wild
Grapes
,
replenished
with
Deer
,
and
such
Creatures
as
yield
them
store
of
Furrs
,
as
the
Rivers
and
Plains
do
Fish
and
Fowl
;
rich
Pastures
,
and
Trees
of
extraordinary
bigness
,
with
Flax
,
Hemp
,
and
Herbage
;
the
ground
very
kindly
bearing
the
Product
of
Europe
;
and
here
the
Natives
,
such
as
live
in
Hutts
and
Woods
,
go
clad
in
Beasts
Skins
,
their
Houshold
goods
consisting
of
a
Wooden
dish
,
a
Tobacco
Pipe
,
and
a
Hatchet
made
of
a
sharp
F●●nt
Stone
,
their
Weapons
Bows
and
Arrows
;
though
the
Dutch
unfairly
to
their
cost
,
out
of
a
covetous
Humor
,
traded
with
them
for
Guns
,
Swords
,
&c.
shewing
the
use
of
them
which
the
Indians
turning
upon
their
quondam
Owners
,
found
an
opportunity
to
send
400
of
their
new
Guests
into
the
other
World
;
and
here
the
chief
Town
is
New
Amsterdam
,
commodiously
Scituate
fo●
Trade
,
and
the
Reception
of
Shipping
.
FLORIDA
is
a
large
part
of
the
Mexican
Province
,
bounded
on
the
North-East
with
Virginia
;
on
the
East
with
Mare
Del
Noort
;
on
the
South
and
some
part
of
the
West
,
with
the
Golf
of
Mexico
,
and
the
remaining
part
of
the
West
with
New
France
,
extending
from
25
to
34
degrees
North
Latitude
;
and
first
discovered
to
any
purpose
under
the
Conduct
of
Sebastian
Cabot
an
English
man
,
1497
,
and
now
mostly
possessed
by
the
Spaniards
so
named
from
the
many
Flourishing
Trees
and
Flowers
that
enammel
the
Country
;
the
Soil
being
naturally
so
Rich
,
that
a
long
Manuring
cannot
impair
it
's
rendering
60
fold
increase
;
so
that
they
have
two
Crops
yearly
of
Maize
and
Corn
;
and
here
flourish
most
sorts
of
Fruits
,
as
Grapes
,
Cherries
,
Mulberries
,
Chesnuts
,
Plumbs
,
&c.
The
Country
yielding
Cattle
,
Fowl
,
Fish
,
and
many
Medicinal
Drugs
;
likewise
Pearls
,
Precious
Stones
,
and
some
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
though
not
much
improved
.
The
Indians
Inhabiting
this
Tract
,
are
of
an
Olive
Colour
,
great
Stature
and
well
proportioned
going
mostly
naked
,
unless
a
cover
made
for
their
Privity
with
a
Stages
Skin
,
painting
their
Arms
and
Legs
with
divers
Colours
not
to
be
washed
out
;
their
Hair
is
Black
,
hanging
down
to
an
extraordinary
length
,
cunning
and
much
desirous
of
revenging
injuries
;
insomuch
that
they
are
continually
at
War
amongst
themselves
;
the
Women
upon
the
Death
of
their
Husbands
,
cut
their
Hair
close
to
their
Ears
,
and
Marry
not
again
till
it
's
grown
sufficiently
long
to
cover
their
Shoulders
(
a
very
commendable
way
if
used
amongst
us
,
to
prevent
our
over
hasty
Widdows
,
who
are
frequently
provided
before
hand
;
)
they
have
amongst
them
many
Hermaphrodites
which
they
hold
in
such
detestation
that
they
are
marked
out
for
Slaves
as
soon
as
Born
;
and
though
they
have
a
kind
of
a
Glimmering
of
Immortality
,
yet
they
worship
Idols
,
representing
the
Devil
;
and
when
Ferdinando
Sotto
a
Spaniard
,
went
about
to
perswade
them
he
was
sent
from
God
,
to
bring
them
to
places
of
Joy
and
Delight
;
they
at
that
time
Reflecting
upon
the
Cruelties
of
that
Bloody
Nation
,
told
him
they
could
never
believe
it
,
forasmuch
as
they
were
assured
that
God
was
good
,
and
never
would
send
any
amongst
them
to
kill
,
slay
,
and
do
all
manner
of
mischief
;
which
indeed
is
not
one
of
the
least
causes
,
why
so
many
of
these
poor
Wretches
,
conceiving
an
Aversation
to
the
Religion
for
the
wickedness
of
the
Professors
,
remain
yet
in
darkness
,
and
obstinately
shut
their
Eyes
against
the
Marvelous
Light
that
should
guide
them
to
Salvation
:
As
for
the
chief
Towns
,
mostly
Inhabited
by
the
Christians
(
for
the
Natives
here
,
as
in
other
parts
,
live
in
Woods
and
small
Cottages
)
they
are
St.
Helens
,
scituate
on
a
Promontory
of
that
Name
;
Charles
Fort
,
upon
the
Bank
of
the
River
Maio
;
Port
Royal
,
a
Haven
on
the
Mouth
of
a
River
of
that
Name
;
Apalc●e
,
formerly
a
Town
of
Forty
Cottages
,
taken
by
the
Spaniards
,
and
plundered
of
great
store
of
Wealth
;
Ante
,
Ocalis
,
St.
Matthews
,
St.
Augustines
,
taken
by
Drake
1585
,
from
the
Spaniard
,
where
he
found
18
Brass
Pieces
of
Cannon
,
and
20000
Florens
in
ready
Money
:
The
Mountains
here
are
not
very
considerable
,
and
the
Rivers
of
note
only
11
,
abound
with
Fish
,
where
the
Crocodiles
haunt
not
.
CALIFORMIA
is
another
Countrey
of
the
Mexicanian
Province
or
Division
of
the
West
India's
,
comprehending
a
vast
Tract
of
Land
,
by
some
branched
under
divers
Denominations
;
it
hath
on
the
East
some
parts
of
Nova
Gallicia
,
with
the
vast
undiscovered
Countreys
lying
on
the
West
of
Canada
,
and
Virginia
on
the
opposite
Shoar
,
bounded
on
the
North
with
the
unknown
parts
of
the
Mexicanian
Province
,
on
the
North
West
with
the
Streights
of
Anian
;
on
the
West
with
the
Sea
interposing
between
it
and
the
Island
called
Mer
Vermiglio
;
on
the
South
and
South
West
with
the
rest
of
Nova
Gallicia
,
divided
at
first
into
the
Province
of
Quivira
and
Cibola
;
the
former
of
these
taking
up
the
most
Northern
parts
of
this
side
America
,
being
very
barren
in
the
extreamest
North
,
yielding
few
Houses
,
Trees
,
or
Herbage
;
the
Natives
Rude
and
Savage
,
eating
Raw
Flesh
without
Chewing
,
Cloathing
themselves
in
Bull
and
Cow
Hides
,
living
in
Hoords
and
Clanns
,
like
the
Tartars
,
and
are
thought
to
be
upon
the
Tartarian
Continent
;
but
the
Mountains
of
Snow
and
Ice
interrupts
all
Communication
between
the
Nations
;
but
more
Southward
the
Countrey
appears
green
and
pleasant
,
Flourishing
with
Herbs
and
Trees
,
breeding
store
of
Cattle
,
not
much
differing
from
those
of
Europe
,
for
bigness
,
tho
in
make
otherwise
,
for
they
have
Bunches
like
Camels
between
their
Shoulders
,
and
Bristles
,
like
Logs
upon
their
Backs
,
their
Mains
like
that
of
a
Horse
,
and
Beards
like
Goats
,
having
short
Horns
and
Legs
,
insomuch
that
they
look
frightful
to
those
that
first
behold
them
;
but
in
these
the
Natives
place
their
greatest
Riches
,
making
them
serve
their
turns
sundry
ways
,
as
their
Hides
for
Cloaths
and
the
Covering
Houses
;
their
Bones
for
Bodkins
and
Needles
;
their
Hair
for
Thread
,
their
Sinews
for
Ropes
;
their
Horns
,
Maws
,
and
Bladders
for
Vessels
to
drink
in
;
their
Blood
for
Drink
;
and
the
Calve-skins
for
Budgets
to
carry
Water
in
;
the
people
generally
Roving
from
place
to
place
,
and
seldom
being
at
a
stay
.
CIBOLA
,
the
second
Division
of
Califormia
,
lying
more
Southward
,
is
pretty
Temperate
,
so
that
the
Natives
go
Naked
,
unless
a
short
Mantle
of
Beasts-skins
cast
over
their
Shoulders
,
and
a
Flap
to
hide
their
Pri●ities
:
As
for
Fruit-Trees
,
they
are
rarely
found
,
except
Cedars
,
of
which
they
make
their
Boats
and
Fuel
;
yet
they
have
Maize
and
small
white
Pease
growing
Naturally
,
of
which
they
make
their
Bread
;
some
quantity
of
Sheep
they
have
,
and
as
for
Venison
,
though
they
have
store
,
yet
they
rarely
eat
it
,
but
rather
kill
it
for
the
Skins
,
and
so
much
the
Woods
abound
with
Lyons
,
Bears
,
and
Tygers
,
that
those
who
border
on
them
are
continually
obliged
to
stand
upon
their
Guard
;
they
are
very
Civil
to
Strangers
;
however
,
the
Spaniards
,
tho
they
entered
this
Countrey
,
withdrew
again
their
Forces
,
as
not
thinking
the
Countrey
worth
their
maintaining
;
as
for
Cities
or
Towns
there
are
none
of
note
.
NOVA
ALBION
,
so
named
by
Sir
Francis
Drake
Anno
1577.
is
another
part
found
in
this
Tract
,
lying
about
38
degrees
North
Latitude
,
which
renders
it
considerably
Fruitful
,
abounding
in
Cattle
by
reason
of
the
pleasant
Pastures
it
affords
,
and
such
store
of
Deer
and
Conies
,
that
it
is
greatly
to
be
admired
;
and
of
the
Skins
of
these
,
those
of
most
Dignity
make
them
Robes
,
but
the
meaner
sort
go
Naked
,
except
the
Women
,
who
have
only
an
Apron
of
Bulrushes
to
hide
their
Privities
;
and
here
it
was
the
King
of
the
Countrey
offered
up
his
Crown
of
Net-work
,
and
Feathers
,
to
Sir
Francis
Drake
,
who
received
it
on
the
behalf
of
the
Queen
of
England
,
erecting
a
Pillar
and
fixing
her
Arms
thereon
,
as
a
mark
of
the
Countreys
Subjection
to
her
,
naming
it
thereupon
New
Albion
.
NOVA
GALLICIA
,
so
called
from
a
Province
of
Spain
of
that
Name
,
to
which
it
is
likened
for
Temperature
of
Air
and
Production
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
and
South
with
New
Spain
;
on
the
West
with
the
River
Buena
Guia
;
and
on
the
West
with
the
Gulf
of
Califormia
;
scituate
between
18
and
28
degrees
of
North
Latitude
,
300
Leagues
in
Length
and
100
in
Breadth
;
the
Air
is
generally
very
temperate
,
but
rather
inclined
to
heat
than
cold
,
and
tho
often
the
Inhabitants
are
disturbed
with
great
Storms
of
Thunder
and
Rain
,
yet
is
the
Air
very
healthy
,
so
that
no
Contagious
Disease
happens
amongst
them
,
and
when
they
are
deficient
of
Rains
,
the
Dews
refresh
the
Earth
,
and
the
Countrey
withal
being
Mountainous
,
affords
Quarries
of
Stone
and
Mines
of
Brass
and
Silver
,
but
none
of
Iron
or
Gold
,
and
amongst
the
Metal
a
great
mixture
of
Lead
happens
;
however
the
Plains
wonderfully
abound
with
Corn
,
yield
Wheat
60
fold
,
and
Maize
200
fold
;
they
have
Bees
likewise
without
stings
,
who
make
their
Honey
in
Trees
of
the
Woods
to
great
quantities
;
and
here
grow
Citrons
,
Figgs
,
Malacotoons
,
Cherries
,
and
Olives
;
the
people
wavering
and
inconstant
,
upon
the
least
discontent
betaking
themselves
to
the
Woods
,
and
deserting
their
Houses
;
their
Garments
being
for
the
most
part
Cotton
Shirts
,
with
a
Manle
over
it
,
given
much
to
Singing
and
Dancing
,
and
sometimes
to
Drinking
,
and
have
their
Tribes
,
whose
Heads
Command
in
Chief
,
and
succeed
Hereditarily
,
yet
those
Chiefs
Commanded
by
the
Spanish
Officers
,
inhabiting
those
parts
;
and
in
this
Tract
are
the
lesser
Provinces
of
Cinaloa
,
Conliacan
,
Xalisco
,
Guadalaiara
,
Zacatecas
,
New
Biscay
,
and
New
Mexicana
:
All
of
them
,
as
to
the
Natives
and
Quality
of
the
Countreys
,
little
differing
,
the
greater
part
of
them
Commanded
in
Chief
by
the
Spaniards
,
to
whom
the
Petty
Princes
and
Governours
of
the
Natives
are
Subservient
and
Tributary
,
and
have
for
their
Chief
Towns
,
St.
