THE HISTORY OF Peter D'Aubusson , Great Master of RHODES .

PEter D'Aubusson , whose History I have undertaken to write , was by providence chosen out among the French about two hundred years since , to set bounds to the Conquests of the Infidels . And He it was that sav'd Rome from the destiny of Constantinople , defending Rhodes against all the force of Mahomet the second , Emperour of the Turks .

He was the Son of Reginald D'Aubusson , Lord of Monteil-au-Viconte in Marche , and Margaret of Comborn , both of the most Ancient and Illustrious Houses in the Kingdom . He receiv'd from nature , together with a Noble Birth , a strong and proportionable body , fit for great undertakings ; a quick wit , and vertuous inclinations .

As he was born valiant , and that the fiery constitution of his body , could not away with an idle life , he took upon him the profession of Arms , so soon as he was of Age to handle a sword .

The Truce which had been concluded between France and England , by the address of Cardinal Sainte Croix , Legate to Pope Eugenius the fourth , and the Peace which follow'd , oblig'd him to seek for Employment and Hounour in Germany .

The Emperour Sigismund had potent enemies both at home and abroad . The Hussites made war against him in Bohemia ; and though they seem'd inclinable to a submission after the bloody Battel of Pragne , where they lost above twenty thousand men , yet Rebellion was all they had in their thoughts . They were also so much the more to be fear'd , by how much they were highly inrag'd at their defeat , and that rage redoubl'd in some measure the zeal which serv'd for the pretence of their Revolt .

But the greatest mischief was in Hungary , where the Turks made horrible havocks . Sigismund , who was at that time tak'n up with the affairs of the Council of Basle , not being able to oppose himself against the Torrent which threatned to overflow all Germany , sent away with all speed , Albert Duke of Austria his Son in-law , to repel the Barbarians .

Aubusson by chance , or rather by a particular Providence of Heaven , got a Command in this Army . For providence having design'd him to a Profession and a Trust that concern'd the Defence of Christendom , so order'd it , that he should perform his first feats of Arms against the enemies thereof .

The Prince march'd with all the hast he could , and though far inferiour in number , he no sooner discover'd the Ottoman Army , but he sell on with out any farther deliberation . The beginning of the Combat savor'd the Imperialists . They overturn'd at first whatever Resistance oppos'd them , and made a very great slaughter . Aubusson , who felt his courage kindl'd upon sight of the Infidels , slew a great many with his own hand , and fought alwaies in the formost Ranks . But when the Victory seemd to have been assuredly on Alberts side , the Turkish Cavalry surrounded that of the Christians , and fell upon them so impetuously , that they made them give way , and broke them upon the first charge . The disorder was not long . Aubusson rally'd all the Troops about him , and renew'd the fight under the conduct of a Hungarian , whose name is not recorded in Histories , though his valor deserves to live eternally in the memory of men .

This brave person , remarkable for his tall size of body , and his undaunted Air , together with Aubusson , sustain'd , almost without other Assistance , all the whole power of the Enemy ; and with his battle-axe in his hand , after he had beat down several , made his way through the rest . Which Action so Resolute , as it terrifi'd the Turks , so it reincourag'd the Christians . All Alberts Troopes follow'd this new Leader , who seemd to be sent to them from Heaven ; and as if they had at the same time been inspir'd with fresh Vigour , they charg'd the Barbarians so rudely , that eighteen thousand lay dead upon the place , the rest thought of nothing but Flight .

While the Arms of Sigismund had this happy success in Hungary , his affairs prosper'd no less in other places . The Hussites , weak'nd by their Losses , and either terrifi'd by the Threats , or gain'd by the Promises of Emperor , at length return'd to their duty , The Treaty of Prague put an end to all the Troubles of Bohemia , and upon a sudden the Imperial Authority was re-establish'd .

All things being thus calm'd , and Albert having disbanded his Troops , Aubusson attended the Nobility that went to the Emperour's Court. There he was receiv'd as one that contributed highly to the Victory in Hungary ; and that which was related to Sigismund touching the Valour of the young French Gentleman , engag'd that Prince to give him publick marks of his esteem and acknowledgment . But Aubusson not only attracted the praises and favours of the Emperour , by his first exploits in War : for he also gain'd his good will and kindness by his carriage near his person , and the care which he took to please him .

Sigismund was endu'd with all the noble Qualities of a great Prince . Besides that he was valiant , wise , religious ; he lov'd Learning in particular , and had a great value for learned men , whom he preferr'd upon all occasions , before persons that had nothing , to recommend them but their Birth . He was himself learned , perfectly well read in History . He understood and spoke the Latine tongue , as he made it appear at the Council of Constance , by the testimony of Gerson Chancellour of the University of Paris , who was present there , and was charm'd with the last speech of that Prince . For that reason he could not endure ignorance in his Courtiers ; and would say sometimes , that he was asham'd of the Electors , who had not the least tincture of Learning .

Though Aubusson were endu'd with a Martial soul , and that the love of war overswayd his Inclinations , yet had he a disposition and a Genious for Learning . He had a quick and piercing wit ; a happy memory , and a solid judgment . So that it was no difficult thing for him to conform himself to the humour of the Emperor , having in a short time fitted himself for all manner of addresses . After he had study'd the languages as much as was requisite for a Souldier to know ; he apply'd himself to the understanding of all the noble sciences . He learnt the Mapps , the Mathematicks , and above all the rest , that part with concernes the Art of war . But History was his Principal studie ; He made a kind of business & Exercise of it , reading more to instruct then divert himself . For he was not contented to charge his memory with great names , and strange Accidents , as many do that read ; but he still made Judicious reflections upon what he read ; proposing to himself , as examples to follow , the actions of men Illustrious . Above all things , he examin'd the lives of great men , and making advantage of their Vices , as well as of their Vertues , he became a Master to himself for the governing his own Manners .

Whatever love he had for reading , and what ever pleasure he took in it , yet he study'd the world more then books : and above all the world , and all books , the Emperor . As he had a free access to his person , and was with him every day , he was able to observe nere at hand his Maximes , his words his actions , and all his behaviour . But among all the Vertues of Sigismund he was taken with none more then his Zeal for the Christian Faith ; of which he shew'd so many real marks , not only in the Councils which he upheld by his authority and presence , but also by the wars which he undertook against the Infidels .

