Adam in Eden, or, Natures paradise the history of plants, fruits, herbs and flowers with their several names ... the places where they grow, their descriptions and kinds, their times of flourishing and decreasing as also their several signatures, anatomical appropriations and particular physical vertues together with necessary observations on the seasons of planting and gathering of our English simples with directions how to preserve them in their compositions or otherwise : ... there is annexed a Latin and English table of the several names of simples, with another more particular table of the diseases and their cures ... / by William Coles ...

ADAM in EDEN : OR , The Paradise of Plants .

THe Method which I shall follow in this ensuing Treatise , shall be according to that which Anatomists use in Mans body , which they divide into four parts , viz. The upper , middle , and lower Regions ; and lastly , the Limbs . First treating of those Plants which are appropriated to the Head , and to the severall parts thereof . Secondly , of those which are appropriated to the Breast , and the parts therein contained . Thirdly , of those which do more properly appertain to the Abdomen or lower Region . And fourthly , of those which particularly belong to the Limbs . In all which I shall observe those Plants which have any special Signature ; And I shall begin with the Wall-nut-Tree , because the fruit of it doth resemble the Head in severall particulars .

CHAP. I. Of the Wall-nut Tree .

ALthough the Wall-nut-Tree is generally known to most sorts , yet lest , in this respect , our Treatise should seem lame , I shall take the pains to describe the form of it ; but first I shall give you the Names and Kinds as I find them spoken of , both by the Ancient and Modern Botanicks .

The Names .

It is called by Dioscorides and the other Ancient Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because they say , the smell of the Leaves causeth the Head-ach , deriving it from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which in that Language signifieth an Head ; and it hath sometimes the Epithite 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 adjoyned , because it was brought out of Persia into Greece by some of the Graecian Kings . It is called also by some of the Modern Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Jovis glans , and so the Latines from them Diu-glans , by contracting the word , and substracting the first Letter they called it Juglans . We English , call it the Wall-nut-Tree ; and of some , Walsh-nut-Tree . The Nut is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in English , Wall-nut ; In Latine , Juglans & Nux 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉

The Kinds .

Parkinson and others reckon up eight Kinds thereof : 1. Our ordinary Wallnut . 2. The greatest Wall-nut . 3. The thin-shelled Wall-nut . 4. The long Wall-nut . 5. The Wall-nut which beareth twice in a year . 6. St. Johns Wall-nut , or the late-ripe Wall-nut , which shooteth not forth any leaves , till it be Midsummer . 7. The white Wall-nut of Virginia . 8. The black Wall-nut of Virginia . But because all these kinds differ little in their vertue , I will describe here none but the ordinary Wall-nut .

The Forme .

The Wall-nut is a lust ▪ Tree both for height and bulk , and spreadeth forth many large Arms and Boughs , and must make a goodly shadow , when the leaves are on , which consist of five or six fastned to one rib , with one standing on the top , like those of the Ash , but that they are much larger : the bark is somewhat green in the younger boughs ; but in the Trunk , it is tending to the colour of Ashes , and is full of clefts for the most part ; It beareth Catkins or Aglets , which come forth before the Nuts , of a yellowish colour , which open into small flowers , and falling away , the round Nuts come in their places , two or three usually set together ; but sometimes half a dozen or more , which are covered with a double shell ; the outermost , green , soft , thick , of a strong smell , the juice colouring black ; under which there is a wooddy shell , wherein a white sweet Kernel is contained , enclosed with a yellowish , bitter peeling , which commeth off easily while it is fresh , but will not do so when it is old : the inner pulp thereof is white , sweet , and pleasant to the tast , when it is newly gathered , for after it is dry it becommeth oily and rank . Of the whole fruit growing on the Tree , there is this common old Riddle , which almost every Child can say . It s

As high as an House , As little as a Mouse ; As round as a Ball , As bitter as Gall ; As white as Milk , As soft as Silk .

The Wood is much used by Joyners , to make Tables , Stools , &c. It is very durable if it be kept dry , but rots presently in the weather .

The Place and Time .

The place of its first Nativity was in Persia , whence either the whole Tree hath been brought into divers other parts , or else the Nuts , which being put into the ground , do produce the Tree ; for there is no other way of propagating it , unlesse it be of the Virginian kinds . It groweth commonly in England , and some other places , in Orchards , Gardens , and sometimes in the streets , and by the way sides , where the Boys lie continually pelting at them . There is a Fable in Aesop , of a Woman which asked the Wall-nut-Tree , growing by the way side , which was pelted at with stones and sticks , by them that passed by , Why it was so foolish as to bring forth fruit , seeing that it was so beaten for its pains , to which the Tree rehearsed these two Proverbiall Verses .

Nux , Asinus , Muli●r , simili sunt lege ligati Haec tria nil rectè faciunt , si verbera cessent .

The English whereof I could tell you , but that I fear the Women of this preposterous Age would be angry . True it is , that this Tree , the more it is beaten ; the more Nuts it bears ; and therefore good Husbands , after they have beaten down the Nuts , do with long Poles , beat the empty boughs of the Tree ; and I have observed , that those Trees which have grown in the streets , have been full , when those which have growen in the back sides have had scarce any , which I could impute to nothing else , but that those in the street were beaten and throwen at , more then the other : they blossom early before the leaves come forth , and the fruit is ripe in September , except St. Johns Wall-nut , which ripeneth not till October .

The Temperature .

Dodonaeus is of Opinion , that the fresh Nuts are cold and moist , but Euchsius saith , they are drying in the first degree , and heating in the second : the bark of the Tree doth binde and dry very much , and the leaves are near of the same temperature ; but when the Nuts are old , they are hot and dry in the ●econd degree , and of thin parts , and of harder digestion then when they are fresh , which by reason of their sweetnesse , are more pleasant , and better digesting in the stomack .

The Signatures and Vertues .

Wall-nuts have the perfect Signature of the Head : The outer husk or green Covering , represent the Pericranium , or outward skin of the skull , whereon the hair groweth , and therefore salt made of those husks or barks , are exceeding good for wounds in the head . The inner wooddy shell hath the Signature of the Skull , and the little yellow skin , or Peel , that covereth the Kernell of the hard Meninga & Pia Mater , which are the thin scarfes that envelope the brain . The Kernel hath the very figure of the Brain , and therefore it is very profitable for the Brain , and resists poysons ; For if the Kernel be brui●ed , and moystned with the quintessence of Wine , and laid upon the Crown of the Head , it comforts the brain and head mightily . If the Peels be taken off , they are thought to be good for the stomack , and somewhat loosing the belly : and mixt with Sugar , they do nourish temperately , whilest they are new ; but when they begin to grow old , they grieve the Stomack , and cause in hot bodies choler to abound , and the Head-ach , and are an enemy to those which have a Cough ; but they a●e lesse hurtfull to those which have colder stomacks , and are said to kill the broad Worms in the stomack or belly . They are reckoned in Sch●la Salerni , for one of those 〈◊〉 things which are good against poyson

Allia , Ruta , Pyra , & Raphanus ●um Theri●c● Nu●s , Hac sunt A 〈…〉 tum contra mortale ventuum .

And true it is , that two dry Wall-nuts , and as many Figs , and twenty leaves of Rue , bruised and beaten together , with two or three Co●●s of salt were King Mithridates Medicine against poyson , which afte● he had long used daily , at last he sought to poyson himself , but could not . And no marvel for the water of green Wall-nuts , taken about Midsummer , being drunk two or three ounces , cooleth and resisteth the Pestilence . And the water of the outer Husks of Wall-nuts being not rotten , distilled in September , is given to drink against the Plague , with a little Vinegar as a certain experiment ▪ and the juyce of the same , boyled up with Honey , is an excellent g●●gle for ●●re mouths , the heat and inflammations in the throat or stomack . Though the old Kernels are not so fit to be eaten , yet they are used to heal the wounds of the sinews , Gangrens , and Carbuncles , and being mixed with Figs and Rue , they cure old Ulcers of the Breasts , and other cold Imposthumes ▪ with Rue and Oyl , they are good to be laid to the Quinsie . The leaves with Boars grease , stayeth the hair from falling , and maketh it fair : the like also will the green husks do , used in like manner . A peece of the green husk , put into an hollow Tooth , easeth the pains thereof . Some use the green husks , and sometimes the young red leaves , dryed and made into powder , instead of Pepper , to season their meat ; but if some dryed Sage in Pouder be put into it , it will give a seasoning and relish , not to be despised of poor folks . The Oyl of Wall-nuts made in such manner , as Oyl of Almonds , maketh smooth the hands and face , and taketh away scales and scurf , black and blew marks , that come of blowes and bruises , and taken inwardly , it helpeth the Collick , and expelleth Wind very effectually . Besides , it is far better for the Painters use , to illustrate a white colour than Linseed Oyl , which deadeth it ; and is of singular good use , to be laid on gilded works . The young green Nuts before they be half ripe , preserved whole in Sugar , are not onely a dainty Junket among other of the like nature , but are good for those that have weak stomacks , and defluxions thereon . It is averred by some , that if a Wall-nut be put into the belly of a Chicken , it will cause it to be roasted a great deal the sooner . The Rind of the root , having the upper part scraped of , being made into powder , and tempered with Vinegar , if it be strained two or three times , till it be somewhat thin and clear , and drunk liberally , cureth the Ague , and cleanseth the body very much .

CHAP. II. Of the Piony .

The Names .

THe Greeks call it . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Latines also Peonia , and Dulcisida , in Shops Pionia , in English Piony , or Peony , and of some Chesses● It hath also many Bastard names , as R●s● Fatuina , Herba C●sta , Hasta Regia , Rosa Asinarum , of some , Luxaria , or Luxaria Peonia , because it cureth those which have the Falling-sicknesse , whom most men do call Lunatici , or Lunatick . It is called Paonia , from Paon , a famous Physician , who doubtless found out some of the Vertues , and admired them ; but Glycysid● or Dulcisid● from the red grains in the Pomgranat , which in Greek are called Sida , with which it hath some resemblance . It is also called Dactylu● Ida●● , the 〈◊〉 roots thereof being like to Dactyli Id●i , which are certain precious stones , of the form of a mans finger , growing in the Isle of Candy . It is likewise called Aglaophôtis , or brightly-shining , taking its name from the shining rednesse of the red grains or seeds , which are of the colour of Scarlet , of which there are many fabulous traditions ; but I shall forbear to mention them .

The Kind● .

The Sorts of Pionyes which I have met with , are in number 11. 1. The male Piony . 2. The Female Piony . 3. Double Red Piony . 4. The double white Pyony . 5. The Spanish Dwarf Piony . 6. Columbine leafed Pyony . 7. The party coloured Piony . 8. The female white Piony . 9. The female yellow Piony . 10. The doubtful female Piony . 11. Certain , single , and double female Pionies , that sprang with Clus●●● , of the seed of the double Red , which is not 〈…〉 all . All these forts , except the female , are Plants so scarce , that they are possessed but by a few , and those great Lovers of Rarities in this kinde , and therefore I shall trouble you onely with the description of that .

The Forme :

The ordinary Female Piony riseth up with many stalks , which are at first of a reddish colour , and the young leaves like unto the young red leaves of the Wallnut-Tree , which afterwards turn into a dark or dead green colour , and become large . At the top of the stalks , are growing fair large red flours , like the great double Rose of Provence ; but that it is of a darker red , having also in the midst , yellow Threds or Thrums like them in the Rose , which some take to be the seed though falsly , which being faded and fallen away , there come in their places two , three , or four rough crooked Pods , bending a contrary way , as some Rams Horns do . The seeds are of a black shining colour . The Root consists of many thick and short tuberous bunches , fastened at the end of long strings , and all from the Head of the Root , which is thick and short .

The Place and Time .

Most of the sorts aforesaid grow in the Physick-Garden in Oxford , and in some Gardens about London and Westminster ; but else they are scarce to be found , except the double female , as I said , which groweth in many Country Gardens , and do flower usually about May , and their Seed is ripe in July .

The Temperature .

The Root of Piony , as Galen saith , doth gently binde with a kinde of sweetnesse , and hath also joyned with it a certain bitterish sharpnesse . It is in temperature , not very notably hot , but according to our own Symmetry or Constitution , or rather a little hotter , and it is dry , and of subtile parts .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Heads of the Flower of Piony , being not yet blown , have some Signature and proportion with the Head of Man , having sutures and little vai 〈…〉 di●persed up and down like unto those which environ the brain . When the 〈…〉 owers blow , they open an outward little skin , representing the skull , and a 〈…〉 very available against the Falling-sicknesse , which next to the Roots and seeds , are of the greatest Vertue : but the Roots are most effectuall ; for it they be fresh taken up , and hung about the neck of Children they cure it ; but the ●ure●l way both for them , and especially those which are elder , it to take the roots of male Piony , if it be to be had , and i●fuse it in a sufficient proportion of back , for four and twenty hours at least , being first washed clean , and stamped very small ; then strain it , and drink a good draught first and last , morning and evening , for severall dayes togethe● before and 〈…〉 of the full of the Moon ; a ●●ue and orderly preparation of the Body afore-hand , with Posset-drink made of Be●ony , &c. being first had . The Extraction of the Roots , and the Syrup made of the Flowers , doth the same . The Root ●ndureth ten years , it comforteth and cherisheth the body , provoketh Urine , and purgeth the Liver and Kidneys . Being boyled in Wine , and drunk , it purgeth the blood , and is good for Women in Child-bed , to purge their Seconds and Termes , as much as an Almond , being taken at a time ; it helpeth the gripings of the belly , the shedding of the Gall , and the pain of the Kidneys and Bladder , comming by stopp●ng of the Urine . The smoak of the little branches of the root , received in the nose , putteth away the Kings-Evill . The Root it self taketh away blac● spots of the body . It is to be gathered in the wane of the Moon , when she is under the Earth ; and being ●odden in wine and drunk , it purgeth the Belly , helpeth the Cholick , clean●eth the Guts , defendeth against fren●●es and passions of the brain , the Strangury , and biting of Serpents ; and the spleen ; and having Castoreum boyled with it , it helpeth the Palfie and the stone , but there must be taken at once but four drams . The Powder of the Root drunk with White-wine , easeth the pains of the Reins and Bladder , and is good for the Ache of the belly , having Saffron mixed with it , it is a ●ov●raign Med●ci●e for the yellow Jaundies . The Male Piony hath black shining seed , intermixed with many red or crim on grains , which together make a very pretty shew : Of which I observe , that the black provoke Terms , and the red stop them , ●● they be of that colour . The black taken night and morning , by those which are troubled with the disease called the Night-mare , are very effectuall . The Powder of the seeds , ministred in meat and drink to Children , doth send forth the stone beginning in them , and is therefore good to be used of such as have it by Inheritance from their Parents , by a tenure called ex Vitioso Semine : or else have gotten it by purchase , ex Intemperantiâ : By which two wayes most part of diseases grow . And the said Powder drunk with Wine , restoreth the wits , comforteth the sences , and recovereth the speech . The distilled water , or Syrup , made of the flowers , worketh the same effects that the Root and Seed do , though more weakly . Take the Roots of Piony , and peel off the outward skins : take also Periwinckle leaves , stamp and strain them with black Cherry-water , and let the Patient for three mornings fasting , drink a good draught thereof ; but if he mend not at three times , let him drink it longer . This Receit was approved by the Lady Cage .

CHAP. III. Of Poppie .

The Names .

THe general name , with which the Greeks have christened this Plant , is , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; which some of them say , commeth à 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , non ministra●do , quod vescen●●s suis muni●s fungi non p●ssu●● , Others think it comes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 non à 〈◊〉 , quia ●jus usus nimiùm infrigidet & hominibus tandem motum auferat , which in plain English i● , Because it doth so stupifie those that eat it , that they cannot go about their bu●●nesse , or because the use of it doth cool too much , and at length make men insensible . The Garden White kind , is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ( and of Diascorides 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Thyl●●iti● , and the black seed is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) hortens● or sativum : the wilde kinde is called P●●● Rheas , that is , fluidum , because the Flowers shead presently after they are blown ; in Latine , Papaver , Rh 〈…〉 ●●ticum , rubr●m , or silvestre ; Of us , in English , Poppy for the most part , yet in some Countries it is called Red-weed ; in others Jone Silver Pin ; Fair without , and foul within , being understood : in others , Cheesebouls . Spatling Poppy is called in Latine Papaver Sp●meum , in respect of that frothy spattle or froth that is called Cuckow-spittle , with which the stalk and leaves of this Plant aboundeth more then any other .

The Kindes .

There be severall sorts of Poppies , some tame and of the Garden , as 1. The white Garden Poppy . 2. The black Garden Poppy . 3. The double white Poppy . 4. The double black Poppy . 5. The double purple Poppy . 6. The Scarlet double Poppy . 7. Small double Poppy . 8. Wilde double Poppy , Others , wilde and of the field , as 1. Yellow horned Poppy . 2. Red Poppy , or Corn-rose . 3. Little red Poppy or Corn-rose . 4. Wilde Poppy , with a white flowre . 5. Murry coloured Poppy , like the commonest single of the Garden . 6. Party coloured Poppy . Some spatling , as 1. Behe● Album , or white Battle . 2. Elegant spatling Poppy , with guilded leaves . Others bastard , called in Latine Argement . As 1. Round headed bastard wilde Poppy . 2. Long headed bastard wilde Poppy . 3. Yellow wilde bastard Poppy of Wale● . To trouble you with the Descriptions of every one of these , would be tedious . I shall therefore describe only the spatling Poppy , the others being better known .

The Forme .

Spatling Poppy ( which doth very little resemble any other Poppy , but only the Seed , and Cod , or Bowle wherein the seed is contained ) hath divers weak tender stalks , full of joynts , about a foot or half a yard long , usually lying on the ground , whereon grow many pale whitish green leaves , two alwayes let together at the joynts , one against another ; having many times upon the leaves , but more often about the joynts of the stalks , a certain white frothy substance , like unto that is called Cuckow-spittle , or Wood-seer : at the tops of the stalks upon many slender foot-stalks , stand divers white flowers , composed of five small leaves a peece , with a deep notch in the middle of every one of them , standing in a thin loose stripped husk , wherein the black seed is afterward contained : the root is white , and spreadeth in the ground , continuing sundry years .

The Place and Time .

Many of the Garden-Poppies are to be found in Country Gardens ; but the yellow horned Poppie groweth upon the sands and banks of the Sea , neer unto Rie in Kent ; in the Isles of Sheppy and Thanet , and in many other places along the English Coast , with the other wilde Poppies every Corn-field is garnished , as also with spatling Poppy , which sometimes groweth in Pastures , and high-way-sides ; the Elegant spatling Poppy , with guilded Leaves , groweth in Womersly field in Yorkshire . Argemone groweth in So●●rsetshire , and near South-fleet in Kent . The white Corn-Rose groweth amongst the Wheat , between Pontfract and Ferry-Bridge . They begin flowring in May , and continue till the end of July : the seed of them is ripe presently after . The Roots of all , except the spatling Poppy , perish every year , and spring again either of their own or others sowing .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Heads of the Poppies , with their Crowns do somewhat represent the Head and Brain , and therefore the decoctions of them are used with good successe in several diseases of the Head . The Garden Poppy Heads with the seeds , made into a Syrup , procureth rest and sleep in the sick and weak , and stayeth Catarrhs and de●luxions of hot thin Rheumes from the head , into the stomack , and upon the Lungs , causing a continual Cough , which is the fore-runner of a Consumption . The green Knops of Poppy stamped with Barley Meal , and a little Barrows-grease , and applyed in the form of a Pultis , helpeth St. Autho●ies fire , called Ignis Sacer. The Leaves , Knops , and Seeds stamped with Vinegar , Womans milk , and Saffron , cureth Erysipelas ( another kinde of St. Anthonies fire ) and easeth the Gou● mightily ; and , put into the Fundament as a Clyster , causeth sleep . The seed of black Poppy drunk in Wine , stoppeth the Flux of the be●ly , and the over-much flowing of Womens sicknesse . Mr. Culpepper saith , that it is the juyce of white Poppy growing in England , which they sell for Opium in the Shops , though they pretend to have it out of the Eastern Countries , where they gather it only from the heads of the great white Poppy ; but certainly his Pen run before his Wit , when he said it grew beyond the Moon : for there is no question , but that it is so gathered in those parts , and should be that which is used in Narcotick Medicines , though perhaps , for want of it , our Meconium ( which is the juyce of Poppy thickned , and is much weaker ) is sometimes used . It is an ingredient of much respect in those great Compositions of Treacle and Mithridate , and in other Medicines that are made to procure rest and sleep ; and to ease the pains of the head , as well as other parts , or rather to palliate them , and make them insensible for the time present ; It is used also both to cool Inflammations , Agues , o● Phrensies , and generally for the same occasions , as the seed or any part of the Plant is ; but if it be taken in too great a quantity , it causeth the Lethargy , and sometimes killeth , and therefore it is to be used with caution inwardly : divers have found , that applyed to the Gout , it hath given much ease , and , put into hollow teeth ceaseth their pain . The Syrup of Meconium or Diacodium , which is made of the heads of white and black Poppies , a little after the heads are fallen off , may safey be given to those which are troubled with hot and sharp Rheums , but not to young Children which are froward ; for if Nurses would keep their own bodies temperate , their Children would sleep well enough without it . The Syrup made of the Flowers of the red wilde Poppy , is with good effect given to those which have a Plurisie , & the dryed Flowers also , either boyled in water , or made into Powder , and drunk either in the distilled water of t●em , or in some other drink , worketh the like effect : the same also is available in all other Cephalicall or Pectorall griefs . The distilled water of the said Flowers , is held to be of much good use against surfeits , to drink it evening and morning : it is also more cooling in quality , then any other Poppy , and therefore cannot but be as effectual in hot Agues , Phrensies , and other Inflammations , either inward or outward , but the seed is dangerous to be used inwardly . The Syrup aforesaid is thus made . Take of the fresh Flowers or red Poppies two pound , steep them in four pound of warm Spring-water , the next day strain it , and boil it into a Syrup , with its equall waight of Sugar . It cools the blood , helps Surfeits , and may be safely given in Phrensies , Feavers , and hot Agues . The Seed of Spatling Poppy purgeth Flegme , said Gal●n , and causeth vomitings , saith Dioscorides , being taken in Mead , or honyed water , and is especially good for those that are troubled with the Falling-Sicknesse . It was the head of this Poppy ; about the time it was in flower , which the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it doth foreshew , as they conceived , the success of their love : For these Flowers , the tops being closed together with ones fingers , seem like little Bladders , which being broken against ones other hand , make a noyse like unto the Bladders of little Fishes , being broken : If they gave a good report , they concluded , they should be succesful ; if not , they presently let fall their suit : so superstitious were those people , as some in our dayes be . The leaves of Argem●né , or Bastard wilde Poppy stamped , and the juyce dropped into the eyes , easeth the Inflammation thereof , and cureth the Disease in the Eye , called Argema , whereof it took his name by signature : which Disease , when it happeneth on the black of the Eye , appeareth white ; and contrariwise , when it appeareth on the white of the Eye , it appeareth black . The Hearb being stamped , and made into a Salve or Oyntment , with Oyl-wax , and a little Turpentine , ●ealeth any wound , Ulcer , Canker , or Fistula . The leaves only bruised and applyed to any part that is black and blew with a blow , bringeth it to its right colour . The juyce of the Leaves and Roots stamped , and given in drink , helpeth the wringings and gripings of the Belly ; and so doth the dry Hearb infused in warm water . The juyce , taken in the weight of two drams with Wine , mightily expelleth Poyson , or any Venome . Warts rubbed therewith , wear away , and being taken in meat ; it helpeth the Milt or Spleen , if it be wasted :

CHAP. IV. Of Squills .

The Names .

IT is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and of some Latines also Scilla ; but Varro calls it Squilla , whose example makes it to be so called in the Shops ; divers call it Cepa maris , for the similitude it hath with an Onyon . In English it is called Squill , and Sea-Onyon . There is a sort of this which the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Latines Pancratium , the English the white Sea-Daffodil , or Sea-Onyon , and of some Narcissus Constantinopolitanus , of others Hemorocallis Valentina , and of the Turks , Consambach .

The Kindes .

Gerrard reckoneth up four sorts hereof . 1. Squill or Sea-Onyon . 2. Sea-Onyon of Valentia . 3. Red flowred Sea-Daffodil . 4. Yellow flowred Sea-Daffodill . Every one of which in Latine he calls Pancratium .

The Forme .

The Root of Squill is very bulbous , and hath divers Coats , or scaly films , one within another , like the ordinary Onyon : out of which , as in Saffron , the stalk doth first spring forth ; then out of that ariseth a white and yellow Flower , which being waxen old after many dayes , it putteth forth very great and broad leaves , upheld by no foot-stalk , many of them turning down again towards the Earth .

The Place and Time .

The first ( for that is it which I have described , and is to be used upon the occasion ensuing ) is found growing in Spain and Italy , not far from the Sea-side ; but may be had at most Apothecaries Shops in England . The second groweth near unto Valentia in Spain , and therefore is so called , as also about Constantinople . The third about the Coasts of Narbone . The fourth about Tripoly and Aleppo . Gerrard saith , that they flower from May , to the end of July ; and their Seed is ripe in the end of August ; but Fuchsius saith , that they flowre thrice a year , and for this he quotes Theophrastus , lib. 7. cap. 12.

The Temperature .

The Sea-Onyon is hot in the second degree , and is of a very cutting quality which may be taken away , if it be baked in Past or Clay , or roasted in ho● Embers .

The Signature and Vertues .

The bulbous Root of the Squill , with its many Coats , or scaly films , doth resemble the head , which consists of divers Membranes , one within another , and is very effectual in divers distempers thereof , but especially the Falling-Sickness , Head-ach , and dizinesse : It healeth also all running sores of the Head , and the scurf Scales or Bran , being laid thereunto . If it be taken with Honey and Oyl , it driveth out Worms , both long and round , cleanseth the breast , driveth away old Coughs , lengtheneth the breath , and looseneth the Belly very gently , and so do the seeds taken with Figgs or Honey . A Scale or two of the green raw Root , laid under the Tongue quencheth the thirst in the Dropsie : Being boyled in Vineger till it be tender , and stamped , it cureth all venomous bitings , i● it be applyed to them . Seeth the inner part in Oyl or Turpentine , and apply it to the chaps of the feet , kibed heels , or hanging warts , and it healeth them . The leaves do dissolve and waste : the Kings-Evill and Kernels about the throat , being laid thereunto , for the space of four dayes , half a dram of the Root roasted , baked , or sodden ( for it may not be taken raw inwardly ) is sufficient to be taken at once with Honey , for the Jaundies ; the old Cough , shortness of the Wind , and gnawing in the body . It is good for the griefs of the Sinews , Breast , Lungs , and Joynts , especially licked in with Honey , it maketh a clear voice . It helpeth the hardness , stopping and swelling of the Milt , and withstandeth Putrefaction in the Body ; and therefore keepeth a man in health , and maketh his Body continue in young state , only it will make a Man lean . Sanius , by the use of the Vinegar of Squills , lived in perfect health till an hundred and seventeen years of age . If one take it in the morning fasting , and walk half an hour after , it maketh the digestion good , a long winde , a clear voice , an acute sight , a good colour , it suffers no offensive thing to remain in the Body : neither Wind , Flegm , Choler , Melancholy , Dung , nor Urine : It brings forth filth , though it lie in the bones ; and takes away salt , and sowre belchings , though he be never so intemperate , as Galen saith : It helpeth the Sciatica , and Apoplexy , breaketh and expelleth the Stone , and cleanseth the Matrix ; Being taken in the quantity of a spoonful , it doeth away the Hickets . It is reported , that wheresoever this Plant groweth , it keepeth its Neighbour-Plants from annoyance , and that whatsoever door , or chief entry of the House it be hung over , it keepeth the same from all mishap , Witch-craft and Sorcery . It hath been observed , that when the Flowers of the Sea-Onyon be of a brownish colour , and do not soon fade away , that year shall be very fruitful and plentiful of Corn. The way which the Apothecaries do or should use in ordering it , is this . That is to be taken especially which is in the midst , which being cut in pieces , must be boyled ; but the water still to be changed , till such time as it is neither bitter nor sharp : then must the pieces be hanged on a thred , so that no one piece touch another , and dryed in the shadow , and being thus ordered , they will last a good while .

CHAP. V. Of the Larch-Tree , with his Agarick and Turpentine .

THis Tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine also Larix , in English Larch-Tree , and of some Larix-Tree . The Agarick is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Agaricum & Agaricus , and so likewise in Shops . The Italians , Spaniards , and other Nations , do imitate the Greek word , and we in English call it Agarick . The Liquid , Rozen , or Turpentine , is by the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Larix Resina Laricea , or Larigna , or Terbinthina Venetia , in English , Turpentine , and Venice Turpentine .

The Forme .

The Larch-Tree is almost as tall as the Pine or Firr-Tree , but not quite , with a Body growing straight up , as they do : the Bark whereof is thick rugged , and and full of chaps , which being cut in sunder is red within , but the bark amongst the boughs is smooth , slippery , and somewhat white without : the branches grow one above another in a comely Order , having divers smal yellow knobs or bunches set at severall distances , from whence arise many small leaves growing in clusters thick together like tassells , which fall away at the approach of Winter , and gain fresh every spring ; which is peculiar only to this Tree of all the Rosen bearing Trees . The blossoms are very beautiful and delectable , being of an excellent fine Crimson Colour , and very sweet , which afterwards turn into small soft Cones , like unto Cypresse Nuts while they are close , but longer then they ; being made up of a multitude of thin Scales like leaves , under which ly small seeds having a thin filme growing on them very like to the wings of Bees or Wasps : the substance of the wood is very hard , of colour somewhat red , especially that which is in the middle , and very profitable for works of long continuance . Yet that report that the wood of the Larch Tree cann●● be set on fire is false , it being preferred before all other wood , for all 〈…〉 thes work , and for Miners to melt the Ore of Mettal , because it holdeth fire longest and strongest , by reason of the Rosen that is in it . The Agarick which groweth on this Tree , is a kind of Mushrome or Excrescence , not such as is upon other Trees ; but covered with a hard blackish bark which being cut and pared away that which is underneath is whiter , softer , more loose and pongy then any other of the Mushromes ; that is the best which may easily be broken , and is light , and in the first taste sweet , hard and well compact ; that which is heavy , blackish , containing in it little threds like sinews is counted pernicious and deadly . The liquid Rosen that proceedeth from this Tree , is very like in colour and substance to the whiter honey , as that of Athens or Spain , which notwithstanding issueth not forth of it self ; but runneth out of the Stock of the Tree when it hath been bored to the very heart with a great and long Augur or Wimble . It is commonly called Venice Turpentine , though the true Turpentine issue from the tree Terebinthus . The figure of this Larch Tree , with the Agarick growing upon it , you may see lively represented either in Gerrard or Parkinson .

The Place and Time .

The Larch Tree groweth in many woods about Trent and Brixia in Italy , and neer the river Benacus , and Padus , and in Galatia a Province of Asia , as Dioscorides and Galen do record , and in Agaria a countrey of Sarmatia , from whence the Agarick took the name ; in Silesia also , Moravia , Lusatia ; As the Agarick is gathered in most of these places , so is the Turpentine , but especially from the woods about Trent . Of all the Cone trees this only is found with out leaves in the Winter ; in the Spring , grow fresh Leaves out of the same knobs from which the former did fall . The Cones are to be gathered before winter so soon as the leaves are gone ; for , after the scales are loosed and opened , and the seeds drop away . The Rosen or Turpentine is to be gathered in the hottest part of the Summer , and the Agarick towards the latter end of the year , but in November and December especially .

The Temperature .

The leaves , bark , fruit , and kernel are of a dry and binding temperature . The Agarick is hot in the first degree , and dry in the second : It cutteth , maketh thin , cleanseth , taketh away obstructions and stoppings of the Entrails , and purgeth by stool ; The Rosen of this Tree is moister then any other Rosen ▪ and without either that sharpnesse or biting which some of the others have ,

The Signature and Vertues .

Agarick , whose copped form holds out the Signature of the Head , being boyled in Lye with other Cephalical helps , comforteth the brain and memory very much ; It is good for the giddinesse of the head if it be washed therewith , as also to stay the rheums and catarrhs thereof , and cleanseth it much from scurfe and Dandraffe , being taken with the syrup of Vinegar , it is good against the pains and swimmings of the head , or the falling sickness . It purgeth phlegme Choler and Melancholy from the Brain , Nerves , Muscles , Marrow of the Back ; it cleanseth the Breast , Lungs , Liver , Stomach , Spleen , Reins , Womb , Joynts , it provokes Urine and the Terms , kills Worms , helps pains in the Joynts and causeth a good colour ; It is very seldom or never taken alone , because it doth somewhat trouble the stomach , and therefore I shall set down a receipt or two , The first is the syrup of Roses solutire with Agarick . Take of Agarick cut thin an ounce , Ginger two drach●●s , Sal Gem. one drach . Polypodium bruised 2. ounces , sprinkle them with white Wine , and steep them two daies over warm Ashes , in a pound and a half of the infusion of Damask Roses , and with two pound of Sugar boyl it into a Syrup ; It cureth the yellow I amdies proceeding of obstructions , and is a sure remedy for Agnes and cold shakings , which are caused of thick and cold humors : It purgeth phlegme from the Head , relieves the senses oppressed by it , it provokes the Terms in Women , it purgeth the stomach and Liver and provoketh Urine . All the aforesaid vertues are attributed to the Pills of Hier● with Agarick , which are made as followeth . Take of Species Hiera Pic●a , Agarick of each half anounce , Aloes one ounce , Hony , Roses , so much as is sufficient to make into a Masse according to Art . Of this you may safely take a scruple at night going to bed , having eat a light supper three hours before ; and you may safely go about your businesse the next day , for it will work very gently , and therefore you may continue taking it a week together , for it will not work much the first time , and consequently affect little . Some give it only with Oxymel , which is a syrup made with Vinegar and Honey , and so it cureth all sorts of Agues , either Tertians or Quotidians , easeth the griping pains of the stomach and belly , or such as have had falls or bruises , or are bursten bellyed , all which actions it chiefly performeth , by purging those gross and vitious humors that trouble the parts , and Members of the Body , and are causes of all these diseases . It is good against shortnesse of breath , the inveterate cough of the Lungs , the Ptisick , Consumption , and those that spit blood ; Half a drach . or two scruples being taken in Wine , either by infusion , or the powder , is an Antidote against all Poysons , and cureth the bitings of Serpents very quickly ; It is applyed also outwardly for the same purpose . The Rosen or Turpentine of this Tree , taken to the quantity of an ounce will gently open the belly , and more to the stool , provoke Urine , cleanse the Reins , Kidneys and Bladder and helpeth to break and avoid the g●avel and stone , and easeth those which have the stone : if it be first washed with Plantane or Rose Water , then made in Pills with the powder of white Amber , Red Coral , Mastick and a little Camphir , it doth wonderfully help to purge and cleanse the reins , and stop the running of them . Being taken with honey it helpeth to expectorate rotten phlegme , from those which are troubled with a continual Cough , and is profitable also for the Ptisick or Consumption of the Lungs . This Turpentine as it is clearest for inward uses and serveth insteed of the true Turpentine , so well that they are commonly used out for another : so is it best also for outward salves , and doth both draw , cleanse , and heal all sores or ulcers , and green wounds ; and therefore there is scarce a salve for that purpose wherein Turpentine is not . Oyl drawn Chymically from Turpentine is singular good to be used in wounds , being more drying and consolidating then the Turpentine it self , as also to warm and ease the paines of the Joynts and Sinews caused of Cold , and being mixed with a little Oxe Gall , it is good for the worms , and deafness of the ears . The water which is distilled with the Oyl , is used for freckles and spots in the face , and a scruple weight of it taken in white Wine purgeth phlegme by Vomit ▪ Some use to mingle Bay Salt and Turpentine together , and therewith spread a leathern girdle , which being worn about the wast of them that have the Itch cureth them : So Parkinson : it being an Excrescence , is good for all manner of excrescences by Signature .

CHAP. VI. Of Wood Betony .

The names .

SOme of the Greeks call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it joyeth most in cold places . Ruellius in his translation of Dioscorides calls it Cestron ●sychótrophon ; the Latines call it Betonica and Vetonica , from the Vetones a people of Spain , that first found out the vertues of it , as Pliny saith . We in England call it Wood Betony , and it hath been formerly called Betayne , or Betaine ; Parkinson ad●erti●eth , that Vetonica and Betonica are diversly taken in divers Authors : for Vetonica , although it be set down in some Authors for Betonica , yet more properly and usually it is understood to be the Caryophylius , or Gilliflower , and then it is denominated Vetonica altilis .

The Kinds .

Of this Betony ( for of the Water Betony I shall not treat in this place because it is more appropriated to other parts ) there are four or five sorts differing one from another either in the leaf or flower . 1. Common Wood Beton● which hath a purple flower , 2. Wood Betony with white flowers , 3 Betonica minima , Alpina Helvetica , Small Mountain Betony , 4. Betonica Danica , Broad-leaved Betony , 5. Betonica Alopecuros montana dicta , Foxtail Betony That which I shall describe , is the Common Wood-Betony .

The Form● :

The ordinary or Common Betony , which because it is most frequent in Woods , is called Wood Betony , it hath many leaves rising from the root , the lowermost whereof are somewhat broad and round at the ends , slightly indented about the edges , the footstalks being pretty long ; but those that grow by two and two at the joynts upon the small slender foursquare and somewhat hairy stalks are a great deal lesser . The stalk is commonly near a foot high , whereon are set several spiked heads of flowers , of a reddish or purple colour spotted with white spots all over : the seeds are somewhat long , and uneven , and of a blackish colour . The root consists of many white threddy strings like unto those of Plantain , the stalk perisheth , but the roots with some leaves theron abide all the Winter , the whole plant is somewhat small , and therefore Gerard was mistaken , who sayes that it hath long and broad leaves .

The Place and Time .

The Common Betony loveth shadowie places , as Woods , hedg-rows , Copses , the borders of pastures , Parks , &c. That with the white flower , is more usually found in stiffe clay grounds then in any other mould , as in the Woods by Brumley in Kent , in a wood near a Village called Hampsteed , and in Broodsworth Wood in Yorkeshire . The third groweth on the Alpes of Helvetia , or Switzerland . The broad leaved or Danish Betony groweth in the Physick Garden at Oxford . The last , as Lugdunensis saith , groweth in the moist vallies that are shadowed with trees of the high hills ; They flower and flowrish for the most part , in the moneths of June and July , and the seed ripeneth quickly after .

The Temperature and Vertues .

Betony , though it grow wilde , yet it is set in many Gardens , and is hot and dry almost , if not quite in the second degree . The vertues of it are innumerable , ( as Antonius Musa , one of the Physicians of Augustus Caesar , who hath written a peculiar Book of this Herb , doth testifie ) but especially it is good for the brain , so that as Fernelius writeth , Cerebrum vel odore solorecreat , hinc Comiti●libus furiosisque medetur , Paralysin , torpentiaque membra persanat . The hairy Roots of this Herb are some Signature , that it is good for the head : If it be stamped and applyed to the fore-head of them that are frantick , or possest with Devils , it cureth them : Boyl it with Vervein and Worm-wood in water , and wash the head therewith , and grind the same Herbs with some of the water , and Wheaten Bran , and apply it hot to the mould of the head thrice , and it will cause the Head-ach to depart . Seeth it with , Vervein , Hore-hound , and Hysop , in White-wine , and apply them as liot as may be suffered , and it cureth the Megrim , which is a pain that possesseth one side of the head . If the Head-ach proceed of cold Flegm , seeth Betony in Wine , with a third part of water , and apply it : For noyses in the head , pains , and giddiness thereof , drink powder , of the leaves dryed in the shade , or rather eat it with slices of bread , steeped in Wine first and last , to restore the brain , which is done likewise , by taking some of the powder of it in Pottage : and thus , or green , it helpeth those that loath their meat ; for it procureth digestion , and allayeth the soure belchings and risings in the stomack , if it be used often . The Leaves , or Flowers , boyled in broth and drunk , or made into a Conserve , Water , Electuary , or Powder , as any one shall like best , do help the Jaundies , Falling-sickness , the Palsie , Con●ulsions , or shrinking of the Sinews , the Gout , and those which are inclined unto Dropsies , those that have continual pains in their head , though it turn to Phrensie . The Powder mixed with pure Honey , is no lesse available for all sorts of Coughs or Colds , wheesing or shortness of breath , and those Distillations upon the Lungs , which cause Consumptions . A dram of it taken in the Syrup of Vinegar , doth wonderfully refresh those which are wearied by travel : it stayeth bleeding at the mouth and nose , and helpeth those that pisse blood , or spit it . The Decoction of it being made with Mead , and a little Penny-Royal , is good for those that are troubled with Quartan Agues , and to draw down and evacuate the blood and humours , that by falling into the eyes , do hinder sight . Being boyled in Wine , and taken , it killeth the Worms , openeth obstructions of Spleen and Liver , cureth stitches and pains in the back or sides , the torments and griping pains of the Bowels , and the Wind-Cholick , mixed with Honey , it purgeth the Belly , helpeth to bring down Womens Courses , and is of special use for them that are troubled with the falling down of the Mother , and pains thereof , and causeth an easie and speedy delivery of Women in Child-birth : it helpeth also to break and expel the Stone , either in the Bladder or Kidneys ▪ Cum multis aliis qua nunc perscribere longum est .

CHAP. VII . Of Sage .

The Names .

SAge is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . The pale , ash-coloured , dry and withered deformity of the Leaves of Sage , especially on the dry and burnt Hills in the hot Countries , where it naturally groweth , was the Reason why it was so called , it signifying scorched , or consumed , by blasting ; for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 doth signifie interquere & contrahi , to be drawn together , or wound with it self ; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or rather 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 doth signifie that Disease in Plants which the Latines call Sideratia , a blasting , that is , when the Sun in the Dog-dayes , through its extream heat , or otherwise pierceth into it , and drying up the moysture that nourisheth it , seemeth to grow faint and dry , or , as it were scorched . The Latines call it Salvia , quia salvos homines & incolumes efficit , because it maketh them safe and sound in health . And hence it commeth , that in Schola Salerni , it is demanded , Cur moriatur homo , cui Salvia crescit in borto ? As who should say , such is the vertue of Sage , that if it were possible , it would make a man immortall : And Sage in English , from the property in comforting , and strengthening the Head and memory , to make men sage or wise , of the French word Sauge .

The Kindes .

Of Sage , I finde no lesse then a dozen sor●● . 1. Our ordinary Garden Sage , which is sub-divided into two sorts of party coloured Sage , the one white and green ; the other whitish , red , and green , in most of the leaves . 2. Great white Sage . 3. Great Sage of Candy , with broad and narrow leaves , and bearing Ears and Apples , and that bea● 〈◊〉 . 4. Small Sage , Sage of vertue , or Pig-Sage . 5. The sweetest small Spanish Sage , with Ears : 6. Small Candy Sage without Ears . 7. Small red flowred Sage . 8. Small Woolly Sage . 9. Round leaf . 10. The greater narrow white Sage , with yellow leaves . 11. French or yellow wilde Sage , with broad leaves . 12. Small yellow Sage of Candy . The three last sorts have been by some recorded to be Mullein ; but they were mistaken , for as much as the Flowers of Mullein never gape as these do .

The Forme .

Our ordinary Sage beareth foursquare Woody stalks , in some whiter green , in others redder as the Leaves are also , standing by couples at the joynts being somewhat long and broad , rough and wrinckled , of a strong sweetish scent ; At the tops of the stalks come forth the flowers set at certain Spaces one above another , which are long and gaping , like unto the flowers of Pary or Deadnettle , but of a blewish purple colour : after which come small round Seed in the husk that bore the flower ; the root is woody with divers strings at it : it is more usually propagated by Slips then of the Seeds .

The Place and Time .

Many of the foresaid sorts grow in the Physick Gardens at Westminster and Oxford , but the third will not abide with us , nor ever bear those Apples , their naturall soyle being in the hot Countryes of Egypt , Candy , &c. They do for the most part flower in July , yet some of them flower not until August ; All of them also do bear seed , except Pigge Sage , or Sage of Vertue , which seldom or never bears any .

The Temperature :

Sage is hot and dry in the third Degree , and is commonly used in Sawces , as to stuffe Veal , Pork , rosting Pigges , and that for good cause , for it dryeth up the superfluous moisture wherewith they abound , and stirreth up appetite , and is somewhat of a binding qualitie .

The Signature and Vertues .

The leaves of Sage which look as if they were scorched by blasting , do by Signature give help to those parts of a mans body that seem to be as it were dead by some blasting , in restoring the natural heat and vigour to the part : in which quality it excelleth , giving a friendly and beneficial Comfort to the Vital Spirits . This herb hath many rare properties , but three especially which are contained in these following Verses .

Salvia confortat Nervos , manuumque tremorem Tollit ; et ejus ope , febris acuta fugit : Sage helpes the Nerves ; and , by its powerfull might , Palsies and Feavers sharp it puts to flight .

Sage is of excellent good use , also to help the memory by warming and quickning the Sences , and the Conserve made of the flowers is used to the same purpose ; The eating of Sage in the moneth of May with Butter , Parsly , and some salt is very commendable for the continuation of health to the Body ; as also Sage-Ale made with it , Rosemary and other good Herbs , is good for ●eeming women , such as are subject to miscarry through the ●oo much moisture ●r slipperinesse of their Wombs . Ga●gles likewise are made with Sage , Rosemary , Honysuckles , and Plantain boyled in water or wine , with some Hony or Allome put thereto to wash Cankers , sore Mouths and Throats , or the secret parts of Man or Woman , as need requireth . And with other hot and comfortable herbs to be boiled , to serve for the bathing of the Body or Legges in the summer time , especially to warm the cold Joynts or Sinewes of young and old , troubled with the Palsy or Cramp , and to comfort and strengthen the parts . The red Sage is much commended against the Stich or pains in the side coming of wind , if the grieved place be fomented warm with the decoction thereof in wine , and the herb after the boyling be laid warme also there●o . At all times be sure you wash your Sage , for fear that the Toades , who as I conceive come to it to relieve themselves being overcharged with poyson , should leave some of their ve●om upon the Leaves , the danger whereof is upon record ; and therefore it is good to plant Rue amongst your Sage , and then they will not come near it . Being steeped in drink close covered all night , it is good against infection , especially if Rue be added thereunto , as witnesseth Schola Salerni .

Sivia cum Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta .

CHAP. VIII . Of Rosemary .

The names .

THe Greeks call it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it hath a smell somewhat like unto Frankincense , which they call , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and usually the Epithite of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is added thereunto which signifies Coronaria in Latine , to distinguish it from the other , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which are umbelliferous plants & grow only in the Gardens of Herbarists as in Mr. Morgans Garden at Westminster , &c. The Latines Rosmarinus , and Rosmarinum ( Quasi Rosa marina according to some ) and so do the shops . The Garden Rosemary is called Rosmarinum Coronarium , the rather because Women have been accustomed to make Crowns and Garlands thereof . The flowers are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the composition made of them , Dianthos .

The Kinds .

There was formerly but one sort of Rosemary known , but now we have more diversity . As 1. Ordinary Rosemary . 2. Gilded Rosemary . 3. Broadleafed Rosemary . 4. Double flowered Rosemary . 5. Wild sweet S●lesia Rosemary . 6. Unsavory Wild Rosemary . 7. Our wild Rosemary . 8. The Poets Rosemary or Garde robe ; so called , because the people of Granado Montpelier , and the Kingdom of Valentia , do use it in their Presses and Wardrobes , and call it Guard●lobo .

The Form .

Though ordinary Garden Rosemary , be so well known that I shall scarce need to describe it , yet it being a plant of so great use , I shall not so much sleight it , as to let it go without a description . It is a woody shrub growing oftentimes to the height of three or four Cubits , especially when it is set by a wall , and hath stood there a long time ; the Stemme is of a close firm substance and whitish , branching forth into sundry arms , and from them again in to many slender brittle branches , at the Joynts whereof are set at several distances , many long and very narrow Leaves , green above and grayish underneath , somewhat hard , and of a quick spicy taste with a pleasant sweet strong smell ; and with them all along the stalks towards the tops divers small gaping flowers , of a pale bleak blewish Colour standing in whitish husks : the Seed is small and of a colour between black and red , but seldom doth any that is sowed in England endure the first Winter without extraordinary Care , and therefore is usually increased by setting the slips thereof .

The Place and Time .

The Ordinary Rosemary , as also that with the gilded Leaves are no Strangers here in England , for they are to be found in most Gardens , though their natural soil be in France , Spain , and other hot Countries . In that part of France which is called Provence , it groweth of it self without setting , and is used for a common fuel . There is so great plenty of it likewise in Spain , that the Odour of it , is many times smelt by those in the Ships that passe by , many leagues off from the Land . The third and fourth , is found only in the Gardens of Herbarists . The fifth and sixth in Silesia , Bohemia , and the parts thereabouts . The seventh groweth in Yorkshire , but especially in Lan●●sh●re in a field called little Reede amongst the Hurtle berries , near unto a small Village , called Maudsley . The last groweth in great abundance , in Narbone ●pain , and Italy . The first flowreth in April , and May , and sometime in August again , the others not untill August , except our wild Ro●emary w●ich flowereth in June and July .

The Temperature .

Rosemary is hot and dry in the second degree , and also of an astringent or binding quality , as being compounded of diverse parts , and taking more of the mixture of the earthly substance .

The Vertues .

It is given against all fluxes of blood ▪ it is also good , especially the flowers thereof for all infirmities of the head and brain , proceeding of a moist cause ; for they dry the brain , quicken the sences and memory , and strengthen the sinew part . It helpeth all cold diseases of the Head , Stomach , Liver , and Belly , with its warming and comforting heat . To cleanse and comfort the Stomach , and to make a sweet breath , use it in this manner ; Take Rosemary with the flowers or without , a handfull or more , seeth it in white Wine a good space and put thereto if you please a little Cinamon , then drink it and wash your mouth therewith , the same without Cinamon maketh the skin very clear ; and therefore is good to wash the hands and face with . It helpeth also cold Rheumes falling down into the Eyes , the giddinesse or swimming of the head , the dumb palsie or losse of speech , the Lethargy and falling Sicknesse if it be drunk , and the temples bathed therewith . It is a remedy for the windinesse in the Stomach or bowells , and expelleth it powerfully , as also the Hypochondriack passion & wind in the Spleen : it helpeth all those that are Livergrown by opening the obstructions thereof , by warming the coldnesse , extenuating the grosseness , and afterwards binding and strengthening the weaknesse thereof . The Flowers and the Conserve made of them are singular good to comfort the heart , and to expell the Contagion of the Pestilence , and it is good to burn the branches of it , in infectious times . Both flowers and leaves are very profitable for Women that are troubled with the Whites , if they be daily taken . The dried Leaves being cut and taken in a Tobacco Pipe helpeth them that have any Cough , Tissick or Consumption by warming and drying the thin Distillations , which cause those Diseases . The Chymicall Oyl drawn from the Leaves and flowers is a Soveraign help for all the diseases aforesaid , if the Temples and Nostrills be but touched with a drop or two , it helpeth the head and brain , and so it doth any cold benummed-Joynt , Sinew , or member , if it be anointed with two or three drops thereof : Great care is to be taken in applying it to inward griefs , for it is very quick and piercing , and therefore but a very little is to be taken at once .

CHAP. IX . Of Lavander .

The Names .

I Doubt very much , whether this Plant were at all known unto the Grecians , because I cannot finde it in Dioscorides , or any ancient or modern Greek Authour to be so much as mentioned , though I have sought diligently for it . It is called in Latine Lavandula & Lavendula , and of some Lavanda , quia lavacris expetitur , because it is used in Baths , and in washing of the hands for the sweetnesse of the smell . The ordinary great Lavender is called by Matthiolus , Nardus-Italica , & Pseudonardus . Tragus calleth it Spica , & Nardus Germanica ; but most Authours call the greater Lavendula , major & mas , as they do the lesser , minor & faemina . It is by some called Spikenard , because it giveth a favour , somewhat like to the true Spikenard ; and by others , the female of this here is held to be Lavender , and Spike-the-male .

The Kindes .

There are two sorts of Lavender as I said before , that is , a greater and a lesser . Of the lesser there be three sorts , 1. Small Lavender or Spike , with purplish blew Flowers . 2. Small white Lavender or Spike , with a white Flower . 3. Jagged Lavender .

The Forme :

Ordinary Garden Lavender hath a hard wooddy stem , parted into many small branches , whereon are set whitish , long and narrow leaves , by couples one against another , from among which , rise up naked square stalks , with two leaves at a joynt ; and at the tops , divers small husks standing round about them , formed in long round heads or spikes , with blewish gaping Flowers , springing out of each of them : the root is wooddy , and spreadeth in the ground : the whole Plant is of a strong sweet smell , but especially the heads of Flowers , which are much used to be put into linnen and apparel , as also into Nosegayes or Posies , because they are very pleasing and delightful to the brain , which is much refreshed with its sweetnesse , as on the contrary side it is very much offended with evill smells . I know not whether it would bear seed or not , it being so usually gathered by our Countrey women for the purposes aforesaid , before it come to maturity ; and therefore it must necessarily be propagated by slips , as Rosemary and Sage usually is .

The Place and Time .

The first Sort is found in the Gardens of most Women , that pretend to good huswifery , who binde it up in bundles , and either carry it to the Market to sell , or else reserve it for their own use ; but it , and the second , and third sort grow naturally in many places of Spain and Narbone in France , from whence they have been translated into the Gardens of those which are curious of all rare Herbs and Plants : as also the last , which was at the first found out by Clusius , both about Malaca in Spain , and Murcia , in the Realm of Granado , and is now to be seen in the Physick Garden at Oxon. In those hotter Countries they flower in F●bruary or March , but here in England they flower not till the beginning of July , or the end of June , at the soonest . It prospereth best in an open and sunny place , and if the earth be stony , it groweth the better .

The Temperature .

Lavander is hot and dry , and that in the third degree , and is of a thin substance , consisting of many airy and spiritual parts . Therefore it is good to be given any way , against the Diseases of the Head , and especially those which have their original or beginning , not of abundance of humors , but chiefly of one quality onely .

The Vertues .

The distilled water of Lavander being sunned for a time , is not onely sweet of smell , and therefore comfortable to the brain ; but also is good for the Palsie , and all other infirmities of the head , proceeding of cold ; if the Temples , the hollowness under the ears , and the nape of the neck be washed therewith : as the Catalepsis , which is a Disease that taketh away all motion from the body , the Megrim , and the Falling-Sickness : yea , two or three spoonfuls of the water being drunk , recovereth the speech being lost , and reviveth them that are in a swoun , and so it doth , if it be but applyed to the Temples or Nostrils to be smelt unto ; but it is not safe to use it , when the Body is full of humours , mixed with blood , because of the hot and subtill spirits , wherewith it is possessed . A Decoction made with the Flowers of Lavender , Horehound , Fennel , and Asparagus Roots , and a little Cinamon is very profitably used to help the Falling-Sickness , and the giddiness or turning of the brain . Wherefore not without cause ; the Herb is reckoned of Schola Salerni , amongst those things that cure the Palsie :

Salvia , Castoreumque , Laevandula , Primula Veris . Nasturt . Athanas : haec sanant Paralytica Membra ,

That is to say , Sage , Castory , ( that is , the stones of the Beast , called a Castor ) Lavender , Primrose , Watercresse , and Tansie , cure and heal Members infected with the Palsie . So that though the Flowers be of most vertue , yet the Herb it self is good for the uses aforesaid : as also for Apoplexies , Lethargies , Cramps , Convulsions , and gripings of the body proceeding of Cold. It helpeth also the stopping of the Milt , heateth the belly , and sendeth down the Terms , and if the same be holden often in the mouth , it helpeth the Ulcers and pains of the teeth , and the same water is excellent good for blisters of the mouth , if the mouth be washed therewith . It being often smelled unto , doth comfort and clear the sight ; and if a shirt be but wetted in the water , wherein Lavander hath been boyled , and after dryed , no louse will breed or abide therein , as long as it keepeth the smell . The lesser Lavander is much commended in all the Diseases of the Mother , as the strangling or suffocation , the dislocation or displacing , &c. for Women to be bathed therewith , as also to help forward their travel . The Chymical Oyl drawn from Lavander , usually called Oyl of Spike , is good for the Palsie , Falling-Sickness , Gouts of the Joynts , and of the feet , both taken at mouth , and also anointed ; but it must be used cautiously ; some few drops , being sufficient to be given with other things , either for inward or outward griefs .

CHAP. X. Of Marjerome .

The names .

MArjerome is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Majorana , à majori curâ , ut aliqui volunt ; Sampsuchum also , and Amaracus after the Greek : The cause of which name is by some Poets supposed to be this . Amaracus the Son of Cinara , King of Cyprus , having in his hand a Box of most fragrant Oyntment , by a mischance spilt it on the ground , the losse whereof he took so impatiently , that he did nothing but mourn for it : in con●ideration of whose Parentage , and excellent Perfection , the Gods in pitty did transform him into that Herb , which is called Amaracus , after his name , which still retaineth the smell of the Oyntment which he spilt . It is called in English sweet Marjerome , fine Marjerome , and Marjerome Gentle . The Pot Marjerome is also called Winter Marjerome .

The Kindes :

The sorts of Marjerome which I shall here reckon up are six . 1. The ordinary Garden , sweet Marjerome . 2. Marjerome Gentle . 3. Winter sweet Marjerome . 4. Winter or Pot-Marjerome . 5. Yellow Marjerome . 6. Wild or Field Marjerome . I shall , as most commonly I do , describe only the first .

The Forme .

The ordinary Garden Marjerome that is sowen here in England , is a small low Herb , scarcely mounting above a foot in height , full of branches , and small whitish , and soft roundish leaves on them , smelling very sweet : at the tops of the Branches stand divers small long and round scaly heads or knots ( and therefore of some called knotted Marjerome ) of a whitish green colour , out of which come here and there small white Flowers , and after them small reddish seed : the Root is composed of divers small threds or strings , which perisheth with the whole Plant every year . The whole Plant , and every part thereof , is of a most pleasant taste , and aromatical smell , and by transplanting into beds well dressed with dry dung , it prospereth better , and becomes so strong , that it is commonly able to abide the coldness of the Winter , if it be not extraordinary .

The Place and Time .

The sweet Marjerome grows wilde on the Mountains in Spain , and other places , and the wilde Marjerome in the Borders of Corn-fields , and Pastures in sundry places of this Land , and particularly on both sides the Foot-way , which leadeth from St. Albans , to Mr. Cottons House , near unto the place where old Verulam stood : the rest are nursed up in Gardens , their natural places being in Creet and Italy , from whence we have the seeds for the Gardens of our cold Countries , which being sowen in moyst and shadowy places , well dunged and digged , groweth greater and taller ; but if it be set in an open and sunny place , it growes shorter and crisped . It may be propagated also by slips . They are sowen in May , and bring forth their scaly or chaffy Husks or Ears in July and August . Gerrard saith , that although it be better for other Plants to be watered morning and evening , yet it is best for Marjerome and Basil to be watered in the middle of the day , when the Sun shineth hottest .

The Temperature and Vertues .

Our common sweet Marjerome is hot and dry in the second Degree , and ought to be gathered in the Summer when it floureth , which is commonly in August , and after dryed in a shadowy place , and so it will serve for a year . It i● warm and comfortable in cold Diseases of the head , stomack , sinews , and other parts taken inwardly , or applyed outwardly . Matthiolus saith , that it digesteth , attenuateth , openeth and strengtheneth . It comforteth the brain , openeth the stopping of the Members , taketh away the Apoplexy ; and the Head washed in Lie made of it , doth cause the grievous pain of the Head to cease . The powder of it given in meat , or drunk in Wine , doth help the coldness of the stomack , and comforteth digestion . And the dry leaves made into powder , mixed with Honey , and anointed upon any part , doth take away black and blew spots of the skin . The Oyl made thereof is very warming , and comfortable to the joynts which are stiffe , and the Sinews which are hard , to mollifie , supple , and stretch them forth . It helpeth the cold griefs of the womb , and the windinesse thereof , it comforteth the brain and Nerves , and helpeth the weariness and diseases of them , if they come of cold : it helps the dead Palsie , the back , ( viz. the Region along the Back-bone ) being anointed with it , being snuffed up in the nose , it helps Spasmus Cynicus , which is a wrying the mouth aside : It helps noyse in the Ears , being dropped in them : it provokes the Terms , and helpeth the bitings of venomous Beasts ; it is a most gallant Oyl to strengthen the Body , the back being anointed , it strengthens the Muscles , they being chafed with it ; it helps the Head-ach , the forehead being rubbed with it . Also this Herb hath the property of heating all the inward Members , it softneth the Milt , and asswageth the swelling thereof . The Decoction of it doth help those that are beginning to fall into a Dropsie : those that cannot make water , and the pains and torments in the belly . The Flower and Herb put in a fine bagg , and that applyed to the stomack , doth take away the pain and grief thereof . The powder of the Leaves snifted up into the nose , doth both cleanse and heat the Head , and stayeth Rheum , especially if it be mixed with a little Ginger . Lastly , it is used in all odoriferous Waters , Powders , &c. and is a chief Ingredient in most of those Powders that Barbers use , in whose Shops I have seen great store of this Herb hanged up .

CHAP. XI . Of Primroses , Cowslips , and Bears-Eares .

THere being so great affinity in these sorts of Plants , both for form and quality , I thought it not amiss to joyn them together , in one Chapter , lest our Volume should extend it self to too great a Bulk .

The Names .

Primroses are usually called in Latine Primulae Veris , because they are the first that flourish in the Spring , or at least flower with the first ; nay , sometimes they flourish all winter , if the weather be calm , both these and Cowslips are named Arthriticae & Herbae Paralysis , because they are good against the pains of the Joynts and Sinews . In English , Petty Mullens , or Palsie worts , but most commonly Cowslips . The greater sort called for the most part Ox-lips and Paigles , are named of divers , Herba S. Petri , in English , Oxlip and Paigle . The Auricula Vrsi is entituled by divers names , by sundry Authours , as Lunaria , Arthritica & Paralytica Alphina ; by Gesner , Primula Veris Pachyphyllo's , by Lugdunensis , Sanicula sive Auricula Vrsi : first by Matthiolus , and afterwards by Lo●el ; and Sanicula Alpina , by Gesner and Bauchinus ; but usually now a dayes , Auricula Vrsi , by all , and therefore we in English call them Auricula's Bears-Ears , from the similitude that the Leaves have with the Ears of a Bear , and sometimes French Cowslips , because they grow naturally upon the Alps , and are much like unto Cowslips in flower , and sometimes Mountain Cowslips . Some of them are called Birds-eyes .

The Kinds .

And here I might muster up a whole Regiment of these three sorts , but I shall mention no more at this time , then those I find spoken of by Gerrard which are . 1. The white single or field Primrose . 2. The Purple Primrose , which by the Turks is called Carchicheck . 3. The white double Primrose . 4. The green Primrose . 5. Field Cowslips . 6. Field Oxelipps . 7. Double Paigles . 8. Cowslipps two in a hese . 9. White Birdeine . 10. Red Birdeine . 11. Yellow Bears ear . 12. Purple Bears ear . 13. Red Bears ear . 14. Scarlet Bears ear 15. Blush coloured Bears ear . 16. Bright red Bears ear . 17. Stamel Bears ear . 18. Little white Bears ear . He that desires to be any better informed in these kinds of flowers , let him consult the Masculine , but especially the Feminine Work of Mr. Parkinson , who hath treated more largely of them . There have been many sorts also found out and brought from beyond the Seas of late daies : but being no very skilful Florist , I desire to be excused for not mentioning of them . I should proceed to the Descriptions of the Ordinary sort of each , but because they are so well known I shall describe only the Bears ear .

The Forme .

Bears-Ear is a beautiful and brave plant , having green , thick and fat leaves somewhat finely snipt about the edges , not altogether unlike those of Cowslips , but smoother , greener , and nothing rough or crumpled ; among which ariseth up a slender round stemme an handful high , bearing a tuft of flowers at the top , sometimes of a yellow , sometimes of a purple or red , and sometimes of a white colour , not much unlike to the flowers of Oxlipps , but more open , and consisting of one onely Leaf like Cotiledon or Pennywort , the root is very threddy , and like unto the Oxelip .

The Place and Time .

Primroses and Cowslips joy most in shadowy places , and therefore are most commonly found in Woods and borders of fields near to the bedge sides . The purple Primrose , the double Primrose , the green Primrose , the double Paigses and the Cowslips two in a hose are seldom seen but in Gardens . The Red and white Birdeine do grow very plentifully in the Northern parts of this land , as in Harwood near Blackburn in Lancashire , at Crosby , Ravenswaith , and Cragge Close in Westmoreland , and in some other places . The Originall of the Auriculaes came first from the mountaines of Germany , Hungary Italy , as the Alpes and Pyrences , &c. But the greatest variety hath risen from the Seed , many of them will flower twice in the year , viz. in Aprill and May , and then again in August , and September , if the Autumne prove temperate and moist .

The Temperature and Vertues .

All of them are in Temperature dry , little or nothing hot , but astringent , and are accounted as profitable for the paines of the head as any plant that is , except Betony . They are excellent good against any Joynt-aches , as the Pal●y and paines of the Sinews , as their names do import . The decoction of the roots are good for the stone in the Kidneys and Bladder ; the juyce of the leaves for members that are loose and out of joynt , or inward parts that are hurt , r●nt , or broken . A drachm and a half of the dryed roots of field Primrose gathered in the Autumne , purgeth by Vomit very forcibly ( but safely ) waterish humou●s , choler and flegme , in such manner as Asara bacca doth . A conserve made with the flowers of Cowslips and Sugar prevaileth wonderfully against the Palsy , Convulsions , Cramps and all diseases of the Sinews , if the quantity of a Nutrneg be taken every morning . An oyntment made of the leaves , and Hogs grease , healeth wounds ; and taketh away Spots , Wrinkles , and Sunburning , and so doth the distilled water of the flowers ; As divers Ladies , Gentlewomen and she Cittizens , whether wives or widdows know well enough . The roots of Primrose stamped and strained , and the juyce snifted into the Nose with a quill , or such like , purgeth the brain and qualifieth the pain of the Megrim . An Oyntment made with the Juice of Cowslips and oyl of Linseed , cureth all scaldings and burnings with fire water or otherwise . The flowers of Primt 〈…〉 sodden in Vinegar , and applyed do heal the Kings Evil , healeth also the Almonds of the Ears and Palate , if you Gargarize the party with the decoction thereof . The leaves and flowers of Primroses boyled in Wine and drunk are good against all diseases of the Breast and Lungs ; and will draw any thorn splinter or bone out of the flesh . The Bears eares according to their name Sanicle are no lesse powerful for healing then the former , as also for the Palsy and Rupture called Enterocele , if for some reasonable space it be put in drinks , or boyled by it self . The roots also of Bears-ears are in great request amongst those that use to hunt after Goats and Robucks upon the Alpes and high mountains ; and for the strengthening of the head then when they passe by fearful precipices and steep places in following their game , that Giddinesse and swimming of the brain may not seise upon them .

CHAP. XII . Of the Lilly of the Vally .

The Names .

THe Latines have named it , Lilium Convallium ; Gesner doth think it to be Callionymum . It is called in English , Lilly of the Vally , or the Convall Lilly , May Lillies , Wood Lillies , and in some places , Liriconfancy or Lilly - Confancy . Fuschius saith , that Ephemerum non Lethale and Lilium Convallium , are the same .

The Kinds .

Of this Lilly I find but two sorts . 1. Lilly-Convally with white flowers . 2. Lilly-Convally with red flowers .

The Forme ,

The Lilly of the Valley hath leaves , somewhat like unto other white Lillies , or rather like unto the leaves of the smallest water Plantain , among which doth a slender and small stalk spring up ; in the top of which grow forth little small white flowers like little bells , with turned edges , and of a pleasant smell ; which being past there come small red berries , much like the berries of Asparagus . wherein the seed is contained . The root is small and slender , creeping farre abroad in the ground .

The Place and Time .

It groweth plentifully upon Hamstead-heath four miles from London ; near to Lee in Essex ; and on Bushy heath thirteen miles from London ; in Bagly wood which is two or three miles from Oxford , not far from the way to Abingdon , and many other places , in vallies , and on the sides of hills . For its great commodity and beauty , it is brought and planted in Gardens where it prospereth best , if it be set in a moist ground and shadowy place . It floureth in May , and the fruit is ripe in September .

The Temperature and Vertues .

The Lillies of the Valley are hot and dry of Temperature , according to Gerrard and Sennertus ; yet Hill in his Art of Gardening saith , that they are cold and moist . I assent rather to the former opinion , though there may be some reason given for the later also . The flowers be more effectual then the Herb , and the root passeth the flowers in vertue . It cureth the Apoplexy by Signature ; for as that disease is caused by the dropping of humours into the principall Ventricles of the brain : so the flowers of this Lilly hanging on the plants as if they were drops , are of wonderful use herein , if they be distilled with Wine , and the quantity of a spoonfull thereof drunk , and so it restoreth speech to them that have the dumb Palsy ; And is good against the Gout , comforteth the heart and Vitall Spirits , strengthens the brain , recrutes a weak memory , and makes it strong again . The distilled water dropped into the Eyes helps inflammations , there is also that infirmity which is called the Pin and Web. The flowers steeped in New Wine and drunk doth help those which are pained with a trembling of the heart or other members , it stops the passages of the Leprosy beginning that the same spread no further abroad . Also it doth take away the scabbe and ring-Worm anointed thereupon ; and the sooner , if you wash them sundry times with the water . The water also asswageth the swellings of the stingings of Bees and Wasps , if it be applyed to the part . Take the flowers and steep them in New Wine for the space of a moneth , which being finished take them out again and distill the wine five times over in a Limbeck . This wine is more precious then Gold : for if any one that is troubled with the Apoplexy drink thereof , with six grains of Pepper , and a little Lavander water they shall not need to fear it that moneth ; It ceaseth the Cholick , it comforteth the brain , and helpeth the Impostume in the hinder part thereof . Six ounces of the water of the flowers , helpeth those that are poysoned or bit with a mad Dog , and being drunk fourty daies , it doth away the falling Scknesse . The same water drunk helpeth the Strangury , the pricking about the heart and inflammation of the Liver , and stayeth excessive Menstrues . Gerrard saith , That a Glasse being filled with the flowers of May Lillies , and set in an Ant-hill with the mouth close stopped for a months space , and then taken out , you shall find a Liquor in the Glasse , which being outwardly applyed helps the Gout very much .

CHAP. XIII . Of Misselto .

The Names .

THe last thing that I shall treat of as appropriated to t●e diseases of the Brain , as the Falling Sicknesse , Apoplexy , ●alsy , &c. is Misselto , which is called , by Dioscorides , and so is the Birdlime made thereof ; but Theophrastus calls it , who saith also that in Eubaa it is called Stelis and in Arcadia , Hyphear . In Latine it is called Viscus and Viscum , and so is also the Birdlime made of the Berries . Ion the Poet call it S●dor Quercus , Because it groweth on Trees from their own superfluous moisture , and not as some falsely suppose from the dunging of those Blackbirds or rather Thrushes which have eaten the Berries hereof , so the seeds have been made fitter to grow . For it is since found by Experience , that there is no shew of seed in that dung they void upon the Trees , or elsewhere , it being wholly altered in their bellies before the voiding ; And further the Misselto doth not a●waies grow upon the boughs , but sometimes from beneath them , where it is impossible that either any bird can dung , or any of the seed come thither , by any other means ; And therefore he mistook that said , Turdus tibi cacat malum .

The Kinds .

The sorts of Misselto that I find upon record are three . 1. The ordinary Misselto with few and many berries . 2. The Misselto of India . 3. Misselto of Peru.

The Forme .

Misselto is an Excrescence arising from the branch or arm of the Tree whereon it groweth with a woody stemme , parting it self into sundry branches , and they spreading again into many other smaller twigs over thwart one another , do wrap and interlace one within an other ; the bark of it is of a light or Popinjay , green colour , but the leaves are of a brownish green colour , which being set by two and two at every Joynt or Knot , and at the end likewise , are somewhat long and narrow , small at the bottom but broader towards the end . At the Knots and Joynts of the boughs of the branches grow small yellowish flowers which turn into small white round berries , which are so clear that a man may see through them , and are full of clammy or Viscous moisture , whereof the best Birdlime is made , farre exceeding that which is made of Holly Bark : Within the berry is contained a small black kernell or seed , which hath been put into the ground , and other places , but was never yet known to grow , it being indeed without any root .

The Place and Time .

This Excrescence groweth upon Apple-Trees , Pear-Trees , Crab-Trees , and Hasles , very plentifully in divers places , especially in Essex ; but that which groweth on the Oak , is very rare in England , That with many Berries groweth in Germany , &c. and the other two in the West-Indies . Theophrastus saith , that the Misselto loseth the leaves in Winter , if it grow on those Trees that shed their leaves , as Apple-Trees , &c. do ; but in every green Tree , as Box , &c. it loseth them not : the Reason whereof , saith he , is the tenacious humidity in the one , which the other wanteth ; but Experience sheweth , that it keep th the Leaves fresh and green in the Winter , when the Trees whereon they grow , have not any of their own left on them , in these parts of Europe generally . O●dinary Misselto flowreth in the Spring ; but the Berries are not ripe until O●●ber , and abide on the Branches all the Winter , unless the Thrushes and other Birds devour them . It is one of those things wherewith Countrey people adorn their houses at Christmas , and is celebrated in this old Caroll ,

Holly , and Ivy , Misselto , Give me a red Apple , and let me go , &c.

The Temperature .

Misselto is hot and dry in the third Degree , the Leaves and Berries do heat and dry , and are of subtle parts , for some acrimony is in them , which overcommeth the bitterness , the Bird-lime doth mollifie hard knots , &c. which is not of that property , as to heat suddenly , but after some time as Thapsia doth .

The Signature and Vertues .

Crollius saith , that Misselto of the Oak , and the Bird-lime that is ma●e ther●of , is very effectual for the curing of the Falling-Sickness , and that it doth it by Signature : the viscosity and tenacious quality of the Bird-lime , repre●enting those melancholy and phlegmatick humours , consisting of tough and clammy slime , by which it is caused , or else as Bird-lime doth detain whatsoever it fastens to , so this Disease ceasing upon the Body , as the Remora doth upon a Ship , will suffer it to go no further , but maketh it to fall down . But some question may arise concerning the Application of the Bird-lime , whether it is to be taken inwardly , or used outwardly , because Gerrard saith , if it be inwardly taken , it is mortall , and bringeth most grievous accidents ▪ as that it should make the tongue to be inflamed and swolne , the minde to be distracted , and the strength of the heart and wits to fail , quoting Nicander , as I suppose for his Authour . If there be any such malicious quality in it , it is when it is taken alone ; for I not only conceive , that Crollius meant it should be taken inwardly , but I finde it prescribed by that famous and worthy Physitian , Mr. Bruel , to be taken in Pills after this manner , Rec●pe , Visci quercini , Seeds and Roots of Piony ana 1. ounce . Nutmeg 1. ounce . of Aniseeds 1. oun. Sacchari buglossati 7. ounces . in every Pill 1. ounce . And therefore if it be corrected with other Ingredients , there is no such great danger as Gerrard repotteth .

The next Question will be , whether the Misselto of other Trees , be not as good as that of the Oak ? Mr. Culpepper rails against the Colledge of Physicians , for saying that that which growes upon Oaks , hath most vertues . Clusius affirms , that which growes upon Pear-Trees to be as prevalent , and gives order that it shou●d not touch the Ground after it is gathered , and also saith , That being hung about the neck it remedies Witch-craft . It is wonder the carping Astrologer had not had a sling at Clusius also for superstition , but I conceive he scaped , because he was of an Opinion different from the Colledge . Matthiolus saith , that that of the Che●nut-Tree is as good , ( but most hold that of the Oak to be the best ) which being made into Powder , and given in Drink unto those which have the Falling-●ickness , doth heal them , as the same Author speaketh upon his own experience . Some have so highly esteemed of the Vertues hereof , that they have called it Lignum St. Crucis , believing it to help the Falling-Sicknesse , Apoplexy and Palsie , very speedily , not only to be inwardly taken , but hung about their necks ; and some Women have worn it about their necks , or on their arms , thinking it will help them to conceive . Tragus saith , that the fresh Wood of any Misselto bruised , and the juyce drawn forth , and dropped into the Ears , that have Imposthumes in them , doth help and ease them within a few dayes . The Bird-lime mollifieth hard knots , tumors , and Imposthumes , ripeneth and discusseth them , and draweth forth thick as well as ●●in humours , ●om the remote places of the Body , digesting them , and separating them , and being mixed with equall parts of Rosin and Wax , it mollifieth the hardness of the Spleen , and healeth old Ulcers and Sores , with Sandatack and Orpment , it draweth off foul nails , especially if quick Lime , and the Lees of Wine be added thereunto .

CHAP. XIV . Of the Quince-Tree .

The Names .

HAving handled severall Plants that are approptiated to the Head , some by Signature , and some without , I shall now write of a few which cure the Diseases of the Hair , as Alopecia , Ophiasis , &c. beginning with the Quince-Tree , which is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in Latine Malus Cydonia & Cotonea . It beareth the Name of Malus Cydonia , à Cydone Cretae oppido , unde primum advecta , because it was brought first from . Cydon , a Town in Crete : and Cotonea , as some think from the down , which groweth upon the Fruit , which is called Cotton , as Fuchsius writeth , by which name Cato first called it , and Pliny after him . The Spaniards call it Membrill●o & Marmello , from whence come the word Marmalade .

The Kindes .

Columella setteth down three sorts of this fruit , 1. Struthia Great ones . 2. Chrysomela , Gold Colour . 3. Mustea , Early ones , but little ; but in our dayes , there are four or five sorts of Trees , which are known by the names following . 1. Our ordinary Quince-Tree . 2. The Portugall Quince . 3. The Barbary Quince . 4. The Lyons Quince . 5. The Brunswick Quince .

The Forme .

The ordinary Quince-Tree groweth oftentimes to the height and bigness of a reasonable Apple-Tree ; but more usually lower , and crooked , with a rough Bark , spreading Arms and Branches far abroad : the Leaves are somewhat round , and like those of the Apple-Tree ; but thicker , harder , fuller of Veins , and white on the under side , not dented at all about the Edges : the Flowers are large and white , sometimes dasht over with a blush : the fruit that followeth is first green , and then yellow , when the white Freese , or Cotton , wherewith it is covered , is rubbed off , which groweth lesse , as the fruit ripeneth , bunched out oftentimes in some places , some being liker an Apple , some like a Pear , of a strong heady sent , and not durable to keep , and is soure , harsh , and of an unpleasant taste to eat raw , but being scalded , roasted , baked , or preserved , becommeth very pleasant .

The Place and Time .

The Place of every one , save the first , is expressed already , which best likes to grow near Ponds , and Water sides , and is frequent through the Land , but beareth not , 〈◊〉 the place where it groweth be somewhat moyst . It flowreth not till after the leaves put forth , and that is about the end of March , or the beginning of April : the fruit is commonly ripe about the beginning of October .

The Temperature .

Quinces have a cold and earthy faculty in them , and by reason of their 〈◊〉 binding , they moysten the body lesse then other fruits ; for they are cold in ●●e first , and dry in the second degree . When they are green , they help all sort● of Fluxes in Man or Woman , and whatsoever needeth astriction .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Down of Quinces doth in some sort resemble the hair of the Head , the Decoction whereof is very effectual for the restoring of Hair that is fallen off by the French Pox , and being made up with Wax , and laid on as a Plaster , it bringeth Hair to them that are bald , and keepeth it from falling , if it be ready to shed : It healeth Plague-sores , if it be boyled in Wine , and applyed to them . The Syrup of the Juyce of Quinces strengthens the heart and stomach , stayes loosness and vomiting , relieves languishing Nature : for loosness , take a spoonfull of it before meat , for vomiting after meat ; for others purposes it is to be taken in the morning , and may be then taken for these also . It helpeth the Liver also , when it is so opprest , that it cannot perfect digestion , and correcteth Choler and Flegme . If you would have Quinces purging , put Honey to them instead of Sugar ; and if more laxative , add for Choler Rubarb ; for Flegme , Tu●bith ; for watry humors , Scammony : but if more forcibly to binde , use the unripe Quinces with Ro●es and Acacia , or Hypocistis , and some torrefied Rubarb . The Juyce of raw Quinces is held as an Antidote against the force of deadly poyson , not suffering it to have any force in the body ; for it hath been often found to be most certain true , that the very smell of a Quince hath taken away all the strength of the poyson of white Hellebore , which the Hunters of Spain and Navarre make to kill wilde Beasts , by dipping their Arrow-Heads therein . It is also certain , that if Quinces be brought into an house , where Grapes are hung up to be kept dry all the year , they will assuredly rot . If there be need of any outward binding , and cooling of any hot Fluxes , the Oyl of Quinces , or other Medicines that may be made thereof , are very available , to anoint the Belly , or other parts therewith : It likewise strengtheneth the Stomach and Belly , and the Sinews , which are loosed by sharp humours falling on them , and restraineth immoderate sweatings . The Mucilage taken from the Seeds and Quinces , boyled a little in water , is very good to cool the heat , and heal the sore breasts of Women : the same with a little Sugar , is good to lenifie the harshness , and hoarsness of the throat , and roughness of the Tongue . The Marmalade of Quinces is toothsom , as well as wholsom , and therefore I cannot blame such Gentlewomen , which are seldom without it in their Closets .

CHAP. XV. Of Mosses .

IT may seem strange to any one that considereth not our Method , that we should so much deviate from the common Roads which other Herbarists use to trace , as to treat of the Quince-Tree and Mosse , next to one another , there being in their Opinion so little Similitude between them . Yet because it cures the Diseases of the Hair , as the former doth , and doth a little resemble the Down growing on Quinces , I shall handle it next .

The Names .

Mosse in generall is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in the Attick Tongue , Sphagnum & Hypnum ; and Pliny thereupon in one place calleth it in Latine Bryon & Sphagnum , and in another place , Sphagnos , sive Phacos sive Bryon ; but it is in Latine usually called Muscus , and properly betokeneth any Herb that is composed of hairs or thred , instead of Leaves ; the Arabians and Apothecaries call it Vsnea . The Greeks , which seldom gave any thing a name , without a Reason , called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it giveth ease to the Entrails .

The Kindes .

The Sorts of these are very numerous : Parkinson reckons up thirty , and treats of them in severall Chapters . It would be somewhat tedious , and to little purpose , to repeat them all ; I shall therefore for brevity sake , set down those which I finde to be useful , and let the rest alone ; and the first is , Our common ground-Mosse . 2. Cupp-Mosse . 3. Club-Mosse . 4. Oak-Mosse . 5. Apple-Tree Mosse . 6. Mosse of a Dead Mans Skull . Neither of these want a Description so much as the Club-Mosse , because it desires to be known in these times , wherein there is so much dead Wine , which it is said , in short time to recover , I shall therefore describe that .

The Forme .

Club-Mosse , or Wolfs-Claw Mosse , which is in Latine called Muscus clavatus sive Lycopodium , groweth close upon the ground , among Bushes and Brakes , to the length of six or eight foot , consisting as it were , of many hairy Leaves , set upon a tough string , very close couched , and compact together : from which is also sent forth , certain other Branches like the first ; in sundry places there be sent down divers fine little strings , which serve instead of Roots , wherewith it is fastned to the upper parts of the Earth , and taketh hold likewise of such things as grow next it . There spring also from the Branches , bare or naked stalks , on which grow certain Ears as it were like the Catkines or blowings of the Hazel-Tree , in shape like a little Club , of a yellowish white colour , or rather resembling the Claw of a Wolf , whereof it took its name , which knobby Catkines are altogether barren , and bring forth neither Seed nor Flower , but come to nothing , as they do in all other Mosses .

The Places and Time .

The common Mosse groweth more or lesse every where , but especially in shadowy places , and is used in slating of houses , in some Countries . The Cup or Callice Mosse which Lobel calls Muscus Pixidatus , creepeth upon the ground like unto Liverwort , but of a yellowish white colour , from who●e Leaves start up things like unto little Cups , and groweth in the most barren , dry , and gravelly Ditch Banks , particularly in a Ditch , neer a house formerly called Stockers house , in Stow-Wood , about three miles from Oxford , by the way side , as you go thence to Islip , and sometimes upon old Pales , as upon the School-house Pales at Adderbury in Oxford●hire . The Club-Mosse groweth upon Hamsteed Heath , among the Bushes and Brakes neer a little Cottage there . Oak-mosse is found in many Forrests and Woods in this Land ; but the last which is the Mosse of a dead Mans Skull is oftner brought out of Ireland , then found with Us. They are most usually growing , and in their perfection in the Summer-time .

The Temperature .

The Mosses of the Earth are dry , and astringent of a binding quality , without any heat or cold . Those of the Trees cool , and binde , and do much partake of the nature of the Tree , from whence it is taken : as that of the Oak to be more binding then those of the Cedar , Larch-Ivy , &c. and Fir to be more digesting and m●l●●●ying .

The Signature and Vertues .

A Decoction of the long Mosse that hangs upon Trees , in a manner like hair , is very profitable to be used in the falling off of the hair , and this it doth by Signature . The common ground Mosse is held to be singular good to break the Stone , and to expell and drive it forth by Urine , being boyled in Wine , and drunk . The Herb bruised and boyled in water , and then applyed to any Inflammations , or pains , rising from a hot cause , doth allay and ease them ; and therefore they do apply it to the hot Gout , to allay the pains thereof . The Cup Mosse is thought to be a singular Remedy against the Falling-Sickness , and the Chin-Cough in Children , if it be powdered , and then given in sweet Wine for certain dayes together . The Club-Mosse hung in a Vessel of Wine , that hath lost the vigour and vertue , that floateth , and is become slimy , restoreth it to its former goodness , if the quantity thereof be answerable to the bigness of the Vessel , whereupon Brunfelsius hath called it Wein Kraut , the Wine-Herb . The Mosse of Trees , especially of the Oak , is of good use and effect to stay Fluxes and Lasks in Man or Woman : as also vomiting and bleedings , spitting of blood , pissing of blood , the Tearms , and the Bloody Flux , if the powder thereof be boyled in Wine and drunk . The Decoction thereof in Wine is very good for Women to be bathed with , or to sit in , that are troubled with abundance of their Courses : the same also drunk , doth stay the troubled Stomack , perplexed with casting , or the Hickok , and doth also comfort the heart , as Avicen saith ; and as Serapio saith , procureth deep sleep : some have thought it available for the Dropsie , if the Powder thereof be taken in drink for some time together . The Oyl of Roses that hath fresh Mosse steeped therein for a time , and after boyled , and applyed to the Temples and forehead , doth marvellously ease the Head-ach , that commeth of a hot cause : as also the distillations of hot Rheum or Humours to the Eyes or other parts . The Ancients much used it in their Oyntments , &c. against weariness , and to strengthen and comfort the Sinews . My Lord Bacon saith , that there is a sweet Mosse growing upon Apple-Trees , which is of excellent use for Perfumers , who if they knew it , would greedily catch after it . The Mosse that groweth upon dead Mens Skulls , hath not only been in former times much accounted of , because it is rare , and hardly gotten ; but in our times , much more set by , to make the Unguentum Sympatheticum , or Weapon-Salve , which cureth wounds without locall application : in the composition whereof , this is put as a principal Ingredient , but as Crollius hath it , it should be taken from the Skulls of those which have perished by a violent death .

CHAP. XVI . Of Maidenhair .

THough the Learned Herbarists make a distinction between , Adiantum , Ruta Muraria , Trichomanes and Polytrichon Apuleii , and therefore have treated of them in divers Chapters , yet desiring to be as brief as conveniently I may , and because they are all Capillary herbs , and may be comprehended under the title of Maidenhair , I shal make but one Chapter of them .

The Names .

Maidenhair is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Latine Adiantum , Polytrichum , Callitrichum , Cincinnalis , Terrae Capillus , and Supercilium Terrae ; of Apuleius Capillus Veneris , Capillaris , Crinita ; and of divers , Coriandrum Putei ; The Italians keep the name of Capillus Veneris , and ●o do the Shops ; In English , Black Maidenhair , and Venus hair ; and by some , our Ladies hair . Some think it to be called Adiantum because 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 it is never wet ; but falsly , for if it be dipped in Water it will be wet . Others think , that Rain which falls down in Drops upon the leaves of it , slide off immediately leaving no sign of moisture ; But the most likely opinion is , that it is so called because it loveth to grow on the sides of Wells above , where the water never comes , but where the water comes it never growes , and in this sense it may be said , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . It is called Callitrichon , and Polytrichon , of the effect it hath in dying hair , and making it to grow thick . Neither is it called Capillus Veneris for any other reason , but because she is painted with curious hair . Ruta Muraria , was first so called by Matthiolus , who afterwards took it to be Paronychia Dioscoridis . Cordus calleth it , Adiantum album ; Dodonaeus , Ruta Muraria ; and Lobel and Lugdunsis , Salvia vitae , and many call it Adiantum album , White Maidenhair . Trichomanes is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quod rarâ cute fluentem Capillum explet for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is rarus and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Capillus . Gaza translated it Filicula and some have it Fidicula . The Apothecaries beyond the sea , did use to call it Polytricum and Capillaris ; We usually call it in Latine Trichomanes , and in English Common Maidenhair , and English Maidenhair , because it is more plentifull in our Land then the rest , and is of more use , and of as good effect for all purposes as the former . The last sort is Polytrichum Apul●● by some called , Polytrichum aureum , by others Adiantum aureum , Adiantum 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Muscus Capillaris , in English , Golden Maidenhair .

The Kinds .

All the sorts of Maidenhair that I meet with , are eight . 1. The True Maidenhair . 2. Common Black Maidenhair . 3. Forrain or Assyrian Maidenhair . 4. Wall Rue . 5. The Male English Maidenhair . 6. Female English Maiden-hair . 7. Great golden Maidenhair . 8. The lesser Golden Maidenhair . Most of these sorts are strangers in England unlesse it be Wall Rue , and that which is called English Maidenhair , whose form only I shall set down ,

The Form .

Common English Maidenhair doth from a number of hard b●ack Fibres send forth a great many blackish shining brittle stalks hardly a span long in many not half so long , set on each side very thick , with small round dark green leaves one against another and spotted on the back of them like Ceterach and other small Ferns .

The Place and Time .

Some have reported the first to be found in Gl●stershire , but I doubt it . Wall Rue is found at Dartford , and the bridge at Ashford in Kent , at Beaconsfeild in Buckinghamshire , at Wolley in Huntingtonshire , on Framingham Castle in Suffolk , on the Church wall at Mayfeild in Sussex , and in divers other p●aces . Eng●i●h Maidenhair groweth much upon old stone Walles in the western parts , Wales and Kent , but particularly upon New Colledge Wall in Oxford , on the Garden Wall which was formerly Mr. Bustards next to Adderbury Church yard , and upon a wall near to Goreham berry in Hartfordshire . It joyeth likewi●e to grow by Springs and Wells , and other rocky moist and Shadowy places ; They are green in Winter as well as Summer , but never flower that I know of .

The Temperature .

The true Maidenhair , as Galen testifieth doth dry , make thin , wast away , and is in a mean between heat and coldnesse . Mesue sheweth that it consisteth of unlike or disagreeing parts ▪ and that some are waterie and earthy , and the same binding , and another superficially hot and thin . And that by this it taketh away obstructions or stoppings maketh things thin that are thick , loo●eneth the belly , especially when it is fresh and green : for as this part is thin , so is it quickly resolved and that by reason of its binding and earthy parts . Wall Ru● and the rest are not much unlike to this in temperature and faculty .

The Signature and Vertues .

All these being Capillary herbs do cure all the diseases of the hair by Signature ; and therefore the Lee made of any of them is singular good to clean●e the head from scurf , and either dry or running ●ores , stayeth the falling or shedding of the hair , either of the Head or Beard , and maketh it to grow again in such places where it is fallen and pilled off , and causeth it to become thick fair , and well coloured : for which purpose some boyl it in Wine , putting some Smallage ●eed thereto , and afterwards some Oyl . They are of singular good use against the Diseases of the Breast , the Liver , and Reins especially , yet much conducing to others ; The decoction of the herb drunk , helpeth those that are troubled with the cough , shortnesse of breath , the Yellow Jaundies , the diseases of the Spleen , stopping of Urine , helpeth exceedingly to break the Stone , provoketh Womens Courses , and stayeth both bleedings and fluxes of the Stomach and belly if it be dry ; But if it be green as I said before ▪ it loo●eneth and causeth Choler and Phlegme to be voided both from the Stomach and Liver ; and by freeing the Stomach by spitting it out , wonderfully cleanseth the Lungs , and by rectifying the Liver and Blood causeth a good colour to the w●ole body ; and expelleth those disea●es that breed by the Obstruction of the Li●er or Spleen . They are also said to resist and cure the bitings of venemous Creatures , to consume and wast away the Kings-Evil and other hard wellings , and to be excellent good against ruptures in young Children , if the powder thereof be taken constantly for fourty daies together . The Leaves of Wall Rue mixed with a little Salt Peter , and the Urine of a young C●ild , taketh away the shrivelled wrincklings that appear on Womens Bellies after their deliverance , if it be washed therewith . So much for those Plants that cure the Diseases of the Hair , to which I might add Thapsia , Aloes , Millefolium aquaticum , or water - Millfole , &c. which because they are forraigners , and more appropriate to other parts , I forbear in this place .

CHAP. XVII . Of Fennel .

COme we now from the Hair to the Eyes , and in the first place treat of those five things , which Schola Salerni commendeth for the Eyes , in these Verses .

Foeniculus , Verbena , Rosa , Chelidonia , Ruta : Ex istis fit aqua , quae lumina reddit acuta .

The first whereof is Fennel .

The Names .

The Greeks called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which is thought to come from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which signifies Marcesco , because it is very good to season many things , even when it is withered . The Latines call it Faeniculum , quod quasi fanum in hyemes arefactum vel marcidum reponatur , because it is laid up against Winter , being dryed and withered , just like Hay , or as some think , quod magno cum faen●re semen reddat , because it makes so plentiful a return of seed , when it is sowen .

The Kindes ▪

1. Common Fennel . 2. Sweet Fennel . 3. Small round . 4. Wilde Fennel . 5. Great Fennel of Candy . 6. Great round-headed Fennel . The common Fennel being generally known , I shall chuse rather to describe the sweet Fennel .

The Forme .

Sweet Fennel groweth no otherwise then the former doth , having both Roots , Leaves , Stalks and Flowers after the same manner , saving , that this neither beyond Sea , nor in our Country doth rise so high , and hardly endureth the sharpness of our Winters : the Seed is larger , yellower , and sweeter in taste , neerer unto Anniseed , then the former , which so continueth in hot Countries ; but will not hold , either colour , largeness , or sweetness long in ours : It decayeth yearly , and after the third years sowing , yieldeth as bitter , small , and sad coloured seed , as any in any other Garden or Country in this Land , so that you may hereby certainly know , that it is the Climate only , that changeth it to be larger or smaller , longer or shorter , yellower or paler then others , and also giveth the tast to be sweeter or bitterer , which divers have thought to be differing sorts . Some also think that the Cardus Fennel , as the Italians call it , is different from the other sweet sort , when as it is only the Art in ordering it by transplanting and whitening it , that maketh the leaves grow so thick , bushing together more then the ordinary , and the whitening giveth it a sweeter relish , and a shorter crisp tast in eating .

The Place and Time .

Some of these sorts of Fennel grow in hot Countries , as Italy , Spain , Candy , &c. and some of them are sowen in Gardens amongst us , though the Climate altereth even the best and sweetest . The common sort flowreth in June and July , and the Seed is ripe in the end of August , but the strange sorts do not perfect their Seed , unless the year be kindly . It is to be sowen in the end of February , and that in sunny places , and somewhat stony .

The Temperature

There be different opinions concerning the temperature of this Plant. One saith , it is hot and dry in the second degree ; but most affirm it to be hot in the third , and dry only in the first . Gerard saith , that the Seed is hot , and dry in the third Degree .

The Vertues .

The distilled water of Fennel dropped into the Eyes , clense them from all enormities rising therein ; but the condensate Juyce dissolved , or as some take it , the natural Juyce or Gum that issueth out thereof , of its own accord in hot Countries , doth cleanse the Eyes from mists and films that hinder the Eye-sight : Some for this purpose take the green stalks of Fennel , and holding them to the fire in Autumne while they are green , cause a certain Juyce or Liquor to drop from them , which they apply to the Eyes , as holding it to be more effectuall , then either the condensate Juyce , or naturall Gum. And some yet more neatly make a water to clear the Eye-sight in this manner : They powder some white Sugar Candy very finely , and put that Powder into the hollow green stalk of Fennel , while it groweth a foot above the ground , so that it be between two joynts , which having remained therein two or three dayes , and the hole covered and bound close over , that no rain get in , they open it at the lower joynt , having first placed a good peece of soft wax , made a little hollow , gutter-wise , under the hole , which may serve to carry the liquor from falling down the stalk into a Vessel ▪ or thing set of purpose , thereto to receive it . Neither is it only good for the Eys , but for many other uses . It is used to lay upon Fish , and other viscous meats , to digest the crude Phlegmatick quality thereof , and to boil it with them , and the seed is oftentimes put in bread to break wind , and to make a long breath . It provoketh Urine , and easeth the pains of the Stone , and helps to break it , and being boyled in Barley water , and drunk , it is good for Nurses , to increase their milk , and to make it the wholsomer for their Nurse-Children . The leaves boyled in water , but much more the seed stayeth the Hickock , and taketh away that loathing which often happeneth to the stomacks of sick or feavourish persons , and allayeth the heat thereof . The seed boyled in Wine , is good for them that are bitten by Serpents , or have eaten poysonous ●●erbs , or Mushromes ; the Seed and the Root much more helpeth to open the obstructions of the Liver , Spleen , and Gall , and thereby much conduceth to all the Diseases arising from them , as the painful and windy swellings of the Spleen , and yellow Jaundies , as also the Gout and Cramp . The seed is of good use in pectorall Medicines , and those which help the shortness of the breath , and wheesings by obstructions of the Lungs , it helpeth also to bring down the Courses , and to cleanse the parts after delivery . The Roots are of most use in Physick Drinks and Broths , that are taken to cleanse the blood , to open the obstructions of the Liver , to provoke Urine , to amend the evill colour or complexion in the face , after long sickness , and to cause a good colour , and a good habit throughout the whole body . Fennell both Leaves and Seeds or roots , are much used in drinks and broths , for those that are grown fat to abate their unweldinesse , and make them more gaunt and lank . The sweet Fennel by reason of its sweetnesse is much weaker then the ordinary , which is better for all the Physicall purposes aforesaid ; And therefore they do but deceive themselves and others that use the sweet Fennel Seed , in compositions as thinking it better , when as it is much weaker by want of the bitternesse which is most operative . The Juyce killeth the worms in the ears , if it be dropped therein . The wild Fennel is stronger and hotter then the tame , and therefore more powerfull against the stone , but not so effectual to increase milk , because of its dryness . Let them that live in those Countryes where there be any Serpents or Snakes , have a care they wash their Fennel before they use it : because they delight much to be amongst it ; it is thought that they make use of it to preserve their Eyesight . Fennel roots are one of the five opening roots ; the other four being Smallage , Asparagus , Parsly , Kneeholly or Butchersbroom , called in Latine , Ruscus Bruscus

CHAP. XVIII . Of Vervain .

The Names .

IT is Called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Hiera botané , id est , Herba sacra , for so it was reputed amonst them as also amongst the Romans ; for with it they purged their houses and made clean the Table of Jupiter before the Sacricrificiall Banquets were set there on . And 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Peristereon because Pidgeons love to be about it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying a Pidgeon : In Latine Verbena quasi Herbena , or Herba bona Verbenaca , Matricalis Columbaria , Columbaris or Columbina , Exupera , Martialis Herculania and Ferraria ; and of others Vervena ; in English Vervain , and in some Countries Holy herb , Mercuries moist blood , Juno's tears ; and in others , Pidgeon-grasse , because Pidgeons eat thereof as is supposed to clear their Eye sight . For Epxlication of that place in Terence , Ex ara verbenas hinc sume , The later Herbarists and Writers do conceive that the Poet in that place speaking after his countrey Phrase ( for Menander hath Mirtles out of whom this was translated ) understandeth such herbs as lay there which were also called Sagmina , and not Vervain only .

The Kindes .

1. Common or upright Vervain . 2. Bending or Female Vervain . 3. Vervain of Peru. 4. Round headed creeping Vervain .

The Forme :

The Common Vervain that is familiar to our Country , hath divers Leaves towards the bottom of middle fise , deeply gashed at the bottom of them , the other part being deeply dented about the edges , and some only deeply dented and cut all alike , something like unto an Oaken Leaf , those that grow higher are lesser , all of them being of a dark green Colour on the upper side , and somewhat gray underneath : the stalk is square , and branched into divers parts , rising to be about half a yard high , with a Spike of Flowers on the top , which are set on all sides thereof , one above another , and sometimes two or three together , being small and gaping , of a whitish colour , and some Purple and blew intermixt ; after which come small round seed , in small , and somewhat long heads : the Root is small and long , but of no use .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth generally throughout the Land , in divers places by the Hedges and way sides , especially in and neer unto Towns and Villages . The second is not found to grow naturally in our Land , though Gerrard saith so , for it will not endure so much Winter , as to seed with us : the third is a naturall of the West-Indies , and the last of Naples ; yet to be found no doubt in the Summer , in the Gardens of some of our exactest Herbarists . The first flowreth in July , and the Seed is ripe soon after , and so doth the last sometimes ; but the other not flowring till towards Winter , cannot in these cold Countries , bring its seed to perfection ; for in the naturall places it flowreth not untill the end of July , and in August .

The Temperature .

Vervein is hot and dry , bitter and binding , and is an opener of obstructions , cleanseth and healeth .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Flowers of Vervein in some sort representing the Eye , are no small Argument , that it is thereunto to be appropriated . The distilled water of the Herb when it is in full strength , cleanseth them from Films , Clouds , or Mists that darken the sight , and wonderfully strengtheneth the Optick Nerves . If the Herb it self be stamped with the white of an Egg , and laid to the Eye that is swollen or blood-shot , when you go to bed it will cure it . It is also an excellent Herb for the Womb , to strengthen it , and to cure all the cold griefs of it , as Plantain doth the hot . It helpeth the yellow Jaundice , the Dropsie , and the Gout : the defects of the Reigns and Longs ▪ and generally all inward pains and torments of the body , the Leaves being boyled and drunk . The same is held to be good against the biting of Serpents , and other venomous Beasts , the Plague , both Tertian and Quartan Agues , and the Worms in the Belly . It causeth a good Colour in the Face and Body , strengtheneth the Liver and Spleen , as well as correcteth the Diseases of them , is very effectuall in all Diseases of the Stomack and Lungs , as Coughs , shortness of breath , and wheesings , and is singular good against the Dropsie , to be drunk with some Piony Seeds , bruised and put thereto : And is no lesse prevalent for the defects of the Reins and Bladder , to cleanse those humours that engender the Stone , and helpeth to break the Stone , and to expel Gravel . It consolidateth and healeth all wounds , both inward and outward , and stayeth bleedings , and used with some Honey , healeth all old Ulcers , and Fistulaes in the Legs or other parts of the Body : as also those Ulcers that happen in the mouth , or used with old Hogs-grease , it helpeth the swellings and pains of the secret parts in Man or Woman : as also those Ulcers that happen in the mouth , applyed with some Oyl of Roses and Vinegar unto the Forehead and Temples , it easeth the inveterate pains and ach of the head , and is good for those which are frantick . the Leaves bruised , or mixed with some Vinegar , doth wonderfully cleanse the skin , and taketh away Morphew , Freckles , Fistulaes , and such other like Inflammations , and Deformities of the skin , in any part of the Body ; and so doth the distilled water , which is also very powerful in inward Diseases , and likewise in outward , whether they be old corroding Sores , or green wounds . The Female Vervein is held to be more powerful then the common ; but that of Peru exceedeth them both . Monardus reported , that a Noble Woman having used the help of divers Physicians in vain , an Indian Physician very skilful in Herbs , gave her the juyce of that Vervein to drink with a little Sugar , by whose use she avoided in few dayes , a long Worm , being hairy , of a foot in length , and double forked at the tail : after which she grew well . This Medicine was given to many others , that complained of Worms , and it helped them . It is held also to be no lesse effectuall against all poyson , and the venome of dangerous Beasts and Serpents : as also against bewitched Drink● , and the like , so that it is not used in , but also against , Witch-craft . That this Herb is used by Witches , may appear from the story of Anne Bodenham , the late Witch of Salisbury , who sent her Ruffian-like spirits to gather Vervein and Dill , which was to be given to one , whom she was desired to bewitch , as you may read at large in the Book that is set forth , concerning the said Witch .

CHAP. XIX . Of Roses .

The Names .

WE are led by the Order of the forecited Verse to the Rose , which is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Rhodon , quod largum odoris effluvium emittit , from the great sweetness therein , as Plutarch saith ; in Latine , both Flower and Plant is called Rosa , though in Greek the Plant be called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . And because there be six parts in a Rose , every one of which hath a particular name , it will not be amisse to set them down in this place , as 1. The Leaves . 2. The Nails ▪ 3. The yellow Chives , or Threds in the middle . 4. The Husk or Cup. 5. The five Brethren . 6. The Seeds . The Leaves are so much as is left , when the Nails are cut off . The white part of the Leaves of the Flower it self , by which they are fastened to the Cups , are named Vngues or Nails . The yellow Chives or Threds in the middle , properly called Capillamenta Rosarum , are by some erroneously taken for the Rose-Seed , and called Anthera Rosarum , from the Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Flores Rosarum , whereas indeed Anthera is the name of a compounded Medicine , appointed for divers parts , as Antherae Stomachicae , &c. which either in form of Powders , or made up with Honey , still hold the same name , not taken from Flowers of Roses , whereof in many of them , none was put in , but from the lively Colour of the Ingredients , whereof the Compound Medicine was made . That is called Calix , or the Cup which contained , and holdeth in together those yellow Threds and Leaves of the Flower . The five Brethren , called in Latine Alabastri , are those parts of the Cup which are deeply cut ; and that compass the Flower about before it be opened ; two have beards , and two have none , and the fifth hath but half a one : Some do call them with the Cup Cortices Rosarum , the husks , some the stalks of Roses . The Seeds are contained within the Cup , which you shall finde by breaking of it : yet I believe , this Seed is not fit for propagation , which is commonly made by Roots and slips , wherewith these kinde of shrubs abound .

The Kinds .

I shall not be very curious in searching after the severall sorts of Roses ; but shall content my self in giving you the Titles of those mentioned by Gerrard , which are 1. The white Rose . 2. The Red Rose . 3. The great Damask Rose . 4. The lesser Damask Rose . 5. The Ro●e without prick●es . 6. The Pro●ince-Rose . 7. The single Musk-Rose . 8. The double Musk-Rose . 9. The Ve●●et-Rose . 10. The yellow Rose . 11. The double Cinamon Ro●e . 12. The ●g antine or sweet Bryer . 13. The Bryer Ro●e , or Hep-Tree . 14. The Burner Rose . All which I shall as near as I can , wrap up into one generall Description , by which the whole Family may be distinguished .

The Forme .

The Rose hath long stalks , of a wooddy substance , set , or armed for the most part with divers sharp prickles : the branches whereof , are likewise full of prickles , whereon do commonly grow leaves , consisting of five parts , set upon a middle Rib by couples : t●e odd one standing at the point of the same , every one of them somewhat snipt about the edges , ●omewhat rough , and of an over-worn green colour : from the bosom whereof , shoot out pretty big foot-stalks , whereon do grow very fair flowers , some single , some double , ●ome white , some red , some damask , some yellow , &c. for the most part of a very sweet smell , having in the middle , a few yellow threds , or chives , which being past , there succeedeth a long fruit , green at the first , red when it is ripe , and stuffed with a downy choaking matter , wherein is contained Seed as hard as stones . The Root is long , tough , and of a wooddy substance .

The Places and Time .

All these sorts of Roses , or most of them , and perhaps some besides , are in the Physick Garden at Oxford , and in several Gardens about London . The double white Rose doth grow wi●d in many hedges of Lancashire , in great abundance . They flower one or other of them , from the end of May till the end of August . If the superfluous branches and tops be cut away at the end of their flowring , they will sometimes , if the Winter be calm , flower again in October , and after .

The Temperature .

Both the white and red Roses are cooling and drying , yet the white is taken to exceed the red in both those properties , but is ●eldom used inwardly in any Medicine . The Red as Galen saith , hath a watery substance in it , and a warm joyned with two other qualities , that is , an astringent and a bitter . The yellow Chives or threds in the middle : as also the nails ( which when any Syrup or Conserve is to be made , are to be cut away ) do binde more then the Rose it self , and are more drying also . Mesue sheweth , that the Rose is cold in the first Degree , and dry in the second , compounded of divers parts or substances , which yet may be separated namely , a watery mean substance ▪ and an earthly drying , an airy substance , likewise sweet and aromatical , and an hot also whereof cometh the bitterness , the redness , perfection and form . The bitterness in the Roses , when they are fresh , especially the juyce purgeth Choler , and watry humours ; but being dryed , a●d that heat that caused the bitterness , being consumed , they have a stopping , and astringent power . Those also that are not full blown , do both cool , and bind more then those that are full blown , and the white Roses more then the red .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of Red Roses made with Wine , and used , is very good for the Head-ach , and pains in the Eyes , Ears . Throat and Gums , the fundament also , the lower Bowels and the Matrix being bathed , or put unto them : The same Decoction with the Roses remaining in them , is profitably applyed to the Region of the heart , to ease the Inflammation therein ; as also St. Anthonies fire , and other Diseases of the stomack . Being dryed , and beaten to Powder , and taken in steeled Wine , or water , it doth help to stay Womens Courses , they serve also for the Eyes , being mixed with such other Medicines , that serve for that purpose , and are sometimes put into those Compositions , that are called Anthera . The yellow Threds in the middest of the Red Roses , especially being powdered and drunk in the distilled water of Quinces , stayeth the abundance of Womens Courses , and doth wonderfully stay and help Defluxions of Rheum upon the Gums and Teeth , and preserveth them from corruption , and fasteneth them , being loose , if they be washed and gargled therewith , and some Vineger of Squills added thereunto . The heads with Seed being used in Powder , or in a Decoction , stayeth the Lask , and the spitting of blood . Red Rose-water being cooling and cordial , refreshing and quickning the weak and faint spirits , is used either in meats or broths ; as also to wash the Temples , to smell to at the Note , or to smell the sweet vapour thereof , out of a perfuming Pot , or cast on a hot Fireshovel : It is also of much good use against the redness , and Inflammation of the Eyes , to bath them therewith , and the Temples of the Head against pain and ach ; for which purpose , Vineger of Roses also is of very good use and to procure rest and sleep , if some of it , and Rose-water together , be smelled unto , or if a peece of Red-Rose Cake , moistened therewith , be cut fit for the Head , and heated between a double folded Cloth , with a little beaten Nutmeg , and Poppy-Seed strewed on the side that must lie next to the Forehead and Temples , and bound so thereto for all night . The Syrup of Damask-Roses , is both simple and compound , and made with Agarick . The simple solutive Syrup , is a familiar , safe , gentle , and easie Medicine purging Choler , taken from one ounce to three or four . The Syrup with Agarick , is more strong and effectual ; for one ounce thereof will open the Body , more then three of the other , and worketh as much on Flegm as Choler . The Compound Syrup , with Hellebore , is more forcible in working upon melancholick humours , and available against the Itch , Tetters , &c. and the French Disease . Also Honey of Roses solutive , is made of the same infusion , that the Syrup is , and worketh the same effect , both in opening and purging , but is oftner given to Phlegmatick , then cholerick persons , and is more used in Clysters , then in Potions , as the Syrup made with Sugar is . The Conserve and preserved leaves of these Roses , are also operative , in gently opening the Belly . The simple water of the Damask Roses is much used for fumes to sweeten things , as also to put into Pyes , and Broths , &c. as the dryed Leaves thereof , to make sweet Powders , and fill sweet Bags , but are seldom used in Physick , although they have some purging quality . The wild Roses are few , or none of them used in Physick , yet are generally held to come near the nature of the manured Roses . The fruit of the wild Bryar , which are called Heps , being throughly ripe , and made into a Conserve with Sugar besides the pleasantness of the taste , doth gently bind the belly , and stay the defluxions from the head , upon the stomach , drying up the moysture thereof , and helping digestion . The Pulp of the Heps , dryed into a hard consistence , like to the juyce of Liquorice ; or so dryed , that it may be made into Powder , and taken in drink ; stayeth speedily whites in Women . The Bryar-Ball is often used , being made into Powder , and drunk to break the stone , to provoke Urine when it is stopped , and to ease and help the Cholick .

CHAP. XX. Of Celandine .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from a supposition that the Antients had , that with this Herb , Swallows do restore sight to their young ones , though their Eyes be put out : which Opinion is condemned as vain and false , by Aristotle , and Celsus from him , who shew , that the young ones of Doves , Partridges , Swallows , &c. will recover of themselves , without any thing done unto them : Yet I find , that many Authours question not the truth of the story ; for Crollius , and divers others , do report how that Doves make use of Vervein , Swallows of Celandine , Linnets of Eye-bright , and Hawks of Hawk-weed , for the recovery of their own , and their young ones sight : The Latine also followeth the Greek , and in it , it is called Chelidonium majus & Hirundnaria major ; and we in English , great Celandine ; and of some , Swallow-wort , and Tetterwort , for its efficacy in curing Tetters .

The Kinds .

Parkinson treats of Pilewort in the same Chapter with Celandine , which are no more alike , then Chalk and Cheese , neither in Leaf nor Flower , only because it is called Chelidonium minus , from an error of Dioscorides , who saith , that it springeth when Swallows come in , and withereth at their going away , when as it springeth before Swallows come , and vanisheth long before their departure . Therefore I shall not mention that any more here , but shall set down the kinds of the greater Celandine , which I find to be three . 1. Common great Celandine . 2. Jagged Celandine . 3. Great Celandine of Canada .

The Form .

Common Celandine hath divers tender , round , whitish , green stalks , with greater Joynts then other Herbs ordinarily have like unto knees , very brittle and easie to break , from whence grow branches with large tender long Leaves , divided into many parts , each of them cut-in on the edges , set at the joynts on both sides of the branches , of a dark blewish green colour , on the upper side , like Columbines , and of a more pale blewish green underneath , full of a yellow sap , when any part is broken , of a bitter tast , and strong scent : at the tops of the branches , which are much divided , grow gold yellow Flowers , of four Leaves a peece , after which come small long pods , with blackish seed therein : the root is thick and knobby , with some threds annexed thereto , which being broken or bruised , yieldeth a sap or juyce of the colour of Gold .

The Places and Times .

The common sort groweth in many places by old Walls , by the hedges and way sides , in untilled places ; and being once planted in a Garden , especially in some shady place , it will hardly be gotten out . The second , is not known to grow naturally , but is received into Gardens for the variety . The third , in Canada , as the Title sheweth . The two first sorts flower all the Summer long , and the seed ripeneth in the mean time ; but the last flowreth very late , and bringeth not its seed to perfection in this Country .

The Temperature :

The ordinary great Celandine is manifestly hot and dry , and that in the third Degree ; and withall , scoureth and cleanseth effectually .

The Signature and Vertues .

Though Aristotlc will not admit that this Herb cureth the Eys of young Swallows , yet it hath been proved , by experience , that it is one of the best cures for mens Eyes that is ; for the juyce dropped into the Eyes , clenseth them from films and clowdiness , which darken the sight ; but it is best to allay the sharpnesse of it , with a little Breast-Milk . Mr. Culpepper saith , that the Oyl or Oyntment is most effectual , if it be anointed upon sore Eyes , and that it is far better then endangering the Eyes with a Needle , The Herb or Roots boyled in White-wine and drunk , a few Annlseeds being boyled therewith , openeth Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , helpeth the yellow Jaundice by Signature , which is plainly signified by the yellow juyce ; and , after often using , it helps the Dropsie , and the Itch , and those that have old sores in their Legs , or other parts of the Body . The juyce thereof taken fasting , is held to be of singular good use against the Plague or Pestilence , and so is the distilled water also , with a little Sugar ; but especially if a little good Treacle be mixed therewith , and they upon the taking , lie down to sweat a little : It is good in old filthy corroding creeping Ulcers whatsoever , to stay the stelalignity of fretting , and running , and to cause them to heal the more speedily : The juyce often applyed to Tetters , Ring-worms , or other such like spreading Cancers , will quickly heal them , and rubbed oft on Warts , will take them away . The Herb , with the Roots bruised , and heated with the Oyl of Camomile , and applyed to the Navel , taketh away both the griping pain in the Belly and Bowels , as all the pains of the Mother , and applyed to Womens Breasts that have their Courses over much , stayeth them . The Juyce or Decoction of the Herb , gargled between the teeth that ake , taketh away the pain ; and the Powder of the dryed Root , layd upon an aking , hollow , or loose Tooth , will , as some say , cause it to drop out . The Juyce mixed with Powder of Brimstone , is not only good to anoint those places which are troubled with the Itch , but taketh away all discolourings of the skin whatsoever , be they spots of marks or bruises , stripes or wounds , the Morphew also , Sun-burning , or any the like ; and if by chance in a tender body , it cause any Itching or Inflammation , it is soon helped , if the place be but bathed with a little Vineger . Matthiolus saith , that if the green Herb be worn in the shooes of them that have the yellow Jaundies , so as their bare feet may tread thereon , it helpeth them .

CHAP. XXI . Of Rue or Herb Grace .

The Names .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is the Name which the Greeks give unto this Herbe , which is the last in the forementioned verse , and is so called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 à coagulando because it doth as it were condense the generative faculty by its heat and drynesse , and is therefore said to abate carnal lust ; Yet Schola Salerni maketh a difference between men and women : for they say .

Ruta viris coitum minuit , mulieribus auget .

Because the nature of Women is waterish and cold , and Rue heateth , and dryeth ; therefore ( say they ) it stirreth them more to carnal lust ; but it diminisheth the nature of men which is of temperature like unto the air , which is hot and moist . Dioscorides saith , that what we call Ruta montana , was in his time called Moly montanum ; and the root of the Assyrian wild kind Moly , for the likenesse thereunto , being black without and white within . And Ruta in Latine , of Ruo , for the violent fierce vapours it sendeth forth , causing itching blisters , &c. In English , Rue , Herbe Grace , and Herb of Grace for the many good uses it may be put to ; It is without doubt a most wholesome herb , though bitter and strong : and could dainty Palates brook the taste and use thereof , it would work singular effects , being skilfully and carefully applyed .

The Kindes .

To omit the other sorts of herbs called by the name of Rue which have little likenesse thereunto , but only a little shew in their leaves . I intend to insist in this place of none but the ordinary Garden Rue , and those sorts which have a more immediate relation to it , they being six in all . 1. The greater ordinary Rue or Herb of Grace . 2. The lesser Garden Rue . 3. The greater wild Rue . 4. Small wild Rue . 5. Mountain Rue . 6. Assyrian Rue , which with some of the other sorts are not usually bred , nor easily kept in the Land .

The Forme .

Ordinary Garden Rue groweth up with hard whitish woody stalks , branching forth on all sides , and bearing thereon sundry long leaves divided into many small ones , being somewhat thick and round pointed , and of a dark blewish green colour : the flowers that stand at the tops , consist of four small yellow Leaves standing opposite one against another in the form of a Cross with a green button in the middest , compassed about with sundry small yellow threds , which growing ripe , containeth within it small black seed , the root is white and woody spreading far in the ground and abiding many years .

The Places and Time .

The two first sorts are found only in Gardens , yet the second is not so common as the first , and only kept by a few . The other two wild sorts grow upon the Mountains in Spain and Italy . The fifth groweth in Spain , also France , and other hot Countries . The last groweth in Syria , and in the hedges about Constantinople , as Bellonius testifieth . The Garden kinds , especially the lesser do seldom flower in our Land , and therefore scarce ever bear good seed ; And the wild or Mountain Kinds do the like , and therefore they are commonly propagated by slips here in England .

The Temperature .

Rue is hot and dry in the latter end of the third degree , and wild-Rue in the fourth ; It is of thin and subtile parts , it wasteth and consumeth wind , and it cutteth and digesteth cross and tough humours .

The Signature and Vertues .

The vertues of Rue are pithily expressed in Schola Salerni ,

Ruta facit custum , dut lumen , & iugerit astum , Cocta facit Ruta de pulicibus loca tuta . Rue maketh chast , and eke preserveth sight , Infuseth wit , and Fleas doth put to flight .

Concerning Chastity , I have spoken somewhat already in the Names ; besides it repaireth the Eyesight and sharpeneth it , if it be eaten green as is there mentioned ; Ruta comesta recens oculos caligine purgat . Or else the Juice of Rue together with the Juyce of Fennel , the Gall of a Cock , and clarified honey being put into the Eyes helpeth the dimnesse of them . The third property is , that Rue maketh a man quick , subtill and inventive , by reason that by heating and drying it maketh a mans Spirits subtile , and so cleareth the wit . The fourth is , that the water wherein good store of Rue hath been sodden , being cast and sprinked about the house riddeth away Fleas and killeth them . Besides , these foresaid properties , it provoketh Urine , and Womens Courses being taken either in meat or drink . The Seed thereof taken in Wine , is an Antidote against all dangerous Medicines or deadly Poysons . The very smell of Rue keepeth a man from Infection , as is often proved in time of pestilence ; for a Nosegay thereof is a good Preservative ; but being received into the body , it is of much greater force . A Decoction made thereof , with some dryed Dill Leaves and Flowers , easeth all pains and torments inwardly to be drunk , and outwardly to be applyed warm to the place grieved . The same being drunk helpeth the pains both of the Chest and Sides ; as also Coughs and hardnesse of breathing , the Inflammations of the Lungs , and the tormenting pains of the Sciatica and the Joynts , being anointed or laid to the places ; as also the shaking fits of Agues , to take a draught before the fit come : Being boyled or infused in Oyl , it is good to help the wind Collick , the hardnesse or windiness of the Mother ; and freeth Women from the strangling or suffocation thereof , if the Share and parts thereabouts be anointed therewith ; It killeth and driveth forth Wo●ms of the Belly , if it be drunk after it is boyled in Wine to the half , with a little honey . It helpeth the Gout or paines in the Joynts , of Hands , Feet , or Knees applyed thereunto , and with Figs it helpeth the Dropsie being bathed therewith ; being bruised and put into Nostrills it stayeth the bleeding thereof . A Decoction of it and Bay Leaves helpeth the swelling of the Codds , if they be bathed therewith : if it be bruised with a few Myrtle leaves and made up with wax and applyed , it taketh away Wheales and Pimples ; It cureth the Morphew , and taketh away all sorts of Warts , if boyled in Wine with some pepper and Nitre and the places rubbed therewith , and with Allom and Honey helpeth the dry Scab , or any Tetter or Ringworm . The Juice thereof warmed in a Pomegranate Shell or Rind , and dropped into the Ears helpeth the pain of them : An Oyntment made of the said Juice , with Oyl of Roses , Cerusse , and a little Vinegar , and anointed , cureth St. Anthonies fire , and all soul running Sores in the Head , and the stinking U●cers of the Nose or other parts . Take of Nitre , Pepper , and Cummin Seed , of each equal parts , of the Leaves of Rue clean picked as much in weight as all the other three weighed , beat them well together , and put-to as much honey as will make it up into an Electuary ( but you must first correct your Cummin Seed , by keeping it in Vinegar twenty four hours , and then dry it well in a hot Fire sho●el , or in an Oven ) and it is remedy for the paines or griefs of the Chest or Stomach , of the Spleen , Belly or Sides , by wind or Stiches , of the Liver by obstructions , of the Reins and Bladder , by the stopping of Urine , and helpeth also to extenuate fat corpulent Bodies . The leaves of Rue first boyled , and then laid in Pickle are kept by many to eat as sauce to meat , like as Sampire is for t●e dimnesse of sight , and to warm a cold Stomach . The distilled water is very effectuall for many of the purposes aforesaid . In outward applications , the wild kinds work more forcibly then the Garden kinds , but taken inwardly by Women with child it destroyeth the birth , and mightily expelleth the after-birth . A Weasell being to fight with a Serpent , eateth Rue , and rubbeth her self therewith to avoid his poyson . I know not what religion Crollius was of : but he saith , that the signe of the Crosse which is upon the seed ; or rather , as I suppose , the flower of Rue driveth away all Phantasms , and evill Spirits , by Signature .

CHAP. XXII . Of Eyebright .

The Names .

NExt to those mentioned by Schola Salerni ; We come to Eyebright which is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; or as Fuchsius would rather have it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 saying , that without doubt the name of this herb hath been corrupted by some Apothecaries , that were unskifull in the Greek tongue : whereas heretofore it was called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it doth rejoyce those , whose Eyes are troubled with dimnesse . But why he would have it called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and not 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , I know not , unlesse he should have alluded to some plant of this kind , formerly so called by the Ancients , which he seemeth to deny when he sayes , that though this herb hath gotten an elegant Greek name ; yet nothing that I know is found concerning it , in any of the more ancient Greek or Latine Authors . He saith further , that Buglosse is called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and that Eyebright borrowed its Greek name from thence , because as the one , drunk in Wine , doth cause joy of mind , so the other delighteth and cleareth the Eyes ; So that , I conceive the mistake to be on his part : 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as well as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying joy or gladnesse ; for why should we call two things by one name , rejecting that which in all probability seemeth to be the right . If Buglosse were first called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; it seemeth more likely that Eyebright should be called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; seeing they both signifie alike , it being strange to me that there being no want of a word , two plants should have the same appellation ; and therefore in my judgment it is more rightly called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , then 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . It is called also , Opthalmica and Ocularia , for its effect , and we in English call it Eyebright , because it makes the Eyes that are dim to become bright .

The Kinds .

Parkinson reckoneth up seaven sorts hereof , which I have here set down . 1. Common Eyebright . 2. Small Eyebright . 3. Great red Wooddy Eyebright . 4. Small red Woody Eyebright . 5. Broad leased purple Eyebright . 6. Great yellow Eyebright . 7. The lesser yellow Eyebright .

The Forme .

Common Eyebright is a small low herb , rising up usually but with one blackish green stalk a span high , or not much more when it is highed , but seldom so high spread from the bottom into sundry branches , whereon are set small and almost round , yet pointed dark green leaves finely snipt about the edges , two alwaies set together and very thick : At the Joynts with the leaves from the middle upward , come forth small white flowers striped with purple and yellow spots or stripes ; after which follow small round heads , with very small seed therein . The root is long small and threddy at the end . On s●me Hills the colour of the flower is sometimes found to vary from those that grow in other places , as being more whitish , yellow or more purple .

The Places and Time .

The first and third are only frequent in this Island , the former groweth in dry meddowes , by green and grassy waies , and in pastures , usually on hills sides that stand towards the Sun ; and the other in many places of Kent in the barren fields , and wast grounds about Gravesend and many other places : the rest grow , some in Italy and at Naples , some in Spain and Austria . They seldom flower before the beginning of August , and continue till September , and must be gathered whilest they flower , for all physical uses ; for when they are run to seed as they will be within a while after , they are nothing so effectual .

The Temperature

These herbs are by the consent of all Authors hot and dry , but in what degree they expresse not . I conceive they may be hot in the second , and dry in the third ; for Gerrard saith , they are more dry then hot .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Purple and yellow spots and stripes , which are upon the flowers of Eyebright doth very much resemble the diseases of the Eyes , as blood-shot , &c. By which signature it hath been found out , that this herb is very effectual for the curing of the same , and for removing dimnesse of sight , either the Powder of the dry herb , or the Juice of the green . The distilled water is very effectuall for the said purpose , to be taken either inwardly in Wine or in Broth , or to be dropped into the Eyes , and used for divers daies together . Some also make a Conserve of the flower to the same effect . Being used any of these waies , it also helpeth a weak Brain or memory , and restoreth them being decayed in a short time , Arnoldus de Villa Nova , in his book of Wines much commendeth the Wine made of Eyebright , put into it when it is new made , and before it work ; and certainly if it were tunned up with strong Beer , as Worm-wood , Scurvy-grasse , and the like use to be , it would work the like effects as the Wine doth , which he saith , not only helpeth the dimness of the sight , but that the use thereof maketh old men to read small Letters without Spectacles , that could hardly read great ones with their spectacles before , so that as Mr. Culpepper saith , If this Herb were as much used as neglected , it would half spoil the Spectacle-makers Trade : Arnoldus saith also , that it did restore their sight , who were blind for a long while before . If a sufficient quantity hereof cannot be had , to tun up , as aforesaid ; the Powder of the dryed Herb , either mixed with Sugar , or a little Mace and Fennel-seeds , and drunk or eaten in Broth ; or the said Powders , made into an Electuary with Honey , do either-way tend to the same effect . Divers Authours write , that Gold-finches , Linnets , and some other Birds , make use of this Herb , for the repairing of their own , and their young ones sight .

CHAP. XXIII . Of Clarey .

The Names .

ANother Plant , whose name doth demonstrate , that it is good for the Eyes is , Clary , quasi Clear Eye , because the Seed put into the Eyes , doth clear them . The Greek name of it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quod 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as Dioscorides saith ; for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifieth impetu quodam ferri quemadmodum in Venerem proni , because it provoketh to Venery , which is another property it hath . And Gaza , that translated Theophrastus into Latine , translateth it Geminalis ; for the fruitfulness it causeth most likely in bearing Twins , in Latine also Horminum . The wild sort is known by the name of Oculus Christi in Latine , and Wild Clary in English . Clary is also called Gallitricum Orvala , and of some , Tota bona , but not properly , Scatlea Sclarea & Centrum Galli .

The Kindes .

There are divers sorts of Clary , some manured only , called Garden Clary , others growing wild , as 1. Ordinary Garden Clary . 2. The true Garden Clary of Dioscorides . 3. Assyrian Clary . 4. Low German Clary . 5. Our ordinary wild Clary , or Oculus Christi . 6. Hoary wild Clary , with a white Flower . 7. Italian wild Clary . 8. Wild Clary with Spike Flowers . 9. Sage leafed wild Clary . 10. Low Candy Clary . 11. Torn and narrow leafed Clary . 12. Yellow wild Clary , or Jupiters Distaff . 13. Aethiopian Clary .

The Formes

Ordinary Garden Clary , hath four-square stalks , with broad , rough , wrinkled , whitish , and hairy green leaves , somewhat evenly cut-in on the edges , and of a strong sweet scent , growing some near the ground , and some by couples upon stalks : The Flowers grow at certain distances , with two small Leaves at the Joynts under them , somewhat like unto the Flowers of Sage , but smaller , and of a very whitish , or black blew Colour , the Seed is brownish , and somewhat flat , or not so round as the wild : the Roots are blackish , and spread not far , and perish after the Seed-time : it is most usuall to save it ; for the Seed seldom riseth of its own shedding .

The Place and Time .

The first is planted only in Gardens , and so is the second in the Western parts of Europe , both on this side and beyond the Alps , by the judgement of the best Authours . The third was brought by Paludanus , into these parts , out of Syria . The fourth is wilde in many places of Germany . The fifth is wilde in our Country , upon dry banks , almost every where , and by the way sides . The sixth , Clusius first found in the Meadows , near Sopronium in Hungary . The seventh was sent out of Italy , and it is likely , is originally of that Country . The eighth grew with Clusius , of the Seed he received out of Spain ; but yet as he saith , he found it likewise near the riding place at Greenwich . The ninth groweth in Hungary , almost every where in their Vineyards , and by the way sides . The tenth grew of the Seed which was sent out of Candy . The eleventh , both at Mompel●er , and in Candy . The twelfth throughout Hungary , in great plenty ; and in Austria , and in many other places . The last , as Dioscorides saith , on Mount Ida in Phrygia and Messenia ; but of late dayes , gathered from some of the Hills of Greece and Illyria , that are near the Sea . I have seen Colus Jovis , &c. Jupiters distaffe , and the Aethiopian Clary , grow both in the Physick Garden at Oxford , and that at Westminster .

The Temperature and Vertues .

Clary is hot and dry in the third Degree . The Seed thereof , but especially the wilde sort called Oculus Christ , of its effects from helping the Diseases of the Eys , is used to be put into the Eys , to clear them from any Moats , or other such like things as are gotten within the Lids to offend them : as also to cleanse them of all filthy and putrified matters , wherewith the Eys are wont to be infested , and to take away white and red spots out of them . If the Seed be finely powdered , searsed , and mixed with Honey , and applyed to the Eys , it taketh away the dimness of them . The mucilage of the Seed of either sort , made with water , and applyed to Tumours or Swellings , disperseth and taketh them away , and also draweth forth Splinters , Thorns , or other things gotten into the flesh . The Leaves used with Vineger , either by it self or with a little Honey , doth help hot Inflammations , as also Biles , Felons , and hot Inflammations gathered by their pains , if it be applyed before they are grown too great . The Powder of the dryed Leaves put into the Nose , provoketh sneesing , and thereby purgeth the Head and Brains of much Rheum and corruption . It provoketh to Venery , either the Seed or Leaves taken in Wine . It is in much use , to help to strengthen the Reins , either used by it self , or with other Herbs , that conduce to the same effect , and in Tansies often , or the fresh Leaves fryed in Butter , being first dipped in a Batter of Flower , Eggs , and a little Milk , served as a dish to the Table , is not unpleasant to any ; but especially , profitable to those Men or Women , that have weak backs . It is used in Italy , to be given for Women that are batten , through a cold and moyst disposition , to heat and dry up that moysture and to help them to be fruitful : it helpeth the Stomack oppressed with cold flegme , and purgeth the Head of Rheum , and much corruption ; but the over-much use hereof , offendeth the Head , and is hurtful for the Brain and memory . It bringeth down Womens desired sickness , and expelleth the Secondine , or after-birth . Yellow Clary , or Jupiters Distaffe is hot and drying , and the juyce of it is of speciall good use , to cleanse and heal foul Ulcers . The Aethiopian Clary is commended for the roughness of the Throat , and to help to expectorate the rotten and purulent matter in the Plurisie , or in other Coughs , either the Decoction of the Root drunk , or made into an Electuary with Honey . Dioscorides saith also , that it is good for those which are troubled with the Sciatica . The Leaves of wild Clary , are good to be put into Pottage and Broth , amongst other Herbs ; for they scatter congealed blood , warm the stomack , and help the dimness of the Eyes .

CHAP. XXIV . Of Hawk-weed .

The Names .

THis is the last Plant that I shall treat of , as appropriated to the Eyes , and it is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Accipiter , an Hawk , because Hawks are said to sharpen their Eyes with the Juyce of this Herb ; and for the same Reason , it is called Hawk-weed in English . In Latine it is called Hieracium , and Accipitrina . Gaza calleth it Porcellia . It is called also , Lampuca , and by some , Hypochaeris and Hyoseris .

The Kinds .

Parkinson , ( who thinketh that such a multitude of Varieties in form pertaining to one Herb , is not to be found again in Rerum natura ) divideth the Hawk-weeds into nine Ranks , which , with the particulars , comprehended under every one of them , would , if only named , make this Chapter extend its limits . I shall content my self only with those I find mentioned in the Phytologia Britannica , which I conceive to be the usuallest sorts growing within these Dominions , and they are 1. Rough Hawk-weed , or yellow Succory ( for all of them are numbered amongst the Succories by some . ) 2. Dandelyon Hawk-weed . 3. Succory Hawk-weed . 4. Endive Hawk-weed . 5. Rough Mountain Hawk-weed . 6. Long rooted Hawk-weed . 7. Great Hawk-weed . 8. Hares Lettice , or little Hawk-weed , yellow Devills bit . 9. Little Mountain Hawk-weed . 10. Black Hawk-weed , with more cut Leaves .

The Forme ,

Hawk-weed hath divers Leaves , of no great size , lying on the ground , much rent , or torn on the sides into many gashes , somewhat like unto Dandelyon ; from among which ariseth a hollow rough stalk , of about half a yard , or two foot high at the most , that ever I saw oranched from the middle upward , wherein are set at every Joynt ●esser Leaves , but not so much indented as the former ; bearing at their top , sundry pale , yellow Flowers , consisting of many small narrow Leaves , broad pointed , and nicked in at the ends , set in a double Roe or more , the ●●er most being larger then the inner : which form most of the Hawk-weeds do hold , which turn into Down , and with the small brownish Seeds , is blown away with the winde : The Root is long and white , with many small fibres thereat . The whole Plant is full of bitter milk .

The Places and Time .

The kind of Herbs do grow in untilled places , near unto the borders of Corn-fields , in Meadows , High-wayes , Woods , Mountains , and Hilly places , and many times near unto the brinks of Ditches . They flower for the most part all the Summer long , some sooner , and others later .

The Temperature .

The kinds of Hawkeweed , are cold and dry , and somewhat binding .

The Signatures and Vertues .

Hawkeweed , Argemoné ( which I touched , when I spake of the Poppies ) Marigolds , Anemonies , Scabious and wild Tansy , which I shall have more occasion to mention hereafter ; do cure the Eyes by Signatures , as they say who have studied them ; and indeed they are all of them very good , for the preserving and recovery of the sight , by removing the many diseases which afflict that part more then any other , because it is more tender and more imployed being the Organ of the most busied Sense to those that have it . The Juice of Hawkeweed being mingled with the milk of a Woman , and dropped into the ●yes is singular good for all defects and diseases of the Eyes , and so is the di●●led Water used in the same manner .

It is also used with good successe , in fretting or creeping ulcers , especially in the beginning . The green herb bruised and with a little Salt applyed to any place burnt with fire , before blisters do arise , helpeth them ; as also Inflammations , St. Anthonies fire , and all Pushes and Eruptions , Heat and Salt Phlegme . The same applyed with Meal and fair Water in manner of a Pultis to any place affected , with Convulsions and the Cramp , or such as are out of Joynt doth give ease and help , the Juice thereof in wine helpeth digestion , discusseth Wind hindereth Crudities abiding in the Stomach , and helpeth the difficulty of making water , the biting of Venemous Serpents and Sting of the Scorpion , if the herb be also outwardly applyed to the place ; and helpeth all other Poysons except that of Cerussa , or those that hurt the Bladder , or kill by strangling . A Scruple of the dryed Juice given in Wine and Vinegar , is profitable for those that have the Dropsie . The Decoction of the herb taken with Honey digesteth thin Phlegme in the Chest or Lungs , and with Hysop helpeth the Cough . Being boyled in Wine with a like quantity of wild Succory , and taken , it helpeth the wind Cholick and hardnesse of the Spleen , it procureth rest and sleep , hindereth Venery , and Venereous Dreams , cooleth heats , purgeth the Stomach , encreaseth blood , and helpeth the Diseases of the Reins and Bladder . The distilled water is of good use in many of the diseases aforesaid , besides those of the Eyes , and the face washed therewith cleanseth the skin , and taketh away freckles and spots ; the Morphew and other blemishes in the skin , and helpeth to take away the wrinckles in the face also . The Juice of the Rough Dande-lyon like Hawkeweed , is singular good for the Pleurisy , if it be taken in drink .

CHAP. XXV . Of Asarabacca .

THe Plants appropriated to the Eyes being thus dispatched , we come next to some that are good for the Ears ; for it would be a piece of Injustice to take all the Care for the former , and to neglect the latter : though I indeed scarce find any plant good for the Ears , but is so likewise for the Eyes . Amongst which Asarabacca is none of the meanest whose Names are as follow .

The Names .

Pliny thought that it was called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in ornatum non veniens , because it was not used in Garlands ; but the Text of Dioscorides is flat against him , for he saith it is , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , a sweet herb used in Garlands ; It is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Latine Asarum and Nardus sylvestris , or Nardus Rust●ca , and as Macer saith Vulgago , as by his Verse appeareth ; Est Asarum Graecé ; V●lgago dicta Latinis . The former times thought Asarum and Baccharis to be one herb ; and therefore they called it , Asara baccara , which name is continued in Spain and other places , and with us even to this day ; but the descriptions of them being so diverse , it is fit this m●stake should be taken notice of and amended .

The Kindes .

The sorts hereof are three . 1. Common Asarabacca . 2. Virginian Asarabacca . 3. Bastard Asarum of Matthiolus .

The Forme .

Asarabacca hath many Heads rising from the Roots , from whence come many smooth Leaves , every one upon his own footstalk , which are rounder and bigger then Violet Leaves , thicker also , smoother and of a darker green shining colour on the upperside , and of a paler yellow green underneath , little or nothing dented about the Edges ; from among which arise small round hollow brownish green husks upon stalks , of about an inch long , divided at the brims into five divisions , very like the Cups or Heads of the Henbane seed , but that they are smaller : and these be all the flowers it hath , which being smelled unto , are somewhat sweet ; and wherein when they are ripe , are contained small cornered rough seeds , very like the kernels or stones of Grapes or Raisins . The roots are small and whitish , spreading diverse waies in the ground , and increasing into divers heads , but not running or creeping under the ground as some other creeping herbs do : They are somewhat sweet in smell , resembling Nardus , but more when they are dry then green , and of a sharp but not unpleasant Taste .

The Place and Time .

The first groweth naturally under Trees , and upon shady Hills in Pontus , Phrygia and other places , and is frequent in Gardens amongst us . The title sheweth the place of the second ; It is said that the third is found upon some Mountains of Bohemia , and likewise in Somersetshire here in England . The first and second keep their green Leaves all the Winter , but shoot forth new in the Spring ; and with them come forth those Heads or Flowers , which give ripe seed about Midsummer or somewhat after , the other doth follow much the same course .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of Asarabacca are hot and dry , with a purging quality joyned thereunto : yet not without a certain kind of astriction or binding . The roots are also hot and dry , yea more then the leaves , they are of thin and subtil parts ; they procure Urine , provoke the Termes , and are like in faculty , as Galen saith , to the roots of Acorns , but somewhat more forcible , yet they may be promiscuously used one for another .

The Signature and Vertues .

By the Leaves of Asarabacca , the Ears of a man are in some sort represented , and it is found by experience , that a Conserve may be made of the flowers of this Plant , which being eat , doth very much strengthen and encrease both hearing and memory . The memory is also holpen , and the Head and Brain , that is ill affected by taking cold , comforted ; if the Leaves and Roots be boyled in Lee , and the head often washed therewith while it is warm . The Common use hereof is to take the juyce of five or Seaven Leaves in a little drink , which not only provoketh Vomiting , but purgeth downward , and by Urine also , purging both Choler and Phlegme , if you add to it some Spikenard , and the whey of Goats Milk , or Honyed water : but it purgeth Phlegme more manifestly then Choler ; and therefore doth much help pains in the Hips and other parts . Being boyled in Whey , it wonderfully helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and is profitable for the Dropsie and Jaundies , being steeped in Wine and drunk . It helps those continuall Agues that come by the plenty of stubborn humours . An Oyl made thereof by setting it in the Sun , with some Laudanum added to it , provoketh sweating ( the ridge of the back being anointed therewith ) and thereby driveth away the shaking fits of the Agues . It will not abide long boyling , for it looseth its strength thereby ; nor much beating , for the finer powder doth provoke Vomits and Urine , and the coorler purgeth downward . The Roots also work in the same manner , but not so forcibly : but an Extract made thereof , according to Art , with Wine , might be more safe and effectual , and may be kept all the year to be ready at hand to be given , when there is occasion , the quantity only is to be proportioned , according to the constitution of the Patient , as the learned Physitians can best appoint . It is also effectuall against the biting of Serpents , ( the root especially ) and therefore it is put amongst other simples , both into Mithridate and Venice Treacle . A drachm of the root in powder given in Whitewine , a little before the fit of an Ague , taketh away the shaking fit , and thereby causeth the hot fit to be more remisse , and in twice taking expelleth it quite . It is said that the leaves being a little bruised , and applyed to the forehead and temples , do ease the pains of the head , and procureth sleep ; and applyed to the Eyes taketh away the inflammation of them . The Juice with a little Tutia prepared , put to it , and dropped into the corner of the Eyes , sharpeneth the Eyesight , and taketh away the dimnesse and mistinesse that is often in them . The Bastard Asarum , as Matthiolus saith , hath a little cleansing quality , but a greater property to attenuate , or make thin that which is thick , to cut or break that which is tough , and to open that which is obstructed . A drachm of the powder hereof taken , in sweet Wine , or honyed Water , doth loosen the Belly , and purgeth from thence tough and thick phlegme , and black or burnt Humours : It is for very good purpose and profit , given to those which have the yellow Jaundies , to those that have the falling Sicknesse , and to those that have the Palsy , the herbe either taken of it self , and eaten as in Sallets , or the decoction thereof made and drunk : It killeth also the wormes of the Belly .

CHAP. XXVI . Of Ground-Ivy , or Alehoofe .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it alwayes creeps upon the ground , and hath Leaves somewhat like unto the true Ivy , yet they are lesser , thinner , hairy , and crumpled as it were . It is called also , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it spreadeth , and is a Garland upon the Ground . It is called in Latine Hedera hum●lis , Hedera terrestris , and Corona terrae . Cordus calleth it Chamadema ; and Brunfelsius mistaking it , made it his fourth El●tine . Lugdunensis calleth it Malacocissos , id est , Mollis Hedera Plumiatica . The Shops call it Hedera terrestris , and we in English , according to the several Countries appellations , Gilrumbith-ground , that is , Gill run by the ground . T●●d●oore , Gill creep by the ground , Catsfoot , Hay Maids , and Alehoof most generally , or Tunhoof , because Countrey people formerly did use it much in their A●le and Beer , and so they would now , if they were so wise , and Ground Ivy as frequently : although Lobel judgeth the Hedera helix , or barren Ivy , to deserve that name more properly ; and some Country people that would have the barren Ivy to be the true Ground-Ivy , call the other Maiden-hair ; but it is only their Opinion , without good advice : for all that have experience in Herbarisme , judge otherwise .

The Kindes .

There be of this , four sorts . 1. Common Ground-Ivy , or Ale-hoof . 2. The lesser Ale-hoof . 3. Mountain Ale-hoof . 4. Stone-Ale-hoof .

The Form .

Ground-Ivy is a low Plant , seldom exceeding a Span in height , but it lyeth , spreadeth , and creepeth upon the Ground all about , shooting forth Roots at the Joynts of the cornered tender stalks , set all along with two round Leaves at every Joynt , somewhat hairy , and crumpled as it were , and unevenly dented about the edges , with round dents : at the Joynts likewise with the Leaves towards the end of the Branches , come forth hollow long Flowers , gaping at the ends , of a blewish purple colour , with small white spots upon the Label or lips that hang down , as also in the mouth or Jawes , the Root is small , but very fibrous .

The Place and Time .

The common sort is found under the Hedges and sides of fields , and Ditches , under house sides , and in shadowed Lanes , and other wast Grounds , in every place almost : the second is found at the bottom of old Trees , in some Countries of G●rmany : the third is found to grow on Hills and Mountains : the last in Narbone , and Province in France , and in some places of Somersetshire . They flower somewhat early , and abide so a great while , the Leaves keeping their Verdure unto the Winter , and sometimes abiding , if it be not too vehement and sharp .

The Temperature .

Ground Ivy is quick , sharp , and bitter in tast , and thereby is found to be hee and dry , it openeth , also cleanseth and rarifyeth .

The Vertues .

The Juyce of this Herb dropped into the Ears , doth wonderfully help the noise and singing of them , and helpeth their hearing that is decayed , especially i● burnt white Coperas be dissolved therein , and three drops thereof be put into the Ears morning and evening . The Juyces of Celandine , Daysies of the field , and Ground-Ivy clarified , and a little fine Sugar dissolved therein , dropped into the Eys , is a soveraign Medicine for all pains , redness , and watering of the Eys , the Pin and Web , Skins or Films growing over the sight , or whatsoever might offend them : the same helpeth Beasts as well as Men. It is also a singular good Wound-Herb , for all inward Wounds , and likewise for exulcerated Lungs , and other parts , either by it self , or with other the like Herbs boyled together ; and besides , being drunk by them that have any griping pains of windy or cholerick humours in the stomack , spleen or belly , doth ease them in a short space : it likewise helpeth the yellow Jaundies , by opening the obstruction of the Gall , Liver , and Spleen , it expelleth venome and poyson , and the Plague also . It provoketh Urine , and Womens Courses , and stayeth them not , as some have thought ; but the Decoction of the Herb in Wine , being drunk for some time together by those , that have the Sciatica , or Hip-Gout , as also the Gout in the hands , knees , or feet , helpeth to dissolve , and disperse the peccant humours , and to procure ease : the same decoction is excellent good to gargle any sore throat or mouth , putting thereto some Honey , and a little burnt Allome : as also to wash the Sores and Ulcers of the privy parts , in Man or Woman . It speedily healeth green wounds , being bound thereto . The Juyce boyled with a little Honey and Verdigrease , doth wonderfully cleanse Fistulaes , and hollow Ulcers : It helpeth also the Itch , Scabs , Wheals , and other eruptions , or exulcerations in the skin , in any part of the body , and stayeth the malignity of spreading or eating Cancers and Ulcers . Country people heretofore did often use to run it up with their drink , not only for the clearing of the sight , and other special Vertues that it hath ; but for that it will help also to clear their drink . This Age forsaketh all old things , though never so good , and embraceth all kind of novelties whatsoever ; but the time will come , that the sopperies of the present times shall be slighted , and the true and honest prescriptions of the Antients come in request again . Some do affirm , that an handful put into drink that is thick , will clear it in a night , yea in few hours , say they , and make it more wholsom , and fit to be drunk : yet others are so prejudicious to the Vertues of simples , that they think fabulous , whatsoever things are related concerning them , though they stand in great need of them . To try such a thing as this , would not require , either much time or cost .

CHAP. XXVII . Of Ivy.

The Names .

NEither is Ground-Ivy , only good for the Ears , but other Ivy also , I shall therefore handle it in this place . It is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cissus and Cittus , as the Greeks report , from Cissus , a little Boy , whom Bacchus turned hereinto . The Athenians called Bacchus himself Cittus , who by some is thought to have brought it out of India into Greece , and called it after his own name , and wore a Crown thereof , because , As he is alwayes young , as the Poets feign ; so this is continually green . But Pena and Lobel think it rather derived from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which word in English , signifies a Weavill , which is a little Creature , that lives upon Corn and Malt , eating up the Kernel thereof ; for as this eateth up the heart of the Corn , so doth the Ivy rob the Tree it groweth upon of its nourishment , or from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 a Pumice stone , because it is full of pores , as a Pumice stone is , and being so , whatsoever Wine is put into a Cup , made thereof , soaketh through , according to Cato and Varro . The Latines call it Hedera , vel quod parietibus hareaet , vel potius quia edita petat , vel quia id cui adhaeserit ed●t & enecat , saith Pompeins . The English know it by no other name but Ivy.

The Kindes .

Two sorts hereof only are found in England , and those are the ordinary climing Ivy , and the barren Ivy , to which I shall add here , as I do in most other places , those which grow in forraign parts , which are five more , 1. White berried Ivy , to which Virgil alluded in that Verse , Candidior Cygnis , Hederâ formosior alba . Than Swan more lovely , or than Ivy white . 2. Yellow berried Ivy. 3. Trefoil Ivy of Virginea . 4. Five leaved Ivy of Virginea . 5. Lobels Ivy leaved Plant. I might be very large in the Description of our ordinary climing Ivy ; but because it is so well known , I shall be the briefer .

The Form .

Ivy hath a thick wooddy Trunk , or Body sometimes as big as ones arm , usually climing up Trees , and by the small Roots it sendeth into them , draweth nourishment from them , many times to their bane , and utter ruine : sometimes it creepeth up walls , sending forth Roots into their chinks , or joynts , where growing great , they often crack them to their destruction : After it hath gotten hold of either Tree or Wall , it will grow thereon , though the body below be cut away : Whilest the Tree is young , the Leaves of most will be cornered ; but when it groweth elder , they grow rounder , abiding fresh and green Winter and Summer . The small Mossie yellow Flowers , stand in an Umbel , upon small stalks , after which come small round Berries , first green , and afterwards turning black : in every one of which , is contained usually four Seeds . It sometimes , though rately , groweth alone by it self , into a pretty Bush or Tree .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth upon Trees , and upon the Stone-walls of Churches , Houses , &c. and sometimes alone , though seldom . The second , which beareth neither Flowers nor Seed , groweth in moyst and shadowy places , in Lanes , under Hedges , and the corners of wast ground , and the like . The first Forreigner is said to grow in France , and some places of Turkey , and some say in Naples also . The second , Pena and Lobel say , grow in Campania , and Apulia , and is sowen in Gardens of Italy , and Germany . The third and fourth , grow in the Northwest parts of America , where our English Colonies are planted . The last , was found by Lobel , on the Hills , as he passed through Italy . Our Ivy flourisheth not until July , and the Berries are usually ripe about Christmas , when they have felt the winter frosts . We have little acquaintance with the outlandish one , and therefore we say no more of them , or their times of flowring .

The Temperature

Ivy , as Galen saith , hath contrary faculties ; for it hath a certain binding , earthy and cold substance , and also a substance somewhat biting , which even the very tast doth shew to be hot . Neither is it without a third faculty , as being of a certain warm watery substance , and that is , if it be green : for whilest it is in drying , this waterish substance being earthy , cold , and binding , consumeth away ; and that which is hot and biting , remaineth . Being therefore such an inconstant Hermes , it is the more carefully to be applyed , because it causeth barrenness in Man or Woman , if they should take too often thereof , and procureth a weakness and trouble in the Brain and Senses .

The Vertues .

A Pugil of the Flowers of Ivy , ( being as much as one may take up with the● three foremost fingers together ) which may be about a dram , saith Dioscor●d● drunk twice a day in red Wine , helpeth the Lask , and bloody Flux . It is an enemy to the Nerves and Sinews , being taken much inwardly ; but is very helpfull unto them applyed outwardly . The Juyce of the Leaves and Berries , with a little Oyl of bitter Almonds , dropped into the Ears , whilest it is warm , helpeth the hearing , and cureth all the old and running sores of them . The Berries made into Powder , and drunk in Wine , help to break the stone , provoke urine , and Womens Courses , as Tragus saith ; yea so powerfull they are in those parts , that a bath made of the Leaves and Berries for Women to sit in , or over the fumes , or a pessary made of them , and put up , doth mightily prevail to bring them down , and to draw forth the dead birth , and after-birth ; but this to be cautelously used , and that only in Cases of extremity . The fresh Leaves of Ivy , boyled in Vineger , and applyed warm to the sides of those which are splenetick , or troubled with any Ach or Stitch in their sides , doth give them much ease : the same applyed with Rose-water , and Oyl of Roses , to the Forehead and Temples , doth ease the inveterate pains of the head . If the fresh Leaves be boyled in Wine , and old filthy Sores and Ulcers , that are hard to be cured , be washed therewith , it wonderfully helpeth to cleanse and heal them , and so it doth green wounds , quickly sodering up the lips of them : the same also is effectual to heal scaldings of water , and burnings by fire , and the exulcerations that happen thereby , or upon the sharpness of salt flegme , and hot humours in other parts of the body . The Juyce of the Berries or Leaves snuffed up into the nose , purgeth the head and brain of thin Rheum , which maketh defluctions into the Eyes and Nose , and cureth the Ulcers and stench therein . The fresh leaves are commonly used to lay upon Issues , in what place soever , as Arms , Legs , &c. to keep them open , and to draw forth the humours , which come thither : but a little peece of the Root , made round like a pease , and put into the Orifice , keepeth it running without Leaf or Plaster , if you lay upon it half a sheet of issue-Paper eight times double . The Wood made into a Cup , and used by those that are troubled with the Spleen , shall find ease and be much holpen thereof , if they let their drink stand some small time therein before they drink it . Cato saith , if you suspect your Wine to have any water in it , put some of it into a Cup made of Ivy wood , and the Wine will soak through , and the water remain : such is the Antipathy that is betwixt them . If any one hath got a surfet by drinking of Wine , his speediest cure is to drink a draught of the same wine wherein an handfull of Ivy leaves , being first bruised , have been boyled . There is a Gum gathered from Ivy in hot Countries , which is exceeding sharp and hot , burning and exulcerating the skin ; yet being dissolved in Vinegar , it taketh away superfluous hair in any place , and killeth Lice and Nits , and easeth the pain of hollow teeth , if it be put therein .

CHAP. XXVIII . Of the Poplar Tree .

The Names .

BEcause Ivy is a plant that seldom groweth but where Trees grow , I have placed a tree next it , and that is the Poplar Tree : their leaves being also somewhat alike ; to which , the Ancient Greeks having two sorts gave them , two distinct Names , they called the white Poplar , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because of the whitenesse in Latine , Populus alba , and Farfarus : according to that of Plautus in his Penulus — Viscum Legioni dedi Fundasque : eos prosternebam , ut folia Farfari , which the learned suppose to be the leaves of Poplar . They called the Black Poplar 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine , Populus nigra : the first or new sprung buds whereof the Apothecaries call , Oculi Populi Popular Buds ; Others chuse rather to call it , Gemma Populi : some of the Grecians name it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . To these is added a third , called Populus tremula , and by Theophrastus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quod nimirum ista planta instar 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 stipite oblongo sit , terete & in acutum desinente ; because this Tree with its long and round body , is somewhat like a Weavers Beam , which the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . In English Aspe , and Aspentree , and may also be called , Tremble , after the French name ; because the leaves wag , though there be no wind : and therefore the Poets and others have feigned them to be the matter , whereof Womens tongues were made , which seldom cease wagging . All , that with glory conquered their enemies in fight , were wont to wear a Garland of the branches of white Poplar from the Example of Hercules , who having overcome Cerberus , came crowned with the branches of it , which he found by the River Acheron ; and from thence Homer in the fifth book of his Iliads calleth it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Their Errour , that Succinum , yellow Amber , was the Gum of the Black Poplar , is sufficiently confuted by Matthiolus .

The Kindes :

Besides these three sorts above named , I find two more . 1. The smaller leafed white Poplar tree . 2. The round leafed Indian Poplar tree . I hold it best to describe the Black Popular , because it is more usefull .

The Forme .

The black Poplar is a Tree very tall and straight , with a grayish bark , bearing broad and green leaves , somewhat like to Ivy leaves not cut-in on the Edges but whole and dented , ending in a point and not white underneath , hanging by slender long footstalks , which with the Air are almost continually shaken , like as the Aspen Leaves are ; the Catkins hereof are great , composed of many round green berries , as it were set together on a long cluster : wherein is much Downy matter contained ; which being ripe , is blown away with the wind the eyes or clammy Buds hereof , before they spread into leaves ( and not of the white as some have thought , nor yet the Uvae or berries , which each of them have under them ) are gathered about the beginning of Aprill , to make the Vnguentum Populeon , and are of a yellowish green colour , and small , but somewhat sweet and strong ; the wood is smooth , tough , and white , and will quickly be cloven to make shingles , pales , or the like . On this , as also on the white Poplar Tree groweth a sweet kind of Musk , which in former times was much used to be put into sweet Ointments , and commended by Galen and others to be the best , next unto that of the Cedar Tree .

The Place and Time .

The first kind of white Poplar groweth not very common in England , yet in some place here and there it is found , as in a low Meadow , turning up a Lane at the further end of a Village , called Black-wall ; and in Essex at a place called Ovenden , and in some other places which are low and moist , as in Meadows near unto Ditches , standing warers , and Rivers , and in some moist woods where the other three sorts do also grow ; but the Indian Poplar groweth in most part of the Islands of America . These trees bud forth in the end of March and the beginning of April : but the Catkins appear sooner .

The Temperature .

The white Poplar hath a cleansing faculty saith Galen , and a mixt tempe●rature , consisting of a watery warm essence , and also a thin earthly substance . The Rosin or clammy Substance of the black Poplar buds , is hot and dry and of thin parts , and doth attenuate and mollifie ; the leaves have in a manner the like operation , but weaker and not so effectuall . What temperature uhe Indian sort is of , I have not found .

The Vertues .

I described the Black Poplar , because that had most similitude with Ivy ; but it is the white Poplar ( whose form differeth not much from the other , save that the leaves are almost like those of the Vine , or rather Colts-foot ) which is appropriated to the Ears , the juyce of whose leaves being extracted warmed and dropped into them easeth the pains in them , and healeth Ulcers there , if there be any . The young clammy buds , or eyes , before they break out into leaves bruised , and a little Honey put to them , is a good Medicine for a dull sight by Signature . An ounce of the bark in Powder being drunk , saith Dioscorides , in wine , 't is likely , is a remedy for those that are troubled with the Sciatica or Srangury ; and Serenus is of the same Judgment . The black Poplar is held by some to be more cooling then the white ; and therefore they have with much profit applyed the leaves bruised with Vinegar to places troubled with the Gout , and so do the young leaves and buds made into an Ointment with May-butter : the seed is held to be good against the falling sicknesse , if it be drunk in Vinegar . That water that droppeth from the hollow places of the black Poplars , doth take away Warts , Pushes , Wheales , and other the like breakings out in the body . The young black Poplar Buds , saith Matthiolus , are used by women to beautifie their hair , bruising them with fresh butter , and straining them after they have been for some time kept in the Sun . The Ointment called Populeon is singular good , for any heat or inflammation in any part of the Body , and to temper the heat of wounds ; It is used also to dry up the Mi●k in Womens Breasts after their delivery , and when they have weaned their Children . The Aspen leaves are somewhat weaker , then those of the black Poplar ; yet the quantity being augmented , they are used for the same purposes .

CHAP. XXIX . Of Nightshade .

The Names .

SOme of the Greeks call it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; but others , and that more usually , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . In Latine Solanum and Solatrum , Uva Lupina , and Uva Vulp●s , Cuculus and Morella . Pliny saith , it was also called , Strumam and Cucubalus , but they are thought bastard names , and not proper to this plant . In English , Nightshade , Morrel , Petty-Morrel , and in some places Hounds berries . There is a sort hereof which is called Dwale , or deadly Nightshade , by reason of its pernicious and excesse cold quality ; and is therefore not to be used but by a skilfull hand , but the Common or Garden Nightshade is not dangerous , being heretofore planted in Gardens as other herbs , for food ; wherefore it was called Solanum hortense , or Garden Nightshade , but is now no where used but Physically , and is cast out of Gardens .

The Kinds .

Dioscorides reckoneth up four sorts , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Hortense , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vesicarium , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Somniferum , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Manicum : which are by a later Writer distinguished into ten kinds . 1. Common Nightshade . 2. Red berried common Nightshade . 3. Sleepy Nightshade . 4. The true sleepy Nightshade of the Ancient Writers . 5. Sleepy Nightshade of another sort . 6. Dwale or Deadly Nightshade . 7. Hoary Indian Nightshade . 8. Red Nightshade , or Redweed of Virginia . 9. The great Marvel of Peru. 10. The small Mervail of Peru , which is a kind of Nightshade : besides which there are divers other sorts that I may have occasion to mention elsewhere .

The Forme .

The Common Nightshade hath a somewhat upright round green hollow stalk , and about a foot high , bushing forth into many Branches , whereon grow many dark green leaves , somewhat broad and pointed at the ends , soft and full of juyce , larger then the leaves of Basil , else somewhat like , and a little unevenly dented about the edges : at the tops of the stalks and branches , come four or five or more white flowers , made of five small pointed leaves a piece , standing on a stalk together , one by or above another , with yellow pointells in the middle , composed of four or five yellow threds set together , which afterwards turn into so many pendulous green berries , of the bigness of a small pease , full of green Juyce , and small whitish round flat seed lying within it ; the root is white and a little woody , when it hath given flower and fruit , with many small fibres at it : the whole plant is of a waterish insipid taste ; but the Juyce within the Berries , is somewhat viscous , like unto a thin mucilage , and is of a coolng and binding quality .

The Place and Time .

Common Night-shade groweth without planting under old walls , and in rubbish , by the common Paths , and sides of Hedges and Fields , and sometimes in Gardens , out of which it is cast as a weed . Dwale , or deadly Night-shade , groweth not only in the Woods of Germany , but in divers places in our own Land , as in the Castle-yard of Framingham in Suffolk , in Cambridge-shire , Essex , &c. The rest are strangers , and not to be found , unless it be in the better sort of Gardens , as the Physick Garden at Oxon : that at Westminster , &c. The first and the second die every year , and rise of their own sowing : the rest dye down to the ground in Winter , and shoot afresh in the spring . They do not spring out of the ground , untill it be late in the year , as not untill the latter end of April , at the soonest . They flowre in Summer , even till the beginning of Autumne , and then the fruit ripeneth .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , in his Book of the faculties of simple Medicines , that Garden Night-shade , is used for those infirmities , that have need of cooling and binding ; for these two qualities it hath in the second degree , which thing also he affirmeth in his Book of the faculties of nourishments , where he saith , that there is no Pot-herb which we use to eat , that hath so great astriction , or binding , as Night-shade hath ; and therefore Physicians do worthily use it , and that seldom as a nourishment , but alwayes as a Medicine . Dwale is cold , even in the fourth Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Berries of Night-shade having some similitude with a Bladder , are of excellent use to provoke Urine , and to expel the stone , especially the Seeds contained in them , being drunk with White-wine . It is commonly used to cool hot Inflammations , either inwardly or outwardly , being no way dangerous to any that shall use it , as the rest of the Night-shades are , if it be used moderately ; for , the often taking thereof in too great a quantity , procureth the Frenzy : the remedy whereof , is to take good store of warm honyed water . The Juyce dropped into the Ears easeth the pains thereof , that arise of heat or Inflammation : The distilled water only of the whole Herb , is fittest and safest to be taken inwardly . The Juyce also clarified , and mingled with Vineger , is a good Gargarisme for the mouth and throat that is inflamed . But outwardly the Juyce of the Herb or Berries , with Oyl of Roses , and a little Vineger , and Cerusse , laboured together in a leaden Mortar , is very good to anoint all hot Inflammations in the Eys : It doth also much good for the Shingles , Ringworms , and in all running , fretting , and corroding Ulcers , and in moist Fistulaes : if the juyce be made up with some Hens-Dung , and applyed thereto . A Pessary dipped in the Juyce , and put up into the Matrix , stayeth the immoderate Flux of Womens Courses . A Cloth wet therein , and applyed to the Testicles or Cods , upon any swelling therein , giveth much ease , as also to the Gout , which commeth of hot and sharp humours . The deadly Night-shade is very dangerous to be taken inwardly , as might be shown by some lamentable instances : yet if the Temples and forehead be a little bathed with the Juyce of Leaves , and a little Vineger , it procureth rest and sleep , when it is hindered by hot fits of Agues , or other distemperature , and taketh away the pain of the head , proceeding of a hot cause . The Leaves bruised , or their Juyce may be applyed to such hot Inflammations , as St. Anthonies fire , the Shingles , and all other fiery or running Cankers , to cool and stay the spreading .

CHAP. XXX . Of Sow-Fennel , or Hoggs-Fennel .

The Names .

THe Grecians call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Latines Peucedanus and Peucedanum , as some take it of the pitchy scent , it carrieth ; from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifieth a Pitch Tree ; and others , of the Pine Tree , whose Leaves are like it , call it Pinastellum , as Apuleius . It is also called Faeniculum Porcinum ; but by Tabermontanus , Cauda porcina , for the likeness that is between it and an Hoggstail . We in English call it Hoggs-Fennel , or Sow-Fennel from the Latine . Hore-strange , and Hore-strong , Surphurwott or Brimst one-wort , from the yellow Sap or Liquor , which quickly waxeth hard or dry , smelling not much unlike Brimstone , called Sulphur .

The Kinds .

Of Sow-Fennel , there be three sorts . 1. Common Sow-Fennel . 2. Small Sow-Fennel . 3. Great Sow-Fennel of Italy .

The Forme .

The common Sow-fennel hath divers branched stiff stalks , full of knees , of somewhat thick and long leaves , almost like the leaves of the wild Pine , three for the most part joyned together at a place , amongst which riseth a crested straight stalk , lesse then Fennel , with some joynts thereon , and leaves growing thereat , and toward the top some branches issuing from thence : likewise on the tops of the stalks and branches , stand divers tufts of yellow Flowers , where after grow somewhat flat , thin , and yellowish Seeds , almost twice as big as Fennel-Seed . The Root groweth great , and deep , with many other parts and Fibres about them , of a strong scent , like melted Brimstone yielding forth a yellowish milk , or clammy juyce , somewhat like a Gum , and having also at the top of it , about the superficies of the Earth , a certain bush of hair , of a brown Colour , amongst which the leaves and stalks do spring forth .

The Place and Time .

The first groweth in good plenty , in the salt low Marshes , a little by Feversham in Kent , near unto the Haven , upon the banks thereof , and the Meadows adjoyning ; on the South side of a Wood belonging to Waltham , at the Nase in Essex , by the High-way-side ; also at Whitstable in Kent , in a Medow near the Sea-side . The second was found on St. Vincents Rock , by Bristow , by Label , as he setteth it down in his Adversaria , p. 331. and in Hungary and Austria , by Clusius . The last groweth naturally upon the Sea-Coast of Mount Pelier , in France , and in divers places in Italy . They all flower and seed in the end of Summer , that is in July and August .

The Temperature :

These Herbs , especially the yellow Sap of the Roots , is hot in the second , and dry in the beginning of the third Degree .

The Vertues .

As Night-shade being a cold Plant , was good for such distempers of the Ears , as happen by reason of heat : so this Hog-Fennel being of a hot temperature , is very effectual for such griefs as happen to the Ears upon a cold cause , if a little of the juyce be dissolved in Wine , and dropped into the Ears . The same , according to Dioscorides and Galen , used with Vineger and Rose-water , or the juyce , with a little Euphorbium put to the Nose , helpeth those that are troubled with the Lethargy , the Phrensie , the turning of the brain , or dissiness of the head ; the Falling-Sickness , long and inveterate Head-ach , the Palsie , the Sciatica , and the Cramp ; and generally all the Diseases of the Nerves and Sinews , if it be used with Oyl and Vineger . The juyce dissolved in Wine , or put into an Egg , is good for the Cough , and shortness of breath , and for those that are troubled with wind , and tormenting pains in the body . It purgeth the belly gently , and dissolveth the wind , and hardness of the spleen , it giveth ease to those Women that have sore travel in Child-birth , and easeth the pains both of Bladder and Reins , and womb also . A little of the concrete juyce put into an hollow Tooth , ceaseth the pains thereof , and the Root worketh to the like effect ; but more slowly , and lesse . The dryed Powder of the Root , being put into foul Ulcers , of hard curation , clenseth them throughly , removeth any splinters of broken bones , or other things in the flesh , and healeth them up perfectly , and likewise bringeth-on old and inveterate sores to cicatrising : it is also put into such salves as serve to heat or warm any place . Pliny recordeth the vertue hereof in divers places : the Root being drunk in Wine , with the Seed of the Cypress-Tree , in powder , easeth the strangling of the Mother , but some use to burn it , and by the smell thereof giveth ease thereunto : the juyce helpeth the burstings of Children , and their Navels when they stick forth : the Root is of so great force in green Wounds and Sores , that it draweth out the Quitture from the very bones . By the Signature of this Plant , it should cause hair to grow apace , where the places wanted it , or were deprived ; for so doth Thapsia , or scorching Fennel , which hath lesse similitude then this .

CHAP. XXXI . Of Sow-Thistles .

The Names .

NExt to Sow-Fennel , I have placed Sow-Thistles , which amongst others , hath a vertue , that it is very soveraign for the Ears , with which I shall finish the Plants appropriated to them . It is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod salubrem fundat succum . The Latines also call it , Sonchus , which is divided into Asperum and Laevem , and into Asperiorem & Laeviorem . We in English call them Prickly and Smooth Sow-thistles , and sometimes Ha●es Lettice , which because of their like Vertue I have Joyned together . They are called of divers Cicerbita Lactucella , and Lacterones ; of Apulelus , Lactula Leporina ; of some , Brassica Lep●rina , or Hares-Coleworts , Palatium , Leporis ; and some have it Leporum ▪ Cubile .

The Kindes .

To reckon up all the sorts of these , that are to be found in other Herbals ; would not be to much purpose ; and therefore I shall content my self , to mention those only which I find in the Phytologia Britannica , being in number Eight . 1. Tree-Sow-Thistle . 2. Wall or Ivy-leafed Sow-Thistle . 3. Lesser Prickly Sow-Thistle . 4. An Elegant Sow Thistle with a white flower , having yellow in the middle . 5. Narrow leafed Sow-Thistle . 6. Broad leafed Sow-Thistle . 7. Prickly Sow-Thistle . 8. Common Sow-Thistle : which last I shall only describe .

The Form .

The Common Sow-Thistle is well known to rise up with a round ●ollow stalk two or three foot high or more sometimes , if it grow in good grounds and Gardens , as u●ually it doth ; set with many long and much torn leaves , of a whitish green colour , not having that roughnesse or those sharp prickles on them which some of them have , branching forth towards the top , into divers branches , bearing pale yellow flowers , which passe away into a down , and with the seed into the wind . The root groweth down right , and hath many fibres thereat , perishing likewise every year , and raising its self of its own ●owing ; and is plentifull in giving Milk which is somewhat pleasanter , and not so bitter as that of the prickly ones .

The Places and Time .

All the Sow-Thistles above named , grow in unmanured as well as in manured soyls , some in Gardens , and Orchards where the leaves are usually lesser and lesser divided , than in the rough and unmanured grounds ; and sometimes by and upon old walls , the pathsides of fields and highwaies : but the first is seldom seen , save in the Gardens of Herbarists , and the fourth groweth only in Yorkeshire and Cheshire naturally . They do flower and shed their seed from Midsummer or thereabout all the Summer long , and sometimes till August be past .

The Temperature .

The Sow Thistles as Galen writeth , are of a mixt temperature : for they consist of a watery and earthy Substance , cold and likewise binding .

The Signature and Vertues .

Least any one should think Nightshade too cool , or Sow-Fennel too hot , I have added Sow Thistle as being more moderate , as long as they are young and tender , and being so , they are eaten familiarly by those beyond the Seas , but the roots are much more esteemed by them being very tender and sweet . The Juyce boyled or throughly heated with a little oyl of bitter Almonds in the Pill of a Pomgranate , is a sure remedy for deafnesse and singings , and all other diseases in the Ears ; and it is said , that the herb bruised and bound upon Warts , will quickly take them away . The herb bruised or the Juice is profitably applyed to all hot inflammations in the Eyes or wheresoever else , and Pustules , Wheales , Blisters , or other the like Eruptions of heat in the Skin : as also for the heat and itchings of the Hemorrhoïdes or Piles , and the heat and sharpnesse of humours hapning in the secret parts of man or woman . The disti●ed water of the herb , is not only effectual for all diseases aforesaid , to be taken inwardly with a little Sugar , which Medicine the dantiest Stomach that is , will not refuse ; or outwardly by applying Cloathes or Spunges wetted therein : it is likewise wonderfully good for women to wash their faces , to clear the skin , and give a lustre thereunto . The herb it self is very fit to cool an hot Stomach , and to ease the gnawing paines thereof ; and are therefore eaten by some as Sallet herbs in Winter and Spring : being boyled in wine , it is very helpfull to stay the dissolutions of the Stomach ; and the milk that is taken from the stalks when they are broken , given in drink , is beneficial to those that are short winded , and have a wheesing withal : Erisistratus , saith Pliny , did therewith cause the gravel and stone to be voided by Urine ; and saith , that the eating thereof helpeth a stinking breath : The Juyce thereof to the quantity of three spoonfuls taken in Wine warmed , and some Oyl put thereto , causeth Women in Travel of Child , to have so easie and speedy delivery , that they may be easie to walk presently after : the said juyce taken in warm drink , helpeth the Strangury , or pissing by drops , and pains in making water . The decoction of the Leaves and stalks given to Nurses , causeth abundance of milk , and maketh their Childrens faces to be well coloured , and is good for those , whose milk doth curdle in the Breasts , and this it doth by signature . When Sowes have Piggs , they do most greedily desire it , because they know by a certain natural inflinct , wherewith most Brutes are indued , that it doth very much increase their milk ; and for that Reason , I conceive it is called by the name of Sow-Thistle .

CHAP. XXXII . Of Wake-Robin , or Cuckow-point .

THe two last parts , to which I did endeavour to appropriate such Plants as were fittest for the remedying the distempers thereof , were the Eyes and the Ears . I come now to the Nose , and shall begin with an Herb , that not only helpeth it , but the parts aforesaid , which Janus - like , hath respect to what goes before , and what comes after .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and in Latine Arum , and of some Pes Vituli , because the Leaf hath some resemblance with a Calves-foot : Some also call it Dracontea minor , and Serpentaria minor : Others again from the Figure of the Pestle , or Clapper in the middle of the Hose , call it Sacerdotis Penis , and Canis Priapus : Others , Aron , and Barba-Aron : In English , Wake-Robin , Cuckows-Pintle , Priests-Pintle , Ramp , Buckrams , and of some , Starchwort , because formerly Linnen was starched with it , and pure & white Starch is made of the Root of it , but such as is hurtful to the hands of the Landresse that useth it ; for it choppeth , blistereth , and maketh the hands rough , and rugged , and withall , smarting . There is a kind of Arum , which is called , Ar●sarum , or Friars Cowle .

The Kindes .

Parkinson in his Chapter of Arum , reckoneth up these eight sorts , 1. Common-Wake-Robin , without spots . 2. Spotted Wake-Robin . 3. Round leafed Wake-Robin . 4. Wake-Robin of Constantinople . 5. Broad leafed Friars Cowl . 6. Long or narrow leafed Friars Cowl . 7. The Egyptian Culcas , or Wake-Robin , with a rounder and longer Root . 8. Dioscorides and Theophrastus their Egyptian Bean , whose Root was called Colocasia , which he sets down to confute the mistake of those , who take Arum and Colocasia to be the same :

The Forme :

Common Wake Robin shooteth forth some few Leaves from the Root , every one of which is somewhat large and long , broad at the bottom next the stalk , and forked ; but ending in a point , without any dent or cut on the edges , of a full green colour , each standing upon a thick round stalk , of a hands breadth long or more ; among which , after two or three moneths , that they begin to wither , riseth up a bare , round , whitish green stalk , spotted , and straked with Purple , somewhat higher then the Leaves ; at the top whereof standeth a long hollow ●ose or Husk , close at the bottom , but open from the middle upwards , ending in a point ; in the middle standeth a long slender Pestle , or Clapper , smaller at the bottom then at the top , of a dark Purple colour , as the husk is on the inside , though green without , which after it hath so abidden for some time , the husk with the Clapper , decayeth , and the foot or bottom thereof groweth to be a long slender bunch of Berries , green at the first , and of a yellowish red colour when they are ripe , of the bigness of an Hazel Nut Kernel , which abideth thereon almost till winter . The Root is round , and somewhat long , for the most part lying along , the leaves shooting forth at the bigger end , which when it beareth , its Berries are somewhat wrinkled and loose : another growing under it , which is solid and firm , with many small threds hanging thereat .

The Place and Time .

The two first sorts grow frequently under Trees , and almost under every hedge side , throughout the Land . The third is found in some places of Germany . Clusius saith , the fourth came among divers other Roots , from Constantinople ; the fifth , is found in Spain and Portugall , the sixth in Italy , the seventh in Candy . The last in Java and Surrat . The four first sorts shoot forth Leaves in the Spring , and continue but till the middle of Summer , or somewhat later , their Hoses or Husks appearing before they fall away , and their fruit shewing in August . The fifth and sixth do shoot forth their green Leaves in Autumne , presently after the first frosts have pulled down the stalks with fruits , and abide green all the Winter , withering in Summer , before which their Husks appear . The seventh flowreth with his Hose and Clappers very late ; even in the warm Countries , seldom before October or November , and the fruit doth there seldom come to perfection : the last flowreth , and beareth fruit in the Summer , as other Herbs do .

The Temperature .

Wake-Robin is hot and dry in the third Degree , yet Galen affirmeth , that it is more sharp and biting in some Countries , then in others .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Leaves of Wake-Robin , either green or dry , or the Juyce of them , doth cleanse all manner of rotten and filthy Ulcers , in what part of the body soever , and helpeth the stinking sores in the Nose , called Polypus . The water wherein the Roots hath been boyled , dropped into the Eyes , cleanseth them from any film or skin , Clouds or Mists , which begin to hinder the sight , and helpeth the rednesse or watering of them , or when by some chance they become black and blew . The Juyce of the Berries boyled in Oyl of Roses , or beaten into Powder , and mixed with the Oyl , and dropped into the Ears , easeth pains in them . The Root mixed with Bean-flower , and applyed to the Throat or Jawes that are inflamed , helpeth them , and the Roots or Berries beaten with hot Oxe-Dung ▪ and applyed , easeth the pains of the Gout . Tragus reporteth , that a dram or more , if need be , of the spotted Wake-Robin , either green or dryed , being beaten , and taken , is a most present and sure Remedy for Poyson , and the Plague . The Juyce of the Herb taken to the quantity of a spoonful , hath the same effect ; to which if there be a little Vineger added , as also to the Root aforesaid , it somewhat allayeth the sharp biting tast thereof upon the Tongue . The green Leaves bruised ▪ and layd upon any Boyl or Plague-sore , doth wonderfully help to draw forth the poyson . A dram of the Powder of the dryed Root , taken with twice so much Sugar , in the form of a licking Electuary , or the green Root , doth wonderfully help those that are pursie and short winded , as also those that have the Cough ; it breaketh , digesteth , and riddeth away Flegm from the Stomack , Chest , and Lungs . The milk wherein the Root hath been boyled , is effectuall also for the same purpose . The said Powder taken in Wine , or other drink , or the Juyce of the Berries , or the Powder of them , or the Wine wherein they have been boyled , provoketh Urine , and bringeth down Womens Courses , and purgeth them effectually after Child-bearing , to bring away the after-birth , and being taken with Sheeps milk , it healeth the inward Ulcers of the Bowels . The Leaves and Roots also boyled in Wine with a little Oyl , and applyed to the Piles , or falling down of the Fundament , easeth them ; and so doth the sitting over the hot f●mes thereof . The fresh Roots bruised , and distilled with a little milk , yieldeth a most soveraign water to cleanse the skin from skurf , freckles , spots , or blemishes whatsoever therein . The fresh Roots cut small , and mixed with a Sallet , will make excellent sport , with a sawcy sharking guest , and drive him from his over-much boldness , and so will the Powder of the dry Root , strewed upon any dainty bit , that is given him to eat : For either way , within a while after the taking it , it will so burn , and prick his mouth and throat , that he shall not be able ●o eat any more , or scarce to speak for pain : The green leaf biteth the Tongue also . To take away the stinging of either , give the party so served new milk , or fresh butter . This Plant should be Venereous by its Signature .

CHAP. XXXIII . Of the Flower de Luce.

The Names .

THe Greeks call it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quasi Sacra ▪ whereupon some have translated it Consecratrix , all great and huge things being counted by the Ancients to be Holy ; but it was called Iris , a caelestis Ar●us similitudine , quam flores e●us representant ; from the Rainbow whose various colours the flower thereof doth imitate . There have been some heretofore that made a difference between Iris and Ireos , according to the Latine verse extant thereof , which is this , Iris purpureum florem g●rit , Ireos album ; but this is an errour proceeding as some suppose from the Greek word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which signifies a white Lilly , and by casting away the first letter becomes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 by changing the last syllable , as if the Lilly and the Iris were all one , of which most Authors make a distinction : It is called Rad●x Marica , because it is excellent for the Piles ; and some have called it , Radix Naronica of the River Naron , by which great store doth grow . The knobbed Iris is called of Matthiolus , Hermodactylus Verus , because the roots are like unto fingers ; and from him divers did so call it , but most erroneously it being a wild kind of flower de luce ▪ as Dodonaeus truly affirmeth . Gladwin which is a kind hereof , also is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Xyris ob Folii similitudinem , quasi Rasorium cultrum , aut novaculum dixeris ; because of it Swordlike or sharpedged Leaf , and in Latine Spatula , or Spathula faetida ; for Spatha , is taken for a sword as Gladium is ; and I have heard it called Rost Beef , for that the leaves being bruised smell somewhat like it . The Flowerdeluce is called in English Iris but most commonly Orris .

The kinds .

So many of the sorts as I find set down in Parkinsons Theater of Plants , I here set down ; which are eight . 1. The greater Broad leafed Flowerdeluce , 2. The greater Narrow leafed Flowerdeluce . 3. Portingall Flowerdeluce . 4. Broad leafed dwarf Fowerdeluce . 5. Stinking Gladwine . 6. The first broad leafed bulbed Flowerdeluce of Clusius . 7. The greater bulbed Flowerdeluce . 8. The lesser bulbed Flowerdeluce ; to which I adde . 1. Iris tuberosa the knobbed Flowerdeluce ; 2. The common Flowerdelucer ; 3. Water flags or wild Flowerdeluce .

The Form .

The Common Flowerdeluce hath long and large flaggy leaves , like the blade of a sword with two edges , amongst which spring up smooth and plain stalks , half a yard long or longer , bearing flowers towards the top , compact of six leaves joyned together : whereof three that stand upright are bent inward one toward another , and in those leaves that hang downwards there are certain rough and hairy Welts , growing or rising from the nether part of the leaf upward , almost of a yellow colour , The Roots be long , thick and knobby , with many hairy threds hanged thereat ; but being dry it is without them , and white .

The Places and Time .

These Fowerdeluces aforementioned , and many more , though they grow naturally in Africa , Greece , Italy and France , and some in Germany : yet they are nursed up in the Cardens of those who are lovers of such varieties . Gladwin groweth wild in many places , as in woods and shaddowy places , near the Sea here in England , and so doth the Water Flowerdeluce in moist meddows : and in the borders and brinks of rivers , ponds , and standing Lakes ; but though it be natural to such places , yet being planted in Gardens it prospereth we●● . The dwar●e kind of Flag Flowerdeluces , flower in April , the greater in May , and the bulbous sorts not until June , the Gladwin not till July ; The Seed is ripe in the end of August , or beginning of September ; yet the husks after they are ripe will hold their seeds with them two or three moneths , and not shed them .

The Temperature

The Roots of the Flowerdeluce , when they are green and full of Juyce , are hot almost in the fourth degree ; but when it is dry ; it is hot only in the third ; yet then it burneth the throat and mouth of such as tast thereof . It offendeth the stomach and causeth blood to be voided , if given in too great a Dose , and to weak persons . It is not safe to be taken by Women with child , because it bringeth down the courses : yea a Pessary made of the Juyce with Honey , and put up into the body , bringeth away the birth ; therefore it is not safe to give it alone but with good Correctives . In gripings of the bowels give it with Mastick in the Joynt gout with Castor , in the Dropsie with Honey of Roses in diseases of the Liver with Rubarbe , Juyce of Agrimony , &c.

The Signature and Vertues .

The Juyce of the Root of the Common Fowerdeluce , being first extracted , afterwards set a while to clear , and then put up into the Nostrills , provoketh sneesing , and thereby purgeth the head of flegme ; so that though some one may say , this plant is not proper to the Nose , yet as long as it may be appropriated to the head , we are not quite out of our Sphear : for it easeth the pain of the head , and procureth Rest if it be applyed with Rose Cake and Vinegar : it cleanseth spots in the Eyes , and helpeth watry Eyes by cleansing them . The Roots are effectual to warm and comfort all cold Joynts and Sinewes , as also to ease the Gout and Sciatica , and mollifieth , dissolveth , and consumeth all Scrophulous tumours and swellings by Signature ; especially made into an Oyl called Oleum Irinum , which oyl also helpeth the Cramp and Convulsion , the rheum that is cold and distilling from the head ; and being nointed on the breast , it helpeth to extenuate or make thin , tough and cold phlegm making it more easy to spit out : it helpeth the stench of the Nostrils , the pain and noise in the Ears , and much easeth the painful Piles . The root it self green or in powder , doth cleanse , heal , and incarnate wounds , and covers with flesh the naked bones which Ulcers have made bare ; and is also good to cleanse and heal up Fistulaes and Cancers that are hard to be cured . It helpeth the pains and swellings of the Cods , if it be thus used ; Take of the roots in powder half an ounce , Cinamom and Dill of each two drachms , Saffron a scruple , mix them well together , lay them on a Scarlet Cloth moistned in White wine , and apply it warm to the Cods . The green roots bruised , and applyed to black and blew marks in the skin taketh them away and all other discolouring of the skin , whether Morphew or the like ; but it is better to apply it with red Rose water , and a little Lin-Seed Oyl , ot oyl of Parmacity in manner of a Pultis . Moreover a decoction of the roots gargled in the Mouth easeth the Tooth-ach , and helpeth a strong or stinking breath ; Being mixed with a little Honey , and drunk , it purgeth and cleanseth the stomach of gross and tough phlegme and choler therein ; it likewise helpeth the Jaundice and the Dropsie , by evacuating those humours both upward and downwards : it easeth also the paines of the belly and sides , the shaking of Agues , the diseases of the Liver and Spleen , the Worms in the belly the Stone in the Reins ; Convulsions or Cramps that come of cold humours , and helpeth those whose seed passeth from them unawares . It is a remedy against the bitings and stingings of venemous Creatures , being boyled in water and Vinegar and drunk ; being boyled in Wine and drunk it provoketh Urine and the Cholick . An Electuary made hereof , called Dia-ireos Solomonis , is very good for the Lungs , and helps cold infirmities of them , as Asthmaes , Coughs , difficulty of breathing , &c. You may take it with a Liquoris stick , or on the point of a knife , a little of it at a time and often .