Philip
and
Jacob
,
St.
John
de
Cinaloa
,
Pistala
,
Xalisco
,
Nombre
de
Dios
,
plundered
of
great
Treasure
by
Sir
Francis
Drake
,
St.
Lewis
,
St.
Barbara
and
Chia
,
every
one
the
Chief
of
Province
,
and
hold
some
Trade
,
tho
not
considerable
,
the
Spaniards
not
desiring
to
have
Commerce
with
any
other
Nation
,
nor
suffer
the
Natives
to
do
it
,
lest
they
should
be
incroached
upon
;
for
they
hold
the
poor
ignorant
people
in
hand
,
that
they
are
the
most
powerful
Lords
of
all
Europe
,
and
the
invincible
People
of
the
World.
NOVA
HISPANIA
,
or
New
Spain
,
is
another
large
Countrey
,
in
the
Mexicanian
Province
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
,
called
the
Bay
of
New
Spain
and
Gulf
of
Mexico
;
on
the
South
with
part
of
Nova
Gallicia
and
Mare
del
Zur
;
on
the
North
with
the
rest
of
Gallicia
,
some
part
of
Florida
and
the
Gulf
on
the
South
of
Mare
del
Zur
;
or
rather
the
South
Sea
,
and
is
so
called
,
in
reference
to
Spain
in
Europe
,
extending
from
the
15th
degree
of
Latitude
to
the
26th
.
Measuring
on
the
East
side
from
the
Bay
of
Mexico
to
the
North
of
Panuco
,
but
less
by
6
degrees
,
if
the
Measure
be
taken
to
the
West
side
,
and
tho
it
is
scituate
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
yet
the
Air
is
very
Temperate
,
by
reason
the
Heats
are
allayed
by
the
Cooling
Briezes
that
come
from
off
the
Seas
on
Three
sides
of
it
,
and
the
Ground
being
Cooled
by
the
Showers
that
seasonably
fall
in
June
,
July
,
and
August
,
when
the
Weather
is
at
the
hottest
;
and
here
are
found
Rich
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
some
of
Brass
and
Iron
,
great
plenty
of
Coco
Nuts
,
store
of
Cassia
,
and
vast
quantities
of
Cocheneal
growing
upon
Shrubs
or
little
Trees
,
planted
by
the
Natives
and
Spaniards
;
they
have
likewise
store
of
Wheat
,
Pulse
,
B●rley
,
Plants
,
Roots
,
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Pomegranats
,
Malacotoons
,
Figgs
,
Apples
,
Pears
,
Grapes
,
Birds
and
Beasts
,
both
Wild
and
Tame
,
almost
of
all
sorts
;
and
in
the
hottest
part
of
this
Countrey
,
their
Seed
time
is
in
April
,
and
their
Harvest
in
October
;
but
in
colder
places
,
lying
low
and
moist
,
they
Sow
in
October
and
Reap
in
May
,
by
which
crossing
,
they
are
Supplied
with
Two
Harvests
in
a
Year
.
The
Natives
of
this
Tract
are
more
Ingenious
than
any
other
of
the
Salvages
,
giving
themselves
up
to
Curious
Arts
,
especially
to
the
making
of
Feather
Pictures
,
which
they
perform
so
lively
without
Dying
the
Feathers
,
but
taking
them
in
their
natural
Colours
,
that
they
will
imitate
Men
,
Beasts
,
or
any
other
thing
,
so
lively
,
that
at
a
very
small
distance
,
any
one
not
knowing
the
contrary
,
would
verily
believe
them
to
be
drawn
by
the
most
Curious
Master
with
a
Pencil
,
&c.
Working
in
Gold
more
neat
and
dextrous
than
any
Europeans
,
yet
so
little
esteeming
it
,
that
at
the
first
coming
of
the
Spaniards
,
they
Barter'd
it
for
Knives
,
Beads
Bells
,
and
such
inconsiderable
Matters
,
and
not
having
been
used
to
Ride
on
Horse-back
,
they
took
their
new
come
Guests
for
Centaurs
;
they
were
exceeding
Populous
,
which
appears
by
the
Spaniards
,
having
destroyed
Six
millions
of
them
in
17
Years
,
Roasting
some
,
plucking
out
the
Eyes
of
others
,
Consuming
them
in
their
Mines
,
and
Inhumanly
casting
them
amongst
Wild
Beasts
to
be
devoured
,
insomuch
that
the
Women
,
many
of
them
not
only
refused
the
means
for
Generation
,
but
such
as
found
themselves
pregnant
,
destroyed
their
Children
in
the
Womb
,
that
they
might
not
be
brought
up
to
serve
so
Bloody
a
Nation
.
In
the
great
Province
of
New
Spain
,
are
found
the
lesser
Provinces
of
Panuco
,
Mechuacan
,
Mexicana
,
Thascala
,
Guaxaca
,
and
Jucatan
,
all
plentifully
abounding
with
the
pride
of
Art
and
Nature
;
the
whole
Province
taking
its
name
from
Mexico
,
a
great
City
upon
a
Lake
,
as
likewise
all
that
I
have
hitherto
written
relating
to
this
New
World
,
and
because
the
taking
of
this
City
proved
of
such
Importance
to
the
Spaniard
,
we
think
it
not
amiss
to
give
a
brief
Relation
of
it
,
viz.
Hervando
Cortz
,
born
in
Medeline
a
Town
of
Estremadure
,
a
Province
of
Old
Spain
,
rising
from
an
obscure
Birth
to
become
a
private
Adventurer
in
these
parts
,
raised
by
Industry
his
Fortune
to
so
high
a
pitch
,
that
with
the
help
of
his
Friends
,
he
Manned
Eleven
Ships
,
with
550
Men
,
and
after
some
contending
with
the
Seas
,
arrived
at
the
Island
now
called
Sancta
Crux
,
and
passing
up
the
River
Tabasco
,
sacked
Potonchon
a
small
Town
on
the
Banks
of
it
,
upon
the
Inhabitants
refusing
to
sell
him
Victuals
,
and
by
the
help
of
his
Horse
and
Cannon
,
put
to
the
Rout
an
Army
of
40000
of
the
Salvages
,
and
so
receiving
the
King
a
Vassal
to
the
Crown
of
Spain
,
he
passed
onwards
towards
the
Golden
Mines
,
Landing
at
St.
John
de
Vllo
,
where
he
was
met
by
order
of
the
Governour
of
the
King
of
Mexico
,
with
rich
presents
of
Gold
and
other
rich
Things
,
which
so
inflamed
him
,
that
forgetting
the
Civility
,
he
found
means
to
pick
a
quarrel
with
the
King
,
by
building
Forts
in
the
Countrey
,
and
claiming
it
for
Charles
the
Fifth
,
King
of
Spain
and
Emperour
of
Germany
,
and
getting
the
Flasc●lians
on
his
part
,
a
party
of
the
Natives
who
were
at
variance
with
the
King
of
Mexico
,
and
increasing
,
his
Spaniards
by
such
as
he
found
in
the
Countrey
,
to
900
Foot
and
80
Horse
,
he
with
the
whole
Force
of
the
Flascalians
,
being
100000
Men
,
and
the
help
of
17
Pieces
of
Cannon
,
13
Galliots
,
and
6000
Cnoa's
or
Boats
,
besieged
that
great
City
by
Land
and
Water
,
and
in
13
Months
took
,
sacked
,
and
burnt
it
,
by
which
means
this
Rich
Kin
,
〈◊〉
fell
to
the
Spaniards
.
GVATIMALIA
is
another
large
Tract
in
the
Mexicanian
Province
,
bounded
on
the
North
with
Jucatan
and
the
Gulf
of
Honduras
;
on
the
South
with
Mare
del
Zur
;
on
the
East
or
South
East
with
Castela
Aurea
;
and
on
the
West
with
New
Spain
;
extended
300
Leagues
upon
the
Coast
of
Mare
del
Zur
,
but
upon
straight
measure
not
above
240
,
and
in
breadth
about
180
Leagues
,
comprehending
the
lesser
Provinces
of
Chiapa
,
Verapaz
,
Guatimala
,
properly
so
called
,
and
from
which
the
whole
Tract
takes
its
Name
;
Hondura
,
Nicaragua
,
Veragua
;
and
has
for
its
Chief
Towns
Civida
Real
,
St.
Augustines
,
St.
Salvador
,
St.
Jago
de
Guatimala
,
St.
Maria
de
Comyagena
,
Leon
de
Nicaragua
,
and
La
Trinidada
,
with
divers
others
of
lesser
Note
.
This
part
of
Mexicana
,
by
reason
of
its
nearness
of
Scituation
to
the
Line
,
is
Fruitful
in
all
parts
,
unless
where
the
Rocky
Hills
thrust
up
their
heads
abounding
with
Fruit
,
Trees
,
Corn
,
Cattle
,
Foul
,
Fish
,
and
Mines
of
Gold
,
Silver
,
and
Brass
;
and
in
the
Rivers
,
which
are
considerable
,
much
Gold
is
found
,
as
washed
from
the
Mountains
,
and
here
the
Natives
bear
the
Spanish
Yoke
more
uneasily
than
in
other
parts
.
A
Description
of
the
Peruanian
Province
,
or
the
Second
Devision
of
America
.
THis
great
Province
,
divided
into
many
lesser
,
resembles
a
Pyramid
Reverse
more
properly
so
than
Africk
,
joyned
to
that
we
have
mentioned
by
the
Isthmus
or
Streights
of
Darien
,
deriving
its
Name
from
Peru
the
Chief
Province
of
the
whole
,
which
stands
thus
divided
,
as
far
as
is
hitherto
Inhabited
by
the
Spaniards
or
other
Europeans
,
viz.
Castela
Aurea
,
the
new
Realm
of
Granada
,
Peru
,
Chiel
,
Paragnay
,
Brasil
,
Guyana
,
and
Paria
,
not
accounting
the
Islands
,
which
are
reserved
for
another
place
;
and
as
for
the
boundards
in
general
,
having
already
described
them
;
we
now
proceed
to
describe
the
particular
Provinces
,
and
of
them
in
their
order
,
viz.
CASTELA
DELORE
,
or
Castela
Aurea
,
is
bounded
on
the
West
with
Mare
del
Zur
and
some
part
of
Virginia
;
on
the
South
with
the
New
Realm
of
Granada
;
on
the
East
and
North
with
Mare
del
Noort
,
called
Castile
,
in
reference
to
that
in
Spain
,
as
being
discovered
by
the
Influence
of
those
Kings
,
and
Aurea
added
,
by
reason
of
the
abundance
of
Gold
found
there
,
and
contains
Panama
,
Darien
,
Nova
,
Andaluzia
,
St.
Martha
,
and
the
Provinces
De
La
Hacha
,
the
Air
in
most
parts
is
very
Healthful
,
especially
to
those
that
have
been
there
for
any
considerable
time
,
or
born
there
;
however
the
In-land
Countrey
is
thinly
peopled
,
by
reason
the
Spaniards
upon
their
first
settling
there
,
destroyed
in
a
manner
the
whole
Race
of
the
Natives
,
whose
Assistance
now
they
want
to
Manure
the
Soil
;
there
were
likewise
found
at
their
first
Coming
,
an
extraordinary
number
of
Swine
,
which
they
also
destroyed
and
suffered
to
rot
upon
the
ground
in
such
multitudes
,
that
now
,
tho
they
would
fain
retrieve
that
loss
,
it
is
not
in
their
power
;
however
the
Earth
brings
forth
a
considerable
Encrease
,
where
the
Fields
and
Valleys
are
found
,
tho
the
Countrey
abounds
with
barren
Mountains
and
Woods
,
so
that
in
this
Province
,
besides
the
Mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
that
are
found
,
enriching
the
people
with
great
Treasure
;
they
have
Corn
,
Wine
,
Oyl
,
Mellons
,
Balsom
,
sundry
sorts
of
Drugs
and
Trees
of
sundry
kinds
,
producing
Fruits
different
from
what
are
found
in
Europe
;
and
in
the
Province
of
A
daluzia
,
the
Spaniards
upon
their
Arrival
,
greedy
of
Gold
,
found
in
the
Graves
of
the
Dead
,
which
were
brought
from
all
parts
to
be
buried
there
,
as
held
to
be
the
most
Sacred
ground
,
so
much
Treasure
,
that
for
a
time
they
took
no
care
to
dig
it
out
of
the
Mountains
:
As
for
the
People
Inhabiting
this
Tract
,
they
are
mostly
Spaniards
,
those
few
Natives
that
are
left
,
being
in
a
manner
their
Slaves
:
The
Countrey
is
full
of
great
Rivers
,
as
Rio
de
Lagartus
,
the
River
of
Crocodiles
;
Sardinila
,
Sardino
,
Riode
Comagres
,
Rio
de
Colubros
,
and
others
,
being
in
many
places
overspread
by
the
Spurs
of
the
great
Mountain
Andes
,
held
to
be
as
big
as
any
in
the
World.