Thus the Court , which is usually the corrupter of youth , was to Aubusson a school of wisdom and vertue . Where , besides the love which it taught him to have for learning , and to make a sound judgment of things , he acquir'd Integrity , and became a man of Vertue and Repute .

With such noble Inclinations as these , he might easily pretend to great employments in a Court where Justice was done to merit . And certainly he had attain'd thereto , as much a stranger as he was , had not his Fortunes been overturnd by the Death of the Emperor .

Albert Duke of Austria , who succeeded Sigismund , had not for Aubusson those kind thoughts as his predecessors . Whether it were that he did not naturally love the French , or whether the Favors of the deceas'd Emperour provok'd his hatred of a stranger

Aubusson quickly percev'd that the Emperor had got a new Master , and that the best course that he could take was to be gone . But though that Consideration might not have prevail'd with him to quit Germany , yet his duty would have oblig'd to return to France .

The Treaty at Arras for the accommodation between the two Kingsof England and France not taking effect , as it was hop'd , the War broke out again between the two Kings : So that there happ'nd divers sieges , and divers fights , with more heat and animosity then ever . The English made great spoil in the Provinces of which they were not Masters ; and the French divided among themselves , committed as great violences every where ; so that what between a Forraign and a Civil War joyn'd together , the whole Kingdom was full of confusion and horrour .

This was the state of the Affairs of France when Sigismund di'd , and that Aubusson forsook Germany to come and serve his own Country . John D'Aubusson Lord of Born , his Cousin-German , and Chamberlain to Charles the seventh , brought him to Court . So soon as he came there , his proper person , his sparkling countenance , his noble Air attracted the eyes of all upon him ; but his prudent and honest carriage , his wit , his politeness , his pleasant conversation gain'd almost the hearts of every one .

In regard he was of the County of Marche , and younger Son of the Vicounts of that County , the Count of Marche , Governour of the Dolphin , shew'd him great respect , and did him the honour to be his Patron . This Relation which Aubusson had to the Count , gave him opportunity often to wait upon the Dolphin , who was almost of Age. He obtain'd his love , being so happy as to share in the exercises and divertisements of the Prince . He had also the good fortune to please Charles the seventh , who saw in him at first sight something that was great and not common . But it was not long ere be shew'd by his actions , that what we conceiv'd of him , was not without good ground . He signaliz'd himself in a high measure at Montereau Faut-yone , whither he attended the Dolphin , who commanded at the Siege . The King who had been himself a witness of the valour of Aubusson , when he carry'd the City by Assault , making his entry a little while after into Paris , commanded his attendance upon him to Court , with the chief of his Nobility . This Entry was one of the most magnificent that ever was made : And it may be truly said to be the first day that Charles began to reascend his Throne . Several Cities follow'd the example of the Capital ; and those that stood out were for the most part reduc'd by force . Aubusson every where gave signal marks of his Courage ; but upon one occasion he made it apparent that a young Warriour might be as well prudent as cunning .

At what time the power of the English abated in the Kingdom , that of the fair Agnes increas'd at Court. As she was wonderfully charming , and one that understood better then any woman of her sex , how to govern her Lovers , she obtain'd in a short while an absolute Dominion over the King . But according to the custom of women , whose credit arises from their Beauty , she made but an ill use of the Kings Favours . The Dolphin , who was not naturally very docible , could not endure a haughty and imperious woman , who had but little respect for him . On the other side , the great Authority of Charles of Anjou , Brother to the King of Sicily offended him extreamly . He took it ill , that a Prince , for whom he had no kindness , should have so great a share in the confidence of his Father . So that the Favorite was no less a trouble to him then the Mistress .

But that which vex'd him most of all , was , that after the taking of Montereau , where he fought so well against the English , that in Courtship they applauded him for it before the King , he had but a bad reception from bis Father , instead of the thanks which he expected . For the King perceiving that this first Essay had puft up the mind of his son , he return'd him under the Discipline of his Government , and remov'd him also from the Court . Whether he were jealous of a valour that made such a noise in the world ; or whether , understanding the bad disposition of the Dolphin , he thought this first success of his might transport him too far , if he did not take care to curb him .

The Dolphin dissembl'd his dissatisfaction for some time ; but a young Prince once provok'd , whose passions are violent , and who never wants bad counsel , is soon aweary of counterfeiting . And therefore to revenge himself like the Son of a King , he went and put himself at the head of the Rebellious Nobility .

The Count of Marche , to whom the revolt of his disciple was no small dishonour , omitted nothing that might reduce him to his duty . Besides what he did himself , he made use of the management of Aubusson , whom the Prince lov'd , and who had found a means to preserve his favour without confederating in the revolt . Certain it is that the Dolphin was of a jealous , & ticklish disposition , not easie to manage ; and one of those who are of that head strong & obstinate humour , that they are seldom to be recover'd , when they have once fix'd upon their party . But Aubusson knew him very well , and understood which way to take him . For he had those sweet and insinuating charms , which are not imcompatible with a fierce and fiery Disposition . But above all , he had a natural Eloquence , that always wrought it's Effect , and which perswades so much the more , by how much it is the less distrusted . So that he had not much to do to make the Prince list'n to reason . He so dextrously mannag'd his passions , and mollify'd him in such sort by degrees , that when the Count of Eu , came afterwards to treat with him on the Kings behalf , he found him altogether enclin'd to lay down his Armes , and beg pardon .

The King was so satisfy'd wi●h Aubussons address upon this occasion , that he employ'd him in other Negotiations of concernment . In all which he so behav'd himself , that Charles the fifth highly applauded the sharpness of his wit . Insomuch that one day , speaking of Aubusson , he said , it was a hard matter to find so much fire and so much prudence both together .

After the Princes were come to an accommodation , the War grew very warm between the French and English , and much blood was shed on both sides . But the truces that were afterwards made , chang'd the whole face of affairs . France began to breath a more quiet Aire ; and the pleasures which afterwards succeded the Toyles of war , had perhaps effeminated the hearts of the souldiers ; if their Marches into Lorrain and Germany had not found them work .

Rene of Anjou , King of Sicily and Duke of Lorrain , requested aid of Charles King of France , his Brother in Law , against some places in the Countrey of Messin , that would not acknowledg his Iurisdiction . Charles presently appeares before Nancy with a great Army ; of which one part went briskly to beseige Mets. The City defended it self with great courage and obstinacy . Upon which the Dolphin , with whom the tediousness of the seige did not agree , found a fair occasion to satisfie his boyling and ambitious Humour .