CHAP. XXXIIII . Of Hors-tail .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and Hippuris , in Latine ; also by divers Equ●setum , or Cauda Equina , which is the same with Hippuris : of the forme o● an Horsetail , which the stalk of leaves , being turned downwards , doth resemble . By other names it is likewise called , as Equinalis , and by Pliny , Equ●sclis , and of some , Salix Equina and Sangu nalis , from the powerfull effic●cy it hath to stench blood ; and of others , Asprella because of its ruggednesse which hath not formerly been unknown to Country Hou●wives , who with the rougher kind hereof , called in English Shavegrass , did , as now with Elder Leaves , but more effectually , scowre their Pewter , Brass , and Wood●en Vessels ; and therefore it hath been by some of them called Pewterwort : but I think that piece of thriftinesse with many other are laid aside , which might profitably be revived , if they knew it . Of some it is called Ephedra , Anabasis and Caucon . Fletchers also and Combe makers polish their work therewith .

The Kindes .

There be hereof fourteen sorts mentioned by modern Writers . 1. The greater Marsh Horsetail . 2. Broad leafed Horsetail . 3. Small Marsh Horsetail . 4. Barren Marsh Horsetail . 5. The smallest and finest leafed Horsetail . 6. Many headed Horsetail . 7. Rush or naked Horsetail . 8. Branched Rush Horsetail . 9. Small party coloured Horsetail . 10. Stinking Horsetail . 11. The great Meadow Horse-tail . 12. Corn Horsetail . 13. Wood Horsetail . 14. Mountain Horsetail of Candy .

The Form .

The greater Horsetail that groweth in wet grounds , at the first springing hath heads somewhat like to those of Asparagus , and after grow to be hard , rough , hollow stalks , joynted at sundry places up to the top , a foot high : so made as if the lower part were put into the upper , whereat grow on each side a bush of small long Rush like hard leaves , each part resembling an Horsetail , at the tops of the stalks come forth small Catkins like unto those of Trees ; the root creepeth under ground having Joynts at sundry places .

The Places and Time .

Many of the foresaid sorts grow generally up and down this Land , but some of them are not so frequent as others , as the smallest and finest Leased Horsetail which groweth in the lower wet grounds , in the woods about Highgate not ●ar from London : Small party coloured Horsetail , or Horsetail Coralline ( whose leaves being bitten , seeme to be composed of Sand , from their grating between the teeth ) groweth on a bog by Smochal , a wood nigh Bathe . The Stinking Horsetail was found by Mr. William Brown of Magdalen Colledge , myself , and others in a bog about half a mile from Stockers house in Stow Wood , by Oxford by the Road that goeth to Islip . You may guesse where the rest grow by their titles : they do all spring up with their blackish heads in Aprill , and put forth their blooming Catkins in July , seeding for the most part in August , and then perish down to the ground , rising afresh in the Spring .

The Temperature .

Horsetail , as Galen saith , hath a binding faculty with some bitternesse , and therefore it doth mightily dry , and that without biting .

The Vertues

I know nor where more properly to bestow this plant then in this place , it being so effectual to stanch bleedings which most commonly burst forth at the Nose if the Juyce or Decoction thereof be drunk : or the Juice Decoction o● distilled water applyed outwardly . It stayeth also all sorts of Lasks and Fluxes in Man or Woman , and pissing of blood : it healeth also , not only the inward Ulcers and Excoriations of the intralls , bladder , &c. But all other sorts of soul moist and running Ulcers , and soon sodereth together , the tops of green wounds , not suffering them to grow to maturation . It cureth also Ruptures in Children quickly , but in those that are elder more time is required , according to the disposition of the party and the continuance . The Decoction hereof in wine being drunk is said to provoke Urine , to help the Strangury and the Stone ; and so doth the distilled water thereof drunk two or three times a day , a small quantity at a time , as also to ease the paines in the Entralls or Guts , and to be effectual against a Cough that cometh by distillation of rheume from the head . The Juyce or distilled Water being warmed and hot Inflammations , Pustules or Red wheales and other such Eruptions in the skin being bathed therewith doth help them , and doth no lesse ease the swellings , heat and Inflammations of the Fundament and privie parts in Man or Woman , and cureth Tetters and Ringworms . The fume of it is good to cause children guts to go back into their Body , when as through Flux or cold they hang forth , and so it stoppeth the immoderate Terms of Women . The young buds are dressed by some like Asparagus , or being boyled are often bestrewed with flower and fryed to be eaten . The smother rather then the Rough , and the leafed then the bare , is both more used , and of better effect in physick .

CHAP. XXXV . Of Shepheards purse .

The Names .

THis Plant hath not gotten any name in Greek that I can learn from any Author . All Latine Writers that make mention of it call it Bursa , or Pera Pastoris , and Pastoria Bursa , except Gesner who calleth it Thlaspi Fatuum ; and Castor Durantes , Herba Cancri . In English it is called Shepheards purse or Scrip , from the likenesse the Seed hath with that kind of leatherne bag , wherein Shepherds carry their Victualls into the field : of some , Shepherds pouch and poor mans Parmacety , it being in some sort effectual for the same things that Parmacety is ; and in the North part of England Toywort , Pickpurse and Caseweed , and of some Clappedepouch .

The Kinds .

These were formerly but two sorts of Shepherds purse known , but Bauhinus maketh paticular relation of two more , which are the second and last , so that there are four kinds in all . 1. The greater common Shepherds purse . 2. Great Shepherds purse with whole leaves . 3. Small Shepherds purse . 4. Hairy Mountain Shepherds purse .

The Forme .

The Common Shepherds purse , hath divers small and long leaves somewhat deeply cut-in , on both sides like Rocket , of a pale green colour , most commonly spread upon the Ground ; amongst which riseth up a small round stalk parted into sererall branches , some of which are sometimes about two handfulls high , & have smaller and lesse divided leaves on them to the tops : where grow many white flowers one above another , after which follow flat whitish pouches or Se●d Vessels , small at the bottoms , broad at the heads , and parted like the Thlas● , a●●ost in form of an heart , in each side whereof lyeth a small brownish yellow s●●d ; the root is small and white , and perisheth after seed-time ; but ariseth of the scattered seed , the same or the next year .

The Places and Time .

The greater and lesser sorts that have cut leaves , are frequent in every place with us in England , but the other two whose leaves are whole , do not grow wild here ; yet in Germany Mompelier and Italy , they do , as Bauhinus and Thalius affirm . They flower and seed all Summer long , yea so quick some of them are , that they flower and seed twice in every year .

The Temperature .

Shepherds purse is cold and dry , and very much binding after the Opinion of Ruellius , Matthiolus , and Dodonaeus ; but Label and Pena finding a little heat upon the sharp taste of the flowers and seeds , do judge it not to be cold at all but drying and astringent .

The Vertues .

This Plant also being a stopper of blood , doth in a manner require this place , because the nose is the Organ , through which the blood doth commonly make its way , and sometimes continueth so long , that unless it be timely prevented , it endangereth the life . For remedying of which distemper , it may be used by holding the hands full of it , or by binding it about the neck , by using it in meats , or by applying it with Vineger and water to the secret parts . The deco●●ion thereof drunk , stoppeth the Lask , the Bloody Flux , spitting blood , pissing blood , the Flowers and all other issues of blood , most excellently well , howsoever it be taken , but especially with red Wine , or Plantain water . Some do hold , that the green Herb bruised and bound to the wrests of the hands , and soles of the feet , will help the yellow Jaundice : the Herb bruised , and laid Pultis-wise upon Inflammations , St. Anthonies fire , or the like , represseth them : The juyce dropped into mattering or running eares , helpeth them : it closeth the lips of green wounds , and is of great effect , being made into a Salve for wounds in the Head . The juyce thereof being drunk , helpeth the straitness of the breath , and the Strangury , it stoppeth Rheum , and provoketh Urine . It is very prevalent against venomous bitings , if it be drunk with Wine ; and it preventeth the fits of Agues , if it be taken one home before the fit . It cureth creeping and running sores , Fistulaes , spitting of blood and matter , the holy fire , swellings and hardness , Shingles , heat of the stomach , new wounds , hot Imposthumes , and rheumatick sores ; and all other kind of Fluxes .

CHAP. XXXVI . Of Willow .

The Names .

AFter so many Herbs , it will not be amiss to bring in a Tree , which though in form hath little , yet in vertue hath some affinity . The Willow is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod cito in altum excrescat ; and Salix a Saliendo in Latine , because it groweth with that speed , that it seeme●h to leap . There is a greater sort , which is called in English Sallow , Withy , and Willow , and there is a lesser sort called Osier , small Withy , and Twig Withy . Petrus Crescentius calleth it Vincus a vinciendo , because it is necessary to bind Faggots , or any other Commodities that stand in need thereof .

The Kindes .

Many are the sorts of this Plant , which Authours reckon up , whereof I shall set down only those which I conceive to grow in our own Country , and they are 1. The ordinary great white Willow-Tree . 2. The ordinary black Willow . 3. The Rose Willow . 4. The hard black Willow . 5. The black Withy . 6. The round leafed Sallow . 7. The longer leafed Sallow . 8. The lesser broad Willow . 9. The silver leafed Sallow . 10. The upright low broad Willow . 11. Creeping broad leafed Willow . 12. The least red or stone Willow . 13. The least Willow without fruit . 14. The Osier . 15. The straight dwarf Willow , with narrow Leaves . 16. Creeping low Willow , with narrow Leaves . 17. The black low Willow . 18. Willow Bay . I shall describe only the first , that by it you may guesse at the rest .

The Forme ,

The ordinary white Willow groweth quickly to be a great and tall Tree , if it be not lopped , as it is usuall in most places , with a smooth white bark on the body , and bigger branches , the younger sprigs being somewhat green with the whitenesse : the Leaves are long and narrow , pale , green on the upper side , and of a shining silver white colour underneath , without any dent on the edges : the Flowers come out before the Leaves appeare , and are small , long , and round yellow mossie heads , smelling sweet for the most part , divers standing one above another , upon a long stalk , which in time turn to down , that is blown away by the winde , and the Seed with it , if it hath any : The wood is soft and white , and with the branches hereof are made stakes for hedges , or to uphold Vines , &c.

The Places and Time .

Most of these Willows are common , and to be sound in low grounds , near Water Courses and ditches ; the Rose Willow in sundry places of Essex and Cambridgeshire ; others on Hamsteed-Heath , Rumney Marsh , and the like . The Osier is alwayes in the low grounds , that are often overflowen , where it will only thrive . The Blossoms come forth before any Leaves , appear , and are in their most flourishing estate , usually before Easter . , divers gathering them to deck up their houses on Palm Sunday , and therefore the said Flowers are called Palme .

The Temperature .

The Leaves , Flowers , Seed , and Bark of Willows , are cold and dry in the second degree and astringent .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Leaves and Bark of Willow , but especially the Catkins , are used with good successe , to stanch bleeding of wounds , and at the mouth or nose , and spitting of blood , as also all other fluxes of blood in man or woman ; and likewise to stay casting , and the desire thereunto , if the decoction of them in Wine be drunk : It helpeth also to stay thin , hot , and sharp salt distillations , from the head upon the Lungs , causing a Consumption . The Leaves bruised with some Pepper , and drunk in Wine , do much help the Wind-Cholick . The Leaves only bruised and boyled in Wine , and drunk , do much stay the heat of lust , and wholly exstinguish it both in man and woman , if it be much used : the Catkins also are of the like effect . The water that is gathered from the Willow , whilest it flowreth , the Bark being slit , and a Vessel apt to receive it , being fitted to it , is very good for rednesse , and dim eye-sight , and Films that begin to grow over them , and stay the Rheums that fall into them , to provoke Urine , being stopped , if it be drunk , and to clear the face and skin of any spots or discolourings , if washed therewith . The Flowers , saith Galen , have a stronger effect , to dry up any Flux or humour , being a Medicine without any sharpnesse , and the Bark much more , as all Barks do ; but if the Bark be burnt and used , it doth yet dry more forcibly , and being mixed with Vinegar , it taketh away Warts and Corns , and other the like callous flesh , that groweth on the hands or feet , or other parts . The decoctions of the Leaves and Bark in Wine , is good to bath the Sinews , as also the places pained with the Gout , and to cleanse the Head or other parts of scurf . The Juyce of the Leaves and green Bark mingled with some Rose-water , and heated in the Rhind of a Pomegranet , is singular good to help deafness , to be dropped into the Ears . The Seed of the black Willow mixed with Litharge of Silver , in equall quantity , made into an Ointment , and used on any place , where the hair groweth , that you would take away , after it hath been bathed well before , or else in the bain or Stove , doth cause it to fall away . This Plant is not propagated by Seed ; but any stick thereof , though almost withered , being fixed in the Earth , groweth : which Signature doth truly declare , that a Bath made of the decoction of the Leaves , and Bark of Willow , restoreth again , withered and dead Members , to their former strength , if they be nourished with the fomentation thereof .

CHAP. XXXVII . Of Bistort .

The Names .

BY what Name the Grecians called this Plant , is not known ; but amongst the Latines it hath divers . It is called Bistorta , quod radice in se serpentis modo contorta & convoluta constet , by Fragus , Leonicerous , and others , and Col●brina of the similitude the Root hath with a Serpent , rouling it self up together . Parkinson saith , that Fuschius calleth it Serpentaria , quod venenosorum serpentium ictibus succurrit : which though it happily performeth , yet Fuschius giveth it no such Etymology , as I can finde , but very much blameth those Herbatists and Apothecaries which call it so : Serpentaria being an Herb much differing from this , both in form and vertue , which the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and the Latines Dracunculus and Serpentaria , which we in English call Dragons : but Bistort is not called Dragons , but Snakeweed .

The Kindes .

All the Bistorts that I can find , are not above six . 1. Common Bistort , or Snakeweed . 2. Bistort with more crooked Roots . 3. Great Mountain Bistort . 4. Small Bistort of our own Country . 5. Small Bistort of the Alps. 6. Variable leafed small Bistort .

The Forme .

Common Bistort hath a thick short knobbed Root , blackish without , and somewhat reddish within , a little crooked or writhed together , of an harsh or astringent tast , with divers blackish Fibres growing thereat , from whence spring up every year , divers Leaves , standing upon long foot-stalks , being somewhat long and broad , very like unto a Dock-Leaf , and a little pointed at the ends , but that it is crumpled , of a blewish green colour on the upper side , and of an Ash colour gray , and a little Purplish underneath , having divers veins therein : from among which , arise divers small and slender stalks , about half a yard high , almost naked , and without Leaves , or with very few narrow ones , bearing a spiky bush of pale flesh coloured Flowers , which being past , there abideth small Seed , somewhat like unto Sorrel-Seed , but greater .

The Places and Time .

The two first grow at the foot of Hills , and in shadowy , moyst Woods near unto them , in many places of Germany ; and in our Country likewise , in moyst and watery places , particularly in a Meadow , about a stones throw above the Abby Mill at St. Albans , about an Acres breadth , or somewhat more from the River side , where the common Bistort groweth plentifully , though it be chiefly nourished in Gardens . The fourth , groweth in Westmerland , about Crosby , in Cumberland about Ravenswaith , in York-shire , Lancashire , and divers other places . The third groweth on the high Hills in Silesia , and other places . The two last are round on the Alps , in divers places ▪ and the last also amongst the Switzers . They all flower about the end of May , and the Seed is ripe about the beginning of July .

The Temperature .

Bistort is cold and dry in the third Degree , and very astringent .

The Signature and Vertues .

This Plant hath a double Signature , both proceeding from the Roots , the one from the colour of the inside of them ; the other , from the writhed or twisted form . The bloody colour of the Roots , betokeneth that it is effectuall to stay the bleeding of the Nose , and all manner of inward bleeding , and spitting of blood : as also any Fluxes of the body , in man or woman , and likewise vomiting : the Powder of the Root in Wine , or the decoction thereof being drunk . The juyce hereof being put up into the Nose , prevaileth much against the Di●ease called Polypus , and all other Sores or Cancers , that happen in the Nose or any other part ; but the surest way is , first to wash them with the distilled water , and afterwards to apply the Powder of the Root thereto : It is good also to fasten the Gums , and to take away the heat and Inflammation that happen as well in the Jawes , Almonds of the Throat or Mouth : if the decoction of the Roots , Leaves , or Seeds be used , or the juyce of them . The Root of Bistort , Pellitory of Spain , and burnt Allome , of each a like quantity , beaten small , and made into a Past with Honey , a little peece thereof , put into an hollow Tooth , or holden between the teeth , if they be not hollow , stayeth the defluxions of Rheum upon them , when it is the cause of their pain , and helpeth to cleanse the Head , and void much offensive matter . The wreathed form of the Root , is a sign that is good against the bitings of Serpents , or Snakes , for which it is found to be very effectuall : as also for the venoming of Toads , Spiders , Adders , or the like venomous Creatures , if the place be washed with the water that is distilled from the Root and Leaves . A dram of the powdered Root taken in drink , expelleth the Venom of the Plague , the small Pox , Measels , Purples , or any other infectious Disease , driving it forth by sweating . The Powder of the Root , or the decoction thereof being drunk , is very available against Ruptures or burstings , or all bruises or falls whatsoever , dissolving the congealed blood , and easing the pains that happen thereupon . The said decoction being made with Wine , and drunk , hindereth abortion , that is , when Women are apt to miscarry in Child-bearing , the Leaves kill worms in Children , and is a great help to them that cannot keep their water : if some juyce of Plantain be put thereto , which applyed outwardly , doth give much help in the Gonorrhaea , or running of the Reins . A dram of the Powder of the Root taken in the water thereof , wherein some red hot Iron or Steel hath been quenched , is also an admirable help thereto , so as the body be first prepared and purged from the offensive humours . The Leaves , Seeds , or Roots are all very good in Decoctions , Drinks , or Lotions for invard or outward wounds , or other sores , and the Powder strewed upon any Cut or Wound in a vein , stayeth the immoderate bleeding thereof . The Decoction of the Roots in water , whereupon some Pomegranate Pills and Flowers are added , injected into the Matrix , stayeth the access of humours , to the Ulcers thereof , and bringeth it to its right place , being fallen down , and stayeth the immoderate Flux of the Courses . The Roots are most used in Physick , and will keep good a year or two . The Dose in Powder is from a scruple to a dram : into Decoction from a drachm to two or three , which is made by bruising a sufficient quantity of the root , suppose two drachms , and boyling it in half a pint of Pos●et drink , till about half be consumed , then strain it and give the clearest to be drunk in a morning

CHAP. XXXVIII . Of Tormentil .

The Names .

THough none of the Greek writers have mentioned this herb , yet it hath got a Greek name , and is called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ex 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Septem et 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 folium , that is Seven-leaves ; but not properly it being only one leaf cut into seven divisions . For there is a general rule in all Leaves , whether of herbs or trees , that , that which falleth away with the stalk , and not in parts and at several times , is the leaf ; though it be winged as that of the Ash , Elder , Walnut tree , &c. the great Centory , Agrimony , Danewort , Parsnep , Valerian , &c. is : or divided , as Trefoil , Cinquefoil , or Tormentil , &c. is . It is called in Latine Tormentilla , quia valet adversus tormenta intestinorum ; from its vertue in easing the torments of the Guts , and Heptaphyllum or Septifolium , and of some Stellaria from the form of the leaves , though that be a name applyed to other plants of the like form . In English , Tormentil , Setfoil or Seven-leaves .

The Kinds .

Formerly there was but one sort of Tormentill known , but now there are three . 1. Common Tormentil . 2. The greater Tormentil . 3. Silver leafed Tormentil .

The Forme .

The common Tormentil hath many reddish , slender , weak branches rising from the root , lying upon the ground , or rather leaning then standing upright , with many short leaves that stand closer to the stalks , as the Cinkfoil doth ( which this is otherwise somewhat like ) with the footstalks encompassing the Branches in several places ; but they that grow next the ground , are set upon longer footstalks each whereof are like the leaves of Cinkfoil , but somewhat longer and lesser , and dented about the edges , many of them having five divisions , some six , most seaven and sometimes though seldom eight , according to the fertility of the soil . At the tops of the branches stand divers small yellow flowers consisting of five leaves like those of Cinkfoil but smaller . The root is smaller then Bistort ; somewhat thick , tuberous , or knobby , blackish without , and reddish within as the former , sometimes a little crooked , having many blackish fibres .

The Places and Times

The common sort groweth not only in Woods and shadowy places , but also in pastures and Closes , lying open to the Sun : Great plenty of it is to be found in Pray Wood near St. Albans ; and in a Close that lyeth between the Week and Stafford Lane near Heddington in Oxfordshire , where the biggest roots that ever I saw grow . The second groweth amongst the Helvetians or Switzers , as also in the county of Tirol . The last groweth upon the Alps , in divers rocky or stony places as also upon the Pyrenaean mountains , and among the Savoyards likewise .

The Temperature .

The root of Tormentil doth mightily dry , and that in the third degre , and is of thin parts ; it hath in it but little heat , and is of a binding quality ; and therefore it must not be given to dry bodies , nor to such as are very costive .

The Signature and Vertues .

The rednesse of the inside of the root of Tormentil is an eminent token , that it is most excellent to stay all kinds of fluxes , of blood or humours in Man or Woman , whether at Nose , Mouth , Belly , or any wound in the Veins or elsewhere . It provokes sweat , expells poison and is good to cure wounds ; the herb , root , and water are in use . It is much used in the Pestilence and other malignant diseases , as small Pox , Measels , Purples , and spotted Feavers , driving forth by sweat any contagion , especially if the Flux of the belly be joyned with these diseases . It is u●e 〈…〉 in Catarrhes to dry up the rheums , and in the French diseases , and generally for all other things that Bistort is good for , and may be used for the same . The distilled Water of Tormentil taken in a morning fasting , is excellent against Venom , or any contagion ▪ and is a good preservative in time of infection . The Dose is two or three Ounces , the same taken morning and evening cures all inward Ulcers in the Body stayeth the Fluxes of the Belly ; especially in the Dysentery or bloody Flux . It doth comfort the brain , heart , and stomach , liver and spleen ; as also the whole body , and cureth most agues . The best way to still the water is to steep the herb all night in Wine , and then distill it , Balneo Mariae . The water thus distilled taken with some Venice Treacle , and the party laid presently to sweat will certainly , by Gods help , expel any Venom or Poison , the Plague , Feaver , &c. For it is an ingredient of speciall respect in all Antidotes or Counterpoisons . The powder of the dryed root made up with the white of an Egg in the form of a little cake ▪ and baked upon an hot Tile , will stay all fluxes , restrain all cholerick belchings , and much vomiting with loathings in the stomach . The Leaves and Roots being bruised and applyed , dissolve all Knots , Kernels , and Hardnesse gathered about the Ears , throat and Jawes , and the Kings Evil. The same also easeth the pains of the Sciatica or Hipgout by straining the sharp humours that flow thereto : the Juyce of the Leaves and roots used with a little Vinegar , is a special remedy against running sores of the head or other parts ; scabs also and the itch ▪ or any such eruptions in the skin proceeding of salt and sharp humours . The same also is effectual for the Piles or Hemorrhoids if they be washed and bathed therewith , or with the distilled Water of the Herb or Roots : It is found also helpful to dry up any sharp Rheum , that distilleth from the head into the Eyes causing rednesse , pain , waterings , Itchings or the like , if a little prepared Tutia or white Amber be used with the distilled water hereof .

CHAP. XXXIX . Of Cinckfoile .

The Names .

COme we next to Cinckfoile , not only for the likeness of properties that is between it and Tormentill , but of the outward face and form of the Plant , as you shall hear hereafter . It is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in Latine Pentaphyllum & Quinque-folium , à numero foliorum ; in English Cinckfoil , and Cinckfield , and Five finger grasse , or Five leaved Grasse .

The Kindes .

The sorts of Cinckfoile are very numerous , an exact account whereof , we shall not labour for ; those nine reckoned up by Gerard , being sufficient for our present purpose . 1. Great Cinckfoil . 2. Common Cinckfoil . 3. Purple Cinckfoil . 4. Marish Cinckfoil . 5. Stone Cinckfoil . 6. Upright Cinckfoil . 7. Wall Cinckfoil . 8. Hoary Cinckfoil . 9. Wood Cinckfoil .

The Form .

Common Cinckfoil spreadeth and creepeth far upon the ground , with long slender strings , like Strawberries , which take Root again , and shoot forth many Leaves , made of five parts , and sometimes of seaven , dented about the edges , and somewhat hard . The stalks are slender , leaning downwards , and bear many small yellow Flowers thereon , with some yellow threds in the middle , standing about a smooth green head , which when it is ripe , is a little rough , and containeth small brownish seeds . The Root is of a blackish brown colour , seldom so big as ones little finger , but growing long with some threds thereat ; and by the small strings , quickly spreading it self abroad .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Switzerland naturally , and is nursed up in some of our ●ardens . The second groweth by high-way-sides , and in low and moyst Meadows . The third groweth in the Woods of Clavena and Narbon . The fourth in a Marish Ground , adjoyning to the Land called Bourn Pondes , half a mile from Colchester . The fifth groweth upon Beestone Castle in Cheshire . The sixth , upon Brick and Stone-walls about London . The seaventh , on the Alps of Rhetia , near Clavena . The eighth , in the hollowness of Peakish Mountains , and dry gravelly Valleys . The last groweth in Woods . The Plants do flowre from the beginning of May , to the end of June .

The Temperature

The Roots of Cinckfoil , especially the two last , do vehemently dry , and that in the third Degree , but without biting ; for they have very little apparent heat of sharpness .

The Vertues .

Common Cinckfoil is held to be effectuall for all the purposes , whereunto Bistort and Tormentill , is applyed ; as well for preserving against venomous and infectious Creatures and Diseases , in each respect , as in keeping from putre●action , for binding and restraining Fluxes , either of blood or humours , which are excessive , especially bleeding at the Nose , which it performeth , if the juyce be drunk in Ale , or red Wine , or the Roots or Leaves applyed to the Nose . Some hold , that one Leaf cures a Quotidian , three a Tertian , and four a Quartan , which is a meer whimsey ; but the truth is , if you give a scruple of it , ( which is twenty grains ) at a time , either in White-wine , or White-wine-Vinegar : you shall seldom mis●e the Cure of an Ague in three fits , be it what it will , even to admiration , as Mr. Culpepper affirmeth . The juyce hereof drunk about four Ounces at a time , for certain dayes together , cureth the Quinsie , and the yellow Jaundice ; and taken for thirty dayes together , cureth the Falling-Sickness . The Roots boyled in milk , and drunk , is a most effectuall Remedy for all Fluxes , either in Man or Woman , whether the whites , reds , or Bloody Flux . The Roots boyled in Vinegar , and the decoction thereof held in the mouth , easeth the pains of the Tooth-ach . The juyce , or decoction taken with a little Honey helpeth the hoarsness of the Throat , and is good for the Cough of the Lungs . The distilled water of the Roots and Leaves , is also effectuall to all the purposes aforesaid : and if the hands be often washed therein , and suffered every time to dry of it self , without wiping , it will in short time help the Palsie , or shaking of them .

CHAP. XL. Of Sow-bread .

The Names .

THis Plant is the last that I shall treat of , in relation to the Nose . The Greek Names of it are , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . It was called by the first Name , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , a Circulo , because both the Leaf and the Root are of a circular or round Figure ; by the later , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it was used to kill Fishes . It is called in Latine Tuber terrae , & Terrae rapum , because of its knobby Tur-nep-like Root ; and Umbilicus terr● , because as the Navill of a Mans Body strutteth out a little above the Belly , so this sometimes above the Earth ; of some , Orbicularis ; of others Palalia , Rapum porcinum , & malum Terrae . In Shops , Cyclamen , Panis Porcinus , & Artanita . In English , Sowbread , or Swine-bread , because the Swine love it , and feed upon it in those Countries , where it is plentiful .

The kinds .

Parkinson in former book hath reckoned up a dozen sorts , or more hereof ; the want whereof will constrain me to content my self only with the mentioning of three , which are 1. Common round Sow-bread . 2. Ivy-Sow-bread . 3. A strange Plant sent for a bastard Sow-bread of the Spring .

The Forme .

The common kind of Sow-bread hath many green and round leaves , like unto Asarabacca , saving that the upper part of the Leaves are mixed here and there , confusedly with white spots , and under the Leaves next the ground , of a purple colour : amongst which rise up little stems , like the stalks of Violets , bea●ing at the top small purple , or murrey coloured Flowers , which turn themselves backwards , of a small scent or savour , or none at all : which being past , there succeed little round knops or heads , that contain slender brown seeds : these knops are wrapped after a few dayes in the small stalks , as thred about a bottom , where it remaineth so defended from the in jury of the winter , close upon the ground , covered also with the green Leaves aforesaid , by which means it is kept from the frost , even from the time of his seeding , which is in September untill June , at what time the leaves do fa●e away , the stalks and seed remaining bare and naked , whereby it enjoyeth the Sun the sooner , to bring them to maturity : the Root is round , like a Turnep , black without , and white within , with many small strings annexed thereunto .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth plentifully about Artois , and Vermandois in France , and in the Forrest of Arden . The second , which is the best of all , in many places of Italy . The third on the Pyrenaean Hills . Gerard saith , that he hath heard that Sow-bread groweth on the Mountains in Wales , on the Hills of Lincolnshire , and Somersetshire , which I never heard of from any , but him who had it but from another ▪ and therefore I believe the relator was mistaken , it being not so much as mentioned in the Catalogue of British Plants : notwithstanding , it is frequent in Gardens , and is nursed up there , more for its Flower then any thing else , because it is in its prime , when most others are decayed ; for it flowreth in September , and afterwards , when the Plant is without Leaf , which do afterwards spring up , continuing green all winter , covering and keeping warm the Seed unto Midsummer next , at what time the Seed is ripe . The third flowreth in the Spring , and therefore it is called Cyclamen vernum , or Sow-bread of the Spring .

The Temperature .

Although Mesue doth determine the Degrees hereof , to be hot and dry in the beginning of the third , yet Galen doth not so , but saith only ( 70. Simplicium ) that it cutteth , cleanseth , and openeth the mouthes of the Veins , draweth and digesteth , which is plainly seen , by the particular operations thereof .

The Vertues and Signature .

Matthiolus saith , that the distilled water from the Roots of Sow-bread , snuffed up into the Nostrils , stayeth their bleeding wonderfully ; and that if six Ounces of that water be drunk , wich an Ounce of fine Sugar , it will stay the blood that commeth from the breast , stomach or Liver , in a wonderful manner : or if any Vein be broken in them : It purgeth somewhat violently , and therefore it is fit , as he saith , to mix therewith some Mastick , or Nutmeg , or a scruple of Rubarb : by the use whereof many have been holpen of the hardness and swelling of the spleen , which could not be holpen by other things . It easeth also the pains and torments of the Bowels , which we call the Cholick . And if , saith he , the Root hereof be beaten with a few Peach-stone-Kernels , and bitter Almonds , and after laid in sleep in Aqu●vitae for three dayes , a drop or two of the expressed Cream thereof dropped into the Ears that are deaf , or have much noyse , helpeth them : the juyce mixed with Honey , or Plantain-water , helpeth all sores in the mouth or throat , being gargled therewith , and the Tooth-ach also . The juyce of it openeth the Hemorrhoides or Piles , and strongly moveth to the Stool , being put up in Wooll , and saith Mesues , it avoideth tough Flegme used in a Clister : It is also used with such Medicines , as discuss swellings , Kernels , and other hard knots , in any part of the body : It helpeth also the Pin and Web in the Eyes , being infused with Honey , as also avoideth it by the Nostrils , and that by snuffing up the juyce , the head and brain is purged from those humours that offend it , the Ach also , and daily pains of it , and the Meagrim . This Plant belongeth to the womb by Signature , and therefore as Theophrastus affirmeth , the fresh Root put into a Cloth , and applyed for a little time , to the secret parts of a Woman , that is in sore and long Travail in Child-birth , helpeth them to an easie and speedy delivery ▪ but it is dangerous till then , to be medled with , by Women with Child , because it will make them miscarry . It is profitable for those that have the yellow Jaundice , to drive it forth by sweating , if after the taking of three drams of the Powder in Mead or Honeyed water , they be carefully ordered to sweat : It helpeth also to cleanse all the deformities or discolourings of the skin , and the Freckles and spots thereof , as well fresh as dry . The Juyce mingled with Vinegar , helpeth the falling down of the Fundament , if it be anointed therewith . The Juyce of Sow-bread , and the Juyce of Plantane , of each a like quantity , mixed together , and Aloes , Myrth , and Olibanum added thereto , stoppeth the bleeding of the Nose , if it be applyed to the Nostrils , and fore-head . And thus I have done with Plants , that are appropriated to the Nose , for the Polypus , and the stopping of blood .

CHAP. XLI . Of Medlars .

The Names .

THe Mouth challengeth the next place , and it is fit , that that part should especially be regarded , without which others could not subsist . And because Medlars are found to be helpful to many distempers thereof . I begin with that . It is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine , Mespilus , and the fruit 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Mespilum . Dioscorides affirmeth , that this Medlar-Tree is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and so doth Galen , and of divers Sicanion . The fruit of the Neapolitan kind , is called Tricoccos , of the three grains or stones that it hath . The Tree is called in English , the Medlar or Openarse-Tree , and the fruit Medlars and Open-arses .

The Kinds .

Five sorts hereof are reckoned up . 1. The great manured Medlar . 2. The ordinary or small Medlar . 3. The common Italian Medlar . 4. The great white Medlar . 5. The Medlar of Naples .

The Forme .

The great Medlar-tree groweth near to the bigness of the Quince-tree spreading forth branches , of a reasonable size , with longer and narrower Leaves , then either the Apple or Quince , and not dented about the edges . At the end of the sprigs stand the Flowers , made of fair white great broad pointed Leaves , nicked in the middle , with some white threds also : after which , commeth the fruit of a brownish green colour , being ripe ; being a Crown as it were on the top , which were the five green Leaves : which being rubbed of , or fallen away , the head of the fruit is seen to be somewhat hollow . The fruit is very harsh , before it be mellowed , and hath usually five hard Kernells within it .

The Places and Time .

Three of these sorts grow with us here in England : the two first do grow in Orchards , and sometimes in hedges , amongst Bryars and Brambles ; and the last with some few lovers of rarities : The other two have scarcely been seen in this Countrey . They flower in May for the most part ; but the fruit is not ripe till September or October : after which , they must lie till they be as it were rotten , before they be fit to be eaten .

The Temperature .

The Medlars are cold , dry , and astringent : the Leaves are of the same nature .

The Signature and Vertues .

Suppose that place to be a mouth , which some call by another name , as it well may be , and then we may appropriate it to the mouth by Signature : However , the mouth is not only gratified by its pleasant tast , being mellow , and ordered with Honey or Sugar ; but the decoction of them is good to gargle and wash the mouth , throat and teeth , when there is any defluxion of blood , or humours , to stay them , which otherwise might cause pains and swellings , to bind those distillations , and to ease the pains : The same also serveth well , both to drink , and to bath the stomach warm , that is given to loathing , casting , or vomiting , by sortifying digestion , and preserving the humours from putrefaction ; but if a Pultis , or Plaster be made with dryed Medlars , beaten and mixed with the juyce of Red Roses , whereunto a few Cloves and Nutmegs may be added , and a little red Corall also , and applyed to the stomach , it will work more effectually . The decoction aforesaid , serveth also for a good bath , for Women to sit in or ove● that have their Courses come down too abundantly ; or for the Piles , when they bleed too much . The d●yed Leaves in Powder , strewed on bleeding or fresh wounds , restraineth the blood , and healeth up the wound quickly : both leaves and fruit , are of singular good use , to bind and to strengthen whatsoever hath need of those qualities . The stones or Kernels bruised to Powder , and drunk in Liquor especially wherein some Parsley Roots have been steeped all night , or a little boyled , do mightily drive out stones and gravel from the Kidneys , and that by Signature . Besides these effects , the mellowed fruit is often served amongst other sorts of fruit to the Table , and eaten with pleasure , by those who have no need of Physick , but worketh in Women with Child , both to please the tast , as in others , and to stay their longings after unusuall meats , &c. as also very effectuall for them that are apt to miscarry , and make them joyful Mothers . That of Naples is the more delicate , and is also accounted more effectual for the purposes aforesaid .

CHAP. XLII . Of the Mulberry Tree .

The Names .

THe tree is named in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Morea and Sycaminus in Latine ; Morus à Morâ , from its slownesse to put forth its Leaves , for of all trees it buddeth last , which it seldom doth before May , the cold weather being past ; and therefore the old Writers were wont to call it the wisest tree . It is called in shops Morus celsa quasi excelsa , as a distinction between it and the Bramble Cubus , whose Berries are also called Mora , but b●●i is added to know them by .

The Kinds .

Parkinson hath but three sorts hereof . 1. The common black Mulberry tree . 2. The white Mulberry tree . 3. The Virginian Mulberry tree . Besides which , as I have been informed , there is a wild kind which putteth out leaves somewhat like the former , and about the same time ; and hath fruit not much unlike , but it never bringeth it to perfection .

The Form .

The Common black Mulberry tree groweth very great and tall , the body and the greater arms being covered with a thick rugged bark , the younger boughs and branches being smoother , whereon are broad roundish leaves , set pointed at the end , and dented about the edges like Mint leaves , but that they are far bigger and smoother . The bloomings or flowers are downy like Catkins , after which immediately followeth the fruit made of many grains , set together of a pale green colour at first , then red when they are harsh and sowre , but afterwards black when they are full ripe , being full of a sweetish Juyce , which will die the fingers and mouths of them that gather and eat them ; wherein ly divers small seeds : the root groweth not deep , but spreadeth far , being of a yellowish colour .

The Places and Time .

The two former sorts are nourished up in woods , or great Orchards in the Levant or Eastern countries to nourish their silk Worms , where they keep them in abundance ; and may peradventure be natural in some of these places , they are plentiful nursed up in Italy for the same purpose , and might have been very numerous here in England ; if the Letters of King James to the Lords Lievtenants of the several shires for the increasing of Mulberry trees , and the breeding of Silk worms in his Kingdom , had taken their wished effect , which they did not , because they had not the instructions to that purpose annexed to them . But now the way then thought of , is revived by that industrious Common wealths-man , Samuel Hartlib Esquire , of propagating them by seed ; to whose book called the Reformed Virginian Silkworm , I refer you : whereas formerly there was no way of propagating but either by slips , grafting , or inoculation , which seldom ●ook effect . The biggest of them that ever I saw , groweth in New Colledge in Oxon , in a place between the great Quadrangle and the Garden . The third as the name importeth came from Virginia where it groweth hugely , with great store of great leaves , and small store of fruit , but in the season with the other which in August and September . The wild kind groweth , along the Mount●●ce in Merton Colledge Orchard , half a dozen at least close by one another which never perfecteth its fruit , as I said before .

The Temperature .

The Mulberry is of different parts , the ripe berries by reason of their sweetnesse and slippery moisture opening the belly , and the unripe binding it ; especially when they are dryed : and are then good to stay fluxes , and lasks , and abundance of Womens courses ; but the bark of the root hath a stronger purging quality and a bitternesse withall ; the leaves and young tender tops have a middle or temperate faculty ,

The Vertues and Signature .

The Juyce of Mulberries or syrrup made of them , helpeth all inflammation● and sores in the mouth or throat , and the Uvula or Palate of the mouth when ●t is fallen down . The Juyce of the leaves is a remedy against the biting of Serpents ; and for those that have taken Aconite or Wolfsbane . The leaves beaten with V●negar is good to lay on any place that is burnt with fire . A decoction made of the bark and leaves , is good to wash the mouth and teeth when they ake . It is reported that if the root be a little slit or cut , and a small hole made in the ground next thereunto in the harvest time , it will give out a certain Juyce , which being hardned is the next day of good use to help the Toothach , to dissolve knots and purge the belly ; the leaves are said to stay bleeding at mouth and nose , or the bleeding of the Piles , or of a wound being bound unto the places . A branch of the tree taken when the Moon is at full , and bound to the wrist of a Womans arme , whose courses come down too much , doth stay them in short space . The bark of the root killeth the broad worms in the bodies of men or children . The leaves of the vine of the early Fig , and of the Mulberry boyled in Rain water is good to wash the hair , and to make it have a clear and fair colour . The ripe berries if they be taken before meat , do make passage for what followeth ; but if after meat , and passe not quickly away , they corrupt in the stomach , and draw the rest on to putrifaction with them , otherwise they trouble little . There be growing upon the Cods , and about the Breech of some people certain tumors like unto Mulberries , which the powder of those berries and leaves doth cure by Signature . The leaves of this tree , are the most natural food of Silk worms , as you may gather by what hath gone before : of which there might be great profit made here as , well as in Italy , Spain and France , if we had been as industrious as they in nursing up these kinds of trees ; but it is not too late to learn any thing that may make for the attainment of nationall and private profit and riches . When the Mulberry tree begins to put out its buds , then the Silkworms Eggs begin to hatch , as the nature of this wise creature is , when he● food begins once to appear she comes forth of her shel ; so that if a Mu●berry leaf be laid upon them they will come upon it instantly ; and after that they have been sed with fresh leaves about fourty five daies they will begin to spin their Silk bottom .

CHAP. LXIII . Of Mints .

The Names .

IT was called by the old Greciaus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ( as Pliny recordeth ) who followed the story of the Poets , that saith it was so named from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 one of Plutoes Minions whom he turned into this ●erb ; but of the later 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ab odoris bonitate or jucunditate : because it is so sweet , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying sweet and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 smell . The Latine name is Mentha , which the Apothecaries , Frenchand Italian keep : in English , Mint .

The Kindes .

Of the manured and wild Mints , I find a dozen kinds . 1. Hart Mint or Spare Mint . 2. Crosse Mint . 3. Red or brown Mints . 4. Crisped or curled Mints . 5. The great curled Mint of Germany . 6. The manured wild Mint . 7. Long leafed wild Mint . 8. Hungarian wild Mint . 9. Clusius his knobbed wild Mint . 10. Wild Mints with joynted roots . 11. Hairy wild Mints . 12. Small round leafed mints . To which we may add Water mint or Horse mint .

The Forme .

Mint is so well known that it needeth no description , yet it deserving one no less then other plants , I shall not be so injurious as to let it passe without one though it be the shorter . Garden mints which is the third kind above mentioned cometh up with stalks four square of an obscure red colour somewhat hairy , which are covered with round leaves nicked on the edges , like a Saw ; of a deep green colour : the flowers are little and red , and grow about the stalks circlewise , as those of Penny Royal : the root creepeth aslope in the ground , having some strings on it , and now and then in sundry places it buddeth out afresh , and will over-run the ground where it is set , if it be let alone any long time .

The Places and Time

The first four sorts are only found planted in Gardens , and the fith found wild first both with us and elsewhere , but for especiall respects brought into Gardens . The other sorts are likewise wild by nature in their places , but now are cherished by those that love such kind of plants in many places . All the sorts of garden as well as wild mints , flower not until the beginning of August : so that the Garden mint seldom bringeth forth good seed ; neverthelesse the defect thereof is recompensed by the increase of the root . The water-mint groweth in every ditch .

The Temperature .

Mint is hot and dry , in the beginning of the third degree , of thin parts , bitter and binding .

The Vertues .

The decoction of mint ga●gled in the mouth , cureth the ●ums and Mouth that is sore , and mendeth an ill savoured breath , to which if there be a little Rue , and Cor●ander added and gargled likewise , and held in the mouth , causeth the Palate of the mouth that is down to return to its place : applyed with Mead or honyed Water , it easeth the pains of the Ears , and taketh away the roughnesse of the tongue being rubbed thereupon , and if it be laid to the forehead or Temples , it easeth the pains of the head ; and the water wherein good store of it hath been boyled , is good to wash the heads of young Children against all manner of breakingins out them , whether sores or scabs , and healeth the Chaps of the Fundament . Two or three branches thereof taken with the Juyce of Pomgranats , stayeth the Hiccough , Vomiting , and allayeth Choler : it dissolveth Impostumes being laid to with Barly Meal . It is good to represse the milk in Womens breasts ; and for such as have swollen ●●agging or great breasts . Simeon Seth● saith , it helpeth a cold Liver , strengthneth the Belly and Stomach , causeth digestion , is good against the gnawings of the Heart , provoketh Appetite , taketh away Obstructions of the Liver and stirreth up bodily Lust ; but thereof too much must not be taken , because it maketh the blood thin and wheyish , and turneth it into Choler ; and therefore Cholerick persons must abstain from it . It is a safe medicine for the biting of a mad Dog , being bruised with salt and laid thereon . The powder of it being taken after meat helpeth digestion and those that are Splenetick ; taken in wine it helpeth women in their sore Travel in Child-bearing . It is good also against the Gravel and Stone in the Kidnies , and the Stangury . It suffereth not milk to curdle in the Stomach , if the leaves hereof be s●eeped or boyled in it before you drink it ; and some say , that it will never be drawn to Curds though you put Rennet thereunto . The distilled water of mints is available for all the purposes aforesaid , yet more weakly ; But if a Spirit thereof be rightly and Chimically drawn , it is much more powerful then the herb it self . The Vertues of wild mint are especially to dissolve wind in the Stomach , to help the Cholick and those that are short winded , and are an especial remedy for those that have Venereous dreams and pollutions in the night , being outwardly applyed to the Testicles or Cods . The Juyce dropped in the Ears easeth the paines of them , and destroyeth the Worms that breed in them , they are good against the venemous bitings of Serpents , and help the Kings Evill or kernels in the Throat , if the Juyce be laid on warm . The decoction or distilled water helpeth a stinking breath , proceeding from the corruption ; and snuffed up into the Nose purgeth the head .

CHAP. XLVI . Of Purslane .

The Names .

THis Herb is called by Dioscorides in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Andrachne ; and by Theophrastus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Adrachne : and so each of them call the Arbutus or Strawberry-Tree , which some call Portulaca Arbor in Latine , as also they call this Herb , Portulaca Herba . In English , Purslane and Porcellain ▪ Sea-Purslane is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Portulaca marina .

The Kindes .

There be not many sorts of Purslane in all , and therefore I will put them together . 1. Garden Purslane . 2. Wild Purslane . 3. Camerarius his Purslane . 4. Candy Purslane . 5. Sea-Purslane .

The Form .

The Garden - Purslane hath round , thick , somewhat red stalks , full of juyce , smooth , glittering , and parted into severall branches , trailing upon the ground : the Leaves be almost an inch long , if it grow in ranck ground ; something broad , thick , fat , glib , and somewhat green , whiter on the neather side : the Flowers are little , of a faint yellow colour , and grow out at the bottom of the Leaves : After them , springeth up a little Husk , of a green colour , of the bigness almost of half a Barley-Corn , in which is small black Seed , the Root hath many strings .

The Places and Time .

The first is sowen in Gardens , and delighteth to grow in a fruitful and fat so●l , not dry . The second groweth about Ramsey Meere , in the foot-paths , by the Rape-Mills . The third was found about Lipswick , by Camerarius , who , as he himself affirmeth , was the first that made it known . The other should come out of Candy , by its Title : Sea-Purslane , groweth in the Salt Marshes , near the Sea-side , as you passe over the Kings Ferry , into the Isle of Sheepey , going to Sherland-House ; and in the Isle of Thanet , as you go from Margate to Sandwich ; and in many other places along the Coast . Garden-Purslane may be sowen in March or April : it flourisheth , and is green in June , and afterwards , till it be towards Michaelmas . Sea-Purslane is a little shrub , which beareth out the Winter , with the losse of a few Leaves : and Flowers , in July .

The Temperature

Purslane is cold , and that in the third degree , and moyst in the second , but Wild Purslane is not so moyst . Sea-Purslane is ( as Galen saith ) of unlike parts ; but the greater part thereof , is hot in a mean ; with a moysture unconcocted , and somewhat windy .

The Vertues and Signature .

Raw Purslane is much used in Sallets with Oil , Salt , and Vinegar : it cooleth an hot stomach , and provoketh appetite . It cooleth the mouth also , and taketh away the pain of the Teeth , and asswageth the swellings of the Gums , and fasteneth the teeth in them , and is good for teeth that are set on edge , with eating of sharp things : It is likewise good to cool any heat in the Liver , blood or Reins , and in hot Agues , there is nothing better : It stayeth hot and cholerick Fluxes of the Belly , Womens Courses , and Gonorrhea , or running of the Reins , of which it hath the Signature ; the distillations from the head , and pains therein proceeding of heat , want of sleep , or the Phrensie . The seed is more effectual then the Herb , and is of singular good use to cool the heat and sharpness of the Urine , and the outragious lust of the body , venereous Dreams , and the like ; insomuch , that the over-frequent use thereof , extinguisheth the heat and vertue of natural procreation . The Seed bruised and boyled in Wine , and given to Children , expelleth the Worms . The juyce of the Herb is held as effectual to all the purposes aforesaid : as also to stay vomitings ; and taken with some Sugar , or Honey , helpeth an old and dry Cough , shortness of breath , and the Ptisick , and stayeth immoderate thirst . It is also singular good in the Inflammations , and Ulcers of the secret parts in Man or Woman , as also of the Bowels and Hemorrhoides , when they are ulcerous or excotiations in them . The Herb bruised and applyed to the forehead and Temples , allayeth excessive heat therein ▪ hindering rest and sleep , and a●plyed to the Eyes , taketh away the redness and inflammation in them ; and thos● other parts where Pushes , Wheals , Pimples , St. Anthonies fire , and the like , b●e●k forth , especially , if a little Vinegar be put to it : And being laid to the neck , with as much of Galls and Linseea together , taketh away the pains therein , and the Crick in the Neck . The juyce is used with Oyl of Roses for the said Causes , or for blastings by lightening , and burnings by Gunpowder , or for Womens sore Breasts , and to allay the heat in all other sores or hurts : Applyed also to the Navels of Children that stick forth , it helpeth them . The distilled water of the Herb is used by many ( as the more pleasing ) with a little Sugar , for many of the sam● effects . Camerarius saith , that it taketh away the pains of the teeth , when ●ll other Remedies fail , and that the thickened juyce made in Pills , with the Powder of Gum-Tragacanth and Arabick being taken , prevaileth much to help those that make a bloody water .

CHAP. XLV . Of Golden-Rod .

The Names .

IT hath no Greek Name that I can learn . In Latine it is called Aurea Virg● ▪ because the branches are like a Golden Rod. Anguillara thought it might b● the Leucographis of Pliny , because it is said in the description thereof , that ●t is found sometimes with white strakes in the Leaves ; but why Tabermontanus should take it to be Symphitum Petreum , is not known . In English , Golden Rod.

The Kindes .

All the sorts hereof that I can find , are but three . 1. The ordinary Golden Rod. 2. Arnold of Villa Nova or the new Town , his Golden Rod. 3. Golden Rod of America .

The Forme .

The Golden Rod , that is most common to our Country , riseth up with brownish small round stalks , about half a yard high , or higher , if it grow in a fat soil , or in a Garden , having thereon many narrowish , and long dark green Leaves , very seldom with any nicks or dents about the edges , and as seldom with any strakes , or white spots therein ; and yet sometimes , and in some places , they are so to be found , divided at the tops into many small branches , with divers small yellow Flowers on every one of them , which are turned one way ; and being ripe , do turn into down , and are carryed away with the wind : the Root consisteth of many small Fibres , which grow not deep into the ground ; but abideth all the winter therein , shooting forth new branches every year , the old ones dying down to the ground .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers places of this Land , in the open places of Woods and Copses , both in moyst and dry grounds ; but especially in Hampsteed-Wood , near unto the Gate that leadeth out of the Wood , unto a Village called Kentish-Town , not far from London : in a Wood by Rayleigh in Essex ; in Southfleet also , and in Swanscombe-Wood near Gravesend . The second is not so frequent , yet that is found also in some places of Hampsteed-Wood , though sparingly . The last came from America , as the Title shews . The first flowreth later then the second , which is about July , and the other in the beginning or middle of August ; the last also flowreth very late .

The Temperature .

Golden Rod is hot and dry in the second Degree ; it cleanseth with a certain astriction or binding quality .

The Vertues

This Herb is of especiall use in all Lotions , for Sores , or Ulcers in the mouth and throat , or in the privy parts of Man or Woman : The decoction thereof , likewise helpeth to fasten the teeth that are loose in the Gums . It is much commended also against the stone in the Reins and Kidneys , and to provoke Urine in abundance , whereby the gravel or stone engendered in the uritory parts , by raw and tough flegmatick humours , may be washed down into the b●adder , from growing into a stone in those parts , and thence may be avoided with the Urine ; the decoction of the Herb , green or dry , or the distilled water thereof , is very effectuall for inward bruises : as also to be outwardly applyed : the same also stayeth bleedings in any part of the body , and of wounds also , and the Fluxes of the menstruall Courses in Women , and the Fluxes of the belly and humours : as also the bloody Flux in Man or Woman ; it is no lesse prevalent in all Ruptures , or burstings , to be both drunk , and outwardly applyed : it is the most soveraign wound-Hearb of many , and can do as much therein as any , both inwardly for wounds and hurts in the body , and for either green wounds , quickly to cure them , or old sores and Ulcers that are hardly to be cured , which often come by the Flux of moyst humours thereunto , and hinder them from healing . Gerard saith , that the dry Herb that came from beyond the Seas , was formerly sold for half a Crown an Ounce ; but since it was found to be so plentiful on Hampsteed-Heath , and other places in England , no man will give half a Crown for an hundred weight of it . And here I may take an occasion , as Gerrard doth , to specifie the inconstancy , and sudden mutability of the people of this Age , who esteem no longer of any thing ( how precious soever it be ) then whilst it is strange and rare , verifying that common Proverb , Far fetcht , and de●r bought , is good for Ladies . Neither are many Physicians to be justified in this particular , who though they have found an approved Medicine and perfect Remedy , near home , against any Disease ; yet not contented with that , they will seek for new farther off , and by that means , many times hurt more then help . And this is one Reason , that Mr. Culpepper inveighs ( I will not say how justly ) against the Colledge of Physitians , who chuse rather to make use of forraign Plants , then those of our own growing .

CHAP. LXVI . Of Scurvy-grasse .

The Names .

FRom the mouth in generall , let us come somewhat more particularly , to speak of such Plants , as serve to cure the Disease thereof , called the SCVRVY ; One of the chief whereof is Scurvy-Grasse , which is thought to have been unknown to the ancient Greek Writers , because they name it not : And though some imagine it to be Plinies Britannica , yet Gerard and Parkinson , who were curious compares of Simples , are both of Opinion , that it cannot be it . The more modern Latine Writers call it Cochlearia , from the similitude the Leaf hath with a Spoon , being round as well as hollow : It is called in English , Scurvy-grasse and Scruby-grasse ; and sometimes , though but seldom , Spoon-wort , after the Latine name .

The Kindes .

The Sorts hereof are foure . 1. Common Scurvy-Grasse . 2. The great Dutch , or Garden Scurvy-Grasse . 3. Small Dutch Scurvy-Grasse . 4. The least Scurvy-Grasse .

The Forme .

The great Dutch , or Garden Scurvy-Grasse ( which is most known and frequent in Gardens ) hath divers fresh , green , and almost round Leaves , rising from the Root , nothing so thick as the common sort : yet in some places , as in a rich , strong dunged ground , very large , even twice so big as in others , nothing at all dented about the edges , and sometimes a little hollowed in the middle , and round pointed , of a sad green colour , every one standing by it self , upon a long foot-stalk : from among these , rise up divers long , slender , weak stalks , of about a foot in length , thick , beset on each side , with small white Flowers at the tops of them which turn into small pods , with little brownish Seeds , the Root is white , small and threddy : the tast of it , is somewhat bitterish .

The Places and Time

The first groweth along by the Th●mes , both on the Essex and Kentish shores , so far as the brackish Sea-water commeth , even to Dover , as also from Dover , round about the Sea-Coasts , to Portsmouth , and even to Bristoll , where it is had in plenty ▪ but on the Northern Coasts , it scarcely groweth at all : But the second groweth in the Marshes of Holland in Lincolnshire , as well as Holland in the Low-Countries : as also in other places of Lincolushire , and other places by the Sea-side . It hath been also found upon Ingleborough Hills in Lancashire , and in the ●eak in Darbyshire , and is sowen now in many Gardens , where it prospereth well . The smaller sort have been brought to us from Denmark , where they grow in an Island called Almagria . They all flower betimes , even in March , oftentimes , and in April , and give their ripe Seed about the latter end of May.

The Temperature .

Scurvy-Grasse is evidently hot and dry , very like to the Garden-Cresses in Quality , but not of so aromaticall , or spicy a tast .

The Vertues .

Before I speak of the Vertues of Scurvy-Graesse , it will not be altogether improper to tell you what the SCVRVY is . It is a Di●ease proceeding through a melancholy humour , which maketh the Gums to become swollen and exulcerated , loosning also the sinews and teeth ; so that he that hath it , doth with ▪ very much difficulty chew any thing : the mouth stinketh grievously , the Thighs and Legs are withall very often full of blew spots , not much unlike those that come of bruises : the Face , and the rest of the Body is often times of a pale Colour ; and the Feet are swollen as in the Drop●e , and will have a pain in the soles of them , and so will the fingers ends . This hurtful Di●ease happeneth at Sea amongst Fisher-men , and fresh water Souldiers , ( and such as delight to fit still , without labour , and exercise of the body ) especially , if they make not clean their Bisket from the Flower , or mealiness that is upon the same , which doth spoil many . For the curing whereof , this excellent Plant , therefore called Scurvy-Grasse , is found to prevail : the juyce thereof , if it be taken in Ale or Beer ; or if six great handfulls of the Leaves , be steeped with long Pepper , Grains , Aniseed , and Liquorice , of each an Ounce , the Spices being brayed , and the Herb bruised a little in a Morter of Wood or Stone , put them in a Stone-Pot , called a Steane , with four Gallons of strong Ale , to steep or infuse the same in for three dayes , which done , it will be fit for your use ; and then you must drink it three weeks together ▪ as your ordinary drink . The Decoction is good for the same purposes , and so is the Herb , tunned up in new drink , either by it self , or with other things ; for it openeth obstructions , and evacuateth cold , clammy , melancholy , and flegmatick humours , both from the Liver , and Seat of blood , and the spleen , wasting and consuming , both the swelling and hardness thereof , and thereby bringing the body back again to a most lively Colour : the juyce also helpeth all foul Ulcers and Sores in the mouth , if it be often gargled therewith , and used outwardly , doth cleanse the skin from spots , marks , or skars that happen therein : The Conserve is a fine , delicate Medicine , for weak and tender stomachs , and worketh the same effect .

CHAP. XLVII . Of small House Leek .

The Names .

THis kind of Houseleek is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Aizoon minus , that is , Semper vivum , in that it is alwaies green , and lesser then the former , yet some do call both kinds , Aithales , for that they are ever living : Pliny calls this lesser kind , Trithales quia●ter floreat , and Erithales or Erisithales and Chysothales ; in English Prick-Madam , Stonecrop , or 〈◊〉 Stonecrop . In Latine Sedum Minus , Vermicularis , and Illecebra .

The Kindes .

Of this small Houseleek or Prickmadam there be Nine sorts . 1. The Ordina●y Prickmadam or Stonecrop . 2. Stonecrop with turning heads . 3. Small Stonecrop . 4. White flowered Stonecrop with round pointed leaves . 5. A smaller white flowered Stonecrop . 6. Marsh or Field Stonecrop . 7. Wall Pepper . 8. Unsavory Wall Pepper . 9. Summer Houseleek or Stonecrop .

The Forme .

The Ordinary Prickmadam or Stonecrop , is but small , creeping along the place it groweth , with divers trailing Branches , and some what slender which are encompassed about with a great number of Leaves that are different from the common sort of leaves ; in regard that they are thick , though little , long , sharp-pointed , inclining to a greenish blew colour ; the flowers stand at the tops of the Branches , many set together yet somewhat loosely , and not in a thick ●ust or cluster , as the Orpines , of a yelowish colour : the roots are very small , creeping in the earth , and send forth stalks with leaves here and there all abouts .

The Places and Time .

Many of these sorts grow either on mud Walls , or on those Stone Walls that are capped with mud , or among rubbish ; and in other sandy or gravelly places , and oftentimes also upon the sides of all tiled houses , and pent houses ; as also upon the rocks of the high mountains in Wales , except the sixth which groweth only in moist Meadows and Marshes ; and the last whose root is small and perishing , which I have seen at the Physick Garden in Oxford . They all flower in June , and July and sometimes sooner : the leaves of many of them continuing green all the Winter .

The Temperature .

Stonecrop is cold in the third degree ; it is also dry but not very much , because of the waterish essence that is in them .

The Signature and Vertues .

The lesser Houseleek or Stonecrop hath the Signature of the Gums ; and therefore the Juyce thereof being pressed forth is very much commended in that distemper of the mouth called the Scurvy , which I described in the foregoing chapter . It is good both for inward and outward heats as well in the Eyes as other parts of the body . A Posset made with the Juyce of Houseleek , is singular good in all hot Agues ▪ for it cooleth and temperateth the blood and spirits , and quencheth the thirst ; and is also good to stay all hot defluxions of sharp and salt rheum into the Eyes , the Juyce being dropped into them : the Eares also participate of its Vertue ; for the paines thereof are hereby also cured , if the Juyce thereof be dropped thereunto : it helpeth also all fluxes of humours into the bowels , and the immoderate courses of Women . It is said also to kill the worms , and wonderfu●l to help the bitings of Venemuos beasts : it cooleth and restraineth all other hot inflammations , St. Anthonies fire , and all other hot eruptions in the flesh scalding also and burning , the Shingles , fretting ulcers , Cankers , Tette●● , Ring-worms and the like , and easeth much the pain of the Gout , proceeding of an hot cause : the Juyce also taketh away warts and corns in the hands or feet being often bathed therewith , and the skins of the Leaves being laid on them afterwards . It easeth also the headach , and distempered heat of the brain in frensies , or through want of sleep , being applyed to the Temples and forehead ; the leaves bruised , and laid upon the Crown or Seam of the head , stayeth bleeding at the nose very quickly . The distilled water of the herb , is profitable for all the purposes aforesaid , the leaves being gently rubbed on any place stung with nettles or bees , or bitten with any venemous Creature , doth presently take away the pain . But take notice that Wall Pepper , which though it be a kind of Sedum as to the form , yet it is of a very hot sharp , and exulcerating quality , and raiseth blisters in the skin if it be laid thereupon but a while , as forcibly as Ranunculus or Crowfoot will do ; and therefore it behoveth all those that shall have any occasion to use any of the cooling Stonecrops , that they do not mistake this for some of them , wherunto it is so like ; yet it is not without some other good qualities whereof good use may be made ; for it is said to procure vomiting , the Juyce thereof taken with Vinegar , and some other drink , driveth forth thick cholerick and phlegmatick humours , whereby quartane Agues and others of long continuance may be cured ; and that taken in the same manner it doth expell any poyson , or the force of venemous herbs and of the Aconites , which vertue notwithstanding is by some referred to the greater kinds ; but there may be some danger in the taking , and therefore may be let alone seeing there be divers medicines to the same purpose in this book . Yet it is not altogether unlikely that it should do so ; for why may not this as well expell the poyson of Aconite , as well as Aconite prevail so mightily against the bitings of Scorpions or Vipers : or fire fetch out fire , which experience telleth us it doth . Dioscorides saith , that being applyed outwardly with Axungia , that is , Hogs-suet , it will take away knots and kernels as well in the Neck and Throat which is called the Kings-Evil , as in any other part of the body ▪ and applyed by it self or boyled in Oyl of Roses , and the sore piles anointed therewith , doth ease the pains and cure them of the grief . And thus having given you the vertues of the greater aswell the lesser Houseleeks that grow by land , it will not be impertinent to give you those of Aloes , or Sea Houseleek also , which I shall do in the next Chapter .

CHAP. XLVIII . Of Aloes or Sea Houseleek .

The Names .

DIoscorides , and all others both ancient and modern writers call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which name some suppose to have been given to it , either from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 that is , à sale ; or else from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 à Salo , the Sea it self , with whose breath it is much delighted . It is called also , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it groweth not only in the ground , but sometimes out of the ground , though it be hanged up in an house . Some of the modern Herbarists do call it Semper vivum marinum , from the thickness of the leaves and likenesse unto Sedum majus or the greater Houseleek called Semper vivum . The hardned Juyce thereof , is also usually called Aloes of which ( as Schroderus saith ) there be four sorts now in use , and because there is but one kind ( except the American ) of that plant , I will set down the kinds of Juyces .

The Kindes .

There is , 1. A Blackish sort called Aloe Caballina , because it is fit only for Horses . 2. A more pure sort , in colour like the Liver , called Aloe Hepatica . 3. Another sort called , Aloe Succotrina or Succo citrina ; because the powder thereof is of a citrine or yellow colour , or Socotorina rather , because there is great plenty of it in the island Socotora . 4. The fourth kind is the purest part of the Juyce and is called , Aloe lucida ; because being held up against the Beams of the of the Sun , it sheweth very clear like a kind of red glasse . The best is that which is most clear and transparent , of a redish or yellow Colour , being easy to b●eak , and very bitter .

The Forme .

Sea-Houseleek , hath divers long fleshy pale green Leaves , of the thicknesse of ones finger , with divers hard dents or points on both sides of them , and pointed at the ends likewise , the one enclosing the other at the bottom , and standing round , the outermost bending for the most part backwards : from the middle of which ariseth a short thick stalk little more then a foot high , bearing many small bottle-like flowers . It beareth seed in husks like unto an Asphodil after the flowers are past ; the root is thick and about a foot long , or lesse within the ground , shooting out some thick Fibres at the end .

The Places and Time

It groweth in Arabia , Asia , Syria , and all the East Countries , and in India , as well a great way within the land , as near the Sea side ; and in the islands there as in Socotora , as Garcius saith , where the best is made , as also in many places in Italy and in Spaiu , about Andalousia near the sea shore in such plenty , that divers thought to have made good store of Aloes there ; but after tryall it was not found any way so effectuall as the Indian sort . It flowreth in the hotter Countries , in the first Summer moneths , but never in these colder ; for it is preserved with great care from the frosts in Winter , which will cause it quickly to rot , if it feel never so little cold .

The Temperature

Aloe , that is to say , the juyce that is used in Physick is moderately hot , and that in the first Degree , but dry in the third , extream bitter , yet without biting : it is also , of an emplaistick or clammy quality , and something binding .

The Vertues and Signature .

Aloes openeth the Belly , purgeth the stomach , helpeth those that have a pale colour , and is used against the yellow Jaundice by Signature , not without good successe : It is also profitable in the Head-ach , when Vapours arise from the stomach , in the Night-Mare , in the Scorbute or Scurvy , in the Falling-sickness , and in Rheums : It resisteth putrefaction , killeth worms of all sorts , whether in the belly or stomach : nay it is a speciall Antidote against worms , and is more proper for the stomach , then all other purging Medicines , notwithstanding Cardans Opinion to the contrary , seeing it doth not only purge away Choler and flegme from it , but also comfort it , and help it much when it is crude , moyst , and nauseous . It preventeth Arthriticall pains , or pains of the joynts : it quickeneth the senses by purging obnoxious humours from the brain . It provoketh Womens Courses , and the Hemorrhoides or Piles , but hardly draweth humours from any part above the Liver . Being outwardly applyed , it hath a consolidating faculty to heal green wounds , and dryeth : as also mundifieth or cleanseth , and takes away all putrifaction in wounds . It healeth wounds of the Testicles and Privities : it cures the redness of the Eys , and consumes the spots growing therein . It is good in the Inflammations of the Eys , and Apostumes of the Lips , Nose , and Eys . It healeth Ulcers that are hardly brought to cicatrize , and especially those in the Fundament and privy Members . Being mixed with Oxe-Gall , or the juyce of Wormwood , and layd upon the belly near the Navel ▪ it killeth worms . If it be dissolved in Wine and used , it helpeth the falling or shedding of the hair . Though taken inwardly , it be hurtful to such as have the Hemorrhoides or Piles , yet being made in Powder , and applyed outwardly , it stayeth the bleeding of them : mixed with Honey and used , it taketh away blackness and spots . Aloes in Powder being mixed with Myrrhe and Dragons blood , and cast into putrified wounds , eateth out spongious flesh without pain . It must not be taken inwardly , either too often , or in too great a quantity ; for then it doth fre● and excoriate the stomach and bowels ; and therefore those that are troubled with the Flux of the Womb , Belly , or any other bloody Flux , Women with Child , those that have the Hectick or burning Feaver , all hot , dry , macerated or lean Bodies , must avoid it ▪ as also those that have hot Livers , and such Children as are of an hot and dry constitution especially when the season is extream hot , or very cold . Cinamon , Mace , Nutmeg , Cloves , Mastick , and Gum Tragacanth , are the best Correctors of Aloes , and may be mixed with it . If Aloes be taken a little before Supper , it doth so much the lesse hurt and offend the stomach . It is given in substance , from a dram , to two drams ▪ in infusion from a dram and a half to three drams . Aloe Rosata , which is a very safe , and gentle Medicine is given , from half a dram to a dram and a half , to all sorts of persons before or after meat . It purgeth the stomach of Choler , and other offensive humours , openeth stoppings , is good in the Jaundice , strengtheneth the stomach , and is good against Surfets . The same Dose may be given of washed Aloes , which doth not purge so effectually as it did before , but strengtheneth more . Aloe is the Basi● of most Pills ; for there are but few purgative Pills , which have it not as one chief Ingredient .

CHAP. XLIX . Of Fumitory .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Capnos and Capnion , quasi Fumus , eò ; quod succus oculis inditus lachrymationem movet , sicut Fumus & claritat●m eorum efficit , saith Fuschius , that is , it is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which in that Language , signifies smoak , because the juyce of it put into the eyes , doth make them water , as smoak doth , and clarifies or clears them , which though it happily doth , contrary to the nature of smoak ; yet I think , the other Reason why it should be so called , to be the better , which is , because being of a whitish , blew Colour , as smoak is , it appeareth to those that behold it at a distance , as if the ground were all of a smoak , and hereunto agreeth Fumus Terrae , and Fumaria , which are the names the Latines put upon it , and the English name Fumiterr● , & Fumiterrie , though it be now most commonly called Fumitory .

The kinds .

The sorts commonly treated of are eight . 1. Common Fumitorie . 2. Fine leased Fumitory . 3. Candy Fumitory . 4. Yellow Fumitory . 5. Indian Fumitory . 6. Climing Fumitory . 7. Bulbous Fumitory , with a green Flower . 8. Knobbed Indian Fumitory .

The Forme .

Common Fumitory is a tender sappy Herb , sending forth from one square , slender weak stalk , and leaning downwards on all sides , many branches two or three foot long ; with finely cut jagged leaves , of a pale blewish , or Sea-green colour , somewhat like unto Coriander , as to the form , but of nothing so deep a colour : At the tops of the branches stand many small Flowers , as it were in a long spike , one above another , made like little Birds , of a reddish purple Colour , with whitish bellies commonly , though in the Fields in Cornwall , it beareth perfect white Flowers : After which , come small round husks , containing small black seed . The Root is yellow , small , and not very long , full of juyce whilst it is green , but quickly perishing with the ripe Seed .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth as well in the Corn-fields , almost every where , as in Gardens also . The second , in Spain , and in the Vineyards about Mompelier . The third , in Candy . The fourth , on the Hills in Apuliae and Calabria , in Naples , and in Illyria also . The fifth , in Virginia , and the back parts thereof , called Canada . The sixth , about the hedge sides , and among the bushes of the Low Countries . The seaventh , in the Woods of Germany . The last , in the West Indies . They flowre in May for the most part , and the Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

It is hot in the first Degree , and dry in the second , and not cold , as the vulgar conceive ; for its bitterness sheweth it to be hot .

The Vertues .

Fumitory also may be appropriated to that Scurvy-Disease aforementioned , for it gently purgeth melancholy and salt humours , from whence it ariseth : as also from the impurity of the blood , the Obstructions and stoppings of the Liver and Spleen , which are the usuall parts that are first affected : it openeth and cleanseth the Entralls , and doth corroborate those parts . It purgeth cholerick humours by Urine , and avails in the Itch , Scab , Leprosie , Cancer , Fistulaes , and such kinde of soul Diseases of the skin , arising from adust humours ; as also in the French-Disease . It is profitable in Feavers , ( arising from Choler , both yellow and black ) in the Jaundise , and the Quartane Agues , it killeth the worms , and prevaileth in Chronicall Diseases arising from the stoppings of the viscerous parts , and in Affects of the Hypochonders . Brasavola saith , that the Powder of the dryed Herb given for some time together , hath cured a melancholy person . The dis●illed water cures the yellow Jaundice , if three or four Ounces be drunk morning and evening , for certain dayes together , and availeth against the Scab , Itch , and such like Diseases ; and being constantly taken , it preserveth from the Leprosie . Being taken in London-treacle , and Bole-Armoniack , it is good in the Pestilence , as a dram or two of Treacle , and a scruple of Bole-armoniack , mixed in two Ounces of the water , and so taken . Also it dissolveth congealed blood , and tumours , and provoketh the Termes or Courses in Women . The juyce dropped into the Eys , doth clear the Eys , and quicken the sight : the juyce also mingled with Gum-Arabick , and applyed to the Eye-lids , will cause that the hair ( that hath once been pulled off ) shall not grow again . A decoction thereof made , and the feet bathed therewith , cures the Gout ; or boyled in Wine , and so applyed , it doth the like : the juyce mixed with the juyce of Docks and Oxymel , or Vineger , cureth the Morphew , being annointed therewith . Also a Bath made of the same , with Mallows , Violets , and Dock-Roots . , with Barley bran , and Nep , cureth the Scab and Itch. The juyce mingled with Oyl of Nuts and Vinegar , cure maligne Scabs , and the Leprosie , being nointed therewith . The distilled water helpeth Sores , and Ulcers of the mouth , being therewith washed and gargled ; especially if you take four Ounces of the water , adding thereto one Ounce of Honey of Roses , and wash the mouth therewith .

CHAP. L. Of Cresses .

The Names .

GArden-Cresse is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , being a comforter to the heart , as some suppose ; but others think it to be so called , quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod acrimonia & ignea vi praeditum caput tentat ; and thereupon the Greeks had this Proverb 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Ede nasturtium , because heating the head with its fiery vertue , they would therefore bid a man that was dull and heavy , eat it to stir up his Spirits , it being effectuall to this purpose . The Latines call it Nasturtium , a Narium tormento , as Pliny saith : and some after the Italians call it Cressio hortensis ; but in English it is called Cresse , being a name borrowed of the Germans , who call it Kersse Water-Cresse is called Nasturtium Aquaticum . Winter-cresse is commonly called Barbarea . Lady Smocks , which are also a kind hereof , are called Cardamine , sive : Nasturtium pratense .

The Kindes .

J shall reckon up the chief sorts of each . Of Garden-cresse . 1. Great Spanish Cresse . 2. Curled Cresse , with larger and lesser Leaves . 3. Ordinary Garden Cresses . 4. Stone Cresse . Of Water-cresse . 1. Common Water-Cresse . 2. Italian Water-Cresse . 3. Bitter Water-Cresse . 4. Sweet smelling Water-Cresse . Of Winter-cresse , which some will have to be a kind of Rocket . 1. Common Winter Rocket , or Cresse . 2. Double floured Winter Cresse . 3. Small Winter Cresse . Of Lady-Smocks , which is also a Nasturtium . 1. Great Lady-Smocks . 2. Small Lady-Smocks . 3. Small flowred Lady-Smocks . 4. Tuberous rooted sweet Lady-Smocks . 5. Small jagged Lady-Smocks . I have put these all together in a Chapter , because they are all effectuall for curing the Scurvy ; but for as much as the Water-Cresse is chiefly commended for the said purpose , I shall describe that .

The Forme .

Water-cresse hath many fat and weak hollow branches , trailing upon the Gravell and Earth where it groweth , taking hold , and rooting in sundry places , as it creepeth ; by means whereof , the Plant spreadeth over a great compass of ground . The Leaves are likewise compact , and winged , with many small Leaves set upon a middle Rib , one against another , except the point Leaf , which standeth by himself , as doth that of the Ash , if it grow in its naturall place , which is in a gravelly spring . The upper part of the whole Plant , is of a brown colour , and green under the Leaves , which is a perfect mark to know the Physicall kinds from the other . The white Flowers grow in spoaky roundels . The Roots is nothing else , but as it were a Thrum , or bundle of Threds .

The Places and Time .

The first of the first sort was brought out of Spain , as for the other three , their Originall is unknown ; but they are all four planted in our Gardens . All the Water-cresses do grow about ponds , and other watery places ; but those that grow in the shallow running streams of the most clear Fountains , and gravelly Springs , are of greatest use in Physick . The common Winter-cresse groweth often times of its own accord , in Gardens , and in the Fields ; also , by the paths and way-sides , in divers places , and by name on the brook sides , in Lady Meade , near Adderbury in Oxfordshire ; That with double Flowers , was sound in the Province of Berne , among the Switzers , and the last in Gardens only , both with us , and in Germany . The three first sorts of Lady Smocks , are found in divers places of our Land , in moyst Meadows , and near unto brook sides , or the small Rills of water , that passe through the low grounds : the others are of Germany . The first sort , to wit , the Garden-cresses flowre about June and July , and so do the Water-cresses ; but it is most useful for all purposes in March , for then it is best . Winter-cresses flower in May , and the single ones do seed in June ; but the double abideth gr●en , without seeding , both Summer and Winter . The Lady Smocks do commonly flowre about April ; but there is the Impatient Lady Smock growing in Gardens , which flowreth in February .

The Temperature .

The common Garden-cresse is very hot and dry , but especially the Seed , near unto the fourth Degree , Water-cresse , Winter-cresse , and Lady Smocks , are hot and dry in the second Degree .

The Vertues .

All these Plants tend to the cure of the Scurvy , but especially the Water-cresse , which is very much commended upon this account . The Garden-cresse being green , and therefore the more qualified , by reason of its humi●ity is eaten by Country people either alone with Butter , or with Lettice and Purssane , in Sallets , or otherwise , It cutteth grosse flegme , and make it apt to expectorate ; it provoketh Urine , cleanseth the Reins and Bladder , procureth Womens Courses , killeth the birth , and stirreth up Venery . Some say , it looseneth the Belly , and purgeth it from viscous humours : it helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and healeth all inward wounds , and driveth forth poyson and venome . Being taken with Oyl it is beneficiall for the Cough , and shortnesse of Wind , and the pains of the Breast and Chest ; and being chewed in the mouth , it helpeth the Tooth-ach . The Leaves bruised and applyed , take away all Freckles , Pimples , spots , and marks of the Body , helpeth the Itch , and easeth the pains of the Sciatica , and of the Loins ; draweth forth bones , splinters , and thorns ; stayeth the corroding and creeping Ulcers : the Seed chewed in the mouth , helpeth the Palsie in the Tongue ; provoketh sneesing , raiseth Lethargick people , and such as are drowsie and heavy , by quickening their blood and spirits : Being boyled with Vinegar , and applyed to the Kernels of the Throat , healeth the Kings Evill , and healeth also the Scabs and Sores of the head , if they be anointed with it , and Goose-grease mixed together : It ripeneth also the Plague-sores , and breaketh them , and taketh away the deformity of the Nails . The Water-cresse is good for many of the purposes aforesaid , and is used particularly to make broth for purging the blood in the Spring ; and for preventing any of these Diseases which might ensue . It breaketh the Stone , and so doth Winter-cresse , and perform most of the Cures aforesaid . And it is used , as other Cresses and Rocket in Summer : so this in Winter , with as great desire and content to be eaten , when variety of Sallets are not to be had . The Lady Smocks are as effectuall in the Scurvy , as the Water-cresses . And so much for such Plants as cure the Scurvy .

CHAP. LI. Of the Pine Tree .

The Names .

IN the next place the Teeth require a little more particular notice , which you will find we take of them , if you read some of the ensuing Chapters . First then , of the Pine Tree , which in Greek is called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Pinns : the Cones are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Cont , and the Ancienter Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , but now the Kernels are so called , they being named 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Pityides formerly .

The Kinds .

Ten sorts hereof may be reckoned up . 1. The manured Pine Tree . 2. The fruitful wild Pine Tree , 3. The soft-sheld wild Pine Tree . 4. The low wild barren Pine Tree . 5. The taller barren wild Pine Tree . 6. The greater Sea Pine Tree . 7. The lesser or Dwarf Sea Pine Tree . 8. The Dwarf mountain Pine Tree . 9. The crooked mountain Pine , with thin leaves . 10. The crooked mountain Pine ▪ with broader Leaves .

The Forme .

The tame Pine groweth very great and high , with a thick reddish coloured bark , spreading large arms towards the top , and they again divided into lesser , whereon are set by couples together at a joynt or knot all along the branches , close one unto another , long narrow or almost round , hard and sharp pointed pale green Leaves , abiding continually on the young branches , and not falling away but from the elder : this beareth certain small yellow Catkins in the Winter which fall away in the Spring as the Cones increase ; the fruit or Cones , that are somewhat long and found grow very high on the branches , and are somewhat greater then in any of the other sorts , composed of sundry hard brown woody Scales , lying close one unto and upon another , which when they open of themselves or are caused by the heat of the fire , do shew within them certain hard shels , which contain in each of them , a long and white very sweet kernell , covered with a very thin reddish skin , that is easily rubbed off : the wood hereof is firmer , heavier , and closer grained then of the Firre or Deal , reddish also , and not so short or brittle as that is ; and with a kind of moisture about the heart , which slived out into shivers will burn like Torches , and were so used by the Ancients , who called them Ted● .

The Place and Time .

The ma●●red kind is planted in sundry places , both of this and divers other Countries : for the beauty of the Tree with his ever green leaves , yet are they found also wild about the sea side . The other sorts grow both in Spain Italy and Germany , and the parts near adjoyning ; and sea kinds near the sea in many places , and upon the Land also , as Cl●sius hath observed : the Catkins of many come forth in the Winter , and fall away in the spring ; others spring not untill May : the fruit of some of them being ripe in the end of Autumne , and others not of a year after the springing .

The Temperature .

The Bark of the Pine Tree is binding and drying : The kernells of the Nuts do concoct and moderately heat , being in a mean between cold and hot . The Leaves are cooling , and asswage Inflammations .

The Signature and Vertues .

Cro●i●s in his Book of Signatures , saith that the woody scales , whereof the Pine Apple is composed , and wherein the kernels lie , do very much resemble the formost teeth of a Man ; and therefore Pine leaves boyled in Vinegar make a good decoction to gargle the mouth for asswaging immoderate pains in the teeth and gums , and so do the shivers of the Torch-pine boyled in Vinegar , and gargled warm as the former must be . The Kernels of the Apples are wholsom , and much nourishing whilst they are fresh , and although they be somewhat hard of dige●●ion , yet they do not offend : especially if they be steeped three or four hours in warm water before the taking , to soak out their sharpnesse and oyliness : those that are of hot constitutions may take them with sugar ; but those that are cold , with ; Hony and so they do amend the putrifying humours in the stomach and bowels , and stirr up bodily lust , and increase sperme , if they be made into an Electuary with the powder of Penids , and some sweet Wine ; Also they much help an hoarse throat , wheesings , and shortness of breath , recover the voice being lost , expectorate phlegm , are good for an old Cough , and the Ulcers of the Lungs : They also lenifie the Uritory passages being fretted with the stone , and cause it to be easily voided ; they help also to ripen inward Impostumes , and are singular good for macilent bodies , to hearten them and make them grow fat , and being often taken they help the Palsie , numnesse , and shaking of the members . There is a Water distilled from the green Cones or Apples , that is very effectuall to take away wrinckles in the face , to abate the overswelling breasts of Maides by bathing them with Cloaths wetted therein ; and to restore such as are ravished , into better terms . The Scales of the Pine Apple , with the bark of the Tree , do stop the Lask and bloody fluxe .

CHAP. LII . Of the Pomgranat Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and by Hippocrates , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine Malus Punica , and Malus Granata , and the fruit Malum Granatum or Punicum ; because it is thought they were brought from that part of Africk where old Carthage stood , into that part of Spain , which is now called Granado ; and from thence called Granatum . The flowers of the tame kind are called Cytini , which is notwithstanding properly the Cup of the flower , and Balaustium is generally taken to be only the double flowers of the wild kind . The rind of the fruit is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and so also Psidium and Sidium , in Latine ; but generally Malicorium or Cortex Granatorum . The greater doubled blossomed kind is called Balaustium Creticum and Cyprium : because it groweth it both those places , and there is another which is called Romanum .

The Kinds .

All the sorts of Pomgranats are but three , 1. The Pomgranate Tree bearing fruit . 2. The greater double blossomed Pomegranate Tree . 3 , The lesser double Pomegranate Tree .

The Form .

The Pomgranate Tree bearing fruit goweth up to the height of seven or eight Cubits in the warm Countries , and where it is natural ( though in ours it riseth for the most part into severall brownish twigs , which never attain neer unto that height ) spreading it self into many slender , but tough branches set here and there with thorns , and with many very fair green shining leaves , like in form and bignesse unto large Myrtle leaves , every one upon a small reddish Footstalk ; amongst the Leaves come forth here and there , the flowers which are like bell flowers broad at the brims , and smaller at the bottom , being one whole leaf divided at the top into five parts , of an orient red crimson colour naturally ; but much paler with us , and many veins running through it with divers threds in the middle ; and standing in a brownish hollow Cup , or long hard husk : The fruit is great and round , with a hard smooth brownish red rind , not very thick , but yellowish on the inside ; and a great crown at the top stored plentifully with a most clear liquor or Juyce like wine : either sweet or sowre , or between both according to the soil , climate or Countrey where they grow .

The Places and Time .

They grow in the hot countries towards the South , as in Spain , Portugal , Italy , but chiefly in the kingdom of Granado : they grow in many places without manuring ; yet being manured they prosper better : for in Gardens , Vineyards , Orchards , and other like husbanded grounds they come up more chearfully ; but in our cold Country , much care is to be taken for the preservation especially of the wild . They must be set in a Tub or large pot filled with rich Earth , so that they may be housed in the Winter . They flower in May , and their fruit is ripe about the end of August in the countries aforesaid , but with us they hardly flower .

The Temperature .

All Pomgranates do contain in them a thin and small nourishment , yet they are helping to the stomach , and those that are sweet please best , but that they somewhat heat it . The sowre ones , and so likewise the grains or seeds of each , are astringent and cool evidently

The Signature and Vertues .

The grains or seeds of the Pomgranate are in Signatures said to hold a neer resemblance with the Teeth ; and therfore a Decoction made of them is very powerful in fastning the teeth , and strengthning the Teeth , if the same be washed therewith . The Kernels of the sowre Pomgranate dryed in the Sun helpeth all manner of fluxes both of the Belly and Matrix , and drunk with raw water they help the spitting of blood , and so do the flowers and rinds thereof : the Juyce and kernels are good in hot griefs , and burning feavers to quench thirst , and heat of the stomach , and so is the syrup of the Juyce of it . The rind sodden in Wine and drunk , killeth Worms : and the powder of the rind or flowers drunk or taken fasting , is good for a cold and stoppeth the Rheum , the Juyce of the kernels mixed with honey and sodden , is good for painful sores of the Yard , Mouth , and Fundament ; and for the loosenesse of the skin about the nails , and for swellings and knots in any part of the body , for ach of the Ears and griefs of the Nostrills , especially the kernels of the sowre Pomgranates , which is the best to cure the heart burning , and swooning that is caused by Choler , the inflammations of the Liver , and to procure appetite , and to stay the immoderate longings of Women with Child . The powder of the Flowers is good against burstings , if it be used in plaisters and applyed , especially if some Gauls be put thereto . The rind or pill being used in a Gargarisme or Lotion for the Throat , bringeth down the hot swellings of the Almonds in the Throat ; The foresaid blossoms and shels are good to put into restraining powders for the stanching of blood in wounds , and to make the best sort of Ink , if they be put instead , or amongst Gaules .

CHAP. LIII . Of the Mastick Tree .

The Names .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is the name whereby this Tree is called in Greek , quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 fissilis , because it is ●o easiy to cleave either for making Toothpickers , for which it is most proper , or for other uses ; and the berries are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and not 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as some Copies have it ; The Name by which all Latine Authours call it is Lentiscus ; perhaps a foliorum Lentore from the clamminesse of the leaves and the Gum Resina Lentiscina , and Mastiche and Mastix by some ; but by the Arabians , Gluten Romanum . There is a Tree like unto Mastick growing in Peru , which the Indians call Molle .

The Kindes .

I read but of three sorts of the Mastick Tree , mentioned by any Authour . 1. The Mastick Tree . 2. the Indian Mastick tree . 3. The Indians Molle .

The Forme .

The Mastick Tree groweth commonly like a shrub , without any great body , rising up with many Springs , and shoots like the Hasel ; and oftentimes it is of the height and bignesse of a mean tree : the body and branches are covered with a bark of a yellowish red colour , being plyable and hard to be broken ; there stand upon one rib for the most part , eight leaves set upon a middle rib , much like to the leaves of Liquorice , but harder of a deep green colour , with a reddish circle about the edges ; and some reddish veins on the underside also smelling sweet , and abiding green alwaies : the flowers grow in clusters at the joynts with the Leaves being small and of a purplish green colour ; and after in their places come small blackish berries of the bigness of Pepper Corns , with a hard black shell under the outer skin , and a white kernell within : it beareth besides these berries , cetrain horns containing a clear liquor within them , which after a while putrifies and turns into small flyes , that fly away : It giveth also a clear white Gum in small drops when the stocks are wounded in several places , which is gathered with great care and attendance , which as I said is called Mastick .

The Places and Time

The first groweth as well in the Provence of France as in divers places of Italy , and in many places of Graecia , and in Candy also , and some other places ; but no where so plentifull as in the Isle of Chio now called Sio , from whence cometh the best Gum , which is clear , splendent , white , and brittle ; other places yielding not so much nor so good , that of Candy being of a yellowish colour and bitter taste The inhabitants of Chios tend , pruine , and manure it with as great pains and care , as others do their Vines , which goeth beyond them in the profit of the Gum , and send it into all parts of the World . The second and third kind grow in Peru , and the Westindies . They flowre in April , and the berries ripen in September ; and the Mastick is gathered about the time that Grapes be ▪

The Temperature .

The Leaves , Bark and Gum , of the Mastick-tree , are hot and dry , almost in the third Degree , and somewhat astringent .

The Vertues .

Mastick is one of the best things I know , for the Tooth-ach , and may easily be gotten at the Apothecaries Shops , being infused , or steeped in Rose-water , it is good to wash the mouth withall , to fasten loose Teeth , and to strengthen the Gums , or Mastick heated in Wine , and the Gums , Mouth , and Teeth washed therewith , cleanseth the corruption thereof , and fastneth the loosenesse , both of Gums and Teeth . The same spread on Velvet or Plush , and laid unto the Temples , stoppeth the Rheum from falling down , and so easeth the Tooth-ach . The Teeth likewise being rubbed with the Powder thereof , are whitened thereby . First hold the Root of Pellitory of Spain in the mouth , as near as may be to the place where a hollow Tooth is , to draw out the Rheum , and then fill it with Mastick and it will cease the greatest aking that is : Being held in the mouth , and chewed upon , it doth dry and comfort the brain , by drawing down flegme from it , and stayeth the falling down of the humours , and also causeth a sweet breath . It is used in Oyntments , and Plaisters , to cleanse and heal Ulcers and Sores , to stay the fretting Fluxes of humours to them , and to dry them up , and to fill up the hollownesse : it strengthneth and bindeth all the parts whereunto it is applyed , and comforteth the aking joynts and sinews wonderfully : it is used also in Plaisters and Oyntments , to strengthen and comfort the stomach , to mollifie the hardness of tumours , and to mitigate the pains of the joynts and sinews : it strengthneth also the Liver and heart ; but the Chimicall Oyl , doth serve for that and the former purposes , much more effectually . Being taken inwardly , it stayeth vomiting , and nauseous subversions , and helps the retaining vertue of the stomach , and brings good concoction and digestion : It stoppeth the Flux of the Belly , and profits those that spit blood , and that have Coughs , being taken with Syrup of Colts-foot , or the like ; it stayeth the acrimony or sharpness of strong purging Medicines , and is a good Corrector of them .

CHAP. LIV. Of Masterwort .

The Names .

THis Plant was scarcely known to the Ancients , and therefore I cannot tell you , by what name they called it ; but by later Writers , it is generally called Imperatoriae , as some say , from the excellent vertues it hath : It is a good Herb indeed ; but there being many as excellent as it , methinks that shou●d not be the Reason , why it should bear away the Bell from the rest : I suppose it rather to be so called , because if it meet with a peece of ground it liketh it will so disperse it self on every side , that it will prove it self the Generall or sole Commander of the place , and so may others haply , if they compare the name , and the nature of the Plant together . And so much also doth the word Magistrantia ( from whence , the word being corrupted , comes Astrantia ) import from the over-mastering of its neighbouring Plants . The like might be said of its English name Masterwort . It is by some called Pellitory of Spain , but falsly , that being a small low Plant , bearing many finely cut long Leaves , upon the stalks , lying on the ground , like Camomil , but somewhat larger . Gerard calls it English-Masterwort , or false Pellitory of Spain .

The Kindes .

As a Lyon brings forth but one Whelp , so this mighty Plant is not very numerous in its Progeny ; for of it there are but two sorts . 1. Common Masterwort . 2. Mountain Masterwort .

The Form .

Common Masterwort hath divers great broad leaves , divided into sundry parts , three for the most part standing together upon a small footstalk , on both sides the greater , and three likewise at the end of the stalk ; each of which leaves are somewhat broad , and cut-in on the edges , into three or more divisions , and all of them besides , dented about the brims , of a dark green colour , and do so much resemble Angelica Leaves , that I have known them mistaken for the same : yet if they be well regarded , they may easily be known asunder ; for that they grow lower to the ground , and upon lesser stalks : amongst which rise up two or three short stalks , in comparison of Angelica , being about half a yard , or two foot high , and slender , with such like leaves at the joynts as grow below ; but lesser , and with fewer divisions , bearing umbels of white Flowers , and after them , small , thin , flat , blackish Seed , bigger then Dill-Seed : the Root is somewhat great , and groweth rather side-wayes , then down-right into the ground , and is the hottest and sharpest part of any of the rest of the Plant , and the Seed next unto it , being somewhat blackish on the out-side , and smelling well .

The Places and Time

The first , is found on sundry Hill in Italy , as also in Germany : yet it is usually kept in Gardens with them , as well as Us : The other was found on the Alps , in Switzerland . They flowre , and seed late with us , as not untill the end of August .

The Temperature .

The Root of Masterwort is hotter then Pepper , even to the third Degree compleat , and is of very subtle parts .

The Vertues .

The Roots of Pellitory of Spain , being very rare in England , the Roots of Masterwort are the best substitute , and are commonly sold in Shops under that Notion . The dryed Root being chewed in the mouth , draweth down from the head much flegme ▪ and is thereby available to ease the pains in the Head and Teeth , and to draw forth cold Rheum , Catarrhes , and Defluxions upon the Lungs , or Distillations into the Eys . It is available in all cold Diseases and Griefs , both of the Stomack and Body , dissolving wind very powerfully , both upward and downward . The same also provoketh Urine , and helpeth to break the Stone , and expel Gravel from the Kidneys ; it procureth Womens Courses , and expelleth the dead Birth , and is singular good for the strangling of the Mother , and other the like Womens Diseases : it is effectuall also against the Dropsie , Cramp , and Falling Sicknesse . It is of a rare quality against all sorts of cold poysons , to be taken as there is cause , either more or lesse , and provoketh sweat . The juyce hereof dropped , or Tents dipped therein , and applyed either to the green wounds , or rotten Ulcers ; yea , although they fret and creep , and be almost gangrenated ; and those also that come by envenomed Weapons , doth soon cleanse and heal them ; or if they be bathed with the distilled water : the same also is good to help the Gout , comming of cold cause . Tragus saith , that the Decoction of the Root in Wine , being drunk , doth revive the ability of generation ; but surely he had not observed Galens Rule , who saith , that those things that are so hot to expell wind , do not help , but hinder nature . The other sort is more effectual , and especially for Quartane Agues , to expel the dead Child , to purge the brain , and to expell wind , and help the Cholick ,

CHAP. LV. Of Corall .

The Names .

THough it may seem strange to some at first sight , that I should treat of Corall amongst Plants , which seemeth more like unto a Stone : yet whosoever shall consider the manner of its growing , will conclude with the Herbarists of all Ages , that it is fitly reckoned amongst them . It is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , and Corallium by all that have written of it ; and thereto rubrum , or album , &c. is set for distinction-sake , yet the white is not remembered but by modern Authours : the black sorts are called Antipathes , and Corallium Nigrum : there is a second sort of Antipathes , or rough bristly black Corall , and is called by the Fishers of Sardinia , Sambeggia .

The Kinds .

The Sorts of Corall mentioned by later Writers , are ten , 1. The great red Corall . 2. The greater and siner white Corall . 3. Loose white Corall . 4. Hollow white Corall . 5. Knotty and spotted white Corall . 6. Starry white Corall . 7. Joynted white Corall . 8. Black Corall . 9. Rough , bristly black Corall . 10. Yellow Corall .

The Forme .

The greater red Corall which I take to be of greatest use , is found growing on the Rocks in the Sea , like unto a shrub , with Arms and Branches , breaking forth some into greater , and some into lesser sprigs , set full of knaggy eminences , of a pale , or whitish red colour on the out-side , for the most part , as it is taken forth of the water ; but being scraped or filed , and polished , becommeth very fair , as it is usually seen , yet some will be much more red on the outside , at the first taking up , and much redder within also , being also of a firmer , or hard stony substance , after it is kept a while out of the water , but plyable whilst it is there .

The Place and Time .

Most of these Coralls are found about Marcelles , and the Isle of Sardinia , and other places of the Mediterranean Sea ; but seldom on this side , unlesse it be upon the Rocks , on the west side of England , about St. Michaels Mount , where Gerard saith , that white and yellow Corall do grow . They are to be found growing at all times of the year .

The Temperature .

All the Sorts of Corall do cool and bind , yet the white is thought to be of a colder operation , then the red or black .

The Signature and Vertues .

The substance both of red and white Corall , commeth very near to that of the Teeth ; but the white being nearest in colour , may more properly be said to have their Signature : yet we find , that the red also is very useful in all the accidents that belong to them . As first , it helpeth Children to breed their Teeth , their Gums being rubbed therewith ; and to that purpose they have it fastened at the ends of their Whistles : it fastneth the Teeth also , that are loose , and maketh them white ; it helpeth sore Gums , and Ulcers in the mouth , and healeth up foul hollow Ulcers in other parts , and filleth them with flesh , and is used in Medicines for the Eys , to stay the Flux of Rheum , and takes away the heat and redness thereof , by cooling and drying up the moysture ; and some hang it about the neck of such as have the Falling-Sicknesse . The colour of red Corall holds forth by its Signature , that it stoppeth bleeding , which it doth , if it be but held in the hands of those that bleed , either at the Nose or Mouth : it is commended also , to be very effectuall for those that spit blood , or be troubled with any other Flux of blood , either in Man or Woman ; and being often taken in Wine , or other drink , doth diminish the Spleen ; it helpeth also the Gonorrhea in Men , and the Whites in Women : It likewise helpeth them much that are troubled with the stopping of their water , or that make it by drops , and also those that have the tormenting pains of the Stone in the Bladder , if the Powder when it is burnt be taken in drink . It strengtheneth the Heart , Stomack , and Liver , and is therefore very usefull in the Pestilence , against venome , and all pestilent Feavers , and malignant Diseases ; it chears the heart , and is good against melancholy . The Powder taken in Wine , or distilled water , brings rest to such as have Agues , and is good for them that are troubled with the Cramp . As it is commended in the Falling Sicknesse : so likewise it is said to prevent it , if a Child so soon as it is born , take ten grains thereof , in Black-Cherry-water , or in the Mothers Milk . Some affirm , that it causeth an easie delivery of the birth , which it do , it must be by some specifick Vertue ; for experience doth manifest it , to be of a binding nature . The Chymicall Oyl of Corall , is also commended for most of the purposes aforesaid .

CHAP. LVI . Of Corall-wort .

The Names .

SEverall Names have been given to this Plant , by later Writers ; for it is conceived , that none of the Ancients , as Dioscorides or Pliny , &c. took any cognizance of it . Some have called it from the form and colour of the Roots Dentaria , Dentillaria , Coralloides , and Alablastrites , as Lobel , and Dentaria , Coralloide radice : All which Names do agree , both with the Plant , and place it here stands in ; for , the Root of it being white , smooth , and shining , as Teeth ought to be , it was fitly named Dentaria , Dentillaria , and Alablastrites , and as fitly Coralloides , & Dentaria Coralloide Radice : the divers small round knobs set together , whereof the Root is composed , resembling the knaggy Eminences of the Corall , especially the white with which it agrees in colour too . Others both from the Root and Flowers , that are like unto Stock-Gillow-Flowers , which were antiently comprehended under the name of Viola , called it Viola Dentaria , as Dadonaus . We in English call it Toothed Violet , or Corallwort .

The Kindes .

Parkinson presents you with seven sorts of Coralwort , 1. Bulbe-bearing toothe● Violets . 2. Cinquefoile Corallwort . 3. Another Cinquefoile Corallwort . 4. Trefoile Corallwort . 5. Setfoile Corallwort . 6. Bulbed narrow lea●ed Corallwort . 7. The least Corallwort .

The Forme .

The bulbe bearing Toothed Violet , shooteth forth one or two winged Leaves , upon long brownish foot-stalks , which in their rising up out of the ground , are as it were doubled , or folded downwards , and then open themselves in seaven leaves , most usually , and sometimes but five , each whereof is somewhat long denied about the edges , and Poynted , of a sad green colour , and set on both sides of the middle Rib , one against another : the stalk that beareth Flowers , riseth up in the same manner with the Leaves , and is bare , or naked of Leaves , unto the middle thereof , where it shooteth forth a Leaf , and so one of two more up higher , each consisting but of five Leaves , and sometimes but of three : having also the uppermost single , at each whereof , commeth forth a small round bulbe , cloven , or , as it were , divided into some parts of cloves , of a sad purplish , green colour , which being ripe , and put into the ground , will grow to be a Root , and bear Leaves , ●●●e as the bulbes of a red bulbed Lilly ; about which , at the top , stand four or five Flowers in long h●●sks , upon short foot-stalks opening into four leaves , of a Purplish colour , very like unto the Flowers of Stock-Gillow-Flowers , or Dames Violets : after which come small , long Horns , or Cods , poynted at the ends , wherein lye such like Seed , as are in the Cods of Dames Violets , which will , as soon as it is ripe , break the Pod and fall out : the Root is very smooth , white , and shining : It doth not grow downwards , but creepeth along under the upper crust of the ground , and consisteth of divērs small , round knobs set together : the tast , both of the leaf and Root , is somewhat bitter , hot , and sharp like Radish .

The Places and Time .

The first and last have been found in our Land , as Parkinson saith ; the first at Mayfield in Sussex , in a Wood called Highreed , & another Wood therein called Foxholes ; but for the place of the last he doth not expresse it , yet I find that it groweth very plentifully about Croydon in Surrey , as also a greater sort of Corallwort not mentioned by him : The rest in the shadowy woods of Germany , Switzerland , and Savoy ▪ Naples , Italy , and divers other places . They flower about the end of April , and the beginning or middle of May , and are withered and gone , before July for the most part , the roots abiding safe under ground .

The Temperature .

The Root of Coralwort , is drying binding and str●ngthening : yet it helpeth to provoke Urine , and to expell gravell and the stone as some affirm by a speciall Vertue .

The Signature and Vertues .

Both the form of the root of Corallwort which is made as it were of many Teeth set together , and the smoothnesse and white and shining colour are sufficient Signatures to manifest that it is an excellent remedy for all maladies of the Teeth , whether the Decoction be gargled in the Mouth , or the dry root held between the Teeth . It is also exceeding good for the Dropsie by Signature also , according to Oswald Crollius in his book of Signatures . It helpeth likewise the griping pains of the sides and belly , and cureth inward wounds that are made in the Breast , Lungs , and Bowells , a dram of the powder of the root taken for many daies together in Red Wine ; the same also given to them that are bursten or have a rupture , is very beneficial in the distilled Water of the herb called Horse-tail : It stayeth also Lasks and Fluxes , that do not proceed of hot and Choletick humours , the decoction of the herb is good to be applyed both to green Wounds quickly to con●olidate them , and for old ●ilthy Sores to dry up their moisture , and thereby to cause them to heal the sooner .

CHAP. LVII . Of Rest Harrow .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and likewise in Latine Anonis and Ononis ; some think it to be so called , Anonis , from its unprofitablenesse , quasi non juvans ; because it is an enemy both to the Husbandmen ploughing up the ground , and to the Corn as it grows : Others will rather have it to be Ononis 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi dicas , Asini oblecta●entum , because Asses love to roul themselves upon it , and to shrub their backs with its prickles . It is also called , Resta Bovis , and Aresta Bovis , and Remoram Aratri : because the Roots are both so ●ough that the Ploughshare cannot easily cut them , and so deeply and strongly fastned in the ground , that it causeth the Oxen to be at a stand for the first twitch ▪ not being able without mo●● then ordinary str●n●●h to pull them f●●th . Cordus on Dioscorides callerth it Acutella , because the thorns of it do prick those that unwarily go by it . It is called in English Restharrow Cammock Petty Whin , and Ground Furse .

The Kinds .

The Sorts hereof according to Parkinson are Eight . 1. Common Rest Harrow with Purplish flowers . 2. Rest Harrow with white Flowers . 3. The great yellow prickly Rest Harrow . 4. The lesser yellow prickly Rest Harrow . 5. Purplish Rest Harrow without thorns . 6. The greater yellow gentle Rest Harrow . 7. Variable yellow gentle Rest Harrow . 8. The lesser gentle Rest Harrow .

The Forme .

Common Rest Harrow riseth up with divers rough woody twigs about half a yard long , set at the joynts without Order with little roundish Leaves , sometimes more then two or three at a place , of a dark green colour , without thorns whilst they are young , but afterwards armed in sundry places with short and sharp thorns . The flowers come forth at the tops of the Twigs and branches , whereof it is full , fashioned like Pease or Broom Blossoms , but lesser , flatter , and somewhat closer , of a faint purplish colour ; after which come small Pods , containing small , flat , and round seed : the root is blackish on the outside , and whitish within , very tough and hard to break , when it is fresh and green ; and as hard as a horn when it is dryed , thrusting down deep into the ground , and spreading likewise , every piece being apt to grow again , if it be left in the ground .

The Places and Time .

The first and the fift grow in many places of this Land , as well in the Arable as wast ground : The second with white flowers groweth near unto Darby . Gesner saith , the third groweth on the hill Gemma ; and Columna saith , the fourth groweth in the kingdom of Naples , and about Bristow in England , as Lobel and others affirm . The sixth seaventh and eight with their varieties , grow as well in Narbone in France and about Mompelier , as in Spain and Portugal , they do all flower about the beginning or middle of July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Galen saith that the root of Rest Harrow is hot in the third degree having some cleansing , and cutting faculty therein also .

The Vertues and Signature .

A Decoction of Rest Harrow , made with Vinegar , and gargled in the mouth easeth the Toothach , especially when it cometh of Rheum . The powder of the roots strewed upon the hard callous brims of Ulcers , or the said powder mixed with any other convenient thing and applyed , doth consume the hardnesse , and cause them to heal the better . The powder taken in Wine for many daies together cures the fleshy Rupture , for it consumeth it by little and little . The decoction thereof is effectual to open the stoppings of the Liver and Spleen , and other parts , and to help the Jaundise , as also to cure the blind Hemorrhoides or Piles . The ●ender Sprigs or stalks thereof , before they become prickly , are pickled up to be eaten by themselves , or as sawce with meat , and are commended against a stinking breath ; and to take away the swell of Wine in them that have drunk too much , and are good for the gravel and stone boyled in Oxymel to the Consumption of the one half , it is a singular drink for the falling Sicknesse . The Bark that is the Root having the pith between taken out made into powder and taken in Wine provoketh Urine , breaketh the Stone , and driveth it forth , and so do both the husks and seeds , and that by Signature . Croll . Tract . de Signat .

CHAP. LVIII . Of Henbane .

The Names .

IT is called in the Grecians , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quasi faba parcina , sive suilla , saith my Author , because Swine having fed thereon , are very muck disturbed thereby , yea are in danger of their lives , if they wallow not themselves in water presently thereupon : neither do they go into the water to wash themselves , but to seek after Crevises , by the eating of which they recover . But for my part , I can scarce allow of the Name , for this reason aforesaid , because I never saw any Hogs feed upon it , much lesse to go into the Rivers to catch Crevise ; for in the Mire where they commonly wallow , there be none ; and besides why that should be called their Beane , which is their Bane , I know not . I rather suppose it to be so called : for that in such places as these Cattle do commonly dung , abundance of this plant groweth , as in Hog-yards , Dunghills , and such places as they frequent , it being the Nature of their dung to breed it , as I have heard it confirmed , by some skilful Husbandmen . The Latines call it Apollinaris either from Apollo the Inventer of Physick , or because it makes men mad like unto Apollo's Creatures , when they deliver his Oracles : Is called also Altercum ab altercando , because they that have eat it are apt to quarrel : Camerarius saith , it is also called Priapeia , because the Italians do use the seed of it , to allay the Enormity , called Priapismus . Pythagoras , Zoroastes , and others , call it Insana , Alterculum , Symphoniaca and Calicularis ; the Phrygians Remenia , the Tuscans Fabulonia , and Faba Lupina : Matthaeus Sylvaticus , Dens Caballinus , Milimandrum , Cassilago : Jacobus à Manlijs Herba Pinnula : in shops it is called Jusquiamus and Hyoscyamus : in English Henbane ; because the Seeds are hurtful to Hens .

The Kindes .

The Sorts of Henbane are four . 1 , Common Henbane . 2. White Henbane 3. Henbane of Candy . 4. Henbane of Egypt ..

The Forme .

Common Henbane hath very large , thick , soft , woolly leaves , lying upon the Ground , much cut in , or torn on the edges , of a dark or evill grayish colour , among which rise up divers thick and soft stalks about half a yard or two foot high , spred into divers smaller branches with some lesser leaves on them , and many hollow flowers , scarce appearing above the Husks , and usually torn on the one side , ending in five round points , growing one above another , of a deadish yellow colour somewhat paler towards the Edges , with many purplish veins therein , and of a dark yellowish purple , in the bottom of the flower , with a small pointell of the same Colour in the middle , each of them standing in a hard close husk , which after the flower is past , groweth like the a husk of Asarae Bacca ; and somewhat sharp at the top points , wherein is contained much small seed very like Poppy seed , but of a duskie grayish colour . The root is great white and thick , branching forth divers waies under ground , so like a Parsnip Root ( but that it is not so white ) that it hath deceived divers . The whole plant more then the root , hath an heavy ill soporiferous smel somewhat oftensive

The Places and Time .

The first is commonly growing by the way sides , hedges , and wall sides where Hogs frequent : for out of theirs and such like Ordure it doth grow . The second groweth by the Sea sides in Narbone in France ; near where the River Rhodanus runneth into the Sea . The third groweth in Candy , and in Spain also , from whence the seed being sent groweth in our Gardens , and so doth the last ; though their naturall place be both in Egypt and Syria . They do all flower in July , yet the strange kinds some what later ; and from their seed growing ripe and suffered to shed , it springeth up again every year , but the two last do scarce perfect their seed with Us.

The Temperature .

White Henbane is cold in the third degree , and the others in the fourth ▪ procuring drowsinesse , and senselesseness of spirit , by its stupifying and benumming quality .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Husk wherein the seed of Henbane is contained , is in figure like to a Jaw Tooth ; and therefore the Oyl of it , or the Juyce by it self , or the Decoction of the root with Arsmart in vinegar , being gargled warm in the mouth , is very effectuall in easing the pains of the Teeth . The leaves of Henbane do cool all hot Inflammations in the Eyes , or any other part of the body : and are to asswage all manner of Swellings of the Cods or Womens Breasts , or elsewhere , if they be boyled in Wine , and applyed either themselvs , or the Fomentation , warm ; it also asswageth the pain of the Gout , Sciatica , and all other pains in the Joynts , which arise from an hot cause . And applyed with vinegar to the forehead and Temples , helpeth the Headach , and want of sleep in hot Feavers . The Oyl of the Seed is helpful for the Deafnesse , Noise and Worms in the Ears , being dropped therein ; and the Juyce of the Herb or Root doth the same . The Decoction of the Herb or Seed , or both killeth Lice in Man and Beast ; the sume of the dryed Herb , Stalks and Seed burned , quickly healeth Swellings , Chilblains or Kibes , in the hands or feet , by holding them in the smoak thereof being burnt , which will also make Hens to fall down from their roosting place , as though they were dead . The white only is fit to be taken inwardly , which is most available to many good purposes , if it be wisely and conveniently applyed , but the other sort are accounted dangerous ; and therefore not to be used inwardly , unlesse in case of necessity , when the white cannot be had : But if at any time any one should wittingly , or unwittingly take Henbane and be distempered thereby , the Remedy is to drink Goats Milk , Honyed Water , or Pine kernels with sweet Wine ; or in the absence of these Fennel Seed , Nettle Seed , the Seed of Cresses , Mustard , or Radish ; as also Onyons or Garlick taken in Wine , do all help to free them from danger , and restore them to their right temper again . Though the plant used , as aforesaid be effectual for the Toothach , yet I cannot commend the way of receiving the fume of the Seed into the mouth by holding it over a Chafingdish of Coales , it being but a meer Cheat ; besides , it may produce dangerous effects , intoxicating the head and troubling the sight . The root being eaten causeth great drought , stoppage of Urine , and many other Symptomes , as you gather from the story Mr. Parkinson relates concerning a friend of his , who eat the roots of Henbane instead of Parsneps , to whose book I refer you .

CHAP. LIX . Of Wild Tansey .

The Names .

BY what Name the ancient Botanists did call this Plant , is altogether unknown , but the later call it Argentina , à foliorum argenteo splendore , from the bright silver colour of the Leaves ; or rather as Gerard saith , of the silver drops that are to be seen in the distilled water thereof , when it is put into a Glasse , which you shall easily see rouling and tumbling up and down in the bottom : It is likewise called Potentilla , ab eximiis viribus quibus pollet , from its powerful operations : of divers , Agrimonia silvestris , there being some likenesse between it and Agrimony : Anserina , because Geese love to feed upon it : And Tanacetum sylvestre , it differing little from the Garden Tansie ; but in colour . In English , it is called Wild Tansie , and Silverweed , whereof there is but one kind .

The Forme .

Wild Tansie creepeth upon the ground , taking root at the joynts , every where round about the place where it groweth , that it will quickly take up a great compasse , shooting forth sundry winged Leaves , made of many , set on both sides of a middle Rib , some smaller , being set amongst the greater , somewhat like to Agrimony , or Medesweet , and likewise unto the ordinary Tansie of the Garden ; for it partaketh in form with them all , and dented about the edges ; but of a fair green colour on the upper side , and of a silver shining white colour underneath : it beareth no stalk ; but the Flowers every one by it self , stand upon a small short footstalk , rising from the joynts with the Leaves , which consist of five other small , yellow , round joynted Leaves , very like unto those of Cinquefoile , or five-leaved grasse : the prime Root shooteth downwards like a Cinquefoile .

The Places and Time

This Herb groweth most commonly in moyst places , near the High-way-sides , and sometimes in other places also , so that it will be wanting to none that will use it . And here I think good to observe , that many other Plants also , as Mugwort , Vervein , Mercury , Knotgrasse , Hounds-Tongue , Pellitory of the wall , &c. which are most useful , are most common ; Nature , or rather the God of Nature , having placed those things we most need , even before our Eyes . It flowreth in June and July .

The Temperature .

Wild Tansie , especially the Root of it , is dry almost in the third Degree , hahaving in it very little heat apparent ; and withall , a binding faculty . And therefore Fuschius saith , that some Writers have been much mistaken , in affirming it to be moyst , for no other Reason , but because it grows in moyst places . For then Water-Cresses , which are dry in the third Degree , must be moyst also ; which no one dares be so impudent as to affirm . And certainly , had they but considered its astringency , which is a certain token of drynesse , they could not have concluded otherwise . For Galen in his fourth Book of the faculties of simple Medicines saith , that astringents have in them some earthly quality , and are consequently drying .

The Vertues and Signature .

Wild Tansie boyled in Vinegar with Honey and Allum , and gargled in the mouth , easeth the Tooth-ach , fasteneth loose Teeth , helpeth the Gums that are sore , and setleth the Palat of the mouth in its place , when it is fallen down : It cleanseth and healeth the Ulcers in the mouth , or secret parts , and is very good for inward wounds , and to close the lips of green wounds : as also to heal old , moyst , corrupt , running Sores in the Leggs , or elsewhere . Being boyled in Wine , and drunk , it stoppeth the Lask , the Bloody Flux , and all other Fluxes of blood , either in Man or Woman , which some say it will also do , if the green Herb be worn in the shooes , so it be next the skin ▪ and it is true enough , that it will stop the Terms , if worn so ; and it may be the Whites also , which the Powder of the dryed Herb will assuredly do , if it be taken in some of the distilled water ; but more especially , if a little Corall , and Ivory in Powder be put to it . Moreover ▪ it stayeth spitting , or vomiting of blood , and is much commended to help Children that are bursten , and have a Rupture , being boyled in water and Salt . Being boyled in Wine , and drunk , it easeth the griping pains of the Bowels , and is good for the Sciatica , and Joynt-Aches : Being bruised , and applyed to the Soles of the Feet , and the Hand-wrists , it wonderfully cooleth the hot fits of the Agues , be they never so violent . The distilled water dropped into the Eys or Cloaths , wet therein and applyed , taketh away the heat and Inflammations in them by Signature : the Flower of it representing the Apple of the Eye . The said water cleanseth the skin of all discolourings therein , as Morphew , Sun-burning , &c. as also Pimples , Freckles , and the like ; but the Leaves steeped in White-wine , or Butter-milk , is far better ; but the best way of all is to steep it in strong White-wine-Vineger , the face being often bathed , or washed therewith .

CHAP. LX. Of Flea-wort .

The Names .

I shall conclude this Subject concerning the mouth , and the parts thereof with Fleawort , which is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Pulicaria and Herba Pulicaria : in Shops , Psyllium , in English Flea-wort . All which Names were given to it for the same Reason ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , and Pulex in Latine , signifying a Flea : yet not because it driveth away Fleas , if it be brought green into an House ; but because the Seed is like unto Fleas , that , were it not in respect of motion , you could hardly distinguish them by sight . It is of some called Fleabane ; but improperly , there being another Pulicaria , called Conyza , which driveth away Fleas .

The Kindes .

The Ancients knew but one sort of Flea-wort , but later times have discovered foure . 1. The ordinary Flea-wort . 2. The greater ever-green Flea-wort . 3. Indian Flea-wort , with dented Leaves . 4. Small Flea-wort .

The Forme .

The ordinary Flea-wort , riseth with a stalk two foot high , or more , full of Joynts , and Branches on every side , up to the top ; and at every joynt , two small , long , and narrow whitish green Leaves , somewhat hairy . At the tops of every branch , stand divers small , short , scaly , or chaffy heads , out of which , come forth small , whitish , yellow threds , like to those of the Plantane Herbs , which are the bloomings or Flowers . The Seed inclosed in those Heads , is small and shining , while it is fresh , very like unto Fleas , both for colour and bignesse ; but turning black , when it groweth old . The Root is not long , but white , hard , and wooddy , perishing every year , and rising again of its own Seed , for divers years , if it be ●uffered to shed . The whole Plant is somewhat whitish , and hairy , smelling somewhat like Rozin .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in the Fields , and untilled places of Spain , and Italy ; but with Us , no where but in Gardens . The second , groweth in the Fields , that are near the Sea . The third , is thought to come out of the Indies . The last , is naturally of Egypt , or Arabia . All these Flea-worts flowre in July , or thereabouts with Us ; but in their natural places , all the Summer long , yet the last is the latest with Us.

The Temperature .

Galen and Serapio , do record , that the Seed of Flea-wort , which is chiefly used in Medicine , is cold in the second Degree , and temperate in moysture and drynesse .

The Vertues

The Muscilage , or infusion of the Seeds of Flea-wort , being made with Rose-water , or Barley-water , and taken with Syrup of Violets , Syrup of Roses or Sugar , purgeth Cholet , and thick flegme , and is useful in hot burning Feavers , in great thirst , and helps to lenifie the drynesse of the mouth and throat ; it helpeth also the hoarsnesse of the Voyce , and Diseases of the Breast and Lungs , caused by heat , as the Plurisie and such like . It helpeth all Inflammations of the Head , and all hot pains of the Joynts . The Muscilage of the Seed , made into an Elect●ary , with Marmalade of Quinces , with Popyy-Seed , and Sugar Pellets , or Sugar Candy , and so taken , doth temper rhe heat , and roughnesse of the Throat and Tongue , and stayeth hot Fluxions , or Rheums flowing down . In hot burning Agues , it quencheth thirst , and abates heat , being taken with Syrup of Violets , or Barley-water , and purgeth also Choler gently . The Seeds torrifyed , or dryed , and taken with Plantane water , stayeth the Flux of the Belly , and helpeth the corrosions , or gripings thereof , that come by reason of hot , Cholerick , sharp , and malignant humours , or by the super purgation , or over-working of any violent Medicine , such as Scammony , or the like . The Seeds being kept on the Tongue easeth the Cough , and helpeth the drynesse thereof , proceeding from heat . It doth so wonderfully cool ( saith Fernelius ) that being cast into hot boyling water , it presently cooleth it . The Seeds bruised , or the Herb , and mixed with the juyce of Housleek , or Night-shade , easeth the hot Gout , and hot Apostumes being thereunto applyed ; mingled with Oyl of Roses and Vineger , it cureth hot Swellings in the Joynts , and Apostumes behinde the Eate , with Vineger , or Oyl of Violets , it helpeth the pain of the head , if it be applyed to the fore-head and Temples . The same layd-to with Vineger , is good against the going out of the Navel , and burstings of young Children . The water , wherein the Seeds have been steeped , is good against St. Anthonies fire , or Wild-fire . The juyce with Honey put into the Ears , killeth Worms , and stayeth the running thereof . It helpeth hot swellings , or eruptions of the skin , as Blains , Wheals , and such like ; as also pains of the Joynts , and places out of joynt , and the Hip-Gout . The same is applyed to Womens Nipples , and sore Breasts , and that with good successe , laying it often thereon . Being mixed with Hogs-grease , and applyed to foul , corrupt , and filthy Ulcers and Sores , cleanseth and healeth them , by cooling the heat , and repressing the sharpnesse of the humours , flowing unto them . The Muscitage of the Seed made in Plancane-water , whereunto the Yelk of an Egg or two , and a little of the Oyntment , called Populeon , is put , is a most safe , and sure Remedy to ease the sharpnesse , prickings , and pains of the Hemorrhoides or Piles , if it be layd on a Cloth , and bound thereunto . It stayeth the bleeding of the Nose , applyed with the juyce of Shepheards-purse , and Bole-Armoniack . The Herb boyled , or the Seeds with the Root , and the Fundament bathed therewith , or to sit over the hot Liquor , easeth the Fenasmus , a Disease when one is often provoked to stool , without voyding any excrement . It taketh away the burning , and acrimony of Lime , Euphorbium and Cantharides . It taketh away the roughnesse of the hair , being bathed with the Muscilage thereof . Fleawort-Seed keepeth Camphor very well , and that by its coldnesse and moysture . There is no danger in it , if it be wisely , and conveniently applyed : yet 't is not amisse , to give with Cinamon or Mace . However , in cold and moyst Bodies , which have but narrow Entrals , it is not safe .

CHAP. LXI . Of Throat-wort .

The Names .

PAssing from the Plants appropriated to the Mouth , we come to those that do more immediately relate to the Throat ; amongst which , Throatwort by its Name should be none of the meanest . The Greeks call it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and the Latines Trachelium , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifies the Neck or Throat . It is called also in Latine , Cervicaria ; for that it helpeth the Sores of the Neck and Throat , either inward , or outward . It is also called Uvularia , because it helpeth the Uvula , or Palate of the Mouth , ( which hath the diminitive from Uva ) for the likenesse unto a Grape , when it is swollen and fallen down . Others call them Campanula , of the likenesse of Flowers unto Bells , and therefore called Bell-Flowers . Some also call them Rapi sylvestris genus , but improperly ; and Rapunculus , or Rapuntium , Rampions , because they are like unto Rampions , and many of them edible as they are . We in English , call it Throat-wort , Canterbury-Bells , and sometimes Haskewort .

The Kindes .

There are fifteen Sorts of Throat-wort , reckoned up by Parkinson . 1. Great Throat-wort . 2. The great Globe-Rock Throat-wort . 3. The lesser Globe-like Rock Throat-wort . 4. The greater Mountain Throat-wort . 5. Narrow leafed Throat-wort . 6. The Rock spiked Throat-wort . 7. Thin leafed Throat-wort , with spiked Heads . 8. Vmbelliferous , blew Throat-wort . 9. Small Mountain Throat-wort . 10. Wild Buglosse leafed Throat-wort . 11. The late flowring Throat-wort . 12. Gyant Throat-wort , or Bell-flowers . 13. Bell-flowers , with small dented Leaves . 14. The Syrian Coventry Bells . 15. Round-leafed Throat-wort .

The Forme .

Great Throat-wort hath large hairy Leaves , of an over-worn green colour , somewhat rough , and slightly indented about the edges . The stalk is also hairy , about half a yard high , or somewhat better , whereon those Leaves are set from the bottom to the top almost , after the fashion of Nettles . Towards the top , upon a short foot-stalk , come forth hollow Flowers , of a Bell-fashion , not unlike to the Coventry-Bells , of a purplish blew colour , and somewhat hairy within . The Root is white , thick , and long lasting .

The Places and Time .

The first , groweth in Stow-wood by Oxford , on that side next unto Barton , in the Ditch , on the right hand as you go in , and divers other places about that Wood. The Globe-like Throat-worts , and those with spiked Heads , grow naturally in divers places beyond the Seas , as some in Candy , some upon Mount Baldus , the Alps : as also in Germany , Italy , and Naples . A lesser sort of wild Buglosse leaved Throat-wort , was found by Bauchinus , on the Hills amongst the Switzers . The Syrian Coventry Bells were found by Ranwolfius , at the foot of Mount Libanus in Syria , in the shadowy Woods . Gyant Throat-wort groweth in severall places in York-shire . And there is a little Throat-wort which groweth near unto the Lanes end , that leadeth from Dedington to Oxford , about the place where the way turneth , from Dedington to Dunstew . Many of these sorts , and peradventure , some others grow in the Physick-Garden at Oxford , and Mr. Morgans Garden at Westminster . They all flowre in the Moneths of June and July ; but yet some of them flowre not till all the rest are past , and scarce perfect their Seed ; but are increased by their Root .

The Temperature .

These Plants are cold and dry , as are most of the Bell-flowers .

The Vertues .

The Roots of some of these be sweet in tast , and therefore eaten in Sallets , either raw , or strewed , as both the greater and smaller ordinary sorts of Rampions are : yet some of them are not so pleasant , but more astringent , by which quality they are found to be effectuall , not only in all Ulcers of the mouth and Throat , to gargle , and wash them , or for the Uvula , or Palate of the mouth , when it is swollen and fallen down , but for all other Sores , whether in the secret parts of Man or Woman , to be used in a decoction with Honey , Wine , and Allome , or in any other part of the Body ; for by the faculty of drying , and binding , they are very profitable for old Sores , to restrain the moyst , and sharp humours , which fret the place , and keep them from healing ; and for green Wounds and Cuts , to close up the Lips of them speedily . These are all the Vertues that I find as yet , attributed to the Throat-worts , which though not many , yet are pertinent to our present purpose , which is sufficient .

CHAP. LXII . Of the Date-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Palma , the fruit , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Palmulae & Dactyli : the sheath or skin which encloseth the Flowers , is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Elat● and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Spatha : and some think one kind of Date is called Caryotae , and Phaenicobalanis , which were also called Regiae , because they were fittest for the dyet of Kings . Thebanes were the lean dry Dates , that had little substance in them . The wild or low Palm is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by Theophrastus ; and Chamaeriphes in Latine , by Lobel , Lugdunensis ; and Palma humilis , also by Matthiolus ; and Palmitee , or Palmito , by the vulgar in Italy , Spain , &c. The Greeks also call that head that is used to be eaten , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Latines Palmae cerebrum , the brain of the Date-Tree .

The Kindes .

Besides the manured Date-Tree , there is the wild , or low Date-Tree , called the Palmito-Tree , as I said before , and the thorny Palmito .

The Form .

The Date-Tree usually groweth very great and tall , yet in some places , nothing so tall as in others , bare of Branches unto the top : the Bark whereof , is not so well to be said scaly or rugged , as knaggy ; having short knaggs , which are the ends of the middle Ribs of the Leaves , sticking out round about the Body , which give an easie footing , like steps to climbe , or get up into the tops of the Trees , to gather the fruit ; the Leaves that grow at the top , are very long and large , made as it were , of divers parts , and folded together double : the middle Rib being thick , and almost wooddy , but spongy within , which do alwayes abide green , and hang down-wards with their ends : the Flowers are enclosed with a long skinny sheath , hanging down from the lower Branches of Leaves , and sometimes higher , which opening it self at the end , into two parts , shew forth abundance of white Saffron-like small Flowers , hanging by small threds , in great bunches together ; after which , come the fruit upon the said threddy foot-stalks , green at the first , and reddish when they are ripe , with a hard , firm , small , long , and round whitish stone , with a furrow in the middle : some Sorts are small , and some great ; some of a lost substance , some firmer and harder ; some whitish , some yellowish , or reddish , or blackish ; some round like an Apple , others long with the roundness ; some having the top soft , some none at all , some so sweet and lushious , that they will nor abide long , unlesse they be pressed into Cakes to be kept ; others will abide whole for a long time , and fit to be sent also into any farr Country : yet all of them have a small round , hard Crown , or Cap at the head , which with rubbing one against another , falleth off . The stones within the fruit , notwithstanding that they are so solid , and firm , as a very stone , and can hardly be broken with an Hammer : yet having a small hollow place in the middle of them , with so ●mall a Kernel therein , that it would not be thought to spring thereby : yet being put whole into the ground , hath shot forth , even in this Country , long , narrow , hard Leaves , which have abiden in a convenient warm place , divers years , without any great progresse , so little it liketh a cold Climate .

The Places and Time

The manured Date groweth in all the Eastern Countries , generally , and those have been most commended by some , that grow in Judaea , and in the valley of ●ericho ; but Bellonius saith , they deserved not Commendations , neither were they ripe about Jerusalem , above a moneth after they had been gathered in Egypt : they grow also in Italy , where they are planted , but bear no fruit ; and in Spain , by the Sea-side , but the fruit is nothing so good as in Cyprus , and the Levant . The other two sorts , the first in Sicilia , Candy , &c. the other in Spain , they flowre in April , and are ripe in November , or later .

The Temperature .

Dates are hot and dry , almost in the second Degree , and astringent or binding , especially , when they are not through ripe ; being through ripe , they are hot , and moyst in the second Degree ; some say , hot , and moyst in the first Degree .

The Vertues .

Dates yield a grosse , and clammy , and fatty , or impinguating nourishment : therefore they he●p the hoarsness , and roughness of the Throat : the sharp Cough , by rea●on o● sharp Rheum , falling on the Breast and Lungs , and are used also against Consumptions , and wasting of the Body . The Decoction of them taken , allayeth the force of hot Agues , and stayeth spitting of blood , the pain in the Stomach and Bowels , by reason of a Flux ; and boyled in Water and Honey , and taken doth refresh the spirits , they somewhat provoke to Venery : the Decoction helpeth the weakne●●e , and pains in the Back and Bladder : they strengthen the weakness of the Liver and Spleen being mixed with other convenient Medicines : They are used in Broths , against Consumptions , and pining Diseases , and are counted restorative , e●pecially the sweet ones . Dry Dates being eaten , do stop the Belly , and stay vomiting of Women with Child , and help against miscarrying : they stay Womens Courses and the bleeding and falling down of the Fundament and Piles , being taken in Red Wine . If they be made into a Poultis alone , or with other things , and applyed to the Stomack and Belly , they stay the vomiting of Women with Child . The Decoction of Dates , or the Leaves of the Date-Tree , maketh the hair black , being often used , and stayeth fretting Ulcers . Being mixed with Wax and Saffron , they help the black and blew marks , remaining after stripes or b●owes , and reduceth the skin to its naturall colour . Date Stones being burnt and washed , serve instead of Spodium , to binde and restrain the fluent humours into the Eys , and to consume the Pin and Web in them , and to dry up Pushes ; being u●ed with Spiken●rd , it stayeth the falling of the hair from the Eye-browes ; and being mingled with Wine and used , it helpeth any Excrescences of the flesh , as Wens , and such like ▪ and bringeth foul Ulcers to Cicatrising , and stayeth the spreading of them . A Poultis made of them , and applyed , helpeth any luxation or joynts out of place , and they are used in astringent Cataplasms or Pultises . They are not to be used by such as are troubled with the Head-ach Collick , or hot Livers . Diaphaenicon , which is the Electuary , made of Dates , purgeth Choler and Flegme , very effectually , so it be taken with good caution and advice ; and that from two drams , unto six , in White-Wine ; or a Decoction of Sena as shall be thought fit ▪ and is conveniently given in compound , and long Agues and in those Di●eases which are bred of raw humours ; as in the Cholick , the pains of the back and Mother . The Head of the Date , or Date brains , is very pleasant and savoury to the tast , and is much used where they grow , to be eaten with Pepper and Salt . Of the Leaves of the Palmito , they use to make Brooms , to sweep the House , which will last a long time , of them likewise , they make Mats and Baskets .

CHAP. LXIII . Of Winter Green .

The Names .

IT is called Pyrola in Latine ( for it hath not found any Greek name ) à foliorum Pyri arloris similitudine , & florum , etiam similitudine , of the likenesse of the Leaves , & I may say of the flowers also ; unto Peartree Leaves , & flowers . Divers have taken it to be Limonium ; but the true Limonium is now so well known , that it putteth all out of doubt . Some have called it Beta sylvestris , as Pliny and Fuschius ; because it appeareth in the Spring about the time that Garden Beets do ; but Galen saith , there is no wild sort of the Beet . Others have called it Tintinnabulum Terrae from the likenesse of the flower to a bell , saith Fuschius , but is generally of all now a daies called Pyrola ; in English , Winter-green .

The Kinds .

Though formerly but one , now six sorts are known . 1. Ordinary Winter Green . 2. The least Winter Green . 3. Slender Winter Green . 4. The Winter Green of Europ , with Chickweed Flowers . 5. Winter Green of America with Chickweed flowers . 6. Shrubby Winter Green .

The Forme .

The first sort groweth , sending forth seven , or eight , or nine Leaves from a small brownish creeping root , every one standing on a long Footstalk , and being almost as broad as long , round pointed of a sad green colour , hard in handling , and like unto the Leaf of the Peartree , but others compare them to be like unto the small leaves of Beets , from whence ariseth a slender weak stalk , yet standing upright , bearing at the top many small white flowers , smelling as sweet as those of Lilly Convally , laid open like a star , consisting of five round pointed leaves , with many yellowish threds standing in the middle , about a green head and a long stile with them , which in time groweth to be the Seed-Vessel , which when it is ripe is formed five square with a small point at it , wherein is contained as small seed , as the dust it self .

The Places and Time .

The Sort I have now described groweth in Lansdale and Craven in the North part of England , especially in a Close called Crag Close , and also in a Bog by Rosecre in the Kings County . The second groweth at the foot of the high hills in Austria and Stiria , as Clusius saith . The third in Germany , as also near Savoy . The fourth groweth on the Woods of Germany in divers places , as also in the Beechwood in Scotland , as is recorded by Bauhinus ; and on the Mountains in in Wales likewise . The fifth groweth in Brasil towards the West Indies . The last groweth in most of the Provinces of Hungary , Germany and Bohemia : they do all flower except the American Sorts about June and July , but the other more late with Us.

The Temperature .

Winter green is cold in the second degree , and dry in the third , and exceeding astringent and glutinous withall .

The Vertues .

Grollius in his Book of Signatures , puts down Pyrola to be a principall Herb for the Throat ; and therefore saith he , we use it in Gargarisms ; but how to make out the Signature , is beyond my poor skill . It is a singular Remedy for green Wounds , to consolidate their lips speedily together ; either the green Leaves bruised and applyed of themselves , or the juyce of them , or a Salve made of the green Herbs stamped , or the juyce boyled with Hogs-lard , or with Sallet-Oyl and Wax , and some Turpentine added unto it ; which is so soveraign a Salve for all manner of wounds and Sores , that the Germans use it exceeding much and extoll it beyond all other Salves , made of a simple Herb : They likewise use it for inward wounds or hurts , being boyled , either by it self , or with other Wound-Herbs , as Comfry , Burnet , Mos-eare , &c. wherewith they use to heal , whomsoever is wounded , either in the Body or Bowels or any other part , by giving them to drink of such a decoction . The Herb boyled in Wine , or water , and thereof given to drink , to them that have any inward Ulcers in the Kidneys , or neck of the Bladder , doth wonderfully help them : It stayeth also all Fluxes , whether of blood ; or of humours , as the Lask , Bloody Fluxes , or Womens too abundant Courses : as also the bleeding of wounds , and both taketh away Inflammation , rising upon the pains of the heart , and hindereth any to arise , being presently applyed after the hurt received : It is no lesse helpful for foul Ulcers , hard to be cured : as also for Cancers and Fistulaes . The distilled water of the Herb , doth effectually perform the same things ; and some keep the dryed Herb to use in Decoctions , or made into powder to drink , as often as they shall have occasion .

CHAP. LXIV . Of Horse-Tongue , or Double-Tongue .

The Names .

THe Grecians call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Hippoglossum , either because 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is a word oftentimes prefixed before great Plants , as Hipposelinum , Hippolapathum , Hippomarathrum , &c. or because it somewhat resembles an Horses Tongue ; but others think it should be more truly called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Hypoglossum , because of the small Leaves , like small Tongues , growing upon the greater . The Latines keep the name , and call it Hippoglossum , or Hypoglossum ; and some to expresse it more fully . Bislingua , two Tongues , or double Tongue ; some , Lingua Pagana ; and of Apuleius , Victoriola . It is also called Bonifacia by Angularia , and Uvularia by Bru●felsius , Leonicerus , Tabermontanus , and others . This is not Laurus Alexandrina , as some have supposed .

The Kindes .

Besides the ordinary sort , Fabius Columna maketh mention of another , with larger Tongues , upon the Leaves , which as he saith , is much more rare to find .

The Forme .

Horse-Tongue shooteth forth divers hard stalks , with Leaves on them , which are somewhat broad , yet pointed at the end , somewhat hard , with Ribs running through them ; upon which , from the middle Rib , groweth a smaller Leaf or Tongue , about the middle of the Leaf , on the upper side , which maketh it to differ from all other Plants , that grow upon the ground : Under the smaller Leaf , at the bottom where it joyneth to the greater , commeth forth one small , whitish green Flower , and sometimes two standing upon short foot-stalks , where afterward stand the Berries , which when they are ripe , are very red , very like unto the Berries of the Yew-Tree , wherein is a white hard Seed : the Root consisteth of many , long , hard , whitish strings , growing from a head .

The Places and Time .

It groweth upon Hills , and in Woods , in divers places , both of Italy and Germany ; but is only cherished in Gardens with Us , particularly in the Physick Garden in Oxford . It flowreth in Iune , and the Berries are ripe at the end of September , in the naturall places , as in the warmer Countries ; but it seldom commeth to perfection in our Land .

The Temperature .

Horse-Tongue is evidently hot in the second Degree , and dry in the first .

The Signature and Vertues .

The little Leaf like a Tongue , growing upon the greater , is no light Argument that this Plant is effectuall for Sores in the Mouth and Throat , and to settle the Palate of the Mouth in its place , that is subject to fall down , by reason of too much moysture , which may likewise be signified thereby . It is likewise of singular good use in old and filthy Ulcers , in any part of the Body , to dry up the moysture , and to bring them on more speedily to be healed ; either the Powder of the Leaves or Roots , to be used alone , or with other things put into them , or the decoction to wash them , or inject into them . It is held to be most powerful also of any Herb , that is , to help the suffocations , and other Diseases of the Muther , to take the Powder of the dryed Leaves or Roots , in Wine , Broth , or other drink ; for it will speedily give ease . Three or four drams of the said Powder , taken in sweet Wine , procureth a speedy delivery , and driveth forth the after-birth provoketh the Courses and Urine , when they are stopped , and expelleth the Stone in the Reins and Kidneys . If a dram or two of the said Powder be given to drink in Wine , or Broth , for some certain dayes together , it will help all those which have a rupture , or are bursten ; and for this purpose , it is accounted by divers , that there is no help better , which although it may bring some pains at the first taking , yet by continuance , it will knit and heal the part , if a Trusse be used a good while after , as well as during the Cure : It is good also for those that have an imperfection in their Speech , so as it be not naturall .

CHAP. LXV . Of Figg-wort .

The Names .

THis Plant , and the use thereof being found out but of later dayes , hath no Greek appellation , but what may be taken from the Latines , who call it Scrophularia major ; because it is available , ad Scrophulas : & , major , to distinguish it from Pile-wort , which by most Writers , is called Scrophularia minor . It is also called Millemorbia , Ficaria , Ferraria , & Castrangula , as well from the form of the Roots , as from the many effects ; for which the former Ages more then ours did put it to , and did find available . Although the other sorts want the knobs in the Roots , which the true Fig-wort hath , yet for the other likeness they have the same name imposed upon them : We in English call it great Fig-wort , and great Pile-wort ; and of some , great Kernel-wort , and Brown-wort , from the colour of the stalks .

The Kindes .

Of Fig-wort the greater , there be eight sorts set down by Mr. Parkinson . 1. The ordinary great Fig-wort . 2. Great Fig-wort , without knobbed Roots . 3. Great leafed Fig-wort , of Candy . 4. Strange great Fig-wort . 5. Another strange great Fig-wort . 6. Yellow Fig-wort . 7. Indian Fig-wort . 8. Elder-like Fig-wort .

The Forme .

The common great Fig-wort sendeth forth divers great , strong , hard , square , brown stalks , two or three foot high , whereon grow large , hard , and dark green Leaves , two at a joynt , which are larger , and harder then Nettle Leaves , but not stinging . At the tops of the stalks , stand many purple Flowers , set in Husks , which are somewhat gaping , and open somewhat , like those of Water-Betony : after which , come hard , round heads , with a small poynt in the middle , wherein lie small brownish Seed . The Root is great , white , thick , and full of knobs and bunches , as it were knots and kernels , at it , growing aslope under the upper Crust of the ground , and abideth many years , but keepeth not its Leaves green in the winter , the stalks perishing , as those of Water Betony , and other such like Plants do .

The Places and Time .

The first is frequent in divers places of this Land , both in moyst and shadowy Woods , and in the lower parts of Fields and Meadows , particularly in Stow-wood by Oxford : the second Lobel saith , groweth not but in the warm Counties of Narbone in France , Ravenna , and Rome in Italy . The third and fourth came from Candy : the fifth , was sent out of Italy , among other Seeds : the sixth , came from Hungary , and other parts of Germany : the two last , from Spain and Italy . They all flowre about Iuly , yet some a moneth sooner , and the Seeds will be ripe within a moneth after the Flowers be past .

The Temperature .

I cannot find the temperature of this Herb , set down in any Authour , yet I guesse it to be the same with the lesser Celandine , o● Fig-wort ( because it works the same effect ) which is hot and dry in the end of the third Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The likenesse of the Roots unto those Scrophulous tumours , which ap●●r about the Throat : as also the Arm-holes and Fundament , do evidently ●●old forth , that it is excellent good for the Kings-Evill , or any other knots , k 〈…〉 bunches , or Wens , growing in the flesh wheresoever , if the Decoction of the Herb be taken inwardly , and the bruised Herb applyed outwardly ; and so it is ●● singular good use , to be applyed for the Hemorrhoides or Piles , when they grow painful , and fall down , and for such other knobs and kernels , which sometimes grow in and about the Fundament : It is also very effectuall , to dissolve c●ot●ed , or congealed blood within the Body , which happeneth by any wound , bruise , or fall , being used as is said before . An Oyntment made hereof , in this manner , may be used at all times , when the fresh Herb is not to be had . Wash the Roots clean , bruise them , and put them into a Pot with fresh Butter , well mixed together , and let them so stand for fifteen dayes , close covered , in some moyst or moorish place , which afterwards , set upon a gentle fire , to boyl easily for a little space , which then being strained forth , let it be kept in a Pot covered , to use when occasion requireth : With the Roots and Le●ves , likewise bruised and boyled in Hogs-Lard , or Oyl and Wax , is made the like Oyntment , exceeding good to heal all sorts of Scabs , and Lepry also . The distilled water of the whole Plant , Roots and all , is used for the same purposes , either to take inwardly , or applyed outwardly by bathings , and serveth well also for foul Ulcers that are hollow , or corroding , to stay the malignity , and to dry up the superfluous virulent moystute of them : the same also , taketh away all rednesse spots , and freckles in the face : as also the scurf , or any foul deformity therein , that is inveterate , and the Leprosie likewise .

CHAP. LXVI . Of Archangell , or Dead Nettle .

The Names .

LEonhartus Fuschius in his History of Plants , doth huddle up together in the 71. Chapter , Galeopsis , Urtica , Labeo , Scrophularia major , Ficaria , Millemorbia , & Castrangula , as if they were one and the same Plant including Archangel also . I have already shewed you , that Scrophularia major , &c. is the great Fig-wort : I shall here demonstrate , that though Fuschius and some others have taken Archangel , and Galeopsis to be the same , yet they are by more modern Botanicks made to differ ; for as much as the one is stinking , the other not stinking . That which stinketh not , Pliny calleth Lamium , from the Flowers veluti cucullo larvatam Lamiam representante , which look , like an old Witch , hudled up in a Hood . It is called also Urtica in●rs , non mordax & mortua , quia foli●s non mordacibus sed mitissimis sit : Urtica , for some resemblance it hath with other Nettles ; iners , &c. because it stingeth not , as other Nettles do . Some call it Archangelica , ab eximiis viribus ; for its excellent vertues , from whence we in England ( to which it is more proper , then to other Countries ) call it Archangel : as also Dead Nettle , and Blind Nettle : by which two last Names , it is best known to Country people .

The Kinds .

Of this Plant properly called Archangel , there are eight sorts , 1. Red dead Nettle , or Red Archangel . 2. White Archangel . 3. Spanish Archangel . 4. Long-leafed red Archangel . 5. Archangel with spotted Leaves . 6. Archangel with white lines in the Leaves . 7. Yellow Archangel . 8. Strong Archangel .

The Forme .

The white Archangel ( which is most pertiment for the present occasion ) hath divers square stalks , about a foot high , not standing straight upright , but leaning downwards towards the ground , by reason of the great weight of its ponderous Leaves ( as some conceive , though I do not ) which are in shape like those of the stinging Nettles , nicked about the edges ; yet not stinging at all , but soft , and as it were downy : At the joynts with the Leaves stand large , and open-gaping white Flowers in husks , round about the stalks , fashioned like to little gaping Hoods or Helmets : in which there is many times a sweet , honyish moysture , as may be perceived , if you suck them , as many times you shall see Children and Bees do : in the Husks , after the Flowers are fallen , stand small , roundish black Seeds : The Root is white , with many Fibres thereat , not growing downwards , but lying under the upper crust of the Earth , spreading and increasing like unto Couch-grasse , which abideth many years still increasing .

The Places and Time ▪

The first sorts are found under Hedges , old Walls , common wayes , among rubbish , in the Borders of Fields , in arable , and in Gardens that are ill husbanded , except the Spanish kind , which groweth not , but in Gardens here in England , as in the Physick Garden at Oxon , &c. The fifth groweth in Germany , as Thalius saith , and in Italy , as Matthiolus and Columna say , very plentifully . Those with white spots and lines are rare to meet with . The seaventh groweth in some places of England : yet not very commonly , as in Bagley-Wood by Oxford , and under an hedge on the further side of a Meadow , by St. Albans , near the Causey that leadeth from thenc●● to Mr. Cottons House , on the left hand , a little before you come to the turning of the way , up to Windridge , where I shewed to my worth● Friends , Dr. Arris , a Doctor of Physick , and Mr. Dichfield , School-master of St. Albans : the last groweth in Candy , as Pona saith , and in Naples , as Columna saith . They flowre from the beginning of the Spring , all the Summer long .

The Temperature .

Archangel is hot and dry in the first Degree , or thereabouts . It is of thin and subtle parts ( and therefore it dryeth , consumeth , and discusseth ) as the bitterness of the tast doth clearly demonstrate .

The Vertues and Signature .

Archangel bruised , and with some Salt and Vinegar , or with Hogs-La●●●ayd upon any hard tumour or swelling , and that in the Neck or Throat , which is called the Kings Evill , doth help to dissolve or discusse them : in like manner applyed to the Gout , Sciatica , or other Joynt-aches , or of the Sinews , doth very much allay the pains , and give ease . It is also effectuall in all Inflammations , as a repercussive , and to heal all green wounds , by drying and closing up the lips of them ; and for old Ulcers also , to stay their malignity of fretting and cor●oding , or spredding thereby , causing them to heal the more speedily . It draweth forth splinters , or other such like things , gotten into the flesh . It is used also for the obstructions and hardnesse of the Spleen , both inwardly , by drinking the Decoction of the Herb in Wine , and afterwards applying the Herb hot , or the Decoction to the Region of the Spleen , as a Cataplasme , or somentation with Sponges . The Flowers of the white Archangel are preserved , or conserved daily to be used , or the distilled water of them stayeth the Whites ; and those of the Red stayeth the Reds in Women by Signature , and is thought good to make the heart merry , to drive away melancholy , and to quicken the spirits , and is commended also against Quartan Agues . Likewise it stancheth bleeding at the Nose , if the Herb be stamped and applyed to the nape of the Neck ; and if it be so applyed to the loosnesse and clefts of the skin , about the Roots of the Nails of the Fingers , it immediately cureth them by Signature , as Crollius affirmeth . Pliny highly commendeth it for many other things , as for bruises and burnings ; but the Archangel with yellow Flowers , is most commended for old , filthy , and corrupt sores , or corrupt Ulcers ; yea , although they grow to be Fistulous , or hollow , and to dissolve tumours .

CHAP. LXVII . Of Foxglove .

The Names .

SOme call it in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and make it to be a kind of Mullein , but certainly it is not , neither was it known to any of the ancient Greek , o● Latine Writers . Fuschius makes , as if he were the first that called it Digitalis , being induced thereunto , by the hollow form of the Flowers , which are like Finger-stalls . Casalpinus calleth it Virga Regia major flore purpureo , Alcima also , and Damasonium . Tragus calleth it Campanula sylvestris flore purpureo & flore luteo . Columna taketh it to be the Ephemerum Dioscoridis ; and D●lechampius upon Pliny , taketh it to be Viola Calathiana Plinii . So different is the Opinion of Authours , concerning this Plant. It hath no other name in English , that I know , but Foxgloves , unlesse some call it Foxfinger .

The Kinds .

The Sorts of Foxgloves are eight in all . 1. Common Purple Foxglove . 2. Dun coloured Foxgloves . 3. Blush coloured Foxgloves . 4. Orenge Tawny Foxgloves . 5. The greater white Foxgloves . 6. The lesser white Foxgloves . 7. The greater yellow Foxglove . 8. The small pale yellow Foxglove .

The Forme .

The common Foxglove hath many long and broad Leaves , lying upon the ground , dented about the edges , a little soft or woolly , and of a kind of hoary green colour : among which , rise up sundry stalks sometimes , and but one very often , bearing such Leaves thereon , from the bottom to the middle , from whence to the top , it is stored with large and long hollow reddish Purple Flowers , a little more long and eminent at the lower edge , with some white spots within them , one above another , with small green Leaves at every one ; but all of them turning their heads one way , and hanging downwards , having some threds also in the middle ; from whence rise round heads , pointed sharp at the ends , wherein small brown Seed lyeth : the Roots are many small husky Fibres , and some greater strings among them : the Flower hath no scent , but the Leaves have a bitter hot tast .

The Places and Time .

Two of these Sorts , namely , the Purple , and the Greater white ▪ grow naturally in England , in such grounds for the most part , as are sandy and dry , as well on the higher as lower places , under hedge sides , in divers Counties . The red groweth between Stoken-Church and Little Wickham , and likewise about St. Albans . The white groweth by Wulwich , and also in Landesdale , Craven , and in a Field called Cragclose , in the North of England , by Colchester in Essex , and by Exeter , in the West . The rest are strangers in England , unlesse it be in the Gardens of them that delight in such pretty Ornaments . They seldom flowre before July , and their Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The Foxgloves in that they are bitter , are hot and dry , with a certain kind of cleansing quality joyned to them .

The Vertues .

The use of this Plant , if not the Plant it self , was altogether unknown unto the Ancients , it being not so much as once mentioned in their Medicines ; but that is no excuse to the Physicians of our times , who , notwithstanding the admirable properties thereof , do in a manner neglect it . The Italians , with whom it is in greater esteem then with us , call it Aralda , and have an usuall Proverb with them concerning it , which is , Aralda tutte Piaghe salda , Aralda salveth all Sores ; for they use it familiarly to heal any fresh or green wound , or cut the Leaves , being but bruised , and bound to ; and sometimes also they use the juyce of it in old Sores , to cleanse them , dry up their moysture , and heal them the more speedily , which it performeth by the bitter quality therein . But the Reason why I treat of it in this place is , because it hath been by later experience , found to be very available for the Kings Evill , the Flowers being stamped together with fresh Butter , and applyed to the place ; or if the Flowers cannot be had , the Leaves bruised and applyed , or the juyce made up into an Oyntment , and used thereon , worketh the same effect , though not altogether so powerfully . By the rarifying and extenuating Vertue that it hath , it cutteth and consumeth thick , tough Flegme , and viscous humours , troubling the Chest or Stomack , if it be boyled in water , or Wine and drunken : The Decoction or Juyce hereof , made up with some Sugar , or Honey , is available for the same purpose : as also to cleanse and purge the Body both upwards and downwards , sometimes of tough flegme , and clammy humours , and to open the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen . It hath been also by later experience found to be available for the Falling Sicknesse , and divers have been cured thereby ; for after the taking of the Decoction of two handfulls thereof , with four Ounces of Polypody of the Oak bruised , made in Ale , they that have been troubled with that Disease six and twenty years , have been cured thereof . Mr. Culpepper saith , that he is confident , that an Oyntment of it is one of the best remedies for a scabby head that is .

CHAP. LXVIII . Of Orpine .

The Names .

IT is called by the Grecians , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by the Latines , Telephium , & Sempervivum Sylvestre . It took the name Telephium , some have thought , from Telephus , the King of Mysia , whose wounds received from Achilles , and grown almost past cure , were healed therewith ; and hence the Medicines appointed for such purposes , were called Telephia : yet I must tell you , that it is more frequently said , that Telephus was cured with the rust of Achilles his Sword which hurt him , both haply being mixed together : It is called also , Scrophularia media vel tertia , of Brunfel sius ; Fabaria , Faba crassa , and Faba inversa by divers ; and so also by Lobel , à foliorum fabae similitudine ; and Crassula , or Crassula major by divers also , as well as Dioscorides a foliorum crassitie . Cordus upon Dioscorides calleth it Acetabulum alterum : & Columna , taketh it to be Cotiledon alterum of Dioscorides : Gesner in hortis Germaniae , taketh it to be Anacampseros : and Matthiolus Dodonaeus & Clusius , and divers others , call it Telephium ; and Vulgare , because it is most common in all these parts . In English , it is called Orpine ; and of some , Livelong , because a Branch of the green Leaves hung up in any place , will keep the verdure along time .

The Kindes .

The Sorts of Orpine are six in number , 1. Common Orpine . 2. Purple flowred Orpine . 3. Small creeping Orpine . 4. The great Spanish Orpine . 5. Imperatus of Naples , his true Orpine . 6. Matthiolus his small Orpine .

The Form .

The common Orpine riseth with divers round brittle stalks , thick set , with fat and fleshly Leaves , without any Order , and little or nothing dented about the edges , of a pale green colour : The Flowers are white , or whitish , growing in tufts : after which come small chaffy husks , with Seed like dust in them . The Roots are divers , thick , round , white , tuberous Clogs ▪ which is not altogether so great , in divers Fields , and Wood-sides , where it is found wild , as it is in Gardens .

The Places and Time :

The first is frequent almost in every Country of this Land , being generally cherished in Gardens and in many places growing wild , as about Heddington Quarries in Oxford shire , and about St. Albans in Hartfordshire . The second is often found in many places of Germany ; as Tragus Camerarius , Clusius , and others set down . The third was sent out of Italy by Alphonsus Pancius , a worthy Herbarist and Physitian of Ferrara . The fourth is found both in Spain and Hungary . The fift came originally from Imperatus of Naples . The last ( which was called Cepea by Matthiolus ▪ and all that have written since , Cepea-Matthioli ) was first communicated from Padoa , and is chiefly nursed up in the Gardens of those that are lovers of rare Plants . They do all flower in July , and their Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The Qualities of Orpine are differing from the Telephium of Dioscorides in that they are cooling as Purslain is , especially the leaves , for the root is more enclining to heat ; and by reason of the Muscilaginesse therein , it is somewhat astringent also : whereas the true Telephium as Dioscorides and Galen say , is somewhat hot and of a cleansing drying quality ; yet it is thought the plant is the same , though the Temperature be altered by the difference of the Climate in this as also in other Plants .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Leaves of Opine bruised and applyed to the throat cureth the Quinsy , which is an Inflammation of the Throat , or of the highest parts of the Gullet , hindering breathing and swallowing , when as the fault is neither in the Breast nor Lungs . Mr. Culpeper saith , that if you please to make the Juyce thereof into a Syrup , with Honey or Sugar , , you may take a spoonful or two at a time for a Quinsy , and you shall find the medicine more pleasant , and the Cure more speedy then if you took a Dogs Turd , which is the Learned Colledges vulgar cure . This may be a good remedy : but if Mr. Culpeper had been so wise , as to have known the goodnesse of a Dogs Turd for this purpose : he would not have belched it forth so opprobriously in disparagement of the Colledge ; whom I know not for what cause , he takes occasion many times to inveigh against , where there is none . But to return to Orpine : It is seldom used ( notwithstanding Mr. Culpepers Syrup ) in inward medicines with us ; but Tragus saith , and that from experience , that in Germany the distilled water thereof is used for gnawings or excoriations in the Stomach or Bowels , and for Ulcers in the Lungs , Liver , or other inward parts ; as also in the Matrix , and helpeth all those diseases , being drunk for certain daies together , and that it stayeth the sharpnesse of the humours , in the bloody flux , and other fluxes in the belly , or in wounds . The Root thereof also performeth the same effect . It is used outwardly to cool any heat or Inflammation upon any hurt or wound , and easeth the paines of them : as also to heal Scaldings and Burnings : the Juyce thereof beaten with some Sallet Oyl and anointed , The leaf also bruised , and laid to any green wound in the hands or Leggs doth heal them . The root helpeth Ruptures and Burstnesse by Signature ; the tuberous and glandulous Cloggs being not much unlike those hard swellings , or falling down of the Cuts into the Cods .

CHAP. LXIX . Of Pellitory of the Wall ,

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Helxine , quód foliorum & semin●●● hirsutiae vestibus adhaereat , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quod perdices eâ libenter vescantur ; in Latine also Helxine ( but not Cissamp●ll●s ) Perdicum Perdicaria of Partridges which sometimes feed hereof ; and Urceolaris , Vitrigo , or Vitriolaris herba , because the roughnesse thereof serves to cleanse either pots or Glasses ; but it is commonly called Parietaria , or by a corrupt word Pariraria , because it groweth upon or neer Walls , and for the same cause it is named of divers Muralium , & Herba Muralis : in English , Pellitory of the Wall ; not that it hath any correspondency with Pellitory of Spain , but corruptly instead of Paritary , which was so called from Parietaria , the English as well as other Countries imitating the Latine : but somebody forgetting the word Paritary , called it Pellitory : which name , it doth still retain : and , ( of the Wall ) is added to distinguish it from the other howsoever .

The Kindes .

There be but two sorts of Pellitory of the Wall . 1. Common Pellitory of the Wall . 2. Small Pellitory of the Wall ,

The Forme .

The Common Pellitory of the Wall ri●eth up with many brownish red , tender and weak , clear and almost transparent stalks , not above a foot high at most that ever I saw ; upon which grow at the several joynts two leaves like unto those of French Mercury , or Amaranthus called flower gentle : but not so big of a dark green : which afterwards turn brownish not dented at all , but smooth on the Edges , rough and hairy as the Stalks are also : at the joynts with the Leaves from the middle of the stalks upwards , stand many small pale purplish flowers , in hairy or somewhat rough heads or husks ; after which come small black and rough seed which will stick to any Garment or Cloath , though not so easily as some report . The root is somewhat long , with many small Fibres annexed thereunto of a dark reddish colour , which abideth the Winter , although the stalks with the Leaves do commonly perish , and spring afresh every year .

The Places and Time

The first groweth wild generally throughout the Land neer or upon old walls , in the moist corners of Churches and stone buildings , amongst rubbish and such like places ; from whence those that have a mind may bring it into their Gardens , where being planted in the shade it will grow , and increase so much , that after a while , it will not easily be gotten out . The other groweth naturally in few places , but in Constance in Germany . They flower in June and July , and the seed is ripe soon after .

The Temperature .

Pellitory of the Wall is counted by most to be cold and moist , but surely it is hot , otherwise it could not be so effectuall against winde and the Stone , unlesse it be by a Specifick Vertue .

The Vertues .

The dryed Herb in powder made up with Hony into an Electuary , or the juyce of the herb or the Decoction thereof made up with Sugar or Honey , is a singular remedy , for an old or dry Cough , the shortness of breath and wheesing in the Throat . The Decoction of the herb with a little honey added thereto , is good to gargle a fore throat , and being drunk without honey , it easeth the paines of the Muther , and bringeth down Womens Courses ; it also easeth those griess that arise from obstructions of the Liver , Spleen and Reins : the juyce held in the mouth easeth the Tooth-ach ; and three ounces thereof taken at a time doth wonderfully help the stopping of the Urine ; and to expell the Stone or Grayel in the Kidneys or Bladder ; and is therefore put among herbs , used in Clysters to mitigate pains in the Back , Sides , or Bowells proceeding of wind , stopping of Urine , the Gravel or Stone as aforesaid . If the bruised herb sprinkled with some Muscadine be warmed upon a Tile , or in a dish upon a few quick Coales in a Chasingdish , and applyed to the Belly , it worketh the same effect . A pultis made hereof with Mallows , being boyled in Wine with wheat Bran , and Bean Flower , and some Oyl put thereto , and applyed warm to any bruised Sinew , Tendon or Muscle , doth in very short time restore them to their strength ; and taketh away the pains of bruises , and dissolves the congealed blood of any beatings or falls from high places . The juyce or the dis●illed Water , which is useful for many of the purposes aforesaid , is excellent also to cleanse the skin , from Spots and Freckles , Purples , Wheales , Sun-burn , Morphew , &c. and maketh it smooth and delicate . The said water or juyce , doth asswage hot Impostumes , burnings or scaldings , as also all other hot tumours or Inflammations , be it St. Authonies fire , or any other Eruptions of heat , being bathed often in wet Cloathes dipped therein , or the said juyce made into an Oyntment with Cerusse and Oyl of Roses and anointed therewith , which doth also cleanse foul rotten Ulcers , and stayeth creeping Ulcers , and running Scabs in Childrens heads ; and helpeth also to stay the falling off the hair of the head , &c. The Leaves mixed with Oyl of sweet Almonds in manner of a P●ltis , and laid to the pained parts is a good help for them that are troubled with the Stone or with wind and gripings . The juyce dropped into the Ears easeth the Noise and hummings in them , and taketh away the pricking and shooting paines in them . The juyce or the herb bruised and applyed with a little salt , is very effectuall to cleanse Fistulaes and to heal them . It is likewise very effectual for any green wound , that is , if it be bruised and bound thereto for three daies , you need no other medicine or salve to heal it .

CHAP. LXX . Of Wheat .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Latine Triticum quod tritum ex spicis sit , because it is threshed out of the Ears , as Varro saith , as also , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 that is , Frumenium à fruendo , id est , vesc●ndo quod Culmus extulit , because we do injoy this Noble Grain more the any , it being the best to make bread , which is the Staffe of Mans life , There was a sort of it amongst the Ancients , called Robus , which though some have taken to be the same with bare or naked White Wheat , yet it is more probable that red Wheat is meant thereby , being so called à rubore grani .

The Kinds .

Me thinks Mr. Parkinson , who was a Man ▪ so exquisitely experienced in the form of all sorts of Vegetables , should not be so mistaken in so common a thing as Wheat : yet he seems to ●e so to be ; for in rekoning up seven sorts of Wheat he saith that there is . 1. Bare or naked white Wheat . 2. Bearded or Red Wheat 3. Bright eared Wheat . 4. Double eared Wheat . 5. The wild Wheat of Candy . 6. Tripoly wheat . 7. Summer wheat . For my part I never saw a Land of Red Wheat with beards , but many hundred Acres without ; and for White Wheat , I have seen it both without , and with Beards . I have heard of sorts of wheat , which Country People call Duckbill Wheat , Cone Wheat , &c. Which whether they be by names to any of the former , I am not certain ; but I think , by Duckbill Wheat they mean the Red ; and by Cone Wheat , they mean the White Wheat with beards , which maketh not so white bread as the Red. The Summer-wheat is also called , Triticum Amyl●um , Starch Corn , whereof Starch is made . Whose description I shall give you , because it is not so well known as the other .

The Forme .

Starch Corn is very like unto wheat in Stalk and Seed , but the Ears are narrower , the beards longer , and the grains smaller : the Eare thereof is set round about , and made up with two ranks , with certain beards as I said before , almost after the manner of Barley , and the Seed is closed up in Chaffy Hus●s , and is sowen in the Spring .

The Places and Time .

I have observed the white Wheat to grow frequently in Hartfordshire , and the Bright Eared Wheat also here and there . The Red Wheat in Oxfordshire , but without Beards . The double Wheat groweth about Lyons in France , The fift was brought from Tripoly . The sixt from Candy . The seventh groweth in Germany , Poland , and Denmark . The double Wheat , Summer Wheat , and that of ▪ Candy , are to be sown in the Spring , because they will not indure the cold of the Winter , but the rest are sown in Autumn , & are reaped in July or August .

The Temperature .

The kinds of Wheat according to their naturall qualities are hot in the first Degree , but neither dryeth nor moistneth evidently as Galen saith , yet Pliny saith it dryeth .

The Vertues .

The bread that is made of Wheat being applyed hot out of the Oven for an hour three daies together , to the Throat that is troubled with Kernels or the Kings Evil , healeth it perfectly ; and Slices of it , after it is a little stale being soaked in Red Rose Water , and applyed to the eyes that are hot , red , and inflamed , or that are bloodshot helpeth them . The flower of Wheat mixed with the juyce of Henbane doth stay the flux of humours to the joynts being laid thereon : t●e said meal boyled in Vinegar helpe●h the shrinking of the Sinews , saith Pliny , a●d mixed with Vinegar and Hony , boyled together healeth all ●reckles , spots and Pimples on the face : Wheat-flowre being mixed with the Yolk of an Egge , Honey , and Turpentine , doth draw , cleanse , and heal any Bile or Plague-sore , or any other foul U●cer : the Bran of Wheat Meal is often boyled in the Decoction of a Sheeps Head ▪ and it is given in Clysters , to cleanse and open the Body , and to ease the griping pains of the Intralls . The said Bran steeped in sharp Vinegar , and then bound in a Linnen Cloth , and rubbed on those places that have the Morphew , Scurf , Scab , or Leprosie , will take them away , so that the Body be well prepared and purged before : the Decoction of the Bran of Wheat or Barley , is found of good use , to bathe those places which are bursten by a Rupture : the said Bran boyled in good Vinegar , and applyed to swollen Breasts , doth help them , and stayeth all Inflammations : It helpeth also the biting of Vipers , ●● other venemous Creatures . The Leaven of Wheat Meal hath a property to ●eal and to draw ; and in especiall , it rarifieth the hard skins of the feet and hands ; as also Warts , and hard knots in the flesh , being applyed with some Salt . Starch moystned with Rose-water , and layd to the Cods , taketh away their itching . The Waters that are made of the purest and finest volatile Flower , being put in water , and drunk , doth stay the Lask and Bloody-Flux , and is profitably used both inwardly and outwardly for the Rupture in Children , and boyled with Roses , dry Figs , and some Jujubes , maketh a fit Lotion to wash sore mouths or Throats , and when the Kernels thereof are swollen and sore : the same also boyled in water , unto a thick gelley , and taken , stayeth the spitting of blood , and boyled with Mints and Butter , it helpeth the hoarsnesse of the Throat . Pliny saith , That the Corns of Wheat , parched upon an Iron Pan , and eaten , is a present remedy for those that are chilled with cold . The Oyl pressed from Wheat , between two thick Plates of Iron or Copper heated , healeth all Tetters and Ring-worms , being used warm : And hereby Galen saith , he hath known many to be cured . Matthiolus commendeth the same Oyl to be put into hollow Ulcers to heal them up , and it is good for Chops in the hands or feet , and to make a rugged skin smooth . Dioscorides saith , That to eat the Corns of green Wheat hutteth the stomach , and breedeth Worms , but chewed and applyed to the biting of a mad Dog , it cureth it .

CHAP. LXXI . Of Barley .

The Names .

THis Grain is generally in Greek called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Hordeum ; but two of the kindes are distinguished into Distichon , and Polystic●n , which last is most likely to be that which Galen calleth Gymnocrith●n , that is , Hordeum nudum ; not that the Ears are without rowes , but because the Grain is Huskless : and may be also the Cantherinum of Columella , which he saith , the Countrymen called Hexasticum . We have a small kind of Grain brought from Germany to our Druggists , in great quantity , termed French Barley , and is probable to be this Barley which Cordus saith , was sent him out of Italy , having six rowes in the Ears . There is a kind also , which by Tragus and Cordus is called Hordeum minus ; and by Columella , Hordeum Galaticum , because it is whiter ; from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Milk which is of a white colour .

The Kinds .

The Sorts of Barley are in number four . 1. Bear Barley , or common Barley . 2. Big Barley . 3. Winter Barly . 4. Naked or bare Barly .

The Forme .

The ordinary Barly is so well known to all sorts of people , that to describe it , were to teach them that which they know already , and therefore I shall describe that which is called naked or bare Barly . It hath many rowes of Corns in the Eare , which are inclosed in the Husks , having not that skin on them , that the other hath , being lank , small , yellow , and short , almost like Wheat , but lesse . The stalks are like unto the common Barly , saving that it hath not so many stalks , rising from the Roots ; so that though the one have six rowes , yet the other hath thirty or forty stalks to countervail them .

The Place and Time .

The first is Our usuall Barly , in all the South parts of this Nation : the other in the North parts only : the third is not very frequent in our Land ; but the last is more rare : yet it hath been sowen in our Gardens in April , and not before , and was ripe in the beginning or middle of August . The usuall time for the ordinary sort being in March , as to the sowing ; and the latter end of August , as to the mowing .

The Temperature .

Barly is cooling , and drying in the first Degree . It hath also a little abstersive , or cleansing quality , and doth dry , somewhat more then Bean Meal .

The Vertues .

The Meal of Barley and Fleawort , being boyled in water , and made into a Pultis with Honey and Oyl of Lillies , applyed warm , cureth Tumours under the Ears , Throat , Neck , and such like places . A Plaister thereof with Tar , Wax , and Oyl , helpeth the hard swellings of the Throat , called the Kings Evill . A Pultis made of Barley , Meal , or Flower , boyled with Vinegar and Honey , and a few dry Figs put unto them , dissolveth all hard Impostumes , and excrescences upon the Eye-lids , growing in the form of a Barley Corn by S●gnature and asswageth Inflammations also , being applyed . And being boyled with Melilote and Camomile Flowers , and some Linseed , Fennigreek , and Rue in Powder , and applyed warm , it easeth the pains in the sides and stomack , and the windinesse of the Spleen : boyled with sharp Vinegar into a Pultis , and layd on hot , helpeth the Leprosie : being boyled in red Wine , with Pomegranat Rinds , and Myrtills , it stayeth the Lask , or other Flux of the Belly : boyled with Vinegar , and a Quince , it easeth the hot pains of the Gout . Barley Flower , white Salt , Honey and Vinegar mingled together , is used by divers , to take away the Itch speedily , and certainly . The distilled water of green Barley stilled in the end of May , is very good for those that have Defluxions in the Eyes , to stay the humours , and to ease the pains , being dropped into them , or white bread layd to steep therein , and bound thereto , doth the same . All the preparations of it , as Barley-water , and other things made thereof , do give great nourishment to persons troubled with Feavers , Agues , and Heats in the Stomach . French Barley is much used in pectorall Diseases , or Diseases of the Breast , helpeth the sharpnesse of the Throat , and increaseth Milk , especially boyled with Fennel . It provoketh Urine , and is very profitable in Choletick Feavers , if it be thus administred ; Take two Ounces of French-Barley , boyl it in two fresh waters , then boyl it again in a quart of water , ( adding half an Ounce of Licorish , and an handful of Violet Leaves , and as many Strawberry Leaves ) to a pint , or a pint and a half , strain it ; and put thereto of Syrup of Violets two Ounces , or for the poorer sort , you may sweeten it with a little Sugar . It is used outwardly , to soften hard swellings , and is good for Inflammations , and sorenesse of the Throat , being boyled alone , or with other fitting Herbs , and the Mouth and Throat washed therewith . Take Mallowes , Violet , Beets , black Hellebore , Fumitory , of each three handfuls , of French Barley , six handfulls , boyl them in a sufficient quantity of water for a Bath , and use it against the Scab , Itch , &c. you shall find it very effectuall .

CHAP. LXXII . Of Garlick .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Allium , which last name , the Apothecaries do commonly use . Some say 't is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 i. e. Rudis Rosa , because of its strong scent , offending the Nose . Allium also seemeth to have its Originall from the Greek word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. exilire , because of its growth , which is so speedy , that it 's said as it were to leap . Galen and others have called it Theriaca Rusticorum , the Country Mans Treacle . We in English call it Garlick . Some of this kind are called Scorodoprassum and Moly .

The Kinds .

There are 12 sorts of Garlick mentioned by Authours . 1. Common Garlick . 2. Crow-Garlick . 3. Ramsons spotted , or Snake-Garlick . 4. Great Turky Garlick . 5. Great Turky Garlick , with a bulbed and twining head . 6. Clusius his first leafed Hungarian Moly . 7. Sweet smelling Hungarian Moly . 8. Purple round headed Mountain Moly . 9. Purplish headed Moly of Africa . 10. The small Italian white Moly . 11. Indian Moly . 12. Ramsons .

The Forme .

Omitting the Description of Garden Garlick , because it is so common , I shall give you that of the wild or Crow Garlick , which the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , that is Snakes Garlick . It hath small , tough , long Leaves , like Rushes , but not so round , smooth , and hollow within : Amongst which , riseth up a naked stalk , round , slippery , hard , and sound : on the top whereof , after the Flowers be gone , grow little Seeds , made up in a round cluster , like small Kernells , having the smell and tast of Garlick . Instead of a Root , there is a bulbe or round head without any Cloves at all .

The Places and Time .

Garlick is seldom sowen of Seed , but planted in Gardens , of the small Cloves , which are commonly set in March . Some on St. Peters day , knit the blades together in a knot , that it may head the better , and is gathered not long after . The Crow-Garlick groweth in fertile Pastures in all parts of England , particularly in a Field , called the Mantels , on the back side of Islington , by London . The rest are peculiar to divers Countries , as Germany , Hungary , France , Spain , Italy , Turkey , and our Land also , flowring in Summer , and Seeding after .

The Temperature .

It is hot and dry in the fourth Degree , and raiseth Blisters , being applyed to the skin .

The Vertues .

Garlick being eaten , heateth the Body , maketh thin , thick , and grosse humours ; cutteth such as are tough , and clammy , digesteth and consumeth them : it also openeth Obstructions or stoppings , and is an enemy to cold poyson , and to the biting of venomous Beasts . It taketh away the roughnesse of the Throat , also helpeth an old Cough , provoketh Urine , killeth Worms , expelleth Wind , helpeth the Cholick , cures the Dropsie proceeding of a cold Cause , provoketh the Courses in Women , and stirreth up Venus and Lust , but dryeth the Seed of Generation , and is most excellent for a cold and moyst stomach , and to stir up naturall heat . An old Man by lying in the cold in the Winter season , had almost lost the innate or naturall heat of his stomach , and his appetite was even decayed , after many hot Medicines used in vain , at length was cured with Garlick and Honey . It is a good preservative against the contagious and pestilent Air. A Decoction thereof made with Origanum , and Wine , being drunk , killeth Worm-Lice , and Nits . It is profitable against the biting of a mad Dog , and for such as are inclined to the Palsie , for shortnesse of breath , and to dry up Rheum ; and also for the cold Head-ach . It is commended against the Consumption of the Lungs , pissing of blood , and for such as cannot hold their water . The distilled water is good for the same Diseases , and for the Quinsie . The milk wherein Garlick hath been boyled , is good for worms in Children , or two Ounces of the water may be given morning and evening for a week together , if need be . The Decoction thereof used for a Bath , or Fume to sit over , brings down the Flowers and after-Birth . It cureth the bitings of mad Dogs , or the bitings of any other venomous Creature : being bruised with Rue , and applyed , it taketh away the Morphew , Tetters , and cures scabbed Heads in Children , Dandraffe and Scurf , tempered with Honey , and the parts anointed therewith . The ashes of Garlick being strowed in Ulcers , healeth them . The smell of Garlick driveth away venomous Creatures , and applyed with Figs , and Cummin , it cures the bitings of the Mouse called a Shrew . A Clove of Garlick put into an hollow Tooth that aketh , easeth the pain thereof , or stamp it with Saffron or Pepper , and hold it between the Teeth ; being bruised , and applyed to the Throat , it helpeth the Quinsey , and swelling thereof . The juyce mixed with Saffron and Goose-grease , cures the noyse of the Ears , being put therein . Garlick burned , and the ashes mingled with Honey , and layd to black and blew marks after bruises , taketh them away , and helpeth wild-fire and Scabs , being bruised and applyed . They usually cure the Pip in Poultry with Garlick ; and being given to Cocks , it maketh them to overcome in fighting . Notwithstanding all these Vertues , raw Garlick eaten too liberally , maketh the Eyes dim , offendeth and hurteth the stomack , causeth thirst , hurteth the Kidneys , heateth and burneth the blood , yieldeth no nourishment to the body , and is hurtful to young men , and to such as are hot , and cholerick , and in hot seasons : It hurteth Women with Child , and such as give suck . The juyce of Garlick , if it be taken in any great quantity , is ranck poyson : yet the flesh , and all being eaten together moderately , is good for such as are cold and moyst , and abound with flegmatick , grosse , and tough humours , for old persons , and in cold seasons . The best way of preparing it for food , is to boyl it throughly , and to eat it with Oyl , Vinegar , or such like .

CHAP. LXXIII . Of Liquorice .

The Names .

THe Greeks called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; the Latines , Dulcis Radix ; the Apothecaries , Liqueritia . Both the Greek and Latine names are derived from the sweetnesse of the Root , without dispute . Theophrastus in his ninth Book of his History of Plants , calleth it Radix Scythica , because it groweth very plentifully in Scythia , about the Lake Maeotis . There be that call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it driveth away thirst , if it be held in the mouth . There is also a wild sort hereof called Glanx Leguminosa , sive Glycyrhiza silvestris ; Liquorice , vetch .

The Kindes .

To this kind four sorts may be referred . 1. Common Liquorice . 2. Dioscorides his Liquorice . 3. The most common Liquorice Vetch . 4. Another Liquorice Vetch .

The Forme .

Common Liquorice riseth up with divers wooddy stalks , whereon are set at severall distances , many narrow , long green Leaves , set together on both sides of the stalk , and an old one at the end , very well resembling a young Ash-Tree sprung up from the Seed : This by many years continuance in a place without removing , and not else , will bring forth Flowers , many standing together , Spike-Fashion one above another , upon the stalks of the forme of Pease Blossoms , but of a very pale blew Colour , which turn into long , somewhat flat and smooth Cods , wherein is contained small round hard seed : the root runneth down a great way into the ground with divers other smaller roots , and Fibres growing with them , and shoot out succours from the main roots all about , whereby it is much increased of a brownish colour on the outside , and yellow within .

The Places and Time .

The first sort of liquorice groweth wild in many places of Germany and chiefly about Noremberg , but it is not comparable to that which is planted with Us in Gardens here in England , being the best in the world , even by the confession of those who so much extol out-landish plants , of which there is great profit to be made as diligent Gardners can tell you ; yet now it beginning to become common is not half so profitable as formerly , many more places being stored therewith . The second , in France , Spain , Italy and in some few gardens here in Enland , but flowreth late with Us , and seedeth as late if at all . The third groweth in many places of this Land , as about Cambridge , in Claringdon Park by Salisbury ; and in Butlers close at Adderbury Towns end , as you go to Banbury . The last groweth only in Germany that I can heareof . They flower in July and the Seed is ripe in September .

The Temperature .

Liquorice is temperate in heat and moisture ; and therefore familiar to the Temperature of Mans body , as also in that it is sweet , and hath a little astriction joyned to it , notwithstanding the bark thereof is somewhat bitter , and hot ; but this must be scraped away when it is used ; the fresh root when it is full of Juyce doth moisten more then dry .

The Vertues .

The Root of Liquorice is good against the rough harshnesse of the Throat and Breast , it openeth the Pipes of the Lungs when they be stuffed or stopped and ripeneth the Cough , and bringeth forth Phlegm . The Rob or juyce of Liquorice made according to A●t and hardned into a Lump which is called Succus Liqueritiae serveth well for the purposes aforesaid , being holden under the tongue , and there suffered to melt ; and is profitable also against the heat of the Mouth and Stomach , and quencheth thirst , and is good for green wounds being laid thereupon . Moreover with the Juyce of Liquorice , Ginger and other Spices with some Wheaten flower , Gingerbread is made which is also very good against a Cough , and all infirmities of the Breast and Lungs . The same is drunk with the Wine of Raisins , against the distempers of the Liver and Chest , Scabs or Sores of Bladder , and diseases of the Kidneys . Liquorice boyled in fair water with some Maiden●air and Figs maketh a good drink for those that have a dry Cough to digest Phlegme and to expectorate it , or hoarsness , Wheesing , Shortnesse of Breath , and for all griefs of the Breast and Lungs , Ptisick or Consumptions , caused by the distillation of Salt humours on them : it is good also in all pains of the Reins , the Strangury and heat of the Urine . The Scythians are said , by chewing this in their mouths to keep themselves from thirst in their long Journeys through the deserts for ten or twelve daies ; and stayeth hunger also . Liquorice boyled in water with a little Cinnamon added to it , serveth instead of drink in many places , especially if it be set to work with Barm , as Beer is and then tunned up and will grow clear , strong and heady in time , as Beer will do . The fine powder of Liquorice blown through a quill into the Eyes , that have a Pin and Web as they call it , or Rheumatick distillations into them , doth cleanse them and help them . The Juyce of Liquorice dissolved in Rose Water , with some Gum , Tragacanth , is a fine Lohoch , or licking medicine for hoarsnesse wheesings and all other roughnesse in the Mouth or Throat ; and to expectorate tough Phlegm , as also to condensate thin rheums , falling on the Lungs . It is likewise very much used by Farriers and Smiths to put in drenches for such horses as are hide bound , and do not thrive , or that have gotten a Cold or any other distemper of the Breast or Lungs ; and may also be given to any other Cattle upon the like occasion .

CHAP. LXXIIII . Of the Figg-Tree .

The Names .

THe Tree is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and the fruit , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine Ficus both Tree and Fruit : the wild Fig-tree is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 by Galen and others ; in Latin Ficus Sylvestris ; and Caprificus : the unripe fruit of the manured , as also of the wild kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Grossus : but properly Olynthus as well as Grossus doth signifie the early ripe of each sort : the dryed Figs are called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as Paulus Aeginetus and others , in Latine Caricae : the grains of small kernels within the Fig are called by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and by the Latines Ficaria : the Greeks call the early Figs , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi praecursores , the Latines praecoces and Grossi , the Branches of the tree are called Cradae both in Greek and Latine ; yet Nicander his Interpreter doth call the Figs so .

The Kinds .

Of ordinary Fig Trees , that grow in Europe , and bear eating Figs , there be four sorts . 1. The ordinary Fig-tree . 2. The wild Fig-tree . 3. The Fig-tree that beareth blew Figs early ripe . 4. The Dwarf Fig-tree .

The Forme .

The ordinary Fig-tree , is usually planted against a Wall ; and therefore to be conceived of no extraordinary bignesse , with a grayish rugged bark on the body and elder boughs , and green on the younger which are hollow , and pithy in the middle : the leaves grow single on the Branches , being long , large , thick , rough and of a sad green colour on the upperside , whitish underneath , divided into three , but usually into five parts ; yeelding a sharp bitter , and almost exulcerating milk when they are broken , as the branches and Figs also will do when they are green : the fruit breaketh out from the branches without any flower or blossom , and are both of sundry colours , of several sizes , and ripening at contrary times of the year : as also with thicker or thinner skins that cover them . Those that are most ordinary are white , and of a reasonable bignesse .

The Places and Time .

The manured Fig-tree groweth plentifully in Italy and Spain , but not without planting : where the fruit being gathered before it be over ripe , is laid in the Sunne to dry that it may be the better to keep all the year after , and is thence transported into other countries : And so are the blew Figs which grow there also ; but not so commonly , whose Tree as it is thought came out of Barbary . They bear ripe fruit both in the Spring , and in August or September . We have them in divers Gardens of this Land , but the fruit though many times it appear before the leaves ; yet seldome commeth to perfection , unlesse it be planted under a hot Wall .

The Temperature .

The Fig-tree is hot and of thin parts ; which the milk that issueth from the Leaves and Branches being broken , and the juyce taken from them by press●ing them when they are young , doth plainly declare ; being exceeding hot not only biting and sharp , or forcibly cleansing , but even exulcerating and offending the mouths of the Veins ; and therefore it is not safe to be taken inwardly . Yea the branches of the Tree are of such an hot temper , that if they be put to boyle with Beef that is hard , it will thereby become tender and soft : the wild Fig-tree and the Milk thereof is more effectuall then that of the manured . The Figs themselves are hot and moist in the second , or almost in the third degree and nourish well ; yet the dryed better then the green .

The Vertues and Signature .