The
Chief
Towns
in
this
Province
are
Panama
,
Darien
,
on
the
bank
of
the
Gulf
of
Vmbra
;
Carthage●a
,
scituate
in
a
Sandy
Peninsula
,
and
consisting
of
500
Houses
;
St.
Martha
scituate
on
the
shoars
of
the
Ocean
;
Lahach
,
scituate
upon
a
River
of
that
name
;
all
of
them
under
the
Power
of
the
Spaniards
,
governed
according
to
the
Laws
of
Spain
,
to
which
the
Natives
are
obliged
to
submit
.
NOVA
GRANADA
,
or
the
New
Realm
of
Granada
,
lies
on
the
North
of
Castela
Aurea
,
being
about
130
Leagues
in
Length
,
and
not
much
less
in
Breadth
,
and
is
divided
into
Granada
and
Popayana
;
the
Air
for
the
most
part
well
,
with
a
mixture
of
Heat
and
Cold
,
but
more
of
the
former
;
neither
differ
the
days
any
thing
considerably
in
length
;
the
Countrey
extreamly
Woody
,
and
somewhat
Mountainous
;
yet
stored
with
Fertile
Plains
,
and
breeds
a
number
of
Cattle
,
affording
Veins
of
Gold
and
other
Mettals
,
and
in
a
part
of
it
called
Tunia
,
are
found
Emeralds
of
great
value
:
The
Natives
that
are
yet
remaining
,
go
very
decent
,
and
are
by
their
Conversation
with
the
Spaniards
(
amongst
whom
they
live
in
small
Towns
)
much
Civiliz'd
;
the
Women
being
more
White
and
Comly
than
in
any
other
part
,
very
Industrious
,
Tall
,
and
well
Proportioned
,
most
of
them
embracing
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
,
much
delighting
in
Singing
and
Dancing
▪
and
as
for
the
Chief
Towns
in
this
Province
,
are
they
St.
Foy
an
Arch-bishops
See
;
St.
Michael
a
Market
Town
,
well
Traded
to
;
Trinidado
seated
on
the
River
of
that
name
;
whose
Fields
are
ful●
of
Vines
of
Chrystal
,
Emeralds
,
Adaments
,
and
Chalcedons
;
Tunia
,
Pampelonia
,
Papayan
,
the
u●●al
Residence
of
a
Governour
,
and
a
Bishops
See
:
Antiochia
,
Carthage
,
Sebastian
de
la
Plata
,
so
called
from
the
Silver
Mines
in
its
Neighbourhood
,
with
some
others
of
less
note
:
As
for
the
Rivers
and
Mountains
,
most
of
them
want
names
,
wherefore
for
brevities
sake
,
we
pass
over
any
tedious
Enquiry
into
them
.
As
for
this
Province
,
it
had
its
Name
given
by
Gons●lvo
Ximenes
de
Quesada
,
in
reference
to
Granada
in
Spain
,
who
having
Murthered
(
contrary
to
Faith
given
)
Sangipa
the
last
King
of
Bagota
,
whom
he
had
made
use
of
in
subduing
the
Panches
,
he
seized
his
Treasure
,
which
amounted
to
191294
Pezoes
of
fine
Gold
,
35000
of
courser
Allay
,
and
1800
large
Emeralds
;
by
which
the
Riches
of
the
Province
may
be
guessed
.
PERV
lying
South
of
the
former
Province
,
is
accounted
in
Length
700
Leagues
,
but
disproportional
in
Breadth
,
as
not
exceeding
in
some
places
60
and
40
Leagues
,
tho
in
others
100
,
and
is
divided
into
three
parts
,
but
so
differing
in
nature
and
quality
,
as
if
they
were
at
a
larger
dis●ance
from
each
other
,
being
called
the
Plains
,
th●
Hill
Countreys
and
the
Andes
;
the
first
extending
on
the
Sea
shore
,
in
all
places
level
,
without
Hills
;
the
second
composed
of
Hills
and
Plains
,
stre●ching
out
from
North
to
South
;
the
whole
Length
of
the
Province
;
and
the
third
a
continual
Ridg
o●
huge
Mountains
without
any
Valleys
;
however
,
●ho
the
Mountains
and
Hills
are
Woody
,
or
otherways
Barren
,
by
reason
of
their
Minerals
,
yet
the
Plains
and
Valleys
produce
store
of
Corn
,
Fruit
,
and
Herbage
,
Flourishing
with
an
Eternal
Spring
,
the
Southerly
Wind
continually
blowing
on
them
,
bringing
no
Rain
,
though
on
the
Mountains
all
manner
of
Winds
have
power
,
and
bring
Rain
,
Thunder
,
and
Fair
Weather
by
turns
,
as
in
other
Countries
,
and
to
supply
the
want
of
Cattle
,
they
have
in
the
Woods
and
Mountains
,
a
Beast
like
a
Goat
called
Vicagues
,
and
a
kind
of
Sheep
as
big
as
young
Bullocks
;
bearing
large
Fleeces
,
which
they
use
as
Horses
,
to
carry
their
burthens
;
but
if
at
any
time
they
find
themselves
over-laden
,
neither
force
nor
fair
means
can
oblige
them
to
move
forward
,
before
they
are
alleviated
,
living
upon
slender
diet
,
and
will
sometimes
Journy
three
days
without
Water
;
and
amongst
Plants
,
the
Fig-Tree
in
this
Country
has
a
strange
effect
,
viz.
the
North
part
looking
towards
the
Mountains
,
bringeth
forth
Fruit
in
the
Summer
only
,
and
the
South
part
looking
towards
the
Sea
in
the
Winter
;
and
in
this
Province
grow
Coco's
in
great
plenty
,
whose
Leaves
dryed
in
little
Pellets
,
satisfie
Hunger
and
Thirst
,
and
are
a
great
part
of
the
diet
the
Spaniards
afford
their
poor
Slaves
in
the
Mines
,
so
that
it
is
said
100000
Baskets
full
of
them
have
been
devoured
in
a
year
at
the
Mines
of
Petosia
;
and
a
plant
they
have
,
by
which
they
try
sick
Persons
,
whether
they
will
live
or
dye
,
for
if
the
Patient
look
chearful
when
it
is
fast
grasped
in
his
hand
,
then
is
it
a
sign
of
Recovery
,
but
if
sad
,
the
contrary
;
and
have
Beasts
called
a
Huanacu's
,
the
Males
of
which
stand
Centinals
upon
the
Mountains
,
whilest
the
Females
descend
and
feed
in
the
Valleys
;
and
if
they
perceive
any
man
approaching
them
,
they
give
warning
,
by
making
a
terrible
noise
;
and
hastily
running
to
their
assistance
,
interpose
their
Bodies
till
they
make
their
retreat
;
and
many
other
things
are
found
worthy
of
note
;
and
the
whole
Province
is
divided
properly
into
three
juridical
Resorts
,
viz.
Quito
,
Lima
and
Charcas
,
these
having
under
them
other
Divisions
of
lesser
note
,
as
Las-Quixos
,
Cusco
,
Collao
,
&c.
As
for
the
People
they
were
not
so
ignorant
,
upon
the
first
Arrival
of
the
Spaniards
,
of
Letters
,
whereby
they
might
acquaint
themselves
with
other
parts
of
the
World
,
but
that
they
labour
to
keep
them
so
still
,
that
they
through
Ignorance
may
the
better
brook
their
Yoak
;
however
they
are
couragious
and
industrious
,
fearless
of
Death
,
animated
to
contemn
Life
in
hopes
in
the
other
World
to
live
in
Luxury
and
Riot
,
and
injoy
delicate
Women
;
so
that
when
any
of
their
Chiefs
or
petty
Princes
die
,
some
of
his
Servants
willingly
submit
to
be
Buried
with
him
,
that
they
may
wait
upon
him
afterward
;
some
of
them
dwelling
in
the
most
Mountainous
parts
,
go
half
naked
;
but
the
rest
have
long
Mantles
reaching
to
their
heels
,
though
in
dressing
their
Heads
they
differ
,
each
having
a
peculiar
Fashion
:
And
to
guess
at
the
Riches
of
this
Country
by
some
part
of
it
,
't
is
affirmed
,
that
the
Mines
of
Petozi
,
discovered
in
the
year
1545.
afforded
for
the
Kings
Fifth's
payable
to
his
Exchequer
111
Millions
of
Pezoes
of
Silver
,
every
one
valued
at
6
s.
6
d.
of
our
money
,
and
yet
a
third
part
of
the
whole
was
discharged
of
that
payment
;
and
in
some
parts
as
much
Gold
is
digged
as
Earth
,
&c.
As
for
the
Rivers
of
most
note
,
they
are
St.
Jago
,
Tombez
,
Guagaquil
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
.
The
Towns
are
principally
Carangues
,
Peru
,
Cusco
,
Andreo
,
Truxilo
,
Archidona
,
Baeza
,
Lima
,
Collao
,
Potozi
,
Plata
,
Chiquita
,
with
others
;
but
to
draw
to
a
conclusion
of
this
rich
Province
,
we
need
only
say
for
a
further
Demonstration
,
that
when
Atabalaba
was
overcome
by
Pizarro
and
his
Spaniards
,
he
gave
(
besides
what
infinite
Sums
the
Spaniards
had
plundered
before
)
for
his
Ransom
,
a
large
Room
full
of
Gold
piled
up
to
the
Ceiling
;
yet
this
prevailed
not
with
those
Unchristian
like
Christians
,
for
falling
out
about
the
sharing
,
and
willing
to
conceal
it
from
the
King
of
Spain
;
they
notwithstanding
contrary
to
their
Oaths
and
promises
,
Strangled
that
poor
Peruanian
Prince
,
the
last
of
the
Race
of
the
Inga's
,
or
Emperors
of
Peru
;
for
which
violation
and
perfidy
,
God
was
not
slow
in
punishing
them
all
that
were
concerned
in
it
,
dying
a
miserable
and
untimely
death
:
And
in
this
Kings
Pallace
at
Cusco
,
all
his
Utensils
were
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
even
to
his
Kitchen
Furniture
,
and
in
his
Ward-robe
were
found
Statues
of
Giants
,
the
Figures
of
Beasts
,
Fish
,
Birds
,
Plants
,
&c.
in
their
proper
shape
and
largeness
of
the
same
Mettal
;
and
thus
much
for
Peru
,
&c.
whose
Gold
proved
the
ruin
of
the
Natives
,
and
the
Impoverishment
of
Old
Spain
.
CHILE
,
is
on
the
North
bounded
with
the
Desart
of
Alacama
Interposing
between
it
and
Peru
;
on
the
West
with
Mare
del
Zur
;
on
the
South
with
the
Magellan
Streights
;
and
on
the
East
as
far
as
Rio
dela
Plata
,
with
the
main
Atlantick
Ocean
,
Scituate
in
the
temperate
Zone
,
beyond
the
Tropick
of
Capricorn
;
if
we
reckoned
to
it
some
other
Countries
bordering
on
the
Atlantick
,
not
yet
fully
discovered
called
Chile
or
I
hil
from
the
extream
cold
it
indures
,
when
the
Sun
is
in
our
Summer
Solstice
,
that
it
is
reported
Horses
and
Riders
in
the
extream
parts
are
often
Frozen
to
death
,
or
lost
in
the
Snows
,
which
extreams
on
this
side
,
and
beyond
the
Equinoctial
demonstrates
the
Continent
of
America
to
be
larger
than
Asia
;
the
Soil
of
this
Tract
in
the
mid-land
parts
is
Mountainous
and
unfruitful
,
but
towards
the
Sea-side
,
level
and
full
of
Trees
abounding
with
Gold
Silver
,
Honey
,
Cattle
,
Wine
,
Maize
,
Corn
,
&c.