The Emperor Frederick the third , dissatisfi'd with the Swisses , who pretended to have nothing to do with the House of Astria , and who under that pretence affected a kind of Independencie , not much differing from a Revolt ; invited France by the mediation of Sigismund , Duke of Austria , to come and defend the Rights of the Empire . There needed no more encouragement for the Dolphin , who had espoused the Sister of the Dutchess of Austria , to enter Alsacia with an Army . Aubusson was one of the young Lords that attended him , and one who had the greatest share in the defeat of the Swisses near Basle : But the Duke having reduc'd some places , and cast a terror upon others , march'd back again sooner then was expected . Either because the Emperour , unwilling to draw upon himself ill will , for being the occasion of the war , in some measure disown'd it ; or because the German Lord , who had conducted the French Army into Switzerland , and was to have been their guide through all the narrow and difficult streights of the Mountains , being slain , there was no safety in proceeding farther .

In the mean time the Affair of Mets being brought to an accommodation , advantageous for the Beseigers , and honourable for the Beseiged ; the Embassadors of the German Princes , whom the Dolphins march had alarm'd , came to demand a confirmation of the ancient Alliances between France and Germany . Their demands were granted them ; and as there is a time when the Spirit of Peace is predominant , the truce was prolong'd for five years between France and England . The Court in such a quiet calm began to think of nothing but divertisement : and the Marriage of Margaret , Daughter of the King of Sicilie , with Henry King of England , occasion'd such extraordinary rejoycings , that they had almost forgot their last troubles . Never was a more beautiful Court , nor a more numerous , then that of Nancy : For not to speak of the several Princes and Princesses that were of lesser dignity , there were two Kings , and three Queens beside . The Earl of Suffolk , who was sent to fetch the new Queen of England , had with him the flower of the English Nobility . Several daies were also spent in magnificent Turnaments , where the King of France , and the King of Sicily ran together .

But Aubusson soon grew weary of that which employ'd others so much to their delight . Besides that he naturally lov'd war , he had Principles of Piety which did not correspond with a lazie and voluptuous life . On the other side , the victories of John Hunniades , and George Castriote , which they had obtain'd against Amurat , inspir'd him with a new zeal for Religion : and the Cruelties which the Turks exercis'd against the Christians at the Battel of Varna , awakn'd in him the hatred which he had conceiv'd against the Enemies of Jesus Christ .

He could not but with great grief of mind understand the report which ran at that time , that Vladislaus King of Poland , and Cardinal Cesarini , the Popes Legate had been flead alive by those Barbarians . But it was joyful news to him , that the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem , had obtain'd several advantages against the Saracens ; and that the Soldan of Aegypt , had a little before rais'd his seige from before Rhodes . In the midst of these thoughts , he took a resolution to fight against the Infidels , and to the end he might be indispensably engag'd thereto , he fram'd a design at the same time to embrace the military order of St. John of Jerusalem . Heaven , that inspir'd him with these high thoughts , gave him the power to execute them with speed . He departed for Rhodes , not all the Charms of the Court being able to detain him .

The multitude of French Gentlemen that daily throng'd to Rhodes to be made Knights , had oblig'd the Grand-master to make an Order that none would be receiv'd , until the Treasury , exhausted by the late Wars , were somewhat replenish'd . Nevertheless Aubusson was admitted ; whether it were that they saw in his person somewhat extraordinary that spake in his behalf , or that it were a peculiar favour , in respect to Lewis D'Aubusson his Uncle , one of the most famous Knights of Rhodes , and known in History by the name of the Commander of Charroux : Or whether it were that the Grand-master were inspir'd to exceed his own Rules in favour of a Person , who was afterwards to be the support of the Order .

Our new Knight had no great difficulty to undergo the usual Examinations , though at that time they were much more strict than afterwards . For all things that render a Family Illustrious , were to be found with advantage in his : For as to the antiquity of it , the original of the House of Aubusson , is unknown and uncertain , as of most Families in the world . But that which may be certainly averr'd is this ; that in the time of Charlemaine , the Ancestors of Pierre D'Aubusson were very famous in France . For the Kings of the second race having settl'd Counts to govern every Province , and these Lords alwayes choosing the greatest Lords of their Province for their Lieutenants , Jeffrey , first Count of Marche , chose his Lieutenant out of the House of Aubusson , about the year 860. This Lieutenant to the Lord , whose name we know not , was call'd Vicount D'Aubusson from the name of the principal Place which he possess'd .

Turpin , who was elected Bishop of Limoges in the year 898 , and whom Aymar of Chabanois extolls no less for the splendor of his Birth , then for the holiness of his Life , was the Son of the first Vicount of Aubusson , and Brother of Reginald the first , who was Vicount under his Father , under Sulpicius the second , Earl of Marche , Son of Jefferey .

The dignity of Vicount remain'd above four hundred years in that Family of Aubusson , successively from Father to Son , till that Raymund the first having no Children , sold it to Hugues Earl of March , to the prejudice of his Brother Ranulphus D'Aubusson , who continua'd the Posterity .

Piety and Liberality , which in those times highly distinguish'd the great Lords from those of mean extraction , were hereditary vertues in this Family . For , not to speak any thing of Bishop Turpin , so magnificent in all that concern'd the worship of the Altar ; the Vicounts D'Aubusson , were alwaies very Religious , and gave considerable Donations to several Churches and Abbeys .

These Lords and their Descendants signaliz'd themselves upon several Occasions , where the interest of France was concern'd . Witness Guy D'Aubusson , who performed so many noble Acts , in the War with the English under Charles the fifth , who having receiv'd many wounds in the defence of his Castle of Monte●… , was tak'n Prisoner with his Wife and Children by the Enemy . Witness also John D'Aubusson , Lord of Borne , Anthony D'Aubusson , Lord of Villeneare , and Anthony D'Aubusson Lord of Monteil , who made their fidelity and their zeal for the service of Charles the seventh appear ; whose Chamberlaines they were at such a time when all the Kings Officers were Peers of high quality .

Lastly , that which infinitely advances the House of Aubusson , and perhaps distinguishes it from all others , is this , that being so ancient , it was never mix'd , but has still in the same County preserv'd the same Estate : so that Francis D'Aubusson , Duke and Peer , Marshal of France , and Collonel of the French Guards , possesses at this day the Signiory of Fueillade , which has been time out of mind in the possession of the Vicounts D'Aubusson his Ancestors .