A decoction of Figs is good for the Cough Lungs and throat , as also against shortnesse of breath , especially if it be boyled with Hyssop and Liquorish , they are good for the Reins and Bladder ; and to recover a good Colour to them that by long Sicknesse have lost it , and useful also in the Dropsy , Falling-Sicknesse , Quinsie , and for the infirmities of the womb where cleansing is required : they expell all superfluous humours from the inward parts to the circumference and therefore usefull to Expell Pox , Measells , and such like venemous matter to the skin . Figs stamped with salt , Rue , and the kernels of Nuts , withstand Poyson and corruption of the Air. They are best fasting , or when the Stomach is empty . Toasted Figs are good for women to hasten , and facilitate the Birth . Figs bruised and applyed with Barly Meal , and the powder of Fennygreek seed do mollify the hard tumours and Kernells under the Throat and Ears , and elsewhere by Signature ; as also the hardnesse of the Muther ; and if some Leaven and Salt be put to them , it breaketh Plague sores ; and , it may be , was the same that cured Hezekiah . They are also mixed with Copperas against old sores of the Legs , and all other foul running Ulcers : being boyled in Wine with Wormwood , and then applyed with Barly Meal to the bellies of them that have a Dropsie , helpeth them very much ; and beaten with Salt applyed , taketh away the Itch and Scab , and the ashes of the wood made up with Hogs Grease and applyed , healeth Kibes and Chilblaines . Figs bruised with Fennygreek , and Vinegar easeth the Hot Gout of the Feet . A Fig , slit and toasted , doth oftentimes ease the Tooth-ach being applyed . The milk that issueth out from the Leaves or Branches when they are broken off being dropped upon Warts , takes them away . The decoction of Fig Leaves doth also avail much to do away any other malady that in●ects the hands , by Signature ; the Leaf being commonly divided into five parts , as the hand into five fingers ; and because the hand is a place full of joynts it hath therefore been applyed to the Joynts that have been pained , and found e●fectual . The same is likewise excellent good to wash sore heads withall ; neither is there scarcely a better remedy for a Leprosy then it is ; it clears the ●ace also of the Morphew , and the body of white Scurffe , moist Scabs , and running sores : If it be dropped into old fretting Ulcers , it cleanseth out the moisture and bringeth up the flesh : and because the green leaves are not to be had in winter , an Oyntment may be made of them in the Summer for the same purpose . The Juyce being put into an hollow Tooth easeth the pain , and is an effectuall Remedy for pain and noise in the ears , and also for deafnesse if it be dropped into them . A Syrup made of Fig leaves taken inwardly , dissolves congealed Blood caused by bruises or falls , and helps the bloody Flux ; An oyntment made of the Juyce of Hogs grease , is as excellent a Remedy for the biting of a mad Dog , or any venemous Creature , as any is . A Syrup made of the leaves or green fruit , is excellent good for Coughs , Hoarseness or shortnesse of Breath , and all diseases of the Breast and Lungs . Some say that the Fig Tree as well as the Bay tree is never hurt by Lightning ; as also that a Bull , if he be never so mad being tyed to a Fig tree will become tame and gentle , and that it prospereth the better if Rue be set neer unto it . The blew Fig is no doubt of the same operation with the white to all purposes , but the fruit commeth most to maturity with us , and is eaten as a pretty Junket with Salt and Pepper , for unlesse they be so eaten , or some Wine drunk after them to digest them , they passe not quickly out of the Stomach , but putrifie therein ; and do sometimes put the party eating them in danger of a Feaver . Dry Figs also immoderately eaten do engender Crude and windy humours in the Body , and soon corrupt in the Stomach , whereby they cause Itch , Scab , and breed Lice also . They hurt such as have the Cholick and windy diseases , and that have hot Livers and Cholerick Stomachs ; they are best for old Phlegmatick persons , and in cold and moist seasons . They are commonly eaten with Almonds , and so they cleanse the Breast and Lungs the better , by a special Vertue they have ; Two or three Figs slit , and laid all night in Aqua Vitae , are very good for those that are pursy , and short winded if taken in the morning .

CHAP. LXXV . Of Hyssop .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which as some think takes its name quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ( pro 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quia super vultus affunditur , because the face being washed with the Decoction or distilled water thereof , is made fairer , it being of a very abstersive quality ; And therefore David Prayes God to purge him with Hyssop , and in Schola Salerni , it is commended for the same purposes in these words Vultibus eximium fertur praestare colorem . It is called in Latine Hyssopus ; and of Us , Hyssop .

The Kinds .

I find fifteen sorts of Hyssop set down by Parkinson . 1. Ordinary Garden Hyssop . 2. White Hyssop . 3. Golden or yellow Hyssop . 4. Russet Hyssop . 5. Double Hyssop . 6. Broad leafed Hyssop . 7. Jagged or dented Hyssop . 8. Musked Hyssop . 9. Red flowered Hyssop . 10. Dwarf Spanish Hyssop . 11. Tufted Hyssop . 12. Curled Hyssop . 13. Mountain wild Hyssop . 14. Narrow leafed Hyssop . 15. Round Leafed Hyssop .

The Forme .

The Common Garden Hyssop , is a plant that riseth sometimes to be about a foot high , with many woody branches , but render ; at the tops whereof are set at certain distances , sundry small long and narrow green Leaves : at the tops of the stalks stand blewish purple gaping flowers in spiked heads , one row above another ; after which follow the seed which is small and blackish ; the root is somewhat wooddy with many threddy strings ; The whole plant is of a strong sweet sent , and is fit to be strewed in windows , and such places .

The Places and Time .

Our common Hyssop groweth naturally upon the hills of Romania , about Verona , and neer unto mount Baldus . The Dwarfe kind in Spain , and the mountain wild kind , on the hills in many places of Germany ; and , as Matthiolus saith , on the hill Salvatia , in the Country of Goritia : the rest are nursed up in the gardens of those that are Lovers of curious Simples . They do all flower in June and July , and their seed is ripe in the beginning or middle of August .

The Temperature .

Hyssop is hot and dry in the third degree ; and therefore must needs be of thin parts . It cutteth and breaketh tough Phlegme , it ratifieth or maketh thin that which is thick and gross , it openeth that which is stopped , and cleanseth that which is corrupt .

The Vertues .

A Decoction made of Rue and Honey , being drunk doth help those that are troubled with Coughs , shortnesse of Breath , Wheesings and rheumatick Distillations upon the Lungs : taken also with Oxymel , or water and Hony , it purgeth gross humours by the stool ; and with Honey killeth Worms in the Belly . It amendeth the native colour of the Body spoiled by the yellow Jaundise , helpeth the Dropsie and the Spleen , if it be taken with Figs and Nitre . It is good in the Falling Sickness , provokes Urine , expels Wind ; and brings down Womens Courses , and easeth sharp fits of Agues . The Distilled water is good for the same diseases ; especially , those that proceed from a cold , if the quantity of a quarter of a pint , be warmed and drunk with Sugar at night when one goes to bed ; but the Decoction , as also the Syrup is more effectuall . It taketh away black and blew spots , and marks that came by stroaks , bruises , or falls being boyled and the places bathed therewith . It is an excellent medicine for the Quinsie to wash and gargle the Throat , being boyled with Figs : it helpeth the Tooth-ach , being boyled in Vinegar and the mouth gargled therewith : the hot Vapours of the Decoction , taken by a Funnel in at the Ears easeth the Inflammations of them ; and as Mesue saith , the singing noise of them also : Being bruised , and Salt , Honey , and Cummin-Seed put to it , it helpeth those that are stung by Serpents . The green Herb bruised , and a little Sugar put to it , doth quickly heal any green Wound or Cut in the Hand , or else-where . The Oyl thereof killeth Lice , and taketh away the itching of the Head , if it be anointed therewith . It helpeth those that have the Falling Sicknesse , which way soever it be applyed : It helpeth to expectorate tough flegme , and is effectuall in all cold griefs or Diseases of the Chest and Lungs , being taken either in a Syrup , or licking Medicine . There is also a Wine made of Hyssop , named Hyssop-Wine , which is good for the purposes aforesaid ; and there may be Hyssop-Ale , made after the manner of Sage-Ale , by adding an Ounce or two of good Liquorice .

CHAP. LXXVI . Of Ragwort .

The Names .

IT hath no Greek name , being an Herb , but of later knowledge ; for if it had been formerly known , we should find it mentioned by some ancient , Greek , or Latine Authour , or other , which we cannot do , unlesse you would , as some do , refer it to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Erigerum of D●oscorides , which the Latines ca● Senecio , and therefore Lobel calleth it Jacobaea Senecio . Tragus , Matthiolus , and others call it Flos Sti Jacobi , and Herba Sti Jacobi . Dodonaeus and the latest Writers Jacobaea ; for what cause I know not , unlesse it be , because it flourishrisheth about St. Iames-tide . Some have taken the Sea kind to be Arthemisia Marina , or a species of it , because the divi●●on of the Leaves is somewhat like the Arthemisia vulgaris . Others call it Cineraria & Argentea , from the whitenesse of the Leaves , which shew like silver , or as though they were covered with Ashes , and is usually with Us , called Jacobaea marina & maritima , Sea-Ragwort in English , and Rag-weed , by some Country people , from the raggednesse of the Leaf .

The Kindes .

Of Ragwort there be nine sorts . 1. The Greater common Ragwort . 2. The lesser common Ragwort . 3. The first Hungarian broad leafed Ragwort . 4. The other broad-leafed Hungarian Ragwort . 5. Smooth leafed Ragwort . 6. Round leafed hoary Ragwort . 7. The common Sea-Ragwort . 8. The lesser Sea-Ragwort 9. Broad leafed Sea-Ragwort .

The Form .

The greater common Rag-wort , hath many large , and long dark green Leaves , lying on the ground , very much rent and torn on the sides , into many peeces : from among which , riseth up sometimes but one , and sometimes two or three square or crested , blackish or brownish stalks , two or three foot high , sometimes branched , bearing divers such like leaves upon them , at severall distances unto the tops , where it brancheth forth into many stalks , bearing yellow Flowers , consisting of divers Leaves , set as a pale or border , with a dark yellow thrum in the middle , which do abide a great while ; but in the end , growing full ripe , are turned into down , which with the small , blackish gray Seed , is carryed away with the wind : the Root is made of many Fibres , some greater , and others lesser , whereby it is firmly fastned into the ground , and abideth many years .

The Place and Time .

The two first Sorts grow wild in pastures , and untilled Grounds , in many places , and both together in one Field often times : the three next grow in Hungary , and Austria : the sixth grew in some parts of France , but it is not expressed where : the seaventh groweth on our own Coasts , not far from the Sea , in the Isles of Sheppey and Thanet , and along the Kentish shore in many places : the eighth groweth on the Mediterranean Sea-shore of Italy , and other places , as by the Sea side in Zeland : the last is mentioned by Bauhinus , but he expresseth not the place where it groweth . Divers of them are nursed up by divers Herbarists , and are to be seen in the Physick-Gardens at Oxford , and Westminster . They flower in June and July , and their Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Ragwort is hot and dry in the second Degree , as some think , with some bitternesse joyned therewith ; and therefore cleanseth , digesteth , and discusseth .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of Ragwort is very much commended to wash the Mouth or Throat , that have Ulcers and Sores therein ; and for swellings , hardnesse , or impostumations ; for it throughly cleanseth and healeth them : as also the Quinsey and the Kings Evill . It doth help to stay Catarrhes , thin Rheums and Defluxions from the Head , into the Eyes , Nose or Lungs . The Juyce is found by continuall experience , to be singular good , both to heal green wounds , and to cleanse and heal all old and filthy Ulcers , as well in the Privities , as in other parts of the Body , and inward Wounds and Ulcers also , and stayeth the malignity of fretting or running Cankers , and hollow Fistulaes , not suffering them to spread further . It is much commended also , to help Aches and pains , either in the fleshy parts , or in the Nerve and Sinews : as also the Sciatica , or pain of the Hips , or Huckle-bone , to bathe the places with the decoction of the Herb , or to anoint them with an Oyntment made of the Herb , bruised and boyled in old Hogs-Suet , with some Mastick and Olibanum in Powder , added unto it , after it is strained forth , and not before ; for otherwise it would be to little or no purpose . It is held also to be a certain remedy to help the Staggers in Horses , and upon that account , some call it Stagger-wort , and indeed it is not without a Signature thereof : the unevennesse of the edges of the Leaves , being like unto those uneven motions which Horses make in that Disease .

CHAP. LXXVI . Of Plantaine .

The Names .

THE generall appellation that the Greeks have bestowed upon this excellent Simple , is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Arnoglossum , which they were enduced to do from the form which it doth somewhat represent , to wit , of a Lambs Tongue ▪ It is called in Latine Plantage , ●u●to à Plantâ vocabulo , as if this were the Plant of Plants , as indeed it is ; It is divided also by the Greeks into 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which the Latines call Septinervia and Quinquenervia , the first having seven Ribbes , Nerves , or Veines , the other five ; The generall English name is Plantaine ; but that which the Greeks call Eptaneuron , we call Way-bred , because it commonly breeds by the way sides ; and that which they call Pentaneuron ▪ we call Ribbewort , and Ribbew●rt Plantaine , the Latines calling it Plantago angustifolia , from the narrownesse of the Lease , as they do the other Latif 〈…〉 , because it is broader .

The Kindes .

The sorts of Plantaine which are most remarkable , are ten . 1 Common Way●●ed or Plantaine . 2 The greatest Plantaine . 3 Hoary Plantaine . 4 Rose Plantain . 5 Besome Plantaine or Plantaine with spoky tufts . 6 The greater Ribwort or Ribwort Plantaine . 7 The lesser Ribwort . 8 Rose Ribwort . 9 Great Water Plantaine . 10 Dwarfe Water Plantaine .

The Forme .

The common Waybred beareth many fair broad and almost round Leaves , saving that they are a little pointed at the end with seven ribs or sinews in most of them , running from the one end of the Leafe to the other , of a saddish green colour on the upperside , but more inclining to yellow underneath ; from amongst which do rise up divers small slender stalks of about a foot high , naked and bare of Leaves up to the top , whereon groweth a blackish green spike or scaly head , with blossomes like unto those of Corne , after which cometh the seed , which being small , is enclosed in those little husks ; The Root is made of many white little strings , whereby it taketh fast hold in the ground .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth by those wayes and paths that are made through Pastures and Meadowes in most places of this Land ; The second about Mompelier ; The third is of our owne Land , but not so frequently as the first ; The fourth groweth in St. John Danvers his Garden at Chelsey ; The sixth and seventh grow very plentifully in Meadowes , Fieldes , and sometimes in Gardens , without invitation or welcome , though they be as usefull as any there ; The eight is found also in this Land , but so rarely , that it is taken into the best Gardens ; The two last grow in silent Rivers and standing Waters ; They flower in the Summer Months of May , June , and July .

The Temperature .

All the sorts of Plantaine are cold and dry in the second degree ; The Roots and Seed which is of subtile parts , are not altogether so cold as the Leaves .

The Signatures and Vertues .

Although Plantaine be beneficiall to all the parts of the Body , both inward and outward , yet because the Mouth is the first part , whereinto it is commonly received , I have appropriated thereunto , and the rather because it hath the Signature of the Tongue , which is not only expressed by the outward Forme thereof , but also by the Sinewes and Veine ▪ that run thorough it ; And therefore it availeth very much in divers diseases of the Tongue , whether they happen from wounds , as biting , cutting , or the like , or from inflammations of that or any other part adjacent , as the Mouth , Gums , Throat , &c. as also from the Cankers , or any other eating sore , the decoction , juyce or water thereof being often gargled in the mouth , or especially , a little Vinegar , Honey and Allome being mixed therewith ; The juyce or Herb stayeth the bleeding of the Nose , or the bleeding of wounds ; The clarified Juyce or Water thereof dropp●d into the eye , cooleth the heat thereof , as also the Pin and Web thereof , and dropt into the eares , easeth the pains therein , and helpeth deafnesse ; The same with the juyce of House-leeke , is very profitably applyed against all inflammation , and breakings out of the skin , and against burnings or scalding by Fire or Water ; The juyce mixed with the Oyl of Roses , and the Temples and Forehead annointed therewith , easeth the pains of the head , proceeding from heat , and helpeth frantick and lunatick persons very much , as also the biting of Serpents or a madde Dogge ; The clarified juyce drunk for divers dayes together by it selfe , or with some other liquor , is wonderfull good to stay spitting of blood , and all other bleedings at the Mouth , when a vein is broken at the mouth of the Stomack ; and is likewise effectuall to heal any Ulcer in the Reines or Bladder , when bloody or foul water proceedeth therefrom ; It is held also an especiall remedy for those that have the Consumption of the Lungs , or that are troubled with any Ulcer in that part , or that have Coughs that come with Heat ; The same also is commended very much against all torments and frettings in the Guts , stayeth the Courses , and all other manner of Fluxes , as well in Man as Woman ; The decoction or powder of the Root or Seed is much more binding then the Herbe , whereby it helpeth Agues ; The seed made into powder and mixed with the yolk of an Egge and some wheaten flower , and made into a Cake and baked , doth stay vomiting , or any other Flux or rising in the Stomack ; The herb , but especially the Seed is likewise held to be profitable against the Dropsie , Falling-Sicknesse , Yellow Jaundise , and the stoppings of the Liver or Reines ; The powder of the dryed Leavs taken in warm drink or Posset drink , killeth worms in the Belly ; The juyce of the Leaves mixed with oyl of Roses is profitably applyed to all hot Gouts in the Hands or Feet , especially in the beginning to cool the heat and represse the humors ; It is also good to be applyed where any bone is out of Joynt , to hinder Inflammations , Swellings , and pains which will arise presently thereupon ; A decoction of the Leaves killeth Worms that breed in old and foul Ulcers . One part of Plantaine-Water and two parts of the brine of powdered beefe boyled together and clarified , is a most sure remedy to heal all spreading Scabs and Itch in the Head or Body , all manner of Tetters or Ringwormes , the Shingles , and all other running and fretting sores ; The Leaves laid upon any place where the skin is scratched of , skinneth it again , whether it be newly done or not ; and being made into a Salve with Oyl , Wax and Turpentine , it cureth deep wounds , though the Sinews and Veins be cut asunder , whereof it hath the Signature ; The juyce alone , or stamped with Vinegar , and applyed to the Feeet , that surbated sore , and swollen with travell , bringeth them again to their right temper .

CHAP. LXXVII . Of Columbines .

The Names .

THere is great contesting amongst Authors concerning this Plant , whether it were known to the Ancients or not ; One will have it to be the Pothos of Theophrastus , another his Diosanthos , another would have it to be the Isopyrum of Dioscorides , but Cornutus affirms point blanck that it was not knowne ; It is generally called by the Writers of a later date Aquileia , Aquilina & Aquilegia , because the folds of the Leaves do somewhat resemble those Pipes called Aquileges , which were made as Pliny mentions , for the conveying of water , which they also contain in them , as Cornu●us seemeth to inferre , especially from that sort of his which came from Canada ; That this Plant should have likenesse of properties with wild O●tes , called in Greek Aegilops , seemeth to be altogether improbable ; It knows no other English name but Columbines .

The Kindes .

To set forth the varieties of Columbines according to their colours , would be the Task of a Florish ; I shall only give you those which have different Termes , and they are six . 1 Single Columbines . 2. Double Columbines . 3 Double inverted Columbines . 4 Rose Columbines . 5 Degenerate Columbines . 6 Columbines of Virginia .

The Forme .

The Columbine hath divers pretty large spread Leaves standing upon stalks , about a foot long , when they are at their full growth , every one being divided into divers parts with large indentures upon the edges , of a dark blewish green colour , a little resembling Celandine , from amongst which arise stalks , sometimes two or three foot high , divided usually into many branches , bearing one long divided leaf at the lower joynt , above which the flowers grow , every one standing on a long stalk , consisting of five hollow Leaves , crooked or horned at the ends , and turning backwards ; The flowers being past , there arise small long Cods four or five together , wherein are contained black shining seedes ; The Roots are thick and round for a little space within the ground , they abide many years sending forth their Leaves in the beginning of the Spring ; I mentioned not the colour of the flowers because they are so variable .

The Places and Time .

The first sort hath been found to grow wild in the woody mountains of Germany , but with us they are found only in Gardens , as the rest are , their place being otherwise unknowne , only that of the last , which was brought from Virginia , by that industrious searcher after rarities Mr. Tredescant the elder ; They flower commonly about the end of April , and the beginning of May , perish before the end of June , only the Virginian kind flowreth a Month sooner then ordinary .

The Temperature .

Columbines are said to be temperate in respect of coldnesse and drynesse , and moderately digesting .

The Vertues .

Every good Housewife in the Country , is hardly now to learne that Columbine Leaves have in them a faculty wherey they are found very effectuall , if they be boyled in Milk and given to those that are troubled with sore Mouths o● Throats ; but there be other wayes of using them for the like purposes , as for the Kanker , Red gum , Quinsie , Kings-evill , &c. For the Water Canker in the Mouth , drink the seed ; For the Quinsie , drink the seeds often with good Ale , or stamp the seeds and herbs with Honey , and take it with milk or drink ; It is good for young Children to drink it against the Red gum ; To help the Struma , or painfull swelling in the Throat , called the Kings evill , seeth it in milk , sweet wine , or Oxymel , and drink it , or gargle therewith ; It is good also for the inflammations and sores of the jawes and Windpipe , and likewise against the Jaundise and sounding ; besides it openeth the Liver ; Against the Jaundise and stopping of the Liver , and the severall diseases that may come thereof , drink a dram of the seed , and a half penny weight of Saffron , with Wine , and be laid well covered to sweat ; The juyce of Columbines being drunk in the beginning of a Phrensie , and the party use Pottage of Sage , Valerian or Rue , it helpeth him ; The decoction both of the Herb and Root being made in white Wine , and some Ambergrise put thereto , is with good successe used by those that are given to swo●●ings ; Camerarius saith , that the Root eaten for many dayes together in the morning fasting , helpeth those that are troubled with the Stone in the Reines or Kidneys ; The seed taken in Wine , causeth a speedy delivery to Women in Child-birth , and if the first draught do not take effect , take a second , and th●● will ; The seeds drunk with Featherfew , in stale Ale , causeth those Joynts that are broken to knit again with the greater speed , and the juyce with wheat-Meal applyed warm , dryeth up moist humors in Boyles and Sores .

Seeing there is another Plant somewhat like in Forme to Columbines , I have thought fit to set it downe here at the foot of this Chapter , after them , as not meeting with a fi●●er place .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Thalictrum & Thalietrum , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , vireo , from the livelinesse of the green colour of the young Leaves , and so it is called in Latine , as also Pseudorhabarbarum , Bastard Rubarbe , both because the Roots of it are yellow , and from its purging and binding quality , both joyned together , as in the true Rubarbe ; Others call it Ruta pratensis , because the Leaves are a little like Rue ; But in English it is most commonly called Meadow Rubarbe , of which there be two sorts . 1 Meadow Rubarbe . 2 Spanish Meadow Rubarbe . The ordinary Meadow Rubarbe or Meadow Rue , as some will have it , is of a middle size , between Columbines and Rue , that I need not say any more thereof . It growes in divers Meadowes and particularly in that between Oxford and Isley ; The Spanish Meadow Rubarbe , though it be most frequent in Spaine , yet it growes in England , also about Marget ; They flower about July ; They are a little hot and drying withall , and therefore as Dioscorides saith , being bruised and applyed to old Sores , it bringeth them to a perfect cure , and the distilled Water of the Herbs and Flowers doth the like ; some use to put this herb amongst other Pot-herbs to help , to move or open the belly , or make it soluble , but the Roots washed clean , and boyled in Ale and drunk , doth provoke to the Stool more then the Leaves , but yet very gently ; The decoction of the Roots is very much commended for the destroying of Lice and Vermine , if the body of the party so affected be well washed therewith .

CHAP. LXXVII . Of Cudweed .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Gnaphalium , and so likewise the Latine , because the Ancients used it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , that is , instead of flocks , which come from Cloth , by the dressing of the Fuller , to stuff their Beds with ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Greek , signifying to dresse Cloth , as Fullers do , or sheare or toase wooll . It hath also divers other Latine Names , as Centunculus , and Centuncularis , from Cento , which in Latine signifies , a covering made with course Wooll , or Flocks , whereunto this Plant hath so much likenesse ; Tomentum Tomentaria & Tomentitia , Cottonaria sive Bombax humilis , especially the Sea-kind , Filago and Herba impia , Herb Impious , because no Beast will tast thereof , as Pliny saith : as also that it was called Camaezelon , as some Copies have it , or rahter Camaexylon , the low Bombast or Cotton-Plant , and Albinum from the whiteness . In English it is called Cudweed or Cottonweed .

The Kindes .

The Sorts of Cudweed which I meet with are ten . 1. Our great common Cudweed . 2. The lesser Cudweed , or Herb Impious . 3. Another lesser Cudweed . 4. The lesser broad leafed Cudweed . 5. Small leaning Cudweed . 6. The great Cudweed of America , commonly called Livelong ; or life everlasting . 7. Mountain Cudweed , or Cats-foot . 8. Sweet smelling , white flowred Cudweed . 9. The greater German Cudweed . 10. Sea Cudweed , or Cotton-weed .

The Forme .

The common Cudweed riseth up , but with one stalk sometimes , and sometimes two or three , thick set on all sides , with small , long , and narrow , whitish , or woolly Leaves from the middle of the stalk , almost to the top : from amongst which do grow small Flowers , of a dun or brownish yellow colour , like those of the small Conyza , or Fleabane : in the Heads of which , after the Flowers are fallen , commeth small Seed , wrapped up with the Down therein , and is carried away with the wind : the Root is small and threddy .

The Places and Time

The three first grow every where almost in this Land , especially in barren , dry , sandy , and gravelly Grounds . The Mountain - Cudweed hath been found in Scosby Leas , near Donkester , and in Sherewood Forrest near Bescot Park path , and no where else . The sweet smelling white flowred Cudweed , groweth on a goodly Heath , by Barneck : the rest are found in the like places , beyond the Seas , onely the last is found upon the West Sea-Coasts of our Land , in divers places , as well as in others , although smaller , which maketh it to seem another sort . They do all flowre about July , and their Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

These Herbs are all of them astringent , or of a binding , or drying quality .

The Vertues .

Pliny saith , that the Juyce of the Herb Impious , or lesser Cudweed , taken in Wine or Milk , is a Soveraign against the Mumps and Quinsey ; and further saith , that it is marvellous , what is reported of it , that whosoever shall take it , shall never be troubled with that Disease again . Cudweed is also profitable for Defluxions of Rheum from the Head , into any other part , and to stay Fluxes of blood , wheresoever , either at the Nose , or mouth , or by siege , which is the Bloody Flux ; and easeth the torments that come thereby , the decoction being made into red Wine , and drunk , or the Powder taken therein . It stayeth also the immoderate Courses of Women , and is also good for inward or outward Wounds , hurts and bruises , as the Western Country people do daily find by experience ; and helpeth Children of burstings , and the Worms , and the Disease called Tenasmus , ( which is an often supposed provocation to the stool , and doing nothing ) to be either drunk , or injected , or otherwise . The green Leaves bruised , and layd , or bound to any green wound , stayeth the bleeding , and healeth it up quickly : the Decoction or Juyce thereof , doth the same , and doth help all old and filthy Ulcers quickly . Most of them also may be used for a week , in Lamps , &c. to burn ▪ but especially , that which groweth by the Sea-side . When the Hoggs were troubled with tuberous Baggs of corruption about their Necks , the Country people were formerly wont to give them of the Herb Impious boyled in Milk , or the like , and they observed that which soever of them refused to take it , would assuredly die .

CHAP. LXXVIII . Of Jewes Eares .

The Names .

AMongst other Simples , there is an Excressence of the Elder , or Bore-tree , which I shall treat of a part from the Tree it self , and with it put a period to those things that are appropriated to the Throat , it being of so great use for this part , whereas the Elder it self is available to many others . Notwithstanding , I think that the Grecians took so little notice of it , that they scarcely afforded it a Name . It is called in Latine , Fungus Sambucinus , and Auricula Juda ; some having supposed the Elder-tree , to be that whereon Judas hanged himself , and that ever since these Mushromes , like unto Eates , have grown thereon , which I will not perswade you to believe . It is called in English , Jewes Eares , the Mushrome of the Elder ; by some the Gelly , and by others the Sponge , growing upon the Elder .

The Kinds .

My Lord Bacon in his naturall History saith , that Jewes-E●res grow upon other Trees , besides the Elder , as the Ash , Fir , &c. but I suppose he was mistaken . There are sometimes growing on those Trees , certa●n Mushromes , but like to Jewes-Eares , neither in form , nor vertue , and therefore not to be called by that Name .

The Forme .

This Excrescence called Jewes-Eares , is a soft and limber Mushrome , which while it is fresh , is not very thick , but transparent , and of a blackish colour , of differing forms and sizes ; for some will be swolne and puffed up , in one place more then in another , having some resemblance to a Mans Eare ; some thin on the edge , and thick in the middle ; and some two or three growing together : all of them being dryed , become of a blackish , gray colour , and then may be kept a whole year , or more , safe without spoyling , to be used as you need .

The Places and Times

Jewes-Eares grow as I said , upon the Elder-tree , but not so frequently upon them in other places , as upon those that are planted upon Cony-Boroughs , for their shadow and shelter . I understand not , but they may be found there at any time of the Year .

The Temperature .

Gerard saith , that the jelley of the Elder , otherwise called Jewes-Eares , hath a binding and drying quality .

The Vertues .

Dr. Martin Blochwich , Physician-Ordinary of Oshatin , in his ingenious Tract , called the Anatomy of Elder , saith , that even common Country Women , so soon as they suspect any Disease in the Throat of their young Children , they steep the Sponge of Elder in their Drink : and when it is swelled , they therewith carefully wipe away all the filth of the Palat , Gums and Tongue . It is likewise used for the same purpose , being boyled in Ale or Milk , with Columbine Leaves , and with a little Pepper , and Pellitory of Spain in Powder , it helpeth to put up the U●●la , or Palat of the Mouth , being fallen down . Take of the water , or Decoction of Elder-Flowers , wherein a little Elder-Honey hath been mixed , and add thereunto some Leaves of Self-heal , and a Jewes Eare or two , and you will find it a sure Experiment for the Quinsey . And a Lohoch , or licking of the Rhob of Elder , inspislated with Sugar , with some pulverised Jewes-Eares added thereunto , is commodious . The distilled water of Jewes-Eares , is very profitable for the Dropsie , according to Cr●lli●s de signaturis rer●● , and a drink made by sleeping three whole dryed Umbels of Elder Flowers , and two Jewes-Eares , very well dryed in two quarts of White-wine , if it be used , and no other drink : the tumour will vanish away suddenly . An handful of Jewes-Eares infused in a quart of the Spirit of Wine , and a full draught thereof given to one that is troubled with the suffocation of the Matrix , in the time of her fit , cureth her . The Powder of the Grains of Elder , being mixed with an equall part of Jewes-Eares is commended in spitting blood .

CHAP. LXXIX . Of Elecampane .

The Names .

HAving appropriated severall Simples , to the inside and outside of the Throat , the Breast comes next in Order to be provided for , both internally , and externally , to which there is nothing more proper then Elecampane , which is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Helenium also in Latine ; and of some Inula and Enula , and Enula Campana : some think it took the name from the tears of Helen , from whence it sprung , which is a Fable ; others say it was so called , because Helen first found it available against biting and stingings of venemous Beasts ; and others think , it took its name from the Island Helena where the best was found to grow . We in English call it Elecampane generally , yet in some Countries of this Land , it is called Sabwort and Horse-heal .

The Kindes .

To this Plant , which otherwise would be single , do some refer the Flowers of the Sun , as 1. The greater flower of the S●● ▪ 2. The lesser flower of the Sun . 3. The Male flower of the Sun . 4. The Marigold Sun flower .

The Forme .

Elecampane shooteth forth many large leaves lying neer the ground , which are long and broad , but small at both ends ; somewhat soft in handling of a whitish green on the upper side ; and gray underneath , each set upon a short footstalk : From amongst which , ri●e ●p divers great and strong hairy stalks , two or three foot high with some leaves thereon compassing them about at the lower ends , and are branched towards the tops bearing divers great and large flowers like unto those of the flower of the Sun of which it is said to be a kind , as I said before ; both the border of the leaves and the middle Thrum being yellow , which is not wholly converted into large seed , as in the flower of the Sun ; but turneth into Down with some long small brownish seed among it , and is carried away with the wind : the R●●t is great and thick , branched forth divers waies , blackish on the outside , and white within , of a very bitter taste but good sent especially when it is dryed , no part else of the plant having any smell .

The Places and Time .

This is one of the Plants , whereof England may boast as much as any : for there growes none better in the world then in England ; let Apothecaries and Druggeists say what they will . It groweth in Meadows that are fat and fruitful , as in Parsons Meadow by Adderbury as I have been told , and in divers other places about Oxfordshire . It is found also upon the Mountains and shadowy places that be not altogether dry : it groweth plentifully in the fields on the left hand as you go from Dunstable to Puddle hill . Also in an Orchard as you go from Col●r●● to Ditton Ferry , which is in the way from London to Windsor and in divers places in Wales , particularly in the Orchard of Mr. Peter Piers at Guieruigron neer St. Asaphs . The flowers are in their beauty in June and July , the best time to gather their roots is in Autumn , when the leaves fall : yet it may be gathered in the Spring before they come forth .

The Temperature .

Elecampane is hot and dry in the third degree , especially the dryed root which is of greatest use ; for before when it is green , and as yet full of Juyce , the hot and dry quality is not so eminent .

The Vertues .

Elecampane openeth the Breast , and helpeth shortnesse of Wind caused by tough Phlegme stopping the Lungs . Also it openeth the Opilations of the Liver and Spleen , and comforteth the Stomach ; as saith , Schola Salerni , Enula Campana reddit praecordia sana . A Decoction of the Root is good against poyson and bitings of Serpents : for such as have Ruptures , Cramps , and Convulsions , or have any member out of joynt , and for the Hip-Gout ; The same or the Juyce taken killeth all manner of Worms , in the belly or stomach , and is good for them that spit blood , or have inward bruises . The roots canded , or the Conserve taken doth warm a cold and windy Stomach ; and helpeth the pricking and s●tiches therein , or in the sides caused by the Spleen , and , to help the Cough , shortnesse of breath , and wheesings in the Lungs . The dryed Roots mixed with Sugar , and taken , serve for the same purposes ; and is also good for those that are troubled with the Muther , and is , in the Plague and putrified Feavers , very useful . The Roots and leaves bruised , and put into Ale or Beer , and daily drunk , cleareth , strengtheneth , quickneth the sight of the Eyes wonderfully . The Root bruised and applyed helpeth Gouts , Cramps , or Convulsions , loosnesse and paines in the Joynts , or those members that are out of joynt , by cold or moisture happening unto them . The Roots hoyled well in Vinegar , beat afterwards and made into an Oyntment with Hogs grease , or oyl of Trotters , and a little Vinegar and Salt in powder added thereunto , is an excellent remedy for Scabs or Itch in young or old . The place also hathed or washed with the Decoction doth the same ; and helpeth all sorts of old putrid , or filthy sores or Cankers whatsoever . The Decoction of the roots in wine , or the juyce taken therein gargled in the Mouth , or the root chewed fastneth loose Teeth , & helpeth to keep them from putrifaction . The dis●illed water of the Leaves , and roots together is very profitable to cleanse the skin of the face or other parts , from any Morphew spots , or blemishes therein , and maketh it clear . Pliny saith , that Julia , Augusta let no day pass without eating some of the root of E●●la conci●ed , which it may be she did to help digestion , to expell Melancholy and sorrow , and to cause mirth , and to move the belly downwards ; for all which it is very effectual . The Oyl therof helpeth tormenting wind of the guts , and is good for the Sinews . The decoction thereof drunk provoketh Urine and the terms . The wine thereof doth cleanse the Lungs and b●east . The root in powder may be given from twenty grains to thirty , to cold and moist bodies , but not to those that are hot and dry .

CHAP. LXXX . Of the Almond tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , & the fruit , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Amygdalus , & the fruit Amygdalum & Amygdalium : some think that Cato meant these by the Names of Nuces Gr●c● , but yet some do rather refer them to the Walnuts . Columella maketh mention of Nuces Gr●c● , Juglandes , and Amygdale , as of three kinds ; for many think the Almond Tree was not known in Italy in Cato's time . Some have soundly conceived that the bitter Almond tree might be made to bear sweet Almonds , and the sweet bitter ; and that Inscriptions and engravings might be made upon them , if one open the shell of an Almond and write upon the kernel : But this Errour and many others of this Nature , are discovered by the skilful Practiser in the Art of planting , Mr. Ralph Austen , it being contrary to the Law , that God hath set in all plants to preserve the kind , to change or alter from one kind to another .

The Kinds .

Though all Almond Trees be so like that they cannot be distinguished by the external form : yet there are sundry sorts , as may be gathered from the fruits they bear ; for some of them are bitter , and some sweet ▪ of sweet some are bigger called Jord●n Almonds , others lesse called Valence Almonds , and Barbary Almonds : the bitter are small like the Barbary Almonds .

The Forme .

The Almond Tree groweth greater and higher then any Peach , but otherwise it is very like it ( and therefore usually planted by it self and not against a Wall , not by grafting but by setting a kernell or stone into the ground where it should grow ; because it will hardly be transplanted ) the body thereof becomming very great , whereby a sheweth to be of long continuance , spreading greater Arms and Smaller branches ; but brittle with very long Leaves upon them like unto the Peach Tree . The flowers are of a paler Purple Colour then the Peach blossoms , and not so bitter ; and the fruit very like the Peach ▪ for the outward form before it be ripe , but the outer ●ind is a dry skin without any cleft in it , of edible substance under it as the Peach hath , and the shell under it is smooth and not rugged like it , and not so thick a kernel within . It is observed that those that grow in the Isle of Cyprus bend down their Heads contrary to all in any other Place .

The Places and Time .

They grow in all places planted that I know or can hear of , in Syria , Barbary , Turkey , Spain , Italy , and wheresoever : we have ( saith my Authour ) both the bitter and the sweet of that sort which is thick and short , growing in many places of our Land ; and blossom earlier then the Peach of any sort , and the fruit ripe also before them . There is one of them growing in the Orchard at Merton Colledg in Oxford , which flowreth early , but whether it brings its fruit to perfection I cannot assure you .

The Temperature .

The sweet Almonds are the pleasanter meat , formed into many fashions as every one liketh , but the bitter are the more Physicall ; the sweet are hot and moist in the first degree , the bitter are drying in the second .

The Vertues .

The Oyl of Sweet Almonds mixed with the fine Powder of Sugar Candy is good for the dry Cough and Hoarsenesse to take a little at once : the said Oyl drunk either alone , or with the Syrup of Marshmallows , is good for those that are troubled with the Stone , to ease the paines ; by opening and making slippery the passages thereof . It is used also by women in Childbed after their sore travel , for it helpeth Throws and after-paines , if you give two or three drachms of it to Children that are newly born and troubled with gripings , mingling Sugar Pellets or white , Sugar Candy therewith , it will much avail . The sweet Almonds themselves yeeld good and plentiful nourishment to the body ; therefore they are good for weak and macerated persons , or such as are lean . They open and cleanse the breast , provoke spitting , and are good in the Pleurisy and shortnesse of Breath ; they open the passages of Urine , cleanse the Kidnyes and provoke sleep . They increa●e geniture , or seed both in men and Women , open the stoppings of the Liver and Spleen and help the sight . Being blanched and dryed that they may be made in powder , which taken by it self or with other things , stayeth the looseness of the belly . Bitter Almonds open the stoppings of the Liver and Spleen , cleanse the Lungs from grosse tough phlegme , cleanse the Kidnyes and provoke Urine . They take away flatulent or windy humours in the body , and provoke the Courses in Women . Being taken with Amylum or Starch , and Mints , they are good against spitting of Blood ; and taken with water they are good for paines in the back , and the Inflammation of the Lungs . They preserve from drunkennesse if five or six be eaten in a morning fasting . The Oyl of bitter Almonds being taken killeth Worms , helpeth the paines , Suffocations and tortions of the Womb. Being drunken with wine it mitigateth the Cough , and brings away the stone or gravel in the kidnyes . It is reported that if bitter Almonds be given to a Fox ▪ he dieth presently after . The oyl both of bitter and sweet Almonds , is good to cleanse the skin from roughnesse and spots , but the bitter is most effectual . Being mixed with Oyl of Roses , and Oyl of Capers , and the Spleen anointed therewith , it helpeth the hardnesse thereof . It cures deafnesse and noise in the Ears if it be dropped into them , and helpeth the Scurfynesse of the head , and the sores thereof . If the Temples be anointed therewith , it easeth the paines of the head and brings rest ; or boyl bitter Almonds with vinegar of Roses , and Rose Leaves and apply it to the Temples . Being bruised with Hony they are good against the biting of a mad dog . The powder of the Almond Cakes after the Oyl is pressed from them , doth cleanse the hands or skin in any place better then Sope. If the Oyl be mixed with Hony , powder of Liquorice , Oyl of Roses and White wax and the eyes therewith anointed , it clears them and helps the dimness thereof :

CHAP. LXXXI . Of the Vine .

The Names .

THe manured Vine is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Vitis Vinifera , and sativa , or culta : the wild is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Vitis sylvestris : Vitis à vino , vel quia inv●tetur ad uvaa pariendas , dicitur ; but there is another Vitis sylvestris of the Grecians , that is the Clematis urons of the Latines , by some ; and Amara-dulcis by others , when as this is called Labrusca , to cause it to be known asunder : the juyce of the unripe Grapes of the manured Vine , or rather of the Grapes of the wild Vine , which come not to ripenesse , are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , Omphacium ; & Agresta in Latine , in English Varjuice : The Grapes when they are dryed in the Sun , are called Uvae passae , and Passulae Solis , Raisins : the Juyce or Liquor pressed out of the ripe Grapes , is called Vinum , Wine ; the Kernels are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , acini ; the Dregs or setling of the Wine , are called Vini faces , Wine Lees , while they are moyst ; but being dryed , is called ●artarum , Tartar or Argol ; the distilled Wine is called Spiritus Vini , Spirit of Wine , and the Lees distilled Aquavita . In the wild Vine , the Flowers are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Oenanthe , that is , Vini flos in Latine , which was of much use in former times ; but now is wholly neglected .

The Kinds .

There is so great a variety of Vines that are manured , that it would require a large recitall ; but studying brevity , I shall only mention five Sorts , with the chiefest Grapes ; not because there be more sorts of Grapes then Vines , but because there be many Sorts of manured Vines . 1. The Manured Vine . 2. The Vine with thin cut Leaves , like Parsley , which is a manured Vine ; but differeth from the former in the Leaf . 3. The wild Vine of Europe . 4. The wild Vine of Virginia . 5. The wild Vine of Canada . The chiefest Grapes are , 1. The Damasco white Grape , which is the true Uva zibeba , that the Apot becaries should use in sundry of their Compositions . 2. The Muscadine Grape , both white and red . 3. The Frontignack or Musk Grape . 4. The party coloured Grape . 5. The Raisin of the Sun Grape . 6. The Curran Grape , which dryed , are those the Grocers sell . 7. The small early black Grape . 8. The black Grape of Orleance . 9. The Grape without stones . To which I add the starved or hard Grape , and the Fox Grape .

The Forme .

The manured Vine , in places where it hath stood long , and thrived , hath a great stem , as big as ones Arm , sleeve and all , spreadding without end or measure , if it be suffered , many slender weak branches , that must be sustained from falling down , the young being red , and the old of a dark colour , with a pith in the middle ; at the sundry joynts whereof , grow severall large , broad , green Leaves , cut into five Divisions , and dented also about the edges , at the joynts , likewise against the Leaves come forth long twining tendrells , clasping or winding about whatsoever it may take hold of : at the bottoms of the Leaves , come forth clusters of small greenish , yellow Flowers ; and after them Berries , thick set together in bunches of severall forms , greatnesse , colour , and tast ; in some , the clusters are close in others more open ; some round , others long , and some tending to a square : some likewise are very small , as the Currah Grape ; others great , and some a mean between both : some again are white , others black or blewish , or red or particoloured : within which there are usually one , two , or three kernels ; for tast , some sweet , some sowre , some mixt according to the Clymate wherein they grow . They that keep their Vines in the best manner , do keep them low , and cut them often , both Winter and Summer : yet if they be pruned later then February , they loose their nourishment with weeping ; but in October and November is the best time , and being thus dressed , they grow better , take up lesse room , bringing their Grapes , both fairer and sweeter .

The Places and Time .

It is true , that manured Vines are planted every where ; but there is much difference in what Soil and Climate they grow ; for though the Vine that groweth in the Canary Islands , is the same with that at Malaga and Sheris , yet the one still excelleth the other , in sweetnesse and strength . And though many of our Vines be of the same kind with those in France , yet they seldom come to maturity , to make so good Wine as theirs , our Country being colder : however , I have heard of Wine made in England , of Grapes , growing in Mrs. Pits Garden at Harrow on the Hill . But the Vine which is thought fittest for our Clymate , is the Parsley Vine which bears abundance of fruits to perfection . The Fox Grape , and the red and white Muscadine Grape set against the South , and well ordered , bear store of good fruit . They are not ripe here , till September , but sooner in the hotter Countries . The Raisin of the Sun-Vine , groweth as I suppose in Spain , and about Damascus and Smyrna ; for thence are they brought into these parts , and therefore so called . The Vine that beareth Currans , groweth about Corinth , and therefore they are called Uvae Corinthiacae , and in the Isle of Lante . The wild Vine of Europe , groweth in many places of Italy , France , and Germany : the other wild sorts are expressed in their Titles . These wild sorts flowre later then the other , and their fruit is ripe later .

The Temperature .

The Vine hath in it , divers differing and contrary properties , some cold , some hot , some sweet , some sowre , some mild , and some sharp , some moystening , and some drying . The tender and clasping Branches of the Vine , and the Leaves do cool and mightily bind . And as Grapes are divers in tast , so they are in quality ; for soure Grapes are cold and moyst ; and sweet Grapes are hot and moyst . Raisins be hot in the first Degree , and moyst in the second : being stoned , they open the Breast and Liver , and loosen the belly ; but eaten with stones , they bind .

The Vertues .

Many things there are that proceed of Grapes , besides what I have mentioned already , as Must , Lora , Cute , Argel , Lees , &c. which have their severall uses : at some of which , I may chance to touch ; but my purpose is to shew you , how proper dryed Grapes or Raisins are to help Coughs , hoarsnesse of the Throat , shortnesse of wind , toughnesse of flegme , causing it to be expectorated more easily , and do lenifie sharp and nauseous humours that offend the mouth of the stomach , a decoction being made of them , and Liquorice , Maiden-hair , Colts-foot , &c. They serve likewise , to open the stoppings of the Liver , Spleen , and Bladder , and taken by themselves they nourish much , by reason of their thick sweet and temperate substance , whereby also they stay not long nor putrifie in the Stomach : but withstand putrifaction and concoct raw humours , as Galen writeth , and for this purpose they may well be eaten fasting , the stones being first taken out . And ●ot crudity or rawnesse of the stomach , Mr. Eliot by his own report never found any thing better then Rubarb chewed with Currans of small Rai●ins ; yet by the judgment of Arnoldus , they cause oppilations of the Spleen , though they be good for the breast and Reins ; and so saith Schola Salerni , Passula ●on Spleni , tussi valet , & bona reni ; and therefore some think that Rubarb may be better eaten with great Raisins . These being bruised and applyed ( the stones taken out ) with Rue in manner of a Poultis , it helpeth Warts , Carbuncles , Corns in the feet ; the Gangrene and the Gout . They take away loose Nails being applyed . Being mixed with a little Cumminseed in powder , and Oyl of white Li●●ies , it asswageth the swelling of the Cods . They are hurtful to hot and Cholerick persons if they eat too largly of them . If Grapes newly gathered be eaten they trouble the belly and fill the stomach with wind ; but if they be kept two or three daies after they be gathered till the husk be somewhat asswaged , they nourish the better , and are lesse laxative , neither do they inflate so much , as saith Arnoldus . Ripe Grapes and sweet do nourish much and make one fat , as Galen proveth by experience of some Vinedressers that fed thereon , but the fat so gotten soon weareth away , because it is not firm and fast , but loose and overmoist . White wine is good to be drunk before meat , preserveth the body , and pearceth quickly into the bladder : but upon a full stomach it rather maketh oppilations or stoppings , because it doth swiftly drive down meat before it be digested . Claret Wine doth greatly nourish and warm the Body , and is wholsome with meat especially unto Phlegmatick people ; but very unwholsom for young child●en , as Galen saith , because it heateth above nature , and hurteth the head . RedWine stoppeth the belly , corrupteth the blood breedeth the Stone , is hurtful to old people ; and good for few , but such as are troubled with the lask , bloody flix , or any other loosenesse of the body . Sack hath been used of a long time to be drunk after meat , to cause meat the better to digest : but common experience hath found it more beneficial to the stomach to be drunk before meat . Likewise Malmesie , Muscadine , Tent , and such sweet wines have been used before meat to comfort the cold and weak stomach , especially being taken fasting , but Sack is much better and warmeth more effectuall if it be taken moderately ; but all wine taken inordinately relaxeth the si●ews , bringeth with it the Palsey , & falling sicknesse ; to the aged it bringeth hot Feavers , Phrensy , and Lechery , consumeth the Liver and other of the inward part● . Moreover , excessive drinking wine dishonoureth Noblemen , beggereth those which otherwise might have had sufficient , and more have been destroyed with furfeiting therewith , then with the cruell Sword . The Juce of the green leaves , branches , and tendrels of the Vine drunken , is good for those that vomit or spit blood ; for the bloody flix and women with child , that vomit over much . The kernel within the Grapes boiled in water and drunk , hath the same effect .

CHAP. LXXXII . Of Reeds , but especially of the Sugar Cane or Reed .

The Names .

A Reed , called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in Latine Calamus , and Harundo , or Arundo as some write it , whereof the Mas according to Theophrastus is the Nastos farcta , the solid or stuffed Reed , and the Faemina , the hollow . But I suppose the Sugar Reed was not known to the Greek Writers ; for we find no name that it hath in Greek : the Latines have called it Arundo Saccharina with this additament Indica ; because it was first known or came from India . Of some it is called Calamus Saccharatus , in English Sugar-Cane . The Sugar that is made of them is called Saccharum , Sacchar , Succharum , Mel Arundi●aceum , & mel Cannae , that is , Hony of the Cane . The white Juyce or Liquor dryed or hardned in the Sun was called by the ancient Latine Writers Sal Indum and Saccharum Indum , which was used before Sugar was made out of the Canes by boyling .

The Kindes .

Pliny , numbereth up five and twenty sorts of Reeds , most of which are known to Us on●y by the dry Canes ; therefore I shall mention those which are proper to these neer climates , together with the Sugar Reed , which for its sweetness deserves the first place . 1. The Sugar Cane or Reed . 2. Our common Reed . 3. Finger Reed . 4. The Spanish Reed or Cane . 5. The stript or party coloured Reed . 6. Low branched Reed . 7. The small writing Reed . 8. The Arrow or Dart Reed 9. The greater solid Reed . 10. The lesser solid Reed . 11. The Thorny Reed . 12. The Flowring Reed .

The Forme .

The Sugar Cane is a pleasant and profitable Reed , having long stalks seaven or eight foot high , joynted and knee'd like the common walking Canes , but that the Leaves come forth of every joynt on every side of the stalk one , like unto wings long narrow and sharp pointed . The Cane it self or stalk is not hollow as the other Canes and Reeds are ; but full and stuffed with a spungious substance , in taste exceeding sweet . The root is great and long creeping along within the inner crust of the earth , which is likewise sweet and pleasant , but lesse hard or wooddy then other Canes or Reeds ; from which do shoot many young Cions which are cut away from the main or Mother plant ; because they should not draw away the nourishment from the old stock ; and so get unto themselves a little moisture , or else some substance not much worth , and cause the stock to be barren , and themselves little the better : which shoots do serve for plants to set abroad for increase .

The Places and Time .

The Sugar Cane groweth naturally in the East and West Indies , the Barbadoes , Madera , and the Canary Islands , and Barbary also . It is planted likewise in many parts of Europe at this day , as Spain , Portugal , Oliba , and in Province . Some shoots have been planted in England , but the coldnes●e of the Climate quickly made an end of them . The two next in England , the fourth in Spain . The fifth in Bengala . The sixth was found in a Sack full of Costus and Ginger , as it was brought from Arabia . The seventh was found by Bellonius in a Valley on Mount Athos , and in the River Jordan ; and of this they make their writing Pens in Turkey , where the four next sorts are thought to grow . The last groweth in Italy and divers other places ; but all of them delight in moist or watery overflown grounds . The Sugar Cane is planted at any time of the year in those hot Countries where it doth naturally grow , by reason they fear no frosts to hurt the young shoots , at their first planting : they are most of them ripe about the end of September .

The Temperature .

The Juyce of the Sugar Reed , made into Sugar , is hot and moist in the first degree , or temperately hot and moist , and is abstersive or cleansing ,

The Vertues .

Sugar is good to make smooth the roughnesse of the breast and Lungs , cleareth the voice and putteth away hoarsness and the Cough ; and so doth Sugar Candy . It is convenient for the Stomach , helpeth the roughnesse and drynesse of the mouth and throat , also thirst and drought in Feaverse , specially being mixed with water and so taken , and it is very profitable for the Reins and Bladder . It is used to put sowrenesse , and bitternesse out of the mouth of sick persons , and may be put into cooling as well as heating and warming Medicines . Sugar or White Sugar Candy , put into the Eye , taketh away the dimnesse , and the blood shotten therein : It is good to be put into green wounds whilst they are yet bleeding and strewed into foul sores , it cleanseth them . This is the Physical use of Sugar , which hath obtained now a daies so continuall and daily use ; that it is almost accounted not Physicall , and is more commonly used in Confections , Syrups , and such like ; as also preserving , and conserving sundry fruits , as Cherries , Damsons , Mulberries , &c. and Flowers ▪ as Roses , Violets , Rosemary Flowers and such like , which still retain with them the Name of Sugar , as Sugar Roset , Sugar Violet , &c. to write of all which , is besides our Intentions . Now for our ordinary Reeds ; The roots , as Galen saith , have a cleansing quality , but not sharp ; and the Leaves also . The fresh Leaves bruised , or the roots applyed to those places that have Thorns , Splinters , or the like in the flesh do draw them forth in a short space the same also applyed with Vinegar , helpeth Members out of joynt by Signature and easeth the pains in the Loins : the fresh leaves also , bruised and applyed unto hot Impostumes , Inflammations , or St. Anthonies sire easeth them ; the Ashes made of the outer rind of the stalk , mingled with Vinegar , helpeth the falling off the hair . If the flower or woolly substance happen into the ears , it sticketh therein so fast , as that by no means it will be gotten forth again , but will procure deafnesse withal . Some have observed that the Fern and the Reed are at perpetuall enmity , the one not abiding where the other is : which may b , e as my Lord Bacon saith , not because of any Antipathy in the plants ; but because they draw a like nourishment , and so starve one the other ; whereas there is such amity they say , between Asparagus and the Reed , that they both thrive wondrous well , which is because they draw a different Juyce . Reeds are al●o put to many necessary uses , as to thatch houses , to serve as walls and defence to Gardiners in the cherishing of their plants , to Water-men to trim their boats , to Weavers to wind their yarn on and for divers other purposes : Nay those that grow in the Indies by reason of the heat of those Climates grow so great and tall , that they serve instead of timber , both to build their houses , and to cover them .

CHAP. LXXXIII . Of the Jujube-Tree .

The Names .

THe Tree it self is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Greek ; Zizypha , and Zinz●pha , of Columella : Z●z phus rutila ; of others , Rubra and Punicea ; and of the Arabians , from whom the Apothecaries took it Jujube , and ●o do Lobel and Pena . The Fruit or Plums , arenamed in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , an● 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which are the same that Galen calls 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . In Latine likewise Zizipha and Serica ; in Shops , Jujube ; in English Jujubes .

The Kindes .

Although in former times , there were but one sort of Jujube known , yet now we have three . 1. The greater Jujube-Tree . 2. The lesser Jujube-Tree . 3. The wild Jujube-tree .

The Form .

The Jujube-tree groweth sometimes to be very high , but more often to a reasonable height , having his Stem or Body bowed or crooked , and spreading rather in breadth , the Wood whereof is whitish and hard , covered with a rugged Bark , from whence spread great Branches , and from the lesser and slender , whitish twigs about a foot long , full of Leaves , set on both sides , not usually directly one against another , but one a little above another , with an odd one at the end ; each whereof is small , somewhat broad , and pointed at the end , dented , or finely nicked about the edges , with long Veins in them , smooth , and somewhat hard in handling , each standing on a short foot-stalk , and very like unto the Leaves of Paliurus , or Christs Thorn : at the foot of every Leaf , towards the tops of the Twigs , come forth small yellowish Flowers , of five Leaves a peece , where afterwards stand the fruit , which is somewhat like unto a small Plum or Olive , but a little long , green at the first , and then ●t is somewhat harsh , and yellowish after ; but at last red , and of a reasonable sweetnesse ; yet sharp withall , and somewhat clammy , when they are ripe ▪ flat as it were , at the lower end next the stalk , whose skin is thicker and harder then a Plum , and the stone within it , is small , firm , and solid , long , round , and solid , like unto an Olive , or Cornelian Cherry-stone , both for form and hardnesse . All the Branches , both greater and sm●ller , are armed with Thorns , two alwayes at a joynt , whereof the one is long , s●●ong , sharp pointed and straight and the other crooked , both of them of a blacki●● red colour , like unto the elder Branches : The Roots are long , and firm in the Ground .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in Africa ▪ Egypt ▪ Arabia , and Syria and those more Easterly Countries , from whence as Pliny saith it was brought into Italy ▪ and planted there in his time , by Sextus Rampinius , in the latter end of Caesar Augustus his Raign , which now a dayes is very frequent , not only in many Gardens and Orchards of Italy , but of Provence in France also : It is so tender , that it cannot endure long in our Countrey , by reason of the cold . The other likewise was brought into Italy , in these later times from Syria , where it is only to be seen , and but with a few that are lovers of rarities . The last groweth wild in the Fields , by the Hedges , not far from Verona , abundantly , as Pena saith . They all shoot forth in April , at which time , the Seeds or Stones are to be set and sowen for increase . They flowre in May , and their fruit is ripe in September , the Leaves falling off shortly after .

The Temperature .

Jujubes are temperate in heat and moysture .

The Vertues .

They open the Body , and gently purge Choler , and cleanse the Blood , according to Actuarius , and Simeon Sethi , especially when they are fresh : yet Matthiolus following the Opinion of Avicen , denyeth that they have any purging quality in them at all . But all Authours do agree , that they cool the heat and sharpnesse of the Blood ; and therefore hold them to be good in hot Agues , and to help them that have a Cough , by bringing away tough flegme , and are very profitable also for other Diseases of the Chest and Lungs : as shortnesse of breath , hot Rheums , and Distillations proceeding from hot humours . They are also to good purpose , used to cleanse the Reins and Bladder from Gravel , in making the passages slippery : they also stay Vomitings , procured by sharp humours . But they are hard of digestion , nourish very little , and do not easily passe through the stomach , and are therefore used in decoctions , with other Ingredients , fitting for the foresaid griefs .

CHAP. LXXXIV . Of the Sebesten , or Assyrian Plum-Tree .

The Names .

THere are also to be had , at the Apothecaries Shops , a certain kind of Plums , called by them Sebestens , in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à muccoso fructus lentore ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 enim muccum significat . The Tree whereon this Fruit groweth , is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Myxos , for the Tree ; and Myxa , and Myxaria for the Fruit. It is thought as Ruellius saith , that the Syrians in honour of Augustus , called them Sebastae , from whence the Arabians called them Sebesten .

The Kindes .

The Sorts hereof are two . 1. The Sebesten or Assyrian Plum-Tree . 2. The wild Sebesten-Tree .

The Forme .

The Sebesten-tree groweth somewhat lower then the Plum-tree , covered with a whitish Bark , the Branches are green , whereon grow rounder , thicker , and harder Leaves , then those of the ordinary Plum-Tree : the blossoms are white , consisting of five Leaves a peece , growing many together on a stalk , which afterwards turn into small Berries , rather then Plums , of a blackish green colour , when they are ripe , every one standing in a little Cup , of a sweet tast , and glutinous and clammy substance , and a very thick skin : within which , lyeth a three square , hard stone , with a thick Shell , and a small Kernel : these are gathered , and layd in the Sun , whereby they grow wrinckled , and so they are kept , and brought over unto us in Boxes .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Syria , and is but planted in Egypt , as Alpinus saith , and from thence were brought into Italy , in Pliny his time , which were grafted on the Service Tree and do now grow in many places there in their Orchards : it is so tender , not enduring the cold with us , that we can as hardly keep it , as cause it to spring , the Shell of the Stone being so thick , and the Kernel so small . The other as Alpinus seemeth to aver growth in Egypt naturally . They flowre in May , and their Fruit is gathered in September .

The Temperature .

Sebestens are temperately cold and moyst , and have a thick clammy substance .

The Vertues .

They are very effectuall , to lenifie , or make smooth the hoarsnesse , and roughnesse of the Throat , which is caused by sharp humours , which descend from the Head , into the Wine-pipe , galling it , and fretting it , so that unlesse there be means used to stop them , and to prevent the Throat from corroding , they will run down abundantly , and with great force , making the Patient to breath with great difficulty . Neither are Sebestens good only for the Throat , but also do very much help the Cough , and wheesings of the Lungs and Distillations upon them , by lenifying the passages , and causing much flegme to be avoided : They also give ease to them that are troubled with pains in their sides , and marvellously helpeth those that are troubled with the sharpnesse of their Urine , proceeding from Cho 〈…〉 or salt flegme : they also drive forth the long worms of the Belly . By the judgement both of the Arabians and Greek Physitians , they open the body in the fame manner , or rather more , by reason of the Muscilaginesse in them , than Damask Primes , yet more when they are green , and lesse when they are dry ; yet the decoction of them , or the infusion of them in broth , although dryed , worketh effectually . They serve to cool any intemperate heat of the Stomach or Liver , and therefore are good in hot Agues , and to purge Choler , whereof they come . 〈◊〉 saith , that he hath found often by his experience , that ten drams , or twelve at the most , of the pulp of Sebestans , taken from the Skins and Stones , worketh as well , and to as good purpose as the pulp of Cassia fistula . There is a kind of Birdlime made of these fruits , by boyling them a little in water , to take away their Skins and Stones , and after boyling them more to a consistence , the which , as M 〈…〉 saith , was used in V 〈…〉 , to catch Birds ; but Alpinus saith , they use it in Egypt as a Plaister , to dissolve hard tumours or swellings .

CHAP. LXXXV . Of Scabious .

The Names .

IT hath no Greek Name , unless it be , as some think , that Herb which Aetius calleth 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : but few dare venter to say , it is the same , because there is nothing but the bare Name , without any Description extant in him ; yet the Greek word signifieth Scabies in Latine . It took the name of Scabi●sa , either à foliorum scabritie quae pr●sertim primo huic generi convenit , or rather , and that more usually , quòd Scabi●i medetur , which it doth by Signature ; for Crollius saith moreover , quòd in summis caulium capitulis florum calices promit , compactili squammarum ordine structos : ideò Scabi●i medetur , that is , It brings forth cups of Flowers , which stand on the tops of the stalks , like unto scales or scabs ; and this also may be a reason , why it is called so . The Name is applyed to divers Herbs , as to the Jacea's Stabe's , and others ; but there hath much difference been discovered between them by the modern Herbarists , as in the Heads of Flowers , and also by the Leaves , if they be broken ; for the Leaves of Scabious , being broken easily , you may plainly perceive many little Films in them , which Knapweed , or Stab● hath not .

The Kinds .

The Sorts of Scabious are so many , that they would take up much room to little purpose , if I should but name them all . I shall therefore set down a dozen of them , and no more . 1. Common Scabious . 2. The small common Scabious . 3. Middle Scabious . 4. Corn Scabious , 5. Purple flowred Scabious . 5. Red Scabious of Austria . 7. Mountain Scabious . 8. Broad leafed Mountain Scabious . 9. Spanish Scabious . 10 ▪ Strange Scabious . 11. Sheeps Scabious . 12. Hairy Sheeps Scabious .

The Forme .

The common Field-Scabious , groweth up with many hairy , soft , whitish green Leaves : some whereof , are either not at all jagged , or divided on the edges , or very little ; others are much rent and torn on the sides , and have Films , or small threds in them , as I said before : which upon the breaking , may be plainly seen ; from among which , rise up divers round , hairy , green stalks , two or three foot high , with such like hairy green Leaves on them ; but more deeply and finely divided , branched forth a little ; at the tops whereof , which are naked and bare of Leaves for a good space , stand round heads of Flowers , of a pale blewish colour , many set together in a head , or knop : the outermost whereof , are larger then those inward : with many threds also in the middle , somewhat flat at the top , as the Head with Seed is likewise : the Root is great , white , and thick , growing down deep into the ground , and abideth many years .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth very often in Meddow Grounds , especially those that do not lie very low . The two next grow also in some dry Fields , but not so plentifully as the former . The fourth groweth both in the places where Corn is standing , and in those also that were formerly sowen , and now lie fallow , and in the borders of such like Fields . The fifth came from India , and is common in our Gardens . The sixth from Austria , as the title sheweth . The seaventh and eighth , upon the Alps. The ninth in Spain . It is not known whence the tenth came , and therefore it is called Strange Scabious . The two last grow in dry , sandy , and heathy Grounds : the one of them being common , the other somewhat rare . They all flowre in June and July ; and some abide flowring untill it be late in August , and the Seed is ripe in the mean time .

The Temperature .

Scabious is hot and dry in the second Degree , opening , cleansing , digesting , and making thin .

The Vertues .

It is effectuall for all sorts of Coughs , shortnesse of breath , and all other the Diseases of the Breast and Lungs , ripening and digesting cold flegme , and other tough humours , voyding them forth by coughing and spitting . It ripeneth also all sorts of inward Ulcers and Apo●humes , yea the P●uri●e al●o : if the Decoction of the dry or green Herb , being made with Wine , be drunk sometimes together , thereby voiding it ●orth by Urine , as well as other wayes . Four Ounces of the clarified Juyce of Scabious taken in the morning ●asting ▪ with a dram of Mithridate , or Venice Treac●e , doth free the Heart from any infection of the P●ague or Pestilence ; so as upon the taking thereof , they sweat two houres in their Beds , at the least : yet after the first time taking , let them that are infected , take the same proportion again , and again , if need be , for fear of further danger : and the same is good against the stinging of any venomous Beast . The Decoction drunk , helpeth the pains and stitches of the ●ices . The Decoction of the Roots taken for forty dayes together , or the Powder of them to the qu●ntity of a dram at a time , taken in Whey , doth as Matthiolus saith , wonderfully help those that are troubled with dangerous running , or spreading Scabs , Tetters , or Ringworms ; yea although they proceed from the French Pox. The Juyce , or the Decoction drunk , doth very much help those that are broken out into Scabs and Itches : the Cups of Flowers having the Signature thereof , as I said before . The same also wonderfully helpeth all inward wounds , be they made by thrust or stroak , by the drying , cleansing and healing quality therein . A Syrup made of the Juyce and Sugar is very effectuall to all the purposes aforesaid ; and so is the distilled water of the Herb and Flowers , made in due time . The green Herb bruised , and applyed to any Carbuncle , or Plague-sore , is found good by experience , to dissolve or break it , within the space of three hours , and the same applyed , helpeth the stinging of any venomous Beast . The Juyce made up into an Oyntment with Hogs-Grease , helpeth the Itch and Scab , being thereto applyed . The Decoction of the Herb and Roots applyed , doth help all sorts of cold tumours , or swellings , in any part of the Body ; and is also as effectuall for any shrunk Sinew or Vein in any place . The Juyce made up with the Powder of Borax and Camphor , doth cleanse the skin of the face , or other part of the Body , as Freckles , Pimples , Morphew , and Lepry . The same decoction helpeth the Rednesse and Spots in the white of the Eyes , used either by it self , or with the Juyce of Fennel . The Head washed with the same Decoction , cleanseth it from Dandraffe , Scurf , Scabs , Sores , Itches , and the like , being used warm . Tents also dipped in the Juyce , or water thereof , doth heal all green Wounds , old Sores and Ulcers . The Herb bruised , and applyed , doth loosen , splinter , broken Bone , Arrow Head , or other such like thing lying in the flesh , and causeth it easily to be drawn forth .

CHAP. LXXXVI . Of Coleworts .

The Names .

THe Greeks call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , & Attice 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , so called as it is supposed by some , quòd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. oculorum pupillas obtundat & hebetet , because it dulleth and dimmeth the Eye-sight , which Columella signifieth in these words , Oculis inimica Coramble ; but he contradicteth himself ; for he and other Authours also say , that it is good for dim Eyes , as also to take away the Canker in the Eyes . Others say , quòd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , vel rectius , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quòd Crapulae satietatique adversatur , because it is a remedy against surfeiting and drunkennesse . Theophrastus and other greek Authours before him , call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Raphanus , Anglicè , a Radish because of the likenesse of the seed : they supposing that if it were old , the one would degenerate into the other ; which errour in this as in many other things , though very fatall to the old world hath been discovered by the Judicious of these later times ; but amongst the Commons , whose opinions are unalterable , many falsities and absurdities are continued . It is called also in Latine , Brasica quasi Praseca , as Varro saith , quod hujus scapui minutatim prasecatur ; or as others think , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 à vocando , because poor people did most of all call for them to eat them ; It is also called in Latine of many Caulis , quia prae cateris grandi validoque turgescit Caul● . And from thence came as most suppose our English words Cole and Cale , whereby the Colewort was antiently , and is yet called by some .

The Kindes .

Many are the sorts hereof , I shall set down sixteen . 1. Garden Colewort . 2. Curled Garden Cole . 3. Red Colewort . 4. White Cabbage . 5. Red Cabbage . 6. Open Cabbage . 7. Double Colewort . 8. Double Crisped Colewort . 9. Cole Florie . 10. Swollen Colewort . 11. Savoy Cole . 12. Curled Savoy Cole . 13. Parsley Colewort . 14. Fine cut Colewort . 15. English Sea Colewort . 16. Wild Sea Colewort .

The Form .

The Garden Colewort hath many green broad Leaves , of a deep black green colour mixed with Ribbs ; and Lines of reddish and white Colours . The stalk groweth out of the middest from among the leaves , branched with sundry arms , bearing at the top little yellow flowers ; and after they be past , there do succeed long Cods full of round seed like those of the Turnep but smaller , with a wooddy root having many strings or threds fastned thereto .

The Places and Time .

The greatest sort of Coleworts do grow in Gardens , and do love a soil which is fat and throughly dunged , and well manured , they do best prosper when they be removed : and everyone of them grow in our English Gardens , except the wild which groweth in fields and new digged ditch banks . The Sea Colewort groweth naturally by the Sea side , where there is no earth to be seen , but sand and rowling peeble stones , particularly between Whitstable and the Isle of Thanet neer the brink of the Sea , and in many places neer Colchester . It is sowen in the Spring as in March , April , and oftentimes in May , and sometimes in August but the especial time , is about the beginning of September , and those that are then sown , are fittest to be transplanted in March or April following : that so having the benefit of the Summer for their full growth , they may be gathered to eat , in the Winter or Autumn , after the frost hath a little bit them . But the Savoy Cole and the Cole-flory ( which is commonly called Collyflower ) must be sowed in April in a bed of hot Horsedung , and covered with Mats or Straw , to keep it from the cold frosty mornings ; for if you tarry for warmer weather , the year will be spent before it come to ripenesse ; it should also be removed when it hath gotten six leaves , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

All the Coleworts have a drying or binding faculty with a certain nitrous or salt quality whereby it mightily cleanseth either in the Juyce or broth thereof . The whole substance or body of the Colewort , is of a binding and drying faculty , because it leaveth in the decoction this Salt quality , which lyeth in the Juyce and watery part thereof : it yeildeth to the body small nourishment , and doth not ingender good Blood but grosse and Melancholick .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of Coleworts being mingled with hony and drunk recovereth hoarsenesse or losse of the Voice , the leaves themselves help those that are entring into a Consumption , if they use to eat them well boyled , and often . The pulpe of the middle ribs of Coleworts , boyled in Almond-milk , and made up into an Electuary with hony , is very profitably used , by those that are shortwinded , and purify if they often take thereof . Being boyled twice , and an old cock boyled in the broth and drunk , it helpeth the pains and obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and the stone in the Kidnies . The juyce boyled with honey , and dropped into the Corner of the Eye , cleareth the sight by consuming any filme or cloud beginning to dimme it ; it also consumeth the Canker growing therein . They are much commended being eaten before meat to keep one from surfeiting , as also from being drunk with too much wine , or quickly make a man sober that is drunk before . Being gently boyled in broth and eaten , they open the body , but the second decoction bindeth . The juyce thereof drunk in wine helpeth those that are bitten by an Adder ; and the decoction of the flowers bringeth down Womens Courses . The decoction of Coleworts taketh away the pain and ach , and allayeth the swellings of swoln , and gowty Leggs and Knees , wherein many grosse and watery humours are fallen , the place being bathed therewith warm : It helpeth also old and filthy sores being bathed therewith , and healeth all small scabs , pushes and wheals that break out in the skin . The ashes of Colewort stalks mixed with old Hogs Grease , is very effectual to anoint the sides of those that have had long paines therein , or any other place pained with Melancholly and windy humours , helping mightily to digest them : It is reported that the old Romans having expelled Physitians out of their territories , did for six hundred years preserve their health , and helped their infirmities , by using & applying it for their only medicine in every disease & Chrysippus affirmeth as much in his book concerning it . The broth or first decoction of the Sea Colewort likewise doth by the sharp nitrous and bitter qualities therein , open the belly and purgeth the body ( but the second decoction both of this and the former also , is said to bind the body ) yet , as Galen thinketh , not without some hurt thereto ; because as he saith , it much varieth from the Temperature of our body , being hotter and dryer then the Garden kinds ; and therefore as all other wild herbs are stronger in operation , and so this cleanseth and digesteth more powerfully then they . The Leaves while they are young although bitter , being boyled ( in Lye saith Dioscorides , but in fair water is most usuall with us in these daies ) are eaten as other Coleworts are by divers poor people neer the Sea , the boyling taking away much of the bitternesse thereof ; the seed hereof bruised and drunk killeth worms , the leaves or the Juyce of them applyed to sores or ulcers cleanseth and healeth them , and dissolveth tumours and swellings , and taketh away the Inflammations .

CHAP. LXXXVII . Of Nettles .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Acalyphe quia Tactu aspera et injucunda est , by reason of its offending them them that touch it , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quòd vellicet et punget ; à verbo , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quòd vellicare & pungere significat , because it stings . In Latine Vrtica ab urendo , quod pruritum pustulasque igni similes excitat ; because it raiseth blisters , like unto those that are caused by burning with fire .

The Kindes .

Of those Nettles that are stinging , of Which alone I shall intreat in this Chapter , there are four sorts . 1. The Roman Nettle . 2. The greater wild Nettle . 3. The middle wild Nettle . 4. The lesser wild Nettle .

The Forme .

The Roman Nettle groweth up with divers round hairy branches , rather leaning down then standing upright , never above the height of a foot that ever I see , whereon at the Joynts are two leaves set together , very rough ; and although it hath no sharp prickles , yet it hath an hairy down thereon , that will sting the skin most cruelly if it be touched therewith , and raise it full of blisters as if it were burnt with fire and dented at the edges somewhat deeply ; at divers places of the branches come forth small stalks , of reddish and yellowish flowers , made of threds which fall away without bearing any thing else ; but at the Joynts with the leaves in other places , from the middle of the branches upwards come forth small round rough green prickly Pellets or Buttons , wherein is contained divers flat brown shining seeds , something like unto Line , or Flexseed , but smaller and rounder . The root is yellowish , and spreadeth divers long strings and small Fibres , whereby it taketh fast hold in the ground , yet perisheth every year , requiring a new sowing every spring .

The Places and Time .

The first is most usually sown in Gardens where it is desired , as it is also in the upper and Lower Germany , and most places of France also : but it hath been found naturally growing time out of mind , both at the Town of Lidde by Romney ; and in the streets of the Town of Romney in Kent , where it is recorded that Julius Caesar landed with his Souldiers and abode there a certain time : which very probably was by them called Romania , and corruptibly therefrom Romeney or Romney ; and for the growing of it in that place , it is reported that the souldiers brought some of the seed with them and sowed it there , for their use to rub and chafe their Limbs : when through extream cold they should be stiffe and benummed : being told before they came from home , that the climate of Britain was so extream cold , that it was not to be endured , without some friction and ●ibbing to warm their blood , and to stir up naturall heat : since which time it is thought it hath continued there , rising yearly of its own sowing . It groweth also in the streets of Bardney in Lincolnshire , the other three sorts grow in wast grounds , by hedges and Wall sides , and many other untilled places ; yet they will be also found in most Gardens , where if they be suffered or neglected but a while , it will be hard to rid them out again . They flower and seed in the end of Summer ; and the lesser is so plentifull , that it will seed and shed , and spring , and seed again , bearing ripe seed twice in one year , if it be let grow .

The Temperature .

Although Nettles do hurt and sting while they are green , which is caused by the hair or rough down upon them , and might be thought to be Caustick and exulcerating , being otherwise applyed ; yet it is not so , they being found to be hot and dry in the third degree .

The Vertues and Signature .

The roots or Leaves of nettles boyled or the Juyce of either of them or both made into an electuary , with hony or Sugar is safe and sure medicine , to open the Pipes and Passages of the Lungs , which is the cause of wheesing and shortnesse of breath , and helpeth to expectorate tough flegme , as also to raise the Impostumated Plurisie and spend it by spitting : the same helpeth the swelling of the Almonds of the Throat , the Mouth and Throat , being gargled therewith . The juyce is also effectual to settle the Palate of the mouth in its place , and to heal and temper the inflammations and sorenesse of the Mouth and Throat . The decoction of the leaves in wine being drunk , is singular good to provoke Womens Courses , and settle the suffocation or strangling of the Muther , and all other diseases thereof , as also applyed outwardly with a little Myrrh . The same also or the seed provoketh Urine , and expelleth the Gravel or Stone in the Reins or Bladder as hath been often and effectually proved in many that have taken it . The same killeth the Worms in Children , easeth pains in the sides and dissolveth the windinesse in the Spleen , as also in the body , although others think it to provoke Venery , which it may be said to do by Signature . The Juyce of the Leaves taken two or three daies together , stayeth bleeding at the mouth . The seed being drunk , is a remedy against the stinging of venemous Creatures , the biting of mad Dogs , the poysonous qualities of Hemlock , Henbane , Nightshade ; Mandrak , or other such like herbs that stupifie and dull the sences ; as also the Lethargy especially to use it outwardly to rub the Forehead or Templs in the Lethargy and the places bitten or stung with beasts , with a little Salt . The distilled water of the herb is also effectuall ( although not so powerful● ) for the diseases aforesaid , as for outward wounds and sores to wash them , and to cleanse the skin from Morphew , Leprosie , and other discolourings thereof ; The seed of leaves brui●ed and put into the Nostrils stayeth the bleedings of them , and taketh away the flesh growing in them called Polypus . The juyce of the leaves or the decoction of them or of the roots is singular good to wash either old rotten or stinking ●ores or Fistulaes or Gangrenes , and such as are eating fretting or corroding scabs manginesse and itch in any part of the body ; as also green wounds by washing them therewith , or applying the green herb bruised thereunto , yea though the flesh were separated from the bones . The same applyed to wearied members refresh them , or to places that have been out of joynt being first set again , strengthning , drying , and comforting them , as also those places that are troubled with Aches and Gouts , and the defluxions of humours upon the joynts or Sinews , it easeth the paines , and dryeth or dissolveth the defluxions . An ointment made of the juyce , oyl , and a little wax , is singular good to rub cold benummed Members , to bring them to their proper activity again . An handful of the green Leaves of Nettles , and another of Wallwort or Danewort , bruised and applyed simply of themselvs to the Gout , Sciatica , or Joynt-Aches in any part hath been found to be an admirable help thereunto . It is said that if green Nettles be put into the Urine of a sick body , if it be fresh and green after it hath lyen four and twenty hours therein , the party shall recover of that sicknesse , but if it do not abide green , it signifieth death or danger . It is said , likewise that if the Juyce of the roots of Nettles , be mixed with Ale or Beer , and given to one that is suspected to have lost her maidenhead , if it remain with her she is a maid , otherwise not . If you give Hens some dry Nettles broken small with their meat in Winter it will make them lay eggs all the Winter more plentifully , It is said also that if the herb be rubbed on the privities of female beasts that will not suffer the males to cover them ; it will cause them the more willingly to suffer them to do it . The oyl of Roses , or Sallet Oyl boyled with the juyce , or the juyce of the Leaves themselves , is a present Remedy to take away the stinging of Nettles : To all the purposes aforesaid , the Roman Nettle is held the most effectual ; yet where it cannot be had , the others are in a degree next it , as effectual . Nettle tops are usually boyled in Pottage in the Spring time , to consume the Phlegmatick superfluities in the body of Man , that the coldnesse and moisture of the Winter hath left behind .

CHAP. LXXXVIII . Of Turneps .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Gongyle , ob rotunditatem figuraeradicis , because of the roundnesse of the root : for the Greeks did call every thing that was made round , after this manner . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 It is called in Latine Rapum and Rapa which is commonly used in shops and every where else . The Lacedemonians call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : the Beetians 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as Athaeneus reporteth : We English , Turnep and Rape .

The Kinds .

There be sundry sorts of Turneps , some wild , some of the Garden : some with round roots globe fashion ; others ovall or Pear-fashion , some great , and some of a smaller sort . I shall mention only these four following . 1. The great round Turnep . 2. The little round Turnep . 3. The long Turnep . 4. The Orenge coloured Turnep .

The Forme .

The Turnep hath long rough and green leaves , cut or snipt about the edges with deep gashes . The stall divideth it self into sundry branches or arms , bearing at the top small flowers of a yellow colour , and sometimes of a light purple which being past , there do succeed long Cods full of small blackish seed like Rape seed . The root is round like a bowle ; and sometimes a little stretched out in length , growing very shallow in the ground , and oftentimes shewing it self above the Surface of the Earth .

The Places and Time

The Turnep prospereth well in a leight loose and fat earth , and so loose as Petrus Crescentius sheweth that it may be turned almost into dust , it groweth in divers fields , and Gardens in most places of England . The other sorts are not so common as the first , yet those that are ever awhit delighted with rarities of this nature , have them growing in their Gardens . It is not convenient that the ground where they are to be sowen be digged so deep as for other things , or if it be , the Gardner would do well to tread the ground before he sow them , for then will they head the better . They may be sown in any Moneth from March to October , but they are commonly sown in April and May , as also in the end of August . They flower and seed the second year after they are sown ; for those that flower the same year that they are sown , are a degenerate kind causing frensy and giddinesse of the brain for a season , wherefore are by some called Madneps .

The Temperature .

The bulbous or knobbed root which is properly called Rapum or Turnep , & hath given the name to the plant whilst it is raw , for so it is sometimes eaten especially by the poor people in Wales , is windy and ingendreth cold and grosse blood , but being boyled it cooleth lesse , yea so little as that it cannot be perceived to cool at all , yet it is moist and windy

The Vertues and Signature .

The Decoction of Turneps is good against the Cough and hoarsnesse of the voice being drunk in the evening with a little Sugar or a quantity of clarified honey . The Syrup of Turneps being extracted by baking them mixed with life Hony , hony of Roses or Sugar & a Spoonful thereof taken at night about bedtime worketh the same effect , and is good for those that have a vein Broken . Dioscorides writeth that the Turnep it self being stamped , is with good successe apaplyed to the Kibed heeles , and also that Oyl of Roses boyled in an hollow Tu●nep under the hot Embers doth cure the same . The young or tender shoots or springs of Turneps at their first coming forth of the ground , boyled and eaten is a delicate Sallet which provoketh Urine . The seed is mixed with counter poysons , and Treacles ; and being drunk it is a remedy against poyson . They of the low countries , do give the oyl which is pressed out of the seed against the afterthrows of women newly brought a bed , and also do administer it to young children against the worms , which it both killeth and driveth forth . The Oyl mixed with water doth allay the fervent heat and ruggednesse of the skin , it availeth not a little how they be prepared : for being boyled in water alone or with meat , is most moist and sooner descendeth , and maketh the body more soluble ; but being roasted or baked it ingendreth lesse wind , and yet it is not altogether without wind , but howsoever they be dressed they yeeld more norishment then the raw : they provok Urine , increase natural seed and milk in womens breasts by Signature , there being a neer resemblance between a womans breast and a Turnep . And now I think it will not be amisse , to turn my stile from the in side of the breast to the out side ; and because the breasts of Women are more subject to indisposition , then mens . I shall set down some plants , which may be serviceable upon that account .

CHAP. LXXXIX . Of Ladies-Mantle .

The Names .

ALthough Branfelsius and others have thought this Plant to be Leontopodium , or Lions foot , being deceived by the name , because divers Nations have so called it from the form or likenesse of the Leaf : yet it cannot be gathered , that it was known to Dioscorides , or any of the ancient Greek Writers . It is usually called in Latine Alchymella , by most Writers , because as some think , the Alchymists gave mighty Commendations of it . It is called also of Matthiolus Lugdunensis ; and others , Stellaria , from the form of the Leaf , that with the corners resembles a Star ; but there are divers others Herbs called Stellaria , by severall Authours ; and some also call this ●es Leonis , and Pata Leonis : others call it Sanicula major ; for the Vertues of it , which are like unto Sanicle . Cordus calleth it Drosera , Drosium , & Psiadeion , from the Germans name Sinnaw , because the hollowish Leaf will contain the Drops of Dew . We in English , call it our Ladies Mantle , from the prettynesse of the Leaf , and great Sanicle ; and of some , Lions Foot , or Lions Paw .

The Kinds .

The Sorts are but two . 1. Common Ladies Mantle . 2. Cinquefoile Ladies Mantle .

The Forme .

Common Ladies Mantle hath many Leaves , rising from the Root , standing upon long hairy foot-stalks , being almost round ; but somewhat cut-in on the edges , into eight or ten parts , more or lesse , making it seem like a Starre , with so many corners and points , and those not so deeply , but more finely indented round about , of a light green colour , and as if it were plaited and folded at the first , and then crumpled in divers places , which maketh them a little hollow ; being also hairy as the stalk is , which riseth up among them , to the height of a foot , and sometime a foot and half , with a few such Leaves thereupon , but smaller , and being weak , is not able to stand upright , but bendeth down to the ground , divided at the top , into two or three small Branches , with small whitish green heads and flowers , of a yellowish green colour , breaking out of them , which being past , there commeth small yellowish inclosed in the greenish Husks . The Root is somewhat long , and black , with many strings and Fibres thereat .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in many Pastures and Woods in Oxford , Hartford , and Wiltshire , and also in Kent ; as in Stow-Wood near Oxford , in Millmead by Rungill Well near Adderbury ; in Pray Wood , near St. Albans ; in King Wood , near Feversham ; in the Pastures , near Fidnam and Chepstow , and in other places of this Land . The other groweth on St. Barnards Hill among the Switzers . The first flowreth in May and June , the other not untill August , but both abide after Seed-time , green all the Winter after .

The Temperature .

Ladies Mantle is hot and dry in the second Degree ; as some think , in the third , being very astringent , binding and drying .

The Vertues .

The decoction of Ladies Mantle being drunk , and the bruised Herb outwardly applyed , helpeth to keep down Maidens Paps or Duggs : as also to bring back the Breasts of Maids , or Women that are too big , or over-flagging to their due bignesse and hardnesse . It is very proper for those wounds that have Inflammations , and is very effectuall to stay bleedings , Vomitings , and Fluxes of all sorts , in Man or Woman ; and Bruises by falls , or otherwise , and helpeth Ruptures , and serveth also to stay the whites in Women , wherein it is so powerful , that it is used as a surfuling water also . The distilled water drunk twenty dayes together , by such Women as are barren , and cannot conceive , or retain the birth after conception , through the too much humidity of the Matrice , and Flux of moyst humours thereunto , causing the Seed not to abide , but to passe away without fruit , will reduce their Bodies to so good and conformable an Estate , that they shall thereby be made more fit and able to retain the Conception , and bear out their Children , if they do also sit sometimes as in a Bath , in the decoction made of the Herb. It is accounted one of the most singular Wound-herbs that is , and is therefore extolled with exceeding great prayse ; and they never dresse any wound , either inward or outward , but they give of the decoction hereof to drink ; and either wash the wound with the said decoction , or dip Tents therein , and put them thereinto , which wonderfully dryeth up all the humidity of the Sores , or of the humours flowing thereunto , yea although they be fistulous and hollow , and abateth also , such Inflammations as often happen unto Sores ; but for fresh or green wounds , or Cuts , it so quickly healeth them up , that it suffereth not any quitture to grow therein , but consolidateth the lips of the Wound , not suffering any corruption to remain behind .

CHAP. XC . Of Sanders .

The Names .

THe ancient Grecians have not made any mention of it , but the Arabians only , who generally call it Sandal : It is called by the Natives of the Isle of Timor , and the Provinces thereunto adjoyning Chandama , and those of Canara Decan , and Surrat call it Sercanda : In Latine it is called Sandalum & Sa●●alum : In English , Sanders .

The Kinds .

There are three Sorts of Sanders . 1. Santalum album , or white Sanders . 2. Santalum rubrum , or red Sanders . 3. Santalum ci●ri 〈…〉 vel flavum : Yellow Sanders .

The Forme .

The Sanders-Tree groweth to be as big as the Wallnut-tree , having fresh green Leaves , like unto the Mastick-tree , and darkish blew Flowers , the Fruit being like unto Cherries , for the size , but without any tast , black when they are ripe , and quickly falling away : the wood it self is without sent , as it is said , whilest it is living , and fresh ; and smelleth sweet , only when it is dry ; the white and the yellow Woods , are so hard to be distinguished before that time , as it is said , that none but those Indians which usually fell those Trees , do know their difference before hand , and can tell which will prove better then others : the chiefest part and smelling sweetest , being the heart of the Wood ; and as the Trees do grow in severall places , so are their goodnesse , being more or lesse plentifull in the substance of ●he heart ; for thereafter are they accounted .

The Places and Time .

The white and yellow Sanders grow naturally , and that in great abundance , in an Island called Timor , and also in the East Indies , beyond the River Sa●ges , or rather Ganges , which the Indians call Hanga ; and also about Java , where it is of better odour , then any that groweth else-where . The red Sanders groweth within the River Ganges , especially about T●●as●rim , and in the Marish Ground about Charamandel , and in most parts of Brasil , where the Brasil Wood also groweth , which is somewhat like it ; but they may be easily known asunder , because Sanders is neither sweet in tast , nor giveth any Dye , as the Brasil doth , besides Sanders in heavyer then it , and will sink in water . These Trees grow green , Winter and Summer , and the Indians are feign to mark them , that they may distinguish them , when their Mart commeth ; for they are not easily known one from another , by the sight of the vulgar .

The Temperature .

They are cold and dry in the second or third Degree : some say they are hot ; the red is more cooling and binding . The yellow is the best , the next is the white , the red is least of use .

The Vertues .

The red Sanders have a more astrictive , as I said , and strengthning faculty , and therefore applyed to Mayds , or Womens great Breasts , mixed with the Juyce of Purslane , abateth their greatnesse , and represseth their overmuch growing . It is also very effectuall for the stoppage of blood at the Nose , or any other place ▪ if it be taken in red Wine , the Signature thereof declaring so much . It is used likewise , to stay Defluxions of thin Rheum from the Head , and to cool hot Inflammations , hot Gouts , and in hot Ag●es , to cool and temp●● the heat : but in Cordiall Medicines , the white and yellow are most effectuall and comfortable , by reason of their sweetnesse , helping faintings of the heart and palpitation , or beating thereof : as also weak and faint stomacks , which come through heat , diverting melancholy , and procuring mirth and alacrity . They open the Obstructions of the Liver , and cool the heat thereof , and ease the pain of the Head . They are used to stay , and bind the spermaticall Flux in Men or Women ; for which purpose , either the Powder taken in a reare Egg , or mixed with other things for the purpose , or steeped in red Wine , and kept in an hot Balneo , or in hot Embers , close stopped all Night , and strained forth , and drunk in the morning and evening , both stay the Gonorrhea , or running of the Reins in Men , and the whites in Women . They are good in hot burning Diseases , as in Feavers , Inflammations of the Liver , and such like . The Indians ( saith Gerard ) do use the decoction made in water , against hot burning Agues , and the overflowing of the Courses Erisipelas the Gout , and all Inflammations , for which it is very effectuall , especially ▪ if it be mixed with the juyce of Night-shade , Housleek , or Purslane . They are put in Collises , Jellies , Sauces , Pies , &c. both because they are good to strengthen and revive the Spirits ; and also for the pleasing red colour , which they give to them . They are used outwardly in Catarrhes and Rheums , pains of the Head against Vomiting , and in Epithems , and fomentations against the intemperate heat of the Liver . They being applyed with Rose-water to the Temples , give ease to the Head-ach , and keep back the flowings of humours into the Eyes .

CHAP. LXXXXI . Of Annise .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quia est sine aequali , there being no Plant equall to it in goodnesse , for increasing Milk , and breaking wind ; and in Latine , Anicum generally , by all Authours , and almost by all Nations , according to their Dialect : only the Spaniards call it Matahalna , and Yerva dulce .

The Forme .

Anise is a small low Herb , seldom above half an yard high , having the lower Leaves broader then those above , few upon the stalks , seldom divided , but dented on the fore-part , of a whitish green colour , and of a good sweet tast and smell , the stalk is round , and not spread into branches , saving at the top , where the white umbels of Flowers do stand , which afterwards give small round whitish Seed , very sweet ; yea , more then any umbelliferous Seed , and pleasant tast , and smell , yet somewhat quick withall : The Root is small , and perisheth every year .

The Places and Time●

Though Annise were formerly sown only in the East Countries as Syria , &c. as being more natural to those hot Climats , yet it is found out by later experience that it will grow and prosper here in our English Gardens also : the time of sowing , is taught in that excellent Book called , the Garden of Eden , as followeth . Sow English Anniseeds , when the Moon is at the full in Febr. or any time between the full and the change : if frosts will not suffer you to take the full Moon to hatch them into the ground with a rake stricken thick upon them : then strew new Horse dung thinly upon the ground , to defend the seeds from the Frost : These will ripen about Bartholomewtide . Then respecting the Moon as before , sow again in May ; and these seeds will be ripe sooner , then those that were sown in February . These seeds will also come up well being self sown , only break up the ground about them when they begin to ripen . The time of its flowring doth continue four or five months , so that at one time a man may find both the flower tender , and the seed neer to its full growth as in Fennel and the like . That ground which you would sow in February , breake up about Michaelmasse : let it lie and crumble all the Winter , then when you mean to sowe , stir it up again , that it may be mellow ; for the mellower the better . A black rich mellow ground i● best , and they like well in a rich dunged ground , as hath been proved .

The Temperature .

Galen hath erred very much in relating the Temperature of Annise-Seed , saying , that it is hot and dry in the third Degree , and burning withall , by reason of the sharpnesse and bitternesse ; when as it is well known , it hath no such acrimony : the sweetnesse so tempering the sharpnesse , that it doth not exceed the second degree in heat , and the first in drynesse . But the Chymicall Oyl drawn from the Seed , exceedeth much those degrees ; the spirits being contracted , must needes be more fierce .

The Vertues .

Another indisposition of the Paps , is want of milk , in those that are Nurses , which may be remedyed , if the Leaves or Seeds of Annise , or ( for defect thereof ) of Fennel ( as hath been said before , in the handling of Fennel upon another occasion ) being boyled in Barley water , and drunk , neither doth it only increase milk ; but make it more wholsom for their Children to take . To eat the Seeds comfited , or Anniseed Comfits , worketh the same effect , and is very good for ●eeming Women , and those which are with Child . They help those that are short-winded , or have a Consumption , to take the decoction with Figs , Liquorice , &c. They help to expectorate flegme , in those that have a Cough , or straitnesse in the Breast , and are very conducible to the stomack ; and being boyled in Wine , and taken , it helpeth the stoppings of the Liver , and the Dropsie that commeth thereby . The same stayeth the Hickop , and helpeth diges●ion . It stirreth up bodily lust , and boyled in Wine , it is good against all poyson , and biting of all venomous Beasts . It avails in Children , that have the Falling Sicknesse , being taken , and is very effectuall to help a stinking breath , and to break wind in any part of the body , be it in the Head , Stomach , Spleen , Bowels , or Mother , and to provoke Urine and sleep , to them that want it . The Chymicall Oyl taken in broth or wine , three or fo●r drops at a time , doth help the giddinesse of the Head , the straitnesse and pains in the Breast and Stomach , and the crudities and belchings therein , the much desire to cast , and the rising of the Mother : as also all other griefs and pains inwardly , that rise of Cold or Wind. The Quintessence of it , gives ease to those that are frantick , and distempered in their Brains , and for such as are troubled with the Falling Sicknesse , or have the Cramp or Convulsion . A decoction of Annise Seed is also excellent in the Cholick . If Annise , either green or dry , be beaten , and layd to their eyes , that have any hurtful thing fallen into them , it will soon draw it forth ; and likewise take away the venome of any hurt , by the biting of venomous Creatures , and healeth them quickly . The Herb or Seed boyled in Oyl of Roses , and dropped warm into the Ears , easeth the pains and noyse in them : the Seeds bruised , and mixed with St●rax , and the fumes thereof taken , being cast on quick Coals , will soon ease the continuall Head-ach . The Italians say , that he that holdeth a Plant of Annise in his hand , shall not be troubled with the Falling Sicknesse ; but although this may seem too easie to help so grievous a Disease , yet the quinte●ence , as is said before , is most effectuall , which is made after this manner . Infuse the Seed bruised a little in the Spirit of Wine , for four and twenty houres , let it stand as long in an hot Balneo , the●●●et it be pressed forth , and distilled , or vapoured gently in Glasse ; the Residue in the bottom , when it is come to the thicknesse of Honey , keep for your use . And here I might be injurious to the publick ▪ if I should omit that notable secret concerning Bees , for the multiplying and keeping whereof , the planting of Annise near them , is proved the best means : as al●o for their breeding of great store of Honey . For first , it yie●●eth an innumerable company of small Flowers ▪ which carry a scent so pleasant , and gratefull to them , that they choose rather to seed upon it , then any Plant whatsoever , besides the excellent sweetning Ferment , by which the Dew is converted into a thi●ker substance and sweet , many degrees passing bare Dew , which in it self hath a sweet Sacharine salt , to which they greedily resort and suck , and of it load themselves . But the main excellency is the long duration of its flowring time , so that it will afford them a supply , the greatest part of their gathering time : whereas Apples blossom at a peculiar time , and that of small continuance . The Herb being taken , and the inside of the Hive , as also the Orifices thereunto , being rubbed therewith , will so much delight them , that when they 〈…〉 st forth their swarms , which they will do ( if they seed hereon ) three times a year , they will certainly enter into them , and repair no where else . But in case , that upon the neglect , any be swarved forth , and setled unto some Tree , the fault may be amended , by rubbing the inside of the new Hive with Annise , and holding it on the top of a Pole to the Bees , they will be allured by the sweet scent of the Annise , to enter thereinto of their own accords . A Baron in Austria so thrived by this secret , that he furnished many Countries with Honey and Wax , and thereby increased his Wealth and Revenue .

CHAP. LXXXXII . Of Nigella .

The Names .

BOth the Greek and Latine Names of this Herb , are derived from the colour of the Flower ; but especially , the Seed ; for the Greeks , call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Latines Nigella , à nigro seminis colore , from the blacknesse of the Seed , and Nigella Romana , and antiently Gith : divers other bastard Names have been given it , as Salusandra and Papaver Nigrum , from the Greek word : All late Authours call it , either Melanthium , or Nigella : only Fuschius and Cordus , take it to be Cuminum sylvestre alterum of Dioscorides . We in English call it Gith and Nigella Romana , after the Latines ▪ Mr. Parkinson calleth it Fennel Flowre ; others , Bishops wort ; and others Divae Katharinae flos , or St. Catharines Flowre ; and , some Kisse me twice , before I rise ; and , the old Mans Beard .

The Kindes .

There be many Sorts of Nigella , twelve whereof I have here set down . 1. The Roman smelling Nigella . 2. The Spanish Nigella . 3. Damask Nigella . 4. Double flowred Nigella . 5. Wild Damask Nigella . 6. Field Nigella . 7. Nigella of Candy , without scent in the Seed . 8. Candy Nigella , with broad Leaves , and sweet smelling Seed . 9. Another sweet Candy Nigella . 10. A sweet Nigella of Candy , with double formed Seeds . 11. Single white Nigella , with yellowish Seed . 12. Carden Nigella , whose description followeth .

The Forme .

The Garden-Nigella , hath weak and brittle stalks , about a foot in height , full of Branches , with many finely cut and divided Leaves upon them , somewhat like unto those of the Larks heel , but of a more grassy green colour : the Flowers grow at the top of the Branches , of a whitish blew colour , each Flower being divided into five parts , Star-fashion , each part also consisting of many fine small Leaves : The Flowers being faded , there come up small knops or heads , having at the end thereof , five or six little sharp horns or poyntels , and every knop or head is divided into severall small cells , or partitions , wherein the Seed is contained , which is of a blackish colour , somewhat like unto Onyon-Seed ; but a little bigger , of a sharp tast , and a sweet strong favour : the Root is small , threddy , and yellow , perishing yearly .

The Places and Time .

The four first Sorts , with the last which is most common , are sowen in Gardens , as well in England , as in Italy , and else-where . The other Sorts grow wild in the Corn-fields of Italy , Candy , Germany , &c. Where they are once sowne and the Seed suffered to shed , there will be no need of sowing them again , for they will sowe themselves ; but for those that will bring any of them into their Gardens , the Seed must be sowen in April , and then they will flowre in July , and the Seed will be ripe in September .

The Temperature .

The Seed of the Garden Nigella is hot and dry in the third Degree , and of thin parts . The sweet smelling Seeds are most effectuall , the other that do not smell well , are in a manner refused . Sure the Herb it self cannot but be of good use .

The Vertues .

The Seed drunken in Wine , increaseth Milk in the Breasts of Nurses , is a good remedy against shortnesse of Breath , expelleth Wind , provoketh Urine , and the termes in Women , killeth worms , and is very good against poyson , and the biting of venomous Beasts , if it be taken moderately , otherwise , it is not only hurtfull to Nurses , but to all others that take thereof , too often , or in too great quantity . It is very effectuall , both in tertian and quartan Agues , if a dram thereof be taken in Wine or Posset-drink , before the fit . It openeth obstructions also , if it be boyled with Vinegar , and so taken , is an excellent remedy in all other distempers , where there is need of cleansing , drying and heating . It killeth Worms , being layd to the Navel , with the Juyce of Wormwood . Being dryed , and put into Linnen or Sarsenet , and so quilted in , and laid to the Head , it cureth Catar●hes , or Rheums , dryeth the brain , and restoreth the smelling , being lost . It taketh away Freckles , Scurf , and hard Swellings , being mixed with Vinegar , and applyed . The smoak or fume thereof , driveth away venomous Creatures , and ●●lleth Flyes , Bees , and Wasps . The same mingled with the Oyl of Flowre de luce , and laid to the fore-head , cureth the Head-ach , comming from cold . The Do●e of the Seed is from half a dram to a dram .

CHAP. XCIII . Of Mallowes .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Malva , because it softeneth the Belly , the Greek word comming from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifieth ; to soften ; and for the Latine name , Schola Salerni , will tell you that .

Dixerunt malvum veteres quia molliat alvum .

Some think it to be called Mallow in English , quasi Mellow , either from the softnesse of the Leaf , or from the softening of the Belly and hard tumours , or peradventure from the Latine .

The Kinds .

Parkinson reckoneth up so many sorts of Mallowes , that they would take up more room then I can spare , to set them in . I shall therefore mention those that follow , reserving the Marsh Mallowes , and its kinds , for another Chapter upon another occasion . 1. The common Mallow , with purplish Flowers . 2. The Purplish Mallow with white Flowers . 3. Small wild Mallow . 4. Single Garden Hollihocks . 5. Double Hollihocks . 6. French curled Mallowes . 7. Fine cut , or Vervain Mallowes . 8. A strange Mallow called Malva Rosa , by Mr. Brown .

The Forme .

The common Mallow is so well known , as also the Hollihocks , that the description of either of them is not so necessary , as that of the Vervain Mallow , being lesse taken notice of . The lower Leaves of it are soft and green , somewhat like unto the wild common Mallow Leaves , but lesser , and more cut in on the edges , besides the denting ; but those that grow up higher upon the stalk ( whose bark may be broken in the threds , like Hemp , and is sometimes near as high as the ordinary wild kind is ) are more cut in and divided , somewhat like unto Vervain ; the Flowers hereof , are of a paler purple colour then the common Mallow ; but in most , not so much divided into several Leaves , and laid so open , but abiding more close , or lesse spread , and without those stripes oftentimes , being smooth , and somewhat shining : the Seed , and Seed Vessels , are like the common Mallow : the Root also is long , tough , and white , but somewhat more wooddy .

The Places and Time .

The first is known to grow every where , but the second with white Flowers is more rate , growing but in few places , as about Ashford and other places in Kent , and at Thrapstone in North 〈…〉 &c. The third is found under Walls , and Hedges , in many places . The fourth , fifth , and sixth , are Inhabitants of Gardens , and so is the seaventh , which is found in the Fields also about St. Albans , &c. The last was shewed me by Mr. Ball in his Garden near Sion House , which came with some other Seeds from beyond the Seas . They flower about June and July .

The Temperature .

The wild Mallows have a certain moderate heat , and moystnesse withall . The Juyce thereof is slimy , clammy , or giuing : the which are to be preferred before the Garden Mallow , or Hollihock ; but the French Mallow is generally holden to be the wholsomest ; and , as Gerard thinks , is that which Hesiod commends . It easily descendeth , not only because it is moyst , but also by reason it is slimy .

The Vertues .

Although Mallowes are commonly said to mollifie the belly and make it soluble , yet there are other things more effectuall to that purpose ; I shall therefore appropriate it to the Breasts or Paps of women : for it not onely procureth great store of Milk in the Breasts of those Nurses that eare it , being boyled and buttered , as other herbes commonly , are or shred into their pottage ; but also asswageth the hardnesse of them , being boyled and applyed unto them warme : as also all other hard Tumors , Inflammations of Impostums , and swelling of Cods , and other parts , and easeth the paines of them , and likewise the hardnesse of the Liver and Spleen , being applyed to the places , especially if a Pultis be made , by adding some Bean or Barly flower , or Oyle of Roses to them . The Leaves and Roots also boyled in wine , or water , or in broth , with parsley or Fennell Roots ; doth help to open the Body , and is very convenient in hot Agues , or other distempers of the body ; for by its mollilying quality , it not onely voideth hot cholerick , or other offensive humors ; but easeth the paines and torments that come by the stoppings of the belly , and to that end the boyled leaves are applyed warm to the Belly , and it is used in Clisters for the same purpose . The Decoction of the seed of any of the Common Mallowes made in milk or wine , doth marvellously help Excoriations of the Bowells , Ptisick , Pleuresie , and other diseases of the Chest and Lungs that proceed of hot causes , if it be continued taking for some time together ; The Leaves and Roots work the same effects . The juice drunk in wine , or the Decoction made in wine , doth help women to an easy & speedy delivery . The Leaves bruised and laid to the Eys , with a little Hony , taketh away the Impostumation of them . The Leaves rubbed upon any place stung with Bees , Waspes or the like , taketh away the pains , rednesse & swelling thereof . The juice of Mallows boyled in old Oyl , & applyed , taketh away all roughnesse of the skin , as also the falling of the haire , the Scurse , Dandraffe , or Dry-Scabs , in the head , or other parts , if they be anointed therewith , or washed with the Decoction : the same also is effectuall against Scaldings or Burnings , and to help wild-fire , and all other hot , red , and painfull swellings in any part of the body . The Flowers boyled in water and a little Honey added , is a good Gargle for any sore mouth or throat : If the feet be bathed with the Decoction of the Leaves , Roots and Flowers , it helpeth the flowing down of Rhume from the head , which rose out of the Stomack : the green leaves beaten with Nitre and applyed , draweth out thornes or pricks out of the flesh . The roots being made clean from the earth and washed and at the end a little ●cotched with a knife , and then rubbed hard upon the teeth taketh a way sliminesse of them , and maketh them very white . The Vervain-Mallow is thought to be most effectuall for burstings or ruptures and the b●oody s●ix : and also for the shrinking of the Sinewes and Cramp . The diuilled water hereof , being made when it is in flower , worketh the same effects but more weakely , yet it is much commended in hot Agues , and Feavers . Pl●ny saith that whosoever shall take a spoonefull of the juyce of any of the Mallowes , shall for that day be free from all diseases , and it is especiall good for the Falling-Sicknesse ; The Syrup also and Conserve made of the flowers are very effectuall to the same diseases and for Costivenesse . The young leaves may be eaten as a Sallet with Salt and Vineger , and so the Nurses may eat them .

CHAP. XCIV . Of Dill.

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quód citó crescat , from its speedy growing ; for though it be late before it come up , a month or two after Fennell to which it is very like ; yet it perfecteth its seed as much before it , and then fades away ; And this in my opinion is the likeliest Etymology ; yet , others thinke it to be so called quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , id est , invictum quia c●bi appetentiam excit●● , because it provokes appetite , or from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is Congressus & ●●●tio Venerea , for which the Antients held it very e●●ectuall . It is called in Latin ; Anethum & Anetum : In English , Dill & A●et .

The Kindes .

Though there were but one sort of Dill known formerly , yet in these latter times two other sorts have been found out as : 1. Common Garden Dill. 2. Great Wild Dill 3. Small Wild Dill.

The Forme

The Common Dill groweth up with seldom more then one stalk , neither so high nor so great usually as Fennell ; being round and with fewer joynts thereon , whose Leaves are sadder and sometimes longer and so like Fennell that it deceives many ; but harder in handing and somewhat thicker , of a stronger scent also and not altogether so pleasant : the tops of the stalks have fewer branches and smaller umbells of yellow flowers , which turn into small seed , somewhat flatter and thinner then Fennell seed , but of a stronger and not so pleasant a tast . The Root is small and wooddy , perishing every year after it hath born seed , and is at no time put to any use .

The Places and Time .

The first is most usually sowed in Gardens and grounds , for the purpose ; yet it hath been found wild in some places . It may be sowen about the beginning of April and then haply it may come up about the end thereof but where it is once sowed , and the Seeds suffered to shed , it will come up of its own accord , yet not till about the time aforesaid , it being a wise Plant , and not willing to venter ab●o●d , till the Winter be gone : It bringeth forth its Flowers in July , and Seeds i● August . The second , as is said , hath been found in Sicilia , and so the last likewise .

The Temperature .

Gerard and Parkinson differ about the Temperature and Vertues of this Plant. Gerard saith , Dill ( and he quoteth Galen for it ) is hot in the end of the second Degree and dry in the beginning of the same , or in the end of the f●rst Degree . Park●nson saith it is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second ; but when it is dryed , it is hot in the third : whence he upon seeming suppo●tion of Galens , concludes , and after him Mr. Pemel and Mr. Culpepper ; the two first contradicting , and the other omitting the lacti●ick vertues , which notwithstanding do reside in this herb .

The Vertues .

Though the forementioned Authours deny that Dill hath the Vertue of procuring Milk in the Breasts of Nurses , yet D●oscorides , that Oracle of Herbarism affirming it , I durst not follow them ; but searching some other Authours , I find them to differ also , though they allow of its lactifick Vertue ; for Mr. Barrow in his Method of Physick , treating of those things that procure milk , saith , that Rocket , Fennell , Dill and Parsley , will do it , whilest they are green ; for they being dryed , do heat and dry more then they ought to do . Mr. Gerard saith , the decoction of the tops of Dill dryed , and likewise of the Seed , being drunk , ingend●e●h Milk in the Breasts of Nurses , which I conceive it might do , though it were hot and dry in the third Degree ; for why may not Dill have this faculty , as well as the Seeds of Nigella , which are likewise hot and dry in the third degree , which Parkinson grants without scruple . But it matters not much , of what quality it be of , so it be endued with a specifick quality to draw milk into the Breasts , as it seems this hath . And though it be probable , that it breedeth not much blood from whence milk proceeds , yet stirring up the Appetite to other food that doth it , it may be said to do it . So much for breeding of Milk . Now for its other vertues . The decoction of the Herb and Seeds provoketh Urine , expelleth wind , easeth pains and swellings in the Body , stayeth vomiting , and the Hickops ; for which last purpose , it will be more effectuall , if it be boyled in Worm-wood-Wine , or Wine with a few branches of Worm-wood , and red Rose Leaves , & the stomach bathed therewith ; but if the Seed be only boyled in Wine , or Beere , then tyed in a Cloth , & so smel●ed , it will stay them , if they be not too violent . Being boyled in Wine & drunk , it is good to strengthen the Brain , and stop the loosnesse of the Belly , & to stir up Venery & so doth the green Herb ; yet either of them taken often , or in any great quantity , doth very much dull the Eye-sight , and dryeth up the naturall Sperm . The decoction thereof , helpeth Women that are troubled with the pains and windinesse of the Muthes , if it be put into the Case of a close Stool , Wi●ker Chair , or some such hollow thing , that the fume thereof may ascend upward , the more effectually . The Seed is of more use then the Leaves , although they be much used to rellish Condiments , as pickled Cucumbers , &c. and is more effectuall to digest raw and viscous humours , and is used in all Medicines that serve to expell wind , and ease torments and pains thereof . The Seed being roasted , or fryed , and used in Oyls , or Plaisters , dissolveth the Apostumes in the Fundament , dryeth all Ulcers , especially in the secret parts , and likewise those sub praeputio , though they be old , and of long continuance : Oyl , wherein Dill Seed , or Dill hath been boyled , procureth sleep , and is effectuall to warm the Brains and Stomach , and Belly , either of them being anointed therewith , to resolve humours and Impostumes , or hard Tumors , and to ease pain .

CHAP. XCV . Of Rampions .

The Names .

SOme call these Rapunculi ▪ and Rapuntia : Gesner Dodonaeus , and others call them Rapa Sylvestria , which though they have but little likenesse at all with Rapum the Turnep , but in the ediblenesse of the Root : yet the name is a diminutive thereof . Others call them Campanula , of the form of the Flowers , being like little Bells . Columna taketh Rapunculus minor , to be the Erinus of Nicander and Dioscorides ; and the other Rapunculi , to be kinds thereof . Ma●hiolus taketh Campanula Persici folio , to be the Phyteuma of Dioscorides : and Casalpinus calleth the Rapunculus Spicatus sive Alepecuroides , Phyteuma foliis Rapunculi , chiefly , because the Heads with Seed , have holes in them , as Dioscorides saith , the Phyteuma hath . They are called in English , Rampions , some being Garden Rampions , some wild Rampions , and some Bell-flowers .

The Kindes .

Of Rampions Parkinson reckoneth up no lesse then seaventeen Sorts . 1. Garden Rampions . 2. Long Foxtail Rampions . 3. Round Foxtail Rampions . 4. Bush-headed Rampions , which are also of three Sorts . 5. Candy Rampions . 6. The lesser Steeple Belflowre . 7. Wood Rampions . 8. Wood Rampions , with great Flowers . 9. Sullen broad leafed Bell-flowre . 10. The least broad leafed Bell-flowre . 11. Wild field Bell-flowers . 12. Small wild Bell-flowers . 13. Flax leafed Bell-flower . 14. Small yellow Bell-flowers . 15. Time leafed Bell-flower . 16. Ivy leafed Bell-flower . 17. Rock Rampions , to which I shall add the Peach leafed Bell-flower , and the horned Rampions .

The Form .

The Rampions that are usually kept in Gardens , are accounted a lesser kind then many of the others that grow wild , and lying upon the ground , with divers small , and long , round pointed pale green Leaves , before it run up to stalks , which spread divers such Leaves thereon , but smaller to the top , where break forth sundry pale , Purplish Flowers , ending in five points , like unto the Flowers of Throatwort , but much smaller , having also such like heads , with small brownish Seed therein : The Root is small and white , and giveth milk , being broken , as all the rest of the Plant doth , shooting two or three branches , almost of an equall bignesse , which is sweet in tast , and therefore much used to be eaten .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in the Physick Garden in Oxford , and divers other Gardens . The second , seaventh , eleventh , and twelfth grow also in England ; but I find not the particular place expressed . The Peach-leafed Bell-flowre , which is the last save one , groweth in the Garden of my most honoured Friend , John Cartwright Esquire , at his Mannour of Aino on the Hill , in Northamptonshire . The last groweth plentifully , between Selbury Hill , and Beacon Hill , in the way to Bathe . The rest are strangers , some of them growing in Candy , others in Italy , and some in Germany , &c. They flowre all the Summer long , some abiding long and lasting , untill in Autumn cold dewes do take them away , others being sooner spent .

The Temperature .

The Roots of these are of a cold Temperature , and somewhat binding , yet scarce exceed the first Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Roots and Leaves of Rampions being broken , as I said before , do send forth a very white milky Juyce , which is an apparant Signature , that they being so temperate , are available for the engendring of store of Milk in Nurses Breasts , which without controversie , they do effectually procure . The Roots of all the Sorts of Rampions , and so likewise some of Bell-flowers , especially if they have any greater Roots , then the ordinary stringy ones , are used for Sallets , either ●old with Vinegar , Oyl and Pepper , or boyled and strewed with Butter , or Oyl , and some black or long Pepper cast on them ; either way , or any way else , they are familiar to the stomach , stirring up the appetite , and by reason of their temperate quality , cause a good digestion . The Roots beaten small , and mixed with some Meal of Lupines , cleanseth the skin from spots , marks , or other discolourings . The distilled water of the whole Plants , Roots , and all , performeth the same , and maketh the place very splendent and clear . Sure these useful Plants were not known to Mr. Culpepper , to grow in England ; but he fearing them to be outlandish , to which he was a professed Enemy , very ignorantly omitted them , when as he hath busied himself about those that are lesse useful . This I wrote , the rather because I would have you take notice of Rampions , and endeavour to propagate them .

CHAP. XCVI . Of Periwinckle .

The Names .

IT is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , because it bringeth forth stalks , which creep like those of the Vine , called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and Daphnoidas , because the Leaves are somewhat like , though lesser then those of the Bay-Tree . It is called also Clematis Daphnoides in Latine ; but it is most commonly known by the name of Vinca Pervinca , both in Shops and else-where . Pliny calleth it also Camaedaphne and Centunculus , though there be other Plants , to whom those names do more properly belong . In English Pervinkle , Peruinkle , and Periwinckle .

The Kinds .

There be divers Sorts or Kinds of Periwinckle , whereof some be greater , others lesser ; some with white Flowers , others Purple , and double , and some of a fair blew Sky Colour .

The Forme .

The common Sort of Periwinckle hath many Branches trailing or running upon the ground , shooting out small Fibres at the Joynts , as it runneth , taking thereby hold in the ground , and rooteth in divers places . At the Joynts of these branches , stand two small , dark , green shining Leaves , somewhat like Bay-leaves , but smaller , as I said before , and with them come also the Flowers ( one at a joynt standing upon a tender Foot-stalk ) being somewhat long and hollow , parted at the brims , sometimes into four , sometimes into five leaves , of a pale blew co●our . The Root is not much bigger then a Rush , bushing in the ground , and creeping with his Branches far about , whereby it quickly possesseth a great compasse , and is therefore most usually planted under hedges , where it may have room to run up upon the sticks , which it doth encompasse and bind over and over , and is perhaps from thence called Vinca Per winca .

The Places and Time

The first groweth on the north west side of St. Albans under an hedge , encompassing a field sometimes in the occupation of Mr. Pollard . and in Kingsland neer Paradise . The other sorts are found only in the Gardens of those that are delighted with such pretty sorts of Varieties . The flowers of them do flourish in March , Aprill , and May , and oftentimes later .

The Temperature .

Periwinckle is somewhat hot , but within the second Degree , and likewise something dry and astringent .

The Vertues .

Perhaps it may seem very strange to many , that I should appropriate this Plant to the Breasts , for the breeding of Milk , when as the greater part of Herbarists , ascribe no such Vertue to it . But to me it is sufficient , that I have for my President , that famous Herbarist Spigelius , who in his second Book , and fourth Chapter , treating of those things that generate Milk , saith , There are also some Herbs , as well hot as cold , which although they breed little blood , and are of small nourishment : yet they cause great plenty of milk , as Lettice , Cabbage , and Periwinckle , which being boyled in water , or the Broth of Meat , doth recall the defect of Milk into the Breasts , though they nourish little or nothing at all , which actions , they perform , rather by an occult specifick vertue then any manifest quality . The other properties that it hath , are that it stayeth bleeding , both at Mouth and Nose , if some of the Leaves be chewed , and the French do use it to stay their menstruall Courses . Dioscorides , Galen , and Aegineta commend it against the Lasks and Fluxes of the Belly , to be drunk with Wine , and being chewed , it easeth the pains of the Teeth . It is likewise good against the biting of Adders , being bruised , and applyed to the place , especially , if the infusion thereof in Vinegar be taken inwardly . Parkinson saith , it is a tradition with many , that a wreath made hereof , and worn about the Legs , defendeth them from the Cramp ; by which words , he seemeth in my judgement , to doubt of the truth thereof ; but indeed , he needed not so to do ; for I knew a friend of mine , who was very vehemently tormented with the Cramp , for a long while , which could be by no means eased , till he had wrapped some of the Branches hereof about his Legs , and other parts that we afflicted . Mr. Culpepper writeth , that Venus owns this Herb , and saith , That the Leaves eaten by Man and Wife together , cause love , which is a rare quality indeed if it be true .

CHAP. XCVII . Of Lettuce .

The Names .

THe Garden Lettuce is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and of the Pythagoreans 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . In Latine , Lactuea sativa à lactei succi copia , from the plenty of Milk that it hath , and causeth . When the Leaves of this kind are curled , or crompled , it is called of Pliny , Lactuca crispa ; and of Columella Lactuca Ceciliana , in English , curled or crumpled Lettuce . The Cabbage Lettuce is commonly called Lactuca capitata , and Lactuca sessilis . Pliny nameth it Lactuca Laconica ; Columella , Lactuca Baetica ; Petrus Crescentius Lactuca Romana . In English , Cabbage Lettuce , and Loved Lettuce . There is another Sort with Reddish Leaves , called Latine , Lactuca Cypria ; in English , Red Lettuce .

The Kindes .

Of Lettuce , there be seaven kinds , 1. Garden Lettuce . 2. Curled Lettice . 3. Small Curled Lettuce . 4. Savoy Lettice . 5. Cabbage Lettuce . 6. Lumbard Lettuce . 7. Red Lettuce , to which it will not be amisse , to add Lambs Lettuce , or Corn Sallet , which is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Album Olus & Lactuca Agnina , whose description I shall give you , because the other Sorts are more generally known .

The Forme .

Lambs Lettuce hath many slender , weak stalks , trailing upon the ground , growing to the height of a foot , if the ground be very fertil ; but otherwise not above an hand or two high , with sundry Joynts or Knees ; out of every one whereof , grow a couple of Leaves , narrow and long , not unlike to Lettuce , at the first coming up , as well in tendernesse , as tast in eating : the form being somewhat like that of Valerian ; for a kind whereof , it hath been set forth by some . On the top of the stalks , stand upon a broad tuft , as it were , certain white Flowers , that be marvellous little , which canscarcely be known to be Flowers , saving that they grow many together like a Tuft or Umbel : it hath instead of Roots a few slender threds , like unto hairs .

The Places and Time .

All the Sorts of Lettuces are nursed up in Gardens , but none so commonly as the first , which is sowen in every Garden . Most of the others are scarce known to the common Sort of people : yet some that are curious , have them . They delight to grow in a manured , fat , moyst , and well dunged Soil , and will prosper the better , if they be sowen very thin , and in faire weather . The best time of sowing them is in the Spring presently after the winter is spent , yet they may be sowed all the Summer long . The Lambs Lettice groweth naturally in many Corn Fields , and hath thence been brought into the Gardens of tho●e that know it , and its use . It is found green almost Winter and Summer , and is eaten in Sallets , in February and March , before the Garden Lettice can be had .

The Temperature .

Although these sorts of Lettice do differ in form , one from another , yet their temperature is the same ; which is cold and moyst , in the second or third Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Milky juyce which Issueth forth from the wounded stalkes and Leaves is a sufficient Signature , that this Herb , if it be eaten boyled or raw , maketh plenty of milke in Nurses , who through heat and drynesse are not stored with a competency thereof ; for it breedeth Milke by tempering the drynesse and heat ; but in Bodies naturally cold , it doth not ingender milke at all but is rather an hinderance thereunto , so that it will be necessary to examine the Constitution of the party before any thing can be prescribed . If this defect happen in a dry body , there is nothing better then Lettuce , but if in a cold one then hot things , as Nigell Fennell and Dill will be proper , because diseases are cured by their Contraries . It is also good for a hot Stomack , and yeildeth good nourishment to the Body . Antonius Musa did by Lettuce ease Augustus of the Violence of his Disease . It procureth rest and sleep ; being taken raw or boyled it helpeth to loosen the belly , and the boyled more then the raw , which last eaten performeth it the better : and was generally so used by the Ancients . It helpeth digestion , quencheth thirst , & easeth all griping paines of the Stomack or bowells that come of Choler ; it abateth bodily lust and tempereth the heat of Urine , the seeds and distilled water are good for the virulent running of the Reines , & for the heat of the Urine , as also for the foresaid purposes . But for procuring rest , and sleep and easing the headach , if it proceeds from an hot cause , it will be convenient that the juice of Lettuce be mixed or boyled with oyle of Roses , and applyed to the Forehead and Temples ; with applyed Champhir to the Cods , it abateth the heat of Lust , or applyed to the same manner to the Region of the Heart Liver or the Reins or , by bathing the said place with the juyce or distilled water , wherein some white Sanders & red Roses are put , doth abate the heat & Inflammations therein ; as also strengthen those parts . The Lambs Lettice is with pleasure eaten with vinegar Salt and oyle as other Sallets be , amongst which is none of the rest .

And let thus much suffice to be written concerning those plants which cause Milk for which purpose Sowthistle , Rocket , Anemonies , and divers other plants are effectuall , some whereof are already and the rest shall be hereafter handled . In the next place , it will be convenient to speake of those that dry up Milke in Womens Breast when they weane their Children , or be overcharged with abundance of Milke ; and those also that keep it from Curdling and dissolve the tumors of the Breasts .

CHAP. XCVIII . Of Fennell Gyant .

The Names .

THe Grecians called the greater sort 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the least 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which Gaza in his Translation of Theophrastus calleth Ferula and Ferulago in Latine . The Greek name Signifieth Thyrsum , Virgultum , Bacillum , the ancients using the stalks of it , which grow to be very strong and Substantiall , for props to hold up the weaker Sort of Plants , and for staves for old men to walk with . The Latine name is derived à feriendo because the said stalks were used by School-masters , for their Sceptra Paedagogica and with them did smite the hands or heads of their Idle and truant Schollers , and therefore Martiall calleth them tristes ferulas . This Herb growing in Cyrene of Africa , nigh to the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon , bringeth forth a Gum which is therefore called Ammoniacum , as some think : when it groweth in Media it bringeth forth Sagapenum ; and in Syria Galbanum . Of the two last I shall treat elsewhere : but of the first , which groweth in Cyrene , I shall principally take notice of , because it dryeth up milk .

The Kindes .

There be three Sorts of Fennel Gyant . 1. Fine leafed Fennel Gyant . 2. The broader leased Fennel Gyant . 3. Small Fennel Gyant .

The Form .

Fennel Gyant bringeth forth sundry , large , hollow Fungous , thick branched stalks , of very light , fine , thin , ( for substance but thick set ) leaves , placed out of order , the bottom of the stalks being as thick as ones finger ; but compassing one another with broad thin hollowish Skins , at the bottom , from amongst which , riseth up a strong stalk , eight or ten foot , in its naturall soil ; but with us , it seldom riseth higher then a yard and a half , or two yards high , sometimes as big as a great Cudgel ; set with divers such fine Leaves thereon , one above another , compassing the stalk at the bottom : out of the bosom whereof , come forth severall small Branches towards the tops ; the top also being divided into sundry parts , forming a large Umbel of small yellow Flowers , which turn into blackish flat Seeds , two alwayes joyned together , by the little foot-stalk , whereon they stand , as is usuall in all umbelliferous Plants : the two inner sides being somewhat hollow , and the outsides round with the longnesse : the Root groweth very great , and never decayeth , branching forth many wayes , of a blackish brown on the out-side , and somewhat white within , yielding a thick juyce , being broken in any part , which doth quickly condensate , and grow into a yellowish gummy substance , not smelling any thing strong in our Country , as it doth in the hotter Climates .

The Places and Time .

The most naturall places of these Plants , are as I said before Cyrene in Africa , Media , and Syria , yet they are all found growing , as well in Narbone in France ; among the Rocks that are torrified with the Sun all day , as in divers places of Italy , Apulia , and Florence , and divers other places , but yieldeth little Gum in Europe . They are likewise growing in our English Gardens , as in the Physick Garden at Oxford , and that at Westminster . They flowre in June and July , and the Seed is ripe in the beginning , or end of August .

The Temperature .

Ammoniacum is hot in the second Degree , and dry in the beginning of the same : or , as some say , hot in the third Degree , and dry in the second . When it is applyed outwardly , it is of a dissolving nature .

The Vertues .

It being generally supposed , that Ammoniacum proceedeth from the Root ▪ 〈◊〉 this Fennel Gyant ; and because it is held good to dissolve the tumours with which sometimes Womens Breasts are affected , or brings them to maturity , and ripens , being applyed thereunto , and to decrease the Milk , and keep it from curdling , being mixed with Vinegar , and applyed likewise , and therefore I have thus disposed of it . Being taken inwardly , it purgeth thick flegme from the Head , Nerves , Stomach , Mesentery , and also from the Joynts . It much prevails in Asthmaes , that is in the shortnesse of the breath , and in Diseases comming of flegme . It is good in old pains of the Head , and against stoppings of the Liver : it provokes the terms in Women , and Urine , and is good in any kind of Gout , whether Sciatica , or Joynt Gout : as also in the Falling-Sicknesse . It killeth Worms , called Ascarides ; and is excellent against the hardnesse of the Liver or Spleen . It bringeth away the dead Child . Being outwardly applyed , it consumes spongious or proud flesh , it softneth Corns , and the hard swellings of the Joynts , which come by reason of the Gout , and draweth forth Corns , Splinters , and the like , if it be dissolved with Vinegar ; but it is more effectuall , if it be mixed with Honey , Birthwort and Saffron . It consumes Strumaes , or Swellings , called the Kings Evill , and ripeneth all kinds of Impostumes , being applyed on Wooll that is not greasie . Being mixed with Honey , and applyed to the Throat , it helpeth the Quins●e , and Swelling in the Neck or Throat . It taketh away Spots of the Eyes , being mixed with Womens Milk , and it cleanseth the sight , being mixed in Medicines for the Eys . Being dissolved with Frankinsence in Vinegar , and applyed , helpeth Ring-worms . It is dangerous , to be taken by Women with Child , lest it make them miscarry , and though it provoke Urine , yet too much of it will make one pisse blood . Galen setteth down the properties of the Ferula it self , in this manner . The Seed , saith he , doth heat and rarifie , the pith of the stalk is of a binding quality , whereby it helpeth the spitting of blood , and those which are troubled with the Collick . It is a most acceptable food to Asses , but a present poyson to other Creatures , especially the Lamprey . It doth help the Falling Sicknesse , being taken at severall times of the Moon , and the fresh Juyce of the Root , dropped into the Eys , cleareth the dimnesse of the sight .

CHAP. LXCIX . Of Gourds .

The Names .

THe Gourd is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Colocyntha Edulis to distinguish it from the wild or bitter Gourd called Colocynthi or Coloquintida : In Latine , Cucurbitat , à concurvatus ( as it is thought ) quod faeilè , si quid obstiterit quò minùs extendatur incurvescat because it will grow crooked if there be any thing in its way .

The Kinds .

Of this kind of Gourds , Parkinson reckoneth up seven sorts . 1. The greater bottle Gourd . 2. The lesser bottle Gourd . 3. The Long Gourd . 4. The Buckler or Simnell Gourd . 5. Rugged Gourds . 6. Winter Gourds or Millions . 7. Round Indian Gourds or Millions .

The Foorme .

The greater bottle Gourd , groweth as all other of these kind of herbs do , spreading many great rough and hairy arms , and branches with several great and broad leaves , soft and almost round : yet pointed at the ends , and sometimes dented about the edges , set upon long footstalks , and long clasping tendrels , like a Vine set at other joynts ; whereby it climeth , taking hold and winding it self about whatsoever poles , arbours , trees , or other things that stand next unto it ; or else not having whereon to climb or raise it self , it lieth on the ground spreading a great compass as the Pompion doth ; at the several joynts likewise with the leaves come forth several flowers in the same manner as Pompions , Cucumbers or Melons , but are very large and hollow like Bells ending in five points or corners , with a round green head under each of them , that will bear fruit : for many flowers wither and bear no fruit , not having that round green head under the flowers which should grow to be the fruit , and will be full and ready to come forwards with the short stiffe stalk under it ; the colour of the flowers are either white , or pale-white , or pale-yellow : the fruit when it is ripe hath an hard outward rind or shell , yellowish , large and round bellied , flat at the bottom like n●ou a g●asse bott●e , & smaller up to the neck ; above which , is a smal round formed head whereunto the stalk is fastned , and sometimes without any small head being pendulous or hanging down not standing forth or upright : within which fruit , lie dispersedly many seeds , having smooth hard wooddy shells , flat and broad at the upper end or head , and somewhat pointed below ; wherein lyeth a sweet white kernel , the root consisteth of many long strings spreading much within the ground , but perisheth usually with the first frosts .

The Places and Time .

The Gourds are cherished in the Gardens of these cold Regions , yet the fruit seldom cometh to perfect maturity , for want of heat to ripen them . In the hot Countries where they come to ripnesse , the rinds of them are sometimes of that bignesse , that they are used to put in Turpentine , Oyl , Honey ; and also serve them for pailes to fetch water in and many other the like uses ; as in Egypt , Syria &c. Many of the lesser of them are used to put Tobacco in , even here amongst Us in England . The best way is to plant them in April , in a bed of Horsedung ; yet , so ordered that that they may not want moisture : for if either of these be wanting , they thrive not ; but both of them concurring , they will flourish in June and July , and the fruit will be ripe in the end of August , but they are gathered to eat before the rinds grow to be wooddy .

The Temperature .

All these sorts of Gourds however different in form , yet are of one quality that is , cold and moist in the second degree .

The Vertues .

If either the juyce of the leaves or young branches of any of those Gourds , or the distilled water of them , be applyed in cloaths and spunges wet therein to Womens breasts pained with the abundance of milk , it easeth them by cooling and restraining the hot quality and quantity thereof . Wine ▪ that is kept in a fresh Gourd all night , before it hath been cleansed from the loose inward pulpe and seed , and drunk in the morning , will cause the body to be soluble . They are conveniently given to hot and cholerick bodies to cool the heat and inflammation of the Liver and stomach : but the distilled water of them before they are through ripe drunk with Sugar , doth wonderfully help to asswage thirst and the hot fits of Agues . For want of a Still to make the water , you may take this course , Cut off the upper head of the Gourd , and having cleansed it from the seed ▪ put it into an Oven with a batch of bread , & in the middle thereof there will be gathered a fine clear water , which being poured out , may be kept to use as need requireth . The leaves and young branches are also conueniently applyed to all hot Humours Imposthumes and Inflammations , and to asswage the pains of the head , the rednesse and heat in the eyes , the pains in the ears , and the paines of the Gout ; if either the juyce of them or the water be applyed in cloaths wet therein . The said water or Juyce being drunk or applyed outwardly to the privy Members of Man or Woman , restraineth the immoderate Lust of the Body . The Ashes of burnt Gourds are used of many to cleanse and heal old ulcers and sores , as well in the Genitories as other patts of the body , and to help scaldings or burnings by fire or water : they are accounted as good for macilent lean and weak bodies to feed on , as they are hurtful to such as have the wind cholick , to whom they are not to be given at any hand . The feeds of Gourds are one of the four greater sorts , of cold seeds , used very much in Physick , and are very available in Decoctions , Juleps , Emulsions , or Almond , milk , to cool the heat of the Liver , the Reins or back and urine ; and to give much ease to them that are troubled with the Stone or Gravel in the Kidneys , and the ulcers or sores , of the inward parts and bladder . The whole Gourds are eaten in hot countries with much delight , kept and preserved with great care , art and pains , to be spent almost all the year after ; and have there a far more sweet and pleasant rellish then in these colder Climates , where being more waterish they are more insipid ; they are eaten boyled or stewed , but much better being fryed , whereby they give the better nourishment to the body ; for by their moisture being boyled or stewed they are the more Lubrick or slippery , and make the body more soluble as they do being pickled up , as oftentimes they are beyond the Seas : yet with Us the fruit is seldom eaten any of these waies , by reason of its very waterish tast , unlesse it be that of the Simnel Gourd , which being of a firmer Substance , if it be well dressed , is an acceptable meat , and is no lesse effectual in medicine . The Indian sorts are somewhat more waterish , others more solid and accordingly are more or lesse fit for meat or medicine . Citruls or Turkey Millions are of the same Temperature as the Gourd , and the seeds are used as Gourds , Millions , and Cucumbers to cool the heat of the fits of Agues , &c.

CHAP. C. Of Basil .

The Names .

SOme will have the Greek name of this plant to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quia citò crescit , from the speedy springing of the seed , which is usually within three or four daies if it be an hot and dry time , for much rain turneth it into a gelly , as may be seen if observed , as they say . Others will have it derived from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifieth to smel or give a savour , and to be writ , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Ozymum , of the sweet smell thereof . It is written by most Latine Authours Ocimum not Ocymum , which some will have to be that kind of grain called Fagopyrum or Fragopyrum , in English Buckwheat : others be a medly kind or corn pulse sowen together . It is called by later Greek Writers , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Basilicum , because the smell thereof being so excellent , is fit for a Kings house . It is called in English , Basil , Garden Basil , the great Basil Royal , the lesser Basil Gentle , and Bush Basil ; and of some Basilicum Gariophyllatum Clove Basil .

The Kindes .

There are nine sorts of Basil . 1. The greater Garden Basil . 2. The middle Garden Basil . 3. The lesser garden Basil . 4. The greatest Citron Basil . 5. The great Clove Basil . 6. Anniseed Basil . 7. Indian Basil . 8. Curled Basil . 9. Smal dented Basil .

The Forme .

The greater ordinary Basil riseth up , usually but with one upright stalk , diversly branching forth on all sides , whereon are set two Leaves at every Joynt , which are somewhat broad and round yet a little pointed , of a pale green colour but fresh , a little snipt about the edges , and of a strong heady scent , somewhat like a Pomcitron as many have compared it , and therefore call it Citratum ; the flowers are small and white standing at the tops of the branches , with two small leaves at the joynt , in some places green , in others brown , after which cometh the black seed , the root perisheth at the first approach of Winter Weather , and is to be new sowen every year by them that desire it .

The Places and Time .

These plants grow only in Gardens ; with Us as also in Italy & other places where they are cherished , the natural being not known : only the Indian and curled Basil are said to come first from the West Indies into Spain , and from thence into other places . Most of them do flower in the heat of Summer , and some of them afterwards .

The Temperature .

Basil , as Galen saith , is hot in the second Degree , but it hath a superfluous moisture adjoyned with it , so that he guesseth it not so fit to be taken inwardly but outwardly applyed ; he saith it is good to digest or distribute , and to concoct .

The Vertues .

Notwithstanding the superfluous moisture of Basil , the same Galen saith also , that it being corrected with oyl and Vinegar it was eaten by many in his time , and thus it may be eaten by Women to dry up their milk : or if upon tryal they find any inconveniency of taking it this way , it may be applyed to the breasts outwardly being first bruised a little . Chrysippus with whom Mr. Culpeper seemeth to take part raileth down right against this Royal Plant , yet it seemeth to me more reasonable to defend it , as Pliny doth ; their frivolous objections against it being not worth the answering . Perhaps it may be hurtful to a weak brain , and cause the headach by reason of its strong savour , yet by those whose brains are stronger , it is as much esteemed as any other sweet smelling herb , to sweeten or perform any thing , and held as effectual to comfort the brain , and likewise to open and purge the head . It is good for those that are short winded , provoketh Urine and the Terms in Women , and brings a speedy deliverance to them in travail . The seeds are used to help the trembling of the heart and to comfort the same , as also to expel Melancholy or sadnesse . A decoction of the herb made and taken , is good against poyson and sting of Scorpions , and helpful for those that are given to swoonings , and it provokes Venery or Lust , used with Oyl of Roses , Myrtles and Vinegar , is good against the paines of the head , and it is profitably applyed to those that are troubled with the Lethargy , the Jaundise and Dropsie . It is good to be put into the ears of young children With a little Goosegrease to help them of the paines thereof ; the juyce or seed bruised put into the Nostrils procureth sneesing . Mixed with honey and used , it taketh a way spots in the face . The Juyce put into the Eyes taketh away the dimnesse thereof , and dryeth up humours that fall into them : so that as it seemes this herb applyed outwardly cures that which it caused being taken inwardly : for most Writers say that it dulleth the sight , if it be eaten in any plentifull manner . I conceive that Hollerus relating the story of the Italian , who by often smelling to Basil had a Scorpion bred in his brain , mistook the cause and that the Scorpion being there before he used to smell the Basil , was then most quiet when he did so , for it is observed that scorpions are pleased with its smell , and so the Italian found it which made him use it so much , but being grown too big for that narrow compasse , he caused those vehemenr and long paines whereof he dyed .

CHAP. CI. Of Beanes .

The Names .

THis kind of pulse is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Faba in Latine ▪ a wild kind whereof is called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek ; and Faba Sylvestris , in Latine : and is of some thought to be the true Physicall bean of the Antients ; whereupon they have named it Faba Veterum , and also Faba Graecorum . But because they are different both in form and colour , the Greek-bean being no bigger then a pease and very black , the wild bean being bigger and not so black , I hold it to be a mistake .

The Kinds .

The severall sorts of Beans are very numerous , but I shall set down but five of them in this place . 1. The Garden Bean. 2. The Field bean . 3. The wild bean . 4. The old Greekish bean . 5. The Greek bean with dented leaves . The old Greekish bean being most Physicall , I shall give you its description , the two first being well known .

The Forme .

The Greekish bean shooteth forth two or three long flat stalks with two edges lying or running on the ground , if it have nothing whereon it may ramp or rise , which branch out on every side into stalks of leaves , four usually set thereon by two and two , with a distance between them , like unto the Garden Bean , and each branch bending in a long clasper : the flowers are set singly at the joynts of the branches under the leaves , and are of a dead and sullen purple colour with some palenesse at the bottom of them : after which succeed long and somewhat flat Pods , with two sharp edges and dented about , a little hooked or bowing , green at the first but black and hard when they are ripe , wherein are contained four or five or more round seeds as big as pease and very black ; so that one may well say they are rather Pease than Beans ; the root groweth not deep nor farre , with some strings or long Fibres thereat , dying yearly .

The Places and Times

The first are set in Gardens and fields by the major part of the Gard●ners , and are by them carried to the Market and sold for mans meat . The second are sown generally through the Land by Husbandmen , and used by them to give their horses and Hoggs , which Mr. Parkinson affirmeth also of the third kind , but I doubt he was mistaken , for in all the Countries that I have been , I never saw any of the Beanes which they sow for Horsemeat to have Claspers ▪ the other grow generally in Spain , whence the seeds which we sow in our English Gardens are transported . They flower in June and July , and sometimes sooner in Gardens : and are commonly ripe within a moneth or thereabouts after their flowering .

The Temperature .

The Garden Beans are with us more used for food , then for Physick , and being boyled whilest they are green and young , they are no contemptib●e food ; for even the better sort of people feed upon them ▪ yet they are accounted windy . The Field Beans are in many Countries used with a little Wheat and Rye , to make Bread , and Beer also being mixed with Malt , and may be eaten green ; but then they are more windy , then when they are dry ; and being dry , they are harder of digestion , though they be boyled , parched , or fryed . Being green , it is cold and moyst , being dry it is cold and dry . They are of a spongy , and light substance , which hath a scouring , or cleansing faculty ; for it is plainly seen , that the Meal of Beans cleanseth away the filth of the Skin .

The Vertues and Signature .

When the Paps are so filled , and swollen through abundance of Milk , that they are scarce able to hold , make a Pultis of Bean-flower , and Oyl , or Vinegar , or both , and apply unto them , and it will not only represse the Milk , but also discuss the swelling of the Paps , caused by the curdling thereof . The distilled water of the Flowers , is used of many , to cleanse the Face and Skin , and to take away both spots and wrinckles , and so doth the Meal or Flowre of it , and the water dis●i●led from the green husks , is held to be very effectuall against the Stone , and to provoke Urine . Bean Meal mixed with Fenugreek and Honey , and applyed to Fe●ons , Biles , blew marks by-blowes , or bruises , and Impostumes , or Kernells about the Ears , it helpeth them all . With Rose Leaves , Frankinsence , and the white of an Egg , it helpeth the Eys that swell , or grow out , if it be applyed : as also the watering of them , or stripes upon them , if it be used with Wine . If a Bean be parted in two , the skin being taken away , and then laid on the place where a Horse-Leech hath been set , that bleedeth too much , it stayeth the bleeding . Bean-flowre boyled to a Pultis , with Wine and Vinegar , and some Oyl put thereto , ceaseth both the pain and swelling of the Cods , and being taken inwardly , it stirreth up Lust in those which cannot use the act of Generation , because of the sluggish impotency , and weakness of their Members , which it doth by Signature : a Bean very much resembling the Nut of a Mans yard ; and that was the Reason that Pythagoras so much condemned them , their windiness causing Lust ▪ which he endeavoured to suppress . If fryed Beans be boyled with Garlick , and daily taken as meat it helpeth inveterate Coughs , almost past cure , the hoarsne● of the voyce , and the Impostumes in the Breast . The Husks of them boyled ▪ good while in water , that is to the thirds , stayeth the Lask ; and the ashes of the said Husks , made up with old Hogs-grease , helpeth the old pains , contusions , an● wounds of the Sinews , the Sciatica also and the Gout . Though the Faba veterum be without doubt , that true Bean which D●oscorides , Galen , and other Greek Authours intended , when they set down the aforesaid Remedies ; yet our ordinary Bean-flowre , is as proper for all those purposes , and may be used to as goo● effect .

CHAP. CII . Of Lentills .

The Names .

THere is another Sort of Pulse , which may be appropriated to the same purpose , which the Grecians called ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Phacos , and in Latine Lens & Lenticula . Pliny saith , Lib. 18. Chap. 12. that the Etymon thereof seemeth to be taken , quasi lenis dicta sit , lenitatisque significationem habet & aquanimitatem fieri vescentibus eâ . It is seldom used for Mans meat here in England , and therefore I cannot justifie any such operation it hath , unless he meant it of Cattle , who are much pleased with it and for their Food it is sowed in divers Countries . In Hampshire they leave out the first syllable , and call it Tills , and in Oxfordshire , Dills .

The Kinds .

Of these Lentills I find but three Sorts . 1. The greater Lentills . 2. Spotted Lentills . 3. The lesser Lentill .

The Forme .

The greater Lentill hath sundry , slender weak Branches , somewhat hard , two foot long , from whence shoot forth at severall places long stalks , of small winged Leaves , that is many on each side , of a middle Rib , without any odd one at the end ; for the middle Rib of each stalk , endeth in a small clasper : the Flowers are small , and rise from between the leaves and the stalks , two for the most part at the end of a long foot-stalk , of a sad reddish purple colour , somewhat like to those of Vetches , after which come small , short , and somewhat flat Cods , within which are contained two or three flat , round , smooth Seeds , of a pale , yellowish , ash colour ; the Root is fibrous , and perisheth yearly .

The Places and Time

The first , even beyond the Seas , is onely sowne in the Fields , as other manured pulses are , and so likewise in some places of our Land ; but doth seldom come to maturity with us , if the season be not kindly and dry . The second is wild , in Portugall . The last is most common in England , and is sowne in severall Counties thereof , being the most pleasant and acceptable .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Lentills hold a mean between hot and cold , yet do they dry in the second degree , the outer Skin being binding , and the inner meat also , which is a little harsh , and bindeth the Body , yet the outer Skin much more : it is , saith he , of contrary qualities ; for the first decoction thereof doth not bind , but loosen the body , and therefore they that would have it to bind , cast away the first water , and use the second , which stayeth Lasks , and strengtheneth the stomack , and all the inward parts . Lentils husked , saith he , lose with their shells , the strength of binding , and the other qualities that follow it , and then nourish more then those that are not husked : yet so give they a thick and evill nourishment , and slowly passe away , neither do they stay Fluxes , and Dysenteries , as those that are not husked .

The Vertues .

The Seeds of the Lentils boyled in Sea-water , and applyed to Womens Breasts that are ready to burst through abundance of Milk , or have it curdled within them , by any cold distemper , bringeth them again into good temper . It is good also to bind and stay Lasks and Fluxes , but with other binding Herbs as Purslane , Red Beets , Myrtles , Dryed Roses Pomegranate Rindes , Medlars , Servises , &c. taken with Vinegar , they are the more powerful . The Decoction thereof with Wheat-flowre , applyed easeth the Gout , used with Honey , it closeth up the lips of Wounds , and cleanseth foul Sores ; being boyled in Vinegar , it dissolveth Knots and Kernels , and being boyled with Quinces , Melilote , and a little Rose-water put thereto , it helpeth the Inflammations of the Eys and Fundament ; but for the chaps thereof , which need a stronger Medicine , it is boyled with dryed Roses , and Pomegranate Rindes , adding a little Honey to it : It likewise stayeth those creeping Cankers that are ready to turn to a Gangrene putting thereto some Sea-water , and so it is good for Wheals , and running and watering Sores , St. Anthonies Fire , Kibes , &c. being used with Vinegar . The Decoction thereof is a good lotion for Ulcers , either in the mouth , privy parts , or Fundament , adding a few Rose Leaves , and Quinces . But to eat Lentills , or the broth made of them too largely , as Galen saith , breedeth the Leprosie and Cankers ; for grosse thick Meat , is fit to breed melancholy humours ; yet it is profitably given to those that are of a watery disposition , and evill affected thereby ; but it is utterly forbidden to those that have dry Constitutions : it is also hurtful to the sight , dulling it by drying up the moysture , and is not convenient for Women that want their Courses ; but is good for those that have them in too much abundance . Dioscorides further addeth , that it breedeth troublesome Dreams , and is hurtful to the Head , the Lungs , and the Sinews .

CHAP. CIII . Of Lillies .

The Names .

THe Lilly is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Lilium , also Rosa Junonis or Junoes Rose , because it is reported , that it came of her Milk that fell upon the ground . For the Poets feign that Hercules , whom Jupiter had by Alcumena , was put to Junoes Breasts , whilest she was asleep ; and after the sucking , there fell away abundance of Milk , and that one part was spilt in the Heavens , and the other on the Earth ; and that of this sprang the Lilly and the Circle in Heaven , called Lactens Circulus , or the milky way , or otherwise in English , The way to Watling-street . Thus much for the white Lilly . As for the other Sorts , which are many , I shall only put down some of them .

The Kindes .

Though there be divers Sorts of Lillies , yet I shall only set down these . 1. The white Lilly . 2. The white Lilly of Constantinople . 3. The gold red Lilly , 4. The red Lilly . 5. The fiery red Lilly . 6. The great Mountain Lilly . 7. The small Mountain Lilly . 8. The red Lilly of Constantinople . 9. The Persian Lilly . 10. The Crown Imperiall . 11. The double Crown Imperiall .

The Forme .

The white Lilly hath long , smooth , and full bodies Leaves , of a grassie , or light green colour . The stalks are two Cubits high , and sometimes more , set or garnished with the like Leaves , but growing smaller and smaller towards the top ; and upon them do grow fair white Flowers , strong of smell , narrow towards the foot of the stalk , whereon they do grow wide or open in the mouth like a Be●l . In the middle part of them , do grow small tender Poyntels , tipped with a dusty , yellow colour , ribbed or chamfered on the back side , consisting or six small leaves , which are thick and fat . The Root is a bulb made of Scaly Cloves , full of rough and clammy juyce , wherewith the whole Plant doth greatly abound .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in many Gardens in England : The second at Constantinople , and the parts adjacent , from whence it was translated into our Eng●ish Gardens , where all the rest that follow are planted also , the red Li●●ies being brought thither , out of the plowed Fields of Italy and Langue-dock , in the Mo●ntains and Vallies of Hetruria , and those places adjacent , where they grow wi●d . The Mountain Lillies , as Dioscorides writeth , do grow wild in Laodic●a , and Antioch , a City of Syria ▪ and hath likewise been found upon the Mountains in Italy and such hot Countries ▪ as do border upon Morea or Greece , many dayes journies beyond Constantinople , whereabouts the red Lilly of Constantinople also groweth . The Persian Lilly groweth naturally in Persia , and those places adjacent , whereof it took its name , as the former did from Constantinople , whence the Crowns Imperiall have been also brought . They all flowre in May and June , except the Crown Imperiall , which flowreth in April , and sometimes in March , when as the weather is warm and pleasant .

The Temperature .

The white Lilly Leaves and Flowers are hot and moyst , and partly of a subtle substance , the Root is dry in the first degree , and hot in the second . The Flowre of the red Lilly ( as Galen saith ) is of a mixt temperature , partly of a thin , and partly of an earthly Essence . The Root and Leaves do dry and cleanse , and moderately digest , or wast , and consume away . All Authours are silent concerning the temperature of the rest .

The Signature and Vertues ,

The Snowy whitenesse of the white Lilly , being altogether of the same colour , with Milk , as some sign that this Plant is to be appropriated to the Paps , especially if we regard their Originall , which though it be altogether fabulous , yet certainly hath some mystery to this purpose included therein . For if a Womans Breast be so grievously swollen , that there is no other way , but to break it , the Roots of the white Lilly boyled in Milk , with Leaven , till they be tender , and applyed hot , morning and evening , will do it effectually : after which an handful of Parsley , stamped with a peece of fat Bacon , and the yolk of an Egg , and applyed , will heal it . Besides , if the Paps which are afflicted with curd●ed Milk in them , be annointed with the Oyl of Lillies , it dissolveth it ; but there must be a care , that it touch not the Nipple . The Root roasted , and well mixed with the Oyl of Roses , doth soften the hardness of the Matrix , and provoketh the Courses in Women , being layd thereupon . The same stamped with Honey , gleweth together Sinews that be cut in sunder , consumeth and scoureth away the Ulcers of the Head , called Achores , and likewise all scursinesse of the Head and face , and is good to be laid to all dislocations , or places out of Joynt . The same stamped with Vinegar , the Leaves of Henba●e , or the Meal of Barley , cureth the tumors and Apostumes of the privy Members ; it bringeth the hair again upon places that have been burned , or scalded , if it be mingled with Oyl or Grease , and the place anointed therewith . The same roasted in Embers , and stamped with Leaven of Rye-bread , and Hogs-grease , breaketh pestilentiall Botches , and ripeneth Apostumes in the Flanks , coming of Venery and such like : the same mixed with Oyl of Roses , cureth Wild-fire , and burnings , and closeth wounds and Ulcers , and is good also to be laid upon the bitings of Serpents . The same boyled in Vinegar , and applyed , cureth Co●ns . The Roots boyled in honyed water , and drunk , driveth forth by the Seige , all corruption of ▪ blood , as Pliny saith . The Seeds are good to be taken against the biting of Serpents , and expelleth the poyson of the Pestilence , causing it to break forth in blisters , in the outward part of the skin , being taken in Wine , or the Roots stamped and strained with Wine , and given to drink for two or three dayes together . The Juyce tempered with Barley-Meal , and baked in Cakes , and so e●ten ordinarily for a moneth or six weeks together , with Meat and no other Bread for that time , cureth the Dropsie , as it is said . The distilled water being taken , is said to cause easie and speedy deliverance , and to expell the A●●er-birth . The same water is used in Diseases of the Lungs , shortness of breath , the Cough , &c. Being mixed with Camphir , and Oyl of Tartar , ti is used to beautifie the Face . The Oyl made of the Flowers , is good to supple , mollifie , and digest ; excellent to soften the Sinews , and to cure the hardnesse of the Matrix . Take of Sorrel , and Marsh Marigold , of each an handful , white Lilly Root a dram , bruise them , and roast them in Embers , in a Dock-Leaf , and bind it hot to the place affected with a Felon , and it will cure it . The red Lilly Roots , when the other are not to be had , may be applyed outwardly , for any of the purposes before mentioned ; but for their inward use , I find them not commended . The Mountain Lillies , the red Lilly of Constantinople , the Persian Lilly , and the Crowns-imperiall , are nourished in Gardens , more for their beautiful shape ▪ than for any Physical use that I read of .

CHAP. CIV . Of Dock Cresse .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Lampsana , So●chus Sylvaticus , and Pap●llaris ; in English Dock-Cresses , Tetterwort ; and Nipplewort , by Mr. Park●●son ; and the reason why he calleth it so , he saith is , because it is good to heal the Ulcers of the Nipples of Womens Breasts , as Camerarius also testifieth .

The Kinds .

All former Writers have made but one sort thereof ( which some of them would have to be a Sallet or Potherb whereon the poorer sort of people did ●eed , as being the meanest and cheapest , of all others ; whereas indeed there is no probability thereof , it being never received by any as food to seed upon ) but Bauhinus hath added thereunto another that cometh very neer it , and Mr. Parkinson hath added a third . The first is called , Ordinary Dock-cresse or Nipplewort . The second Nipplewort of Austria . The third , wild or wood Bastard Nipplewort .

The Forme .

The Ordinary Dockcresse or Nipplewort sendeth forth sundry hard upright stalks , whereon grow dark green leaves from the bottom to the tops , but lesser still as they are higher towards the top ; in some places whole without any dents on the Edges , and in others with a few uneven Cuts , therein somewhat like a kind of Hawkweed ; the tops of the stalks have some small long branches , which bear many smal star-like yellowish flowers on them which turn into smal seed , the root is small and threddy , and yeeldeth a bitter milk as the others do .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers places as upon Walls , under hedges , upon the banck of ditches , and the border of fields almost every where . The other , Clusius sayes , he found in Hungary and in Saxonies , Harcynia sylva , and other places ; the last is found neer Woodsides , and Hedg-rowes . They flower in the Summer and the seed ripeneth soon after .

The Temperature .

If Gerard mistake not ( as , Mr. Parkinson saith , he doth fowly about this plant ) it is of nature hot and somewhat abstersive or scowring .

The Vertues .

I believe there are few Women that ever gave suck but know in some sort what a pain it is to be troubled with sore Nipples : I am sure I have known those that have not only affirmed it , but also by their lamentable outcries confirmed that there is scarce any pain like unto it , and it may well be , because the veines and arteries of the breast do concenter therein , which makes it sensible of the least di●●e●per that can be . For a remedy hereunto , it hath been by experience found that woodden or rather silver nipples , or those made of chalk , are very effectuall if there be laid under them , upon the Nipple , a Violet leaf , a Rose Campion Leaf , or which is most proper , a leaf of Dockcresse : which as I said before some call Nipplewort from the extraordinary vertues it hath to heal Womens breasts and their Nipples when they are sore and exulcerated , as the Women in Prussia very well know ; and therefore they call it Papillaris which induceth us to think , not with Gerard but rather with Parkinson , that it hath an especial healing qu●lity therein and that it is temperate in heat and drynesse with some tenuity of parts , able to digest the virulency of those sharp humours that break out into tho●e parts .

I shall trouble you no further with any more plants , though there be divers which might occasionally be spoken to upon this Subject ; hoping that the female Sex , whose welfare I do exceedingly tender , will vouchsafe to accept th●se my directions , and I doubt not but they will find ease thereby upon this account . I shall now return from whence I digressed , and that is from the inside of the Breast and Lungs , to which I shall now speak somewhat more particularly .

CHAP. CV . Of Horehound .

The Names

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine Prasium and Marrubium , which name is also attributed both to the ●●nking kind , which is properly called Ballete , and to the sweet . P●iny hath confounded the words Prasium and Prasum , id est ▪ Porrum a Leek , together ▪ which he might easily do , there being but a letter difference . But I hope this Caveat will prevent the Reader from doing the like . It is called Marrubium ab amaro succo , Rob signifying Juyce ; and Marrubiastrum .

The Kindes .

Herbarists reckon up Eight sorts of Horehound . 1. Common Horehound . 2. White Spanish Horehound . 3. Sweet Candy Horehound . 4. Unsavory Candy Horehound . 5. French Horehound . 6. Curled White Horehound . 7. Spanish black Horehound . 8. Black French Horehound with long leaves .

The Forme .

Common Horehound groweth up with square hoary stalks , about a foot and sometimes about half a yard high or more , set at the joynts with two round crumpled , or as it were rough leaves ; of a sullen hoary green colour , of a reasonable good scent , but of a very bitter taste ; The flowers are small white and gaping , set in rough hard prickly husks round about the joynts with the leaves , from the middle of the stalks upwards , wherin afterwards is found small round blackish seed . The Root is blackish hard and Wooddy with many strings thereat , which dyeth not but abideth many years .

The Places and Time .

The first i● found in many places of our land , in dry grounds and waste green places particularly under the Park Wall at Greenwi●h on that side next the ●e●●s neer the way that goeth from thence to Colonel Blunts house . The ●e●ond came from Spain and being sown of the seed , abideth : The third in ●ike manner was sown from seed that came from Candy , as the fourth was also . The ●●th was found growing about Paris in France . The sixth ni Germany . The ●eventh in Spain : and the last about Mompelier in fat grounds ▪ and sometimes in the Wheat ●e●ds .

The Temperature .

Horehound as Galen teacheth is hot in the second degree , and dry in the third , and of a bitter taste .

The Vertues .

A decoction of dryed Horehound with the seed , or the juyce of the green he●b taken with hony i● a ●emedy for those that are purly and sho●t win●ed 〈◊〉 tho● that have a Cough and for such as by long sicknesse or thin di●●i●ation o● 〈◊〉 upon the Lungs , are wa●ed and fallen into a Con●umption ; it helpeth to 〈◊〉 ●way tough Ph●egm from the Chest , being taken with the ●r●ed ●oo● o● 〈…〉 is whi●h is flower de Luce. It is given to Women to bring down their Cour●es , and to expell the after-birth , as also to those that have sore and ●ong trave●s : it is also given to them that have taken poyson ▪ or are bitten o●●●ung by any Veremous Serpents or beasts ; but it hurteth the B●adder and Reins , and must no● be used in hot and dry bodies ; yet if Rai●ns and Liquorice be used therewith it is lesse hurtful to them and more pro●●tab●e to other parts . The leaves being u●ed with hony do purge foul Ulcers , stay running or creeping sores and the growing of the flesh over Nailes : it helpeth the paines of the ●●des , openeth stopping both of Liver and Spleen , kills Worms , and is good for such as have the Itch Scab or any running Sore . The Juyce thereof with Wine and Hony helpeth to clear the Eyesight & snuffed up into the Nostrills helpeth to purge away the yellow Jaundi●e ; and either of it self or with a little Oyl of Roses being dropped into the Ears , easeth the paines of them . The green leaves brui●ed and boyled with old Hogs Lard into an ointment , healeth the bitings of Dogs , abateth the swellings of Womens breasts ▪ and taketh away the swellings and paines that come by any pricking of thorns or any such like thing . Used with Vinegar it cleanseth and healeth Tetters . If saith Matthiolus , you boyl two ounces of fresh Horehound in three pints of good White wine , with the roots of Buglosse , Elecampane and Agrimony , of each one drachm and an half , of Rubarb and Lignum A●oes of each a drachm , till half be consumed and strained , hereby is made an excellent medicine to help the yellow Jaundise , that cometh by the obstruction of the Vessells and overflowing of the Gall , if two ounces thereof ( having a little Sugar put to it to sweeten it ) be taken fasting for nine daies together ; but he counselleth that if they that take this medicine have an Ague ▪ the ●ecoction must be made with water and not with Wine . The decoction thereof is a singular medicine for Women that are troubled with the Whites if they sit over it whi●est it is warm ; the same also healeth any scabs whether they be dry or moist if the places be bathed therewith . Being stamped and put into new Milk , and set in any place overpestered with flyes , it will soon destroy them all . The Syrup of it is most effectual for old Coughs to bring away tough ●eam , as also for o●d men and others whose Lungs are oppressed with thin and cold Rheum , to help to avoid it , and for those that are asthmatick , shortwinded ,

CHAP. CVI. Of Lungwort .

The Names .

WHether this he●b was so far taken notice of by any of the ancient Greeks o● Latine Writers as to re●eive a name ●●om them , is not yet found . The Phy●ti●ns and Herbari●s of later times have called it Pulmonaria of the likenesse of the ●orm which it hath with the Lungs or Lights calle●●n Latine Pulmones ▪ of some Lichen , and L●chen arborum ; in Eng●sh Lungwort , Tree Lungwort , and Wood Liver ●ort .

The Kindes .

To this kind I find but three sorts that may be properly referred , and those are 1. Tree Lungwort . 2. Sea Lungwort or Oi●ter Green . 3. Sea Oake or Wrake .

The Form .

Lungwort is a kind of Mosse that groweth on sundry sorts of trees especially Oakes and Beeches with broad grayish tough leaves diversly folded , crump●ed , and gashed in on the edges and sometimes spotted also with many small ●pots on the upper side ▪ it was never ●een to bear any stalk or flower at any time .

The Places and Time .

It groweth upon the Bodies of old Oaks , Beeches and other wild Trees in thi●k and dark shady woods , and is ●ometimes found growing upon rocks and other shadowy places , and as I have been particularly informed not far from Croydon in Surry . It flourisheth e●pecially in the Summer Moneths . The Sea Lungwo●t or Oi●●er green groweth upon rocks within the bowe●s of the Sea , but especially where Oi●●ers breed . The Sea Wrake is found upon the drowned rocks , which are naked and bare of water at every tyde .

The Temperature .

Lungwort is thought to be of a cold and dry quality ; but as for the temperatures of the other two , I have not met with any that have passed their censure upon them .

The Signature and Vertues .

The similitude that Lungwort hath with the lungs , as also the speckels which are sometimes found thereon is a perfect Signature that this plant is to be appropriated to the lungs ; and therefore it hath been commended by Physitians of former times , and hath been expe●imentally approved by the learned of this age to be ve●y effectual against the ●isea●es of the lungs ; especially for the ulcers and inflammations of the same , being brought into powder and drunk in Water ; and also for Coughs , Wheesings and shortnesse of breath , and likewise for spitting of blood , and pissing of blood . It is likewise commended for bloody and green wounds and for Ulcers in the secret parts , and also to stay the Reds in Women . Moreover it stoppeth the bloody flix , and other flixes and scowrings , either upwards or downwards , especially if they proceed of choler ; it s●ayeth Vomiting ▪ and stoppeth the loosenesse of the belly . It is reported that shepherds and certain horse Doctors , do with good successe give the powder hereof with salt , unto their sheep , Horses , and other cattle which be troubled with the Cough and are broken winded . Oyster-green fryed with egs , and made into a Tansey and eaten , is a singular remedy to strengthen the weaknesse of the back .

CHAP. CVII . Of Tobacco .

The Names .

I Cannot understand that Tobacco was known before the discovery of the West-Indies , and if so , it cannot be expected that I should tell you by what name the Greek Writers called it , they being deceased long before . It is called in Latine Petum , and Nicotiana from John Nicot a French man who being an Agent in Portugal for the French King , sent some of it to the French Queen , whereupon it was also called Herba Regina . The Indians call it Picielt and Perebecen●e , but in most other languages it is called Tobacco .

The Kinds .

To set down the several sorts of Tobacco that are brought into England is beyond my skill . The sorts that I have read and heard of , though perhaps the same plant planted in several Countries , are 1. Spanish Tobacco , which ●ome affirm to be brought into Spain from Virginia , and other places , and that it is there made up and transported into England , and called Spanish Tobacco . 2. Ordinary Virginia Tobacco , which is a great deal lesse esteemed , and sold for lesse then half the rate . 3. English Tobacco , which is so called ( not that it is natural of England , but ) because it is more commonly with Us growing in every co●ntry Garden almost , and endureth better here then the other . I have heard of Trinidada , Autego , S. Christophers , Winscomb Tobacco , which I suppose to be ●o called from the places where they grow . It will be more to our purpo●e to give you the description of that which is called English Tobacco , and therefore take it as followes .

The Form .

English Tobacco riseth up with a thick round stalk , sometime two foot high whereon do grow thick fat green leaves , nothing so large as the other Indian kinds , somewhat round pointed also , and nothing dented about the Edges . The stalk brancheth forth and beareth at the tops divers flowers set in green Husks , somewhat like the flowers of Henbane , but nothing so large ; scarce standing above the brims of the Husks , round pointed also , and of a greenish yellow colour . The seed that followeth , is not very bright , but large , contained in great heads . The roots are neither great nor woody , perishing every year with the hard frosts in Winter ; but generally of its own sowing , if it be let alone after it hath been once sowed .

The Places and Time

Though that Tobacco which beareth away the Bell from the rest be ( as I said ) called Spanish Tobacco , yet there is , for ought I can learn , but very little Tobacco growing in Spain if any at all , but is brought thither out of the provinces of America , one of which , where it was first found is called Peru , from whence it is named Hyoscyamus Peruvicanus ; but improperly , though some would have it to be a sort of Henbane . It groweth also in Brasil , which is another Country of the West Indies , whence the seed being brought into England and sown hath prospered very well in those soils that have been fruitful , and especially about Winscomb in Glocestershire , where I think the planting of it is discontinued now , because the store that came from thence was an hinderance to the publick revenue coming in for the Custome of that which is brought from beyond the Seas ; Howbeit it is continued in many Gardens though in no great quantity . It flowreth from June , sometimes to the end of August , or later ; and the seed ripeneth in the mean time .

The Temperature .

Tobacco is hot and dry in the second degree , and is withall of power to discusse or resolve , and to cleanse away filthy humours , having also a certain small ●striction , and a s●upifying or benumming quality , and is endued with a certain power to resist poyson .

The Vertues .

Though our Tobacco which grows in England be not so strong or sweet as that which cometh from the Indies , yet it is found by good experience almost to be as available to expectorate tough phlegm out of the Stomach , Chest , and Lungs , the Juyce thereof being made into a Syrup , or the distilled Water of the herb drunk with Sugar , or else the smoak taken through a pipe , as is usuall but fasting , o● the whole substance rolled into Pills and swallowed ; so that whether of the two can be more easily procured , may be used . The same also helpeth to expell worms in the Stomack and Belly , being inwardly ; or a leaf applyed to the Belly , and to ease the pains in the head or Megrim , and the griping pains in the bowels . It is profitable also for those that are troubled with the stone in the Kidneys both to ease pains , and by provoking Urine to expel gravel , and the stone ingendred therein , and hath been found very effectual to expell windinesse and other humours , which cause the strangling of the Muther , The seed hereof is much more effectual to ease the pain of the Tooth-ach then any Henbane seed , and the ashes of the burnt herb cleanseth the gums and the teeth , and maketh them white . The herb bruised and applyed to the Kings Evil helpeth it in nine or ten daies effectually : It is said also to be effectual to cure the Dropsie by taking four and five ounces of the Juyce fasting , which will strongly purge the body both upwards and downwards . The distilled water is often given with some Sugar before the fit of an Ague to lessen them , and take them away in three or four times using ; if the distilled F●ces of the herb having being bruised before the distillation , and not distilled dry , but set in warm dung fourteen dayes , and afterwards hung up in a bag in a wine Cellar ; that liquor that distilleth therefrom , is singular good to use for Cramps , Aches , the Gout , and Sciatica ; and to heal Itches , Scabs and running Ulcers , Cankers and foul sores whatsoever . The Juice is also good for all the said griefs and likewise to kill Lice in Childrens heads . The green herb bruised and applyed to any green wound , is known to divers to cure any fresh wound or cut wheresoever , and the Juyce put into old Sores , both cleanseth and healeth them ; but especially , a Salve of it made thus ; Take of the green Herb , three or four handfuls , bruise it ▪ and put it into a quart of good Oyl of Olives , boyl them on a gentle fire , untill the Herb grow dry , and the Oyl will bubble no longer ; then strain it forth hard , and set it on the fire again , adding thereto Wax , Ro●en , and Sheeps Tallow , or Deares Sewet , which you will , of each a quarter of a pound , of Turpentine two Ounces , which being melted , put it up for your use : This Salve will likewise help Impostumes , hard tumours , and other swellings by blows of falls .

CHAP. CVIII . Of Sundew , or Ros Solis .

The Names .

THere is no Greek Name found for this Plant , It is called in Latine Ros Solis , of divers Rorella , and of Lobel Rorida , and of some Salsirora , and corruptly Rosa Solis , as we in English likewise do now and then . All which Names are put upon it from the Dew , which is alwayes upon it , but then especially , when the Sun is at the hottest . It is called in English Lustworth , because Sheep and other Cattle , if they do but only tast of it , are provoked to Lust . It is called also , Youthwort , and in the Northern parts of our Land , they call it the Red Rot , because as they think , their Sheep feeding thereon , run to rot ; Some call it also Mooregrasse .

The Kindes .

There be three Sorts of Sun-dew . 1. The greater Sun-dew . 2. The lesser sun-dew . 3. Sun-dew with long Leaves .

The Forme

It hath divers small , round , hollow Leaves , somewhat greenish , but full of certain red hairs , which makes them seem red , every one standing upon his own foot stalk , which is likewise of a reddish colour , and hairy . The Leaves are continually moyst in the hottest day ; yea , the hotter the Sun shines on them , the moyster they are , with a certain sliminesse that will rope ( as we say ) the small hairs alwayes holding this moysture . Among those Leaves rise up small slender stalks , reddish also , three or four fingers high , bearing divers small white knobs , one above another , which are the Flowers ; after which in the Heads , are certain small Seeds ; the Root looketh , as if it consisted of a few small hairs .

The Places and Time .

Th●se Plants do usually grow on Bogs , and wet places , and sometimes in moyst Woods . One of the Sorts with round Leaves , whether it be the greater or the lesser , I cannot say , groweth upon Sho●●ver-Hill , on that side towards Heddington Quarries near Oxford , and likewise upon a Bog in Bagley Wood , betwixt Oxford and Abb●ngdon . In Lancashire , in their Mosse Grounds , where they dig their turfs ; there is great store of it also . That with Leaves of a span long , groweth plentifully in a Bog by Edenderry in Ireland . It was sound by Mr. Heaton , who gave some of it to Zanchy Sylliard , Apothecary in Dublin , which he sent to Mr. Parkinson . It groweth also in England , by Ellesmeere in Shropshire . It floweth in May or June , and continueth flourishing till August ; within which time , it may be gathered , the weather being dry and calm , and as near the middle of the day as you can ; for then it is fullest of Dew , wherein the vertue most consisteth .

The Temperature .

Some say , that it is a searing or caustick Herb , and very much biting ; being hot and dry in the fourth Degree ; others only , that it is sharp and quick , yet a little acide drying and binding .

The Vertues and Signature .

There is some difference amongst Authours , concerning this Herb. Dodonaeus holding it to be an extream biting Herb , saith ▪ that the distilled water thereo●●annot be taken with safety , though the later Physicians have thought it to be ●● are and singular remedy against the Consumption of the Lungs , and especially the distilled water ; which Parkinson recordeth , without any Cavill . The same water is held to be good for those also that have salt Rheums distilling on the Lungs , which is the cause of a Consumption , so that it is not only Therapeuticall , or restorative , but Prophylacticall or preventionall in this case . The said water is available also for all other Diseases of the Lungs , as Ptisicks , Wheesings , shortness of Breath , or the Cough ; as also to heal Ulcers that happen in the Lungs , and it comforteth the Heart , and fainting Spirits . The Leaves outwardly applyed to the Skin , will raise Blisters , which have caused some to think it dangerous to be taken inwardly ; but there are divers other things that will also draw Blisters , yet may be taken inwardly without danger , if they be used with discretion . There is an usuall Drink made hereof , called Rosa Solis , which may without any offence or danger , be used in Qualmes , and passions of the heart : as also to strengthen and nourish the Body . Crollius saith , that it hath the Signature of a Cancer , and therefore it is effectuall for the curing of the same . And some have thought , that as this Herb doth keep and hold fast the moysture and dew so pertinaciously , that the extream drying heat of the Sun , cannot consume and wast away the same : so likewise they thought , that herewith the naturall and lively Heat in Mens Bodies , is preserved and cherished , and this may be also by Signature . If any one desire to knowhow to make the Rosa Solis , before mentioned , let the Herb called Ros Solis , or Sun-dew , be gathered in June , July , or August : the weather being dry , and about the mid-time of the day , then pick it clean ▪ and cut off the Roots ; or if it be rank , you may cut up only the Leaves when you gather it ; and having done so , take a pot of good Aquavitae , or Aqua Composita , and put into it two good handfuls , or more of the said Herb , and half a pound of fine Sugar , half an Ounce of whole Mace , of Ginger pared , of Nutmegs , of Cinamon , of A●●seeds , all grosse beaten in a Morter , of each half an Ounce Liquorice an Ounce , first made clean from the Bark , then cut into small pieces , and a little bruised ; Dates four Ounces , cut small , and the Stones , and the white Skin that is within taken out ; put all together into a large Pot , or Bottle , and stop it close , and so let it stand for three Moneths , shaking it , and stirring it together , ever now and then , afterwards ( if you list ) you may strain away the stuffe , or let it remain in all the year , and when you would use some of it , cast a cloth over the mouth of the Bottle to keep in the Spices . Some do put in red Rose Leaves also , in the making , to resist Lust , which Sun-dew provokes exceedingly . The distilled water hereof , that is drawn forth with a Glasse-Still , is of a glittering yellow colour , like gold , and coloureth Silver put therein like Gold ; which Bath water , will also do , as I have heard .

CHAP. CIX . Of Hedge-Mustard , or Bank-Cresse .

The Names .

THe Greek Name is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which seemeth as is most likely , to be derived 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quòd ob suam caliditatem ●ttrahendi facultate prad●tum est it being o● a very attractive quality : in Latine also , Erysimum & Irio , quòd ab acr●monia sua irru●t in gustum , from its sharp tast . This is the Erysimum of Dioscorides , which he calleth also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Chamapl●on , but not of Theophrastus ; for he placeth his Erysimum among the sorts of Corns or Grains . In English it is called Ba●k-Cresse , by Gerard ; but because Parkinson sound the most judicious to make it a kind of wild Mustard , therefore he intituled it wild Hedge-Mustard .

The Kindes .

There were formerly but two Sorts of Hedg-Mustard known , but now there are six . 1. The common wild Hedg-Mustard . 2. The true Hedge-Mustard . 3. Broad leafed Hedge-Mustard . 4. Broad-leafed Hedge-Mustard of Naples . 5. Narrow leafed Hedge-Mustard of Naples . 6. An hairy Hedge-Mustard , with uncut Leaves .

The Forme .

The common wild Hedge-Mustard , groweth up usually , but with one blackish green stalk , tough , easie to bend , but not so to break , branched into divers parts , and sometimes with divers stalks , set full of Branches whereon grow long rough , or hard rugged Leaves , very much torn , or cut on the edges , into many parts some bigger , and some lesser , of a dirty green colour : The Flowers are small and yellow , that grow at the tops of the Branches , in long Spikes , flowring by degrees , so that continuing long in flower , the stalks will have small round Cods at the bottom , growing upright , and close to the stalk , whi●e the top flowers as yet shew themse●ves ; in which are contained , small , yellow Seed , sharp and strong , as the Herb is also . The Root groweth down slender and wooddy , yet abiding and springing again every year .

The Places and Time .

The first is very frequent in our Land , by the wayes , Walls , and Hedge-sides , and sometimes in the open Fields : the third is more rare to meet with yet it is sometimes found , but in better grounds , which maketh it so large : The second is found wild in Italy , as Matthi●lus saith , in like places with the first : The fourth and fifth are of Naples , as Col 〈…〉 saith : the last groweth upon stones and rubbish , and upon old Mud-walls at Basil , Mompelier , and other places . They flower sometimes late , and sometime ; earlyer , but most commonly in July , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

The three first Sorts of Erysimum , as the most in use , and effectuall , do temperately heat , consisting of a thin substance , cutting and cleansing with some moyst parts joyned therewith , so that it doth make viscous flegm easie to be spit forth .

The Vertues .

This Herb is of singular ●fficacy in all the Diseases of the Chest & Lungs , hoarsnes of voyce , and by the use of the Decoction thereof for a little space , those have been recovered , who had utterly lost their voyce , and therewith almost their spirits also . The juyce thereof , made into a Syrup , or Lohoc , with Honey or Sugar , is no lesse effectuall for the said purpose , and for all other Coughs , Wheesings , and shortnesse of Breath . The same also is profitably taken of those that have the Jaundies , the Pleurisie , pains in the Back and Loins , and for Torments and wringings in the Belly , or in the Colon , which is called the Collick , being used also in Glisters . The Seed is held to be an especiall remedy against poyson , and venome . It is singular good for the pains in the Hips , or Huck-bones , called the Hip-gout , or Sciatica , the Gout also , and all Joynt-Aches : as also for Fistulaes , hollow Ulcers , and eating or running Cankers , and for Apostumes Sores , and Cankers in the Mouth or Throat ▪ or behind the Ears , and no lesse also for the hardnesse and swellings in Womens Breasts , or in the Testicles and Stones . There is to be had at the Apothecaries , a Syrup made of Hedge-Mustard , Elicampane Colts-foot , Liquorice , and such other Ingredients , which was invented against cold afflictions of the Breast and Lungs , as Asthmaes , hoarsness , &c. and may be easily taken with a Liquorice stick , to the great relief of those , which are afflicted with any of the aforesaid distempers .

CHAP. CX . Of Colts-foot .

The Names .

BUt all this while I had almost forgot Colts-foot , which is so called in English , from the similitude it hath with a Horses or Colts-foot . It is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : and Tussilago , in Latine , à notissima utilitate quam praebet in orthopnaeicis & tussi vexatis , of its notable qualities , to cure Coughs , and other Diseases of the Lungs . The Apothecaries call it Farfara and Vngula Caballina ; and of some , Populago , from the likenesse of its Leaves , to those of the white Poplar , which was named of the Ancients Farfarus . Many suppose , that this may be Tiphyum of Theophrastus , as well as the Petasites , in that both of them bring their Flowers before the Leaves , and therefore are by some called Filii ante patres , it being somewhat preposterous , and very rare amongst Plants ; and this was the cause why some Herbarists thought , that Colts-foot put ●orth no Flowers , supposing that this Plant , as others commonly do , would have put forth Flowers after the Leaves , if any at all . Pliny calleth it Farranum & Farrugium . It is called al●o in English , Foale-foot and Horse-foot . There is a sort hereof , called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Cacalia ; in English , Great and strange Colts-foot .

The Kindes .

The Colts-foot , and the Cacalia , make but four kinds . 1. Colts-foot . 2. Hoary Strange Colts-foot . 3. Smooth strange Colts-foot . 4. Strange Colts-foot of America .

The Foorme .

Colts-foot shooteth up a slender stalk , with small yellowish Flowers , somewhat early , which fall away quickly ; and after they are past , come somewhat round Leaves , yet sometimes dented a little about the edges , much lesser , thicker , and greener then those of the Butter-burr , with a little Down or Freese , over the green Leaf on the upper side , which may be rubbed away , and whitish , or mea●y underneath . The Root is small and white , spreading very much in the ground , so that where it taketh , it will very hardly be cleansed from it again , it any little peece be abiding therein , and from thence springing fresh Leaves .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth of it self , near unto Springs , and on the brinks of Brooks and Rivers , in wet furrowes , by Ditches sides , and in other moyst and watery places , almost every where ; and if it be brought into a Garden , it will take such possession on a sudden , that it will not be quickly outed . The second and third , grow in sundry Vallies , beyond the Seas , and by the Bathes , where they want not moysture . The last in America , Virginia and Canada . The Leaves and Flowers of the first , are seldom or never to be ●ound together : the Flowers being past before the Leaves appear . It flowers in the end of March , and beginning of April : the stems and Flowers also quickly fading away : After them grow forth the Leaves , which remain green all the Summer long . The strange Sorts put out their Leaves first , and from thence arise the Flowers , which bear Seed also in the Summer-time .

The Temperature .

Colts-foot , whilst it is fresh , is cooling and drying ; but when it is dry , the cooling quality which remained in the moysture , being evaporate , it is then somewhat hot and dry .

The Vertues .

This is an Herb generally known , to be very available for those that have thin Rheums , and Distillations upon the Lungs , causing the Cough thereby t●●hi●●en and dry it , and then the dryed Leaves are best , as the fresh Leaves , or Juyce o● Syrup made thereof , is fittest for an hot , dry Cough , and for Wheesings , and shortnesse of Breath . The dryed Leaves , taken in a Pipe , as Tobacco is , hath been found in like manner , good for the thin Rheums , Distillations and Coughs : as also the Root taken in like Sort , as some Authours affirm . The distilled water hereof , simply , or with Elder-flowers , and Night-shade , is a singular Remedy against all hot Agues , to drink two Ounces at a time , and to have some Cloaths wet therein , and applyed to the Head and Stomack . The same also applyed to any hot Swellings , or other Inflammations , doth much good ; yea , it helpeth that Disease called St. Anthonies fire , and burnings also , and is singular good to take away Wheals , and small Pushes that rise through heat ; as also against the burning heat of the Piles , or of the privy parts , to apply Cloaths wet therein , to the places . Matthiolus sheweth , that in the Root of this Colts-foot , there groweth a certain Cotton , or White-wool , which being cleansed from the Roots , and bound up in Linnen Cloaths , and boyled in Lye for a while , and afterwards some salt Nitre added unto it , and dryed up again in the Sun , is the best tinder to take fire , being stroke from a Flint , that can be . The Root of Cacalia steeped in Wine , and eaten , is also good for the Cough and hoarsnesse , which Galen affirmeth of his Cacanum , which is thought to be the same ; for it is without sharpness , and good for hoarsness . Dioscorides addeth , that the Peare-like Grains , which are found in his Cacalia , beaten and mixed with a Cerot , or Oyntment , doth make the Skin smooth , and will stay the falling of the hair , as Pliny saith .

CHAP. CXI . Of Wood-bind , or Hony-suckle .

The Names

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; but the Greeks in these dayes call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine , Periclymenum also , and Caprifolium ; but Pliny mistaking the word Periclymenum , setteth down the properties of Clymenum , which is Tutsan , for it : with some it is called Sylvae mater , and Matris Sylva , Volucrum majus , and Lilium inter Spinas , and Vinciboscum by Caesalpinus , according as his Italians called it . In English , it hath no other name but Wood-bind , and Honey-suckle .

The Kindes .

There are divers Sorts of Wood-binds , some that are winding about whatsoever standeth next them ; and for the most part , known throughout the Land ; others are strangers , or not so well known : there are divers that wind not , but stand upright ; all which being summoned together , are in number eight . 1. Our ordinary Wood-bind . 2. The German red Honisuckle . 3. Double Wood-bind , or Hony-suckles . 4. Dwarf Honisuckle . 5. Upright Wood-bind , or Hony-suckle . 6. Black berried upright Hony-suckle . 7. Blew berried upright Hony-suckle . 8. The greater upright Hony-suckle . I shall not trouble you with the description of the ordinary Hony-suckle , but of the upright red berried Hony-suckle , as being lesse known .

The Forme .

The divers stalks of the Red Berried upright Hony-suckle , are somewhat straight and upright , about three or four foot high , at the least , divided and spread into divers Branches , covered with a very thin whitish Bark : the Leaves stand by couples on the Branches , and two likewise at every joynt , which are of a whitish green colour , smooth , and lesser then those of the windy Wood-binds : the Flowers also stand by couples , at the end of short stalks , that come from the joynts , with the Leaves , and are much smaller then the other , & never opening or spreading much , of a pale whitish colour : after which come two red Berries , long , with the roundnesse ; both of a bigness in the naturall places , and in some open places , but seldom so with us ; for one is usually withered , and never commeth to perfection .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth abundantly in this Land , almost in every Hedge . The second came out of Germany : The third out of Italy , both which are set against our house-sides , to run about the Windows , where they keep the Rooms cool , and make a goodly shew without . The last was found by Dr. Penny , as Clusius saith , by Dantswick . The four last were found by Clusius in Germany , Austria , and Syria , and some on the Pyrenean hills , and in Savoy , and are most of them kept in our ●ardens . The first is in flowre in June , and the Fruit is ripe in August . The second and third , flowre about the latter end of April , and the beginning of May ; and so do the rest , their fruit being ripe in July or August ; except the second , which hath not been seen to bear any .

The Temperature .

The Flowers and Leaves of Hony-suckles , are of a cleansing , consuming , and digesting quality .

The Vertues .