The
Natives
are
of
a
Gigantick
Stature
,
but
very
civil
,
if
not
too
much
provoked
;
cloathing
themselves
with
Skins
of
Beasts
,
and
Arming
with
Bows
and
Arrows
;
shaggy
Haired
,
and
whiter
of
Complexion
than
any
we
have
yet
spoken
of
in
the
Peruanan
Provin●●s
;
and
the
Countrey
is
Watered
with
the
Rivers
of
Rio
de
Copayapo
,
Rio
de
Coquimbo
,
La
Ligna
,
Canten
,
Cacapool
,
Topocalma
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
especially
one
,
though
we
find
not
the
name
,
which
falls
into
the
Sea
with
a
violent
Torrent
all
day
,
but
in
the
night
its
Channel
is
dry
,
and
the
reason
is
,
it
has
its
Waters
from
the
melted
Snow
falling
from
the
Mountains
,
which
cease
when
the
Sun
is
gone
down
:
The
Towns
of
note
in
Chile
and
Magellanica
,
for
into
these
two
parts
is
the
Province
divided
,
are
St.
Jago
the
Chief
,
tho
not
above
80
Houses
in
it
,
because
it
is
the
Residence
of
the
Governour
and
Court
of
Judicature
.
Serena
on
the
Sea-shoar
,
having
in
it
about
200
Houses
,
and
near
it
many
Mines
of
Gold
Conception
.
Delos
Confines
,
Imperiale
and
some
few
more
in
the
part
called
Chile
,
but
in
Magellanica
,
we
find
nothing
but
Capes
and
Rivers
Inhabited
,
a
Savage
and
Barbarous
People
afflicted
with
sharp
Winds
,
and
the
Mountains
continually
covered
with
Snow
,
wherefore
as
a
Countrey
not
fit
for
Commerce
,
we
leave
,
it
and
proceed
to
Brasil
.
BRASIL
is
a
large
Tract
,
reaching
from
29
to
30
degrees
South
Latitude
,
1500
miles
in
Length
,
and
500
in
Breadth
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
Mare
del
Noort
or
the
Main
Atlantick
;
on
the
West
with
undiscovered
Countreys
,
on
the
North
with
Guiana
,
and
on
the
South
with
Paragua
,
or
the
Province
of
Rio
de
la
Plata
,
and
is
a
great
part
of
it
possessed
by
the
Portugals
and
Dutch
:
The
Countrey
intermixed
with
Rivers
,
Mountains
,
Woods
,
and
pleasant
Plains
;
the
Air
wholsome
,
by
reason
of
the
purging
Winds
which
rise
from
the
Southern
Coast
,
every
day
about
Ten
in
the
Morning
;
the
Countrey
yielding
great
store
of
Sugar
Canes
,
which
is
brought
to
perfection
by
the
working
of
many
Thousands
of
Slaves
,
so
that
the
Portugals
brought
thence
in
few
Years
150000
Arobes
of
that
Commodity
,
each
Arobe
containing
25
Bushels
of
our
Measure
;
and
here
it
is
the
Brasil
Wood
grows
,
whereof
there
are
Trees
of
such
bigness
,
that
when
the
Rivers
overflow
,
as
frequently
they
do
in
the
level
Countrey
,
the
Inhabitants
dwell
in
the
Branches
of
them
,
like
Birds
in
their
Nests
,
till
the
Waters
abate
.
The
People
in
this
Tract
nearest
the
Line
,
are
of
a
reasonable
Understanding
,
wearing
Apparel
,
but
further
off
they
are
Barbarous
,
both
Men
and
Women
going
stark
naked
,
gladly
eating
Humane
Flesh
,
insomuch
that
when
they
can
privately
catch
any
of
the
Christians
,
they
Roast
them
,
and
invite
all
their
Friends
,
feasting
on
the
Flesh
,
with
great
Merriment
;
and
here
the
Women
are
wonderful
quick
,
and
easie
at
Child-bearing
,
never
lying
by
it
,
but
in
two
or
three
days
seem
as
well
as
ever
:
Beasts
are
found
in
this
Tract
of
strange
forms
;
one
with
the
head
of
an
Ape
,
the
Body
of
a
Man
,
and
the
feet
and
paws
of
a
Lyon
;
a
Plant
they
have
called
Copiba
,
the
back
of
which
being
slit
,
affords
a
precious
Balm
,
which
is
so
well
known
by
the
Beasts
of
the
Forrests
,
that
when
they
have
taken
in
any
Poison
,
or
are
bit
by
Serpents
or
other
Venemous
Creatures
,
they
fly
to
it
for
succour
,
as
to
a
Sanctuary
for
Life
,
and
by
sucking
in
the
Antidote
,
find
a
speedy
Cure
:
An
Herb
they
have
,
that
being
roughly
touched
,
as
in
Modesty
,
shrinketh
in
its
branching
Leaves
,
and
opens
them
not
till
the
party
who
offends
is
gone
out
of
sight
.
The
People
in
this
Tract
,
both
Men
and
Women
,
are
good
Swimmers
,
and
so
used
to
Diving
,
that
they
will
remain
under
Water
an
hour
without
respiration
,
and
many
of
them
are
so
over-grown
with
Hair
,
that
they
seem
rather
Beasts
than
Men
;
the
Divisions
of
Brasil
are
Sr.
Vincent
,
Rio
de
Janeiro
,
Del
Spiritu
Santo
,
Porto
Seguro
,
Des
Ilheos
,
Todas
Los
Santos
,
Paraguay
,
Rio
de
la
Plata
,
Tucaman
,
St.
Crux
de
Siera
,
a
Province
full
of
Palm
Trees
;
Fernambuck
rich
in
Tobacco
and
Sugar
;
Tamaraca
,
Paraiba
,
Rio-grande
,
Siara
,
Maragnon
,
and
Para
,
being
termed
Captainships
or
Praefectures
,
possessed
by
the
Portugals
,
Spaniards
,
French
,
Dutch
and
other
Nations
,
who
in
some
places
live
promiscuously
with
the
Natives
,
and
in
others
,
some
coming
in
search
of
Adventures
,
others
driven
by
Distress
,
as
being
not
suffered
to
live
quietly
at
home
;
insomuch
that
tho
the
Brasilians
had
but
few
Houses
and
fewer
Towns
,
yet
now
the
encrease
of
them
has
rendered
it
in
many
parts
a
pleasant
Countrey
,
the
Plains
enriched
like
those
of
Egypt
,
by
the
overflowing
of
the
Rivers
,
which
are
exceeding
large
.
GVIANA
is
another
Tract
of
this
Peruanian
Continent
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Main
Atlantick
Ocean
;
and
on
the
West
with
the
Mountains
of
Peru
,
or
an
undiscovered
Countrey
interposing
between
them
;
on
the
North
with
the
River
,
Orenoque
;
and
on
the
South
,
as
some
will
have
it
with
the
Amazons
;
tho
indeed
we
find
no
such
Countrey
;
however
it
is
undiscovered
,
and
therefore
Travellers
have
liberty
to
name
it
as
they
please
.
Tho
Guiana
is
scituate
on
both
sides
the
Line
,
extending
from
the
Fourth
degree
of
Southern
to
the
Eighth
degree
of
Northern
Latitude
;
notwithstanding
by
reason
of
the
fresh
Winds
and
cool
Air
that
comes
off
the
Sea
and
Rivers
,
it
is
indifferently
Temperate
;
towards
the
Sea
side
it
is
level
,
but
the
Inland
swelled
with
rising
Hills
,
and
the
Trees
and
Fields
wearing
a
lasting
green
,
as
knowing
no
Winter
,
there
being
always
ripe
and
green
Fruits
and
Blossoms
at
the
same
time
;
so
that
it
may
be
compared
for
pleasantness
,
with
any
we
have
yet
named
in
this
Tract
.
The
People
(
Natives
of
Guiana
)
have
no
settled
Government
,
yet
reduce
themselves
into
Tribes
,
under
several
Heads
or
Chiefs
,
though
this
is
left
to
their
own
discretion
,
and
every
one
may
separate
when
he
pleases
,
and
all
the
punishment
they
have
for
Offenders
,
is
only
in
case
of
Adultery
and
Murther
,
for
which
when
proved
,
the
Criminal
makes
an
Expiation
with
his
Life
;
the
poorer
sort
are
allowed
but
one
Wise
,
and
the
rich
two
or
three
;
not
owning
any
God
,
but
either
not
regarding
from
whence
they
had
their
being
,
and
are
by
Power
sustained
,
or
Atheistically
ascribing
all
to
Fate
and
Chance
:
As
for
their
Accompts
they
keep
them
in
bundles
of
Sticks
,
which
they
increase
or
diminish
according
as
the
Debt
or
Business
grows
more
or
less
;
and
at
their
Funerals
the
Women
howl
extreamly
,
whilst
the
Men
on
the
contrary
are
Singing
and
Feasting
.
This
Country
is
divided
into
the
Provinces
of
Rio-de-Las
,
Amazons
,
Wiapoco
,
or
Guiana
,
properly
so
called
,
Orenoque
,
Trinidado
,
and
Tobago
;
and
are
full
of
great
Rivers
stored
abundantly
with
Fish
,
and
wild
Fowl
,
but
most
of
all
they
refresh
the
Gountries
with
the
Dews
that
arise
from
them
and
the
principal
of
these
are
Orenoque
,
Arrawari
,
Conawini
,
Caspurough
,
or
Cassipure
,
falling
into
the
Atlantick
Ocean
,
Wiapoco
,
the
River
of
the
Amazons
,
and
a
great
many
of
lesser
note
;
and
in
this
Tract
are
said
to
be
Mountains
of
intire
Chrystal
;
Mines
there
are
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
with
many
strange
Plants
,
Fruits
,
and
Beasts
;
as
also
Tobacco
and
Sugar
Canes
,
and
at
Comolaha
,
on
the
South
of
Arenoque
,
they
hold
a
Fair
for
the
Sale
of
Women
,
only
where
an
English-man
left
by
Sir
Walter
Ral●igh
,
reports
to
have
bought
8
for
a
three
half-penny
red
hafted
Knife
,
the
eldest
not
exceeding
18
Years
,
which
he
says
without
making
any
Burglarys
upon
their
Virginities
,
he
liberally
bestowed
in
Marriage
on
sundry
of
the
Natives
:
And
near
this
place
is
the
mighty
Water-fall
,
or
Cataract
of
the
River
Arenoque
,
whose
horrid
noise
makes
the
Mountains
tremble
,
which
may
well
fit
the
Words
of
the
Poet
,
viz.
Cuncta
tremunt
undis
,
&
multo
murmure
Montis
,
Spumeus
invictis
albescit
Fluctibus
amnis
.
The
Noise
the
Mountains
shakes
,
who
roar
for
spite
,
To
see
th'
Unvanquish'd
Waves
clad
all
in
White
.
In
an
other
part
of
this
Province
they
have
a
strange
custom
with
their
Dead
,
for
when
the
Flesh
is
worn
off
the
Bones
by
Putrefaction
,
they
hang
up
the
Skeleton
in
the
Chamber
or
House
where
the
party
died
,
decking
the
Skull
with
Feathers
of
divers
Colours
,
and
hanging
Jewels
and
Plates
of
Gold
,
about
the
Arm
and
Thigh
Bones
.
As
for
the
Towns
of
note
in
this
Tract
,
they
are
Mano
,
called
by
the
Spaniards
El'Dorado
,
from
the
abundance
of
Gold
and
Silver
Coin
,
Armour
,
and
Utensils
found
there
,
held
to
be
the
largest
of
all
the
Country
,
though
some
question
the
Truth
of
this
place
;
Caripo
,
Gomeribo
,
Tanparanume
,
Morequuto
,
St.
Thome
,
and
St.
Joseph
,
with
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
which
they
are
obliged
to
build
upon
Hills
,
Rocks
,
or
the
like
advantageous
Places
,
forasmuch
as
the
Rivers
yearly
overflow
a
great
part
of
the
Country
,
obliging
the
Natives
to
live
in
Trees
with
their
Families
,
building
them
Hutts
in
the
Branches
like
Birds
Nests
.