But to return to our History , Aubusson was no sooner arriv'd at Rhodes , but he understood that there was a peace going to be made with Amurat , and that it was almost concluded by the Soldan of Egypt . In regard he had an extream passion to fight with the enemies of Christ , this news was not overwelcome to him , only he was in hopes that it would soon be brok'n .

In the mean time he set himself to study the duty of a true Knight . Presently he understood that the Knights of Rhodes were to joyn together in Valour and Piety : that a cowardly Knight , or a Libertine , was something monstrous : that for them to live according to the intent of their Calling , there was a necessity fo● them exactly to follow the maxims of the Gospel , and that they were not to draw their Swords , but in the defence of the Church , or for the relief of the Faithful : that for that reason they wore their Cross upon their Habit , and that their Impresse was , For the Faith . He oft'n revolv'd in his mind the vertues and the exploits of those ancient Knights that first made themselves Masters of Rhodes , and afterwards so couragiously withstood Ottom●n the first King of the Turks .

But notwithstanding the peace , because it did not hinder the roving of Turkish Pyrates , he several times put forth to Sea , and so well acquitted himself upon all occasions that presented , that he obtain'd the commandery of Salins , in the first years of his service .

John de Lustic , who at that time govern'd the Order of St. John of Jerusalem , and who was the first to whom the publick vogue gave the title of Grand master , soon conceiv'd a high Opinion of Monsieur D'Aubusson , as well as James de Milli , who was Grand Prior of Auvergne , and who succeeded John de Lustic in the charge of Grand-master .

The affairs of Rhodes were calm enough , when the death of Amurath , or rather the ambition of Mahomet his successor , rais'd strange troubles over all Christendom .

Mahomet the second is so often mention'd in the story , that I am to write , that it will not be amiss to describe him before I go any farther . He was one of those extraordinary personages , who are not only endow'd with great Vertues , and great Vices ; but one also freight with qualities altogether opposite . Never was the●… a Prince more wise , or more led away ; more valiant , nor more effeminate , more a Master , nor more a Slave to his passions then he . Though he had a Countenance somewhat wild , and something of terrible in his eyes , he could put on a mild and engaging Aire when he pleas'd . His Serraglio follow'd him every where ; and he gave himself up to his pleasures in the midst of the toyles of war ; but he was melancholy and cruel in the height of his pleasures , killing sometimes with his own hand his Favourites and his Mistresses in the heat of his debauchery ; so soon he alter'd from love to choler and fury . He also committed these cruelties sometimes in cold blood , more out of Policy then transportation . And it is reported of him , that when he reproach'd the Souldiers for ●ffeminacie , and slackness in discipline ; certain among them taking the boldness to hit him in the teeth with a young Grecian whom he passionately lov'd , he caus'd her to be brought forth , and to be by them beheld at leisure : whereupon when the Souldiers dazl'd with her beauty , agreed that the Emperors passion was not without good reason ; Mahomet immediately striking off her dead with his Scimitar , laid her head at their feet , to let them understand , that Pleasure was not his Master , and that whatever proneness he had to it , he lov'd nothing beyond his duty .

He was brought up by his Mother in the principles of Christianity , & instructed by Maximus , Patriarch of the Greeks . However , he only made profession of the Mahometan Religion , or rather he had no Religion at all ; laughing at his Prophet , and regarding less the Alcaron then the Gospel . He freely confess'd that the Christian Law was an admirable Law : but he so much abhorr'd the Christians , that when he met with one , he was alwaies wont to wash his hands and mouth , as if the very sight of a Christian had defil'd him .

He thought all things lawful to obtain his ends : and never kept his word , but when it stood with the conveniencie of his affairs . For he pretended that he ow'd no respect to any one , and treated all men like slaves , not . considering that he ow'd to himself the fulfilling of the word which he had giv'n to others , and that the laws of fidelity oblige the Masters as well as the Slaves . Yet was he just to his Subjects , and administer'd justice equally to all his people . He thought much , spoke little , neglected nothing , inform'd himself of all things , and disguis'd himself often to see what pass'd in his Serraglio , and in his Army . He understood several Languages , and several Sciences , amongst the rest Astrology , which he study'd very much . He was a lover of learned men , and excellent Artists of any Nation whatever . Magnificent toward the one and the other . Observing no moderation in reward , no more then he did in punishment . Indefatigable he was in war , a contemner of danger , resolute in bad fortune , insolent or moderate in prosperitie , as occasion requir'd : cunning to conceal his enterprises , and discover those of his enemies : Artificial in his management , making use of the vilest means to compass his ends : but ambitious to excess : accounting all his conquests as nothing , and still every day proposing new to himself . So predominant was the love of honour in him , and Alexander the great so much his model , that he read his life continually , which he caused on purpose to be translated into Arabic , and he did him the honour to imitate him even in his vices .

When Mahomet had taken possession of the Ottoman Empire , after the death of Amurath his Father , he was presently for an universal Monarchy , and first he undertook to subdue the Empire of the Greeks . He began his military expeditions with the seige of the Capital , notwithstanding the peace which he had made with Constantine Paleologus , Emperor of Constantinople ; or rather it was under the protection of a peace solemnly sworn , that the Barbarian turn'd his armes upon that side .

In regard Constantine had made no provision against an attempt which he did not mistrust , and for that the succour which he receiv'd from the King of Arragon , the Pope , and the Republick of Venice came too late , he could not sustain the force of so great an Army ; so that the City was carri'd by assault by the Infidels , notwithstanding the resistance of the Christians . Never was seen a more tragical spectacle , than that which was then beheld . They made a most horrible slaughter every where ; nothing escap'd the fury of the Souldiers . Women & Virgins of qualitie were publickly defil'd ; and afterwards inhumanly massacred . The Images & reliques of the Saints were cut to pieces . The Resemblances of Christ thrown to the dogs ; and the great Crucifix dragg'd about the streets , with most dreadful acclamations and imprecations . Constantine rather chose to dye in the defence of his Crown and faith , then to fall alive into the hands of the Barbarians . His head was carried upon a Lance round about the City ; and that there might not any footstep remain of the family of the Paleologi , Mahomet caus'd the Princes and Princesses of the Blood-Royal to be slain in the midst of a magnificent Banquet , whereat he treated the Principal Officers of his Army .