A Decoction made of the Leaves , or the Flowers and Leaves of Honey-suckles , with some Figs , and Liquorice added thereunto , is very effectuall for the expectorating of flegme from the Chest and Lungs , whensoever they shall be overcharged therewith . A Syrup made of the Flowers , is good likewise to be drunk , against the Diseases of the Lungs and Spleen that is stopped , being drunk with a little Wine . Mr. Culpepper saith , that it is fitting that a Conserve of the Flowers of it , should be kept in every Gentlewomans House ; for that he knew no better cure for an Asthma , then this . Besides , it takes away the evill of the Spleen , provokes Urine , procures speedy delivery to Women in Travel , helps Cramps , Convulsions , and Palsies , and whatsoever Griefs come of cold or stoppings . The Leaves or Flowers in Powder , or the distilled water of them are commended to dry up soul and moyst Ulcers , and to cleanse the face and skin from Morphew , Sun-burn , Freckles , and other discolourings of the skin . Notwithstanding , Parkinson following Galen and Culpepper backing him , as usually he doth , be the matter right or wrong , conceiveth , that it is an errour to use the decoction of the Leaves of Hony-suckles , or the distilled water of the Flowers in Mouth-waters ; yet it is certainly found by experience , that the said water is good against the soareness of the Throat , or Uvula ; and with the same Leaves boyled , or the Leaves and Flowers distilled , are made divers good Medicines , against Cankers and sore mouths , as well in Children , as elder people ; and likewise for Ulcerations , and Scaldings in the privy parts of Man or Woman , if there be added to the decoction hereof , some Honey , and Allome , or Verdigrease ; if the Sores require greater cleansing outwardly . Provided alwayes , that there be no Verdigrease put into the water , that must be injected into the secret parts . As for the provoking of Urine , care must be had , that the taking of the decoction be not continued too long ; for though at first it will but provoke Urine only ; yet being drunk six dayes together , it will make the Urine like blood . It causeth also barrennesse in Women , and maketh men unable for generation . The flowers and leaves are of more use then the seed , yet they also help the shortnesse and difficulty of breathing , and cure the Hicket .

CHAP. CXII . Of Mullein .

The Names .

ITt is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 uro , for that it served as a Weeke to put into Lamps to burn in former times , and of the Latines Candela Regia and Candelaria , because the elder age used the stalks dipped in Suet to burn , whether at Funeralls , or for private Uses ; and so likewise the English name Higtaper for Hightaper , the (h) being left out , is used in the same manner , as a Taper or Torch . It hath also some other names in Latine , as Thapsus Thlapsus and Tapsus Barbatus , and Lanaria . In English also some call it Torches , some Bullocks Lungwort , some Haires beard , and some Jupiters Staffe .

The Kindes .

There are of this kind besides the Moth Mullein , nine sorts . 1. Common Mullein . 2. Dwarf Mullein of Denmark . 3. White Mullein with long leaves . 4. Sweet white Mullein . 5. Ordinary black Mullein . 6. Sweet black Mullein . 7. Jagged Mullein . 8. Sage leafed Mullein . 9. Small Sage leafed Mullein of Syria .

The Forme .

The Common white Mullein hath many fair large woolly leaves lying next the ground , somewhat longer than broad , pointed at the ends , and as it were dented about the Edges ; the stalk riseth up to be four or five foot high , if it grow in very rank ground , covered over with such woolly leaves as the lowest , but lesser : so that the stalk can be hardly seen for the multitude of leaves thereon up to the flowers , which come forth on all sides of the stalks , without any branches for the most part ; and are many set together in a long spike , in some of a gold yellow colour , in others more pale , consisting of five round pointed leaves , which afterwards give small round heads , wherein small brownish seed is contained ; the root is long , white , and wooddy perishing ever after it hath born seed .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth by the side waies , and Lanes in many places , and for its usefulnesse is taken into some Gardens , and so is the second , but it groweth naturally only in Denmark in the fields between Cronemberg , and Hafnia , neer Elsemore . The third and fourth grow but in some places of our own Country , so that one shall hardly find a plant in a great way . The fifth in many places of Kent , Surrey , Essex and elsewhere . The sixth is also sometimes to be found wild abroad ; but yet scarcely to be met with , and indeed unlesse one well exercised in the knowledge of plants do light upon it and know it , it will be scarce regarded by a great many others . The seventh , was found by Lobel neer the ruines of an old Church at Bathe in England . The eighth groweth at Padoa or thereabouts : and the last in Syria , as by its title doth appear . They all flower in June and July , and bring forth their seed the second year after the sowing , except the two last , of whose time we cannot resolve you .

The Temperature .

Mullein is of a dry temperature , the leaves have also a digesting and cleansing quality as Galen affirmeth .

The Vertues .

A Decoction of the leaves of Mullein , is likewise very good for the Lungs and for those also that are troubled with an old Cough ; And this our a●e●tion is confirmed in that the Country people , especially the Husbandmen in Kent do give it their Cattle against the Cough of the lungs , it being an approved medicine for the same , whereupon they call it Bullocks ●ungwort ; and I the●e●ore mention it because Cattle are also in some sort to be provided for ●n their ●i●eases . The said leaves being a little bruised , and laid o● bound to an Ho●es foot . that is grievously pricked with shooing , ●oth wonderfully heal it in a sho●t ●pace-Neither is it useful for Cattle but for men also , A small quantity of the root taken in Wine , is commended against Lasks and fluxes of the Belly ; the Decoction thereof gargled in the mouth easeth the paines of the Toothach● and b●ing drunk it is profitable for those that are bursten , and for those that have Cramps and Convulsions . If the Seed and flowers hereof , and the powder or dryed Venice Turpentine be cast upon a few quick coales , in a Cha●ng●ish or some other thing let into a C●olestool , the Pan being taken out , and the party sitting bare over the fumes that is troubled with the Piles , or falling down of the Fundament , or any other pains of that place , doth give much ease and help ; as also for those that have a great desire to go often to the stool and can do nothing , especially to such as have the bloody flux . An Oyl made by the often infusion of the flowers is of very good effect for the Piles also . The decoction of the root in Red Wine or in water , if there be an Ague , wherein red hot steel hath been often quenched doth stay the bloody flux . The same also openeth the Obstructions of the bladder and reins , when one cannot make water . A decoction of the leaves hereof and of Sage , Marjerom and Camomil flowers , and the places bathed therewith that have their Veins and Sinews stark with cold , or with Cramps doth bring them much ease and comfort : Three ounces of the distilled water of the flowers drunk morning and evening some daies together , is said to be a most excellent remedy for the Gout . The juyce of the leaves and flowers being laid upon rough warts ; as also the powder of the dryed ●oots rubbed on doth easily take them away , but doth no good to them that are smooth . The powder of the dryed flowers is an especial Remedy for those that are troubled with belly aches , or the paines of the Cholick . The decoction of the root and so al●o of the leaves , is of great effect to dissolve the Tumours Swe●lings or Inflammations of the Throat . The seed and leaves boyled in wine ▪ and applyed doth speedily draw forth Thorns or Splinters gotten into the flesh easeth the pains and healeth them . The leaves bruised and wrapped in double papers , and covered with hot Ashes and Embers to bake a while ▪ and then taken forth and laid warm on any botch happening in the Groin or share , doth dissolve and heal them . The seed bruised and boyled in Wine , and laid on any member that hath been out of joynt , and is newly set again , taketh away all swellings and pains thereof .

CHAP. CXIII . Of Cowslips of Jerusalem .

The Names .

I Cannot find that this herb is mentioned by any Greek Authour , and therefore know not how to tell you what they called it , if they knew it . It is called in Latine by the Herbarists of later times Pulmonaria and Pulmonalis ; of Cordus , Symphytum Sylvestre , or wild Comfrey ; but seeing that Comfry or the great Consound , is oftner found wild then this , it may more aptly be called Symyhytum maculosum , or maculatum : In English spotted Comfry , Sageof Jerusalem , Cowslip of Jerusalem , Cowslip of Bethlehem ; and of some , Lung wo●t from the spotted leaves : although there be a kind of Mosse called Lungwo●t , of which I have intreated already ; both that and this being appropriated to the Lungs . I suppose they are called Cowslips , because the flowers are of the form of Cowslips though not the colour ; and Comfrey because the leaves feel like it but there is no rea●on to be given why they are called Cowslips of Jerusalem ; un●esse a great quantity of them should grow thereabouts ; I should have supposed them to have been brought from thence , but that I find they grow naturally here in England , as you shall hear anon .

The Kinds .

I have not yet met with any more then four sorts of Cowslips of Jerusalem . 1. 〈◊〉 Cow●●ip ▪ of Jerusalem . 2. Buglosse Cowslips . 3. French or golden Lung●ort ▪ 4 The lesser French or Golden Lungwort .

The Forme .

Cowslip ▪ of Jerusalem ( which Gerard would have to be the true and right Lungwort ) hat●●o●gh hairy and large leaves , of a brown green colour , confused●y potted with divers spots ▪ or drops of white ; amongst which spring up certain sta●ks about a Span long when they are longest , but seldom above half so long ▪ bearing at the top many fine flowers growing together in bunches like the flowers of Cowslips ; saving that they be at first red or purple ; and sometimes b●ew and oftentimes of all these colours at once . The flowers being fallen , there come small buttons full of Seed . The root is of a hard substance , and black colour , with many threds at the end of it .

The Places and Time .

They are all nourished up in Gardens , because they do not commonly grow wild yet the first was found growing naturally neer Kingswood in Hampshire . The second w●s found in the Newforrest being in the same county , in a wood by Mr. Goodreer , who ( as I am informed ) is the ablest Herbarist now living in England . He is a man we●l stricken in years , and his dwelling in some part of Sussex , the name of the p●ace being yet unknown to me . The third groweth about Godalmin in Surrey . The place of the last I have not yet met with : they flower for the most p●rt about the end of March , and the beginning of April , and their seed is ripe in May , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

The leaves of this herb are of the same temperature with Comfrey , that is , cold and dry in the first degree ; but the roots , seeing they are hard and woody , are of a more drying and binding quality .

The Vertues and Signature .

The divers spots or drops of white , wherewith the leaves of Sage of Jerusalem are marked , do perfectly represent the like spots upon the Lungs ; and therefore the decoction thereof is given with very good successe to those that are troubled with any diseases of the Lungs , as Coughs , shortnesse of breath , exulcerations , stoppage by reason of thick , corrupt , or rotten matter , Spitting of blood , &c. if it be made in water and drunk . It is commended also for all the wounds or hurts that happen to any other of the Intralls and inward parts , and also for burstings , or ruptures . It is a very good Potherb , and the leaves thereof would then especially be chopped as other Pot-herbs are to be boyled in broth when any one shall be afflicted , with any of the aforesaid distemper . The flowers thereof are likewise very wholsom and are pleasant to be put in Sallets in the Spring time . It is used to heal old or new wounds , being thereunto applyed , especially if it be boyled in hogs-grease , and afterwards being strained and set a cooling , and then laid upon the wound .

CHAP. CXIV . Of Sanicle .

The Names .

NEither is it found that Sanicle was known to any of the antient Greek o● Latine Authours but hath ▪ as many other vulnerary and other Herbs , been found out ▪ and named by later Writers . It is called in Latine , Sanicula 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 à pot ore sanandi mun●re from its excellency in healing wounds by Ruell●us and by Brunfelsius Matthiolus , and Lobel Diapensia , and by Tabermontanus , Consolida quinquefolia . The●e is another sort hereof called Pinguicula , by Gesner , and by some with us , Pingu●cula Eboracensis because it groweth plentifully in Yorkshire . We call it in Eng●ish Butterwort and Butter-Root , because of the Oylinesse of the Leaf , which seemeth to have Oyl or Butter alwayes upon it . The Country people do think their Sheep will catch the Rot , if for hunger they should eat thereof ▪ and therefore they call it the White Rot , as they do Rot Solis , the Red Rot , as I have said before .

The Kindes .

There be divers Herbs , that the learned Writers have entituled Sanicle , as Avens , Bears-Eares , Corall-wor● ; but that which I here at present treat of , is Sanicle , properly so called , of which there be five sorts . 1. Ordinary Sanicle . 2. Butterwort , or Yorkshire Sanicle . 3. Spotted Sanicle . 4. Beares Eare Sanicle . 5. The Shrub-Sanicle of America .

The Form .

Ordinary Sanicle sendeth forth many Leaves of a middle size , somewhat deeply cut , or civided into five or six parts , and some of them cut-in also sometimes , standing upon brownish foot-stalks , of about an handful long , and somewhat like unto the broader Leaves , of the broadest sort of Anemonies , but ●ne●y dented about the edges , smooth , and of a dark , green , shining colour , and sometimes reddish about the brims ; from among which , riseth up small ▪ round , green stalks , without any joynt or leaf thereon , saving at the top , where it brancheth forth into Flowers , having a leaf divided into three or four parts at that joynt with the Flowers , which are small and white , starting out of small round greenish yellow heads , many standing together on a tuft : in which afterwards are the Seeds contained , which are small , round , rough Burs , somewhat like the Seeds of Cleavers , and stick in the same manner , upon any thing that they touch : the Root is composed of many black strings of Fibres set together , at a little long head , which abideth with the green Leaves all the Winter .

The Places and Time .

I have seen the first grow by Oxford , in Stow-Wood , in severall places amongst the Bushes , and likewise by St. Albans , under an Hedge , that groweth between the Trench that went about old Verulam , and the way Windridge . The second , ( which hath little likenesse with the first , but only for its healing vertue , being composed of foure or five fat Leaves , lying flat on the ground , of a yellowish colour ) groweth in a moyst bottom belonging to the same Wood , and is commonly found upon sundry bogs in the West Country and Wales , but chiefly in Yorkshire . The third distereth not much from the first , only the Leaves are not so deeply cut in , and they are full of Red Spots . It groweth , and so doth the fourth , upon all the Austrian and Stirian Hills , in the shadowy places of them , whence they have been brought into our English Physick Gardens , as into that at Oxford , and that at Westminster also . The last came from the back part of Virginia , called Canada . The first and second flowre not untill June , and their Seed is ripe soon after . The two next flowre much e●rlyer , and sometimes again in Autumne . The last flowreth in July .

The Temperature .

Sanicle is bitter in tast , and thereby is heating , and drying in the second degree , and it is astringent also .

The Signature and Vertues ,

The Spotted Sanicle not only seemeth to have the Signature of the Lungs , but is so effectuall for them , that there is not any He●b sound , that can give such present help , either to Man or Beast , when any Di●ease falleth upon the Lungs . It is exceeding good to heal all green Wounds speedily , or any Ulcers , Impostumes , or Bleedings inwardly , to which the Lungs are more subject then any other part , it being fullest of blood , because of its continuall motion , and plenty of heat proceeding from thence ; as also from the Vi●inity and neerness of the heart : And for these purposes , the ordinary Sanicle is as effectuall as the other , which doth wonderfully help those that have any Tumo●s in any part of their Bodies ; for it represseth , and dissipateth the humours , if the decoction or juyce thereof be taken , or the Pow●e● in ●●ink and the Juyce ●●ed outwardly . It is a ●o ve●y good to ●eal up all the putrid ma●ignant Ulcers in the Mouth , Throat an● P●●●ties , by g●●g●ing or washing them with the Decoction of the Leaves an● Root , made in water , and a little Honey put thereto . It he peth to stay Women Co●●ses and all other Fluxes of Blood , either by the Mouth . Urine or Stool , and Lasks o● the Belly , the Ulcerations of the Kidneys al●o and the pains in the B●wells , and the Gonorrhea , or running of the Reins , being boyled in Wine o● Water , and drunk . The same also is no lesse powerful , to he●p any Ruptures or Burstings , used both inwardly and outwardly ; and briefly it is effectuall in binding , restraining , consolidating , heating , drying and healing , as any of the Consounds , whi●h are Comfrey , Bugle , Self-heal , or other Vulnerary Herbs what●oeve●●o that . He that hath Sanicle to help himself , needeth neither Physician nor Chyrurgion . Butterwort is also a vulnerary Herb , and of great e●eem with many as well for the Rupture in Children , as to heal green Wounds : the Country people which live where it groweth , do use to rub it upon their hands , when they are chapt by the Wind , or when their Kines Udders are ●woln , by the biting of any vi●●lent Worm or Vermine or otherwise hurt , chapt , or rift . The poorer ●o●t of people in Wales , make a Syrup thereof , as is of Roses , and therewith purge themselves and their Children : they put it likewise in their Broths for the ●ame purpo●e , which purgeth flegm effectually : they also , with the He●b and Butter , make ●n Oyntment singular good against the Obstructions of the Liver , as hath been experimently affirmed by some Physitians of good account .

CHAP. CXV . Of Polypodie .

The Names .

THere are divers conjectures , why the Grecians called this Herb 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Some conceive it to be derived from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , multus , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , pes , because the many small narrow Leaves resemble the feet of the Polypus ; others à cavernosis acetabulis seu cirris Polyporum , from the holes in the Root , which are like to the holes that are in the said Fish ; others , quia polypum sanat , because it cures the Disease in the Nose , called Polypus . It is likewise called in Latine , Polypodium , and Filicula quasi parva filix , and Filicularis herba ; for its likeness with Ferne : In English Oak-Fern , and Wall-Fern according to their places of growth , but generally Polypody . Yet there is another sort of OakFern , called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dryopteris , that is Filix querna , which Oribasius calleth 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bryopteris quasi Filix Muscosa , Mosse-Fern , of its growing on the Mosse on Trees .

The Kinds .

Of Polypody , under which , both that of the Wall , and the Oak-Fern , are included , there be six sorts . 1. Common Polypody of the Oak . 2. Small Polypody . 3. Island Polypody . 4. Indian Polypody . 5. Creeping Oak-Fern . 6. White Oak-Fern .

The Forme .

Common Polypody of the Oak is a small Herb , consisting of nothing but Roots and Leaves , bearing neither Flower nor Seed . It hath three of four Leaves ri●ng from a Root , every one singly by themselves , of about an hand breadth , which are winged , consisting of many small narrow Leaves , cut into the middle Rib , standing on each side of the stalk , large below , and smaller and smaller , up to the top ; not dented or notched on the edges at all , ( as the Male Fern is ) of a sad green colour , and smooth on the upper side ; but on the under ●●de , somewhat rough , by reason of some yellowish spots ●et thereon . The Root is smaller then ones little finger , yet long and creeping aslope , whereon are certain little knags and holes , as are on the tayl of the Fish Polypus .

The Places and Time .

There hath been of late dayes , such a slaughter of Oaks , and other Trees , all over this Land , that should I nominate any particular place , I might thereby seem to be a de●eiver . I shall therefore tell you in generall , that it groweth as well upon old rotten Trun●s , or stumps of Trees , be it Oak Beech , Haze● , Willow , or any other , as in the Woods under them ; and sometimes upon slated Houses , and old Walls , as upon a Wall and side of an House , in Adderbury Church-yard and many other places . That of the Oak is reckoned the best ; but any of the other may be used in ead thereof . The Island Polypody , groweth in the Island Ilua , which is in the Medite●rane●n Sea , the last in India . It being alwayes green ; and bearing neither F●ow●e nor Seed , may be gathered for use at any time , yet it shooteth forth green Leaves only in the Spring . The two last lose their leaves in Winter , and spring up a fresh again about May.

The Temperature .

It is hot and dry in the second Degree , as may be gathered from the sweetish harshness that it hath in the tast .

The Signature and Vertues .

The rough spots that are on the under sides of the leaves of Polypody as also the Knags , or Ex●rescences on each side the Roots is a sign that it is good for the Lungs , and the exulcerations thereof . The distilled water , both of Roots and Leaves , with some Sugar Candy dissolved therein , is good against the Cough , shortnesse of Breath , and Whee●ngs , and tho●e distillations of thin Rheum upon the Lungs , which cause Pti●icks and o●tenti●es Consumptions . The Herb it selfe taken in decoction broth or infu●●on , dryeth up thin humours dige●eth tough and thick , and purgeth burnt Cho●er , and especially tough and thick flegme , and thin flegme also , even from the joynts ; and is therefore good for those that are troubled with melancho●y , or Quartan Agues especially if it be taken in Whey , or honyed water , or in Barley water , or in the Broth of a Chicken with Epythymum , or with Beets , and Mallowes . It is al●o good for the 〈◊〉 of the Spleen , and for prickings , or Stitches in the sides ; as also the Cholick . Some use to put to it Fennel-Seeds , or Annise-Seeds , to correct the ●o●thing that it bringeth to the Stomach ; but it may be taken without , by any person at any time ; and an Ounce of it may be given at a time in a Decoction if there be not Sena , or some other strong purger put with it . A Dram o● two of the Powder of the dryed Roots taken fasting , in a Cup of Honyed water worketh gently and for the purposes aforesaid . The distilled Water , both of Roots and Leaves , is much commended for the Quartane Agues , to be taken for many dayes together , as also against Me●ncholy or fearful or troublesome sleeps , or dreams . The fresh Roots bea●●● small or the Powder of the dryed Root , mixed with Honey , and applyed to any Member that hath been out of joynt , and is newly set again , doth much help to ●●engthen it . Applyed also to the Nose , it cureth the Disease called Polypus , which is a piece of flesh growing therein , which in time sloppeth the passage of breath through that Nostril ; and it helpeth those clefts or chops that come between the Fingers or Toes . Crollius saith , that because it hath such rough spots on the backside of the Leaves , it healeth all sorts of scabs whatsoever by Signature . And here I might tell Mr. Culpepper , that the Colledge of Physitians forbid not other Polypody , but onely prescribe that of the Oak for the best , because every Excrescence or Plant upon a Plant , as Polypody commonly is , doth participate of the nature of that Tree whereon it groweth . And seeing that the Oak is of a more drying or purging quality then any of the other Trees it commonly growes upon therefore the Polypody of the Oaks is best ; but why do I answer for the learned Colledge , who are more able to answer for themselves , had they thought their ●●●ing Antagonist worth the taking notice of . Creeping Oak-Fern , hath been by some Apothecaries beyond the Sea , mistaken for Polypody , to the endangering of those that took it ; for it hath not that purging quality proper to Polypody ; but a pernicious operation . Yet it is a remedy to take away hairs , as Dioscorides saith , if the Roots and Leaves be bruised together , and applyed after sweating . Matth●●lus saith , that the Root in Powder , with a little Salt and Bran , is given to ●orses for the Worms . The last , viz. White Oak-Fern is moderate in tast , somewhat drying , and may be safely used instead of the true Maidenhair .

CHAP. CXVI . Of Whortle-Berries .

The Names .

THere be severall Sorts of Whortle-Berries , whereof that with black-Berries is taken to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of Theophrastus , that is , Vitis ex parte Idae quam vocant Phalacras ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Vitis , being both taken in a large Sense , as the word Vine must also be . The Latine followeth the Greek , in which it is called Vitis Idaea Theophrastl ; and because all the rest have a resemblance to this , they are all called Vites Idaea . The fruits are called Vaccinia ; and therefore some have thought this sort to be the Vaccinia Nigra of Virgil ; but he putteth his Vaccinia amongst Flowers , and not among fruits , saying , Et nigrae violae sunt ● vaccinia nigra . Vitruvius & Pliny indeed have a Vaccinium , which was used to dye Garments , which might very well be this ; for such a Purple Colour will the juyce hereof give , if it be rightly ordered . It is also called Myrtillus , and by some , Myrtillus Germanica , because the Physitians , and Apothecaries in Germany , and thereabouts , took them to be true Myrtle-Berries & so used them , till they were shewed their errour . They are called Whorts , and Whortle-Berries and Bill-Beries also , in the parts about London .

The Kindes .

There be nine sorts of Whorts reckoned up by Authours . 1. Black Whorts , or Bill-Berries 2. The greater Bill-Berry . 3. Hungarian black Whorts . 4. Red Whorts , with Box-Leaves . 5. Red Whorts , with longer Leaves . 6. The Spanish Red Whort . 7. The French , Honey , sweet Whorts . 8. The talled red Whorts of Candy . 9. The lower Candy red Whorts .

The Form .

The small Bush that beareth black Whorts , or Bill-berries , creepeth along upon the ground , scarce rising half a yard high , with divers small , dark , green Leaves , set on the green branches , not alwayes one against another , and a little dented about the edges : At the foot of the Leaves , come forth small , hollow , pale , blush coloured Flowers , the brims ending in five points , with a reddish thred in the middle , which passe into small round Berries , of the bigness and colour of Juniper-Berries ; but of a Purple , sweetish sharp tast the juyce of them giveth a Purplish colour , to the hands and lips of them , that handle and eat them , especially , if they break them , containing within them divers small Seeds . The Root groweth aslope under the surface of the ground , shooting forth in sundry places as it creepeth . This loseth its Leaves in the Winter , but the red kind retaineth them .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in many Heaths , Woods , and barren hilly places in this Land , as Hampstead-Heath , Finchley , and St. Johns Wood , not far from London , and in sundry other places . The first red sort in the Northern parts , as Northumberland , Lancashire , and York-shire , on the Hills , &c. The rest grow in Hungaria , Bavaria , and Germany , and in other Countries also . The sixth , Clusins found in Spain . The seaventh groweth as L●●el saith , on every of the Hills in Provence of France . The two last in Candy . They all flower in March , and April , and the fruit of the black , is ripe in June and July ; the other , later .

The Temperature .

The Bill-berries do cool in the second Degree , and do a little bind , and dry withall .

The Vertues .

The Berries aforesaid , are an excellent Medicine for those that are troubled with an old Cough , or with an Vlcer in the Lungs , or other Disease thereof ; but if they be eaten by those that have a cold or weak stomack , they will much offend and trouble it ; and therefore the Juyce of the Berries made into a Syrup , or the pulp of them made into a Conserve with Sugar , will be more familiar to such , and help those pains the cold fruit procured ; and being thus prepared , they will be the more effectuall in hot Agues , and to cool the heat of the Stomach and Liver , and do somewhat bind the Belly , and stay castings and loathings , with the juyce of the Berries . Painters , to colour Paper and Cards , do make a kind of Purple blew colour , putting thereto some Allome and Galls , whereby they can make it lighter and sadder , as they please . And some poor folks , as Tragus sheweth , do take a Pot full of the juyce strained , whereunto an Ounce of Allome , four spoonfulls of good Wine-Vinegar and a quarter of an Ounce of the wast of the Copper forgings , being put together , and boyled all together into this liquor , whilest it is reasonable , but not too hot , they put their Cloth , Wool , Thred , or Yarn therein , letting it lie for a good while , which being taken out , and hung up to dry , and afterwards washed with cold water , will have the like Turky blew colour ; and if they would have it sadder , they will put thereto , in the boyling , an Ounce of broken Gauls . Gerard saith , that he hath made of the juyce of the red Berries , an excellent Crimson colour , by putting a little Allom thereto ▪ The red Whorts are taken to be more binding ; and therefore to be used in stopping Lasks , and Womens Courses , spitting of blood , and any other Flux of blood , or humours , as well outwardly as inwardly .

CHAP. CXVII . Of Sweet Cicely .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as well as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Myrrhis , and Myrrha , likewise in Latine , in imitation of the Greek ▪ and also because of its pleasant savour , being somewhat like unto Myrrhe . Pliny saith , that some called Myrrhis , by the name of Smirnisusa , and others Myrrha ; yet some have it Smyrrhiza , from the likeness unto S 〈…〉 ium . Some also call i● Caerefolium magnum , and some Cicutaria , from the likeness of the Leaves , and of some Conilaus . We in England also call it Myrrhis , Sweet Chervill , great Chervill , sweet Cicely , and sweet Fern.

The Kindes .

There be five Sorts of Sweet Chervill . 1. The ordinary Garden sweet Chervil . 2. The lesser sweet Chervill . 3. Wild sweet Chervill . 4. Wild sweet Chervill of England . 5. Wild sweet Chervill of Naples .

The Form .

The ordinary Garden Sweet Chervill , which is so like Hemlock , that many have mistaken it for the same ; yet it groweth not so high , but hath large spread Leaves , cut into divers parts , tasting as sweet as the Anniseed , that riseth to be two foot high , or better , being crested , or hollow , having the like Leaves at the Joynts ; but lesser , and at the tops of the branched stalks , umbels , or tufts of whi●e Flowers : after which come large , & long-crested , black-shining Seed , pointed at both ends , tasting quick , yet sweet and pleasant , like the Leaf or Anniseed : the Root is great and white , growing deep in the ground , and spreading sundry long Branches therein , in tast and smell , stronger then the Leaves or Seed , and continuing many years .

The Places and Time .

The first is planted in divers Gardens here in England , & in Germany also , though it be thought by some , to grow wild in the fields of that Country , which the 3d sort may haply do with them , as well as with us in England , near unto the ditch sides , and other water courses : The second is a naturall of Geneva , and the parts thereabouts , as Lobel saith ; but was sent also by Aicholzius , from Vienna to Norunberg , to Camerarius , as he saith , and is likely to be naturall of those parts also . The fourth was found by Columna , upon some of the Hills in Naples . The last hath been seen growing in some wast places of this Land . These Herbs do flower in May , and their Seed is ripe in July .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Myrrhis , that is , Sweet Cicely , is hot in the second degree with some tenuity of parts .

The Vertues .

The Root of the ordinary Garden sweet Chervill , boyled in the broth wherein flesh hath been sodden , doth cleanse the breast from flegm , and all corruption , and is very good for such as be lean and weak ▪ or falling into a consumption of the Lungs , to make them strong and ●usty . It is likewise good to help the P●isick , if it be boyled but in Beer . Being drunk with Wine , it provoketh Womens Courses , it expelleth the dead Child and After-birth , and purgeth Women after their deliverance ; it provoketh Urine , and is good against all venomous bitings . If the Root be sliced , and ●aid to s●eep in White-wine all night , and drunk in the morning with Sugar , it wi●l give the party that taketh it three or four stools . It procureth an appetite to meat , and helpeth to expell wind . The juyce , with Powder of burnt Allom , healeth the Ulcers of the Head and Face ; and killeth the Canker in the Mouth or Throat , being annointed therewith . The Candid Roots of this Chervill , are held as effectuall as Angelica , to preserve the spirits from infection , in the time of a Plague : as also to warm , and comfort a cold weak stomach . Both Leaves , Seeds and Roots , are so fine and pleasant in Sallets , as there is no Herb comparable unto it , and giveth a better rellish to those it is put with : the Seeds while they are fresh and green , sliced , and put among other Herbs , make them tast very pleasant : the Root boyled , and eaten with Oyl and Vinegar , or without Oyl , if any one mislike it , doth much please and warm a cold or old stomack , oppressed with flegm or wind , and those that have the Ptisick , and Consumption of the Lungs .

The Lungs and the particular Diseases thereof , being thus spoken to , I shall descend unto the Heart , which is the first thing in a Man that lives , and the last that dies : upon the wel-fare whereof , the wel-fare of all other parts depends , and therefore especially to be provided for , so that I shall muster up a little Regiment of Simples to defend it from those poysonous enemies , which would otherwise assault it , to the endangering of the wh●le Microcosme . And I shall begin with Angelica , because it relates both to that which goes before , and that which comes after .

CHAP. CXVIII . Of Angelica .

The Names .

IT is not yet known , whether any of the Ancients knew this Herb , or by what name the Greeks did call it , however it hath gained many worthy names of the Latine Writers ; for some have called it Sancti Spiritus radix , and have been blamed for it already ; others , Lacuna ; and Dodonaeus thinketh it to be some kind of Laserpitium : some have taken it to be Smyrnium , and some Panax Heracleum ; but generally , it is called Angelica , for the rare smell , and Angel-like properties therein , and that name it retains still , all Nations following it so near as their Dialect will permit .

The Kinds .

Former times knew but two sorts hereof , but now there are sound out two more , 1. Garden Angelica . 2. Wild Angelica . 3. Mountaine Wild Angelica , 4. The great Water Angelica .

The Forme .

The Garden Angelica , hath divers large and fair spread and winged Leaves , half a yard long or better sometimes , made of many great and broad ones , set usually one against another on a middle rib , of a pale but fresh green Colour , and dented about the edges , from among which usually riseth but o●e round hollow stalk being very thick , and four or five foot high , with divers great joynts and Leaves set on them , whose foot-stalks do compasse the main stalk at the bottom , and from thence also towards the top , come forth branches with the like , but lesser Leaves at ▪ them , and at their tops large , round , spread umbels of white flowers ; after which cometh the seed which is somewhat flat , thick , short , and whitish , two alwayes set together , as is usuall in all these umbelliferous plants , and a little crested on the round seed ; the root groweth great and wooddy , when it flowreth , with many great long branches to it , but perisheth after seed , which being suffered to fall of its own accord , will more certainly grow , then that which is gathered and sown by hand , at any other time .

The Places and Time .

The first is very Common in our English Gardens , and was brought hither as is conceived from beyond the Seas or from the Rocks , not far from Barwick , upon which it groweth . It is found in great plenty in Norway , and in an Island of the North call Iceland , where it groweth very high , and is eaten of those that come into that Country for want of other food , the bark being pilled off . It groweth likewise in divers mountains of Germany , and especially of Bohemia : The second Sort is wild both in many places of Essex , Kent , and neer Kentish-Town by London , and in other places : The third groweth on divers mountains of Germany and Hungary : The last is not onely naturall to grow in watery ditches , but in moist grounds , also in most places of England . They flower in Iuly and August , whose roots for the most part do perish after the seed is ripe ; and therefore they which desire to preserve them must keep it from seeding by cutting off the Leaves to Still , and so both the root and plant may be continued divers years together .

The Temperature .

Angelica , especially that of the Garden , is hot and dry , some put it in the second , and others in the third degree ; howsoever it openeth , attenuateth , or maketh thin , digesteth , and procureth sweat . The whole plant both Leaf , and Seed , and Root , is of an excellent pleasant scent , and tast very comfortable , being not fierce or sharp , but rather sweet , and giveth a most delicate relish when it is tasted or used : the Leaves be the weakest , and some hold the seed to be next , and the root to be the strongest , especially being not ready to grow up for stalk .

The Vertues .

If the Root of Angelica be taken in powder to the weight of half a dram at a time , with some good Treacle in Carduus water , or if treacle be not at hand , take the root alone in Carduus or Angelica water , and sweat thereupon , it re●steth poyson by defending the Heart , the blood and spirits ; and giveth heat and Comfort to them , and it doth the like against the Plague and Infection of the Pestilence , and so do the stalks or roots candyed , and eaten fasting at such times , and also at other times to warme and Co●●ort a cold and old stomack . The root also steeped in Vinegar , and a little of that Vinegar taken sometimes fasting , and the root smelled unto , are both good Preservatives also for the same purpose . A water distilled from the Root simply , or steeped in Wine and distilled in glasse is much more effectuall then the water of the leaves : and this water drunk two or three spoonfulls at a time , ea●eth all paines and torments coming of Cold and Wind , so as the body be not bound ; and some of the root taken in powder at the beginning helpeth the Pl●urisie , and all other diseases of the Lungs and Breast , as Coughs , Pthisick , and Shortnesse of breath , and a Syrup of the stalks doth the like . It helpeth likewise the torments of the Colick , the Strangury , and stopping of the Urin , procureth womens Courses , expelleth the Afterbirth , openeth the obstructions o● the Liver and spleen , and briefly easeth and discusseth all inward tumors and windinesse . The decoction drunk before the fit o● an Ague , that they may sweat if possible before the fit come , will in two or three times taking , rid it quite away : it helps digestion and is a remedy for a surfit . The juyce or the water being dropped into the eyes or eares , helps dimnesse of sight , and deafnesse , and the juyce put into an hollow Tooth easeth the paines . The roots in powder made up into a Plaister with a little pitch , and laid on the biting of a mad dog ▪ or any other Venemous Creature , doth wonderfully help . The juyce or the water dropped , or Tents wet therein , and put into old filthy deep Ulcers , or the powder of the Root ( in want of either ) doth cleanse them and cause them to heale quickly by covering the naked Bones with flesh : The distilled water applyed to places pained with the Gout or Sciatica , doth give a great deal of ease . The green or dry Leaves boyled in Beer , or put therein upon the Tunning up , maketh it more wholsom , and giveth thereunto a most excellent relish . The decoction taken helpeth inward bruises & congealed blood , strengtheneth the stomack & is effectuall for the Suffocation of the Muther . The root taken dry or drunk in any Liquor , will abate the rage of Lust in young persons . The root being used green , helpeth such as be Short-winded , and those that are troubled with stuffings in their Stomach . The Wild Angelica is not so effectuall as the Garden , although it may be used for all the purposes aforesaid . The root of the garden Angelica is a better substitute in Theriaca Andromachi or Venice Treacle , and Mithridate , then many others , that have been used therein .

CHAP. CXIX . Of Saffron .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latin Crocus and Crocum which are the Names used in the shops of Apothecaries , in English Saffron . The Poets say , it was called Crocus , from a young man of that name who pining away for the love of Smilax , was turned into this Flower ; Ovid testifying as much , in the verse following ,

Et Crocum in parvos versum cum Smilace flores .

It may not unfitly be called , Filius ante patrem , or the Father before the Son . Because it first putteth forth the Flowers , and then the Leaves ▪

The Kinds .

There being but one kind of the true manured Saffron I shall put down five of the more Common wild sorts ; 1. Wild Saffron flowring early with an Ash-coloured streaked flower . 2. Wild , yellow , Spring Saffron . 3. Broad leaved Wild-Spring Saffron with a Purple flower . 4. Autumne Wild Saffron , with white Flowers . 5. Small Wild Saffron .

The Form .

The manured true Saffron , hath its Flower first rising out of the ground , nakedly without any Leaves , shortly after which , riseth up its long small grassy Leaves , seldom bearing Flower , and Leaves at once , the root is small , round , and Bulbous . The Flower consisteth of six small blew Leaves , tending to Purple , having in the middle many small yellow strings or threds , amongst which are two or three or more thick fat Chives , of a fiery colour , somewhat reddish , of a strong smell when they be dryed , but being newly gathered , and but rubbed upon ones hand , they will make it very yellow .

The Places and Times .

Fuchsius saith , that heretofore the best Saffron , grew upon the Mountaine Corycus in Cicilia , and the next to that upon Olympus a Mountaine in Lycia ; but since the profit that ariseth from this commodity hath been discovered , it hath beene planted in Germany , and likewise in England , in divers places , but especially in Cambrigeshire , about Walden , which is therefore called Saffron-Walden , where there be divers feilds full of it . It beginneth to Flower in September , and presently after the Leaves Spring up and remaine green all the Winter-long , dying againe in April , when it commonly putteth forth another Crop of Flowers , which must be gathered assoon as it is blown , or else the Chives in the middle , which are the Commodity , will perish ; so that it is allowed to be gathered on the Sabbath day , by that strict Sabbatarian Mr. Greenham in his Treatise on that subject , because it is conceived that God who hath made the Saffron so to Flower , would not that a thing so usefull for mans health , should be lost for want of gathering . This information I had from my learned friend Mr. Hudson , Minister of Putney , the place of my abode at the writing hereof . The Wild Sorts were brought some out of Italy , and some out of Spaine , and are growing in divers of our London Gardens : they Flower for the most part in Jannuary and February ; but that with Flowers , groweth upon certaine craggy Rocks , in Portugall , not far from the Sea side , which hath been brought over into England also , and flowreth in September .

The Temperature .

Saffron is a little astringent or binding , but his hot quality doth so over rule in it , that in the whole essence it is in the number of those herbes which are hot in the second degree , and dry in the first : therefore it hath also a certain force to concoct , which is furthered by the small astriction that is in it , as Galen saith .

The Vertues .

There is not a better Cordial amongst herbs then Saffron is ; for it doth much comfort the Heart , and recreateth the Spirits , and makes them cheerfull that use it , and therefore it is called Cor hominis the Heart of man , and when we see a man over merry , we have a Proverb Dormivit in sacco Croci , He hath slept in a bagge of Saffron . It expells Venemous Vapors from the Heart , and therefore is very usefull in the Plague , Pestilence , and small Pox , strengthneth the stomack , preservs the Entralls , helpeth Concoction and naturall heat ; It is called by some Anima Pulmonum , because it is very profitable for the Lungs , and the Consumption thereof , as also for the shortnesse of breath . It is likewise very profitable for the Head , Stomach , Spleen , Bladder , Womb , Animal , Vital and Naturall Spirits , and is usefull in cold diseases of the Braine and nerves , and quickens the memory , and senses . It is good in the Pleurity , openeth the stoppings of the Liver , and ●all , and therefore is usefull in the yellow Jaundise , which it cureth by sig●● 〈…〉 e , and against Melancholly , provoketh Urine , and Venus , hastneth Child-birth , procures a good colour to them that use it . It is profitable , in sits of the 〈◊〉 especially the Tincture thereof : It is best for old persons that are phlegmatick and Melancholick , and that in the Winter Season . It is outwardly used against the Gout , to ease the paine thereof , being mixed with the Yolke of an Egge and Oyle of Roses and applyed . A Cataplasme of Pul● is made of Saffron , Milke , and the crums of Bread being applyed , mollifyeth Tumors and Aposthums , it easeth sore Eyes and blood-shotten , being used with red-Roses and the white of an Egge , being mixed with red-Rose-water , and Womans Milke ; it preserveth the Eyes from the small Pox , and Measles , and being made up in a stay and put under the Throat of one that hath the small-Pox ; keepeth them from the place which would otherwise be much more troublesome , if the life not hazzarded . It is used against Erysipelas , or Wild-fire , and Inflammations ; it helpeth deafenesse , if it be mixed with Oyle of bitter-Almonds , and put into the Eare warme , or dip black wooll in some of it , and put it into the Eares . It killeth the Itch , and is used in pultisses for the Matrix and Fundament , to ease the paine thereof , and also for old Swellings , and Aches . Too much of it causeth the Head-ach , offendeth the Brain and Senses , brings drowsinesse , and hurts the sight : it causeth a loathing of the stomack , & takes away the appetite , and provokes laugh 〈…〉 . Some write , that if two or three drams thereof be taken , it brings death ; it is not safe to give to Women with Child . The weight of ten graines of Saffron , the kernells of Wallnuts two ounces , Figs two ounces , Mith●idate one dram , and a few Sage Leaves , stamped together with a sufficient quantity of Pimpernell water , and made into a masse or lump , and kept in a Pot for your use , and thereof twelve graines given in the morning fasting , preserveth from the Pestilence , and expelleth it from those that are infected . Infinite advantage hath been made of this commodity , by those that Planted it , there being no Saffron comparable to the English , but now it is manured by so many , that it is not so profitable , as formerly .

CHAP. CXX . Of Borage .

The Names .

IT is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Euphrosyne ab efficienda animi volupta●● from causing mirth . Apul●●us said , that Buglossum ( meaning our Borage was called by them of Luca , Corrag● , quod cordis affectibus medetur , because it is very Cordiall , which by the alteration of one letter is Borrage , and from thence as is supposed came the name Borrage , which is not found in any of the ancient Writers , whom I can perceive to make little or no difference between it and Buglosse , but rather that it is the same that was formerly so called , yet we have them growing in distinct formes in our Gardens .

The Kinds .

And of Borage commonly so called , I find five sorts ; 1. Garden Borage with blew Flowers ; 2. Garden Borage with white Flowers ; 3. Everlasting Borage ; 4. Small creeping Borage ; 5. Small wild Borage .

The Forme .

And because the first Garden Borrage , is so well known , I shall describe the Everlasting Borage , which hath very many broad Leaves , rough and hairy , of a black darke green colour , amongst which rise up stiffe hairy stalkes , whereupon do grow faire blew Flowers , ripe seed , and buds for new Flowers all at once , whereupon it is called Everlasting , and that very properly , because it lasteth both Summer and Winter , and is seldom without Flowers , buds , ripe or unripe seed , whereby it greatly increaseth . The roote is very durable .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in most Gardens , and there increaseth very much after it is once sown , the second and third are not so common , yet found in divers Gardens of those that affect rarities ; the last in Germany , as Lobel saith : and in Naples , as Columna saith ; and in Kent , if Mr. Parkinson mistake not . The fourth came to us out of the Low-Countrys , and prospereth well in the Physick-Garden at Oxfora ; they do all Flour in the moneths of June and July ; except the Creeping Borage , which Lobel saith flow●eth both in the Spring and in August , and their seed doth ripen quickly after ; both ripe seed & Flowers , may at one time be gathered from many of them .

The Temperature .

The Garden kinds are temperate , and accounted rather hot , and moist in the first degree then cold , and yet for their cordiall properties , are often used amongst other cold herbs , as conducing to the like effect .

The Vertues .

The Leaves , Flowers , and Seeds of Borage , all , or either of them are very Cordiall , and helpe to expell sadnesse and melancholy , arising without manifest cause , whereof came the saying Ego Borrago gaud a semper ago : I Bo rage bring allwaies Courage . It helpeth also to clarify the blood , is to very good purpose , used in all putrid or Pestilentiall Feavers to de end the Heart , and to help to re●st and expell the poyson , or the venome of other Creatures . The juice made into a Syrup , prevaileth much to all the purposes aforesaid , and is also put with other cooling , opening , and clensing herbs to open obstructions , and to help the yellow Jaundise , to coole and clense the blood , and temper the heate and sharpnesse thereof , especially with Fumitory , and thereby to helpe the Itch , Ring-wormes or Tetters , or other spreading Scabs or Sores , that arise from adust and sharp humors , and for that purpose is put into the Syrupus Byzantinus which worketh to the same effect . The Conserve made of the Flowers , or the Flowers candyed are helping also in those causes , but are chiefely used as a Cordiall , and good for those that have been long sick or in a Consumption , to comfort the Heart and Spirits , and is thereby good for those that are troubled with often swouning or passions of the Heart . The distilled Water , is no lesse effectuall to all the purposes aforesaid , and the eyes washed therewith helpeth the rednesse or inflamation of them . The dryed Herb is almost uselesse , yet the Ashes thereof boiled in Meade or Honyed water is available against Inflammations & Ulcers in the mouth or Throat , to wash and gargle it therewith . The green Leaves and stalkes with the Flowers on them are frequently used in the summer-time to be put in Wine or Beere ; for the comforting the Heart , and giving a better rellish thereunto . Syrup made of the Juice of Borage and Sugar , having some of the powder of the Heart-bone or a Hart put into it , is good against swouning , the Cardiack passion of the Heart , against melancholly , and the falling sicknesse . The wild Borage is , somwhat hotter and dryer , and is very neere the property of Vipers Buglosse , which differeth little from what hath been already said of Borage , as you shall heare hereafter .

CHAP. CXXI . Of Violets .

The Names .

THe Garden Violet is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Viola purpurea by Dioscorides , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Viola nigra , and Melanion by Theophrastus . Some would have the name to come from Io , whom Jove transformed into a Cow , because she fed on them , cheifly ; Others from certain Nymphes of Jonia , who first gave of the Flowers to Jupiter , for a presen●● others think it to be derived 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi●re , aut primum prorumpere : veris enim praevia , est Viola ; because it is one of the first herbs that flowreth . The Latines call it Viola Martia , and Herba Violaria ▪ Hearts●ease , which is also a kind of Violet , is called in English Pansyes , as also Love in idlenesse , Call me to you , and , Three faces under a hood : in Latine , Viola Tricolor , &c : of the three colours therein .

The Kinds .

There are many sorts of Violets ; 1. Single purple Violets ; 2. Single white Violets ; 3. Double purple Violets ; 4. Double white Violets . 5. Upright Violets . 6. Smal narrow Leafed Violets . 7. Mountaine Violets with jagged Leaves . 8. Yellow Violets of Virginia . 9. Yorkeshire striped red Violets . 10. Wild Violets . 11. Garden Pansyes . 12. Wild Pansyes or Hearts-ease .

The Forme .

The description of the ordinary Garden Violets being needlesse , I shall set down that of the upright Violet which groweth a foot-high or neere upon , with hard upright stalkes which yet bend down againe their tops , having two Leaves somwhat round , set at each joynt ; but longer and more dented about the edges then the Garden kinds , at which joynts with the Leaves , on both sides of the stalkes commeth forth a larger Flower , and more spread open then it , being more like a Pansye ; but of a pale purplish colour , almost as sweet as the Violet as Matthiolus , but without scent as Lobel saith .

The Names .

The four first sorts are usuall in Gardens , the fift was found upon Mount Baldus as also upon the Vaganean hills in Narbone , the sixth was found in Spaine by Boel , The Seaventh in Itady by Dr. Mera , The Eight came from Virginia , The Ninth from Yorkeshire , The Tenth grows under Hedges and Bushes almost every where ; the last in the Corne fields and in such as ly Ley , and in the borders of other fields . The Violets Flower in February and March ; and after them the Pansies till the end of July .

The Temperature .

The Garden Violets , and so likewise the Wild kinds are cold and moist whil'st they are fresh and green .

The Vertues .

The Flowers of Violets as well as those of Borage are reckoned to be cheife Cordiall Flowers , and are much used in Cordiall drinks , powders and other Medicines especially where cooling Cordialls as Roses and Saunders are used . They are used to coole any heate or distemperature of the Body either inwardly or outwardly in the Inflammation of the Eyes , in the Womb and Fundament when they are fallen down , and are full of paine , Imposthums also , and hot Swellings , to drinke the decoction of the Leaves of Flowers made with Water or Wine or to apply them pultis wise to the place that is grieved ; It likewise easeth paines in the Head , which are caused through want of sleep . A dram of the dryed Leaves of the Flowers of Violets doth purge the body of Cholericke humors and asswageth the heat , being taken in a draught of Wine or other drink . The pouder of the Leaves of the purple Flowers only pickt and dryed and drunk in powder with Water , is said to help the Quinsie and the Falling sicknesse in Children especially in the beginning of the Disease . The Flowers of the white Violets ripen and dissolve Swellings : The seed being taken resisteth the poyson of the Scorpion . The Herb or Flowers whil'st they are fresh , or the Flowers when they are dry , are effectuall in the Pleurisy and all other diseases of the Lungs , to lenify the sharpnesse of hot Rheums , and the hoarsenesse of the Throat , the heat also of the Urine , and the sharpnesse thereof , and all paines of the back or reines or bladder , They are good also for the Liver and the Jaundise , and in all hot Agues , helping to coole the heat and quench thirst : But the Syrup of Violets is of most use and of better effect , being taken in some convenient Liquor , and if a little of the Juice , or Syrup of Lemons be put to it , or a few drops of the Oyle of Vitriall , it is made thereby the more powerfull to coole the heat , and to quench the thirst , and , besides the effect , giveth to the drink both a Claret Wine colour , and a pleasant tast , Violets taken or made up with honey do more clense then coole , and with Sugar contrarywise . The Leaves of Violets are used in cooling Plaisters , Oyls , Cataplasms , or Pultises , and are of great efficacy among other Herbs , as Mercury , Mallowes , &c. to be put in Clysters .

CHAP. CXXII . Of Straw-berries .

The Names .

THe whole Plant is called Fragraria , and the Berries Fraga , à fructus fragrantia , odoris , & gustus ; for it hath no certain Greek name : yet there are some which think it to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , that is , Rubus Idaus , because it hath no prickles , which Opinion Fuchsius saith , is not to be despised . Others say , that they called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because of the ●ikeness of the fruit , with that of the Tree-Strawberry . Servius calleth them , Mora terrestria , Ground Mulberries , because they are somewhat like those that grow on Trees .

The Kindes .

I have not yet met with any more then six sorts of Straw-berries . 1. Red Straw-berries . 2. White Straw-berries . 3. Small Straw-berries , with hard Leaves . 4. Flat Straw-berries . 5. Dwarf Straw-berries . 6. Barren or unprofitable Straw-berries .

The Form .

I know not whether the Dwarf-Straw-berry be brought over in England , yet I shall venter to give you so much of its Description , as Parkinson hath set down , choosing rather to give you the Description of a strange Plant , then of the others which are so commonly known . It hath very small triparted Leaves next the ground , closer set together upon short foot-stalks then any other , and those that are set on both sides of the long branch , not above four inches long , which lyeth creeping on the ground , grow lesse , and without stalk : the Flower standeth at the end of the Branch many times ; but one at a place , which consisteth of five round Leaves , like a Straw-berry , but larger then agreeth with the proportion of the Plant , and is of a yellowish colour ; what fruit it beareth , is not set down .

The Places and Time .

The two first grow in Gardens , though 't is probable , they were brought out of the Woods , where they do most delight : yet being set in a rich soyl , they become far greater . The three next grow upon divers of the Alps , and other places of Germany . The last is to be found in our own Land , in most Woods , and the Field sides , near unto them in Cornwall , as Lobel saith , and in other places also . They flower in May , or thereabouts most commonly , and are ripe in June ; but I have seen ripe Straw-berries after Michaelmas also .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of them are cooling in the first Degree , and yet some say , they are hot and drying in the second , the Root is more drying and binding : the Berries , wh●●e they are green , are cold and dry ; but when they are ripe , they are co●d and moyst .

The Vertues and Signature .

The water of the Berries carefully distilled , is a soveraign remedy and Cordiall in the pa●pitations of the heart , that is , the panting and beating of the heart , and is good for the over-flowing of the Gall , which causeth the ye●●ow Jaundise . The Berries themselves are ex●e●ent good to cool the Liver , t●e B●ood and Spleen , or an hot cho●eri●k s●omach , to refresh and comfort the ●ainting Spirits , and to quench thirst . They are good also for other Inflammations ; yet it 〈…〉 veth one to be ca●telous , or rather to refrain them in a Feaver , 〈◊〉 by the● putri●ying in the ●●oma●h , they increase the Fits , and make them to be 〈…〉 ore fier●e . The Leaves and Roots boyled in Wine and Water , as drunk , do likewi●e coo● the Liver and Blood , and asswage al Inflammations in the Reins and Bladder provoketh Urine , and allayeth the heat , and sharpness thereof : the same also bein● drunk , stayeth the Bloody Flux , and Womens Co●●es and helpeth the swel●ings of the Sp●een . The Juyce dropped into foul Ulcers , or they washed therewith or with the decoction of the Herb and Root , doth wonderfully cleanse them , and he●p to cure them . All Lotions and Gargles that are made for sore mouths or Ulcers therein , or in the privy parts , or else-where , are made with the Leaves and Roots he●eof , which is good also to fasten loose Teeth , and to heal spungy foul ●ums . The same also helpeth to stay Catarrhs , or Defluxions of Rheum , into the Mouth , Throat , Teeth , or Eyes . The juyce or water , is singular good for hot and red inflamed Eyes , if some thereof be dropped into them , or they bathed the●ewith : the ●aid juyce or water , is also of excellent property for all Pushes , Wheals , and other eruptions of hot and sharp humours , into the face or hands , or other parts of the Body , to bathe them therewith , and helpeth to take away any redness in the face , and spots , or other deformities of the Skin , and to make the Skin clear and smooth . The water of Straw-berries distilled in a body of Classe , after they have stood in a bed of hot Horse-dung , twelve or fourteen dayes , cureth the Lepry by Signature , if it be drunk , and the Spots be bathed therewith . And upon this account , they are commended by R●imundus Lull●us , being macerated in the spi●it of Wine , ●nd used . The same is very profitable for most of the purposes aforesaid ; and also for the Morphew .

CHAP. CXXIII . Of Wood-Sorrel .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the sharp tast that it hath ; in Latine , Trifol●um Acetosum , and of some , Panis Cucul● Cuckow-bread either because the Cuckowes de●ight to seed thereon , or that it beginneth to b●ossom , when the Cuckow beginneth to ●tter her voyce . It is ca●ed by the Apothecarie in their Shops , Alleluja and 〈…〉 jula , the one as some think because it was found in Procession , whi●est the Processioners were singing Alleluja or else because it ●owreth about that time , which is used to be between Easter & Wh●ts●utide , the other came corruptly ●rom Juliola , as they of Calabria in N●ples do call it : In English Wood-Sorrel , Wood-sower , Stabwort , and Sorrel du bois .

The Kinds .

There are two sorts of Wood-Sorrel , the one fami●iar enough , and that is Common Wood-Sorrel : the other a stranger , as far as I can earn and on●y ●herished in the Gardens of those that are curious , and that is Wood-Sorrel , with ye●low Flowers .

The Form .

The common Wood-Sorrel groweth low upon the ground , without any stalk rising from it , hath a number o● Leaves comming from the Root , made of three Leaves , like a Trefo●le , or three-leafed Grasse , every leaf somewhat resemb●ing an Heart , being broad at the ends , cut in the middle , and sharp towards the stalk of a faint yellowish green colour , every one standing on a long red foot-stalk which at their first comming up , are close fo●ded together to the stalk , but opening themselves afterwards : and are of a fine sowre rellish , more p●easing them many of the other Sorrels , and yielding a juyce , which wi●l turn red when it is clari●ed , amongst these leaves , rise up divers slender weak foot-stalks , not growing above them , with every one of them a flower at the top , consisting of five small and pointed Leaves , Star-fashion , of a white colour in most places , or in some dasht over with a small shew of blush , and in some , but on the back side only : after the Flowers are past , follow small , round heads , with small yellowish Seeds in them : the Roots are nothing but threds , or small strings fastened to the end of a small long peece , all of them being of a yellowish colour , not perishing every year , but abiding with some Leaves thereon in the Winter .

The Places and Time .

The Common Wood-Sorrel groweth plentifully in many places of this Land , in Woods and Wood-sides , where it may be moyst , and shadowed , and in other places that are not too much open to the Sun , yet it is known by few ▪ except it be by those Herb-women , that gather it , and sell it to the Apothecaries . The other groweth in divers shadowy places , about Sevill in Spain , and in Gardens at Mompeliar . The first flowreth early in April and May , the other after Midsummer and so continueth in flowre untill the Autumn colds make it to perish , but some Seed is ripe in the mean time .

The Temperature .

Wood-Sorrel is as the other Sorrels are , cold and dry in the second Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Leaves of this Herb representing the Heart , are according to their Signature , found to be very effectuall for the said part , by defending it from the Plague , or any other pestilentiall Disease that may ceaze thereon ; and also by cooling it in Feavers , Agues , or other sicknesses , or faintings that rise from heat , a dram of the Conserve thereof , being taken every morning , or oftner , if occasion require ▪ It hindereth putrefaction of the blood , and Ulcers of the ●●uth & Body , quencheth thirst , strengtheneth a weak stomach , procureth an Appetite , stayeth vomiting , and is of most singular use in any contagious Disease , or Pestilentiall Feaver . Of the juyce , which will turn red , when it is clarified , is made a dainty fine Syrup , very effectuall also in any of the distempers aforesaid , and so is the distilled water of the Herb also . Spunges , or linnen Cloaths , wetted in the juyce , and applyed outwardly , to any hot tumours and Inflammations , doth exceedingly cool and help them : the same juyce taken into the mouth , and there gargled for some time , and after spit forth , and fresh taken , will wonderfully help a stinking foul Canker , or Ulcer therein . It is also singular good in wounds , Punctures , thrusts and stabs into the Body , to stay the bleeding , and to cleanse and heal the wounds speedily , and helpeth well also to stay any hot defluxions , or Catarrhs , upon the Throat and Lungs .

CHAP. CXXIV . Of Baulm .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Melissophyllum , or Meliphyllum , id est , Apum folium , that is , Bees-Leaf , because the Bees are very much delighted therewith . In Latine , Melissa , and Citrag● , ab odore Citri , because it smelleth like a Citron , Apiastrum , from the pleasure that Bees take in it , and Melissophyllum of the effect , it being good for Bees . We in English call it Bawm , from the singular effects therein , in imitation of the true naturall Balm .

The Kinds .

Besides the Ordinary Baulm , which usually groweth in our Gardens , there are five other sorts . 1. Turky Baulm , with a blew Flower . 2. Turky Baulm , with a white Flower . 3. Unpleasant Baulm . 4. Great Assyrian Baulm . 5. Prickly Assyrian Baulm .

The Form .

The Common Garden Baulm hath divers square green stalks , with round , hard , dark , green Leaves , pointed at the ends , like an Heart , and a little dented round about the edges , set by couples at the joynts ; of a sweet smell , comming nearest to a Citron or a Lemmon , the Flowers are small and gaping , growing at the tops of the stalks , of a pale Carnation colour , almost white : the Roots fasten themselves strongly in the ground , and endure long ▪ the leaves and stalks dying down yearly .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth no where but in Gardens : the two next grow naturally in Moldavia , which is under the Turkish Dominion . The third at the foot of divers Hills , both in Germany and Narbone in France . The fourth and fifth in Syria , as their Titles do declare . The three first , flower somewhat earlier in the Summer , then the two Assyrian kinds , which flower very seldom before the middle of August , so that it hardly giveth any good Seed , although the two former do plentifully .

The Temperature .

Baulm is hot and dry in the second degree , having also a purging quality therein , with some tenuity of parts .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Leaves of this Herb have also the Signature of the Heart ; and accordingly it is very much commended for the passions of the heart . For Serapio saith , it is the property of Baulm , to cause the mind and the heart to become merry , to revive the fainting heart falling into Swoonings , to strengthen the weakness of the Spirits and Heart , and to comfort them ; especially , such who are troubled in their sleep , to drive away all troublesome cares and thoughts out of the mind , whether those passions arise from melancholy , or burnt flegme , which Avicen also confirmeth . It is good for a cold stomach , to help digestion , and to open the obstruction of the Brain : as also among other things for the Plague , the water thereof , but especially , the Conserve of the Flowers being used . It provoketh Womens Courses , helpeth a stinking breath , and is good for the rising of the Mother . A Decoction of Baulm made in Wine , and drunk , is good against Venom and Poyson , helpeth the griping pains of the Belly , and is good for them that cannot take their breath , unless they hold their necks upright , being taken in a Lohock , o● licking Electuary . The Syrup of Baulm is likewise a good Cordiall , and strengtheneth the heart and stomach , resisteth Melancholy , and is very profitable in burning and contagious Feavers . A Cawdle made with the juyce hereof , while it is young : together , with Eggs , and some Rose-water and Sugar put thereto , is often given to Women in Child-bed , when the After-birth is not throughly avoided ; and for their faintings upon , or after their sore Travels . The Herb bruised and boyled in a little Wine and Oyl , and laid warm on a Boyl , will ripen and break it , used with Salt , it taketh away Wens , Kernels , or hard swellings in the flesh or Throat : it cleanseth foul Sores , and easeth the pains of the Gout . The juyce thereof used with a little Honey , is a good remedy for the dimness of the sight , and to take away the mistiness of the Eyes . It is used in Bathes , amongst other warm Herbs , to comfort the Joynts and Sinews . It is a good remedy against the sting of Scorpions , or other venomous Creatures ▪ and against the stinging of Bees : as also against the bitings of Dogs : The Decoction thereof is good for Women to bathe or sit in , to procure their Courses , and for those that have the bloody Flux : as also to wash the Teeth therewith , when they are full of pain . It is very often put into Oyls or Salves , to heal green Wounds . It is very necessary for those that keep Bees , to have this Herb planted near them , both to have their Hives rubbed therewith , which will not only keep them together , but draw others ; for they love very much to suck and feed upon it , as its name importeth .

CHAP. CXXV . Of Marigolds .

The Names .

IT is not certainly known by what name the Greeks called this Plant. Some think it to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; but I think that name doth more properly belong to the Corn Marigold , the Flower of that comming nearer to a golden colour then that of the Garden , though there be some of the Garden , that are near that colour also . It is called in Latine Calendula , because it hath been observed , to flower most about the Calends of every moneth , and it is so called of the Shops also . Of some Caltha , and Caltha Poetarum , whereof Columella and Virgil do write . It is thought to be Gromphena Plinii . In English , Marigolds and Ruds .

The Kinds .

There be near upon twenty sorts of Marigolds , yet I shall trouble you with no more ▪ then ten at this time . 1. The greatest double Marigold . 2. The greater double Marigold . 3. The smaller double Marigold . 4. The double Globe-Marigold . 5. The straw-coloured double Marigold . 6. The single Marigold . 7. The fruitful Marigold . 8. Jack an Apes on Horse-back . 9. Mountain Marigold . 10. The wild Marigold .

The Form .

The greatest double Marigold hath many large , fat , broad Leaves , springing immediately from a fibrous or threddy Root : the upper side of the Leaves are of a deep green , and the lower side of more light , or shining green : among which , rise up stalks somewhat hairy ; and also somewhat joynted , and full of a spongious pith : The Flowers growing on the top , are beautiful , round , very large and double , something sweet , with a certain strong smell , of a light Saffron colour , or like pure Gold : from the which follow a number of long crooked Seeds , especially the outmost , or those that stand about the edges of the Flower , which being sowen , commonly bring forth single Flowers , whereas contrariwise those Seeds in the middle are lesser , and for the most part , bring forth such Flowers , as that was from whence it was taken .

The Places and Times .

All the Sorts afore-named are Inhabitants of the Garden , except the two last , whose naturall places of being , may be discovered by their Titles . They flower from April , even unto Winter , and in Winter also , if it be warm , and therefore some have called it Flos omnium mensium , supposing it to flower throughout every moneth in the year .

The Temperature .

The Flower of the Marigold is of temperature hot , almost in the second Degree , especially when it is dryed .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Flowers of Marigolds , comfort and strengthen the Heart exceedingly , provoke sweat and Womens Courses , and expell the After-birth , withstand poyson and Venery , are good in pestilent and contagious Feavers : as also in the Jaundise , and are very expu●sive , and little lesse effectuall in the small Pox and Meazles , then Saffron . The Conserve made of the Flowers , taken morning and evening , helpeth the trembling of the heart , and is very useful in the time of Pestilence , when the Air is corrupted . The Flowers either green or dryed , are used much in Possets , Broths , and Drinks , as a comforter of the Heart and Spirits , and to expell any Malignant or Pestilentiall quality , that might annoy them , especially amongst the Dutch , where they are sold by the penny . The Juyce helpeth the Tooth-ach , the pained Tooth being washed therewith ; and if Warts be rubbed therewith , it taketh them away . The said juyce mixed with Vinegar , and any hot swelling bathed with it , instantly giveth ease , and asswageth it . A Plaister made of the dry Flower in Powder , Hogs-grease , Turpentine , and Rosin , and applyed to the Breast , strengthens and succours the Heart infinitely in Feavers , whether Pestilentiall , or not Pestilentiall . A fume of the Decoction used hot , helpeth to expell the Secondine or After-birth . The juyce dropped into the Ears , killeth Worms . The di●i●led water is good for many of the purposes aforesaid , and also helpeth red and watery Eyes , being washed therewith , which it doth by Signature , as Crollius saith .

CHAP. CXXVI . Of Swallow-wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ab Aesculapio , from Aesculapius , that famous Doctor of Physick , whom the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Some Bastard Names it hath also , as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quasi Hederula , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi Hederula folium , the form of the Leaves being like unto Ivy. Ruellius calleth it Hederalis in Latine , but it is better known by the Names of Asclepias , and Vincet●xicum ; which last is a generall word for any Counter-poyson , and commeth from Vinc● , to over-come , and Toxicum Poyson : It was anciently called Hirundinaria ▪ ( although both the kinds of Chelidonium majus , and minus , be called Hirundinaria ) that is , Swallon-wort ; ab Hirundine , from a Swallow , because the pointed Cods , when they are open and the Silk appeareth out of them , do somewhat resemble a Swallow flying . Others say from the Seed , which is feathered , as it were , with Down about it . In English , it is called Swallow-wort ; and of some , Silken Cicely .

The Kinds .

There be only three Sorts of Swallow-wort , that I can find , 1. Swallow-wort with white Flowers . 2. Swallow-wort with black Flowers . 3. Swallow-wort of Candy .

The Form .

The Swallow-wort with white-flowers , riseth up with divers slender weake stalkes to be halfe a yard or two foot long , not easy to break , yet scarce able to stand upright , and therefore for the most part leane or lye down upon the ground if they find not some thing to sustaine them , and then somtimes they will twine themselves about it , whereon are set two leaves at the joynts being somwhat broad , and long pointed at the end , of a darke green colour and smooth at the edges : at the joynts with the Leaves towards the top of the stalkes , and at the tops themselves , come forth divers small white flowers , consisting of five pointed leaves a piece , of an heavy sweet sent ; after wich come small long pods , thick above , and growing lesse and lesse to the point ; wherein by small flat brown seed wrapped in a great deale of white silken down , which when the pod is ripe , openeth of it selfe , and sheddeth both seed and cotton upon the ground , if it be not carefully gathered : the roots are a great bush of many white strings fastned together at the head , smelling somewhat strong while they are fresh and green , but more pleasant when they are dryed ; both leaves and stalkes dye down every yeare to the ground , and rise a new in the Spring , the stalkes at their first coming up being of a blackish brown colour .

The Places and Time .

One or two if not all of these sorts grow in the Physick Garden at Oxford ; but as for their naturall places , the two first grow in rough untilled places and on Mountaines in divers places , both in France about Narbone , Marscilles , and Mompelier , and in Italy also , and in other places . The last grow in Candy whence the seed came , which being sowne , groweth with us . They all flower in the moneths of June and July , and somtimes not untill August , if the yeare be backward , and their Cods with seed are ripe about a Moneth after ; the empty huske abiding on the dry branches , when the seed and silk is shed out and fallen on the ground or blown away with the wind .

The Temperature .

The rootes of Swallow-wort are hot and dry and have a soveraigne quality against all poysons , but in particular against the Apocinum or Dogsbane .

The Vertues .

A Dram of the powder of the roots of Swallow-wort taken in Sorrell or Bnglosse water is very effectuall against all the passions of the heart , and if a few Citron seeds be taken therewith in the same manner and measure , it easeth all the griping paines of the belly . It is likewise effectually given to any that are bitten by any venemous beast , or stung by any Serpent or other Creature ; as also against the biting of a mad dog , a dram and an halfe of the root being taken in Carduus water for divers dayes together . It is taken also in Wine every day against the Plague or Pestilence . The decoction of the rootes made with white-Wine , taken for divers dayes together , a good draught at a time and sweating presently thereupon cureth the Drop●y ; the same also helpeth the Jaundise , provoketh Urine , and ea●eth the Cough , and all defects of the Chest and Lungs . The powder of the Rootes taken with Peony seed is good against the Falling sicknesse , or what Basil seed or the rind of Pome Citrons , is good against Melancholy . Taken with the roots of White or Bastard D●ttany it killeth and expelleth the Wormes of the Maw and Belly . The rootes are very effectually used with other things in Bathes , made for women to ●t over , to ease all paines of the Mother , and bring down their courses . The Decoction likewise of the Roots hereof , and of Comfrey made with wine , is much commended to help those that are bursten , or have a rupture , and for them that have bin bruised with a fall , or otherwise . The powder of the root or leaves is no lesse effectuall to cleanse all putrid , rotten , and filthy Ulcers , and so●es wheresoever , then the Roots of Aristolochia or Birthwort , and may safely be used in all Salves , Unguents , and Lotions made for such purposes , instead thereof , the one for the other . The Leaves and Flowers boyled and made into a pultis , & applyed to the hard tumors or swellings of womens Breasts , cureth them speedily ; as also such evil sores , as happen in the Matrix : although they be inveterate or hard to be cured . The Down that is found in the Cods of these herbs , doth make a softer stuffing for Cushions or Pillows , or the like , than thistle down , which is much used in some places for the like purposes .

CHAP. CXXVII . Of Goates-Rue .

The Names .

THis Hearb being unknown to the Antient Authors , hath no Greek Name : in Latin , it is usually called Galega or Ruta Capraria . For they that first found it , and the vertues , gave that Name of Rue thereunto , as finding it no lesse effectuall then the Best Rue , and Capraria because it is good for Goates . Some call it Gralega , and some Herba Gallica as Fracastorius , and of some Capraria . Some with us call it Italian-Vetch , but most Commonly Goates Rue .

The Kinds .

The Sorts hereof are but two , 1. Common Goates Rue , 2. Mountain Goats Rue .

The Forme .

The Common or most usuall Goates Rue sendeth forth many round hard stalks , three or four foot high , whereon grow one above another at severall Joynts , Long winged Leaves , that is , many Leaves set one each side of a middle rib which are small , yet somewhat broad and long , and pointed at the end ; smooth on the Edges without any dents , somewhat like unto the Leaves of Vetches , and of a faint green Colour : at the topps of the stalks stand many small Leguminous flowers , one above another , of a pale blewish purple Colour , and in some plants pure white , after which come small round pods about ●n inch and an half long , a little bunched out in some places , but nothing so much as the Orobus or Bitter Vetch , wherein lie three , or four , or five small pale seed , like unto a Vetch . The root is white and wooddy , spreading well in the ground and abiding divers yeares .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers Gardens of this Land , as in the Physick Gardens so often mentioned , and very plentifully in a Garden at St. Albans , not farr from the Prison , sometimes in the possession of Dr. Arris , who was a great admi●er of the same for its Cordia vertues . It groweth Naturally by the way sides of moist fields , and Meadows , both in Italy , Savoy , and other places , and hath also bin found some years since in the Meadows by Linton , in Cambridgeshire . The other is said onely to grow upon the tops of mountaines . They flower in the end of Iune and Iuly and the seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Goates Rue is said to be of a mean Temperature between hot and cold .

The Vertues .

There is not any Plant more effectuall to preserve the heart from Palpitations , tremblings , and sownings , and against Melanchosicke Vapours oppressing it , then Goates Rue , which is a great Preservative also against the bitings or stings of any venemous Creatures : yea those Italians , ( as Pena and Lobel say ) and others , that use to gather Vipers , will use it rather then the Beast-Treacle to defend themselves from being bitten or stung by them , or to preserve them from any other infection , and therefore eat it continually , as other Hearbs in Sallets , or otherwise in their meates , and broths . It is likewise very powerfull against any poyson taken inwardly , the Pestilence or any infectious or pestilentious Feavers , or diseases , that break forth into spots or marks ; as the Measells , Purples , and the Small-Pox , in all which it is admirable both to preserve from infection , and cure those that are infected , to take every morning some of the juyce thereof , as also to eat the Hearb it self every morning fasting : but it will be the more effectuall , if the juyce be taken with a little good Treacle , and some Tormentill Roots in powder , mixed with Carduus Benedictus water , or with some Vinegar and fine Bolearmonick and Treakle in the said Water , and presently to sweat two houres thereupon , which it causeth in some sort it self . A spoonfull of the juyce given in a morning fasting , is very effectua●l to kill the wormes in Children ; or the Hearb it self , fryed with a little Oyl of bitter Almonds , and laid hot unto the Navill ; as also to help the Falling-Sicknesse before it grow strong and old upon them . It is very profitably applyed to the belly , pained with the griping of the wind and Collick , being fryed and laid-to warme . In the same manner , laid unto plague Sores before they be broken , it either disperseth them , ( yet defending the heart , not striking it inwardly , ) or draweth them forth and healeth them . It is also effectually applyed with Vinegar to Gangrenes , running Ulcers and Sores , to stay the malignity in their fretting and spreading and to defend the vitall Spirits from danger . Some use a Syrupe made of the juyce , and some of the distilled water as a more familiar Medicine , to take upon all occasions inwardly , for all the purposes aforesaids . And some use to make an Oyle of the Flowers , digested in the Sun , by often repetitions of infusion , to annoint the wrests of the hands , where the pulse is felt ; as also the region of the heart , to defend it from the diseases aforesaid , and danger of infection It is no lesse effectuall for Sheep , Goates , and other Cattell by the experiments that Goat-heards have made herewith . The Mountain Goates-Rue , is held almost as effectuall against poyson and the pestilence , as the former .

CHAP. CXXVIII . Of Vipers-Grasse .

The Names .

IT was found , and the Vertues thereof discovered , but of late dayes by a Mauritanian bondslave , who holpe divers that were bitten of that Venemous Beast , ( or Viper as it is called by others , which they of Catalonia , where they breed in abundance , call in their Language Escuersos , from whence Scorzonera is derived , ) with the juyce of this Herb , and the root given them to eate , which both took away the poyson , and healed the bitten place very quickly , when Treacle and other things would do no good : which ever since hath grown in estimation both against Venome and other diseases also . It is called in Lattin Viperaria , Viperina , or Serpentaria , but most Commonly Scorzonera , which name is generally given it by all Nations . We in English call it Scorzonera and Vipers-grasse .

The Kinds .

I find Ten Sorts of Vipers-grasse rekonned up by Authors , 1. Common Vipers grasse , 2. Dwarfe Vipers grasse , 3. Spanish Vipers grasse , 4. Dwarfe Spanish Vipers grasse , 5. The greater Hungarian broad leafed Vipers grasse , 6. The Dwarfe Hungarian Vipers grasse . 7. The small Hungarian Vipers grasse , 8. Purple Vipers grasse , 9. Tall Narrow Leaved purple Vipers grasse . 10. Vipers grasse of Sclavony .

The Forme .

The first of the Vipers grasses hath long broad leaves , fat or full bodyed , uneven about the edges , sharp pointed , with an high swoln rib down the middle , and of an overworn green colour , tending to that of Woad , amongst which riseth up a stiffe stalk , smooth and plaine , of two cubits high , whereon do grow such leaves as those next the ground . The flowers stand on the top of the Stalks , consisting of many small yellow leaves , thick thrust together , very double , like unto those of Tragopogon or Goates-beard , whereof most think it to be a kind . The Root is long , thick , very brittle , continueth many yeares , yeelding great increase of roots , black without , white within , and yeeldeth a milky juyce , as do the leaves also like unto the Goates-beards .

The Places and time

Many of the Sorts aforesaid are to be found in the Gardens of some Physitians , and Apothecaries who know the worth of them , as also in the Physick Gardens at Oxford , and Westminster , but especially the two first . The Third and Fourth in Spain as their titles do declare . The fifth in many places of Germany , Bohemia and Hungary . The Sixth on the hills by Baden in Germany . The Seventh in many of the same places with the Fifth . The Eighth and Ninth on a small hill nigh unto Stampfen , which is two Duch miles from Posonium , a chief Citty in Hungary . The last in Illyria or Sclavony , as Alpinus saith . They do all flower in May , and their seed is ripe before the end of June .

The Temperature .

V●pers-Grasse is thought not to exceed the first Degree of heat and moysture , which are the predominant qualities .

The Vertues and Signature .

The water of this Herb distilled in Glasses , or the Root it self taken is good against the passions and tremblings of the heart , and also against swounings , sadness and melancholy : the same also is a present remedy against all contagious Feavers ; for by causing sweat , the infection is evaporated , and the sick person restored . The Root preserved , and taken fasting , ●or the said water drunk for some dayes together , doth open the obstructions of the Liver , Spleen , and other inward parts : as also helpeth to bring down Womens Courses , and to ease the suffocation or other Diseases of the Mother whatsoever ; for in those feminine griefs , it hath a very powerful effect , as hath been often and certainly found true . It is also very good against the swimming or turning of the brain , and all other pains in the head , and likewise very Cordiall , both to strengthen the vitall ●pirits , when they are much subject to faint , or swoun ; as also against melancholy or sadness , that ariseth without manifest cause . If the clarified Juyce of the 〈…〉 b be set in the Sun for certain dayes , and the pure liquor thereof mixed with a 〈…〉 e Honey , be dropped into the Eyes , it both cleareth and strengtheneth the s●ght , and taketh away the spots and blemishes in them . Monardus , by whom the first knowledge hereof came to the World , although it was found out , and the use thereof thirty years before he wrote of it , saith , that the Roots of those in Spain are somewhat sweet , like a Parsnip , and may be eaten in the same manner . He saith also , that the Root hereof , whether raw , or dressed , or condited , as also the juyce of the Herb taken by themselves , or with any other Cordiall or Counterpoyson , doth not only help the biting of that venomous Serpent Escuersos or Scorzon , which Crollius saith , it doth by Signature there being some resemblance between the form of the Serpent and the Root ; but of the Viper , and all other virulent Creatures whatsoever .

CHAP. CXXIX . Of the Pome Citron-Tree .

The Names .

THe great Pome-Citron is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 that is , Malus Medica because as Theophrastus conceiveth , it came from Media and Persis , and therefore was also called Malus Persica . Some call it also Malus Assyria ; but the most proper and generally received name , is Malus Citria , because Malus Med●ca doth comprehend Lemmons and Orenges also , and Malus Assyria is put for that Tree which beareth Adams Apples : yet the fruit hereof is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine , Malum Medicum , Malum Citrium , Malum Persicum , Malum Assyrium , as also Oedromelum , Citromelum & Citrangulum , and of some Poncires , quasi Pomum Citrium , in English Citron . The lesser sorts differ from the first , both in the Tree and Fruit , and therefore have a different name for the Tree : is called Limonera , and the Fruit Limones .

The Kinds .

Of Citron-Trees and Limones , or Limerones , there be six sorts . 1. The greater Pome-Citron-Tree . 2. The lesser Pome-Citron-Tree . 3. Big-bellied , or double Citrons . 4. Sweet Limoones , or Limerones . 5. Sowre Limoones or Limerones . 6. Changeable Limoones or Limerones .

The Forme .

The greater Citron-Tree groweth not very high in some places , but with a crooked short body ; yet in others , not much lower then the Lemmon-Tree , spreading sundry great long Arms and Branches , set with long and sharp thorns , and fair , large , and broad fresh green Leaves , a little dented about the edges , very smooth , and sweet of smell : The Flowers grow at the Leaves all along the Branches , being somewhat longer then those of the Orange , made of fine thick , whitish purple , or blush Leaves , with some threds in the middle ; after which , all the year long followeth fruit ; for it is seldom seen without ripe fruit , and half ripe , and small , young and green , and blossoms all at once . This kind beareth great and large fruit , some as great as a Musk Melon , yet others lesser ; but all of them with a rugged , bunched out , and uneven yellow bark , thicker then in any of the other sorts , and with small store of sowre juyce in the middle , and somewhat great pale , whitish , or yellow Seeds , with a bitter Kernel lying therein : The smell of this Apple is very strong , but very comfortable to the senses .

The Places and Time .

All these sorts of Citrons grow in Spain , with those that are curious to nurse up rare fruits , but gained from sundry places abroad , and the last from the Fortunate Islands . Their time is without time , even all the year throughout , flowring and bearing fruit .

The Temperature .

Galen maketh the Seed to be cold , which Matthiolus would excuse , by diverting his intent to the juyce ; but Avicen saith , it is hot in the first Degree , and dry in the second : the Bark or Rind , hot in the first , and dry in the end of the second Degree : the inner white substance being between the outer Bark and the inner juyce , hot and moyst in the first Degree , and the acide juyce cold and dry in the third Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Fruit of the Pome-Citron-Tree being like to the heart in form , is also a very soveraign Cordiall for the same , and an excellent Antidote against Venome or Poyson , against the Plague , or any other infection , if the outer yellow Rind , which hath a very aromaticall smell , but bitter tast , be dryed and taken : Besides , it warmeth and comforteth a cold or windy stomach , mightily dissolving the Wind , and dispersing raw , cold , and undigested humours therein , or in the Bowels . Being chewed in the mouth , it amendeth an evill breath , and causeth a good one ; it also helpeth digestion , and is good against Melancholy : these outer Rinds being preserved with Sugar , are used in a Junket , more then in any Physicall manner , yet are they often used in Cordiall Electuaries , as preservatives against infection and melancholy , and other the Diseases aforesaid . It also helpeth to loosen the Body , and therefore there is a solutive Electuary made thereof , called Electuarium de Citro solutivum , to evacuate the Bodies of those that are of a cold and flegmatick constitution , and may also be safely u●ed , where Choler is intermixed with Flegm : The inward white Rind of the Fruit is almost un●avory , and without tast , and is not used in any manner of Physick ; but being preserved , serveth to sort with other Suckets at Banquets . The soure juyce in the middle , surpasseth that of Lemmons in the effects , although it be not so sharp in tast ; it is very good in all pestilentiall and burning Feavers , to restrain the venome and infection , to suppress the violence of Cholar , and hot distempers of the blood , extinguisheth thirst , correcteth the ill disposition of the Liver ▪ stirreth up an Appetite , refresheth the over-spent and fainting spirits , resisteth drunkenness , and helpeth the turnings of the Brain , by the hot vapour arising thereinto , and causing a phrensie or want of sleep . The Seeds are very effectuall to preserve the heart and vitall spirits , from the poyson of the Scorpion , or other venomous Creatures ; as also against the infection of the Plague and Pox , or any other contagious Disease : they kill the Worms in the Stomack , provoke Womens Courses , cause abortment , and have a digesting and drying quality , fit to dry up and consume moyst humours , both inwardly in the Body , and outwardly in any moyst , or running Vlcers and Sores , and take away the pains that come after the biting of any venomous Creature . The whole Fruit or Branches of the Trees laid in Presses , Chests , or Wardrobes , keepeth Cloth or silk Garments from Moths and Worms , and gives them a good scent also . The Syrup of Citron Pills or Rhinds , strengtheneth the stomach , resisteth poyson , strengtheneth the heart and resis●eth the passions thereof , palpitation faintings , and swounings : it strengthens the vitall spirits , restoreth such as are in Consumptions , and Hectick Feavers , and strengthens nature much . The Syrup of the juyce , is also good for most of the aforesaid purposes .

CHAP. CXXX . Of Gentian , or Felt-wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and so likewise Gentiana in Latine , à Gentio Illyricorum rege primum inventore , because Gentius King of Illyria , was the first discoverer of them and their vertues , as Dioscorides and Pliny set it down . Scrapio saith , it was called Basilica : some have called it Centauria radix , some Alo●s Gallica , Narces Chironium , and , as Pliny saith , some Romans called it Cnendia and some Cimiualis . The Italians call it also Gentiana , but that sort which the Latines call Gentiana cruciata , they call Petimborsa , quasi , mettere in bursà , put it into your Purse : either because as Matthiolus saith , it was to be gathered wheresoever it was found , and deserved to be kept in ones purse , that it might be ready upon all occasions ; or because by curing Diseases , it got store of Crowns to be put in the Purses of the Physitians , that make use of it ; so much they did esteem of it . We in English call it Crossewort Gentian ; but the ordinary sort is called Felwort , which is a mongrel word mixed of Latine and English together , or Bitterwort , and of some Baldmony . The Latines call the lesser sort , Gentianella .

The Kinds .

Though there be a great number of these Gentians reckoned up by Parkinson , in both his Books , yet I shall omit most of them , and nominate only those six sorts that grow within the Con●ines of great Brittain . 1. Hollow Gentian or Fellwort . 2. Croswort Gentian . 3. Alpes Felwort of the Spring-time . 4. Gentianella , with a white Flower . 5. Bastard or Dwarf-Felwort . 6. Autumn Gentian , with small Centaury Leaves .

The Form .

Hollow-leafed Felwort , or English Gentian , hath many long , tough Roots , dispersed hither and thither , within the upper crust of the Earth ; from which immediately riseth a fat thick sta●k joynted or kneed ▪ at certain distances , set at every knot with one leaf , and sometimes more , keeping no certain number : which Leaves do at the first inclo●e the stalks round about , being one whole entire Leaf , without any incisure at all , as if it were a hollow Trunk ; which after it is grown to his fu●ness , breaketh on one side or other , and becommeth a flat ribbed Leaf , like unto those of the great Gentian or Plantane . The Flowers come forth of the bosom of the upper Leaves , set upon tender foot-stalks , in shape like those of the small Bind-weed , or rather the Flowers of Sope-wort , of a whitish colour , washed about the brims , with a little light Carnation . Then followeth the Seed , which hath not yet been observed .

The Places and Time .

The first was found by Gerard , in a small Grove of Wood , called the Spinny , near unto a small Village in Northamptonshire , called L●chbarrow . The second groweth in a Pasture at the West end of Little Rain in Essex , on the North side of the way leading from Braintry to Dunmow , and in the Horse-way by the same Close . The third groweth abundantly on the Mountains , between Gort and Galloway in Scotland . The fourth near the Devizes , and by Hachbury in Wiltshire . The fifth in the Physick-Garden in Oxford . The sixth in divers places of Kent , as about South-fleet , and Long-field ; upon Barton-hills in Bedfordshire : also not far from St. Albans , upon a peece of wast cha●ky ground , as you go out of Dunstable way , towards Gorehamberry . The first springeth out of the ground in April , and bringeth forth his Flowers in the end of August , and the Seed is ripe in September , and so do all the rest for ought I can ●ea●n .

The Temperature .

The Root of Gentian , which is chiefly in use , is hot and dry in the third Degree , or hot in the third degree , and dry in the second .

The Signature and Vertues .

There is a sort of Gentian that hath Leaves like an Heart , and is therefore called Heart-like Gentian , which I mentioned not amongst the rest , because it groweth not in Brittain , having in it the vertue of strengthening the Heart preserving it against fainting , and sounding , and resisting all putrifaction , Poyson , and the Pestilence , for which there is not a more sure remedy then it , it strengtheneth the stomach exceedingly and helps digestion . Answerable unto this in the severall qualities and properties are our English Gentians , nay some will have them more proper for English bodies then the forraign , and may be as well u●ed for the purposes aforesaid . The Powder of the dry Roots helps the bitings of mad Doggs , and venomous Beasts , opens the obstructions of the Liver , and restoreth 〈◊〉 Appetite . The Herb steeped in Wine , and the Wine drunk , refresheth such as are over-weary with Travel , and are growen lame in their joynts , either by cold or evill Lodgings . It helps ●●itches , and griping pains in the sides , and is an excellent Remedy for such as are bruised with falls . It provokes Urine , and the Terms exceedingly , therefore let it not be given to Women with Child . The same is very profitable for such as are troubled with Cramps and Convu●●●ons , to drink the Decoction ; and being so taken , it helpeth the Stone and stopping of ●●ine . It is likewise very available in the Dropsie , and suffocation of the Mother , and against the Falling-Sickness , Ruptures , Worms , and dissolveth congealed blood . It brings away the Birth , After-birth , and dead Child , and is useful in the Cough and shortness of breath . It repelleth wind very much in the body , and is profitable in all cold Diseases ; and would people but like this , and other bitter things , it would effect very much in curing many desperate Diseases , as well as Agues , yellow Jaundise &c. The Juyce or Powder of the Root healeth fresh wounds , and is very effectuall for all sorts of foul , putrid , or rotten Ulcers wheresoever , yea , though hollow , or fistulous , cancrous , fretting or running ; for it doth very much cleanse , dry , and heal up . Also the same applyed to Knots or Kernels of the Neck or Throat , which is called the Kings-Evill , healeth them safely and speedily ; as also the painful swellings of the Hemorrhoidall vein , called the Piles when they are fallen down , and grow ulcerous and sore . The juyce being put into the Eyes , takes away Inflammations and redness therein , and cleares them from Skins and Films growing upon them . The Root is in use among Chyrurgions , to inlarge the orifice of any Wound or Sore . The same made into a Pessary , and put into the matrix , bringeth down the dead Child , and After-birth . It is given to Cattle for the Bots , Worms , and swellings , upon sicking up any Tick , or venomous worm . When Kine are bitten on the Udder , by any venomous Beast , do but stroak the p●ace with the decoction of any of these and it will instantly help them . The distilled water is useful in the like cases , and also cleanseth the face from freckles , Morphew , or other Spots .

CHAP. CXXXI . Of Scordium , or Water Germander .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in Latine Scord●um , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is Allium , Garlick ; because the smell of it is something like unto the smell of Garlick , as Authours report , which I never perceived , though I have gathered it oftentimes . It is also called Frixago Palustris Water , or Marsh-Germander , both of the likenesse thereof to Germander , called Frixago , and for the growing thereof in Marshes , &c. Some also call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the strong scent , being so unpleasant to the Senses . Pliny saith , that Crateras did ascribe one of the sorts hereof unto Mithridates , and called it Mithridation ; and it may be from hence , as well as from Garlick that it was called Poor-Mens-Treacle , and by our Country-people , English-Treacle .

The Kinds .

Parkinson joyneth together in the same Chapter , for affinity in name or smell , these six following . 1. Scordium or Water-Germander . 2. Wood-Sage , which is called in Latine , Scorodania sive Scordium alterum quibusdam , & Salvia agrestis . 3. The first Garlick Germander of Pliny . 4. Another Garlick Germander of Pliny . 5. Sawse-alone , or Jack by the H●dge . 6. The Germander-like Herb of Naples .

The Form .

Water-Germander from a small Root , full of white strings , spreading in the ground , and creeping or running about also , shooteth forth divers weak square , hairy Branches , which take root in divers places , as they lie and ●pread , whereby it increaseth much , whereon do grow many Leaves two alwayes at a joynt , which are not altogether so large and long , as the Garden-Germander Leaves of a saddish or darkish green colour , whereon there is also a shew of hairne●s and hoariness , somewhat soft in handling , full of veins , and dented about the edges . The Flowers are small , red , and gaping , standing at the Joynts , with the Leaves towards the top of the branches . Whether it perfect its Seed , hath not been yet observed , but it is thought it doth not but is propagated by its branches .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in many wet grounds , and by water sides in many places of England , as upon Botley Cawsey presently after you are over the stream that goeth to Osney milles , not very farr from Reuley , which is the place Mr. Gerard mentions , but on the other side the water . Dioscorides saith , it groweth on Hills also , which it is like enough to do , for it wi●l abide well if it be transplanted into Gardens , where I have seen it often grow ; as in the Physick Garden at Oxon , in the School-house Garden at Adderbury in Oxfordshire , where I my self planted it ; and in the Garden of my worthy friend Mr. Solomeau at his house at East-Sheen in Surray . The Second groweth in woods and by wood sides , as also in divers fields , and by-lanes in divers places with us . The Third and Fourth in Candy ; The fifth groweth under walls , and by hedge sides , and path wayes , in fields , and town-sides in moist places . The Last on the Hill Capoclari in Naples , as Columna saith . They do flower in June , July , and August , so●ewhat before which time , the most usuall manner is to gather the Scordium , and dry it to keep .

The Temperature .

Water Germander , is hot and dry ; it hath a certain bitter tast , harsh and sharp , as Galen witnesseth , and every one may perceive it , that tasteth it , though I suppose our English kind is not so like in scent unto Garlick as that of the Ancients . Wood-Sage is hot and dry , in the Second degree .

The Vertues .

Whosoever doth but understand that Scordium o● water Germander is the Bas●● of that ra●e Composition called Diascordium , and know but the vertue thereof , will be sufficiently convinced , that this plant is not unfitly appropriated to the heart , for it is of excellent use for the comforting and strengthning of that part , especially in such Feavers , as are accompanied with want of sleep . It doth also provoke the Termes , hastens womens Labours , helpes their usuall sicknesse in their lying in ; it stops fluxes , strengthens the stomack : neither is so hot , but it may be safely given to weake people : Ten graines of a Scruple at a time , and a dram or more to them that are stronger . The decoction of the Herb onely in wine , being either green or dry , is good against the biting of all venemous Beasts and Serpents , and all other deadly poysons , and also against all groaning paines of the stomack , and paines of the sides , that come either of cold or obstructions , and for the bloody flix also : made into an Electuary with Cresses , Rosin , and Honey , it is available against an old Cough , and to help to expectorate rotten phlegme out of the Chest and Lungs ; as also to help them that are bursten and troubled with the Cramp . It is a speciall Ingredient also in Mithridate and Treacle , as a Counterpoyson , against all poysons and infections either of the Plague , or Pestilentiall , or other Epidemicall diseases , as the small-pox , Measells , faint spots , or purples , and besides it is often given , and with good successe , before the fits of Agues , to divert or hinder the accesse , and thereby to drive them away . It is a most certain and known common remedy to kill the worms either in the stomack or belly , to take a little of the juyce thereof or the powder in drink , fasting . The decoction of the dryed herb with two or three roots of Tormentill sliced , and given to those that are troubled with the blooddy flix , is a safe and sure remedy for them . The juyce of the Herb alone or a Syrup made thereof , is profitable for many of the aforenamed griefes . The dryed herb being used with a little Honey cleanseth foul Ulcers and bringeth them to Cicatrizing , as also closeth fresh wounds ; the dryed Herb made into a Cerate , or pultis , and applyed to excrescences in the flesh , as Wens and such like , helpeth both to constraine the matter from further breeding of them , as also to discusse and disperse them being grown . It being used also with Vinegar or water , and applyed to the Gout , easeth the paines thereof . The green Herb bruised and laid or bound to any wound , healeth it , be it never so great .

The decoction of Wood-Sage , is good to be given to those whose Urine is stayed , for it provoketh it and Womens courses also . It is thought to be good against the French-pox , because the decoction thereof , doth provoke sweat , digest humors , and dissolve swelling , and Nodes in the flesh . The decoction of the Herb , rather green then dry , made with wine and taken , is accounted a safe and sure remedy for those , who by falles bruises or bearings , doubt some veine to be inwardly broken , to disperse and avoid the congealed blood , and to consolidate the vein , and is also good for such as are inwardly or outwardly bursten ; the drink used inwardly , and the herb applyed outwardly . The same also and in the same manner used , is found to be a sure remedy for the Palsy . The juyce of the Herb or the powder thereof dryed , is good for moist Ulcers , and sores , in the legs or other parts to dry them , and thereby to cause them , to heale the more speedily , it is no lesse effectuall also in green wounds to be used upon any occasion . Iack by the Hedge is eaten of many Country people , as Sawce to their Salt-fish , and helpeth well to digest the crudities , and other corrupt humors that are engendered by the eating thereof , it warmeth also the Stomack , and causeth digestion . The juyce thereof boyled with Honey is held to be as good as Hedge-Mustard for the Cough ; to help to cut and expectorate flegme that is tough and hard to rise . The seed bruised and boyled in wine , is a good remedy for the wind Collick , or for the stone , being drunk warm : the same also given to women that are troubled with the mother , both to drink , and the seed put in a Cloth and applyed while it is warme , is of singular good use . The Leaves also or seed boyled , is good to be put in glisters , to ease the paines of the stone , the green leaves are held to be good to heale the Ulcers of the Legs .

CHAP. CXXXII . Of Burnet .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or as Gesuer hath it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by Nicolaus Myrepsus , besides whom there is not any Greek Author that is known to have mentioned it by that name . Divers of good judgment do refer it to the Sideritis Secunda , of Dioscorides . Some call it in Latin Pimpinella , Pampinula and Peponella , from the likenesse of the scent with that of Cucumbers ; yet others referr these names to the Saxifrage kinds of Burnet , which are ●●belliferous plants . It is called Sorbastrolla and Sang 〈…〉 aria also of divers , but most usually Sanguisorba , quod Sanguineos fluxus sistat , because it stops fluxes of blood ; and it may be Bipinella , or Bipenula , because the leaves stand one against another like wings . It is to be observed , that Pimpinella Burnet , and Pimpernell are different plants , though some have Ignorantly taken them for the same .

The Kinds .

There are as I take it but Four of these sorts of Burnet , 1. Common Burnet . 2. The Ordinary great Burnet . 3. Unsavory Burnet , 4. Burnet of Canada or Great Burnet of America .

The Form .

The Ordinary Burnet groweth with many long winged Leaves , Spread upon the ground which consist of divers small roundish Leaves , green on the upper side , and grayish underneath , finely dented about the Edges , set on each side , of a middle ribe ; amongst which rise up crested brown stalkes a foot high , or better , with some smaller Leaves , set in some places thereon , devided into sundry branches , and at the tops small round loose heads , or knaps upon long foot-stalks , of a brownish colour , from whence start forth small purp●●sh Flowers , and after them cornered seed : the root is small , Long , and Blackish-brown on the out side , growing down deep into the ground , with some fibres thereat : the Herb hath a fine quick scent and tast .

The Places and Time .

The First groweth wild in most places of this Land , in dry sandy ground , but is usually preserved in gardens , to be ready at hand , when it shall need to be used . The Second is to be found in divers Countries of this Land , e●pecially in Huntingdon , and Northamptonshires in the meadows there : as also near London by Pancras Church , in two or three fields nigh unto Boobies barn , as also by a Causie side in the middle of a field by Padd●ngton . The Third was found in Spain , as Bauhinus saith . The Last was brought from Canada , which lyes as I take it on the North part of Virg●nia , where it is naturall , and is to be seen growing in the Phy●ick Gardens , so often mentioned . They all Flower about the end of June , and the beginning of July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Both the greater and the Lesser Burnet are accounted to be of one property ; but the lesser , because it is quicker and more aromaticall , is more effectuall , being both hot and dry in the second degree , especially the lesser yet some say , that it is cold in the second degree .

The Vertues .

Burnet is a friend to the Heart , Liver , and other principall parts of a mans body : two or three of the stalks with Leaves put into a Cup of Wine , especially French Wine , as all know , give a wonderfull fine relish to it , and be●●des is a great meanes to quicken the Spirits , refresh the heart and make it merry driving away Melancholy . It is a speciall help to defend the heart , from noisom Vapours , and from the infection of the Plague , or Pestilence , and all other contagious diseases , for which purpose it is of great effect , the juyce thereof being taken in some drink , and the party either laid to sweat thereupon , or wrapped and kept very warm . It hath a drying and astringent quality also whereby it is available in all manner of fluxes of blood , or humors , to staunch bleeding either inward or outward , Laskes or Scowrings , the bloody flix , womens too abundant Courses , and the Whites also , & the cholerick belchings and castings of the stomack , and is also a Singular good wound-herb , for all sorts of wounds , both of the head & body either inward or outward , for all old Ulcers or running Cancers , and moist sores , which are of hard curation , to be used , either by the juyce or the decoction of the Herb , or by the powder of the Herb or Root , or the water of the distilled Herb ; or else made into oile , or ointment by it self , or with other things to be kept the Seed also is no lesse effectuall both to stay fluxes , and to dry up moist sores , to be taken in powder inwardly , in steeled Water or wine , or the powder of the seed mixed with their Oyntments or injections .

CHAP. CXXXIII . Of Avens .

The Names .

THis Herb is not found to be known of any Greek Writer , and therefore the Greek name is not to be expected ; nor of the ancient Latines , unlesse it be Geum of Pl●ny , as by good probability it seemeth . It is generally called in Latine now a dayes Caryophyllata and Garyophyllata from the scent of the Root so near resembling Cloves , which are called Cary●phylli : yet some have called it Herba benedicta , of the excellent or blessed qua●ities thereof , and others Sanamunda , from the like effects . Tragus would have it called his Nardus agrestis , not only for the sweet scent of the Roots , but the Cordiall properties thereof . In English Avens and Herb-Bennet .

The Kinds .

The former Age knew but two sorts of Avens but ours hath found out seaven at the least . 1. Ordinary Avens . 2. Mountain Avens . 3. Small Mountain Avens . 4. The other small Mountain Avens . 5. Purple Mountain or Marsh Avens . 6. Another Marsh Avens . 7. Cinquefoile Avens .

The Forme .

Our ordinary Avens hath many long , rough , dark , green winged Leaves , rising from the Root , every one made of many Leaves , set on each sides of the middle Rib : the three largest whereof , grow at the ends , and snipt , or dented round about the edges : the other being small pieces , sometimes two , and sometimes four , standing on each side of the middle Rib underneath the● : amongst which do rise up divers rough or hairy stalks , about a foot high , branching forth with leaves at every joynt , not so long as tho●e below , but almost as much cut in on the edges , some into three parts , and some into more : on the tops of the branches stand small , pale , yellow Flowers , consisting of five leaves , like the Flowers of Cinquefoile , but larger : in the middle whereof standeth a small green head , which when the Flower is fallen , groweth to be rough and round being made of many long , greenish ▪ Purple-Seeds ( like grains ) which will stick on your ( loaths : the Roots consist of many brownish strings , or Fibres , smelling somewhat like ●nto Cloves , especially those which grow in the higher , hotter , and dryer grounds , and in the freer and cleare aire , but nothing so much , or not at all in many other places .

The Places and Time .

The first is found wild in many places of this Realm , under the hedge sides , and by the paths in some fields , and delighteth rather to grow in shadowy , then Sunny places . The second is found upon divers Mountains , as Coronos in Bohemia , by the Springs of the River Albis , as Matth●olus saith . The third and fourth , and likewise the second , upon Mount Baldus , as Pena relateth . The fifth and sixth grow by water sides , and in the moyst and wet , or marish grounds on the Mountains . The last was found by Pena hard by Clatena , on the Rhetian Alps in Switzerland , They flower in the Moneths of May and June for the most part , and their Seed is ripe in July , at the farthest .

The Temperature .

The Roots and Leaves of Avens are manifestly dry , and something hot , with a kind of scouring quality .

The Vertues .

The Roots of Avens in the Spring , steeped in Wine , for some continuance of time , do give it a delicate savour and tast , which being drunk fa●●ing every morning , comforteth the heart , and is a good preservative against the Plague or any other poyson : it he peth dige●ion , warmeth a cold stoma●h , and openeth the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen . It is good also for the Di●eases of the Chest or Breast , fo● pains and stitches in the lides , and to expel crude and raw humours , from the Belly and Stomach , by its sweet savour , and warming quality : it dissolveth congealed Blood happening by falls or bruises , and the spitting of blood , if the Root , either green or dryed , be boy●ed in Wine and drunk ; as al●o all manner of inward wounds or outward , if they be washed or bathed therewith . The Decoction also being drunk , comforteth the heart , and strengtheneth the stom●●h and a cold brain and therefore is good in the Spring , to open obstructions of the Liver , and helpeth the Wind-Cholick : It helpeth also tho●e that have Fluxes or are bursten , or have a Rupture : it taketh away spots or marks in the fa●e being washed therewith : The juyce of the fresh Root , or Powder of the dryed Root ▪ hath the same effect with the decoction ; and in callous Ulcers with the juyce of the Roots if a little Verdigrease be added , it will avail very much . Some do use to lay the Roots dryed amongst Garments ▪ to perfume them with the smell thereof , and to keep away moaths , &c. from them .

CHAP. CXXXIV . Of Cloves .

The Names .

HAving spoken of Avens , which are called Caryophyllata , because the Roots smell like Croves , I shall now treat concerning Cloves themselves , which are called of the later Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; for to the Ancients they were unknown ; and of the Latines also Caryophillus , and Clavus because this small slender fruit , is almost like a small Snail ; and from thence also it is likely the word Cloves came . The Tree whereon they grow is called the Clove-tree , the description whereof is as followeth .

The Kindes .

This Tree groweth to be of a great and tall stature , covered with an Ash-coloured Bark , the younger Branches being more white , having Leaves growing by ●upes one against another somewhat long and narrow , like unto the Bay-Tree that beareth narrow Leaves , with a midd●e●ib , and sundry veines running therethrough , each of them stancing on a long footstalk ; the ends of the branches are divided into many small brown sprigs , where on groweth the flower even on the tops of the Cloves themselves , which are white at first with their Sp●igs green afterward , & lastly reddish , before they be beaten off from the tree ; and being dryed before they be put up grow blackish , as we see them , having four small tops at the heads of them , and a small round head in the middle of them : the flower it self standing between those consisteth of four small Leaves like unto a Cherry b osso●n , but of an excellent b●ew colour , as it is confidently reported , with three white veines in every leaf , & divers purp●ish threds in the middle , of a more dainty ●ne scent then the Clove it self , which is a small slender fruit , almost like a small naile as I said before being of a hot quick and sharp tast when they are fit to be gathered , which is before they be quite ripe , but those that do abice longer on the trees do grow some what thicker and greater , and are not of half the others goodness being called by most Fusses , yet some call the ●●a●ks of the Cloves Fusles ; they grow of their own sowing and are not grafted . Hereout likewise cometh a certain dark red Gum , and both it and the Fusses are usually found one amongst another .

The Places and Time .

The Clove Tree groweth in divers places of the Malucco Islands . It groweth also in Amboyna very well , and be reth plentifully , being there planted by the Dutch , and in others places of the Indies but more scarcely , and lesse fruitfull than there . Eight yeares after it is is risen out of the ground , it beareth fruit , and so continueth bearing for an hundred years together , as the inhabitants of that Country do affirm ▪ who beat the fruit of the Trees with long Poles , as we do Walnuts , and suffer them to ly there upon the ground , until they be throughly dryed there being neither grasse weeds , nor any other Herbs to hinder the same by reason that the tree draweth for its nourishment all the moisture for a great circuit round about , so that the Cloves are the more conveniently dryed . It yeeldeth two Crops in a year , that is in June and December , tho●e Countries affording a double Harvest .

The Temperature .

The properties of Cloves are many and excellent , being hot and dry in the third degree , yet some say the second , and of much u●e in meat and Medicine .

The Vertues .

The Portugall women that dwell in the East-Indies , draw from the Cloves when they be it green a certain Liquor by distillation of a most fragrant smell , which comforteth the heart , and is of all Cordialls , the most effectuall . There is also extricted from Cloves a certain Oy●e , or rather a thick Butter of a yellow colour which being chafed in the hand , smelleth like the Cloves themselves , wherewith the Indians do cure their wounds , and other hurts , as we do with Balsume . The Cloves themselves after they are dryed and brought over unto us , are used to comfort the Head , Heart , Stomack , and Liver , help the Memory , Eyesight , and Concoction , and strengthen Nature , they break wind break Urine , and if half a dram thereof be taken in Mi●k , they Stir up Venery or a bodily Lust . They are good against the Plague , and any infectious disease , against the Fluxes of the belly , proceeding of cold hu●o●s , they strengthen the retentive faculty , and make the breath sweet , and stay vomiting also . They are much used in the Kitchin both in broths , Sa●ces , and sticking of meat . The Chymicall oyle of Cloves is good in a Quart●●ine Ague , in long weaknesse , and debility of the Stomack , ( for it doth take away crudity and expell wine ) in Fluxes of the belly , and very usefull for the aforesaid diseases , if two or three drops be given in beer or wine , as also for the Headach , the mould of the head being shorne and annointed therewith , for the toothach , if a few drops be put into an hollow Tooth with a little Lint , to clear the Eyesight , and to be put into perfumes for Gloves , Leather , and the like , the Cl●ves themselves for their excellent scent , serving as a speciall part in all sweat powders , sweat waters , perfuming pots , &c. The powder of the dryed Cloves , being put into the eyes , taketh away the Web therein . As they are hurtfull for young people , and Col●rick Complexions , so they are p●ofitable for old persons , and phlegmatick , and such as are Rheumatick , and that in the Winter season .

CHAP. CXXXV . Of Clove-Gillo-flowers .

The Names .

ANd here it will be very proper to speak of Clove-Gillo-flowers also , both for their name , scent , and vertues , wherein ▪ they resemble one the other . It is wonder that so beautifull a flower should be concealed from the Ancient Writers , yet there is no question but they would have given it a name , had they known it ; which I cannot find that any of the Greeks did . It is called of the latter Herbarists , Caryophylleus fl●s , of the smell of Cloves , wherewith it is possessed , Ocellus Damascenus , Ocellus Barbaricus , and Barbarica ; of some Vetonica , Vetonica altilis , and Vetonica Superba : yet Ruellius saith , that this flower is not like to that of Vetonica or Cantabrica ; and of some , Herba tunica , in English Carnations and Clove-Gillo-flowers , and of some Pinks .

The Kinds .

So sundry and divers are these sorts of Gillo-flowers , of such variable Colours , and also severall shapes , that it cometh not within the skill of a good Florist to name them all , every Country bringing forth new sorts ; some whereof are called Carnations , others Clove-Gillo-flowers , some Sops in Wine , some Pagiants , or Pagion colour , Horse-flesh , bl●nket , purple , and white double Gillo-flowers : many of them growing to be as big as an Ordinary Rose , which in France and in the low Countries , whence most of them are brought , have received particular names , as Picolomeny , The Prince of Wales , Prince of Harcourt , Apelles , non Parell , and divers others . There be likewise some single sorts of these , and many more of Pincks , which I shall leave to be particularized by some exacter Florist , than my self .

The Forme .

The great Carnation Gillo-flower hath a thick wooddy root , from which riseth up many strong joynted stalks , se● with long green Leaves by couples : on the top of the stalks , do grow very fair flowers of an excellent sweet smell , and pleasant Carnation Colour , whereof it took its name , being a flesh-Colour .

The Places and Times .

If the judgment of some , that our Caryophyllus and the Cantabrica of Pliny be the same be right , it was first found out in Spain about Augustus time , and that by those of Biscay . It is now propagated throughout all the Countries of Europe , and further for ought I know ; and is almost as famous as the Rose both in Beauty , and smell , but much more for variety , Nature sporting her self more in the variations of these flowers , then any other . Most of them , especially the Carnations , will hardly endure the coldnesse of our Climate , and therefore they are commonly set in Pots , and so kept from the extremity of cold by removing them into houses or some other warm place . The Clove-Gilli-flowers and divers others , and also Pinks are set in Beds , and do commonly withstand the sharpest Winters . The chief time of their flowrishing is in July , and therefore some will have them to be called July Flowers , yet some of them continue their flowers till the end of Summer : the seeds ripening in the mean time , which may be sown in Aprill .

The Temperature .

They are gallant temperate flowers , yea so temperate that no excesse neither in heat cold drynesse nor moisture can be perceived in them , yet some say that they are hot and dry .

The Vertues .

Though some of these flowers are admired for their bignesse , and others for their party coloured Leaves , yet the purple Clove Gilli-flowers are de●ervedly accounted to have the greatest Vertue in Physick . The conserve made of the Flowers and Sugar , is exceeding Cordiall , and wouderfully above measure , doth Comfort the heart , being eaten now and then , which is very good also against the Plague or any kind of Venome . It is likewi●e good not onely for the falling sicknesse , Pal●y , Gideinesse , and the Cramp , but for the pestilence . Mathiolus saith , that the juyce of the Flowers , and stalks being stamped and Four Ounces of the expressed juyce , being drunk by one that is infected , is a sure Remedy . The Syrup o● the ●aid Flowers strengthens the heart , liver & stomack ; refresheth the vital Spirits & is a good Cordial in ●eavers though hot & pe●i●entiall , expelling the poyson and ●ury of the disease , and greatly comforting those that are sick of any other disease , where the Heart hath need of re●iefe . Moreover the Le●ves of the Flowers ▪ put into a glasse of Vinegar , and set in the Sun for certaine dayes ▪ do make a pleasant Vinegar , and very good to revive one of a swoon , the Nostrills and Temples being washed therewith . And is good also to preserve from the pestilence being used in like manner . The said leaves being pickled with Vinegar and Sugar ▪ are a pleasant and dainty Sawce , stir up the Appetite , and are also of a Cor●iall faculty . Both the Conserve and Syrup above mentioned may be had at any Apothecaries , and now and then a little of either being taken doth strengthen Nature much , in such as are in Consumptions . They are used also in wounds of the head , they draw our peices of Bones the skull being broken , ease the Head-ach , and paines of the Teeth being thereto applyed .

CHAP. CXXXVI . Of Lign-Aloes .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Agallochum and Xyloaloe ; in Latine also Xylaloes ; in English , Lign-Aloes , Wood-Aloes , or Wood of the Aloe-tree ; mention whereof is made in the five and fortieth Psalm , together with Myrrhe and Cassia : so that it may from thence be gathered , that it is not the dryed juyce of the Herb-Aloes , but the odoriferous Wood of this Tree , mentioned also in the four and twentieth of Numbers , being the Parable of Balaam , concerning the beauty of Jacob , where he saith , How goodly are thy tents O Jacob , and thy Tabernacles O Israel ▪ As the Valleys are they spread forth , as Gardens by the River side , as the Trees of Lign-Aloes , which the Lord hath planted , &c.

The Kinds .

Serapio reckoneth up divers sorts of this wood , and Ruellius speaketh of four , yet Garcias saith , that he knew but one sort of true Lignum Aloes , that grew in India ; and that the other sorts which were so called , were but Sweet-woods assimulating it , or at most , but a wild kind .

The Form .

I cannot be so exact in the description hereof as I would , therefore I must intreat you to accept of what followes . Garcias saith , that the Tree is like unto an Olive-tree , and sometimes greater : now an Olive growing in some places , is found to be as big as a great Wall-nut-Tree , so that hence you may judge of the proportion of it , but I cannot meet with any one that ever saw the Flower or fruit , Garcias having only the Branches thereof brought unto him to see , unless it were Serapio , who saith , that it beareth small Berries , like unto Pepper , but red ; yet Garcias maketh some doubt thereof . The Wood is somewhat blackish on the out-side , and more gray , and somewhat discoloured with Veins within ▪ The best is that which is knobbed , or in uneven peeces , very brittle , and breaking short , of a bitter tast , and small scent , untill it be burned ; but then it yields a most fragrant odour or smell , sweating forth an Oily moysture , at its first putting into the fire , and that with small bubbles , which soon vanish away ; and being put into water , it will swim , though some affirm the contrary .

The Places and time

The true Lign-Aloes groweth in Malacca , and Summatra , being both in the East-Indies , in places that are very dangerous , by reason of the Tigers that haunt those Coasts , which is the Reason why the form hath been so little mentioned by the ancient Writers , and the time not at all spoken of .

The Temperature .

It is hot and dry in the second , or as some say , in the third Degree , astringent , and a little bitter , and of subtile parts .

The Vertues .

Those Powders and Electuaries wherein this Wood is a main Ingredient , do strengthen all the inward parts , but e●pe●ially the heart , which it doth won●e●fully corroborate against fainting of the Spirits , and cold Di●eases of the Heart , and in the next place the Brain which it ●●rengtheneth and dryeth , and therefore is useful in the Apop●exie● Pal●e Lethargy , and lo●e●o memory , by stopping the defluxions of rheumatick humour , that cause the same . It he peth Dysenteries or Lasks , and P●eu●isies and hinders swe●ting . It doth strengthen a weak and languishing stomach ▪ taketh away putre action , dryeth up humidity , and expelleth Wind. By reason of its bitterness , it killeth worms , and is put into divers Cordialls and Antidotes . It helps also the cold Diseases of the Womb. The extract thereof is good for the fore-m●ntioned Diseases . It is used outwardly in Fumigations , to dry up Rheum , and in Qui●ts ●or the same purpose . A Fumigation thereof ( some say ) provoketh the Flowers in Women . It is very p●ofitab●e also , to be used in the Di●eases of the Liver and Spleen ▪ opening the obstructions thereof , and strengthening them if as much of the Powder of it , as will lie on a Groat , be taken fasting , three mornings together , either in Broth or Wine .

CHAP. CXXXVII . Of Cinamon .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine likewise Cinnamomum , and Cinamomum , as also Canella and Cassia , in English Cinamon Canel and Cassia ▪ Garcias saith that the name of Cinamomum was given by those o● Ormus , that bought it of the Chineses , as though it were Ch●na Amomum then which Scaliger in his notes on him , saith ▪ Nothing could be more unfit●y or foolishly spoken ; for China is but the corrupt pronuntiation of the Portugalls for Sina , and what affinity ( saith he ) hath Amomum with Cassia Cinamomum being so ancient a word , that we find it in sundry ●laces of the Bib●e as Exod. 30. 23 Proverbs 7. 17. and Cantic. 4. 14. Yet some are of Opinion , that Scaliger is too quick and self-conceited , and that Garcias his sayings may hold good .

The Kinds .

The great distance between Us , and those places where the Cinamon groweth , hath not suffered any of our rare observers of Simples , to continue so long in those parts , as to give Us perfect satisfaction concerning the Sorts of it ▪ so that there is a great Dispu●e whether Cinamon , Canell and Cassia , be distinct things , ●r the same , Gerard is of Opinion , that Canel , and Cinamon are the same , and th●● Cassia lignea is a Bastard kind thereof , being very like in shew , but in sweetness , and other circumstances belonging to Cinamon , f●r inferior .

The Forme .

The Tree which hath the Cinamon for his Bark , hath a Body about the thi●knesse of a Mans Thigh ; but that which is taken from the smaller Branches , is much better then that which is taken from the Body , which Branches or Boughs are many , and very straight , whereon do grow beautiful leaves , in shape like those of the Orange-Tree , and of the colour of the Bay-leaf , ( not as it hath been reported ) like unto the leaves of Flags , or Flower ▪ 〈…〉 uce : amongst these pleasant leaves and branches , come for●h many fair white Flowers , which turn into round or black fruit or Berries , of the bigness of an Hazel-Nut , or the Olive-Berry , and of a black colour : out of which , is pressed an Oyl , having no smell , till it be chafed between the hands : It is covered with a double Bark , the innermost whereof , is the true and pleasant Cinamon , which is taken from the Tree , and cast upon the ground in the heat of the Sun , which maketh it turn and fold it self round together , as may be perceived upon view thereof . The Tree being thus peeled , recovereth a new Bark in the space of three years , and is then ready to be disbarqued as before . That Cinamon which hath a pale colour , hath not been well dryed in the Sun ; that of a fair brown colour is best ; and that which is blackish , hath been too much dryed , and also hath taken some wet in the time of drying .

The Places and Time .

The chiefest places where the Cinamon-tree groweth , are Zo●lan , and Malavar ; but those of Zeilan are the best , they grow in other of the Moluccaes Islands , as Java the greater and the lesse , and also in Mindanoa , for the most part upon Mountains . It groweth green Winter and Summer , as do all other Trees of the Moluccaes , and East-Indies for the most part : The Bark is taken off , at seasonable times , and not without express Licence from the King of the Country .

The Temperature .

Cinamon is hot and dry in the third Degree , or hot in the third Degree , and dry in the second . Cassia lig●ea is hot and dry in the third degree . The first is of subtill parts , and very Aromaticall .

The Vertues .

The distilled water of Cinamon , comforteth the heart , and vitall parts , corroborateth and strengtheneth the Stomach , Brain , Nerves , and other cold parts of the Body : it easeth the pains of the Wind-Cholick , provokes the Courses and Urine , hasteneth the Birth : it preventeth and correcteth putrefaction of humours , resisteth poyson , stayeth vomiting , and helpeth nauseousness of the Stomach : It is frequently used in Cardiack passions , or passions of the heart , fainting of the Spirits , and in trembling of the heart : It causeth sweetness of breath , and brings a good colour in the face : it strengtheneth the retentive faculty of all the parts , by drying up , and consuming the moysture thereof . It is used in the Dropsie , and Cough proceeding of moysture . In brief , it avails in all cold Diseases of the Head , Stomack , and Womb , and is most convenient for cold and moyst Bodies , and is much used in Lasks , or loosness of the Body , to ease the pains and frettings of the ●uts and Intralls . The Oyl drawn Chymically , prevaileth against the pains of the Breast , comforteth the Stomack , causeth good digestion , and being mixed with some Honey , taketh away spots from the face , being anointed therewith . Cassia Lig●ea comforteth the Stomack , Liver , and all the principall parts , openeth Obstructions or stoppings , di●pe●seth grosse humours , repelleth wind , provokes Urine , and Womens Courses , and doth much faci●itate , or has●en the Birth . Being cast on Coals , and the smoke taken at the Nose , dryeth up Rheums and Catarrhs , that proceed from co●d and moyst humours . Also a sustumigation thereof , helpeth the pain of the Womb , and the stoppings thereof . Being mixed with Honey , and applyed it dissolveth swellings and hard tumours A decoction hereof with White-wine and Rose-water , is commended against the ●●inking of the Arm-holes , if the pla●e be bathed therewith ; and the same is good to wash sore mouths and Gums . Both this and Cin●mon are more useful in Winter , then in Summer .

CHAP. CXXXVIII . Of Vipers Buglosse .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Echium 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Alc●biadion , and Alcibion , or Alc●b●acum of the first under thereof ; who being bitten by a Viper ▪ gathered this Herb , and chewing it , swallowing down the juyce and app●ying the rest of the Herb to the bitten place freed him●e●f from danger . Apulcius saith , it was called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Theriorr●●on , Viperearad●x , an● 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from the form of the Seed , whi●h as Dioscorides saith , is like the head of a Viper , and thereof took the name Echium : yet some others say from the ef●ects in the Roots to cure the bitings of the Serpent , or which is as likely , because the stalks are spe●kled like a Serpents Skin : in Latine also Echium of most Authours , yet of some Buglossum sylvestre V●perinum .

The Kinds .

The Sorts of Vipers Buglosse are twelve . 1. The common Vipers Buglosse . 2. White flowred Vipers Bug●osse . 3. Red flowred Vipers Buglosse . 4. Vipers Buglosse , with dar● , reddish , purp●e Flowers . 5. Red flowred Vipers Bug●osse of Candy . 6. Spotted Vipers Buglosse of Candy . 7. Dwarf yellow Vipers Buglosse . 8. The least yellow Bastard Vipers Buglosse . 9. The small white Vipers Bug●osse . 10. Small Spanish Vipers Bug●osse with Spurrs . 11. Hoary white Vipers Buglosse of Candy . 12. B●ack Vipers Buglosse of Candy .

The Forme .

The Common Vipers Buglosse hath many long rough Leaves , lying on the ground , from among which rise up divers hard round stalks , very rough , as if they were thick set with prickles , or hairs , having many black spots on them also ●ike unto the Skin of a Viper whereon are set such like long , rough h●ir● , or prickly sad green leaves , somewhat narrow , the middle Rib for the most part being white , the Flowers stand at the tops of the stalks , branched forth into many spiked leaves of Flowers , bowing or turning like the Turne-sole , all of them opening for the most part on the one side , which are long and hollow , turning up the brims a little , of a Purplish Violet colour , in them that are fully blown , but more reddish while they are in the Bud , and not blown open : as also upon their decay and withering ; but in some places , of a paler Purple colour , with a long poin●el in the middle , feathered or pointed at the top : after the Flowers are fallen , the Seeds ( growing to be ripe , and enclosed in round heads ) are blackish , cornered , and pointed somewhat like unto the Head of a Viper : the Root is somewhat great and blackish , and wooddy , when it groweth toward Seed-time , and perisheth in the Winter .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth wild almost every where . The second about the Castle-walls of Lewes in Sussex . The third and fourth in Hungary and Austria . The fifth and sixth in Candy . The seventh and tenth in Spain . The eighth and ninth on the Hills in the Kingdom of Naples , as Columna reporteth . The eleventh and twel●th in Candy . They all flowre in Summer , and their Seed is ripe quickly after .

The Temperature .

These Herbs are cold and dry of Temperature .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Roots , or Seeds of Vipers Buglosse , are very effectuall to comfort the heart , and to expel sadness and melancholy , proceeding from no externall or apparent cause . It tempers the Blood , and allayeth hot fits of the Agues . The Seed drunk in Wine , procureth abundance of Milk in Womens Breasts , easeth the pains in the Loins , Back and Kidneys . It is likewise , as you have heard , an especiall remedy against the bitings of Vipers , and all other Serpents , or venemous Creatures : as also against Poyson , and poysonful Herbs . It is added by D●oscorides , and others , that whosoever shall take of the Herb , or Root , before they be bitten , shall not be hurt by the poyson of any Serpent , the Signature both of the stalk and Seed , holding out much to this purpose . The distilled water of the Herb , when it is in Flower , or his chiefest strength , is excellent to be applyed , either inwardly or outwardly , for all the griefs aforesaid . There is a Syrup made hereof , very effectuall for the comforting of the heart , and expelling sadness and melancholy , which is made in this manner . Take of the clarified juyce of common Vipers Buglosse four pound , of fine Sug●r three pound , of the infusion of the Flowers thereof one pound ; boyl these gently to the consistence of a Syrup , and keep them for use . Having thus spoken to divers Simples appropriated to the Lungs and Heart , which are the Principall Intralls of the middle Region , I shall now set down some of those which are available for Stitches , and other distempers of the sides , before I descend into the Abdomen or lower Region : and first .

CHAP. CXXXIX . Of Carduus Benedictus .

The Names .

NEither Carduus Benedictus , or the Blessed Thistle , or the Vertues , were known to the Physitians of old time and therefore you must not expect the Greek name . It is called in Latine Carduus Benedictus , and that worthily for the singular Vertues that it hath ; in English , Holy Thistle , and Blessed Thistle ; but more commonly Carduus Benedictus , according to the Latine name . Some excellently seen in the knowledge of Simples , have made it a kind of Wild Bastard Saffron , called in Latine Attractilis , and in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because Women in old time were wont to use the stiffe stalk thereof , pro fuso & colo , for a Spindle or a Distaffe : It is named also Fucus agrestis , and Colus rustica , and the Women in Greece , as Petrus Bellonius reporteth , call Attractylis , by a corrupt name Ardactyla , even at this day . Divers call it Carthamus Sylvestris , & Cnicus Sylvestris ; in English , Wild Bastard Saffron .

The Kinds .

The Sorts hereof , as you have already heard , are two . 1. Carduus Benedictus , or the Blessed Thistle . 2. Attractylis , or Wild Bastard Saffron .

The Form .

Carduus Benedictus , or Blessed Thistle , hath round , rough , and plyable stalks , which being parted into divers Branches , do lie flat on the ground : the leaves are jagged round about , and full of harmless prickles on the edges : the heads on the tops of the stalks are set with prickles , and invironed with sharp pricking Leaves ; out of which standeth a yellow Flower : the Seed is long , and set with white hairs at the top , like a Beard : the Root is white , and parted into strings , the whole Herb , Leaves , and Stalks , and also the Heads , are covered with a soft and thin Down .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in Lem●os , which is an Island of the Mediterra●ean Sea , in the Champion grounds thereof , as Petrus Bellonius testifieth . It is diligently cherished in Gardens in these Northern parts . The second groweth in Candy , and in divers Provinces and Islands of Greece , and also in Languedock , and is entertained in our English Gardens . The first flowreth in July and August , at which time it is especially to be gathered for Physicall uses ; for then it will remain good a year or longer . Attractylis is very late before it flowreth , and seedeth .

The Temperature .

As Carduus Benedictus is bitter , so it is also hot and dry in the second Degree ; and withall , cleansing and opening ▪ Attractylis doth dry , and moderately digest as Galen teacheth .

The Signature and Vertues .

By the Prickles upon the Stalks and Leaves of Carduus , are clearly signified , that the herb it self is an excellent remedy for the Pleurisie and St●●ches wherewith the sides are somtimes distempered , if the Decoction in posset drink or the distilled water thereof be taken . It helpeth also the swimming of the head , strengtheneth the memory , and is a good remedy against cea●nesse , killeth wormes , provoketh Urine , and the Courses , and driveth out gravel , and cleanseth the Stomack . It is most excellent in Pestilent Feavers , and all contagious Di●eases ; for it expelleth out by sweat , all noxious or ill humours . It is very good in any kind of Ague , either the decoction thereof being taken , or half a dram of the Powder in Posset-drink , before the fit commeth , for divers fits , if need require and sweat after it . It is very available likewise against Venome and poyson . Though the distilled water is useful for the aforesaid Diseases , yet the decoction is much better . The extract thereof is good against the French Pox , and the Quartan Ague . The green Herb bruised and applyed , is good against hot swellings , as Wild-fire , Plague-Sores , Botches ; and it is good also to be laid upon the bitings of mad Dogs , Serpents , Spiders , Bees , or Wasps , or any other venomous Creature . The Powder stoppeth blood at the Nose , being applyed . The juyce thereof cleareth the sight , being put into the Eyes , and taketh away the redness of them , and so doth the water . Being bruised with a little Hogs-grease , and a little Wheat mixed therewith , it cures stubborn and rebellious Ulcers , if it be applyed thereto . It is used against the Gangrene also . For all which notable effects , it hath been called Omnimorbia , that is , a Salve for every Sore .

CHAP. CLX . Of our Ladies Thistle .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , if divers Authours be not mistaken , being as is generally supposed that Plant that Dioscorides mentioneth under that name . It is called in Latine Carduus Lacteus , and Carduus Mariae ; in English Our Ladies Thistle , or , the Striped Milky Thistle . Some think it to be Leucacantha , or Spina Alba of the Antients ; others take it to be Leucographis Plinii . Brunfelfius calleth it Carduus Albus , and Camaeleon ; Matthiolus and Lobel , Carduus Lacteus , some Carduus Argentatus , and Carduus Ramptarius ; others Carduus Leucographus , and Silybum and Acanon Theophrasti .

The Kinds .

Although formerly there have been but one sort hereof known to the Herbarists ; yet of late , by the diligent search , and observation of some that have been curious , there are found of them three in all , 1. The common Ladies Thistle . 2. Great milky Thistle of a year . 3. The small Spanish milk-Thistle .

The Form .

The Common Ladies Thistle hath divers very large and broad leaves , lying on the ground , cut in , and as it were crumpled , but somewhat hairy on the edges , and of a white green shining colour , wherein are many lines and strakes , of a milky white colour , running all over , and set with many sharp and stiffe prickles round about ; amongst which rise up one or more strong , round , and prickly stalks , set full of the like leaves , up to the top , where at the end of every branch , commeth forth a great prickly Thistle-like head , strongly armed with pricks , and with bright Purple Thrums , rising out of the middle of them : after they are past , the Seed groweth in the said heads , lying in a great deal of fine soft white Down , which is somewhat flattish and shining , large and brown : the Root is great , spreading in the ground , with many strings , and small Fibres fastened to them : All the whole Plant is bitter in taste , and therefore supposed not to be without good effects .

The Places and Time .

The first is frequent in many parts of this Realm , and particularly , in St. Georges Fields near London , in great abundance . The Seed , whereof the second and likewise the last came , were brought out of Spain , by Guillaume Boel . It is thought that the last is the same that Camerarius saith , he picked out of Epithy●●● , and that Ranwolsius gave him , brought out of Syria , because the Seed and Leaves are so very much alike . They flower and seed in June , July , and August , when other sorts of Thistles do .

The Temperature .

Our Ladies Thistle is hot and dry in the second Degree , and bindeth moderately , especially the Roots .

The Signature and Vertues .

There are upon this Plant also many prickles , and therefore it is good for the Stitches of the side , and other Diseases thereof , by Signature , if the Decoction or Powder thereof be taken . It is also very effectuall for Agues , and to prevent and cure the infection of the Plague : as also to open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and thereby is good against the Jaundies . It provoketh Urine , breaketh and expelleth the Stone , and is good for the Dropsie . The Root is good for those that are troubled with the Lask , and the Bloody Flix : it stayeth bleedings , wasteth away cold swellings , easeth the pain of the Teeth , if they be washed with the decoction thereof . The Seed is held to be as effectuall , if not more , for the purposes aforesaid , as also for the Cramp , and so is the distilled water , which besides is often applyed , both inwardly to drink , and outwardly with Cloaths or Spunges , to the Region of the Liver , to cool the distemperature thereof , and to the Region of the Heart , against swounings and passions of it . The tender leaves having the prickles taken off , and eaten with other Herbs , are exceeding good to cleanse the blood , in the Spring-time ; and the young stalks peeled and dressed , as the stalks of the other Chardons and wild Artichokes , are good meat , especially for Nurses to increase their milk , which it doth by Signature also .

CHAP. CXLI . Of Camomile .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of Dioscorides : and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Theophrastus ; and of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the whitenesse of the flowers ; an● 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod Maliod 〈…〉〈◊〉 , of the sc●●t of an Apple , or Quince . It is called by some also in Latin Lauco 〈…〉 and Ambomis : but most generally Cham●●lum , and of some , Ch 〈…〉 illa as it it in the Apothecaries shops . Some call the Garden C 〈…〉 be , both single and double , C 〈…〉 lum Ronanum adoratius & nobile , thinking them to be sweeter then the wild kind : which last , by manuring , will have a good scent as the former . Mayweed , which is a kind hereof , is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cynanthemis , and Cynobotane , that is , Camomilla Canina , and Canina herba ; in Latin Cotula , Cotula Fatida and Cotulan●n Fatida : in English Mayweed with a strong and no scent ; and of Country people , Mathern .

The Kinds .

Of Camomile and May-weed there be ten sorts , 1. Ordinary Camomile , 2. Naked Camomile , 3. Double flowred Camomile , 4. Small Camomile of Africa , 5. Great Spanish Camomile , 6. Sweet Spanish Camomile , 7. Small hoary Spanish Camomile , 8. Unsavoury Mountaine Camomile , 9. Stinking May-weed , 10. May-weed without any scent .

The Form .

Our Ordinary Camomile is well known to all , to have many small trailing branches , set with very fine Leaves , bushing and spreading thick over the ground , taking root still as it spreadeth : the tops of the Branches have white flowers with yellow thrums in the middle , very like unto Feather-few , but more soft and gentle in handling , which give a small white seed not observed by many , and being cast into the ground will grow as other seed doth ; the whole Herb is of a very sweet scent .

The Places and Time .

Ordinary Camomile groweth wild familiarly in many places of this Land , as on Putney Heath neer the Wind-Mill , and upon Barnes Common in Surry , and else where . The May-weed that stinketh not , groweth many times amongst the Corn , as the stinking sort very Commonly doth . The Naked and Double sort grow onely in Gardens . The fourth was found by Boel in Africa by Tunis . The fifth , sixth , and seventh in divers places of Spain . The Eighth in sundry places of Spain also . They all flower in Summer , but some earlier then others .

The Temperature .

Camomile , saith Galen , is hot and dry , in the first degree , and of thin parts ; it is of force to digest , slacken , and rarify ; it healeth moderately , and dryeth little .

The Vertues

The decoction of Camomile made and drunk helpeth all panes and stitches in the side ▪ the Chollick , Stone , and wind in the Belly , or Stomach , and expelleth tough and clammy Phlegme , as also cold Humors , provoketh sweat , brings down the Courses in Women and provokes Vrine . It is very profitable for Agues that come of Phlegme or Melancholy , or from an Inflammation of the Bowels ; and for the Hypoc●ondres , that is , the sides and that part where the Liver and Spleen ly● , there can be nothing more acceptable then it . The bathing of a decoction of Camomile , taketh away wearinesse and easeth paines , to what part soever of the body it be applyed besides it comforteth the Sinewes , that are overstreined and mollifieth all swellings . It moderately comforteth all parts that have need of warmth , and digesteth , and dissolveth whatsoever hath need thereof , by a wonderfull speedy property . The flowers boyled in Posset drink provoketh sweat , and helpeth to expell colds , aches , and paines wheresoever , the 〈◊〉 i●●n excellent help to bring down womens courses . A Syrup made of the juyce of double Camomile saith Baubi●●s : but Garden Camomile , say Pena and Lobel , with the flowers , and white wine , is a remedy against the Jaundise and dropsie , that cometh by the evill disposition of the Spleen . The Lye , where in the flowers have been boyled , is very good to wash the head , and to comfort both it and the brain . It is said that a Stone which hath been taken out of the body of a man , being wrapped in Camomile will in a short time dissolve ; whence it may be gathered that it is excellent for the Stone , if the Syrup or decoction thereof betaken , or else a dram of the Salt of it in a little white or Rhenish wine in a morning . The Egyptians were wont to use the Oyle , made of the Flowers , against all Agues , by annointing the patient from Head to Foot therewith , which is also very available for the externall uses aforesaid . May-weed is often used with good successe , for the same purposes , that Camomile is , especially the ordinary sort . They are both put into Glysters , but especially , Camomile .

CHAP. CXLII . Of Sweet Trefoile or Balsam .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , but whether it be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 there is some diversity of opinions amongst Authors . Most of the best sort take it to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of Discorides ; in Latin Lotus satius or Vrbana , yet Matthiolus taketh it to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Lotus silvestris , and so do Anguillara and Castor Durantes : but Fuschius saith , that the Greeks call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and the Latins Frifolium Odoratum , which is the name by which it is best known , both in Latin , and English . For if it be gathered and kept dry in the house , it doth in some sort retain the scent , it had growing ; but against rainy weather , it smelleth so strong , that some have desired to lay it in their Chamber , to be as it were their Almanack , to shew them the weather . It is called of many women now a dayes Balsam , for the Singular healing properties it hath .

The Kind●s .

Unto this kind are referred th●se Four sorts , 1. Sweet Trefoile or Balsam , ● . Strong Smelling Claver , 3. Strong smelling Claver of America , 4. Claver ● America .

The Forme .

The Sweet Trefoile riseth up with one strong round whi●ish stalk , about halfe a yard , or two foot high , spreading forth many branches on all sides , where about are set many Leaves with long foot stalks , three alwayes set together , of a whitish green colour , very soft and somewhat dented about the Edges , of the scent of Fenngreek which is thought to alter seven times a day , but it is but a fancy : at the tops of the branches stand many flowers closely set together , each of them like unto those of Melilot , but larger , and of a bleak or pale watchet blue colour ; after which come round white heads , containing dark yellowish coloured Seed : the Root is small white and threddy , perishing every year , but riseth again from the seed that shedd●th , or by being sowen in the Spring .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth not wild in Italy , France , or Germany , but with them all is sowen in their Gardens , and so it is with us . And even D●oscoides saith , it grew in Gardens in his time , as not growing wild in Greece or other places that he had heard of . The Second groweth about M●●pelier and Marseilles , as Pena and Lobel say , and is a stranger at Venice , and other places of Italy , as well as in Germany , and with us , and onely to be found in the Gardens of those which are rare conservers of plants . The last came from America as is supposed . The first flowreth in June and July and doth alwayes perfect his Seed ; but the other , because they flower later , do often misse to give good seed so , that we are often to seek for them again .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Sweet Trefoile or Garden Claver ( for so Gerard calls it ) doth in a mean concoct and dry , being temperare between heat and cold , to which Gerard ass●enteth ; yet Fuschius saith , it is hot and dry in the third degree , which is more likely to be the temperature of the strong smelling Claver , called in Latin Trifolium 〈◊〉 .

The Vertues .

The Oyle made of the Leaves and Flowers of Sweet Trefoile , is a Soveraigne Remedy for all Stitches , Aches , Cramps , lamenesse of the Joynts and Sinews , for all bruises and Burstings of Young Children , and generally all other the like outward diseases , whether they proceed of Heat or Cold. It is wonderfully ex 〈…〉ed for dissolving all hard swellings , bunches , or wens in any part of the body ; as also for repressing moderately , all inflammations , and helpeth to digest all corrupt and rotten fores , bringing them to maturity , and healing them perfectly . It is admi●ed also for its rare properties , in healing green sores , as well as Old Vlcers , as also to ease the pain of the Gout . The juyce of the green Herb , is used with honey to be dropped into the Eyes , to help the Ulcers , that happen therein , and taketh away all manner of Spots , as Pin or Haw as also all skins that grow over them to hinder the ●ight . The distilled water is good to wash Childrens ●eads that are broken out with scurfe or Scabs . The Leaves are laid in Chests and Presses , to keep Moths from Garments . The decoction of the strong smelling Claver , made in wine and drunk , easeth the paines of the sides coming by obstructions and provoketh Vrine , as Hippocrates saith , it helpeth women who after their Delivery are not well purged or cleared of the Afterbirth , it provoketh their Courses also , and helpeth to expell the birth . Divers Authors write that the Decoction of the whole plant is very effectual against all Venomous Creatures ; & that if the said decoction which hath bin applyed to one that hath bin bitten , be afterwards applyed to one that hath not bin bitten , he that was not bitten shall feel the paines of him that was bitten , and he that was bitten , shall feel none ; Nay , some write that the decoction is very dangerous to be used by any but those who are bitten : so that those that need not a remedy shall be sure to find a malady : but no more of that . The Flowers Leaves or Seed either altogether or each severally by it self , being boyled in Vinegar , and a little honey added thereto , being drunk , is a speciall remedy for them that are stung or bitten by any venemous Creature . The seed is of most force with Galen , who appointeth it to be put in Treacles , that he prescribed for divers persons . The seed also boyled in honied water , and drunk , is Singular good , for the Pleurisy ; provoketh Vrine and allayeth the heat thereof , and is good for the Strangury . It helpeth those that have the Falling Sicknesse and is Singular good for women that have the rising and strangling of the Mother , whereby they often seeme to be dead . The same decoction also is good for those that have the dropsie , and taken before the fit , either of tertian or quotidian Ague , it lesseneth the fits both of heat and cold , & by often using it doth quite take them away : three drams of the seed , or four of the Leaves powdered , and given in drink provoketh Womens monthly Courses effectually . What effects the two latter sorts will work , hath not been tryed , but its thought they are neer the same with the former .

CHAP. CXLIII . Of Melilote

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quasi Mellita Lotus , that is , a kind of Lotus smelling like Honey . In Latin anciently , it was called Sertula Campana , because the flowers growing in the fields of Campania were used to be put into Garlands ; and Corona Regia , because of the yellow flowers which do Crown the top of the Stalks , but some call it Trefolium Odoratum , which is the plant declared in the former Chapter . Some also call it Trefolium Equinum or Caballinum , because horses are said to love it , and to grow fat by eating thereof . In English we call it generally Melilote , after the Greek ; and sometime Kings Claver , and sometimes Harts Claver , because Staggs and Deer delight to feed upon it .

The Kinds .

There be seven sorts of Melilote , 1. Common melilote , 2. white flowred Melilote , 3. Italian Melilote , 4. Assyrian Melilote , 5. Egyptian Melilot , 6. Spanish Melilot , which hath spotted Leaves , 7. East Indian Melilote .

The Form .

The common Melilote hath many green stalks , about half a yard high , or somewhat more , rising from a tough , long , white Root , which dyeth not every year ; set round about at the joynts , with small , and somewhat long , strong well smelling Leaves , three alwayes set together , unevenly dented about the edges : the Flowers are yellow , and well smelling also , made like other Trefoi●es , but smaller , standing in long spikes one above another , for an hand breadth long or better , which afterwards turn into long crooked Cods , wherein are contained , flat Seeds , somewhat brown .

The Places and Time

The first is found in many places of this Land plentifully , as on the further side of the ditch , on the left hand , between the foot of Heddington Hill and Oxford , in the edge of Suffolk , in divers places of Essex , and Huntingtonshire , and other places more sparingly , either in the Corn-helds , or in the corner of Meadows . The second groweth not in any place of this Land natura●ly , but is very frequent in Germany , and is only nursed up in Gardens with us . The third came to us from Italy , and by that Italian name we call it still . The fourth is said by Pena and Lobel , to come first from Aleppo in Syria to Venice , and from thence to us . The fifth is peculiar only to Egypt . The sixth was found upon the Mountains of Castile in great plenty . The last came immediately out of Italy ; yet it is supposed , that it came from the East-Indies thither . They do all flower in the Moneths of June and July , and their Seed is ripe quickly after .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Melilote is of a mixt quality ; for it hath a little astringency in it , and yet it doth digest ; for the warming or hot faculty , is more abundant therein then the cold .

The Vertues .

The Egyptian Melilote , as Alpinus saith , the Seed whereof is only used by them , being boyled , and the places grieved someneed , and bathed with the warm decoction , is very effectuall against the pains of the sides , the Pleurisie , and Perip●●umonia , which is an Impostume of the Lungs ; as also the pains of the Cholick , and Wind in the Belly : the windiness , or strangling of the Mother , or any griefs thereof , to sit over the decoction thereof ; and if Fenugreek , or Linseed , or Camomile Flowers , be added thereto , it helpeth all Tumors , or hard swellings thereof , to provoke the monethly Courses , and to open the obstruction of the Veins , & afterwards to strengthen the parts . And it is thought , that our English Melilote is as good for all the purposes aforesaid , nay better , if Mr. Culpepper mistake not , where he saith , that such things as grow in England , are fittest for English Bodies . Besides , the Compound Plaister of Melilote , having some of the Meal of the Seed therein , is of power to dissolve hardness , windiness , tumors and swellings both of the Spleen , Liver and Belly : as also mightily to ease the pain of the i● all , and to heal the Hypoch●●dria , or fore-part of the Belly , about the short Ribs , when it is stretched or crakt by the swelling thereof : it wonderfully asswageth any other like pain and is good for the Ricke●s . But there is another Plaister or Salve , called Melilote , which is much used , to draw and heal all Sores and Wounds , that need cleansing , and is made of the Juyce of the green young Melilote boyled with Rosin , Wax , Sheeps-Tallow , and some Turpentine , which if it be well made , will be almost as green as the Herb it self , and smell very strong thereof , although it be two or three years old . The juyce dropped into the Eyes , cleareth the sight , and taketh away the Web , Pearl , or Spots therein : it helpeth also the pains of the Ears , dropped into them ; and steeped in Vinegar or Rose-water , it helpeth the Head-ach . It also mollifieth hard Tumors and Inflammations that happen in the Eyes or other parts of the Body , as the Seat o● Fundament , and the privy parts of Man or Woman , being boyled in Wine , and laid to the place ; and sometimes the yolk of a roasted Egg , or the Powder of Fenegreek , or Linseed , or fine Flower , or Poppy-Seed , or Endive , is added unto it . The Flowers of Melilote and Camomile , are much used in Glysters , to expel Wind , and to ease pains : as also in Pultises , that are made for the same purpose , and to asswage swellings or Tumors , that happen in the Spleen , or other parts . It helpeth Wens , after it is boyled in water , and also running Ulcers of the Head , if it be applyed with Chalk , Wine , and Galls . It is effectuall to be applyed to those who have suddenly lost their senses , by any Paroxisme : as also to strengthen the memory , to comfort the Head and Brains , and to preserve them from pains , and the fear of the Apoplexy , if the Head be often washed with the distilled Water of the Herb & Flowers , or a Lye made therewith . If satisfaction enough hath not been given for easing the pain of the sides , here is a qui●t or a bag for the purpose . Take Melilote Flowers , Camomile , Rosemary , and Elder Flowers , of each half an handful , of Bran an handful , of Aniseed , Fennel-Seed , and Caroway-Seed bruised , of each two Ounces : make a quilted Bag for the side , sprinkle it with Wine , and being made hot , apply it .

CHAP. CXLIV . Of Oats .

The Names .

THis Plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , comming peradventure , and as some suppose of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod cibum significat , because in former times it was the most usuall food in many places , as Pliny testifies , which is very likely to be true ; for to this day they do so in many places , and even in some Countries with us also , as in Wales , Lincolnshire , Lancashire , &c. not only for Horses , Hoggs , and Pullen but for men , making both Bread , Drink , and Pottage , as you shall hear anon . It is called in Latine Avena , and in English Oats , and some give it the generall name of Corn and Provender .

The Kinds .

There are only two Sorts of Oats , which may justly challenge any room in this Chapter , which are the ordinary sowen Field-Oats , and the naked Oats ; for the wild Oats are most truly reckoned amongst the Grasses .

The Form .

I should not have needed to trouble you with the form hereof , were it not pro Formâ , it being so well known , therefore I shall be but brief in it . The ordinary Oats groweth up with divers tall joynted stalks and leaves , somewhat resembling Wheat , bearing at the tops , a large spread tuft , of many pointed Aglets , hanging down like small winged Birds , from small thred-like stalks , which consist of a husk and a Kernel or Grain , which is small , long and round , like Rie ; but longer , and more pointed : the Root is small and threddy .

The Places and Time .

They are both sowen in our Fields in sundry places , yet the naked Oats nothing so frequent , and do love rather a cold moyst ground , then either hot or dry , and are usually , the first Seed is sowen upon those grounds that were Woods , after their stocking up . They are Summer Corn , that is , sowen in the Spring , and mowen in Autumn , or the latter end of Summer .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Oates are somewhat cold , and drying withall , and nourish little .

The Vertues ▪

Common Oats put into a linnen Bag , with a little Bay-Salt , quilted handsomly for the same purpose , and made hot in a Frying-Pan , and applyed as hot as can be endured , easeth the pain in the side , called the Stitch , or Chollick in the Belly . Being boyled in water , and the hands or feet of such as are troubled with chaps , chinks , or rists , in those parts ( a Disease of great affinity with the Pocks , being called in Latine Serpigo and Impetigo ) being holden over the fume or smoke thereof , the Oats being put into a Vessel fit for the purpose : afterwards annointed with that Oyntment usually applyed contra Morbum Gallicum , and then the Patient covered with Blankets , and made to sweat , it doth perfectly cure the same in six times so annointing and sweating . A Pultis made of the Meal of Oats , and some Oyl of Bayes put thereto , helpeth the Itch and the Leprosie : as also the Fistulaes of the Fundament , and dissolveth hard Impostumes : the Meal of Oats boyled with Vinegar , and applyed , taketh away freckles and spots in the face , or other parts of the Body . Oat-meal is usually given in Broth , to bind those that have a Lask , or other Flux , and with Sugar , is to good effect , given to those that have a Cough , or Cold. Oat-meal-Cawdle is a food for those that are newly brought to bed , and for others to whom a very spare dyet is commended . I forgot to tell you in the names that they are called Avena vesca , à vescendo , becau●e it is used as I said in many Countries , to make sundry sorts of bread as in Lancashire , where it is their chiefest Bread-corn for Jannocks , Haver-Cakes , Tharffe-Cakes , and those which are generally called Oaten-Cakes ; and for the most part they call the Grain Haver , whereof they also make Malt , and thereof make their drink , and are thereby sustained , and live in as good health and strength of body , as those that live on Wheat only ; whereby we may well perceive , that it hath a warming quality , rather then a cold , in nourishment : howsoever , it may be cooling in Medicament . Oat-meal is not good to be eaten raw , especially by young Maids ; for it will make them look like a Cake of Tallow , especially , if she eat it in a morning , and drink a draught of strong Vinegar after it , which they are too apt to do . Naked Oats are so called , because they are fit for use , as soon as they be threshed without the help of Mill. In Norfolk and Suffolk , where they are most plentiful : the good Houswives that delight not to have store of any thing , but from hand to mouth , do when they want Oat-meal for their present use , go into the Barn , and rub forth with their hands so much as will serve their turn , not willing to provide for to morrow , but to let the morrow provide for it self , as the Scripture saith .

CHAP. CLXV . Of Valerian .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Nardus agrestis , or Sylvestris , because it is in smell and faculty , like unto Nardus , and in Latine , Valeriana , a multis quibus valet facultatibus . Some also call it Thericaria , because it is a speciall Ingredient in Treacle , and Herba Benedicta , of Paracelsus , it is called Terdina . The ordinary sort is generally called , both in Shops , and of all other , Phu majus , and Valeriana major hortensis ; in English , the great Garden Valerian , and of some , Capons-Tail , and Set-wall ; yet Setwall properly is that Zedoaria , or Zerumbeth , that groweth in Malaver , Calecut , and Cananor , being places of the East-Indies , and not in any of these Christian Countries .

The Kinds :

Of Valerians , there may be found these fifteen Sorts . 1. The great Valerian . 2. A Mountain kind of great Valerian . 3. Knobbed Valerian of Candy . 4. Broad-leafed wild Valerian of the Alps. 5. Small wild Valerian of the Alps. 6. Summer Valerian . 7. Indian Valerian . 8. Narrow-leafed red Valerian . 9. Rocky Valerian . 10. Small Valerian of a year . 11. Red Valerian . 12. Greek Valerian . 13. Small Valerian . 14. Greater wild Valerian . 15. Lesser wild Valerian .

The Form .

The great Valerian hath a thick short grayish Root , lying for the most part above ground , shooting forth on all sides , other such like small peeces , or Roots , which have all of them many long and great strings , or Fibres under them , in the ground whereby it draweth nourishment : from the Heads of these Roots , spring up many green leaves , which at the first are somewhat broad and long , without any division at all in them , or denting on the edges ; but those that rise up after , are more and more divided on each side , some to the middle Rib , being winged , as made of many Leaves together on a stalk , and those upon the stalk in like manner , are more divided , but smaller toward the top then below : the stalk riseth to be two or three foot high , sometimes branched at the top , with many small whitish Flowers , sometimes dashed over at the edges , with a pale purplish colour , of a small scent , which passing away , there followeth small brownish white Seed , that is easily carried away with the wind : The Root smelleth more strong , then either Leaf or Flower , and is likewise of more use in Medicine .

The Places and Time

The first is said by Dioscorides to grow in Pontus , in the wet ground of Mountaines , and other moist places ; and is generally kept in our Gardens . The second is found in Savoy , as Camerarius saith . The third grew in Candy . The fourth upon the mountaines of Austria and Stiria , and so doth the fift also . The seaventh is said to come from mexico . The Eighth was gathered on mount Baldus . The ninth Fabius , Columna found on the mountains in Naples . The tenth groweth onely in the Gardens of the Curious , the naturall place being unknown . The Eleventh groweth about Monpelier in France . The Twelfth & Thirteenth are known to grow no where , but in Gardens . The two last , grow commonly in Marshes and wet medows , by rivers and water sides in our own Country . They do all flower in the Summer-months of June , and July , and the Indian kind sooner if it be saved betime ; and continue flowring till the Frosts come , and so doth the Summer or Annuall kind also .

The Temperature .

Valerian being green hath very little heat , but the roots when they are dryed are hot and dry in the first or second degree .

The Vertues

The Garden Valerian being dryed , and given in drink , doth take away the pains of the sides , provoketh Vrine , and helpeth the Strangury ; and the Decoction thereof taken doth the like also , and procureth Womens Courses , and is used in Antidotes . The same helpeth all Stranglings and Choakings arising in any part , whether be they because of the Pains in the Chest or Sides , and taketh them away . The root boyled with Liquorice , Raisins and Annise-Seed , is Singular for those which are short-Winded , and have the Cough , and helpeth to open the passages , and to cause Phlegme to be easiely Spit out . It is given to those that are bitten or stung by any venemous Creature , being taken in wine , and is of speciall vertue against the Plague , and expelleth Wind in the Belly . The green Herb and root being bruised , and applyed to the head , taketh away the paines and prickings therein , stayeth Pheumes and thin Distillations ; and being boyled in white wine , and a drop thereof put into the eye , taketh away the dimnesse of the sight , or any Pin , Haw or Web therein . It is of excellent property to heale any inward sores or wounds , and draweth any Splintor , or Thorn out of the flesh . The decoction of the Root of the Lesser Valerian , is stronger to resist Poyson and infections then the greater , as Matthiolus Saith : It is very profitably applyed to asswage the swelling of the Cods caused of cold or wind , if the fumes or vapours of the decoction thereof made with wine be applyed warm unto them . The water distilled from the greater Valerian , both Herb & root , in the month of May , is Singular good to be taken fasting , for all the purposes aforesaid ; and a good and safe Medicine in time of the Plague ; it killeth also the wormes in the belly , & is singular good to wash either green wounds or old Vlcers . It is of a great esteem in the Northern parts , where they never make any pottage or broath for any one that is sick , but they put some of this Herb therein , be the disease what it will , and is called of them , The Poor Mans Remedy the decoction of the root being drunk when by taking cold after sweating or over-heating of their bodies ; they be troubled with the Collick or Wind , or are otherwise wayes distempered . The Roots being dryed and laid among Cloaths give a good smell unto them , and the Extraction thereof is a Singular remedy against the yellow Jaundice , and Stoppings of the Liver , Spleen , and Womb. Wild Valerian is thought of the latter Herbarists to be good for them that are bursten , for such as are troubled with Cramps , or other Convulsions , and for all those that are bruised with Falls . The Leaves of these , and also those of the Garden ▪ are good against the Ulcers and soreness of the Mouth and Gums , if the decoction thereof be g●●garized , or held in the mouth . Some are of opinion , that the Roots of wild Valerian dryed and powdered , and a dram thereof taken with Wine , doth purge upward and downward . The Greek Valerian is much used to be put in Salves for green wounds , and being but bruised and applyed , it healeth them .

CHAP. CXLVI . Of Stitch-wort .

The Names .

SOme take it to be the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Dioscorides , that is , Tota Ossea in Latine , and All-Bony in English so called , as is supposed by Antiphrasis , because it is an Herb with very tender stalks , somewhat like unto Chick-weed . Others doubt , whether this be that H●lostium or no , because Dioscorides saith , his is sharp , and this is not , which may be caused from their growing in different Climates . Tragus calleth it Eufrasia gramen , and Leonicerus , Eufrasia major : Fuschius , Dodonaeus , and others , Gramen ; Leucanthemum , which is its usuall Latine name , so called from the pretty white Flowers it beareth . It is called in English Stitch-wort , for its property in helping Stitches and pains in the sides .

The Kinds .

There are two principall sorts of Stitch-wort , a greater and a lesser , or an earlier and a later : in each whereof , there be also some diversities , both in respect of bigness of the Herb and Flower , and also in respect of the colour of the Flower .

The Form .

The greater Stitch-wort , hath sundry , round slender stalks , rising from the Root , scarce able to sustain themselves , but by the help of the hedges , or other things that grow near it , with two small , long , hard , rough , and pointed Leaves at each of them : at the tops whereof stand many small Flowers , composed of white Leaves , standing like a Starre , with some white threds in the middle : the Root runneth , or creepeth in the ground , all about , with many small Fibres thereat .

The Places and Time .

The first sort groweth more usually under hedges , and under dry banks of ditches , or the like , and flowreth a moneth earlier then the other , that is in April , the other is more common in the Corn-fields , and else-where , in the more open and Champion grounds , and flowreth not untill May or June .

The Temperature .

Stitch-wort is supposed to be hot and dry in the first or second degree .

The Vertues .

This Herb is said to be of wonderful efficacy , to help stitches in the sides , if the powder thereof be drunk in White-wine , especially if some of the Powder of Acorns be added thereunto . Being boyled in Wine , it breaketh the Stone , and is good against the hardness of the Spleen , and Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , it cleanseth the Reins , Bladder and Passages of Urine . The Seed doth vehemently purge by Urine , and stoppeth vomiting . It is much commended of some to clear the Eyes of dimness , or Films , that begin to grow over the sight , to drop some of the juyce into them . Dioscorides saith of his Holosteum , which many suppose , as I said , to be our Stitch-wort , that if a Woman drink the Seed of it three dayes fasting , after that she hath had her naturall Courses , and that she happen to conceive within forty dayes after , it shall be a Man-Child : The truth hereof I dare not be so bold as to affirm . If it be of force to cure stitches , as the name imports , and Authours generally write thereof , I have my purpose . It is said also , that it healeth wounds , and that it is used with other simples conducing to the like effect for the Dropsie .

CHAP. CLXVII . Of Flax.

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Linum , both which signifie as well the Herb as it groweth , as the same prepared to be spun , and when it is made into Cloth also . And its Linnen is so called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because the finest substantiall Cloth is made thereof . It was formerly used to make Sailes for Ships ( but now we make Hemp serve for that , reserving this for better uses ) and therefore said to be the thing that joyned the most remote Regions together . It is called in English Fl●x and Line .

The Kinds .

Clusius and others make mention of eleven several sorts of Flaxes , 1. Manured Flax. 2. The more common wild Flax. 3. Broad-leafed blew wild Flax. 4. Broad leafed yellow flowred Flax. 5. Narrow leafed wild Flax , with either white or blew Flowers . 6. Narrow leafed wild Flax , with small Flowers . 7. Narrow leafed wild Flax , with yellow Flowers . 8. Ever-living wild Flax. 9. The yellow shrub Flax of Candy . 10. Chamalinum , that is , Dwarf wild Flax , with white Flowers , or Mill-Mountain . 11. Dwaf wild Flax , with Starre-like Flowers .

The Form .

The manured Flax hath a slender round pliant Stalk , about three foot high , bes●t with narrow , long , and soft Leaves , without Order , branched at the top , into three or four small Branches , each of them bearing two or three fair blew Flowers , made of five pointed Leaves a peece , with some threds in the middle , after which come found Buttons , pointed above , wherein is contained flat , shining , smooth , brown Seed : the Root is small and threddy , perishing every year .

The Places and Time .

The first is sowen in divers places of this Land , as well as in most Countries beyond the Seas . It prospereth best in a fat and fruitful Soyle , and in moyst places especially ; yet , if it be sowne thick in a lean ground , it will be the finer , though not yielding so much : neverthelesse , it is said to burn up the ground , and make it barren : and of this Opinion was Virgil , which he testifieth in these words , Vrit Lini Campum Seges . The time of sowing is the Spring , of flowring June and July of gathering about Bartholomewtide ; after which time it is steeped in water , where the Sun commeth till it will peele , and then it is dryed & braked , and then hatchelled , which being done , it is fit to be spun at any time . The other sorts are said to grow some in France , some in Spain , some in Germany , and some in our own Land , also as Mill-Mountain , almost every where , Blew wild Flax , on New-Market-Heath ; as also Broad-leafed wild Flax , and thin-leafed wild Flax. They are all in Flower from Midsummer untill August , and some abide longer , the Seed ripening in the mean time .

The Temperature .

The Seed of Flax , commonly called Linseed , which is only used in Medicines , is hot in the first degree , and in a mean between moyst and dry , as some say ; yet Dodonaeus saith , that it hath a superfluous moysture , causing windiness , as he instances in the Inhabitants of Middleborough in Zealand , who for want of Corn , eat thereof , to the great endammagement of their healths .

The Vertues .

Linseed boyled in water , and some Honey put unto it , and drunk , is said to ease the pains of the Body , as the Cholick and Stitches , & all Inflammations . A Pultis being made thereof with Fenugreek and Mallowes , is of good use to mollifie and discusse any Tumour , or hardness in any part of the Body , or of the Mother , by fitting in a warm decoction of the Seed or to receive the hot fumes through a Seat for the purpose . Being taken with Raisins , saith Pliny , it helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver , mixed with Nitre , or Salt , and Fig-Tree-Ashes , it easeth the pains and hardness of the Muscles , Sinews , and Arteries , and used with Figs , it ripeneth and digesteth , mixed with wild Cowcumber-Root , it draweth forth splinters , thorns , nails , or any other thing sticking in the flesh , and broken bones also . The decoction thereof made in Wine , and applyed to any fretting or running Sore , stayeth it from spreading further : used with as much Cresses , it taketh away the ruggedness of the nails , & with Myrrh & Rosin , it helpeth Ruptures & swellings of the Cods ; used with Olibanum & water , or Myrth & Wine it helpeth watering Eyes , and mixed with Honey or Suet and Waxe and applied , it helpeth the hard Kernells , and swellings under the Eares or Throat ; it taketh away also the Spots and Blemishes of the skin , Sunburne , and other discolourings . The Oyle of Linseed ( besides that it is of much use for Painters to fasten their colour , either on Cloth , Wood , Stone , Iron , or Glasse , and to burne in Lamps ) is good to mollify the hardnesse and shrinking of the Sinewes , helpeth the Piles , the Chaps of the Fundament , and the hardnesse and paines thereof , and of the Mother ; being beaten with red-Rose-water , it is good against burnings : The Wild Flax is of like use in most things , and more effectuall in some by reason of the bitternesse : the decoction hereof with the flowers doth resolve tumours , & lenify inflammations , the arteries , also when they grow hard and stiffe , and the swellings and sores of the Grain . Mill-Mountaine is said to move the body to Stoole . Thus much being ser down , touching the sides and the distempers thereof , I must now creepe through them underneath the Diaphragma or Midriffe ; and there the first thing that presents it selfe is the Stomack , which is the common receptacle both of Physick that is taken inwardly , as well as Aliment : in both which respects , I shall treate of those Plants which are there unto most appropriated , reserving some of them for the use of the parts below . And because it is more cleanly to wash the Pot before the meat be put in , I shall present you with somwhat to cleanse it , and then to strengthen it , and the other parts of the Body .

CHAP. CXLVIII . Of Worm-wood .

The Names .

I It is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 impotabile ob amaritudinem , or ingustabile because Cattle will not ●●●d upon it . Dioscorides calleth it also , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à profundo 〈◊〉 from its extreame bitternesse , whereby it killeth Wormes , and therefore is called in English Wornie-wood in Latine it is called Absinthium .

The Kind● .

There are but three sorts hereof mentioned by ancient Writers , viz. Absinthium Ponticum . 2. Seryphium . 3. Santonicum : yet now I find fifteene . 1. Common Worm-wood . 2. True Roman Worm-wood . 3. Common Roman Worm-wood . 4. Five leafed Worm-wood of Austria . 5. Unsavory Wormwood . 6. White tufted Worm-wood . 7. White tufted Worm-wood with fine Leaves . 8. The Vasle sians white herb or Worm-wood . 9. Hoary Mountaine Worm-wood . 10. English Sea Worm-wood . 11. French Sea Wormwood : 12. German Sea Worm-wood . 13. Lavender leafed , Sea Worm-wood . 14. Egyptian Worm-wood . 15. Worm-seed Worm-wood , or Levant Wormwood .

The Forme .

Seeing that the Forme of Common Worm-wood , is well known , I shall give you the description of the true Roman kind : It hath more slender and shorter stalkes then the Common sort , and reasonable large Leaves , yet smaller and more finely cut in , and divided then it , but as white and hoary , both in the Leaves and Stalks : The Flowers also are of a pale yellow colour standing upon the small Branches in the same manner ; and but that , it is smaller in each part it is altogether like it ; the roots likewise are smaller , lesse woody , and fuller of fibres : The smell thereof is somewhat Aromatically sweet ; and the bitternesse is not so loathsome to taste as that of the former .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth wild in divers Countryes especially in England ; The second groweth naturally on divers high Mountaines in Italy and Germany , whence it is brought into their Gardens , and into some of ours by them that love rare Plants . The third groweth in Hungaria , and Austria , but it is to be found now , in divers of our Gardens . The fourth is found only in Austria . The fift is kept in Gardens as a ratity , its Originall being unknown ; The sixth groweth on the Mountaines of Austria and Stiria , and on the Mountaines thereabouts ; The seventh on Mount Baldus , and on Serva one of the Belluni Mountaines ; The eighth and ninth on the hills among the Valle●●ans ; The tenth on the seacoasts in divers places of this land , as also of the Low Countries ; The eleaventh neere the Sea at Marselles and by Venice also , The Twelvth in Misnia in Germany , The thirteenth about the Coasts of the Venetian Gulfe , as also in the Iland of Sio . The fourteenth is said to grow in Egypt , but Pena and Lobel doubt thereof . Ranwolfi●s saith , he saw the last growing about Bethlehem in the Land of Jury . It groweth also in other p●aces of Syria and Arabia , whence it hath been brought and made for a while to grow in these parts . They do for the most part Flower in August , saving the two last , which coming out of warme Countryes are later then the rest with us .

The Temperature .

Common Worm-word is hot in the second degree , and dry in the third , and though it be bitter , and cleansing , yet it is binding and strengthning , and as effectuall , if not more , then any of the other .

The Vertues .

Whether Wormwood be taken in powder , in decoction , or the juyce by it selfe or the infusion in Wine , it draweth from the tunicles of the Stomach , and Intestines , first Choler , then Phlegme , and also doth strengthen the Stomack . like Alees . It purgeth Choler , likewise from the Reines , and Liver , and that by Vrine , It doth much prevaile in the Green-sicknesse , Jaundise , and Dropsy , and helpeth such as have obstructed Stomacks , and Livers , the Cholick , and gripings in the belly . It cleanseth the Womb and uterine parts , helpeth Crudities , driveth away the Hicket , stayeth Vomiting , brings a good Appetite , expelleth Wind , and prevailes in intermittent Agues and Obstructions of the Entralls , It preserveth the blood from Putrefaction , and is usefull in the pestilence ; s also for preventing and resisting drunkennesse , Vomiting at Sea , and killing Wormes . The Vinegar wherein Worm-wood is boyled helpeth a stinking Breath that cometh from the teeth or gums or from corruption in the Stomack , and provokes the termes in Women , and if it be but sleeped in the same and drunken , it helpeth such as have made themselves sick with eating Mushromes or Toodstooles . The Wine made hereof is good for all the forementioned purposes , except in such as have Feavers . Being outwardly applyed , it killeth Wormes in the Belly or Stomack ; the juyce with honey helpeth dim eyes , and mingled with Niter it helpeth the Quinsie , being anointed therewith . It taketh away black and blew spots in the skin , that come after falls or bruises , if it be mingled with honey , and anointed . It helpeth sore , and running Eares , and easeth the paine of them , if the hot vapors of the decoction be taken-in thereat , by a Funnell or otherwise ; It is likewise effectuall to ease the Tooth-ach . Being bruised and applyed with Rose-water to the Stomack , it gives much ease and comfort to such as have been long sick . It availes against the hardnesse of the Spleene , or where there is a hot sharpe-water running betweene the flesh and the skin , if it be used with Figges , Vinegar , and meale of darnell , A decoction thereof being made , and the Temples bathed therewith helpeth the Paines of the Head that come of a cold cause . Also being boiled in Vinegar , and the mouth washed therewith , it helpeth a Stinking breath . Being put into Chests or Presses where cloathes are , it preserveth them from Wormes and Moathes . If the skin be rubbed with the juice , or with the Oyle it driveth away Fleas and Gnats . It is said , that if Children before they be three Moneths old , be bathed with a decoction thereof , or their Temples , feet , and hands be nointed with the juyce thereof , and well rubbed in , they shall not be troubled nor molested with heat or cold all their life-time . It is also commended , being so used as before , for preserving the body , that it shall not be infected with Scah , Leprosy , French disease , Lice , or such like malady , except some heinous crime be to be punished with one of these . Notwithstanding the good qualities aforesaid , the juyce offends the head by raising up Vapours which cause drowsynesse and sleepinesse . Neither is it safe to use it in the Consumption of the Lungs , falling sicknesse , Arthritick paines , Apoplexy , Lethargy and continuall Feavers . Where the Stomack is hot , the use is also to be forborne , especially being inflamed .

CHAP. CXLIX . Of Myrabolanes .

The Names .

The Arabians were the first that made Mirabolanes known to the World , and called them in general by the name of Delegi , as by the Writings of Mesue & Serapio do appeare ; which some of the moderne Greekes translating , gave them the names of Myrabolanes ; because ( as it is likely ) they thought the fruit was like unto an Acorne ; but why they should give the other word Myr●s , which signifieth an Oyntment , cannot be understood by any , seeing that they are never used in any Oyntment . Yet they recaine the name Myrobalanes , which signifieth as much as Balamus Myrepsica or Glans inguentaria , the Acorne for Oyntments . They are called in English by Mr. Parkinson , Purging Plums .

The Kinds .

The Author just now mentioned , doth set down five sorts of these fruits with the severall Trees whereon they grow : As. 1. The yellow Mirabolane Indian Plum. 2. The purple Mirabolane . 3. The round Mirabolane 4. The bearded or six square Mirabolane . 5. The black Mirabolane . Their Latine Names are . 1 Citrina . 2. Chebula . 3. Bellerica . 4. Emblica . 5. Indica .

The Form .

The Tree that beareth the yellow Myrabolanes is said to grow , as great as a Plum-Tree , having many branches , and winged Leaves on them , like unto the true Service Tree ; the Fruit is for the most part as big , as a reasonable Plum , some what long and fully round , but having many faire ridges on the outside , especially when it is dryed , shewing it to be five square , and not perfectly round , though coming somthing neere round ; of a yellower colour on the outside , then any of the rest , the flesh or substance being of a reasonable thicknesse , yet not so thick as the Chebula or Emblica , nor so thin as the Bellerica . The stone is white , thick and very hard to break , with eminencies and ridges also therein , and a very small long kernel lying in the middle , of an astringent taste as the dryed fruit is also , but much more then it .

The Places and Time

All these fruits grow in the East Indies Wild , and not manured , yea in divers Provinces , as some in Goa , and Batecula , others in Malaver and Dabul : Yet Garzias saith , that foure sorts grow in the Kingdome of Cambaya , and the Chebula in Bisnagar , Decan , Guzarate ( which we call at this time Surrate ) and Bengala . Bellonius saith in his book of Observations , that the yellow Mirabolanes grow in Arabia , and Syria , and also in the plaines of Jericho ; but it is thought he was mistaken .

The Temperature .

All the kinds of Myrabolanes are cold in the first degree , and dry in the second ; not only purging but strengthening the stomack .

The Vertues .

The Citrine or yellow Myrabolanes do purge Choler , strengthen the Stomack Heart , and Liver , profit such as have the Hemorrhoides or Piles , & are proper for such as are of a temperate heate : They are good in Tertian Feavers , or Agues , cause a good colour , and hinder old age , being often taken . The Chebulae do purge Phlegme , quicken the Braine , and sharpen the Sight , strengthen the Stomack after purging ; They are profitable for such as have the Dropsy , and are troubled with long continued Agues . The Emblick and Bellerick purge the Stomack from rotten Phlegme lying therein , and strengtheneth the Braine , and Joynts , Heart and Liver , and bind all other loose or fluent humors in the parts of the body , and are very effectuall for the Trembling of the Heart , and to stir up Appetite , stay Vomiting , and restraineth the fury , and belching of Choler , qualifyeth the great heat of the inward parts , and allayeth Thirst , giveth ease to those that are troubled with the Piles , by restraining the fiercenesse of Choler flowing into them ; and for this last effect the Citrine are most used ; as having the signature thereof . The Indies , or black Myrabolanes , do purge Melancholy , and black or adust Choler , and therefore are available for the Quartane Ague , the Lepry , and all Paralyticall diseases , and they cause a good colour of the face . As for their outward use , the Citrine are used in Collyries , or Medicine for the Eyes , with the juyce of Fennell or Rose-water , and against the inflammations , and flowing of humors to the Eyes ; The powder thereof with Mastick or Rose-water is used in Vlcers to heale them and dry them . The powder of the Kernells , is used against dimnesse of the Eyes , or to take away the Web therein , or the powder thereof infused in Rose-water , and dryed , and then infused two or three times more , and dry them , then make it in powder , and use it . The Bellerick stay the flowing of the Hemorrhoides and helpe the falling of the haire , the affected place being bathed with the decoction thereof , and the powder strawed on afterwards , and it makes the haire become blacker . The Chebules , and the Emblicks are often brought over unto us preserved , whereof the Chebules are more used Physically , for such purposes as are before set down , then the Emblicks are , which being not so harsh in taste as the Chebules , are more used as a very pleasant and delicate preserved Plum amongst other junkets , then for any Physicall respect .

CHAP. CL. Of Groundsell .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Ergerum , quia verè senescit , the Latines call it Senecio , quia citó senescit , because it becomes ihoary so soone . Tragus takes , it to be the Aphaca of Theophrastus , especially the Cotton● kind called Petrella by Monardus Ferrariensis : but , it appeares that Tra●● was mistaken , in that Senecio as well as Aphaca are treated of severally by Theophanstus for two distinct herbes . It is called in English Groundsell and Grunsell .

The Kinds .

The Ancients have made mention but of one sort of Groundsell , but this latter Age hath found out Six . 1. Common Groundsell . 2. Mountaine Groundsell . 3. Myconus Spanish Groundsell . 4. Cottony Groundsell . 5. Stinking Groundsell 6. Sweet swelling Grunsell .

The Form .

Common Groundsell hath a round greene , and somwhat brownish Stalk , spread toward the top , into some branches , set with long , and somwhat narrow , greene Le●ves , cut in on the edges , somwhat like unto Rocket , or rather an Oaken Leafe , but lesser and round at the ends ; At the tops of the stalkes and branches , stand many smal green knaps or heads , out of which grow smal yellow threds or thrums which are the flowers , which continue many dayes blown in that manner , before it passe away in to down , and with the seed is carryed away in the wind : the Root is small and threddy , and soone perisheth , but from the seed that is shed , it soone riseth up againe , so that it may be seene many moneths in the yeare , both green and in flower , and seed ; for it will spring , and seed twice in a yeare at the least , if it be suffered in a Garden .

The Places and Time

The first is found every where almost , as well on the tops of Walles , as at the foot , if there be any rubbish ; and in untilled grounds also , but especially in Gardens : the second is found upon Hills and Mountaines : the third was found by Myconus in Spaine , and sent to Lyons : the fourth groweth by Wood sides , the borders of feilds , and upon old Walles in many places ; the fiift groweth in lopped Woods of Hungaria , and Austria , as Clusius saith , and in barren and untilled places : the last was sent to , Camerarius , out of Italy , The first flowreth almost every Moneth as I said before , the second and fourth do both come somewhat neere unto the other , but are not so quick in their decaying ; the fifth and sixth , do flower only in Summer .

The Temperature .

Groundsell hath mixt faculties ; it cooleth and moisteneth , and withall digesteth , as Paulus Aegineta writeth .

The Vertues

The decoction of Groundsell ( as Diosecrides saith ) being made in Wine and d●unelpeth the paines in the Stomack proceeding of Choler by causing the disaffected party to Vomit , which the juice hereof taken in drink , or the decoction of the herbe in ale with some currants , gently performeth . It is said to be good likewise against the Jaundise , and Falling sicknesse , being taken in Wine , as also against the difficulty of making Water , it provoketh Vrine , and expelleth Gravell from the Reins , a dram thereof , given in Oxymel after some walking or stirring the body : It helpeth the Sciatica also , and the griping paines of the belly called the Chollick . Some ●●re it with Vinegar as a ●allet , accounting it good for the sadnesse of the Heart , and to helpe the defects of the Liver ; It is given also by Nurses to their young Children when they are troubled with the Frets , as they call it , which is a distemper coming cheifely from the Nurses milke being either too Windy or too Sharp , if a few Currans and Anniseeds be stewed therewith : It is said also to provoke Womens Courses , & some say also that it stayeth the Whites which Matthiolus saith cannot be , in that the one quality is contrary to the other : The fresh herb boiled , and made into a Pultis , and applyed to the Breasts of Women that are swollen with heat and paine , as also to the privy parts of Man or Woman , the Seat or Fundament , or the Arteries , Joynts , and Sinewes , when they are inflamed or swollen , doth much ease them : and ●sed with some salt helpeth to disolve the Knots or Kernels that happen in any part of the body : The juyce of the Herbe , or , as Dioscorides saith , the Leaves and Flowers with some fine Frankincense in powder , used in Wounds , whether of the body or of the Nerves and Sinewes doth singularly helpe to heale them ; and so doth the down of the Heads used with Vinegar , as the same Author saith ; but if it be taken in drinke , it will choake any one . The distilled Water of the Herbe performeth well all the aforesaid properties , but especially for the inflammations of the Eyes , and watering of them by reason of the defluxion of the Rhe●●e into them . It is much used to be given to tame Rabbets when they are pot-bellyed through costivenesse to make them gaunt and healthfull .

CHAP. CI. Of Radish .

The Names .

IT is called Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Rhaphanos and Rhaphanis , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quòd facilè apparet , from its speedy growing , for it sheweth it selfe speedily , some say within three dayes after it is sown . It is called in Rhaphanus , Radicula , and Radix , which last name is given unto it , quia quam pancissimis magnitudine cedit , because it is one of the biggest rootes that is , which though it may seeme somwhat strange here in England , yet in some places beyond the Seas they grow to be of a wonderfull hignesse , as Fuchsius reporteth . Some have called the seed hereof Bacanon , and Bacanum , and others Cacanon .

The Kinds .

There be sundry sorts of Radish , whereof some be long and white ; others long and reddish ; some round and white ; others round or of the forme of a peare and of a blackish colour , some wild , and some tame : As. 1. Garden Radish . 2. Small garden Radish . 3. Round Radish . 4. Peare fashioned Radish . 5. Wild Radish . 6. Water Radish .

The Forme .

The Garden-Radish sendeth fotth great and large Leaves , green , rough cut on both sides with deepe gashes , not unlike to the Garden Turnep , but greater . The Stalkes be round , and parted into many branches , out of which spring many small Flowers , of a light purple colour , made of foure little Leaves , after which come sharp pointed cods puft or blown up towards the Stalk , full of a spongious substance , wherein is contained the seed , of a light brown colour somwhat greater then the seed , either of Turnep or Cabbage : The roote is grosse , long , white , and sometimes reddish without , but white within alwaies , and of a sharpe tast .

The Places and Time .

The foure first are Inhabitants of the Garden , and require a loose ground whi●h hath been long manured , ●nd is somwhat fat . They prosper well in sandy ground , which is naturally cold , where they are not so subject to worms as in the other . The fift groweth upon the borders of bankes and ditches cast up , and in the borders of moist feildes . ● The sixth groweth in ditches , standing-waters , and Rivers . The Garden kind● are sown in February , and March , and so long till you come to November , but the best time for sowing them is June , and July for then they yeeld most , because then they will not flower nor seed till the next spring , when as those that are sown sooner run up to seed presently , yet they are more set by in April and May , then afterwards . The wild kinds flower in June and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Radish doth manifestly heat and dry , open and make thin , by reason of the biting quality that ruleth in it . Galen maketh them hot in the third degree , and dry in the second , and sheweth that it is rather a sawce , then a nourishment .

The Vertues .

The rindes of the Roots of Radish steeped in Vinegar and Honey , mixed together , and taken in a morning fasting , and a little after a draught of warme water , do drive our Phlegme and other maligne humors of the Stomack by Vomit , as often as it is oppressed with them . It likewise provoketh Vrine , dissolveth clutteted gravell , and driveth it forth from the Reines and Bladder , if a good draught of the decoction thereof be drunk in the morning . It is good against an old Cough to make thine , thick and grosse Phlegme which sticketh in the Chest . The distilled Water hereof is effectuall for the purposes aforesaid , provoking Vrine mightily , and driving out Stones from the Kidneys . The root also sliced and laid over night in White or Rhenish-Wine , and drunk in the morning , worketh the same effect . The root stamped with Honey , and the Powder of a sheepes heart dryed causeth the Haire to grow in a short space . The seed also causeth Vomit , provoketh Vrine , and being drunk with Oxymel or Honyed Vinegar , it killeth and driveth forth Worms . The Root stamped with Meal of Darnel , and a little White-wine Vinegar , taketh away all black and blew spots , and bruised blemishes of the face . The Root boyled in Broth , and the decoction drunk , is good against an old Cough , it moveth Womens sickness , and causeth much milk . It is good likewise for the Dropsie , the griefs of the Liver , and for the Cholick , and griping pains of the Belly : Being eaten with Mustard , it is good against the Lethargy , drousiness and forgetfulness . It is good also for them that are sick with eating of Toad-stools , or Mushromes , or Henbane , or any other venomous poyson . Some eat them raw with Bread , instead of other food , but being so eaten , they yield very little nourishment , and that faulty , and ill . But for the most part , they are used as a sawce with meats , to procure appetite , and so they ingender blood lesse faulty , and serve to distribute , and disperse the nourishment ; especially , if they be taken after meat : yet howsoever they be taken , they cause belchings , and will make the meat oftentimes to rejolt in the stomack , as the Countrey-man said , that had eaten Fish fryed with Lamp-Oyl .

CHAP. CLII. Of the Black Alder-Tree .

The Names .

IT is most probable , that this Plant came not under the cognitance of any Greek Authour , because it is not named by any of them that I can read of . The Latines call it Fraugnla , quia cito frangitur , that is , the Branches ●e brittle , and easie to break , and Aluns nigra baccif●ra , that it might be known from the Al●●s Vulgaris , whose Bark is whitish , and the Wood more red , and beareth not Berries as this doth . Tragus calleth it Faulbaum , that is , foul Tree , of the evill scent and tast . The Idea ficus nostra , sive Frangula vulg● of L●gdu●ensis , differeth not from this , although he would have it so to do . It is called in English , the Black Aller , or Alder-tree . Of which , there is but one kind , whose description followeth .

The Form .

The Black Aller , or Alder-tree , riseth seldom to be of any great bigness ; but for the most part , abideth like a Hedge , Bush , or Tree , spreading into branches , the wood of the Body being white , and of a dark red at the core or heart , the outward Bark being of a blackish colour , whereon many white spots are noted to be seen ; but the inner Bark next to the Wood is yellow , which being chewed , will turn the spittle yellow , as much , or more then Rubarb , near unto a Saffron colour : the Leaves are somewhat like unto those of the ordinary Alder-tree , or those of the Female Cornel , or Dog-berry-tree , but blacker , and not so long , but rather rounder , the Flowers are white , comming forth at the Joynts with the Leaves , which turn into small round Berries , green at the first , and red afterwards , but blackish when they are thorough ripe , divided as it were into two parts , wherein is contained two small , round , and star Seeds : the Root runneth not deep into the ground , but spreadeth rather under the upper crust of the Earth .

The Places and Time .

This Tree or Shrub groweth in Woods and Copses that are moyst . Mr. Gerard saith , that he found great plenty of it in a Wood , called St. Johns Wood , in the way between Is●●gton and Hornsey , on the left hand of the way , and in the Woods at Hampstead , and other places about London . It flowreth in May , and the Berries are ripe in September , the Leaves appearing in the Spring .

The Temperature :

The inner Bark of the Alder-tree , which is of the greatest use , if not only used in Physick , is of a purging and dry quality .

The Vertues and Signature .

The inner Bark aforesaid , which is of a yellow colour , being steeped in Wine or Beere , and drunk , causeth to vomit vehemently , and cleanseth the stomack . It doth also purge downward , both Choler and Flegme , and the watry humours of Hydropick persons , and strengtheneth the inward parts again afterwards , even as Rubarb doth : If it be boyled with Agrimony , Worm-wood , Dodder , Hops , and some Fennel and Small●ge , Endive and Chicory Roots , and a reasonable draught taken every morning for some time together , it is very effectuall against the Jaundise by Signature , the Dropsie and evill disposition of the Body ; especially , if some purging Medicine have been taken before , to avoid the grosser excrements ; and then it not only purgeth , but also strengtheneth the Liver and Spleen . cleansing them from such evill humours and hardness as they are afflicted with : I●●s to be understood , that these things are performed when it is dry ; for if it be ●ken inwardly before it be dryed , the superfluous moysture will cause extraor●●nary vomiting , pains in the stomack , and gripings in the Belly : yet if the decoction thereof be made , and suffered to stand , and settle for two or three dayes , untill the yellow colour be changed black , it will not work so strongly as before , but will strong then the stomack , and procure an appetite to meat . Being boyled in Vinegar , it is an approved remedy to kill Lice , to cure the Itch , and take away Scabs , by drying them up in a short time . The same is singular good to wash the Teeth , to take away the pains , to fasten those that are loose , to cleanse them and keep them sound . Though the inner Bark be so purgative , as you heard before , yet the outermost doth bind the Body , and is helpful for all Lasks , and Fluxes thereof ; but this also must be dryed first , or else it will not work so effectually . The Leaves are reported to be good Fodder for Cattle , especially for those that give milk , which they breed exceedingly .