PARIA
,
another
considerable
Province
,
lies
on
the
West
of
Guiana
,
divided
into
the
lesser
Countries
of
Cumana
,
Venezuela
,
St.
Margaita
,
Cubagna
,
and
some
Islands
;
and
here
the
Nature
of
the
Soil
and
People
are
different
,
though
in
general
the
Country
is
very
Pleasant
,
being
watered
with
the
Rivers
of
Rio-de-Cacioas
,
Rio-de-Neveri
,
Cumana
de
Bardones
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Towns
,
Maracapana
(
once
a
Spanish
Garrison
)
Venezuela
,
New
Cadiz
,
and
some
others
;
and
in
this
Tract
the
Pearl
Fishery
is
used
,
those
valuable
Commodities
being
gotten
by
Diving
,
and
they
bring
up
a
Fish
much
like
an
Oyster
,
out
of
the
Shells
of
which
they
take
the
Pearls
,
supposed
to
be
Ingendred
there
by
the
falling
of
Dews
,
when
the
Fish
opens
to
receive
the
Air
upon
the
Shoar
:
and
though
the
People
in
the
Province
of
Cumana
have
Plenty
of
Fruits
and
Cattle
,
with
other
things
whereby
to
subsist
even
to
Riot
,
yet
they
rather
chuse
to
feed
upon
Insects
and
Vermin
,
as
Batts
,
Spiders
,
Horse-leaches
,
Worms
,
&c.
each
Man
being
allowed
as
many
Wives
as
he
can
maintain
,
though
they
never
have
the
Maidenheads
of
any
,
prostituting
them
the
first
Night
to
their
Piacos
,
or
Priests
,
or
their
appointment
,
who
for
small
matters
turn
over
that
Drudgery
to
Strangers
;
nor
do
they
at
any
time
think
their
Guests
welcome
,
unless
they
will
do
the
Office
of
Men
to
their
Wives
,
Sisters
,
&c.
blackning
their
Teeth
,
and
Painting
their
Bodies
of
diverse
Colours
;
in
this
Tract
are
found
diverse
Mines
of
Gold
,
some
of
Silver
,
and
other
Minerals
;
and
here
the
Spaniards
met
with
many
disasters
,
as
well
the
Ecclesiasticks
,
as
Military
,
being
frequently
expulsed
or
cut
off
by
the
Salvages
,
who
are
in
general
a
Stout
and
Warlike
People
;
and
here
are
found
the
Capa
,
a
Beast
,
the
Soles
of
whose
Feet
are
like
a
Shooe
,
and
a
Hog
of
monstrous
size
,
with
Horns
like
a
Goat
,
living
altogether
upon
Ants
,
Pismires
,
Parrots
,
and
Batts
;
and
could
I
have
added
to
this
Bill
of
Fair
,
Booksellers
and
Printers
,
the
World
might
have
taken
this
Monster
for
a
meer
Robin
Hog
,
&c.
Cattle
this
Country
affords
in
great
Quantities
,
insomuch
that
Instructed
by
the
Europeans
,
they
make
Butter
and
Cheese
of
their
Milk
,
in
sundry
places
,
which
the
Natives
take
as
the
Prince
of
Rarities
.
And
thus
much
Reader
may
suffice
for
the
Empires
,
Kingdoms
,
Provinces
,
and
States
of
the
Universe
,
relating
to
the
Continent
of
Europe
,
Asia
,
Africa
,
and
America
,
from
which
we
proceed
(
for
the
greater
Satisfaction
of
the
Curious
)
to
the
Description
of
the
Islands
scattered
in
the
several
Seas
,
attributed
to
the
four
Parts
of
the
World
;
and
of
these
in
their
Order
.
A
Description
of
the
Islands
of
Europe
,
and
their
various
Scituations
in
their
sundry
Seas
,
&c.
Great
Britain
Described
.
GREAT
BRITAIN
,
being
in
a
manner
known
to
most
that
Inhabit
it
,
may
occasion
some
to
reflect
upon
this
brief
Description
as
superfluous
;
however
,
having
undertaken
to
omit
nothing
material
in
this
great
Undertaking
,
which
indeed
wanted
nothing
but
the
permission
of
a
larger
Scope
,
to
render
it
more
Illustrious
,
we
will
not
be
wanting
to
give
a
modest
Account
of
the
Princess
of
Islands
,
or
Epitome
of
the
Universe
,
being
properly
,
and
not
without
just
Reason
stiled
,
the
World
Minature
;
and
in
this
case
we
must
divide
it
into
two
Parts
,
viz.
England
,
Wales
,
&c.
and
Scotland
,
comprehending
the
Ocean
Islands
.
England
,
described
,
&c.
ENGLAND
has
for
its
Eastern
boundard
the
German
Ocean
;
on
the
West
the
Irish
Sea
;
on
the
South
the
British
Ocean
;
and
on
the
North
,
parting
it
from
Scotland
,
the
River
Tweed
and
Solway
;
Invironed
as
to
the
whole
Island
,
with
the
main
Sea
,
guarded
in
most
parts
by
such
Rocks
,
as
render
it
Inaccessible
from
Forreign
Invaders
,
if
the
Shoars
be
but
indifferently
Defended
,
though
its
Walls
consists
in
its
many
more
Powerful
and
Impregnable
Defendants
,
than
those
of
Stone
;
which
notwithstanding
it
had
not
always
to
defend
it
,
as
appears
by
its
becoming
a
Prey
to
the
Romans
,
its
being
harassed
by
the
Picts
,
Scots
,
and
wild
Irish
,
and
the
Subjection
it
was
brought
under
by
the
Saxons
,
Danes
,
and
Normans
;
but
at
this
day
the
often
Languishing
Island
lifts
up
her
head
as
high
as
the
tallest
of
the
Daughters
of
the
Nations
upon
Earth
.
As
for
the
Soil
,
improved
by
industrious
hands
,
it
is
in
most
parts
exceeding
Fruitful
,
as
well
in
Grain
as
Herbage
,
Fruit
Trees
,
Rich
Pastures
,
&c.
as
all
other
things
necessary
,
and
conducing
to
the
support
of
Life
;
with
Mines
of
Iron
,
Tin
,
●ead
,
&c.
but
exceeds
other
Nations
in
the
Woollen
Manufacture
;
nor
is
making
of
Stuffs
,
Silks
,
and
other
Curious
Arts
wanting
in
a
great
measure
,
but
more
especially
the
Traffick
abroad
,
where
for
our
Native
Commodities
,
we
command
the
most
valuable
things
in
the
Universe
.
ENGLAND
in
particular
,
holds
from
50
to
54
degrees
of
North
Latitude
;
the
Air
Pleasant
and
Temperate
,
by
vicissitude
of
Heat
and
Cold
,
as
also
the
varying
of
Night
and
Day
;
but
more
for
the
wholesome
Laws
,
good
Constitution
of
the
Established
Government
and
Nature
of
the
People
,
whose
Generosity
and
Valour
has
famed
them
in
all
parts
of
the
known
World
,
and
the
whole
divided
into
39
Shires
or
Divisions
,
viz.
Middlesex
,
Essex
,
Kent
,
Sussex
,
Hampshire
,
or
the
County
of
Southampton
,
Surry
,
Buckinghamshire
,
Bedfordshire
,
Cambridgshire
,
Cheshire
,
Cornwal
,
Cumberland
,
Darbyshire
,
Dorsetshire
,
Durham
,
Glocestershire
,
Huntingtonshire
,
Lancashire
,
Leicestershire
,
Lincolnshire
,
Northamptonshire
,
Notinghamshire
,
Rutlandshire
,
Shropshire
,
Somersetshire
,
Wiltshire
,
Warwickshire
,
Westmorland
,
Yorkshire
,
Norfolk
,
Northumberland
,
Oxfordshire
,
Staffordshire
,
Barkshire
,
Devonshire
,
Hartfordshire
,
Suffolk
,
and
Worcestershiye
,
Herefordshire
;
all
of
them
extreamly
replenished
with
Woods
,
Parks
,
Rivers
,
Cities
,
and
Towns
of
Note
,
insomuch
,
that
of
considerable
Rivers
there
are
found
352
,
and
on
them
847
Bridges
of
Note
,
Cities
25
,
Market
Towns
588
,
Parishes
8760
,
Arch-Bishopricks
2
,
Bishopricks
23.
Forrests
61
,
Parks
752
,
Chaces
12
,
and
had
before
the
grand
unnatural
Rebellion
,
134
Castles
,
but
during
that
tedious
War
,
many
of
them
were
demolished
;
the
whole
Countrey
consisting
of
pleasant
Valleys
,
moderately
rising
Hills
,
flourishing
Fields
and
Medows
,
that
it
may
suffice
to
live
upon
its
own
plenty
,
without
the
help
or
assistance
of
any
other
Nation
,
and
for
stately
Buildings
and
many
other
Curiosities
too
many
to
be
contained
in
a
much
larger
Volume
;
if
no
other
Countreys
were
spoken
of
:
We
must
wave
them
,
seeing
we
are
at
home
,
and
suffer
the
Experience
of
the
knowing
Reader
to
supply
the
omission
.
WALES
is
properly
a
part
of
England
,
but
seeing
it
is
generally
divided
,
or
accounted
a
Principality
,
&c.
we
think
it
not
amiss
to
speak
of
it
by
it self
,
viz.
This
Countrey
is
from
East
to
West
about
a
100
Miles
,
and
from
North
to
South
120
;
and
in
it
are
found
965
Parishes
,
55
Market
Towns
,
4
Bishopricks
,
67
Castles
,
230
Rivers
,
99
Bridges
of
note
,
28
Parks
,
6
Forrests
,
and
1
Chase
,
and
is
divided
into
the
Shires
of
Brecknock
,
Anglesey
,
Cardigan
,
Carmaerthen
,
Carnarvan
,
Denbigh
,
Flint
,
Radnor
,
Glamorgan
,
Merioneth
,
Montgomery
,
Pembrook
and
Monmouth
,
containing
both
North
and
South
Wales
,
stretching
into
the
Sea
like
a
large
Promontory
,
Fruitful
in
many
places
,
where
the
Mountains
raise
not
their
Heads
,
especially
the
Isle
of
Anglesey
,
which
of
it self
is
held
sufficient
to
feed
the
whole
Countrey
,
for
its
store
of
Cattle
and
abundance
of
Corn
;
this
Countrey
yielding
sundry
Commodious
Harbours
and
Landing
Places
,
commercing
at
once
with
England
and
Ireland
;
and
has
for
its
Chief
Towns
,
Radnor
,
Carnarvan
,
Brecon
,
St.
Davids
,
Cardriff
,
Carmaerthen
and
Monmouth
,
most
of
them
very
pleasantly
seated
,
and
of
considerable
Trade
;
the
Natives
very
Industrious
and
much
given
to
Labour
,
Frugal
,
and
for
the
most
part
Thrifty
;
nor
may
we
spare
to
sum
up
these
two
Countreys
,
so
mostly
distinguished
in
the
Epitome
of
the
Poet
,
viz.
For
Mountains
,
Bridges
,
Rivers
,
Churches
fair
;
Women
and
Wooll
,
they
both
are
past
compare
.
SCOTLAND
is
the
next
considerable
part
that
compacts
the
British
Empire
or
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
,
separated
from
it
only
by
the
Tweed
and
Solway
,
and
the
Hills
extending
from
one
to
the
other
,
and
is
held
to
be
406
Miles
in
Length
,
tho
in
Breadth
not
proportionable
,
being
in
some
parts
but
60
from
Sea
to
Sea
,
divided
properly
into
two
parts
by
the
River
Tay
,
viz.
South
and
North
,
the
former
Division
being
both
Fruitful
and
Populous
,
and
again
sub-divided
into
the
Counties
of
Merch
,
Tevi
[
]
tdale
,
Lothian
,
Liddesdale
,
Eskedale
,
Annandale
,
Niddesdale
,
Galloway
,
Carrick
,
Kyle
,
Cunningham
,
Arran
,
Cliddesdale
,
Lennox
,
Sterling
,
Fife
,
Stratherne
,
Menteith
,
Argile
,
Cantire
,
Lorn
,
all
comprehended
in
South
Scotland
:
Loquabrea
,
Braidalbin
,
Perth
,
Athole
,
Angus
,
Merns
,
Mar
,
Buquhan
,
Murrey
,
Rosse
,
Southerland
,
Cathaness
,
and
Strathavern
,
North
Scotland
;
and
in
this
Kingdom
are
found
Two
Arch-bishopricks
,
viz.
St.