The taking of Constantinople cast a terror upon all the East , and oblig'd the Despote of Servia , the King of Cyprus , and the Emperour of Trebizond , to sue for the friendship of the Turk . Which they could not obtain , but upon paying a certain Tribute , as the Islands of Scio , and Meteline did . The Knights of Rhodes would not stoop to any such dishonourable condition ; and though Mahomets Ambassador threatn'd the Knights with all that could be expected from a Potent and Victorious Prince , if they refus'd to pay him 2000. Duccats a year , the Grand-Master answer'd with a generous Christianity , That the Order of Rhodes acknowledg'd none but the Apostolick See , which knew not what it was to pay Tribute : and that for his part he was resolv'd rather to dye a thousand deaths , then to suffer in his time , that the Government which he had receiv'd free , should become tributary ; and that if Mahomet made war against the faith of Treaties , he hop'd that God , who is the revenger of injuries and impieties , would defend his own Worship against all the Ottoman Power .

In regard the Knights were fearful least so fierce an Answer might provoke Mahomet , they made it their business to provide against so formidable an enemy . But because the Society was then poor , and not able to maintain a long war of it self , they thought it their best way to engage the Christian Princes to their side , especially the King ▪ of France , upon whom they lookt upon as the best friend of their Order . The Commander D Aubusson was chosen for this Embassage out of all the Commanders of the French Nation . Not only because he had a particular knowledge and dexterity in managing affairs , but because he was known to the Court of France .

He departed from Rhodes at the time that James de Milli succeeded John de Lustic , Grand-Master of the Order , and arrivd in France , a little after the Cardinal d Avignon , whom the Pope had sent thither , to encite the French against the Turk . The Embassador of Rhodes was entertaind after an extraordinary manner , either because the Court had a great esteem for him , or because they had a design to keep him in delay . He saw through the gentleness and caresses which he receivd , which way the Court stood affected toward the Holy-wat . The King would not undertake it by any means , whether he thought his Kingdom too much exhausted to defray the expence of a war that might prove of a long continuance ; or whether he minded nothing but his Repose , after his past toiles , or that the Charms of the fair Agnes had coold his zeal which he formerly had for the interest of the Church ; or whether it were that he would not submit to the inclinations of his Son , who was retir'd male-content , to Philip Duke of Burgundie , the most zealous of all the Christian Princes , and one that had declar'd himself so much an enemy of the Turk , that he solemnly swore to make war upon them .

The Cardinal Legate who was a Frenchman , and very understanding in affairs , applid himself wholly to effect this Negotiation . After many Conferences in vain with the publick Ministers , he treated at last in particular with the King , not being able to obtain any thing . Calistus being advertis'd of the Kings disposition , writ to him very sharp Letters ; threatning him at length with the Thunderbolts of Rome , and the Malediction of Heaven , if he refusd the holy League . Those Letters wrought no effect , if they did not make it worse . The King was incens'd at the Popes threats , and not perswaded by his reasons . In such a ticklish conjuncture , there appeard no probability of hopes for the Commander D Aubusson . However he ceas'd not to act : and in regard that besides the character of an Embassador he had other good qualities , which made him esteem'd by the King and his Ministers , he was heard more favourably then the Legate .

He represented at first that Christendom was never in more eminent danger , and that there was nothing which we had not to fear , if the Progress of the Infidels were not quickly stopp'd ; that Mahomet since the taking of Constantinople aim'd at nothing but Rome ; that he was falln into Hungaria , to enter into Germany , with a purpose to make his way that way into Italy . That it was one of his maxims , that as there is but one God in Heaven , so there could not be but one Monarch upon Earth : That he had been constrain'd to raise his siege before Belgrade , because he had not taken the right course , and for that he had been wounded himself , but that his misfortune had no way disincourag'd him ; that he was one of those great men that make the best advantage of their errors and misfortunes ; or rather that he was like the fiercer sort of Beasts , who when they have receiv'd a wound and feel their blood begin to flow , are never more furious till then . That since his ill success in Hungary , he had drawn to his side the Soldan of Egypt , the Caraman and the Tartar , and that he would return with fresh forces to the siege of the Belgrade ; and that his Generals who had tak'n almost all the Isles in the Archipelago , would soon powre their fury upon Rhodes . In short that those two Ramparts of Christendom being forcd , not any of the Dominions of the Christian Princes could be safe , either by Sea or Land .

Aubusson ▪ afterwards represented to the King , that being the ●ld●st Son the Church , he could not forsake their interest without dishonour to himself . That as for the transportment of the Pope , it was but a transportment of zeal , and that his good intentions deserv'd the pardon of a few sharp expressions . He added at length , that because there were in Rhodes more Knights of the French , then of any other Nations in the world the Monarch of Fraace could not in justice dispence with succouring the Island , at a time when it lay only in his power to do it . That Alphonsus King of Aragon , so wise and so brave before he came into Italy , was not only effeminated by the delights of Naples , but embroyld with Pope Calixtus ; who though a native of Arragon , had refus'd to give him the investiture of the Kingdom of Sicily , and to assure the succession to Ferdinand his natural son . That Henry King of Castile , as poor spirited , and more vitious then his Father , had business at home and abroad ; and that his Rebellious subjects found him as much work , as the Moors of Granada his Neighbours and Enemies . T has Henry of England was not Master at home , and that the Duke of York who had usurp'd the Government , minded nothing but to sustain himself against his Rivals . That the Emperor Frederick liv'd an idle life , minding neither his own honor , nor the safety of Christendom . That besides , the war grew hot between the Empire and Hungary , and that Ladislaus at the same time was to make head against the Emperor and the Turk . That civil dissentions turmoyld all Italy , and that the Kingdoms of Sweedland & Danemark were full of troubles , Christiern had been set up in the place of Charles , whose irregularities and crimes had render'd him unworthy of the Crown . That Alphonso King of Portugal , quiet enough at home , wanted not a good will , but that all he could do was but very little , if a Prince more potent then himself did not assist him . That thus France being the only Kingdom in Europe that enjoy'd a true peace ; it was only from France that they could expect relief sufficient to ruine the designes of the Port , and for that reason parhaps it was that Heaven had freed it from the power of the English .