CHAP. CLIII . Of the Oily Nut-Ben .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Balanus Myrepsica , that is , Glans Vnguentaria , which name is also attributed to Myrobolanes , only this hath Troglodytes added to it to distinguish it from them ; yet Theophrastus calleth it only 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , , which signifies an Acorne , but why no body knowes ; neither the fruit it ●e●e , nor shell , nor husk , being like to any of the kinds of Acornes : It is called by Lobel , Glans unguentaria , Cathartica , Siliquata , but we in the●e dayes call it more usually in Latine Nux Ben , and the Oyle thereof Ole●●●● Ben or as the Ancients called it Oleum Balaen●num , and in English , The O●ly Nut Ben , of which there is but one kind mentioned by any Author , therefore , in the next place , I shall present you with .

The Forme .

The Tree whereon this Nut groweth , for the first two or three yeares springeth up , and perisheth in Winter againe to the root , and ●riseth againe afresh every Spring , but after it becometh three or ●our yeare old , it groweth more Woddy : It riseth up yearely after the first , with one sleeme shooting forth branches of ●inged Leaves , or rather winged branches of Leaves , the Barke being whitish as the Leaves are also , but they are composed after such an order , as no other tree is , for the branches rise up with the stemme or body , divided into sundry other smaller twigges no bigger then rushes , set with two Leaves at severall spaces distant farre a sunder , ending in small points like haires ; but have no eyes or buds , at me feet of the Leaves , as the small branches of other trees have : The Leaves first fall away , leaving the branches bare , which then shew like unto ordinary or Spanish Broome , when it hath lost the Leaves , and after them the Stalkes likewise perish unto the very stemme ; The root is thick , long , White , and Tuberous , as ●● were , yet ending in some sprayes being not much woody , but rather fleshy and tender : It hath not been known to beare flowers or fruit in our Christian Countryes , but the Nuts or fruits , such as have been brought over to us enclosed in their huskes , as also out of their huskes , grow some single , and some two together in an huske , the lower and upper end whereof is small and sharp pointed , being about an hand breadth long in all , round and of a darke Ashcolour on the outside , and somwhat reddish on the inside of the substance of leather , lither or easy to bow , tugged on the out side with many long streakes in it , but smooth on the inside : The Nuts themselves are three square for the most part , covered with a whitish soft and somwhat tough Wooddy shell , where●n the white kernell lyeth , which is not altogether insipid . but somewhat sharpe in tast , and oily with all , causing a kind of loathing upon the tasting almost ready to provoke vomiting ; out of which is pressed an Oile , like as is out of Almonds , and not from the Shells or huskes , as some formerly supposed .

The Places and Time .

This Tree groweth in Syria , Arabia , Aethiopia , and India , where it bringeth its fruit to perfection , which it hath not been known to do in Europe , no not so much as to blossome , as I said before .

The Temperature .

The whole Nut is of a very purging quality : The dry pressing after the Oyle ●i taken out , is of a cleansing as well as of a cutting quality , and , by reason that the moisture is taken from it , of a drying effect also : The Shells or Huskes are of an exceeding binding property , fit to be used when occasion serveth for such purposes .

The Vertues .

The Kernells of the Nuts aforesaid being bruised , and drunk with Water and Vinegar mingled together , doth purge the body from grosse , and thin Phlegme also , and thereby is helpfull to those that are troubled with the Wind-Cholick if a few Anniseeds , and Fennel seeds be put unto it ; the oyle that is drawn out of the Nuts doth the same also , and provoketh Vomiting , and cleansing the Stomack of much foul matter gathered therein ; yet the Nut it selfe doth much trouble the Stomack in the meane time ; but if it be toasted at the fire , it loseth much of that evill quality , oftentimes causing them to purge downwards only : It is to very good effect also given in Glisters for the same purposes . The Oyle dropped into the Eares , helpeth the noise of them , and the deafenesse also ; a dram of the Kernell taken in Posset-drink , doth soften and dissolve the hardnesse of the Spleene and Liver , the remainder of the kernell after the Oyle is pressed from it helpeth the Itch , the Lepry , and running sores , and taketh away the ruggednesse of the Skin , Morphew , dry Scabs , scarres , freckles , wheales or pimples from the face or body , especially if it be used with Vinegar and Niter , with which it well agreeeth and performeth the Cures , much better ; it is also used with the meale of Orabus or bitter Vetch , or the meale of Darnel : in manner of a plaister to be laid to the side to consume the spleene ; it helpeth the Gout also , being used in the fame manner ; Used with barly meale it comforteth the Sin●wes that are pained with cold , and all Spas●●es or Cramps ; and used with Honey , it dissolveth all knots and hard-swellings . The Oyle that is pressed out of the Nuts , is also much used of Perfumers : for although it have no sweet scent of it selfe to commend it ; yet it is of so excellent a quality , that being kept never so long , it will not grow ranke , and therefore it doth both preserve the sweet smells of Muske , Civet , Ambergrise , and the like , mixed with it , and keepeth the Gloves , Leather , and other things that they shall not admit of any spots , or staines ; or ever grow moldy as those things which are perfumed with Oyle of Almonds , will doe , then which it is much fitter also to receive any sweet thing to be steeped in it for retaining the scent thereof , for being utterly without sent it selfe , and not growing ranke by long keeping ; the scent of any thing will be sooner infused , and longer retained .

CHAP. CLIV. Of Sena .

The Names .

IT is generally held by all good Authors , that this Plant was not known to the ancient Greeke or Latine Writers , as Dioscorides , Theophrastus , Galen , Pliny , &c : though some imagine it was . And the Arabinas , who were the first discoverers of its Vertues , call it Sena , but Hermolaus calleth it Senna . There is a bastard kind hereof called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Colutaea ; of both which I shall intreate in this Chapter .

The Kinds .

There being but two sorts of true Sena , I have added five more of the bastard kind called Colutaea which make seaven in all , As. 1. Sena of Alexandria . 2. The Sena of Italy . 3. Ordinary bastard Sena , with bladders . 4. The great scorpion podded bastard Sena . 5. The lesse Scorpion bastard Sena . 6. Small Sea bastard Sena . 7. Ever-greene bastard Sena of Valentia .

The Form .

Sena of Alexandria which is that true Sena which is used in the shops groweth not , as is supposed , higher then a cubit with slender branches , set with many Leaves together on a rib like unto Liquorice , being narrow and pointed , which being dryed and brought over unto us , if they be fresh , will smell very like unto new made Hay : the Flowers stand at the tops of the branches ▪ one above another of a yellow colour , after which come crooked thin husks fashioned somwhat like an halfe-Moone : in the middle part whereof , ( the skins of the huskes growing so close together , that they can hardly be parted ) grow flat seeds , very like unto Grape kernells , but of a blackish greene colour , and somwhat flat ; the whole plant perisheth ( as it said ) every yeare , and therefore must be new sown of them that will have it .

The Places and Time

The first groweth ( as it is generally thought ) in Arabia Faelix , and in Syria also as some say , and brought to Alexandria in Aegypt , as many other things are , and from thence transported into this , and many other Countryes . The second , as Matthiolus saith , was in his time frequently sowen in the Duke of Florence , his Dominions in Italy . The third , and fourth , grow about Trent plentifully , and are kept in many Gardens , with us , as the Physick-Garden at Oxon , &c : The fifth groweth at the root of certaine hills neere the Alpes , amongst the hedges and borders of the Vineyards about Danubius . The sixth groweth neere the Sea-shore by Teracinum . The last was found by Clusius in the fields of Salamanca , as also in the Kingdome of Granado and Valentia , in sundry bottomes of the hil●● : the two first flower in the Summer moneths , but in Italy it must not be sowne untill May. The rest flower , in June and July .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of Sena , which are only in use , are a little inclining towards the first degree of heat , but more then the third in drynesse ; It is of a purging faculty and that by the stoole in such sort , as it is not much troublesome to mans nature , having withall a certaine binding quality , which it leaveth after the purging .

The Vertues

Sena openeth the inward parts of the body which are stopped , and is profitable , against all griefes of the principall members of the body , amongst which , the Stomack is deservedly reckoned , and therefore it not only cleanseth it but comforteth it also , especially if some stomachicall helper , as Anni-seed , Caraway-seed , or Ginger , be put with it ; for Mesue saith , it hurteth the Stomack , but Monardus , & Matthiolus deny that it can do so , because Sena hath somwhat a bitter tast , partaking of heat and drynesse , all which qualities are known rather to strengthen the Stomack , then to trouble or weaken it : It doth also purge Melancholy , Choler and flegme from the Head and Brain , the Lungs and Heart , the Liver and Spleen , cleansing all those parts of such evill humours , as by possessing them , ●re causes of those Diseases incident unto them , if a dram thereof be taken in Wine or Ale , or Broth fasting : It strengtheneth the sences both of sight and hearing , and procureth . mirth , by taking away the inward humour , and is useful in madness , the Phrensie , &c. It is given also in all Head-aches , and Palsies , the Falling-sickness , and foul Diseases of the Skin , as the Scab ▪ Itch , Leprosie , &c. It is very profitable in the Obstructions of the Spleen , and Hypochonders , and against hard swelling thereof : as also in Chronicall Agues , whether Quartan , or Quotidian . It causeth a fresh , quick , and lively habit of the Body , and cleanseth , and purifieth the Blood . The Lye wherein Sena and Camomile Flowers have been boyled , is commended for weak Brains , to comfort and strengthen them , if the Head be washed therewith : the same Lie is very profitable for the Sinews that are stiff with cold , or shrunk with the Cramp . Sena likewise is a speciall Ingredient among other things put into a bag , to make purging Ale or Beer , fit to be taken in the Spring of the year , not only for the Diseases aforementioned , but also to cleanse the blood from all sharp humours , mixed or running therewith . The Bastard Sena purgeth vehemently ; both upwards and downwards , not without great trouble to the Stomack and Bowels , avoiding tough Flegm and Choler : the Seed is more forcible in each of those qualities ; and therefore is said , to avail in pains of the joynts , yet it is seldom given but to strong Bodies , when no better purgers are at hand . Theophrastus saith , it fatteneth Sheep wonderfully , and therefore much used in those Countries where he lived , but as seldom proved in ours .

CHAP. CLV . Of Daffodills .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Narcissus , from their Narcotick quality , which in Greek is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or of the Fish T●rp●d● , called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which benumeth the hands of them that touch him , as being hurtful to the Sinews , and bringing dulness to the Head , which property belongeth to the Narcissusses , or Daffodills , whose smell causeth drousiness , as Pliny and Plutarch affirme . And this I take to be the right Etymology of the word , though I am not ignorant of what the Poets have written hereof , especially Ovid , who describeth the transformation of the fair Boy Narcissus , into a Flower of his own Name , saying ,

Nus 〈…〉 corpus ●rat , croc●●● pro corpore florem Inveniunt , foliis medium cingentibus albis . As for his Body none remain'd , instead whereof they found A yellow Flower with milk-white Leaves , new sprung out of the ground .

The Kinds .

G●rard reckoneth up fifteen Sorts of Daffodills , as 1. Purple circl●d Daffodill . 2. Timely Purple-ringed Daffodill . 3. More timely Purple-ringed Daffiodil . 4. The very hasty flowring Daffodill . 5. The late flowring small Daffodill . 6. Primrose Pearls , or the common white Daffidill . 7. French Daffodill . 8. Italian Daffodill . 9. The double white Daffodil of Constantinople . 10. Milk-white Daffodill . 11. Rush Daffodill . 12. Late flowring Bush-Daffodill . 13. The Persian Daffodill . 14. The great Winter Daffodill . 15. Small Winter-Daffodill . The sixth sort of Daffodil is that which is most common in Country Gardens : the description whereof followeth .

The Form .

The common Daffodill hath long , fat , and thick leaves , full of a slimy juyce ; among which riseth up a bare thick stalk , hollow within , and full of juyce . The Flower groweth at the top , of a yellowish white colour , with a yellow Crown , or Circle in the middle . The Root is white , and of a Bulbus or Onyon fashion , yet not without divers effects by which it is propagated .

The Places and Times .

The Daffodills with Purple Coronets do grow wild in sundry places of France , but chiefly in the Meadows of Burgundy and Switzerland . The Rush-Daffodill groweth wild in Spain , among Grasse and other Herbs in some watery places . But it mattereth not much , to seek out their places of growing wild , seeing they are most of them to be found in our English Gardens about London , and elsewhere . The common white Daffodill groweth wild , in fields , and sides of Woods in the West parts of England . They flower for the most part in the spring , that is , from the beginning of February , unto the end of April . The Persian and Winter-Daffodills , do flower in September and October .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Narcissus are said to be hot and dry in the second Degree .

The Vertues .

Besides the Ornamentall use of Daffodils for decking Garlands and Houses in the Spring-time , it hath many Physicall properties : amongst which , there is none more eminent , then that the Roots thereof do move Vomit , whether they be eaten or drunken ; and being stamped and strained , and given in drink ; they help the Cough and Cholick , and those that be entred into a Ptisick . If two drams of the Root newly gathered , be boyled in Wine or Water , with a litt●● Anniseed or Fennel-seed and a little Ginger , and drunk , it driveth forth by sto● , tough and clammy Flegme , and to help all Diseases that come thereof . The same taken with Honey , and the Seed of Nettles , purgeth the Disease , which causeth those spots in the Body , called Ephelis and Alphus . And their qualities in drying are so wonderful , that they glew together very great wounds : as also rifts , gashes , or cuts that happen about the veins , sinews , and tendons . They have also a certain wiping , cleansing , and attracting faculty . Being stamped with Honey , and applyed Plaister-wise , they help them that are burnt with fire , and are effectuall for the great wrenches of the Ancles , the Aches , and pains of the joynts . The same stamped with Barrows-grease , and Leaven of Rye-bread , hasteneth to suppuration , hard Impostumes , which are not otherwise easily brought to ripeness . Being stamped with the Meal of Cocle and Honey , it draweth forth Thorns and stubs out of any part of the Body ; and being mingled with Vinegar and Nettle-seed , it taketh away Lentills and spots in the face . There are besides the sorts aforementioned , the double yellow Daffodill , and the common yellow Daffodilly , which purge by stool , tough and flegmatick humours , and also waterish , and is good for them that are full of crudities ; especially , if there be added thereto a little Anniseed and Ginger , which will correct the churlish hardness of the working . The distilled water of Daffodils doth cure the Palsie , if the Patient be bathed and rubbed with the said liquor , by the fire , as hath been proved by that diligent searcher of nature , Mr. Nicholas Belson .

CHAP. CLVI . Of White Hellebore .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and sometimes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 without the aspiration , quòd cibum corporis cripiat , because it deprives the Body of nourishment , in Latine also Elleborus albus & Elleborum , and also Helleborus and Helleborum , and Veratrum album ; Veratrum , quòd mentem vertat , or rather , à verando , because it cureth them that are counted mad , which were formerly called Veratores , and Veraculi ; and album , to distinguish it from the black , this being white , in respect of that : In English 't is called Hellebore and Neese-wort , because it provoketh Neesing .

The Kinds .

And of this Hellebore there are eight varieties that present themselves . 1. Ordinary white Hellebore , or Neesing Root : 2. The early white Hellebore , with dark red Flowers . 3. The great wild Hellebore , or our Ladies Slipper . 4. The small white Hellebore , with a white Flower . 5. The small white Hellebore , with blush Flowers . 6. Wild white Hellebore , with whitish green Flowers . 7. Wild white Hellebore , with dark red Flowers . 8. Variable wild white Hellebore .

The Forme .

The ordinary white Hellebore riseth at the first out of the ground , with a great round whitish green head , which growing up , openeth it self into many goodly fair large gre●● Leaves , plaited as it were with eminent Ribs all along the Leaves , compassing 〈◊〉 another at the bottom ; from the middle whereof , riseth up a strong round stalk , with divers such Leaves , but smaller , to the middle thereof , from whence to the top it is divided into many branches , having many small yellowish , or whitish green Star-like Flowers , all along upon them , which after turn into small , long , three-square whitish Seed , standing naked without any husk to contain them : the Root is reasonable thick , and great at the head , having a great many white strings running down deep into the ground , whereby it is strongly fastened .

The Places and Times .

The two first sorts grow in sundry places of Germany , and Austria , as Clusius saith : as also in some Islands of Russia , where , as Tradescant the elder saith , the ordinary sort groweth exceeding plentifully . And , if I mistake not , of this sort was that Hellebore that grew in Anticyra so abundantly , that if any one seemed to be troubled with melancholy , it was presently proverbially said unto him , Naviga Anticyram , intimating that there was Hellebore enough to cure him : the other sorts grow many of them in our own Land , as well as beyond Sea , namely , the third , fourth , and sixth , especially the third in a Wood called Helks in Lancashire , near the Borders of York-shire . The first flowreth before the second ▪ though it spring earlier out of the ground , being not in Flower untill the end of July , the rest flower about May , some earlier , and some later .

The Temperature .

The Root of white Hellebore is hot and dry in the third degree .

The Vertues .

The Root aforesaid taken without preparation of the Body , worketh very strongly , and churlishly , provoking extream vomiting : yet that being dieted by the advice of some learned Physician ( without whom the medling with it will prove dangerous ) it is good for them whose constitutions can endure the working of it , causing much tough viscous , clammy , and corrupt humours that offend the stomack , to be avoided ; for which purpose the Oxymel Helleboratum may be administred with least danger , a while after the Patient hath eaten somewhat . It is useful against madness and melancholy , also against the swimming in the Head , Falling-sickness , Leprosie , Cancer , Elephancy , and soul diseases of the Skin : as also the Quartane Ague . It brings down the Courses , and kills the Child in the Womb : it he●ps the old Cough , Dropsie , Sciatica , Gout , Cramp , pains in the Joynts and Sinews . It killeth Mice and Rats , being boyled in Milk , or mingled with Flower , and Honey , or Butter , or boyled in Milk , and set where Flies , Wasps , Gnats , &c. do much resort , it kills as many as touch it . It is used also to provoke s●eesing , being put into the Nostrils , and purgeth the Head of superfluous humours , and is good in the Lethargy , and such like sleepy Diseases , especially , if some Leaves of Matjerome in Powder be put to it . It cures the Leprosie , Scab , I●ch , and such like foul Diseases of the Skin , being used in Hogs-grease , or mixed in Oyntments . The juyce of the Root dropped into the Ears , helps the noise and singing thereof ; and being boyled in Lie , and the Head washed therewith it killeth and helpeth the running Scabs and Sores thereof ▪ boyled in Vinegar , and the mouth washed therewith , it easeth the Tooth-ach : The same decoction helpeth Itch , and Scabs in the hands , and cleanseth ●oul Sores and Ulcers in the Legs and other parts , and put into Fistulaes , it taketh away the hardness of them . A Pessary made thereof and put up , brings down the Courses and dead Child . It is given in decoction in infusion , and in substance ; in decoction or infusion from a dram , to two drams ▪ in substance , from ten grains , to a scruple . The lesser wild sort are not known to be used in Physick .

CHAP. CLVII . Of purging Cassia .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cassia Nigra , from the black pods wherein it groweth , and in Latine Cassia Fistula Cassia , or Cassia solutiva : It is called Cassia , as some think from the Greek word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Quod cori●c●um vocant , because pods are like Leather ; or as others conceive , from the swe●●ness of the Flowers , like unto Cassia Aromatica , or Odorata . It is in English called Pudding-P●pe , because the , Cod is like a Pudding .

The Kinds .

Heretofore there was known but one sort of purging Cassia ; but now there is another called Purging Cassia of Brasil .

The Form .

The purging Cassia Tree , groweth to be a Tree of a large size , or bigness , whose Wood is solid and firm , yellowish towards the sap , or out-side , and blackish like Lignum Vitae at the heart , covered with a smooth , soft , and ashcoloured bark , very like unto the Wallnut-Tree : the Branches are not very great , and but thinly stored with winged Leaves , consisting of eight or ten lesser , for the most part five standing on each side of the stalk , without any odd one at the end : the Flowers are yellow and large , many growing together on a long stalk , and hanging down , consisting commonly of four , and sometimes of five Leaves , with many greenish threds in the middle , standing about a long , slender , crooked umbone or Horn , of a very sweet scent , especially in the morning before the Sun shine upon them ; but grow weaker in smell , as the Sun groweth hotter : The small Horn in the middle of the Flower , groweth to be the pod , which is first green , then purple , and afterwards black , being of divers sizes both for length and greatness , some a foot , and some a foot and half long , and some longer , with a hard , round , wooddy wrinckled shell , not very thick , nor very hard to break , with a seame as it were , or a list all along the back , and another small one over against it on the other side , which cau●eth it to be easily broken into two parts by the middle , long wayes and distinguished inwardly into many skinny wood-like partitions : on both sides of which , groweth a lost , black substance , sweet like Honey , which is that part only , which is to be used ; between the said partitions , lie round and flat gristly Seed , of a dark brownish colour : the Roots are great , and grow deep in the ground : the choyce of the best Cods is , that they be moyst within , and that the Seeds do not rattle , when they are shaken .

The Places and Time .

India is conceived to be the naturall place of the first , and that it was brought thence into Syria , and Armenia , and from thence into Egypt , where they p●ant it in their Orchards , and afterwards into Arabia , where the use of it was first discovered . Most of that which is spent in Europe , is brought from Hispaniola , where the Spaniards have planted abundance of them : The other groweth in Brasil , whence it was brought into these parts . The first flourisheth chiefly in June and the fruit hanging upon the Tree all the year , is gathered much about the time of the flowring ; for the Tree holding his green Leaf all the Winter , hath usually both blossoms and green fruit , and ripe all at one time . The time of the other is not yet known .

The Temperature .

Cassia Fistula is hot and moyst in the first Degree .

The Vertues and Signature .

Cassia being taken with Rubarb , and a few Anniseeds and Liquorish , to correct the windiness thereof , clean●eth the Stomach , Liver , and Mesentery Veins from Choler and ●●egme , clearing the b●ood , and quenching the heat thereof , and is therefore profitable in all hot Agues and Feavers . It is a●o profitable for such as are troubled with the Pleuri●●e and Jaundi●e , or heat of the Liver , mixed with convenient Liquors . It is good likewise for the heat of the Reins and Kidneys , and bringeth forth the Stone with Gravel , being also a good preservative against it , if it be taken with a decoction of Liquor●●e & Parsley Roots . It is very effectual against all Rheums , & sharp distillations , & against cholet●ck & melancholick Diseases . It is also often used in all kinds of pectorall Diseases , as old Coughs , shortness of breath , wheesings , and the like , if it be taken with Agarick , as some advise . Being outwardly applyed to those that have the Gout ; it easeth the pains thereof , & is a good Gargle to asswage & mitigate the tumours and swellings of the Throat . It is used in Plaisters and Ointments against hot Pimples ; and other eruptions or breakings out of the Skin & to take away the roughness thereof ▪ It is a safe Medicine , and may be given to Women with Child , and all other persons at any time , except to such as have moyst , weak , and slippery Bowels , yet given with Spicknard , Mastick , or H●era picra , there is little danger , especially to the Guts , to which Cr●llius doth appropriate it by Signature , there being some simil●tude between them . The young Cods taken whilest they are small and green , boyled a little , and then ●aid in the shadow a while to dry , and after boyled in Sugar , or Honey , doth purge the Body , as the pulp or black substance , and is a delicate medicine for tender and weak stomacks , that abho●●e all other Physick ; and hereof the usuall quantity is 3 , or 4. Ounces , to be taken at a time by elder persons , and an Ounce by the younger . The other sort of Cassia , which groweth in Brasil , is more effectual in purging , then that of Hispani●la ; for it hath been tryed by experience , that one Ounce hereof is as forcible as two Ounces of the other , and is as effectual for all the aforesaid Diseases .

Having thus largely insisted on those simples which purge the Stomack , both upwards , and downwards , to which purpose there●re divers other which might be added , ( were they not treated of in the Antecedent pa●● of this work ) as Aloes , Agarick , Asara-Bacca , the Rinds of Wallnuts , the Seeds and Flowers of Dill , the Roots of Betony , &c. and also some of those which are reserved for the subsequent part , as the Roots & Seeds of Orrach , the Flowers of Peaches , the middle Ba●k of Elder & Dane-wort , the Seed of Rocket , &c. most of which are very windy , and troublesome to the stomach , unless some corrective means be used , I shall therefore in the next place , set down such correctors as have not been yet handled , Anniseeds , Mastick , Cinamon , Fennel-seed , Raisins , &c. being already spoken to .

CHAP. CLVIII . Of Carawayes .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Caros and Carum in Latine , or Carui , as it is in the Apothecaries Shops . Simeon Sethi , calleth it Carnabadion , others Careum , and Car●●m ; which names it took , as Dioscorides saith , from the Country of Caria , from whence it was first brought . We call it Caraway , and Carawayes in English .

The Kinds .

Most Writers have set down but one kind of Caraway , yet there being two other Herbs that nearly resemble it , I shall put them together as others have done before me . 1 Ordinary Caraway . 2. Mountain Caraway . 3. Medow Caraway .

The Forme .

The ordinary Caraway beareth divers stalks , of fine cut Leaves , lying on the ●round , somewhat like to the Leaves of Carots , but not bushing so thick , of a ●●●tle quick tast in them ; from among which , riseth up a square stalk , not so high as the Carrot ; at whose joynts are set the like Leaves , but smaller and finer , and at the top , small open tufts , or umbels of white Flowers , which turn into small blackish Seed , lester then the Anni●eed , and of a quicker and hotter tast : The Root is ●●hicish , small , and long , somewhat like unto a Parshep , but with a more wrinkled ●●●k● , and much lesse , somewhat of a little hottish taste , and quick also , and stronger then a Pars●ep , abiding after Seed-time .

The Places and Time .

The first , though it be sowen in our English Gardens , yet it is said by Tragus , to grow wild in Germany , in many places in the fields , and by the way sides : the second was found on the Pyrenean Hills , and the last in the Fields , and Meadows of Germany , as Tragus saith also . They all flower in June or July , and their Seed is rip● quickly after .

The Temperature .

The Seed of Caraway , which is most used in Medicines , is hot and dry , as Galen saith , almost in the third degree , having withall a moderate sharp quality .

The Vertues .

Caraway-Seeds eaten alone , or mixed with any Aliment or Medicine , are very pleasant and comfortable to the stomach , breaking Wind , and helping digestion . Matthiolus saith , in Germany they are used to be put whole into bread , and to spice men , as they are in Italy and ; and if the use of them among Us were more frequent , those which are troubled with Wind , would receive a great deal of benefit from them , they being also very conducible to all the cold griefs of the Head , as well as the Stomach , the Bowels or Mother , as also the Wind in them . The ●●mfir● made hereof , are by some people used when they eat Apples , or other Fruit , to break windiness of them ; and to that end , they are also mixed with those purging Medicines which would otherwise afflict the stomach by their windiness , being one of the four greater carminative Seeds . It is said , that the said Seeds quicken and clear the Eye-sight ; especially , if they be powdred , and sprinkled upon hot Barley-Bread , the Eyes being held ●ver the Vapour thereof . It also provoketh Urine , helpeth the Cough , and is good against the Phrensie , and venomous bitings . Being put into a Poultis , it taketh away black and blew spots of blowes , or bruises ; and with Allo●● , if helpeth Scabs and Tetters , and the falling off of the hair . The Herb and Root are also in use : the one to be eaten raw in Sallets , with other Herbs , or boyled in them , and the other to be boyled onely , and eaten as Parsneps , then which they are said to be better , in as much as Parsneps cause Wind , but the●e break it , and are pleasant and comfortable to the stomach , helping digestion . The Herb it self , or with some of the Seed bruised and fryed , laid hot in a bag or double Cloth to the lower parts of the Belley , doth ease the pains of the Wind-Cholick , and is good against hot swellings .

CHAP. CLIX. Of Cummin .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine also Cuminum , and Cyminum ; the ancient Authours as Dioscorides , Theophrastus , &c. made hereof many kinds , calling them from the sundry Countryes where they grew , as Aegyptium ; 〈◊〉 Syriacum , &c : Yet it is confidently held they were not differing in 〈◊〉 , but in loci 〈◊〉 ; for although one sort of seed was rough or hairy and white , and called Cuminum Aethiopicum , which Hippocrates called Regium as the best ; another not rough or hairy , called Aegyptium : not that they were severall sorts , but that one was better then another , as the Country gave it goodnesse or excellency . In English it is called Cumin , and C 〈…〉 .

The Kinds .

Besides the Syrian , Aegyptian , and other Cumins which many good Authors make to be but one kind as I said before , there are three other which I shall joyne to it ; 1. Ordinary Cumin ; 2. Small sweet Cumin of Malta ; 3. Great sharp Cumin of Malta . 4. Wild Cumin .

The Form .

Ordinary Cumin groweth up with tender and low Stalks , not above halfe a yard high , growing white at the last , and brancheth o●● more , having store of Leaves which are small and long , like unto Fennell : The Flowers are somwhat reddish at the tops of the Stalkes , which turne into small whitish yellow food , somewhat long , and almost round , crested or straked on the rounder side , and swelling strong ; The root is small , long , and white , perishing yearely .

The Places and Time .

The three first grow familiarly in the hot Countryes , as Spaine , and Italy , and the Isles of the Mediterranean Sea , whereof Malta is one , and in Syria , and the other East Countryes where it is sowen ; It seldome cometh to good here in England , unlesse the yeare be kindly , and then it must be sowen in the middle of the Spring , howbeit it will be late with us ( though in the aforesaid Countryes it be not so ) before it be ripe . The last groweth plentifully in Narbone , about A 〈…〉 Sextias , and other places of France , and is somtimes fowne in our Gardens ; but seldome comes to maturity .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Cumin-seed is in the third degree of heat , and in the same degree almost of drynesse , and as Dioscorides saith , it heateth , bindeth , and dryeth , but Dod 〈…〉 us insisteth there against , shewing that it doth discusse humors by attenuating and digesting them , and doth not represse them by binding or astriction .

The Vertues .

Cumin-seed is also another of the soure great Carminative-seeds , and therefore it dis●olveth Wind in any part of the body , and easeth the paines of the Chollick , being boyled in Wine and drunk and is used as a Corrector , of any Windymeat or Medicine . For one that hath a Stinking breath , if it proceed of corrupt ●umes , ris●ng from the Stomack , it may be use● thus ; Take two handfulls o● Cuminseed , and boyle it in a pottle of good White-Wine , till halfe be was●ed , then streine it , ●●● drink it 〈◊〉〈…〉ning , for fifteene dayes together , and last at night also , halfe a pint at ●ime , hot or cold ●●● helpeth 〈◊〉 that are bitten by Serpents taken in the same manner . The same taken in Beete or Posset drink , is good for those th●● are short-winded , or are otherwise troubled with an old Cough , or the disease of the breast , to boyle the same with Figs in Wine . It is also very usefull in the Dropsy called Tympany , and in Giddiness● of the head . If it be used often ; it is said to make the party looke ●●l● , and therefore it was in great request in the time of the Monkes and Fr●●rs ; that thereby their bodies might seeme the more mort●fied . It is said also , that it any one that ●●th eaten Cuminseeds , do breathe on a painted face , the fictitious colour will vanish away straight ; being used in bread or meat , it giveth a re●lish to them , and therefore it both was , and yet is in sundry places amongst the poorer sort , substituted insteed of Pepper , being pleasing as well to the Stomack as the ●ast . Boyled in Water , and they are washed therewith , it causeth the face to be cleaner and faires , so 〈◊〉 it be used now and then , for by 〈◊〉 often using it causeth P●le●●sso , and therefore may be of request with those that are high coloured . Being boyle● in Wine ▪ and so made into a Pultis , it quickly taketh away the swelling of the Codds , caused by any Wind or Waterish humor , if it be applyed thereto with B●●ty Meale , and so it doth all other cold paines or swellings . It stoppeth also bleeding at the Nose , being mixed with Vinegar and smelt to , and being used in the same manner , is rest ●aineth V●miting ; and if it be boyled in Water , and the lower part● b●thed therewith , it stayeth the abounding Courses of Women ; Bruised and fryed with an hard Egge , and laid to the 〈◊〉 of the Neck , it easeth an old head-ach , and stayeth the ●●e●me that falleth into the Eyes , or are bloud-shorten ; or else the Powder mixed with Waxe into the some of a Plaister , and applyed to th● Eyes , will soone help it , and take it away . Being applyed to the belly , with Wine and Barly meale boyled together in the forme of a Poultis , it easeth the gripings and torments of the belly . Being quilted in a little bagge , with a small quantity of Bay-salt , and made hot upon a Bed●●n , with fire or such like , and sprinkled with good Wine Vinegar , and then applyed to the side very hot , it taketh away the Stitch and paines thereof , and easeth the Plurisy . The herb and likewise the root , are of little or no use . The seed of the Wild Cumin is also effectuall against either the Windinesse of the Stomach or of the Belly and B●wells , which bringeth Tormenting paines , and swellings with it , being taken in Wine , and expelleth the Poyson of any Ven●●●us Beasts : It is good for moist Stomacks that are troubled with raw cr●de humours ; taken with Vinegar , it flayeth the Hickcok : and if it be applyed with Honey and raisins to the face or other place that is black or blew by strokes it will take them away .

CHAP. CL. Of Camels Hay .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à loris et fanibus dicitur ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , odoratus : and of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 unguentarius , because it is romtimes used in Oyntments ; in Latine Juncus , a jungendo . Some do call it Schaenanthes , quasi Schaenianthos , flos junci , and corruptly in Shops Squin a●thum . Some also call it Juncus Odoratus Retundus , to difference it from the sweet Cyperus ; which is called Juncus odoratus angulosus vel triangularis . It is also called Palea de Mecha , and Pastus Camelorum : in English , the sweet smelling Rush , or Camels Hay .

The Kinds .

Of this sweet Rush , there be two sorts , a finer and a co●●ser , or thetr●● , ●nd a bastard kind , although the antients have mentioned but one sort , which is the finest and truest .

The Forme .

The finer sort of Camels Hay growing in these parts ; hath many tufts or heads of long rush-like Leaves , thick set together , one compassing another at the bottome , and shooting forth upwards ; the outermost whereof are bigger or grosser then those that grow within , which are a foot long and better , small round and stiffe , or hard and much smaller from a little above the bottome of them then any rush with us , of a quick and spicy tast , somewhat pleasant , and of a fine sweet gentle scent : It flowreth not with us , yet in some places which are the most naturall to it , it beareth strong , round , hard joynted Stalkes , having divers , short , brownish or purplish huskes on the top , containing within them , mossy , whitish , short threads or haires , wherein lyeth a chaffy seed ; the root is stringy or full of long fibres which are very hard , as they are brought to us , which have the smallest scent of any other part .

The Places and Time .

They grow naturally in Arabia , Syria and Mesopotamia , and all that . Tract of the Easterne Countryes , as also in some places of Africa , whence they ●e brought by the Merchants , and sold to our Druggists , who furnish the Apo●●●●●i●s with them , at whose shops they may be had . It commeth not to flowr●●g in these ●older Countryes , and therefore Clusius and others have thought it an annuall Plant , but assuredly it dyeth not every yeare in those hotter parts , it flowreth in the Summer-time .

The Temperature .

C●●●l● Hay is hot and dry in the second degree having in all the parts thereof some kind of astriction , but especially in the rootes .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of the Flowers of Camels Hay being drunk , as Dioscorides writeth , is very effectuall for the diseases and greifes of the Stomack , Lungs , Liver and Reines , as also for the curing of those that spit blood . The same Author likewise affirmeth that it provoketh Vrine and Womens 〈…〉 ses , discusseth all Swellings and Wind , but is somwhat offensive to the head : it gently cutteth or breaketh humors and digesteth them and looseneth the breathing places of the Veines . It is good also against Poyson , and the Venome of Serpents , and therefore it is a good ingredient in Antidotes used for that purpose . A dram thereof taken with a like quantity of Pepper every morning fasting for certaine dayes together , is very effectuall for those that have a loathing in their Stomacks to meat , and is a very good remedy for the Dropsy , and for Convulsions or Crampes : The same also is good against the Wind-Collick ▪ Phlegme , and raw matter in the body , or any member of the same , the powder thereof being drunk with Wine . The decoction thereof being sate in , by women that are troubled with the Mother , profiteth very much ; for as Galen saith it openeth obstructions , digesteth crudities , expelleth corrupt humors , cutteth tough Phlegme , and consumeth congealed matter in the body , and therefore it is of excellent use , for the stopping of Urine or Womens Courses ( as is said before ) taken either in drinke or by fomentation , and being so applyed , it also allayeth the inflammations of the Liver , Stomack , and other parts of the body . The whole Plant is used to be boiled in the broth of a Chickin , as very hellpfull to ease the paines of the Wombe , that Women feele after childing ; and the Powder thereof is singular good for those that are troubled with s●●●s in their 〈◊〉 or any 〈◊〉 Vlcer : Being taken with Wine and Vineg●r , it is effectuall for those that have an Ulcer in their Stomack , if the Stomack or 〈…〉 y be fomented with the decoction thereof , for so it taketh away all Inflammation therein , and ●as●th the paines that proceed from thence .

CHAP. CLXI . Of Ginger .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in Latine Zingib●ris and Zingiber , and Gingiber●s , and Gingiber , in English Ginger ; all which words no doubt come from an Indian Originall , the plant coming from that coast , and is followed by all other Nations , as nee●e as their Language will permit as Tobacco ●●d Hys●● are , the one having in Indian ; the other ●n Hebrew Originall .

The Kinds .

There be but two sorts of Ginger , that I can meet with , and the first is the East India Ginger , with a white flower , and Leaves like unto a flower de Luce having a white root . The second is the ●rasil ▪ Ginger with the Black roote .

The Form .

East-India Ginger groweth with Leaves , like unto the Water Flagge , or Come Flagge : the flower is somwhat like unto that of the flower-de-luce ; the pods and seed also being not much unlike the pods and seeds of the same ; the roots do likewise spread very much under-ground in a fashion not much different from the rootes of the before-mentioned Plant. This is the best description I can present you with at present , it being a difficult thing to describe in words the true proportion of those Plants whose formes we could never have the happinesse to see , having received them only from the relations of travellers , who very much differ .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth , as Garcias saith , in all the Countries of the East-Indies , either planted by the root or sown of seed , especially in China and Bengala , where it is often preserved greene , and sent into the European Countryes . The black Ginger which hath Reed like Leaves groweth in Spaine , Barbary , in the Canary Islands and the Acores , and likewise Hispani●la neere Santo Domingo . It flourisheth in the hot time of the Summer , and looseth his Leaves in Winter .

The Temperature .

Ginger heateth and dryeth in the third degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

Oswaldus Cr●llius a great Philosopher and Hermeticall Physitian in his booke of Signatures , doth give the Signature of Ginger , to the Stomack ▪ for which questionlesse there is nothing better then it , whether it be taken simply of it selfe , for expelling the Wind and Coldnesse thereof , or whether it be used in Composition with such ingredients as are Windy and hurtfull to the Stomack : For it warmeth a cold Stomack helpeth digestion and dissolveth Wind both there , and in the Bo 〈…〉 s. Being ground on a Whetstone into a faire B●son , and as much salt put thereto , both which being well mixed and tempered with White-Wine , and the● suffered to settle for twenty foure houres , and afterwards the clearest being put into a glasse , and the Eyes annointed therewith cleereth the sight thereof , and taketh away the pin and w●b therein : Being boiled in Honey and Vinegar , and put into a tooth that is hollow , it easeth the paines thereof , and so it doth likewise if it be boiled with Ground Ivy in Wine , and the mouth held over the fume thereof , and the teeth be rubbed with the Ginger ; or else burne Ginger , black Pepper , and salt , of each a like quantity in a linnen clout , and lay a little of the Powde● on a linnen cloath , and apply it to the Tooth . It is also very effectuall to stop the Courses of 〈◊〉 , if it be laid hot on coals with Bay Leaves and Savine ▪ and the fume thereof be received through a tunnell in a close chaire . Being boyled with as much Enulacampana in faire water to the one halfe , and then stamped and strained , and a third part of Honey boyled and scummed , put thereunto , and an Electuary made of it ; and a good quantity thereof , taken morning and evening helpeth the Chine-Cough . The Powder of Ginger , Liquorice , and Sugar mixed with the yolke of an egge and a little salt , being warmed in the shell , and eaten fasting , is very good to cleare the Breast , and consequently the Voice . Being mixed with black Sope ▪ and anointed upon the place that is troubled with a Tetter or Ringworm , it will kill either of them . It is very good to be used in all manner of Sawces ▪ and Co●ditures , for so it withstandeth s 〈…〉ning , and correcteth the rawnesse of the Stomack ▪ looseneth the belly and helpeth digestion . Greene Ginger being preserved , provoketh lust , digesteth meat , warmeth the Stomack , and dryeth up the moisture that cometh by eating of fruit . It is good for the Phlegme of the Lungs , the old Cough , shortnesse of breath , and all cold griefes ; impeneth Obstructions , helpeth digestion , and appetite , and expelleth grosse humors and Wind. Whil'st the blade is fresh , it is used by the Indians in Sallets and likewise in their broths and meates , and to these ends they cut it every sortnight .

CHAP. CLV . Of Galanga .

The Names .

I Cannot find that this simple is so much as mentioned by Dioscorides , or any other Greek Author , no nor by few Latine Authors , which makes me imagine that it was not in use in Europe , till these later times , nor so much as known , so that the Greek name thereof , may not be expected . It is called in Latine Galanga , and by the Chinois , from whose Countrey it is brought to us , Lavandon , and by them of Java , Lane●az ; in English it is called Galanga , but commonly Galingale .

The Kinds .

There be only two sorts of Galanga mentioned by Authors . 1. The greater Galanga . 2. The lesser Galanga .

The Form .

The Greater groweth to be two cubits high , having Leaves folding about the Stalke being somwhat long , and narrow at the lower end , and pointed at the end somwhat like a Speares head , of a sad greene colour on the upper side , and paler underneath ; The flower is white , but without any scent , the seed is small and neglected ; the root is somwhat great at the head , like a reed , and hath beene thought by some to be a kind of Iris , being of a blackish colour on the outside , and whitish within . The lesser ariseth not above a foot high , having Leaves like the Mirtle , the root is small and bunched , firme , and somwhat tough , red both within and without , and smelleth a little sweet or aromaticall .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth in Java , and Malaber , being Countryes of the East-Indies . The other in China ▪ concerning the time I find , not any Author that maketh mention .

The Temperature .

Galanga is hot and dry in the second or third degree .

The Vertues and Signature .

This Galanga is also set down by the aforementioned Crollins to have the Signature of the Stomack , and from thence it hath beene found to be exceeding profitable in all cold diseases of the Stomack , by helping its concoction , and expelling Wind , and Crudities from it , and strengthening it , if it be boiled in Wine and taken Morning and Evening . It doth also very much comfort and strengthen a moyst bram , helps the Vertigo , or swimming of the Head , and avails against the palpitation or beating of the Heart , and is very useful in the gnawing of the stomack , and easeth the Cholick , which proceedeth of Wind , and in the Diseases of the Mother , and stopping of the Urine , and hath a speedy operation to cleanse the passages thereof , from slimy flegm , and stones gathered therein , or in the passages at the neck of the Yard and also to wast and consume any fleshy excrescence in the neck of the Bladder or Yard . Besides , it not only provoketh to Venery , but helpeth Conception ; so that there cannot be a better thing for those which desire to supply their want of Children ; for it is profitable for them that have cold Reins , and excellent for them that have cold and windy distempers of the Womb. Being boyled in Wine , and so taken , it helpeth a stinking breath , and dissolveth the hardness of the Spleen . There be also to be had at the Apothecaries Shops , both a Powder and Electuary , whose chief Ingredient is Galingall , both which prevail against Wind , sower belchings , and indigestion , grosse humors , and cold Diseases of the Stomach and Liver . You may take half a dram of the powder at a time , or two of the Electuary in the morning fasting , or an houre before meat . If Galingall be drunk with the water or Juyce of Plantane , it stoppeth the Bloody-Flux , and strengtheneth nature , comforteth the Brain , and helpeth the trembling of the Heart . Both the sorts above-mentioned , may be used to good purpose in Meats , as well as Medicines ; but the lesser is both of more use , and of greater effect , and indeed is to be used only in all the Compositions wherein Galanga is appointed yet , when the one is not to be had , the other may be and is used . The best is full of small holes .

CHAP. CLXIII . Of Cardamomes .

The Names .

THey are called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Cardamomum , in imitation of the Greeks , who gave it that denomination from the likeness of it to Amomum , and the vertues thereof , it being very profitable for that Disease of the Stomack , which is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , for the affinity that the veins belonging to the mouth of the stomack , have with the heart , and because being slit in two , it represents the form of the Heart . In Shops , Grana Paradisi . In English , Cardamomes , after the Greeks , but commonly Grains , or Grains of Paradise .

The Kinds .

Whosoever shall observe the Cuts in Gerard , may collect from thence , that there are five sorts of Cardamomes . 1. The greater Cardamomes of the Arabians . 2. The greater Cardamomes of the Shops . 3. The middle sort of Cardamomes . 4. The lesser Cardamomes . 5. The least Cardamomes .

The Form .

Cardamomes grow by the report of the learned , upon an Herby Plant of the height of one Cubit , not unlike in substance , to the Herb that beareth Ginger : whereupon doth grow a great Cod or Husk , in shape like a Fig , when it groweth upon the Tree ; but of a russet colour , thrust full of small Seeds or Grains , of a dark reddish colour , as may be plainly seen when it is divided , and of a very hot tast .

The Places and Time .

They grow in all the East-Indies , from the Port of Calecute unto Cananor ; it groweth in Malavar , in Joa , and divers other places . They spring up in May , being sowen of Seed , and bring their fruit to ripeness in September .

The Temperature :

Cardamomes are hot and dry in the third Degree , having in them an astringent faculty .

The Vertues .

The Seeds called Cardamomes , or Grains of Paradise , are generally received to be of admirable efficacy for that distemper of the stomack , called the Cardiack passion , in which it is very prevalent : and indeed the Cods , wherein the Seed is contained , have some similitude with the stomack . It is also very useful , when the stomack is not able to perform the Office of digestion , or when the appetite hath any need of provocation , and likewise for the suppressing of vomiting , when either of them proceed of a cold cause , if so be it be only chewed in the mouth , and so it draweth forth watery and flegmatick humours , both from the Head and Stomack . It is in like manner profitable against the Falling-sickness , the Sciatica , the Cough , resolutions of the Sinews , Ruptures , pains of the Belly , killing of Worms , and provoking Urine , being drunk with Sack ; and so it not only comforteth and warmeth the weak , cold , and feeble stomack , but helpeth the Ague , and riddeth the shaking fits . A dram of Cardamome-Seed , drunk in Wine , with as much Bark of Laurel , breaketh the Stone , and being mixed with Ale , wherein Time and Parsley have been boyled , and then strained , it is a good remedy for the Chollick . It is a good Spice for Women , that are troubled with any grief , particularly belonging to that Sex . It provoketh Urine , when it is stopped , or passeth with pain , resisteth poyson , and the sting of Scorpions , and other venomous Creatures . It expelleth Wind powerfully from other entralls , as well as the stomack , easeth those that by falls or beatings , are bruised and broken , and those that are tormented with the Sciatica or Hip-Gout ; and being boyled in Vinegar , or sleeped therein and used , it is good against Scabs and Tetters . The Powder of it put into the nose comforteth the feeble brain ; or if it be put with the Oyl of Musk , in an Egge-shell , till it boyl , and then anointed therewith . It is said by some , to be the chief of all Seeds .

CHAP. CLXIV . Of Pepper .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , either a 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 coquo , quia calor ejus concoctricem facultatem adjuvat , because it helpeth concoction , or from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ignis , because of the eminent heat that is therein ; In Latine Piper , In English Pepper . Some call the Pepper of Aethiopiae , Piper Aethiopia , Piper Aethiopicum , Amomum , Vita longa , and Cardamomum , whereof they hold it to be a kind .

The Kinds .

Of Pepper there be these five sorts mentioned by Authours . 1. Black Pepper . 2. White Pepper . 3. Long Pepper . 4. Pepper of Aethiopia . 5. Matthiolus his Pepper .

The Forme .

The Plant that beareth the Black-Pepper , as also the white , groweth up like a Vine among bushes and brambles where it naturally groweth ; but where it is mannured , it is sowen at the bottome of the tree Gausel , and the Date Trees , whereon it taketh hold , and climeth even to the top , as doth the Vine , ramping and taking hold ( but not with tendrells as the Vine doth ) of any other thing it meeteth withall : It is full of Joynts , and shooteth forth faire , and somwhat large Leaves , one at a Joynt , being almost round , but ending in a point , greener above and paler underneath , with a great middle ribbe , and foure other ribbs somwhat lesser , spreading from it two on each side , & smaller veines therein also unto the edges , which are not dented , but smooth and plaine , not thick , but somwhat thin , and set on a pretty long footstalke : The Fruit or Pepper it selfe groweth at the same Joynt , but opposite to the Leafe , and not betweene the Stalk and the Leafe , as some have falsely set it down , round about a long Stalk , somwhat thinly set along thereon : The root hath sundry Joynts creeping in the ground , with fibres at the Joynts ,

The Places and Time

Black and White Pepper grow in the Kingdome of Malavar , and that very good : in Malaca also , but not so good ; and also in the Island Sunde and Cude ; there is great store growing in the Kingdome of China , and some in Cananer , but not much . Pepper of Ethiopia groweth in America , in all the tract of the Country , where Nata and Carthago are scituated . These Plants rise up in the beginning of the Spring , and the fruit is gathered in August .

The Temperature .

It is hot and dry in the third degree or neere the fourth , of an heating or dissolveing quality .

The Vertues .

The Black-Pepper is most in use , and is good in sawces to give a good tast to meat , to provoke appetite , and helpe digestion ; but they are all used to warme cold Stomacks , and to consume crude and moist humors therein , or distilling from the Head : They also help to break and dissolve Wind in the Stomack or Bowells , to provoke Vrine , to he●p the Cough and other diseases of the breast , and are effectuall again●● Poy●on and venemous bitings , either of Serpents or other Vermine , and are therefore put into Antidotes . ●reacles , and other pre●ervative . The same drunk before the ●t of a Feaver or Ague in Posset-drink , or laid to or anointed outwardly with Oy●e , abareth the rigour and shaking thereof , and wasteth the swelling of Quinsy , if it be taken with Honey . That Pepper which is taken inwardly , must not be beaten very small , for feare of inflaming the blood , and other profitable humors of the body , but in outward applications , there is no danger ; The Powder thereof snifted up into the nose provoketh sneezing , and purgeth the braine of all superfluous moisture , and so it doth likewise , if it be eaten with Raisins . It he peth also the dimnesse of the sight by consuming the Pin and Web or any other excrescence that shall molest it . It doth very much strengthen the Nerves and Muscles consuming the watery moisture that causeth shaking in them by its heat , and therefore it is that Macer saith thus of it . For an Ague ,

Quodque movere solet frigus periodica febris Compescit , febris si sumiturante tremorem . It doth asswage the fits that Agues make , If that you use thereof before you shake .

It dissolveth the Kings-evill , Kernells , Wens , Hard cold swellings , and draweth forth Thornes , Shards and Splinters , if it be applyed with pitch . A Cawdle made with Vine-Leaves , hard Egges , and Pepper , stayeth the bloody Flix ; and the Powder of long Pepper , and the rootes of Cinckfoile , drunk in Ale easeth the Chollick . It easeth the Tooth-ach being tied in a Clout , and chewed on . It is best for moist and co●d Constitutions , but in dry bodyes it consumeth the seed , and burneth the blood , if it be immoderately used .

CHAP. CLXV . Of the Nutmeg-Tree .

The Names .

IT was not known to the ancient Greek Writers , Dioscorides or Theophrastus , no nor to Galen or Pliny , for although some have thought it might be Galen his Chrysobalanos , yet they are farre away therein . The latter have called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , from the sweet scent that it yeeldeth ; and in Latine Nux Aromatites ; and Nux Myristica for the same reason ; and Nux Moschata , as if it were a Moscho which we call Muske in English . The Mace that groweth also upon this Tree is called in Latine Macis , but in Banda where they grow the Nutmeg is called Palla , and the Mace Bunapalla .

The Kinds .

The Nutmeg-Tree , and so likewise the fruit are of two sorts , as hath been exactly observed by Clusius , and by him called Mas and famina , the Male and the Female ; which last is that which is most in use with us , and therefore take its description as followes .

The Forme .

This Tree is said to be very great , and as tall almost as our Peare-Trees , spreading many branches which are greene ▪ whil'st they are young , having faire broad Leaves ●et thereon somwhat like unto the Orenge-Tree-Leaves , set on a short stalke unequally on the branches , and abide alwayes green thereon : The fruit ( for the Flowers have not been observed ) groweth at the end of the young branches which are as big as Peaches , standing singly for the most part on a thick fat stalk having an outward thick huske furrowed in the middle , which divideth it selfe into two parts , and growing ripe openeth it selfe , shewing the Nut within , covered with the Mace cut into severall peices , as it were of an orient crimson colour at the first opening , but is afterwards changed by the aire to be more dead , and yellowish as it is when it is brought to us , besides which it is covered also with a black thin hard shell , which being broken , the Nutmeg it selfe appeareth .

The Places and Time .

They both grow in the East-Indies , but especially in an Island called Banda ( whence some have called the Nut Nux Bandensis ) and in the Islands of Molucca also , though not so good as the first , as neither be they that do grow in Zeilan . The time of flouring is not specified , but the fruit is ripe in September .

The Temperature .

Nutmegs are hot and dry in the second degree , and somwhat astringent . Mace is hot in the second degree and dry in the third .

The Vertues .

Nutmegs do not only heat , but strengthen the Stomack that is cold and weake , especially the mouth of the Stomack , withstand Vomiting , and take away the Hicket . It is good likewise against the paine and windinesse of the belly , and stoppings of the Liver and Milt , and being patched or dryed at the fire , it stoppeth the Laske , especially being taken with red Wine . It is also very profitable for the Mother , Kidnyes , and Bladder , helpeth them that pisse by drops , especially when the griefe cometh of a cold cause , and is good for other secret griefes both in Men and Women . The powder thereof mixt with the Oyle of Mints , and the forehead and temples anointed therewith , is good against the coldnesse of the head and dulnesse of the memory . It is used in Cordialls , and wholesome receits against coldnesse of the Liver , stopping of the M●lt , the Dropsy , Vomiting , Head-ach , Swellings , Bloody Fluxes ; it comforteth the Veines and Muscles of cold and old people , it maketh the breath sweet , and helpeth the trembling of the Heart , it breaketh and expelleth Gravell from the reines and bladder , especially being first steeped in the Oyle of sweet Almonds . Being taken last at night in a Cawdle of Almonds or Hempseed , it procureth sleepe , and is the best Spice of all other , for students , being taken in drink . Nutmegs condited , as they may be had at the Apothecaries , are excellent also for Students , being very comfortable both to the Head and Stomack . The Oyle hereof doth likewise comfort the Stomack that is cold , but the frequent use thereof is not good , especially for those which are of a sanguine complexion . Mace is in Vertue almost like to Nutmeg , and doth stop the Laske , the bloody Fluxe , and womens Flowers . It helpeth the trembling of the Heart , and is much better for all cold griefes , then Nutmegs : the Oyle of Mace laid on the Stomack cureth the infirmity thereof , and the wambling , and disposition to Vomit . The powder of a Pomegranate , large Mace , long Pepper and Sugar , being drunk with Posset Ale or Malmsey or other broth sodden together , is an approved remedy for the black Jaundies . Being used in Meates it causeth such as are leane to grow fat , and is good for cold Husbands that would have Children , as Nutmegs also are , and in broths or milke : it is very good to be drunke against Spitting of Blood , Fluxes , Vomit , and the Chollick . Oyle of Mace is good for the Cough .

CHAP. CLXVI . Of Coriander .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and so in Latine also Corion , and Corianon ; but usually Coriandrum , being derived from the Greek word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which signifyeth that kind of noisome Worme , which breedeth in some Walls and rotten-Wood , and is called a Wall-louse or puny in English , whose stinking smell , Coriander doth much imitate . We in England call it Corionder and Coliander .

The Kinds .

Though former Ages would allow of but one sort of Coriander , supposing there had been no more , yet these aftertimes have testified that there are three sorts of it . 1. Ordinary Coriander . 2. The lesser sweet Coriander . 3. The stinking Coriander .

The Form .

The ordinary Coriander is a very stinking herbe , having a round stalk , full of branches , which are about two foot in length when they are at their full growth , whose Leaves at the first coming up are somwhat broad , very like unto Parsly , which afterwards are smaller and finer , every one then the other up to the top , where stand small loose Vmb●lls of white Flowers , turning into round striped hallow seed , of a whitish yellow colour , when it is ripe ; and of a pleasant scent or savour when it is dry , but not before . The root is hard and of a Woddy substance but dyeth when the seed is ripe ; which being suffered to fall , will increase mightily .

The Places and Time .

The two first , seeing their naturall places are not yet manifest , are said no where to be found wild , but are by us now , as they were by the Ancients formerly , sown in Gardens . The last was sent from Barcinona to Lyons , by Myconus to Molinaus , who hath set it forth in Historia Lugdunensi . They do all flower in Jun● and July , and their seed is ripe about the later end of August .

The Temperature .

The greene and stinking Leaves of Coriander are cold and dry , very naught , unwholesome and hurtfull to the whole body , if they should be taken inwardly , and so are the seeds as long as they are green , but being steeped in Vinegar and dryed , or only dryed , they are moderately hot and dry , and very convenient for severall purposes as you shall heare .

The Vertues .

Simeon Sethi , with whom many other learned Authors do agree , affirmeth that the Seed of Coriander is marvellous good for the Stomack , not only retaining the food untill it be thoroughly digested , but withall doth strengthen and inable it to do the same . The prepared seeds being covered over with Sugar as comfits and taken after meat , are of great efficacy to close up the mouth of the Stomack , to stay Vomiting , helpe digestion , to represse Vapours , that ascend from the Stomack to the Head , and are likewise good for those that are troubled with Rheumes . The same do very much prevaile against the Gout , being taken in some small quantity before dinner , upon a fasting Stomack , and after dinner , and after Supper the like , without drinking , within two or three houres after . The seeds only being taken in Wine do bring forth Wormes , stop the Laske , and bloody Flux , and all other extraordinary issues of blood . It resisteth forcibly , the paines of the Wind Chollick ▪ and the stopping of Vrine . It is said that for so many seeds as are drunk thereof so many dayes shall the Courses of that ●oman that drinketh them cease , as the following verses do also intimate ;

Xenocrates inquit , totidem cessare diebus Menstrua , quot mulier Coriandri grana vorabit .

The powder of the seed cast upon Meates causeth them to digest the better , and with sweet Wine it moveth lust and increaseth the naturall seed , if it be taken moderately , but too much use of it breedeth the Phrensy and raging , and is hurtfull for such as have the head-ach , falling sicknesse , and swimming of the Head . The said powder boyled with Rue in water of Mints , and held in the mouth after it is cold , helpeth the Wula or Palate of the mouth being fallen down , the juyce of the herb taken inwardly , is deadly both to man and beast , yea the smell only of the herb killeth Fleas , if it be laid where they are . The green herb boyled with Crums of Bread or Barly meale , consumeth all hot swellings and inflammations , & with Beane meale dissolveth the Kings evill , Wennes , and hard Lumps . The juyce of the Leaves mixed and laboured in a leaden Mortar , with Ceruse , Litharge of Silver , Vinegar and Oyle of Roses , cureth St. Anthonies fire , and taketh away all inflammations whatsoever .

CHAP. CLXVII . Of the Orenge-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the fruits whereof , as is thought , were known unto the Ancients , and by them called Aurea mala Hesperidum , because in those dayes they grew hardly any where else ; and were therefore guarded by a watchfull Dragon which Hercules slew , and brought with him some of the said fruit , which is by divers Latine Authors called Aurantia à corticis colore aureo ; and by others Arantia ▪ ab Arantiâ oppido Achaiae ▪ & by some Pomum Narrantium ; by Dodonaeus , Anarantium ; and by Lobel , Malum aureum , which name is most suitable to them being Golden apples indeed . The flowers of the Orenge are called Napha , and the Oyntment made of them , Vnguentum ex Naphâ .

The Kinds .

There are five sorts of Orenge Trees . 1. The ordinary Orenge-Tree . 2. The Wild or Crab Orenge-Tree . 3. The Apple Orenge . 4. The Orenge without Seeds . 5. The dwarfe Orenge-Tree .

The Form .

The grafted or ordinary mannured Orenge-Tree groweth to a great stature ▪ the lower part of which as also of the greater branches are covered with a rough bark but those which are lesser and younger , have a smooth green barke whereon are set some few sharpe , but short thorns . The Leaves are very like in forme to those of the Laurell-Tree , but may be easily distinguished , if they be bruised betweene ones finger , for then they sent forth a sweet smel , like unto the peele of the Orenge , and likwise by being full of small holes ; the Flowers are whitish , and of a very strong sweet scent . The fruit hereof is round with a thick bitter rind , of a deepe yellowish red colour ▪ having under it a soft white loose substance , and under that the juyce is contained in small skins , which in some is lesse sower then others . The seeds of it do somwhat resemble those of the Lemmon .

The Places and Times .

All the sorts above named do grow in the Coasts of Italy and the Islands thereabouts , but especially in Spaine about Sivil , where the best Orenges grow , and are called by us Civil-Orenges , under which name the Women in London that sell any , comprehend the rest calling them all so , be they what they will . There be also Orenge-Trees that grow in England in the Gardens of the Earle of Northumberland at Sion-house neere Brainford , and of the Lord Lambert at Wimbleton . They hold their Leaves alwaies green and beare blossomes , greene and ripe fruit all the yeare through ; but here in England the fruit will be two yeares , before it come to perfection . And to make it do so , the Trees must be set in great Boxes full of earth , so that they may be removed into the house in the Winter-time .

The Temperature .

Orenges are not wholly of one Temperature : for the rind is hot in the first degree , and dry in the second ; the juyce of them is cold in the second degree , and dry in the first . They are colder or hotter according to their sweetnesse or sowreness for the sowrer the juice is , the colder it is ; and the sweeter , the more hot .

The Vertues

Orenge-Peele is as usefull in Physick as any part thereof , though it be commonly cast away as if it were good for nothing , yet it doth warme a cold Stomack very effectually , helping to breake the Wind that molesteth it , and causeth cold Phlegme to be voided from thence . And being condited or preserved with Honey or Sugar it warmeth the Stomack , mendeth a stinking breath , and helpeth digestion , and is used in Banquets with other sweetmeats , being also very effectuall for the strengthing of the Heart , and Spirits . The juice , and inner substance where the juice is , is very good against all contagions and corruptions of the aire , the Plague , and other hot Feavours ; it comforteth the Heart , and especially the Mouth of the Stomack , and helpeth the weaknesse thereof . It is also profitable against the trembling of the Heart , pensive heavinesse , and Wambling of the Stomack ; it restraineth Vomiting , and taketh away loathing in Agues and such like diseases , it quencheth thirst , and so doth the Syrup thereof . The seeds withstand all Venome and Poyson , and are effectuall also to kill and expell Wormes . The Oyntment that is made of the Flowers is often used to anoint the Stomacks of those which are troubled with a Cough , making the cold raw Phlegme to expectorate , and warming and comforting divers other places of the body . The distilled Water of the same Flowers is very odoriferous , and therefore fit for perfumes : Besides it is good against contagious diseases to drink thereof at sundry times , it helpeth also the cold and moist infirmities of the Mother . Such simples as serve both for the correction of Meates and Medicaments being thus treated of , I shall in the next place write of those that are more alimentall , and therefore not improper to be mentioned here , beginning with fruits , and then proceeding to Roots and Herbes .

CHAP. CLXVIII . Of the Apple-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and the fruit 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Malus and Malum , Pomus and Pomum , which in English is an Apple .

The Kinds .

To reckon up the divers sorts of Apple-Trees , and their fruits , would take up more roome then we allot for a whole Chapter . I shall therefore set down only some of the principall . 1 The Summer Peare-maine . 2 The Winter Peare-maine . 3. The Summer Queening . 4. The Winter Queening . 5. The Jennetting . 6. The Pome-water . 7. The great Pippin . 8. The small Pippin . 9. The Harvy Apple . 10. The Gillofloure . 11. The Marigo●d . 12 , The John Apple . 13. The Paradise Apple . 14. The Wilding or Crab : of which there is the Towne Crab , the greater and lesser white Crab , the small Hedge Crabbe .

The Forme .

For formality sake only , I shall tell you that the Apple-Tree doth genera●ly spread his Armes and Branches more then the Peare-Tree , but riseth not to that height : the Leaves are somwhat round yet pointed at the end , and dented about the edges , being greene both above and below ; the Flowers are White with some Red many times mixed with it , especially about the edges . The Fruit is of divers sizes , formes , colours , tasts , &c : within which being ripe , be divers black Kernells ; the Root goeth straight down with some branches running aslope .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts aforesaid , and a great many more , grow either in Orchards as being mannured , or else Wild in Woods and Hedg-rowes , especially in Kent , Gl●cester and Herefordshire , where they make abundance of Cydar . They commonly Flower about April , and the fruit of the Summer kinds is ripe about the beginning of July , and the rest in September , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Apples are cold and moist in the first degree , as Mr. Elliot an ancient English Author alleageth . Howbeit , there is great difference in Apples , for some be sweet , some be sowre , some be bitter , some harsh , some be of a mixt temperature , both sweet and sowre , &c : The sweet and bitter Apples are inclining to heat , the sowre and harsh are cooling , and therefore good when the Stomack is weak by the distemperature of Heat .

The Vertues .

Though Apples eaten before they be ripe , or afterwards immoderately and without preparation , are very unwholesome , yet being gathered when they be ful ripe , and eaten with discretion , they are very commodious to such as have hot Stomacks , to strengthen the same , and to make good digestion , and if they be offensive to any through windynesse , they may be corrected with Ginger , Caraway Comfits , Fennell-seed or the like , how ever the danger will be the lesse , if they be rosted , baked , or stewed , either of which waies they may be presented at the Table or elsewhere . They are also profitable in hot diseases , both of the Stomack and Heart , qualifying the heat of each with their pleasant moisture . Being roasted and eaten with Rose-water and Sugar , and those of the pleasanter kinds , as Pippins and Pearemaines , they are helpfull to dissolve Melancholly humours , to expell heavinesse , and procure Mirth , and are good against the Pleurisy , if three or foure graines of Olibanum be rosted in one of them , and so eaten . And if they be roasted and eaten with the Juice of Liquorice and Sugar , morning and evening , two houres before meat , they wonderfully helpe those that are troubled with the Cough , or any paine in their Breast . They are also good for those that loath their meat or are given to Casting . The Pulp of four or five roasted Pomewaters laboured in a Wine quart of faire water , till it be like Lambs-Wooll , and drunk last at night cureth those that pisse by drops , and helpeth all other diseases proceeding of the difficulty of making Water , at the second , if not at the first taking . The aforesaid Apples give the denomination to that Oyntment called Pomatum , which is of much use to soften and supple the roughnesse of the skin , and take away the chaps of the lips , hands , face or other parts . The Juyce of Pippins and Pearemaines are used also in compositions to mend the qualities of Medicines that are dry , as S●rapium ex pomis regii saporis , Antidotum ex Granis Cocci Baphici , id est , Confectio Alkermes , which last is a mighty strengthner of the Heart and Spirit Vitall . The Pap of an Apple with Rose-water applyed to the Eyes doth quench the burning and taketh away the rednesse of them . An Apple rosted in the Embers , and mixed with butter and honey , or the yolke of a boyled egge , and applyed is good to ripen any Impostume whatsoever ; being fryed in Virgins Wax and eaten as hot as they can be suffered , they stay the bloody Flux . The Blossomes of Apples are not only the most convenient food for Bees , as being of a very delicate smell , but are also usefull for those which are troubled with a red Nose and face , they being distilled in Balneo Mariae , and the face washed morning and evening with the Water . The Leaves boiled and given to drink in hot Agues and where the heate of the Liver and Stomack causeth the Lips to break forth , and the Throat to grow dry , harsh , and surred , it is very good to wash and Gargle it withall , and to drink down some . Cider which is the juice of many Apples pressed forth is of singular good use in the heat and faintings of the Stomack , and against Casting or Vomiting , a Posset being made therewith , or some of it taken by it selfe . It is of great use at Sea in long Voyages , and is more desired then Perry by Vintners , who since French Wine hath been so scarce , mingle it with a little French Wine , and sell it insteed thereof . The juice of Crabs which we commonly call Verjuice , applyed with wet cloathes to such places as are burned and scalded , cooleth , healeth , and draweth the fire out of them . A rotten Apple applyed to Eyes that are blood shotten or enflamed with heat , or that are black and blew by any stroake or fall , all day or all night , helpeth them quickly . The distilled water of good sound-Apples , is of speciall good use to expell Melancholly , and to procure Mirth : and that of rorten ones cooleth the heate and inflammations of sores , and is good to bath soule and creeping Vlcers , and to wash the face to take away spots freacles , or other discolourings of the face . The inner yellow barke , either of Apple-Tree , or Crab-Tree boyled with Allom , causeth those things that are put thereinto , to be of an yellow colour .

CHAP. CLXIX . Of the Peare-Tree .

The Names .

THat which is mannured is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , and somtimes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 with a double 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in Latine Pirus and Pyrus , because of the similitude of its forme with that of a Pyramis . The Wild-Peare , is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , as being of no use having its derivation from a privativa , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Utor , and indeed is of very little use : yet Dioscorides saith , that 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is is a particular sort of Wild-Peare , and that the generall name is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Latine Pirus Sylvestris , and Pyraster or Piraster . The Wardens are called V●lema .

The Kinds .

There are saith a late Author , 400 or 500 severall sorts of Peares , and consequently of Peare-Trees , so that to set them all down would be very tedious , yet I shall not think it amisse , to name a few . 1. The Jennetting Peare . 2. St. Jeames Peare . 3. The Windsor-Peare . 4. The Burgamet-Peare . 5. The Quince-Peare . 6. The Bishops-Peare . 7. The Katharine-Peare . 8. The Green-field-Peare . 9. The Winter-Peare . 10. The Warden . 11. The Choake Peare . 12. The Hedge-Peare . 13. The Lowsy Hedge-Peare . 14. The Crow Wild-Peare .

The Forme .

The Peare-Tree is for the most part higher then the Apple-Tree , having boughes not spread abroad , but goweth up in height : the Body is many times great , and the Wood of a yellow colour , the leafe is somwhat broad , finely nicked on the Edges , green above , but somewhat whiter underneath ; the Flowers are white , the fruit is for the most part long , and in forme like a Casting-Top ; but in greatnesse , colour , and tast , very much differing among themselves having contained in them black kernells when they be ripe : The Root groweth after the same manner , as that of the Apple-Tree doth .

The Places and Time .

The mannured kinds are Planted in Orchards , and Gardens , both as Standards and Wall-Trees . The biggest that ever I saw of them growing against a Wall was in the Garden of the Earle of Northumberland at Sion , neere Brainford , whose branches extended themselves after a very wonderfull manner . The Wild sorts are found in Woods and Hedges in Kent , Worcester , and Herefordshire . The Flowers do for the most part come forth in April , the leaves afterwards : Peares are not all ripe at one time , some of them being ripe in June , some in July ▪ others in August , and divers in September , and later .

The Temperature .

Peares are also said to be cold and moist in the first degree , and have in them a binding quality , and an earthy substance ; the Choak-Peares and tho●e that are harsh , being more earthy , and the sweet ones lesse .

The Vertues and Signature .

When Peares are unripe and raw they engender Wind , and so cause the Collick ; but if they be rosted , baked or stewed , they are not unwholesome . And eaten after meat being ripe and well gathered , they close up the mouth of the Stomack and forti●●e digestion . Being boyled with a little Honey they helpe the Stomack very much that hath any paines or oppression therein . The sweet and lushious sorts do helpe to move the belly downwards more or lesse , and therefore may be eaten moderatly that by those are costive : Those that are harsh and sowre do on the contrary part , bind the belly as much , and therefore are good to be eaten of those that are troubled with the Laske or bloody-Fluxe , but with moderation also , for all excesse is dangerous . The Ward●n is cheifely , yea only admitted to be taken by tho●e that are sick and aguish , being first baked , stewed or rosted in that it hath no a●●riction therein to breed obstructions which are the utter enemies to putrid Feavers : and indeed it deserveth commendation above all the rest , both because it may be preserved longer , and is more ami●able to the nature of man . Pears applyed outwardly , are effectuall for hot tumors , and greene wounds ▪ if they be laid to at the beginning , and so are the Leaves , for they close and heale new wounds , but more especially Wild Peares , and their Leaves . The Perry that is made of these Peares is a speciall Cordiall , chearing and reviving the Spirits , making the Heart glad as Wine of Gr●pes , and this it may be said to do by that Signature which some Peares have ; It is also profitable for long life as well as health , for it hath been observed that those that drink Per●y and Syd●r daily or frequently as their common drink are generally healthy persons , and long lived : It is of speciall use at Sea , in long Voyages to mingle with their fresh-water . Peares being boyled in faire Water ▪ with Rose-water and Honey , and then drained through a Cloath or Colender , and afterwards dryed in an Oven after a Batch of bread , may be kept all the yeare being an excellent repast . Some are preserved in Sugar , as other fruits are , and served in banquets , amongst other sweet-meats , or dryed up after they are preserved , and so put amongst other dry candyed Junkets . The Wood is smooth , close and firme , and serveth for many uses as to make Moulds and Prints , to expresse the figure of a Plant or any such thing , to make Rulers , Pistoll ●●ocks , &c : when no fitter wood can be gotten .

CHAP. CLXX Of the Peach-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Malus Persica and Rhodacina : the Nectarin which hath much affinity with it is called by Matthiolus and Casalpi●●s , Nucipers ca , because it resembleth the Wall-Nut in the round smooth outer rind , and the Peach in Meat , substance , and stone ▪ A●g 〈…〉 v●● calleth it P●rsic● Nux , for the same Reason and Pliny , Nuciprunum .

The Kinds .

Of Peaches there are divers kinds . I shall mention only . 1. The White Peach . 2. The Red Peach . 3. The D'avant Peach . 4. The Yellow Peach . 5. The Nut-m●g Peach . 6. The N●wington Peach . Of Nectarius , I find three sorts . 1. The Roman red Nectarin . 2. The Yellow Nectarin . 3. The green Nectarin .

The Form .

The Peach-Tree never groweth to any great bignesse , but is planted either by it selfe or against a Wall , but yet spreadeth branches reasonable well , from whence spring smaller reddish Twigges , long and narrow Leaves , nicked on the edges somwhat like unto those of the willow , and of a bitter tast ; the flowers be of a light purple colour , after which followeth the fruit , which hath a chink ●● cleft on the one side being otherwise very round . Some are much smaller then others , as also differing in colour and tastes , as russet , red , or yellow , waterish or firme , with a frize or cotten all over , with a rugged fu●rowed great stone within , and a bitter ▪ kernell within that .

The Places and Time .

Some suppose that these Trees had their Originall from Persia : but there is no Author I know that maketh positive mention thereof . Most of them are nursed up familiarly in divers Gentlemens Gardens throughout the Land , but especially by those G●rdi●ers that live neere the Citty of London , which they are ready 〈…〉 ll to tho●e that want them . They flower in April , or thereabouts , and their fruit i● ripe in September .

The Temperature .

Peaches be cold in the first degree and moist in the second , but the kernells be hot and dry .

The Vertues .

Peaches eaten moderately ( for so we are to use all fruits as I said before ) are by the approbation of the learned Physitian Dioscorides very profitable for the Stomack , and also to coole and loosen the belly , especially if those that eat them are of hot constitutions ; but then it will not be amisse according to the advice that is given in Schola Salerni to take a cup of Wine or strong drink with them , for there it is said , Persica cum musto , vobis datur ordine justo , and so ( no doubt ) they are lesse dangerous . The best time of eating them is before meales , as Gal●● sheweth , and not after meat ( as our manner is in England ) for being eaten after meat they swim uppermost , and so both corrupt themselves and also other meates ; whereas being eat before , they mollify the belly as is said already , provoke appetite , and qualify the distemperature of Choler in the Stomack . Leonicerus saies , they may be eaten in burning Feavers , and Pliny commends them also for the sick . The Kernells of the stones do wonderfully ease the paines and wringings of the belly , through Wind or sharp humours , and are with other ingredients very admirable for the Stone . The Milk or Creame of the said Kernells being drawn forth with some Vervaine Water , and applyed to the Fore-head and Temples doth much helpe to procure rest and sleepe to sick persons wanting it , and so doth the Oyle that is drawn from them , if the places afore mentioned , be anoint●d therewith ; Used in the same manner it helpeth the Megrim , and all other paines in the Head . The same Oyle put into Clysters , easeth the paines of the Wind-Chollick ; and annointed on the lower part of the be●●y , it doth the like ; and dropped into the ears , it easeth the paines of them , and so doth the juice of the Leaves . If the Kernells be bruised and boyled in Vinegar untill they become thick and applyed to the Head , it marvel●ously procures the Haire to grow againe upon bald places , or where it is too thin , which is signified by the down that groweth upon the fruit . The Leaves of Peaches bruised and laid on the belly , killeth Wormes , and so do they also being boi●ed in Ale and drunk , and open the belly to boot ; and after they are dryed , they discuss humors ▪ The powder of which being strewed upon fresh bleeding wounds stayeth their bleeding and closeth them up . The Flowers steeped all night in a little wine , set in a warme place , and then strained forth in the morning , and drunk fasting doth gently open the belly , and mo●e it downwards ; and if you would have them work more powerfully , do but after the straining put in as many more flowers , and then straine it againe : do this five or six times , and afterwards adde as much Sugar to the Liquor , as will be convenient to bring it to the consistence of Syrup , and take two spoonefulls thereof , and it will purge the belly so effectually that there is neither Rubark , Agarick , nor any other purger comparable to it , for it purgeth waterish humours mightily , and yet without greife or trouble either to the Stomack or lower parts of the body . A conserve made of the said Flowers , provoketh Vomiting , and spendeth Waterish and Hydropick humours likewise , by the continuance thereof . The Liquor that droppeth from the Tree being wounded , is given in the decoction of Colts-foot to such as are troubled with the Cough or shortnesse of breath , by adding thereto some sweet Wine , and putting some Saffron also therein ; It is good for them that are Hoarse or have lost their voice ; it helpeth also all defects of the Lungs and those that Vomit or spit blood . Two drams thereof given in the juice of Lemmons , or of Radish , is good for them that are troubled with the Stone . The Nectarin nor any part thereof is used Physically that I read of , yet it hath a firmer substance , and a more delectable taste , and therefore is as wholesome , i● not wholesomer to be eaten , then the Peach .

CHAP. CLXXI. Of the Aprecock-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine malus Armeniaca , haply because it came first out of Armenia , in English Abrecock or Aprecock-Tree . The fruit is named 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and of divers 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which be words corrupted from the Latine word Praecox or Praecoquum signifying soone ripe , it being one of the first ripe fruits . It is called also in Latine Chrysomelon id est Malum aureum and malum Armeniacum , and by some Bara ●occa . It is called in English Aprecock , as I suppose from the Latine word Praecox .

The Kinds .

I am not yet assured that there are any more then two sorts of Apricock-Trees 1. The greater Apricock-Tree . 2. The lesser Apricock-Tree .

The Forme .

The Apricock-Tree is greater then the Peach-Tree , and hath a bigger body and lasteth longer , if it be either grafted or inoculated ; It hath great , broad , and almost round Leaves , but pointed at the ends , and finely dented about the edges , the Flowers are made of five white Leaves like unto those of the Plum-Tree , but somewhat larger ; the fruit that followeth is round , save that it hath a cleft or open furrow in the middle , somewhat like unto a Peach , of a pale yellowish colour on the outside as well as on the inside , and a little reddish on the side in most , yet whiter in some , in substance firmer , and closer then any Plum whatsoever , haveing within it a smooth flattish stone , and within that a sweet Kernell .

The Places and Time

These Trees do seeme by their name to claime Armenia for their naturall place ; but whether they do grow there of their own accord , I am not yet resolved . From what Coast soever they came , they are now no strangers in England ; but are planted frequently in almost every Gentlemans Garden , where there is a Wall for them to grow against , without the helpe of which they seldome beare fruit . They flower commonly in March , and their fruit is ripe about St. Jamestid● or sooner .

The Temperature .

Apricocks are also cold in the first degree and moist in the second , but not so moist as Peaches .

The Vertues .

Galen accounts Apricocks better then Peaches , and certainly he was not mistaken , for they are not so soone corrupted in the Stomack , and therefore must needes be the wholesomer fruit of the two . They are also more pleasant to the taste , yet being over ripe they are apt to putrifie and swimme in the Stomack , if they be taken as commonly they are after meales , but being eaten first , they descend easily and cause the other meates to passe down the sooner , rather to the benefit then detriment of the body . Some say they have no use in Physick , but are wholly spent as a Junket either fresh and green , or dryed , preserved , or candied , ( all which wayes they are pleasant to the body , and healthfull ) to sort with others for the same purpose . But Avicen saies , that the infusion of dryed Aprecocks it profitable in sharp Feavours : and Matthiolus that famous Commentator upon Dioscorides , tells us that the Oyle , which may be prest out of the Kernells of the Stones , as the Oyle of Almonds is made , is very effectuall against the inflamed Piles or Hemorrhoides , the tumours or swellings of Ulcers , the hoarsenesse of the Voice , the roughnesse of the Tongue and Throate , and likewise the paines in the Eares : and that five ounces of the said Oyle taken with one Ounce of Muscadine driveth forth Stones , and Gravell out of the Bladder , and kidneys , and helpes the Collick . The Vertues of the Leaves of this Tree , are not yet found out .

CHAP. CLXXII . Of the Plum-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Prunus ; the fruit 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , and Prunum in Latine ; in English Plummes and Prunes , which have also names from the Countryes , in which they grow . Those which grow in Syria , neere Damascus are called Pruna Damascena , Damsons , Damasins or Damask Prunes ; those that grow in Spaine , Hispanica , Spanish Prunes or Plums ; so those of Hungary are called Hungarica , or Pannonica ; and those of France , Gallica Pruna .

The Kinds .

The sorts of Plum-Trees are exceeding numerous , and therefore I shall wave the trouble of setting down any more then those that follow . 1. The Damson-Tree . 2. The Myrabol●ne Plum-Tree . 3. The Almond Plum-Tree . 4. The Musle Plum-Tree . 5. The Violet Plum-Tree . 6. The Permorden Plum-Tree . 7. The Lammas Plum-Tree . 8. The Wheaten Plum-Tree .

The Forme .

The Plum-Tree for the most part riseth to be a tall Tree ; the body and arms whereof are covered with a rugged Bark more or lesse , the younger branches being smoother , the Leaves are somwhat long , and broad , and rounder then those of Cherries , for the most part , yet of very different sizes among themselves : The Flowers are made of five white small Leaves , somwhat like , but lesse then those of the Aprecock : The fruit differeth in forme , some being Ovall , some Pear-fashion , some Almond-like , and some round ; in colour , some being red , green , or black , & some white or yellow ; and in taste , some sweet , some sower , and some of a meane between both , wherein is contained a small smooth flattish Stone .

The Places and Time .

Severall of these sorts of Plums do grow both as Standards and Wall-Trees in divers Gentlemens Gardens about London , and in the Country also ; especially the Dams●n Tree , and the Wheaten Plum-Tree . They do commonly blossome in April , and give their ripe fruit in Summer , some sooner , and some later .

The Temperature .

Plums are cold and moist in the second degree , having an Astringent quality as long as they are sharp and sowre , but when they are thorow ripe and sweet they are of a contrary operation .

The Vertues .

The goodnesse of Plummes may be collected from their substance , for those whose flesh is firm are lesse hurtfull then those that are soft and tender , because they are not so apt to corrupt in the Stomack , and that is it , which makes Damsons more wholesome then the rest ; for those which are so very moist fill the body with waterish and corrupt blood . But all Plummes as well as other fruit are then best , when they are preserved with Honey or Sugar , which takes from them their superfluous moisture , and then there are made of them many good D●shes for the Table , and delicates for banquets throughout all the year ; which are profitable both for the sick and healthfull to rellish the mouth and Stomack , to procure an appetite and a little to open the belly , to allay Choller and coole the Stomack , which effects are likewise wrought by that dryed fruit which is sold at the Grocers under the name of Damask-prunes , when they bestewed & eaten , and if a little Sena Rubarb or the like be stewed amongst them , it maketh them the more purging , and of a greater use to be taken by those that have weak Stomacks ; for so they cast out cholerick humors , and are good in Feavers and other Cholerick and hot diseases : and somewhat to this purpose , is that in Schola Salerni . Infrigidant , laxant , multum prosunt tibi pruna . which is thus Englished by Mr. Austen in a Treatise of fruit-trees .

Plums coole , and loose the belly very kindly ; No way offensive , but to health are friendly .

Where he seems , to attribute these qualities to Damsons fresh gathered , but whether fresh or dryed and afterwards stewed , they may be eaten to the aforesaid end . The Leaves of the Tree boyled in wine is a good decoction to wash and gargle the mouth and throat , and to dry up the fluxe of Rheume that falleth down to the palate , gummes ▪ or Almonds of the Throat . The gumme that cometh out of the trees being drunk in wine , is good against the stone , and will serve as a Glew to fasten any thing withall . The said Gumme or the Leaves boiled in Vinegar and applyed killeth Tetters and Ringworms and also the Leprosie .

CHAP. CLXXIII . Of the Cherry-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and the fruit 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latin Cerasus and Cerasa . In most other plants and fruits , the Latin name is derived from the Greeks : but in these the Greek from the Latin , for Athenaeus and Pliny write that after L. Lucullus had overcome Mithridates , he brought this Tree from Cerasumpta in Pontus into Italy , and gave it the name C●rasus from the place whence he had it .

The Kinds .

There are many sorts of Cherries , but I shall make mention but of some of them , 1. The May Cherry , 2. The Early Flaunders Cherry , 3. The Late Flaunders Cherry , 4. The Black Hart Cherry , 5. The Red Hart Cherry , 6. The Great Bearing Cherry of Mr. Millen , 7. The Ordinary Cherry . 8. The Prince Cherry , 9. The Duke Cherry , 10. Birds Cherry , 11. The Common Black Cherry-Tree , 12. The Red Grape Cherry-Tree , 13. The least wild Heart Cherry-Tree , 14. The Wild Cherry-Tree .

The Form .

The Cherry-Tree riseth up to a reasonable height and greatnesse , spreading well and somewhat thick , the Leaves are near unto those of the Plum-Tree for Form , but somewhat longer in most , and dented about the Edges ; the Flowers come forth two or three or four at most at a place or Joynt together , every one on his own Footstalk : consisting of five whire Leaves with some Threds , in the middle , after which come Round Berries green at first , but Red or Black when they are full ripe ; of a mean bignesse and pleasant tast , with a hard white small stone within it , whose Kernell is somewhat bitter but not unpleasant .

The Places and Times .

Divers of these Sorts are inhabitants in the Gardens of those that love variety of pleasant fruit , and severall others also , growing either as Standards or Wall-Trees . The ordinary Cherries grow most familiary in Kent , and there are abundance of Black Cherries grow in Harfordshire , but the Birds Cherrie groweth wild in Kent , as also in Westmerland and Lancashire where they call it the Hedge-berry-tree . The least wild Heart-Cherry-tree groweth neere Stockport , and in other places of Cheshire , where the County people call it the merry Tree . The Wild Cherry-Tree groweth in a wood by Bath . Most of them Flower in Aprill , bringing forth their fruit , some sooner and latter , in the months of May , June , and July .

The Temperature .

Cherries be cold and moist in the first degree .

The Vertues .

Cherries eaten before meat , loosen the Belly very gently , but many of them nourish but little , and are hurtfull unto moist and unhealthy Stomacks , especially the small Cherries which do often Breed Agues and other Maladies . The Red soure Cherries do likewise loosen the belly , and are more wholsesome and convenient for the Stomack , for they do partly comfort , and partly quench Thirst . The Black soure Cherries do strengthen the Stomack more then the rest , and being dryed , they stop the Laske . Some Authors speak much in the commendation of Cherries , and amongst the rest the Compilers of Schola Sal●rni as may appear , by their following verses .

Cerasai si ●●medas , tibi confert grandia dona , Expurgant Stomachum , nucleus Lapide● tibi tollit , Et de carne sua sanguis critque bonus .

That is to say , Cherries purge the Stomack , and the Kernells of the Cherry stones , eaten dry or made milk , breaketh the stone in the reins o● bladder , and that which no fruit in a manner else doth , the substance or meat of Cherries ingendereth very good blood , and comforteth and fatteth the body . Ruell●●s also ●aith , they breed good humors in the body ; and another saith that they increase and comfort the Liver , which they may be said to do by S●gnature , and that those which are t●●t and sharp , close the mouth of the Stomack , and make the better and Speedier cigestion . They are likewise allowed by the German Doctors to such as have Feaverish , hot and Thirsty diseases ; in that they coole strengthen and stirr up appetite to meat . But let no body be to bold with them hereupon , lest they Surset , which may be easily done , and therefore in those Countites where they abound , they are eaten with bread and butter to prevent Surfetting . There is also made of Cherries a Liquor called Cherry wine which in the Summer is pleasant and healthfull and more proper for that season then hot wines . They are usefull to boyle in brothes and drinks and so they may be given without danger even to those that are sick , as those which are preserved may . The Gum of the Cherry-Tree dissolved in Wine and drunk , is good for the Gravell and the stone , the excoriation of the Throat , Lungs and Breast , the Cough , and hoarsenesse , as also to amend the colour and sharpen the Eyesight . The distilled water of Black Cherr●es having the stones bruised with them , is good to be powred into the mouthes of them that have the Falling-Sicknesse , as often as the Course of the fit doth trouble them , and is effectuall to provoke Urine , to break the stone expell the gravel and break Wind .

CHAP. CLXXIV . Of the Goosberrie-Bush .

The Names .

IT is not yet resolved whether this Shrub were known to the ancient writers or no ; some would have it to be the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Theophrastus , which is somewhat improbable , because he maketh no mention of any prickles that grow thereon , which so accurate an Author as he was , could hardly omit . The latter writters call it in Latin Grossularia , because they are somewhat like Gross●s , small green Figs. It is called also Uva crispa , and Uva Crispina , because the Leaves seem to be crisped or curled ; In some Countries of England , it is called the Feaberry , in others the Dewbery , and in some the wine berry-bush , but most commonly the Gooseberry , and the fruit hath the same denomination .

The Kinds .

There are some sundry sorts of Goosberries , some of which I shall mention , 1. The Common Goosberrie , 2. The Red Goosberry , 3. The blew Goosberry , 4. The hairy or prickly green Goosberry , 5. The great Dutch Goosberry .

The Form .

The Goosberry-Bush is a Shrub of three or four Cubits high , set thick with sharp prickles ; it is likewise full of branches , slender wooddy and prickly : but the lower part of the stalks are smooth . The Leaves are cut with deep gashes into divers parts , somewhat like those of the vine , of a very green colour , the Flowers are very small , of a whitish green , with some little purple dasht here and there , the fruit is round , growing Scatteringly upon the branches , green at ●he first , but waxing a little yellow , when they come to maturity , full of a winy suyce , somewhat sweet in tast , when they be ripe , in which is contained hard ●eed of a brownish colour , which may be seen through the skin ; which though it be thick at first , doth afterwards become transparent , the Root is wooddy , and not without many strings annexed thereunto .

The Places and Time .

The sorts above-named with divers others do grow in many Gardens about London in great abundance , whence they are carried into Cheap-side and other places to be sold . The Leaves commonly appear in March , and the flowers not long alter ; the fruit is ripe in June and July .

The Temperature .

The Berries of this bush before they be quite ripe , are cold and dry , and that in the latter end of the second degree , and also binding .

The Vertues .

Goosberries are used in the Month of May and June , either to make sawce for green Geese , to stew with Mutton , and the like , or else to make Tarts , or to be eaten , after they are scalded , with Rose-water and Sugar : all which wayes they provoke appetite , and coole the Vehement heat of the Stomack , and L●●er . They are sometimes boyled in broth , and so they do not onely make it plea●●nt to the tast , but render it very profitable to such as are troubled with an hot burning Ague . They are very much desired by Women with Child , and by young Maidens also , whilst they be unripe ; but surely they profit not the former , unlesse it be to stay their longing ; nor the latter , unlesse it be to breed the Green-Sicknesse , for they stop the Courses , except they happen to be taken into a cold Stomack and then they do but trouble and clogg the same . The Ripe Berries , as they are Sweeter , so they are lesse offensive to the stomack , yet they are eaten more for pleasure , then for any proper or speciall effect for any disease ; but by reason of their lubricity or sliperinesse , they easily descend out of the Stomack without any trouble ; however the safest way of eating them is , when they are pre●erved with Sugar . The Decoction of the Leaves cooleth hot Swellings and inflammations , as also St. Anthonies fire . The young and tender Leaves eaten raw in a Sallet , break the Stone , and expell Gravell both from the Kidneys and Bladder . Too much of the fruit will breed Crudities , and Consequently Wormes .

CHAP. CLXXV . Of the Barbery-bush .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à spinarum acuminatis Cuspidibus , from the sharp prickles wherewith nature hath armed it , from whence the Latins call it Oxyacantha Galeni ( there being some difference between Dioscorides and Galen concerning this plant ) which is the name used in the Shops at this day ; yet some call it Berberies of the corrupted name Amyrberis by which Avicen calls it , and from thence is the English word Barberies , derived .

The Kinds .

Though all Barbery Bushes have the same forme as to the stature , Leaves , and Prickles , so that there may seeme to be but one sort , yet because they beare three several sorts of fruits ; Authors make three sorts of them , 1. The Ordinary Barbery-Bush 2. The Barbery-Bush , who●e berries are thrice as b●g as the former , 3. The Barbery-Bush , whose berries are for the most part without stones .

The Form .

The Barbery-Bush shooteth forth many Slender Stems or stalks from the root , sometimes to a great heighth covered with a smooth whitish rinde or bark , being yellow underneath next the wood ; which is white , easy to break , and pithy in the middle , set full of sharp small white thornes , three at every leafe almost which are somewhat small and long ; finely dented about the Edges , and of a fresh green colour ; the Flowers come forth at the joynts with the Leaves , many standing on a long cluster , yellow while they are fresh , which turn into small long and round berries hanging down in long bunches upon a small stalk , white at the first , but very Red when they are through-Ripe ▪ of a sharp sowre taste , able to set their teeth on edge that eat them : the Root is yellow and spreading .

The Places and Times .

It groweth not onely in many of the woods in Austria , Hungary , France ; but in England also , in some hedges and borders of fields . Especially at a Village called Iver two miles from Cole-brook , where there be divers hedges con●●●●ing of nothing else but Barberie-Bushes ; yet in most places they are not found but in Gardens , Orchards , and Closes , adjoyning to some dwelling house or other . The Leaves and Blossoms come forth in April and May , and the fruit is ripe in September and October .

The Temperature .

The Leaves and fruit of the Barbery-bush are cold and moist in the second degree , and , as Galen also affirmeth , they are of this parts and have a certain cuting quality .

The Vertues .

The green Leaves of the Barbery-bush stamped and made into sawce , as that made of Sorrell called Green Sawce , doth coole hot Stomacks , and those that are vexed with hot burning Agues , and procureth Appetite , cooling the Liver , and repressing sowre belchings of Choler . The fruit is much more cooling and binding , quenching thirst and restraining Chollerick and pestilentiall Vapors , and is of very good use in Agnes that proceed from such causes , if either the Conserve of the depurate juyce or the Syrup thereof be taken with the Syrup of Violetts : The said juyce also , or the berries themselves , either conserved or preserved , is often used for those that loath their meat , to procure an Appetite , and represse the force of Choler , rising from the Liver thereinto , and that which passeth into the bowels procuring sharp laskes , as the bloody flux , &c. It helpeth likewise to stay Womens Immoderate courses , and if it be taken with a little Sowthernwood-water and Sugar , it killeth the Wormes in the body . It is good also for those that Spit blood , to fasten loose teeth , strengthen the gums and coole the inflammations of the palate and throat , if the Conserve be dissolved in water , mingled with a little Vinegar , and a gargle made there of , and stayeth Rheums and distillations upon those parts . It helpeth likewise to dry up moist Vlcers and to soder up greene ; The said depurate juice called Wine of Barberies serveth to dissolve many thing Chimically . The inner yellow bark of the branches or root hath the Signature of the yellow Jaundise , and therefore is with good successe given unto them that have it , being boyled and drunke ; The same laid in steep in white Wine , for the space of three houres purgeth wonderfully as 't is said .

CHAP. CLXVI . Of the Curran-Tree .

The Names .

IT is more then probable that this Plant was not known to the ancient Greek writers seeing there is no Greek name for it , that we can learne . It is called Ribes and Ribesius frutex from some Analogy it hath , both in respect of the berries , and also in the properties with the Ribes of Serapio , and not that it is the same . Gesner , calleth it Ceanothus levis , but it is accounted by divers to be a kind of Grossularia , who therefore call it Grossularia Rubra , & Grossularia ultramarina . Bauhinus calleth the white sort Grossularia hortensis margaritis similis . The black sort is generally called Ribes fructu nigro , in English Black Currans , as other are Red and White ; but the White are called Gozell in some parts of Kent .

The Kinds .

Of these kind of Currans , which are none of those which are sold at the Grocers , there be foure sorts of Trees . 1. The ordinary red Curran-Tree . 2. The great red Curran-Tree . 3. The white Curran-Tree . 4. The black Curran-Tree .

The Forme .

The stemme or stock of the Curran-Tree hath a very thin outer bark , which in the red & black Curran-Tree is brownish ; but in the white it is whitish all of them being green underneath ; and are about the bignesse of a good great staffe , wholly without thornes on any branch , whereon grow large cornered blackish greene Leaves , cut in on the edges into five parts , somewhat like a Vine-leafe , but a great deale lesse ; The Flowers , come forth at the joynts of the Leaves , many together on a long stalke , hanging down about a fingers length , of an herby colour , after which follow round berries , all greene at the first , but afterwards as they grow ripe they tend to their severall colours , and are then cleare and transparent ; the red are of a little pleasant and tart tast withall , the White more Winy , and acceptable , but both the Leaves and Fruit of the black , have a kind of strong evill sent , but yet are wholesome although not so pleasant as any of the former , and are eaten by many ; the root is wooddy and spreadeth diversly .

The Places and Time .

All these sorts have been found , growing naturally wild some in Savoy , and Switzerland , as Gesner saith , and some in Austria as Clusius : whence they have been trasplanted into our English Gardens , where they beare well . They flower in the beginning of April , and their fruit is ripe in June and July , continuing on the bushes long after they are ripe , before they fall or are withered .

The Temperature .

All these sorts of Currans are cold and moist , and that in the first or second degree , and somwhat astringent .

The Vertues .

The red and white Currans when they be ripe are very profitable to allay the heat and fainting of the Stomack and to quench thirst , and to provoke an appetite , and therefore are safely permitted in hot and sharpe Agues , for the juice of them tempereth the heat of the Liver and blood , and the sharpnesse of Choler , and resisteth putrefaction : It taketh away likewise the loathing of meat , and the weaknesse of the Stomack by much Vomiting , for it closeth the mouth thereof and represseth the distemper whereof it is caused . It is said also to stop the laske that proceedeth of Choller , and the bloody fl●xe , and that it is usefull for the Cough , especially the dryed juyce or Rob thereof , which is made after this manner . Take of the juice of Currans clarified twelve pound boile it halfe away , and adde to the remainder old White-Wine five pound ; consume the third part over a gentle fire , taking away the scum ( as you ought ) let the rest settle and streine it , and with three pound of Sugar , boile according to Art , till it be somthing thicker then new Honey ; And being thus made you may take a little on the point of a knife , as often as you have occasion to use it for any of the purposes aforesaid . The black Currans be used in sauces , and so are the Leaves also by many , who like the tast and sent of them , though others do not . I might proceed further in declaring at large , how that the fruit of the Raspeberry bush , the Service-Tree , the Cornell-Tree , the Filberd , Hazel , and Chest-nut-Tree is used for food rather then Physick : but because few of them , or any other that I have omitted , have any eminent Quality profitable to the Stomack I shall only name them here , and if occasion serve treat of them in the following part , as I have done of some other in the foregoing . Onely , I shall not think it amisse to specify that most sorts of Graine , as Wheat , Rye , Barly , Beanes , Pease , Oates , Rice , Lentills , &c. are usefull for food : and so are divers Rootes , as Turneps , Carrets , Parsneps , Potatoes , Skirrets , Onyons , Leeks , Garlick , Radishes &c : to which may be added Melons , Pepons , Cucumbers , Artichokes , &c : as also divers herbs , as Cabbage , Coleflowers , Beets , Lettice , Spinage , Asparagus , Chervaile , Alexanders , Buglosse , Borage , Tarragon , Bawme , Mint , Sage , Sorrell &c : some whereof are profitable to the Stomack , whereas others by reason of their windinesse are obnoxions thereunto , unlesse they be eaten with discretion after they be corrected by the fire , and have some Pepper strewed upon them to expell the Wind ; It will be needlesse to mention them againe to tell you which of them stand most in need of correction ; for that every good Huswife can tell ; but , if any one desires further to be resolved , he shall find most of them handled dispersedly in this book . I shall now descend to the Liver ; for thither is the Chyle conveyed through the Meseraick veines for sangufication , and comes next to be rectifiod .

CHAP. CLXXVII . Of Rubarb .

The Names .

I Find no Author that setteth down the Greek name of this Simple , and I suppo●e the reason is because it is of later invention , it being not that Pā● , which Dioscorides mentioneth , but brought out of China , and called so from the River Rha , on whose bankes it is said very plentifully to grow . The Common Latine name is Rhabarbarum , the reason whereof whosoever desires to know may read much thereof in Parkinsons Herball , and be unresolved when he hath done .

The Kinds .

Of Rubarb , there be six sorts . 1. The True Rubarb . 2. Bastard Rubarb . 3. Monkes Rubarb . 4. China Rubarb . 5. The broader Elecampane leafed Rubarb . 6. The narrower Elecampane leafed Rubarb .

The Form .

The True Rubarb riseth out of the ground in the Spring-time with a great round brownish head , which openeth it selfe into sundry Leaves one after another , very much crumpled together at the first , and brownish , but after they have spread themselves to a very large round compasse , they become smooth , being supported by a brownish stalk , of the thicknesse of ones Thumb , when they are at the biggest , and about halfe a yard in length ; the Leafe also from edge to edge , being neere the same breadth ; of a sad or darke greene colour , of a fine sowre tast , exceeding that of the Garden or Wood-sorrell , amongst which there ariseth , though not every yeare , a strong thick stalk about a foot higher then the Leaves that grow below , and like unto them ; but lesser at every joynt up to the top , and among the Flowers which be white , spreading forth into many branches , and consisting of five or six small white Leaves a peice , hardly to be discerned from the white threds in the middle , after which come brownish three square seeds like unto those of other Dockes , whereof it is a kind : The root , which will grow to be very great , is of a darke brownish or reddish colour on the outside , with a pale yellow skin under it covering the inner substance or root , which being pared away , the root appeareth of so fresh and lively a colour , with fresh coloured Veins , running through it , that no Rubarb whatsoever can excell it , which being dryed carefully by the gentle heat of a fire , and every piece kept from touching one another , it will hold its colour well , and is commended by those that have made tryall of it .

The Places and Time .

The first as it is reported grew in Thracia , whence it was brought to Venice and from thence to us , the seed being sent by Dr. Lister to Mr. Parkinson who husbanded it so well that it grew , and in two or three yeares brought forth much seed , by which he furnished many of his friends . Yet I find it growing very rarely , and that in no great quantity , not remembring , that ever I saw it before the writing hereof , but only in the Physick Garden , at Oxon , and in the Garden of one Cudymion Campion of Wansworth in the County of Surrey : The second groweth naturally upon the hills not farre from Caria in Germany , as also neere Friburg in Switzerland , & on the Mountaines in Austria , & groweth also plentifully in many of our Gardens , where it is sowen . The th●rd , groweth about Lausann● in Savoy , as Tragus saith , but only in Gardens with us : The fourth groweth in China , as the name expresseth , and is that ( as the Apothecaries pretend ) that is made use of in shops , because they may have the greater price ●or it , although that of England is as effectuall for many purposes : The fift is to be found on Mount Baldus , neere Verona in Italy , and on the hills in Switzerland , and the last came out of Italy also . These sorts flower in June , and the seed is ripe in July . The Rootes which are for use must not be taken up , till the Stalk and Leaves be quit withered and gone , which will be in October , for should they be taken before , or after the Leafe begins to put forth , they would lose much of their colour .

The Temperature .

Rubarb is hot and dry , in the second degree , of a mixt substance , partly airy , thin and purging , partly grosse and earthy , whereby it is binding and drying . The Monkes Rubarb , which is also dry but cooling , is not so frequently used as formerly , since the Bastard Rubarb hath been so plentifull .

The Vertues .

Rubarb is so effectuall for the Liver , that it is called the Life , Soul , Heart , and Treacle of the Liver , purging from thence Choler , Phlegme , and watery humours and is therefore usefull in Cholerick , and long continued Feavours , in the Jaundies , Green sicknesse , Dropsy , Stoppings of the Liver , as also against the hardnesse thereof , and intemperate coldnesse , being taken of it selfe made into Powder and drunk in a draught of White-Wine fasting , after it hath been steeped therein all night , or put among other purges as shall be thought convenient . It is likewise good against the Windinesse , Wambling , and Weaknesse of the Stomack , and all paine thereof , the Crampe , gnawing and griping of the Belly , Kidneys , and Bladder , the Ach of the Breasts and Mother , the Sciatica , spitting of blood , Sobbing , Hicket , the bloody Flux , and Lasks , and all Stingings , and venomous bitings , one dram thereof being taken in Hydromel or Honyed Water . The Powder taken with Cassia dissolved , and a little washed Venice Turpentine clenseth the Reines and strengtheneth them afterwards , and is very effectuall to stay the running of the Reines or Gonorrhea . It is also given for paines and swellings of the Head , for those that are troubled with Melancholy , and helpeth the Gout . The Powder of Rubarb taken with a little Mummia , and madder Rootes in some red-Wine dissolveth clotted blood in the body , hapning by any fall or bruise , and healeth burstings , and broken parts as well inward as outward : The Oyle likewise wherein it hath beene boyled , worketh the like effects being anointed . It is used to heale the Ulcers that happen in the Eyes and Eyelids , being steeped in White-Wine or any other convenient Liquor and then strained , as also to asswage swelling and inflammations : and applyed with Honey or boyled in Wine , it taketh away all black and blew spots or markes that happen therein . Whey or White-Wine are the best Liquors to to steep it in , and thereby it worketh more effectually in opening Obstructions and purging the Liver and Stomack ; many do use a little Indian Spiknard as the best Corrector thereof . The Seed of Bastard Rubarbe easeth the gnawing and griping paines of the Stomack , and taketh away the loathing thereof . The Root of it helpeth the Ruggednesse of the Nailes , and being boyled in Wine it helpeth the Kings-evil as also the Swellings of the Kernells of the Eares . It helpeth them that are troubled with the stone , provoketh Vrine , and helpeth the dimnesse of the sight . It is also used in opening and purging Diet Drinkes , with other things to open the Liver , and to cleanse and coole the blood . The Root of Monkes Rubarbe purgeth likewise , but not so forcibly as either of the former . The Seed therof contrarily doth bind the belly , and helpeth to stay Laskes and the bloody flux , and so doth the root of the true Rubarbe , if it be toasted at the fire , and drunk with Plantane water , or thick red wine . The distilled water thereof is very profitably used to heal Scabs as also foul ulcerous sores and to allay the inflammations of them . The juyce of the Leaves or roots , or the decoction of them in Vinegar is used also as a most effectuall remedy to hea●e Scabs and running Sores . The two last sorts of Rubarb are seldom used , their qualities being more astringent then opening .

CHAP. CLXXVIII Of Turmerick .

The Names .

IT is in uncertain whether this Drug were known to the Grecians or not , there being no positive Greek name for it upon record : some think it to be the Cyperus Indicus of Dioscorides , because it hath the same colour & ta●● , the root being like Ginger ; but why he should referr it to a Cyperus , is somewhat strange , the root of that having no such form , colour , or tast . Garcias and Christopherus Acosta call it Crocus Indicus , but the Common Latin name is Curcuma , borrowed as is most probable from the Arabians , who call it Curcum , yet this is not the Curcuma of Serapio or Avicen as Matthiolus hath well noted , which is no other then the greater Celandine whose root is yellow , and therefore the Apothecaries in former times took it for Curcuma , and put it into the Composition called Diacurcuma . I find but one sort thereof , and therefore I shall proceed to the description .

The Form .

Turmerick beareth larger & thinner Leaves then Millet , and of a paler green colour , which afterwards when the stalk is grown up , do likewise encompasse one another thereupon up to the top ; What flower or seed it beareth I find no mention . The Root is somewhat like Ginger , in forme but of a yellow or Saffron colour within and without , yet it is not so flat as Ginger but rounder , hot in tast , and bitterish when it is dry , though being fresh the bitternesse thereof cannot be so easily perceived , by reason of the moisture that is in it .

The Places and Time .

I find not that Turmerick groweth any where but in the East-Endies : but that i● doth there the names above mentioned do cleerly intimate . I can say nothing of the time , having not yet met with any Author to direct me in this particular .

The Temperature .

Turmerick is hot and dry in the second , or as some say in the Third degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

If all Roots Flowers and Barks that are yellow , do cure the yellow-Jaunders by Signature , as it hath bin found experimentally by those who have made tryall of them , then certainly Turmerick cannot choose but do it , it being so eminently yellow ; And therefore they do well , that use it for the yellow Jaundise , which is a distemper commonly proceeding from the Liver , so that if it be good for the one , it must be consequently for the other , as also for the obobstructions of the Gall , which is the receptable for that yellow choler , which causeth the Jaundise when it cannot be admitted . It is very effectuall likewise to open the Stoppings of the Stomack , Womb , and Bladder , and is very good in the Dropsy , and Green sicknesse , for it openeth all manner o● obstructions , and he●peth to bring down Womens courses . It is of very good use also in o●d and inveterate griefes and sicknesses , and that evill di●po●ition of the body , called Cachexia which is , when the who●e nourishment of the body is sent to feed some predomin●nt humours : Neither is it good for men only , but for Horses , especially when they are troubled with the Yellowes , as the expert Farrier can tell you . It is used outwardly to take away the haire , and is put into tho●e Medicines that are made for the Eyes , and for the Itch , and Scab , if some juice of Oranges and the Oyle of the C●car or Indian N●t be mixed with it as Gartias saith . It is much used to colour d●shes cups and such ●ike Woodden-Vessels insteed of Saffron . The Indians use it much both to colour and season their meats , and broths , as we do Saffron in ours , it being cheaper and easier to be had amongst them .

CHAP. CLXXIX . Of Agrimony .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 et 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Eupatorium and H●patorium and so the Latines call it also , the first name being given unto it from King Eupator who first ●ound out the Vertues of it the other from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Jecur qui● Hepati pracip●e med●tur , because it is a chiefe he per to the Liver ; It is also called Agr 〈…〉 nia of divers , which is the name whereby it is best known in Shops . Some or her names are also given unto it , as Marmorella , Concordia , Ferraria and Lappa in●ersa , because the seeds which are rough like burres hang down-wards . It is called in English Agrimony and Egrimony .

The Kindes .

There be divers sorts of Agrimony , Seaven whereof I shall present you with 1 Common Agrimony 2 Sweet smelling Agrimony . 3 Bastard Agrimony 4. Hemplike Agrimony . 5. The broader Hemp●ike Agrimony of America , 6. Narrow leafed Hemplike Agrimony of New-England . 7. Common water Agrimony . 8. Water Agrimony of New-England .

The Forme .

Common Agrimony hath divers long Leaves made of many , set upon a Stalker some greater , other smaller , all of them dented about the edges greene above , somewhat grayish underneath and hairy withall , from amongst which doth arise a hard round hairy brown stalke about the height o● halfe a yard or more , with some smaller Leaves upon it , set here and there ; towards the top whereof grow many small yellow Flowers one above another in long spikes , after which come many rough heads of seeds hanging downwards like to small burres , which when they be ripe will catch hold and stick upon Garments , or upon any hairy Beast , that shall rub against them : The Root is black long and somwhat wooddy , abiding many yeares , and shooting a fresh every Spring being also of an indifferent good smell .

The Place and Time .

The first groweth in divers pastures and ditches , hedges , and highway-sides , throughout the Land ; the second is not so common with us , being a retainer only with those that are curious , but is naturall to Italy in many places ; the third Columna sound about Naples ; the fourth is found by the brinkes of ditches & in other moist places n and sometimes in upland grounds : the fifth and sixth came to us from New England and Virginia ; the seventh in shallow ponds and plashes of water , and such places as have bin overflown by Winter floods ; the last came from New England , but groweth very strongly in our gardens . They all flower about July , and the S●●d is Ripe towards the latter end of August .

The Temperature .

Agrimony is hot in the first degree , but temperate in respect of drynesse , so that though it doth moderately bind yet it 〈◊〉 and scowreth and is of subtill parts .

The Virtues .

Not onely the Greek name of this Heth , but also the continued consent of ancient and modern Writers backed with daily experience , do sufficiently testifie , that it is appropriated to the Liver ; both for the opening the obstructions thereof , and then for cleansing and strengthening it ; so that there is no plant so 〈…〉 raly applicable for all diseases that proceed from the Liver as this . For it helpeth the Iaundis● both black and yellow being boyled in Wine or Water , with other ingredients that correct and strengthen the Liver as Horehound Elecampone , Buglosse , Rubarb , Lign-Aloes , &c. And so likewise for the severall kinds of Dropsies it is frequently used in Diet Drinks . It is good also for the Bowels and healeth their inward woundings bruises or hurts , and qua●i●●eth a●l inward distempe● that grow therein being boiled in wine and drunk ; and so it is effectual for those that are stung or bitten by Serpents , and helps them that have soul troubled and bloody waters , making them to pisse clear very ●peedi●y and is usefull in long continued fluxe● of the Liver , e●pecially in old people : It is good 〈◊〉 the Srangury , and helpeth also the Collick , the p●th the Coug● & c●e●n●th the Breast . A d●light of the Decoction taken be●ore the fit of an Ague first removes ● and afterwards rids it quire away the Leaves and Seeds 〈◊〉 the bloody flux being taken in Wine . The Roots or Leaves boi●ed in Wine helpe such as have the Palsy . It is accounted a good Herb as questionlesse it is against the Spleen being stopt , as also against the Pestilence and biting of a mad Dog . The Leaves and root are good for those which are troubled with the Green Sicknesse . The distilled water of the Herb is good for all the said purposes , but worketh not altogether so effectually as the Decoction thereof . Being stamped with Hogs-grease and applyed , it helpeth old Sores Cancers , and inveterate● Ulcers , for it cleanseth them , and afterwards healeth them ; and so it draweth forth , the corrupt ●●ater that sometimes happeneth to gather under the Nailes , and easeth the aking , and maketh the ●ailes to grow againe in case they come off . Being used after the some manner , it draweth forth thornes , Splinters of Wood or such like , when they are gotten into the flesh . The juyce dropped into impostumated ears causeth them to send forth that which oppr●sseth them , and being mingled with Vinegar it taketh away warts being laid thereunto . The distilled water cureth Ulcers and 〈◊〉 of the mouth and throat being gargled or washed therewith . The Hemplik●●grimour it good for many of the purposes aforesaid , and further it provoketh Urine , and the naturall Courses of women , and boyled with Fumitory in Whey & drunk , it helpeth Scabs & the Itch which proceeds of salt & sharp humors , especially if the juice be ●ixed with Vinegar , and the outward parts be bathed therewith . The Ju●ce being drunk , is held to be very effectuall for curing the Leprosy , if it be taken in the beginning , and to kill the Wormes , if the Leaves be but steeped in drink and taken . The ●moak of the herb being burnt , drives away Gnats , Plyes , Wasps , &c : If Countrey people give it to their Cattle , when they are troubled with the Cough , or broken-W●nded , it will cure them ; and it is said that Deere being wounded cure themselves by eating hereof . Mr. Culpepper who seldome hit the Naile on the head as to the matter of Plants , attributes the Vertues of Water-Hampe to Water Agrimony , which are two distinct things , as those which are acquainted with simples can easily tell .

CHAP. CLXXX . Of Liver-Wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lichen , either because of its vertue in curing the Tetter or Ring-Worme ▪ which the Greeks call Lichen , or for that it doth as it were ●ick tho●e stones whereon it groweth , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying to sick . It is called also Lichen , in L●tine and a●so Jecoraria ; either from the simi●itude that the 〈◊〉 thereof have with the Fibres of the Liver , which is the Signature thereof or else from helping the diseases of the Liver , or both . Some call it He●patica but that name is more u●ually understood of the noble Liver-Wort which is prized more for p●e●ure to the senses ; then for helping any disease .

The Kinds .

Though the Common Liver-wort be that which is of most use yet I shall according to my custome give you all the sorts thereof ; which are seaven . 1 Common ground Liver-wort . 2. Small-ground Liver-wort . 3 Cluster-headed Liverwort . 4 Liver-wort with a hooded head . 5. Small Liver-wort with skinny Heeles . 6. The smallest Liver-wort without Stalkes . 7. Corke , or Archal , or Darbyshire Liver-wort .

The Forme .

The Common-Liver-wort groweth close and spreadeth much upon the ground and stony places , which many sad greene Leaves , lying , or rather as it were sticking flat one unto another , very unevenly cut in on the edges and crumpled , from among which rise small slender Stalks , an inch or two high at the most , bearing small start-like flowers at the tops : the Roots are very fine and small whereby it liveth .

The Places and Time .

They all grow in moist and shadowy places ; somtimes upon the ground as the Common sort doth in the Garden of John Smith by Adderbury Church-Yard : sometimes at the heads of Springs , as it doth at Runghill-well in the Mill-mead of the Town aforesaid : and somtimes upon the stones of the inside of Welles , as it doth in the Physick Garden at Ox●n . Corck or Archall groweth upon the Free-stones of the Mountaines in Darbyshire . It is greene all the yeare long and bringeth forth its Flowers oftentimes in June and July .

The Temperature .

Liver-wort must needs be cold and dry , and somewhat binding ; for the growing in moist places , maketh it col , and upon stones maketh it dry and astringent .

The Signature and Vertues

That rare discoverer of Signatures Oswald Crollius , treating of those plants that are pro●●table to the Liver , by Signature , sets down this both for the ●mi●itude , the Fibres of this Plant and those of the Liver have one with another , and the eminent Vertues it hath in all distempers of the Liver , and therefore is put into Dyet-drink with Mayden haire , Agrimony , Harts-Tongue &c : to coole and cleanse it , as often as occasion serves , and he●peth also inflammations in any part and the yellow Jaundise likewise ; Or being bruised and boy●ed alone in small beere and drunk , it cooleth the heat of the Liver , and Kidneys and helpes the running of the Reines in Men , and the Whites in Women . It is likewise very good in the Hectick Feavour and in all other Feavours and Agues proceeding of Cho●er , as also in the Scab , Tetter , and all other unkind heates proceeding from the Liver as Whiteloves , blaines blisters &c : taking away the cause of them if it be taken inwardly ; and boyled in Posset-drink and taken , it helpeth bleeding at the nose , which being suffered to coole , quencheth the inflammations of the Tongue . Being stamped with Hogs-greafe , and applyed , it healeth all manner of Sores , but especially Tetters , Ringwormes and other fretting Ulcers , for which it is a singular remedy . The water wherein it hath been boiled being Gargled in the Mouth stoppeth Rhe●●e .

CHAP. CLXXXI . Of Succory .

The Names .

UNder the title of Succory , three sorts of Plants are comprehended , viz: Cichory , Endive , and Dandelyon , differing not so much in operation as in forme , all which are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek by one general name ▪ yet for distinction sake common Succory is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because as it seemes it grew wild there ; and that which hath broad Leaves Pliny nameth Hedypnois ; and the bitterer , Dioscorides calleth 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which signifies bitternesse , in Latine Cichoreum & Cicorea , Inty●us and Intybum , all which words are used promiscuously , both for Succory and Endive , but commonly they are distinguished ; Dandelion is called Dens Leonis in Latine , from the likenesse the jagged Leaves have with a Lyons tooth , as also Taraxacon .

The Kinds .

The subdivision of these three sorts put together will make tenne . 1 Garden Succory . 2. Broad Garden Succory . 3. Yellow Succory . 4. Wild Succory . 5. Common Garden Endive . 6. Curled Endive . 7. Medow Endive . 8. Wild Endive . 9. Dandelion . 10. Succory Dandelion .

The Forme .

Common-Garden Succory hath broad Leaves somwhat hairy , not much unlike to Endive , but narrower and many times deeply cut in on the edges , amongst which do rise up stalkes , upon which are placed the like Leaves but smaller . The sta●ke divideth it selfe towards the top into many branches , whereon do grow little b●e●v Flowers consis●ing of many small Leaves , after which followeth white seed . The Root is toug● , long , and white of colour , continuing many yeares ; from which as from every part of the Plant doth issue forth , white bitter and milky jui●e : the whole Plant is of a bitter tast likewise .

The Places and Time .

The two first are commonly sowen in Gardens , yet it is said likewise that they grow by high way-sides , and in untilled and barren ground ; but I suppose that is meant only of the wild sorts , though Gerard affirme it of those of the Garden . The two first of Endive which are the fifth and sixth in the Catalogue of the Kinds ▪ are also Inhabitants of the Garden , and no other place that I can find ; If it be sown in the Spring , it quickly cometh up to Flower , seedeth in harvest ▪ and afterwards dyeth ; but if it be sown in July , it remaineth till Winter , and then if it be taken up by the rootes , and suffered to lye two houres , till it be so tough that it may be wrapped very close together ; and afterwards buryed in the Earth with the rootes upward it is called Whited Endive , and may be taken up at convenient times , and used in Sallets all Winter . The sorts of Wild-Endive being the seaventh and eighth grow wild in sundry places in England , upon untilled barren grounds especially in chalky and stony places , flowring in August . The ninth and tenth are found almost in every place , and Flower almost at all times , but especially in March , if the cold weather hinder them not .

The Temperature .

Endive and Succory are cold and dry in the second degree , but the Wild-sorts of them as also of Dandelion are somwhat dryer , than those of the Gardens , and cleanse , and open more by reason of the bitternesse , which is joyned with them , and in some cases are more effectuall ,

The Vertues .

The Leaves of the Garden kinds are used both for Meat and Medicine , for they may be boyled and eaten with Butter and Vinegar , either by themselves , or with other Herbs , as Lettice , Spinage , &c. or chopped into brothes as other Pot-herbs are . The Whited Endive is the most rare , and that may be eaten , either raw in Sallets , or boyled in broth as aforesaid . Both Endive and Succory any waies used , as long as they be greene , do coole the heate of the Liver , and by a speciall property do strengthen it , and open the obstructions thereof , for which vertues they do deserve to be much esteemed ; For it is a great preservation of health to have the Liver temperate and unstopped , seeing it is the place , whither the nutriment is sent from the Stomack to be wrought and disposed of , for the good of the whole body , so that if this part do not rightly performe its offiice , which is cheifely to convert the purer part into blood , and to send away the rest by those conveyances which are destinated for the purpose , all things will not go well . It is effectuall also to helpe the stopping of the Gall , yellow Jaundise , lack of sleepe , stopping of Urine , hot burning Feavours , and great heat of the Stomack . A handfull of the Leaves or Roots boyled in Wine or Water , and a draught thereof drunk fa●●ing , d●iveth forth Chollerick and Phlegmatick humours , helpeth the Dropsy , and those that have an ev●ll disposition in their bodies , by reason of long sickne●●e , evill dyet , &c. whereby the nutriment of the body is converted into some predominant humour to the great prejudice of the rest . A decoction either of Succory Endive or Dandelion or of all three made with Wine and drunk is very effectuall against long lingering Agues ; and a dram of the seed in Powder , drunk in Wine before the Fit of an Ague , helpeth to drive it away , and is also available for the Faintings , Swooning and Passions of the heart , outwardly applyed , they serve to allay the sharp humours which are the cause of fretting Ulcers , hot Tumors , and Swellings , and Pestile 〈…〉 Sores , and wonderfully help not only the rednesse and inflammations of the Eyes but the dimnesse of the sight also . They are also used to allay the paines of the Gout . The distilled Water of these Herbes are effectuall for all the purposes aforesaid , and being taken Morning and Evening , helpeth the straightnesse and stopping of the Breast , and is good for Women with Child , to strengthen them and their senses , and likewise for Children that are troubled with Head-ach proceeding or Heat ; The said water , or the juice or the Leaves bruised , is very effectuall for Nurses Breasts , that are pained with abundance of Milk , allayeth Swellings , Inflammations , St. Anthonies fire , Pushes , Wheales , and Pimples , especially used with a little Vinegar ; as also to wash Pestiferous sores .

CHAP. CLXXXII . Of Alecoast and Maudlin .

The Names

IT will not be improper to put these two herbes together , because they have some affinity both in their flowers names and properties ; The first is called in Latine Costus hortorum ( for its Greek name I never met with ) to distinguish it from the Indian Costus , which is a Root from whence the electuary Cariocostinum hath its denomination . It is also called Balsamita major or Mas , Mentha Grae●a , Saracenica Officinarum , Salvia Romana , Herba lassulata , Herba Sanctae Mariae . In English Costmary , and Alecoast , Maudlin is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quasi , non senescens , because the flowers gathered in a fit time wax not old nor decay by age ; in Latine Costus hortorum minor , Mentha Corimbifera , and Eupatorium Mesue , whence it may be gathered that it is good for the Liver , though it be nor the true Eupatorium .

The Kinds .

The sorts of both put together are in all , six . 1. Ale Coast or Costmary . 2. Common Maudlin . 3. White Maudlin . 4. Small Maudlin . 5. Purple sweet Maudlin . 6. Fennell leafed Maudlin .

The Forme .

Alecoast is a sweet herbe bearing many broad and long pale greene Leaves , snipped about the edgsevery one upon a long foostalk among which rise up many long greene round stalkes with such like leaves on them , but lesser up to the top , where it spreadeth it selfe into three or four branches , every one bearing an umbel or t●ft of gold yellow flowers , somwhat like unto Tansy flowers , but lesser , which turne into small heads containing small flat long seed ; The root is somwhat hard and stringy , and being divided may be thereby propagated .

The Places and Time

The three first are found only in Gardens with us , yet they have been found natural in divers rough untilled places of Tuscany , in Italy , and Narbone in France ; the three last grow in dry rocky and barren grounds . They do all commonly flower about the moneths of June and July .

The Temperature .

Alecoast and Mandlin are both of them hot and dry in the second degree .

The Vertues .

●o●th these Herbes are very effectually used by those that are troubled with evill cold and weake Livers , for to them it is very freindly ; and therefore it is very profitable for those that are fallen into a continuall evil disposition of the whole body , called Cachexia , as hath been formerly said , proceeding from the coldnesse of the Liver ; especially if a dram of the juice being first clarified , and afterwards boiled to its due thicknesse , which is something thicker then Honey , be taken every morning . It helpeth the Rickets , and Wormes in Children , provokes Urine , and gently ( without purging ) disburdens the body , of Choler and Phlegme ; it is good for the coldnesse of the Mother , strengtheneth the Stomack , and stayeth Vomiting , and so doth the juice being drunk in Wine . The Conserve of the Leaves made with Sugar is of very good use to warm and dry the braine and open the stopping thereof , and to helpe Rheumes , and distillations taken in the quantity of a beane . Either of the herbes alone , or with Parsnip-seeds boiled in Wine and drunk , cureth the griping , and torments of the belly or guts , as also the flix . It is profitable for the greifes of the breast and Lunges , it breaketh Imposthumes , and draweth evill humours from the eyes and other parts . Being boiled either in Wine or Whey , and drunk , it is good for them which have taken any thing which is too Narcoticall , as Opium , Hemlock or the like , and for biting of Serpents , especially if one dram of the Powder of the root thereof be taken in Wine , with the like weight of the seed of Wild Parsnips . The decoction thereof is good for Women to sit in , to provoke sweat , to bring down the termes , and to ease the paine that cometh by the retention of them . The decoction of the flowers is good for many of the purposes aforesaid ; as also to open the obstructions of the Milt , Kidneys , and Bladder , to take away the skurfe , and scab wherewith the head is infested , if it be washed therewith ; and so it killeth the Lice thereof . Being put into Ale , it giveth thereunto a very pleasant tast ▪ ( as it doth to all Sallets and Sawces , wherein it is used ) and therefore as I conceive is was called Alecoast .

CHAP. CLXXXIII . Of Dockes .

The Names .

IT is celled in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quod valet exinanire vel ventrem levare , because the decoction thereof looseneth the belly . It is also called in Latine Lapathum and Ramex , Some of the kinds hereof are called in Latine Oxylapathum Hippolapathum and Hydrolapathum , from the forme , bignesse , and place where they grow . Bloodwort which is also a kind of Dock , is called Lapathum Nigrum , of some , and Rubrum or Rubens by others , Sanguis Draconis herba also , and Lapathum sangineum from the bloody colour wherewith the whole Plant is possessed .

The Kinds .

The sorts which I shall put under this little are nine , though there be divers others that might be referred unto the same . 1. The red Dock . 2. Sharp-pointed Dock . 3. The smaller pointed Dock . 4. The Common Wild Dock . 5. The round Leafed Dock of Africa . 6. The great water Dock . 7. The lesser Water-Dock . 8. The strong sented Sea-Dock . 9. Blood-wort .

The Forme .

The red Dock sendeth forth many tough & narrowish greene Leaves , very much pointed at the ends , among which riseth up a suffe hard stalke , two or three foot-high , set with the like Leaves , but smaller still up to the top , something like unto sorrell , but that it is neither so tender nor sower , being rather of a bitterish tast , and hath the stalke branched forth towards the top into sundry large sprigges bearing small reddish flowers and brown triangular seed after them : The root is great long , and many times forked , being blackish on the outside , and somewhat reddish , and yellowish within , abiding many yeares , but somtime spoiled with extremity of Winter .

The Places and Time .

The foure first are most commonly found in moist Meadows , and somtimes in upland grounds also . The fifth in Africa neere Sophia . The sixth and seaventh by sides of running streames in divers places of this land . The eighth groweth by the Sea side not farre from Mompelier . The last is found wild in some places , but not so commonly as in Gardens . Most of them rise up at the spring of the yeare , flower in June and July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

All Docks are generally cold , some more and some lesse , they do all of them dry , but not after the same manner ; yet some think them to be dry in the third degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The reddish and yellowish colour of the inside of the roots of divers Docks , do signify that they are good for hot Livers , and the Jaundise ; the red that is in them representing the Liver , and the yellow , the Jan●dise : and therefore blood-wort is most effectuall for the first , and the Dock , which hath the yellowest root for the second , and for both these purposes they are used with other things to be put into Ale or Beere , especially the rootes which have an opening quality in them , fit to loosen and make the belly soluble , to open obstructions , and to coole and clense the blood . The decoction of the seed made in Wine or Water and drunk , helpeth the wambling paines of the Stomack ▪ venemous bitings and the bloody flix . The root boiled in Wine , and drunk is also good for the Jaundise , provoketh Urine and the termes , and breaketh and expelleth the Stone and Gravell . The same boiled in Vinegar or bruised raw , healeth all Scurfs , Itch , Manginesse , and other festering , and corroding Scabbs , the place being annointed or bathed therewith , and the substance of them being stamped ; and applyed boyled or raw , dif●usseth kernells and swellings behind the Eares , helpeth the hardnesse of the Milt , the Kings-Evill , and stoppeth the too much flowing of Womens courses being applyed to the Matrix . The distilled Water of the Herb and Roots being brought into a consistence by being mixed with other proper ingredients worketh the same effects , and of it selfe it cleanseth the skin of Freckles , Morphewes & all other Spots and discolourings therein . Blood-wort is as wholesome a Potherb as any that growes in a Garden , though it be in these dayes used only by those few which know it to be so .

CHAP. CLXXXIIII . Of Sorrell .

The Names .

IT is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying sharpe , because it is sharp both in tast and forme : and some Latine writers call it Oxalis , after the ordinary Greek name , for it hath others also , as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it may be said Metaphorically to pierce the tongue like a Raisor with its sharpnesse ; of Galen it is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , that is Acidum lapathum , or Acidus Rumex sowre Dock because it is so very like a Dock in severall respects : other Latine-writers call it Acetosa and Acedula , for its sharpnesse ; Rumex hortensis Sheepes Sorrell is called Lapatiolum and Acetosella by divers .

The Kinds .

The Sorts of sorrel besides Wood sorrell which I have entreated already , are Sixteene . 1. Ordinary Sorrell . 2. Great Sorrell of Germany . 3. Round leafed Sorrell . 4. Tuberous rooted Sorrel . 5. The greater bulbous Sorrell . 6. Small Mountaine round leafed Sorrell . 7. Creeping Sorrell with broad Leaves . 8. Candy Sorrell . 9. Sorrell of Naples . 10. Marygold Leafed Sorrell . 11. Indian Sorrell . 12. Indian Sorrell with swollen huskes . 13. Mountaine Welch Sorrell . 14. Sheepes Sorrell . 15. The smallest Sorrell . 16. Tall narrow leafed Sorrell .

The Form .

Sorrell hath tender greene Leaves long and full of juice , broad and forked as it were at end towards the foot-stalke , as those of Spinach and Mercury are , of a sharpe sowre tast : the stalkes are slender , bearing purplish long heads , somwhat , like those of the Dock described in the former Chapter , whereof it is a kind ; wherein lye three-square shining brown seed , like , but lesser then the other : the root is smaller then any of the Docks , but the strings thereof go further into the earth then of any other herb , somtimes to the depth of three Cubits , as the Lord Bacon witnesseth in his naturall History ; it abideth a long time without decaying , having greene Leaves all the Winter , except in the very extremity thereof , which often taketh away all or most of its Leaves .

The Places and Times .

The ordinary Sorrell groweth commonly in Gardens , and so doth the Sorrell with round Leaves . The tuberous kinds grow in some places neere unto the water side , and the sheepes Sorrell groweth in upland grounds where Sheepe use to frequent . The two last grow in some sandy and gravelly grounds , and upon the bankes of some ditches ; As for the rest , their places are most of them set down in their titles . All of them flower and seed in May and June , except the Indian sort which flowreth not till July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Sorrell is cooling and drying in the second degree , and by its sowernesse cutteth tough humours .

The Vertues .

The juice of Sorrell in the Summer-time is a profitable sawce in many meates and pleasant to the tast , especially if some Sugar be added thereunto ; It cooleth an hot Stomack , moveth appetite to meat , tempereth the heat of the Liver , openeth the stoppings , and preventeth the walling thereof ; and is effectuall in all hot diseases to coole any inflammation , and heat of blood in Agues , Pestilentiall or Cholerick , or other sicknesse and fainting rising from heat , and to refresh the Spirits being almost spent with the violence of furious or fiery fits of Agues , and to quench the thirst in them , for which there is nothing better then Sorrell-Posset drink , which may be made by putting the juice to milk when it beginneth to seeth . The Leaves eaten in the morning fasting , in the time of Pestilence do m●rvailously preserve from infection , but much more the conserve thereof which is good for all the purposes aforesaid . The seeds thereof brayed and drunk with Wine and Water , are very wholesome against the Chollick , and fretting of the Guttes ; it stoppeth the hot Fluxes of Womens Courses , or of humours in the bloody Flux or Flux of the Stomack , and helpeth it when it is annoyed with repletion . The roots also in Decoction , or in Powder is effectuall for the said purposes , and further it helpeth the Jaundise , and expelleth Gravell and the Stone from the Kidneys , and a decoction of the Flowers made with Wine and drunk helpeth the Black Jaundise , as also the inward Vlcers of the body of Bowells . The Leaves wrapped up in a Wort Leafe and roasted under the Embers , and applyed to any hard Impostume or Tumor , Botch , Boile , or Plague sores both ripeneth and breaketh it and discusseth Kernells in the Throat , if applyed in time . The juice with a little Vinegar is profitable to bathe those places which are troubled with the Itch , Tetter , Ringworm , St. Anthonies fire , &c : The distilled Water of the herb is of much good use for all the purposes aforesaid killing Wormes and resisting Poyson .

CHAP. CLXXXV . Of Beets .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Teutlon and Seutlon , ab impulsu , quòd facilè excrescat , because it cometh up within few dayes after the sowing , and afterwards groweth very fast untill it attaine to its bignesse , which in ●ome hot Countryes will be three foot in length , and of a great breadth . It is called Beta in Latine , quoniam Figuram Luerae Graecae C dum semine turget , referre videtur , because the figure of it being in seed is somwhat like the Greeke Letter Beta , as Columella hath it . It is called also Sicula , and Sicla by some because it is supposed that it was first brought out of Sicily , viz. The White Beet . In this place for want of a fitter I shall speake of Spinage , because it deserves not a Chapter by it selfe , Ob raritatem in usu medico , which made the Greeks call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , being seldom used in Physick , yet amongst Sallets and Pot-herbs there be few more common . Some Latine Authors call it Spinachia , and Spinaccum ; others Spanachia , supposing it grew originally in Spaine , and Olus Hispanicum .

The Kinds .

There be nine sorts of Beets , and but three of Spinage , with put together will make up a Dozen . 1. The Common white Beet . 2. The Common red Beet 3. The Comon greene Beet : 4. The Roman red Beet . 5. The Italian Beet . 6. Prickly Beets of Candy . 7. Sea Beets . 8. Yellow Beet . 9. Flat stalked Beet . 10. The greater Spinage with Prickly Seeds . 11. Thelesser Spinage with prickly Seeds . 12. Spinage with smooth seeds . Spinage sometimes beareth no seed , but that is only by accident .

The Form .

The Common white Beet hath many great Leaves next the Ground of a whitish greene colour ; the stalke is great strong and ribbed or crested , bearing great store of Leaves upon it up to the very top almost ; the Flowers grow in very long tufts , small at the ends , and turning down their heads , which are small pale greenish yellow burres , giving cornered prickly seed : the root is great , long , and hard when it hath given seed , of no use at all , but abideth the former Winter with its Leaves upon it , as also the other sorts do , perishing commonly the second Winter .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts of Beets except the yellow kind which Gesner saith , is to be found about Durachium and Alexium Citties of Macedoina , do grow in our Gardens , some by their names expresse whence they came thither , and so do the kinds of Spinage . The Beets flower not the first yeare , but having continned one Winter greene , they then give their flower in the beginning of July , and their seed is ripe in August . Spinage sowen in the Spring seedeth within two moneths after ; but if it be sowen in the Autumne , it seedeth not till next Spring , continuing greene all the Winter .

The Temperature .

The White Beet is temperate in heat and moisture , but the other sorts are dry and all of them abstersive by reason of the nitrous quality that is in them . Sp●nach is evidently cold , and moist almost in the second degree .

The Vertues .

All sorts of Beets eaten too frequently do become nauscous to the Stomack ▪ and therefore their seldome use commends them most , yet they are very good against obstructions and stoppings of the Liver , and do greatly he●p the Spleene , e●pecially the juice of them , which is also good for the Head-ach , and Swimmings therein , and turnings of the Braine , if it be conveyed up into the Nosthrills , for then it doth gently draw forth Rheume , and purgeth the Head , and consequently easeth the paines of the Eyes , and the Inflammations thereof , i● it be app●ied to the Temples . The white Beet doth loosen the belly much , and provoketh Urine , and is also effectuall against Venemous Creatures . The juice thereof with Honey dropped into the Eares causeth the paines and noise thereof to cease , and snuffed up into the Nose , recovereth the want of smelling , if the fault lye therein . The broth of the Root and Leaves scowreth away Scurfe , Scales , and Nits of the head , and easeth the paine of kibed heeles , and helpeth Freckles and Spots , if they be first rubbed over with Salt-Peter , and so it helpeth the falling of the Haire ▪ and cureth running sores that spread abroad wasting the flesh as they go , as also burning out of Wheales , burnings , inflammations , and such like . Spinag● is of much use amongst the Cookes though of but little amongst the Doctors ; yet some say that used in Broath or Pottage , it maketh the belly soluble , easeth paines of the back , openeth the breast , and strengtheneth the Stomack .

CHAP. CLXXXVI . Of Smallage .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Heleoselium from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying a Marsh , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Apium , that is Parsly ; because it is a kind of Parsly , growing naturally in Marshy places , and for the same reason it is called in Latine Paludapium , Apium Palustre and Apium rusticum . In Shops , it is called Apium absolutely , and without any addition , where they follow the Arabian Physitians , for the most part , who give it no other name but 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 being a generall word , as Apium also is : some have thought fit to adde to each an Epithite to distinguish of what sort it is . In English , it is called Smallage and Marsh Parsly , for the reason above mentioned .

The Kinds .

There be but two sorts of Smallage which I read of 1 , Ordinary Smallage . 2. Sweet Selinum or Smallage .

The Form .

Ordinary Smallage groweth with green , smooth , and glittering Leaves , somwhat like unto those of Parsly , but much bigger ; from amongst whi●h riseth up a pretty handsome hollow chamfered stalk , adorned with divers Leaves , like unto the former , but lesser , up to the top almost ; where its small white Flower● , put forth themselves in large tufts or ●mbells , which turne into smaller seed then that of Parsly : the root is somwhat great , short , and thick , with abundance of black strings annexed thereunto . The who●e Plant is of a very strong sent , somwhat like Coriander , neither is the tast of it being raw , ever a white pleasanter , yet after it hath endured the correction of the fire , it becomes much more tolerable .

The Places and Time .

Though Smallage doth oftentimes grow in Gardens , and that very prosperously , yet the naturall place thereof is in wet and marish grounds , whence it was first brought , and is still to be found in divers places : The naturall place of the second is not known , for though it be common in Greece and Italy , yet it groweth not without sowing and replanting . They Flourish , both when the Garden Parsly doth , the stalkes likewise not coming up the same yeare as they are sowen but the next , and then the seeds will be ripe in July and August .

The Temperature .

Smallage is hot and dry in the end of the second degree , of a bitter tast , and consequently op●ning obstructions .

The Vertues .

Though Parsly be more edible then Smallage yet Smallage is of greater force in many thinges then it , for it is much more availeable in opening the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and in rarifying thick flegmes , and cleansing it , and the blood withall , and therefore the use thereof amongst other herbs , as Water-Cresses , Alexanders , Cleavers , Ne●tle-tops , Elder-Buds , &c. being chopped and boyled in Pottage in the Spring-time , is not to be despised , though happily some squeamish Stomacks will refuse them , which regard more the pleasing of their palate then pre●erving of their health ; And though Women are more subiect to squeamishnesse then men , yet they have lesse reason to condemne this herb , for it maketh their naturall Courses to flow , and therefore is good for the Green sicknesse ; it provoketh Urine also , and is singular good against the yellow Jaundise : Neither is it without very good use in long and lasting Agues , if the juyce thereof be taken , especially if it be made into syrupe . The same juice being put to Honey of Roses , and Barly water doth perfectly cure the malicious and venemous Ulcers of the Mouth , and of the Almonds of the Throat , if the part be washed or gargled therewith : it helpeth also all other foule Ulcers and Wounds which happen to the outmost parts of the body , clensing and healing them , if they be washed therewith : Being mingled with Honey , it is very profitable for exulcerated Cancers , keeping them from put refaction , and preserving them from strinking , if not healing them . The Leaves boiled in Hogs-Grease , and made into the forme of a Poultis taketh away the paine of Felons and Whitloves on the fingers , and ripeneth and healeth them . The seed is especially used to break Wind , to kill Wormes , and to help a stinking breath . The root is held to be good for all the purposes aforesaid , and to be stronger in operation then the herb , but especially to open Obstructions , and to rid away an Ague , the juice thereof being taken in Wine or the decoction made in the said Liquor . The smeet Smallage is eaten with great delight as a Sallet , wherein both the Leaves and Rootes may be used either raw or boyled . It may also be fryed , and eaten with meat , as Parsly oftentimes is , or the dryed herb may be powdered and strewed upon Meat : but the Venetians , with whom it is in great request , do either eat it raw after it is whited with Pepper , and Oyle , or else a little boyled or stewed . The Herb and Root do warme the Stomack , causing it to digest meat , and expell Wind , but the seed much more ; The Root is to be scraped and sliced , and so eaten with Oyle and Vinegar .

CHAP. CLXXXVII Of Cleavers .

The Names .

IT hath gotten many Gree● names as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Aparine , and so it is called in Latine also ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because the seed of it is like a Navel ; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Phil●●●hropos , quasi hominis am●ns , because it is apt to stick upon those mens cloathes which come where it is , and it is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 for the same reason , also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Pliny calleth it Lappa minor , saying it is Lappaginis specus , because the seeds be rough like little bunes , and therefore he calleth it also Asperugo . It is called in English Goos-beiriffe , Gooseshare , Goosegrasse , Cleavers ( or Clivers ) because they cleave close to garments , &c : and in so Countryes they call the seed Begger lice .

The Kinds .

To this sort there be only three Plants that may be referred . 1. Common Clevers . 2. Smooth Goos-grass . 3. Purple-floured Clevers . The Common Cleavers , hath divers rough square stalks , not so big as the tag of a point but full of joynts , & lying low upon the ground , unlesse it meet with a hedge or bush , and then it climeth two or three yards high somtimes ; at every of the joynts it shooteth out a branch besides the Leaves thereat , which are usually six , set in a round compasse like a Starre or the Rowell of a Spur , like unto the smallest Madder ; the flowers are very little and white , pearking on the tops of the branches ; the seeds are small round and hollow in the mid'st , in manner of a Navell , set by couples for the most part : the root is tender and full of stringes . The whole Plant is rough and by its ruggednesse taketh hold on mens vestures and woollen garments as they passe by , and being drawn along the tongue it fetcheth blood .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth not only by Hedges and Ditches in most places of this Land , but also in the Cornefields , where it doth somtimes domineere , especially amongst the Pease , which are many times almost , if not altogether , choaked by it ; and somtimes in Gardens where it is a troublesome inhabitant , if the seed be suffered to shed . The second was brought out of Spaine , and the last is a stranger also . They flower in June and July , and the seed being ripe in August soweth it selfe against the next yeare , for the old root perisheth .

The Temperature .

Goose-grasse , as Galen saith , is moderate hot and dry , and somewhat of thin parts .

The Vertues .

Clevers with such simples as are mentioned in the beginning of the former Chapter , or alone by themselves being chopped into Water-gruell and well boyled , be very wholesome to be eaten in the Spring at their first coming up , for cleansing the blood , and strengthening the Liver , and fitting the Body for the season that followes , by purging away those excrementitious dregs , which the Winter hath bred in them ; especially from those whose bodyes are fat and grosse . The distilled water drunk twice a day , helpeth the yellow Jaundise , and the Decoction of the herb will do the same , and also stay Laskes and bloody Fluxes : the juice which is pressed out of the seeds , Stalkes , and Leaves , is good to defend Venome from the hearts of those that are bitten by Venemous Beasts , if it be drunk in Wine . A handfull of Cleavers boiled in a quart of Ale with a little pared Liquorice , and some Currants to the one halfe , and then streined , may be successefully drunk morning and evening for the Cough , and removing Phlegme from the Stomack ; It is also used to stay bleeding , the juice or bruised Leaves being applyed to any green Wound , and not only to stop the blood , but to close up the Lips of it , and the powder of the dryed herb strewed thereupon doth the same , and likewise helpeth old Ulcers . The herb stamped with Swines-grease , and applyed to any part that is troubled with the Kings-evill , or any other Kernell or Wen , wasteth it away , and also helpeth those that have their Paps swollen through curded-Milke . Being bruised and laid a soake in Spring-water foure and twenty houres , it is a good remedy for Scabs or such like Sores , if they be bathed with the said water . The juice dropped into the Eares , taketh away the pain of them . Dioscorides reporteth that the Shepherds of his time did use ●he branches hereof to take haires out of Milk , and so may our Milk-maides , if they want a Strainer .

CHAP. CLXXXVIII . Of Chick-Weed .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it delighted to grow in Woods and shadowy places , uch as the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and from thence cometh the Latine name Alsine . Some of the Ancients called it Hippia : We call it Chickweed and Chicken-weed , because Chicken , and Birds love to pick the seed thereof .

The Kinds .

I shall give you the sorts of Chick-weed as they are marshalled in the Catalogue of Brittish Plants , there being at least twenty . 1. Great Water Chick-weed . 2. Berry bearing Chickweed . 3. Chick-weed like long leafed Scurvy-grasse . 4. River-Chickweed . 5. Germander Chick-weed . 6. Fountaine Chickweed . 7. Speedwel Chick-weed . 8. Ivy Chickweed or small Henbit . 9. Great Henbit . 10. Mouse Eare Chickweed . 11 : Great Chick-weed . 12. Sea Chick-weed . 13. Middle Chick-weed . 14. Fine Chickweed . 15. The least Chick-weed . 16. Creeping Water Chick-weed . 17. Srone Chick-weed . 18. Right Chick-weed . 19. Upright Chick-weed with jagged Leaves . 20. Round Leafed Chick-weed or Water Purslane .

The Forme .

Chick-weed bringeth forth many Flexible branches full of Joynts , which would appeare to be three or four foot-high , if it had any bush or such like thing , whereon it might take hold , as sometimes it hath ; but commonly wanting somewhat to uphold it through the weaknesse of its stalkes , it lyeth on the ground , so that it seemeth not so long ; at every joynt standeth two smooth tender Leaves , of a fresh green colour , one against the other ; from which on both sides come forth other branches , joynted and set with Leaves in the same manner ; the flowers which grow on the top of the branches be white , much like the flowers of Stitch-wort but lesser ; in whose places succeed long knops but not great , in which the seed is contained : The root consisteth of fine little Strings like haires . Though there be many Chick-weeds of different forms , yet if you break any of them gently , you may easily perceive a certaine Sinew in the middest of them , which will declare it to be of this sort .

The Places and Time .

Chick-weeds some grow among bushes and bryers , old Walls , gutters of houses , and shadowy places ; some in Woods and by water-sides ; and others upon Mountaines and rocky places . Some of them are greene all the Winter , sending forth their flowers in the beginning of Spring and their seeds quickly after , others are later , not flouring till June and July .

The Temperature .

Chickweed is cold and moist , and of a waterish substance ; and therefore it cooleth without any binding or astriction ; as Galen saith .

The Vertues .

As those herbs hitherto appropriated to the Liver , are for the most part to be used inwardly , so Chick-weed may be applyed outwardly to the Region of the Liver , the herb being bruised or Cloathes or Spunges dipped in the juice thereof ; which may be renewed when they be dry to the great reliefe of those that are greived with the heat of the Liver , for it doth coole it wonderfully . The Decoction also taken inwardly cooleth and tempereth the blood inflamed in Agues , the heat of the Stomack and Liver breaking out into the Lips , procureth Appetite being lost or become weake , is used in Hectick Feavours , and asswageth the heat of the back and Urine . It is also effectuall for the Jaundise , if it be stamped and streined into stale Ale or White-Wine , and dranke first and last , for five dayes together . The Leaves boiled with Marsh-mallow rootes in Water , till they be very soft adding thereunto some Hogs-grease , Powder of Fenugreeke and Linseed , do make a very good Pultis to be applyed to Swellings or Impostumes for the ripening & breaking of them , to take away swellings o● the Legges or of any part , to case members that are shrunke up , to comfort Wounds in Sinewy places , to defend foule malignant & virulent Ulcers from Inflammation during the cure , & to dissolve those swellings that will not willingly be digested or come to suppuration ; Being boiled in Vinegar and Salt , it is good against the rednesse in the Face Wheales , Pushes , Itch , Scabs , St. Anthonies fire , &c : and so is the juice either simply used or boiled with Hogs-grease only and applyed , which also helpeth Cramps Convulsions and Palsyes . The Juice or distilled-Water is of much good use for all Heat and Rednesse of the eyes , if some of it be dropped into them , as also into the Eares to ease the paine of them ; and is of good effect to ease the paines , heat , and sharpnesse of blood in the Piles , and generally all paines in the body that arise of Heat . The juice s●●ffed up into the Nose P●rgeth rotten filth from the Head , and drunk with Honyed-Wine or Water , it purgeth the Belly and is good for the Stone in the Kidneys and the Dropsy . It hath all the Vertues of Pellitory of the Wall , and of Purslane too , ( saving only that it is not used with meat ) and therefore it helpeth the Tooth-ach being boyled in Vinegar , and the mouth gargled therewith . Little birds in Cages ( especially Linnets ) are refreshed with it when they loath their meat , & the lesser sort is called Passer●na by some .

So much for the Liver in particular . The Diseases usually proceeding there from are the Jaundise and the Dropsy : For the former it will be needlesse to enlarge particularly , because there is scarcely a Simple appropriated to the Liver , which will not serve for the Jaundise , especially the yellow . And therefore I shall proceed to those that have a more specifick Vertue for curing the Dropsy : for many there be more effectuall for that purpose , then any yet spoken of , and most of them are remedies for the Jaundise also .

CHAP. CLXXXIX . Of the Elder .

The Names .

IT is called by Dioscorides and other Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is a lover of the Brinks and shadowy banks of Rivers and Ditches , as the most learned suppose , and this name is retained by Paracelsus and the moderne Chymist● , in whose Writings there is frequent mention of Granorum Actes . In Latine it is usually called Samb●●us from Sambyx the first finder of it , yet some think that it should rather be called Sabucus from the likenesse that the musicall Instrument called Sabuck or Sambuck hath with its hollow and pith-emptied Rods. The English call it the Elder-Tree ▪ the Scot , Boor-Tree or Bore Tree , perhaps because the pith being done forth , it seemeth as if it were bored .

The Kinds .

Matthiolus and others speake of Eight kinds thereof . 1. Ordinary Elder . 2. White berried Elder . 3. Jagged Elder . 4. Red berried Elder . 5. March Elder . 6 The Golder Rose , or Rose Elder . 7. Wall-wort Dane-Wort or Dwarfe Elder which is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 i. e. humilis Sambucus , in Latine Ebulus . 8. Jagged Wall-Wort .

The Form .

The Elder-Tree which in figure is somewhat like the Ash , sendeth forth its Branches very plentifully : covered with a Grayish or Ashcoloured Bark as to the outward view , under which there is another of a greene colour , and under that next to the Wood , one that is yellow and succulent , within which is contained a white and Fungous Pith : the Leaves are somwhat like those of the Wall-Nut-Tree but lesse , consisting of five and seaven upon a Stalke a little nicked about the edges , of a faire sad green colour , but smelling somwhat rank and strong : From the tops of the branches do Spring many broad Tufts or umbells of Flowers , which by their ●all give place to small round berries , first greene , then ruddy , lastly of a black , dark purple colour , full of a purplish Winy juice , containing in them some small flat Seeds or graines ; the Root is great and thick , spreading farre about : of all Wild Plants it is the first that putteth forth his Leaves , and the last that sheddeth them .

The Places and Time .

There is not a Town , nor scarcely a feild where the first groweth not , being Planted commonly for Moundes , because of its speedy growth : The Second was found by Tragus in the Woodes of Germany : The Third groweth wild on hills in watery Woods : The fourth is not found but in the Gardens of the curious . The fifth is found by waters sides , and in moorish grounds . The sixth is nursed up only in Gardens . The seaventh groweth wild in many places as in the Abby Orchard at St. Albans , in the feilds between Bloxham and Milton in Oxfordshire , and in divers other places : most of these sorts Flower about Midsummer , but Dane-wort , because it riseth out of the ground e●ery yeare flowreth not so soone ; The Fruit of the former is commonly ripe in August ; that of the last , not before September .

The Temperature .

Elder is hot and dry in the second and third degree , and Danewort would be of the same quality , if it were not somwhat hotter .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Pith of the Elder being pressed with ones finger doth Pit , and receive the Print of them therein , as the Legs and Feet of Hydropick persons doe ; therefore ( saith Crollius that excellent Author in his book of Signatures ) the juice of Elder , and the Distilled-Water of Jews-Ears ( which I have treated of in the seaventy eight Chap ● of this worke upon another occasion , though they never grow but upon the Elder-Tree ) are profitable in the Dropsy , which is a Disease for the most part Caused by Coldnesse of the Liver ; because the Blood-making Faculty being vitiated and corrupted , many watery humours fall into the Abdomen or belly between the skin and the flesh ; for the removing of which , Elder is of great Vertue : For , not only the juice and Water of Jews-Ears● , but that of the Flowers , as also the berries green or dry , are often given with good successe to helpe the Dropsy , by evacuating great plenty of waterish Humours : the barke of the Root also boyled in Wine , or the juice or distilled water thereof two Ounces being taken fasting and two houres before Supper worketh the same effect , yea more readily then any of the former ; the juice of the root taken , provoketh Vomit mightily and purgeth the Watery humours of the Dropsy , but not without trouble to the Stomack . The yellow middle or , if you will , the undermost barke is commended by its Signature for the Yellow Iaunndise , by the said Crollius ; which must therefore be sleeped in Wine , with one or two Jewes-Eares ; of which strained , drink a good Draught , morning and evening : The distilled Water thereof , or a Syrup made of its juice may be used to the same purpose : For besides that they Open the Belly and Evacuate hurtfull humors , the Medicines prepared of this Bark , have great Vertue to open all Obstructions . Six drops of the Spirit of Elder-salt taken in broth is commended in the Scurvy . The decoction of the Root in Wine cureth the Biting of Venemous beasts , as also of a mad Dogge , and mollifyeth the hardnesse of the Mother , if Women sit therein ; and openeth the Veines , and bringeth down the Courses ; the berries boiled in Wine , perform the same effects ; the Haire of the Head or of any other part washed therewith , is made black : The juice of the green Leaves applyed to the inflammation of the Eyes asswageth them : and the Leaves boiled till they be tender , then mixed and beaten with Barly meale asswageth inflammations ▪ ●n any other part , helpeth places that are burnt with fire or scalded with Water , cureth fistulous Ulcers , being laid thereupon ; and easeth the paines of the Gout , being beaten and boiled with the tallow of a Bull or Goat , and ●●id warme thereto . The Powder of the seeds first prepared in Vinegar and then taken in Wine halfe a dramme at a time for certaine dayes together , is a meane ; to abate and consume the flesh of a corpulent body , and to keep it lean . Should I give you all the Vertues of Elder at large , I should much exceed the usuall Limits of a Chapter , and therefore I shall only give you a Breviat of them and referre you to that learned peece of Dr. Mart●n Blockwich called the Anatomy of Elder , where you may satisfy your selfe perfectly of every particular . There is hardly a Disease from the Head to the Foot , but it cures ; for besides the Vertues I have allready mentioned , it is profitable for the Head-ach , for Ravings and Wakings , Hypocondriack Mellancholy , the Falling-sicknesse , the Apo●●exy and Palsy , 〈…〉 rrius , To●●h-ach , Deafenesse , want of smelling , Blemishes of the 〈◊〉 and Head Diseases of the mouth and Throat , the infirmities of the Lungs , H●●sting , and Hearsenesse , the Pleurify and Ptisick , Womens brests being sore , swooning and P 〈…〉 esse , in Feavours , the Plague , Pox , Measles , Diseases of the Stomack , the Wormes and other Diseases of the Gutts , the Hemorrhoides , the Stone , Diseases of the Matrix , &c : Neither is there any part about this Tree without its use . The Leaves , Berries , Seeds , Root , and Barkes , I have allready spoken of . Of the flowers are made conserves , a Syrup , and Hony , Water , and Spirits , Vinegar , and Oxy 〈…〉 , a Wine , Oyle , &c : The young shoots boiled like Asparage● , and the young Leaves and Stalkes boiled in fat broth draweth forth mightily Choler and tough Phlegme , and so do the tender Leaves eaten with Oyle and Salt : The Wood serveth to make Skewets for Butchers , and divers other things . The Pith in the middle of the Stalkes being dryed , and put into the holes of hollow and fistulous Ulcers that are ready to close , openeth and dilateth the Orifices : whereby injections may be use and other remedies applyed for the cure of them , and may be used to keep open Issues insteed of a Pease . It is said that if a Horse that cannot stale be strucken gently with a Stick hereof and some of the Leaves be bound under his Belly , it will make him stale quickly . It is said also , that if a branch hereof be put into the trench where a Mole is , it will either drive him forth , or kill him there : The Mountaine or Red-berried 〈◊〉 hath the properties that the common Elder hath , but much weaker . The Marsh Elder is of the like purging quality , with the common sort , especially the be●●ies or juice of them . The Danewort is not only more powerfull then the Elder , for all the forementioned purposes , but hath particular Vertues that are not in the other , or at least are nothing so prevalent . The juice of the root of Danewort , applyed to the Throat , healeth the Quinsy or Kings-Evill : the Fundament likewise is stayed from falling down , if the juice thereof be put therein . The Powder of the Seedes taken in the Decoction of Ground-Pine with a little Cinamon , to the quantity of a dram at a time is an approved remedy , both for the Gout , Joynt-Aches , and Sciatica , and also for the French disease : for it easeth the paines by withdrawing the humors from the places affected , and by drawing forth those humors that are fluent , peccant , and offensive : and so doth the Powder of the Root used as aforesaid . Wine , wherein the root hath been steeped a night , seldome faileth to drive away an Ague at the second taking . An Oyntment made in May with the Leaves hereof , & May-butter , is highly esteemed by many , as a soveraigne remedy for all outward paines , Aches , and Cramps , in the Joynts , Nerves , or Sinewes , for starcknesse and Lamenesse , coming by cold or any other Casualty , and generally to warme comfort and strengthen all the outward parts being ill affected ; as also to mollify the hardnesse , and to open the obstructions of the Spleene , the greived parts being annointed therewith .

CHAP. CLXXXX . Of Soldanella .

The Names .

NOtwithstanding the dissimilitude that this Plant hath with any of the Cole-worts , yet it is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 by Dioscorides and others , whom the Latines following have called Brassica marina , not without great oversight in both : Neither are some of our English Writers to be excused , who follow their Authors to the very heeles , and call it Sea Cole-wort . But some Latine Authors considering the unreasonablenesse of the former name , have called it Soldana , Soldanella à consolidando , and Convolvulus marin●● : in English Sea-Bind-weed , and Sea-With-wind , because the branches are winding , the Flowers like to the small Bind-weed , and it groweth naturally upon the Sea-Coasts . It is called also Sea-bells ; the Flowers being like Bells , and some call it Seafole-foot , for the likenesse of its Leaves , and those of Coltsfoot , and Scottish Scurvy-grasse , because they use it in steed thereof .

The Kindes .

To this kind it will not be amisse to referre these three sorts . 1. Soldanella or Sea-bind-weed . 2. The greater Soldanella or Sea-bind-weed . 3. The greater Mountaine Soldanella .

The Forme .

Sea-bind-weed hath many slender brownish green branches , trailing and lying upon the ground , beset with small round Leaves , not much unlike those of Asara bacca , but smaller , betwixt which Leaves groweth somtimes one , and somtimes two at a Joynt ; At the stalkes come forth Flowers growing but one in a place , of a perfect Bell-fashion , and of a bright red Carnation colour , much like unto those of the small Bind-weed , whereof it is a kind , only it is a little larger ; the Seeds is black , and groweth in round huskes : the Root is small and long , spreading it selfe a little way , and then rising up againe , as the other Bind-weeds do : Any part thereof being broken , sendeth forth a whitish water of a bitter salt and unpleasant tast , which the Leaves also have .

The Place and Time .

The First groweth plentifully upon the Sea Coasts , both in England , and elsewhere , especially neere unto Lee in Essex , at Mersey in the same County , in most places of the Isles of Thanet and Sheppie , and in many places along the Northern Coast : The Second groweth both wild in desart places , and is received into Gardens , also in Syria , according to Ranwolfius , and is to be found upon the Coasts of Naples , according to Imperatus : the last groweth on the Snowy Hills of Hungary , as Clusius saith , and upon the Mountaines of Wales , not farre from Cowmers meare in North-Wales , as Gerard saith . The two first flower in June , and their seed is ripe in August : the last flowreth not till July upon the cold Mountaines , but sooner in those Gardens where it is nursed up .

The Temperature .

Soldanella is hot and dry in the second degree , being of a bitter taste , and consequently of an astringent qua●itie .

The Vertues .

There is not a better herb in the World for the Dropsy , then Soldanella ( which the shops call Br●ssic● marina or the Sea-Cole wort ) though very improperly as I have said , and because there is another Plant to which that name coth particularly belong ( for being taken inwardly , it is very powerfull in purging down all kind of waterish and Phlegmati●k humors , which are the cause of a Dropsy ) Doscorides and others write , that it is an enemy to the Stomack , and therefore advise that it be boy●ed in the broth of fat meat and drunk , to hinder the strength of its working , and they say also that it is dangerous for those that have not strong bodyes : but though that wrought so violently which grew in their C●imate , yet that which we use in England , is a most safe Medicine , and may be given to Children and weake Persons . Howsoever it is usually given in the broth of a Cock with Ra●sins , and Ann●seeds , in Powder and Pills with Cinamon Ginger , Anniseeds , Mastick or Sugar , as also with Rubarb and Cubebs , for Rubarb is counted an excellent con●o●t for it . The juice also , not pressed but iss●ing forth of its own accord when it is broken gathered and dryed , and afterwards re●ented or made soft , and laid as a P●ainer to the bottome of the belly draweth forth watery Hydropick-humours by se●ge ; And least the●e two u●es should not be sufficient it hath al●o an excellent property , not only to open the obstructions of the L●ver , but to strengthen the same also . The Powder of the Leaves mixed with Cinamon Ginger and Sugar , is an excellent remedy against the Wormes . The Leaves may be eaten after the manner of Scurvy-Grasse to purge the belly . The Powder of the Herb is of very good use to bring or raise up flesh in ceep and hollow Ulcers , he●ping also to heale th●m . The Mountaine-Soldanella is good to con●o●i●ate Wounds , and he●p the Sciat●ca and ●out .

CHAP. CLXXXXI . Of Bryony .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , V●tis alba , and V●talba , not that it is a Vine , but because it is somwhat like one ; as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying to put ●orth becau●e it putteth forth many branches , whi●h c●amber ●pon the adjoyning bushes growing by them ; it is likewise called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 becau●e formerly ●ome u●ed the ●eeds or graines to get off Haire growing in tho●e places it should not . In Latine , of some V●t●cella of others Rorastrum , Apiast●llum , and Uva Tam●n a ; but of most V●tis alba , and Bryonia ; in English Bryony , White-Bryony Wh●te-Wild-Vine : the Grapes or Berries that grow thereon being called Te●ter-berries , because they are effectual to kill Tetters . The black Bryony is called S●gillum Sancta Maria , out Ladies Signet .

The Kinds .

Though there be but two sorts hereof growing naturally in England , yet I find there be others of this kind growing beyond the Seas . 1. Common White Bryony or Wild Vine . 2. Common White Bryony , with black-Berries . 3. Black Bryony with black-fruit in Clusters . 4. Candy White Bryony with double Berries . 5. Black Bryony with single red Berries . 6. Common black Bryony , or our Ladies Signet .

The Form .

The Common White Briony bringeth forth divers long and tender Stalkes , with many clasping tendrells , by which it catcheth hold and clambereth on those things which are next it . The Leaves are broad , and somwhat rough , divided after the same manner as those of the ordinary Vine are , but more hairy and whiter of colour : The flowers be small , and white , growing many together towards the tops of the branches , consisting of five small Leaves a peece , laid open like a starre ; the Berries which succeed them , grow in little Clusters , but not so neere one to another as Grapes do , greene at first , but red when they be ripe . The Root somtimes groweth to the bignesse of a Child of a yeare old , so that it hath been by some cut into the forme of a Man , and called a Mandrake , being set againe into the Earth ; It is of a white yellowish colour , extreame bitter , and altogether of an unpleasant tast .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth on bankes under hedges , and somtimes as a Weed amongst Pot-herbs . The second in Germany , Bohemia , &c : The third is mentioned by Dioscorides and others , but its place is not certainly known . The Fourth in Creet . The fift in Germany , by a Village named Huningen . The last in very many places in our own Land in Hedg-rowes and Coppices . They flower in May , or thereabouts , and bring forth their ripe berries in Autumne , yet those of Germany and Candy are not so forward as ours , and seldome bring their berries to ripenesse in our Countrey .

The Temperature .

White Bryony , which is of greatest use , is in all his parts hot and dry , exceeding the third degree , especially of heat , of great force in cleansing and scouring , by reason whereof it purgeth and draweth forth not only Cholerick and Phlegmatick humors , but watery also .

The Signature and Vertues

Because Bryony is said by Crollius to have the Signature of the Dropsy , therefore I have appropriated it thereunto . And indeed , though being taken alone it purgeth the belly with great violence , troubling the Stomack and burning the Liver , yet being corrected by adding unto it Ginger , Cinamon , Quince or such like , it is very profitable therein , for it draweth away Water abundantly , both by Vomit and stoole , a scruple or two of the Powder of the dryed root with a third part of Cinamon and Ginger , being drunk in a little White-Wine ; The juice decoction , Syrupe , and Electuary , may be used for the same purpose . Now because every one knoweth not the way of gathering the juice , I shall here set it down : In April make a deep overthwart cut or gash into a Briony root , taking away the Earth first from it ; put in a Goose-quill , a little under the slit , sloping the quill at the end , which you must thrust into the root : but first make a hole with your knife to get in the quill , and so you may gather great store of the Water of Briony , placing a receiver under the quill , for the making of the compound Water of Briony , a spoonfull whereof taken by those that are troubled with fits of the Mother easeth them , it potently expells the After-birth , and cleanseth the Womb exceedingly . It is likewise profitable in the Falling-sicknesse , Palsy , Apoplexy , Swimming of the Head & other diseases of the Braine by a specifick Vertue , that it hath in drawing away Phlegme and Rheumatick humours , that oppresse tho●e parts . It provoketh Urine , and cleanseth the Reines and Kidneys from Gravell and Stone , openeth the obstructions of the Spleen , and consumeth the hardnesse and swe●ing thereof . A scruple of the Root in Powder , being taken in White-Wine bringeth down Womens Courses , but is not to be used by Women with Child for feare of abortion . An E●ectuary made o● the Rootes with Honey o● Sugar is ●ingula● good for them that are short-Winded , troubled with an old Cough , paine in the fides , and for such as are hurt or brui●ed inwardly , by any fall , for it ●issolveth and expelleth the clo●ted or congealed blood . The Root is good against the biting of any V●●tmous Creature , and killeth Wormes in the body . It is good in the K●ngs-Evill , the juice being taken with equall parts of Wine and Honey . The Faecula or Dregs thereof are u●ed for the aforesaid Diseases , five or ten graines being taken at a time . It also scowreth the Skin , and taketh away Wrinkles , Freckles , Sun-burning black-markes , Spots and Scarres of the Face , if it be boiled in Oyle till it be consumed , and so it taketh away black and blew spots , which come of Stripes or Falls , and dissolveth new swellings . The Root bruised and applyed of it selfe to any place where the bones are broken , helpeth to draw them forth ; Being stamped with Wine , and applyed , it breaketh Boiles , and helpeth Whit-loavs that grow about the Rootes of the Nailes . It cleanseth the skin from the Morphew , Leprosy , all running Scabs and Manginesse , if a bath be made thereof , or the juice applyed thereunto . The berries may be used for the same purpose , and the distilled Water ▪ though not so strong as the former , is used for Freckles and Spots in the Face . A Pessary made of the Root , bringeth down the Courses in Women , and bringeth forth the After-birth , and Dead-Child ; and a Bathe made hereof cleanseth the Womb , the party sitting therein .

CHAP. CLXXXXII . Of Mechoacan and Jalap .

The Names

MEchoacan is of later Invention , and therefore hath no Greek name . It is called in Latine Mechoacanna , Mechoacana , Mechoaca , Mechoaca Peruviana , Mechoacanum Indicum because it is brought from a place in the Province of New Spaine , called Mechoacan , neere the Ci●ty Mex●co , as also Rhabarbarum album , and Rhabarbarum Mechoacanum , to distinguish it from Rubarb , to which it is like in effects , which caused the name ; in English it is called Mechoacan , Mechoaca , and Indian Briony , because the Root of it hath some likenesse , with that or White Briony . Jalap also came from the Indies , and hath its name from a place there called Chelapa or Calapa : It hath gotten many other names besides , most of which are derived from the former , as Gelapum , Gelapo , Jalapium , Jalapa , Jalappa , Jalappium , Gialapa , Mechoacanna nigra , Salapa , Xalapa , Zaqualtipan , Rhabarbarum , nigrum , and Brionia , Mechoacan nigricans . It is called in English Jalap or bla●k Mechoacan .

The Kinds .

Of these Mechoacans there are three sorts mentioned by Authors . 1. The Mechoacan of Peru. 2. The Wild Mechoacan . 3. Black Mechoacan or Ja●ap .

The Form .

The Mechoacan of Peru , as it groweth in these parts , sendeth forth long branches of a dark grayish colour winding about whatsoever is next them , and therefore Poles are set for them to run upon ; The Leaves are somewhat broad-pointed at the ends like unto those of black Briony , saving that they are thinner and harder in handling , seeming so dry as if they had no juice in them : The flowers ( which are many , and stand in long clus●ers ) are of a sullen yellow colour in the Indies , of the bignesse of an Orenge flower , in the warmer Countries of Europe of a dark whitish colour , but with us it was never known to flower by reason of the coldnesse of the Climate ; the Root groweth to be as great as any Briony root almost , without either tast or smell , having Circles in it when it is cut , as may be perceived by the dry root , which is brought over to us , and may easily be brought into powder .

The Places and Time .

Concerning the Place and Time , I need adde no more than what I have said in the names and description .

The Temperature .

Both white and black Mechoacan are hot in the first degree , and dry in the second consisting of an airy substance , and subti●e parts , as also of an earthly quality .

The Signature and Vertues .

Mechoacan as well as Briony hath the Signature of the Dropsy and is found to be very usefull therein , for it draweth away wate● and ph●eg●e and also ●●rengtheneth the Liver , and inward parts , working without any hurt●ull qua●ity , mo●estation or griping , contrary to Briony , and mo●● other purgative Medicines so that it may be given to old men , Children , Women with Chi●d , and weake persons without any offence ; Notwithstanding ▪ it is not of that e●●eeme it was at its first coming amongst us , though the Vertues are the same , so much do people regard the novelty more than the goodnesse of a thing . It is also profitable in a long continued Head-ach , clensing the braine and Nerves , and purging those Rheumatick distillations and humors that are in them ; It helpeth all paines whatsoever in the Joynts , and those of the Bladder , and Reines , by provoking Urine and by that faculty which it hath in expelling Wind , it easeth th● Cholick , and the paines of the Mother , by tempering the cold humour which is a cause thereof . It is likewise effectuall in the Falling sicknesse , Catarrh , Rheume , Diseases of the Breast in old Coughes shortnesse of breath , Jaundise stoppings of the Liver and Spleene , having , as it is said , all the Vertues that are either in Agarick or Rubarb . It is commended also in the French Pox Kings evill , Scurvy and Gout , and helpeth inveterate Agues , whether Quotidian or Tertian . It doth much con●●ce to the purging of tough undigested humors in the Stomack , and Breasts of Children . It may be administred divers wayes but the best is to give it in White Wi●e , ●●r ●o it workes most effectually : It may be given to a Child , the do●e of the powde●ed Root not exceeding a scrú●le or a scruple and halfe ; but to persons of ●eares , a dram or two wi●● not be too much : yet care must be taken that it be not used in hot diseases , neither is it convenient for hot and dry bodyes , or those that are subject to be bound , for though it purgeth at the first , it causeth the body to be more costive afterwards . Jalap purgeth Phlegmatick Cholerick and Melancholick , but cheifly watery humours , and that more strongly then the former , and therefore it is no lesse profitable in the dropsy , and helpeth the Green-sicknesse , a dram thereof being taken in Wine with a little Ann●seeds and Ginger to correct the nauseousnesse , whereby it troubleth the Stomack and inclineth it to Vomit .

CHAP. CLXXXXIII . Of Broome .

The Names .

IT is uncertaine whether this Plant were known to the Grecians , unlesse it were the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Dioscorides , which is much doubted by divers Authors . It is called in Latine Genista , and Genesta , à genuum flexilitate from the flexiblenesse thereof , or rather quia genibus medeatur dolentibus , because it helpes the paine of the knees , or , quod facile generet , speciemque propaget , because it is easily encreased , and not to be destroyed where it taketh a liking . It is called in English Broom . Some call the Spanish Broom , Spartum .

The Kinds .

The sorts of ordinary Broom , Candy , and Spanish Broom , &c : ( divers whereof we have in our Gardens , and elsewhere ) are fourteene . 1. Our ordinary Broom . 2. Small or low Broom . 3. Iland Broom . 4. White Broom . 5. Dwarfe Broom . 6. Dwarfe Broom of Candy . 7. Common Green-weed or Diers-weed . 8. Spanish Green-weed . 9. Base Broom of Germany . 10. Spanish base Broom . 11. Bastard Spanish Broom . 12. Ordinary Spanish Broom . 13. The small Spanish Broome with yellow Flowers . 14. The greater white floured Spanish Broom .

The Form .

Broom is a Bush or shrubby Plant having stalkes or woody branches about the bignesse of a mans thumb , from which do spring slender twigges , cornered , greene , tough , and easy to be bowed , many times divided into smaller branches : about which do grow little Leaves of an obscure green colour , and brave yellow Flowers , which falling off give place unto certaine Cods , of a green colour at first but afterwards black , like unto those of the Common Vetch , in which do lye flat hard seeds , being somwhat brownish , and lesser then Lentills . The root is hard and wooddy sending forth divers times another Plant of the colour of an Oaken Leafe , in shape like unto Bastard Orchis , called Birds-nest , having a root like a Turnep or Rape , whereupon it is called Rapum Genistae , Broomrape , or Orobanch .

The Places and Time .

It may be discovered by the Titles in what Countryes every one of these grow naturally , and therefore I shall say no more then I have done concerning their places : only that which is called Island Broome growes in an Iland of Tuscany called Ilua , and the rest which speake not themselves outlandish , are of our own Country . All of them flower in the Summer moneths , some earlyer , some later , yet they perfect their seeds before Winter , the Spanish kinds being somewhat later then the other .

Th Temperature .

The Twigges , Flowers , and seeds of Broome are hot and dry , in the second degree ; they are also of a thin essence , and are of force to cleanse and open , especially the seed , which is dryer , and not so full of superfluous Moisture .

The Vertues .

The juice or decoction of the young Branches , or the Seed or Powder thereof taken in drink , purgeth downwards , Phlegmatick and watery humours , and therefore it is profitable for those that have the Dropsy , especially if it be used with Wine , yet in other infirmities it is better with Water . There is also made of the Ashes of the Stalkes , a Lye with White or Rhenish-Wine , which is highly commended by divers for the Dropsy , and likewise for the Green-sicknesse ; but it must not be used too often for feare it fret and hurt the entralls . It is effectuall likewise for those that are troubled with the Gout , Sciatica , and other paines of the Joynts , and sides , helpeth the swellings of the Spleene , cleanseth the Reines Kidneys , and Bladder of Gravell and the Stone engendered therein , and hindereth it from ever coming againe , sending forth the cause thereof by Urine , which it provoketh abundantly . The constant use of the Powder of the the Leaves , and Seeds doth cure the Black Jaundise , being taken in wine , and the Seeds and Flowers being any wayes taken do much preserve from the Gout and Stone . The Flowers being made into a Conserve or preserve with hony or Suggar , and eaten often , do much consume the Kings-Evil . The distilled water of the Flowers , is profitable for the foresaid purposes , helpeth surfets , and altereth the fits of Agues being taken with as much of the water of the lesser Centaury , and the party laid to sweat . It is most excellent to help the Kings-Evil , if one ounce of the water be taken morning and evening for a months space , or longer , if need require . The tops or flowers of Broom bruised and mixed with Hogs-grease cure the paines of the Knees , the Gout and any bruise or swelling by reason of humors , falling down thither . The Flowers also bruised and mixed with Hony and Roses , or the white of an Egge beaten together and applyed , consume the hard Swellings of the Kings-Evil . The juyce of the young branches , or the young branches themselves bruised , or the Flowers made into Ointment with Hogs-grease , or boyled in the same , or in oyle for a little space , and laid to the sides that are pained either by the Wind , as in Stitches and the like , or in the Spleen , easeth them in once or twice usiing it . The same boyled in oyle is a safe and sure medicine to kill Lice , and other Vermine , breeding in the Head or Body , and being applyed to the Sciatica or Hip-gout helpeth it . The juyce alone , or mixed with hony , and applyed , cures green wounds and putrified Ulcers . The Flower and Tops being bruised & applyed help the biting of Serpents , and Venemous Creatures . The oyle distilled from the roots and seeds is very usefull to take away spots , freckles and deformities of the skin . The young buds of the Flowers being pickled are a sallet of great delight , serving all the year which do helpe to stirr up an appetite to meat , to help Obstructions of the Spleen , and to provoke Urine . The Broom Rape is commended by some to be as good as Asparagus , taken when they are young and eaten either raw or boyled , but they are somewhat bitter . The decoction thereof in wine is thought to be as effectuall to avoid the stone in the Kidnies and Bladder and to provoke Urine as the Broom it self . The juyce thereof is Singular good to cure as well green wounds , as old and filthy sores and malignant Ulcers . Being put into oyle Olive and set in the Sun for certain dayes , it taketh away all Spots , Lentiles , Freckles , Pimples , Wheales , and Pushes from the face or any part of the body , being anointed therewith . All the lesser sorts have the same qualities ; and may be conducible to the same diseases , but some stronger , some weaker . But the most effectuall of all the Brooms is the Spanish kind , which hath not onely all the properties aforesaid very exactly , but others also . It purgeth both upwards and downwards especially the seed , which being taken to the quantity of a dram in Meade or honyed water , purgeth by vomit , as Hellebore doth , yea without trouble or danger . An Oxymel or Syrupe made of the Flowers , Seed , and Vinegar often used , breaketh & healeth all Impostumes of the Spleen , by causing the corrupt matter to void it self , and draweth humors from the Joynts .

CHAP. CXCIV . Of the Ash-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latin Fraxinus , quia facilè frangi●ur , because the boughs of it are easily broken . The seed or rather the inner kernel therof is called Lingua Avis , and Lingua Passerina , from the form thereof , being like unto a Birds Tongue ; in English Ash-Keyes , and of some Kitkeyes and Peter keyes . The Tree is called the Ash because its , barke is of the colour of Ashes . The wild Ash , which I here add because of its name , is very probable to be the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or Fraxinus montana of Theophrastus , which Pliny calleth Ornus ; of some Orneoglossum , Fraxinus sylvestris , Fraxinea arbor , Fraxinus aucuparia , because Boyes and Fowlers use the Berries as Baites to catch Blackbirds , Thrushes , &c. In the English , the Wild Ash , but more generally Traxinus bubula the Quicken-Tree .

The Kinds .

There be no more sorts then what I have already mentioned , viz. 1. The Common great Ash , 2. The wild Ash , or Quicken-tree .

The Forme .

The Ash commonly riseth up with a straight body , sometimes to a very great thickness , but commonly of a middle sise , and is covered with a smooth barke of a grayish colour ; spreading reasonable wel , and bearing long winged Leavs , consisting of others , which stand by couples , one over against another , the uttermost onely being excepted , which standeth alone : all which are long , narrow , gentle , of a pale green colour , and dented about the Edges ; at sundry joynts , with the Leaves , cometh forth a bunch of flowers , and after them a bunch of seeds , commonly called keyes , tasting somewhat strong and hot in the mouth ; there be sometimes small round Balls called Apples growing therein , but not in every place : The timber of it contrary to the branches , is strong and tough ; and therefore is much used in Coaches , Carts , Ploughes , and other instruments of Husbandry , but especially to make Pikes for Souldiers .

The Places and Times .

The Ash , for its usefulnesse both for Timber and Firewood , is planted generally throughout the whole Land , both in high and Low grounds , yet experience tells us that it thriveth best in moist low grounds , and by meddow sides . The Quicken-Tree groweth in the Woods by High-Gate , and in divers other parts . And particularly , amongst Trees in the walk between Shaford and Gorehambery . The Balles or Apples of the Ash come forth in the end of Winter , the leaves and flowers of both , in the Spring ; and the seed and fruit is ripe , in September .

The Temperature .

The Leaves and Bark of the Ash-Tree are dry and moderately hot ; the seed is hot and dry in the second degree .

The Vertues .

There is scarce any part about the Ash but is good for the Dropsy : The Leaves and Bark with the tender Crops boiled in Wine , and drunk , are excellent for it , for they purge Water ; and so doth the Water that is distilled from the Leaves , Barke , or Seed . The young Rootes also boiled in Ale , and a draught thereof drunk morning and evening , is profitable for the same . The said Leaves and Bark , boiled in Wine and drunk , do likewise open and comfort the L●ver and Spleene , and ease the paines and Stitches of the sides , and so will they do being boiled in Oyle , and applyed to them outwardly : and being used in the same manner , it is singular good against the biting of the Viper , Adder , or any other venemous beast , to which purpose the seed may also be drunk in Wine according to that Verse of Serenus , Fraxineum semen cum Bacchi rore b●bendum est . The Leaves and Barke are reported to stop the Belly , and being boiled with Vinegar and Water do stay Vomiting , if they be laid upon the Stomack . Three or foure Leaves taken in Wine every morning constantly , doth make those leane which are fat ; and keepeth them from grossnesse which begin to wax fat ; and so doth the distilled Water of the Keyes , a small quantity taken every morning . The Decoction of the Leaves in White Wine , helpeth to break the Stone , and expell it , and cureth the Jaundise . The seeds having their Huskes taken off , prevaile against Stitc●●s and paines in the sides proceeding of Wind , and the Stone by provoking Urine ; They are commended also for the Rickets , to increase naturall seed ; to stir up bodily lust , especially being powdered with Nutmegs , and drunk . The Lye , which is made of the ashes of the barke , cureth those Heads which are Leprous , Scabby , or Scal'd , being bathed therewith . The Leaves of the Wild Ash boiled in Wine are good against the paines in the sides , the stoppings of the Liver , and asswageth the bellies of those which have the Tympany or Dropsy .

CHAP. CLXXXXV . Of the Sassafras , or Ague-Tree .

The Names .

THe use of this Ingredient is of late Invention , therefore it were in vaine to seek for the Greek name . It is called in Latine Sassafras , which is also the French and Spanish name ; but why they called it so , is unknown : yet the French were the first that discovered the Vertues of it to the Christian world . For at their being neere the Florida , they got Agues and Swellings in their Legges , which as I conceive was the Dropsy , and other diseases , by lying on the ground , and intemperate dyet , which they used ; for which they could get no cure untill they had learned the use of this Tree from the Natives ; who call it Pavame and Winanke : All other Countryes call it Sassafras , and amongst them the English , who call it also the Ague-Tree , from its Vertue in healing the Ague . There is hereof but one kind , and therefore I shall proceed to the description .

The Forme .

The Sassafras-Tree groweth up with a straight Trunk or body , smooth and void of boughes till it be of a reasonable height , covered with a thick barke of an Ashcolour , which is of a very hot quick taste ; towards the top come forth many goodly branches , spreading themselves into a round figure or compasse whereon do grow green Leaves , somwhat like those of the Fig-Tree , but much lesser ; of a sweet smell when they be greene , but much more when they be dry , somewhat resemb●ing the smell of Fennell of a very sweet taste also . The Flowers ●re small and yellow , made of threds , very like unto the Male Cornell-Tree , from whence proceedeth the fruit , which groweth clustering together , yet set in small cups upon long footstalkes : the Roots are not very large , neither of any great depth , but are covered with a Bark , somwhat redder then that of the Tree , and are of more force and efficacy then any other parts of it , yet the rest are also of very great use .

The Places and Time .

This Tree groweth in most parts of the West Indies , especially about the Cape of Florida , which is not farre from Virginia . It keepeth greene all the Winter and Summer long , but at what time it flowreth and bringeth forth its ripe fruit , I have not yet learned .

The Temperature .