Andrews
and
Glascow
,
under
whom
are
Eleven
Suffragan
Bishops
;
and
here
the
Chief
City
is
Edenburg
,
a
City
principally
composed
of
one
large
Street
,
about
a
Mile
in
length
,
of
very
good
Building
;
the
rest
less
considerable
,
tho
throughout
the
whole
Kingdom
are
many
fair
Cities
,
Towns
,
and
Villages
.
The
Principal
Islands
lying
upon
the
coast
of
Great
Britain
and
Subject
to
it
,
are
the
Islands
of
Wight
,
Man
,
Anglesey
,
Jersey
,
Guernsey
,
the
Orcades
or
Isles
of
Orkney
30
in
Number
;
the
Chief
of
which
are
Pomania
,
Hethy
,
and
Sheathland
,
all
very
Fruitful
,
abounding
with
Cattle
and
Corn
:
The
Hebrides
40
in
number
,
but
many
of
them
rather
Rocks
than
Islands
,
the
Chief
being
Illa
and
Jona
,
the
ancient
Burying
place
of
the
Scottish
Kings
:
Mulla
,
where
the
Redshanks
Inhabited
,
once
so
frightful
to
the
English
:
The
Sorlings
containing
145
Islands
,
but
none
of
note
,
except
Armath
,
Sansod
,
and
Scilly
,
after
the
name
of
which
the
rest
are
called
for
the
most
part
;
some
others
there
are
on
this
Coast
,
but
scarcely
worth
noting
,
as
yielding
little
Trade
or
Commodity
.
IRELAND
,
a
Kingdom
in
Subjection
to
Britain
by
right
of
Conquest
,
separate
from
England
only
by
a
tempestuous
Sea
,
of
about
a
days
Sail
;
and
is
as
all
other
Islands
of
note
,
scituate
in
the
Ocean
,
or
invironed
with
Sea
,
&c.
containing
in
Length
400
,
and
in
Breadth
200
miles
;
and
especially
divided
into
four
Provinces
,
viz.
1.
Munster
,
divided
again
into
the
Counties
of
Limrick
,
Kery
,
Cork
,
Waterford
,
Desmond
,
and
Holy
Cross
in
Tipperary
,
2
Lemster
again
divided
into
the
Counties
of
the
East
and
West
Meaths
,
Kilkenny
,
Caterlough
,
Kings
County
,
Queens
County
,
Kildare
,
Weixford
,
Dublin
,
and
Wicklock
;
3.
Connaught
,
divided
into
the
Counties
of
Clare
,
Thumond
,
Galloway
,
Majo
,
Slego
Letrim
and
Roscommon
.
4.
Vlster
,
divided
into
the
Counties
of
Tyrconnel
,
or
Dunhal
,
Tyrone
the
upper
and
nether
,
Fermanagh
,
Cavan
or
Cravan
,
Monaghan
,
Colrane
,
Antrim
,
Down
,
Armagh
and
Lough
.
And
of
this
Kingdom
the
chief
City
is
Dublin
,
mostly
inhabited
by
the
English
,
pleasantly
seated
and
very
commodious
for
Trade
,
which
renders
it
the
chief
Seat
of
Justice
,
and
a
Bishops
See
;
besides
which
are
Waterford
,
Tredagh
,
Limrick
,
Armagh
,
and
others
of
lesser
note
.
The
Country
is
in
many
parts
very
fruitful
but
being
incumbred
with
Hills
and
Boggs
,
a
great
deal
of
it
lies
waste
,
and
the
more
for
the
sluggishness
of
the
Natives
,
who
agree
not
with
Labour
,
though
otherwise
Sharp
and
Crafty
,
hardy
of
Temper
,
and
Living
upon
slender
Fare
;
however
the
Rivers
abound
with
Fish
,
especially
Salmon
,
and
the
Hills
and
Valleys
with
Cattle
;
insomuch
that
a
Cow
or
a
Horse
may
be
purchased
at
about
half
a
piece
of
our
Money
;
and
one
thing
remarkable
here
is
,
that
no
poisonous
Creature
can
sive
upon
this
Coast
,
and
of
such
force
is
even
the
Wood
brought
from
Ireland
into
England
and
other
Countries
,
that
no
Spider
will
fasten
a
Cob-web
on
it
.
The
Isle
of
Oleron
,
is
scituate
against
the
French
Province
of
Xaintoigne
,
South
of
the
Isle
of
Rhee
,
famous
for
the
Maritime
Laws
,
established
here
by
Richard
King
of
England
;
tho
for
nothing
more
than
the
quantities
of
Salt
sent
hence
into
France
,
and
other
parts
.
RHEE
or
REE
,
is
a
pleasant
Island
about
10
English
Miles
in
length
,
and
5
in
bredth
,
and
has
in
it
the
Towns
of
La
Butte
,
de
Mont
,
St.
John
de
Mont
,
St.
Hillary
and
St.
Martins
,
famous
for
the
defence
,
the
Protestants
made
here
against
the
power
of
France
,
but
fatal
to
the
English
in
their
attempt
to
rescue
them
.
ALDERNY
is
an
Island
distant
about
6
miles
from
Cape
Hagge
in
Normandy
,
very
Rockey
and
hard
of
access
,
and
not
exceeding
8
miles
in
compass
consists
but
of
one
considerable
Town
,
called
from
the
name
of
the
Haven
Lacrab
;
it
not
containing
above
100
Families
,
nor
is
the
Island
of
any
considerable
Trade
.
The
SARK
is
an
Island
about
6
Miles
in
compass
not
much
distant
from
the
former
;
and
is
subject
to
it
,
being
of
little
Trade
or
Moment
,
and
these
being
all
of
note
in
the
Neighbouring
Seas
,
we
pr●ceed
to
those
more
Northern
and
Remote
,
which
are
GROEN-LAND
under
the
Frigid
Zone
,
where
the
Cold
is
so
extream
that
it
is
scarce
habitable
,
though
accounted
in
length
600
miles
;
yet
having
St.
Thomas
,
and
Alba
for
its
chief
Towns
supported
mostly
by
the
Fishing
trade
.
ISELAND
an
extream
cold
Country
,
extending
400
Miles
,
yet
thinly
Inhabited
;
and
from
this
Region
come
the
Shock
Dogs
,
so
much
in
esteem
;
and
here
contrary
to
other
Countries
,
the
Oxen
and
Kine
have
no
Horns
;
the
Trade
to
it
being
mostly
upon
the
account
of
the
Fishery
,
and
that
for
Ling
;
few
Trees
except
Juniper
growing
in
the
Country
.
FREEZ-LAND
is
an
Island
resorted
to
by
the
English
,
Flemings
,
Danes
,
Scots
,
and
Hansmen
,
upon
the
account
of
the
Fishery
.
NOVA-ZEMBLA
lies
extream
North
,
under
78
Degrees
,
so
cold
that
no
Human
Creature
is
capable
of
Inhabiting
of
it
in
Winter
,
unless
driven
by
Distress
,
or
Fatal
Necessity
;
as
were
once
about
14
Dutch-men
,
who
during
their
abode
there
,
strugled
with
so
many
Miseries
,
as
are
almost
unexpressible
;
however
Bears
and
Foxes
are
found
here
,
and
great
store
of
Sea
Fowl
,
&c.
SIR
HVGH
WILLOVGHBY's
Island
,
rather
infamous
than
famous
,
as
having
its
Name
only
from
that
Adventurous
Gentleman's
being
found
Frozen
to
Death
in
his
Ship
,
upon
the
Coast.
GREEN-LAND
,
doubtful
whether
Island
or
Continent
,
noted
only
for
the
Whale
Fishery
,
&c.
otherways
so
extream
Cold
,
as
not
to
be
Habitable
after
the
Season
,
unless
by
force
;
which
Fate
several
English
found
,
by
overstaying
the
Ship
,
&c.
and
were
forced
to
subsist
on
the
Flesh
of
Bears
,
Foxes
,
and
Whale
Fretters
,
in
a
little
Hutt
under
Ground
,
induring
a
lingring
Torment
,
worse
than
Death
,
till
the
Ships
returned
;
at
what
time
some
of
them
(
though
unexpectedly
)
were
found
alive
.
Having
thus
far
proceeded
briefly
to
the
Northern
Islands
,
we
now
proceed
to
the
more
Eastern
Islands
.
TENEDOS
is
an
Island
seated
in
Pontus
Euxinus
,
or
the
Black
Sea
,
so
called
from
the
dark
Mists
that
arise
,
where
it
charges
name
into
that
of
the
H●llespont
,
not
very
big
,
but
Fruitful
,
and
pretty
well
inhabited
,
famed
for
nothing
more
than
its
being
taken
upon
the
Greeks
Expedition
against
the
Trojans
.
SAMOTHRACIA
,
called
by
some
Samos
,
from
Samia
the
name
of
its
Chief
Town
,
seated
in
the
Aegean
Sea
,
as
also
are
Lemnos
,
Lesbos
,
or
Mittelene
,
Chios
,
or
Scio
,
Eubaea
,
Scyror
,
Salamis
,
the
Sporades
,
and
the
Cyclades
,
or
the
Isles
of
the
Arches
,
most
of
them
in
the
hands
of
the
Turks
,
and
of
no
considerable
note
,
though
heretofore
divers
of
them
were
independant
,
and
notable
Sea-faring
Islands
,
famed
for
many
Wonders
,
and
other
strange
matters
by
the
Poets
,
tho
at
this
day
they
are
exceeding
Fruitful
,
many
of
them
bearing
Lemons
,
Oranges
,
Dates
,
Figgs
,
Grapes
,
Olives
,
Apricocks
,
Mulberries
,
&c.
affording
a
great
number
of
Silk-worms
,
which
yield
much
Silk
;
the
Towns
which
are
generally
Havens
or
Sea-ports
,
are
pretty
numerous
,
inhabited
mostly
by
the
Greek
Christians
,
Turks
,
and
Jews
;
and
from
Lemnos
is
that
Earth
brought
,
so
much
in
use
for
curing
Wounds
,
stopping
Fluxes
,
and
expelling
Poisons
;
and
indeed
all
these
Islands
standing
like
Studs
in
the
Sea
,
are
so
well
refreshed
and
tempered
by
a
mild
and
healthy
Air
,
that
for
their
Fruitfulness
,
they
may
be
termed
little
Paradises
of
Delight
,
most
of
them
having
Towns
or
Cities
of
the
same
name
for
their
Metropolises
or
Chiefs
.
The
Sporades
,
tho
under
one
seeming
denomination
,
are
in
number
12
;
and
the
Chief
of
these
are
Milo
,
Canaton
,
and
Assine
;
and
the
Chief
of
the
Cyclades
,
are
Delos
and
Coos
,
as
likewise
Patmos
,
where
St.
John
was
banished
and
wrote
his
Revelation
:
Giarras
and
some
few
others
of
little
note
,
lying
some
in
Greece
,
and
some
in
Asia
;
so
accounted
,
as
lying
farther
or
nearer
the
shoar
of
either
Countrey
;
especially
in
this
case
it
cannot
be
distinguished
to
which
of
the●
properly
the
Island
belongs
,
especially
if
it
be
free
from
the
Jurisdiction
of
any
Monarch
reigning
upon
the
Continent
.
A
Description
of
the
Isle
of
Creet
,
and
other
Islands
.
THe
Isle
of
Creet
was
very
famous
in
former
times
,
for
being
Mistress
of
those
Seas
,
nor
less
for
its
Fruitfulness
,
and
commodious
Scituation
for
Traffick
,
as
being
posited
between
the
Ionian
,
Libyque
,
Aegean
,
and
Carpathian
Seas
,
and
is
now
better
known
by
the
name
of
Candia
,
taken
at
several
times
by
the
Turks
from
the
Venetians
;
and
is
in
circuit
about
650
Miles
,
abounding
with
Oyl
,
Wine
,
Corn
,
Cattle
,
and
many
other
things
of
value
,
which
made
the
Turks
contend
with
the
loss
of
much
Blood
,
to
possess
themselves
of
the
whole
,
when
they
had
found
the
sweetness
of
a
part
of
it
:
As
for
Hills
,
Mountains
,
and
Rivers
of
note
,
this
Island
affords
not
many
,
but
has
for
its
Chief
Cities
Rhetimo
,
Candia
,
and
Canea
,
or
New
Candy
,
built
by
the
Turks
to
secure
their
first
possession
in
the
Island
;
and
in
this
plenteous
Countrey
Titus
was
Bishop
:
As
for
the
other
Islands
lying
about
it
there
are
only
Claudia
and
Egelia
;
very
Fruitful
by
reason
of
their
scituation
,
but
not
considerable
by
reason
of
their
smallness
.