All these reasons propounded after a smart and insinuating manner , made a deep impression upon Charles's thoughts . That Prince who was so averse before to the Holy-war , began to desire it , and awaking from the profound sleep wherein his pleasures had lull'd him , he only follow'd the motions of his Piety and Courage . He gave liberty to Cardinal DAvignen to leavy a tenth upon the Clergy , to defray the expence of the war ; he entred into a League against Mahomet with Hungarie , and that there might be no question of his faithful inclinations , he confirm'd the League by the marriage of Magdalene of France his Daughter with King Ladislaus . As for the Knights , he promis'd them all assistance , and immediately caus'd sixtie thousand Crowns in Gold to be paid to the Embassador of Rhodes .

Aubusson layd out that mony for provisions of war , according to the orders he receiv'd , and freighted away Ships laden with Canon , Armes , Powder and Lead . Then he departed himself , after he had collected most of the money , which was due to the Order in several parts of Europe .

The success of the Embassie , and the Letter which he presented to the Grand-Master from the King of France , made him to be acceptably receiv'd by the Knights and all the people . The Letter was very generous and very obliging . For the King after he had only spok'n a word or two touching the gratifying of their desires , and excus'd himfelf for not having done more at the present juncture , frankly engag'd himself to give them farther assistance , and assur'd them of his friendship , in very civil and affectionate language , which Kings were not wont to make use of .

But whatever obligation the Order had to Charles the seventh , the Spanish Knights could not forbear to dea● very rudely with the French Knights at a general Chapter , held a little after the return of the Embassador , and which was no less famous for the attempts of Hostile Nations or enemies of France , then for the number of famous Commanders that were present .

So soon as the Chapter war open'd , the Knight de Linian , Procurator of the Spanish tongue , stood up , and said aloud , that they ought not to proceed any farther , without decreeing one Article which he ought to propose , and which was very important , the publick tranquility . To which purpose , he requir'd , that all the dignities of the Order should be equal , and that there should be no distinction of Languages , nor of precedency , nor in any other marks of Honour . He was seconded in his proposal , by the Knight de Rivalta , Procurator of the Italian tongue , and the Procurators all England and Germany . But the French , who had alwayes march'd before other Nations , oppos'd with all their might the Proposal of Linian , and above all the Commander D Aubusson , who held a considerable degree in the Assembly , by vertue of his title of Constable of Rhodes , and Procurator of the Grand-Master .

The zeal which he had for the Honour of his Country , made him speak louder and more earnest then the rest . To shew how unjust the Proposition of the Spaniards was , he declar'd in few words , that the French being the first Founders of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem , deserv'd such honour as should distinguish them from other Languages that were associated with them , and which they had adopted : That those particular honours being the recompence of their vertue , it would be injustice to deprive them of them . That their Predecessors had peaceably enjoy'd them , without being ever molested or oppos'd : That antiquity of Possession was a good Title for precedencie : And that in a well regulated Constitution all Innovations were of dangerous consequence : After all , that it was not a time then to dispute of such matters , and that they would incur the malediction of the Church , according to the Popes Breif touching the celebration of the Chapter , if they discours'd of any other matters , then what concern'd the general good of Christendom .

The Spaniards and their accomplices often interrupted Aubusson , and endeavour'd to carry by force , what they could not obtain by justice . But finding at length that the French party was the strongest , and that they were not all hearknd to , they flung out of the Assembly , and afterwards departed the Town , notwithstanding the prohibition of the Grand-Master : so that this Affair , which , as the Spaniards pretended so much imported the publick tranquility , was but a trick to divide and break up the Assembly .

But the Commander D Aubusson had another occasion to stand up for the honour of France while he desended his own . The news being brought to the Grand-Master that Mahomet was equipping out a great Fleet , and that the Turks might attacque the Island of Rhodes , the Knight Villemarin a Spaniard , and a person of merit , but ambitious , and naturally turbulent , propos'd in Council with much heat , that he might immediately give order for all things necessary for the defence of the City , and made a large recital of what was needful , with all the marks of a sedulous care . Aubusson who was Castellaine of the City , and who besides that , exercis'd the Command of Captain General in the absence of the Marshal of the Order , fearing least Villamarin , whose haughty and daring humour he knew , should usurp the charge of Captain General , anfwer'd him sternly , that there was no want of power ; that he might set himself at rest for that ; and that he had nothing to do to intrude himself upon those duties that did not belong to him : That it was the Captain General who was to take care for the security of the City : That that employment anciently belong'd to the Auvergnon Tongue , and that the Spanish Language bad nothing to do with it .

Villemarin made a semblance of submitting to his reasons , and gave no reply at that time , either to conceal his design , or to give himself time to consider what he had to do . But the next day , having consulted the Knights of his own Nation , which were returnd to Rhodes , whose behaviour the Grand-Master had also pardon'd , he appear'd at the head of them in Council , and with an affected Air of modesty , said , that the Spanish Language did not pretend to the charge of Captain General ; but that he , and all the rest of the Nation desir'd that they might have the opportunity to perform their duties to the utmost of their power , as well as the French . Aubusson , who saw that this manner of proceeding , was only a meet fetch , and that the Spaniards , under pretence of demanding the exercise of their duty , had a design upon the Command it self , replid with more sternness and vigour then before , that the charge of Captain General was annexed to the dignity of Marshal of the Order ; that only belong'd to the Auvergnian Language , of whom the Marshal was the chief , to do the duties of it ; and that Spain had nothing to do to meddle with France as to that particular . The Council adjudg'd that Villemarin's wariness was without any ground ; and the Affair was decreed in favour of the French , to the disgrace of the Spaniards , who in vain protested against all that was done , in regard that their Protests could not be Register'd .

Notwithstanding the advantage which France had in these Contests , that hinder'd not , but that Peter Raymund Zacosta , a Castillan , was chosen Grand-Master , in the room of James de Milli , who dy'd at that time ; the Spaniards were also divided into two Languages , the one Arragonian , the other Castillian ; in favour of the latter of which , there was a new Dignity created under the Title of Chancellor of the Order . Yet neither the credit which the Spaniards had with the new Grand-Master , nor the animosities which they had conceiv'd against the French could hinder , but that the Commander Aubusson had alwaies his share in the management of Affairs , and was highly honour'd by the Chapter General which was held at Rome .

To understand this part of the History , it is convenient to relate the reason which oblig'd the Grand-Master to pass into Italy , with the principal Knights , at a time when it was thought that they ought not to have been absent .

The Negotiation of the Embassador which Mahomet sent to Rome , to treat of peace , or rather to lull the Knights asleep while his Arms were employ'd in other places , having not taken effect , the Grand-Master thought it convenient to lay up a bank for the War , and began to levy the Tax which had been impos'd upon all the Estates of the Order .