The boughes and branches of Sassafras are hot and dry in the second degree ; the ri●d is hotter , for that it entreth into the third degree of heat and drynesse , as may be manifestly perceived in the decoction .

The Vertues .

It is to be observed , that not only those things , that purge watery and Phlegmatick humours , are profitable in the Dropsy , but those also which have any eminent faculty in drying them up , as Sassafras without dispute hath ● and therefore it is used with very good successe in the disease aforesaid , foure O●nces thereof being first sleeped foure and twenty houres in a gallon and halfe of Water ; and afterwards boiled to the one halfe , and then strained , may be given to the quantity of a good draught , morning and evening , for certaine dayes together : for there is not any thing , which will remove such an inveterate disease as the Dropsy at once taking . The said Decoction is very effectuall also to open the stoppings of the Liver and Spleen , and is profitable in all cold di●eases , and particularly those cold Rheumes that fall from the Head upon the T●●th , Eyes and Lungs ; warming and drying up the moisture and strengthning the parts afterwards and therefore is available in Coughs , and other cold diseases of the Breast , Stomack and Lungs , stayeth Vomiting , comforteth the weak and feeble Stomack ▪ c●●sing a good appetite therein by consuming windinesse , which is the cheifest cause of crudity and indigestion , and maketh sweet a stinking breath , but especially the Decoction of the root : The fame is commended likewise for its Vertue in expelling the Gravell and Stone , wherewith the Kidneys are many times afflicted , for provoking Urins and Womens Courses : And as for those Women which are barren by reason of the moisture of their Wombs , it so warmeth , heateth , and dryeth the same , that it causeth them to conceive speedily ; It is of good use also in Fevers and tertain and quotidian Agues , that are of long continuance , as is already intimated . It is generally used in all diseases that come of cold raw thin and corrupt humors , as the French disease , and the like , for which distempers it is used in Diet-drinkes with other things and may be given in Powder from a scruple to two scruples . The Smell of the Wood or Root expelleth the corrupt and evill Vapours of the Pestilence .

CHAP. CLXXXXVI . Of Palma Christi .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cici and Croton , because the seed of it resembles a living Creature , which is wont to be in Sheepe , and other Cattle called a Tyke . It is called also Ricinus in Latine for the same reason ; yet it hath other names as Palma Christi from the Leaves and Root , which do very much imitate a hand , and Cataputia major of the Apothecaries , because of its properties , which are conformable to the Spurges , the Oyle whereof is by them called Oleum de Cherva and Oleum Cicinum . This is held by Expositors , to be the Plant mentioned in Jonah , under the name of a Gourd . It is called in English Palma Christi , or great Spurge , in Hebrew Kik and Kikaijon .

The Kindes .

There are but three sorts of this Great Spurge left upon record by Authors . 1. The more or●inary Palma Christi or great Spurge . 2. Palma Christi of Syria . 3. Palma Christi of America .

The Forme .

Palma Christi hath a great round hollow stalke rising to the height of seaven or eight ●oot of a blewish greene colour . The Leaves are great and large fashioned like the Leaves of the Fig-Tree , but greater ; resembling the hand of a man with the Fingers spread abroad , of a dark greene colo●r on the upperside but whitish underneath , the flowers are button-like , standing on the tops of the branches whi●h fall away without bearing Seed ; but a little lower , there break forth other Heads which are rough and three cornered , and containe within them a seed like a Tyke , of an hot fiery taste , out of which , in those Countryes where it is naturall , is pressed out the aforementioned Oyle .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth in Spaine , and other hot Countries to a very great bignesse , and abideth many yeares , but the coldnesse of our Climate will not admit of any large growth , because it perisheth every yeare with us , yet I have seen ●t in Mr. Balles Garden by Sio● house , seaven or eight foot-high looking more like unto a Tree then an annuall Plant. The second groweth in Syria and Aegypt ; and the third in America in G●lisc● a Province of New Spain , from whence the Oyle used in Shops is brought unto us . Those that flower with us do it in August , but their seed doth seldome come to perfect ripenesse in this Countrey .

The Temperature .

The seed of Palma Christi is hot and dry in the third degree .

The Vertues and Signature .

Though the seedes of Palma Christi are not to be taken rashly by reason of their violence in purging ; yet , advice being first had , they may with Anniseed or Fennelseed be given to strong and able bodies , that are troubled with the Dropsy , Joynt-aches , Gout , and Sciatica , because they draw Water & Phlegme very strongly from the remote parts , the Powder of three of them being taken in Whey or New Milk . The same may be boyled in the broth of an old Cock , and taken for the same purposes . The Oyle is used in Glisters to open obstructions , to ease paines of the Cholick and windinesse of the Mother , and so it doth if the places greived be anointed therewith , and some few drops thereof taken in a little Chicken broth that is fat : It wonderfully helpeth the cramp being gently rubbed on the places greived therewith , for it causeth the Sinews that were shrunk to be stretched forth : The Stomack , belly or leftside where the Spleene lyeth , being annointed therewith , are eased of their paines and obstructions thereby : It killeth the Wormes in Children , a drop or two thereof being given in Milk or fat broth , or the lower part of the belly being anointed therewith , and so it taketh away the hardnesse of their Bellys : It helpeth also all Scabs and running sores of the Head , and being dropped into the Eares , it cureth deafnesse , and the paines and noise therein : It mightily cleanseth the skin from all manner of spots and blemishes , as also the deformities of scarres and of the Pox. The greene Leaves bruised and applyed of themselves or else with Barly-Meale assawage the Inflammations as well as the swelling of the Eyes , and the swellings also of Womens Brests after Childing and in case they want Milk , they are good to procure it , being applyed thereunto . The juice of the Leaves , applyed to any Wound that is caused by any splinter , Iron , or Arrow-head , draweth them out , if any such be in it . The said Leaves have the Signature of the Hands , and therefore are available for the paines of their , or any other Joynts , according to Crollius .

CHAP. CLXXXXVII . Of Glasse-wort .

The Names .

IT is supposed that this Herb was not known to any of the Greek writers , for we find it not so much as mentioned in any of their workes . The Arabians , who probably were the first that took notice of it , called it Kali , which name is taken up by the Latine Authors . The ashes , whereof Chrystall Glasses are made , is called Soda , Alumen Catinum , or Calinum : The Salt , which is extracted out of the Ashes , is called Sal Kali , & Sal Alkali , which being mixed with a certaine kind of Sand , and boiled in a furnace there ariseth a Scum called Axungia Vitri , in Latine , and in English Sandiver ; The English name of the herb is Glasse-wort , & Saltwort but the Inhabitants of the Sea-coasts call it Crab-Grasse and Frog-Grasse .

The Kinds .

Of this Glasseworth therefore be four sorts . 1. Great Glassewort , with Snaile-like seed , 2. Small white Glassewort . 3. Glassewort of Egypt , 4. Joynted Glassewort .

The Form .

The great Glassewort riseth up with a big round , fleshy stalk like unto Purslane two foot ▪ high or there abouts , divided into many branches , whereon do grow many thick long fleshy Leaves , pointed at the ends growing without Order , sometimes but one or two , and sometimes more standing at a place , and indeed most comonly here and there also , dispersed upon the branches come , forth small brownish heads , turned round like snailes , wherein lye small round seed ; the Root is somewhat long with many fibres thereat , and perisheth commonly after it hath given its seed .

The Places and Time .

The first , groweth in divers places of Syria , Africa , Italy and Spaine , by the Sea sides of its own accord , and very large fields thereof , are sown in Provence , and Gascoine , for the abundant profit that is made of it . The second , groweth in the same Countries , and in those which are colder also , not onely by the Sea , but by the salt pits that are remote , both in Saxoni● and also in the Western parts of our own Land . The third is known to grow no where but in Egypt unlesse it be upon the Western Shores of Naples . The last , groweth as well upon our own Coasts in many places as in other Countries by the Sea side , and by the lakes of salt water in Saxonie , and other places of Germany . They all flourish in the Summer ; those that perish give their seed in August and sometimes later , but the last continueth all the Winter .

The Temperature .

Glassewort is hot and dry : the Ashes are both dryer and h●tter , and that eve● to the fourth degree , having in them a caustick or burning quality .

The Vertues .

The Powder of any of the afore mentioned sorts , or the juyce which is much better taken in drink , doth purge downwards , by that cleansing quality which it hath , Flegmatick , waterish , and adust or melancholick humors , and therefore it is often used for a speciaill remedy for the Dropsy . It is also effectuall to provoke Urin● , to expell the dead birth , as also to open the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and so consume the hardnesse thereof , but there must be a care that it be not taken in too great a quantity , for then it is very dangerous . It is many times mixed with those things which are used as corrosives to consume proud Spongy Superfluous flesh , that groweth in foule and virulent Uleers . The Ashes of it being burnt are very sharpe and biting , like a Caustick , and the Lye that is made thereof is so strong , that it will fetch off the skin from the hands or other parts of them that use it unadvisedly . But if it be used discreetly ; that is , applyed very sparingly , or mixt with somewhat that mamy correct it sharpnesse , it may do good in cleansing the skin from spots , freckles , Morphewes or the like . Of the same Ashes also made into lye , being boyled with Oyle , was used to be made our ordinary Sope , which being spread upon a peice of thick coorse brown paper , cut into the form of a Shoo-sole , and bound to the bottoms of their feet , which have casually lost their Speech , will bring it again within a little time , after the applying thereof , if they be recoverable , as hath been pro●ed : but the Sope which we now use , is made with cheaper Ingredients . It was used to be put into Castle or rather Castile Sope , for it came first out of Spaine , the Castilians being the inventers thereof . Sandiver worketh much to the same effect with Kali , and is often used , I mean the powder thereof , to be blown in Horses eyes , or , being dissolved , squirted into them , to take away the skin that beginneth to grow there and dimm the sight . It serveth also to dry up running sores and scabs , Tetters , Ring-worms and the like , and to help the Itch , if the foule parts be washed with the Water , wherein it is boyled .

CHAP. CXCVIII. Of Spurge Laurell .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Daphnoides , à Lauri Foliorum Similitudine from the likenesse it hath with the Bay-Tree . It is called in Latin Laure●la , quasi pu filla Laurus , because of the smallnesse of it . In English , Spurge Laurell , both because it purgeth , and to distinguish it from the Bay Tree , or rather from the Cherry-Bay-Tree which is of divers called the Laurell Tree .

The Kinds .

There be but two sorts , which may properly be referred to this kind , 1. Spurge Laurell , 2. Candy Spurge Laurell .

The Form .

Spurge Laurell riseth sometimes but with one , but Commonly with more Stemmes of a cubit high or more , very tough and pliant , and covered with a thick whitish bark , whereon are ▪ set many long , smooth , thick somewhat broad and shining dark green Leaves , somewhat like unto Bay-Leaves , but lesser , smoother softer , and not with hard veins therein as Bay-Leaves have . The Flowers come out towards the tops of the Stalks , and at the Joynts with the Leaves , many set together , whi●h are somewhat long and hollow , ending or spreading into four small Leaves , of whitish , yellow , green colour , which give place to small round , and somewhat long black-berries when they are ripe , wherein lyeth a white kernel . The Root groweth down deep into the ground , and spreadeth likewise tough long white strings somewhat wooddy . Both Leafe and Flower , both Bark and Root are very hot and sharp in tast , heating the mouth and throat of any that shall tast them : It keepeth its green Leaves all the Winter , as all other Bay-Trees do , even in the coldest yeares .

The Places and Times .

The First groweth wild not onely by the Lake of Geneva , as Gerard , or rather D●don●ns doth affirm , and in other places beyond the Seas , but in our own Country also in divers places , and particularly between the Hedge , and a foot-path that leadeth from St. Albans to Park-Street , The other was sent out of Candy as the title testifies . The first flowereth very earely in the year , even in January or February and sometimes before , if the winter be mild ; The berries are ripe about May or June ; when the other flowereth or beareth fruit is uncertain , seeing it hath not put forth either in this Country .

The Temperature .

Spurge Laurell is of a very hot and biting Temperature .

The Vertues .

It is reported of this Plant , that if the Leaves be gathered with ones hand tending upwards , it causeth vomiting , if downwards it causeth purging , but how true it is , I cannot affirm ; for I never knew it taken inwardly : yet I find upon Record , that the Leaves purge slymy phlegme , and waterish superfluities , and are therefore good for the Dropsy , and that fourteen or fifteen of the Berries do the like . Notwithstanding they are said to purge very violently inflaming and heating the Throat , and wringing the Stomack of whosoever shall take thereof , and driveth them into divers dangerous diseases : howbeit this seemeth to be spoken of the inconsiderate use thereof ; for it is said that if it be taken advisedly it purgeth phlegme , from the Stomack , and oftentimes by vomit also , it procureth Womens Courses easeth the paines of the Cholick and being chewed in the mouth it draweth down from the Head and Brain , much corrupt matter that would offend it . And if there be any that understand not , what is meant by the word advisedly ▪ let them know that it is to be taken after one of these or the like waies . The Leaves must be steeped twenty four hours in good strong Vinegar , and then dryed , and their powder drunk in wine , with Anniseeds and Mastick , or else boiled in Whey of Sweet milk of broth or a Capon and so taken , the dose not exceeding two scruples or one dram . The Oyl wherein the fresh Leaves and Berries have been boyled being strained , and the belly annointed therewith , loosneth it , and helpeth the Collick ; and being annointed on the back and reines provoketh Urine , and helpeth the Piles . Besides , the Berries may be put into a Cataplasme for the Dropsy , with Barly and Bean meale Fenugreek , root of Wallwort . Woormwood , and Origan ; all which are to be sodden in wine and laid over the whole body . The Flowers also used in a Glister are much commended for the said disease , which is to be made thus . Take flowers of Laurell two drams , roots of Polypody ▪ Agarick , of each a dram and half , Dodder three drams ; seeth them in wine or water , till the Third part be consumed , then take of the Liquor of that decoction one pound , of Benedicta Laxativa , half a dram , of Electuarium nidum two drams and a half , Honey of Roses one ounce , Oyles of Rue , Camomile and flowered Luce ; of each one ounce ; of Sal Gemmae a dram and a halfe ; Commixe them all , and make a Gli●●er .

CHAP. CXCIX . Of Toad Flax.

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Osyris as Fuchsius saith , in Latin Pseudolinum , and Li●aria , from the resemblance of its Leaves , with the true Line or Flax ▪ and Urinalis and Urinaria , from its effects in provoking Urine . Some have called it Esula adulterina from the resemblance it hath with a small kind of Esula or Spurge , yet they may easily be distinguished , if the stalk or Leaves thereof be broken for one hath milke , the other hath not , according to that old verse , Esula lactescit ; si●e lacte Li●aria ●rescit . Some have taken it to be the AntirrhiAntirrhinum of Pliny , and indeed it seemeth to be a kind of Snapdragon by its flowers ▪ yet others will rather have it to be Osyris both of Pliny , D●oscorides and Galen , whereunto it doth in many things agree . There is a kind hereof which is called Scoparia , and Herba Studiosorum because Scholers heretofore swept their Studdies with beesomes made thereof , and Belv●de●e of the Italians for the glorious shew that the flower of it makes . Some call it Wild-Flax in English , but that name doth more properly belong to another kind , it is called also Toad-Flax because Toads will some times shelter themselves amongst the branches of it , and Flax-weed ; in Sussex , Gallwort .

The Kinds .

Though there be many sorts of Flax-weed I shall trouble you but with ten of them . 1. Great Toad-flax . 2. Sweet purple Toadflax . 3. Variable Toad-flax . 4. Toad-flax of Valentia . 5. White Toad-flax . 6. Purple Toad-flax . 7. Bushy Toad-flax . 8. Golden Toad-flax . 9. Broom Toad-flax . 10 Sparrowes Toad-flax .

The Vertues .

The common Toad-flax is well known to have divers stalkes , full fraught with long and narrow b●ew A●h coloured Leaves , without any footstalke at them , like unto those of Flax , but the stalkes are not so long , from the middle of which up to the top come forth the Flowers which are many , of a pale yellow colour , of a strong unpleasant scent , with deep yellow mouths like the flowers of Snapdragon : the seeds which are blackish and flat are inclosed in round heads , the Root is somwhat woody and White , especially the maine down right one , with many fibres thereat , abiding many yeares ; shooting forth rootes every way round about , and new branches every yeare .

The Places and Time

Some of these sorts are wild , some grow only in Gardens , the expressing of their particular places would be to little purpose , seeing none but the ordinary sort groweth naturally in our Land , for as much as I can learne . They flower from June till the end of Summer , some of their seed being usually ripe towards the end of August .

The Temperature :

Toad flax is hot and dry as may be perceived from its bitternesse and also from the faculty it hath in provoking Urine .

The Vertues .

The Common sort of Toad-flax , whose description I have set down , is that which is most used in Physick . It provoketh Urine , both when it is stopt , as also in those that are troubled with the Dropsy , to spend the abundance of those watery humors by Urine , which it draweth down wonderfully ; helping also to wash the Reines and Uritory parts from Gravell or Stones gathered therein , and this it doth , if the decoction of the Herb both Leaves and flowers in Wine be taken and drunk ; And so it doth somwhat move the Belly downwards , openeth the obstructions of the Liver and helpeth the yellow Jaundise , expelleth Poyson , provoketh Womens Courses , driveth forth the After-birth and Dead-Child . The distilled Water of the Herb and Flowers is effectuall for all the same purposes , and in especiall being drunk with a dramme of the powder of the seeds or bark of the root of Wall-wort , and a little Cinamon for certaine dayes together , is held to be a singular remedy for the Dropsy , to spend the Water and humors : the juice of the herb or distilled Water dropped into the eyes is a certaine remedy for all heate , inflammations and rednesse in the Eyes . The juice or distilled Water put into foule Ulcers , whether they be cancrous or fistulous , with tents rouled therein , or the parts washed or clensed herewith by the spirting of it into them , cleareth them throughly from the bottome , and healeth them up safely ; The same juice or water doth likewise cleanse the skin of all manner of deformity , as the Lepry , Morphew , Scurfe , Wheales , Pimples , or any other spots or markes therein , applyed of it selfe or with some powder of Lupines ; for which purpose Pliny saith that the Women of his time made a kind of sope of it . Culpepper saith , that being laid in the Water that Chickens drink , it relieves them when they are drooping .

CHAP. CC. Of Organy or Bastard Majerom .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Origanus ; concerning the Etymology of which word there be divers opinions : Some will have it so called from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying a Mountaine , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Gaudium , because it joyeth very much in Mountainous and craggy places ; others from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 to see and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 to cleare , because it cleareth the Eyes ; others will have it to come from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 to be cold ; from whence comes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which by adding ▪ unto it becomes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; but then it must be by Antiphrans too , for it is not cold but hot . It is called ( or rather sirnamed Heracleot●cum from Heraclea a Citty of Pontus where is groweth plentifully ) O●it●s because Asses , and Tragoriganum , because Goats are mightily taken with it ; of divers , Cunila , in shops Origanum Hispanicum , in English Organy and Bastard Marjerom from the likenesse it hath with the true .

The Kindes .

Authors make mention of divers sorts hereof , but those that are best known in these dayes are foure . 1. Organy or Bastard Marjerom . 2. White Organy of Greece . 3. The greater White Organy . 4. Wild Organy .

The Forme .

Bastard Marjerom riseth up with divers hard , round ▪ reddish greene stalkes spreading forth into branches , whereon are set sundry Leaves by couples at the Joynts , being somewhat round and of a whitish greene colour very like unto Marjerom , but larger , whiter , and harder or rougher in handling ; at the tops of the branches stand such like scalie heads as Marjerom hath , but longer , from whence come small whitish purple flowers , and afterwards small brownish seed . The whole Plant is of a sweet smell and sharpe biting tast like unto Marjerom , but that it is higher , hotter and sharper .

The Places and Time .

It is very likely that not only Greece , but Candy , and Spaine do naturally bear these so●ts of Bastard Marjerome , but which of them is more proper to this or that place is uncertaine . It is commonly about the end of August or beginning of September , before they put forth their tops or heads in our Country , so that their Flowers , or at least their Seed , ●eldome come to maturity with us .

The Temperature .

All the Sorts of Organies do cut attenuate or make thin ▪ dry and heat , and that in the third degree , as Galen saith , who affirmeth that the First is o● more efficacy then the Third , and the last which is sold in Shops , then either of them .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of Organy in White Wine is given with very good successe to those which have the Dropsy , the Vertue thereof lying not ●o much in the purging as in the drying quality of it . It is given also with Figs for the same purpose as also to them that are bursten or have a rupture , and to tho●e which are troubled with Convulsions or Cramps . The dryed Herb or juice taken in Honeyed Water purgeth downwards Melancholy and Choler●ck humours ●ithout danger . It is used with Honey as a Lohoc or ●icking Medicine ▪ against an old Cough and the Stuffing of the Lungs . The Decoction thereof is very profitable to tho●e that have the Itch , or are Sc●bbed and Mangy , and those that have Jaund●se are much holpen by it , if they take it , whi●est they be in a bath made thereof : also the same with a few Cloves and Sugar he●peth those which have the Hickets exceedingly , openeth the Obstructions of the Liver , Spleen and Womb , and an other stoppings , provoketh Urine and Womens Courses , and is good for such as have foure belchings , or be troubled with a squeamish Stomack : The same is good also for those that are bitten with Serpents or Venemous Beas●s , and for such as have taken Hemlock or Opium : With Syrup of Vinegar it is good for tho●e that have taken Poyson , or the root of Cholchicum Ephemeron The juice of the greene Herb healeth the swellings of the almonds of the Eares & the Ulcers o● the Mouth ; it draweth forth Phlegme by the Nostrils , if it be infused in the Oyle of Flowerdeluce , and being used with Milk , it easeth the paines of the Eares . The Powder thereof mixed with a little Salt-Peter and Honey , made into the manne of a thin electuary , and the teeth rubbed often therewith , will make the● white and firme . It is used in Spaine for the seasoning of Anchoves , for it ●iveth to them an excellent rellish , being made up therewith . Tyme may be used ●or the same purposes , when the other cannot be gotten : Both which , with Penniroyal , Calamint , and such other dry herbes , being strewed both upon and under those which are afflicted with Hydropicall humors , are very profitable for them ; for it is marvellous to see how much these dry them up , whil'st the parties are asleep .

These are the Simples , I have judged most proper for the Liver , and in particular for the Dropsy , to which I might adde these which follow , Sagapenum which is the Gum of Ferula when it groweth in Media , as I have said already in the Chapter of Fe●●ell Giant , the pills whereof are profitable in the said disease . Turbith , which is a root brought from beyond Sea , and purgeth Water very violently , Elaterium , which is the juice of Wild-Cucumbers dryed , doth the same ; Euphorbium , Spurge , Coloquintida , Carthamu● , Thymaelea , Mezereon , &c : are violent purgers , so that though they be appropriated to the Dropsy , yet I shall not commend them unto ordinary people , but desire them to leave them to those that are very skillfull ; and content themselves with those I have purposely spoken to , at large : Besides which , there be others also profitable , as Agrimony , Betony , Dancus , Dodder , Fumitory , Rose-Mary , Sage , Dill , Rue , Camomile , Bayes , Juniper , &c : Some of which I have treated of already , and shall treat of the rest , when I shall come to the parts , to which they are most appropriate . I passe now to the Spleen which is the seat of Melancholy , and therefore must be purged , as also opened and strengthned .

CHAP. CCI. Of Dodder .

The Names .

THat Dodder which groweth upon flax is that which I mean to treat of principally . It is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the latter Greeks ( for by the Ancients it was not taken notice of , as far as I can understand , ) because tanquam cassis vel r 〈…〉 illud implicat , it tangleth about it like a net . It is called in Latin also , Cassuta and Cassyta , and P●dagra Lini , and in Shops Cuscuta .

The Kinds .

Though there be but one sort of Dodder , which groweth upon Flax , yet there is a lesser sort also , which groweth upon divers plants , and taketh its denomination from them . That which groweth upon Time is called Epithymum , that upon Savory Epithymbrum , that upon Nett●es Epiurtica , that upon Marjerom Epimarjorana , that upon the Bramble Epirubus , and in English Laced Time , Laced Savory , &c.

The Form .

Dodder riseth out of the ground , shooting forth threds or strings grosser or finer , as the property of the Plants whereon it groweth and the Climate do suffer , creeping and spreading on that Plant whereon it fasteneth , be it high or low : These strings have no Leaves at all upon them , but wind and interlace themselves so thick sometimes that it is ready to strangle it , which after they have got good hold , break off at bottom receiving nourishment still insensibly from the Plant ▪ whereon it is twisted like unto Ivy , and thereby partaketh of the nature of the same plants . Wheresoever it groweth , it puts forth clusters of small Heads or Husks , out of which start forth whitish Flowers , which afterwards give small pale coloured seed , somewhat flat and twice as bigg as Poppy seed .

The Places and Time .

I have observed little Dodder to grow upon Flax or Time here in England , which makes me suppose that the Dodder of Flax , and so of Time , which are most in use and sold in the Apothecaries Shops , are brought from beyond the Seas , for every climate doth not bring them forth alike . Those which have been most observed in our Land are that of Nettles , which groweth plentifully in Somersetshire , and that of Tares or Pulse whereon it groweth so abundantly in some places , that the Country people call it Hellweed because they know not how to destroy it . It hath been found upon Ferne , and other herbs upon Hampsted Heath ▪ and upon the Grasse likewise upon Black-Heath in Kent . It flowrisheth cheifely in July and August .

The Temperature .

Every one of these Dodders do participate somewhat of the nature of the plant whereon it groweth ; and therefore Dodder of Flax is hot in the first degree , and dry in the second , Dodder of Time is hot and dry , in the third degree , &c.

The Virtues .

Though the Dodder of Flax is that which is most frequent in Shops , yet because that of Time is more proper for the Spleen , I shall speak to that first . It purgeth Melancholy and adust choller from the Spleen and Hypochonders and therefore it avai●es against Melancholy , as also Phlegme from the Brain and Heart , and is therefore very pro●●table in old and inveterate paines of the Head , Swimming of the head , Madnesse , faintings , and the Quartam Ague . It is very effectuall also for Hypochondriack passions , Schirrues or hardnesse of the Spleen , and windinesse thereof , stopping o● the Kidneys ; and is very usefull in the Scab and Itch , Leprosi● , Elephancy , malignant Ulcers and Cancers as also the French Pox. It clean●eth also the blood very much from Melancholy and adust humors , it is profitable in the Jaundies , in opening Stoppings of the Gall , and Avicen commends it against the Cramp . Neither is it of a purging quality onely , but strengtheneth also both the Liver and Spleen , and helpeth Childrens Agues , if a little Worms-Seed be put to it . If it be used in any decoction , it must be put in last , for it will not endure long bo●●ing . Dodder of Flax is very profitable in Stoppings of the Liver , Gall , and Spleen , cleanseth the blood from Melancholy , and is usefull in the Jaundies , provokes Urine , and cleanseth the Veines of Cholerick and phlegmatick humors , especially if it be taken with wormwood and Anniseeds . If half a pint or lesse of the decoction be taken with halfe an ounce of Sugar , it cures Children of the Agues . The seeds drunk with Wine and Sage ease the Sciatica or Hipgowt . The distilled water being taken , helps the distempers of the Liver and Lungs , by cleansing and strengthening them : it also cures the Jaundies , expells the Stone of the Bladder , easeth grippings in the Belly , bringeth down the Courses in Women , helpeth swellings about the Navell , and cures Agues in Children , the quantity of two ounces , being taken by them , but more to those that are stronger . Dodder of Nettles and Broom have an especiall quality in provoking Urine where it is stopped or hindered ; That which grows on Tares though it be most frequent about London , is not good , for Tares are hard of Digestion , bind the Belly and breed thick and Melancholy blood , and so doth their Dodder . That which groweth upon Brambles and Hopps , is speciall good for old Feavers and the Jaundies .

CHAP. CCII. Of Black Hellebore .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and sometimes without the aspiration 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because too much of it robs the body of its nourishment by its violent purgation . It is called also in Latin Helleborus niger , & Veratrum quid ●e●●em vertat , because it maketh the senses of mad folkes to return unto them ; a it did the Daughters of Praetus , whom Melampos a Shepheard or Southsayer ( whi●● you will ) cured of their madnesse herewith ; and because he was thought to bring it into use , it is called Melampodium . In English it hath the name of black Hellebore and Christmas-flower , because it flourisheth about that time , if too much cold weather do not hinder it . There is a bastard kind hereof is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Pseudohelleborus and Veratrum nigrum adulterinum , Bastard black Hellebore ; as also Consiligo , Bearefoot , Setterwort , and Settergrasse , because Husbandmen use to make a hole and put it into the Eare or Dewlap of their cattle which they call Pegging or Settering .

The Kinds .

To this kind Eight sorts may be referred , 1. The true black Hellebore or Christmas Flower , 2. Bastard black Hellebore or Bearesfoot , 3. Tresoile Prickly leaved Bearesfoot , 4. The greater bastard black Hellebore or Bearsfoot called also Setterwort , 5. Fennel Leafed bastard black Hellebore , 6. The greater purging Sanicle-like Hellebore , 7. Small purging Sanicle-like Hellebore , 8. Matthiolus his bastard black Hellebore .

The Forme .

The true black Hellebore , hath sundry green Leaves rising from the root , each of them standing on a thick round stiffe green stalk about an hand bredth high from the ground , having sundry divisions or cuts in some many , some fewer , bluntly , nicked from the middle of the Leaf , to the pointward on both sides , looking somewhat like the Leaves of Noble Liverwort at a distance . From whence upon sundry stalks , not much unlike those of the Leaves , do arise one Flower onely , or at most but two , on a stalk , consisting of five white round large leaves , somewhat like to a single white Rose , yet sometimes dashed with purple and sometimes altogether so , with many pale yellow Thrums in the middle , standing about a green head , which after groweth to be the seed vessel wherein is contained round blackish Seed . The roots are a number of brounish black strings , which run deep into the ground , and are fastened to a thick head , about the bignesse of ones finger .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth in Germany , France and Italy , and in Greece , and in severall places , particularly in the Island of Anticyra where it grew so plentifully heretofore , that if any man was sad or Melancholy , they would presently say Naviga ad Anticyram intimating that there was Hellebore enough to purge him of that humour , which by often use grew into a Proverbe . It is very rare amongst us even in our Gardens , yet I have seen it in the Garden of the Lord Lambert at Wimbleton in the County of Surrey . The second groweth in some woods in Northamptonshire and in some other places of this Land . The third grew at Delft with Corvinus , and then at Rome . The fourth groweth in the borders of stony fields and grounds , and on rocky hills by the Mosella and the Rhine ; The fift neer Vienna in Austria , and both the Hungaries . The sixt on the Hills of Germany . The seventh on Mons fructus , neer the Alpes , as also on the Pyrenaean Hills . The last in the low grounds of the forrest of Essens not farr from Jupiters Hill . The first flowreth in December and January , if the weather be mild , otherwise it will be February first . The second in February or March , and so doth the third and fourth ; their seed being ripe in May. The fift in Aprill , the other in May and June .

The Temperature .

〈…〉 k Hellebore is hot and dry in the third degree .

The Vertues and Signature .

If this Hellebore be so effectuall for Melancholick dull and heavy persons , as questionlesse it is by Signature , then it must needs be good for the Spleen from whence the Melancholy humor proceeds , purging from thence and from the blood not onely Melancholy but burnt Choler , and thick and viscous phlegme from the Head , Entralls , and other remote parts : and therefore it is usefull in the paines of the Head , swimming , and giddinesse thereof ; in the Apoplexy , madnesse , Falling-Sicknesse , Hypocondriacall affects which are distempers of that part of the belly , under the Short ribs where the Spleen lyeth proceeding from Windynesse● which sometimes flyeth up to the brain and causeth a kind of Frensy or Madnesse . It is very beneficiall in the quartane Ague and erratick Feavers , as also against the Dropsy Scab , Leprosy , Cancer , Scald head or Scurfe , Elephancy , and such ●ou● diseases of the skin . It is profitable against pain , and noise of the Eares , and against stubborne and contumacious diseases . It is counted as an Antidote against the Leprosy , Scab , Tetter , or Ring-Worm , hardnesse and swelling of the Spleen , old quartan Agues , paines of the Joynts , Apostumes , and the Kings-Evill . It quickeneth the Brain and senses , provokes Urine , and brings down the courses in Women . It hath an excellent faculty to draw away whatsoever is mixed with the blood causing it to corrupt , and is profitable in a long continued Jaundise , and other evill dispositions of the Liver and Gall. Neither is it without great efficacy , to cure those that seeme to be possessed with the Devill for by taking black Hellebore , the Melancholy humor which is called the seat of the Devill , is drawn away ; and therefore it is called by some Fuga Daemonum . It is usefull also in the paines of the Belly , in the Gout , Sciatica , Cramp , or Convulsions , paines and aches of the Joynts and Sinews , the Consumption of the Lungs and whole body . If the Root be taken in powder , in infusion or decoction , or in broth if it be steeped in Vinegat twenty four hours and then dryed again ; yet that of our own Country needeth not any preparation , the mildnesse of our C●imate abating and correcting the Churlishnesse and violence thereof : but if any one receive any harm by the taking thereof , let him drink Goates milk , or , if that be not to be had , the milk of a Red Cow , yet the Extract thereof being altogether without danger , may more safely and with as good if not better successe be given for the diseases before mentioned . It is outwardly used against the Leprosy , Morphew , Scab , Itch , Warts , and Pushes of the skin , being boyled in Vinegar and bathed therewith . The Powder put into Fistula's and hollow Ulcers doth soon heale them , and the root it self consumes dead Flesh , if it be put into a wound where it is . A decoction thereof helpeth the Tooth-ach , and the sores of the mouth ; being gargled and being put into the Eares , it helpeth the noise thereof . The Root used as a Pessary provokes the termes exceedingly and a piece thereof put into an Issue , keepeth it open , and draweth out corrupt humors . A Pultis made of the Root with Barly meale and and wine , is good to be applyed to the bellies of such as have the Dropsy , and may be app●yed to any sores either in the groine , or under the arme , arising in the time of pestilence , and being put upon the swollen Hemorrhoides it cleanseth them . The bastard kind called Bearesfoot , killeth the Wormes , a little of the powder of the dryed Leaves being given in drink or broth , or in Raisins as Worm-Seed commonly is . The Root serveth to rowell Cattle , and to cure them of the Cough .

CHAP. CCIII . Of the Tamarind , or sower Bean-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Oxyphoenix ; in Latine Palmula acida , and Tamarindus , that is , the Indian Date-Tree : for Tamar in Arabick signifies a Date to which Indus is added , because it comes from the East-Indies , but both , of them very unfitly ; for it may plainly be perceived that it is nothing like the Date-Tree . It is called also Dactylus Indicus of the word Dactylus which signifieth a finger , which the fruit doth fitly resemble , being crooked like unto a bended finger ; In English , the Tamarind , and of Parkinson the sowre Beane-Tree , because the fruit is sowre and like the Cod wherein the Kidney Beane groweth . The fruit is call Tamarindi , in Latine ; and Tamarinds , in English .

The Forme .

The Tamarind-Tree groweth to be as great as a Plum-Tree with many branches , thick set with pale greene winged Leaves , having alwaies an odde one at the end , which do dilate and contract themselves at the coming and going away of the Sunne . The flowers are somwhat large and white , consisting of eight Leaves , smelling very sweet , having foure small white threds standing in the middle about a little knob , which afterward groweth to be the fruit , which is like a Kidney-Beane-cod when it is ripe , but much larger , wherein is contained a black substance or pulp , amongst which the seed lyeth , having divers strings running through it ; of a sharpe sweet tast , very pleasing to the Palate and Stomack ; the seed is square and somwhat flat .

The Places and Time .

This Tree is by most supposed to grow in India , yet others say , it groweth in Arabia whence the fruit is brought into the Indies ; It continueth greene all the Winter , but at what time it giveth its flowers and ripe fruit , is not recorded .

The Temperature .

Tamarinds are cold and dry in the second degree , or in the beginning of the third .

The Vertues .

The two former Simples being hot are to be used in cold affects of the Spleene and therefore I have set down this next which is cold , which may be used in the hot distempers thereof ; for the Pulpe of Tamarinds openeth the Obstructions of the Spleene , as well as Liver , and taken with Borage Water , it quickneth the Spirits , dulled by Melancholy , and somwhat mitigateth the fits of the Phrensy , and Madnesse . It purgeth Choler , and adust humors , and is therefore beneficiall in acute Feavers , stayeth Vomiting , cooleth Inflammations of the Liver and Stomack , and also of the reines and back , and helpes the running of the Reines . It is profitable against all breakings out of the skin , which arise from heat of the blood or from Salt or sharp Water running between the flesh and the skin , Scab , Itch , Leprosy , and such like : It doth stay all Rheumes and distillations , being taken with some Sugar : and the Water of Maiden-haire : It doth exceedingly quench thirst , if an Ounce thereof be dissolved in faire Water , and a little Sugar mixed therewith , or taken of it selfe , expelleth hot or burning Agues , and procureth an appetite . It is excellent in Erysipilas or Wild-fire , bleeding of the Nose , arising from Choler , and Womens fluxes , as also the Yellow Jaundise . Both Leaves and Pulpe applyed outwardly do coole all hot Inflammations , and Wheales , Pimples , and such like .

CHAP. CCIV. Of Spleene-Wort or Milt-Wast .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Asplenium and Splenium , as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Scolopendrium , and Scolopendra ; the two first Names being given unto it quia Splenem juvat because it helpes the Spleene , the later from the likenesse it hath with that rough Creature called the beare Worme , which Anglers somtimes use . Theophrastus calleth it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 for the likenesse it hath with Ferne ; as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which Galen translateth Mula herba ; The Arabians call it Ceterach which is the name , by which it is best known in shops ; but it is called also Spleene-wort , Milt-wast , and Scale-ferne . The rough Spleene-wort is called Asplenium silvestre , Asplenium magnum , Scrutiopteris , Lonchitis aspera Longina , ●t Calabrina . In English , Rough Spleene-wort or Milt-wast .

The Kinds .

I think I may without falshood reckon up Nine sorts of Spleene-wort , the Mules Ferne being a kind thereof . 1. Smooth Spleen-wort . 2. The greater rough Spleen-wort . 3. The smaller rough Spleen-wort . 4. Bastard rough Spleen-wort . 5. Island rough Spleen-wort . 6. The greater Mules ferne . 7. The lesser Mules ferne . 8. Strong Mules-ferne . 9. Mules-Ferne with divided Leaves .

The Form .

Spleen-wort hath many Leaves which after they attaine to their full growth want but little of a span long , jagged of cut upon both sides , even almost to the middle ribbe , every Cut or jagge being as it were halfe round , ( whereby it is known from the rough Spleen-wort which is slashed on the edges quite to the middle ribbe ) not one cut over against another , but one besides the other , set in severall orders , being slippery and green on the upperside , and of a darke yellowish roughnesse underneath , which is conceived to be the seed : at its first coming up it foldeth and rouleth it selfe inwards as Ferne commonly doth , with many haires growing on the outside , so that it lookes like unto the rough Beare Worme , before remembred : the root is small black and rough , much platted or interlaced , having neither stalke nor flower .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth as well upon Stone walles as Rockes , and in moist and shadowy places of this land , especially in the Westerne parts , at Bristow , Bath , Welles , and Salisbury , on Framingham Castle-Walles , on the Church of Beckensfield in Barkshire , Strowd in Kent &c : The second groweth in the moist Moores of Italy : the third and fourth in moist Groves both there and in Germany , and with us upon Hampsteed-Heath : the fift in Ilva , an Island of the Tirrhene Sea . The natural places of the foure last are shadowy Rocks and moist hollow places , where little heat of the Sunne commeth . They all continue greene both Winter and Summer .

The Temperature .

These plants are hot and dry in the first degree , of very thin and subtile parts .

The Signature and Vertues .

The learned Crollius amongst the Signatures of parts , doth set down Ceterach which is the first kind above mentioned , to have the Signature of the Spleen , and that therefore it is profitable for all the diseases and infirmities thereof , especially those that cause it to grow big ▪ and there it is called Miltwast ; for it diminisheth it not onely in men , but in beasts also : for Vitruvius saith that the swine in Candy , where there is store thereof , by feeding thereon were found without Spleens : and it is said also that when Asses are oppressed with Melancholy they eate thereof , and so ease themselves of the Swelling of the Spleen . It is effectuall also for the yellow Jaundise , and consequently for the stoppings of the Liver , and to stay the Hicket , which is a distemper which happens not seldome to the mouth of the Stomack . It helpeth the Srangury and Stone in the Bladder , causing it to moulder and passe away without any great pain ▪ but the use of it in women hindereth Conception , and is therefore to be avoided by them that desire Children . If a dram of the dust scraped from the Backside of the Leaves be mixed with half a dram of Amber in powder , and taken with the juyce of Purslane or Plantain , it will help the running of the Reines speedily . It helpeth Melancholy diseases also , and those which rise from the French disease , if the herb and root be boiled and taken : but they must not be boyled very long , for then the strength will evaporare , especially of the Leaves . The distilled water is good against the Stone both in the Reines and Bladder , and the Lye made of the Ashes thereof , being drunk for sometime together , helpeth Spleenetick persons ; for which purpose the herb may be boiled a little and applied warm to the Region of the Spleen .

CHAP. CCV . Of Harts-Tongue .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Phyllitis , quasi foliosa , because it hath many long Leaves growing without any stalk , which name is sometimes given it by the Latines ; but they call it also Lingua Cervina , from the similitude it hath with an Hearts-Tongue which is the name that the English have taken up . In former times the Apothecaries called it Scolopendrium ; but that error is now sufficiently manifested , and left .

The Kinds .

The sorts of Harts-Tongue which I find mentioned by Authors are three , 1. Ordinary Hearts-Tongue , 2. Iagged Hearts-Tongue , which is also called Finger Ferne , and Finger Hearts-Tongue , because the tops of the leaves thereof are divided into parts , like unto the Fingers of a mans hand , 3. Branched Hearts-Tongue according to Alphinus .

The Form .

Ordinary Hearts-Tongue hath divers Leaves rising from the Root , every one severall , which at their first springing up , are crumpled and fo●ded , as Spleenwort and Fern are at theirs , but after they have spread themselves to their full proportion , they almost a foot long , smoth and green above , but hard or with little sap in them and straked on the back overthwart , on both sides of the middle rib , with small and somewhat long brownish marks ; the bottoms of the Leaves are a little bowed on each side of the middle rib , somewhat narrow with the length , and somewhat small at the end : the root is of many black threds , folded or interlaced together .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in shadowy places , and moist stony vallies in the Western parts , and is much planted in Gardens in every Country , by those that have delight in Physicall herbs . The second groweth upon Ingleborough hills , and divers other mountaines in the North of England . It beareth no flower , but is green all the year long , bringing forth new Leaves in the Summer time .

The Temperature .

Hearts-Tongue is of a binding and drying faculty , but whether it be hot or cold is set down by few , and those disagree concerning it .

The Signature and Vertues .

Crollius writeth also that Hearts-Tongue hath the Signature of the Spleen , as indeed it very manifestly hath , being in Figure somewhat long as the Leafe of this herbe is . Neither hath it this Signature for nothing , for there is no Simple whatsoever , that is more effectuall for all the Diseases of the M●lt then this is , for if it be loose or too much opened , this bringeth it to its right temper , and so likewise if it be swollen hard or stopped , the decoction thereof in Wine , being drunk and the herb it self after it is boyled , laid to the greived place . It is also commended against the hardnesse and stopping of the Liver , and against the heat both of it and the Stomack . It is very good likewise to stop lasks and the bloody Flix , Spitting of blood , the Termes , and all other Fluxes . Posset drink made of the Milk , wherein it hath been boiled , drunk warm , or sodden in water , till the Third part be boiled away , and afterwards streined , and one part thereof drunk with two parts of good white wine , it expelleth the Stone and Gravell . The like quantity of Hearts-Tongue , Knot-grasse , and Comfrey Roots being boiled in Water , and a draught of the decoction drunk every morning , and the Materialls , which are taken out thereof , applyed to the place is a notable remedy for such as are burst . It is profitable also in the Jaundise , Kings-Evill and against the bitting of Venemous beasts . The herb or juyce applyed doth cleanse Wounds and Ulcers very wonderfully . The distilled Water is commended by divers , against the passion of the Heart to stay the Hicket , to help the Falling of the Pallate , and to stay the bleeding of the Gummes , if the mouth be gargled therewith . Mr. Culppeper commendeth the Syrupe thereof for strengthening the Liver , which may be allowed of : but the hardnesse of his beliefe as to the growing of it green all the year , sheweth him to be one very little versed , concerning the times of Plants , and silly also in doubting of that which he himself saith Authors , ( much more skillfull then himself ) do affirm .

CHAP. CCVI. Of Fern.

The Names .

THe Male kind is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Pteris and Pterion without any composition , the Leav●s thereof being like unto the wings of birds . Nicander calleth it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , it is Fil●x mas in Latine . The Female is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Thelypteris and Nymphaapteris , In Latin , F●lix Foemina ; in English Brake and Common Fern. There is a third kind which is called in Latin ( for it had no Greek name ) Osmunda Regalis , of the Singular properties therein : it hath other Latin names also as Filicastrum , Filix florida or florescens , Filix palustris or Aqua●●ca . &c. It is called in English , Osmund Ferne , Osmundum the Waterman , Osmund Royall , and St. Christophers herb .

The Kinds .

Under the generall appellation of Fern are comprehended these seven sorts , 1. The Common male Fern , 2. The prickly male Fern , 3. Sweet smelling Fern , 4. Common Female Fern , 5. Dented Female Fern , 6. Sharp Female Fern , 7. Osmund or Water Fern.

The Forme .

The Common Male Fern sendeth forth divers hard rough unbranched stalkes of winged Leaves , naked towards the bottom , for a little space ; but afterwards hath many Leaves on each side , up to the tops with one at the end , not fully opposite , each of them being deeply nicked on the Edges ; of a pa●e green coulor , hard and without sap , broadest at the bottom and smallest towards the Top. It hath no flower , yet Mr. Parkinson affirmes that it hath seed growing on the back side of the Leaves , in the form of certain brownish small spots , by the falling of which it is increased , and so are all other sorts of Ferns and Capillary herbs , whereby it appears that they were in an Error which held that it had no seed , not knowing , or at least not taking notice of the place in Genesis , Chap. 11. 12. The root hereof is made of many thick black threads , descending from a brown scaly thick head .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth on Heathes and open places of hills , and sometimes in woods , and shadowy places by the sides of fields , more or lesse in every Country of this Land ; the second groweth in the like places also , but very rarely , the third in the Forrest of Savernake in Wiltshire . The fourth groweth more frequently then the male on barren heaths and shady hedge-sides &c. The fifth and sixth grow rather on moist rockes , in the shaded hills ; the last groweth on bogs , moors , and watery places , in severall Countries of this Land , as on Hampsted heath , and by an hedge-side in a medow on the left hand of the way that goes from St. Albans to Windridge , &c. The Leaves of all these sorts peri●h commonly in the Winter , but shoot up new from the root in the Spring , which at their first rising are brownish and folded round . The seed of the former six , which groweth on the back side of the Leafe , is ripe about Midsummer ; but the seventh hath a long bush of small and more yellowish green scaly Agletts , as it were , which are accounted as the Flower and seed , grow in up in July , or there abouts .

The Temperature .

Fern is of a hot and dry quality , and also bitter and somewhat binding .

The Vertues .

The Roots of any of the above named Ferns , being bruised and boiled in Meade or honeyed water , abateth the swelling and hardnesse of the Spleen , and killeth both broad and long wormes in the belly . The green Leaves eaten are said to open the belly , and move it downwards , purging both cholick and watery humors , but it troubleth the Stomack and causeth barrennesse in Women . The Roots being bruised or boiled in Oyle or Hogs-grease , maketh a very good oyntment to heale wounds , punctures , or pricks in any part , which is good also against bruises , and strengtheneth those bones which are either broken or out of Joynt , and giveth much ease to the Cholick , and Splenetick diseases , if the parts greived be anointed therewith , especially those of the water Ferne , whose decoction may be taken inwardly for the same purposes . It restoreth strength to the Sinews ; a basket full of the Leaves being boiled in good store of Water , and every part , at least that which is afflicted , bathed therein , and therefore may be good for the Palsy , which is a resolution of the Sinews . The powder of the root used in foule Ulcers dryeth up their malignant moisture , and causeth their speedier healing . It is excellent good for the Rickets in Children , a dyet drink being made of it , and other capillary herbs , and given often . It is an Ingredient in the Oyntment called Unguentum Agrippa , which is good to anoint the Bellies of such as have the Dropsy . The smoake of it being burned driveth away Serpents , gnats , and other noisome Creatures from those places which are molested with them . I read that in Warwickshire , the good Houswives use the Female Ferne instead of Sope , making it up about Mid-Summer in balls , which when they will use , they burn untill it become blewish , and then lay it a side to dissolve into powder like Lime , which will do the deed . In France as in Dutchy of Main , &c. a kind of a thick or dark coloured green glasse , is made of the Ashes of Fern , and the like might be done in England , if it be not put to that use already .

CHAP. CCVII. Of Capers .

The Forme .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Capparis also in Latin , we in England call them Capperis , Caper , and Capers , according to the Greek and Latin which all Nations : follow as neer as their Dialect will permit yet Gaza the Interpreter of Theophrastus calleth it Inturis , and Pliny seemeth to thinke it was the Cynosbatos of Dioscorides , which was indeed the bastard name thereof in those times . Hereunto is added Capparis , fabago , sive Leguminofa Bean Capers .

The Kinds .

Unto this kind there may , without any great breach of affinity , be referred these five sorts 1. Rough Leaved Thorny Capers , 2. Thorny Capers with pointed Leaves , 3. Egyptian Capers without thorns , 4. Great Capers of Arabia ; 5. Bean Capers .

The Form .

The Caper is a prickly shrub sending forth divers long weak trailing wooddy stalkes , lying round about upon the ground , unlesse they be propped up , which are full of sharp prickly thornes like hooks as the bramble , at each joynt whereof come forth two round Leaves like those of Asara Bacca , opposite one unto another , from whence Springeth also a small round head upon a pretty long foot-stalke : for the flower , which being gathered before it open & pickled up in Barrels with great Salt , is the Caper in use amongst us , but being let alone putteth forth four white sweet smelling Leaves , with four other green ones as the husk wherein they stand , having many yellowish threds , and a long pestle in the middle , which groweth to be the fruit , and is , when it is ripe , long and round , like any Olive or Acorn , conteining divers hard brown seeds like unto Grape-kernels . The root is long and wooddy , and covered with a thick bark or rind which is much used in Physick .

The Places and Times .

The two first grow in Italy , Spaine , and some parts of France without manuring ; but that with pointed Leaves is not so frequent as the other . The third groweth in Egypt as the title declareth , the fourth in Arabia , the fifth in the Low Countries . The stalkes of the two first perish every Winter , shooting forth new Stalkes and Leaves in the Spring , and Flowring shortly after , but their fruit is not ripe untill September ; the other two have the same times of flowring and fructifying , but keep their old Leaves , yet shooting forth some fresh ones every Spring : the last flowereth and seedeth in the end of Summer .

The Temperature :

The bark of the root of Capers consisteth of various qualities , for first it is extream bitter , next sharp , then sower ; by the bitternesse it cleanseth , purgeth , and cutteth ; by the sharpnesse it heateth , cutteth and digesteth ; and by the Sowernesse it contracteth , thickneth , and bindeth . The Capers themselves are hot , and of thin parts .

The Vertues .

Galen , whose skill in Physick was inferior to none , saith , the barke of the Roots of Capers , is a Medicine above all others available for the hardnesse of the Spleen , whether it be applyed outwardly of it self , or mixed with other things to anoint the place , or the roots boyled in Vinegar or Oxymel , and taken inwardly , or the powder of the root mixed with the said Decoction and taken : for it is certaine that it purgeth grosse and Slimy humors , not onely by Urine but by Stool also ; and many times it bringeth away with it congealed & corrupted blood , and thereby giveth much ease , to those that are troubled with the Gouts or Palsies , with the Sciatica or Hipgout , weaknesse of the Sinews , and for women that have their Courses Stopped to procure them . The same , made in a Pultis and applyed , is an especiall Remedy to help foul Ulcers , for it cleanseth and dryeth them mightily , and is also good for hard Swellings under the Eares and the Kings-Evill . It draweth also from the Head , and other parts those offensive humors , which are the Originall cause of the Rickets , Ruptures , Convulsions and Cramps , and thereby giveth much ease . The said Roots boiled in Oyle and dropped into the Eares , easeth the paines , and killeth the Wormes breeding in them . The Capers being washed from the Salt and steeped in Vinegar and so eaten , are both meat and Medicine , for they cause appetite , open the stopping of the Liver and Milt , and consume cold Phlegme in the Stomack , being boiled in Vinegar , they help the Tooth-ach , and so doth the dryed Bark of the Root , which decoction serveth also to clense all manner of filth of the sk●n , all filthy sores and white scurfe and hard-swellings . The Oyle that is made of Capers is of very good use against the paines of the sides and Spleene , against Hypocondriack Melancholy , the Rickets , &c : the afflicted part being bathed therewith by a good fire . The three last sorts are of very little or no use amongst us .

CHAP. CCVIII . Of the Tamariske-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying infinitus , from the abundance of little Leaves wherewith it is adorned . In Latine also Myrica and Tamarix , but of divers Tamarisus , which cometh from the Hebrew word Tamarik signifieth Abstersio , quia magnam abstergendvim habet of its great force in clensing ,

The Kinds

Heretofore there were only two sorts of Tamariske known , one great and bearing Galles , the other small and bearing none ; but now there are five sorts found out , which belong to this kind . 1. The French or finer leafed Tamarisk . 2. The Germaine or broader Leafed Tamarisk , 3. White Tamarisk , 4. Aegyptian Tamarisk which beareth Galles . 5. Sea Tamarisk ,

The Forme .

The French , or finer Leafed Tamarisk , which I take to be that which groweth most ordinarily in England , attaineth not to any great bignesse in this Country ( though in others it is said to have the bignesse of a great thick and tall-Tree ) with many spreading slender branches , whose Bark is somewhat thick and rugged , of a dark reddish colour ; the younger shootes being reddish at the first , green afterwards , and blackish when they are dry , but the Leaves as long as they be growing are of a whitish green colour crisped as it were , somwhat like unto Heath but finer and smaller : The flowers grow spike fashion being purplish at the first , but white when they are blown open , consisting of five Leaves a peece , which turn into down with the small seed in them , and falleth away , as that of the Willow and Poplar doth .

The Places and Time

The first groweth by the Rivers sides , and in other moist and gravelly places , not only in Narbone , and about Mompelier in France , but in divers parts of Spain also . The second groweth in Germany , as well neere unto the River of Rhene , as about that of Danubius , yet not without some difference . The third did grow in the Garden of one Mr. Ward at his house at Boram in Essex . The fourth in Arabia , Aegypt and the places thereabouts . The last groweth upon the Sea Coasts in Flanders . They flower about the end of May or in June , and the seed is ripe , and blown away in the beginning of September .

The Temperature .

Tamarisk , as Galen saith , hath a cleansing and cutting quality , and manifestly drying ; it is also somewhat astringent or binding , especially the fruit and Bark .

The Vertues .

The Root or Leaves , or young branches of Tamarisk being boyled in Wine or Vinegar , & drunk , and applyed outwardly also is a very powerfull remedy against the hardnesse of the Spleene . The Leaves boiled in Wine , and drunk , driveth forth Melancholly , helpeth Spitting of Blood , and the excessive flowing of the termes , the bleeding of the Hemorrhodiall Veines , and other Fluxes , the Jaund●se , and all other griefes that come of Obstructions . The Root sodden with Raisins and drunk , helpeth the Lepry , because it cleanseth and healeth the Milt whereof the Lepry commeth . The Bark and Leaves boyled in Wine , and the Mouth and Teeth gargled therewith , helpeth the Tooth-ach ; and being dropped into the Eares , it helpeth the paines thereof , and is good for the rednesse and watering of the Eyes . The said Decoction is also good to wash those that are subject to Nits and Lice , and being mixed with a little honey , it is effectuall to stay Gangrens and fretting Ulcers . A Bath made by boyling a good quantity of the Leaves in store of Water , being sat in by those Women whose Matrix is in danger of falling down through loosenesse , fasteneth it , and the ashes of the Wood applyed to the place stoppeth the excessive flowing thereof . The Wood is said to be so powerfull to consume the Spleene , that those Hogs which have beene served in Troughes made thereof have beene found without Spleens : and therefore it is more then probable that if those which are Splenetick , should constantly drink out of Cannes , Piggins or Cups made thereof , they would find it effectuall for their Disease . The Ashes of the Wood made into a Lye with Water , is of good use for many of the purposes aforesaid , as also to help those blisters which are raised by burning or scalding of fire or water . The Aegyptians use the Wood hereof to cure the French disease , , Leprosy , Scabs , pushes , Ulcers , and the like , It is available also to help the Dropsy , arising from the Hardnesse and Obstructions of the Spleene , as also for Melancholy , and the black Jaundise that ariseth thereof , especially the Bark with the Barks of Ash and Ivy infused in Beere or Ale , and drunk . Some in cases of necessity use Heath or Ling insteed of Tamarisk .

CHAP. CCIX. Of Germander .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Chamaedrys , which in English is as much as a dwarfe Oak the Leaves of it being somwhat like to those of the great Oake In Latine Trissago and Trixago , and of some Querculaminor , yet Chamaedrys is more frequent then either of them in shops or elsewhere : in English Germander , or English Treacle . Tree Germander is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek and Teucrium in Latine , à Teucro inventore from one Teucer which first found out the vertues of it ; in English Tree Germander , and upright Germander .

The Kindes .

Of both these kinds we may reckon Eighteen sorts . 1. The common Germander . 2. Great Germander . 3. Germander , of Naples . 4. Jagged Germander or with fine cut Leaves . 5. Thorny Germander of Candy . 6. Mountaine Germander . 7. Rock Germander . 8. The greater Bastard Germander . 9. The smaller Bastard Germander . 10. The least Bastard Germander . 11. Common Wild Germander . 12. Narrow Leased wild Germander . 13. Jagged base Germander of Austria . 14. Wild Spanish Germander with fine ●ut Leaves . 15. The more common Tree Germander . 16. Tree - Germander of Candy . 17. Tree - Germander of Spaine . 18. Unsavory-Tree Germander of the Alpes .

The Form .

Common Germander shooteth forth very many branches , lying on the ground , which are tough , hard and wooddy , spreading themselves here and there ; whereupon are placed small Leaves , sni●● about the edges like the teeth of a Saw , and therefore of some called Serratula , though improperly , resembling the shape of an Oaken Leafe , as I said before . The flowers are of a purple colour , very small , standing close to the Leaves towards the top of the branches . The seed is little and black , the root slender and full of strings which by spreading themselves a great way round about , cause it to be very plentifull in a short space where it is once set .

The Places and Time .

To set down the places of all the sorts abovenamed would be to little purpose seeing that none of them grow naturally in England save the Eleaventh sort which groweth almost every where : I shall therefore referre you to the Gardens of those that delight in Varieties of this Nature , where it is probable you may find many of them . Some of them flower in June and July , and some later .

The Temperature .

Germander is hot and dry almost in the third degree , of thin parts , and having a cutting quality .

The Vertues .

All these sorts of Germander as well the Wild as those that grow in Gardens , and the Tree - Germander , as the other , either greene or dry , used inwardly or applyed outwardly are of great efficacy to helpe the distempers of the Spleene , especially the hardnesse thereof , by taking the Decoction of the greene herbe , and so it not only procureth Urine to those that can hardly make Water , but helpeth tho●e also that are falling into a Dropsy , if it be taken in time . It is good also against the Diseases of the Braine , as paines of the Head , Falling sicknesse , Melancholy , Lethargy , Palsy , Gout , and for those that are sottish through the dullnesse of their Spirits . A dramme of the seed taken in Powder doth purge Choler , by Urine , and is thereby good for the yellow Jaund●se , and to kill the Wormes , and so are the tops of them when they are in flower , steeped a day and a night in a draught of White Wine , and drunk in the Morning . It is commended against the Plague and Pestilence , as also against Poyson and against the paines of the side , it cureth both Tertian and Quartaine Agues , as also the Cramp , if the Decoction thereof be taken for some dayes together . It brings down the Termes , helpeth to expell the Dead-Child , and taken with Vinegar it wasteth the Spleene , with Honey , and it is good for Coughs . It is effectuall likewi●e against Venome and the stinging of Venemous Creatures being bruised and applyed ; used with Honey it cleanseth old and foule Ulcers ; and the juice mixed with Honey , and put into the Eyes taketh away their dimnesse , and moistnesse , the juice also dropped into the Eares , killeth Wormes therein . The decoction thereof stayeth the Whites in Women , if they sit in a great quantity thereof , while it is warme , and so it easeth the passions of the Mother . Being boiled in Vinegar , and applyed to the Stomack with a lttle Leaven , it stayeth Vomitings , that rise not from hot causes . The Leaves of Germander with the seeds of Nigella quilted in a Cap , and worne on the heads of those that are troubled with Catarrhes or distillations of cold raw and thin Rheume helpeth them : Being boiled in Lye with Lupines , and the Head washed therewith , it taketh away the Dandraffe or Scurfe thereof ; stamped and applyed to bruises , it helpeth them speedily .

CHAP. CCX . Of Calamint .

The Names

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Calaminthe , quasi bona and utilis Mentha , of its goodnesse and profitablenesse . The Latines keeps the name Calamintha . Apothecaries call it Montana Calamintha , Calamintum , and somtimes Calamentum montanum . It is called in English , Calamint , Mountaine Mint , and Mountain Calamint .

The Kinds .

Of this kind which is distinct from Nep or Catmint , though some have confounded them together , there be five sorts , 1 Common Calamint . 2. The greatest Calamint or Mountaine Mint . 3. Spotted Calamint . 4. Small Calamint . 5. Feild Calamint , with whorled Coronets .

Common Calamint , is an herb seldome rising above a foot high , with square hoary and wooddy stalkes , and two small hoary Leaves , set at a Joynt , about the bignesse of Marjerom , or not quit so big , a little dented about the edges , and of a very quick scent , as the whole herb is ; From the middle of the Stalke almost , even to the top , do stand at certaine distances many pretty flowers , which are small and gaping like to those of Mint , and somwhat of a pale blush colour , after which succeed small round blackish seeds : The root is small and wooddy , with divers small sprigs spreading within the ground , which abideth many yeares .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth on Heaths , and upland dry grounds in many places , and particularly in the way betweene Gravesend and Canterbury , and so doth the second , if my Author mistake not both which brought into Gardens prosper very well . The third is found upon certaine Hills in Lumbardy , and in sundry places of this Land , but seldome spotted : The fourth grew of seed that was sent from Candy : The last groweth in divers places of our own Land , and particularly by a Hedg side , at the foot of Shootover-Hill , over against Sr. Henry Bathes picture , on the other side the high-way . They all flower in July , the seed ripening quickly after .

The Temperature .

Calamint is hot and dry almost in the third degree , of a fierce biting tast , and of a thin substance ; it wasteth away thin humors , and rarifyeth those that are thick .

The Vertues .

The Vertues which Dioscorides and the Physitians of his time did give unto Calamint are these : the Decoction thereof drunk , bringeth down Womens Courses , and provoketh Urine ; It is profitable to those which are bursten , and those which are troubled with Convulsions and Crampes , shortnesse of breath , paines of the belly and Stomack proceeding from Choler : It helpeth the yellow Jaundise also , and stayeth Vomiting , being taken in Wine , and taken with Salt and Honey . It helpeth those that have the Leprosy , if it be taken inwardly , and Whey drunk after it : The Leaves stamped and applyed with Wooll as a Pessary to the privy parts of a Woman do draw down the Courses , and ease paines of the Mother , but it must be avoided by those which are with Child , for it killeth the birth . It driveth Venemous Creatures of all sorts out of those roomes , wherein it is either burnt or strewed ; It taketh away the black and blew spots of the face , making black Scars to become well coloured , if the greene herb be boyled in Wine , and applyed , or the place washed with the decoction . Being applyed to the Huckle-bone by continuance of time it spendeth the humors which cause the paine of the Sciatica . Thus farre , Dioscorides . Besides which Vertues , Physitians of later times have found out , that it not only openeth the Obstructions of the Spleene and Liver , but also that it is of great validity to cure the hardnesse of the Spleene , the Decoction of the Herb , the Powder called Diacalaminthes or the Compound Syrupe of Calamint being used . It is also very profitable for those that are troubled with the overflowing of the Gall , the Tertian Ague , and old Cough . I have known some good Houswives make use of it , to lay amongst their salted Meat in hot Weather , when it is subject to stinking , and indeed it will recover that meat which through the heat of the Weather hath got a touch , which some in plaine English call stinking , if be not too farre gone , the branches hereof being laid amongst it .

CHAP. CCXI. Of Poley Mountaine .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Polion from its hoarinesse , for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifies hoary and ndeed the Plant somewhat resembles the hoary haires of a mans head , but the tops or heads much more . It is called Polium also in Latine , and all other Nations come as neere the Name as their Dialect will permit ; And because it commonly growes upon Mountaines it hath somtimes the Epithite 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 joyned to it in the Greek , but more usually Montanum in Latine . We in English call it Poley and Poley Mountaine .

The Kinds .

And of these Poleys , there many be reckoned nine sorts . 1. Our ordinary Poley Mountaine . 2. Small Spanish upright Poley Mountaine . 3. Small French Poley Mountaine . 4. Creeping purple Poley Mountaine . 5. The smallest creeping white flowred Poley Mountaine . 6. Spike Leafed Poley Mountaine . 7. Candy Poley , with hoary broad Leaves . 8. Upright narrow leased Candy Poley . 9. The small African dwarfe Poley .

The Form .

The ordinary Poley Mountaine is a small low Plant having divers white or hoary round hard branches , scarce a foot high , whereon are set divers long and small hoary Leaves , overlaid as it were with a yellowish white Down , somewhat dented about the edges , with two alwaies set together on the stalkes , as they g●ow up ; at the tops whereof grow forth whitish or hoary yellowish heads , thrusting out many small pale coloured flowers , and in some places more yellow , standing in hoary huskes ; the seed is small and blackish , which it seldome perfecteth in our Land , and therefore we slip the branches , which being set will grow very well , as often as we desire to increase it ; the whole plant smelleth sweet , somwhat strong and quick withall .

The Places and Time .

These Plants grow not naturally in England , and therefore I shall referre you to the Gardens for them , as the Physick Garden at Oxford , and that at Westminster , where you may find divers of them ; They do most of them flower in July , and August , yet some later then others .

The Temperature .

Poley is dry in the third degree , and hot in the end of the second , of a loathsome bitter tast .

The Vertues .

Though this Simple be not commonly to be had in the feilds , nor in every Garden , yet at the Apothecaries shop it may be had at no great expence . It is very effectuall to free all the inward parts , from obstructions , especially the Spleene and Liver , which it doth through the bitternesse wherewith it is qualified , it being the nature of all bitter things to open Obstructions . Neither doth it only open the stopping of the Spleene , but helpeth all other diseases thereof , or proceeding from it , as the swelling thereof , the Jaundise and the Dropsy , being boiled in Vinegar and Water , and the Decoction thereof drunk . It is also of wonderfull efficacy to resist Poyson , and therefore it is alwaies put into Mithridate , Treacle , and all other Antidotes or Counterpoysons , and to help those that are stung or bitten with Venemous Creatures , the Decoction of the herb being drunk whilst it is warme , nay it is so Antipatheticall to all Vermine , that the fumigation or smoak thereof being burnt , drives them away , and so doth the herb being strewed or laid in those places that are subject thereunto . It moveth the belly , and bringeth down the feminine courses , and doth consolidate or soder up close the Lips of cuts or wounds , if it be applyed to them greene ; and being dry , it healeth grievous sores or Ulcers , and this the lesser kind doth best performe , which is that also which is used in Mithridate , Venice Treacle , and the like : Notwithstanding all these good qualities it troubleth the Stomack and causeth some paines in the head somtimes .

CHAP. CCXII. Of Lupines .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Thermos , in Latine Lupinus . Plautus called Lupinus Aurum Comicum , because in his time they were used instead of money , in such Comedies as had any shew of payment in any Scene thereof . But that they were not used for Currant money upon other occasions , may be gathered from that Verse of Horace .

Nec tamen ignorent , quid distant ara Lupinis ,

Which sheweth that Counters and Counterfeit monies , were easily to be distinguished from true and Currant Coyne . In English , they are usually called Lupines after the Latin Name , yet some call them Fig-beanes after the Dutch name , because they are flat and round as a Fig that is pressed ; and others , Flat-beans for the same reason . Some have called the yellow Lupine Spanish Violets , and other foolish names have been given it , as Virginia Roses , and the like .

The Kinds .

There be Eleaven severall sorts of Lupines , 1. The white-Garden Lupine , 2. The greater blew Lupine , 3. The lesser blew Lupine . 4. The smallest blew Lupine , 5. The blew Sea Lupine , 6. The spotted white Lupine . 7. The yellow Lupine , 8. The Arabian Lupine , 9. A middle sort of great blew Lupine , 10. Blush flowered Lupine , 11. Lupinus , flore obsoleto .

The Form .

The white Garden Lupine riseth up with a great round stalk , hollow and somewhat woolly with divers branches , whereon grow upon long Foot-stalkes many broad Leaves divided into five , seven , or Nine parts or smaller Leaves , equally standing round about , as it were in a Circle , of a whitish green colour on the upper side , and more woolly underneath : the Flowers stand many together at severall Joynts , both of the greater stalk , and the branches like unto Beanes , and of a white colour in some places , and in others of a very bleak blew , tending to white ; after the flowers are past there come in their places long broad and flat rough Cods , wherein are contained round and flat seed , yellowish on the inside , and covered with a rough white skin and very bitter in tast , the roots are not very great , but full of small fibres , whereby it fasteneth it self strongly in the ground , yet perisheth every year , as all the rest of these kinds do , which differ little from this but onely in the colour of their Flowers , for which they are cheifely desired .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts above named do grow in the Gardens of those that are curious Lovers of these delights here in England , but the first came from Greece , where it was anciently cherished for food , the Great blew Lupine from Caramania beyond Persia , the lesser blew and the yellow sort from Spaine . They flower in June and July , and their seed is ripe quickly after .

The Temperature .

Lupines by reason of their bitternesse , do open , digest , dissolve , and cleanse , but being steeped some dayes in water they lose their bitterne●●e .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Lupine is said by Crollius to have the Signature of the Spleen , and therefore the decoction therefore is profitable for those that are Splenetick , to which may also be added Rue and Pepper , that it may be the pleasanter and more effectuall . The said Decoction helpeth to kill and expell all manner of Wormes , if it be drunk in a Morning fasting , and so doth the Meale hereof taken with Honey , or with Water and Vinegar , or tempered with an Oxe gall , and laid to the navell whilst the party is fasting . Though taken often , and without preparation they breed grosse and rude humours , being hard of digestion , and slow in passing thorow the belly ; yet being steeped and afterwards dryed , beaten , and taken with some Vine● as , they cleanse the Stomack , help digestion , and provoke Appetite . The decoction aforesaid provoketh Urine and Womens Courses , and i● it be taken with Myr●he it expelleth the dead Child . A decoction or Lye made with Lupines , with Worm-Wood , Centaury and Bay Salt added thereto , stayeth the spreading and running of a Gangreen , being applyed thereto very hot with Cloath or Tow. The simple decoction thereof cleanseth all Scabbes , Morphew , Cancers , Tetters and creeping or running Ulcers and Sores ; and boiled in Lye it cleanseth the Head from Ulcers , Scurfe , &c. It also cleanseth the face and taketh away the markes that the Pox do leave after their healing , and all other markes and black and blew Spo●● in the skin , especially if the Meale of Lupines , the Gall of a Goate , some juyce of Lemmons , and sugred Allo●● be made into the form of a soft oyntment , and the face anointed therewith going to bed , as many women know very well . The said Meale being boiled in Vinegar , and applyed , taketh away pimples , and discusseth hard swellings , breaketh Carbunkles and Impostumes : the burning of the husks , driveth away G●ats , Flyes , &c.

To these which help the Spleen might be added many other , as the Orebus or bitter Vitch Wall flowers , Time , Coltick Spicknard , &c. But these are reserved for other parts whereunto they are also serviceable ; Many also of those handled in the aforegoing part of this work , are effectuall for the diseases of this part , but because it stands not with our conveniency , to treat of every thing that is good for every part , when we come to every part that it is good for , for then we must treate of the same thing over and over again . Therefore the Reader is desired not to be over Strict , in censuring these Appropriations because of the diversity of virtues wherewith every plant is endued : and because every part may share of the benefit proceeding from some of them . And now I shall proceed to the Reines , and give you some that may be properly referred to them , as also for the Bladder and Stone , because most of these plants which are good for the one , are good for the other , and because the Strangury and Difficulty of making Water proceeds somtimes from the indisposition of these parts , and sometimes the indisposition of these parts proceed from the Stone , that is ; the Difficulty of making water , some-times causeth the Stone , and somtimes the Stone causeth Difficulty of making water . I shall speak of all those together , which rectifie the Reines and B●●dder , provoke Urine , help the Stone and Strangury , without any Transition , all I have finished what I shall hold necessary for all the purposes aforesaid .

CHAP. CCXIII. Of Asparagus .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Asparagus , and according to the Atticks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Aspharagus , yet , by its Etymology which is either quia ex asperis virguetis ligitur as Varro , or quód in asperá vitgulta nascitur , as Pompeius the Grammarian would have it , it seemeth to have its originall from the Latin , which many other Plants have , being afterwards made Greek by some of the Later writers in that Language . Galen saith , that the first budding of any herb that was used to be eaten after it sprung from the seed , was called Asparagus , as in Cabbage , Lettice , &c. But that being most usually eaten at that time hath got the name peculiarly to it self . It is called also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it provoketh lust ; and Corruda in Latin , from Corruo becau●e it quickly decyayeth after it is ripe ; and Sperage , Asparagus , and Sparagus in English .

The Kinds .

There be five sorts of Asparagus , 1. Garden Asparagus ; 2. Sea or wild Asparagus with thicker Leaves , 3. Wild Asparagus with sharp Leaves , 4. Prickly Rock Asparagus , 5. Asparagus with cruel sharp thornes .

The Forme .

Garden Sparagus riseth up at the first , with divers whitish green scaly heads ; very brittle or easie to breake while they are young , which afterward rise up into very long and slender green Stalks , some bigger and some lesser , according to the growth of the Roots , and the fertility of the ground wherein it is planted , but commonly of the bignesse of an ordinary riding Wand at the bottome , and as high as a man almost ; on which are set dive●s branches of green Leaves , shorter and smaller then Fennel to the top ; at the Joynts whereof come forth , small mossy yellowish flowers , which turn into round berries g●een at the first , and of an excellent red colour like unto beads of Corall , when they are ripe ; wherein are contained black seeds of an exceeding hardnesse . The roots are dispersed from a spongious head into many long thick and round strings , whereby it sucketh much nourishment out of the ground and sendeth forth many heads therefrom .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth usually in Gardens but it is supposed to be the same with the second , which groweth in many low Meadows of this Land ; both in Essex Lincoln and Gloucestershire and that the alteration is made onely by transplanting . The third groweth in stony and rocky places neer Salamanca in Spaine . The fourth in many stony and ragged places both in Spaine , Portugal , and Candy : the last is very plentifull in the rough and uneven waies about Lisbone . The bare tender shootes of Sperage , Spring up most familiarly in Aprill & then it is that they are most fit for Sallets . They flower in June and July , and bear their berries late in the year .

The Temperature .

The root of Garden Sparagus as also of the wild , do cleanse without any manifest heat or drynesse .

The Signature and Vertues .

The buds , branches , or Roots , of Asparagus , especially of the wild , being boiled in Wine do provoke Urine being stopped , yea even in those which are troubled with an hardnesse or Difficulty to make water , or the Strangury when it cometh by Drops , and to expell gravell and the stone , out of the Kidnyes , which it doth by the Signature , which the hardnesse of the seed holdeth forth ; and helpeth all other paines in the Reines and Back , being taken inwardly , or the Back and the Belly bathed therewith . Being boiled in White Wine or Vinegar , it is good for those that have their Arteries , loosned , or are troubled with the Hip-gout , Yellow-Jaundise , Falling-Sicknesse , the Mother , dimnesse of sight , and the Tooth-ach , if it be gargled in the mouth warme . The same also healeth the paines of the breast , Stomack and bowells , and taken every morning fasting for certain days together , it stirreth up bodily lust , both in Man & Woman . The seed is held to be very effectuall also for the purposes aforesaid , especially if a good quantity of the Rootes , and it , be boiled in good store of Water , and put into a large vessell where a man may stand or sit up to the middle at least , for so it hath beene found effectuall against the paines of the Reines , and Bladder , the Mother and Cholick , and generally against all those grievous torments that happen to the lower parts of the body , neither is it lesse effectuall to supple , stiffe and benummed sinewes , or those that are shrunk by Cramps or Convulsions , and to helpe the Sciatica . The first shootes or heads of Asparagus are a Sallet of as much esteeme with all sorts of persons , as any other whatsoever , being boiled tender as they will quickly be , and eaten with butter , Vineger and Pepper , or Oyle and Vineger , as the Cook can tell you better then I.

CHAP. CCXIV. Of Parsley .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is in Latine , Apium horteuse , the Epithite being added to give it a specificall difference from the other kinds , all which are comprehended under the generall title of Selinon or Apium both in the Greek and Latine , yet because this kind is of greatest and more familiar use then any of the rest , it is so called , as also Parsley in English : but though this be the usuall acception amongst those I have allready mentioned , yet among the Arabians Apium is our Small age , as hath been well observed , and this is their Petroselinum .

The Kinds .

Though the name of Parsley doth containe divers and sundry sorts of herbes , yet being here strictly taken , w●e may not referre any more then foure unto it . 1. Common Garden Parsly . 2 , Curled Parsly . 3. Virginia Parsly . 4. Candy Stone Parsly .

The Form .

Common Garden Parsly is so well known , that I need not describe it , but that it is a thing of Course so to do ; It hath many stalkes of fresh greene Leaves divided into sundry parts ; first into three parts or Leaves , and then each of them into three , somwhat round , and finely snipt about the edges ; the stalke is about a Cubit high , slender , and somwhat chamfered , at the top whereof the flowers growing in white umbells do present themselves , after which cometh the seed which is small and of a hot and sharp tast , the root is white and long , and well scented with somwhat a rugged bark perishing after seed time .

The Places and Time .

These do all grow in Gardens only in our Land , and indeed that is not worthy the name of a Garden , that is without the common sort , which groweth naturally in Germany as Fuchsius writeth ; the second is of the Island of Sardis ; the third came from Virginia , as its name denoteth ; the last from Candy . It may be sowed early , for it is long in coming up , which serveth the Kitchin especially the first yeare , and the next runneth up to seed , perfecting it in August , but that of the last is ripe sooner .

The Temperature .

Parsly is hot and dry in the second degree , the seed is hot in the second degree and dry allmost in the third , the root is also of a moderate heat .

The Vertues .

Though Parsley have many considerable Vertues , yet it is no lesse eminent for provoking Urine , which it doth mightily , for breaking the Stone , and ea●ing the tormenting paines thereof in the Reines , then for bringing down Womens Courses and for breaking Wind both in the Stomack , to which it is very comfortable , and also in the bowells ; and therefore it is requisite for those that are troubled with any of the indispositions aforesaid , not only to use the herb in meat and brothes , and raw also by it selfe or mixed with a few other herbs , but the root also which may be boiled and eaten like Parsneps ; and especially the seed , the decoction whereof in Wine is very effectuall for the purposes aforesaid . The same is profitable for the yellow-Jaundise , the Falling sicknesse , and the Dropsy . The root of Parsly openeth the obstructions both of the Liver and Spleene , and therefore is usually put amongst those herbs and rootes that move the belly downwards , and is one of the five opening Rootes . The seed is effectuall against Poyson or Venome , and therefore it is put into Counter-Poysons for that purpose , as also against the danger that cometh to them that have taken Litharge ; it is also used amongst other things that serve for the Cough , and being boiled in white-Wine , it helpeth to bring away the Birth and After-birth . The Leaves of Parsley eaten after Onyons Leekes or Garlick , taketh away the offensive smell of them , and suppresseth the Vapors that offend either the Head or Eyes , and being cast into a Fishpond where the Fish are sick , it clenseth and cureth them : The said Leaves laid to the Eyes , that are inflamed with Heat , or are swollen , doth much help them if it be used with bread or Meale ; and being laid to Womens hard Breasts , that come to be so by the curdling of their Milk , it doth abate the hardnesse quickly ; If it be fryed with butter and applyed , it taketh away those black and blew spots or markes which come by knocks , bruises , falles , &c : and the sooner it is used , the more effectuall it will be ; The juice thereof dropped into the Eares , with a little Wine easeth the paines thereof . The distilled Water of the herb is much used by Nurses , which they give their Children for the Frets , that is against Wind or griping in their bellies or Stomacks .

CHAP. CCXV . Of Marsh-Mallowes .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Althaea , quasi Medica Latinè dici posset , of the healing and remedying many diseases from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 which ●●gnifies to hea●e o● cure , as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ibiscus and Ebiscus , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 H●b●scus w●th the aspiration : it is called also in Latine Althaea and H●biscus , Ar●stalthaea and Bismalva , because it is twice as good in effect as the other sorts a●e : in Eng●i●h , Marsh-Mallow , and Moorish Mallow , because it growes in Marshes and Moores ; and White Mallow from the colour of the Leaves .

The Kinds .

Of this kind of Mallowes there be ten sorts . 1. Common Marsh Mallowes . 2. Marsh-Mallow of Hungaria . 3. The strange Rose Marsh-Mallow . 7. Ever greene Marsh-Mallowes . 5. Yellow Marsh-Mallowes . 6. Camerarius his white Indian Marsh-Mallow . 7. Red flowred Marsh-Mallow . 8. Shrub Mal●ow with a white or purple flower . 9. Tree Marsh-Mallow of France . 10. Shrub Marsh-Mallow of Candy .

The Forme .

Common Marsh-Mallowes have divers soft hoary white Stalkes rising to be three or foure foot-high spreading forth many branches , the Leaves whereof are soft and hoary or woolly , somwhat lesser then Mallow Leaves , but longer pointed , cut for the most part into some few divisions , but not very deepe ; The flowers are somwhat like unto the common sort of Mallowes , yet not altogether so big nor so red ; but commonly white or tending to a blush colour , after which come such cases and seed as the other hath ; the Rootes are many and long shooting from one head , of the bignesse of a thumb or finger , very pliant , tough , and ben●ing like Liquorish , of a whitish yellow colour on the outside , but whiter within .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in most of the Salt-Marshes from Woll-wich , down to the Sea both on the Essex and Kentish shore , and is brought from thence into divers Gardens where it prospereth well ; the second in Hungary , as the title sheweth : the third in Africa , the fift in many places of Italy , in wet grounds : it is uncertaine whether the sixt came from the Indies , or Italy ; the seaventh is to be found neere Anguilara in Italy : the eight groweth in divers places both of Spaine and France , the ninth in Province of France : the last in Candy , whence divers have beene brought to us , and planted in the Gardens of the curious ; as the eight sort is in the Garden of Mr. Ball by Sion house . They flourish in July and August and continue flouring till the frost kills the stalkes , but the root continuing sendeth forth new ones the next spring , at which time the Rootes are fittest to be taken up for use .

The Temperature .

Marsh-Mallows are moderately hot but dry in the first or second degree , being endued also with a mo●lifying or softening Nature ; the roots and seeds , are more dry an● of thinner parts .

The Virtues .

For fear that either Asparagus or Parsly or the parts of them should through often use by too much c●eansing or heat , cause any Excoriation or other distemper , in any of the parts as they passe along , as possibly they may , and so likewise divers that follow , I would desire those that shall be afflicted with any of these diseases , to take notice that Marsh Mallowes by the slimy viscous juyce wherewith they abound , are of excellent use to remedy the Excoriations or frettings in those or any other parts , as the Gutts , Reines , Bladder , Yard &c. Neither is this the onely excellency that it hath in this case , but it is effectuall as any whatsoever for the Stone : for it openeth the straight passages and maketh them slippery , whereby it may descend easily out of the Reines and Bladder , and to ease the torturing pain coming thereby : the Decoction or the Syrupe thereof being taken , which is good also for the gripings of the belly , the Diseases of the Breast and Lungs as Coughes , Hoarsenesse of the Throat and Voice , Pleur●sy , and the like . It is likewise very beneficiall to those that are troubled with Ruptures , the Sciatica , the Cramp or Convulsion of the Sinews . The dryed roots boiled in Milk and drunk , are good for the Chine-Cough . The roots boiled in Wine are good for such as have fallen , and bruised themselves , and for those that have any bone or member out of Joynt , and for such as have any swelling pain , or ache in the Muscles , Sinews , or Arteries of the Body , and cures such as are stung with Bees or the like , and the distilled water is good for the foresaid purposes . The Leaves and Roots , are effectuall in decoctions for Glisters to ease the griping of the Belly , and the paines of the Kidnyes and Bladder . Being boyled in Wine and applyed , they help Impostumes of the Throat , the Kings-Evil , and those Kernells behind the E●r●s , as also Inflammations and swellings in Womens breasts . The Muccilage of the Roots and of Lin-seed and Fenygreek put together , is much used in Pultis●● , Oyntments , and Plaisters , that serve to mollifie and digest all hard tumors and inflammations , and to ease paines in any part of the Body . The seed green or dry , mixed with Vinegar cleanseth the Skin of the Morphew , and all other discolourings thereof . The Root boiled in Vinegar and holden in the mouth easeth the Tooth-ach . The Leaves laid to with Oyle , help burnings and Scaldings , and are good against the bitings of Men and Dogs , and against the stinging of Bees and Wasps . The Oyntment of Marsh Mallows either simple or Compound doth mollifie heat and moisten , and is very usefull in the Pleurisy , and other paines of the sides and breast . The Dose of the Syrupe , is a spoonfull or two in Milke , Posset drink or Wine , which being taken in a Morning fasting , is most effectuall for all the griefs aforementioned .

CHAP. CCXVI . Of Goates Thorne .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Tragacantha , from the sharp form of the bush , whose thornes as it groweth do represent a Goates beard . It may be called in Latin Spina Hirci , but it is known better by the name of Tragacantha , which name also is given to the Gum which is gathered from the roots being cut or broken in the heat of Summer . The Apothecaries call it Gummi Tragacanthae , in Latin ; and Gum Dragant in English . There is a kind hereof called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , because it joyes in places where water is , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is profitable to the Nerves or Sinews .

The Kinds .

Bauhinus hath made five sorts of Goates Throne , adding Pimpinella Spinosa , or Thorny Burnet for one which doth not properly belong to this kind , and therefore I shall set down but four , 1. The true Goates-thorn , 2. Poterion , or the small Goats-Thorne , 3. The yellow Syrian Goats-Thorne , 4. Purple Syrian Goats-Thorne ,

The Forme .

The true Goates thorne is a small bushy plant , rising up with many tough woody stemmes not much above a cubit or two-foot high , divided into many slender branches covered with hoarinesse , set with divers long white thornes in a double row , amongst which rise up divers Leaves which being small long , and round , like unto a little wing are set over against one another on each side of a middle rib , abiding all the Winter , yet falling off at such times as the Spring doth bring fresh ones . At the tops of the branches , amongst the Leaves come forth the Flowers , which are of a whitish yellow colour fashioned somewhat like unto the Flowers of a Trefoile , after which come small short upright white Cods wherein are contained small whitish cornered seed . The root is very great and long , spreading much and farr in the ground , which being broken or wounded with some Iron toole yeildeth a certain liquor , which by the heat of the sun is presently turned into a tough pure shinning white gum , shrivelling up it self into small crooked peices , tasting somewhat sweet .

The Places and Time .

Though the two first grow in Candy and about Marselles , and Mompelier in France and the two latter in Syria , yet the Gum , that we are to make use of , is to be had at every Apothecaries shop . In their naturall places they flower and seed in the beginning of Autumne , but with us they do neither , being very choise and tender to keep .

The Temperature .

Gum Dragant which is that part of the plant which is easiest to be come by in England , hath an Emplastick or daubing quality , by reason whereof it dulleth or allayeth the sharpnesse of the humors , and doth also somewhat dry .

The Vertues .

Besides March Mallows , the Gumme of the Goates thorne called Tragacantha or Gum Dragagant is also good against the fretting of the Urine either in Reines or Bladder or any other of those cleansing Medicines , which are given to provoke it ; a dram thereof being dissolved in sweet wine and drunk , especially if some Harts-horne burnt and washed ; and a little of the best Allom be mixed therewith , and so it is available for the growing paines in the Guts and bowels also . It is likewise when it is dissolved often mixed with pectorall Syrupes honey , or juyce of Liquorish to help the Cough or Hoarnesse in the Throat , salt and sharp distillations upon the Lungs , being taken is an Electuary , or put under the tongue gently to distill down , and so it taketh away the roughnesse of the tongue , which happeneth in many diseases . The said Gum is also used in Medicines for the Eyes , to allay the heat and sharpnesse of hot rheumes falling into them : and being mingled with milk , it taketh away white spots growing in the black of the Eyes , the itching also of them , and whe●●es and scabs that grow upon the Eye-Lids . Being somewhat torrefied or dryed ●● the ●●re ; and mixed with the juce or Wine of Quinces , and used in a G 〈…〉 er it is good against the bloody Flix ; Being boyled in Wine with Stechads and drunk , it warmeth and cleanseth the breast and Stomack & bowels being afflicted with any cold , the Cholick the stopping of the Milt and Urine . It cleanseth the face and maketh it white if it be steeped a night in Rose water , and in the morning , a little Borace or Champhire be put thereto , and the face be washed therewith . It is very effectuall for the sores and chaps of the Mouth , Lips and Hands and also for Ulcers in any part being dissolved in Rose water , strained , some white starch mixed therewith , and the place annointed ; the Muccilage mixed with Honey doth the same , and is good for the Leprosy . The powder of it , is profitable for those that have broken a veine or are troubled with the Cra●p , if it be taken in broth . Besides these Physicall uses it serveth to make artificiall beads of which Bracletts are compo●ed , and it is used many times as a kind of Starch or Glew to bind or stiffen things withall , and to make Gentlewomens haire lye in order . The roots of the Poterion boyled in Wine and drunk are profitable against the poyson of the red Toad , and being made in a Pultis and applyed to any of the Nerves or Sinews that are wounded , cut , or hurt , doth heale them and so●●er them together , are also all other kinds of Wounds and Cutts ; the said decoction of the Roots in Wine a also effectuall for the said purposes to be drunk , and for inward Wounds or Veines that are broken . Gum Arabick is effectuall for many of the purposes aforesaid but especially for defending the Reines and Bladder from those frettings that cause bloody Urine .

CHAP. CCXVII . Of Spiknard .

The Names .

IT is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Nardus in Greek from Naarda a City of Syria , near unto Euphrares , as Lobel doth conjecture , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi Nardi Spica ; which is the generall Name of the Indian sort : called also Nardus Indica , to put a distinction between it and the Celtick and Mountain Spicknard . The Celtick Spiknard is supposed by very good Authors to be the Saliunca that Virgil makes mention of in his Eclogues , which is more likely , because the Vallesians in whose Country it chiefely groweth , call it Selliga .

The Kinds .

There be Eight sorts of Spiknard , 1. Mountain French Spiknard , 2. Mountain● French Spiknard with tufted Flowers , 3. Knobbed mountain Spiknard , 4. Long tuberous Mountain Spiknard , 5. Bastard French Spiknard , 7. Indian Spiknard , 6. Italian Spiknard , 8. Unsavoury Spiknard .

The Form .

Mountain French Spiknard creepeth upon the ground , under the loose Leaves and mosse , with small long and hard slender roots , covered with many short small dry Leaves like Scales ; sending forth in divers places , as it creepeth and spreadeth here and there , small blackish fibres , whereby it is nourished , at the head whereof stand sundry small buttons or heads from which spring many small narrow and somewhat thick green Leaves not divided or dented at all , smallest at the bottome , and broadest towards the end , which change yellow in the end of Summer ; amongst these Leaves rise up sometimes more and somtimes but one slender stalk without any Leaves thereon , at the top whereof stand many small whitish flowers , like unto the smallest sorts of Valerian , every one upon a slender foot-stalk which afterwards bring small seed like unto them also ; the whole plant is sweet and more aromaticall then the Indian Spicknard , hotter also and sharper in tast then any other sort .

The Places and Time .

It may be gathered by the names of most of them , to what Country they are naturall ; and therefore I shall trouble you no farther with the places . They all ▪ flower and flourish in the summer months of June , July , and August ; some earlyer , and some latter then others .

The Temperature .

Dioscorides saith that the true Indian ▪ Spiknard is of an heating and drying faculty , and there is no doubt but the other sorts are so likewise , seeing they agree very much in their properties or vertues .

The Vertues .

All the sorts of Spiknard but especially the Celrick or French Spicknard , are of very good use to provoke Urine , and to ease the exceeding great paines of the Stone in the Reines or Kidnyes , if they be drunk with cold water ; and so they are profitable to those that have a loathing of their meat , swellings or gnawings in their stomacks , as also for them that are Liver grown , and for them that have the yellow Jaundise . It dryeth up the Flux or humors both in the Head and breast , and is a speciall Ingredient in Mithridate , and other Antidotes against vemone and poyson . The decoction used as a Bath for Women to sit in or over , in a seat fit for the purpose , taketh away the Inflammations of the Mother ; but to women with Child it is forbidden , because it procureth much disquiet ▪ and may force● their Courses beyond either their time or conveniency . The Oyle made thereof doth both warme those places that are cold , and maketh the humors more subtill that were thick and congealed before , digesteth those that are crude and raw , and also moderatly dryeth and bindeth those that were too loose or flexible ; and hereby worketh powerfully in all the cold griefes and windinesse of the Head and braine , of the Stomack , Liver , Spleen Reines and Bladder , and of the Mother . Being ●nu●●ed up into the Nostrills , it purgeth the Brain of much Rheume gathered therein , and causeth both a good colour and favour to the whole body . Being steeped in Wine for certain dayes & afterwards distilled in Balneo cal●do , the Water hereof is very usefull in all cold indi●po●itions of the Members , taken inward●y or applyed outward●y ▪ for it co●n●o●ten the braine , helpeth to stay thin distillations , and the cold paines of the Head , as also the shaking of the Palsey ; It helpeth also all passions of the Heart , as faintings and 〈…〉 ning● ▪ 〈◊〉 the Co●lick likewise , two or three spoonefulls being taken . It is commonly laid up in a new earthen Vessell for Eye Medicines , being first made into Powder , and then into round Cakes or trochiskes with Wine , which being conveniently applyed represse and stay the humors that offend them . Being drunk with Wine , it helpeth those that are stung or bitten by any venemous Creature .

CHAP. CCXVIII . Of the Sweet-smelling Flagge .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Acorus and Acorum quia 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 medetur because it he●peth to cleare a dimme Eye-sight , which names are used in Latine also , yet some have given it others as Radix nautica , Singentiana or unguentis petita . And because this is used commonly for Calamus Aromaticus by the Apothecaries though they be different things , the one being a Flagge , and the other a Reed , I shall put them together . It is called Calamus Aromaticus and odoratus , which in my judgment signify the same , though Parkinson maketh a difference ; but the result of his discour●e is that Aroma is a Drugge that hath a strong smell , no matter whether it be sweet or no : and he instances in Myrrhe and Galbanum , in which signification Odor is also taken , for we have commonly bonus Odor , and malus Odor , a sweet and a stinking scent , according to the Epithet , that is joyned with it : and I believe this may be a reason of those suppositions that the Antients counted those things sweet , which are not sweet to us . This is that Calamus , mentioned in the 30 of Exodus , verse 23.

The Kinds .

Though Acorus and Calamus Aromaticus may not properly be said to be of the same kinds , yet I shall put them together , and one more . 1. The sweet smelling Flag or Calamus of the Shops . 2. The supposed true Syrian or Arabian Aromaticall Reed . 3. Matthiolus his Aromaticall Reed .

The Forme .

The sweet smelling Flagge hath many Flaggy long and narrow fresh greene Leaves , two foot long a piece , yet many times somwhat brownish towards the bottome , the one rising or growing out of the side of another in the same manner that other Flagges or Flowerdeluces do , thin on both sides and ridged or thick in the middle , the longest for the most part standing in the midst , all of them smelling very sweet , which dye every yeare , ( yet when they are dead they keep their smell ) new ones rising in their steed the next Spring ; after it hath grown three or four yeares in a place , it putteth forth a round head like unto the Catkin of the Hasel-nut-Tree , growing upright , of a length and thicknesse of one finger , of a purplish green colour , out of which shoot forth pa●e whitish flowers , consisting of four small Leaves a peice ; nothing so well sented as the Leaves , falling away quickly without giving seed : the root is thick and long , somewhat like to that of the Garden Valerian , of a sweet sent and and somewhat a bitter tast .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth in Turky , as also in Russia , and the places thereabouts naturally in moist places , whence it hath been brought into a few of our Gardens . The second in Aegypt , as also by the lake of Gennesareth in Judea , and in divers places also of Syria and Arabia . The third is suppo●ed by Matthiolus , and others , to grow in India , Syria , and Judaea ; The sweet smelling Flagge beareth its Catkin , in July or August .

The Temperature .

The Rootes of Acorus are hot and dry in the second degree , and of thin and subtill parts :

The Virtues .

The decoction of the rootes of the Sweet smelling Flagge , being made with Wine and drunk , doth not only provoke Urine , but is also very profitable for all the diseases of the Reines and Bladder , cleansing and wa●●ing all the superfluities in them , without any hurt or danger , it helpeth to ease the paines of the sides , Liver , and breast , as also those of the Collick and Cramp ; it recovereth tho●e that are bursten and bitten with Venomous Creatures , and wa●eth the Spleene . The Root is very much used in divers Electuaries and Anti●otes against all Venome Poyson and infection , as in that called Diacorum Mithridate , &c : Being taken fasting every morning for some time together it is a speciall remedy for a stink●ng breath . A dram of the powder of the Root with as much Cinnamon taken in a draught of Worm-wood wine is singular good to comfort and strengthen a cold weak Stomack . The whole Rootes preserved either in Sugar or Honey are effectual also for the same purposes , but these that are preserved greene are more desired , then those that being dry are steeped , and afterwards pre●erved . The juice dropped into the eyes dryeth the Rheumes therein , and cleareth the sight , taking away films or such like that may offend them . The hot fumes of the decoction made in Water , and taken in at the mouth through a Funnel , are excellent to help them that are troubled with a Cough . The Rootes bruised and boiled in Wine , and applyed warme to the Testicles that are swollen , dissolveth the Tumour and easeth the paines ; it likewise mollifyeth hard swellings in any other part of the body . It is used amongst other things to make sweet Powders , and Water . Calamus Aromaticus , if the true can be had , is as good if not better , for many of the purpo●es aforesaid , and is moreover avaleiable to procure Womens Courses and to remedy the fits of the Mother .

CHAP. CCXIX. Of Cyperus or English Galanga .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cyperus , from the round forme of the Root , which is like a small Boxe or Vessell , in Latine also Cyperus and Juncus triangularis and angulosus , to distinguish between it , and the Juncus laevis or vulgaris , ordinary rushes . It somtimes beareth four square stalkes , and then it is called Juncus quadratus . In English , many do call it Gallinga or Gallingale , because the rootes of one sort of it are somwhat like to those of the small Gallinga . It is called also as commonly Cyperus and sweet Cyperus , after the Greek and Latine names .

The Kindes .

To this kind may be referred these five sorts . 1. The more common round rooted sweet Cyperus . 2. The greater Assyrian sweet Cyperus . 3. The lesser , Assyrian round rooted sweet Cyperus . 4. The ordinary sweet Cyperus , or English Galanga . 5. The most delicate sweet Cyperus or Rush-nut .

The Forme .

The more common round rooted sweet Cyperus shooteth forth many heads of long and narrow Leaves somwhat ridged in the middle ; every lease seeming thereby to be three square of a sweet scent ; amongst these Leaves rise many smooth square Stalkes about three foot high , stuffed with a white pith without any knot or joynt therein unto the tops ▪ where there stand a few short Leaves and many small panicles or chaffy greene spikes of small Leaves above them , which after containe within them the seed ; the root is composed of many long and round blackish brown small rootes fastned together by long strings of the bignesse of small Olives , of a sweet scent even while they are greene , but much more when they are dry , and of a bitter tast somwhat like unto Galanga ,

The Places and Time

None of these sorts grow in England unlesse it be in the Gardens of those that delight in rarities , in the Physick Garden at Oxford , Westminster , &c. Yet if you need there is no doubt but the druggist can furnish you with them . They flower or carry their bushy tops in August with us , except the fourth sort which giveth his tusted head in the end of July most commonly .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Cyperus are hot and dry in the second degree .

The Vertues .

The Rootes of Cyperus boiled in Wine and drunk , ( for they are much more effectuall then the Leaves ) are very profitable for the Reines and Bladder , for it provoketh Urine , helpeth to break the Stone in the Bladder , by the cutting quality that it hath , yet without sharpnesse , and bringeth down Womens Courses also . The Rootes of Cyperus , and Bay berries of each a like quantity , beaten to Powder and made up with the Urine of a Boy under yeares , and laid upon the belly or those that have the Droply , doth help them very much ; and both of them boiled in Wine and drunk often , while the other is used outwardly , doth work more effectually . It is good for the fretting paines and strangl●ngs of the Mother , i● the parts be bathed with the decoction thereof , or if the party sit over the sumes , or in the decoction ▪ thereof . The Powder thereof is an especiall Remedy for all Ulcers , yea spreading and devouring Cancers , that by their overmuch moisture hardly admit of any cure , and by the astringent quality it hath it helpeth all sore Mouthes whatsoever . Alpinus saith , the Aegyptians do much use the powder of the Roots , and ashes of them , to cure the Ulcers both of the mouth and secret parts , and to drink the decoction of them to comfort and warm the Stomack , braine , Lungs , Sinews , arteries , and the womb of those that are distempered though cold or moisture , or both , being taken sometime together , for it warmeth and strengtheneth the naturall vigor of the Spirits , and is therefore comfortable to those that by long sicknesse are much spent in the health of their bodies . It helpeth and strengtheneth digestion pocureth warmth to the blood , and a good colour to the face ; it helpeth those , that have strong or stinking breaths , the said decoction being made in Wine and drunk . The long sweet ●perus is not altogether so effectuall as the former ; yet may be used for it , the quantity being increased , when the other cannot be gotten ; but the chief use of it is , to make sweet powders , and perfumes for Garments , Gloves , &c. to perfume Chambers also , being burnt with Cloves and Bayleaves . The Rush Nuts called Trasi which are cryed up and down the Streets in Spain as Orenges and Lemmons are in England , are for the most part spent in Junkets , rather then used Physically , yet they are found to be good both for the paines of the breast and sides , if a Cream be made thereof and drunk , and therefore are very profitable for those that have a Cough , to help to expectorate the Phlegme , the same also drunk mitigateth the heat of Urine , and allayeth the sharpnesse thereof ; and being taken with the broth of fat flesh , it furthereth Venereous astions . The decoction thereof , hot steel being also quenched in it , helps the Dysentery or flux .

CHAP. CCXX . Of Hops .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Bryon and Bryonia , by the modern writers , because the Leaves and running branches are somewhat like Briony ; for by Antients it is not remembred , which is somewhat strange , seeing it is a plant so usefull . It is called in Latin Lupulus and Lupulus Salictarius and reptitius , quia salit & reptat per arbores , vel quia scandit salices , because it climbs upon Sallows , and other trees , which name is used by all our modern writers except Lobel , who calls it Vitis Septentrionalium the vine of the Northern Regions because they put Hops in their drink .

The Kinds

The Sorts of Hops may quickly be reckoned up for they be but two , 1. The manured Hop , 2. The wild Hop .

The Form .

The manured Hop riseth up at the first with divers great brown heads , like unto Asparagus , but larger ; which afterwards spread into rough Branches and climb upon great high poles that are set for them to run on , having many hard and rough dark green Leaves on them , cut into three or five divisions , somewhat like unto ●ramble Leaves , and dented likewise about the Edges : At the tops of the Branches , which hang down again for the most ▪ part , come forth many scaly heads , being as it were a small number of yellowish green Leaves , growing t●ick together ; from among which come forth the Flowers of a whitish yellow colour , which being past and the heads changing their colour to be somewhat whitish yellow , they are then fit to be gathered to keep , and then there is a small round seed found there in ; the root is great at the head , shooting forth many blackish strings which take fast hold of the ground . The Scaly heads which are put in beer are of strong smell , by which the goodnesse of them may be discerned .

The Places and Times .

The first groweth in Flanders , and divers other places besides , whence the beads are brought into England and sold ; but they are no wayes comparable to those which grow with us , in great plenty also , in divers places , but especially in Kent and Essex , where there be men of good worth , whose estates consist in Hop-grounds . They delight in low moist grounds , where they may have moisture enough , yet they will not endure overmuch ; and therefore they are planted upon hillocks to preserve them from drowning . The second groweth amongst bry●rs and thornes , in hedge-rowes and other places in most Countries of this Land , of its own accord ▪ and it is supposed to be the same with the former , but onely that the ordering and manuring of that , makes it larger . They Spring not up untill Aprill , and flower not untill the latter end of June , yet the heads are fit to be gathered about the end of September .

The Temperature .

The Heads which are most commonly called Hops are hot and dry in the second degree , and so are the Leaves also , both of them being of an opening and cleansing faculty .

The Vertues .

The decoction of the tops of Hops as well of the wild as the manured , is very powerfull to cleanse the Reines from Gravell , and to provoke Urine , which likewise openeth the obstructions of the Liver and Spleene , cleanseth the Blood and looseneth the belly . The roots also work the same effect , but they are hotter and not so moist as the former . As they cleanse the blood , so consequently they help to cure all manner of Scabs , Itch , and other breakings out in the body ; as also all other Tetters , Ring-worms , or spreading sores , the Morphew , and all other dis 〈…〉 urings of the Skin . The decoction of the Flowers and Tops are given with good successe to those that have drunk any deadly poyson ; the same being put in baths for women to sit in , taketh away the swellings and hardnesse of the Mother ; and is good for those that can very hardly make their Water because of the Strangury , or the like . Half a dram of the seed beaten to powder and taken in drink killeth the worms in the body and bringeth down Womens Courses and expelleth Urine . A Syrupe made of the juyce and Sugar , cureth the yellow Jaundise , easeth the Headach that comes of heat , and tempereth the drought of the Liver and Stomack , and therefore it is very profitable to be given in long and hot Agues that rise of Choler and Blood . The juyce of the Leaves dropped into the Eares cleanseth the corrupt sores therein , and helpeth the stench arising from the corruption of them . The greatest use that is made of the heads of the Hops is to put them in Beer , to alter the quality thereof , and to preserve the body from the repletion of grosse humors , which Ale being a thicker ●iquor doth ingender , of which it was said , Nil Sp●ssius est dum bibitur ▪ nil clarius dum mingitur , unde constat multas faces in ventre relinqui . It is drunk thick , it is pissed out thin , whence it appeares that many dregs are left behind .

CHAP. CCXXI . Of Knot-Grasse

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Polygonum , quod multis gen●bus crescit , because of its many joynts ; which name most of our Latine writers follow , yet there be some that call it Seminalis , Sanguinalis , Sanguinaria & Proserpluaria from its stanching of blood , and ceeping upon the ground . It is called in the shops of Italy and other places Corrigiola and Centinodia , of the severall properties to correct the heat of the Stomack , and Body , and from creeping upon the ground . In English Knot-Grasse , Swines grasse , because Swine delight to feed thereon , in the North Country of divers Birds-tongue of the form of the Leafe : some also call it Pink-Weed , and some Nine Joynts of its great number of Joynts .

The Kinds .

The sorts which may more properly be referred to this kind are fourteen , 1. The greater Common Knot-Grasse , 2. The Lesser Common Knot-Grasse , 3. Sma●l short leafed Knot-Grasse 4. Stoney Knot-Grasse , 5. The greater Sea Knot-Grasse , 6. The Lesser Sea Knot-Grasse , 7. White Mountaine Knot-Grasse , 8. Mountaine Knot-Grasse , with Stone crop Leaves , 9. Spanish Knot-Grasse , 10. Small Knot-Grasse of Mompelier , 11. Candy Knot-Grasse , 12. Lobels Knot-Grasse , with Mother of Time Leaves , 13. Germans Knot-Grasse , or Knawell , 14. Another German Knot-Grasse .

The Form .

The greater Common Knot-Grasse shooteth forth many long slender branches full of Joynts , lying upon the ground with divers long narrow Leaves thereon , one for the most part at a Joynt ; whereat especially from the middle of the branches upwards come forth the Flowers which are so small that they can very hardly be perceived ; in some of a white , in others of a purple colour , running afterwards into very small square seed , somewhat like unto that of Sorrell . The root is reddish long and slender , with many strings thereat , abiding divers Winters , yet the Leaves perish in the Autume , and are renewed in the Spring .

The Places and Time .

The two first sorts grow every where both by the foot-wayes in the fields , especially at the ends of those Lands whereon Winter corn groweth , and sometimes by the sides of those High-wayes and old walls . The third groweth upon higher grounds , and upon Hills and Mountaines . The fourth in the same places also in the more stoney parts thereof . The fifth and sixt by the Sea side in divers places . The seventh in France and Spaine . The eighth in Naples . The Ninth about Mountaines in France that are neer the Sea . The thirteenth about Chipnam in Wiltshire , as also in Germany by the way sides , where the last groweth also . They are in flower , and seed , all the Summer long .

The Temperature .

Knot-Grasse is cold in the second degree , or else in the beginning of the third , yet it is of a binding quality , which signifies that it is dry .

The Vertues .

A dram of the powder of Knot-Grasse taken in Wine for many dayes together is singular good , to provoke Urine when it is stopped , as also when it passeth away by drops , and with paine , and when it is hot and sharp also ; and withall to expell wonderfully the Gravell or Stone in the Reines or Bladder . Being shred and made into a Tansy with Egges and eaten , it greatly prevaileth against the Gonorrhea , or runn●ng of the Reines also , and the weaknesse of the Back coming by meanes thereof . The juyce or decoction thereof , is most effectuall to stay any bleeding at the mouth and to coole and temper the heat of the blood or of the Stomack , and to stay any flux of the blood or Humors , either of the belly or womb ; as the Bloody flux , Womens courses , both white and red pissing of blood , &c. The juyce , given before the fit of the Tertian or Quartaine Ague comes , not onely hindereth it for the present , but driveth it quite away as it is said ; being boiled in wine and drunk , it helpeth those that are stung or bitten with Venemous Creatures , and the same is very effectuall to stay all defluxions of Rheumatick humors falling down upon the Stomack , and killeth wormes in the belly or Stomack , and easeth all inward paines that arise of heat , sharpnesse and corruption of blood and Choler , and is good for inward wounds . The distilled water taken by it self or with the powder of the herb , or seed , is very effectuall to all the purposes aforesaid . The juyce hereof stayeth the bleeding of the Nose , being applyed to the forehead and Temples , or to be snuffed up in the Nose ; the same cooleth all manner of inflammations as St. Anthonies fire , or any other breaking forth of heat , all hot swellings and Impostumations , all eating , fretting or burning ▪ sores and fistulous Cancers , or foule filthy Ulcers being applyed or put into them , but principally for all sorts of Ulcers and sores in the privy parts of Men or Women , restraining the humors from following them , and cooling and drying up the hot and moist inflammations that are apt to waite upon such sores in such places , . It helpeth all fresh and green wounds also , by restraining the blood , and quickly closeth up the Lips of them . The juyce dropped into the Eares , helpeth them wonderfully , although they are foul and have running matter in them , and helpeth the Inflammations of the Eyes being put therein . The Sea Knot-Grasse is not effectuall as is thought for the griefes aforesaid , because the saltnesse , which it is supposed to acquire by its nearnesse to the Sea , maketh it hotter ; yet where penetration and not cooling is required , it is more forcible then any other . The smaller sorts come nearer to the temperature of the Sea kind , then of the Land ; yet they serve to provoke Urine and expell the stone and Gravell by Urine ; and so doth Knavell , where the other is not to be had , which is scarcely in any part of this Land .

CHAP. CCXXII . Of Parsly Pert or Parsly Breakstone .

The Names .

IT may called be in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as it is in Latin Polygonum Selino●des : I say it may , because I find not any Greek or Latin Author that treates of it , being unknown to all the transmarine Doctors before Lobel came to us , who called it Percepier Anglorum , which first word Percepier is derived from Percepierre , signifying in French , as much as L●thon-tribon in Greek , Saxifraga Petrifindula an obsolete word , and C●lculum frangens in Latine which is Pierce-stone or Break-stone in English , and Anglorum is added , because it is thought to be peculiar to our Country . Some call it Parsley-Pert , and de●ive it from P●tra , but it is more properly Parsly Break-stone , becau●e of its eminent ●aculties to that purpose .

Though there be but one sort hereof which might have been placed amongst the other Knot-grasse , whereof it is a kind , yet because it is somwhat different , and is peculiar to our Country , I have given it a Chapter by it selfe .

The Form .

Break-stone Parsly groweth with many Leaves spread upon the ground , each standing upon a small long foot-stalke , and being as broad as the nai●e of a mans finger or thumb , very much jagged on the edges , which maketh it to seeme somewhat like unto a Parsly leafe , whereof came the name , but of an overworn or dusky greene colour , from amongst which there rise up weake and slender stalke● about two or three fingers long , set full of the like Leaves but smaller up to the tops , that almost no part of the stalke can be seene ; amongst these Leaves come forth very small greenish yellow flowers , scarce to be discerned , where afterwards groweth the seed as small as that of the Knot-grasse . The root is very small and threddy abiding divers yeares , if it grow in a place that is liketh .

The Places and Time .

Parsly-pert groweth in those fields that are plowed up for Corne , both at the same time with the Corne , and also when they are fallow , in most Countryes of this Land that ever I came into , though Gerard and Parkinson , make as if it were a Plant growing in few places . It is to be found all the Spring , Summer , and Harvest even from April to the end of October , yet it must be in severall places for that which groweth in the open and Sunny places will flourish first , but that which is shadowed will continue longest .

The Temperature .

It is as I conceive of the same Temperature with Knot-grasse .

The Vertues .

Parsly Break-stone hath not its name for nothing , for it is found to be a singular remedy to provoke Urine when it is stopped wholly , or passeth away by drops with paine , or unsensibly without pain , expelleth store of Gravel in those that breed it , and the stone also in the Reines or Kidneyes , in washing it down by the abundant passage of the Urine , and helpeth also to expell it out of the Bladder , if it be not grown too great for the passages , and if it be , it is very probable that the abundance of Urine brought down into the Bladder by the Vertue of it even whilst it abideth there , will work so much upon the stone therein confirmed and grown great , that it will wast by degrees , by causing it to be avoided in Gravell with the Urine . And that it may performe these operations with the better successe , you may take of the juice of the herb about three Ounces , and mix it with so much White Wine as is fit to make a Posset , the drink whereof taken in a pretty quantity morning and evening , to which you may if you please adde Mother of time , and some Camomile , which is a good way : Or you may boile the Herbs aforesaid in Wine ▪ or if that cannot be had in Water , and drink it , ( but I hope you will have the wit to streine it first : ) The powder also of the dryed herb to the quantity of a dramme or lesse , in White-Wine or in other drink where Wine is wanting taken first and last for divers dayes ; and the distilled Water drunk with a little Sugar in the same manner worketh the forementioned effects and so doth this Composition which came originally from a poore Country man who with good successe ministred it to divers sorts of people . Take of the dryed herb of Parsly-pert and Mous-eare , Bay-berries Turmarick and Cloves , the seed of the Burdock , the seed of Hep or the Bryar berries , and the seeds of Fenugreek , of each one Ounce ; of the Stone in an Oxes Gall twenty foure graines weight , let all these be beaten into fine Powder and kept in a dry box or pot , to use upon occasion : whereof the quantity to be taken at a time is from halfe a dram to a dram as the age and necessity of the patient shall require . There be divers who conceiving themselves inclined to the stone , eat it familiarly as a Sallet Herb , and pickle it up also like Sampire to eat in Winter when the greene herb cannot be gotten .

CHAP. CCXXIII. Of Saxifrage .

The Names

IT is called in Latine Saxifraga or Saxifragia ( for to the Greek Writers it was altogether unknown as farre as we can gather , they having left no name for it ) from its efficacy in breaking the Stone , in England Saxifrage and Breakstone . So much for the names in generall 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , there being 〈◊〉 that do it also though not so effectually . I shall speak of them more particularly in the kindes .

The Kinds .

Because the best Saxifrage that is growes in England , I shall trouble you with no forreine sorts , we having nine or ten sorts of our own which for their Vertues not for their formes I shall put together . 1. English Saxifrage so called because it groweth more plentifully in England then in any other Country . 2. Mr. Goodrers Marsh-Saxifrage so called because he first discovered it in a marshy place . 3. Lobels West-Country Saxifrage because L●b●l found it in the Westerne parts of this Land . 4. White Saxifrage so called from the colour of the flowers , to distinguish it from the former . 5. Golden Saxifrage from the Golden colour of the Leaves . 6. The greater Burnet Saxifrage , so called because it hath Leaves somwhat like Burner . 7. The middle Burnet Saxifrage . 8. The lesser Burnet Saxifrage . 9. Sax●frage with Chickweed Leaves .

The Forme .

English Saxifrage , White Saxifrage , Golden Saxifrage , and burnet Saxifrage be of so different Formes , that it will be necessary that I describe them one a●ter another .

English or Medow Saxifrage which is known to divers by the name of Medow Parsly groweth with many very green winged Leaves somwhat like unto those of Fenne● , but thicker and broader ; so like unto Medow Hart-wort of Mompelier that it made Parkinson joyne it next thereunto ; from amongst the said Leaves ri●e up divers cre●ed stalkes of a Cubit high , having thereupon divers smaller stalkes of winged Leaves also finely cut , but somwhat harsh to the feeling and bearing at the top spoky rundells or umbells be●et with white flowers tending a little to yellow which give place unto seeds like unto the Common Fennell ●eed , both for forme and greatnesse , but of a browner colour and small tast ; The root is thick , black without , white within , and of a good savour .

White Sax●frage groweth with divers round faint or yellowish greene Leaves , but grayish underneath , spread upon the ground , unevenly dented about the edges , and somwhat hairy , every one upon a little footstalke , from whence riseth up a round brownish hairy greene stalke , about a foot-high with a few such like round Leaves as grow below but smaller , somwhat branched at the top , whereon stand pretty large white flowers of five Leaves a peece , with some yellow Threds in the middle standing in a long crested brownish greene husk , which being past there ariseth somtimes a round hard head , biforked at the top , wherein is contained small blackish seed : the Root is compact of a number of black strings , whereunto are fastned many small reddish graines , or round rootes about the bignesse of Pepper-cornes , which are used in Medicine , and called by the Apothecaries white Saxifrage seed , and is that which is truly meant by , though not so truly said of it .

Golden Saxifrage is most like unto the before described , yet it differeth therefrom in that the Leaves are not hairy , but somwhat thicker and of a darker greene colour ; amongst which rise up Stalkes in handfull high with such Leaves on them as grow below two at a Joynt , but three at the top of all , whereas also at the Joynts do come forth very small gold yellow flowers , not easily observed , and seldome seen with them , because they fall away so quickly , after which come small round heads wherein is contained small round reddish seed ; the Root is comp●●ed of a number of small strings or Fibres .

Burnet Saxifrage groweth up with divers stalkes of winged Leaves set one against another each being somewhat broad , and a little pointed and dented about the edges , of a sad greene colour ; at the tops of the stalkes stand 〈…〉 s of white flowers , after which comes small and blackish seed : The root is long and whitish .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth almost in every Medow , and therefore it is called Medow Parsly , yet it somtimes growes in up and ground ; the second was found by Mr. Goodyer , on a boggy ground below the red Well of Welling borough in Norhamptonshire ; the third by Lobel between Chipnam and Marleborough , in the High-way between London and Bristow , on a Chalky Hill ; the fourth groweth very p●entifully in a feild immediately below the Abby Orchard , at St. Albons an● in many other places : the silt in moist and marish places about Bath and W●lles , and in the Moores by Boston and Wisbich in Lincolneshire : the sixth , seventh , and e●ght , grow in divers Meadows and Pastures-grounds of this Land : the last groweth upon barren hills , and sometimes upon Walls . The first flowreth from the beginning of May to the end of August ; the second and third ●omwhat later ; the fourth in April or May at the furthest , when it is gathered for that which is called the seed as well as to distill , for it perisheth soon after ; the fifth in March and April ; the rest , about July , and their Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

All the aforementioned sorts are hot and dry in the third degree , except the Golden Saxifrage which is cold of temperature , as the tast declareth .

The Vertues and Signature .

The seeds and rootes of Saxifrage or Medow Parsly boiled in White-Wine , and the d●●oction drunk , breaketh the Stone in the Bladder and Kidn●es hel 〈…〉 the strangury and cau●eth one to make Water freely , which also bringeth down Womens Courses , and expelleth the Secondine and dead Child . The root dryed and ma●e into Powder , and halfe a dram or a dram taken with Sugar comfo●teth and warmeth the Stomack , cureth the gnaw●ngs and griping paines o● the belly caleth the Cholick also , and expelleth Wind. The Cheshire Women put it amongst the R●mnes that they put into their Cheese as a Country-man of theirs reporteth . The distilled Water is much in use with Nurses to give unto their Children against the stopping of their Urine , and to ease the griping paines in their belly which they usually cal● the Frets . It is used outwardly in Bathes , and Fomentations , to provoke Urine , and to ease the paines of the Belly , proceeding from Wind. The seed or rather the root of the white Saxifrage cureth the Stone by signature as the learned Cr●llius hath observed , and is singular good against the strangury and stoppings of the Kidneys and Bladder , the Powder of them being drunk in Wine or the decoction made of them . The distilled Water of the whole herb rootes and flowers , which is as effectuall in a manner , is familiarly taken by those that have need thereof , for any of the purposes aforesaid , as also to clense the Stomack and Lungs from tough and thick Phlegme that troubleth it , and causeth it more easily to be avoided . It is not probable , that the Golden Saxifrage hath any operation upon the Stone , because of its insipide tast , unlesse it be by a specifick Vertue , yet I mentioned it because it is esteemed as a rarity . The Burnet Saxifrages , have the same properties that the others have , both in provoking Urine , and easing the paines thereof , as also in expelling Wind , and helping the Cholick , the roots or seed being used in Powder , decoction , or any other way , which are likewise effectuall for the windy paines of the Mother , to procure Womens Courses , to break and avoid the stone in the Kidneys , and to digest cold viscous and tough Phlegme in the Stomack , and is an especiall remedy against all kind of Venom . The rootes hereof dryed are as hot as Pepper , and may be used for the same , being much more wholesome as Tragus saith . The same in Powder , with the Powder of the Seeds and Sugar , purgeth the braine , helpeth the Tooth-ach , restoreth lost speech , and is good for Convulsions , Cramps , Apoplexies , and cold feavers , and so is the distilled water wherein Castoreum hath been boiled , which is profitable also for the Palsy , and many other cold griefes . The same drunk with wine and Vinegar cureth the Plague , and being holden or chewed in the mouth , it preserveth from the Infection , when the aire is corrupted . The seed made into Comfits like unto those of Caraway are effectuall for all the purposes aforesaid , and so is the distilled water sweetned with Sugar though not in so powerfull a manner as the former ; which water also beautifieth the face , by cleansing it from all Spots and Freckels , and leaving a good colour . The juyce of the Leaves doth the same , and being dropped into the grievous wounds of the Head , or any other place , dryeth up the moisture and healeth them quickly . The distilled water alone , or with Vinegar , being put into the eyes cleareth the sight exceedingly . I conceive I have given to every sort its due properties , notwithstanding I find all or most of them attributed to Saxifrage in general , and no doubt , when one sort is not to be had , the other may serve as substitutes , they being promiscuously used by divers .

CHAP. CCXIII. Of Dropwort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is in flower when the Vine is , the word signifying the Flower of the Vine , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from the whitenesse of its flowers . In Latine Filipendula from the form of root , which is composed of divers tuberous peeces hanging together with black strings like threds , yet some write Philipendula following Nicholaus Myrepsus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , without taking notice why it is called Filipendula . It is called in English also Filipendula and the same Filipendula and Dropwort , because it helpeth pissing of by Drops .

The Kinds .

I think it will not be amisse to give you the varieties of Dropwort , ( though the Common Filipendula , be that which is most used in Physick , ) which are Fourteen in all , 1. Common or Ordinary Filipendula , 2. Another great Fhilipendula , 3. Small Filipendula , 4. The most ordinary great Dropwort , 5. A smaller sort of Dropwort , 6. Candy Dropwort with starr like heads , 7. Candy Dropwort with fruitfull heads , 8. Lobels Narrow Leaved Enanthe or Dropwort , 9. Lobels Hemlock like Euanthe or Dropwort , 10. Marsh Dropwort , 11. French Dropwort , 12. Small Rush like Enanthe or Dropwort , 13. Fine small Dropwort of Africa , 14. Water Dropwort .

The Forme

Ordinary Filipendula or Dropwort shooteth forth divers long winged Leaves , each of them consisting of many small Leaves of different sises , set on each side of a middle rib , and each of them dented about the Edges , somewhat resembling Burnet and Wild Tansy or rather Agrimony , or rather participating somewhat of each , but differing in somewhat from every one of them , as being harder in handling . From amongst the said Leaves , rise up one or more stalks about a Cubit or two foot high having some such Leaves thereon as grow below , and sometimes also divided into other branches , spreading at the top into many white sweet smelling Flowers , consisting of five Leaves a peice with some threds in the middle , standing together in a tuft or umbel upon a small footstalk ; the seeds are small and black , whereupon depend many little knobs or black pellets , somewhat like unto those of the female Peony but smaller .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers places of this Land both upon and about St. Vincents Rock by Bristow , and in a medow neer Sion house by Brainford and by the hedge sides or under bushes in dry fields and medows . The second on the tops of very cold mountaines . The third in stony rough grounds about Mompelier . The places of the rest are ●ome in our own Lands , some in others as may be perceived by their names . The ninth groweth in the wet and moist furrows of the plowed Lands belonging to Underbrick , Commonly called Battersey near London : and by the foot-way-side between Greenwich and Eltham about a mile from Colonel Blunts hou●e towards Eltham : The last groweth about the house which was formerly the Bishop of Londons at Fulham . The Filipendul●as , flower in June and July , and their ●eed is ripe in August ; but the rest flower and seed , somewhat later .

The Temperature .

Dropwort is hot and dry in the third degree , opening and cleansing , yet alittle binding .

The Signature and Vertues .

The roots of severall of the sorts of Dropwort , consisting of round tuberous pieces , which do somewhat resemble the Stone in a mans Bladder , do sign fie that it is an excellent Remedy for the Stone , and indeed it is so , for it not onely helpeth mightily to break and expell the Stone either in the Kidneys or Bladder , and to bring away the Gravell , but is also very effectuall to provoke Urine , to help the Strangury or pissing by Drops , and all other paines of the Reines or Bladder , which are either forerunners or Symptoms of the Stone , whether you use the Flowers Leaves or Seed but the Roots are most effectuall , as having the Signature , either taken in Powder or in a decoction , with White Wine , whereunto a little Honey is added . The same bringeth down womens Courses , helpeth to expell the After-birth , and is good in the Dropsy , Jaundise , and Falling-Sicknesse . The roots made into Powder and mixed with Honey into the Form of in Electuary , doth much help them whose Stomacks , are swollen , breaking and dissolving the wind , which was the cause thereof , as also is very effectuall for all diseases of the Lungs as shortnesse of breath Wheesings , hoarsnesse of the Throat , and the Cough , and to bring away cold phlegm therefrom , or any other part thereabouts . Being used in Broths it helpeth the Ache of the Back and Kidneys and also other distempers thereof , as also of the Bladder and Urine . The said Knots of the Roots being dryed and made into powder are effectuall for Fistul●es and hollow sores both inward and outward , being & bruised before they be dry , and applyed to the swellings of the Pills or Haemorrhoides it helpeth them , and so do the Leaves which may be used , if the root to be be not gotten . Divers of other sorts provoke Urine , and help the Strangury also . But the Hemlock Dropwort is in all cases to be avoided ; for those that have seen the experience of it , do affirme that being taken in sharp sawces it doth well nigh poyson , and those that eat of it , have bin made giddy in their heads , pale in their faces , and to stagger and reel like drunken Men.

CHAP. CCXXV. Of Gromell .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lithospermum which signifies as much as Stony-seed , for the seed is very hard like a Stone ; in Latine also Lithospermum , and Gorgonium , Aeginochos , and Heraclea ; in Shops Milium Solis and Granum Solis , as some think , because of its glistering , when the Sun shines upon it , but Serapio saith , it should be called Misium Soler because the seedes , being like those of Millet , did grow upon the Mountaine Soler . It is called in English Gromell , Pearle-Plant , and L●chwale . Jobs Teares , which I intend to treat of also in this Chapter as being Lithospermi species , a kind of Gromel , be called in Latine Lachryma Job and Jobi , and Lachryma Christi ; of some Diospyros or Jovis Triticum , the Leaves hereof being like the Blades of Corne. The Italians when they first had it , called it Lachryma simply , afterwards Lachryma Christi : and since , every Country hath added some or other Epithite thereunto , most of which are made use of in English , some calling it Jobs Teares , some Moses Teares some Jobs Drops , or Moses drops , Christs Teares , Our Ladies Teares ; and some Gromel Reed , because Gesner calls it Arundo Lithospermos .

The Kinds .

To this kind may be referred these nine sorts . 1. Great upright Gromell . 2. The greater creeping Gromwell . 3. Small wild Gromell . 4. Umbelliferous Gromell . 5. Small Gromel , with tu●ted tops like Alkanet . 6. Small Corne Gromel . 7. The small Germane Gromell or Sparrowort . 8. French Gromel with Flaxen Leaves . 9. Job's Teares .

The Form .

Great upright Gromel which is that which usually groweth in Gardens riseth up with divers , upright , slender , wooddy , hairy , brown and crested stalles , very little or not branched at all , whereon do grow without order , long , hard , rough , sharp pointed narrow greene Leaves ; at the tops of the stalkes stand divers small white flowers , in rough brown huskes , wherein after they are past , is contained a white hard , stony , round , shining seed , like unto Pearles ; the root is long and hard or somwhat wooddy , with divers branches and fibres thereat , which perisheth not every yeare , as the stalkes do .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Gardens as I said before , whither it was brought out of Italy or the parts of France next unto it , where it groweth wild . The second and third grow wild in many places of our Land in barren grounds , whether tilled or untilled , and somtimes in those which are fruitfull also ; The fourth groweth , as Lobel saith , in the descent of the Valley of Ostia , in Piedmont . The sixt , as the same Author affirmeth , groweth in Corne-grounds by the way from Bristol , to Bath ; The seaventh in the Corne-feilds of Germany . The eight about Mompelier in France : The last groweth naturally in Candy , Rhodes , Syria , and other Easterne Countryes , being brought thence into our Gardens where it groweth well . The Gromels do all flower from Midsummer to September , the seed ripening in the meane time ; but the seed of Jobs Teares seldome come to perfection with us , unlesse it be sown betimes , and the Summer prove very hot .

The Temperature .

The seeds of Gromel are hot and dry in the second degree and so are those of Jobs Teares .

The Signature and Vertues .

The seeds of Gromel by their stony hardnesse , have given our fore-Fathers to understand that they are of singular force to break the Stone and to avoid it , and also the Gravel , either in the Reines , or Bladder ; and if it be made use of in these dayes it will be found as effectuall as any other Seed or Herb whatsoever , for the said purposes ; as also to provoke Urine , being stopt , and to help the Strangury , being bruised and boiled in white Wine or Broth , or the powder of it drunk in raw White-Wine or in broth or the like , but the most pleasant , safe , and effectuall way is to make a Barly creame with the Kernells of the four greater cold seeds , and the seeds of Gromel by boyling them in Barly water , and to take thereof in the morning fasting for three dayes together , when you are troubled with any of the aforesaid griefes . The said seeds being bruised and laid to steepe all night in White-Wine with some Fennell , Parsly , and Sena , and then boyled in a stone Vessell , strained , and sweetned with Sugar , and drunk the next morning , is a good medicine to purge Phlegme and Choler , to open and cleanse the Reines and Bladder , and to expell wind exceedingly . Two drammes of the seed in Powder taken with the Milk of a Woman is very effectuall to procure a speedy delivery to such Women as have sore paines in their Travel , and cannot be delivered as have been found true by divers , as Matthiolus saith . Being mixed with other ingredients it helpeth the Running of the Reines . The Herb it selfe ( when the seed is not to be had ) being boyled in White-Wine , and the decoction thereof , or else the juice of it , being drunk worketh the same effects , but not so powerfully nor speedily , and a Bath wherein some of it hath been boyled , being sate in , is much commended for an outward remedy . Of Jobs Teares , the most exquisite Crollius , who taketh notice of the former also , saith thus , Lacrhyma Jobbaa ad deturband●s calculos nunquam satis landata , that is , Jobs-Teares can never be sufficiently commended for expelling the Stone : & then doubtlesse it performeth the other effects , usually annexed , if the Powder or decoction of the seeds be taken as aforesaid . The said seeds are used by Papists beyond Sea to number their Prayers , and by others for beads , Bracelets , &c.

CHAP. CCXXVI . Of Onions .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , according to the Poets , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because the Antients were wont to shut their Eyes , as often as they eat them , lesf they should make them Water . It is called in Latine Cepa and Cepe from Caput , as some think , because of the greatnesse of their head , and Unio because the root is single not giving off-setts for increase , as other bulbous roots do . The old writers have given it Sirnames from the place where it grew as Cypria , Sardia , Cretica , Samothracia and Ascalonia from whence comes our English word Scallions which are set Onyons , the lesser sort whereof are by some called Chibouls from the French name S●boula .

The Kinds .

There be divers sorts of Onyons ; half a dozen whereof I shall here present you with , 1. The Ordinary flat white Onyon , 2. The long white Onion , 3. The flat red Onion , 4 , The long red Onyon , 5. The Strasborough Onion whose outside onely is red , 6. St. Omers Onion called by some but corruptly St. Thomas Onion .

The Form .

The Onion ( for the description is generall , ) hath divers long green hollow Leaves , seeming half flat ; amongst which riseth up a great round hollow stalk , bigger in the middle then any where else , at the top whereof standeth a close round head , covered at the first with a thin skin which breaketh when the head is grown , and sheweth forth a great Umbell of white Flowers , which turne into black seed ; but then the head is so heavy that the stalk cannot sustain it , and therefore it must be upheld from falling to the ground lest it rot and perish ; the root of every one is round , in some greater , in some lesser , in some flatter , in others longer , in some sharp and strong , in others milder and more pleasant , some being so pleasant that they may be eaten as an Apple .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts of Onions are Inhabitants of the Garden , and prosper best in that ground , which is well digged and dunged . I know not whether they grew naturally , or in Gardens about Ascalon , a City of Judea ; but that they were formerly very plentifull in those parts , I am verily perswaded . Those that are sown for store should be sown in February , or before the latter end of March at the furthest , in the increase of the Moon , and are to be gathered about August , when the blades begin to be flagged towards the roots . Those which are for seed must be set at the same time when the former are sown , yet it seldome comes to perfection in our own Country , most of the seed we use coming from beyond the Seas .

The Temperature .

Onions are hot and dry in the fourth degree , as Galen affirmeth . The juyce is of a thin watery substance , and if it be taken in any great quantity it is rank poyson , but the rest is of thick parts and may be eaten with little or no danger .

The Signature and Vertues .

White wine wherein a sliced onyon hath been steeped all night being drunk in the morning , and the party walke an hour after it , is a good Remedy for the Stone ; which its Signature doth demonstrate as Crollius noteth , as also to provoke Urine , and Womens Courses . They are used also to provoke Appetite ease the paines of the belly , and to help the bit●ng of a mad Dog , or other venemous Creatures , especially if it be mixed with a little Honey and Rue . The water , wherein sliced Onions have been steeped all night , killeth the wormes in Children : Being rosted under the Embers and eaten with Honey and Sugar and Oile , they help an old Cough by cutting the tough Phlegme and causing it easily to be Spit forth . It is counted by many a good preservatiue against infection to take Onions fasting , with bread and Salt ; but I dare not subscribe to their Opinion , because they do rather draw then expe●l Corruption , and therefore their externall use seemeth to be better , especially if a great Onyon being made hollow and the place filled up with good Treakle be roasted well under the Embers , and , after the taking away of the outermost skin , be beaten together and applyed to any Plague sore , or putrid Ulcer , for so it is likely to be a Soveraigne Remedy . Being sliced and dipped in the juyce of Sorrell , and given to one that is sick of a Tertian Agne , to eat , it taketh away the fit in once or twice so taking them . The continued use , especially of the seed thereof , increaseth the naturall seed , and stirreth upbodily lust . The juyce ●nuffed up into the Nostrills purgeth the Head and helpeth the Lethargy , and is good also for scalding or burning by fire , Water , or Gunpowder , and being used with Vinegar it taketh away all blemishes , Spots , and marks in the skin , and dropped into the Eares , easeth the paines and noise in them . Applyed also with Figs beaten together with them , it helpeth to ripen and break I●postumes and other Sores , especially being first rosted in Embers , stamped with Salt Rue and Honey , and so they are good for the biting of a Mad Dog , being laid thereunto . The luyce of Onions mixed with the decoction of Pennyroyall , and a Cloath wet therein and applyed , easeth the Gout . The juyce mixed with Honey , and a bald Head anno●nted therewith , causeth the haire to grow again . They provoke the Hemorrho●des or Pils being laid unto them either by themselves or stamped with Vinegar . They helpe Kibes , being rosted and applyed with Butter or H●gs-grease . To tender and delicate Bodies young men and cholerick persons , the too often or immoderate use is many times hurtful especially if they be raw , for they breed ill humors in the Stomack , in flame the blood , increase thirst , cause drousinesse and the headach , hurt the sight , and dull and disturbe the memory and understanding by their sharpnesse and windinesse , yet unto the Bodies of labouring Men , who receive some benefit by earning their bread with the sweat of their browes , they are seldom offensive , so true is that of the Poet , Labor omnia vincit Improbus ; the humors that they breed in others , being in them spent by their hard Labour .

CHAP. CCXXVII . Of Winter Cherries .

The Names .

IT may be called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 for it is a kind of Solanum ; nay , in Latine , it is called Solanum Halicacabum ; and Vesicatorium by Pliny , either of the Bladder wherein the Berry groweth , or of the Vertues against the diseases of the Bladder and Stone . The Arabians call it Alkakengi , which name the Shops retaine . Brunfelsius calleth it his Saxifraga quarta , terming it Rubra ; for which Epithet there is more colour then for Filipendula that it should be so called . It is called Winter Cherry in English , because it flourisheth in the Winter , and the fruit is like a Cherry .

The Forme .

I find but three sorts of Winter-Cherryes , that which is called Halicacabum Petegrinum or the Black Winter-Cherry perishing at the very first approach of Winter ; and therefore , and for other reasons ought not to be so called . 1. The Ordinary Winter-Cherry . 2. Virginian Winter Cherries . 3. Upright Indian Winter-Cherries ,

The Forme .

The Winter-Cherry sendeth forth a stalke which groweth to be a Cubit or two foot high , whereupon are set many broad and long greene Leaves , somwhat like unto the Leaves of Night-shade , whereof it seemeth to be a kind , as I said before , but larger ; at the joynts whereof come forth whitish flowers , made of five Leaves a peece , which after turne into greene berries inclosed with thin skins or bladders , which change to be reddish when they grow ripe , the berry being likewise reddish , and as large as a Cherry , wherein are contained many flat and yellowish seeds , lying within the Pulpe . The root runneth or creepeth in the ground , somtimes as big as ones little finger , shooting forth at severall Joynts in severall places , whereby it quickly overspreadeth a great compasse of ground .

The Places and Time .

Though the first be only to be found in Gardens ( or in other places whither it hath beene cast forth from thence ) here in England , yet in some Countryes it groweth naturally by the hedg sides in moist and shadowy places : the second came from Virginia , the last groweth also in the West Indies . They flower in August , and are fittest to be gathered in October , ( yet some of them continue longer ) and being strung up they may be kept all the yeare to be used upon occasion .

The Temperature .

Winter Cherries are thought to be cold and dry , and of subtill parts . The fruit Openeth , but the Leaves do only coole , and therefore are good in inflammations .

The Vertues and Signature .

Having given you severall Plants that had the Signature of the Stone , I come in the la●t place to shew you one or two that have the Signature both of the stone and bladder which the Winter Cherry doth very much re●emble , and is therefore of great use by opening the Uritory parts , and drawing down the Urine to provo●e it to be avoided plentifully , when it is stopped ; and is good also to expell the Stone and Bladder out of the Reines , Kidneys , and Bladder , helping to dissolve the Stone , and avoiding it by greet or Gravell , sent forth in the Urine : it helpeth much also to clense inward Impostumes or Ulcers , in the Reines or Bladder , or in those that avoid a bloody or foule Urine , two or three handfulls of the berries being bruised and put into two or three Gallons of new Wine or Ale , assoone as it is tunned up there to continue till the Wine or Ale be sit to be drunk , but the decoction of the Berries in Wine or Water is the most usuall way to be taken , yet the powder of them taken in drink or broth , is held to be more effectuall . It helpeth the yellow Jaundise also by opening the passages of the Gall and Liver , and expelling it by Urine . The diuilled Water of the Fruit or the Leaves together with them , or the berries greene or dry distilled with a little Milk is effectuall for all the purposes before specified , if it be drunk morning and evening with a little Sugar , and in speciall against the heat and sharpnesse of the Urine . The other Plant , whose fruit beareth the Signature of the Stone in the Bladder , is the Bladder Nut-Tree which is therefore said to be effectuall to help those which are troubled with the Stone in the Bladder , but because it is without any other Vertue , unlesse it be to provoke Venery , as some affirme , having withall divers evill Qualities , whereby they are loathsome and overturne the Stomacks of them that eate them , I shall passe it by without any description at all , only tell you that it is called Nux Vesicaria in Latine & supposed to be the Staphylodendron of Pliny . Some call it Pistacium Germanicum , because they call it by the same name they do the Pistake , whereof Scaliger taketh it to be a kind . So much I thought good to say of it , because it growes in Gardens and Fields in divers places of this land .

CHAP. CCXXVIII . Of Dogs-grasse or Quich-grasse .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Agrostis that is Gramen simply 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it is of most use . In Latine Gramen Caninum and Gramen Caninum medicatum by Lobel , following Pliny herein , who first called it Canaria quasi à Cani●●●inventa , because Dogges when they are sick at the Stomack do naturally eat hereof , fall to their Vomit , and are well ; and therefore others have called it Cynagrostis and Dens Canis from the forme wherein it first appeareth . We call it in English Dogs-grasse , because Dogs feed thereon , Quich-grasse , and Couch-grasse from the nature of the rootes which ly so close in the ground , that they cannot be got out , unlesse the ground be broken up with a Spade . The Latine word Gramen is derived à Gradiendo from spreading it selfe , for it will over●●●ne a place speedily .

The Kindes .

You may guesse by the severall sorts of Quich-grasse , what a huge number of Grasses there be in all , this being a subordinate kind , and yet hath sixteene under it . 1. Common Quich-grasse . 2. Quich-grasse with a more spread Panickle . 3. The lesser Quich-grasse with a sparsed tuft . 4. Low bending Quich-grasse . 5. Low bending Quich-grasse of Mompelier . 6. A small sweet grasse like Quich-grasse . 7. Common bulbed and knotted Quich-grasse . 8. Knobbedgrasse with a small round spike . 9. Double bulbed . 10. The bulbed Grasse of Aleppo . 11. The Sicilian Bulbed Grasse . 12. Sea spiked Dogs-grasse or Quich-grasse . 13. Sea Quich-grasse . 14. Sea Dogs-grasse with long roots . 15. Sea spiked Dogs-grasse of Mompelier . 16. Rough Sea Dogs-grasse .

The Forme .

Common Quich-grasse is well known , both by Gardiners and Husbandmen , to creepe farre about under the ground with long white joynted Rootes , and small fibres , almost at every joynt , very sweet in tast ( as the rest of the herb is ) and interlacing one another : from whence shoote forth first one , and afterwards many faire and long grassy Leaves , small at the ends and cutting and sharpe at the edges ; the Stalkes are joynted like corne with the like Leaves on them , and a long spiked Head , with long husks on them , and hard rough seed in them .

The Places and Times .

The first is too common both in Gardens and Ploughed feilds for the Gardeners and Husbandmens store , though not for such Physitians , as Mr. Culpepper ; who holds halfe an Acre of it worth five of Carrots or Corne : the second and third are nothing so frequent , and are more naturall to sandy and chalky grounds : the three next are likewise found in feilds , that have been Ploughed , but ly fallow at present ; The seaventh is found in some Ploughed Feilds and Medowes of this Land ; the eighth neere Basil , the ninth in Spaine , the tenth neere Aleppo , the eleaventh neere Verona ; the three next on our Sea-Coasts , especially in Kent , the fifteenth , about Mompelier and Narbone , the last about Venice . They flourish most in the Summer , but their Rootes endure the hardest Winters .

The Temperature .

Dogs-grasse is cold in the first degree , and moderate in coldnesse and moisture , but the seed is much more cold and dry , of some tenuity of parts , and somewhat harsh .

The Vertues and Signature .

All the sorts of Grasse especially those of Quich-grasse , are very effctuall to open the passages of Urine being stopped , as also to wast the gravel of the Stone in the Bladder , and the Ulcers thereof , but that sort which is knobbed is held to be most proper , because it hath a kind of Signature : And if I should say that some of the other sorts cure the Wormes by Signature , I should not say amisse ; for the rootes of some of them are very like those beds of Wormes which we somtimes see voided from men , the juice thereof mixed with Honey and the Powder of Southernwood , and taken in drink ; for Children , the juice mingled with an Oxe-Gall and a cloth dipped therein , and laid to the Navell , will be sufficient : and for this purpose the Dogs also eat it who after the taking thereof have been observed to void many . Being boiled in white wine and drunk , it openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , and easeth the griping paines of the Belly and Inflammations . The Roots bruised and applyed are very effectuall for Consolidating Wounds . The seed doth more powerfully expell Urine , and stayeth the Lask and Vomitings . The distilled Water by it self or with a little wormseed killeth the Wormes in Children . The way of using it for the diseases of the Reines and Bladder , which I forgot to expresse after the Signature , is onely to bruise the Roots and having well boiled them in white wine , to drink the decoction , yet after the benefit of making Water is obtained , the decoction must be made in water .

CHAP. CCXXIX . Of Butchers Broom .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Oxymyrsine , which is as much as Acuta Myrtus in Latine , and Prickly Myrtle in English ; as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Myrtus Sylvestris ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Myrtacantha , Myrtus Spinosa , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , murina Spina , and of Theophrastus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Centromyrrhine . Pliny saith ; that it was called in his time Chamaemyrsine , and Acaron or rather Aceron which is one of the Bastard Names , by all which we may gather that it was taken for the wild Myrtle but falsly , for that which was accounted so , amongst the Ancients is like unto the manured kind with prickly Leaves ; and therefore Pliny mis●ooke , when he attributed the faculties of the one to the other . It is called in Latine Ruscus and Ruscum , and in Shops Bruscus , and of some Ruscus Bruscus by Onoma●opaeia , because of the Russeling noise it maketh , when it is moved ; and of some , as Marcellus saith , Scopa Regia . We call it in English Knee-holme Knee●●lver , Kneeholly , Pettigree , and Ruscus Bruscus .

The Kinds

Butchers Broom at its first coming up sendeth forth thick whitish short Shoots , somewhat like unto those of Asparagus , but greater ; which thing to be about a foot high are spread into divers green branches , which are a little crested , tough , p●●ant , and flexible ; whereon are set somwhat broad and allmost hard Leaves , sharp and prickly pointed at the ends , of a dark green colour and somewhat like unto Myrtle Leaves , two for the most part set at a place very close or near together ; about the middle of the Leafe on the back or lower side , from the middle Rib , breaketh forth a small whitish green flower , consisting of four small round pointed Leaves , standing upon little or no foot-stalk ; in the place whereof cometh a small round berry , green at the first ; and red when it is ripe , wherein are conteined two or three white , hard , round seeds . The Root is thick , white and great at the Head , and from thence sendeth forth divers thick , white , long , tough strings .

The Places and Time

Butchers Broom groweth plentifully in divers Copses Heaths and wast grounds of this Land , especially upon Hampsted Heath , four miles from London , and in divers parts of Kent , Essex and Bark-shire where Holly-bushes grow , for under them they are oftentimes found . It shooteth forth its young Buds in the Spring , the berries being ripe in or about September , and the branches or Leaves abiding all the Winter .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Butchers Broom which are of greatest vertue and use are temperatly hot , and dry also in a mean , with a thinnesse of Essence .

The Signature and Virtues .

Though Butchers Broom cannot be said to have the Signature of the Reines and Bladder , or the Stone in them , yet it may as well be said to have the Signature of that pricking pain that is left in them , as often as the Stone or Gravell moves , just as if thornes were put into the passages of the Urine , as Carduus Benedictus , to signifie its efficacy in curing the paines of the sides , by the prickles that grow thereon : and therefore the Decoction of the Roots made with Wine is very profitable to open Obstructions , to provoke Urine , and to amend the strong smell thereof , it being one of the sive opening or diureticall Roots , expressed in the London Dispensatory : for it helpeth to expell Gravell and the Stone , and consequently from those tormenting paines which seeme as if those parts were peirced through with Needles . It is also of great operation in the Strangury , bringeth down Womens monthly Courses , and being taken with some Honey or Sugar , it cleanseth the Breast of Phlegme , and the Chest of much Clammy humors gathered therein . The same effects are attributed to the Leaves and Berries by Dioscorides . The juyce of the Leaves taken with Sugar , helpeth Spitting of blood , and cleanseth the Womb. Halfe a Ounce of the Roots with the like quantity of Annise-seed and Fennel-seed made into powder , and halfe an Ounce of Sugar mixed therewith , and as much of it taken in posset drink or white wine , as will lye on a Shilling , is very available against Wind and gripings of the Belly . The decoction of the Roots drunk and a Pultis made of the Berries and Leaves being applyed , are effectuall in knitting and consolidating broken Bones or parts out of Joynt . The juyce thereof taketh away the stinke of the mouth and Gums , being washed therewith ; and the powder of the root cleanseth wounds and preventeth a Gangrene being strewed therein . The Leaves stamped and boiled with Rose-water and a little Wine , and applyed unto the secret parts of a man , helpeth the Inflammations thereof . The young shoots are in some places eaten in Sallets , after that manner as Asparagus are . The full grown branches were formerly used to make Beesoms to sweep the house , whence it was called Scopa Regia : but now it is used by few unlesse it be Butchers who make cleane their stalls & defend their meat from the flyes therewith , which is the reason why it is called Butchers Broom . It hath been used to preserve Martlemasse-beof and Bacon from the mice eating , and so it may be still by those that have the command of both . The most effectuall way of using it in the Diseases of the Reines and Bladder , is to boile the Roots of it and Parsly , Fennell , Smallage , and Grasse of each a like quantity in White wine , and to drink the decoction , respect being had to the strength of the Patient ; otherwise it is possible , that so many cleansing things may make some Excoriation , or fretting in the passages of the Urine , these many diureticall roots being put together .

CHAP. CCXXX . Of Chervill .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Chaerephyllum , either because it delighteth to grow with many Leaves , or because they cause joy & gladnesse : which name the Latines partly follow , it being called Chaerophyllum by Columella , and is likely to be the Carophyllum of Pliny ; but the most common name it hath is Cerefolium or Ch●rifolium , being a mongrell Word composed both of Greek and Latine . It is called in English by no other name that I know , then Chervill ; for Myrrhis , Sweet Chervill , and Sweet Cicely is another plant which I have already treated of , different from this in many respects , as I could shew , if I thought it needfull but I think what I have said , may suffice .

The Kinds .

Of this Chervill I find but two sorts , 1. Garden Chervill . To which I may add Shepheards-needle , or mock Chervill .

The Form .

The Garden Chervill doth at the first coming up somewhat resemble Parsly , but after it is better grown , the Leaves are very much cut in , and jagged , resembling Hemlocks , so much that some have mistaken one for the other , ( yet they may easily be distinguished if you smell unto them ) being a little hairy and of a whitish green colour , and sometimes turning reddish in Summer , with the Stalkes also . It riseth above halfe a yard high , though Parkinson say but halfe a foot , bearing white Flowers in spotted Tufts , which turne into long and round seed , sharply pointed at the ends and blackish when they are ripe , of sweet tast but of no smell , whereas the herb it self smelleth reasonable well , which Hemlock doth not : The root is small and long , and perisheth every year , yet being once sown and suffered to seed , and that seed suffered to sow it self , it will put you to no further trouble unlesse it be to weed it out , lest it encroach upon its neighbours territories .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Gardens , and is a good Sallet herb at the first coming up , yet after a while it growes strong and unpleasant . The second groweth wild in Vineyards and Orchards beyond the Sea , and in divers places of our own Land . The last is to be found in most Corne-Fields in England . If that of the Garden be sowne early the seed will be ripe in June , and Jluy , which being suffered to ●●ll , or sown againe presently , will rear up a new Crop for Autumn-Sall●●s ; the other two , flower early and seed accordingly .

The Temperature .

Chervill is of a temperate heat and moderate drynesse , Shepherds Needle is hot and dry in the later end of the second degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The sharp pointed seeds of Chervill and Shepherds-Needle may be said to signifie the Vertues they have in easing the pricking paines of the Stone in the Reines and Bladder , for the juyce or distilled water of either of them being drunk , is good for the Back and Bladder , provoketh Urine mightily , and freeth the inward parts from Obstructions ; and the Chervil taken in meat or drink , worketh the same effects being taken either as meat or Medicine , for it may be and is often eaten as a fallet whilst it is young , pleasing the Palate with its good rel●ish , and warming the Stomack also , and therefore it is very much u●ed amongst the French and Dutch in L●blollies of stewed herbes , in the eating whereof they much delight . Tragus saith , it is a certaine remedy to dissolve congealed or clotted blood in the body , and so it doth likewise the blood that is caked by any bruises , falles , or the like . It is also held very effectuall to send down Womens Courses and to help the Pleurisy and prickings of the sides , which it doth by Signature also , and to provoke sleep sweetly , the decoction being taken . The wild Chervill bruised and applyed dissolveth Swellings in any part of the body , and taketh away black and blew markes happening by bruises or blowes , in a short space , and also easeth the Collick and paine of the belly . Both Dioscorides and Galen do say , that Scandix or Shepherds-Needle is good both for the Stomack and Belly , being either eaten raw or boiled : Being made into drink and taken , it is good for the Nephriticall diseases before mentioned , as also for the Liver , and bindeth a loose Belly : The seed being taken with Vinegar presently stayeth the Hicket , and used in an Oyntment , it helpeth the parts that are burnt with fire . Pliny saith that the roote of P●cte● V●●ris which is the Latine name of this Horb being beaten with Mallowes draweth forth Spli●●ers , or any other thing sticking in the flesh , which is signified by the se●ds which are like unto Splinters .

CHAP. CCXXXI . Of Brooke-Lime .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine Anagallis Aquatica , because it is a kind of Pimpernel , commonly growing by the Water sides , and in the Water , where it is not deepe . It is called also 〈◊〉 from the German word 〈◊〉 . Diver● Authors have taken it to be Si●● of Dioscorides , but very e●●oniously , that being our Water Pars●●p , and not much unlike the Garden Pars●●● this whereof we now treat being more like on Purslane as you shall here an one , yet that also hath its name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 calcul●●que 〈◊〉 , from the Vertue it hath in those distempers we are now upon , and therefore for want of a fitter place , I shall put them together in this Chapter .

The Kindes .

Of Br●●ke-Li●e and Water-Pars●ep , there he Ele●en form , 1. Common Brooke-lime . 2. The greater Brooke-lime . 3. Great Water Pimpernell . 4. Small round leafed Water Pimpernell . 5. Lobels third Water Pimpernell . 6. Long Chick-weed leafed water Pimpernell . 7. Narrow leafed water Pimpernel . 8. The greater Water Parsnep . 9. The lesser Water Parsnep . 10. Another Water Parsnep with narrow Leaves . 11. The quick or impatient Cresse .

The Form .

Common Brooke-lime groweth with flat thick stalkes , which are round , and parted into divers branches , having on them thick smooth and broad Leaves , somwhat like unto those of Purslaine , but of a deeper greene colour , set by couples upon the stalkes : The flowers grow upon small long tender foot-stalkes which thrust themselves out of the bosome of the Leaves ; of a perfect blew colour , not unlike in forme to the Leaves of the Land-Pimpernel , consisting of five small round pointed Leaves a peece ; shortly after which commeth the Seed , whose forme hath not beene observed : The Roote is white , low , creeping with fine strings fastened thereunto at every joynt .

The Places and Times .

The three first and the fifth are often found in our own Land , growing in small standing Waters , the fourth and seaventh in Germany in the like places , the eight in Germany , the ninth in divers pooles , and watery ditches of our own Land ; the two last have been found with us also . They do all flower in June , and July most commonly , giving their seed the next Moneth after .

The Temperature .

Brooke-lime and Water Pimpernel are both of a moist faculty as Tragus saith , yet others say dry . Water Parsnep is also of a heating faculty .

The Signature and Vertues .

Crollius saith that Purs●ane which I appropriate to the Teeth hath the Signature of the Reines , and I know not why I may not as well say that Brooke-limes , whose Leaves are not unlike those of the former , may have the same . I am sure that all Authors that write of it say , that it is very effectuall to break the Stone in the Reines and Bladder , and to passe it away by Urine , which it provoketh also being stopped , to helpe the Strangury , and the inward Scabs of the Bladder , the Leaves being stamped and strained , and the juice given to drink in Wine . It helpeth likewise to procure Womens Courses , and to expell the Dead Birth , and is very profitable in the Dropsy . It is many times used with Water-Cresses and other things in Diet drinkes , to purge and cleanse the blood from those ill humours that would overthrow the health thereof , especially if it be taken in the Spring-time when the blood is most active , and so it is very helpfull for the Scurvy also , and therefore Country people when they cannot easily get Scurvy-grasse do use Brookelime insteed thereof . Being fryed with Butter and Vinegar and applyed warme , it helpeth all manner of tumours and swellings and St. Anthonies fire also , if it be often renewed . The herb boiled maketh a good fomentation for Swollen Legs , and the Dropsy . The Leaves boiled and stamped in a stone Mortar with the powder of Feny-greek , Linseed , the roots of Marsh Mallowes and some Hogs-grease unto the forme of a Pultis , taketh away any swelling in the Legs or Armes which is also powerfull in defending Wounds , that are ready to fall into Apostemation , that no humour or accident shall happen thereunto . Farriers use it likewise about Horses to take away swellings , and to heale the Scab , and other like diseases in them . Water parsnep provoketh Urine and Womens Courses , and breaketh and expelleth both the Stone in the Kidneys , and the Dead birth .

CHAP. CCXXXII . Of the Haw-thorne .

The Names .

IT being so much controverted by Authors concerning the true Greek name of this Shrub , I shall not undertake to decide it but p●●e it by without giving it any . The La●ine name h●th also beene in di●putation , but ●●e ●o●t judicious of these later times have determined that the Spina appendix Pl●●●● which he somtimes calleth Spina simp●y can be no other then this Haw thorne which is called also in English Hedg-thorne , White-thorne , May , and M●y bu●h because our ordinary sort commonly flowreth in May , never after , though somtimes before .

The Kinds .

Antiquity was acquainted but with one sort hereof , yet now there be three taken notice of . 1. The ordinary Haw-thorne . 2. The ●ow Haw-thorne . 3. Englands Haw-thorne , which is in all parts like the common sort , but that it flowreth twice in a yeare , to the great admiration of some wise and judicious men .

The Forme .

The Common Haw-thorne usually groweth to be but a Shrub or Hedg-bush , with divers shootes , armes , and branches , whereon are set in ●ivers places sharp thornes and faire shining Leaves , somwhat broad , and cut in on the edges into divers parts ; the flowers are many standing together , comming forth both at the ●op of the branches and the upper joynts with the Leaves , on●●●●ng of five white Leaves a peece with divers white threds in the middle tipt , with red and of a very pleasant sweet scent , after which come the fruit being roundish berries , greene at the first but of a lively red colour when they are ripe , consisting of a soft sweet and certaine whitish seed ; the root groweth deepe into the ground , of a very hard and durable substance .

The Place and Time .

The first groweth generally throughout the whole Land where any Hedges be , the second in German● in some of the Gardens of those that love rarities , not differing from the ordinary kind , save that the fruit thereof is as yellow as Saffron ; the last at Glastenbury Abby , and in Whey-street or rather High-street in Rumney Marsh , and neere unto Nautwich in Cheshire , by a place called White-green . The two first flower in May , and their fruit is ripe in September or thereabouts , the last both in May and about Christmas sooner or later as the temperature of the weather will permit , having at the same time both greene and ripe berries .

The Temperature :

The Leaves , Flowers and fruit of the Haw-thorne are supposed to be drying and binding .

The Signatures and Vertues .

The powder of the Berries or the seeds in the Berries being given to drink in Wine , is gen●rally held to be a singular good Remedy against the Stone , which is signified by the Stones or seeds which they cheifely consist of , and so it is reported to be good for the Dropsy The flowers steeped three dayes in Wine , and afterwards distilled in Glasse , and the water thereof drunk , is a Soveraign Remedy for the ●leurisy , and for inward tormenting paines , such as those of the Stone are , which is also signified by the prickles that grow on this Tree . The water of the Flowers distilled after the ordinary way stayeth the Flux or Lask of the belly : the seeds cleared from the down , bruised and boiled in wine and drunk , perfo●meth also the same effect . The said distilled water of the Flowers is not onely cooling but drawing also , for it is found by good experience , that if Cloathes and Spunges be wet in the said water , and applyed to any place whereinto thornes , Splinters , &c. have entered and be there abiding , it will notably draw them forth , so that the Thorne gives a medicine for its own pricking , as many other things be●ides do , if they were observed . The Bark stamped with Red Wine , and fryed with Boares grease and applyed hot , worketh the effect before mentioned . The ripe Berries are the best sustenance that many birds have in the Winter , and they are good food for Hoggs , and therefore the Swineheards do beat them down for them . The Wood hath many convenient uses as making of Mounds . If you would have a living Mound , plant the Setts ; if a dead one , make a hedge with them , and it will out last two that is made of any other wood ; & though it be troublesome to lay on the fire , yet it will burn excellent well , and last longest of any fewell , especiall the Roots .

CHAP. CCXXXIII . Of the Lemmon-Tree .

The Names .

IT is not likely that either this Tree , or its fruit , were known to the Ancient Greeks or Latins , there being no mention of it in any of their writings ; but by modern Authors , and in these dayes it is called Malus Limonia , and the fruit Limons . The Spaniards , amongst whom it is most plentifull , call the tree Limera , and the fruit Limas ; All other Nations follow the Latin , as near as their Dialect will permit .

The Kinds .

Of Lemmon-trees , I find six sorts upon record , 1. The ordinary Lemon-tree , 2. The thin rinded sowre Lemmon , 3. The round Lemmon-tree , 4. The greater sweet Lemmon-tree , 5. The Sivill Lemmon , 6. The wild Lemmon-tree .

The Form .

The Lemmon-tree in hot Countryes where it principally delighteth , grows to the stature of a lusty tall tree with great armes and slender branches , but in this Land it is content with the compasse of a box filled with earth , which standing upon legges may be carried up and down ; so that you may conceive it doth not attain to the bignesse of that in hotter Countries ; the branches are armed with long and greenish thornes , the Leaves are long and somewhat like unto that so●t of the Bay-tree Leaves , which is commonly called the Lawrell , ●ented about the edges , with a shew of very small holes in them , but lesse then the Oren●e Leaves have , of a very good sent ; the flowers grow at the Leaves all along the branches , being somewhat longer then those of the Orenge , ma●e of five thi●k white Leaves with some threds in the middle , and of a sweet sent also : the fruit that followeth is somewhat long and round , with a paller yellow rind , the Orenge or Citron , somewhat uneven or rugged , somewhat bitter in tast , but of a sweet smell : the pulpe is white and lesser in quantity then eirher of the other , in the middle whereof is contained a more soft spungy pulpe ▪ fullpulp of sower ▪ juyce ▪ it hath such like seed as the Citron amongst it , but smaller and somewhat longe● , if it be heedfully marked , though they may seeme both alike at first sight .

The Places and Time .

Spaine is the place which furnishes us with Lemmons , yet we have some of the Trees growing in our own Land , as at Zion house by Brainford , and at W●mbleton house in the County of Surrey . The Trees in Spain are seldom seen without ripe fruit , and half ripe , and small young and green , and blossomes all at once , and those with us have the same but not so frequently , yet are alwaies green .

The Temperature .

Lemmons are not wholly of one temperature ; for the rind is hot in the first degree , and dry in the second ; the juyce of them is cold in the second degree , and dry in the first .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Lemmon with the prickles wherewith the tree is fortified do not altogether insignificantly expresse the Stone in the Reines and Bladder , and the prick●ng paines that do accompany it , and therefore an Ounce and half of the juyce of unripe Lemmons being taken with a little Malmesy helpeth to cleanse & expell the Stone out of the Kidneys . Or if the party grieved do but drink the juyce of Lemmons next his heart in a morning three times in a week , he shall find it of good effect , ( and I think it would do no body else any great harm , ) if he take it in a Cup of White or Rhenish wine with Sugar , and so it strengtheneth the heart , stomack and head , resisteth poyson , expelleth Melancholy , and maketh the breath sweet . It likewise killeth and driveth forth the Wormes of the belly , both from men and Children : If an Angel of Gold , of the same weight or pure leaf Gold , be steeped four and twenty houres in three or four ounces of the ●aid juyce being very pure , and some of it given in a Cup of Wine , with a little powder of Angelica Root , unto any infected with the plague , though dangerously sick , ( if there be any hope or likelyhood of recovery , ) it will help him . The said juyce is singular good to quench thirst in hot Feavers , and so is the Posset drink made thereof . It is of good use likewise at Sea in long Voyages to put into their Beverage , to keep them from the Scurvy , whereunto Seamen and passengers are sub●ect , if the Voyage be long ; and to quench their thirst , when they come into hot Countries . The water that is distilled in Glasse , from the inward pulp or substance of the Lemons provoketh Urine , breaketh and expelleth the Stone being drunk , cleareth the Skin from all Freckles , Spots , and other marks in the face or in any part of body ; helpeth also the running Scab , and killeth Lice in the bead , the wormes in the Hands or Nose , and pushes and wheales in the skin . The rind or peele of the Lemmon being put into Tarts and Sawces , giveth unto them an excellent relish , and doth correct the Stench of the mouth whether it come by taking Tobacco or otherwise , especially if it be dryed . It may safely be used to all purposes which the rind of the Citron is , coming somewhat near to it in properties , though in a weaker degree . The seeds of these are likewise almost as effectuall , as those of Ci●rons to preserve the Heart and Vitall Spirits from poyson , to resist the infection of the Plague or Poxes , or any other contagious disease , to kill the wormes in the Stomack , provoke womens courses , cause a●●rtion , having a digesting and drying quality , fit to dry up and consume moist hu●ors both inwardly in the body , and outwardly in any moist or running Ulcers and Sores . The juyce of the said fruit is very necessary for Dyers , who spend much thereof in striking sundry dainty colours , which will never be well done without it ; and is used also by Laundresses to get Iron mouldes and all manner of s●ain●s out of the purest Linnen , for which they find it very effectuall . Though some perhaps may covet after the sweetest Lemmons , because they are more delicious , and gratefull to the Palate , ye● for any of the purposes aforementioned as also to make Lemmon Beer , the sowre Lemmon is most proper , being more ●ooling in Physick and operative for other businesses , because it is more abstersive .

CHAP. CCXXIIII . Of the Cypresse Tree .

The Names

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cyparitt●s and Cyparissus , either 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because the branches of it grow so eaven that one would think it were formed by Art ; or from Cyparissus , who as it is said was turned into the Cypresse tree ; or from the City Cyparissus , near unto which a great multitude of these trees do grow . Some imagine that the Gopher 〈◊〉 , whereof the Arke of Noah is said to be made , was the Wood of this Tree ; and indeed there is some probability for it , there being no Wood whatsoever so durable or lesse subject to rottennesse , though it continue in a wet or damp place ; as appeares by what Thevet reporteth , who saw , ( as he saith ) at Damiate in Egypt a Cypresse Chest , that was digged tenfoot out of a moorish ground not having one jot of corruption about it , though it is thought to have laine there many years . It is called in Latine Cypressus , either from Cyparissus , or from the ●and Cypr●s where they grow plentifully . Virgil maketh mention of Fro●● 〈…〉 re● , which the Commentator conceives was this Cypresse tree , which was used in those dayes , and is in these , by the gentiler sort at funeralls , to signifie that the remembrance of the present solemnity ought to endure a long while . The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , In Latine , Pilula Cupressi , Nuces Cupressi , and Galbuli ; in shops , Nuces Cupressi : In English Cypr●sse Nuts , or Clogs . This Tree was formerly dedicated to Pluto , which might be a reason also , why it was used at funeralls .

The Kinds .

The sorts of the Cypresse tree are said to be three , 1. The Ordinary Cypresse Tree , 2. The wild Cypresse Tree , 3. The Cypresse Tree of America .

The Forme .

The Ordinary Cypresse Tree hath a long thick and straight body , whereupon many slender branches do grow , which do not spread abroad like the branches of other Trees , but grow up with the body , yet not equally , so that it imitateth the fashion of a Spi●e Steeple , being broad below and picked towards the top : the body and armes are covered with a reddish bark ; the Leaves are ever green , but lose much of their Verdure in winter , which the next spring restoreth , being somewhat long , slender and flattish round , parted very much , and somewhat resembling Savin● , of a res●nous sent and strong tast ; the flowers are small and yellow , growing here and there amongst the boughes ; after which cometh the fruit , which is close and hard at first , of a russet brown colour , but cloven and opening into many parts when it is ripe , in which is conteined small brownish seed : the root spreadeth much , but not very deep .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Eastern Countries , and in many of the Isles of the Mediterranean Sea , as Rhodes , Candy , formerly called Creet , where it groweth very plentifully of its own accord , bea●ing ripe fruit from September almost all the Winter . The second by Jupiter Ammons Temple , and in other parts of Cyr●ne ; the last in the Northern parts of America . I speake of the naturall places ▪ for there be but few that are Ignorant , how familiar they are now in mo●● Gar●ens about London .

The Temperature .

The fruit and Leaves of the Cypresse Tree are dry in the third degree , having neither heat nor bitting sharpnesse ; yet by its adstringency , it doth resolve and consume humidities in putrid Ulcers .

The Vertues .

The Leaves of Cypresse boiled in sweet wine or Meade doth help the Stangury and difficulty of making water , and the powder of the Leaves with a little Myrrh and wine , helpeth tho●e fluxes that fall on the Bla●der , and provoketh Urine , being stopped . The said decoction helpeth the Covgh ▪ and shortnesse of breath , if it be taken in a small draught divers mornings fasting , and so it is good for the fluxes of the belly or stomack bleed●ngs and Spitting of bl●od as also the Rupture , if some of the fresh Leaves be well bound to the place , which thing the fruit or Nuts do performe more effectually . The Leaves bruised and ●aid unto fresh wounds , doth not onely stan●h the extraordinary bleeding of them , but consolidateth them also ; and used by themselves , or with Barly meale it helpeth St. Anthonies fire , creeping Ulcers , and Carbun●les , the sores and Ulcers of the privy parts in man or woman , and the inflammations of the Eyes , and applyed to the Region of the Stomack , it much comforteth and strengtheneth it against castings and other passions thereof , proceeding from sharp defluxions thereon . Being beaten with some dry figs , it mollifieth the bardnesse of tumors , and of the Testicles , and consumeth the Polypus , which is a troublesome excrescence growing in the Nose ; the same also boiled in Vinegar , and made up with the Meale of Lupins , causeth rugged nailes to fall away , and helpeth the Tooth-ach , if the decoction onely be often gargled in Mouth ; the same also taketh away the Morphew , freckles , and other Spots of the skin . The Nuts boyled in Wine , and the Haire washed therewith , causeth it to grow black ; and if the Ashes of them be mixed with the powder of a Mules hoofe , and the Oyle of Myrtles , it will stay the falling of it . The small raspings or fillings of the Wood , taken in Wine provoketh Womens Courses , helpeth venomous bitings , and procureth a good colour ; and the Wood or any other part thereof being burnt , driveth away g●ats , and other such like troublesome Flyes , and is destructive to all manner of Vermine , whether the Leaves be laid amongst any kind of seedes to keep them from being eaten with Wormes , or the Wood in Wardrobes to preserve Garments from Mothes ; and therefore Chests and boxes made thereof are extreamely desired by those that have them not , and highly prized by them that are possessors of them : the Wood it selfe which is of a reddish colour is so firme and durable , so free from corruption and Wormes , that it is not hurt by rottennesse , cobwebs or any other infirmities that often happen to other kinds of Wood. The Oyle wherein the fruit or Leaves have been sodden , doth strengthen the Stomack , ●tayeth Vomiting , the flux of the belly or Lask , and cureth the excoriation or going off , of the skin from the secret parts .

CHAP. CCXXXV . Of Kidney-Wort , or Venus Navel-Wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cotysedon from the likenesse it hath with a Sawcer or Navel ; and therefore the Latines do not only call it Cotyledon , or Umbilicus Veneris , but Acetabulum also , which signifies a Sawcer . It is also call Scatum cali , Scutellum , Terrae Umbilicus , Hortus Veneris , and Herba Coxendicum . In English Navel-wort of the Earth for its figure , Venus Navel-wort quia contecta genitalia nudat , et ad amatoria utitur , as Dioscorides saith ; Hipwort , for that it easeth the paines of the Hippes and other Joynts ; and Kidney-wort , because it helpeth the Kidneys ; and Wall Penniwort , because the Leaves are as round as a Penny , and not much broader .

The Kinds .

To this kind may be referred these five sorts . 1. Ordinary Kidney-wort or Wall penny-wort . 2. Spotted Kidney-wort or the Princes Feathers . 3. Small Kidney-wort with poundish Leaves . 4. Small Kidney-wort with party coloured Flowers . 5. Marsh Penny-wort .

The Form .

Ordinary Navel-wort , for that is the most usuall name that I know , hath many thick fat and round Leaves , every one having a short footstalke fastened about the middle thereof , and a little unevenly waved somtimes about the edges ; of a pale greene colour , and somwhat hollow on the upper side like a Spoone or Sawcer , from among which one or more tender smooth hollow stalks arise almost halfe a foot high with two or three small Leaves thereon , not so round as those below , but somwhat long and divided at the edges : the tops are somtimes divided into long branches , bearing a number of pendulous flowers , set round about a long spike one above another , which are hollow like a little bell , of a whitish colour , after which come small heads , wherein are contained small brownish seed ; The root is round like an Olive , and most usually smooth , yet sometimes rugged or knobbed , grayish without , and white within , having many small fibres thereat .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth plentifully in divers places of this Land as at Northampton , Bristoll , Bath , and Oxford , especially about Merton Colledge there , both within and without , upon the old Garden Wall , that is next the feilds ; and in other places upon mud walles and amongst the stones , and somtimes about old Trees ; the second in Portugall , the third and fourth upon the Rocky and Stony places of the Switzers , and upon the hill called Hortus dei neere Mompelier : the last in wet grounds Marshes and Bogges , and patticularly in a Va●e or Bogge belonging to Stow-Wood neere Oxford . The first flowereth about the beginning of May , quickly perfecting its seed , and then perishing till September , a●out which time it springeth up afresh , and abideth all Winter , the second about the middle of May , the three next in June and July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Ordinary Navel-wort is moist and cold somwhat astringent and a little bitter withall , whereby it cooleth , repelleth , cleanseth , and d●scusseth : the other sorts are held to be cooling , and somwhat more binding , except the last , which is hot and not to be used .

The Vertues and Signature .

To drink the juice or the distilled Water of Kidney-wort in a small quantity of White Wine , is of very great operation to heale sore Kidneys , torne or fretted by the Stone , or exulcerated within , with a deale of ease ; and so it provoketh Urine , and is available for the Drop●y , helpeth to break the stone as also to coole those parts that are inflamed by the paines thereof , and to ease the wringing paines of the Bowells , and the bloody-Flux . Some say that Rootes and Leaves eaten , in substance worketh the effects aforesaid ; and if I should say they do it by Signature , I think it would be no false doctrine , for the Root hath the figure of the stone , if you observe it . The said juice or distilled Water being drunk is very effectuall for all inflammations and unnaturall heats , to coole a fainting hot Stomack or a hot Liver , or the Bowells , as also for Pimples , Rednesse , St. Anthonies fire , and other outward inflammations , if the bruised Herb be applyed outwardly , or the place bathed with the juice , or the distilled Water thereof . It is also singular good to coole the painfullnesse of the Piles or Hemorrhoidall Veines , the juice being used as a Bath unto them or made into an Oyntment ; It is no lesse effectuall to ease the paines of the hot Gout and Sciatica , which is a paine in the Hips , and for this reason it is called Herba Coxendicum or Hip-wort ; and it is also available for the inflammations and Swellings of the Cods . It helpeth the Kernells or Knots in the Neck or Throat , called the Kings-Evill ; healeth Kibes and Chilblaines , if they be bathed with the juice or anointed with an Oyntment made thereof , and some of the Skin of the Leafe laid upon them ; It is also used in greene Wounds to stay the blood , and to heale them quickly . Those that have consecrated the Fore-head to modesty , the Eare to Memory , the Knee to mercy , have assigned the Navel to be the Seat of Luxury or Love ; and therefore the Leafe hereof , having the Signature of the Navel , is very prevalent in things belonging to Love . I need say no more of the other sorts , than what is expressed in the Temperature .

CHAP. CCXXXVI . Of Kidney-Beanes .

The Names .

IT is called by Dioscorides 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is the same with Smilax h●rtensis in Latine , quod Smilacu modo conscendit , because it climbes like a Bind-weed ; by Theophrastus and others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or as some write 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dolichus or Dol●c●s , which many Latine Authors also follow ; of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because of their length . It is thought also to be the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Dioscorides , or as Galen writeth it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , whence it is that it is called Phasiolus and Phaseolus in Latine . It is called the Kidney-Beane in English , because it representeth a Kidney ; and the French-Beane , being , as it is very probable , brought over to us out of France .

The Kinds .

Of the many sorts hereof I shall trouble you , but with foure . 1. The white Kidney Beane . 2. The scarlet Kidney-Beane . 3. The upright Kidney-Beane . 4. The Indian Kidney-Beane .

The Form .

The French or Kidney-Beane riseth up at the first , but with one St●lke ; which afterwards divideth it selfe into divers branches , which are so weake that they will lye upon the ground , unlesse they are sustained with sticks or poles , whereon with their winding and Claspers they take hold ; upon these branches grow forth at severall places long foo●stalkes , with every of them three broad , round , and pointed greene Leaves at the end of them , towards the tops whereof come forth divers flowers , made like unto Pease Blossomes , of the same colour for the most part that the fruit will be of ; that is to say , either white or yellow , or red or blackish , or of a deepe purple , but white is the most usuall ; after which come long and slender flat pods , some crooked , and some streight , with a string as it were running down the back thereof , wherein are contained flattish round seed made to the fashion of a Kidney ; the root is long , and spreadeth with many Fibres annexed to it , perishing either before or with the first frosts .

The Places and Time .

Authors make no mention whether these Kidney-Beames be naturall to any place or not , yet I conceive by their name that they come out of France to us , though happily that may not be the natural place : the last came from the East Indies , whereof there be severall sorts ; as likewise in the West Indies , all which it were endlesse to recite . They may be set about the later end of April or the beginning of May , and their fruit will be ready to eat , about the later end of July , or the beginning of August .

The Temperature .

The Kidney-Beane is hot and moist in the first degree , easy of digestion and free from that Windinesse , that is in other Pulse .

The Vertues and Signature .

Though there be no other Vertues tending to our present purpo●e expressed by any Author , then that this Beane eaten with its shells as the common manner is , do provoke Urine , yet having so perfect a Signature of the Kianeys as it hath , it is con●eived that it hath more in it then so . And therefore it is desired of those that are Practitioners in Physick , and others that have oc●asion , to take it into consideration , and to try whether it hath not some excellent faculty to cure the diseases of the Kidneys . It also moveth the Belly , enlargeth the breast which is streightned with shortnesse of breath , engendreth Sp●rme , and inciteth to Venery , especially if Sugar , Ginger , and Gal●nga be added thereunto ; yet the usuall way o● eating them is to take them while mey are young , and boile them shells and all , only the ends cut off , and the strings taken from them , and then putting a little Butter and Vinegar to them , they make a dainty dish , farre exceeding the ordinary Beanes in savour : or if this way be not so pleasing to some mens Palates , they may be stewed or fryed . Matthiolus saith , that if the greene pods be chewed in ones mouth , and applyed to any place that is bitten by an Horse , it is a present Remedy : he saith further that the Italian Dames make a Water of the pods and seeds of these Beanes , with a fresh Gourd , crummes of Bread and Goates Mill●pistilled together , which they used , to make themselves look faire and 〈…〉 able . It is said that the fish called Scarus ( which is somwhat like a Barbell ) is so much delighted with the Leaves of Kidney ▪ Beanes that though they are very difficult to be taken with a hooke and line , yet if their Weeles or Bow-nets be baited therewith , they will eagerly rush into them , and it is probable that other fish would do so likewise , if tryall were made thereof , Since the writing of the pr●mises , I find in Mr. Culpeppers English Physitian enlarged , that these Beanes being dryed and beat to Powder are as great strengthners of the Kidneys as any simple whatsoever ; neither is there ( saith he ) a better remedy then it , to ●revent the Stone or to clense the Kidneys of Gravell or Stoppage , a drachme at a time taken in White-Wine . The Scarlet coloured Beanes , in regard of the glorious beauty of their colour , being set neere a Quick-hedge , will bravely adorne the same by oliming up thereon , to the admiration of the beholder .

CHAP. CCXXXVII . Of the Oake .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is a generall word for all Trees that bea●e Acornes , as the Latine Word Quer●us also is , yet they are both particularly attributed to this tree 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is that the Greeks commonly call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , id est latifolius , from the breadth of the Leaves , to distinguish it from some other sorts of this kind . Dodonaeus calleth it Hemeris Quercus quasi sativa and urbana ; and we may English it the Tamer Oake , the other sorts being accounted more wild then this . The Acorne is in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the Cup 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Glans , and the Calix Cup glandis , and Cupula Glandis of the Apothecaries .

The Kinds .

Though there be no great difference of Oakes in England , yet in other Countrye ▪ they va●y so much , as to make five distinct sorts , which I shall only name unto you . 1. The broad Leafed Oake . 2. The strong or Gall Oake . 3. The sweet Oake . 4. The male bitter Oake . 5. The female bitter Oake .

The Forme .

The Oake is a mighty Tree , covered with a thick rough Bark full of chops and clifts , sending forth armes and boughes of a huge bignesse , which disperse themselves farre abroad ; the Leaves are bluntly indented about the edges , or rather cut in or gashed , smooth and of a shining greene colour , whereon is often found a most sweet dew , somwhat c●ammy , and upon divers of them are found growing certaine exc●e●●ences called Oake Apples . It beateth small yellowish mossy flowers , standing close together upon ●ong stalks , which wholly fall away in the beginning of the Spring . The Acornes grow upon short stalks , two or three for the most part joyned together , who●e outer rind or skin is of a yellowish green colour , the lower part whereof standeth in a small rough hollow cup , the kernell whereof cleweth in two ▪ and is of a reasonable sweet tast . The rootes are great , spreading farre and deepe : The Timber or Wood is the most serviceable of all other , especially for the building of ships and houses , yet the outer part which is called the Sap is not so durable , as the innermo● which is called the Heart , as every one knoweth .

The Places and Time .

The first is that of our own Land , but the others are more frequent in Italy , Spaine , and other hot Climates . Their long Catkins or bloomings come forth early in the Spring , and fall away for the most part , before the leaves do come forth ; the fruit or Acornes are not ripe untill Ostober .

The Temperature .

The Leaves and Bark of the Oake and the Acorne cups do bind and dry very much , and are somwhat cold withall , but the Acornes themselves are neither so cold nor so much binding .

The Signature and Vertues .

The fruit of the Oake or Acornes seperated from the Cups do much resemble the Stone in the Bladder and therefore they not only provoke Urine and break the stone , but are an especiall remedy for the exulceration of the Bladder and pissing of blood , caused by the force of poysonous herbs , and corroding medicines , as also the virulency of Cantharides being eaten , if the decoction of them and the bark made in Milk be taken ; The Powder of Acornes drunk in Wine , are good to help stitches , and paines of the sides , especially if the powder of Bay-berries be mixed therewith : The inner barke of the Tree and the thin skin that covereth the Acorne , are most used in Phy●ick to stay the spitting of blood , and the bloody 〈◊〉 : the decoction of the Bark and Powder of the Cups , which are much more binding then any other part , do stay vomitings or cast●ngs , spitting of blood , or bleeding at the Mouth , or other flux of blood in Man or Woman . Lackes also and the inv●luntary flux of naturall seed : The fume of the Leaves , helpeth the strangling the Mother and the bruised Leaves Soder up wounds and keep them from Inflammation . The distilled water of the Buds is also good to stay all manner of Fluxes in Man or Woman , to coole the Body in pestilentiall and hot burning Feavers , for it resisteth the force of the infection : as also to coole the heat of the Liver , break the Stone and in the Kidneys , stay Womens Courses , and to asswage all manner of Inflammations , being used inwardly or outwardly ; and the decoction of the Leaves doth the like . The water that is found in hollow places of old Okes is very effectuall against any foule or spreading Scab . Though the Acornes were formerly used for food , yet our Age being able to subsist without them , I shall leave them for the Hoggs to seed upon .

CHAP. CXXXVIII . Of Bucks-horne Plantaine .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Coronopus , from the similitude it hath with the foot of a Crow , which name the Latines do hold , as also Cornu cervi or cervi●um , and Herba stella ; both of them from the posture of the Leaves . It is called Sanguinaria or Sanguinalis , and Harenaria ; the first from its verture in stopping blood , and the last from the place of its growing : We in English call it Bucks-horne , Harts-horne , and Bucks-horne Plantaine , because the Spiky heads , are like those of Plantaine .

The Kinds .

The sorts hereof , though growing in different Climates , may , without breaking any great square , be brought within the compasse of one Chapter , and then the totall summe will be but five , 1. Common Bucks-horne Plantaine , 2. Prickly Bucks-horne , 3. Small Sea Bucks-horne of Naples , 4. The small hairy Sea Bucks-horne , 5. Upright and creeping Bucks-horne or Wart-Cresses .

The Forme

Common Bucks-horne Plantaine , riseth up at first with small , long , narrow hairy , dark green Leaves like Grasse , without any division or gash in them ; but those that follow are gashed in on both sides , the Leaves into three or four gashes , and pointed at the ends , resembling the Knaggs of a Bucks-horne , and being well grown lye round about the root upon the ground in order one by another , thereby resembling the form of a star : from among which rise up divers hairy stalks , about an hand breadth high , bearing every one a small long spiky head , very like , unto those of the common Plantaine , having such like bloomings and seed after them ; the root is single , long , and small , with divers fibres annexed thereunto .

The Places and Time .

The first usually groweth in dry sandy grounds , as in Tuttle fields by Westminster , and without the Walls of Greenwich Park , on that side that the way lyeth from thence to Eltham , and in divers others places of this Land , yea , it is sown in the Gardens of those that know the Physicall use of it in some places of this Country , where it groweth not naturally , yet I have not known it eaten as a Sallet herb any where with us , though in Italy and France , it is frequently so used . The second groweth on the rocks in the Island Prochyta . The third in many untilled grounds in the Kingdom of Naples , near the Sea side ; The last groweth in moist Countries of this Land , on the foot bankes and under Walls and by high way sides , especially in tho●e places where Hoggs frequent , arising as i● supposed out of their dung , which is the Reason why it is called Harenaria and Swines cresse . They all flower and seed in the summer Monthes , their green Leaves abiding all the winter .