The
Islands
in
the
Ionian
Sea
described
,
&c.
THe
Islands
in
this
Sea
are
chiefly
these
,
viz.
CYTHERA
commonly
called
Serigo
,
held
Sacred
by
the
Poets
to
Venus
,
who
took
her
other
name
from
hence
,
lying
about
5
Miles
from
Cape
Mello
in
Peloponnesus
;
and
altho
it
is
not
above
60
Miles
in
Compass
,
yet
it
yields
such
store
of
Fruits
,
Corn
,
and
other
Commodities
of
value
,
that
it
is
esteemed
the
Jewel
of
this
Sea
,
and
was
formerly
called
Porphyrus
from
the
abundance
of
that
sort
of
Stone
digged
out
of
its
Mountains
;
and
has
for
its
Chief
Town
Capsalo
,
scituate
on
a
small
Haven
,
tho
not
so
much
frequented
,
by
reason
of
its
shallowness
.
The
Strophades
are
a
brace
of
Islands
,
where
Vlisses
and
Aeneas
are
said
to
find
the
Harpy's
,
and
indeed
fit
for
such
kind
of
Creatures
only
,
by
reason
of
their
Rockiness
,
which
renders
them
so
barren
,
that
only
a
few
Greeks
,
and
some
others
(
out
of
a
desire
to
exercise
their
Religion
without
molestation
)
possess
them
.
ZANT
,
an
Island
of
the
Venetians
,
not
exceeding
60
Miles
in
Circumference
,
is
yet
so
abundantly
Fruitful
,
that
it
almost
exceeds
the
credit
of
Report
,
producing
the
Grocery
sort
of
Currants
,
for
which
it
is
famed
above
all
other
Places
;
also
Pomegranates
,
Citrons
,
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Olives
,
Granadires
,
Grapes
,
that
make
strong
Wine
,
both
white
and
red
,
and
has
for
the
Defence
of
its
Haven
a
strong
City
and
Castle
,
Inhabited
by
Greeks
and
Venetians
,
yet
has
the
Misfortune
to
be
subject
to
Earth-quakes
,
though
not
extraordinary
;
and
indeed
the
Country
is
not
so
Fruitful
,
but
the
major
part
of
the
Inhabitants
are
as
wicked
,
not
making
it
a
scruple
to
Murther
any
,
against
whom
they
have
conceived
a
Grudge
.
The
Echinades
are
five
small
Islands
,
supposed
to
be
made
by
the
Seas
casting
up
Sand
Banks
,
and
the
Mud
that
comes
out
of
the
River
Achelous
,
according
to
Poets
speaking
in
the
Name
of
that
River
,
viz.
Fluctus
Nostrique
Marisque
&c.
The
Fury
of
the
Sea
Waves
,
and
my
own
,
Continual
heaps
of
Earth
and
Mud
drew
down
,
Which
parted
by
the
Inter-running
Seas
,
Made
as
thou
seest
the
five
Echinades
.
And
indeed
they
are
rather
Rocks
,
or
hardened
Earth
,
than
any
Island
of
note
and
so
we
leave
them
.
CEPHALONIA
is
in
Circumference
about
156
Miles
,
and
contrary
to
the
Echinades
,
very
Fruitful
,
as
yielding
Figgs
,
Olives
,
Rasins
,
Currants
,
Hony
,
Sweet
Water
,
Mulberries
,
Pine
,
Date
,
Malvasi
,
Muscadel
,
Vino
Leatico
,
Wooll
,
Cheese
,
Turkeys
,
Drugs
,
and
Dyes
,
besides
Cattle
,
Corn
,
and
Rich
Pastures
;
and
has
for
its
chief
Towns
,
held
under
the
Venetians
,
Guiscardo
,
Nolo
,
and
Argostoli
,
Inhabited
by
Greeks
and
Venetians
;
the
people
Civil
,
and
very
honest
Dealers
.
CORFV
is
another
Island
in
the
Ionian
Sea
,
44
Miles
in
Length
,
and
24
in
Breadth
;
taking
its
name
from
the
City
of
Corfu
,
seated
at
the
foot
of
a
large
Mountain
,
on
which
to
strengthen
it
,
tho
strong
in
it self
,
are
two
Fortresses
,
but
chiefly
out
of
the
natural
Rock
;
and
tho
the
Southern
part
of
this
Island
be
mountainous
and
subject
to
hot
Blasts
,
yet
the
whole
in
general
produces
Corn
,
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Pomegranets
,
Fig
Trees
,
Olives
,
Wax
,
Honey
,
some
Drugs
,
and
many
other
pleasant
Fruits
,
tho
it
has
not
in
it
any
Rivers
of
note
.
ITHACA
is
a
small
Island
giving
a
name
to
Vlysses
,
who
was
born
there
,
tho
now
it
has
lost
its
own
name
,
and
is
called
Val
de
Campare
;
in
compass
not
above
56
Miles
,
and
of
little
note
,
unless
for
the
Reception
of
Pyrats
that
haunt
this
Sea
.
St.
MAVRO
,
formerly
called
Leucadia
,
is
a
small
Island
inhabited
mostly
by
Jews
,
formerly
the
Venetians
,
but
taken
from
them
by
the
Turks
;
and
altho
at
present
it
is
not
much
set
by
,
yet
formerly
was
it
of
such
esteem
,
that
the
Inhabitants
cut
an
Isthmus
of
Two
Miles
breadth
,
that
joyned
it
to
the
Continent
,
and
was
famous
for
the
Temple
of
Apollo
seated
in
it
;
from
the
top
of
which
,
those
that
leaped
into
the
Sea
were
held
to
be
cured
of
extravagant
Love
;
better
believed
than
experienced
.
Of
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
and
the
Islands
therein
.
THe
Adriatick
Sea
is
that
at
the
bottom
of
which
the
City
of
Venice
is
seated
,
it
being
accounted
700
Miles
in
Length
,
and
104
in
Breadth
,
and
has
in
it
these
Isles
,
viz.
MESINA
,
an
Island
about
150
Miles
in
Circumference
,
yielding
considerable
Plenty
,
and
has
only
a
strong
Fortress
for
its
Defence
,
the
Towns
being
mostly
unwalled
,
and
but
indifferently
stored
with
Houses
or
Inhabitants
.
LISSA
or
Clissa
,
is
another
of
the
Adriatick
Islands
20
Miles
over
,
and
60
in
Circumference
,
very
Fruitful
,
and
in
Subjection
to
the
Venetians
,
who
only
defend
the
Sea
Ports
,
and
by
that
means
hold
the
rest
in
Subjection
.
CVRZOLA
a
place
not
exceeding
60
Miles
in
Circumference
,
yet
of
great
moment
to
the
Venetians
in
rendring
them
Wood
sufficient
to
build
their
Ships
and
Galleys
;
having
the
Chief
Town
of
the
same
name
with
the
Island
,
defended
by
Two
strong
Fortresses
,
Commanded
by
a
Governour
,
revoked
or
changed
yearly
;
and
altho
the
Island
it self
affords
no
extraordinary
Merchandise
,
yet
it
lies
Commodious
for
Ships
Trading
in
those
parts
.
The
Mediterranean
Sea
Considered
,
together
with
the
Islands
therein
.
THe
Mediteranean
Sea
is
so
called
from
its
Midland
Scituation
,
as
being
environed
with
the
Earth
,
&c.
and
in
it
are
found
these
Islands
of
Note
,
viz.
SICILY
,
about
700
Miles
in
Circumference
,
famed
throughout
the
World
for
its
Fertility
,
producing
Oyl
,
Corn
,
Wine
,
Rice
,
Sugar
,
Alloms
,
Salts
,
Fruits
,
Mettals
,
Corral
;
and
of
Cattle
such
abundance
,
that
it
feeds
not
only
it self
but
a
great
part
of
Italy
and
other
Neighbouring
Countries
,
and
was
accounted
the
Granary
of
ancient
Rome
;
nor
can
the
New
well
subsist
without
its
supplies
:
And
here
is
found
the
Flaming
Mount
Aetna
,
which
frequently
has
such
horrible
Eruptions
,
that
it
not
only
sends
Stones
and
Cinders
with
Fire
into
the
Air
an
incredible
height
,
which
scatter
over
many
parts
of
the
Countrey
,
but
to
the
great
Misfortune
of
the
Inhabitants
,
and
many
times
to
the
overthrow
of
Towns
and
Cities
,
emitteth
streams
of
Liquid
Fire
or
melted
Minerals
,
which
have
been
known
to
run
in
a
Fiery
Torrent
a
mile
into
the
Sea
,
before
the
Waves
could
extinguish
them
;
and
here
the
Chief
Cities
are
Mesina
and
Syracuse
;
and
the
whole
Countrey
at
present
is
under
the
King
of
Spain
,
tho
formerly
it
was
an
entire
Kingdom
Governed
by
a
King
of
its
own
;
the
Kings
of
Sicily
,
lately
stiling
themselves
Kings
of
Jerusalem
;
and
the
people
are
much
of
the
nature
of
those
in
Italy
,
from
which
the
Island
is
divided
by
a
small
Arm
of
the
Sea
only
.
MALTA
,
anciently
Melita
,
the
Landing
Place
of
St.
Paul
in
his
way
to
Rome
,
when
the
Viper
clave
to
his
hand
,
and
he
shook
it
into
the
Fire
,
is
a
fair
Island
,
tho
but
little
in
Compass
,
yielding
store
of
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Figgs
,
Citrons
,
Cottoons
,
Pomgranats
,
and
many
other
delicious
Fruits
;
but
is
so
unhappy
to
be
mostly
deficient
in
Wine
and
Corn
,
by
which
it
is
supplied
from
Sicily
and
other
parts
;
however
it
is
one
of
the
Chief
Sea
Fortresses
or
Bulwarks
of
Christendom
against
the
Turks
,
Commanded
by
an
Order
of
Knights
,
called
the
Knights
of
St.
John
of
Jerusalem
,
tho
vulgarly
termed
or
named
the
Knights
of
Malta
;
the
whole
Territory
being
10
Leagues
in
Length
and
4
in
Breadth
,
yet
contains
60
Villages
,
and
4
principal
Cities
;
the
Chief
Valet
,
a
strong
and
well
Fortified
City
,
wherein
the
great
Master
of
the
Order
has
his
Palace
,
and
the
Knights
their
Chambers
;
as
also
a
Tower
from
whence
a
Prospect
may
be
taken
of
the
whole
Island
.
CORSICA
,
Scituate
over
against
Genoa
,
being
325
Miles
in
Circumference
,
and
of
a
very
Fruitful
Product
,
yielding
Corn
,
Wine
,
Figgs
,
Raisins
and
Hony
,
and
has
in
it
Iron
Mines
,
Mines
of
Allom
,
and
other
Minerals
,
and
has
for
its
chief
Cities
,
Bastia
,
(
pleasantly
seated
on
the
North
East
part
of
the
Island
,
on
a
commodious
Haven
)
Mara
,
Gallera
,
St.
Florence
,
St.
Boniface
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
and
is
under
the
Government
of
Genoa
,
and
affords
a
Beast
,
rarely
found
but
in
this
Island
,
called
Mufoli
,
with
a
Skin
like
a
Deer
,
but
harder
by
many
Degrees
,
and
Horns
like
a
Ram
;
and
here
are
bred
an
Excellent
Race
of
good
Horses
,
and
is
an
Island
much
noted
for
its
good
Havens
,
upon
the
Account
of
the
Reception
for
Shipping
,
Trading
in
the
Mediterranean
.
SARDINIA
is
another
Island
of
this
Tract
,
not
above
7
Miles
distant
from
the
former
,
though
much
larger
,
as
not
held
to
be
less
than
560
Miles
in
compass
,
abounding
with
Corn
and
Fruit
,
as
being
but
little
troubled
with
Hills
;
and
though
the
Soil
is
Rich
,
yet
no
Poisonous
nor
Offensive
thing
is
found
in
the
Island
,
having
for
its
principal
Cities
Coliaris
,
(
well
Inhabited
and
Fortified
,
seated
upon
a
good
Haven
,
being
an
Arch-Bishops
See
)
Reparata
,
Bossa
,
and
Aquilastra
,
and
in
the
whole
Island
are
two
other
Arch-Bishops
,
and
15
Suffraga●
Bishops
;
the
People
throughout
this
Island
demeaning
themselves
courteous
to
Strangers
,
and
are
very
just
in
their
dealings
.