The most part of the absent Commanders , who lead lives irregular enough , and for whom great Revenues were not large enough to maintain their luxury , refus'd to pay that which was their due . However , to excuse themselves in some measure , they cry'd out that the Tax was too high , that Zacosta sought only to ruine them , and enrich himself ; and that his Government grew every day more and more tyrannical . They also did him ill offices to the Princes which they found enclind to hear them . The Italians and French did all they could to animate against him the Duke of Venice and the King of Naples ; but the Spaniards render'd him altogether odious to the King of Arragon , already provok'd for that the Council of Rhodes had tak'n from an Arragonois the Commandery , of Emposta , to put Zacosta in his room . That Prince , who was one of the Greatest of his time , and who wanted not for credit at Rome , inform'd the Pope of all , and advis'd him to send for the Grand Master , and to examine how he had carry'd himself . The Pope believd the King of Arragon , but to save in some measure the honour of the party accus'd , he orderd the General Chapter , which should have been held at Rhodes , to be held at Rome , where the affairs of the Order might be better consulted then in any other place . Zacosta , who was ignorant of the evil designs of his enemies , blindly obeys the Orders of the Pope , and his innocency seem'd to afford him strength to undergo the toil of a Voyage in the extremity of old age .

In this famous Assembly it was , wherein Paul the second presided in Person , that the Commander D Aubusson was highly preferr'd . For besides that at the opening of the Chapter , he was chosen for one of the Procurators of the Treasury , he was one of the sixteen Knights that were afterwards elected , and who according to the Statutes of the Order , bad a joint power to look after the most important affairs .

But his principal business was to justifie the innocence of the Grand Master Zacosta ; to which purpose he ply'd Cardinal Vrsini and the Arch-Bishop of Milan , who were brought into the Chapter by the Popes order , being persons in whom the Pope had a great confidence . After he had well inform'd them of the loose life of the Knights who refus'd to pay the Tax , he easily made them understand , that the Complaints which they made against the Grand Master had no other foundation then the dissoluteness of his Enemies . But to remove out of the Popes thoughts all apprehensions of any tyrannical Government exercis'd by the Grand Master , he engag'd several of the most sober and prudent Knights to give testimony to the Pope of the conduct and management of Zacosta .

The Pope was asham'd that he so easily believ'd the accusers of Zacosta ; and to make him some kind of publick satisfaction , he caress'd him , and shew'd him more then ordinary favours before all the world . But as his Holiness had been informd by Cardinal Vrsini and the Arch-Bishop of Milan of the debauchery of the disobedient Knights , he consulted with the Grand Master how to reduce them to their duty . He also made a speech in Latin to the Knights that were assembled upon the obligation that lay upon them all together , to lead a life not only vertuous and regular , but holy and irreproachable . The zeal of the Pope rais'd up that of the Chapter . They seriously fell to consider what way to take to remedy the disorders that were crept into the Order , and made Laws for the Reformation of Manners , which after they had been examind by the sixteen Knights , and some of the Cardinals , were approvd and confirmd by the Pope himself .

Aubusson was extreamly rejoic'd that he had not labour'd in vain ; but he had not the satisfaction to see the Grand Master himself put the Laws in execution ; Zacosta dyd as soon as the Assembly was broke up . The Pope was so much the more aggrievd at it , because he lookt upon himself to be in some sort the cause of his death ; for it was the general report that this journey to Rome had shorten'd the days of that venerable old man . He was buried with a magnificence extraordinary in the Church of St. Peter , before the Chappel of St. Gregory . The Marble that was laid over him , sufficiently testifies him to have been illustrious in piety , in charity , and in wisdom ; and his Epitaph might have servd him for an Apology , had he had any need of it after his death .

Baptista Vrsini , Prior of Rome , was elected Grand Mailer , before the Knights were separated . He departed for Rhodes presently after his election , upon information that his presence was absolutely necessary there . When he came there he found the Treasury wasted , the Fortifications decay'd , good part of the Ammunition spent , and all the Inhabitants of the Island alarm'd at Mahomets preparations . The Barbarian puft up with his former Conquests , advanc'd every day like a furious Torrent that finds no resistance , or which becomes more impetuous and rapid by the resistance which it meets with . The death of the generous Scanderbeg made him more insolent then ever ; insomuch , that when he heard the news , he said , that he would now be soon Master of Christendom , since she had lost her Sword and Buckler .

The first step which the Grand Master made to remedy these disorders , was to recall all the Knights which the journey to Rome had scatter'd , or which the pleasures of Italy , or the affairs of the Order hinder'd from returning .

The Commander Aubusson , who was recall'd by name , came to Rhodes at the same time that two Gallies were preparing to succour the Island of Negropont , into which Mahomet was enter'd by land with an Army of two hundred thousand men , by the help of wooden Bridges built upon great Barks in the Streight of Saint Mark , while Basha Mahomet , his Favourite , assail'd it by Sea with a Navy of two hundred Sail.

The impatience which Aubusson had to fight the Infidels , made him eager for employment upon this occasion . The Grand Master had already nam'd the Knight Cardona to command the Gallies ; so that all he could do for Aubusson , was to give him the Command of a Troop of stout men , that were order'd to be the Companions of Cardona's Fortune . When the Gallies were ready , they set sail , and join'd with the Venetian Fleet , which the Republick sent to the relief of Negropont . The Fleet appear'd in view of the Isle when the Barbarians were ready for the assault ; and Mahomet , who saw them coming , was not a little troubled . But all that preparation came to nothing , and the Knights were forc'd to lye still , and behold the City taken before their faces , through the cowardice or imprudence of the Venetians , who having the Wind and Tide favourable , instead of making use of the opportunity , stopt short , and fell to consultation , when it was time to act .

The Grand Signior was so enrag'd at the succour which the Order had given to the Venetians , and the incursions which they had made into divers parts of Turky , during his being busied in Negropont , that without any farther deliberation he declar'd War against them . A Herauld publish'd the Declaration by sound of Trumpet ; and Mahomets rage went so far , that he vow'd in a furious passion that he would kill the Grand Master with his own hands , and cut to pieces all the Knights that fell into his power .