The Temperature .

Bucks-horne is of a binding , cooling , and drying faculty , as the Common sort of Plantaine is .

The Vertues and Signature .

Bucks-horne Plantaine , boyled in wine and drunk , is very effectuall to help those that are troubled with the Stone in the Re●nes or K●dneys , not that it breaketh the Stone or expelleth it , but by cooling the Heat of the parts and strengthening the Reines and Back . It stayeth likewise all bleedings and eruptions of Blood , whether at the Mouth or Nose , whether by Stoole or Urine , and helpeth the laske of the bowels and belly , and the Dysentery , or bloody Flux . It helpeth much also those that have weak Stomacks , that are so much given to casting or Vomiting , that they cannot retain their Meat ; and this the Herbe doth well , but the root more effectually . The said decoction drunk , and some of the Leaves applyed to the place hurt , is an excellent Remedy for the b●ting of the Viper or Adder , which is supposed to be one and the same . It helpeth those that are troubled with the Collick ▪ and is held profitable for Agues to weaken their fits and take them away , the Leaves being briused and laid to the Sides of them that have them ; and the Leaves and Roots beaten with some Bay-Salt and applyed to the Hand-wrists , worketh the same effects . The Herb boiled in Ale or wine , and given for some Mornings and Evenings together , stayeth the Distillations of hot and sharp Rheums falling into the Eyes from the Head , and helpeth all manner of accidents that happen to the Eyes . Wart Cresses , which are called in Latine Coronopus R●ellii ; and Nasturtium Verrucarium , because the seed of it beareth the perfect Signature of the Warts upon a mans hand , will consume and take away Warts in a short time , the herb being bruised and applyed ; and so it stoppeth bl●●ding most effectually , having all the Virtues which are attributed to the former .

CHAP. CXXXIX . Of Sampire .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and sometimes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Crithmum which is the usuall Latin name also ; yet Petrus Crescentius calleth it Crethmum , and Rincum marinum . It is also called Feniculum marinum , which name the Italians and French follow , as neer as their Dialect will permit ; in shops Creta marina , especially beyond Sea . In English Sampier and Sampire , because it grows upon rocks ; and Sea Fennell , because it somewhat resembles our ordinary Fennell .

The Kinds .

To this kind may be referred these four sorts , 1. Ordinary Rock Sampire , 2. The greater Rock Sampire , 3. Thorny Sampire or Sea Parsnep , 4. Golden Flowered Sampire .

The Forme .

Ordinary Rock Sampire groweth up with a tender green stalk , not above halfe a yard or two foot high at the most , branching forth almost from the very bottome , and stored with sundry thick almost round and somewhat long Leaves , of a deep green colour , sometimes three together and sometimes more on a stalk , being full of sap , and of a pleasant hot or spicy tast ; at the topps of the stalkes and branches stand Umbells of white flowers & after them come large seed bigger then Fennell , yet somewhat alike : the root is great white and long , continuing many yeares , and is both of a delightfull and pleasant smell and tast .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth on the Rocky Cliffes at Dover , Winchelsey , by Rye , and about Southampton , and the West , and North West of England ; but especially in the Isle of Wight , where there is so great plenty that it is gathered , ( yet not without danger ) for some have ventured so farr upon the craggy precipices that they have fallen down and broken their nets ' , so that it might be said they paid . For their sawce ; and afterwards being pickled up , is sent to London and other places . The second groweth likewise upon Rocks that are moistened , if not somtimes overflown with the Sea water . The third , near the Sea upon the sands between Whitstable , and the Isle of Thanet , by Sandwich , and by the Sea near Westchester . The last in the miry Marsh in th Isle of Shepey , by the way from the Kings Ferry , to Sherland house . Rock Sampire flourisheth in May and June , and must be gathered to be kept in pickle in the beignning of August . They all flower and seed in the end of July and August .

The Temperature :

Sampire is conceived to be hot and dry in the second degree , and of a cleansing or scouring faculty .

The Vertues .

Of all the Sawces , ( which are very many , ) there is none so pleasant , none so familiar and agreeable to mans body as Sampire , both for digestion of Meates ; breaking of the Stone , and voiding of Gravell in the Reines and Bladder . It provoketh Urine also , and Womens Courses , and prevailes against the Jaund●se the Leaves , seeds , and Roots being boiled in Wine and drunk , and so it openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleene , and all other stoppings of the intralls whatsoever , from whence and from ill digestion , mo●● of the diseases whereunto the fraile Nature of man is subject , are caused ; so that it is great pitty , that it is no more in use . It is very pleasant both to the Taste and Stomack , not only by the Saltnesse but by the Spicynesse in it likewise , whereby it is very available to whet a dull Stomack . It is eaten raw as well as boyled by those which live where it growes ; but the best way is to boile it in water till it be tender , and then pickled up in a Barrell with a convenient Liquor made of Vinegar , Water , and Salt , it will be fit for ones own occasions at any time , or to present to a freind as usually it is , or to sell .

CHAP. CCXL . Of Fraxinella or False white Dittany .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Chamaemelium , which signifies as much as Fraxina humilis , or the low or dwarfe Ash , because of the resemblance of its winged Leaves to those of the young Ash , and therefore it is called in Latine Fraxinella , being a diminutive of Fraxinus : Yet some do call it Dictamus albus or Dictamnus albus , and Diptamus albus , to distinguish it from the Dictamnus Creticus , which is a farre differing Plant. Some would have it to be Tragium of Dioscorides , but besides other differences it yeeldeth no juicy Milke as Tragium is said to doe ; We in English do either call it Fraxinella and Bastard Dittany from the Latine Dictamus , being also a corrupted word but it is more properly to be called False white Dittany then Bastard Dittany , because there is another Plant to which the name of Pseudo dictamnus doth more properly belong , and therefore a distinct Epithet is necessary to avoid confusion .

The Kindes .

But if this Fraxinella be called False white Dittany , it must not take its denomination from the flowers , for of the four sorts there is but one that hath a white Flower 1. Fraxinella with a reddish Flower . 2. Fraxinella with a red Flower . 3. Fraxinella with a white Flower . 4. Fraxinella with an Ash coloured Flower .

The Form .

Fraxinella is a very goodly Plant , rising up with divers round hard brownish stalks neere two foot high , the lower parts whereof are furnished with many winged Leaves , somwhat like unto Liquorice or a small young Ash-Tree , consisting of seaven , nine or eleaven Leaves set together , which are somwhat large and long , hard and rough in handling ; the two first of a darke , but the two later of a fresher greene colour , and of an unpleasant strong or resinous sent ; the upper parts of the stalkes are furnished with many flowers , growing spike fashion at certaine distances one above another , consisting of five long Leaves a peece , whereof foure that stand on the two sides are somwhat bending upwards , and the fift hanging down , but turning up the end of the leafe a little againe , having in the middle a tassell of five or six long threds that bow down with the lower Lease and turne up also the ends againe with a little freese or thrum at the end of every one ; after the flowers are past , arise hard , stiffe , rough , clammy husks , horned or pointed at the end , foure or five standing together somwhat like the seed Vessels of Columbines , but greater , thicker , and harder , wherein is contained round , shining , black seed , greater then any Columbine seed by much ; the root is white , large , and spreading many waies under ground , if it stand long ; the whole Plant is more pleasant to the sight , then to the smell .

The Places and Time .

The naturall places of the sorts aforementioned are in divers parts both of Germany , and Italy ; and that with the white flower , about Frank-ford : yet they grow with us in our Gardens , as in the Physick Gardens at Oxford , and that at Westminster , and in the Gardens of divers others that are delighted with rarities of this Nature . They flower in June and July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The Root of Fraxinella or the false white Dittany is hot and dry in the second degree ; it is of a wasting , attennating , and opening faculty .

The Vertues .

A dram or two of the powder of the roots of Fraxinella taken in wine or broth , is very much commended against the Strangury , provoketh Urine , breaketh the Stone in the Bladder , and driveth it forth , and so doth the seed taken in the quantity of a dram . The same are very effectuall to open obstructions , to bring down Womens Courses , and to clense that which is soule and contagious . It is also a very great preservative both against Poyson and the Venome of Serpents , and other Poysonfull Creatures , and against the Pestilence , and other contagious diseases , and is good to kill the Wormes of the belly . It warmeth and cleanseth the matrix , expelleth the dead Child , and After-birth , if the part be fumigated with it and Penniroyall , or taken in Wine : it easeth the paines or torments in the inward parts or bowells , and healeth inward hurts , and wounds : it is much commended against the Epilepsy or falling sicknesse , and other cold griefes of the head and braines , and is held to be of great use against the French disease , to use it with the decoction of Guai●●m or Pock-wood . The Leaves and the juice thereof taken after the same sort worketh the same effects , though not so powerfully , and being applyed outwardly it draweth Thornes and Splinters out of the flesh .

CHAP. CCXLI. Of Allheale .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Panaces or Panax , because it is a Panacaea or remedy for many diseases , which names are in use also amongst the Latins . Some call it Panax Herculeum , supposing Hercules to be the first founder of it , but others would rather have it Panax Heracleum from Heraclea a Citty in Candy : and though the name Panaxris referred to many p●ants as Origanum Sylvestre Centaurium magnum , &c. yet to this onely 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . It is called in English Hercules Allheale , and Hercules Wound wort , and Allheale simply .

The Kindes .

To this Kind may be referred these seaven sorts , 1. Ordinary Allheale of Hercules , 2. The true Allheale of Hercules , 3. American Allheale of Hercules ( supposed to be the true Laserwort ) with shining Leaves , 4. Costus-like All-heale , 5. The Hungarian Allheale of Hercules , 6. The Cluster berry Allheale of America , 7. Sweet sented Allheale of America .

The Forme .

Hercules Wound-wort spreadeth many large winged Leaves round about upon the ground , most of them two foot long , consisting of four , five , or six couples of rough winged Leaves , set one against another , on a round great foot-stalk , furrowed on the upper side , each of them likewise consisting of three or four couple of rough , but large faire fresh yellowish green Leaves , and one at the end ; all of them finely dented about the Edges , tasting a little hot and biting , and yeilding forth a yellowish juyce in the Summer , called Opopanax , much more gummy , hot , and bitter then the Leaves ; from which riseth a strong great round green stalk , four or five foot high or more , with some joynts and Leaves thereat and a few branches towards the top , breaking forth into small yellow umbells of flowers , which afterward give whitish yellow , flat , short seed . The root is somewhat great and groweth deep into the ground .

The Places and Time .

The first is thought to grow in some Places of Italy , but I am sure it did grow in the Physick Garden at Oxford , and doth still , if I be not mistaken , as also at the Physick Garden at Westminister , and in some other Gardens . The second groweth in Naples , as Matthiolus saith , on the Apennine-hills also , and the Sea Coasts by Siena . The third came from America , is the name of it importeth . The fourth , as Matthiolus saith groweth on Mount Garganus in Apulia . The fifth in Tartaria and Hungaria . The two last in America . They all flower and seed in the end of Summer .

The Temperature .

The juyce or Gum , which is of greatest use , is hot in the third degree and dry in the second , being of a heating , mollifying , and digesting quality ; the bark of the root is heating and drying likewise , but in a meaner degree , having withall a little cleansing property .

The Vertues .

The juyce or Gum of Allheale , which it is called in shops , and of many writters also , Opopanax being drunk in honeyed Water or Wine , helpeth t●e Itchings , and sores in the Bladder , and is good for the Strangury also , and difficu●ty in making water . It is endued with a speciall property also to purge thick and clammy Phlegme from the more remote parts , as the Braine , Nerves , sensitive parts , joynts , and breasts , and therefore it is profitable for any cold d●sease incident to any of those parts , as in the Palsy , weaknesse of sight , old Cough , shortnesse of breath , Sciatic● , and in other kinds of Gout . It is good for Convulsions and Cramps , as also against Windinesse in the Sides , Belly , Womb , or in any other places , and therefore it helpeth Stitches , the hardnesse of the Spleene , the strangling of the Mother , bringeth down Womens Courses ; and brings away also the Mola or Lumpe of flesh bred in the Womb. It expelleth wormes , helpeth the biting of a ●ad D●gge , and is good against the poyson of other venemous Creatures ; Dissolved in Wine and given , it helps the Dropsy ; and taken in Vinegar , one hour before the Fit cometh it takes away the cold Fit of an Ague , e●pecially if some of it be dissolved with the juyce of Smallage and Oyle of Dill , and the ridge of the back annointed therewith . It is good after falls and bruises to dissolve any congealed blood e●pecially in Cold bodies , and where no Feaver is . Being dissolved wi●h Vinegar & the juyce of Smallage , & applyed to the Region of the Spleen softeneth the hardness of it , & a plaisterg made thereof dissolveth the Kings-Ev●ll , and hard Nodes of the Joynts , as also any Plague sore , botch , or Bile , especially being dissolved in Vinegar & applyed with the pulp of Raisins in the Sun , it ea●eth any kind of Gout . If the mouth be washed with a decoction of Vinegar made with it , it easeth the paine in the Teeth , or if it be a hollow tooth , let it be stopped with a peece . Some commend it against the dimnesse of sight , being mixed with other things . It is very availeable to cure old Ulcers and Fistulaes , and to breed good flesh , especially where the bones are bare and naked , and that by a peculiar Vertue . It is applyed with good successe to the biting of any Venemous Creature . Thus you see that Allheale hath not its name for nothing . The Gum is to be had at any Apothecaries shop , but if the Root can be got more easily , that m●y serve . By this time I suppose I have Sufficienly handled those plants that make for the benefit of those parts appointed , for the making a separation between the Blood and the Urine , which are the Reines , and for the reception of the Urine thus seperated which is the Bladder , with the pipes of conveyance from the former to the latter , which are the Ureters : so that you may find somewhat that will help the distempers of each of them , as also for the Stone and Gravell , afflicting every of them , and likewise for the Strangury and Dysary though they be treated of in grosse . To which purposes , there be divers others that are very effectual as Golden Rod , Sanicle , Saracens Confound , &c. For the Ulcers in the Reines and Bladder ; the Cherry and Plum-Trees , because the Stones of each are effectuall for the Stone in a mans body by Signature : the Junipet , and Bay-Trees , whose Berries also are much commended for the same , and other plants besides those , whose Roots are Diureticall : But as I have spoken to some of the former , towards the beginning of this work , so I have reserved some for those parts yet to be spoken to , and therefore I shall say no more of them in this place , but proceed to the Gutts , which are ordained for the better concoction of the Chilus sent from the Stomack , and the digestion thereof ; as also for the conveyance and expulsion of the Excrements , and because there be divers diseases that breed in the Gutts , as the Cholick , Wormes , &c. Excoriations , Dysenteries , &c. I shall speake of those Simples which make for their Welfare , all in a Lumpe .

CHAP. CCXLII. Of the Bay-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Daphne quia 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod ●sta valdè sonat ; for nothing doth more crackle or make a noise then it ; in Latin Laurus , which some will have to come from Lavo , id est , purgo , saying , that it is excellent to purge the blood ; others á verbo Laudis , because it was given onely to those that were praise worthy ▪ and therefore the Antients called it Laudea , but since the d hath bin taken out and r hath bin put instead thereof , so that now it is as well L●●rea as Laurus , though the later be more common . The Berries are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Greek ; and Bacca Lauri , in Latine .

The Kinds .

There are to be reckoned up five or six kinds of Bay-Trees , 1. The greater Bay-Tree , 2. The lesser Bay-Tree , 3. The strange Indian Bay , or Cassia , or Lignea of the West-Indies , 4. The wild Bay-Tree , 5. The Rose Bay , 6. The Laurell which is the same with the Bay-Cherry .

The Form .

The Bay-Tree oftentimes shooteth up with many suckers from the Root , shewing it self like unto a tall shrub or Hedge-bush , yet sometimes it groweth to be a substantiall tree , spreading its armes and branches reasonable well , the tops whereof are somtimes reddish , but most usually of a light or fresh green colour , when the stemme and elder boughs are covered with a dark green bark , the Leaves are somewhat broad and long pointed as it were , at both the Ends , hard , full of veines and sometimes crumpled on the Edges , of a dark green colour , smelling somewhat sweet but of a bitter tast , and alwayes abiding green ; the flowers grow many together , which are sometimes of a whitish green colour , and sometimes yellow and mossy , and turne into Berries that are a little long as well as round , whose shell or outermost peele is green at the first , but black afterwards , wherein is contained an hard bitter kernell parting into two parts ; the root spreadeth under the ground and groweth deep also .

The Places and Time .

None of these Bayes grow naturally in England , but are either wholly planted with us , or else raised of Suckers , or by sowing the berries ; so that we have the first and second many times growing in gardens , and Court yards ; the fourth and fifth are not so common , yet they are to be seen in the Gardens of some that love rarities . The last is very frequent in our London Gardens . The naturall place of the first , is in divers places of Narbone in France , Spaine , and Italy , and in other warm Countryes , where it groweth very great , but especially near the Sea . The Rose Bay groweth also in Italy , Spaine , Greece , and many other places ; the last came from Constantinople at the first . The first and second , flower much about the same time which is in May , yet hardly perfecting their fruit till October , or November ; the time of the third is not expressed ; the fourth flourisheth most in Aprill & March , yet somtimes it flowreth in December & January ; the fifth flowreth not till July ; the last may flower in May , and have ripe seed fruit in August or September in the hot Countryes , but in this it doth not very usually flower , much lesse fructifie , yet somtimes it doth .

The Temperature .

The Berries and Leaves of the Bay-Tree , saith Galen , are hot and dry , the Berries somewhat exceeding the Leaves , the bark of the Root is lesse sharp and hot , but more dry , being also endued with some astriction .

The Vertues .

The Powder of Bay Berries mixed with Honey and taken as other Lohocs or licking Medicines are , or else taken in Raisins as Aloes and Wormseed sometimes are , is an excellent Remedy for that disease called the Cholick , which is a continuall passion of one of the great Guts called Colon , after which followeth a a difficulty of voyding the Excrements , and an exceeding torment in those parts proceeding from W●nd . The said Powder taken after the same manner is good against a Consumption , Straitensse of breath , and all other infirmites of the brest , coming of Rhewme ; they likewise helpe the Meagrim , and mightily expell wind both in young & old : yet it is more frequently given by Nurses to Children to cure them of that griping paine of the belly called the Frets , which is nothing but wind , causing them to be very unquiet ; they provoke Uine also , are very effectuall for the Stone , as also to help the Ventosity or windinesse of the Mother , and to kill the wormes . They are a good Antidote too against the bitings and stingings of any Venemous beasts , and against all manner of Venoms and Poysons , and therefore they are put into Mithridate , Treackle , and such like Compositions . They warme a cold Stomack , also cause concoction of raw humors , stir up a decayed appetite , take away loathing of meat , open the stopping of the Liver and Spleene , bring down womens Courses , cause a speedy delivery , and expell the After-birth , so that they are dangerous to be taken by Women that have not gone their full time , yet they are good against Cramps , and the drawing together of Sinewes , if the powder of them be taken in White Wine . The oyle which is made of them , or the juyce pressed out of them , cureth black and blew Markes that come by blowes , digesting & wasting away the congealed blood , that is gathered together in any place : it taketh away Scabs , and wheales in the skin , and helpeth the Itch also , especially if a little Quicksilver be tempered therewith till it be mortified : it comforteth all cold griefes of the Joynts , Nerves , Arteries , Stomack , Belly , and Womb , so that it helpeth Palsies , Convulsions , Cramps , Aches , tremblings and benummednesse , in any part ; wearinesse also and paines of the Limbs , wherewith they are many times afflicted , which use to travell through wet and dirt , by anointing the part affected , therewith . Some of the said Oyle or the Decoction of the Berries , is very convenient to be put into such Clisters which tend to the breaking of wind , and easing the torments of the wind Cholick , which it performeth even to admiration . The said Oyle or juyce of the Berties helpeth the ach and deafnesse of the Eares being dropped thereinto . The Leaves may be used to many of the purposes aforesaid , yet the ordinary use of them is to boile them in Beer , as also to dresse fish with , especially Eeles , leaving a dainty rellish , helping to warm the Stomack , and digesting those crudities which they are apt to breed of themselves . A bath of the decoction of the Leaves and Betries , is of great advantage in womens diseases both for the Mother , and other diseases of the Womb , as the Stopping of the Courses , &c. And so likewise for the diseases of the Bladder as the Strangury , &c. All these Virtues belong to the common Bayes , which besides their Ornamentall uses they performe ; the three last serving onely for the pleasure of those , that are taken with the rarity of them , and not for any Physicall use that I can learn , and therfeore I shall say no more of them .

CHAP. CCXLIII . Of Holly .

The Names

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Agria by Theophrastas , and seemeth to be derived from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 immitis vel ferox , because of the abundance of prickles wherewith it is commonly armed . Gaza , the interpreter of Theophrastus , calle● it Aquifolium in Latine , yet Agrifol●um is a word no lesse , but rather more in use then the former , as being somwhat more agreeable though at best it be but a Mongrell word . We call it Holly or Holme , and Hulver , in English .

The Kinds .

There may be said to be three sorts of Holly . 1. The Holly-Tree without prickles . 2. The Holly-bush with prickly-Leaves . 3. The Holly bush with yellow Berries . Yet there be some that affirme that with , and that without prickles to be the same , having prickles when it is young and low , but when it growes old and becommeth great , it loseth all the prickles , except that at the end , and somtimes that also .

The Forme .

The Holly that groweth naturally in the fields doth seldome exceed the bignesse of a Bush , yet being p●anted in Orchards or Closes , as I have many times seene it , it groweth to the bignesse of a lusty-Tree , all in one entire body , and not sending forth many shoots from the roote , as those which grow natu●ally , usually do ; the outer bark whereof is not of so darke a greene colour , as that of the lesser bushes , but inclining rather to white , having under that another which is white also ; the Leaves are set on the stalks and branches on short foot-stalkes , being somwhat broad , hard , thick , and long , smooth , shining , and of a very fresh yellowish greene colour , not cut round about the edges into round notches or dents , and every point of them very sharp and prickly as those of the Bushes are , but even on the edges , and withoug any prickles , unlesse perhaps there be one at the end , the flowers grow close to the stalks , many of them coming out together round about , neere unto the foot of the Leaves , each consisting of foure whitish Leaves with four threds in the middle ; standing about a greene round head , which groweth to be small red berries , with a little Crown at the top in which is contained four small three-cornered seeds , with hard shells , but sweet kernells within them , though very small . The root goeth deep into the ground .

The Places and Time .

The first , as is said , is planted in Orchards and Closes in Oxfordshire , and other places , where very little or no Holly groweth wild . The second groweth very plentifully in divers Woods and Hedg-rowes in the Counties of Buckingham , Hartford , and Surrey , and other places . The last groweth in Wilt-shire by Warder Castle which belongeth to the Lord Arundel . They all flower in June , but the berries grow not untill the end of October or after , being in their greatest beauty about Christmasse because of the berries , the Leaves also abiding greene all the Winter .

The Temperature .

The Berries of Holly are hot and dry , and of thin parts helping to break Wind , as Dodonaeus saith .

The Vertues and Signature .

It will not be amisse in this place to take notice of the different , nay contrary operations of divers Simples , which will purge when they are fresh , and greene , and bind when they be dryed , as may be instanced in Holly berries ; ten or twelve of which being fresh , and taken inwardly do help the Collick , purging also by stoole grosse , clammy , and phlegmatick humours , which they may very well do by reason of their moisture and slipperynesse , but being dryed , and so deprived of their former lubricity , they bind the belly and stay Dysenteries and Fluxes , being beaten to Powder and drunk either in Wine or Broth , which the dryed Barke doth also performe , and that more effectually . The decoction of the Rootes , but especially of the Barke of the Root , as Matthiolus saith , being applyed by way of somentation to those places that have been put out of Joynt , doth help them much both to mollify and discusse the hardnesse and tumors which they are subject to , and also to consolidate the broken bones . An handfull of the Berries boiled in a Pint of Ale to the one halfe , which being streined and a little Butter put thereto , is a good remedy for the Stone and stoppage of Urine , five or six spoonfulls thereof taken at once ; and this it may be said to do by the Signature which may be gathered from the hardnesse of the seed . The powder of the Leaves dryed in an Oven and the pricks taken off , being drunk in Ale , is commended against the Stitches and pricking paines of the side , which the prickles growing on the Leaves do also signify . The Sap or juice that droppeth out of the Wood being laid on the fire , being dropped into the Eares of those which are inclined to deafenesse , removeth that infirmity . The Birdlime that is made of the Barke of Holly by putting it into a hole made in moist foggy ground , and covering it with boughes of Trees and some earth over them till it be rotten , and putrified , which will be within a fortnight , being afterwards beaten in a Morter , it will become thick and clammy , so that the filthinesse being cleared therefrom by often washing , and a little Oyle of Nutts added thereto , it will be as good as that which is made of Misseltoe ▪ and being applyed with the yolke of an Egge to any place that hath any thorn , prick , or Splinter , therein , it draweth it forth , but it is dangerous to be used inwardly , lest it should glew the Guts together , by its extraordinary clamminesse ; The lesser branches may be used to adorne Houses and Churches also , at Christmas , as well in this as in the former age without any superstition at all ; these that are of a bigger and longer size are very necessary for Carters to make Whips , and the same may be used as Riding-rods , as is known to every one ; But that which may seeme a little strange , is this . One , that I knew , had a Holly-Tree growing in his Orchard of that bignesse that being cut down , he caused it to be sawed out in Boards and made himselfe thereof a Coffin ; and if I mistake not left enough to make his wife one also : Both the parties were very corpulent , and therefore you may imagine the Tree could not be small .

CHAP. CCXLIIII . Of Juniper .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Arceuthos or Arceuthis 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , id est 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 saith the Etymo●ogist , quia celet noxam , but then sure●y it must be by Antiphrasts , for certainly there is no plant that hath more apparent P●ickles then it . It is called in Latine Juniperus , quod juniores & novellos fructus pariat . because it bringeth forth new fruit before the old be ripe , which will not be perfected in lesse then two yeares ●pace . Some would have it come from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ignis , either because of the Pyramicall forme of the Leafe , or because , as some say , the Wood being kindled and raked up in Ashes will keepe fire a yeare & that the Coals thereof are very hot may be gathered from the fifth verse of Psalme 120 where a question being made , What should be the reward of a false Tongue ? The Answer is , Sharpe Arrowes of the mighty , with Coales of Juniper intimating them to be the hottest of all Coales . The Berries as well as the Tree are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , and somtimes 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Arceuthides : In Latine , Bacca Juniperi , and Grana Juniperi ; and the Gum that issueth out of the wounded roots is cal●ed Vernix or Vernia , quasi veris ros , because it is most plentifull in the Spring , it is called also Lachryma Juniper ; and Sandaracha , yet there is another kind of Sandaracha which is taken out of Mines , and is a kind of Orpment .

The Kinds .

I think I should not trangresse , if I should make six sorts of Juniper . 1. The Common Juniper . 2. The low or Mountaine Juniper . 3. The great Sclavonian Juniper . 4. West Indian Juniper . 5. Barren Juniper . 6. Creeping Juniper .

The Forme .

Juniper , in some places riseth up to be a Tree , yet in most parts of our Country it seldome exceedeth the height of two or three foot , but spreading it selfe neere the ground the branches come , to be of some substance , which are easyer to bend then to break ; being covered with a reddish bark which often cleaveth and falleth away , but the Leaves , which are very small and long , of a blewish greene colour somewhat like to those of Furse , yet not so large nor so prickly , do constantly endure . The flowers are very small , yet may be perceived to be of a yellow colour by the dust that falleth from them , after which come small greene Berries , not ripening fully till the second yeare , which then will be somwhat like a Pepper-Corne . Though the Juniper Tree in hotter Countries send forth the forementioned Gum , yet our shrubs are not found to have any , as farre as I can understand .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Germany , Italy , Spaine , and in some places of Kent also in the forme of a Tree , but in most places of our Land , as by Beechen-Tree in Oxfordshire , in the high waies about Amersham , Stoken Church , and Beaconsfeild in Buckinghamshire , it exceedeth not the dimensions above specified ; It groweth also in many other places as upon Finchly Common without High-Gate , &c. the second groweth on the Rocks and Stony places of the Alpes , as Clusius saith : the third on Mount Taurus in Syria , as Bellonius : the place of the fourth may be understood by its name , the fift groweth in sundry parts of this Land , the sixth upon the Rocks neere Kilmadough . They flower commonly in the Spring about May : but the fift bringeth only yellowish threds for flowers without any berries succeeding , the rest perfect them after two Summers and one Winter , and not before , as I have already said .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Juniper is hot and dry , and that in the third degree ; the Berries are as hot , but not altogether so dry : the Gum is hot and dry in the first degree , as Scrapio saith .

The Vertues and Signature .

The fruit or berries of Juniper being boyled in Wine or Honeyed Water and drunk , is an effectuall remedy for the Grip●ng , and Windinesse of the belly commonly called the Wind Chollick , but especially the Chimicall Oyle drawn from the berries , or the Wood , foure or five drops thereof taken in a Morning in Broth or Beere , and ten or a dozen of the ripe berries eaten every Morning fasting , are good for the same purpose ; and the same Oyles be very prevalent against the Iliack passion , if the parts be anointed therewith . The Leaves and young tender branches , or the juice of them , or of the berries , or the berries themselves taken in Wine , are very effectuall against the biting of Vipers or Adders , as also against the Plague or Pestilence , or any other Infection or Poyson : the same also is profitable against the Strangury , and Stopping of Urine ; and is so powerfull against the Dropsy , that the very Lye of the Ashes of Juniper being drunk , cures the disease ; It provokes the Termes , helps the Fits of the Mother , and strengthens the Stomack exceedingly ; The berries are good for the Cough , shortnesse of breath , and Consumption , Ruptures also , Convulsions and Cramps : They give safe and speedy delivery to Women with Child , they strengthen the Braine , help the Memory exceedingly and fortify the Sight by strengthening the Optick Nerves , and are beneficiall to the other Senses , as also to the Heart , being drunk in Wine or the decoction of them in Wine taken , and so they are excellent good for all sorts of Agues , especially the Quartane , they help the Gout and Sciatica , and strengthen all the Limbes of the Body ; they break the Stone also , procure Appetite being lost , and are excellent good for the Palsey , and likewise for the Falling sicknesse . The Gum is used to stay cold Distillations , and Catarrhes that fall upon the Eyes and Lungs , the Head and Night-cap being fumigated therewith , or the said Powder strewed upon Flax and quilted therein . The Powder mixed with some Oyle of Roses , and Myrtles , healeth the Chaps of the Fundament , Kibes also , and Chilblaines on the hands and feet ; being mixed with the white of an Egge , and applyed to the Forehead it stayeth bleeding at the Nose , and the same being burned , and the Fumes therof taken through a Funnel upon an aking Tooth taketh away the paine ; it is effectual also in moist Ulcers , and Fistulaes and weeping running sores , to dry up their moisture . Though the Wood of our Juniper is not so substantiall as to make Rafters and Beames of Houses , as that of some Countryes hath beene said to do , the Rafters and Beames even of Diana's Temple being of it because of its durability and sweetnesse , yet being burned it yeeldeth a very sweet scent , which freeth from infection , and driveth away all Norsome Serpents , Flies , Waspes &c : The Gum of Juniper in Powder taken in Wine doth stay Vomitings , inward bleedings , and spitting of blood , Womens Courses also , and all other Fluxes of the Belly , it helpeth the Piles , and killeth Wormes in Children . The Ashes of the Wood or Barke made into a Lye with Water , doth cure all Itches , Scabs , Pustules or other Eruptions in the skin , yea and the Lepry also , if the places be bathed therewith .

CHAP. CCXLV . Of the Olive-Tree ,

The Names .

IT being manuted , is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Olea Sativa in Latine , and somtimes Urbana : The Berry is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 also in Greek , and Oliva , in Latine : but being pickled they are called Colymbades ; and before that , Drupae and Drupetes . The Oyle hath both the same Greek and Latine name with the Tree , and though it be applyed to all Oyle in generall , yet to this only 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Foot whereof is called Amurca in Latine . The wild Olive-Tree is named in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Oleaster , Olea Silvestris , Cotinus , and Olea Aethiopica , because it groweth very frequently in Aethiopia .

The Kinds .

Some have set down ten sorts of Olives , and some againe have reduced them only to these two kinds . 1. The manured Olive-Tree . 2. The wild Olive-Tree .

The Forme .

The manured Olive-Tree groweth bigger or lesser according to the constitution of the Climate , wherein it is ; having divers armes and branches full of thick , fit and sharp pointed Leaves , with short footstalkes under them , greenish above and whitish underneath , somwhat like unto those of the Willow but lesser and shorter , yet never falling off the Tree , of a bitter tast , and somwhat sharp withall . The Flowers be white , and very small , after which come round and somwhat long berries greene at first , changing pale afterwards , then purplish , and lastly black ; yet some are white when they are full ripe , wherein is an hard stone : the Olives having been awhile gathered , are ground in a Mill , and then pressed for their Oyle .

The Places and Time .

The hottest Climates produce the fairest Olive-Trees ; for in Spaine , Italy , & the Mediterranean Islands ; they grow tall and great , and beare very plentifully in case they be within threescore Miles of the Sea , and not otherwise as some write : whereas in this and other cold Countryes , they are so farre from bearing fruit , that they will hardly withstand the Winter Frosts , if they be any thing fierce ; yet I have seene them by the great diligence of the Gardiners preserved both at the Physick Garden at Oxford , and at Wimbleton in the Lord Lamberts Garden . They flower in their naturall places in June and July , yet their fruit will not be ripe till November or December , and somtimes and in some places not till January , ●● February .

The Temperature .

Ripe Olives be moderately hot and moist . The unripe are dry and binding ; and consequently the Oyle that is made of them . The greene Leaves do coole and bind .

The Vertues and Signatures .

Oyle Olive commonly called Sallet-Oyle is , of all simple Oyles , the most excellent ( as being of greatest use , and commonly that which is p●escribed for Compositions ) and that Excellency consists as much in easing and defending Gutts , as any thing whatsoever , for whether it be used inwardly or outwardly , it is of great advantage to them . For those that are troubled with the Chollick or Iliack Passions , it may be eaten with White bread in Sops instead of Butter , and so it looseneth the Belly more than Butter , but if that will nor prevaile take it with an equall quantity of Rhenish or White Wine and drink it ; or e●se , if the tast of the Oyle cannot be endured , as many times it cannot , then male a Glister with Wine and Oyle , which being put up , is very e●●ectuall to help the Passions aforesaid . Raw yarn being boi●ed in Ashes and Oyle , and app●yed to the Navell and Reines , or an handfull of White Salt , boyled in a pint of Oyle , and two or three handfulls of black wooll dipped therein , and bound hot to the Navell and bottome of the Belly , worketh the same effects . It is most effectuall against all poysons , but especially against those that do exulcerate and eat holes in the Gutts , interposing it self and defend●ng them by its stippernesse , so that the poyson cannot work upon them , but maketh it passe away without any prejudice : and therefore it is a common Remedy for those that have eaten Ratsbane or any other deadly poyson , to give them a draught of Oyle which not onely preserveth the Gutts , but the Stomack also , if it be got no lower , causing it to be conveyed upwards or downwards : but there is not altogether so much danger of the stomack , as the Gutts , because it meets with somewhat else to hinder its operation , which by that time it hath overcome , it descendeth from thence ; and because the tunicles of the small Guts are not so thick as those of the Stomack . It is of much use in Sallets and other Sawces with Vinegar , being very gratefull to the palates of some , though others refuse it ; and for this purpose the sweetest is best yet for Medicines the older it is , the better it is , both to warm any part and to discusse any thing that needeth it , and therefore it is a principall Ingredient in all Salves , that are for curing of wounds and Scarres which Crallius saith it doth by Signature . The Oyle of unripe Olives called Omphacinum whilest it is fresh , is most wellcome also to the Stomack , strengtheneth the Gums , and fasteneth the teeth , if it be applyed with Wooll or a White Cloath , and being given to those that are much given to swering it helpeth them . Pickled Olives are used as a sawce , and so they do not onely 〈◊〉 up appetite , but also strengthen the Stomack ; and being eaten with Vinegar they loose the Belly . Being burned , beaten and applyed unto Wheales , they stay their further increase and hinder them from rising , cleanse foule Ulcers , help the Gums that are loose and Spongy and fasten loose teeth ; & being dryed only and applyed to ●retting or corroding Urines , doth stay them and taketh away the Scarres or Carbundles and plague s●res . The Leaves stamped ; or the juite of them applyed with Vinegar are of good effect to coole all hot Impostumes and Cholorick Inflammations and sirollings . 〈◊〉 Arthonies fire , fretting and creeping Ulcers , Cancers in the flesh or mouth . The same applyed with honey doth cleanse Ulcers , and asswage all other tumors and swellings ; they are good against all Ucers Inflammations , and Impostumes of the mouth and Gums of Children , especially being washed with the decoction thereof . The juyce of them stoppeth the Termes and all other fluxes of blood , taken inwardly or applyed outwardly : it is good also for the Rednesse , Inflammations and Ulcers of the Eyes , to be put into Collyries , and Medicines for the same , and to cleanse the Eares from corruption , and so do the Leaves and juyce of the Wild Olive ▪ which are effectuall for all the purposes aforesaid . The Water that issueth from the green Wood , when it is laid upon the fire , helpeth to heale the scurfe and foul Scabs in the Head or elsewhere . The Olive Stones being burned are used for the said purposes , as also to stay foule preading Ulcers , and being mixed with fat and meale ▪ they take away the ruggednesse of the nai●es . There be divers Virtues that are referred to the foot or dregs of Oile , but because they are not commonly to be had , I shall omit them ; as also those of the Gum , because neither of them are brought us now adayes as being grown out of use . I shall onely add concerning the Oyle aforesaid , that a litt●e of it drunk in warm Water , or a feather dipped therein , and put into the throat will pro●●re an ease Vomit and without danger ; and some commend four ●poonful●s of Ol●e , and as many of Sack for the like purpose . And for burning and scalding there i● not the ●ike Remedy , a peece of Lawn being first sowed about the part , and Oy●e and Snow-water said thereon .

CHAP. CCXLVI . Of Coloquintida , or the Bitter Gourd .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and that because 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 it moveth the Belly as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ●●cua picra , and of Hippocrate● 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sicuones and Sicues . In Latine Colocynthis , and Cucurb ta Sylvestris a Cucumere ut al●qui volunt , yet others make a di●●eren●e betwixt them . It is called also Fel Terrae , and Mors Plantarum becau●e it imbitters all herbs that grow near it , or killeth them : In the Apothecaries Shops Coloquintida , in English Apple of Coloquintida , and the Bitter Gourd .

The Kinds .

The sorts hereof that are upon Record are four . 1. Coloquitida ▪ or the bitter Gourd , 2. The greater Coloquintida , or the bitter Gourd , 3. The long bitter Gourd , 4. Peare fashioned Coloquintida , or Bitter Gourd .

The Form .

The B●tter Gourd groweth much after the manner of a Cucumber or Melon , having divers rough hairy Leaves thereon , lesser and somewhat longer then those of Cucumber , but more divided and cut in on the Edges , every division being notched round about . At the joynts with the Leaves which grow but one together , come forth Flowers of a yellow colour , like unto those of the Melon , but somewhat smaller , with tendrells also or twining stalkes , whereby it taketh hold of whatsoever it toucheth , to the endangering of the life thereof , if it be a vegetable ; the fruit that followeth is small and round , not much differing from a reasonable Apple in proportion ; of a green colour at the first , but of a brownish yellow , when it is ripe , the shell being as hard as any Pompion or Gourd , which is usually parted from the white pulp , before it be quite ripe , being very light spongy or loose , and of an Extraordinary loathsome bitter tast ; wherein is conteined six rows of very white hard seed , not exceeding that of the Cucumber for bignesse nor coming neer the pulp , either in the bitternesse or forciblenesse in working . The root is not very great , but stringy ; seldome withstanding the first onset of Winter Weather .

The Places and Time

The first is said to grow naturally in Barbary , in those parts which are near unto the Mediterranean Sea , as also without the mouth of the Straights near Sancta Crux , and other places thereabouts ; but that which we have in Shops is a Merchandise b●rought out of Syria , Egypt , and Arabia where it is planted , as it is with us , by those that are curious . The other sorts have bin sound in Spain and Italy , and so may they be in England , if any one will take the paines to get the seed , and sow it ; but then they Flower late , and hardly bring their fruit to per●ection .

The Temperature .

Coloquintida is hot and dry in the third degree , of a very bitter tast , and of a purgative quality .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Celles or rows wherein the seeds of Coloquintida are contained do somewhat resemble the Celles of the Colon , which is the Gutt that detaineth the Excrements , and therefore it is of wonderfull operation to purge that Gut , which is the seat of the Chollick , and is commended for the same , whether it proceed from phlegme or wind . And though it be dangerous for Women with Child , Children , and old persons , yet it may be taken by those that have strong , and rustick bodies , without any danger of excoriation , or other evil accident , being corrected with Oyle of Roses , Gum Tragacanth , and Ginger : for the Oyle with its slippernesse will make it the sooner to passe away ; the Gum will ●eni●●e the sharpnesse ; and the Ginger will help the griping and tearing paines , which it causeth being taken alone , so that a due proportion of each of these made up into Tr●ches or Pills with Rose Water work better , then if Bdellium or Massick or such astringent things were added ; as there be in those Troches called Trochisci Alhandall , Handall being the Arabick name for Coloquintida : Which being so ordered as I have prescribed , purgeth also thick phlegme and viscous humors , the Choller both green and yellow , as also water from the most remote parts as from the Braine and the Membranes thereof , from the Nerves , Muscles , Joynts , Lungs , and Breast , and therefore it is profitable for any kind of Hea●-●ch , Falling-Sicknesse , Apoplexy , Swimming of the Head , and in Fluxes of Rhew●e flowing to the Eyes , the cold Gout , Sc●atica , or Hip-Gout and other paines of the Joy●●s , and Sinews . It helpeth also the Jaundise , and is good for putrid and rotten F●●vers , for an Old Cough , the straitnesse of the Chest shortnesse of the breath , and above all these the Chollick and the Dropsy , being taken either in Gl●sters or Suppositories . The decoction of Coloquintida made with Vinegar easeth the pa●ue o● the Feeth , if they be washed therewith . The powder mixed with the Gall of an Ox , and Hony and said to the belly of one that hath the Worms , not onely killeth the Worms , and maketh them to avoid , but oftentimes purgeth the Belly also . Being steeped in Vinegar it taketh away all discolourings of the skin , as the Morphew and Lepry , dry scurse and Scabs , if the places affected be often rubbed therewith . Pure Oyle that is heated in an Apple of Coloquinda after the seeds are taken out , being dropped into the Eares , taketh away the paine , and noise and killeth the Wormes in them . And is said to make the hair black which was not so before , and to keep it from falling , as also from growing ray . A Bath made of Coloquintida , and the feet and other parts fomented , bringeth down the Courses in Women . The juyce boiled with hogs-grease and applyed to the Hip-Gout easeth the Sciatica . The Dose in powder is from five graines to ten , or fifteen , but it is more safe to take it for all the purposes aforesaid in a Glister made after this manner . Take of the Pulp of Coloquintida two drams , Camomile flowers an handfull , Anniseed , Cumminseed , of each halfe an Ounce , make hereof a decoction in faire Water , and in a pint of it being strained dissolve Honey of Roses and Oyle of Camomile , of each three or foure Ounces . Now if any one should aske , how can a Glyster purge the whole Body ? I answer that the Glyster moistning the whole Colon , doth by the twigs of the Arteries draw noisome humours from the whole Trunk . The seeds will kill Ratts and Mice , who delight to feed upon them , and the decoction with Wormewood sprinkled in a House that is troubled with Flea● , doth utterly destroy them .

CHAP. CLXVII . Of Bind-weed .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 to distinguish it from the Kidney-Beans which is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Smilax hortensis . In Latine also Smilax levis , from a Maid of that name , who pining away for the love of Crocus was turned into this flower ( according to that verse of Ovid ) and he into Saffron .

Et Crocum in parves versum cum Smilace flores . It is called also Conv●lval●s and Volubilis , quia crebrâ revolutione vicinos fructices , et herbas implice● , because it rouleth or windeth it selfe about whatsoever is next it ; and for the same reason , it is called Funis arborum , but Campanella is given to it , because it hath a flower like a little Bell. There is one cheife sort hereof called of some Campana Lax●ra , or Campana carule● of others Convolvulus , Caeruleus Major , five Indicus , and Fl●s Noctis , because its cheifest beauty is in the Evening , Night , and Morning : of some , Nil Av●eeunae , another is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Helxine Cissampelos ab 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 trahere vel harere and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi Vit●alis . five Hedera Viti●ea , because this Helxine should be known from Pellitory called also Helxine : this most commonly growing in Vineyards , creeping up upon the Vines with a Leafe like lvy ; it is called also Malacocissos , quasi mollis hedera , Orobanche , Ervania , Convolvulus niger , &c : In English , Bindweed , With-wind , and of some , Divelsgut .

The Kinds .

To this smooth kind of Bindweed which is here to be understood ( for of the Prickly kind we shall treat elsewhere ) , there may be referred these fifteene sorts . 1. The greater blew Bind-weed or Bell-flower . 2. The greater purple Bindweed with cornered Leaves . 3. The American Bind-weed . 4. The Arabian o● Egyptian Bind-weed . 5. The blew Bell flower of Virginia . 6. Mallow leased Bind-weed . 7. The common small Bind-weed . 8. Lavander leafed Bind-weed . 9. Small purple Bind-weed . 10. The African Bind-weed . 11. The least African Bind-weed . 12. The blew Spanish Bindweed . 13. Black Bindweed . 14. Branched black Bind-weed of Candy . 15. Small black Bindweed .

The Form .

The greater blew Bind-weed or Bell flower , though but a Weed as the name imports , is taken into Gardens for the goodlynesse thereof , where it riseth with many long and winding branches , climbing and winding it selfe contrary to the course of the Sun upon any thing of substance that is neer it . It hath many great faire round Leaves , pointed at the end , somewhat like a Violet Leafe in shape , but much greater , of a sad greene colour : the flowers which come forth , at the joynts of the branches where the Leaves are ●et , on pretty long footstalkes two or three together , are at first long , somwhat like a finger , and of a pa●e whitish blew colour , but afterwards they become broad like Bells , of a deepe a ●ure tending to purple , very g●orio●s to behold ; the flowers being past , the stalkes whereon they stood bend downwards , sending fo●th husks with three or four black seeds a peece of the bignesse of a Tare , or thereabouts ; the rootes are s●●ingy , and perish every where , at the first approach of Winter .

The Places and Times .

Though the two first came to us out of Italy , yet they are conceived to be naturall only to the East Indies : The name of the third te●●ifieth whence it came , and so doth those of the fourth , fift , tenth , eleaventh , twelveth , and fourteenth ; the sixth is found in many places of Spaine , the seaventh , and ninth in sundry Countryes of this Land , as the eighth likewise is about Dunmow in Essex ; the thirteenth is that which is too common in every field and garden , and the last groweth about Drayton neere Portsmouth . They flower towards the latter end of Summer , especially the greater sorts , and therefore their seed is seldome perfected with us .

The Temperature .

The Bind-weeds are most of them hot and dry in the first or second degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The most renowned Crollius , in his Book of Signatures recordeth , that Bind-weed or With-wind growing in the Corne by its turning and winding doth very much resemble the turnings and windings of the Guts , and that therefore the d●coction thereof made in White Wine is a very singular remedy for those that are afflicted with the Collick , purging and voiding sorth raw thick Phlegmatick and Melancholick humours , and killing and driving sorth both flat and long Wormes out of the Belly , yet not without some trouble to the Stomack , which somtimes causeth Vomitings . The Mallow Leafed Bind-weed , as Clusius saith , is used in Portugal , as an herb of singular effect to heale all sores or wounds . The Leaves of the black Bind-weed called Helxine Cissampelos stamped and streined , and the juice drunken , doth also loosen and open the belly exceedingly , and so do the Leaves and Herb in Powder , if it be drunk in Wine or any other Liquor . The Leaves being bruised and laid to hard tumors , and Knots in the Flesh dissolveth and consumeth them , as Galen saith . It is said likewise , that if those places which you would have to be void of Haire be anointed with the juice hereof , presently after the Haire is plucked up by the Rootes , it will not suffer it to grow there any more . Some of the greater sorts , as also that with Leaves , like Lavander where they naturally grow are rather a Plague then a pleasure to whatsoever groweth with it in the feildes , yet the beauty of their flowers hath caused them to be received into Gardens , where they are very delightfull to the Eyes of those , which love to feast themselves even with the varieties of those things , which the Vulgar call Weedes , and indeed there is a great deale of prettynesse in every one of them , if they be narrowly observed , yet divers of them are so pernicious to Corne , and other things of greater use and value by their strangling qualities , that the names above mentioned have not been given them without some reason .

CHAP. CCXLVIII . Of Centory .

The Names .

IT is divided into two kinds , a greater and a lesser which might be treated of in two distinct Chapters ; yet for their names sakes , and somwhat for their qualities I shall joyne them in one , though of different forms . The greater is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Centaurium magnum which is generally affirmed to have received its name from Chiron the Centaure , who healed himselfe herewith after that he had wounded his foot by the fall of one of Hercules's Arrowes out of his hand when he received . Hercu●es as ●i●●ue● , and therefore of some was ●a●ed 〈◊〉 . It hath formerly though falsely been called Rha Pont cum and u●●● insteed thereof , that being a kind of Ruba●be . The lesser is ca●●ed 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek Centaurium parvum and minus in Latine , and Centaurea as also ●●r●s for the extraordinary bitternesse thereof , and Febr●fuga of cu●ing Fea●●●●●gh that name properly belong to another Plant cal●ed Feave●ew ; of ●●●e also Multirad●x but why I know not . Dioscorides saith , it was cal●ed Lim●●n , and Pliny Libad●o● , because it ●oveth to grow in moi●● places , yet in our Country it loveth to grow in dry places also . It is called in English , Small Century and the lesser Centory .

The Kinds .

Of these two kinds above named there be Eleaven sorts , foure of the greater and seaven o● the lesser . 1. The Common Great Centory . 2. The Pyrenean g●eat Centory . 3. The great Centory of Portugall . 4. The great yellow Centory . 5. The red ordinary small Centory . 6. White flowered Centory . 7. Small spiked Centory . 8. Small yellow Centory . 9. Small yellow thorough leased branched Centory . 10. Small yellow unbranched Centory . 11. The least yellow Centory .

The Form .

Though I have set the greatest Centory foremost for his greatnesse sake , yet the lesser being tha● at whose Vertues I cheifely a●●e , take the description thereof as followeth . The red ordinary small Centory groweth most commonly but with ●●● round , and somwhat cre●●ed stalke , not above halfe a foot high at most , that e●er I saw , branching forth at the top into many sprigs , and some also from the joynts of the stalkes below : At the extremities of the branches there stand , as it we●e in an Umbell or tu●t divers small flowers of a pale red colour tending to a Ca●●tion , consisting of six but usually of five small Leaves , somwhat like unto those of St. Johns-wort , which in the day time , when the Sun shineth , open themselves , and towards the evening shut themselves againe ; after which cometh the seed in little short Huskes in for ●e like unto Wheat Cornes , but much lesser . The Leaves are small and somwhat round like unto those of St. Johns-wort but lesser . The root is small and hard .

The Places and Time .

The first and third grow upon the Alpes and Mount Baldus ; the name of the second will discover its place ; the fourth is a naturall of Mount Baldus also : the ●●ft is found almost every where in fields , pastures , and woods , as in a field by Oxford highway from Baubury not farre from Beechen Tree , and in a place called New-pa●●ure in the Common fields of Adderbury East , not farre from the high way side and in some of Walton grounds , which are on the other side the River Charwell , and other places that I could name : the sixth is not so frequent , the seaventh about Mom●e●●er , and neere unto Pado● upon the Euganean Hilles ; the eighth in a field next Sr. Francis Carew's house in Kent , at Beddington neere Croyd●● , and in many other places , where the other sorts are somtimes found , and removed into the Gardens of the curious , where some of the greater sorts may be also seene : They do all flower about July , and give their seed in August , only the Portugall kind is seldom brought to flower in our Country much lesse to seed .

The Temperature .

The great Centory is hot and dry in the third degree . The lesser is hot and dry in the second degree , and very bitter .

The Vertues and Signature .

Both the Centories are commended for gripings in the Belly yet because the lesser it most effectuall to that purpose , I shall set down the Vertues thereof . The decoction thereof being made in Wine . Ale , or posset drink , is very available in severall diseases of the Belly , as the Chollick , Costivenes , Wormes , and the like , purging Phlegme and Choler and provoking Sweat . It is given with very good successe to those that are perplexed with Agues , for it openeth the stoppings of the Liver , Gall , and Spleene helping the Jaundise , which the yellow sort doth by Signature , for that especially purgeth Choller as the white doth Phlegme and Water ; and the Red cleanseth the Blood maketh thin both it and the humors , by the cleansing and bitter qualities . It is usefull in the Sciatica , helpeth those that have the Dropsy , and the green sicknesse , for it bringeth down the Courses of women . It helpeth also to avoid the Dead Birth , and helpeth the paines of the Mother , and is very effectuall in all paines of the Joynts as the Gout , Cramp , or Convulsions . Being boiled in White Wine or Ale with Liquorice and strained and drunk Morning and Evening it openeth the Obstructions of the Chest and Lungs , and a little Sugar-Candy added it is a good Remedy against Hoarsnesse and the Ptisick . The decoction of the tops of the Stalkes with the Leaves and flowers which are most in use , being taken inwardly , and the boyled Herb that is taken forth applyed ovtwardly , helpeth both the paines of the sides , and hardnesse of the Spleene . A dram of the powder thereof taken in Wine is a wonderfull good help against the bitting and poyson of any Venemous Creatures . Being boiled in Water and drunk , it provoketh Appetite , cleanseth the Stomack and Breast purgeth the Back and Reines , and healeth whatsoever is amisse in them . The juyce of the Herb mixed with a little Honey is good to cleare the E●●s 〈◊〉 Dimnesse , mists , or Clouds , that hinder the sight , and is singular good ●or green or fresh wounds , and also for old Ulcers and Sores , to close up the one , and to cleanse the other , and perfectly cure them both , although they be fistulous and hollow , the green Herb especially being bruised & laid to . The decoction thereof being dropped into the Eares , cleanseth them from wormes , cleanseth ●he foule Ulcers , and spreading Scabs of the Head , and taketh away Freckles , Spots , and Markes in the skin , being washed therewith . The greater Centory , is appropriated especially to Wounds , because it helpeth those that spit blood , or bleed much at the Mouth , two drams at the Root ( in powder ) taken in Wine or Water . Neither is the Root but the whole Plant very available also in all sorts of wounds and Ulcers to dry , sodder , cleanse and heale them , and should be a principall Ingredient in all Wound drinks and Injections . Yet it is effectuall in many other Cases also , for the Roots thereof being steeped in wine and drunk or the powder thereof given in wine is good for such as have the Dropsy or Jaundise , or are troubled with the stoppings of the Liver . It is also used for Ruptures , Crampes , and Pleurisies and for an old Cough , shortnesse of breath and other diseases of the Lungs , Gripings in the Belly , and paines of the Mother . Being scraped and put up as a Pessary it procureth womens Courses , and causeth the Dead Birth to be avoided ; the juyce thereof used after the same manner worketh the like Effects . It helpeth the Strangury and pissing by drops , as also the Stone , if the decoction or Powder thereof be taken and the juyce injected ; The decoction or juyce of the Root or a dram of the powder thereof drunk , and the wound washed therewith , taketh away the paine and danger of the bitings or Stingings of Venemous Creatures . It helpeth to sharpen the Eye sight , if it be steeped in Water , and dropped into them .

CHAP. CCXLVIII . Of Lovage .

The Names .

IT hath no Greek Name that I can meet with . It is called in Latin Levisticum which is the proper and onely Latine Name thereof , Ligusticum being a far different plant , although some being deceived with the vicinity of the name have taken them to be both one .

The Kinds .

As the Names of Lovage are but few , so the sorts are not many ; for of it I find but two , 1. Ordinary Lovage , 2. The Lovage of Germany .

The Forme .

Ordinary Lovage hath many long and great stalkes of large winged Leaves , divided into many parts like Smallage , but much larger , of a sad green colour , smooth and shining , every Leafe being cut about the edges , and broader forward then towards the Stalke : The Stalkes that arise from thence are diverse , and of different proportions , according to the goodnesse or badness of the Soile wherein they grow , as also to their time of continuance : for though in a fat soile where it hath grown long , they attaine unto the height of five or six foot , yet if the ground be barren , or the herb but newly set , they seldome exceed three or four , answerable whereunto is the bignesse of them , being green and hollow , set with lesser leaves then those that grow below : towards the tops of these , come forth other smaller branches , bearing at their tops large Umbels of yellow Flowers , which turne into flat brounish seed , somewhat like the seed of Angelica . The root groweth large both in length and thicknesse , being of a brownish colour without side , and white within . The whole Plant smelleth strong , and in tast is both hot , sharp and biting .

The Places and Time .

Both the sorts are Inhabitants in the Gardens of those that love Physicall herbs especially , and sometimes in the Garden of those that understand it not : the first being common to divers Countryes , the second proper to Germany , yet neither of them are found wild in any part of Europe , if they be any where else . The root in continuance of time spreadeth much , for it endureth long and sendeth forth every yeare new stalkes , which hold the Flowers in the end of July , and the seed in August .

The Temperature .

Lovage is hot and dry in the third degree , and is of thin parts also .

The Vertues .

Halfe a dram of the dryed Root of Lovage in powder , taken in Wine , doth wonderfully warm a cold Stomach , helping digestion , and consuming all superfluous moisture and raw humours therein , as also in the Guts , and therefore it easeth all inward gripings and paines , both of the Stomach and Belly , as also by dissolving wind and expelling it effectually : which is an utter enemy to them both ; and it is commended for resisting poyson and infection , that may assault either of them , or any other part . The said Root boiled in Wine or Barly-water , cleanseth the Lungs , openeth the passages of the Vrine , provoketh Womens Courses mightily , and healeth inward Wounds ; Being bruised in a Mortar before it be dryed , and steeped for twelve houres in faire Water , then strained , and two or three spoonfuls drunk first and last , morning and evening , asswageth any drought or great desire to drink , when no ordinary liquor will do it : and this it performeth by a specifick property , for the Root is well known to be hot . To drink the Decoction of the herbe for any sort of Ague , and to help the cold paines and torments of the Body and Bowels , comming of cold , was not long since , a known and much practised Remedy , but the present Age , which forgets every thing that should do it goood , knowes none such , as far as I can under-stand . The seeds drunk in White-wine fasting , either in powder , or boyled therein and strained , doth purge both upwards and downwards , and being used in Glisters , it easeth the Gout in the feet . Being steeped a night in Wine , or else boiled therein and drunk , it provoketh the Termes , and expelleth the Dead-child , and likewise opens the stoppings of the Spleen ; but because the seeds be very strong , the like weight of Annise and Fennel may be mixed with them to qualifie them . And to be briefe , the seeds are as effectuall to all purposes as any other part of it , and worketh more powerfully in Womens diseases . The distilled water of the herb , helpeth the Quinsey in the Throat , if the Mouth and Throat be gargled and washed therewith , and helpeth the Pleurisy being drunk three or four times ; Being dropped into the Eyes it taketh away the rednesse and dimnesse of them ; It likewise taketh away the spots or freckles of the Face . The Leaves bruised and fryed with a little Hogs-lard , and laid to any botch or boyl , will quickly break it ; and being boyled in water and bathed therein , it provoketh Vrine , expelleth the Stone , and healeth the inward parts ; Being applyed three or four times with Rue and Honey , to the Knees of those that are troubled with pain in them , it is a good expedient for the removing thereof ; The people of Germany and of this , and other Countreys also in former times used both the Root in Powder , and the seed to season their Meats and Brothes , and found them as effectuall to comfort and warm the Stomack : but now a dayes , whatsoever is not farre fetched will hardly please : The green roots pickled with salt and vinegar are a good sawce for those that are troubled with wind : but if they be preserved with sugar , they are more acceptable to the Palate .

CHAP. CCXLIX . Of Tansey .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Athanasia , peradventure from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , signifying sine morte , or non moriens , that is , immortall : because the yellow Flowers gathered in due time , will continue very lively a long while : It is also called Athanasia in Latine & Tanacetum , corruptly taken , as Fuschius imagineth , for Tagetes , or Apuleius his Arthemisia Tragantes : yet I conceive it more probable to come , though not without some corruption , from Athan●sia , it being called in French Tanaisie and Athanasie , from whence our English word ●ansey came without doubt .

The Kindes .

Of Tansey there be these seven sorts . 1 Ordinary Tansey . 2 Double English Tansey , or curled Tansey . 3 Party-coloured Tansey . 4 Woolly Tansey . 5 Small white Tansey . 6 Mountain Tansey . 7 Unsavoury Tansey .

The Forme .

Though ordinary and curled Tansey be two sorts , yet one description may serve them both , for either of them have many hard green Leaves , or rather wings of Leaves , many small ones , being set one against another , all along a middle rib or stalk , and snipt about the edges , in one sort the Leaves stand closer and thicker , and somewhat crumpled , which hath caused it to be called double , or curled Tansey , and in the other , more thinner and straglingly set , like as those of the wild Tansey are . It riseth up with many hard stalkes , bearing at the tops of them certaine clustered tufts of gold , yellow flowers like Buttnos , as Camomile , Feaverfew , and Maudlin doe , which being gathered in their prime will not quickly wither : the seed is small and as it were chaffy : the Root creepeth under ground and shooteth up again in divers places ; The whole herb is bitter in tast , and of a strong smell , yet very comfortable to the Senses .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts abovementioned are cherished in Gardens , either for their Vertues or their rarity , howbeit many of them are not without their naturall places of growing ; for the first groweth by the hedges and ditches sides , and in the borders of fields in divers Countreys beyond the Sea : The fourth groweth about Mompelier and other places : The fift groweth in divers places both of Germany and Italy : The sixth upon the Alpes amongst the Switzers : The last also groweth in divers Countreys beyond the Seas : The Root endureth long , sending forth its green Leaves in March and April , and its Flowers in June and July , and sometimes later .

The Temperature .

Tansey is said to be hot in the second degree , and dry in the third : That without smell is hot , and dry , but in a lesser degree then the former .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of the ordinary Garden Tansey , or the juice thereof drunk in Wine , or Beer , is very profitable to dissolve and expell Wind in the Stomach , Belly , or Bowels , and to kill and expell the W●rmes , and so doth the seed , which is a singular and approved Medicine for the same , in what sort soever it be taken ; and therefore it is that Tanseys were so frequent not long since about Easter , being so called from this Herb Tansey ; though I think the Stomach of those that eat them late , are so squeamish , that they put little or none of it into them , having altogether forgotten the reason of their Originall , which was to purge away from the Stomack and Guts the Phlegme engendered by eating of Fish in the Lent Season ( when Lent was kept stricter then now it is ) whereof Worms are soon bred in them that are thereunto disposed , besides other humours which the moist and cold constitution of Winter most usually infects the body of Man with ; and this I say is the reason why Tanseys were , and should be now more used in the Spring then at any other time of the year , though many understand it not , and some simple people take it for a matter of superstition so to do . The Decoction before mentioned is a singular remedy for all the griefes that come by stopping of the Urine , helpeth the Strangury , and those that have weak Reines and Kidneys , procureth Womens Courses , and expelleth the windinesse of the Matrix : If it be bruised and often smelled unto , as also applyed to the lower part of the Belly , it is very profitable for such Women as are apt to miscarry in Child-bearing , to cause them to go out their full time . It is also used against the Stone in the Reines with good successe , especially if it be given to Men. Being boyled in Sallet Oyle after it hath been stamped , it is very good against the pain and shrinking of the Sinewes by the Cramp or other distemper , if applyed to the part affected . It is said also , that the Root preserved with Sugar is profitable for them that have the Gout , if they take thereof fasting for many dayes together . It is one of the six things that are reckoned up in Schola Salerni to be good for the Palsey , and not without reason ; for it avoideth phlegme and dryeth the Sinews , by whose resolution the Palsey is caused .

CHAP. CCL . Of Lavender-Cotten :

The Names .

IT is doubted whether the Greeks had any knowledge of this Plant , yet some have called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as if they had , and their reason is , because the Leaves thereof are somewhat like to the Leaves of the Cypresse Tree . It is also called Chamaecyparissus in Latine , but divers of the most judicious of the Latine Writers take it as Matthiolus doth , to be the true Abrotanum faemina of Dioscorides & Sancolina ; we call it generally in English Lavender-Cotten .

The Kindes .

There are nine sorts hereof to be reckoned up . 1 Ordinary Lavender-cotton . 2 Great Lavender Cotten . 3 French Lavender Cotten . 4 Fine Lavender Cotten . 5 Rosemary Leafed Lavender Cotten . 6 Small Rosemary Leafed Lavender Cotten . 7 Small green Lavender Cotten . 8 Creeping Lavender Cotten . 9 Strange Lavender Cotten .

The Forme .

The ordinary Lavender Cotten hath many wooddy , but brittle branches , hoary , or of a whitish colour , whereon are set many Leaves , which are little , long , and four-square , dented or notched upon every edge , and whitish also ; at the tops of the branches stand naked Stalks , bearing on every one of them a yellow head or Flower like unto Tansey , or Maudeline , but greater then either of them , of a gold yellow colour , abiding so a along time upon the Stalkes , and being kept dry likewise , after which commeth small dark coloured seed ; the Root is woody , and spreadeth abroad with many hard fibres . The whole Plant is very comely to behold , especially if it be artificially ordered , of a strong sweet scent , but no way displeasing , unlesse it be in the tast , which is bitter .

The Places and Time .

Though none of the forementioned Plants grow naturally with us , yet many of them are to be found in the Gardens of those that are curious Conservers of rare Plants ; howbeit , it will not be amisse to tell you , that the first groweth of its owne accord in Germany . The second in divers places of Narbone in France . The fourth , fifth , and sixth about Salamanca in Spaine . The last is supposed to come from Egypt , the places of the rest are not yet knowne . They do all or most of them flower in Iuly and August .

The Temperature .

The seed of Lavender Cotten , and so likewise the herb is hot and dry in the third Degree .

The Vertues .

Every Woman also can tell , that Lavender Cotten stamped and strained with Milk , & taken fasting after it hath been a little warmed by the fire , is an excellent expedient to kill and expell Wormes out of the Stomacks and Bellies , both of children and elder persons also , but the seed is accounted of greatest force ; notwithstanding when that cannot be had , the herb may be used as aforesaid . Matthiolus saith , that half a dram of Lavender Cotten , taken in a little of the distilled Water of Fetherfew , every morning fasting for ten days together at the least , is a very profitable Medicine for Women that are troubled with the Whites , to stay them . The Leaves drunk with Wine seven dayes , helpeth the yellow Jaundise , the obstructions of the Liver and Kidneys , and is good against the Sciatica . It is a good medicine against the poysons of all Serpents and venemous Beasts , being taken in the manner aforesaid , and being only strewed or burnt in such places , as are frequented with Vermine , it driveth them away with the smell thereof ; and therefore it is not altogether inconvenient to set it in Flower-pots amongst other things . Clusius saith that in Spaine about Salamanca they use the decoction of the Spanish kindes , to take away the Itch and Scabs in whomsoever have them , and he adviseth that Caution be used in giving it ; yet I suppose it is rather to be bathed with , then taken inwardly . But it is used more frequently with us , to be put amongst other hot Herbs , either in Bathes , Oyntments , or other Medicines , to help those that are bursten , or troubled with Cramps or Convulsions of Sinews , to provoke Urine , and bring down womens courses , and generally it worketh the same effects , and may be applyed to all the diseases that Southernwood is appropriated ; and therefore I shall referre you to it , to be further informed concerning its Vertues , lest I justly seeme to be Tautologicall . But there is an use , wherein this exceeds that of Southernwood , and that is to make Knots , Trailes , and other Compartiments in the Gardens of Noble Personages ; for besides its gentle aspect , it abideth green all the Winter , and will with cutting , be kept in as even proportion , as any other herb may be , yet it must be removed every third year , that is , taken up and set again , otherwise it will grow stubbed and dry .

CHAP. CCLI . Of Carrots and Parsneps .

The Names .

IT will not be amisse to joyne these two sorts in one Chapter , as I suppose : because they are so agreeable in their Names , Natures and Vertues . The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and so may the second ; for it is as probable that the derivation thereof commeth from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 the stalk of Briony , the Roots of each growing after the same manner , as that it should come from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Grape , to whose purplish colour , when it is almost ripe , one only sort hereof is resembled ; and therefore Dodonaeus , and Fuscbius say , that some in their time called them both Stapbylinus . And so in Latine , the word Pastinaca , which cometh a Pascend● , quia corpus alat , doth agree with the one , as well as the other ; for they are both nourishing , yet differ in this , because the Root of one is reddish , and the other is white ; the one hath narrow Leaves , and the other broad ; and therefore they are commonly divided into tenui folia & latifolia . Of that with narrow Leaves , there is a wild sort called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greek , and Daucus , Daucum & Daucium in Latine , and Dauke in English , to distinguish it from another sort of wild Carrots , which is properly so called , of all which I shall say somewhat in this Chapter .

The Kindes .

Though there be many sorts of Carrots , and more of Dauke , yet I shall onely mention five sorts of the first , one of the second , and two of the Parsnep , which are eight in all . 1 Common yellow Carrots . 2 Wild Carrots . 3 Wild Carrots of Naples . 4 Prickly wild Carrots of Naples . 5 Wild Carrots with hairy Stalkes . 6 The true Dauke of Candy . 7 Garden Parsnep . 8 Wild Parsnep .

The Forme .

The wild Carrot ( which is of more use in Physick , though lesse knowne then the Common sort ) groweth in a manner like that of the Garden , but that the Leaves are whiter and rougher , as the Stalkes likewise are , which beare large spoky tufts of white flowers , with a deep purple spot in the middle , which are contracted together , when the seed beginneth to grow ripe , so that the middle part being hollow and low , and the outward stalks rising high , maketh the whole Umbel to shew like a birds nest . The Root is small , long , and hard , being also somewhat sharp and strong , and therefore unfit for Meat .

The Places and Time .

The first is that which is sowne by the Gardiners in every Country , in Gardens or Fields , chosen out for the purpose , whose soile must be loose , and well manured , if not new broken up . The second groweth in most places of this Land , as well in Pastures , as by sides of fields , and untilled places . The third and fourth in Naples . The fifth in Germany . The sixth in Candy . The seventh is nursed up in Gardens . The last groweth in the Marshes by Rochester . The first are sowen in April , or sooner , and will be ready for the pot about Iuly or August , never seeding the first year if they be good , but the secon● : All the rest do flower and seed about the end of Summer , except the Gar●● Parsnep , whose seed is ripe about the beginning of August , the second year after its sowing , for if they seed the first year , they are good for nothing , and are called Mad Neepes by the Countrey people .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Carrots and Parsneps are temperatly hot and somewhat moist , but the seeds are hot and dry almost in the third degree .

The Vertues .

The seed of every one of the before mentioned sorts , are very carminative , that is , powerfull to expell wind , and therefore they are very effectuall to ease the torments and gripings of the Belly , and to cure the Collick , but especially that of the true Dauke of Candy , next the wild Carrots ; and if neither of them can be gotten , the seeds of either of the other Carden sorts may be used in steed thereof , either in Powder or in Decoction . The seed of the true D●●cus is likewise very usefull to help the Strangury , to provoke Urine and Womens courses , to expell the Dead birth , and to help the strangling of the Mother , and remove those stitches that afflict the sides . Both it and the Roots powdered , & drunk in Wine , are very profitable for those that have receiv'd any grief or hurt by any venemous Beast whatsoever , as also to resist any other venome or poyson , and the Pestilence : The same also put into Pultises doth ease tumours and swellings in any part , and being mixed with honey , it helpeth old and inveterate Coughes . The seed of the wild Carrot is commended for all the purposes aforesaid , as also for helping to break and expell the Stone in the Kidneys , to cure the Dropsey , and those whose Bellies are swollen with Wind ; it provoketh venery and helpeth conception . The Roots of the manured Parsneps and Carrots are of a sweet pleasant tast , by which they stir up the appetite , and therefore the Carrots are usually eaten with Beefe , as well without , as with butter all the time of the Autumne ; but the Parsneps being dryer , are more commonly buttered , and serve as a dish by themselves upon Wednesdayes and Fridayes , when hot meat is not so familiarly provided , and so they are good for a Consumption , and provoke Venery ; yet if there be no other provocation thereunto , no body shall need to fear the eating of them , if so be they do it with moderation ; for by the immoderate and too often use of them , their nourishment will become vitious , because they are somewhat windy , whence you may observe that the Roots and Seeds of many things are not endued with the same qualities .

CHAP CCLII . Of Spignell .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , perhaps from the smallnesse of the Leaves , in Latine also Meum , & Meum Athamanticum , either from Athamantes the son of Aeolus , supposed to be the first discoverer , or from the Hill Athamantes in Thessaly , where the best was formerly thought to grow ; for it was sometimes usuall with the ancient Writers to name the places of Plants , not because they grew in no other , or were a distinct sort by themselves , but because they were better then the common sort ; and for this reason , and for no other , Pli●y cals it also Meum Macedonicum , and Hispanicum : It is called in English Spignell or Spicknell , of some Mewe , or Baldmony , or Bearewort .

The Kindes .

To this kind these five sorts may not unfi●ly be referred . 1 Ordinary Spignell . 2 Small Spignell . 3 The Preservative Spignell of Candy . 4 Italian Bastard Spignell . 5 Mountaine Spignell of Germany .

The Forme .

The ordinary Spignell , riseth up with sundry long stalkes of Leaves exceeding finely , cut like unto haires , smaller then those of Dill , set thick on both sides the stalk , of a light or yellow green colour , and of a good sent : from amongst which , rise up round stiffe Stalkes with joynts , having a few Leaves at them , at the tops whereof groweth an Umbell of pure white flowers , at the edges whereof sometimes will be seene a shew of reddish or blush colour , especially before they be full blown , which give place unto little roundish seed which are of a brownish colour ; the Roots are thick and long in respect of the Leaves growing out from one head , which is hairy at the top , of a blackish brown colour on the outside , and white within .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in Westmerland , Yorkeshire , and other Northern Counties , and hath been brought from thence into our Southern Physick Gardens ; the second in Savoy , the third in Candy , the fourth in Italy , the last in Austria , and as some have affirmed at the bottom of St. Vincents rock by Bristoll over against the hot Well , where it cannot be seen but when the Tide is downe . They flower in June and July , and yeeld their seed in August .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Spignell are hot in the third degree , and dry in the second .

The Vertues .

The dry Roots of Spignell being made into powder , mixed with Honey , and taken after the manner of an Electuary or licking Medicine , not onely consumeth all windinesse in the Stomack , but descendeth into the Guts , and easeth the griping paines of the B●lly : It is excellent also against all Catarrhes , Rhewms and Aches of the Joynts , as also any phlegmatick or watery humour , falling upon the Lu●ges : Being boyled in wine or water , and drunk , it mightily openeth the stoppings of the Kidneys and Bladder , provoketh Urine and bodily lust , easeth and helpeth the Strangury , and consumeth all windynesse and belchings of the Stomack , yea it is so effectuall for the Strangury , that being laid Plaisterwise up the Bellyes of those Children that have it by inheritance , it causeth them to make water very freely . I● is also very available to bring down Womens Courses , and to help the griefes of the Mother , but should too great a quantity thereof be taken , it would cause the head to ake , by the Vapors that it sendeth thereunto , and therefore the safest way for the last purposes would be to sit over the decoction thereof : The said Roots which are the only parts of the Plant in use , though the seed be very aromaticall , are accounted very effectuall against the sting or biting of any venemous Creature , and therefore it is a maine Ingredient in Mithridate , and Venice Treacle , which are especiall Antidotes , both for that and many other of the purposes before mentioned .

CHAP. CCLIII . Of Bishops-weed .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as is supposed from the smalnesse of the seed , which in some sort imitateth Sand , and in Latine Ammi & Ammium , yet the Shops call it Ammios or Ameos , in the Genitive case , divers call it Cuminum Aethi●picum , because the seed is somewhat like to that of Cummin , and in that it groweth frequently in Aethiopia : It is called also Cumi●um Regium , or Cummin Royall for its excellent properties , in English Ameos or Ammi , of some Herb William , Bull-wort and Bishops-weed .

The Kindes .

Though the true Ammi or Bishops-weed is not extant in any part of Europe , yet therebe three sorts that learned men have referred to the same kind for some affinity betwixt them . 1 Common Bishops-weed . 2 Bishops-weed of Candy . 3 Small Bishops-weed .

The Forme .

Common Bishops-weed riseth up with a round straight stalk three or four foot high , beset with divers small , long and somewhat broad Leaves , cut in divers places , and dented about the edges , growing on both sides of a long foot stalk one against another , of a fresh green colour , somwhat like unto Skirret Leaves , having sundry branches on them : at the tops whereof come forth small Umbels of white flowers which turn into small , round and brown seed , a little bigger then Parsley-seed , and not so big as Anni-seed , of a quick hot scent and tall ; the Root is white and fibrous , perishing every year after it hath given its seed , from whence it riseth up again the next year , if it be suffered to fall to the ground .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in the next field beyond Green Hithe , in the way as you go to Gravesend by the hedg fide , and in divers other places both of England and Wales : the second was sent from Candy , yet it groweth also upon the Mountain Garganus in Italy , according to Matthiolus : the last was brought from Alexandria in Egyt , but was first brought thither out of Arabia ; All which being nursed up in some of our Physick Gardens do flower and seed reasonable well , if the year prove kindly , and not otherwise . Their time of flowring is in June and July , and that of seeding is about the latter end of August .

The Temperature .

The seedes of Bishops-weed , which are chiefly in use , are hot and dry in the later end of the third degree , being of thin parts , somewhat bitter in tast , and sharp withall .

The Vertues .

The seed of Bishops-weed is another of the four lesser hot seeds , evermore commended for breaking Wind , and therefore it cannot but be of wonderfull efficacy to ease the Collick , and other torments and paines in the bowels , seasing upon Men , either when they make water or go to stool , being taken in Wine , and so it provoketh Vrine , and Womens Courses , and is good against the bitings of Serpents : It is used with good successe in those Medicines that are made of Cantharides to qualifie the poysonous and corroding operation of those flyes upon the Vrit●ry part , which they chiefly affect , so that they may be received into the Body without any danger . Being beaten very fine , and mingled with honey , it dissolveth and scattereth congealed blood , and taketh away black and blew marks , which come by stripes or falls , if it be applyed to the affected part in manner of a Plaister ; And being drunk , or outwardly applyed , it abateth the high colour of those , which by drinking , or any other distemperature are disguised therewith : causing the rednesse of their Faces and Noses to depart , and a more comely colour to succeed it . It cleanseth the Matrix , whether it be given with Raifins after the same manner , as Wormseed is given to children , or the fumes thereof , and Rossin mixed together , and received thereinto . These are the vertues which Dioscorides ascribeth to the true Ammi , with every one of which the Bishops weed before described , is by Dodonaeus said to be endued . The Egyptians do make much use of the seed of the Egyptian , or Arabian kind to provoke Venery ; for which purpose , it is said to be very powerfull .

CHAP. CCLIV . Of ENGLISH Worm-seed .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Myagrum , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Melampyrum , as Dioscorides saith , and of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Myagrium , but indeed these names belong rather to the gold of pleasure , then to this , which is but referred to that , and more usually called in Latine Camelina , sive Myagrum alterum amarum ; The word Myagrum signifies as much as Muscipulum , sive Muscarium , and i● attributed to gold of Pleasure , because the seed being oily , hath such an emplastick , or clammy quality therein , that it arresteth the Flies that settle thereon ; but whether our English Worm-seed hath any such property , I do not affirm . Mel 〈…〉 yron signifieth black Wheat , because growing many times amongst wheat , the Antients thought the wheat had degenerated into it , but that there should be any such Metamorphosis in Plants , is now clearely discovered to be an errour . That which is here called English Worm-seed , others call it Treacle wormseed .

The Kindes .

Gold of Pleasure , whereof English Worm-seed is said to be a sort , hath six others to be joyned with it . 1 English Worm-seed . 2 Garden gold of Pleasure . 3 Wild gold of Pleasure . 4 Stincking gold of Pleasure . 5 The greater one grained gold of Pleasure . 6 The lesser one grained Myagrum . 7 Round podded like Myagrum .

The Forme .

English Worm-seed riseth up with one or more upright stalks , about two foot high , branching towards the top , and thick set with long and narrow green Leaves , somewhat like unto those of the single Wall-flower , but smaller , and of a whiter green colour ; at the tops of the stalks and branches , come forth very small pale yellow flowers , consisting of four leaves a peece , somewhat like unto those of the Wall-flower , but much smaller , even more then halfe : which af●erwards give small long Cods , containing within them very pale coloured seed , of a very bitter tast ; the Root is small and woody , perishing every year after it hath given its seed , which seed being suffered to shed , riseth again the next year without any more adoe , and in a short time , will so overcome the place of its abode , that it will not easily be destroyed .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in divers places of this Land , and is either therefore called English Worm-seed , because it is proper to our Country ; or else , because our Country folks do make use of it for the Wormes , to which end they bring it into their Gardens , where being once sowed , they are for ever furnished . The second is naturall to some places of Italy , yet in others , they sow it in their Gardens for pleasure , as we do , and in their fields also , for the profit that is made of the seed , and the oyl that is pressed therefrom . The third is common in Germany , in all their flax grounds almost . The fourth groweth in the sandy grounds about Basil . The fift by Padoa , on the E●gonean Hills . The two last by Mompelier . They all flower in the summer Months , and their seed is ripe about August .

The Temperature .

English Worm-seed , as is conceived , is hot and dry in the later end of the third degree .

The Vertues .

Though some refuse our English Worm-seed , and prefer that which is brought out of the Eastern Countryes , because it is not altogether so bitter and unpleasant as ours is , yet doubtlesse it is as effectuall , if not more , to kill the Wormes in Children , yea , and in elder persons also ; the seed being a little bruised and given in drink , or any other way , and this is the chief , if not the only use that it is put to . The Oyl of the seed of Myagrum , or Gold of Pleasure serveth , as Dioscorides saith , to make smooth the skin that is chapt , or rugged in any part of the Body ; and as Pliny , and others say , to cure the Ulcers of the mouth , if it be therewith anointed ; but the more vulgar use of it in Germany , and other places where it is very plentifull , is to serve the poore for their Tables ; and the richer sort for their Lamps ; as also to make sope , being compounded with a certainlye , made of ashes . The said oyl is very like unto the true oyl of Sesamum , being ●o● and causing thirst , if it be drunk , as the other doth , and therefore may be used for the same ends and purposes . The wild gold of Pleasure , is in quality somewhat like unto the former , but bitterer , yea so bitter , whilst it is green , that no Creature will tast thereof ; yet being ripe and dry , it becometh so acceptable to small birds , as Linnets , Finches , and the like to seed upon , that nothing can be more . The other sorts are not knowne to be used to any purpose .

CHAP CCLV. Of Leekes .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Prasum , in Latine Porrum , which is of the Masculine Gender in the plurall Number , according to that old verse ,

Dat rastrum rastros , porrumque facit tibi porros .

It is sometimes found to be of the Masculine Gender , in the singular number also , but not often .

The Kindes .

There be divers sorts of Leeks , four whereof I shall here set downe . 1 The common Leek , both set and unset . 2 The Vine Leek . 3 The Leek with a cloven . 4 Chives , Cives , or wild Leeks .

The Forme .

The common Leek cometh up like unto an Onyon , but that the Onyon bringeth up his seed with it green , hollow like Leaves , flattish on the one side , and with a ridge or crest on the back-side , of a smell and tast , somewhat like unto the Onyon also ; if they be suffered to grow uncut , whether they be removed or not , then , in the second or third year after their sowing , they will send forth a round and slender stalk , even quite throughout , but not hollow or bigger in the middle like the Onyon , bearing at the top , an head of purplish flowers , and black seed after them , so very like unto Onyon-seed , that it is hard to distinguish them . The Root is long and white , with abundance of white Fibres hanging thereat .

The Places and Time .

The naturall places of none of the aforesaid sorts are any where expressed , as I can find , except the Vine Leek , which groweth by it selfe in Vineyards , and neer unto Vines in hot Regions , whereof it took its name ; but are planted in Gardens in other Countrys , as well as in England , especially in Egypt , where they were formerly in great estimation . There Leeks may be sowne in March and April , and then they will be fit to be removed in September , the ground being first prepared with Cow-d●ng , that they may grow the bigger . Cives being once planted , do continue many years , suffering the extreamest cold of the Winter . The Vine Leek beareth its green leaves in Winter , and withereth away in the Summer .

The Temperature .

Leeks are hot and dry in the third degree , and of very subtile parts , especially their juyce .

The Vertues .

Though Leeks eaten raw , doe yeeld very bad nourishment ; hurt the eyes , ingender black melancholly blood , and are therefore most hurtfull for those that are inclined thereunto , as also for those that are Cholerick , because it increaseth that humour also , cause terrible dreames , hurt the Sinews through their sharpnesse , as also the teeth and gums , yet after they are boyled , all the evill qualities are taken away , so that they are profitable both for meat and medicine ; Pottage made with them are very wholesome , not onely for those that are oppressed with phlegme , but for those also that are afflicted with the Chollick , or the Stone . But for the Chollick they be more effectuall , being used thus . Take unset Leeks , blades and all , chop them small , boyl them in good White-Wine , with May Butter , or other fresh Butter , if that be not to be had , untill the Wi●e be in a manner wasted away , then lay them abroad between a clean linnen cloth plaisterwise , and so apply them to the Belly of the Patient , as hot as he can endure it , which being cold apply another , and this do , if need be , three or , four times together , and he shall assuredly be eased thereby . And for the Stone take unset Leeks , in the Month of June , shred them small , and distill them , sun the Water for a month or two , and drink morning and evening a good draught , for this looseneth the Costive belly , helpeth the pain of the Hips , purgeth the Kidneys and Bladder , provoketh Urine , and expelleth the Stone : For which purpose , some cut Leeks in small peeces , dry them in an Oven , or against the Fire , and make them into powder , which they use oftentimes in their drink . Besides the seeds are very effectuall to kill Worms in children , & so are the Leeks themselves , the blades being stamped with vinegar , and applyed to the stomack of the Patient , as he sitteth in his warm bed ; Or else stamp unset Leeks , Rosemary and Plantane , of each a like quantity , seeth them in Malmsey , and apply them to the Navel . They are also held to free the Chest and Lungs , from much corruption and rotten phlegme , that sticketh fast therein , and hard to be avoided ; as also for them , that through hoarsnesse have lost their Voyce ; if they be either takeen raw , or boiled with broth of Barly , or some such other supping , fit and conducing thereunto , and being baked under hot embers , they are an excellent remedy against a surfet of Mushromes . The green blades of leeks , being boyled and applyed warm to the Hemeroids or Piles , when they are swoln and painful , do cause an abundance of ease . The juyce drunk with honey , is profitable against the bitings of venemous beasts , and likewise the leaves stamped and laid the●eupon . The same juyce with vinegar , Franckinsence , and milk or oyl o● R●ses dropped into the ears , mitigateth their pain , and ceaseth the noyse in them . Two drams of the seed , with the like weight of Myrtle berries , being drunk , stoppeth the spitting of blood , which hath continued a long time . The same p●t into Wine not only preserveth it from sowring , but also correcteth that which is sowr and bringeth it right again , as divers report . It is also recorded , that the juyce thereof being drunk , is very available for the bleeding at the Nose , and at Mouth , but care must be had , that it be not taken in too great a quantity , for then it is rank poyson , especially if it be taken alone , and therefore it is best to mix a little of it with wine or beer , and so take it . If they be boyled , and eaten often by such Women as are young , and yet have no children , it will make them fruitfull , and it increaseth lust in men . The juyce of unset L●eks is very much commended for green wounds . They have been formerly of freq●ent 〈◊〉 for food in this , as well as in other Countryes , especially in Lent time ; but no● forsooth our dainty Age is grown so fine mouthed , that they are eaten only b●●hose poorer sort , and scarcely by them , yet the Gentlemen of Wal●s have them in great regard , both for their feeding , and to wear in their Ha●s upon S● . Davids day ; yea , In Russia , Muscovy , and Turky , the very Nobility do observe to have them among their dishes at their Tables .

CHAP. CCLVI. Of Horse Reddish .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine ( for it hath no Greek name , that I can find ) Raphanus Rusticorum , and by Lobel , Raphanus Rusticanus , by Matthiolus , Raphanus Vulgaris & Rusticanus , by Dodonaeus , Raphanus Magnus & Radicula magna , by Brunfelsius , Armoracia aut Raphanus , by Tragus & Gesner , Raphanus major , Cordus upon Dioscorides & Leonicerus cals it Thl●spi majus & magnum , and Baubinus was partly of his mind , for he calleth it Raphanus Rusticanus , Thl●spi alterum Dioscoridis , so great is the diversity of Authors concerning the name of this Plant , which could never have happened ; if Dioscorides , or any of the Ancients had set it down . Yet there is but one sort hereof , and therefore I shall passe to the Description .

The Forme .

Horse Radish riseth out of the ground with long Leaves , narrow also , and very much cut in on the edges , or as it were torne into many parts , of a darke green colour , with a great rib in the midle , but after these have bin up a while , others follow which are greater , rougher , broader , and longer , whole and not divided as the first ; but onely somewhat roundly dented about the edges : It seldome beareth flowers , but when it doth , the Stalk whereon they grow is great , rising up with some few lesser Leaves thereon to the height of three or four foot , spreading at the top many small branches of whitish flowers , consisting of four Leaves a peece , after which come small pods like unto those of the lesser Shepheards purse , but seldome with any seed in them ; the root is long and thick , white of colour , in tast sharpe and biting the tongue somewhat like Pepper .

The Places and Time .

Mountaine Radish , for so it is sometimes called , is cheifly planted in Gardens , where it joyeth most , in a moist and shaddowy place , yet it groweth naturally in divers parts of this Land as at Namp-●wich in Ch●shire , in a place called the Milne-Eye , and also at a small Village near London called H●g●●don in the feild , next unto the farme house by the way leading to Kings ▪ land : I● so seldome beareth seed or flowereth , that some have affirmed that it beareth neither , yet sometimes it doth flower in July or August , and the seed is ripe in September , but the common way of propagating it , is by the root : for it shooteth up divers heads , which may be parted for increase , either in the Spring or Autumne .

The Temperature .

Horse Reddish is hot and dry in the third degree , being of a drying , clensing and somewhat digesting quality .

The Vertues .

Of all things that are given to Children for the Wormes , Horse Reddish is not the least effectuall , for it killeth and expelleth them , whether the juice of the green root , or powder of the dry root be given in Wine or other convenient liquor or an Oyntment be made thereof , and the Belly of the Child be anointed therewith . The Leaves boyled in Wine with a little Oyl Olive added thereunto , and laid to the grieved parts in manner of a Pultis , do mollify and take away the hard swellings of the Liver and Milt , and being applyed to the bottom of the belly , is a remedy for the Strangury , and so are the Roots sliced thin , and eaten with meat as a sa●●ce , having some vinegar put thereto , as also for the chollick : It is also a good remedy in strong Bodies for the Cough , Tissick , and other diseases of the Lungs , as also to procure Womens courses that are stopped , being boyled in honey and vinegar into an Electuary : it also is often given before the fit of the Quartan Ague to alter the course , which it doth by provoking vomiting and sweating ; the juyce given in drink , is held to be very effectuall for the Sc●rvey : The Root bruised and laid to the place grieved with the S●iatica gout , Joynt-ach , or the hard swelling of the Liver and Spleen , doth wonderfully help them all : And if any think or find it too strong for their stomacks , or that it hurteth their head , or causeth sharp and sower belchings , the distilled Water of the Leaves and Roots may be taken with a little Sugar , for all the purposes aforesaid , without any disturbance at all . The Root is commonly used amongst the Germans , and sometimes by Gentlemen with us also for sauce to eat Fish with , and other Meats , as Mustard is , and so it heateth the Stomach , more , and causeth better digestion then Mustard , notwithstanding whatsoever some have written , as if it were too strong for ordinary Stomacks .

CHAP. CCLVII . Of Sumack ▪

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from the red , or Scarlet colour of the seed , which is therefore called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifying no more but Red ▪ Pliny calleth it also Rhus in Latine , saying that it hath not any pure Latine Name , yet Gaza translateth it Fluida , supposing it to come from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 fluo , for no reason at all . Some call it Rhus simply without any Epither , as Matthiolus &c. Others with one , as Rhus Coriaria , because the Coriers use it about their Leather , and Rhus Obsoniorum , because it is used about sauce , the shops call it Sumack , and so do We in English .

The Kindes .

To this kind may be referred these five sorts , and not improperly . 1 Coriare Sumack . 2 Virginian Sumack . 3 Mirtle leafed Sumack . 4 Venice Sumack . 5 Sweet Gall.

The Forme .

Coriars Sumack groweth in our Gardens to be two or three yards high , spreading sundry branches with larg winged Leaves , that is , having many set on both sides of a middle rib , somewhat like unto Elder , which are soft and hairy , with a red sinew running through the middle of every of them ; at the ends of the branches come forth large spiked clusters of whitish Flowers , which afterwards become reddish , round , and flat seed like unto Lentils , with an outward skinny husk . The Root is hard and woody , not growing very deep nor much spreading ; the Wood is whitish , but dyeth black .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Syria , Pontus , Italy , and Spain , where for its profit , it is carefully manured : the place of the second may be known by its name : the third groweth about Mompelier , and divers other places : the fourth in Savoy , and on the Apenine Hils , the last by old Windsor Park-Corner , in Suss●x , Hartford-shire , and Kent , as well as beyond the Sea . They flower for the most part in July , and their seed is ripe in Autumne .

The Temperature .

Both the Leaves , fruit and seed of Sumack , are cold in the second , and dry in the third degree , being also of a very binding quality .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Reddish colour of the seeds of Sumack , did teach those that found out the Vertues of Plants by their Signatures , that it is good for the bloody fl●x , which is a distemper of the Belly with exulceration and excoriation , so that blood is voided , whereunto great paines with gripings are joyned ; and upon this account it is prescribed generally by all those that meddle with the cures of diseases , as also for stopping all other Fluxes of the Belly , the inordinate Courses of Women , the Whites also , and all other Immoderate Issues of blood whatsoever : the Leaves being either boyled in Wine , and drunk , or the seed eaten in Sawces with Meat , or the decoction set in some convenient place , as the Case of a Close Stool , whence the fume may powerfully ascend into the bodies of those , that are thus diseased ; and the said decoction maketh the Hair black , that is washed therewith : The leaves and seeds may be used severall other ways for the said Fluxes , as in Broths , Baths , Gilsters , &c. The said decoction of the Leaves and Seed in Wine , doth also close up the Stomacks of those that are much given to vomiting , and being mixed with vinegar and a little honey , it is good against Gangrenes and Cankers . The juyce that is gotten out of the dryed Leaves by boyling them in water , being kept boyling till it have the consistence of Honey , helpeth the roughnesse of the tongue and throat , and performeth all those effects , for which , Lycium is commended ; The seed is likewise boyled in Water , and the decoction thereof evapored to the thicknesse of honey , as the former , is more effectuall then the seed it selfe ; The juyce of the green Leaves dropped into the eares , dryeth up the moisture , and running of them ; The seed beaten , and boyled into a Pultis , and applyed to any inflammation , or hot Imposthume , cooleth them much , and doth also take away the pain , and black and blew marks , that come of bruises and blowes , as also the frettings and gallings of the skin ; the same also , applyed with the fine powder of Oaken ●oales , helpeth the Hemeroids or Piles , when they bleed too much ; It is singular good also to be applyed to Ruptures , both inwardly and outwardly , and to stay defluxions of hot and sharp Rhewmes into the eyes , and against other destillations of the head and want of sleep . The decoction of the seed is good to wash the mouth , both to fasten loose teeth , and to heal putrid and rotten Gums ; and the Gum that sometimes issueth out of the tree , is good for the ach of hollow teeth , being put thereinto . The said Leaves are so astringent that they may be substituted instead of Acacia . Though the Virginian Sumack , be kept only as a rarity or ornament to a Garden or Orchard , yet it is conceived that if tryall were made it might work some of the foresaid effects . The leaves of Coggygria or Venice Sumack , are sold in the Markets of Spain and Italy , for great sums of Money unto those that dresse Spanish Leather , for which purpose they are very excellent , as those of the Coriars Sumack also are ; the Woods , especially of the Roots of every of them are a Commodity that Dyers make much use , some of them dying black , some yellow , and some red . The Gall is by the bitternesse and harshnesse , found to be both drying , and discussing , and is very effectuall to kill Wormes in the Belly or Stomack ; but it worketh much upon the brain , causing evill accidents thereunto . It keepeth Mothes from Garments and woollen Cloathes , giving unto them a good sce●t , and therefore it is much used to be laid in Wardrobes , Chests , Presses , and the like . The Myrtle leafed Sumack and the Venice , are almost as effectuall as the first , and may be used for the purposes aforesaid , but then the quantity must be augmented , for they are weaker ▪

CHAP. CCLVIII. Of the Myrtle .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from Myrsine , an Ath●nian Maid , whom Pallas loved , yet because she overcame her in running , she killed her for envy , and from her dead body sprung up this tree , which Pallas loves equally with the Olive , as the story saith ; but Pena thinketh it to be so named , because the fresh berries thereof do contend with Myrrhe in their sweet savour . It is called in Latine Myrtus , and in English Myrtle , from the Latine , which other Nations imitate also . The Apothecaries and Druggist call the Berries Myrtilli .

The Kindes .

There be ten sorts of Myrtles at the least . 1 The greater leafed Myrtle . 2 The smaller leafed Myrtle . 3 The greatest open Lawrell Myrtle . 4 The strange broad leafed close Myrtle . 5 The usuall broad leafed Myrtle . 6 The strange narrow leafed Myrtle . 7 The Spanish wild Myrtle . 8 The small white Myrtle . 9 Box leafed Myrtle . 10 Double flowred Myrtle .

The Forme .

The greater leafed Myrtle riseth up to be three or four foot high , though seldome more with us , growing after the manner of a small bush , with many branches ; the eldest whereof , as also the Stemme are incompassed with a bark of a dark colour , that of the younger is green and sometimes red , especially at the first shooting forth , whereon are set many fresh green Leaves , of a sweet smel and pleasant aspect , so very like unto the leaves of the Pomegranate tree that groweth with us , that they are often taken one for another , being somewhat broad and long , pointed at the ends , and abiding alwayes green : At the joynts of the branches where the leaves stand , come forth the flowers upon small foot-stalks , each of them being made of five small white leaves , with threds in the middle of the same colour , of a very sweet smell also ; in the hot Countries where they are naturall ( but not in ours ) certain berries which are black , when they be ripe , succeed the flowers , wherein many white crooked seeds are contained ; The Root disperseth it self into many branches .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts of Myrtles grow in Spain , Portugall , Italy , and other hot Countrys , in great abundance : yet in ours , unlesse they be kept in pots , and be removed from the extremity of heat and cold , they will not live , for they abide not the excesse of either , as we may gather from those Hemisticks of Virgil and Ovid , Amantes frigora Myrtos , & Metuentem frigora Myrtum , as loving shadow to defend them from the heat , and shelter to cover them from the cold , so that in the Winter we commonly keep them within doors . They flower very late with us , not untill August at the soonest , so that they want time to perfect the fruit , but in their naturall places , they flower in May , & their fruit is ripe in September .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that the myrtle is endued with contrary qualities , that is , with a cold and earthy , and a warm and thin , and therefore it powerfully bindeth and drieth .

The Vertues .

Because the Physicians do commonly joyn sumak and myrtle in their Compositions , therefore I have set them next to one another in this Book of simples , and indeed they are alike effectuall for all effusions of blood , at what part soever both in Men and Women , the dry rather then the dryed Leaves being beaten and boyled with water and drunk , and so it is good against Catarrhes , falling to any part of the body , the Whites in Women , moist Ulcers , and fretting or creeping sores . The fruit with the seed is good for the tremblings and passions of the heart , resisteth the danger that might happen by the sting of Serpents , the bitings of venemous Creatures , or by poysonfull Mushromes ; Being drunk in Wine , it helpeth a stinking breath , cureth the diseases of the bladder , & provoketh Urine : the same heated with wine , healeth all Ulcers that are hard to cure , and so it is good for blancs , wheales , and other breakings out of the skin : The decoction is good for Women , to sit in or over that are troubled with the falling downe of the Mother , and is good also for the falling downe of the fundament , and the piles : Being mixed with Sallet-Oyle , or Oyle of Roses and Wine , and applyed , it helpeth the swelling of the Cods , the Impostumes of the fundament and Saint Anthonies fire . The decoction of the Leaves is good for the resolution of the Arteries and Joynts , and other weaknesses incident thereunto , to sit in the same as in a Bath , or else to bath that part only which is most amisse , and so it helpeth to consolidate those bones that are broken or out of joynt , which will otherwise hardly be cured : It helpeth the sorenesse of the Nailes , and the rising of the skin about them , if the powder of the dryed leaves be cast thereon . The juyce of the leaves hath the same effects , whether it be taken out of the fresh Leaves , or from the dry , by sprinkling them over with Red Wine , and is safely used where there is need of any binding Medicine , either to heal the Ulcers of the Mouth or of the privy parts : the same also helpeth watering eyes , or those that begin to loose their eye-sight , by reason of any filme or skin growing over it , especially if it be laid on with parched Barly Meal . The decoction of the Berries maketh the hair black , and keepeth it from falling , it cureth all the evill sores of the head , and cleanseth the same from scurfe and scals , being often washed therewith , and helpeth them that are bursten . The Syrupe of Myrtls is good for the Cough and exulceration of the Lungs . The powder of the dryed Leaves helpeth the stinking sweat of the flanks and arme-pits , and the sweating of the Cardiack passion ; The juyce condensate of Myrtles is also commended , as a good substitute for Acacia . The excrescence called Myr●●danum , is of greater force to dry and bind , then either leafe , juyce or seed .

CHAP. CCLIX . Of Cistus .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cistus & Cistbus also , in Latine , as if there were no p●re Latine Word to expresse it , yet some call it Rosa Sylvarica , but we in English , call it Cistus . The undergrowth or excrescence of the Cistus ; whereof , I mean to intreat of also in this Chapter , is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Hypocistis is the Latine Name , both for the Plant , and the juyce drawn from it .

The Kindes .

It is not mine intention to muster up the whole family of the Cistus's , which is very numerous : but only to name such as may be most for the edification of my Country-men ; Let them therefore know that there be hereof two principal sorts . 1 That which beareth the sweet Gum Ladonum , and is called Cistus Ledon . 2 That which beareth no Gum. That which beareth no Gu● is divided into the Male and Female . To this kind may also be referred , 1 Common Dwarfe Cistus , or little Sun-flower . 2 White Dwarfe Cistus , or little Sun-flower , at every one of which I shall touch in this generall Description .

The Form● .

Both the Gum Cistus , and the other kinds , are woody shr●bs , full of branches of three or four foot , some have long and narrow Leaves , as the Cistus L●don : others broader , rough , uneven , wrinckled , somewhat downy , and almost like the Leaves of Sage , as the Male Holly Rose ; The flowers grow at the tops of the branches , like unto the wild Rose , yet such , as very quickly fade , perish and fall away ; In their places come up little heads or knops , somewhat round , in which is contained small seed ; the Roots of them all are woody .

There groweth up sometimes under the Cistus where it is naturall , a certain Excrescence , with divers upright stalks , covered with small Leaves , thick set thereon , scarce a foot high , having many flowers at the tops full of juyce , in fashion like unto the Nossel of a wooden Candlestick , which passe away , leaving seed as small as dust in the hard heads or seed Vessels , which is unable to produce the like Plant.

The Dwarfe Cistus sendeth forth sundry weak and small branches , yet hard and almost woody , lying for the most part upon the ground , round about the Head of the Root , whereon are set by couples many small and somewhat long Leaves , a little soft or hairy , with other small Leaves also growing between them ; at the tops whereof stand three or four flowers , composed of five round pointed Leaves a peece , with some threds in the middle , of a pretty scent in some places , but of little or none in others , after which cometh the seed , which is small , and contained in small round heads : it hath a hard , woody , brownish Root growing in time to be somewhat great , but not very long , and divided into small branches at the lower end .

The Places and Time .

The first which is the Gum Cis●us groweth naturally in Italy , France , Spain and other hot Countrys : and so do the second , which is the Male Holly Rose , ( growing also in the Physick Garden at Oxon ) and the third which is called the Female : The two last grow in divers places of this Land , as in Stew Wo●d , neer Oxon , and in divers of the parts thereabouts , as also in Kent , yet that with the White-flower is very rare . They all flower in the Summer , some earlier then other by a Month , most whereof are so soon fading , that their flowers endure but a day or two , perfecting their seed quickly after .

The Temperature .

The Ladanum that is gathered from the Leaves of the Gum Cistus is hot in the later end of the first degree , having also a little astrictive or binding quality ; It is likewise of a thin substance , and therefore it softneth , and with all doth moderatly digest and also concoct , as Galen saith . The Cistus's without Gum do dry almost in the second degree , and yet are of a temperate heat . Hypocistis is much more binding then any other part of any Cistus . The Dwarfe Cistus's are also drying and binding .

The Vertues .

That which I especially aime at in this Chapter is the Hypocistis , whose condensate juyce is a most certain , safe , and sure Medicine to stay all fl●xes of blood or humours , that is to say , the Lask and bloody-flux , spitting of blood , and Womens extraordinary courses , and therefore do I speak of it first . It is also mixed with those things that are applyed to the Stomack to stay vomitings , and to strengthen it , when it is grown weak , as also with those things that strengthen the Liver , to be used inwardly or outwardly : It is also available for clammy moist humours that fall upon the joynts or sinews , thereby causing a weaknesse and solution of the Nerves ; Being used inwardly for the Piles it doth wonderfully help , for it dryeth , bindeth , and corroborateth the parts , It is also put into great Antidotes against Poyson and the Pestilence , not for any property it hath to resist the venome , but to contemperate and strengthen the Body . This is also a very good substitute for Acatia . Ledonum also drunk with old Wine , stayeth the Lask or Flux of the Belly , and easeth the griping pains thereof , proceeding from sharp and Chollerick humours , and is very good for all sowre belchings , and provoketh Urine . It is very effectuall for the hardnesse , and other diseases of the Mother , to ease the pains thereof , and to heal those Ulcers that happen therein by taking of the fume thereof underneath , or applying the substance thereof in a Pessary . Being made up with Storax and honey in a Lohock or Electuary , it is very profitable for the cough of the Lungs , though it hath been of long continuance . If it be used in an Oyntment with Myrrhe , oyl of Myrtles , and Wine , it stayeth the falling of the hair . It helpeth also the pains in the eares , being used with some oyl of Roses . Being dissolved in Wine , and those places washed therewith that have any scar or deformity thereon , it doth wonderfully alter the colour and evill sight thereof , and maketh them to be well coloured again . Either the Gum or the Leaves and branches boyled in Lye , and the head washed therewith , doth cleanse it from Scabs , Scurfe or D●ndraff growing thereon , and cureth also all running and watering sores and Ulcers in the Legs , or other parts of the Body . The Oyl made thereof worketh the like effects , and is also good for any hardnesse or ach , to anoint the breasts of those that are much troubled with a cough : A Tent dipped therein , and put up into the Nose is a good remedy for the Pose or Polypus , as also for the falling sicknesse , the back-bone being anointed therewith . The Pomanders , Chaines and Bracelets that are made of Ladanum , Cub●bs , Mace and Greek-pitch are effectuall to warm the brain , and to dry up all cold Rhewmes and defluxions thereof , being worn about one . Both the Male and the Female Cistus are also effectuall to strengthen the Belly and Stomack , both against scowrings and vomitings , whether with blood or without , of what sort soever they be , and also to stop Womens Courses flowing inordinately , the Leaves and young shoots or buds , but especially the flowers being steeped , or gently boyled in red Wine and drunk : The same , that is the Flowers , do quickly heal any burning or scalding , being applyed in a Searecloth , and being bruised and laid to any green wound , i● closeth the lips thereof , and restraineth the bleeding thereof . Old and filthy Ulcers being washed with the decoction of the Leaves and young Shootes boyled in Wine , are dryed up and healed thereby ; for though they be cank●ous , eating or spreading , it will wonderfully and quickly stay those fretting moist humours which follow them : The distilled Water of the Leavs and Flowers is of the like efficacy , and may be applyed to any part , as often as there is any need of drying , binding and strengthening . The Dwarfe Cistus is likewise commended for all manner of Fluxes , the decoction of the Herb and Root being taken , which is also very effectuall to wash sore mouths , and the Ulcers that happen in or about the privy parts of Men or Women : It is no lesse profitable in other Ulcers of the B●dy or Legges , which are long kept from healing by the falling down of moist and sharp humours , then the other Cistus , and so likewise for green wounds . It is also effectuall for any burstings , as C●mfr●y , and likewise for the strengthening of weak joynts , or any binding property , whereunto any Comfr●y may be applyed . Besides , it quickly healeth the biting or stinging of any venemous Creature , being bruised and applyed thereunto , especially if the party bitten or stung , take also of the juvce or the decoction thereof in Wine : the distilled water of the Herb is held to beautify the skin of the Face , by taking away Freckles , S●nburn , Morphew , &c. from thence , and cleanseth the hands or other part of the body being discoloured .

CHAP. CCLX . Of the Black-Thorn or Sloe-Bush .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Coccymelea agria , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , agriococymelea , and the fruit 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , agriococcymelon , because ●● is a kind of a wild Plum , as the Bullets also is . They of Asia call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , piumnum , as Galen saith , whence happily the word Prunum may be derived , and therefore the Tree or B●sh may be called Prunus sylvestris in Latine , and Prunellus ; yet Virgil in the fourth book of his Georgicks , calleth it Spinus in these words — Et spinus jam pruna serentes : We call it commonly the Sloe-Tree in English , and the fruit Sloes .

The Kindes .

Though there be but one sort of Sloes , yet there be four sorts of B●lleis , which it will not be amisse to set downe here , because they do not much differ . 1 The Shepway Bulleis . 2 The ordinary black Bulleis . 3 The ordinary white Bulleis . 4 The flushing B●lleis , to which I shall also adde another wild Plum which some call Skegges .

The Forme .

The Black-Thorn never groweth to the greatnesse of a Tree , but alwayes abideth as a hedge bush , yet in some places higher then other , rising up usually with divers stems from the Roots , branched forth into many boughes armed with good store of strong , short , and sharp thorns , set with and besides the smal da●k green leaves , finely dented about the edges , whereon do grow at the time of the year , many very white Flowers composed of five leaves , after the same manner as they do on other Plum-Trees , with divers white threds tipt with yellow in the middle , after which follows the round fruit , which continueth green a long while , yet at length becometh black , but never very bigge , of an exceeding harsh tast , before they are ripe , yet afterwards the harshnesse is somewhat abated . The Root is great and woody , spreading under ground , and shooting forth again in divers places .

The Places and Time .

The Sloes and Skegges grow in Hedges and Copses of most parts of this Land , being oftentimes planted to make the divisions and fences of enclosed places , onely the Bulleis are commonly found nearer home in Orchards or Closes . They all flower early , as in March , or April , be the weather never so hard , yet ripen not their fruit till the Autumne frosts have bitten them .

The Temperature .

All the parts of the Sloe Bush are binding , cooling , and drying .

The Vertues .

The juyce of the fruit of Sloes , being also a Substitute of Acacia , and more often used then any other in most of our Apothecaries Shops , must be likewise effectuall for all kinds of Lasks and Fluxes of blood , both in Men and Women , or else it would not be used insted thereof , yet divers conceive that the condensate juyce of Sumack or Myrtles , is more answerable to the qualities of Acacia , then that of Sloes , which hath only the binding quality thereof , and therefore better : but indeed it were to be wished that Substitutes were not so much affected ; for certainly they cannot but be deficient or excessive in some quality or other , and that the things themselves , which we want onely through our owne negligence , might be more diligently sought after . The decoction of the Bark of the Root or more usually the decoction either fresh or dryed , performeth the like effects , and helpeth to ease the pains in the sides , bowels and guts , that come by overmuch scowring or loosnesse . The conserve is also of very much use , and most familiarly taken for the purposes aforesaid . The distilled water of the flowers steeped one night in Sack , and drawne therefrom in a body of glasse , is a most certain and approved Remedy to ease all manner of gnawings in the Stomack , the sides and bowels , or any griping pains in either of them , to drink a small quantity when they are troubled therewith . Good store of Sloes stamped and put into an earthen pot with new Ale , and so drunk , helpeth the pain of the breast , and the decoction of the Bark in water being , drunk , is good against pissing in Bed . The Bark boyled in water till it be black and thick with Rye meal and Honey added thereunto , is available to consume the dead flesh which keepeth wounds oftentimes from healing , and cureth the Cankers being applyed . The Leaves are good to make Lotions , to gargle and wash the mouth and throat , as often as they are troubled with swellings , sores , or Kernels , and to stay the distillations of Rhewme into the eyes , or other parts , as also to coole the heat and inflammation of them , and to ease hot pains of the Head , the Forehead and Temples being bathed therewith . The distilled water of the green Berries is also used for the same effects , and so is the water that is distilled from the Flowers only . The Mosse that groweth on the Black Thorn , draweth Prickles and Thorns out of the Flesh , and this it may be said to performe by the Signature which is represented by the Thornes growing on the Bush .

CHAP. CCLXI . Of the Bramble .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Batus , in Latine Rubus and Sentis , and also Ve●res , whereof Ovid maketh mention , speaking how the Hare hides himselfe from the Dogs therein , after this manner ,

Aut lepori , qui vepre latens ●●stilia cernit Ora canum .

Of divers it is called Cynosbatus , but not properly saith one , for Cynosbatus is generally taken for the wild Rose , though there be divers that would have the wild Rose to be Cyn●rrhodos , and this Cynosbatus , and this is most consonant to Reason . It is called by us in English , the Bramble or the Black-Berri-bush , and the fruit Black-Berries , which the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which some have made Vatina in Latine , id est Mora Rubi , they are called in Shops Mora bali , and of some Mora bassi .

The Kindes .

All the sorts that are referred hereunto , are nine . 1. the common Bramble o● Black-berry-Bush . 2. the small lower ground Bramble . 3. sweet mountaine Bramble or Raspis . 4. the Dew-berry or Winberry . 5. the stony Bramble or rock Raspis . 6. our English Knot-berry . 7. the Welsh Knot-berry or Lancashire Cloud-berry . 8. the Knot-berry of Norway . 9. another Knot-berry of Norway .

The Formes .

The common Bramble shooteth forth many ribbed branches of a very great length , yea so long sometimes , that they by reason of their weakness also bend to the ground and sometimes take root againe , all thick set with sharp and crooked thorns , with leaves likewise growing upon long and prickly Foot-stalks by three and three together , which are hard & as it were crumpled , having smal pricks under the midle ribb , of a dark green colour above , and grayish underneath , which seldome fall away till the extremity of the Winter be past ( as the Country-Men do observe ) and the new be ready to succeed them : the flowers come forth very plentifully at the end of the branches consisting of five whitish leaves , dasht with a little carnation , with small threds in the midle which giveth place to the fruit , standing every one at some little distance , and is made up of severall small graines set together somewhat like unto the Raspis or Mul-berry , of a perfect black color and sweet tast , when they be ripe but till then they are first green , and then reddish , harsh and very unpleasant , the root groweth to be very great and full of knots .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in every hedge almost ; the second by hedges and wood-sides , and sometimes amongst the ploughed lands in divers parts of this Land ; the third groweth on hills and in high grounds ; the fourth is frequent in Cheshire , York●shire , and Lancashire ; the fift in the rocky and stony places of Huntingdon and Nottinghamshire and in divers parts of Kent , and the Islle of Thanet ; the sixth upon Ingleborough Hill , which is one of the highest Hills in England , vea so high that it seemeth at least to touch the clouds , and therefore some call the fruit thereof Cloudberryes , as they do the next , whose places may be discovered by their names ▪ as the two last may also be . They all flower about July , and their berries are ripe ▪ in September , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

The Buds Leaves , flowers , fruit and root of the Bramble , are all of a great binding quality , especially the unripe fruit , and that more when they have been kept a while then when they are fresh .

The Vertues and Signature .

The flowers and unripe fruit of the Bramble are of very great use and pros● also for those that are vexed with the bloody-flux , Lask , and weakness● of the parts coming by either of them , which is signified both by the colour of the berries when they are red , and also by the crooked thorns which will cause the blood to follow no otherwise then the Exulceration of the G●●s which accompanieth the blo●dy fl●x , and by the same signature it helpeth the spitting of blo●d , if the decoction thereof be drunk . The B●ds , Leaves and Branches whilst they are green , are of good use in the Ulcers and p●●rid sores of the Mouth and Throat , and for the Q●insy , and likewise to heal other fresh wounds and sores ; The decoction or powder of the Root being ●●ken is good to break or drive forth Gravell and the Stone in the Reines and Kidneys . The Leaves as well dry as green , are good to make Lotions both for sores of the Mo●th and also of the secret parts . The decoction of them and of the dryed branches do much bind the Belly , and are good for the too much flowing of Womens Courses . The Berries or the Flowers are a powerfull remedy against the poys●n of the most venemous Serpents and to help the sores of the Fundament and the Piles , whereof they may be said to have the Signature . The juyce of them boyled with honey is very good against all hot Ulcers and swellings of the mouth , G●●s , Uvula or Palate and Almonds of the ●hroat . The said juyce mixed with the juyce of Mulberries do bind more effectually , and help fretting and eating sor●s , and Ulcers wheresoever . The same being taken alone or mixed with Hypecistis and Honey , is a remedy for Heart burning as some call it which is a gnawing of the Stomack through Choller , as also for the Passions of the heart , and faintings .

The distilled Water of the Branches , Leaves and Flowers , or of the fruit , is very pleasant both to the smell and tast , and may be given to those that are in h●t Feavers and other distemperature of heat in the Body , as in the Head , Eyes , Liver , Hands , &c. and also for the purposes aforesaid . The Leaves boyled in Lye , and the head washed therewith , doth not only allay the itching thereof , but the mattering and running sores also , and maketh the hair to become black . The powder of the Leaves strewed upon Cancrous or running Ulcers , are very effectuall for the healing of them . The condensate juyce of the Leaves , as also of the Berries may be kept all the year to be used for any of the aforesaid purposes as often as occasion shall serve . The People of Norway use their Knotberry against the Scurvey , and other crude putrid and melancholy diseases , wherewith they of those parts are afflicted , so that we may therein admire the wonderfull wisdome and providence of God , who hath ordained , to grow in every Climate , Remedies for those diseases whereunto it is subject .

CHAP. CCLXII . Of Teasel .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Dipsacus , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sitio , either by Antiphrasis , because they are seldome or never dry , or else because the Water that standeth in the Concavity of those Leaves that encompasse the Stalks being drunk causeth thirst . It is also called from the concavous leaves that contain Water like a Bas●n , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lavacrum Veneris , Venus Ba●●● , it being , as I suppose , a peece of Religion amo 〈…〉 the Antients to intitle those pretty things which bear any resembl●nc 〈…〉 any utensill for the adorning or cleansing of the body to Venus , as Specul●m 〈…〉 ris , Venus looking glasse , Pecten Venerus , Venus Combe , as also those parts w 〈…〉 men much respect , as Capillus Veneris , Maidenhair , and Vmbilicus Veneris , V 〈…〉 Navelwort , &c. Yet some would have it to be Labrum Veneris , because Whores are as ready to be kissed as the those hollow Leaves to receive the Raine , and afterwards to card and teare the estates , if not the bodies of their followers , which the heads of this Teasel are apt to do , and Carduus Veneris for the like reason . It is also called Carduus Fullonum , Fullers Thistle , because Cloathworkers and Fullers use the manured kind hereof named D●psacus sativus , the others being called Dipsacus sylvestris , and Virga Pastoris .

The Kindes .

Though Teasel have so many names , yet it hath but four sorts . 1 The Garden or manured Teasel . 2 The wild Teasel . 3 Wild Teasel with jagged Leaves . 4 The Shepherds Staffe or Red.

The Forme .

Garden Teasel sendeth forth very larg and long leaves , somewhat like unto these of Lang de beef or Wild Buglesse , but greater , of a pale green colour , somewhat rough and hard , dented about the edges , set on the backside of the middle rib with many short prickles , from which rise up stalks of the height of three or four foot , armed likewise with prickles , with joynts at severall places , which are encompassed with too lesser leaves so joyned together thereat , that they hold the falling rain or dew in them like unto a Bason , by which difference it may easily be distinguished from any other Plant , as I have expressed in my Art of Simpling : from between the Leaves and the Stalks of each side come forth prickly branches also , every one of which beareth a long round head like a Brush , that they cleanse bottles with , having hooded and somewhat whitish flowers , first about the middle and afterwards at the ends , in the severall cels whereof , being whitish when they come to perfection , are contained somewhat long , small and whitish round seed , the middle many times is hollow , and containeth severall little white Wormes like Maggots : the Root is white , long and somewhat great , set with divers fibres thereat , perishing annually , but riseth plentifully from its fallen seed .

The Places and Time .

Fullers and Cloathworkers sow the first in their own Gardens , and cause it to be sowne by others for their use ; the second groweth very frequently in most parts of this Land as well in the high-wayes , where there be ditches and rilles of water , as in dryer places ; the third in some places of Germany ; the last in divers places of England , and particularly by Saint Albans in the Horse-way that goeth from the Abbey Parish to St. Stevens . They all flower in June and July , and the first will be fit to gather for the aforesaid use in the latter end of August , when the seed of the other will be ripe also .

The Temperature .

Galen writeth that Teasel is drying in the second degree , and hath withall some cleansing faculty .

The Signature and Vertues .

The hollowness that is in the midst of the Teasel head , with the worms therein , doth somewhat represent the fundament and the worms thereof , and therefore the Roots being bruised and boyled in wine till they come to a consistence and then put into a brazen or copper box , and afterwards spread as a salve , and applyed to the fundament , doth heal the chaps , rifts , Canckers , & Fistulaes thereof , as Dioscorides saith , who further affirmeth that it is profitable for the taking away of Wens and Warts , as the water contained in the concavity of the Leaves is also said to do , which is likewise commended for red eyes and spots of the Face especially under the eyes . The Leavs applyed to the Fore-head & Temples qualifieth the Frensy or Madnesse by the cold and dry quality , which some suppose to be in them , and the juyce of them put into the eares , killeth the worms in them . The distilled water of the Leaves is effectuall to cure the Scurvey , which causeth rottennesse of the Mouth and Gums , taketh away the rednesse of the eyes , and such Mists as darken the sight , being but dropped thereinto , and helpeth creeping sores , Shingles , Pimples and hanging Worts in the Fundament , or elsewhere . The said distilled water is often used by Women to preserve their Beauty , and to take away rednesse and inflammations , and all other heats and discolorings . The roots stamped with Danewort , sodden in Wine and drunk , helpeth the Dropsy , and the Gout also , if they be boyled in red Wine , and drunk morning and evening for nine dayes together . Being boyled with Plantain in Rain-water , and some quantity thereof drunk with Sugar , morning , noon and night , helpeth the spitting of blood . Two drams of the powder drunk in a Porringer full of Pease broth , stoppeth the immoderate Flux of Womens Courses , and so it doth being stamped and boyled in vinegar , and applyed under the Navel , and being onely stamped and applyed , it is good for those wounds that are moist and hard to heal , and also for the Cancker of the Yard . The said powder being drunk in good Wine , stoppeth all manner of Fluxes , and is a remedy for the Excoriations of the belly and other parts . That the small Worms found in the heads of the Teasel worn about the neck or arm in a thin Lease , do cure the Ague , is certainly a Fable . The first as I said is onely used by them that dresse Cloath , to raise the Wool thereof with the crooked Prickles of the head , making it fit that their Shearers may cut it smooth , and yet a Nap may be left thereon , but the other sorts are as usefull in Physick , especially the second .

CHAP. CCLXIII . Of Rice .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 as Theophrastus saith , in Latin also Oryza that as well as other Nations following the Greek , as neer as their Dialect will permit . There being but one kind hereof , I shall passe to the Description .

The Forme .

Rice cometh up in a manner like unto wheat , but that the stalks seldome exceed a yard in height , and the Leaves are much thicker , which come forth at the joynts , as those of the Reed do , at the top whereof groweth a bush or tuft , spiked , yet spread into branches , sending forth purplish blossomes standing a part each from one another , after which cometh the seed inclosed in a brown straked husk , and an awn or beard at the end of every one of them , as Barly hath , which beink husked or hulled is very white , blunt at both ends , but not altogether so big or long as Wheat : The Root is like unto that of other grain , perishing every year after it hath brought its seed to its full bignesse , as other Grain doth .

The Places and Time .

Rice is usually sold heere in England by the Druggists , and others that deal in the like Commodities , but it is brought to them by the Merchants out of divers parts , as the East-Indies , where it is their chiefest food , as you shall hear anon , from Syria , Aethiopia , and Africa , and not only from thence , but from Spaine , Italy and Germany , to all which places it was brought from the East Indies , where it groweth most naturally in Fenny and waterish places , being sowne in the Spring , and gathered about the middle or end of Autumne .

The Temperature .

It is somewhat binding and drying , but otherwise it is very temperate , scarcely exceeding in heat or cold .

The Vertues .

The use of Rice is very much commended by the Physitians of all Ages to stay the I as●s and Fluxes of the Belly , as well as the Stomack , and is prescribed by those even of later times for the same purpose , as also for the Hemorrhoides or Piles , especialiy if it be a little parched before it be used , and afterwards boyled in Milk wherein hot Steele or hot Stones have been quenched . But if that be not sufficiently effectuall for the Flux , there may be pottage made thereof after this manner . Take a good handful of Oaken bark , and boyl it in a gallon of running Water to the 〈…〉 half , or thereabouts : then straining it , and suffering it to cool , take half a pound of Jordan Almonds , and beat them in a Mortar with Hulls and all on , afterwards strain them with the aforesaid Water , and so with Rice make Pottage . O 〈…〉 it blanched Almonds be stamped with Rosewater and strained into Rice broth , pottage or milk , it is also very good for the Flux , and so is the Flower or Meal taken either in a Potion or Glister . The ordinary sort of Rice pottage , made with Rice well steeped and boyled in Water , and good Milk , and spiced with S●gar and Cinnamon , is very pleasant and easy of digestion , and is thought to encrease the naturall seed , as Matthiolus writeth . The fine flower hereof mixed with yolks of egges , which being fryed with fresh butter , and eat morning and evening , helpeth the bloody Flux . The same is put into Cataplasmes that are applyed to repell humours , that fall to any place , and may be conveniently applyed to Women ; breasts to stay Inflammations , but it must be at the beginning : Being boyled in running Water , and the face washed therewith , taketh away pimples , spots , and other deformities thereof . It is without question very excellent and wholesome food , for the East Indians , whose generall feeding it is , do live more free from sicknesse , and longer then others that meddle not with it , sometimes they boyl the grain till it be plump , and tender , but not broken , having a little green Ginger and Pepper and Butter put to it , and sometimes they boyl the peeces of flesh , or Hens , and other Foul cut in peices in their Rice , which dish they call Pillaw , being as they order it an excellent and well tasted Food ; They have many other dishes , wherein Rice is an ingredient , as in Catcheree , Dupiatc● and Mangee-real as the Portugals call it , which signifies as much as Food for a King ; They eat it likewise with their Fish , and please themselves much therewith . When Sr. Thomas Row was sent Ambassadour from England to the Great Magul , he and Mr. Terry his Chaplain were entertained by Asaph Chan , the greatest Favourite in all that Empire , the Ambassadour had threescore and ten dishes , Asaph Chan threescore , Mr. Terry fifty , in most of which were Rice presented , some white , some yellow , some green , some purple , as also in their Jel●ies and Culices . The meaner sort of people also eat Rice boyled with their Green-Ginger and a little Pepper , after which they put Butter into it , but this is their principall dish , and but seldome eaten of them , being to them as Rost-meat is to poor folkes amongst us . And so much for the great estimation that Rice hath in the East Indies , which is indeed the wholesomest grain that grows , though not so much in use amongst us .

CHAP. CCLXIV . Of Flix-Weed .

The Names .

IT hath no pure Greek name set down by any Author , that I can find , yet those Latine names that it hath obtained , are many of them composed of Greek , as well as Latine , as Pseudonasturtium sylvestre , Sophia Chirurgorum , and Thalietrum or Thalictrum , but not truly , for that name belongeth to the Rubarbe that growes in our Medowes . It is called Pseudonasturtium sylv●stre , because it pertaines to the Family of the wild Cr●sses , but why it is called Sophia Chirurgorum , I know not , unlesse it be the Sophia Paracelsi , wherewith the Paracelsians pretend to do wonders in uniting broken bones , and healing old sores : yet , though the matter be disputable , it is generally called and knowne by the name of Sophia Chirurgorum . In English it is called Flix-Weed , from the Vertues that it hath to cure the Flix .

The Kindes .

And because Flix-weed is said to be of the Family of wild Cresses , I shall adde one or two more thereunto , so that there is 1 Common Flix-weed . 2 Broad leafed Flix-weed . 3 Narrow leafed wild Cresses . 4 Spanish wild Cresses .

The Formes .

Flix-weed riseth up with a round upright hard stalke , half a yard , or two foot high , but seldome more , spread into sundry branches , whereon do grow many Leaves , of an overworn grayish green colour , sinely cut , and divided into a number of fine jagges , like unto those of the Worm-wood , commonly called Roman ; The Flowers which are small , and of a dark yellow colour , do grow in a spiked fashion upon the tops of the spriggy branches , after which come very small long Pods , with much small yellowish seed in them . The Root is long and woody , perishing every year , yet if it be suffered to seed and shed , it will not faile you of many appearances for one , the next year .

The Places and Time .

The three first , grow very frequently by Hedge-fides , High-wayes , upon old Walls , and amongst rubbish in most places of this Land , especially the first ; The last hath been found only in the Kingdome of Valentia in Spain ; They Flower from the beginning of June to the end of September , the seed ripening in the meane while .

The Temperature .

Flix-weed is said to dry , without any manifest sharpnesse or heat .

The Vertues .

And whosoever shall drink the seed of Flix weed in Wine , or the Water of a Smiths Forge , wherein Iron and Steel have been often quenched , shall find by experience that it hath not its name for nothing , for it is of excellent use to stop the bloody Flix , the Lask , and all other Issues of blood ; The Herb it self boyled in either of the said liquors , and drunk , performeth the like effects , no lesse powerfully then Plantain or Comfry , as also to consolidate Bones that are either broken or out of joynt . The j●yce thereof drunk in Wine , or the Decoction of the Herb drunk , doth kill the Wormes in the Stomack or Belly , and the Worms which sometimes breed in putrid and filthy Ulcers . The said Herb being bruised , or the juyce thereof being put into Oyntments and Salves , doth quickly heal all sores , how soul or malignant soever they be , and therefore it would be taken into especiall notice by those good people , who delight in curing the Wounds and Maladies of their Neighbours . There may be also a Syrupe made hereof , which is admirable good to be used inwardly , when any of the former occasions shall require . The distilled Water of the Herb is not altogether so effectuall for the purposes aforesaid , yet for those whose Pallates will not brook any of the former Medicines , this may be taken , it being a little clearer , and therefore more acceptable .

CHAP. CCLXV. Of the Pilewort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Chelidonium minus in Latine , for what reason I know not , it being like unto the Chelidonium majus or greater Celandine , neither in nature or forme . It is called also Hirundinaria minor , as some have supposed , because it springeth when Swallows come in , and withereth at their going away , but this is true in neither , for it flowrisheth long before their comming , and departeth presently after . But the names of Ficaria and Scrophularia minor are more propper unto it , because the Roots not only re-resemble those kernels of the Fundament called the Piles , and those hard swellings that sometimes sease upon the neck and other parts , but is very powerfull to cure them . In English it is usually known by the name of Pilewort , as it ought to be , yet it hath been also called the lesser Celandine , and Figwort , from the Latine names .

The Forme .

Pilewort or Celandine the lesse , groweth with many pale round green leaves , spread as it were upon the ground , by reason of their weak and trailing branches whereon they are set , of a fat , smooth , and somewhat shining aspect , marked in some places , though not often , with black spots , from amongst which rise up divers small yellow flowers , consisting of nine or ten very narrow Leaves , upon their slender foot-stalks , somewhat like unto those of Crow-foot , as the seed also is , it being set upon a head after the same manner . The Root is composed of divers small kernels of the bignesse of wheat Corne , or bigger , hanging to the body by a smal string or fiber , and having another such a string at the end also , all which are of a whitish colour .

The Places and Time .

It groweth in most parts of this Land , that are not ploughed up , if they be any thing addicted to moisture , or overshaddowed , either with Walls or Trees , as in Meadowes , and Pastures , by Highway side● , by Ditches , Wall sides , Hedges , Trenches , &c. It commeth forth about the beginning of March , and flowreth not long after , it beginneth to fade in April , and is so far gone in May , that the Roots thereof can scarcely be found , therefore be sure you look for it in its due season .

The Temperature .

Though Pilewort have not that acrimony and sharpnesse which Dioscorides and Galen affirm to be in theirs , yet those that have succeeded them do agree , that howsoever it hath the properties thereof .

The Vertues and Signature .

The most profound Crollius in his Book of Signatures , hath observed that Pilewort hath the perfect Signature of the Hemorrhoides or Piles , or such like excrescences that appear in or about the Fundament , and therefore he saith , that not only the decoction being drunk is a profitable remedy for the said evill accidents , but being hung about the neck , so that it may lye against the Mouth of the Stomack , it performeth the same , and so it doth being made up into an oyl , Oyntment or Salve , as also helpeth the kernels about the eares and throat , called the Kings Evill , or any other hard Wens or Tumors , as Mr. Culpeper saith , he proved upon his owne Daughter which had the Kings Evill , and delivereth it for an extraordinary secret . The juyce taken from the Roots and put into the Nose , purgeth the head , and the decoction thereof with a little Hon●y put into it , and gargled in the Mouth , doth the same effectually , and doth purge and cleanse the breast of phlegme , or any other tough humours that do offend ; It also helpeth a running Itch , and those Nailes of the Fingers and Toes , that grow deformed and scabbed . The Piles themselves being bathed with the juyce mixed with the Patients Urine , or with Wine , draweth them together and dryeth them up , and taketh the pain quite away . The distilled water of the Leaves and Flowers , that have the spots and marks upon them , is an admirable remedy to cleanse the Faces of those are tanned , freckled , or otherwise accidentally spotted , and this it doth by Signature , as the aforesaid Crollius hath also recorded .

CHAP. CCLXVI. Of Water-Betony .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine ( for the Greek name is no where expressed ) Betonica Aquatica , and Aquatilis most commonly , yet there be that call it Ocymast●um majus , Clymenon , and Scrophularia , the likenesse of the Plants causing the interposition of Names , as being mistaken one for another ; And so likewise in English some have called it Brownwort , which is the same with Scrophularia or Figgewort , but usually it is called Water-Betony , and of some Bishops-Leaves and Brook-Betony .

The Kindes .

The sorts hereof are quickly reckoned up , for they are but two . 1 The greater Water-Betony . 2 The lesser Water-Betony .

The Forme .

The greater Water-Betony , which is most common , riseth up somewhat like Figwort , but many times higher , with square hard greenish stalks , and sometimes brown , set with such like dark broad green Leaves , so very like unto those of Figwort , that they have been often mistaken one for another , being also dented about the edges , but with rounder notches , by the diligent observance whereof they may be distinguished , in that respect somewhat resembling the Wood-Betony Leaves , yet of a larger Sise , and two for the most part set at a joynt ; At the tops of the branches , and likewise at the joynts , where the Leaves co●e out from the middle of the Stalke upwards , come forth many round bellyed Flowers , which being fully blown , are open at the brims , yet divided into two parts , so the uppermost is like a hood , and the lowermost like a lip hanging down , of a darke red colour , which passing away , there succeed round heads , which is smal and of a brownish colour . The Root consisteth of a great number of fibres , or stringes , which being fastened to the bottome of the stalk , feedeth it with sufficient nutriment in the Summer , but not in the Winter , for then the stalk perisheth .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in our Land as frequently as any Plant whatsoever , by Brooks and other Water-courses , but is seldome found for from the Water side , unlesse it hath been purposely removed into a Garden or so ; The second groweth in the like places of Germany about Basil , and will abide in Gardens , if it be brought thither for rarity sake . They flower in July and August , and their seed is ripe sh●rtly after .

The Temperature .

It is said that Water-Betony is hot and dry , but the operations that proceed therefrom , do speak it rather to be of a cold quality .

The Vertues .

Mr. Langbam , a well experienced and industrious Practitioner of Physick , in his Garden of Health , doth in divers places of that Chapter , which he writes concerning Water-Betony , commend it for the Piles or Hemorrhoides whether the Root be eaten , or stamped , and applyed thereunto , or the Leaves and Seed-cases bruised and applyed outwardly likewise , or the Powder of it drunk , or strewed thereon . The Leaves , Stalkes , Seed , Root or Juyce , are likewise good to wast and dissolve any other swelling or hardnesses , in any part whatsoever being stamped with Vinegar , and applyed Morning , Noon and Night . The leavs only stamped and applyed to old rotten , corrupt , spreading and fretting sores , and Pocks , heal●th them , and Canckers also , being applyed with Salt . The juyce being pressed forth of the whole herb and drunk , helpeth those that spit blood or are troubled with any Flux or excesse of Flowers , or bleeding at the Nose , and driveth out the botch in the Throat . A dram of the seed drunk in Wine , is effectuall to expell all sorts of Wormes out of the Belly or parts adjacent , and so it is a remedy against venemous bitings . The said seed taken in Wine with Myrrhe and Pepper is very good for the Sciatica . The Leaves or Seed-cases bruised , and applyed unto fresh sores , healeth and skinneth them , and so it doth rotten sores , swellings , and Lepry , and so doth the juyce of the whole Herb and Root taken in May , and kept in a close glasse for your use , which must be ordered in this manner , as often as need is : Take thereof with Wax and Oyl of each a like quantity , which boyled till it be an Oyntment , will be fit for the purpose . The juyce boyled with a little Honey , and tents dipped therein , are very effectual to cure such sores as are dressed therewith , whether they be old or fresh , and is good for bruises and hurts , whether inward or outward . The herb alone sodden in Spring Water , quencheth all unkind heats without danger , and exceedeth all other Medicines for the Lepry , Scab , Itch , Boyles , Wheales , Pushes , &c. and the stamped Leaves and Creame are used for the same purposes . The distilled Water of the Leaves is available for many of the like uses , as also to bath the face and hands that are discoloured by the sun , or have any spots or blemishes thereon , as also for any rednesse or high colour of the face . The said Water , or the juyce of the Leaves mixed with a little Brimstone and Salt-Peter , taketh away the ach of the eyes , and the seed mixed with honey , and applyed to the forehead , stoppeth the running of them , and the juyce of it , and Comfrey removeth the dulnesse of them .

Those parts which serve for Nutrition being thus spoken to , as also those that are subservient to them ; I shall now , without saying any thing more of such Plants as might be referred to the last Transition , passe unto those parts which are ordained for Generation , and first I shall speak of such Simples as provoke Lust . Secondly , of such as abate Lust . Thirdly , of such as provoke Womens Courses . Fourthly , of such as stop Womens Courses . Fifthly , of such as help the Disease called the Mother , and other effects of the Wombe . Sixthly , of such as are profitable for Ruptures . And Seventhly , of such as help the Diseases of the Privy Members , to every of which Heads I shall appropriate divers Plants , and speak to them in order . And first to those which provoke Lust , of which there may be some occasion to persons that are married , and destitute of Children , single persons having more need to observe the next head then this .

CHAP. CCLXVII . Of the Artichocke .

Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Scolymus , of Dioscorides 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cactos , of Theophrastus , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cynara and Cinara , of divers others , which last name is by the Poets derived either from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Canis , because when King Locrus enquired of the Oracle where he should build a Citty , the Oracle answered in that place where he should be bit by the Leg with a Wooden Dog , who hurting his Leg with a wild Articoock as he passed by , understood that that was the Woodden Dog , which the Oracle meant , and so he built the City there where it grew . Or from Cinara , who being a fair Maid , was turned into an Artichock . It is called also in Latine Cinara , and so one would have it to be originally so , deriving it a Ciner● , either because it delighteth to be danged with Ashes , or because the Leaves are of an Ash colour .

The Kindes .

There be severall sorts of Artichocks . 1 The red Artichock . 2 The white Artichock . 3 The French Artichock . 4 The Thistle Artichock . 5 The Chardon . 6 The wild Artichock of Candy .

The Formes .

The Artichock hath divers great , large , and long hollowed Leaves , much cut in , or as it were torn on both the edges , of a whitish green colour : from whence riseth up a strong thick and round stalk , covered many times with a thin skin like unto down , bearing at the top one scaly head , somewhat like unto a Pine Apple at first , but afterwards the scales become more separated , yet in the best kinds they stare not much , being either of a reddish , brown , whitish , or greenish colour , in some broad at the ends , in others sharp , or prickly , after the said head hath been suffered to stand a long while ; in some there will break forth at the top thereof many blewish purple thrums or threads , under which groweth the seed amongst the choaky or downy substance in the middle of the head , and under that the edible substance which is most commended ; The Root spreadeth it selfe in the ground reasonable well , yeelding divers heads of Leaves or suckers , whereby it is increased , if so be the head be cut of before it flower , otherwise it will hardly abide the next Winter .

The Places and Time .

The two first have been so long planted in Gardens , that their naturall place is no where expressed by any Author . The third seemeth by its name to have been brought out of France to us , but whether it groweth there naturally , I dare not affirme . The fourth is to be found about Mompelier . The fift is planted much about Brussels , the last is a natural of Candy , as its names declares . They are commonly propagated by Suckers , which being clipped of and replanted in February , March , or April , do the same year sometimes or the next at least , bear good heads , but then care must be taken to secure them from the cold , by raising little hills about them close to the Leaves , and likewise by laying a Colewort or Cabbage Leafe upon the Top of every one to defend the Apple from those frosts , which happen in March and April , when they begin to run to head , and are ready to be eaten in May and June , and will flower in the end of Summer , if they be suffered to stand , and the seed will be ripe shortly after , but then the Root will be in danger of perishing , which otherwise would endure many yeares .

The Temperature .

Some have supposed Artichocks to be hot and dry in the second degree , but to me they seeme very temperate .

The Vertues .

Artichocks have been in all Ages counted to be very lusty Meat , and are certainly found to be so in ours , or else they would not be so much desired by lucurious persons , to whom I commend them not , but rather to those which are married , and cannot so far use the act of generation , as to have the benefit of Children , for they procure bodily lust both in Men or Women , whether they be well boyled , and eaten with Butter , Vinegar , and Pepper , or the boyled bottomes put into Pyes and Baked , and so they are very restorative , and strengthen the Stomack , and though they increase seed , yet they stay the involuntary course thereof called Nocturnall pollution ; Some write that the young buds of Artichocks steeped in Wine , and drunk , ( I mean the Wine , not the Artichocks ) doth the same , and provoketh Urine exceedingly , purging away thereby the ranke and rammish savour of the whole Body , but especially of the arme-holes , if the Decoction of the Root having the Pith taken out , being made in Wine , or the distillation thereof bruised and distilled in Wine in an Alembick be taken . The young shoots may be boyled and eaten as Asparagus so may the heads while they are yet very small buds , but it is more profitable to let them grow to be more substantiall . The Chardon which is whited like Endive , and then sold in the Winter , is eaten raw of divers with Vinegar , Oyle , and Pepper , but be sure there be salt too , or else it will not be right .

CHAP. CCLXVIII . Of Sea-Holly .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Eryngium , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , to Vomit , as some have fab●lously supposed , who say , that a Goat cropping a branch of Sea-Holly maketh the whole flock to follow him till he have vomited it up , or till the Heards-man hath given him somewhat to cause him so to do . The Latines follow the Greeks in this , as they do in many other names , be the cause of their denomination right or wrong , and call it Eryngium also , from whence the Shops do corruptly call it Iringus and Eringo . In English it is termed Sea-Holly , because divers of the sorts are prickly , somewhat like Holly , and for that they commonly grow upon the Sea Coasts .

The Kindes .

Dioscorides maketh but one sort of Eryngium , but divers others have been discovered since his time , so that there is 1 Ordinary Sea Holly . 2 Upland Sea-Holly . 3 Hungary Sea Holly . 4 The small smooth bastard Sea-Holly . 5 Small bastard Sea-Holly of Spain .

The Forme .

The ordinary Sea-Holly cometh up with Leaves , which at the first are soft and gentle , yet as they grow older , they become very hard and prickly , being crumpled about the edges , with here and there a sharp point sticking forth , of a blewish green colour , standing every one upon a long foot-stalk , from whence riseth up a round and strong stalk , yet somewhat crested , having severall joynts and leaves set thereat , being more divided , sharp and prickly : the branches which rise from them have likewise other smaller branches , bearing several blewish round prickly heads with many small jagged prickly leaves , growing like a star , out of which come blew flowers with whitish threds in the middest : The Root is but about the bignesse of a mans finger , yet of an extraordinary length , set with ringes or circles towards the upper part , brownish on the outside , but white within , having some pith in the middle , and of a very pleasant tast .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth upon the Sea Coasts in every Country , and is sometimes brought into the Gardens of those that love varieties : the second is very frequent in Franconia and also in Narbone in France , even in the midland Country : the name of the third discovers its place : the fourth hath no other place set down but the Garden of John Mutton , but it is conceived to come out of some hot Country because it flowreth late ; the last was found by Clusius at the foot of certain Hills neer Salamanca in Spain . Some of them flower in the end of Summer , and give ripe seed about a Month after , but others flower so late , that they cannot perfect their seed .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Eryngium or Sea-Holly which are most in use , are temperate in respect of heat , of somewhat a drying and cleansing faculty .

The Vertues .

The Roots of Sea-Holly commonly called Eryngo Roots , after they be condited or preserved with Sugar , are exceeding good , not only to restore those that are consumed and withered with age , and which want naturall moisture , but for all other sorts of people that have no delight or appetite to V●nery , so that it amendeth the defects of nature in those that stand in need thereof , and some there be that do , though I doubt that these Roots are abused by many that need them not , as many of this sort also are , but how to help that is past my skill . The decoction of the Root in White Wine being drunk is very effectuall to open the Obstructions of the Spleene and Liver , and helpeth the yellow Jaundise , the Dropsy , the paines in the Loynes , the wild Chollick , provoketh Vrine , and expelleth the Stone , and procureth Womens Courses . The continued use of the Decoction for fifteen dayes taken first and last morning and evening doth help the Strangury , the pissing by drops , the stoppings of Urine , and the Stone , and all defects of the Reines or Kidneys ; and if the said drink be continued longer , it is said that it perfectly cureth the Stone , yea that experience hath found it so , and is good for the French Pox. The Roots bruised and applyed outwardly help the Kernels of the Throat , commonly called the Kings Evill ; and being taken inwardly aswel as applyed to the place stung or bitten by any Serpent , causeth it to heal speedily . If the Roots be bruised and boyled in old Hogs-grease , or salted Lard , and applyed to broken Bones , Thorns , &c. remaining in the flesh , doth not only draw them forth , but healeth up the place again , gathering new flesh where it was consumed . The juyce of the Leaves dropped into the eares , helpeth the Imposthumes therein . The distilled water of the whole Herb , when the Leaves are young , is profitably drunk for all the diseases aforesaid , as also to cause Mirth by driving melancholy from the heart , to help Quartane and Quotidian Agues , and those that have their Necks so drawn awry , that they cannot stir them unlesse they move their whole Bodies . The young and tender shoots are eaten of divers where they grow plentifully , being almost as available to provoke Lust , as the Rootes .

CHAP. CCLXIX . Of Potatoes .

The Names .

IT is not probable that I should shew you by what names the ancient Greek and Latine Writers did call these kinds of Plants , they being as I suppose knowne to neither of them , being brought of later years from the Indies , so that I hope it will be sufficient to tell you how the Moderne Writers have called them . Clusius calleth the Spanish Potatoes , which are those in most request now amongst us , Battata , Camotes , Amotes and Ignanes , or as some write it Inhames . Those of Virginia are called Battata and Battatas Virginiana sive Virginianorum , Papas , Papus and Pappus . Those of Canada which we in English call Jerusalem Artichocks , because the Root being boyled is in taste like the bottom of an Artichock , are called by Pelleterius , Heliotropium Indicum tuberosum , by Columna , Flos Solis Farnesianus , sive Aster Peruvianus tuberosus . The Names and Kinds being thus mixed together , I shall proceed to the description of those that are called Spanish Potatoes , because they are most for our purpose , as being most respected .

The Vertues .

The Spanish Potatoes rise up with many long branches , which by reason of their weight and weaknesse lie trailing on the ground , whereon are set at severall distances , broad , and in a manner three square Leaves , somewhat like unto those of the Winter Cherry , of a dark green colour , the two sides thereof being broad and round , and the end pointed reasonable close together ; The Roots ( for we have not read either of the seed or flower ) are firm , sweet and very many , like in shape and form unto Asphodell Roots , but much greater and longer , of a pale brown colour on the outside , but white within , set together at one head .

The Places and Time .

The Potatoes , which we call Spanish , because they were first brought up to us out of Spaine , grew originally in the Indies , where they , or at least some of this kind , serve for bread , and have been planted in many of our Gardens , wherein they decay rather then increase , but the soyle of Ireland doth so well agree with them , that they grow there so plentifully that there be whole fieldes overrun with them , as I have been informed by divers Souldiers which came from thence ; The Names of the second and third do sufficiently speak their places , yet it will not be amisse to tell you that the last came from Canada , and not from Jerusalem , notwithstanding some ignorant people that have them growing in their Gardens with us , call them Artichocks of Jerusalem . The first beareth its green Leaves all the Summer , which perish with the Stalke at the first approach of great frosts ; The second thrusteth forth its Leaves in the beginning of May , the flowers bud forth in August , and the fruit is ripe in September : The last flower about the latter end of Summer , and the Roots are fit to be taken up from the time that the Stalke is withered , until it spring again , which is the greatest part of the Winter .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of Potatoes are hot and dry , as may plainly appear by the taste , but the Roots are of a temperate quality .

The Vertues .

Which way soever Potatoes be dressed they comfort , nourish and strengthen the Body , procuring bodily lust , and that with greedinesse . Some onely roast them under the Embers to take away their windynesse , and then eat them after they are peeled ; Others having roasted them and peeled them as before , put them into Sack with a little Sugar or without , and so they are delicate to be eaten . They are used also to be baked with Marrow , Sugar , Spice , and other things in Pyes , which are a costly and dainty dish for the Table ; And some there be that preserve and candy them , as they do divers other things ; and so ordered they are very delicate , and fit to accompany other sweet Meats , when a Banquet is presented . The Virginia Potatoes may be dressed after any of the aforesaid wayes , but they are not altogether so delicate as the former . The Potatoes of Canada , called Jerusalem Artichocks as I said , were of great account when they were first received amongst us , but by reason of their great increasing they are become common , and consequently despicable , especially by those which think nothing good unlesse it be deer ; but if any one please to put them into boyling Water , they will quickly become tender , so that being peeled , sliced and stewed with b●tter and a little Wine , they will be as pleasant as the bottome of an Artichocke .

CHAP. CCLXX. Of Skirret .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Sisarum and Siser in Latine , being the sa●e Root which Tiberius the Emperour so much loved , that he commanded it to be conveyed unto him from Gelduba a Castle in Germa●● standing about the River Rhene , as Pliny reporteth ; divers of the later Herb●rists do call it Servillum or Chervillum and Servilla , and we in English Skiriet and Ski●wort , they being much mistaken who think Siser to be a Parsnep .

The Kindes .

There be but two sorts of Skirrets , and one of them must be fetched as far as Aegypt . 1 The Common Skirret . 2 Skirrets of Aegypt or white Carrots .

The Forme .

The Common Skirret hath sundry stalks of winged leaves , which are composed of many others , oppositely set upon a middle rib , and every one snipt about the edges , somewhat like unto those of the Parsnep , but that they are smaller and further set a sunder , being also smoother and greener , from amongst which riseth up the stalk , not much above half the height of the Parsnep , bearing at the tops umbels of white flowers , which afterwards turn into small dark seed , somewhat bigger and darker then Parsley-seed ; The Root is composed of divers small long lesser Roots , meeting together in one head like the A●phodill , banched out and uneven or rugged , of a whitish colour even on the outside , but more white within , having in the middle of the Root a long small hard pith or string , which no other Root that either hath been or now is edible hath besides it .

The Places and Time .

The naturall places of the first is in Narbone , which is almost forgotten through its long continuance in Gardens , where the second groweth not , being found wild in Aegypt by grand Cairo , as Ra●wolsius saith Some sow them of seed amongst their Onions in February or March , which is as good alway for them as for Parsneps , for then they will not hinder one another , the Onyons being to be drawn betimes , and then the Ski●rets may have the full use of the ground in Winter , which by the February following will be fit for use , some of them being broken off to be used for food , and some to be planted again for increase , which bring forth plentifully every year , if the ground be good ; They flower and seed the second year like as the Pasnep doth , but somewhat later , but they must not be removed at all .

The Temperature .

The Roots of the Skirret which are onely in use , are moderate in heat and moisture .

The Vertues .

Though the Roots of Skirrets be but of indifferent nourishment , yet because they be easily concocted , yeeld a reasonable good juyce , and are somewhat windy , they have been judged effectuall to provoke lust , and experimentally proved so to doe , being either baked in Pyes , as Potatoes after they have beene boyled , peeled , and pithed , or else stewed with Pepper , Butter and Salt , and so eaten , or as others use them to rowle them in Flower , and fry them in Butter , after they have been boyled , peeled , and pithed ; either of which wayes they are more pleasant , and more provocative then Parsnep , as all agree that eat them . They may be also eaten cold with Vinegar and Oyle , being first boyled and dressed in manner aforesaid . The juyce of the Roots drunke with Goats milke stoppeth the Laske ; the same drunke with Wine is effectuall for windinesse in the Stomacke , and the gripings of the belly , and Hicket as some say . It doth somewhat respect the Kidneys and Bladder by moving Vrine , and a little to consume the Stone and Gravell in them . The Egyptian sort is eaten by those of that Country , as familiarly as any other root whatsoever .

CHAP. CCLXXI. Of Pease .

The Names .

THis sort of Pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Pisum from Pisa being the name of a place where they grew very plentifully , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 with an ● , which last way of writing seemeth to agree most with the Etymology , for it is thought to be derived 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is covered with a Coat or Hull , which is more eminent in this , then in any other seeds ; It is called in Latin Pisum and in English Pease and Peason .

The Kindes .

There be diverse sorts of Pease , nine whereof I shall reckon up , and adde unto them two sorts of Ciches , 1. The Rouncivall . 2. The greene Hasting . The Sugar Pease . 4. The spotted Pease . 5. The gray Pease . 6. The white Hasting . 7. The Pease without skin . 8. The Rose Pease . 9. Fulham Pease . 10. White Chiches . 11. Red Chiches .

The Forme .

Pease doe alwayes come up with long , weake , hollow and brittle whitish green stalks branched into divers parts , putting forth at every joynt where it parteth , one broad , round leafe , compassing the stalke so that it cometh almost through , in some sort like unto Thoroughwax ; the Leaves are winged , that is , they consist of divers small Leaves set together at a middle rib , of a whitish green colour , with claspers at the end of the Leaves , whereby it catcheth hold of whatsoever standeth next it ; the Flowers come forth from betweene the Leaves and the stalkes two or three together , yet so divided that they stand every one upon a severall footstalke , which are either wholly white , or purple , or mixed white and purple , or purple and blew ; the fruit cometh forth in long and somewhat round Cods , whereof some are longer , some are shorter , some thicker , and some slenderer , the fruit it selfe also differing , some being round , some cornered , some small , some great , some white , others gray , and some spotted ; the Root is small and quickly perisheth after it hath done bearing .

The Places and Time .

Some of these Pease grow onely in Gardens , and are supported with stakes and bushes ; some of them are sown in the Fields by Gardners , and are gathered to sell green in the Markets ; the gray Pease are sowed by Husbandmen to feed their Cattle with ; the Fulham Pease , which came first out of France , is so called , because the grounds about Fulham neere London doe bring them forward soonest : the Rose Pease , which is sometimes called the Scottish Pease should be brought out of Scotland by its name . The Chiches are very frequent in Spaine ; but I know not whether they grow there naturally . They Flower and seed all the Summer long , sooner or later , according to the time of their sowing .

The Temperature .

Pease , especially when they are young are of a mean temperature , as most other things are which are used for food ; they are lesse windy then Beans , but passe not through the Body so soon as they .

The Vertues .

A dish of young Pease are very pleasant to all sorts of people , but especially to young Women , who either are or would be with Child ; for they helpe both the generative and procreative faculty very much , and therefore they doe not only eat of them themselves , but commend them to their Hasbands , notwithstanding they are eaten , but not with so much desire , by all other sorts of people . They are also used to make Pottage , wherein many do put in Mints , Parsley , or some other such hot herbs , to give it the better rellish , and they be used to the same purpose when they be ripe and dryed , especially in the Lent season . The said dryed Pease are much used in long V●yages at Sea , both for change , and also because they are not so salt as those things that lye in powder , and are no inconsiderable food in bestedged Cities and Garisons , nor in poor Folkes houses , being first steeped in running Water . Being sodden in Water and a Lye made therewith , helpeth spreading sores of the Head , the spots of the Face , and other discolouring of the skin ; the same decoction mixt with Honey and Barly meale , helpeth spreading sores , that are hard to cure ; being boyled in water with Or●bus , and applyed to any swellings or aches , it helpeth them ; the broth wherein they have been boyled is good , take Purgations withall , to cleanse the Stomacke that is raw , through cold and moist humors , whether of the white or gray , but especially the gray ; the Pottage made of them is good for the Strangury , and to take Sena withall morning and evening for the Ague , and Rubarbe for the Jaundise ; the powder of them being made very fine stoppeth bleeding at the Nose . The Cloth that is spotted or stained being laid a soak in the Broth wherein Pease have been boyled , and then washed in River Water and dryed , becometh cleane and spotlesse . The white Ciches also boyled and stewed are a dainty dish , of a very good rellish and nourishment : they increase bodily Lust as much or more then any other sort of Pulse , and as it is thought helpe to increase the Seed , and also Milke in Womens Breasts . The red Ciches have a cleansing faculty , whereby they provoke Vrine , and breake the Stones in the Kidneys , the Cream of them boyled in Water being drunke , which olso moveth the Belly downwards , provoketh Womens Courses as well as Vrine , and encreaseth both Milke and Seed ; one Ounce of Cicers , two Ounces of French Barly and an handfull of Marsh mallow Roots washed clean and sliced , being boyled in the broth of a Chicken , and foure Ounces taken in a morning without eating any thing within two hours after , is a good remedy for a pain in the Sides .

CHAP. CCLXXII . Of Rocket .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Euzomon , ob gratiam , non ob suavitatem , in jure & obsoniis condiendis , for its savory , not for its sweet tast in seasoning Meat and Broth , and Eruca in Latin , quia velicando Linguam quasi erodat , because if it be eaten alone raw , it is so corrosive that it will make the tongue barne , which is no token of sweetnesse ( which commonly accompanyes temperate things ) but of much heat and strength .

The Kinds .

There are thirteen severall sorts of Rocket mentioned by Authors . 1 Roman Garden Rocket with white seed . 2 Great Garden Rocket . 3 Great Rocket of America . 4 The more Common wild Rocket . 5 Small ill smelling wild Rocket . 6 Small wild Rocket of Mompelier . 7 Small hoary wild Rocket . 8 Blew flowred Rocket . 9 Narrow leafed wild Rocket . 10 English Sea Rocket . 11 Candy Sea Rocket . 12 Square Codded Rocket . 13 Italian Sea Rocket .

The Formes .

The more common Wild Rocket is most effectuall for the present purpose , and therefore omitting the Description of those that be before it , I shall only describe that : it hath long , narrow , and very much divided Leavs , with slender cuts and gashes , or jags on both sides of the middle rib , of a sad overworne green colour when it groweth on the ground , but when it groweth upon high wals as I have often seen it , they are of a fresh , though somewhat dark green colour ; from amongst which , rise up divers stiffe Stalks about a foot high sometimes , set with the like Leaves , but smaller and smaller as they grow neerer to the top , branched from the middle into divers lesser stalks , bearing sundry yellow Flowers on them made of foure Leavs a peece , as the others are , which afterward yeeld small reddish seed in little long pods , of a bitter and hot biting tast , somewhat like unto that Milke which is burnt too , as they call it , and so are the Leaves . The Root is small , but somewhat woody , enduring divers years , if I mistake not .

The Places and Time .

The two first have been Inhabitants of the Garden so long that their naturall places are forgotten ; the third came from that part of America called Canada : the fourth groweth very plentifully about the Abbey of St Albans on every side , upon the Wals thereof , and divers other Wals thereabouts that are of any standing , it being either the nature of the Mortar thereabouts to produce it , or else the seeds are carried upon them by the wind , or rather by Birds ; some of the other grow with us also , but divers of them belong to others Countreys , so that we have them not , unlesse it be in the Gardens of some that are curious ; they flower about June and July , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

Rocket is hot and dry in the third degree , and therefore it is seldome eaten alone , unlesse it be in some cases .

The Vertues .

All the sorts of Rocket , but especially the wild kind which I have described , are very effectuall to quicken and stir up Nature where it is dull , or not sufficiently active for generati●n , upon which account it was very famous in Virgils time , who in his Poem called Moretum , maketh mention of it in these Words ; Et Venerem revccans Eruca morantem ; and is so likewise amongst the modern Italians , who call it Rocket gentle , by which Epithite some understand any thing that maketh one quick , and ready to jest lasciviously , as this herb doth ; yet some will have it to be so called because it is more pleasant and gentle in tast then the wild kind which is more strong and efficacious ; it serveth also to helpe digestion and provoketh Vrine exceedingly ; the herb boyled or stewed and some Sugar put thereto , helpeth the Cough in Children , being often taken ; the Seed moveth to Venus as much or more then the Herb , and is also good against the biting of the Shrew Mouse , and other venemous Creatures , and it expelleth the Worms out of the Body ; being taken in drinke it doth away the ill scent of the Arm●pts , encreaseth Milke in Nurses , and wasteth the Spleene ; being mixed with Honey and applyed , it cleanseth the skin from Spots , Morphew , and other discolourings thereof , and used with Vinegar it taketh away Freckles and rednesse in the Face , and other parts ; and with the gall of an Oxe , it amendeth foul Scars , blacke and blew Spots , and the marks of the small Pocks . The roots boyled in Water and then stamped and applyed , helpeth any griefe that cometh of Ruptures , Splinters , Fractures , or unplacing of joynts . The Leaves are fittest to be eaten with Lettice , Purslaine , and such like Sallet herbes to take away the coldnesse of them ; for being eaten alone , they heat too much and cause the Headach .

CHAP. CCLXXIII . Of Mustard .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Napy , by Aristophanes and others that use the Attick Dialect , but more commonly 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sinapi , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is offensive to Eyes , making them water , if any one be too busie with it . It is also called in Latin Sinapi and Sinapis in imitation of the Greek , in English Senvie , but most commonly Mustard .

The Kinds .

To this Kind six sorts may properly be referred . 1 Ordinary Mustard . 2 Broad leafed Mustard . 2 Small wild Mustard . 4 Small Mustard of Mompel●r . 5 Wild Mustard of Naples . 6 Sea Mustard of Egypt .

The Forme .

The ordinary Mustard groweth up with many long rough Leaves , jagged with uneven and unorderly gashes , somewhat like a Turnep , but a great deale lesser , of an overworn greene colour and sharpe taste , from whence ariseth up a stalk two or three foot high , which divideth it selfe into severall branches , whereon doe grow divers pale yellow Flowers in a great length together , which turne into small and long Pods , wherein is contained blackish seed inclining to rednesse , of a fiery sharpe tast , much exceeding that of the Leaves ; the Root is tough and white , running deepe into the ground , with many small Fibres thereat , perishing yearly , yet if it be suffered to shed the seed , from thence it will sow it selfe without any more adoe .

The Places and Time .

The first , though it be sowne by divers for their private uses in their Gardens and O●chards , yet the same is found wild also abroad in many places , especially in G●ociste●shire about T●wxbury , where they grind it , and make it up into ball● , which are brought to London and other remote places , as being the best that the world affords ; The second groweth in Gardens only ; But the third is found in the borders of fields , and also in the low rills and furrowes of them ; The three last are strangers to us , as their names do declare . They all flower in July and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The seed of Mustard , which we chiefly use , doth heat and make thin , and also draw forth , being hot and dry in the fourth , as Galen saith ; but the other smaller sorts are not so hot .

The Vertues .

The seed of Mustard taken either by it selfe , or with other things , either in an Electuary or Drink , prevaileth mightily to stir up bodily lust , by the heat which it causeth , b●ing a great help to remove that deadnesse and st●pefaction that possesseth the seed and members of generation , is those which are of cold constitutions . It is also of good effect to bring down Womens Courses , for the falling Sicknesse , the Lethargy , drousy or forgetfull evill , to ●se i● both inwardly and outwardly , to rub the N●strils , Forehead , and Temples , to warm and quicken the Spirits ; for by the fierce sharpnesse it purgeth the brain by sneesing , and drawing down Rhewme and other viscous humours , which by their residence there become very offensive , or by their distillation upon the Lungs and Chest , procure coughing , if it be first beaten , and then made up into little balls with honey , and one or two be swallowed downe fasting every morning , not onely helpeth the former distempe●s , but cleanseth the breast so effectually , that if those that are addicted to singing , take thereof , it will clear their Voices very m●ch in a short time ; It strengthens the heart , resisteth poyson , warmeth the Stomack , helpeth digestion , provoketh Appetite , easeth the continuall pain of the Spleen , sides and belly , wasteth the Quartane Ague , and if used for some time , quite cureth it ; The Dec●ction of the seed being taken in Wine , which used as a Gargle , sendeth up the Palate of the Mouth being fallen down , and it also dissolveth those Tumors and Swellings which sometimes gather about the Throat , if a plaister , wherein pretty store of the powder of this seed is mixed , be applyed , and so it helpeth the Sciati●● , and other Aches of the joynts , by discussing the humours which cause them ; Being applyed in like manner to the Sides , Loyns , or Shoulders which are grieved with any Ach or pain , it draweth forth the cause which doth evacuate it selfe by Blisters , and by that meanes helpeth them . It is also used to help the falling of the haire , and being chewed in the Mouth it oftentimes helpeth the Tooth-ach ; Being bruised , mixed up with honey , and applyed , or else made up with Wax , it taketh away the Marks , and black and blew spots of bruises , or the like , the roughnesse and s●●bbednesse of the Skin , as also the Leprosy and Lowsy Evill ; it helpeth also the Crick in the Neck , by which it is so drawn awry , that the liberty of breathing is well nigh taken away ; The distilled Water of the Herb , when it is in flower , is much used , not only to drink inwardly for the diseases aforesaid , or to wash the Mouth when the Palate is down , and to Gargle the Throat , but outwardly also for Scabs , Itch , or other like infirmities , and cleans●th the Face from Morphew , Spots , Freckles and other deformities . The Oyle of Mustard , which is made by infusing four pound of grownd Mustard-seed , with four pound of Oyle , for ten dayes together , and then straining it , is good for the griefes of the Reines , Palsies , Gouts , Stitches and Swellings . The seed hereof , with good vinegar added thereunto , being grownd , is that Sawce that we eat both with Fish and Flesh , especially if it be salt . It is excellent for such whose blood wants clarifying , to stir up appetite in those whose Stomacks are weake through Age , or any cold disease , but it is naught for Cholerick people . And if there be any one that doth not think the ordinary Mustard or Sawce delicate enough , or lesse pleasing to the palate and Stomack , let them take of Mustard seed two ounces , of Cinnamon half an ounce well beaten , which being made up into Balls or Cakes with honey and vinegar , and dryed in the Sun , will be fit to keep a long while , untill use shall be made thereof by relenting it with a little Vinegar , for so it is presently made into a sawce very well worth commendation , and the same way the balls of Te●xbury Mustard are relented , which of so simple a Sawce hath not its Paralell .

CHAP. CCLXXIV . Of Cotton .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Xylum and Gossipium , I know not for what reason , yet the Latins follow the Greeks in this as they do in many other things , without examining the cause of the name , much lesse imposing a better of their owne , but in truth it happeneth so in all other Languages . Serapio calleth it C●to from whence cometh our English word Cotton , and B●mbax , as it is also called in the Apothecaries shops , from whence the word Bombast cometh .

The Kindes .

The sorts of Cotton are four . 1 The Tree of fine Cotton . 2 The Bush of lump Cotton . 3 Thorny Indian Cotton . 4 The long leafed Cotton of Java .

The Forme .

The bush of lump Cotton which I conceive that to be that whose seeds are most frequent in the Apothecaries Shops , and therefore it is that I choose rather to give you the description thereof , riseth out of the ground with an upright stemme of about a Cubit high , divided from the lowest part to the top into sundry smal branches whereupon are set disorderly certain broad Leaves , cut for the most part into three sections or parts , and sometimes more , somewhat indented about the edges , not much unlike those of the Vervain Mallow but lesser , softer and of a grayish colour , amongst which come forth the flowers standing upon slender foot stalkes , the brims and edges whereof are of a yellow colour , and the middle part purple , somewhat in fashion like a Bell-flower , after which cometh the fruit , wherein is contained the seed wrapped up in a great lump of fine white Cotton , of the bignesse of small pease , in shape like the Trettles or Dung of a Coney , sticking close together in two rowes , with white sweet kernels within them . The Root is small and single , with a few fibres thereat , and of a wooddy substance , as all the rest of the Plant , yet it perisheth every year as soon as it hath perfected its seed .

The Places and Time .

The first is naturall to Asia the greater , and the East and West - Indies , and hath been brought into Asia the lesser , Aegypt , and some Christian Countreys , but as ●●rarity : The second is more frequent both in the lesser Asia , Aegypt , and divers parts thereabouts , as also in Cypr●● , Candy , and other Islands of the Mediterr●●ean Sea ; The names of the two last speak their places . The lump Cotton is sowne about the later end of April , and then it will be ready to be mowen or reaped about August or September ; for if it be suffered to stand any longer then its due time , it casteth forth its Wool and Seeds upon the ground .

The Temperature .

The seeds of Cotton are said to be hot and moist , and the Wool or Cotton it self to be hot and dry .

The Vertues .

Of all the seeds I have yet mentioned , there is none more absolutely effectuall not only to increase the seed of generation and naturall strength , but also to stir up bodily lust then this of Cotton , which may be had at any Apothecaries shops ; It is also used to lenify the harshnesse of the Throat , to help those that are short winded , by opening the Passages , whose obstruction was the cause thereof ; and those also that have sharp distillations upon the Lungs , so that it is also a good remedy for the Cough ; for it not only dryeth up the Rhewme , but causeth tough phlegme to be easily expectorated or avoided : It is used likewise in gripings and gnawings of the Stomack and Guts , yea , though they come by poyson , and are good also in all hot ( or I should rather think in cold ) Agues . The juyce of the Leaves is good for the Lask of young Children , and for the gnawing and grinding in the belly . The Ashes of the Cotton Wool being being burned , is very admirable to stanch the bleeding of Wounds , and is used in rest●ictive Medicines , as Bole Armoniack is , for which it is more effectuall . The oyl pressed out of the seed , doth make the skin to become exceeding smooth , taking away Spots , Freckles , and other blemishes thereof . Some do think , and that not without good reason , that the Byssus of the Ancients is the Wool of the Tree of fine Cotton , of which the Byssina ●ela or fine white Callicoe Cloth that cometh out of the East Indies is made . Common experience telleth us also , how profitable Cotton Wool is to make Fustian Cloth , Stockings , Gloves , and divers other necessaries , and it is the best Wool that can be to put in an Inkehorn .

CHAP. CCLXXV Of the Fistick Nut.

The Names .

IT hath gotten divers Greek Names , or rather the same Name diversly altered ; for though 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Pistacia be the ordinary Name , yet Nicander in one place cals it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Phistacia , and in another 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Possidonius writeth it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; It is called in Latine Pistacia , Pistacium , and of some Nux Pistacia , and the Tree is thought to be the Terebintbus Indica of Theophrastus ; We call the fruit in English Pistackes and Fistick Nuts , and the Tree the Fistick Tree .

The Forme .

The Tree which beareth the Fistick Nuts , groweth to be of a reasonable large sise in the hot Countryes , though but very slender in ours , dispersed into sundry branches , whose bark is of a dark russet colour ; the leaves are winged , five or seven growing commonly on a stalk , the odde one standing alwayes at the end , each whereof is broader and larger then those of the Ash , but not so sharp pointed , smooth almost , shining with divers veins therein , and of a pale yellowish green colour , from amongst which do come forth many white flowers set together on a long cluster , and consequently the fruit which are somewhat long and round Nuts bigger then Filberds , pointed at the ends , with a rough outer shell somewhat like unto the outer shell of an Almond , but tough and hard to break , yet cleaving into two parts , and smooth and white on the inside thereof , having a full green N●t or kernell within , filling the whole shell , the rind and peeling whereof is thick and red , the kernell being sweet to smell unto , pleasant in ●ast and altogether inoffensive .

The Pl●ces and Time .

The Fistick Tree groweth naturally in Bactria and other parts neer unto the East-Indies , being brought from thence into Persia , Arabia , Syria , and Egypt as also into the warmer coasts of Italy and Naples , where they thrive and prospe● , bringing forth their flowers in May , and their ripe fruit in September , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Fistick Nuts are of temperature hot and moist .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Kernels of the Fistick Nuts may be sade to have the Signature of the Testicles , or rather the Nut of the Yard , as Cr●llius saith , and therefore the ●ating of them being condited or made into Comfits , or otherwise is as cond●cible for the increasing of seed , and stirring up of V●nery , as the Kernels of the Pine Apples are , being very little inferior in goodnesse to them ; Whether they be eaten or drunk they be friendly to the Stomack , and yeeld to the body no small nourishment , for they make even those bodyes which are in a Consumption to recover strength ; They are good against the stingings and bitings of Serpents , and other venemous Creatures , by reason of the thin Essence and little bitter substance that is mingled with the sweet in them , and for the same ca●se they ●pen the Obstructions of the Liver , and are good also for the Chest and Lunges , concocting , ripening , and expelling the raw humours ●hat many times offend them ; There is also a little astringent quality in them , whereby they strengthen both the Liver and Stomack , to be put either in Meates or Medicines ; They also remove sand and gravell out of the Reines or Kidneys and asswage their pain , and are also good for Ulcers .

CHAP. CCLXXVI . Of the Chesnut Tree ▪

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Castana , and Castan●a , but m●st usually Castanea in Latine , and so is the fruit which is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Sardianae glandes , and ●opima . Sou●e have called it Euboida or Euboica , and Heracle●t●ca , because as it should seem they grew plentifully in those parts , and Gaza translating Theophrastus , cals it Avellana Nux , but improperly , and Ageloc●us , as Athenaeus saith , called it Mo●a , and Amo●a : Though Pliny seemeth to make the Tarentina , Salariana , Meterano , Cor●liana Balanitis , &c. to be divers sorts hereof , yet indeed they are only the diversity of places , which cause this difference of Names .

The Kinds .

There are four especiall sorts of Che●nuts . 1 The ordinary Chesnut . 2 The Horse Chesnut . 3 The Dwarfe Chesnut . 4. The Chesnut of Peru. 5 Purging Chesnuts of America .

The Forme .

The ordinary Chesnut Tree groweth very tall and high , bearing great , long , rough and wrinkled Leaves , dented about the edges , putting forth at the time of the year divers long Catkins or bloomings , somewhat like the Oak , but of a more greenish yellow colour ; the Fruit groweth between the leaves and the branches towards the end of them , enclosed in three severall Huskes , the outermost whereof is whi●ish and prickly like an Urchin , which openeth it selfe when it is ripe , and sheweth the Nut , being flat on the one side , and round but flat on the other , whose shell or huske is smooth , browne , and shining a little on the outside , but hairy within , tough also and not easie to breake , under which lyeth the kernell covered with a thin reddish bitter skin or peeling , which is of a firme substance and white , sweet and pleasant in ●aste , formed somewhat like a Heart , the wood hereof is tough and of a brownish colour .

The Places and Time .

The First groweth upon Mountains and in Woods usually , yea there be divers Woods in England , which have few Trees in them but Chesnut Trees , one whereof is within a mile and a half of Feversham in Kent , yet these that grow in the warmer Countreys produce greater Nuts ; the Second groweth naturally in Turk● , and is entertained in divers of our Gardens , that pretend to rarities , and indeed i● is a stately Plant ; the Third groweth upon Pilates hill , which is not farre from Lyons in France ; the two last in the West Indies : the Catkins shew themselves in March , the Leaves in April , and immediately after the Flowers , but the Fruit is not ripe untill the Autumn .

The Temperature .

Chesnuts are neither hot nor cold , but in a mean between both , yet they ar● very dry and binding .

The Signature and Vertues .

Every one will be ap● enough to discover the Signatures that this Nut beares , and so likewise of divers others that tend to this purpose , so that a small hint will be sufficient . It is not ordinarily delivered , that this Nut should stir up Venery ; onely Langham in his Garden of Health mentioneth it for that purpose , which is more then probable , if the much nourishment they afford , and the windinesse going along with them ( both which qualities are very conducible hereunto ) be considered . The meale of these Nuts made into an Electuary with Honey is said to be very profitable for those that are troubled with a Cough , spitting of blood laske , or any Flux of blood in Man or Woman , but especially the inner skin that covereth the kernell , if the decoction thereof in Wine or Water , or the powder thereof be taken in some convenient Liquor . The way to remedy the windinesse of them in part ( for it will not totally be consumed ) is first to pricke them through the huske with a penknife or bodkin , and then roast them under the embers or hot ashes , and so they yeeld commendable nourishment ; yet if they be eaten immoderately they cause the Headach , are hard of digestion and bind the body . The powder of the said Nut kernels being dryed and applyed with Barly Meale and Vinegar doth cure unnaturall blastings , and swelling of the Breasts . Being stamped with Honey and Salt and applyed to the biting of a mad Dog , it freeth it from doing harme , and healeth it . The Horse Chesnuts in Turky and other Easterne Countreys where they grow plentifully , are given to Horses to cure them of the Cough , shortnesse of breath , and other diseases , whence it had its name . The other three sorts are of very little note , and therefore I shall say nothing of them .

CHAP. CCLXXVII . Of the Tree of Cacao and Chocolate .

The Names .

IT is called by the West Indians , amongst whom it was first knowne , and not in any part of the Christian world till after the discovery of Am●rica , Cacao sive Cacavate , besides which name it hath received none either Greek or Latin ; in English it is called , The Pear-bearing whol●ome Almond Tree ; the Confection wherein the Cacao is the maine ingredient , is in the Indian language called Chocolate , being compounded of A●e as some say , or as others , A●le , which in the Mexican Language signifieth Water , and Choco the noise that the Water ( wherein the Chocolate is put ) maketh when it is stir●ed in a Cup , untill it bubble and rise unto a froth ; it may be called in English A compounded or Confectioned drinke , yet it is better knowne by the names of Chocolate and Chocoletto , for so it is usually called .

The Kindes .

There are two sorts of Cacao . 1 The common Cacao , which is of a gray colour inclining towards red . 2 Patlaxte which is broader and bigger , white and more drying , whereby it causeth watchfulnesse , and therefore is not so usefull as the ordinary , the description whereof , though imperfect , take as followeth .

The Forme .

The Tree of Cacao is of a mean size , so delicate and tender that it must be defended from the S●n , and therefore other Trees are first planted , which being grown up to that height , that they may be fitted and plashed like an Arbour ▪ the Cacao Tree is then set ; for if it should be set before , it would perish through the extream heat of the Country where it groweth ; what bark , Leaves or Flower it beareth is not set down by any Author that I have met with , but the fruit is said neerly to resemble the form of a Pear , or Pear fashioned Gourd , wherein are contained ten or twelve kernels , somewhat bigger then A●mands , blackish without , with brownish ash-coloured veines within , very sweet and pleasant in taste to the Indians , yet to strangers it is bitter and unpleasant .

The Places and Time .

They both grow in divers parts of the West Indies , especially in or about ●uatimale , whence they have beene brought into Hispaniol● , where they are plentifull , as may be gathered from some of the Relations of the Commodities of that Island and Jamaica , lately come from thence ; they delight only in warme and we● , yet shadowed places ; their time is not expressed ; yet it is said , that after they have gathered the Fruit , they break the outer rind , and lay the inner fruit upon Mats to dry in the Sun , untill the moisture within them be consumed , and then they keep them both for Meat and Merchand●se .

The Temperature .

The Cacaoes or Kernels of the aforesaid fruit are of different parts ; first they are very cold and dry , and should therefore be restringent and obstructive , yet they are so far partakers of heat and moisture , that if they be skilfully grownd and mixed together , both the restringent and obstructive faculty is corrected .

The Vertues .

The Confection made of Cacao called Chocolate or Chocoletto which may be had in divers places in London at reasonable rates , being taken in substance , or , as is more usual , relented in Milke , is of wonderful efficacy for the procreation of Children ; for it not only vehemently incites to Venus , but causeth Conception in Women , and hastens and facilitates their delivery , and besides that , it preserves health , it makes such as drinke it often to become fat and corpulent , fair and amiable ; it is an excellent helpe to digestion , it cures Consumptions and Cough of the Lungs , the Plague of the gu●s and other Fluxes , the green Sicknesse , Jaundise and all manner of Inflammations , Opilations and Obstructions ; it quite takes away the Morphew , cleanseth the Teeth and sweetneth the breath , provokes Vrine , cures the Stone and Strangury , expels poysons , and preserves from all infectious diseases ; these and divers other Vertues have beene found in it by divers noble Personages , who by some continued use thereof have received much benefit thereby , every day producing new and admirable effects in such as drinke it . The particular ingredients of the Confection , their qualities and vertues , the way of compounding and using it , with the Dose or quantity that is to be taken at a time , is punctually set downe in that learned and ingenuous , though short Tract , which was written originally in Spanish by Antonio Colminer● of Ledesma , Doctor in Physick , and faithfully rendred in English by my much honoured Friend Captain James Wadsworth .

CHAP. CCLXXVIII . Of Satyrions .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sat●rium , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it was found out by the Satyres , who first used it to stirre up lust , for which they were so notable ; it is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Orchis , which is as generall a name as Satyrium is , one kind whereof is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , another 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cynosorchis , and Tragorchis ; in Latin Testiculus Canis , and Testiculus Capri ; in English Satyrion , Orchis , Doggestones , Goatestones , Foolestones , Cullions , Standle wort , Standerd grasse , Kingfingers , Gandergosses , &c.

The Kindes .

All the sorts of Satyrions would fill a sheet of Paper , and therefore I shall specifie onely the cheifest of them that grow in England . 1 The Male Satyrion Royall . 2 The Female Satyrion . 3 Marish Satyrion . 4 Spotted marish Satyrion . 5 Creeping Satyrion . 6 Bee Satyrion . 7 Butterfly Satyrion . 8 The elegant purplish fly Satyrion . 9 Yellow fly Satyrion . 10 Scarlet fly Satyrion . 11 Fly Satyrion . 12 Bird Satyrion . 12 Dogs stones with a gaping Flower . 13 Little purple flowred Doggestones . 14 The Male Foolstones or Crowtoes . 15 The Female Foolestones or Crowtoes . 16 The Lizard Flower or Goats stones . 17 The Spider Orchis . 18 Spurre flowred Orchis or Red handed Orchis . 19 Humble bee Orchis . 20 Lady-Traces .

The Forme .

The Male Satyrion Royall hath divers large , broad , and long , smooth , green Leaves , lying on the ground , amongst which , riseth up a round stalke with some such Leaves on it , but lesser towards the top , where grows a large head of pale purple flowers , spotted with a deeper purple colour , each Flower having a heel of the same colour behind it ; the Roots are flat and broad , two joyned together at a head like unto hands , one whereof is firme , and the other loose and spungy , as it is also in the Orchises that have Rootes like Stones , altering every year by course ; for when the one riseth and waxeth full , the other waxeth lank , the full one sinketh if it be put into water , the la●k one swimmeth .

The Places and Time .

As the Satyrions are many , so the places are different , for some grow in Fields and Meadowes , some in Moorish grounds and Marshes , and others upon Hills and Mountaines , some of the most considerable I shall particularize unto 〈◊〉 The Bee Satyrion groweth in a large Close neer El●feild , on the side of the Hill , betweene it and Oxford ; The Butterfly Satyrion hath been found in Stow-Wood , being not far from the former places ; The eighth in Brodworth-Wood in Iork●shire ; The tenth in Swanscombe-Wood ; The eleventh on a Hill Southwest of Bath ; The sixteenth nigh the high way between Crayford and Dartford in Kent ; The seventeenth hard by Walcot , a Mile from Barnet . They flower in the Months of April , May , and June , some earlier , and some later then another .

The Temperature .

That part of any of these Roots that is full and heavy , is hot and moist , and that which is spungy and light , is hot and dry , the full one seemeth to have much superfluous windinesse , which the lank one is without .

The Vertues and Signature .

The full and plump Roots of the Satyrion or Orchis whereof the Electuary Diasatyrion is made , are of mighty efficacy to provoke to Venery , which they that have Bulbous Roots do by Signature , but the lank or shrivelled mortifies lust , so that here is a Remedy both to help Nature if it be deficient , and to restrain it if be too luxuriant ; Being boyled in Milk , especially the Goats stones , and those other whose smell doth imitate that of the seed , and eaten with white Pepper do the same , and also nourish and strengthen those that are in a Consumption , or have the Hectick Feaver ; The same Roots boyled in Wine and drunk , stop the Flux , and being green , they consume all tumours , cleanse rotten sores and Fistulaes , being applyed , and the powder thereof being cast into fretting and devouring Ulcers , and Sores , stayeth the same from further fretting and festring ; Being boyled in Wine with a little Honey , it cureth the rotten Ulcers and Sores of the Mouth , and being bruised only and applyed , it is good against inflammations and swellings . The Satyrion Royall , which is that before described , hath this particular vertue above the rest , that being bruised and drunk in wine , it provoketh Vomit , and purgeth the Stomack and Belly , by meanes whereof it cureth an old Feaver , if as much as ones thumb be used before the fit come . The flowers of Dogges-stones are also effectuall to cause , provoke , increase , and sti● up Nature , in case she forget her selfe , through the coldnesse of any ones constitution .

CHAP. CCLXXIX . Of Dragons .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Dracontia and Dracontium , from the resemblance that the stalke hath with the skin of a snake , which is very great , and it is observed by Pliny , that it springeth out of the ground when snakes first begin to stir , and as soon as they retire , it retireth also : It is called in Latine Serpentaria , Bisaria and Colubrina , but most commonly Dracunculus , in English Dragons .

The Kindes .

There be three sorts of Dragons . 1 Great Dragons . 2 ▪ Small Dragons . 3 Water Dragons .

The Forme .

The great Dragon riseth up with a bare or naked round whitish stalk about half a yard high or higher , which is many times thick , but alwayes smooth , and spo●ted very much with spots of divers colours , like those of the Adder or Snake , bearing at the top thereof a few green Leaves very much divided on all sides , standing upon long Foot-stalks , in the middle whereof ( if the Root have been long planted ) commeth forth a great long husk or hose , green and of a dark purplish colour on the inside , with a slender long reddish pestell or clapper in the middle , like unto that of the flower of Cuckowpint , but greater ; The skin or filme whereof when the seed waxeth big , being stretched and broken in sunder , there appeareth the Fruit like to a bunsh or cluster of Grapes ; The Berries whereof at the first be green , afterwards red and full of juyce , in which is contained seed , which is somewhat hard ; The Root is great , round , flat and whitish on the outside , but whiter within , with divers fibres hanging thereat , much like unto the Cuckowpint both in form and tast .

The Places and Time .