The
Baleares
are
sundry
Islands
found
in
this
Sea
,
and
the
greatest
of
these
are
Majorca
and
Minorca
.
MAJORCA
is
an
Island
about
300
Miles
in
Circumference
,
lying
about
60
Miles
from
the
Coast
of
Spain
,
all
the
Borders
of
it
being
Mountainous
,
and
for
the
most
part
Barren
,
but
the
Inland
Countrey
Fruitful
,
bearing
Corn
,
Olives
,
Grapes
,
Fruits
of
sundry
Kinds
,
and
has
in
it
the
City
of
Majorca
,
a
University
;
and
that
of
Palma
.
MINORCA
is
about
9
miles
distant
from
the
former
,
and
150
miles
in
Circumference
,
having
for
its
Principal
Cities
or
Towns
,
Minorca
,
and
Javan
,
and
is
a
Flourishing
Island
,
especially
the
Inland
Parts
,
both
of
them
under
the
King
of
Spain
:
near
to
these
are
two
other
small
Islands
,
viz.
Ebrisa
,
and
Olihusa
,
considerably
Fertile
,
but
not
large
,
well
Inhabited
,
or
of
any
considerable
Trade
,
there
are
moreover
the
lesser
Islands
dispersed
abroad
as
the
Vulcanian
or
Aeolian
Islands
,
on
the
Sioilian
Shoar
;
the
principal
of
which
is
Lipra
,
not
exceeding
10
miles
in
Circumference
,
and
are
both
properly
called
the
Liparean
Islands
,
and
abound
with
Sulphur
,
Allom
,
Bitumen
,
hot
Baths
,
and
some
Fruits
,
though
not
much
,
as
being
very
Rockey
and
Mountainous
,
yet
Inhabited
by
some
Spaniards
.
VVLCANIA
,
formerly
held
to
be
the
Forge
of
Vulcan
,
where
he
made
Thunder-bolts
for
Jupiter
,
by
reason
it
cast
out
Fire
in
three
rising
Hills
,
like
the
Funnels
of
Chimneys
,
casting
up
Stones
,
and
horribly
Roaring
like
a
Smiths
Forge
.
STROMBOLO
is
another
Aelian
Island
,
or
rather
a
Burning
Mountain
in
the
Sea
,
carrying
its
Flames
and
Fire
so
bright
,
that
it
appears
like
a
Beacon
,
and
may
be
seen
in
the
dark
for
many
Leagues
;
held
by
some
who
know
no
better
,
to
be
the
mouth
of
Hell
;
when
indeed
this
and
all
other
Burning
Mountains
are
occasioned
by
the
firing
of
Minerals
,
or
the
unctuous
Quality
of
the
Earth
;
thro
the
vehement
Agitation
of
Heat
and
Cold
,
strugling
for
mastery
in
the
vacant
Caverns
,
&c.
There
are
in
this
Tract
18
Islands
,
called
the
Isles
of
Naples
,
but
only
Isica
,
and
Capra
,
and
Aenaia
are
of
any
moment
,
and
these
so
small
,
that
they
render
little
Trade
:
There
are
others
called
the
Ligurian
Islands
,
viz.
Elba
and
Gallinara
and
some
others
,
rather
Rocks
than
Islands
;
wherefore
we
pass
them
over
as
unworthy
a
place
in
this
Book
;
and
thus
much
to
these
Islands
.
The
Oriental
Islands
are
those
of
the
Eastern
Seas
,
and
to
these
by
many
(
tho
somewhat
improperly
)
are
reckoned
Rhodes
and
Cyprus
,
Two
famous
Islands
in
the
Mediterranean
,
exceedingly
abounding
in
all
manner
of
Plenty
,
and
have
for
their
Chief
Cities
Famagusta
and
Rhodes
,
both
Famous
for
their
Strength
,
and
the
Sieges
they
sustained
against
the
whole
Power
of
the
Turks
.
ORMVS
,
lying
upon
the
Aethiopian
Coast
,
and
a
place
much
frequented
,
spoken
of
before
.
ZELON
,
a
Famous
Island
for
Plenty
,
lying
not
far
from
the
Indian
Coast
called
Cape
Comerein
.
MOLOCCOES
,
Six
Islands
in
Chief
,
but
have
many
other
subject
to
them
,
viz.
Tidar
,
Tarnate
,
Macir
,
Rachian
,
Machin
,
and
Bottone
,
the
only
Islands
,
fruitfully
abounding
with
Cloves
,
Nutmegs
,
Ginger
,
Cinamon
,
Aloes
,
and
Pepper
,
for
which
they
are
much
Traded
to
by
the
Europeans
.
AMBOYNA
is
an
Island
Fruitful
in
Lemons
,
Oranges
,
Cloves
,
Cocoa's
,
Bonanus
Sugar
Canes
,
and
other
valuable
Commodities
;
and
here
it
was
the
Dutch
executed
their
Inhumane
Cruelties
on
the
English
,
and
is
called
one
of
the
Islands
of
Sindae
or
Selebes
;
the
other
Three
being
the
Selebes
,
Magassar
,
and
Gilolo
,
considerably
Rich
and
Plentiful
,
but
Inhabited
partly
by
Canibals
,
and
partly
by
a
rude
sort
of
people
,
little
inferiour
to
them
;
and
next
to
these
is
Banta
or
Banda
,
abounding
with
Nutmegs
.
JAVAMAJOR
and
Minor
,
are
Two
extraordinary
Islands
abounding
with
Spices
,
Rice
,
and
Cotton
,
and
all
other
things
necessary
for
the
subsistance
of
Life
,
Governed
by
many
Kings
,
which
are
in
continual
War
with
each
other
;
and
in
this
Tract
are
Bala
and
Madara
,
Bocuro
,
Burneo
.
SVMATRA
,
is
a
very
pleasant
Island
of
East
India
,
as
indeed
are
most
of
the
Oriental
Islands
named
,
700
Miles
in
Length
,
and
200
in
Breadth
;
and
to
these
of
this
Tract
we
may
add
the
Philippine
Islands
,
many
in
number
,
but
most
of
them
small
spots
or
specks
in
the
Sea
;
and
the
Chief
of
these
Islands
,
being
in
the
possession
of
the
Spaniards
,
are
Minbanao
,
Lusson
,
Tandain
,
and
Pollohan
,
abounding
with
Fruit
,
Cattle
,
pleasant
Rivers
,
Fowls
,
&c.
Here
are
also
the
two
Islands
of
Avirae
,
lying
West
ward
of
Sumatra
.
The
Islands
of
Africa
Described
.
MADAGASCAR
,
a
large
Island
of
1000
Miles
in
Length
,
and
230
Miles
over
,
Inhabited
by
Negroes
,
where
either
Sex
go
Naked
,
and
consequently
there
is
no
Imployment
for
Taylors
;
yet
with
the
Natives
the
Europeans
Trade
,
tho
mostly
for
Slaves
,
Copper
,
Gold
,
Silver
,
&c.
and
in
this
Tract
are
found
the
Islands
of
Chameree
,
Meottey
,
Mohelia
,
Mauritius
,
Johanan
,
an
a
Woody
Island
,
called
Englands
Forrest
,
but
of
no
Trade
,
though
considerably
Fruitful
.
Socotora
,
is
an
Island
lying
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Red
Sea
,
60
miles
in
length
,
and
64
in
breadth
,
abounding
with
Gums
,
Alloes
,
Spices
,
&c.
Here
are
also
the
Island
of
St.
Thomas
,
the
Princes
Island
,
and
the
Gorgades
,
in
number
9
,
viz.
St.
Vincent
,
St.
Anthony
,
St.
Lucius
;
Buenavisita
,
Insula
,
Salis
,
Del
●ogo
,
St.
Nicholas
,
St.
James
,
and
St.
Majo
.
The
Canary
Islands
are
in
number
7
,
viz.
The
Grand
Canary
,
La
Palma
,
Teneriffa
,
Lancerota
,
Hieorro
,
Forte
Ventura
,
and
La
Gomera
;
all
of
them
very
plentiful
,
abounding
with
Fruits
,
Cattle
,
&c.
But
above
all
,
the
Canarys
yield
us
the
Wine
,
taking
its
name
from
the
Country
;
and
in
one
of
them
is
found
the
Mount
Teneriff
,
much
transcending
the
Clouds
,
as
being
15
miles
in
ascent
.
Maedera
is
a
famous
Island
,
first
discovered
by
an
English
Ship
,
cast
away
upon
the
Coast
,
now
abounding
with
Corn
,
Wine
,
Honey
,
Sugar
Canes
,
and
Madder
,
used
in
Dying
:
and
upon
the
Coast
is
Holy
Port
,
an
Island
,
though
but
15
miles
in
compass
,
very
fruitful
and
pleasant
.
The
Azores
are
9
in
number
,
viz.
Tercera
,
the
principal
,
St.
Michael
,
St.
George
,
St.
Mary
,
Fyall
,
Gratiosa
,
Pico
,
Corno
,
and
Flores
,
not
being
very
Fruitful
,
except
the
first
.
Hesperides
,
or
the
Hesperian
Islands
,
are
3
in
number
,
viz.
Buanista
,
Mayo
,
and
Sal
,
lying
about
an
100
miles
from
the
Continent
of
Africk
,
being
in
themselves
not
only
Fruitful
,
but
exceeding
pleasant
,
by
reason
of
the
temperate
Air
,
which
occasioned
the
Poetical
Fictions
,
of
their
being
the
Elizium
Fields
,
or
aboad
of
happy
Souls
after
their
departure
.
The
American
Islands
,
&c.
JAMAICA
,
now
an
English
Colony
,
lately
taken
from
the
Spaniards
,
is
170
miles
in
length
,
and
70
in
breadth
,
very
pleasant
and
temperate
,
considerably
Fruitful
,
abounding
with
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Cocoa
Nuts
,
Pomgranates
,
and
other
curious
Fruits
,
abounding
with
Cattle
as
England
,
the
Trees
alwaies
Green
,
&c.
BARBADOES
,
an
other
English
Colony
,
is
very
well
inhabited
,
yielding
store
of
Sugar
,
Cattle
,
Corn
,
&c.
though
not
exceeding
14
or
15
miles
in
length
.
BERMVDES
,
called
the
Summer
Islands
,
are
very
pleasant
,
abounding
with
Oranges
,
Sugar
,
and
other
Commodities
,
breeding
in
their
Mulberry
Trees
,
great
store
of
Silk-worms
,
which
return
to
considerable
account
.
ST.
CHRISTOPHERS
is
a
small
Island
,
yet
produces
store
of
Tobacco
,
Cotton
,
Ginger
,
full
of
Woods
and
steep
Mountains
,
and
is
possessed
by
the
English
and
French.
NEVIS
,
about
18
miles
in
circumference
,
is
a
Colony
of
the
English
,
and
produces
Cotton
,
Sugar
,
Ginger
,
&c.
ANTEGO
is
about
7
Leagues
in
length
,
and
as
much
in
breadth
,
with
very
rocky
Shoars
,
unsafe
for
Shipping
,
yet
abounding
in
Fruit
,
Fish
,
Venison
,
Tobacco
,
Indico
,
Sugar
,
&c.
HISPANIOLA
,
350
Leagues
in
Circumference
,
very
Fruitful
,
as
are
all
the
Islands
in
this
Tract
,
viz.
Cuba
,
Laba
,
Balima
,
Lucayoneque
,
Abacoo
,
Biminy
,
Labaquene
,
Viemo
,
Curateo
,
Gotao
,
Oquaato
,
Samana
,
St.
Salvador
,
Le
Triangulo
,
St.
Vincent
,
Dominica
,
Anguila
,
and
some
others
,
scarcely
taken
notice
of
by
Historians
,
as
for
the
most
part
not
inhabited
,
yet
visited
frequently
by
the
Neighbouring
Islanders
,
upon
the
account
of
the
wild
Cattle
and
Fruits
found
in
them
;
and
for
the
conveniency
of
the
Fishing
Trade
.
And
upon
these
Coasts
of
America
,
are
lately
setled
two
Colonies
of
English
,
in
Pensylvania
and
Carolina
,
very
prosperous
and
thriving
:
But
not
having
more
room
for
a
further
Description
,
we
must
,
after
having
thus
far
proceeded
,
put
a
period
to
this
our
History
of
the
Universe
.
Hoping
't
will
find
acceptance
,
since
Mankind
To
struggle
for
the
World
is
much
inclin'd
.
FINIS
.