After a War so solemnly and outragiously declar'd , there was nothing thought upon in Rhodes but to make preparations to withstand the fury of Mahomet . They began with a general Assembly so soon as the Gallies were return'd ; and Aubusson was in this Chapter one of the sixteen Knights who govern'd every thing , as he had been in that of Rome . He was also one of the Administrators of the Treasury , which were elected extraordinarily ; for as there was little order in the Treasury , and for that the Chapter of Rome had very much exhausted it , they thought it convenient to trust the management thereof to six Knights of known integrity and ability , giving them an absolute and independent power as to what concern'd the publick stock , without obliging them to give any account to the Grand Master , or the Council .

But besides those advantages which Aubusson had common with the rest of the Knights , he was also honour'd in particular with a new dignity . The Auvergnian language represented to the Council , that in regard they had a great number of Knights that faithfully serv'd the Order , and few dignities that depended upon the Council , they demanded for a recompence of their service , that they might have bestow'd upon them some particular jurisdiction , as other languages had , that were less ancient and less numerous . The request seem'd bur reasonable , so that the Chapter in favour of them made a new Capital Jurisdiction ; they gave them authority to assign a Commandery for the revenue of the Charge , and declar'd at the same time , that the Baily whom they should elect , should enjoy his Commandery in the same manner as other Bailies ; that is to say , that he should enjoy all the prerogatives and pre eminencies that are appropriated to Capital Jurisdictions and Commanderies . They annex'd the Commandery of Luteil to the new Bailywick , and after that Aubusson was elected Baily , as he that was adjudg'd fittest for the dignity .

The first time that Aubusson took his place in Council as Baily , he spoke For Charlotte de Lusignan Queen of Cyprus . For that unfortunate Princess , whom the Rebellion of her Subjects had reduc'd almost to utmost extremity , could find no Sanctuary but Rhodes , after the ruine of her affairs . There she stay'd for some time , and was entertain'd at the expences of the Order .

But in regard her ill fortune had not broken her courage , she resolv'd upon a journey to Rome , to desire aid of the Pope against her rebellious Subjects , or at least to oblige him to thunder out against them the Anathema's of the Church . And that which made her absolutely determine upon that course , was the conveniency of the French Gallies then in the Port of Rhodes , which were suddenly to set sail for Naples . But in regard she was very poor , and had not wherewithall to defray the expences of her journey , she desir'd those Knights who seem'd to have most compassion and kindness for her , to speak to the Grand Master to supply her with what was neccssary to carry her into Italy .

The Baily Aubusson was very much troubled for the misfortunes of the Queen , and espous'd her interest . He wish'd with all his heart , that the condition of the affairs of Rhodes would have permitted the Knights to have restor'd her to her Throne , nor were there any dangers to which he would not have expos'd himself to serve her . But because there was no likelihood of undertaking any thing abroad , while the Order was in so much danger at home ; he only represented , that since the Knights of St. John were not in a condition to restore a Queen dispoil'd of her Kingdom , that had put her self under their protection , that they would at least relieve a Queen in necessity , who did as it were crave their Alms. That it was true , that the Treasury was not over rich , and that Mony was a precious thing in case of a Siege , but that there were certain occasions , wherein decency , generosity , charity and justice were to prevail above ordinary prudence ; and that after all was done , that the Springs of Providence were inexhaustible , and that Heaven was never wont to fail them that inconvenienc'd themselves to relieve the miserable . He spoke with so much earnestness , and with such a lively and encouraging Air , that the Council order'd , notwithstanding the opposition of the Knights , either wanting generosity , or over-prudent , that the Queen of Cyprus should be plentifully furnish'd with all things necessary for her Voyage .

The Baily D'Aubusson was order'd himself , as one of the Managers of the Treasury , to give her what Money he should think fit ; and he so well acquitted himself , that the Queen had no occasion to complain .

But to return to the preparations for War , though the Venetian found the Turk employment sufficient in Dalmatia ; and that the Alliance which the Venetians had made with Vssumcassan King of Persia , after the taking of Negropont , had somewhat discompos'd the designs of Mahomet , however the Knights were careful to stand upon their Guard ; and because the Walls were either ruin'd or weak in some places , they labour'd continually in the repair of them , giving to Baily Aubusson the charge of looking after the Fortifications of the City . He had apply'd himself in his youth to that Military Science , wherein betimes he became so expert that the most able Ingineers could teach him nothing . He was not content only to repair the breaches , but he added something new to the ancient Works . He caus'd the Moats to be made wider and broader ; but because it was nois'd about , that Mahomet was preparing his Galleys against the Knights of St. John , and that the Turkish Army which had rais'd their Siege from before Scutari , might well come to Rhodes , the Council thought it necessary for fear of being surpriz'd , to plant their Cannon round the Walls of the City ; which was also entrusted to Aubusson's care , who brought out all the great Guns and planted them upon the Walls and Ramparts , wherever occasion requir'd .

He was then Grand Prior of Auvergne , having succeeded a little before to the Chevalier Cottet , who dy'd about that time ; and surrender'd his Baily wick to the Knight de Rillac .

But while they were thus preparing to receive the Ottoman Army , the Grand Master Baptista Vrsini dy'd also ; the loss of whom might have ruin'd Rhodes , had it not been repair'd with advantage . For in short , it was Aubusson himself whom the Knights assembl'd chose for Grand Master , Anno 1476. Never was Election more regular , nor with less disturbance then that . It was made according to all the forms which the Statute prescribes ; and the sixteen Electors whom the Assembly chose out of the whole number of Languages , to elect whom they should think most capable of the supreme power , gave their suffrages with one consent for Peter D'Aubusson Grand Prior of Auvergne .

At the name of Aubusson , the whole Assembly with redoubl'd shouts and acclamations testify'd their unparallel'd joy . He only was sorry when he heard himself nam'd , and at first he refus'd a Command of which he did not think himself worthy . But I know not by what inward motive , which afterward prevail'd , he was forc'd to accept it , almost against his own will . Yet could he not refrain from tears , when according to the custom , he was carry'd in his Seat to the Great Altar upon the Shoulders of the principal Commanders . There it was that confessing his weakness to sustain so great a burthen , he receiv'd the submissions of the Knights , after he had solemnly sworn upon the Evangelists to observe the Statutes of the Order .

The news of this Election was no sooner spread over the Island , but the people made Bonfires , and testify'd all the signs of publick joy . This caus'd every body to hope for a happy Government ; neither was Mahomet so much fear'd , when they understood that the Grand Prior of Auvergne had the Authority in his hands .