The two first are planted in Gardens , where they have been so long , that their naturall place is not recorded ; The third groweth for the most part in Fenny places , where the Water alwayes standeth , and sometimes in Watery and marish places . They flower in July and the berries are ripe in September .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Dragons are biting and bitter , and not without some astriction , and therefore there is no question but that it is hot and dry , at least in the second Degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

As it hath the form , tast and temperature of Cuckowpint , so it hath not only the Signature , which will sufficiently declare it selfe , but the Vertues also according to the Signature , for they are both notable for stirring up of inclinations to copulation , being either well rosted under the embers or boyled . Being prepared either of the said wayes , and mixed with honey it doth the same , and is also good for the straitnesse of the Breath , dangerous Coughes and Ca●arrhes , Convulsions , and Cramp● , by consuming tough and grosse humours , and scowring and cleansing the inward parts ; The same dryed and mixed with Honey scowreth malignant and fretting Sores , that are hard to cure , especially mixed with the Root of Briony , and taketh away all white spots and scurfe being rubbed therewith ; The juyce of the Root putteth away all Webs and Spots of the Eyes , and is good in Eye Medicines , and being dropped into the Eares with Oyl taketh away the pain of them : The fresh Leaves are good for Ulcers , green Wounds , and venemons bitings , drawing out the venome , or whatsoever else hindreth the healing of them , and with honey they take away the spots of the Face , both which i● may be said to do by Signature ; With the Roots and Leaves are made Oyles , Oyntments , and Plasters , excellent good to heal Ulcers , Bi●es , Fistulaes , Pocks , Cankers , fretting and consuming Sores , and all such like annoyances ; The Fruit also cureth malignant Ulcers , and consumeth the Polipus or proud flesh that sometimes groweth in the Nose ; The distilled water of the Leaves hath vertue against the P●stilence , or any p●stilentiall Feaver , or poyson being drunk blood warm , with the best Treacle or Mithridate ; The smell of the herb driveth away Serpents , and is hurtfull for Women with Child , for it will cause abortion .

So much for Plants that provoke Lust , I shall now speak of some that abate it , and first .

CHAP. CCLXXX . Of Agnus or the Chast Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Agnus , which signifieth Castus Chast , from the effects ; for both the Seeds and Leaves do preserve Chastity very much ; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Lugos , quasi Vimen , for its wonderfull flexibility ; The Latines call it Vitex , and the Physitians and Apothecaries call it Agnus Castus , but not without errour ; for Agnus and Castus signify the same , the one being the Greek , the other the Latine Name , so that whosoever useth them both is guilty of a great Tautology ; we in English the Chast Tree .

The Kindes .

The Chast Tree is of two sorts . 1 Narrow Leafed Chast Tree . 2 The broader Leafed Chast Tree .

The Forme .

The Chast Tree riseth up higher then a Shrub , yet seldome attaineth to any great height , having divers branches covered with a dark colour , very pleasant and easy to be bent without breaking , like unto the Willow , with sund●y large Leaves , cut or divided like unto those of Hemp , either into five or seven parts or Leaves , each of them being long and narrow like unto Willow Leaves , but smaller ; The Flowers do grow at the uppermost part of the branches in long spikes , somewhat like unto those of Lavander , growing at severall spaces up to the tops of a blush white colour , after which come small round seeds of the bignesse and likenesse almost of Pepper , being of a blackish gray colour , and tasting somewhat hot and strong , and therefore some have called it Piper agr●ste .

The Places and Time .

They both grow by the Water-sides , and in the moister grounds of Italy and Spain , and in the furthest part of France , and other hot Countreys , where they flower in July , and their seed is ripe in August ; but with us where they are planted for their rarity , as in Mr. John Danvers his Garden at Chelsey , &c. they will hardly flower .

The Temperature .

The Leaves and Seed of the Chast-Tree , as Galen saith , are hot and dry in the third degree , and of a very thin essence or substance , sharp also and binding .

The Vertues .

Not only the Seeds of Agnus used and taken in what manner soever , do restrain the instigations to Venery , which it must needs do by a Specifick property , seeing it is of the same Temperature with Pepper , which worketh contrary effects , but the Leaves also are effectuall to the same purpose ; and therefore the Athenian Matrons in their Thesmophoria did use these Leaves as Shee●s to lie upon , thereby to preserve their thoughts , if it were possible , from impurity . The said Seed only being drunk in Wine to the quantity of a dram , powdred or with Penniroyall , resisteth the bitings of venemous Beasts , Spiders , or the like , and helpeth the Dropsy , and those that are troubled with the Spleen ; it also procureth Milk in Womens Breasts , provoketh their Courses , and expelleth Urine : The decoction of the Leaves and Seeds is very good for Women troubled with the pain of the Mother , and the Inflammation of those parts , and the hot fumes thereof sate over are no lesse effectuall : Being applyed to the head in the manner of a Pultis , it easeth the paines thereof ; and being mixed with Oyl and Vinegar , it helpeth those that are troubled either with the Lethargy or Frensy . The Leaves of Agnus , and of the Vine being stamped with Butter and applyed to the swellings of the Cods and Genitories that are hard , dissolveth and asswageth them , and being p●t into Plaisters and applyed to the Reines , it helpeth the Satyriasis or contin●all standing of the Yard , and so doth the seed being eaten , which also dryeth up the naturall seed of Generation , and therefore it must needs be an exc●llen● Remedy for all such as would live chast , or desire to extinguish those carnall mo●ions , to which there be few but are subject , and this it is said to do , it the se●ds be but carried about one . Some mix it with Oyl and Oyntments , that are made to heat , mollify , and heal the hardnesse or stifnesse of any me●b●r , that is waxen deadish , sleepy , benummed or wearied , it cureth also the clefts and chops of the Fundament , being laid to with Water . Being used with Barly meal it helpeth Imposthumes and with Niter and Vinegar it taketh away the Freckles of the Face , and used with Hony it helpeth the sores in the Mouth and Throat . It is of singular good use for the purposes aforesaid , especially to withstand uncleannesse , but the too often use thereof causeth the Head-ach , yet if the Seeds be parched or fryed before they be eaten , they will the lesse trouble the Head , and being so prepared they dissolve the wind in the Stomack or Belly as they do when they are fresh , but not so effectually .

CHAP. CCLXXXI . Of Hempe .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cannabi● , ( which very word the Latines also use , as having n●ne o● their own to ex●resse it ) from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ( saith Lobel ) because it delights very much to grow neer watery places , whether Springs ●r Breekes , for so the word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 sign fieth : Some have also called it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because of its great use in ●●king Cordage : We in English call it H●mp● , and sometimes Welsh Pa●sl●● and N●●k weed , but these are but Nick N●mes .

The Kindes .

Though custome hath caused the bar●en Hemp● to be called the Female , and that which beares S●●d to be the Male , yet I see no reason for it , they being from the same Seed , and therefore must be of the same kind , howsoever there be two sorts hereof . 1 Common Hemp. 2 Virginian Hempe .

The Forme .

The common Hemp , which is that which is manured both Male and Female , riseth up out of the ground after the same manner , neither can they be distinguished , till they come to be well growne , and then the Female , as they call it , which is ripe , and must be pulled first , is easily knowne from the other , by the fewnesse of its Leaves , which are smaller , and of a lighter green colour then the other , but the Male hath the stronger stalks , with a more bushy head , and greater Leaves , of a dark green colour : The Female beareth flowers and no feed followeth , the Male beareth seed without any shew of flowers , and endureth longer before it be ripe : They both rise up to be five or six foot high , if the ground wherein they grow be rank , but not otherwise , with many Leaves set thereon at distances , which are subdivided into divers others , yet standing upon one foot stalk , somewhat like unto the Leaves of Bastard Hellebore or Bears ▪ foot , but more dented about the edges ; The seed is contained in divers husked bunches , coming from the bottom of the Leaves , which being prepared and make fit to be threshed , it cometh forth being almost round , with a somewhat hard shell , under which lieth a kernell of a white substance ; The Roots are made of many strong strings , which take fast hold in the ground , so that they are very troublesome to pull up , unlesse the ground be mellow , or presently af●er rain , yet they die and perish every year .

The Places and Time .

The first is sowne in most Counties of this Land , but not so frequently in some as in others , yet wheresoever it ●is , it delights in a well dunged and watery soyle , which must be either plowed or digged deep , or else it thriveth not . It is sowne in March or April , and riseth out of the ground , within few dayes after it is committed thereunto , making its way through Cloth , Shooe Soales , or any such thing that lies over it ; The Female Hemp is ripe in July , and therefore called Summer Hemp , the Male in September , when the Winter approacheth , and therefore it is called Winter Hemp.

The Temperature .

There be some that speak Hemp to be cold and dry , but the major part of Writers are of opinion that it is hot and dry .

The Vertues .

The Seed of Hemp used frequently , is good for those which are troubled with a thorn in the flesh , for besides that , it consumeth windinesse , it doth so much disperse it , that it dryeth up the naturall Seed of procreation therewith ; Being boyled in Milk and taken , it helpeth such as have a dry , and hot Cough , as Tragus saith ; An Emulsion made of the Seed , is given with good successe to those that have the Jaundise , especially in the beginning of the disease , if there be no Ague accompanying it , for it openeth the Obstruction of the Gall , and causeth digestion of Choller therein ; A decoction of the said Seed , stayeth Laskes and Fluxes , that are continuall , easeth the pains of the Chollick , and allayeth the troublesome humours in the Bowels ; An Hempseed Posset , with some Nutmeg , procureth Sleep being taken bedward ; The Leaves fryed with some of the blood of those who bleed exceedingly , and eaten , stayeth the issuing out thereof , whether it be at the Mouth , Nose , or any other place ; The juyce of the Leaves are held to be very effectuall to kill worms either in Man or Beast , and being dropped into the eares , it killeth the worms that are in them , and draweth forth Eare-wigs , or other living Creatures gotten into them ; The decoction of the Root allayeth Inflammations in the Head , or any other parts , and so doth the Herb it self , or the distilled Water thereof ; The said decoction easeth the pains of the Gout , the hard tumors or knots in the joynts , the pains and shrinking of the Sinewes , and the pains of the Hip ; The fresh juyce mixed with a little Oyl and Butter , is good for any place that hath been burnt with fire , being thereto applyed ; Notwithstanding these Vertues , it is said to be hard of digestion , hurtfull to the Head and Stomack , and breedeth ill blood and juyce , and in the body , if it be taken without discretion . Concerning the gathering , shocking , threshing , watering , peeling or stripping , braking , dressing and spinning of Hemp I dare not be too particular , lest I should be contradicted by every Country Huswife , every of which doth very well know that the Summer Hemp affordeth most Teere as they call it , and maketh the siner Cloth for Shirts , Smocks , Aprons , Table Cloths , and such like necessary uses , and that the Winter Hemp hath in it more Hards , which being Spun , serveth for Sheets , Dresser-Cloths and the like . The Cordage that is made of the rough Hemp , is not altogether inconsiderable , for by it Ships are guided , Bels are rung , Rogues are kept in awe , Beds are corded , &c. Nay , the Rags of the old Cloth that is made of Hemp , serve to make Paper , which is as usefull a commodity as any whatsoever . And if there be any one that is not sufficiently satisfied with these uses of Hemp , and Hempseed , let them read the Works of John Taylor , the Water Poet , who hath written very much in the praise of Hempseed .

CHAP. CCLXXXII . Of the Water Lillie .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine also Nymphaea , because it loveth to grow no where but in the Water , which the Greeks sometimes call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , though that word hath other significations also , or rather from the Story though fabulous ( for many of purplants have received names upon such accounts ) of the Nymph which pind away for the love of Hercules , and was changed hereinto ; It is called by the Apothecaries Nenuphar ; by Apuleius , Mater Herculara , Algapalustris , Papaver palustre , Clavus Veneris , and Digitus ; by Ma●cellus , Clava H●rculis ; Some have called it in English the Water Rose , as well as the Water Lilly .

The Kindes .

Of the Water Lillies , both white and yellow , there be seven sorts . 1 The great common white water Lilly . 2 The lesser white water Lilly . 3 Small white water Lilly , commonly called Froybit . 4 The great white water Lilly of Egypt . 5 The great yellow water Lilly . 6 The smaller yellow water Lilly . 7 Small yellow water Lilly , with lesser flowers .

The Forme .

The great common white water Lilly hath very large round Leaves , in the shape of a buckler , thick , fat , full of juyce , and of a dark green colour , which , standing upon long , round , and smooth foot-stalks , full of a sponglous substance , alwayes flote upon the water , seldome or never growing above it : from amongst which , there rise up from the Root other thick and great stalks , like unto the foot-stalks of the Leaves , each of them sustaining one onely large white flower thereon , green on the out side , but exceeding white within , confisting of divers rowe , of long and somewhat thick , and narrow Leaves , smaller and thinner , the more inward they be , with many yellow threds or thrums in the middle , standing about a small head , which after the leaves are fallen of , becometh like unto a Poppy Head , containing in it broad , blackish , Oyly and glittering seed , of a bitter tast ; The Roots be round , long , and tuberous , with many knobs thereat , like Eyes , of substance loose and spongy , of colour black without , and white within , out of which groweth a multitude of strings , by which it is fastened in the ground under the bottom of the Water .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts of Water Lillies , except the fourth , whose name sheweth its place also , do grow in most parts of England , where there be any standing pooles , great ditches , or small slow running Rivers , in every of which they are frequent , and sometimes in large Rivers , which run pretty quick ; They flower in the Months of May and June , and their seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The Leaves and Flowers of the Water Lillies are cold and moist , but the Root and Seed are cold and dry .

The Vertues .

The Seed and Root of the Water Lilly , whether white or yellow , but principally the yellow being boyled in Water , is of wonderfull efficacy to coole , bind , and restrain , and therefore the said decoction cannot but be exceeding good for those who shall endeavour to preserve themselves from Lechery and uncleannesse , for it not onely stoppeth the involuntary passage of Sperme in Sleep , commonly called Nocturnall pollution , but is so powerfull in this particular , that the frequent use hereof extinguisheth even the very Motions to venery , and so doth the Root and Seed used in meat or drink , or the Root only bruised and applyed to the genitals , or the green Leaves laid upon the Region of the back , either of which wayes it is available , also for the Gonorrhea or running in the Reines , and the whites , or any other flux in Man or Woman , but especially if it be boyled in thick red wine and drunk ; The said Root is very good for those whose Urine is hot and sharp , to be boyled in Wine or Water , and the decoction thereof drunk ; The Leaves do cool all Inflammations , and both the outward and inward heats of Agues , the decoction thereof being drunk or bathed with ; They are also very effectuall to expell the secondine or After birth , whereof they have the Signature , as the learned Crolli●● observeth ; Both the simple and compound Syrupes , which are made of white water Lilly flowers , and may be had at the Apothecaries , are fine and cooling they allay the heat of Choller , provoke Sleep , settle the brains of Frantick persons , by cooling the hot distemperature of the head , as they do the distempers of other parts , as the Heart , Liver , Reines , and Matrix , proceeding of Heat , and so doth the Conserve made of the said flowers ; The distilled Water of the said flowers is very effectuall for all the diseases aforesaid , both inwardly taken , and outwardly applyed , and is very much commended for the taking away of Freckles , Spots , Sunburn , and Morphew from the skin in the Face , or any other part of the Body , and so doth the Root being stamped with Water , and applyed often to the discoloured part , which being applyed to Wounds , stancheth the blood , and being mixed with Tar , it cureth the naughty scurfe of the Head ; The oyl made of the flowers , as the Oyl of Roses is made , cureth the Head-ach , causeth sweet and quiet sleep , and putteth away all Venerous dreams , and taketh down the standing of the Yard , the Head and privities being annointed therewith , and is profitable also to coole hot tumors and the inflammations of Ulcers and Wounds , neither doth it onely ease , but also heal them .

CHAP. CCLXXXIII . Of Hemlock .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Conion , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à circumvertend● , because it did so intoxicate the brain of those that took the juyce thereof , that they presently fell a staggering , or else every thing seemed to them to turn round , but though that which grew in Greece would do so , yet that which we have , is not so powerfull ; howbeit I shall not wish any one to try ; It is called in Latin● Cicuta , which some will have to be so denominated , quod velut cutem circumcirc● habeat , because it is covered with a double Skin ; In English Hemlock , Hemlock , Kex , and of some Herb Bennet , though not truly .

The Kinds .

To this kind may be referred these seven sorts . 1 The common great Hemlock . 2 Foolish Hemlock or Counterfeit Parsley . 3 The greatest Hemlock . 4 White wild Hemlock . 5 Red wild Hemlock . 6 Marsh or water Hemlock . 7 Bulbous rooted wild Hemlock .

The Forme .

The common great Hemlock groweth up with a hollow green stalk , two or three foot high , of a dark green colour , and sometimes spotted , whereupon at severall joynts are set very large winged Leaves , which are subdivided in many others that are lesser , dented about the edges , of a dark green colour also , branching out it selfe towards the top into several umbels or spoky tufts of white flowers , after which followeth the seed , of a pale green colour , and flattish , when it is ripe ; The Root is long , white , and sometimes crooked and hollow within , the whole Plant is very unsavoury , and therefore offensive to the Senses , especially to that of smelling .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in most Countrys by Walls and Hedge sides , especially in stinking and corrupt places , and therefore it is frequently found in such ditches which are made for the conveyance of any noysome excrements , or wherein dead Dogs and Cats , and other Carrion is used to be cast , this poysonous Plant drawing unto it and feeding upon the maligne juyce and nourishment , which those places plentifully afford : The second is found in Gardens , as well as other places , where it is sometimes mistaken for Parsly , by those that are ignorant of Herbs ; The third is said to be found onely in Gardens about these parts ; The fourth and fifth are frequent in the moist Grounds and Marshes of France , and besides the Waters there ; The sixt is not altogether a stranger to our owne Rivers sides , especially to the Thames ; The last is best known to be of Hungaria and Austria . They differ not much in their time , for all of them flower and seed in July or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Hemlock is held to be cold in the fourth degree by Galen and others , yet many are of opinion that the Hemlock that groweth in England is not so cold as that which the Ancients make mention of .

The Vertues .

Though the Hemlock that grew in Greece and thereabouts were pernicious to be applyed to the Privities for the restraining of Lust , because they made those members to pine away , yet that which growes with us , ( unlesse it be in a very noysome and stinking place ) is said to be a good receipt for that purpose , both the Leaves and tops being bruised , and applyed to the Genitals ; The same being applyed to the Breasts of Maidens which are great and swagging , or hanging downe , causeth them to be contracted and to become round and lovely , without any danger , and repelleth the Milk of those that are oppressed therewith , either upon the putting out of their Children to nurse , or the weaning of them . It may also be safely applyed to any Inflammations , Tumors , or Swellings in any part of the Body , as also to St. Anthonies fire , Wheales , Pushes and creeping Ulcers , that rise of hot sharp humors , by cooling and repelling the Heat , especially the concrete juyce which is pressed out of the Leaves and Umbels of seed , whilst they are young and then dryed in the Sun , and made into little Balls , being afterwards dissolved in some convenient liquor , as Plantain Water or the like . The same may be used in such Medicines as are applyed for the asswaging of any extraordinary pain , which it doth by the narcoticall or b●numming faculty that it hath . The Leaves bruised and laid to the forehead is good for their eyes that are red and swollen , as also to take away the Pin and Web growing therein , for which a small handfull of the Herb , with half so much Bay Salt beaten together and applyed to the contrary wrist , for four and twenty hours is much commended , but it must be renewed two or three times . If the Root hereof be roasted under the embers , wrapped in double wet Papers untill it be soft and tender , and then applyed to the Gout in the hands or fingers , it will quickly help this evill : It is said the Leaves stamped and dryed and made into a Plaister , doth heal all ruptures , or chappings within nine or ten dayes , and being made hot between two tiles , and applyed to the Legs that are swollen with a bruise or fall , it helpeth them . The seeds also beaten small , and moistned with Vinegar , and the groine and Cods annointed therewith , abateth the inordinate appetite to Venery , helpeth the swelling and comming out of the Matrix , being applyed thereunto , and maketh the Dugges that exceed in bigness to become lesse : Being applyed to the soles of the Feet , it bringeth down the humors that cause the falling sicknesse . I am not ignorant how that Socrates , through the accusation of Aristus and Melitus was sentenced to destruction with a potion hereof , yet it is the opinion of the learned Dr. Howe ( whose endeavours for the advancement and perfection of Simpling can never be sufficiently commended ) that our ordinary Hemlock is not so dangerous to be taken inwardly , as is generally supposed , he having made tryall first upon Beasts and then upon Men , and never found it to have any pernicious operation , yet I goe not hereby to encourage any one to make use of it rashly , and no respect being had unto the places where it growes , without the advice of an able Physitian , and then no doubt but it may be taken inwardly for the falling sicknesse , being boyled in Wine and drunk , and if it be rightly applyed in a Feaver , it may very well prevent death , by procuring Sleep ; And though it should have some of those hurtfull qualities which have been said to be in it , yet it is not rendred altogether uselesse , for those Plants which even in Health do bring death , in some sicknesses do prevent it ; But if any one should by tempering herewith , or by eating hereof insteed of Parsley , or the Root insteed of a Parsnip , ( for which they have been mistaken ) be troubled with any of those Symptomes , which it is said to cause , as the Phrensy or pertubation of the fight , and other senses , as if they were stupified or drunk , the best way will be to drink liberally of the best and strongest pure Wine , which I take to be Sack , before it strike to the Heart , and the same may be done by Vinegar , as Tragus writeth upon his owne experience , especially if there be some Gentian put to either of them . It is question lesse soporiferous , as apperes by Matthi●lus his stories of the Asses which were laid so fast a sleep by the eating thereof , that they seemed dead , in so much that the Owners of them being loath to loose their skins , caused them to be flayed , and so lost their Asses , as some say , which after the Hemlock had done working , stirred and wakened out of their sleep , to the great grief and amazement of the Owners , but to the laughter and merriment of others , to see the Asses walk without their Skinnes .

CHAP. CCLXXXIV . Of Camphire .

The Names .

IT is probable that Camphora was not knowne to the Grecians , for if it had , surely Dioscorides or some other Writer of theirs , would have taken notice of it . It is called in Latine Camphora , Caphura , and Capura , from the Arabick word Cafur , so that it may be lawfully supposed that the knowledge of the thing it selfe , as well as its name , came from the Arabians . In English Camphire , Camfire , Camphor , and Camfer .

The best Kind .

Because I find but one Tree from which Camphire proceedeth , as also that it is sometimes sophisticated , I thought it not amisse to give you ( as formerly the sorts of other Plants so ) the best sort of Gum that issueth from this , which is white , shining and cleer as Chrstall , not full of spots , easy to be broken and brittle , also being set on fire it burneth , and is not easily quenched , and hath a strong ●cent with it also .

The Forme .

The Tree that yeeldeth Camphire is of a very great size , like to a Wallnut-Tree , whose Wood is somewhat solid and firme , and of an Ash or Beech like colour , or somewhat blacker ; The Leaves are whitish like unto Willow Leavs , neither the flower nor fruit have been observed by any that have writ thereof , though q●estionlesse it beareth both ; The Gum which is the Camphire , issueth forth partly of its owne accord , but chiefly by incision ; It commeth forth cleer and white , without any spot therein , but what it acquireth from their foul hands that touch it , and is of a very strong scent , and of thin parts , so that being but a while exposed to the ayre , both the scent and substance vanish away : the Wood being made into severall Works will smell thereof a long time .

The Places and Time .

Some have thought Camphire to be a kind of Mineral , because it is sometimes digged out of the Sand that lyeth on the Indian shore , all along that tract which reacheth from Memel to Gedan , as Scaliger affirmeth , yet he is not of that opinion , but saith it is a Teare or Gum of a Tree growing in India upon the Sea Coasts , and that it falleth from thence into the Sea , and is carried into those parts by the tide . I find it not any where expressed at what time the said Gumme is to be especially gathered .

The Temperature .

It hath been the opinion of divers Physitians , that Camphire is cold and dry in the third degree , but others esteem it to be hot , because of its bitternesse and strong scent .

The Vertues .

Though the faculty which Camphire hath in extinguishing Venery be denyed by Scaliger , who writes thus . We have certain experience that Camphire doth not extinguish Venery , for saith he , a young Man did the feat lustily , although he had a peece thereof in his hand ; He saith also , that he tryed it upon a Bitch that went too proud , to whom he gave , and applyed it all the wayes he could devise , but all in vain , for , Coivit , concepit , peperit ; Yet this experience is not sufficient , for when it is said Camphire extinguisheth Lust , it is not so to be understood , as if by one act , or by using it outwardly once or twice it should prevaile , but it is to be often used , both inwardly and outwardly , and then it will be found wonderfull effectuall to that purpose ; It is also very available for the running of the Reines , and likewise against the Whites in Women , and also for the rising of the Mother , being dissolved in Balme water , by the help of a blanched Almond , without which or some other Oyly or viscous thing , as a Syrupe or the like , it will not , cold water having little or no power to make it relent ; It resisteth Putrifaction and Venome , and is therefore frequently used in the time of the Pestilence , both to defend those that are not infected from it , and to expell it from those that are , and to fortify the Heart in that , as well as in Feavers , and all other contagious diseases , being taken either in Electuary , Powder or Potion , &c. It cooles the heat of the Liver and Back , and is good for all manner of inflammations , which it is said to do by accident , in drawing hot vapours and humours away , and so discussing them in the same manner , as Linseed-Oyle , Vernix , and such like , doth cure burning , for of its proper nature , it is held to be altogether hot ; It helpeth the paines of the Head , and the heat thereof , if it be mixed with yellow Saunders and Red-Rose Water , and the Temples and Forehead bathed therewith ; It stoppeth blood that floweth out of the Nosthrils , if it be smelled to , and refresheth the braine ; It is used with good successe against St. Anthonies fire , and so it is against heat and inflammations of the eyes ; It is good in Wounds and Ulcers , to abate the heat in them , and is of much use among Women to beautify their face , and is usefull also for Men that are troubled with heat and Pimples in their Faces ; Being applyed to the Reines or Testicles , with the juyce of Nightshade , it correcteth the Lust of the Flesh when it is inordinate , and is good for single Persons to preserve their chastity ; It easeth the pains of the Teeth that are hollow , being put thereinto , and for this purpose the Oyl is very excellent ; Being put into a peice of fine Linnen or Taf●ecy , and hanged about the Neck , it cures Agues , especially in Children , and that by a specifick Vertue ; It is also good to recover the sense of smelling to those that have lost it , and to preserve from infection in times of contagion ; When it is set on fire it will not suddenly quench , though it be cast into Water , and therefore it is used with other things to make Wildfire , as they call it ; Notwithstanding the Vertues aforesaid , it is not safely given to such as have weak Heads or Stomacks , or to such as abhor the smell thereof , for it causeth the Head-ach , and taketh away Sleep , neither is it to be given in Cholerick diseases ; And when neither of these affects do hinder , 't is not safe to give above five or six grains of it at the most , except it be in the Pestilence , or such like disease .

CHAP. CCLXXXV . Of Tutsan .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and also Androsaemum in Latine , from the colour of the juyce which is in the Flowers , resembling Mans blood , for so the Greek word signifies ; Some have called it also Dionysia , and others Siciliana , and Herba Siciliana , because it was thought to grow no where naturally , but in Sicily ; It is called in English Tutsan , from the French , who call it Toutsaine , and that properly , because it is an excellent Wound herb ; Some call it also Parke Leaves , because it is familiar to Woodes and Parkes .

The Kinds .

There be four sorts of Tutsan mentioned by Authors . 1 Common Tutsan or Parke Leaves . 2. Matthiolus his Tutsan . 3 Tutsan of Naples . 4 Stinking Tutsan .

The Forme .

Common Tutsan groweth up with brownish shining round stalkes , chamsered or crested , hard and woody , being for the most part , two foot high , branching forth even from the bottom , and having divers joynts , at each of which stand two fair large Leaves , of a dark blewish green colour on the upper side , but somewhat yellowish underneath , turning reddish toward the Autumne , yet abiding on the branches all the Winter : at the tops whereof stand larg yellow flowers , which give place to Heads of Seed , being at the first greenish , then reddish , and at last of darkish purple colour , when they are full ripe , wherein are contained not only small brownish seed , but a reddish juyce or liquor , like unto blood , of a reasonable scent , but of an harsh or stiptick tast , as the Leaves also and Flowers be , though in a lower degree ; The Root is brownish , somewhat great , hard , and woody , spreading well in the ground , and of long continuance .

The Places and Time .

There are very few Woods , Groves , or woody Grounds , as Parkes , and Forrests , where the first doth not grow , whence it is brought by divers into their Gardens , both because it is a gentile , and an usefull plant ; The second is found about Bristow , Bath , and other parts of the West Country ; The third groweth Southward of Naples , upon the Hills Cirinola ; The last groweth by the Waters side in Candy , and upon Mount Baldus , as Pona saith . They flower in July and August , and the Berries with the seeds are ripe in September .

The Temperature .

Tutsan moderately heateth and dryeth , yet the seed is endued with an abstersive quality .

The Vertues .

The Leaves and Flowers of Tutsan are said to restrain those fleshly Motions , wherewith divers are infested , not onely when they are eaten , but also when they are taken in drink , or strewed under one , but the seed much more being tosted and rubbed , and then eat or drunk ; and Mr. Culpeper saith also , they are Antivenere●ll , and I think therein he speakes truth ; Castory being boyled in the juyce of Tutsan , and drunk , helpeth also that passion of the privy members , called Gonorrhea , which is an excretion or shedding of the Seed or Sperme against the Patients will , caused either by some violent disease , as the Falling Sicknesse , Convulsion or Cramp , or else by some overstraining of the body , with lifting of extraordinary heavy burdens , by which a flux or weaknesse of the retentive Vertue in the spermatick Vessels is sometimes procured , and this disease chanceth not only to Men but also to Women , in whom it is hard to cure . Two drams of the seed beaten small being taken in the morning , or after Supper , either in Meade , Wine , or fair Water , purgeth cholerick humors , and therefore it helpeth the Sciatica or Hip-Goat ; The herb healeth burnings by fire , and stayeth the bleeding of wounds , the green being bruised and applyed for the first , or the green or powder of the dry for the second ; It hath formerly been accounted , and certainly is a soveraign herb to heal any wound or sore , either outwardly or inwardly , and therefore may be used now as heretofore it hath been in Drinks , Lotions , Balms , Oyles and Oyntments , for any sort of green wound , or old Ulcers and Sores , in all which the people of former Ages found it very effectuall , though those of this do ignorantly contemn all those that savour either of antiquity or cheapnesse .

To this Head and the purposes therein contained , do belong Nightshade , Purslane , Henbane , Housleek , Lettice which are cold , and Rue and Calamint , which are so hot that they destroy the seed , but having handled them already upon other occasion , I passe now to the third Head , wherein we are to speake of some Plants that procure Womens Courses .

CHAP. CCLXXXVI . Of Mugwort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Artemisia in Latine , because as Pliny hath said , so many others have beleeved , that Artemisia the Queen of Caria was both the Mother and Godmother hereunto by finding out the Vertues , and giving it her name ; yet others are of opinion that it took its name from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Artemis , that is , Diana , because it is chiefly applyed to Womens diseases , over which Diana , that is the Moon hath much influence ; It was commonly called Parthenis , quasi Virginalis , Maidenwort , and Parthenium as Apuleius saith , though now Feaverfew be better known by that name ; Some superstitious Monks and Nuns have called Zona divi Johannis , St. Johns Girdle , beleiving that St. John Baptist wore a Girdle hereof , when he was in the Wildernesse ; It is also called Ma●er Herbarum .

The Kinds .

Though Pliny and others reckon but two sorts of Mugwort , there are five or six come to the knowledge of these later times . 1 Common M●gwort . 2 Small Mugwort . 3 Fine Mountain Mugwort . 4 Fruitfull Mugwort . 5 Virgini●n Mugwort . 6 Sea Mugwort .

The Formes .

The common Mugwort hath divers Leaves lying on the ground , very much divided and deeply dented about the edges somewhat like unto the common Wormwood , but much larger , of a darkish green colour on the upper side , but very white and hoary underneath ; from amongst which come up divers stalks , which are sometimes of a purplish colour , seldome exceeding two foot in height , except it be in extraordinary rank ground , whereon grow such Leaves as those below , but lesser , branching forth very much towards the top , whereon are set so many small pale yellowish flowers , like buttons , that they be●d again , which falling away , there comme●h small seed inclosed in small round Heads ; The Root is long and hard , with many fibres growing thereat , whereby it taketh fast hold in the ground , yet the stalks and leaves die in the Winter , the whole Plant is of a reasonable good scent .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth plentifully , as in other Lands , so in our owne , by the ways and ditch sides , and in divers other places ; The second is found in such like places , but not so frequently ; The three next are entertained as Stran●ers in the Gardens of the curious ; The last groweth about Rye and W 〈…〉 sey 〈◊〉 a●d in other parts of the Sea coast ; They do all flower and seed in July and August or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Mugwort is hot and dry in the second degree , being somewhat of thin parts .

The Vertues and Signature .

There is no Herb so generally received , or more usually proved for the curing of Womens diseases as Mugwort , whether it be inwardly or outwardly used ; The decoction of the Leaves , which are most in use , being made with Water or Wine and drunk , provoketh the courses , bringeth away the Birth and After birth , and helpeth the inflammations and stoppings of the Mother , as also the stopping of Urine , and is a good help against barrennesse in Women , that with the red stalks having the signature of Womens Flowers , and therefore it is endued with very much vertue , as to provoke , so to stop and correct them , in case they be superfluous , which a spoonfull of the Syrup performeth very excellently , which is also good to retain the Matrix in its place , and to help other passions thereof , as Coldnesse , Wind , Paine , &c. it strengthens the Nerve , opens the Pores , and corrects the blood ; The said decoction helpeth the stoppings of the Liver and Spleen proceeding from a cold cause , and is profitable for the Jaundise being boyled with Centory and taken ; Two or three drams of the Leaves in Powder , being drunk in Wine , helpeth the Sciatica , and the juyce being taken helpeth the biting of a Mad Dog . A decoction thereof being ●ate over , doth also performe those effects which that doth which is taken inwardly though not so vigorously , and so doth the juyce thereof made up with Myrrhe , or the Root put up as a Pessary ; Being made up with Hogs grease into an Oyntment , it taketh away Wens , and hard knots and kernels that grow about the Neck and Throat , as also to ease the pains about the Neck , especially if some field Daysies be put therein . The juyce of the Herb , or the Herb it sel●e being taken , is a good remedy for them that have taken too great a quantity of Opium . A decoction thereof made with Camomile , Agrimony and Sage , and the place bathed therewith warm , taketh away the paines of the Sinews and Cramp , and the same cannot but be a great refreshment to those whose feet are su●bated through sore travell , if they be bathed therein ; yet I have scarce so much faith as to believe that the Herb only carried about one should take away all sense of wearinesse , as Pliny reporteth , and therefore I have put it amongst other Traditions in my former Book , to which I might have added that concerning the Coales that are found at the Roots hereof , upon St. Joons Eve , and divers others .

CHAP. CCLXXXVII . Of Penny-royall .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Glecon and Blecon , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , balatus , either because the heat thereof causeth Sheep and Goates to bleat , when they are eating of it , or rather , as Pena saith , from expelling thick phlegme from the Lunges ; It is called in Latine Pulegium , and Pulejum also , quod incensum pulices n●cat , because it killeth Fleas being burned , to which the Epithet Reg●le is added to distinguish it from Pulegium montanum , by which name , wild Time is sometimes called ; It hath many English Names , as Run by the ground , and Lurke in Ditch , because of its manner of growing , Pudding-grasse , because it is used in Hog-puddings , and might be in Bag-puddings also , Pulial Royall , and of some Organy .

The Kinds .

There be six sorts of Penny-royall . 1 Common Penny-royall . 2 Great Penny-royall . 3 Thick or double Penny-royall . 4 White flowred Penny-royall . 5 French or Harts Penny-royall , which I take to be the same with Upright Penny-royall . 6 Round leafed Penny-royall .

The Forme .

Common Penny-royall hath many weak round stalks divided into sundry branches , rather leaning or lying on the ground then standing upright , whereon are set at severall joynts small roundish dark green Leaves , close by which towards the tops of the branches , do come forth divers rundles of small flowers , of a purple , and sometimes of a whitish colour ; I he branches being broken and thrust in the earth , which is the usuall way of propagating it , ( for I never observed nor heard whether it bear any seed or no ) shoot for small fibres or Roots at the joynts , as it lyeth upon the ground , fastening it self therein , so that it quickly overspreadeth the place where it hath once taken footing , especially if it be moist and shady ; It is of somewhat a strong but very wholesome smell .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth upon Putney Heath , as also upon Barnes Common , and in divers other moist and watery places of this Land , but for its usefulnesse it is brought up and cherished in Gardens . The second is not so frequent as the former , yet it is said to grow very plentifully in Essex , in divers places of the high-way betwixt London and Cholc●ester , and in other parts thereof ; The third is said to be a spontaneall of our owne Land , but taken notice of only by the curious ; The fourth groweth in Piedmont , and the fift about Mompelier in France very plentifully ; The last grew in the Garden at Padoa , but whence it came is not recorded . They flower about August , and sometimes later .

The Temperature .

Galen saith that Penny-royall is hot and dry in the third degree , and of subtile parts , rarifying or making thin , warming and digesting .

The Vertues .

There is hardly a Country Lasse of sixteen years old but knows that Penny-royall boyled in Beer and drunk , provoketh the courses , and therefore they have recourse to it as often as occasion requires , and if it be boyled in Wine , it will not hurt them ; Neither is it only usefull for Women , so long as they continue Maides , but when they are married also , for if so be a Child should die in the Mothers Womb , as sometimes it doth , and therefore is not able to make its way forth ; The said decoction made in Wine will not only expell it , but also the after-birth ; Taken with Water and Vinegar mingled together , it stayeth the disposition to vomit , and allayeth the gnawing of the Stomack ; Being mixed with honey and salt it cleareth the Breast of all grosse and thick humors , and openeth the passages of the Lunges , helpeth Cramps , purgeth melancholy humors by Stoole , and being drunk with Wine it helpeth such as are stung by venemous Beasts ; The decoction thereof is good in the Falling Sicknesse , Dropsy , Jaundise , Stopping of the Urine and in the Leprosy ; Being stamped with a like quantity of Mints , and some Vinegar to it , it is profitable against fainting and swooning , if it be either smelled thereto , or a little thereof put into the Mouth , and so it helpeth the Lethargy and Falling Sicknesse ; And if it be carried to Sea , and used with the unwholesome and stinking Water which Men are sometimes compelled to drink in their long Voyages , it helpeth it much , and causeth it to be the lesse hurtfull ; The powder of the dryed Herb , or the Ashes of it being burnt , strengtheneth the Gums , being rubbed therewith , and being boyled in Wine with Honey and Salt , it helpeth the Tooth-ach ; Being applyed to the place that is troubled with the Gout untill it wax red , it profiteth very much , and so it doth those that are Splenetick or Livergrown , if some salt be added thereunto ; It helpeth the swelling and hardnesse of the Mother , if it be put in Baths for Women to sit in , and so it helpeth the Itch , especially if it be boyled in Water ; The green Herb being bruised and some Vinegar put thereto , doth not only take away black and blew marks neer the eyes or in any other place , but healeth foul Ulcers , by causing the matter to digest , and by cleansing them , and so it doth any discolourings that happen to the face , by fire or otherwise ; It helpeth the cold griefes of the joynts , taking away the paines by its heat , being fast bound to the place after a bathing , or having been in an hot house ; The distilled Water is very effectuall for many of the purposes aforesaid , especially for Womens diseases , and to ease pains in the Bowels .

CHAP. CCLXXXVIII . Of Southernwood .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Abrotonum , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quòd conspectu tenerum appareat , for its pretty aspect to the eye ; The Latines following the Greek , call it also Abrotonum , but more commonly Abrotanum , to which they adde the Epithet Mas , to distinguish it from the Abrotanum faemina , which the most judicious hold to be Lavander Cotton , which I have already spoken to .

The Kindes .

There be divers kinds of Southernwood here to be remembred . 1 Common Southernwood . 2 Great Southernwood . 3 Tree Southernwood . 4 Unsavoury Southernwood . 5 Small sweet Southernwood . 6 Field Southernwood . 7 Hoary Field Southernwood .

The Forme .

Common Southernwood riseth up with divers small woody branches , the tops whereof are so weak that they bend downwards again , especially for some space after they be shot forth , but towards the end of the year they become as woody almost as the elder Stemmes , which are commonly about two foot high , and in time rise to be almost as high as a man , from whence do proceed many small fine and short Leaves , somewhat like unto those of Fennell , but not so long , of a grayish or rosset green colour , somewhat strong , but not unpleasant to the smell , and of a strong and somewhat bitter tast ; from the middle almost to the tops of the upper sprigges do sometimes stand small round yellow flowers , hanging like little buttons , which op●n very little , and after them cometh the seed , which is smaller then that of Wormwood ; The Root is woody , having divers strings annexed thereto , but growet hnot very deep .

The Places and Time .

The first hath been so long a free Deniz●n of the Gardens that whence it had its originall Extraction is altogether forgotten ; The second groweth wild in some parts of Germany , yet they usually vouchsafe unto it a station in their Gardens ; The third came originally from the L●vant , and is now distributed into divers places , as into England , Italy , Germany , the Low Countryes , &c. The fourth as is said , was found in Austria , Hungary , and the Coasts neer adjoyning ; The ●ift is found only with them that are curious ; The sixt is an Inhabitant of the Harcynian Wood in Germany , and the last hath its naturall dwelling neer Lintz in Austria . Many of them do flower in June and July , but some of them later , or not at all , so that their seed is seldome seen . Some of them , if not all , loose their Leaves in the Winter as many other Trees .

The Temperature .

Southernwood is hot and dry in the end of the third degree , having the force both of rarifying and discussing .

The Vertues .

The tops of Southernwood , for the flowers and seed are not so common stamped raw with water and drunk , bringeth unto women their monthly purgations , in case they come not at their usuall time , but stay so long , that expectation may seeme frustrated , and so it is profitable for those who cannot take breath without holding their Necks straight up , for those that are troubled with the Cramp , or Shrinking of the Sinewes , for the Sciatica also , and for them that can hardly make water , all which effects the flowers and seed do excellently performe , if they can be had . Being drunk in Wine it is good against all poyson and venome , and destroyeth the Wormes both by killing and expelling them ; The seed of Southernwood doth both digest and consume all cold humors , tough slime and phlegme , which do usually stop the Spleen , Kidneys and Bladder ; The tops boyled in Wine or Water , with Honey or Sugar , and drunk three or four times a day , helpeth the shortnesse and straightnesse of the breath , by cutting the slimy and tough phlegme that causeth it , and so it is a good remedy for the Cough , the Cardiack passion , and for many other inward griefes ; The branches being burnt , and the ashes mixed with the Oyl of Palma Christi , or old Oyl Olive restoreth the hair , where it is fallen off , and causeth the Beard to come forth speedily , if the bare places be annointed therewith twice a day against the Sun or Fire , which it may be said to do by Signature , the finenesse of the Leaves somewhat resembling the Hair ; The tops only being stamped with a roasted Quince , and applyed to all inflammations of the eyes , taketh them away ; The Leaves boyled tender and stamped with Barly Meale , and Barrowes grease , untill it become like a salve , dissolveth and wasteth all cold humors and swellings , being spread upon a peece of Cloath or Leather , and applyed thereunto ; And being stamped with Oyl , and those Limbes that are benummed with cold , or bruised , being annointed therewith , it helpeth them , and taketh away the shivering fits of the Ague , by heating the body , if it be annointed therewith before the fits do come , but especially the Back bone ; If it be boyled with Barly Meale , it taketh away Pimples , Pushes , or Wheales , that rise in the Face , or other parts of the Body ; The Herb bruised and laid to , helpeth to draw forth Splinters , and Thorns out of the flesh ; The ashes thereof dryeth up and healeth old sores and Ulcers that are without , although by the sharpnesse thereof it biteth sore ; as also the sores that are in the privy parts of Men or Women . The Oyl made of Southernwood , being used as an ingredient in those Oyntments that are used against the French disease is very effectuall , and likewise killeth Lice in the Head . The distilled Water of the Herb is said to help them much that are troubled with the Stone , as also for the Diseases of the Spleen and Mother . The Germanes commend it for a singular Wound Herb , and therefore call it Stabwort ; It is held to be more offensive to the Stomack , then Wormwood , if it be taken inwardly , and therefore is never used in our ordinary Meat and Drink , and besides it will make some mens Heads to ake , yet the Herb somewhat dryed , and put into a linnen bag , and laid as a Stomacher next the skin , comforteth a cold Stomack well , so that though inwardly taken it is not so good for the Stomack as Wormwood , yet outwardly applyed it is better . It driveth away spiders , and other vermine , being laid for a strewing , or burnt in such places as they be frequent ; It is said that if a branch of Southernwood be laid under ones Bed , Pillow , or Bolster , it provoketh carnall copulation , and resisteth all inchantments that hinder the same .

CHAP. CCLXXXIX . Of Savoury .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Thymbron and Thymbra , perhaps from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 suffio , because of its odor or smell ; and Thymbra also in Latine , besides which , it hath none other Latine Name as some suppose , though others make bold to call it Satureia , either à saturando , because it is used in broth and stewed meates , to give thereunto a good rellish , and by that meanes causeth them the better to satisfie hunger , or from Satyrus , A Satyre , because they used it to provoke Venery , which I cannot be so confident as to assert , seeing that I find that it helpeth the disease called Satyriasis or Priapismus , which is wrought by a contrary quality , which derivation I suppose to be rather by Antiphrasis ; Some hold it also to be the same which was called Cunila by the Ancients .

The Kindes .

The sorts of Savoury , as well those that are rare , as those which are common , are five . 1 Winter Savoury . 2 Summer Savoury . 3 Rock Savoury . 4 The true Savoury of Candy . 5 Prickly Savoury of Candy .

The Forme .

Winter Savoury is a small low bushy herb , somewhat like unto Hyssop , but not so high , with divers small hard branches , compassed on every side with narrower & sharper pointed Leaves then those of Hyssop , with which they have some resemblance , yet this doth sometimes grow with four Leaves set at a joynt , so that it may be easily distinguished therefrom , of a reasonable strong scent , yet not so strong as that of the Summer kind ; amongst which grow the flowers of a pale purplish and sometimes whitish colour , set at severall distances towards the tops of the Stalks ; The Root hath divers small strings thereat , but the body of it is woody , as the rest of the Plant is .

The Places and Time .

The first is so common that there be few Gardens without it ; The second is not so familiar , though the naturall place of neither of them is remembred by any Author that hath written of this Subject , yet it is very probable that there grew great plenty thereof in that field neer unto Troy , which is said to be called Thymbra for that reason , and from thence Apollo , one of the Patrons of that City , was called Thymbraeus ; The rest also grow wild in divers places of Europe , as the third upon St. Julians Rock , and the two last in Candy as their names declare , and are cherished by those that delight in variety of Plants ; They are propagated both by seed and slipping , in the Spring time especially , yet those which abide all Winter , are more usually increased by slipping then sowing ; They flowrish in the end of Summer , and therefore seldome perfect their Seed .

The Temperature .

Savoury is hot and dry in the third degree , it not only maketh thin , but openeth the passages .

The Vertues .

To provoke the Termes , not only the blood is to be attenuated , but the mouths of the Vessels are also to be opened , both which faculties are in Savory , as is but now expressed in the Temperature , and therefore it must needs be very effectuall for that purpose , being boyled in Wine or Water and drunk . It is also commended for Women with Child , to take thereof inwardly , and to smell often thereunto , which effect is more likely then that it should help dull and decayed coi●ure , for that which provoketh the Termes moderatly , rarifieth the menstrous blood , making it active , and fit to nourish the Conception , which the frequent desire and consequently the acts of Copulation do many times destroy , besides those things which incite to Venery are commonly windy , but this expelleth wind , yet I shall not be over earnest to presse this opinion , because I know that many simples have very different operations . It is also a present help for the rising of the Mother procured by wind , the belly being fomented therewith , it provoketh Urine , and expelleth wind out of the stomack and bowels . It procureth a good appetite , by taking away that loathing from the Stomack , which hindreth the same : It cutteth tough phlegme in the Chest and Lunges , and helpeth to expectorate it the more easily , and therefore it is not without good reason used both for a farsing or faceting herb as they call it , and to season stewed meat and broths , as I said before ; It quickneth the dull Spirits in the Lethargy , the juyce thereof being snuffed or cast up into the Nostrhils : The juyce dropped into the eyes cleareth a dull sight , if it proceed of thin cold humours distilling from the brain : The juyce heated with a little Oyl of Roses , and dropped in the eares , cureth the noyse and singing in them , and deafnesse also : Applyed with Wheat Flower in the manner of a Pultis , it giveth ease to the Sciatica , or Members that have the Palsy , by heating and warming them . It taketh away the stinging of Bees , Waspes , &c. and being laid in Chambers , it killeth Fleas . It is said that if a Womans belly be swollen , as if she were with Child , when indeed she is not , Savery stamped and strained with Ale , and drunk with the powder of Jet and white Amber , and the said Herb with Hyssope and Leeks fryed in fresh Butter , and applyed to the back and belly , maketh her gaunt , and reduceth her to her due proportion , and it is like enough to be true .

CHAP. CCXC. Of Time .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Thymus , either 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is given to those ( qui deliquium animi patiuntur ) which are apt to swound , and troubled with giddinesse of the head , or else 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 because the Ancients used to burn it first of all in their heathenish sacrifices : Wild Time or Mother of Time , as they call it , of which I intend to intreat also in this Chapter , is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Serpitium in Latine à serpendo , because it is so small that it spreadeth its branches upon ground , seeming as it were to creep and not to stand .

The Kindes .

There be thirteen sorts of Time , and Mother of Time . 1 Common Garden Time . 2 The true Time of the Ancients . 3 Hoary Time . 4 Mastick Time . 5 Unsavoury Time . 6 French wild Time . 7 The greater Mother of Time . 8 Rough Mother of Time . 9 Hungarian Mother of Time . 10 The ordinary small wild or Mother of Time . 11 Lemmon Time . 12 Musk Time . 13 Guilded or embrodered Time .

The Forme .

The ordinary Garden Time is a small low woody Plant , with brittle branches , and small hard green Leaves on them , having small white purplish flowers standing with some Leaves in roundles round about the tops of the Stalks ; The seed is small and browner then Marjerome seed ; The Root is wood● and abideth well divers Winters , if they be not too violent , and the Plants not grown too great or woody , for then they will perish therein , and therefore the best way is to slip it , and transplant it every third or fourth year .

The Places and Time .

The two first grow very plentifully in Spaine , the one in old Castile , the other about Sevill where they use no other , as also in Syria , &c. The third and fourth do acknowledge no place but the Garden ; The fift and sixt are Spaniards , the one growing by the Sea side neer Alikanta , the other in old Cast●le , as it doth also in France about Narbone , whence it hath its name ; The seventh is onely sound in the Gardens of the curious ; The eighth about Basil ; The ninth in Hungary : The tenth is frequent in most pastures of this Land ; The eleventh in many places of Kent ; The two last are nursed up in Gardens only . Most of them flower in July , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Time is hot and dry in the third Degree .

The Vertues .

Time being of the same Temperature with Savery , worketh the same effects , nay it is somewhat more powerfull in Womens diseases ; for being boyled in Water with Honey , and drunk , it not only bringeth down Womens monthly purgations , but is also effectuall to cause those that are in hard Labour to be delivered , be the Child alive or dead , and then expelleth the Secondine or After-birth ; The same is good against the Cough and Shortnesse of breath , it provoketh Urine , dissolveth clotted or congealed blood in the Body , and killeth the Wormes in the Belly ; Being taken with Honey in an Electuary , it causeth tough phlegme to be easily brought away , and helpeth those also that are dull sighted ; It is of good use in Meat● and Broths to warm and comfort the Stomack , and to help both the sick and so●nd to break wina ; It is very profitable in the Colick , Iliack , and N●p●●iti●k passions , and most excellent against M●lin●●ly and St●ppings of the Manix . Four drams of dryed Time in Powder , being given fasting with S●rupe of Vinegar , helpeth them that are troubled with the Gout , for it purgeth away Choser and other sharp humors ; and one dram thereof given fasting in Meade or Metheglin , dissolveth the hard swellings of the B●ly ; It is profitable also for those that have swellings in their sides , and p●i●s in the Loynes and Hippes ; It is likewise given to those that have paines in their Eyes , and are blea●-eyed ; The Decoction thereof dissolveth tumors or swellings , if they be bathed therewith upon the first rising thereof ; The j●yce thereof being annointed or bathed on the place with some Vinegar , taketh away loose and hanging Warts ; It helpeth those that have the Sciatica , applyed with Wine and Meale , and helpeth the sw●ll●n C●ds being laid thereto ; It is used in Baths to expell Wind , and ease the Joynt-Gout . The Wild Time or Mother of Time is more effectuall then the former to provok● the Termes and Vrine , if it be boyled in Wine and drunk ; It is also helpfull to those that are troubled with griping paines in their B●k●es , or that have Cremps , or are bu●st●n● bellyed , or are troubled with inflammation of the Liver ; It helpeth the Ague , easeth the Strangury , breaketh the Stone in the Bladder , stayeth the Hicket , and is available for those that spit or vomit blood ; Being taken inwardly or applyed outwardly , after it hath been boyled in Rosewater , it helpeth the Headech and Fren●y , and if you make a Vinegar of the Herb , as the Vinegar of Roses is made , it is excellent good to be used in the Lethargy inwardly or outwardly , or both , and to stay Vemiting . Being taken with Honey , Liquoris and Anniseeds in Wine , it helpeth a dry Cough , and is comfortable both to the Head , Stomack , and Reines , and helpeth to expell wind ; It is a remedy against venemous brings , either taken in drink , or outwardly applyed .

CHAP. CCXC. Of Alexanders .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is a kind of Parsly that exceedeth all others in bignesse , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , being a word which in composition doth augment the signification of that whereunto it is joyned , as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 also doth ; It is also named Hipposelinum by the Latines , and Olus atrum , either because of its dark green colour , or because it maketh the pottage wherein it is boyled to look blackish ; Galen and others have taken it to be the Smyrnium of the Ancie●ts , but Dioscorides saith the true Smyrnium is another herb , of which the present age seemes to be ignorant . It is called in English Alexanders , Alizanders , and Allisanders .

The Kindes .

There be two sorts of Alexanders . 1 Garden Alexanders . 2 Alexanders of Candy .

The Forme .

Garden Alexanders groweth with divers large Leaves which are winged , or cut into many parts , somewhat resembling Smallage , but greater , broader , rounder , and more cut in about the edges , of a dark green colour , and somewhat an hot and spicy tast , and a little bitter withall , from amongst which riseth up one or more round and great stalks , sometimes a yard high and better , whereon grow divers branches with Leaves like unto the lowermost , but lesser , at the extremities whereof do grow large tufts or umbels of white flowers , after which cometh the seed , being of a blackish colour , not full round , but straked on the back , and of an hot and bitterish tast , as the root also is , which being great , thick , long and blackish on the outside , but white underneath , it spreadeth it self under the ground into many parts .

The Places and Time .

The first is said to be commonly sowne in most Gardens of Europe where they have it , yet it hath been found wild also in some Isles about our owne Land , by Mr. WILLIAM QUICK , the seed whereof being supposed to a different kind from that of the Garden , when it was sowed , proved to be the same ; The other came from Candy as its name doth testifie ; They both flower in June and July , and the seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The Seed and Roots of Alexanders are hot and dry in the third degree , of a cleansing and attenuating faculty .

The Vertues .

It is agreed on by all Authors that the seed of Alexanders made into powder and taken in a small Cup of White-Wine , either raw or boyled , is very powerfull not only in moving the Courses , but expelling the after-Birth ; The same is very profitable also to provoke Urine and to help the Strangury , and availeth against the bitings of Serpents , and breaketh wind , and is therefore good for the Collick ; The upper part of the Root and the Leaves are very usefull to be boyled together in Broth for the purgation of the blood in the Spring time , to which may be also added Nettle tops , Elder buds , Cleavers , Watercresses , &c. Some eat the Roots hereof raw with Vinegar , some stew them , and so eat them , and that cheifly in the time of Lent , to help to digest the crudities and viscous humours that are gathered in the Stomach by the much use of Fish at that time ; It doth also warm any other cold Stomach , and by the bitternesse helpeth to open Stoppings of the Liver and Spleen ; The Leaves bruised and applyed to any bleeding wound , stoppeth the blood and dryeth up the sore without any griefe , and maketh such tumors as are hard and scrophulous to come to maturity and ripenesse ; The Roots preserved in a pickle of Vinegar and Salt , are a very wholesome sawce with Meats , for it stirreth up the Appetite , cleanseth and comforteth the Stomach , and removeth stoppings of the breast , and shortnesse of breath ; They are convenient for every Age and Constitution , especially the Phlegmatick , and such as are subject to be stuffed up upon any distemper ; The seed hath , besides what hath been expressed , all the Vertues wherewith the ordinary Parsly seed is endued , being altogether void of those evill and hurtfull qualities which are said to be in Parsly seed , and is therefore convenient and better then the Garden sort , if it can be had ; It is given in Powder , from a Scruple to two Scruples : in Decoction , from a Dram to two Drams .

CHAP. CCXCI. Of Anemonies .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Anemone , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the Wind , because it was anciently believed , that these kinds of Flowers did never open themselves , but when the wind did blow . In Latin also Anemone , and Herba Venti . We call them in English Anemonies after the Greek name , & Wind-flowers after the Latin , but the common people call them Emones , the wild kinds whereof are called Pulsatill●es , which because they flower about Easter are called Pasque-Flowers , Pasque in French signifying Easter , and Pass-Flowers .

The Kindes .

To reckon up every particular Member of this exceeding numerous Family , were almost an Herculean Labour , and is thought would gravell the most experienced Florist in Europe , and therefore I shall not undertake it , but mention a few of those which are common , beginning first with the Pulsatillaes , not because they are fittest to provoke the Termes , but because they grow in our own Land , more frequently , I mean naturally , than the other , and yet are taken notice of by few . 1. ●he purple Pasque-flower . 2 The red Pass flower . 3. The double Pass-flower . 4. The Pass flower of Denmark . 5. The Wood Anemone or Wind-flower . 6. Anemone or Wind flower with a tuberous Root . 7. The Flesh colour'd Anemone . 8. The blew Anemone .

The Form .

The purple Pasque-flower hath many leaves lying on the ground , somewhat rough or ha●ry hard in feeling , and finely cut into many small Leaves , of a dark green colour almost like the leaves of Carrets , but finer and smaller , from among which rise up naked stalks , rough or ha●ry also , for about the middle thereof with some small divided Leaves compassing them , above which they rise almost a span each of them bearing one pendulous Flower made of six Leaves , and of a fine Violet Purple colour , but somewhat deep withall , in the middle whereof stand many yellow threds , set about a purple pointel ; after the Flower is past , there cometh up instead thereof , a bushy head of long seedes , which are small and hoary , having at the end of every one a small hair , which is grey likewise ; the root is small and long ▪ growing downwards into the ground , with a tuft of hair at the head thereof , and not lying or running under the upper crust thereof , as the other wild Anemonies do , which is the greatest difference betwixt them : The Plant is of no sharpness untill it be bruised between ones fingers , and then the Leaves held to the Nose will twinge the nostrills very much .

The Places and Time .

The first grows in a close belonging to the Parsonage of Hildersham , 6 miles from Cambridg● the second in great abundance on a Heach towards Barneck 3 miles from Stamford , the third growes also in England , but I have not understood the determinate place ; the fourth should be a D 〈…〉 by his name ; the fifth grows in Stow Wood two miles from Oxford : the sixth upon Cotteswald Hills , neer Black Burton , very plentifully ; the two lift are cherished up in Gardens , with many others , which are best known to them that delight therein . The ordinary time to plant . Anemonies is most commonly in August , some of which perhaps will flower before Winter , but most usually in February , March , or April , few or none of them abiding untill May ; but if you will keep some Roots out of the ground unplanted untill February , March , or April , and plant some at one time , and some at another , and then those that were planted in February will , flower about the middle or end of May , and so the rest accordingly after that manner , you may have the pleasure of these Plants all the Summer long , provided that you keep the Roots neither too dry nor too moist , and that they be planted where they may be somewhat shadowed .

The Temperature .

Both these sorts , as well Pulsatillaes as Anemonies , are sharp , biting the tongue , and of a binding quality , but the Pulsatillaes exceed the other , in that they exulcerate and eat into the skin , in case they be stamped and applyed to any part of the body , whereupon they have been taken by some to be of the kinde of Cr●wfoot , which many vagabond Villains apply to their Arms and Legs , and pretend that they are burnt , or some other misfortune hath happened to them .

The Vertues .

There is some other use for Anemonies , besides the setting forth of a garden , for the Leaves being boyled in White ▪ wine , and the Decoction drunk , provoke the Termes mightily . The Leaves and Stalks boyled with clean husked Barly , causeth abundance of Milk , if Nurses eat thereof . The body being bathed with the decoction of them , cures the Leprosie . The Leaves being stamped , and the Juyce snuffed up the nose purgeth the head mightily , and so doth the Root , being chewed in the mouth , for it procureth much spitting , and bringeth away many watry and phlegmatick humours ( yea more than any Pills that are cryed up for that purpose ) and is therefore excellent for the Lethargy . Being made into an Oyntment , and the Eye-lids anoynted with it , it helps the inflammations of the Eyes , whereby it is apparent that the heat of the one draweth out the heat of the other , as fire will fetch out the fire , when any one happens to be burnt , if they burn the same place the second time ; and besides , it cleareth the sight by removing any Web , or other Spots therein . The same Oyntment is excellent good to cleanse malignant and corroding Vlcers . Both Anemonies and Pulsatillaes are gathered to put into Flower-pots , and to dresse Garlands , and to str●w windowes withall .

I might have treated of divers other Plants under this Head , but because there be few of them but are good for the Mother and other infirmities of the Womb , I shall say no more of them here , but reserve them till I come to speak thereof , which will be as soon as I have set down some of those that stop the Termes , both which were necessary to be mentioned severally , for the more methodicall prosecution of what we promised .

CHAP. CCXCII . Of Comfrey .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Symphy●um , and Symphitum magnum , from the wonderfull faculty that it hath in binding and glewing together , insomuch that the Latin● are not content with the word Symphytum , which they sometimes use , but call it also Consolida , à Consolida●d● , Consolidare being an obsolete word , signifying to sodder , or glew together . It is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Pectos or Pecton , but Pliny saith , it was called Alus or Alum : it hath other names , as Solidago , Inula rustica , Ost●●c●llon , but the most usuall is Symphytum or Consolida major , which is in English the greater Consound , commonly called Comfrey , and of some Knit-back and Black-wort .

The Kindes .

Some refer 4 sorts to this kind . 1. Common great Comfrey . 2. Great Comfry with purple Flowers . 3. Comfrey with knobbed Roots , 4. Narrow Comfrey of Naples .

The Forme .

The common great Comfrey hath divers very large and hairy green leaves lying on the ground , so hairy , and prickly that it will cause an itching in any tender part of the body , which it doth but touch ; the Stalk that riseth from amongst them , being about half a yard , or two foot high , hollow and cornered , or squarish , is very hairy also , having many such like Leaves as grow below , but lesser and lesser toward the top : At the joynts of the Stalks it is divided into many Branches , with some Leaves thereon , at the ends whereof stand many Flowers in order , one above another , which are somwhat long and hollow , like the finger of a glove , but much smaller , of a pale whitish colour , after which cometh small black seed , the root is great and long , black without , but white within , short or easie to break , and full of a glutinous or clammy juyce , of little or no taste at all , but of very great vertue .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth generally throughout all the Land , both by Ditches and Water-sides , and in fat & fruitful Meadows , whence for its usefulnesse it is often-times brought into Gardens , by those that understand the least profit that it afforded ; and so is the ●ec●nd , which is not so often found as the first , to grow naturally , though many times it be in severall places ; the third groweth in Gardens onely with us , but is naturall to the Woods of Germany , Austria , and Hungary ; the name of the last sheweth whence it is , they flower in May and June , and give their Seed in July and August , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Comfrey hath a cold quality , but not immoderate , it dryeth and bindeth in great measure .

The Vertues .

It may be observed , that those Plants that are effectuall to stop any Flux , or inward or outward bleeding , are no lesse profitable for stopping of the Termes , when they have exceeded their usual time of flowing , so that whatsoever is good for the one is good for the other , and as I shall speak to some of them here , to which purpose I reserved them , so I shall refer the Reader back to them , which I have spoken to already upon other occasions , as Sheepherds purse , Strawberries , Mirtles , Water-lillies , Plantaine , Housleek , Knotgrasse , &c. The way of using it for the distempers aforesaid , is to boyl the roots in Water or Wine , & to drink the decoction , and so it helpeth those that spit blood , or that bleed at the mouth , or that make a bloody Vrine , and is very soveraign also for all inward hurts , bruises , and wounds , and the ulcers of the Lungs : The same also drunk , stayeth the falling downe of Rheume from the head to the lungs , the Fluxes of humours or blood by the belly , and stoppeth not onely the Reds , which are the mouthly Flowers of Women , but the Whites also , which is a continual distillation , or flux of the Matrix proceeding from abundance of phlegmatick humours , that oppresse the whole body , and therefore it may not be stopped untill those evil humours be purged ; but that being done , there is not a better remedy than this Decoction , as also for the running of the Reines , happening by what course soever . The Syrup that is made of the said Roots is very effectual for all inward griefs and hurts aforesaid ; and the distilled Water may be used for the same , though not so effectually , and is usefull for outward Wounds and Sores in the fleshy or sinewy part of the body wheresoever . The Decoction of the Leaves also ●s in some sort effectual for all the said purposes : Camerarius saith , that two ounces of the juyce being taken by one that is troubled with the Lethargy , it restoreth him . The said Roots bruised and applyed in the manner of a Plaister to any fresh or greene Wound or Cut , helpeth the same immediately , by glewing the lips of them together , yea , they are so glutinative , that they will fasten together pieces of meat that have been cut asunder , making them all into one lump , if they be boyled in a pot therewith , it must therefore be of especiall good use in all manner of Ruptures , the decoction or Syrup taken inwardly , and the Roots stamped , and applyed to the place in the form of a Plaister . The said Plaister is good to be applyed to Womens breasts , that grow sore by much flowing into them , as also to stop the over-much bleeding of the Hemorrhoides , to cool the Inflammation , and to give ease to such pains as happen thereabouts . Being applyed after the same manner upon a piece of Leather ( as it may be also in the form ●r cases to any place that is troubled with the Gout ▪ it taketh away the pain presently , and so it giveth ease to pained joynts , and profiteth very much for running a●d m●st Vlcers , Gangren●s , Mortifications , and the like : The powder of the dryed Root ▪ and Cynamon doth consolidate the Matrix of any one when it happeneth to be torn by sore travail in Child-birth .

CHAP. CCXCIII . Of Mouseare .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Myosota , from whence these Herbs are generally called Myosotis , but two of them especially , the rest being more commonly called in Latin P 〈…〉 sella , which is a kind of barbarous name put thereon because of its hairyness : It is also called Auricula Muris , for that resemblance that the Leaves have with the Eare of a Mouse , as the Greek name doth likewise intimate : Some call the greater sort Grim the Collier in English , the middle sort Mouseare , and the lesser sort ●corpion-Mouseare .

The Kindes .

To this kinde may be referred these seven sorts : 1. The Common Mouseare : 2. Great Mouseare : 3 Codded Mouseare : 4. Common upright Mouseare : 5. Another upright Mouseare : 6. Mouseare-Scorpion-grass : 7. Water-Scorpion-grass .

The Forme .

The Common Mouseare is a low Herb creeping upon the ground by small strings , or wires , somewhat after the manner that the Strawberry-plant doth , whereby it shooteth forth and increaseth , each string taking root again , after it hath run but a very little way , and sending forth many small , and somewhat short Leaves , set in a round form together , hollowish in the middle , where they are broadest , of an hairy colour all over , as well above as below , and very hairy ( resembling in many things the Eare of a Mouse ) which being broken do give a white Milk ; from amongst these Leaves spring up divers small hairy Stalks , about an handfu●l long , coming forth at the joynts of the Wires , where there grow also divers Leaves , but smaller than the former , one at a place , as the Flowers also do ▪ consisting of many pale yellow Leaves , broad at the poynts , and a little dented in , set in three or four rowes , the greater outermost , and the smaller inward , very like a Dandelyon flower , but lesser , being a little reddish underneath about the edges , especially if it grow in dry ground , turning at length into a certain Down , which the wind carrieth away , with the seed to boot : The root is small and thredy .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in most Pasture grounds of this Land , especially if the soyl be but a little sandy ; the second doth sometimes grow in the like places , but more usually upon Walls , as upon Queenes Colledge wall in Oxford ; the third is also found in this Land ▪ growing in the borders of some Fields ; the fourth upon the banks of Ditches , and in them also , if they be dry ; the fifth upon dry barren Heaths , especially upon Hamstead Heath , where it is very plentifull ; the sixth is common upon the dry banks of ditches , and the last will grow in ditches amongst the mud , though there be some water in them ; as in the ditch between the two Waters next the Holly-bush at Oxford , by the Cawsway that leads to Botly . They abide green all the Winter , and flower in June and July .

The Temperature .

Mouseare is hot and dry , and of a clensing , binding , and consolidating quality .

The Vertues

The juyce of Mouseare in Wine , or the decoction thereof drunk , is of very great force to stay the abundance of W●me●s Courses , as also the Whites , and all other Fluxes of blood , whether at the Mouth or Nose , or by Stoole , and all inward bleedings also , the same is very availeable to help the Jaundise , although of long c●ntinuance , to drink thereof morning and evening , but then other drink must be abstained from , two or three hours after ; and so it is often used as a speciall remedy against the Stone , and other paines of the Bowels : Being taken in like manner , before the Fit of a Quartane Ague , it is said to keep back and lessen the fit very much , and by use of it to take it quite away . The Decoction thereof , with Succory and Centory , is held very effectuall to help the Dropsie , and them that are inclining thereto , as also the diseases of the Spleen . A Syrupe made of the juyce of Mouseare and Sugar , is very usefull for such are as troubled with the Cough or Ptisick , and helpeth exceedingly all Ruotures or Burstings , if a spoonfull or two thereof be taken at a time The green Herb bruised , and presently bound to any fresh Cut or Wound , doth quickly bring together the Lips thereof , for it is a singular good Wound herb , as well for outward as inward Wounds : ●he Juyce or Decoction of the green , or the powder of the dryed ●erb , is most singular to stay the malignity of spreading or fretting Cancers or Vlcers wheresoever , as well those in the Mouth , as Secret parts of Men and Women . The distilled Water is likewise very availeable in all the Diseases aforesaid , as also to wash Wounds , and outward Sores & to dio the Tents & wet Cloathe● therein , that are to be applyed thereunto . If Sheep be suffered to feed long in any such p●ace or pasture , where Mouseare groweth in any plenty , it maketh them to become very costive , or stopped , as the Sheepherds call it , and therefore they are , or should be , carefull to keep them away from such places , lest they grow sick , and lean , and die quickly , as by the carelesnesse or ignorance of some young Sheepherds , they sometimes do : If hot Iron or Steele , or any Instrument made thereof , be quenched in the juyce of this Herb , it hardeneth it so much , that nothing can go beyond it : And it is said , that if it be given to any Horse that is to be shooed , the Smith cannot hurt him .

CHAP. CCXCIV. Of Yarrow .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Stratiotes Chiliophyllos ; Stratiotes because ●ouldiers heretofore made great use thereof to heale their Wounds , having ▪ as is ●upposed , learned ●he vulnerary quali●y hereof from Achi●es , that famous Disciple of Chiron , who with one kinde hereof healed the Wounds of Teleph●● which hath ever since been called Ach●llea , and is by some used promiscuously for any sort of Yarrow , though others restrain it to one only . And 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 is added unto it as an Epithete , to distinguish it from Water-Housleek ▪ or Fresh Water-Souldier , which is called Stratiotes Potam●i●s , setting forth thereby the great number of its Leaves . And hence it is called in Latine Millefolium , à foliorum multitudine , a certain number being put for an uncertain , but sure it is , it hath abundance . Some have also called it Supercilium Veneris , Acrum , and Acrum Sylvaticum , in English Milfoile , Yarrow , and of some Nose-bleed , by Antiphrasis , as I conceive , because being put into the Nose , it stayeth the bleeding thereof .

The Kindes .

There be many sorts of Milfoile , both of the Land and of the Water , of each whereof I shall put down some : 1. Common Yarrow , or M●lfoile . 2. Yarrow with a red Flower . 3. Yellow Milfoile . 4. Achilles yellow W●undwort . 5. Achilles sweet Woundwort , both which being most like Milfoile , are by divers referred to this kinde . 6. Ordinary Water-yarrow . 7. Small Water-Milfoile . 8. Hooded Water-Milfoile . 9. Crowfoot-Milfoile .

The Forme .

The Common Yarrow hath many long Leaves lying upon the ground , which are subdivided , or finely cut into so many small parts , that it exceedeth the small Leaves , even of the finest Tansey , every one of which is a little jagged about the edges ; from among which do rise up two Stalks , being round and green , with such like winged Leaves as those below , but smaller and finer , the nearer they grow to the tops , where stand many Flowers , which are small and White , upon a Tuft or Umbel close together , each Flower being composed of five small round-pointed Leaves , with a little yellowish Thrum in the middle , of smell somewhat strong , but not unpleasant , being rubbed in the hand ; the Root consisteth of many long white strings , which it sendeth forth , both deep and spreading .

The Places and Time .

The first is very frequent in Pastures and upland Meadow grounds , where the second groweth also , but much more rarely : The fourth , fifth , and sixth be strangers , yet for their affinity and name-sakes I have put them down , though they be conceived to grow in France and Italy : The four last grow in the very Water , some more frequently than others : The hooded Water-Milfoile , hath been seldome found but about Oxford : they doe all flower in June , July , August , or thereabouts .

The Temperature .

Yarrow is meanly cold , and somewhat binding , therefore it must be somewhat dry also .

The Vertues and Signature .

The decoction of Yarrow made in White-wine , and drunk , is an excellent remedy for the stopping of Womens Courses also ( and so it helpeth the Bloudy Flux ) or a good quantity thereof boyled in store of Water , being made into a Bath , and sate in or over , performeth the same : It is likewise very good to close up the stomacks of those , who , through weaknesse of the retentive faculty , that should be in the mouth of the Stomack , doe disgorge , or vomit up whatsoever they put thereinto . A draught thereof drunk before the Fit of an Ague , and so for two or three Fits together ▪ is a good Medicine for it . The Juyce of the Herb and Flowers taken either in Goats Milk , or the distilled Water of the said Herb , stayeth the running of the Reyns in men ; but it will be more effectuall , if a little powder of Coral Amber , and Ivory , be put thereto . An Oyntment that may be made hereof , is not onely good for green Wounds , but also for Vlcers and Fistulaes , especially such as abound with moisture , which it may be said to do by Signature , the many Incisions that are upon the Leaves resembling those of Wounds , or if your fancy will have it be more like unto Haire , it stayeth the shedding thereof , the head being bathed with the decoction thereof , or anoynted with the oyle of it . The powder of it being dryed , taken in Comfrey or Plaintain-water , is of excellent use to stay inward bleedings , and being strewed upon any fresh wound that will not cease bleeding , it stoppeth it immediately , and so it doth the bleeding at the Nose , being put thereinto : The Juyce thereof put into the Eyes , take●h away the blood and rednesse therein , and the root or green leaves chewed in the mouth , ease the pains of the teeth . An ounce of powder of the dryed Herb and Flowers , with a dram of fine Bolearmoniack put to it , taken three dayes together fasting , in a draught of Milk , is wonderfully commended by Matthiolus against pissing of blood . If the Juyce or the Decoction be injected with a Syringe , it cureth the inward excoriations of the Yard , coming by reason of Pollutions , or extreme flowing of the Seed , although any Inflammation or Swelling should be caused thereby , as hath been proved by some single or unmarried persons , who have been very much oppressed upon this account .

CHAP. CCXCV. Of Medesweet .

The Names .

IT is called in Latin , ( for it hath no Greek name that I can meet with ) Vlmaria , à fol●●rum Vlmi similitudine , from the similitude that is between the Leaves of this Plant , and those of Elme , but it is better known to most by the name of Regina Prati , which Appellation hath been given unto it , because in what Meadow soever it growes , it is more perspicuous than any of the rest , as also for the divers good qualities that are therein , and therefore we call it Queen of the Meadowes , as well as Med●sweet : Some have called it Barba and Barbula Caprae , and Barba Caprin● , but not properly , these names belonging rather to Tragopogon , or Goats-●eard .

The Kindes .

There are but two sorts hereof as yet made known , that I read of : 1. The common Mede or Medowsweet . 2. The greater Medesweet , which is so far from being common , that it is a great rarity , or at least esteemed so to be by those are curious .

The Form .

The common Medesweet groweth up with divers ▪ winged leaves , being made of severall others which are broad , set on each side of a middle Rib , being somewhat rough , hard , and crumpled , not much unlike to Elme Leaves , somewhat deeply dented about the edges , having also some lesser Leaves as Agrimony hath , of a sad colour on the upper side , and greyish underneath , of a pretty pleasant scent and ta●●e , somewhat like unto B●rnet : At the tops of the Stalks and Branches , which grow to be two or three foot high , having on them divers such Leaves as those below , but somewhat lesser , stand many tufts of small white Flowers , thrust thick together , which smell much sweeter than the Leaves , and in their places being fallen cometh crooked and cornered Seed . The Root also is well scented , though somewhat wooddy , blackish on the out-side , but reddish within , putting forth divers fibres , which draw unto it such nourishment , as maketh it to continue many years .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth very frequently in Meadows that lye towards the Water-side , and as often also upon the brinks of watry Ditches , and River-sides : The second delighteth in the shadowy Woods , and is brought from thence into the Gardens of those that love such strangers as these . They are found in Flower in some place or other , all the Summer quarter , the Seed ripening in a short space .

The Temperature .

Medesweet is cold and dry , with an evident binding quality adjoyned .

The Vertues and signature .

The Root of Medesweet boyled or maed into Powder , and drunk , is of great efficacy to stay the immoderate Flux of Womens Courses , and the Whites also , and after the same manner it helpeth the Bloody Flux stayeth the Laske , and all other Fluxes of Blood , and is a good remedy against vomiting . It is reported , that it first altereth , and afterwards taketh away the Fits of Agues , if it be boyled in Wine , and drunk , and if two or three little Leaves thereof be but put into a Cup of Clarret Wine , it doth not onely give thereunto a fine relish , somwhat like unto that of Burnet , but maketh the Heart to be merry and cheerfull , for which purpose some use the Flowers also . Being boyled in Wine , it helpeth speedily those that are troubled with the Collick ; and with a little Honey taken warm , it openeth the belly , but boyled in Red Wine , and drunk , it stayeth the Flux thereof . The Herb stamped with Mede , and applyed ▪ healeth old Vlcers that are cancerous or eaten , hollow or fistulous , for which it is very much commended , as also to asswage Swellings , and to draw forth Pricks ▪ and Splinters ; it is also profitable to heale Sores in the mouth , or in the Secret parts , the mouth being gargled , and the other parts bathed with the decoction thereof : The distilled water hereof helpeth the heat and inflammation of the Eyes , being dropped into the Eyes , and so it cleareth the Sight also . The Powers and Leaves , though not so often used , unless it be by a few , excell all other herbs , wherewith houses were formerly decked up , especially the Chimneys in the Summer time , for the smell thereof maketh the heart merry , and delighteth the Senses , neither doth it cause the head-ach , or loathsomness to meat , as some other sweet-smelling Herbs do , and therfore it was in more request with Queen Elizabeth than any other , for the purpose aforesaid . The Germans call it Wormkraut , or the Worm-plant , because the root often-times seemeth as if it were eaten by Wormes , which is certainly the Signature thereof , for it helpeth Horses of the Bot●● and Wormes , and would no doubt do the 〈◊〉 in Men , if the decoction thereof were drunk .

CHAP. CCXCVI. Of Adders-Tongue .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Oph●●gl●ss●● of the ●ater Writers ( but unto the Ancients it is conceived to have been altogether unknown ) from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , a Serpent or A 〈…〉 r , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ● Tongu● ▪ because 〈◊〉 of every Leaf it sendeth forth a kind of Pestel , like unto an Adders ●ongue . The Latines , for the same reason , call it , Lingua Serpentis , or Serpenti●● , usually , yet some have called it Lingua Vul 〈…〉 ria , and L 〈…〉 ea Christ ▪ 〈◊〉 thereby the great efficacy that it 〈◊〉 to cu●● wounds : We in English , Adders-tongue , and Adders-grasse .

The Forme .

Adders-tongue riseth up but with one Leaf , which with the Stalk riseth up not above a fingers length from the ground , being ●● , and somewhat thick , of a fresh green colour , formed like unto the head of a broad J●velin or P 〈…〉 or as some will have ▪ unto the Leaves of Water-pl●nta●● , but lesser , 〈◊〉 the bosom , or bottom whereof on the in-side , riseth up a small 〈◊〉 about two in●hes long ▪ which hath sometimes , but very seldome , two hea●● , and th●● it falleth out by chance , the upper halfe whereof is somewhat bigger , being ▪ dented with small round dents , of a yellowish green colour , resembling the tongue of an Adder , or Serpent , which never sheweth any other Flower , yet vanisheth away without any seed that ever hath been perceived ; the root is small and fibrous , abiding under ground all Winter , though the Leaves are but of small continuance .

The Places and Time .

Adders-tongue groweth in moist Meadows throughout most parts of England as ●● a Close or Meadow neer to a small Village called Barton , besides the foot-way from Oxford to Stow Wood , and in a Close between Botley and Mrs. Batemans house on the West side of Oxford . It groweth also in a Meadow neer unto the Preaching Spi●●le adjoyning to London , and in divers other places . The time of looking for it ( if you mean to finde it ) must be in April or May , for though it be somewhat long ere it come up , yet it falleth quite away quickly after the Tongue appeareth , especially if the weather be any thing hot .

The Temperature .

Adders-tongue is dry in the second or third degree , but temperate in respect of Heat .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Juice of the Leaves of Adders-tongue taken in the distilled water of Oaken Buds , is very effectuall for those women who have their monthly Courses , flowing down too abundantly , yea and for the W●ites also , though they be otherwise very hard to be cured . Being boyled in Wine and drunk , or the powder thereof taken in Wine , is of sin●ular operation to cure both inward and outward Wounds , as also to help those that are troubled with any Rupture or Burstennesse : It is very ava●●eable against all hot Feavers , inflammations of the Liver , and all inward and outward heats : The Juyce of the Leaves given to drink with the distilled Water of Horse-tail , is a singular remedy for those that void blood at the Mouth or Nose , or otherwise downwards ▪ and so it is given with no lesse successe for all manner of woundes in the Breast or Bowells , or any other part of the Body . The green Herb infused or boyled in Red or White Wine , and watery eyes washed therewith , or dropped therein taketh away the watering , and cooleth any inflammation that cometh thereby . The Leaves mixed with Swines grease , and gently boyled and strained , is good against Burnings , hot Tumors and Apostumes , spreading sores and Wild-fire . The green Leaves stamped in a stone Mortar and boyled in Oyl Olive , till they become dry as it were , and parched , and then strained , doth make an excellent green Balsom , not onely for green and fresh Wounds , but also for old and invtterate Vlcers , and so it doth , being infused onely in the said Oyl , and set in the Sun for certain dayes , especially if a little clear Turpentine be dissolved therein . The same also stayeth and represseth all Inflammations , that rise upon pains by any hurt or wounds : Being bound hard with a ●russe to the new Ruptures of Children it is a sure Remedy . It is said , that if Adders-tongue be wrapped in Virgins Wax , and put into the left Eare of an Horse , it will cause him to fall down , as if he were dead , but being taken out , he will rise again , and be as well as he was before : It ●●reth the bitings of Serpents by Signature .

CHAP. CCXCVII. Of small Moonwort .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine Lunaria Minor , because there be many bigger , ( for its Greek name cannot be learned by any meanes , though it hath been diligently enquired after , and therefore it is thought by some never to have had any ) à foli●● Luna crescentis made falcatis , the divisions of the Leafe being much like unto an half Moon , as also , Betrytis sive ram●sa , aut racemosa , à cap●tibus in modum r●●●mi formatis , from the spiky head thereof , which somewhat resembles a bunch of Grapes : It is also called Lunaria Petr●● , and Taura , as Ges●er saith , because it Kine feed where it groweth , they will presently goe to Bull ; as some Heardsmen , where it groweth plentifully have observed . Countrey people ca●l it in English Vnshoo the Horse , because it is said to unshoo such Horses as tread upon it ; but Small M●onwort is its ordinary name .

Some have made divers sorts hereof , but others , who have seriously considered it , doe conceive that the differences that are found in this plant are onely accidentall , and therefore not sufficient to constitute distinct sorts .

The Forme .

Small Moonwort riseth up but with one darke , green , thick , and fat Leafe , standing upon a small footstalke , not above an inch high , unlesse it be when it is in flower , and then it may be said to bear a small slender stalke , about three inches high , the upper part whereof groweth out of the bosome of the said Leafe , which is much divided on both sides , into five , sometimes seaven , and sometimes more parts on a side ; yea some have thought , ( and but onely thought ) that it beareth as many parts as there be dayes in a Moon ; each whereof is small next the middle rib , but broad forwards , and round pointed , resembling therein an halfe Moon , as I said before , the uppermost parts or divisions , being lesse then the lowest ; the stalke riseth above this Leaf some two inches , bearing many branches of small long tongues , whereupon many have called it also Opheoglossum or Adders tongue , every one being very like unto the spiky head thereof , of a brownish colour , which after they have continued a while resolve into mealy dust , so that it is doubtfull whether they may be more properly called the Flowers or the Seed ; the Root is slender , and compact of many small threddy strings . The whole plant is but small , and not easily found , though you passe by the place where it grows .

The Places and Time .

Small Moonwort groweth in divers places of this Land in Woods , as also upon Hills and Heathes , as in Stow Wood , not farre from a little house called Stockers , where I have been shewed it by my ingenious friend Mr. William Browne , and in divers parts of Kent , as about Maidstone , &c. and in Somerset shire not farre from Bathe ; in Essex hard by Colchester , and in several places of Nottinghamshire . It is seldome found before Aprill or May , and seldome after , for in ●une when the hot weather cometh , it vanisheth away .

The Temperature .

Small Moonwort is more cold and drying then Adders tongue , as may be gathered by its astringent taste .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Leaves of the smal Moonwort , boiled in Red Wine , and drank is an incomparable Medicine to stay the immoderate Fluxe of Womens ordinary Courses , and the Whites also , and being used in the same manner it stayeth bleeding , vomiting and other Fluxes : It is held to be more availeable for curing of all wounds , both inward and outward , then Adders tongue , though that be an excellent wound herbe also , for it not onely helpeth to take away all bl●ws and bruises , and to consolidate all Fractures and Dislocations , but it is also good for Ruptures , yea and for the Cancers of the Breasts , whereof it hath the Signature , as the learned Crollius affirmeth . It is chiefly used by most with other herbs to make Oyles or Balsoms , to heal fresh or green Wounds , and other the aforesaid purposes , for all which it it excellent good . If any ones Faith will give him leave to believe Traditions , there are enough concerning this Plant to exercise it , for it is said , yea and believed by many , that it will open the Locks , wherewith dwelling houses are made fast , if it be put into the Keyhole , as also that it will loosen the Locks , Fetters and Shoos from those Horses feet , that goe on the places where it groweth , and of this Opinion was Master Culpeper . who though he railed against Superstition in others , yet had enough of it himselfe , as may appear by his Story of the Earl of Essex his Horses , which being drawn up in a Body , many of them lost their Shoos upon White downe in Dev●nshire , neer Tiverton , because Moonwort grows upon Heaths . A pretty Conceit if you please to believe it , but I must tell you Mr. Culpeper was very unable to prove that any Moonwort grew there .

CHAP. CCXCVIII . Of three-leafed Grasse .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Triphyllum and Trifolium in Latine , and both very properly , because it hath three Leaves alwaies joyned together . Under this title I comprehend all the Trefoiles , except the Trefolium odoratum , which I have already spoken to , yet I am not ignorant that Dioscorides calleth the Stinking Claver , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 simply , as if it were restrained to that sort onely , notwithstanding be confesseth that it had other names ; for some he saith called it Oxytriphyllon , others Menyanthe , others Asphaltion , and therefore I conceive that the word may be generally used for all manner of Trefoiles , Claver , or Cloverglasses , Cock-heads , Hony-sackles and Medicaes whatsoever .

The Kindes .

To this Kinde I shall refer these following sorts . 1. Common Medow Trefoile with Purple Flowers . 2. White flowred Medow Trefoile . 3. Heart Trefoile , or spotted Snaile Trefoile . 4. Smooth upright narrow leafed Birds foot Trefoile . 5. Great codded Trefoile . 6. Small codded Trefoile . 7. Roundheaded Trefoile . 8. Green flowred Trefoile . 9. Strawberry or Bladder Trefoile . 10. Hop Trefoile . 11. Little yellow Trefoile . 12. The great Purple Trefoile . 13 Knotted Trefoile . 14. White Dwarfe Trefoile . 15. Burgundy Trefoile , or Medick Fodder . 16. Yellow-horn Trefoile . 17. Smooth Starry Trefoile . 18. Marish Trefoile , or Buckes Beans . 19. Purplewort or Purplegrasse , called in Latine Quadrifolium fuscum , being as it seems , rather a four leafed , then a three leafed grasse .

The Forme .

Medow Trefoile shooteth up stalks about an handful long , and sometimes longer , round and somewhat hairy , yet for the most part leaning towards the ground , whereon grow Leaves consisting of three joined together , one standing a little from another ; of which those that are next the ground and roots , are rounder , and those which grow higher are longer , having for the most part in the midst , a white spot like an half Moon ; from amongst which rise up stalkes of Flowers , somewhat longer then the Leaves bearing many deep Purple Crimson flowers , together in a tuft , rising , smaller up to the top , which turn into little cods with small seed in them ; the root spreadeth much , and endureth long .

The Places and Time .

The two first grow more frequently in Medowes then any of the rest , yet there be others that grow there also , some in one Countrey , and some in another ; The third groweth in a Field between Longford and Bow , as also beyond Southwarke in the right way from London to Croyden , and the parts adjacent ; The eighth in Mr. Stonehouse his Orchard at Darfield . The seventeenth groweth in divers Fenny and Moorish places . The last groweth in divers Countrey Gardens , as well as in the Gardens of the curious , who also entertain divers of the other sorts . They flower and flourish from May to August .

The Temperature .

Medow Trefoile both Leaves and Flowers , are thought by some to be c●oling and binding ; but others thinke them to be of a digesting and s●ppurating quality , and there is no doubt but the rest do in some sort follow the Temperature of this .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Deco●tion of Medow Trefoile , with its Flowers , Seeds and Roots taken for some time helpeth Women that are troubled with the Whites , and consequently the extraordinary over-flowing of their ordinary courses , it being more then probable , that what is availeable for the fi●st is profitable for the second , because the first is harder to be cured . The Decoction of the Leaves and F●owers having some Honey put thereto , and used in a Clyster , easeth the fretting paines of the Guts , and bringeth forth tough and slimy humors , that cleave to the Guts . The said Leaves boyled with a little Barrowes grease , and used as a Pultis , taketh away hot swellings and Inflammations . The juice , especially of that which is spotted upon the Leaves , being strained and dropped into the Eyes , or mixed with a little Honey and applyed , is a familiar Medicine with divers , to take away the Pin and Web , ( as they call it ) in the Eyes , by Signature ; and so it ceaseth the pain and Inflammation of them when they are bloud-shotten . The said Juice is also held to be very available against the biting of an Adder being drank , the herbe also being boiled in Water , and the place washed with the decoction , and then some of the herbe laid to the hurt place also , and so is the herbe boiled in Swines grease and made into an oyntment . The herbe also bruised and heated between two Tiles , and applyed hot to the Share , causeth them to make Water who had it stopped before . It is held likewise to be good for wounds , and to take away Scarres . The Burgundy Trefoile called also Foenum Burgundiacum , Burgundy Hay , and Meddick Fodder , is conceived by divers to be that which Dioscorides commends for its cooling property , as also that whose Oyle , as A●icen saith , is very effectuall against the trembling of the Heart . An Oyle drawn out from the Seed , as it is done from Almonds , is said to be good for the Stone . In those Countreys where it groweth plentifully , it is found so powerfull to fatten Cattle , that they are faine to be stinted , lest they should grow so fat , that suffocation sh●uld ensue . If the March Trefoile be the Isopyrum of Dioscorides , as some suppose it to be , then the Seed thereof is good against the Cough and other griefes of the Breast , or Chest ; for , as Galen saith , it cleanseth and cutteth tough and grosse humors , and maketh them the easier to be expectorate or spit forth ; it is also good to purge and cleanse the Liver , and to help those that spit blood . The Leaves of Purplewort stamped , and the Juice given in drinke , is very confidently administred , and that with good successe , not onely to Children , but to others also that have the disease called in English the Purples , which it doth by Signature . And if the Heart Trefolle were used , it would be found to be a great strengthner of the Heart , and cherisher of the Vitall Spirits , relieving the body against Faintings and Swoonings , fortifying it against Poysons & Pestilence , and defending the Heart against the noisome vapors of the Spleen , for it resembleth the heart both in forme and colour , and surely it hath no so eminent Signatures for nothing .

CHAP. CCXCIX . Of Moneywort .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine ( for Greek name it hath none , that I can meet with in any Author ) Nummularia of the round forme of the Leafe , somewhat like unto Money , and Serpentaria , because it is reported , that if Serpents be hurt or wounded , they doe recover themselves with this herbe . Fuschsius calleth it Centummorbia , from its wonderfull efficacy in healing Vlcers and green wounds ; and Tabermontanus would have it named Hirundinaria , because as Swallowes doe usually fly close to the ground , so this Plant cleaveth close to the Earth . It is called in English , Herb two pence , Two-penny grasse , but usually Money-wort .

The Kindes .

Though Moneywort seemeth to be of different sorts , because it groweth to be of severall sizes , yet that is to be impated to the fertility or ●●●rility of the soile they enjoy , howsoever there be two sorts thereof , 1. Common Moneywort , 2. Small Moneywort with purplish Flowers .

The Forme .

The Common Moneywort sendeth forth divers long , weak and slender branches , lying and running upon the ground , set with two Leaves , at each joynt , opposite one to another , at equall distances , which are almost as round as a penny , but that they are a little pointed at the ends , smooth , and of yellowish green colour : at the joynts with the Leaves from the middle forward . come forth at the joynts , sometimes one , and sometimes two yellow flowers , standing each upon a small footstal●e , being composed of five narrow leaves , pointed at the ends , with some yellow threds in the middle , which being past , there stand in their places small round heads of Seed . The Root is small and threddy .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth by Ditches , Streames and other places where the Water uses to overflow in the Winter time , as I have observed in Christ-Church Medow by Oxford , and in divers other places . The second groweth in such like places , but not so frequently , nor so plentifully as the former . They both flower about June and July , and their Seed is ripe quickly after .

The Temperature .

Moneywort is somewhat cold but very astringent , drying and binding , as the taste thereof doth demonstrate .

The Vertues .

The Juice of Moneywort taken in Wine , or the decoction thereof is singular good to stay the immoderate fl●wings of Womens Courses , whether it be at the usuall time , or after , for at either , the patient may hereby be brought to great coldnesse , faintnesse of the heart , swooning , and sometimes to the Dropsie , yea and to Death it selfe , so that the cure of them is to be sought after , when they are excessive , and the Whites also , which are as dangerous , if not more . Neither is it effectuall for such Fluxes onely , as I have mentioned , but for others , whether they be Laskes , bloudy Fluxes , bleedings inward or outward , and the weaknesse of the Stomach , that is given to casting or vomiting . Being boyled with Wine and Honey , it cureth the Wounds of the inward parts , and Vlcers of the Lungs , and so it prevaileth against that violent Cough in Children commonly called the Chinne-Cough , but it should be the Chine-Cough , for it doth make as it were make the very Chine-bone to shake . The Flowers and Leaves stamped are exceeding good for all Wounds , either fresh or greene , to heale them speedily , and for old Vlcers that are of a spreading nature , especially if it be stamped and boyled in Oyl Olive , with some Rosen , Wax , and Turpentine added thereto : To wash or bath them with the Decoction , or to have Tents dipped in the Juyce , and put into them , is also effectuall .

CHAP. CCC . Of Darnell .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Aera , by most , yet some call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Thyarus , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Zizanium ; in Latin Lolium , yet Pliny calleth it Aera as well as Lolium : Some call it also Triticum temulentum , and Triticum fatuum , in English Darnell , and of some Juray and Ray. Red Darnell is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Phaenix , which name the Latines sometimes use , à seminis colore Phaeniceo , from the red Crimson colour ; others call it Lolium rubrum , to distinguish it from the former , which is called Lolium simply , or sometimes Lolium album , others Hordeum murinum , in English Wall Barly and Way Bennet .

The Kindes .

The most usuall kindes of Darnell are two : 1. White Darnell . 2. Red Darnell .

The Forme .

Darnell groweth with sundry long , fat , and rough Leaves , which when the Stalk riseth , which is slender and joynted , are narrower , but rough still ; at the top whereof groweth a long Spike , composed of many heads , set one above another , containing two or three husks , with sharp , but short beards or awnes at the ends ; the Seed is easily shaked out of the ear , the Husk it self being somewhat tough , so that it increaseth exceedingly in those places where it chanceth to seed , to the prejudice of the Husband man , amongst whose Corn it groweth : The Root is composed of a multitude of fibres , continuing all the Winter , as the Leaves also do .

The Places and Time .

Both of them grow too too frequently in the plough'd fields , both amongst Wheat and Barley , and sometimes also in those that are fallow , to the great grief of the Country Husband-men , who have much ado , notwithstanding all their diligence of weeding it out of their standing Corn , & of picking it out of the Sheaves to make their Grain tolerable , and therefore Virgil doth not without cause call it Infaelix Lolium . They spring and flourish with the Corn commonly , and their seed is ripe in August , as soon , if not before the Corn they grow with .

The Temperature .

Galen saith , that Darnell is hot in the beginning of the third degree , and dry in the end of the second , whereby it attenuateth , resolveth and cleanseth .

The Signature and Vertues .

The seed of Red Darnell boyled in Red Wine , and the Decoction thereof drunk stayeth the abundance of Womens Courses by Signature , and it is said to do the same if it be but put into a piece of Crimson Leather or of Scarlet Cloath , & bound unto the Thigh , or any other convenient place . It is also effectuall to stay the Lask and all other Fluxes , and restraineth the sudden passing away of Vrine . The Meale of White Darnell is very good to stay Gangrenes , and other such like fretting and eating Cancers , and putrid Sores . If the same be applyed with Salt and Raddish roots to any Leprosie , Morphew , Ringworm , or the like , it helpeth it , and cleanseth the skin : with quick Brimstone and Vinegar it dissolveth Knots and Kernells , and if it be boyled in Wine with Pidgeons dung and Linseed , it breaketh those Knots and Kernells that are hard to be dissolved . A Decoction made thereof with Water and Honey , and the place bathed therewith , is profitable for the Sciatica . If a Woman sit over the fumes of it , Barly meal , Myrrhes and Frankinsence , it is thought to help Conception , as likewise if it be made into the form of a Plaister , and laid upon the Belly . Being made into a Pultis with Swines greace , it draweth out all Splinters , Thornes , and broken Bones that are in any part : The Root boyled in Wine , and drunk , after it hath stood certain dayes , killeth the Wormes . Whosoever reads these properties of Darnell , will think it to be a very vertuous Plant , but its faults are behinde , which are not a few ; for besides that it pestereth Husbandmen , as I have said , it troubleth the Braine and Senses , procuring troublesome Dreams , if the seeds happen into Bread , and if it happen into Drink , it will make a man drunk , or giddy-headed presently . And it is so naught for the Eyes both wayes , that it was formerly proverbially objected to one that was ill-sighted , that he had eaten Darnell .

CHAP. CCCI. Of Flower-gentle , and Blites .

The Names .

FLower gentle is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Amaranthus , because the red Flower thereof , will endure for a very long time , without any sensible decay , if it be gathered in its right season ; by which name it is known amongst the Latines , who sometimes call it Flos Amoris , from its lovely aspect , from whence we have it called in English Fleuramer , Flower-gentle , Flower Velure , and Velvet Flower from its softnesse , but it is most commonly called Amaranthus by the Florists of our dayes . Blitt is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is quasi fatuum olu● , unsavory and without taste , and therefore Dioscorides put it amongst those Herbs that be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 insipida ; in Latin Blitus and Blitum , in English Blite and Blites .

The Kindes .

Though Awaranthus be a kinde of Blite , and not Blite a kinde of Amaranthus , yet because Amaranthus is better known in these dayes than Blite , and of more efficacy for our present purpose , therefore I have set it in the Front . 1. The common purple Flower-gentle . 2. The neat lesser purple Flower-gentle . 3. Spotted or variable Flower-gentle . 4. The greater Fleuramor , or purple Flower-gentle . 5. The green Flower-gentle of New-England . 6. Crimson-velvet Flower-gentle . 7. Crested Flower-gentle . 8 Great white Blite . 9. Small wild white Blite . 10. Small wild red Blite . 11. Wild Blite with much seed .

The Forme .

The Common purple Flower-gentle riseth up wi●h a stalk a Cubit high , and sometimes higher , which is straked or chamfered along the fame , yet towards the Ro●t it is very smooth , and of a reddish colour , dividing it self towards the top into small branches , about which stand long leaves , broad , sharp pointed , soft , slippery , of a green colou● , and tending to reddish ; the Flowers are long , spiky , soft and gentle tufts of haires , many as it were growing together , broad at the bottom , and small up at the top , Pyramis or Steeple fashion , very brave to look upon , but without any smell at all ; which being bruised , yeildeth a Juyce of almost the same colour , : the seed lyeth scattered in the tufts aforesaid , being small and somewhat black , but glittering ; the root ●●short and full of strings , perishing every Winter .

The Places and Time .

All the sorts of Amaranthus are strangers by Extraction , some coming from the Eastern Countreys , as Persia , Syria , Arabia , &c. others from the Western , as New England , and the West Indies , yet some of them are pretty well naturalized , being common in our Gardens , and the rest are to be seen in the Gardens of the curious , as in that of John Trad●sca●● at Lambeth . &c. The sorts of Blites are found wild in divers places of our own Land . The Amaranthus beareth its gallant tufts o● sp●kes in August for the most part , yet some perfect them not untill September . The Blite flourisheth all the Summer long , seeds about August or September , and continues green all the Winter , in which it differeth from the former .

The Temperature .

Flower gentle is held to be of a binai●g faculty , and consequently to be cold and dry , but Blite is cold and moist in the second degree .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Flowers of Amaranthus dryed and beaten into power , stops the Termes in Women and that by Signature , if it be put into Wine and Honey boyled together and drunk , and so it is effectual for the perillous Flux of blood , & continual pain of the Belly , w●th often scouring and spitting of blood , bleeding at the Nose , and also for the Whites in Women . The said Flower boyled in Wine , and the Decoction drunk , is available against all venemous bitings , the Sciatica , distilling of the Vrine and Ruptures : The Herb boyled in Wine , and the Fundament fomented therewith , taketh away the painful Piles ; and restraineth their bleeding , and stayeth the often going to the Stoole , the Herb being also applyed . The Root held in the Mouth ceaseth the pains of the Teeth , and being stamped and made into an Oyntment with May-butter , it assw●geth all Inflammations . The Herb being boyled and applyed , is a speedy Remedy for any Bruise . The dryed Herb keepeth Garments from the Wormes and Moaths , if it be said amongst them . Blites are used amongst the poorer sort of people in France for food , but they yeild to the body small nourishment , as Gal●n saith , and by often eating b●come obno●ious , by causing V●miting and Fluxes of the Belly , with exceeding gripings : The Physicall use of them is to restrain the Fluxes of blood either in Man or Woman , especially the Red , which it doth by Signature , as the white sort doth the Whites in Women . The White Bleet with much ●●ed , which is therefore called All-seed of some , is a very acceptable bait unto Fishes , as hath been proved by experience : Some Old Wives will not suffer any Blites to be put into their Pottage , for fear of hurting their Ey● sight .

CHAP. CCCII . Of the Dragon-Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Latin Drace Arbor , from its strange manner of growing , as I conceive , for being altogether unknown to D●●scorides , and the rest of the ancient Greek and Latine Authors , there is no Greek name for it , but onely for the Gum or Rosin , which they call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , without expressing whether it came from Herb or Tree , or was a mineral of the Earth , and it is probable it was because they knew not : The said Gum is sometimes called ●innabaris also in Latin , but most commonly Sanguis Draconis , and thereupon Pliny , Solinus , and also Monardus have set it down for a truth , that it was the blood of a Dragon or Serpent crushed to death by the weight of the dying Elephant falling upon him , after that he had received his mortall wound from him , and that both their bloods mingled together was the true Sanguis Deaconis , but certainly it was so called from the bloody colour that it is of being nothing else but a meer Gum. It is called in English Dragons tears , and Dragons blood .

The Forme .

The Dragon Tree groweth not like a Sugar soaf , as I said in my former Book , but riseth as high as the Pine Tree , with a great body & rugged bark , ful of chaps & clifts hearing 8 , or 9 , great Arms equally spreading from the trunk , bare for a cubits length , and then thrusting forth three or four more lesser branches , yet as thick as ones arm , bearing onely at the tops of them divers long and narrow Leaves , joyned together at the bottom , and encompassing another , as those of the Flower de-Luce do , each of them being a cubit in length , and an inch in breadth , but growing narrower and narrower towards the top , till it be pointed with the thick middle rib , that runneth through the same , reddish about the edges , and sharp like the Iris Leaves , abiding alwayes green , as most of the trees in those parts do , from among the Leaves at th● heads come forth certain foot-stalks about a foot long , divided into little branches , whereon do grow at divers spaces ( I suppose , first Flowers , though not observed ) divers fruits or be●●ies in little clusters , each of them like unto a small Cherry , of a sowrish or tart tast , and of a yellowish colour when they are r●p● with a stone and kernell within them very like unto a Cherry-stone : Out of this tree , being sl●t or bored , cometh forth a thick dark red Gum or Rosin , which hardeneth qu●ckly , and will melt at the fire , and flame also , if it be cast therein , which being bruised , sheweth a very orient red crimson , or bloody colour ; the wood of the trunk is so hard and firm , that it will scarcely admit cutting , but the yonger branches are not so hard .

The Places and Time .

This Tree gr●weth both in the ●anary Islands and in that of Madera , and in Brasil a●so , where it groweth to be of a goodly stature It flourisheth and grows gre●n all the year , as I have said , but the time of flowring and trutifying is not expressed .

The Temperature .

Sanguis Draconis , or the Gum of the Dragon-tree , is in all probability cold in the second degree , and dry in the third , and is very astringent .

The Signature and Vertues .

If all red things do stop Womens Courses by Signature , according to the opinion of some , then certainly this Gum may be said to do it thereby , there being hardly another Tree in the world ( unless Mr. Hammonds Flesh-tree , which some think is the same that yeildeth a red Juice ; Amaranthus indeed , which is handled in the former Chap is red all over on the out-side , and so is the wood of Brasil and Red ●aunders , but the juyce of neither of them is so , whence it is likely that the Sap , which in other plants concocteth only in the Fruit , doth in this also concoct in the Body of the Tree , which maketh it the more admirable ; It serveth also to restrain all other Fluxes of Blood or Humours ; as the Bloody Flux , Lasks , Whites in women , and the Gonorrhea in men , bleeding at Nose , Mouth , or any other part , whether internall or external , being either inwardly or outwardly used it is said also to help the Strangury . and stoppings of the Vrine , to fasten loose Teeth , and is very av●ileable for the Gums that are spungy , or troubled with loose flesh : It is good also to stay the watering of the Eyes , and to help those places that are burnt with fire . The Goldsmiths and Painters of Glass use it much in their works , the one for an Enamel , and to set a Feil under their precious Stones , for their greater lustre , and the other by Fire to strike a crimson colour into Glass for Windowes , or the like . Though the Gum only be commended , yet no doubt in the natural places , or where it groweth , both bark and fruit might be applyed for such like Diseases as the Gum is put unto , they being also very astringent .

CHAP. CCCIII. Of the Beech Tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Oxya ( and not 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as some would have it ) because it is Scissima , as Gaza translates it , that is , in laminas scissilis , apt to cleave into Trenchers , or the like , for though 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; was so long mistaken for the Beech Tree , that Fagus became the common Latin name thereof , and so continueth , yet Dalaechampius hath plainly detected it to be a kind of Oake , whose Acrons are fitter for food than the Mast of Beech , the Etymology thereof being 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ab esca vel esu . The Fruit is called in Latin Nuces Fagi , Beech-Mast , and Buck-Mast in English , because Deere delight to feed thereon .

The Form .

The Beech Tree groweth to be of a great and tall stature , spreading the boughs and brances on every side , so that it maketh a very large and pleasant shadow , if the said boughs be not lopped off to make it grow upwards , covered with a very smooth white bark , as the body also is , so that any thing may easily be cut thereon , whereon are placed many thin , smooth , broad Leaves , almost round , but that they are pointed at the end , and somewhat finely dented about the edges , of a sad green colour , as long as they receive nourishment from the Sap , but that ceasing , they presently turn yellow and fall away : The blowings or Catkins are small and yellow , like those of the Birch Tree , but lesser , and of shorter continuance ; The Fruit is contained in a rough husk , somewhat like the Chesnut , but not altogetther so prickly and rough brisled , which being ripe openeth it self into three parts , and sheweth a small three-square Nut , covered with a smooth and soft skin , browner and lesser by much than the Chesnut , under which lieth a sweet white Kernel , but of a more astringent quality ; The Roots be few and short , in respect of the bigness of the Tree , both for breadth and depth .

The Places and Time .

The Beech Tree delighteth to grow in some places more than in other ; for as in the Chiltorne Country no wood is more familiar , so in others not far from it , a Beech Tree is a great rarity , as in Oxfordshire , where there is one growing between Oxford and Baubury , which is so famous , that it is noted over all that Country , and called the Beechen Tree , there being scarcely a Traveller that goes by that way but takes especial notice of it , yea formerly many went to it ( though it be somewhat out of the way ) to cut their names upon its smooth bark , so that now it is so full of letters , that there is hardly any space left . It bloometh in the end of April , or the beginning of May for the most part , and the Mast or Fruit is ripe in September .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of the Beech Tree are cooling and binding , but the Nuts are said to be hot and moist in the first degree , and yet very astringent .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Leaves , Bark , Buds , or Husks of the Beech Tree sodden in Red Wine , or Running Water , and sitten over by Women , whose Courses do flow too abundantly , causeth them to cease , and maketh the Matrix and Fundament , that are fallen downe , to return into their place : and the Decoction thereof in clean Red Wine , with Cinnamon and Sugar being drunk , is good for the same purpose . The Leaves take away Blisters , and that by Signature , there being many times divers small Bladders thereupon , and being laid to hot Swellings at the beginning , do discuss them , and are good for Vlcers also , being boyled into a Pultis , or made into an Oyntment when they are fullest of Vertue . The Nuts or fruit are sweet , and were in ancient times used for food , as the Poets say , but now they are esteemed fitter for Deere and Swine to feed upon to fatten them , which it doth wonderfully , and therefore these Trees are many times planted in Parks , Forrests , and Chases , yet they are not without some use in Physick , for they are said to break the Stone , and expell it , which may be by the Signature of the Nuts themselves , which being burned , and the Ashes mixed with Hony , and applyed , is good for a Skald and Scurvy Head , when the Haire goeth off , which it may be said to do by the Signature of the Husks . The Water that is found in the hollow places of decaying Beech-trees will cure both Man and Beast of any Scurf , Scab , or running Tetters , if they be washed therewith . The Leaves chewed are good for the diseases of the Gummes and Lips : The Wood is smooth and white , and therefore profitable for divers uses , as to make Cups , Dishes , and the like ; and the Ashes thereof are very good to make Glasse , as Crescentius writeth .

CHAP. CCCIV. Of the Hasell-Nut-tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Nux Pontica , because it was said to be brought at first out of Pontus into Asia and Greece , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Nux tenuis , sive parva , the Small Nut , to distinguish it from the Wall-nut . It is called in Latine Cor●lus , and Nux Avellana , it being at first called Abellina , from the Country where it was first taken notice of , which since hath received some alteration : Some have called it Nux Prenestina , and Heracleotica , we call the manured kinde the Filberd , and the wild kinde , the Hasel Nut , Wood Nut , or Small Nut-Tree .

The Kindes .

The two chief kindes aforementioned , are distinguished or subdivided into divers others , as 1. The ordinary Filberd . 2. The red Filberd . 3. The long Filberd . 4. Filberds of Macedonia , or Constantinople . 5. The great Wood Nut , or Hasel Nut. 6. The lesser Hasel Nut. 7. Virginian Hasel Nut.

The Forme .

The Ordinary Filberd-tree groweth to be pretty tall and big , but seldome to any great bulk or size , with divers suckers or sprouts from the roots , if they be permitted to grow , and spread into divers branches , covered with a brownish , speckled , thin , outer bark , under which there is a greener , bearing large or cr●mpled Leaves , somewhat like unto those of Alder , dented about the edges , of a sad green colour above , and greyish underneath ; The Catkins , which seem to supply the place of Flowers , upon this and divers other Trees , because they have no other , appeare presently after the Leaves are fallen off , in November , or thereabouts , which are then firm and close , of a reddish yellow colour , but towards the Spring they become more yellow , and fall away at the coming forth of the Leaves , or a little before : The Nuts break forth in divers places of the Stalks , sometimes single , but commonly in clusters , three , four , five or more together , each inclosed in a husk , which is at first of a green colour , but afterwards brown , which reacheth beyond the Nuts , and is parted at the end into sundry jags ; the Nut within is much longer than the Wood Nut , yet round withall , with a brownish thin shell on the out-side , and a white peeling covering the Kernel within , which is white and hard , and of a very sweet and pleasant taste .

The Places and Time .

The three first are usually planted in Gardens and Orchards , but are not all alike common , for the red sort is not altogether so frequent as the other ; the fourth should come out of Greece by its name , but it is now visible in some of our English Gardens , as at the lower end of Mrs. Pollards Garden , by the house where Mr. Ditchfield lives , in St. Albans . The fifth and sixth are conceived to come of the same kinde , onely the fifth groweth in Orchards , and so is bigger than that which groweth wild in the Woods . The name of the last speaks its native Countrey . The fruit is ripe in August , or September at the farthest .

The Temperature .

Hasell Nutts newly gathered are hot and moist in the first degree , but after they have been kept a while , they are hot and dry .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Skins that cover the Nut Kernels , being taken in Wine , to the quantity of a Dramme , are very effectuall also to stay Womens Courses , especially those of the red Filbeard , which have the Signature of them . The dryed Husks and Shells to the weight of two drammes taken in Red Wine , doth the same , and stayeth the Lask likewise , and so doth the Milk that is drawn from the Kernells , and likewise the Catkins : The parched Kernels made into an Electuary , is very good to help an old Cough ; and being parched , and a little Pepper put to them and drunk , it digesteth the distillation of Rheume from the Head . A Decoction of the inner rind of the Branches being made in small Ale , and taken first and last for nine or ten dayes together , is a speciall remedy for the Strangury . Nuts eaten alone in to● great a quantity , are by no means commended , for they are said to be hard of digestion , to fill the stomach with wind , to cause vomiting and the Head-ach , especially when they be old , for then they are worse than they are being newly gathered , yet if any one be so much taken with them that he cannot refrain them , let him eat Raisons together with them , that so the moisture of the one may qualifie the drynesse of the other , and this hath been an ancient custome , as Schola Salerni teacheth in the following Verse ; — Sum●ro sic mot est uncibussociando rac●mos ; as also to eat them after Fish instead of Cheese , thereby to hinder the ingendering of Phlegme , which is thus expressed ;

Post pisces Nuces , post Carnes Caseus ●●sii .

To say no more of those Simples that are appropriated for restraining the Naturall Courses of Women , as also the Whites . I shall now proceed to those that are serviceable for the Mother , and divers other distempere of the Womb , amongst which you shall finde but few , which do not provoke the Terms also , and therefore I made some ▪ Reference of such to this Head .

CHAP. CCCV . Of Motherwort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Cardi●ca in Latine , because it is good against the infirmities of the Heart , as the trembling thereof , Swounings , &c. It was unknown to the antient Writers , as is supposed , because there is some clutter amongst the latter about it , for Dodonaeus took it to be a Sideritis , Tragus to be a Wilde Bawme , Bru●felsius to be a Marrubium Mas , Anguillara to be Lycopsis , or Branca lupina , and Bauchinus calleth it , Marrabium fortè primum Theophrasti , &c. But We in English call it Motherwort , and not without good reason , for it is of great vertue to help the Mother , as well as the Heart , and therefore some have thought that Matricaria , which is usually put for Feaversew , would better sort with it .

The Forme .

Motherwort groweth with hard , square , brownish , rough , strong Stalkes , rising to be two or three foot high , and sometimes more , spreading into many branches , whereon grow Leaves on each side with long foot-stalkes , two at every joynt , which are somewhat broad and long , rough as it were , and crumpled with many great veines , that shew themselves therein of a sad green colour , and so deeply dented about the edges , that they may be said almost to be torn or divided : from the middle of the branches up to the top of them , doe grow the Flowers round about them at distances , in sharp-pointed rough hard huskes , somewhat after the manner of Bawm , or rather of Horehound ( of which some would have it to be a kinde ) being of the same forme , though of a more red or Purple colour , after which come small round blackish Seeds in great plenty , which being suffered to shed , filleth all the places about it with its off-spring , so that there needeth no care of propagation : The Root is compact of many small strings : The whole Plant is of a very ●anke smell , and bitter taste .

The Places and Time .

Motherwort delighteth to grow among rubbish , and by the sides of Walls and Hedges beyond the Seas in divers places , but hardly with Us , unlesse it be in Gard●ns where it hath been sown or planted . It flourisheth , flowreth and Seedeth from the Spring till Winter , and then the Leaves and Stalkes perish , but the Root endureth .

The Temperature .

Motherwort is hot and dry in the second degree , being also of a cleansing or binding Faculty .

The Vertues .

There is hardly a more effectuall herb for the Wemb then Motherwort , for it not onely helpeth the Suffocations , or Stranglings of the Mother , but is wonderfully usefull to Women in their sore Travell , the powder thereof to the quantity of a Spoonfull , being taken in Wine , and therefore it hath not its name for nothing . But because the Patient when the fit of the Mother is upon her , is most commonly incapable of taking any thing inwardly , or of being placed over , or in any decoction , though that also be prescribed as effectuall ; therefore the best way of using it will be , by applying foments , and little baggs thereof warmed , to the bottome of the Belly ; and Share , then which there is scarcely a more present remedy , especially if Camomile , Wormwood , Penniroyall , Lovage , and other strong-sented herbes be used therewith : The said powder taken as aforesaid , provoketh Vrine and Womens Courses , and is right good against the trembling of the Heart , the Cramp , Convulsion and Palsey , for seeing it is a bitter herb , and consequently hot and dry , it doth thereby cut , extenuate , and discusse those grosse humors that are setled in the Veines , Joynts and Sinewes of the Body . And in case any squeamish palate should refuse it because of its bitternesse , it may be made into a Syrupe and Conserve and so it driveth melancholly vapours from the Heart , and maketh one merry , cheerfull and blithe . It is also availeable to clense the breast from Phlegme , to open the obstructions and stoppings of the Entrailes , and to kill all kinde of Wormes in the Belly . Moreover it is commended for healing green wounds , and serping them from impostumation and inflammation , stopping the blood and curing them , if it be bruised and applyed . It is also a Remedy against certain diseases in Cattl● , as the Cough , Murren , &c.

CHAP. CCCVI . Of Feaverfew .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Par●henium , because it is effectual for distempers of the Wombe , to which even Virg●ns are sometimes subject , and in Latine Matricaria , for the same reason , but it is more commonly called Febrifuga , quia Febres fugat , from its vertue in expelling Feavers and Agues , and thence comes the word Feaverfew , yet some call it Featherfew , and Fedderfew . Galen saith that in his time Parthenium was called Anthemis Helxine , Linozostis , and Amaracus .

The Kindes .

There are said to be eight sorts of Feaverfew , 1. Common Feaverfew . 2. Naked Feverfew . 3. Double Feverfew . 4. Sweet Feverfew . 5. Unsavoury Feverfew . 6 Fine leafed Feverfew . 7. Mountaine Feverfew of Clusius . 8. Small Sea Feaverfew .

The Forme .

Common Feaverfew groweth with many large fresh green Leaves , very much torne or cut in on the Edges : from amongst which rise up two or three hard Stalkes beset round with many such like Leaves , but somewhat smaller , at the tops whereof stand many single flowers , upon severall small footstalkes , consisting of many small white Leaves standing round about a yellow thrum in the middle ; What Seed it beareth hath not been observed , but that it hath Seed may appeare from hence , that wheresoever the flowers are suffered to shed , there it increaseth very plentifully , yet it must needs be very small . The Root is somewhat hard , tough , and short , having divers strings thereat . The whole Plant i● of a strong smell and bitter taste .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth wilde by divers Walls , and Hedges , yet it is more frequent in Gardens , where it is little esteemed , because it requires no great tendance : The second was found in Essex , and is now nursed in the Gardens of the curious , as the third also is , as in the Garden of Mr. Tradescant at Lambeth &c. The rest are Strangers , and therefore it will be to little purpose to expresse their places , They are in flower the greatest part of Summer .

The Temperature .

Feaverfew is hot and dry in the third degree , or hot in the third degree , and dry in the second , being withall of a purging , cleansing , and opening faculty .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of the flowers of Feaverfew , or the Herb it self , made in Wine , is exceeding effectuall for the diseases of the Mother , whether it be the rising of the Mother , or the hardnesse or inflammations of the same , especially if a little Nutmeg or Mace be put therein , and drunk often in a day ; and so it bringeth down Womens Courses also with speed , and warmeth those parts oppressed by stoppings or cold , as also helpeth to expell the dead Childe , and the Secondine or Alter-birth ; To sit over the hot fumes of the Decoct●on of the herb made in Water or Wine , is likewise effectuall for the same purposes , and sometimes when the Patient is in her fit of the Mother , and cannot be made to sit orderly , nor take any thing inwardly , the boiled herbes may be applyed warme to the privy parts . The Juice hereof , with the Juice of Motherwort , being dranke in old Ale with grosse Pepper , is also a good Medicine to prevent the fits of the Mother . A decoction thereof taken with some Sugar or Honey helpeth the Cough , and stuffing of the Chest by Cold as also to clense the R●ines and Bladder , by expelling the Stone from them . The pouder of the Herb taken in Wine with some Syrupe of Vinegar , purgeth both Choller and Phlegme , and is availeable for those that are pursie or short winded , as also for those that are troubled with Melanchol● or Sadnesse . It is very effectuall for all paines in the Head coming of a cold cause , the herbe being bruised and applyed to the Crown of the Head , and particularly for the Swimming of the Head : It is also very good against the Winde in the Stomack being taken inwardly , and so it is frequently given before the fits of Agues : the herb being also bruised with a few Cornes of Bay-salt , and applyed to the Wrists . It i● likewise profitable in the Dropsie , and helpeth such as are impotent as to the matter of precreation , if it proceed of a cold or moist cause , for it is hurtfull to very hot and dry bodies : and if any one chance to take too great a Dose of Opium , it is a good remedy to prevent the danger that may ensue : Being bruised and heated on a Tile , after it is moistned with a little Wine , or fryed with a little Oyle and Wine in a Frying pan , and applyed warme to the Stomack , and Belly , helpeth the griping paines of Winde , and the ●holick . The distilled Water is usefull to take away Spots , Freckles , and other deformities of the skin .

CHAP. CCCVII . Of Catmint or Nep.

The Names .

IT is thought that the Greeks had not the knowledge of this Herbe , because we finde no Greek name for it upon Record ; but though they might not have the happinesse to enjoy the benefit of so usefull a Simple , yet the Latines , who have added much to what hath been derived unto them , doe call it Mentha Cattaria , and Cataria or Cattaria simply , Mentha felina , and Herba Catti , because Cats doe seed upon the Branches or Leaves thereof with a great deale of greedinesse , and delight much to rub themselves against it , and to wallow and tumble thereon , yet it is said , as I have formerly expressed in my Book called The Art of Simpling : If you set it , the Cats will eate it . If you sow it , the Cats can't know it . The Apothecaries call it Nepeta , and indeed that name is best known every where .

The Kindes .

S●xe sorts of Vep are reckoned up amongst Authors , 1. Common Garden Nep. 2 Middle sized Nep 3. Small Nep. 4. Small Mountain Nep , or Catmint . 5. Strong Nep with broad Leaves . 6. Strong Nep with narrow Leaves .

The Forme .

Common Garden Nep riseth up with Stalks about a Cubit high being four square , with a kinde of boarinesse upon them , full of Branches , bearing at every joynt two broad Leaves : somewhat like unto Bawme , but longer pointed , softer , whiter and more hoary , nicked about the Edges , and of a strong sweet scent . The flowers grow in large tufts upon the tops of the Branches , and underneath them also on the Stalkes , many together of a whitish Purple colour . The Roots are composed of many long Strings or Fibres , by which it is strongly fastned in the ground ; the Leaves abiding all the Winter , unlesse the Weather be too violent .

The Places and Time .

The first is sometimes found to grow upon the rough banks of Ditches , by Hedge sides , and common waies , but more commonly in the Gardens of those that know the use of it , as the second also doth , though lesse frequently . The rest are Spaniards by descent , yet they refuse not the entertainment of our Gardens , where they are used with much civility by those which love varieties of strange Simples . They all flourish by and after the Spring , flower in July and August , and their Seed is ripe in September .

The Temperature .

Nep or Catmint is hot and dry in the third degree , and of thin parts .

The Vertues .

The decoction of Catmint is not onely effectuall for the winde and paines of the Mother , or the rising thereof , but warmeth and comforteth the coldnesse of the wombe , and dryeth up the over-much moisture thereof , which is many times the cause of barrennesse , so that the frequent use hereof brings it to a right temper , and consequently makes divers Women to be joyfull Mothers of Children , which otherwise might live under reproach upon that account . It is also very available to provoke Womens Courses , by which it is no small helpe to the breeding of Children , for though at that time they come not down as they doe at others , yet the Menstruous blood being stirred up , is conveied with more activity and vigor , for the nourishment of the Childe . It is likewise exceeding usefull for the paines of the Head that come from any cold cause , as Catarrhes , and thin Rheumes , and for the giddinesse thereof also , and I think it may be observed without any errour , that those things that are good for the Wombe , are good for the Head likewise , there being a kinde of Sympathy or fellow suffering between them . It is likewise of especiall use for the windinesse of the Stomack and Belly , and is effectuall for Cramps , or cold Aches to dissolve the Cold and Winde that afflicteth the part , and to bring warmth and comfort thereunto afterwards , and is used for Cold , Coughs , and Shortnesse of breath : It is a present remedy for them that are bursten inwardly , by means of some Fall received from an high place , or for any other bruises , if the Juice be given with Wine or Meade . A Bath made thereof onely , or with some other convenient Herbes , and sate in up to the Navel , or the hot fumes thereof being sate over , bringeth down Womens Courses , helpeth Barrennesse , and warmeth those parts : The green herb bruised and applyed to the Fundament , there abiding for two or three hours , easeth the sharpe paines of the Piles , and the Juice also is effectuall for the same purpose , being made up into an Oyntment and applyed . A Decoction thereof in Spring-Water is commended to wash the Head , and to take away the Scabs thereof , and may be as effectuall for other parts of the Body also . The distilled Water may be used for divers of the aforesaid purposes .

CHAP. CCCVIII . Of the Burdock and Butter-bur .

The Names .

IT will not be amisse to speak of both these together in one Chapter , because they be both good for the Mother . The Burdock is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Arcium , as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Prosopium , or Prosopis , because the broad Leaves hereof were used in old time to cover the faces of those , which would not be known when they acted any thing in the Theatres , and for this reason it was also called Personata in Latine ; The Shops call it Bardana , and Lappa major , in English , The great Burdock and Clot Bur. The Butter bu●re is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Petasites , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 extendo , because of the extraordinary breadth of the Leaves ▪ and so the Latines call it : in English it is named Butter-burre , perhaps because some Countrey Huswives wrap their Butter in the broad Leaves hereof , when they carry it abroad in hot Weather .

The Kindes .

Both Burdock , and Butterburre make but five sorts , 1. The Common Burdock . 2. The Rose Burre . 3. The Woolly headed Burre . 4. The small Burre called Xanthium . 5. The Butterburre , which hath most need to be described .

The Forme .

Butter-burre doth send forth its Flowers before the Leaves , in the same manner that Coltsfoot doth , of which some reckon it to be a kind , which stand upon a thick Stalke about a foot high , beset with a few small Leaves , or rather piec●s , spiked fashion , and of a blush or deep red colour , quickly falling away , after which the Leaves will begin to spring , which being full grown , are larger and broader then those of the Clot burre , being somewhat thin and almost round , whose thick red Foot-stalkes being about a foot long , stand very neer unto the middle of the Leaves , which are divided on that side which is neerest to the Stalke , of a pale green colour above , and hoary underneath . The root spreadeth much under ground , yet in some places it is no bigger then ones finger , though in some it be much greater , blackish on the outside , and white within , of a bitter and unpleasant taste .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth by Ditches and High way sides , in divers places of this Land , nay , I thinke I might have said in every place ; the second on the Banks side between the Horse Ferry , and the Neat house neer London ; the fourth in the High-way leading from Draiton to Iver , two miles from Colebrook , as also between Tidenham and Chepstow , in the Foot way . The third is supposed to grow neer Lipswick in Germany . The last delighteth in moist places neer unto River sides , and upon the brinks and bankes of Lakes and Ponds almost every where . The flowers and Burres come forth in July and August , and the seed is ripe in September . The Butter-burre flowreth in February or March , but the flowers with the Stalke will be withered and blown away ( within the space of a Month ) before the Leaves appear , which is commonly in Aprill .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of the Burdock doe coole and dry very moderately , but the root is something hot . The Butter-burre is hot and dry in the second degree , and of thin parts .

The Vertues .

The Leaves of the greater Burdock are said to be of great efficacy for bringing the Matrix into its right place , whensoever it shall be out of it , for if it be fallen down , the Leaves laid upon the Crown of the head will draw it up , and if it should rise higher then is meet , as oftentimes it doth , if it be laid to the Soles of the Feet it fetcheth it down , and being applyed to the Navel it suffereth it to stir neither way , so that it must needs be an excellent remedy for suffocations , &c. The said Leaves are good to be laid upon old Sores and Vlcers , and being applyed on places troubled with the shrinking of the Sinewes or Arteries , they give much ease , as also to the Gout . Being bruised with the White of an Egge , and applyed to any place burnt with fire , it taketh out the Fire , gives sodaine Ease , and heales it up afterwards , and so it doth Kibed heels . The Decoction of them fomented on any fretting sore or Cancer , stayeth the corroding quality , but then it must be afterwards annointed with an Oyntment made of the same Liquor , Hogsgrease , Nitre , and Vinegar boiled together : The Juice of them , or rather the roots themselves given to drinke with old Wine , doth wonderfully helpe the bitings of Serpents ; and the Root beaten with a little Salt and laid on the place , suddainly easeth the paine thereof , and helpeth those that are bitten by a mad Dog . The Juice of the said Leaves taken with Honey provoketh Vrine and remedieth the pain of the Bladder , and the seed is much commended to break the Stone , and to cause it to be expelled by Vrine , and is often used with other Seeds and things to that purpose , as also for Stiches in the side , and the Sciatica , being drank many dayes together . The roots may be preserved with Sugar , and taken fasting or at other times for the said purposes , and for Consumptions , the Stone and the Lask . A dram of the Roots taken with Pine Kernells , helpeth them that spit foul , mattery , and bloudy flegme , by reason of an Vlcer of the Lungs or the like . The root clean picked and washed , stamped and streined with Malmsey , helpeth the running of the Reines in Men , and the Whites in Women , and strengthneth the back , if there be added thereto the yolkes of Eggs , the powder of Acornes and Nutmegs brewed and mixed together , and drunk first and last . The young Stalks being peeled and eaten raw with Salt and Pepper , or boiled in the broth of fat Meat , is not only pleasant to be eaten , but increaseth seed , and stirreth up bodily Lust . The roots of the Butterburre taken with Zedoary and Angelica , or without them , are of great force against the Suffocation of the Mother , provoke Womens Courses , expell Vrine , and kill the flat and broad Wormes in the Belly . The said Roots are by long experience found to be very available against the Plague and Pestilentiall Feavers , by provoking Sweat ; and if the powder thereof be taken in Wine , it also resisteth the force of any other poyson . The Decoction of the Root in Wine being taken is singular good for those that wheese much , and are short-winded . The powder of the Root doth effectually heal all naughty Vlcers , or fretting Sores , and running or moist wounds , the powder being cast into , or on them . An Oyle made of the said Root , is good against all shaking and cold Feavers , being applyed before the Fit , it scoureth away all the filthinesse of the Skin , and is good for the extreame coldnesse of the joynts and Sinewes . It is said to cure the Farcion in Horses , being given inwardly , or applyed outwardly .

CHAP. CCCIX . Of Arach or Orach .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because is cometh up and groweth great very speedily ; it is called also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Chrysolachanum , from the yellow flowers which it beareth ; for which reason it is called Aureum Olus in Latine , but the Latine name by which it is best known , is Atriplex , yet that which we principally aime at in this place , is that stinking sort which Cordus calls Garosmus , because it smelleth like the stinking Fish called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , some call it Vulvaria for a like reason , but most Atriplex olida , or foetida , in English , Stinking Arach , and Notchweed . Dogs Arach , Geats Arach , and Stinking Motherwort .

The Kindes .

There be severall sorts of Arach , of which we shall reckon up about a dozen , 1. The white Garden Arach . 2. The Purple Garden Arach . 3. The red berried Arach . 4. Wilde Arach with small Berries . 5. Wilde Arach with flat Rose-like Berries . 6. Stinking Arach . 7. Creeping Sea Arach . 8. Narrow leafed Sea Arach . 9. The greater common wilde Arach . 10. Narrow-leafed wilde Arach . 11. Goose-foot or Sowbane . 12. Wilde Arach , with so much Seed that it is called All-seed .

The Forme .

The white Garden Arach hath divers Leaves , standing upon their severall Foot-stalkes , broad at the bottome , ending in two points like an Arrow , with two feathers at the head , and small pointed at the end of the Leafe , of a whitish yellow green colour , and as it were strewed over with Flowre or Meale , especially while they are young ; the Stalke likewise is Mealy , or rather Sandy , bearing many branches with small yellow flowers on them , which turne into small leafy Seeds : the rest groweth somewhat deep into the ground , with many small Fibres fastened thereto , yet it fadeth away as soon as it hath born seed .

The Places and Time .

The two first are known to grow in no other place but in Gardens ; the third came out of Spain as it hath been supposed ; the fourth from a hill of Narbone in France : the fifth groweth under the Walls of Mompelier ; the seventh and eighth upon the Sea coasts of our own Land almost every where ; the seaventh was found about Rochel ; the sixth groweth usually upon the Dunghills , yet it is taken into some Gardens of note ; the rest are found by Walls , Hedges , and Ditches , in divers places of this Land . They flower and seed from June till the end of August .

The Temperature .

Garden Arach 〈…〉 old in the first degree , and moist in the second , participating of ● watry quality a●●ost wholly , with little earthy parts therein , and lesse astr 〈…〉 ▪

The Vertues .

The Garden , but especially the stinking sort of Arach , is recorded to be of great operation in the distempers of the Mother , the Juice of the first being 〈…〉 rted into the pr●●y parts of Women with a Syrle●g , the other being rubbed and held to the Nostrills , that the smell thereof might cause the Wombe ( which flyeth from whatsoever is noysome , and followeth that which is sweet and pleasant ) to returne into its place , and therefore those that are subject to this disease must avoid the smelling unto sweet things , but not their contraries . And taken inwardly , it is commended as an Universall Medicine for the Wombe , both easily , safely , and speedily curing ●ny disease thereof , as the fits of the Mother , Dislocation , or falling o●● thereout ; It cools the Womb being over-heated , which is said to be a cause of hard Labour in Childe-birth . It makes barren Women fruitfull , cleanseth the Womb if it be foul , and strengthneth it exceedingly ; it provokes the Termes if they be stopped , & stops them if they flow immoderately , & all this it might be said to do by Signature ; and therefore it were good for those that are usually troubled with distempers of this nature , to have alwaies by them a Syrup● made of the Juyce of this herb & Sugar , for that is best , unless it be to cleanse the Womb , and then Honey is better . It killeth also the Worms that breed in the Sores of Horses , & other Cattle . But to returne to the Garden Arach . It may be boyled and eaten as other Sallet herbs are , and so it openeth the Belly , and maketh it soluble , which it doth by that nitrous quality that it hath , and so it doth being used as a pot-herbe in broth . The Seed being drunk with Mead or honyed Water , is a remedy against the Yellow Jaundise , whence it is also thought to be good to open the stoppings of the Liver , and the herb eaten helpeth the heat thereof . The said Seed boyled in water without any Salt , having some oyle of Nuts put thereto , causeth an easie Vomit , and sometimes purgeth also : It is said to be profitable for those that have taken Cantharides , and it standeth with reason , the lubricity or oylinesse of it hindering the corroding quality of them . The Decoction of the Herb being drunk , and the Herb it ●el● being applyed outwardly , is an excellent Remedy for Swellings in the Throat : It cooleth both Apostumes , and St. Anthony's Fire , and dissolveth Tumor , being applyed thereto , either fresh or boyled ; Being applyed with N●●ar and Vinegar , it easeth the pains of the Gout , and cureth rough and scabbed Nailes , by loosening them without pain , and so it doth being boyled with Honey . The Sea Arach ●● of like property with that of the Garden , onely being somewhat sa●●ish , it purgeth more , and helpeth those that have the Dropsie . The common wilde Ara●●●es are neer as cold as the Garden sorts , but more drying , serving chiefly for Inflammations ; being applyed outwardly thereunto ; but Goosefoot is held to be much colder , and therefore more warily to be applyed , being held to be dangerous , if not deadl● to be taken inwardly , for it is certainly knowne that it hath killed 〈◊〉 .

CHAP. CCCX . Of Laserwort , and its Assa faetida .

The Names .

LAserwort is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Silphium , in Latine Laser and Laserpitium , in English Laserwort , Magydare . The Gum that issueth out of the same is called Lacer , but that which is gathered from those plants that are gathered in Media and Syria , is called Assa and Asa , by the Arabian Physitians , from whence our Apothecaries have many of their names ; it hath faetida added to it , to distinguish it from another sort thereof , which is called Assa du●cis , which is sweeter than the other , yet both of them very strong scented , insomuch that the Germans call the former Teuffelzdrech , that is , Diaboli stercus , Devils-durt , or dung .

The Kindes .

Besides the Laserwort of the Ancients , there be two others : 1. The true Laserwort of the Ancients : 2. French Laserwort : 3. Alpinus his Laserwort .

The Forme .

The true Laserwort of the Ancients is said to grow with a Stalk as big as Ferula or 〈◊〉 Gyant , the Leaves are like unto the common Smallage , and of an unpleasant savour . The Flowers grow at the tops of the Stalks , tuft-fashion , like Ferula , or Fennell , which being past , there succeed broad and flat Seeds , like Angelica seed● , of a good savour , and of the colour . The Roots are many , coming from ●ne head or chief root , and are covered over with a thick and fat bark , there floweth out of them , being scarrified or cut , a strong liquor , which being dryed is very medicinable : that which groweth in Cyrent and Africa , is said to send forth Laser , and Assa dulcis , and that which groweth in Media and Syria , sendeth forth Assa salida , as I said before .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth not onely in the places already expressed , but also in Armenia and Lybia , and other Eastern Countreys ; the second was found about Marsell●● in France ; the third was first taken notice of in Cardinall Bemb●'s Garden . Those that grow of them in this part of the world do flower about Midsummer .

The Temperature .

The Laserwort is said to be hot and dry in the third degree , but the Assa faetida , which is onely brought to us in these dayes , doth somewhat exceed the Leaves and Roots in heat .

The Vertues .

Assa faetida , if it be but smelled unto , is very profitable for women that are troubled with the rising of the Mother , and divers other diseases of the Wombe , and therefore it were requisite , that those that are so troubled , should weare it about their Necks , being sewed in Silk , Linnen , or some such thing . It brings down the Courses of Women , and expells the Secundine , or After-birth , being taken with Pepper and Myrrhe . It is usefull in Diseases of the Breast , Nerves , and Braine , and being taken in a Egge that is soft , it helps Hoarsenesse , and given with Oxymel , it helpeth the Cough , Jaundise , and Dropsie . Given with Vinegar of Squilles , or Wine and Honey boyled together , it helps the Falling-sicknesse . Being given in Wine or Angelica-water , it helpeth against Venome and Poyson of venemous Beasts , where any are stung therewith . It cures the Quartane Ague , and Fea●ers of long continuance ▪ taken with Oxymel or Syrup of Vinegar , it dissolveth coagulated Milk in Womens Breasts , it killeth Wormes , and expelleth Wind. It is used also to take away loathing , for which it is effectuall , as appeares by the story of one that for a tryall tasted thereof in a cold time of the yeare ; and after a little walking , he found himselfe possessed both in his Head , Armes , and Body , with a gentle Sweet , and shortly after he found his body better disposed to his dinner , than at other times before , and digesting it better , and for this purpose it is commonly used by the Indians , as also to strengthen the weaknesse of the Stomack , and to provoke to Venery . If it be mingled with Rue , Niter , and Honey , it breaketh Carbuncles , and Pestilentiall Sores , being therunto applyed , and in the same manner it helpeth Cornes , and draweth them forth . Being applyed with Garlick and the White of an Egg , it helps Felons and White-flawes of the Fingers . It clears the Sight , and helpeth Suffusions or Spots in the Eyes , being mixed with Honey and dropped in . It cures the stinging of venemous Beasts , being applyed , and the swelling of the Spleen , being laid on as a Plaister . A Perfume thereof , and of Goats horn , is not onely good for the Mother , but prevents or much mitigates the Fit of the Falling Sicknesse , if the party's head be held over it when the Fit is a coming . It helpeth the Toothach , being put into an hollow Tooth . It is exceeding powerfull to expell Wind , not onely in Men , but also in Horses , when they are over-subject thereunto . These are the vertues of Assa faetida , which is the true and onely Laser or Laserpitium of the Ancients , as Garcias saith , & that it is so accepted generally by the Arabians in India , who say they err mightily that make them differing . It is given from half a Scruple to a Dram in powder , if it be very dry , but if not , it must be dissolved in Honey or Wine , and so taken ; yet Women with Child , and such as have very hot and dry bodies , must avoid it . The Assa dulcis is now a dayes quite lost and forgotten , being not brought into these parts ; neither are the Salks , Leaves , or Roots of Laserwort to be seen with us . The Vertues of the two last are not yet discovered , that I can finde .

CHAP. CCCXI. Of Cow-parsnep .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Sphondyllum and Spondylium , being derived , as some think , from Spondyle , which signifieth a Flie of a very stinking smell , like unto this Herb ; Tragus , Cordus , and others , call it Branca Vrsina , and Fuchsius , Acanthus vulgaris , sive Germanica , and therefore the Apothecaries in high and low Germany , did commonly use it in Clysters instead of Beares-breech : It is called in English Cow-parsnep , and Meadow-parsnep , but some Countrey people call it Hog-weed , because Hogs feed upon it with a great deal of greedinesse .

The Kindes .

There be five sorts of Cow-parsneps , some of which have been made known to the world but of later dayes : 1. Ordinary Cow-parsnep : 2. The great Cow-parsnep of Germany : 3. Jagged Cow-parsnep of our own Land : 4. Small Mountain Cow-parsnep : 5. Smooth Mountain Cow-parsnep .

The Form .

The Ordinary Cow-parsnep groweth with divers large , spread , rough , winged Leaves , lying either upon the ground , or else touching it within a very little , yet sometimes they stand more upright upon their long , thick , and roundish , hairy Foot-stalks , parted commonly into five divisions , the two couples standing each against other , and the odde one at the end , each division or leaf being almost round , yet cut int● the edges , somwhat deeply in divers of them , but not so deep in others , of a whitish green colour , and of somewhat a strong scent ; from amongst the Leaves riseth up a round crested hairy Stalk ▪ two or three foot high , with some few Joynts , and Leaves thereat , like the former , but lesser , branched also at the ●op , whereon divers Umbels of somewhat large and white flowers do commonly stand , yet sometimes they are a little reddish ; after which cometh the Seed , which is flat , whitish , thin , and winged , two of them being alwayes joyned together : The Root is long and white , somewhat like to that of Henban● , growing down into the ground with two or three long strings thereat , having also somewhat a strong and unpleasant smell .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth not onely in the corners of Meadows and in the borders of Fields , but in the Meadows and Fields themselves , many times amongst the Corn , whence the Husband-men pull them forth and bring them home to their Hogs , being very acceptable to them , as also to other Cattle , neither do they count their Hay or Straw much the worse if it be amongst them , it being good Fodder for Cowes ( and therefore called Cow-parsnep ) as well as for other Cattle ; the second is an Inhabitant of Germany ; the third being of our own Land was found by Dr. Bowl in Shropshire ; the fourth on the Alp●s of Austria ; the fifth and last on the Alpes of Basil : They do all flower in July , and seed in August .

The Temperature .

Cow-parsnep is of a manifest warme Temperature : The Seed , as Galen saith , is of a sharpe and cutting quality .

The Vertues .

The Seed of Cow-parsnep being either boyled in Wine and drunk , or powdred , and so taken therein , is commended as a good Remedy for Womens passions of the Mother , and so it cleanseth the Belly from tough phlegmatick matter , abiding therein , and easeth them that are Liver-grown . The smoak also of the Seed b●ing burned and received underneath , is effectuall for the Mother , and being burned under the Nose , it helpeth such as are fallen into a deep sleep , or have th● L●t●argy . The Root being boyled in Oyle , and the Head rubbed therewith , he●p●th not onely those that have the Lethargy , or Drowsy Evil , but those that have the Frensy , or Waking Evil , if I may so call it , notwithstanding they are so contrary , and those that of a long time have been troubled with the Head-ach , if it be likewise used with Rue , and so it is good for Ringwormes and Tetters , the ●unning Scab and the Shingles . The Seed is effectuall for those that are troubled with a Cough , or shortnesse of Breath , the Falling Sicknesse , or the Jaundise . The Root is of the like quality , and available for the said purpose , and besides , it is of great use to take away the hard callous skin that groweth on a Fistula , if it be scraped upon it . The Leaves are profitable to consume and dissolve cold swellings , if they be bruised and applyed thereto . The Juyce of the Flowers being dropped into the Eares that are full of Matter , and run , cleanseth and healeth them . ●he poor people of Polonia and Lit 〈…〉 ia do boyl the Seeds and Leaves hereof in water , and by putting a little Yest or Barm thereunto , make of it a Liquor , which they drink as familiarly as we do Beer .

CHAP. CCCXII . Of Birth-wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , because it is good both to facilitate the Birth , and to purge all impurity that may be in the Womb after delivery . The Latines following the Greek do likewise call it Aristolochia , besides which it hath none other Latine name , but those which are corrupt , yet coming thence also as Pistolochia and Aristologia . In English it is called Birth-wort from the effects before mentioned .

The Kindes .

There are eight sorts hereof reckoned up by Bauhinus in his Pinax , though perhaps not translated Verbatim . 1. The more ordinary round rooted Birth-wort . 2. Another round rooted Birth-wort . 3. The true long rooted Birth-wort . 4. Spanish long Birth-wort . 5. The running rooted Birth-wort . 6. Spanish climing Birth-wort . 7. The bushy rooted Birth-wort . 8. Ever-green bushy rooted Birth-wort of Candy .

The Forme .

The more ordinary round rooted Birth-wort sendeth forth divers long , trailing square Stalks , a foot long , or thereabouts , with few or no branches , but with many round yellowish green Leaves , full of veines , standing at distances without order , every one upon the short foot-stalk : At every joynt with the Leaves from the middle of these Stalks upwards , cometh one long hollow Flower , small at the bottom , but broader at the top , with a long piece or slippet , as it were , at one side of the top bending down , both of them almost of a deadish yellow , or somewhat brownish colour , and somewhat blackish purple on the in-side ; the Flowers being past , there come in their places small , round , and somewhat long fruit of divers sizes , but commonly about the bignesse of a Walnut , when the green shell is peeled off ; which being ripe , openeth it self into three parts , and sheweth the Seed , which is somewhat flat and round , lying in order within it , being separated into Cells by certain skins : the root is round and tuberous , somewhat like to that of Sowbread , both in form and operation .

The Places and Time .

I finde none of these growing naturally in England , but that with the long Root , which is said to grow beyond Reding , yet divers others of the sorts are to be found either in the Physick Garden at Oxford , or in Dr. Howes Garden at Westminster , or in Mr. Tradescants Garden at Lambeth , being brought thither either mediately or immediately from their naturall places : the three first growing as well in France about Mompelier , as in Spain and Italy ; the next three in Spaine , as also in Candy , the seaventh delights in the stony Olive yards of Provence and Spain ; and the last in Candy . In the warmer Countreys they flower and seed betimes , as in the months of May , June and July , but with us they flower not untill the middle or end of July , and their fruit doth hardly ripen before the Winter .

The Temperature .

The Roots of Birth-wort are hot in the second degree and dry in the third , according to some ; and hot in the third degree , and dry in the second ▪ according to others ; the round hath lesse earthy Substance , and more tenuity of part● , and therefore more effectuall in most Diseases .

The Signature and Vertues .

The learned Crollius , in his book of Signatures , doth take notice of the 〈…〉 mblance that is between the root of round Birth-wort and the Womb , and 〈…〉 ●t is not altogether strange , if it be excellent for Women that have gone out 〈◊〉 full time , especial●y when they are in Travel , for it causeth an easie and speedy delivery , whether the Chi●d be alive or dead , expelleth the After-birth , and all other impurity of the Womb , and provoketh the Courses , so that it must needs be an acceptable Herb to such Women as understand the Vertues of it . It is also effectuall to purge Phlegm , and then Choler , and that without any trouble or commotion to the Body , for it discusseth windynesse , which all other purging Medicines do usually cause , and therefore it availeth much in the diseases of the Brain● , Nerves , Breast , Stomack , Guts and Spleen : It profiteth likewise in the Falling Sicknesse , Cramp , Convulsion , Ruptures , shortnesse of Breath ▪ pain of the Side , Hicket , gnawing of the Stomack , Choll●ck , swelling of the Spleen , and especially if they come of Phlegm or Wind. It is used with good successe in the Joynt Gout , against Venome and Poyson , against cold Agues , and against Stopping and Rebellious humours , that are the cause of long Agues . It killeth Wormes , and resisteth putrifaction , and is good against the con●usions of the Nerves and Muscles , if it be given with Syrup of Vinegar , Mede or Honyed water . It is used also in old rotten and malignant Vlcers , especially being mixed with the powder of the roots of Flower-de-luce and Honey , for being thus used it cleanseth and healeth them . It cures Vlcers of the secret parts , if they be washed with the Decoction thereof . The Powder hereof doth cleanse the Teeth , and make them white , being rubbed therewith . It easeth the Gout , being mingled with Honey and Salt , and applyed . It draweth out Thornes and Spl●●ters of Bones that are broken , being applyed with Turpentine . It helpeth the biting of venemous Beasts , being boyled in Wine and laid on , and so doth the powder thereof being mixed with the juyce of Rue , and applyed to the Wound . Being mingled with the powder of Aloes , Lime , or Chalk , and Honey , and made into an Oyntment , by adding a little Wine , it cureth the Cancer and Polyppus in the Nose , if Tents dipped therein be put into the Nostrill . The powder thereof tempered with Honey , cures the Vlcers of the Mouth and Gummes . The fume thereof , or the powder in a quilted Cap , stayeth all Fluxes and Distillations of thin Rheume from the Head . It is held to be so excellent for Wounds in the Head , and elsewhere , that it is an usuall saying , That without Birthwort , no Chirurgion can performe any great cure . A Pessary made hereof , and with Myrrhe , provokes the Termes in Women , but let such a● are with Child , and have not gone their full time , by no means meddle with it , lest it cause abortion . The distilled Water hereof is usefull against creeping Vlcers and Pustules of the Genitalls , both in men an women , being therewith wash'd , or linnen cloaths dipt in the same ▪ & laid on the place all night . The long Birth-wort is almost , yet not altogether , so effectual as the round , for all the diseases aforesaid , whether inward or outward , and some hold the running kinde to be so also .

CHAP. CCCXIII. Of Mercury .

The Names .

I Mean not here to treat of that Herb that the Country people call Mercury , in Latin Bonus Henricus , which some take to be a kinde of Dock , but of those sorts of Mercury which are more p●operly so called . French Mercury is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Linozostis , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Mercurii Herba , and though 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Parthenium be the name , which is usually given to Feaverfew , yet because this is also good for Womens diseases , it was formerly so called , as divers other Herbs tending to the same purpose were . The Latines following the Greek ; do call it Mercurialis , because as Pliny saith , it was found by Mercury ▪ Dogs mercury , which is also a kinde hereof , is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cynaea and Cyn●crambe , which signifieth as much as Brassica Canina , that is , Dogs-Cabbage , but because it hath no agreement with any Cabbage , therefore some have chose rather to call it in Latin by the name of Mercurialis Canina , propter ignobilitatem , and other Mercurialis Sylvestris . The Childes or the Childing-Mercury , which is another sort hereof is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Phyllum and Eleophyllū , quasi Oleaefolium , because the Leaves are like unto those of the Olive .

The Kindes .

The kindes are sufficiently declared in speaking of the names , and therefore I shall say no more of them , onely that every sort hath a Male and Female .

The Forme .

French Mercury , for so it is called , though it grow in other places besides France , riseth up with square green Stalks full of joynts , a cubit high , or thereabouts , with two Leaves at every joynt , and branches likewise from both sides the Stalks , with fresh green Leaves , somewhat broad and long withall , about the bignesse of the Leaves of Basil , finely dented about the edges . In the Male , at the joynts towards the tops of the Stalks and Branches , come forth two small round green Heads , standing together upon a short foot-stalk , which growing ripe are the Seeds , not having any Flower : In the Female the Stalk is longer , spike-fashion , set round about with small green Husks , which are the Flowers , made like small branches of Grapes , which give no Seed , but abide long upon the Stalks without shedding . The Root is composed of many small Fibres , perishing every Winter , & rising again the next year of its own sowing , if the seed of the male be permitted to shed , and so the ground will be for ever furnished with both sorts of it , for they both rise from the Seed of the Male in the same manner as Hemp , and could not be distinguished one from another , but by their Seed and Flowers .

The Places and Time .

The French Mercury groweth as well wild in divers places of the English Dominions , as by a Village called Brookland , in Rumney Marsh in Kent , and by the Sea-side in the Isle of Wight , as in Gardens , where it is sometimes sown ; The Dogs-Mercury groweth by the Hedge-sides in most places of this Land also , the Female being not so frequent as the Male , but the Childs or Childing-Mercury , groweth wild about Mompelier in France , and in Spain and Italy , and is a Sojourner in some of our Gardens . They all flourish and seed in the Summer , save the Childes Mercury , which flowreth so late with us , that it hardly beareth ripe Seed .

The Temperature .

Mercury is hot and dry , yet not above the second degree ; it hath a cleansing faculty and a digesting quality also , as Galen saith .

The Vertues .

Hipocrates , whose skill in Physick was incomparable , as appears by his learned Aphorismes , doth very much commend the use of the French Mercury for Womens diseases , for if it be applyed to the Secret parts by way of fomentation , it easeth the pains of the Mother , and if the Decoction thereof be used , it procureth the Terms and expelleth the After-birth , as also for the Stangury , and diseases of the Reines and Bladder , the decoction thereof with Myrrhe or Pepper being taken inwardly , or the Leaves applyed outwardly , or both : He used it also for sore and watring Eys , and for Deafness , and pains in the Ears , by dropping the juyce thereof into them , and bathing them afterwards in White Wine . The decoction of the Leaves , or the juyce of them taken in broth or drink , with as much Sugar put to it as will sweeten it , purgeth cholerick and watrish Humours . The decoction thereof made with Water and a Cock chicken , is a most safe Medicine for the hot fits of the Ague ; ●t also cleanseth the Breast and Lungs of Phlegm , but a little offendeth the Stomach ; The juyce or distilled water thereof snuffed up into the Nostrils , purgeth the Head and Eyes of Catarrhes and Rheums . Two or three ounces of the distilled water with a litle Sugar put to it and drunk in the morning fasting , is used by some as a good Medicine to open and purge the Body of grosse , viscous , & m●lancholy humours . Matthiolus saith , that both the Seed of the Male , and Flowers of Female Mercury boyled with Wormwood and drunk , cureth the Yellow Jaundise in a speedy manner : The Leaves or the Juyce rubbed upon Warts , taketh them away : The Juyce mingled with some Vinegar helpeth all running Scabs , Tetters , Ringworms , and the Itch. Being applyed in manner of a Pultis to any Swelling or Inflammation , it digesteth and spendeth the humours , which were the cause thereof , and so helpeth it . It is frequently used with other things to evacuate the Belly from offensive humours , being given in a Clister . Though Dog-mercury he less used , because it is more common , yet it may serve to purge waterish and melancholy Humours , in the same manner as the former , and also for other the said uses . It is said of Childing Mercury , that if the Male thereof be taken by a Woman three dayes together after conception , and that her Courses be past , she shall bring forth a Male Child , but if she take of the Female , it shall be a Girle , and the same is said of the French Mercury , but my Wife never tryed either of them .

CHAP. CCCXIV . Of Madder .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Etruthrodanum , and Eruthedanum from the red colour of the root , and Rubia Tinctorum in Latine , because Dyers make use thereof to colour Wooll , as Leather-dressers also do to colour their Leather , which is the name that the Shops use also , yet Nicander calleth it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Schyrium in Greek , and others call it Rub●a in Latin , without any addition .

The Kindes .

There be six kindes of Madder growing in our ownd Land : 1. Red Madder , commonly called Garden Madder : 2. Wild Madder : 3. Wild Madder with long Leaves : 4. Sea Madder : 5. Dwarf Madder : 6. Little field Madder .

The Forme .

The manured or Garden Madder shooteth forth many Stalks , which stand upright at their first coming up , and so likewise if they be kept cut , but if they be permitted to grow , they become long , weak , and trailing upon the ground a great way , unlesse they grow by some hedge , and then they will climb thereon , being four-square , very rough and full of Joynts , at every of which come forth divers long , and somewhat narrow Leaves , standing about the Stalks somewhat like the r●well of a Spu● , being very rough also ; neer unto the tops whereof do come forth many small pale yellow Flowers , after which come small round heads , green at the first , and reddish afterward , but black when they are ripe , wherein are contained the Seed ; The Root is not so great as long , creeping very far , as well downwards as about the surface of the Earth , fat , full of substance , and of a red and very clear colour , whilst it is fresh .

The Places and Time .

The first , though it be commonly manured for the great profit that is made thereof , yet it groweth wild , not onely upon S. Vincents Rock neer Bristoll , and in the Hedges about Ruthland in Wales ; the second is natural also to some parts of this Land , and so is the third , which groweth in divers places of Dorset-shire ; the fourth groweth likewise in our own Country , & so do the two last . They flower in June and July chiefly , and the Seed of all of them is ripe in August , or thereabout , except the Sea ▪ kind , which seldom perfecteth its Seed with us .

The Temperature .

Madder roots are hot in the second degree , and dry in the third , and have an opening quality , and also an astringent property .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Decoction of Madder made in Wine and drunk , doth not onely bring down the Courses in Women , and provoke Vrine , but bringeth away the Birth and after-birth , cureth the Jaundise , openeth the stoppings of the Spleen and Gall , and ●iminisheth the Melancholy humour : The same taken as aforesaid , or in powder , dissolveth congealed blood in the Body , and is good for such as have bruised themselves by any great fall , and is very much used in vulnerary or Wound-drinks , for which purpose the colour of the root speaks it to be usefull . It is profitable also for such as have the Dropsi● , Palsie , Sciatica , or Hip-gout . The Seeds of Madder taken with Vineg●r and Honey , helpeth the swelling , and hardnesse of the Spleen . It is used also to amend or help the ill colour of the Face , and it helpeth Vlcers of the Mouth , if to the Decoction there be added a little Alome and Hony of Roses . The Juyce of the Root , or Decoction thereof , is given to such as are hurt with venemous Beasts , and preserveth the Body from putrefaction , and is very good for those that have the Itch or Scab : The Roots bruised , especially whist they are fresh , and applyed to any part that is discoloured with Freckles , Morphew , the White Scurf , or such like deformities of the Skin , cleanseth them thoughly , and taketh them away , especially if Vinegar be mixed therewith ; or the Powder of the Root mixed with a little Juyce of Garlick , Oyl , and a little Hony , cureth any Itch , Scab , or foulnesse of the Skin , being anoynted therewith . The Juyce of the Root dropped into the Eares , mitigates the pain of them . The Roots applyed as a Pessary , or the powder of the Root made up with Oyl of Savin , and applyed , brings away the Birth , and After-birth . By the reason that the Leaves and Roots do die a red colour , some have mistaken the effects thereof , supposing that it provokes Urine so much , that it causeth blood ▪ to come forth , when as the red colour of the Urine proceeds from no other cause , but the colour of the Root , as Rubarbe will cause it to looke yellow . The Decoction of Madder , given with that great composition called Triphera , is singular good to stay the Reds in Women , the Hemorrhoides , and the Bloudy Flix , which it may be said to do by Signature , as hath been approved by divers experiments , so that the contrary effects herein are manifest , the one being opening , and the other restringent ; and it is said to be usefull against untimely birth , though the common opinion be , that it must not be given to women with child , nor often to such as have hot and dry bodies , and then the Dose must not exceed two Scruples , if it be given in Powder , nor half an Ounce , if it be given in Decoction . The Roots are good traffique amongst the Dyers , as well as the Apothecaries , as having a special property to strike a lively red colour upon their Wooll and woollen Cloath , and the Curriers and other Leather-dressers , colour their Leather therewith .

CHAP. CCCXV. Of Dittany .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 by Dioscorides , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 by Theophrastus , and by others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , being derived , as some suppose 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à pariendo , because it is exceeding helpfull to Women in their paines of Child birth , not onely by allaying them , but by furthering their delivery , as the Authors but now mentioned do testifie . It is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , that is , Pulegium Sylvestre , but it is called by most Latine Writers Dictamnus , or Dictamnus Creticus , Dictamum or Dictamnum Creticum ; and the bastard sort is called Pseudodictamnus , Pseudodictamus , and Pseudodictamum .

The Kindes .

Concerning that kinde of Bastard Dittany , called Fraxinella , in Latine , I have already spoken , and told you that it was improperly so called , and therefore I shall here set down those that better deserve the name , and they are three ; 1. Dittany of Candy ; 2. Bastard Dittany ; 3. Another Bastard Dittany .

The Forme .

Dittany of Crete or Candy , for so it is now called , hath divers hard and brownish , yet somewhat hoary Stalks rising from the root , set full of Leaves , two standing together one against another , all along the Branches , which are broad , and thick , and almost round , so hoary , white , and covered over with a wooly down , that they seem not at all to be green ; at the tops of the Branches come forth scaly heads , purplish on the out-side , and paler on the in-side , from among which come forth gaping Flowers , of a pale purplish colour , and after them small brownish Seed ; the Root consisteth of many blackish strings or Fibres , from a harder long Root ; the whole Herb is of a quick or fiery scent , especially if it be fresh , and of a hotter taste , for it decayeth in keeping , yet it will retain its vertue a year , or longer .

The Places and Time .

The first grows in the Isle of Crete or Candy , & therefore called Creticus , which by elder times was supposed to be the onely place in the world ; but Clusius saith , that it was signified to him , that it was found also in the Isle of Sardinia ▪ with lesser and whiter Leaves than those of that of Candy , and exceeding sweet withall , and is sown in some few of our Gardens , but seldome endureth the coldness of our Winters , and then it must be carefully covered ; the second groweth neer Pisa and Ligorne , in the Florentine Dominions , and is frequent in the Gardens of Italy ; the last in the Island Corigo . Some have thought that the first beareth neither Flower nor Seed , but not without error , for it is found to bear both in its naturall soil , though in our cold Climate it seldome flowers , and then it cannot often seed . The second is late before it flowreth , so that it seldome perfecteth its seed . The last is so great a stranger , that its time is not known .

The Temperature .

Dittany both that of Crete , and of the Bastard kindes , is hot and dry in the third degree .

The Vertues .

Dioscorides , Theophrastus , and the generall consent of Writers doe confirme that the Leaves of Dittany being made into Powder and dranke , with Water or Wine , causeth speedy deliverance and easie , though the Childe be dead , and out of due course , and expelleth the After-birth , and it is said that Dittany , Vervaine and Hyssope of each one handful , being stamped , and drank by a Woman when she is in travaile , saveth both the Woman and Childe , though they be both in danger : It povokes Womens Courses , and is profitable for those that are troubled with the Dropsie , or swelling of the Spleen . The Juice drank with Wine is a present remedy for those that are bitten or stung by any Venemous Creature : nay , the Herb is so effectuall against the poyson of all beasts that are venemous , that the very smell drives them away : The powder being mixed with Honey and taken , easeth the Cough and killeth Wormes , and a Decoction thereof taken , is profitable for the Jaundise A P●ss●●y made of the Juice and the Powder , bringeth away the dead Childe , and after birth being applyed . A Bath or Decoction made thereof , and used all over , cures the ●aundise . The Juyce mixed with the Powder , helps the Wula being ●allen , if it be annointed therewith ; and the Juice being mixed with Womans milke , and dropped in the ●ares that are pained , easeth them . The Roots of Dittany and Ac●r●s made into powder , and snuffed up into the Nostrills , purgeth the Braine : The Powder of Dittany and Castor mixed with the Juice of Rue , and put up into the Nose , is good for those that have the falling Sicknesse . It draweth forth Thornes and Splinters out of the feet or other parts , being applyed thereto ; and if a weake Member be but rubbed with the Juice thereof , it strengthneth the same . The Juice is a present remedy for all wounds made with Iron , being put therein , both mundifying and cleansing the same , especially those that are made with Venemous Weapons . The same hath a purging faculty , being annointed or applyed with Barly Meale . The distilled Water thereof cannot but be usefull for many of the aforesaid purposes , and besides it is commended against the Pestilence , if three ounce● be drank Morning and Evening , and against Venome , if six ounces thereof be dranke ; and three ounces thereof taken in the morning are profitable against the Stone . Though Dittany be good for Women in Labour , yet Women with Ch●ld must avoid it , because it will make them miscarry ; neither is it for hot , cholerick and dry bodies , nor to be much used in hot seasons : but when it is needfull the Dose of the powder is from a scruple to a dram . It is a report of ancient standing , and contradicted by no Author that ever I read , that the Wild Goates and Deere in Candy , when they be wounded with Arrowes , do drive them forth by eating this herbe , the cure also ensuing thereupon .

CHAP. CCCXVI. Of Pepperwort or Dittander .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Lepidium , as some think quod 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , id est , maculas in cute delet , because it taketh Spots and Scarres out of the Skin , or as others thinke , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quod acrimoniâ urenti ulceret , because it is hot in taste , yet not so hot as to exulcerate . It is called also Lepidium in Latine , but it is as well , if not better known by the name of Piperitis , for so it is called because of its heating quality like unto Pepper , yet neither the Piperitis that Pliny mentions , nor the Lepidium of Dioscorides are the same with this , that of Pliny being a kinde of Pepper called Siliquastrum , and that of Dioscorides being the Sciatica Cresse called Iberis , or Cardamantica . We call it in English Dittander and Pepperwort , and some Dittany , but falsely , that being another plant which I have spoken to in the foregoing Chapter . There is a kinde hereof called Scarrewort , after the Greek name , either because it maketh a marke in the hand or him that shall hold it , or because it taketh away all manner of ●carres , as I said before .

The Kindes .

There be three kindes of Dittander . 1. Common Dittander or Pepperwort . 2. French Dittander , or Scarrewort . 3. Annuall Dittander , or Scarrewort .

The Forme .

Common Dittander or Pepper-wort sendeth forth somewhat long and broad Leaves , sharpe pointed , of a light blewish green colour , dented about the Edges somewhat like a Saw : the Stalke whereon most of the Leaves stand is round and tough , sometimes a cubit or more in height , spreading forth divers branches on which doe grow little white flowers , after which followeth the small seed in little heads : The Root is slender and apt to increase , the whole plant is very hot and sharpe in taste , as I said before .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth naturally in divers places of this Land , as about Clare in Essex , about Exceter in the West Countrey , about Rochester in Kent , and about Sawle Abbey in Lancashire , &c. and is taken into Gardens by some that know how to use it . The other two are found about M●mpelier in France . The first and last flower about June or July ; the second in August , when the other two perfect their seed .

The Temperature .

Dittander is hot and dry in the third degree , being of a cleansing quality , and not so hot and fiery sharpe , as some Authors make them , especially the ordinary sort .

The Vertues .

The Women of Bury in Suffolke , and in the West Countrey also , as I have been told by one that came from thence , and in other places also , doe usually give the Juice of Dittander , to the quantity of a Spoonful or two in Ale to be dranke by those Women that are in travaile , to procure them a speedy delivery . It is very effectuall also for the Sciatica , or Hip-gout , or any other Gout or paine in the Joynts , or any other inveterate griefe , the Leaves hereof to be bruised and mixed with old Hoggs-grease , and applyed to the place , there to continue for four hours , if the party be a Man , but no more then two , if it be a Woman , the place being afterwards bathed with Wine and Oyle mixed together , and then wrapped with Wool or Skins , after they have sweat a little . The same also amendeth the deformi●●es and discolourings of the Skinne , whether in the face or elsewhere , and helpeth to take away all manner of Markes , Scarres and Scabbs , which remain after the healing of Vlcers , or the like , as also the foul marks of burnings , either with Fire , or an hot Iron . The other two are also judged to be endued with the same effects , and are also good for the Toothach● , as Rondeletius affirmeth , who saith , he made as good use thereof for that purpose , as he did of Pellitory of Spaine , and that some of the Leaves only being held , giveth ease unto them that are vexed with the said p●ine . A Leafe of Scarrewort applyed to the palme of the hand or any other place , is said to make a Marke or discolouring , different from the adjaent parts , if it lye at it but a while , and continueth so after it is taken off .

CHAP. CCCXVII . Of the Holme Oake .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , signifying to Saw , because it is so hard that it cannot be cut , but with a Saw . The greater sort is of some called in Latine , Ilex major , Ilex arbor , and Ilex glandifera , to distinguish it from the lesser , or Scarlet Holme Oake called Ilex coccifera , or coccigera . The Acorne of the greater is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Acylum also in Latine , but the Scarlet Grain of the lesser is called in Greek by Theophrastus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Coccos Phoenicea , by Dioscorides 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 simply , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Coccus Baphica . In Latine by Pliny Granum Coccum , Quisquilium , Cusculium , Scoletium , Vermiculum & Hysginum , but by the latter Writers , Coccus infectorius , and Granum infectorium , by the Arabians , Chermes or Kermes , as also by the Apothecaries , who likewise call it Grana tinctorum , in English , the Scarlet grain , or Chermes berry .

The Kindes .

Of the Holme Oake there be three sorts : 1. The greater prickly Holme Oake . 2. The great smooth Holme Oake . 3. The lesser or Scarlet Holme Oake , which though it be the least in quantity , yet the Scarlet Graine thereof being so eminent and usefull , I shall describe that .

The Forme .

The Scarlet Holme Oake groweth in the manner of an Hedge tree , of a meane bignesse , having many faire branches , or boughs spread abroad , whereon are set Leaves green above , but whitish underneath , snipt about the Edges , and at every corner one short prickle , in manner like unto Holly , yet somewhat lesse : from amongst which there come sometimes , but not often , small Acornes standing in little Cups or Husks ; for when it is pruined and cut low , it beareth the Scarlet grain growing all along the branches , at the several joynts and foot-stalks of the Leaves , about the bignesse of a Pease , of the colour of Holly or Asparagus Berries , when they are ripe , and containing in them a clear Juice of a crimson colour , as deep as any pure fresh bloud which by the heat of the Sun is turned into small red worms , little bigger then fleas , at the first , but being suffered to grow great consume the inner substance of the Berry or Grain , creeping away , and leaving the Husk or Shel empty , which empty Shels are sometimes used , when the Berries themselves are not to be gotten .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth plentifully in Spain and France , the second in Spain , and Italy , but for their rarity they have been planted in some Gardens of this Land : the last groweth not only in divers places of Europe and Asia : but also in Africa and America ▪ as in Spain , Portugall , Italy , and in that part of France called Provence , &c. They all flower in May , and their fruit is ripe at the end of September ; The Scarlet graine cometh forth in the middle of April , and is gathered in May and June , for the use of the Apothecaries and Dyers , before the wormes come forth .

The Temperature .

The Scarlet graine called Chermes is astringent , and somewhat bitter , and also dry , without sharpnesse .

The Vertues .

The Scarlet graine , but especially the confection made thereof called Alkermes . is not onely commended , but also given by Physitians and Midwives , very frequently to such Women with Childe , as by infirmity or other casualty are apt to miscarry by untimely travell , as also to comfort and strengthen them in the time of their Labour , for it is so Soveraigne a Cordiall , that there is none better ( though perhaps there be cheaper ) to fortifie the heart , and to revive the fainting Spirits , of which there is great need at such times : notwithstanding it was chiefly devised in the beginning , for the purging of Melancholy , which appeareth by that quantity of Lapis Lazuli , which is commonly added thereunto , and is therefore profitable for those that are troubled with Melancholy passions and sorrow , proceeding from no evident cause , for it procureth mirth , as much as any Physical means whatsoever . This noble and famous Composition is also daily commended , and used with good successe against the trembling and shaking of the heart , and against swounings , but then it will be most necessary that the Lapis Lazuli be left out , or at least to be very well prepared before it be put in , because the sharp and venemons quality , wherewith it is endued , working upon the Heart and other Entrails , many ●●mes doth morè harme then good . It hath been also found to be very effectual for the healing of green Wounds and Sinewes that are cut , if the powder of the Berries be tempered with the Syrupe of Vinegar , or Vinegar it self , and applyed thereunto . The manner of reducing them into powder is this ; When these Graines or Berries are seasonably gathered , the people that live in those places where they grow , cast them upon a Sheet or some such thing , sprinkling them with a little Wine or Vinegar , which being born up from the ground by the sides , or four corners , and set in the hot Sun , will have little wormes growing in them , as I said before , who feeling the heat of the Sun begin to stirre , and would creep quite away , if there were not one appointed purposely to look unto them , with a small Wand or Stick , who by striking the sides of the Sheet , causeth them to fall down into the middle againe , till they be all dead , and dryed so sufficiently with the heat of the Sun , that they may be easily done into Powder . Some use to put them into a Bag or Boulter , and shake them in the Sun , and sometimes dry them in an Oven , and afterwards bring them to the Market , and sell them to the Merchants , who direct them into all parts where they have good vent for them . The Crimson Silke that is appointed in this Confection , is not to be that which is dyed after the ordinary manner , because they use many things in the doing of it , which are not safe to be taken inwardly , and therefore some have used to draw a tincture out of the dryed Berries , but there is a safer course now devised , namely to steep the raw silke , that hath had no Art passe upon it , in the true Juice of the Chermes Berries , which being imbibed and sufficiently coloured , the Juice after boiling and streining is fit to be used . Both the Pulpe and Shels are used by those of Candy for dying , but the richer Dye , which is made of the Pulpe , is four times dearer then that , which is made of the Bladders or Shels .

CHAP. CCCXVIII . Of Ground-pine or Herb Ivie .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ghamaepitys , which name the Latines many times use , quasi humipinus vel picea , it a little resembling the Pine in the forme of the Leaves , but more in the smell of the root : It is also called in Latine Ajuga , but more properly Abiga , not ab Abietis odoré , because it smels like Firre , as Pena thinketh , but as most conceive , ab abigendo partu , & procurando abortu : Some call it also Thus terrae from its smell , others Iva Arthretica , or rather Arthrytica , because it helpeth the Gout and other Joynt aches . It is called in English , Herb Ivy ; Forget me not , Ground Pine , and Field Cypresse .

The Kindes .

Of Ground pine there be these foure sorts : 1. The ordinary or Common Ground-pine . 2. The sweet Ground-pine . 3. Clusius his Ground-pine of Austria . 4. Bastard Ground-pine .

The Forme .

The Common Ground-pine groweth low , seldome rising to be above the height of an hand-breadth , shooting forth divers small branches , set with slender small , long , narrow , gray , whitish Leaves , somewhat hairy and divided into three parts many times , many bushing together at a Joynt , and sometimes also some growing scatteredly upon the Stalkes , smelling somewhat strong like unto Rosen or Pitch ; the Flowers are small , and of a pale yellow colour , growing from the Joynts of the Stalkes all along amongst the Leaves , after which come small , long and round Husks ; the root is small and woody , perishing every yeare .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers places of Kent very plentifully , especially about Grave end , Cobham Southfleet , Horton , Dartford and Sutton , and is taken into the Gardens of those that know the use of it . The second was seen by Pena on the dry Hills and higher Medowes of Savoy : the third groweth about Vienna in Austria ; the last in divers unmanured pla●es of Spaine : They all flower in June and July , and give their Seed about August .

The Temperature .

Ground-pine is hot in the second degree , and dry in the third .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of Ground-pine drunke , doth not onely mervailously helpe all the diseases of the Mother , but procureth Womens Courses , expelleth the Dead-birth , and After-birth , yea it is so powerfull upon those feminine parts , that it is utterly forbidden to Women with Childe , in that it will cause abortment or delivery before the time , in those that have not fulfilled their Months , but in those that have , it furthereth deliverance as much as may be , as well applyed outwardly , as used inwardly . The said Decoction doth wonderfully prevaile against the Strangury and Stoppings of Vrine , or any inward paine rising from the diseases of the Reines , and is exceeding good also for all obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , for it clenseth gr●sse and impu●e blood , expelling that which is congealed , and gently opening the body , for which purpose the powder thereof was formerly made up in Pills , with the Pulpe of Figgs : It is effectual also in all the paines and diseases of the Joints , as Gouts , Gramps , Palsies , Sciatica and Aches , either the Decoction of the herbe in Wine taken inwardly , or applyed outwardly , or both for some time together ; for which purpose the Pills , which are made with the powder of Ground pine , Hermodactyles , and Venice Turpentine , are very effectual . The said Pi●s continued for some time are of special use for the Dropsie , Jaundise , and also for those that have any griping paines in the Belly , or Joynts . It helpeth also all diseases of the Braine , proceeding from cold and phlegmatick humors , and distillations , as also for the Falling Sicknesse . It is an especial remedy also against the poyson of all sorts of Aconites , and other poysonful herbes , neither is it lesse powerful against the stinging of the Scorpion , and all other venemous Creatures . The green herbe , or the Decoction thereof being applyed to Womens Breasts , dissolveth the hardnesse of them , as also all other hard tumors in any other part of the Body : The green herbe or the juice thereof applyed with some Honey , doth not onely clense putrid , stinking , foule , malignant and virulent Ulcers and Sores of all sorts , but healeth and sodereth up the lips of green Wounds in any part also . The herb tunned up in drink and dranke , is very much commended for those inward griefes aforementioned , being farre more acceptable to weak or dainty stomacks , and this way is almost as effectual as any other . The distilled Water of the herb hath the same effects also , but more weakly . The Conserve of the Flowers doth the like , which is much commended for the Palsey , as the Pills made of the herb , with a number of other Ingredients also are .

CHAP. CCCXIX. Of the Savine-Tree or Bush .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Brathus , Brathy , and Barathron , in Latine , Sabina and Savina , which are the more ordinary names , yet some have called it Savinera . Some thinke it to be the Bruta arbor Plinii , being taken from Brath● by the transposition of a Letter , and Savina altera to be the same , which he saith was called Cupressus Cretica , but some are of another opinion .

The Kindes .

There be but three sorts of Savine that I can finde , for though perhaps some may thinke , that that which beareth berries , and that which beareth none to be different kindes , yet they are not , for the same tree which beareth berries in the naturall places , beareth none with us , so that there be but three kindes as I said . 1. The ordinary Savine Tree . 2. The greater berried Savine Tree . 3. Gentle Savine with Berries .

The Forme .

The ordinary Savine which groweth most commonly in the Gardens of our Countrey , is a pretty low Shrub , seldome exceeding the height of a Man , nor much bigger in the Stemme or Trunke then a Mans arme , with many crooked bending boughs and branches , whereon are set many small , short , hard and prickly Leaves , of a dark green colour , which continue fresh both Winter and Summer : Though it be reported to bear small black Berries like unto Juniper , where it groweth naturally , yet with Us it is commonly barren , both of Flowers and Fruit : The Leaves are of a ranke or strong smell .

The Places and Time .

The places where the first groweth naturally are Candy , Mysia , and other of the Eastern Countries ; but since it hath been brought from thence , it hath been so dispersed and propagated by the slips , that there is hardly a Countrey Town but one or another hath it , ( and the biggest that ever I saw was in Thomas Poultons Garden at Barford ) yet those that have it would do well to keep it under lock and key , and to suffer no body to have any thereof , unlesse it be for some honest use , the contrary whereof is sometimes made . The second groweth in the mountaine Taurus , Amanus and Olympus . The last upon the mountaines of Calabria and Apulia by Naples , as also neer Gratianople : these two last are also found in some of our more curious Gardens , as in that of John Tradescants Garden at Lambeth , &c. They abide ever green , and shew their ripe Berries not untill Winter .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of Savine which are of greatest use in Medicine , are hot and dry in the third degree , and of subtill parts .

The Signature and Vertues .

That exquisite discoverer of Signatures Oswald Crollius , in his Book upon that Subject , declareth that Savine hath the Signature of the Veines of the Matrix or Wombe , and therefore it is exceeding powerfull in its operation upon that part , for the Decoction thereof dranke , not onely provoke Womens Courses , send forth the Birth and After-birth , but causeth Abortion in those that take it before they have gone out their full time , and therefore , as I said , it is not to be permitted to those , whom you suspect to desire it for any such occasion , as some Harlots doe . The said Decoction expelleth bloud by Vrine , and is profitable for the Kings Evill A dramme of Savine in Powder , mixed with three ounces of Niter , and two of Honey , doth wonder●ully help such as are short-winded , as Matthiolus saith : It killeth the Wormes in Children , but it is safer to use it outwardly , then inwardly , by applying it to the Navel , or by anoynting the Belly with the Oyl thereof . The sume of the Decoction taken underneath , provoketh the Courses , bringeth away the Birth and After-birth . The Powder of the dryed Leaves mixed with Honey , is an excellent remedy to cleanse old filthy Vlcers , and Fistulaes , especially if they be of long continuance , and not easie to be holpen , for it resisteth putrefaction , and digesteth them exceedingly ; yet it being so hot and dry , is altogether unapt for consolidating or healing them . The said powder mixed with Cream , or the green Leaves boiled in Cream and annointed on the heads of Children , which have Scabbs , running or dry Sores , cleanseth them throughly , and healeth them , as also Saint Anthonies fire . The fresh Leaves bruised and laid upon running and fretting Cancers , and the like , as Tetters , Ring-wormes , &c. killeth and destroyeth them . The powder of the Leaves mixed with Honey , taketh away all Spots and Freckles from the Face or Body being applyed thereunto , and so it helpeth the Blisters of the Yard , that are gotten by dealing with unclean Women , after they have been bathed with the Decoction of the Leaves , as the Powder of the Leaves being strewed thereupon doth also . Being given to Horses , or other Cattle in their drink , it is effectuall for the Botts and the smoak thereof burned , cureth Hens that have gotten the Pippe . The distilled Water thereof , helpeth those that have the Worms , and is effectual also for them that have a giddinesse in their Braines . The same doth cleanse the Skin from Spots and Markes , and other deformities therein .

CHAP. CCCXX . Of the Birch-tree .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Semuda by Theophrastus , by others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Semus and Semos , in Latine Betula , and sometimes Betulla , from the old Verbe Batuo , signifying to beate , because it was and is often used for that purpose .

The Forme .

The Birch Tree groweth in many places to be a goodly tall streight tree , fraught with many boughs , & other slender branches bending downwards , the elder being covered with a discoloured rough chapped barke , but those that are younger , are browner by much , having under them another fine white thin rinde or barke . The Leaves at their first breaking out are crumpled , but afterwards they become somewhat smoother , not much unlike those of the Beech-Tree , but smaller , and greener , with dents about the Edges : It beareth small and short Catkins , somewhat like to those of the Hasel Nut tree , which abide on the branches a long time , wherein the seed is contained , but at length falls to the ground .

The Places and Time .

Though the Birch Tree grow frequently in some Countries , yet in others it is very rare , as is in some parts of Oxford and Northampton-shires , where they are set in Gardens , as rarities , as in the Garden of my much honoured Friend John Cartwright Esquire , at his house in Aino . I remember once as I rid through little Brickhill in Buckingham-shire , which is a Town standing upon London Road , between Dunstable and Stony Stratford , every Signe-post in the town almost , was bedecked with green Birch , so that in that Countrey it seems to be very plentiful . The Catkins come forth in Aprill , and the Leaves soon after , but the Seed is not ripe untill September .

The Temperature .

The Leaves of the Birch Tree are thought to be cooling , but the Barke and Catkins are hot .

The Signature and Vertues .

The inner barke of the Birch-tree , saith the said Crollius , whom I quoted in the Chapter immediately going before , hath the Signature of the Matrix with the bloudy veines thereof , and therefore the decoction thereof provoketh Womens Courses , expelleth the After-birth , and carrieth away all manner of superfluity from the Wombe . The juyce of the Leaves while they are young , or the distilled Water of them , or the Water that cometh out of the Tree being bored with an Auger , taken either before , or after it is distilled againe , is held to be very availeable to break the Stone in the Kidneyes , or Bladder , and is also good to wash sore mouthes , for which purposes a Lye made of the inner barke of the Birch-tree is likewise effectuall . The civill uses whereunto the Birch-tree serveth are many , as for the punishment of Children both at home and at School , for it hath an admirable influence upon them , to quiet them when they are out of Order , and therefore some call it Make-peace : The old Roman Magistrates had it born in bundles before them , as an Ensigne , and Instrument of Justice to be executed upon petty Offenders ; it is used also to Hoop Caskes , binde Fagots , make Besomes , &c.

Having thus dispatched these Simples which are appropriated to the Wombe , I passe on now to those that are availeable for Ruptures , which Disease is caused by the breaking or loosening of the Rim , or Filme of the Belly , so that the Guts fall into the Cods . It happeneth most commonly to young Children , and those of the Male-kinde , yet sometimes Females , and elder persons are troubled therewith , so that it will be very requisite to speak of some particular Plants , that are very effectuall for this purpose .

CHAP. CCCXXI. Of Rupturewort .

The Names .

IT is uncertaine whether any of the ancient Greek Writers knew this herbe , because we have no Greek name left for it , that we can affirm to be the true , and therefore I shall wave it . It is called in Latine Polygonum minus by Matthiolus , and Castor Durantes , Herba Cancri minor by Cordus in his Scholiastes , and Millegrana in his History of Plants , Epipactis by Anguillara , Herba Turca by Lobel , and Casalpinus , but the name which is best known , and most used by the Writers of this present age is Herniaria , being so called from its efficacy in curing the Rupture , called Hernia ; It is also called in English Rupture-wort , or Burstwort , because it cureth those that are bursten .

The Kindes .

Though some joyn the sorts of Rupture-wort with those of Knot-grasse , whereof they are kindes , yet for their names and vertues sakes , we have reserved them for this Chapter , and there be four sorts of them : 1. Common Rupture-wort : 2. The greater Rupture-wort of Africa : 3. Rupture-wort with longer Leaves : 4. Indian Rupture-wort .

The Forme .

Common-Rupturewort groweth with very many threddy branches , spread round upon the ground , about a span long , divided into many other smaller parts , full of small joynts , set very thick together , whereat come forth two very small Leaves , of a fresh green colour , as the Branches also are , whereat there do grow forth also a number of exceeding small yellowish flowers , scarce to be discerned from the Stalks and Leaves , which turn into Seeds as small as dust . The Root is long and small , thrusting down deep into the ground ; the tast hereof is scarce perceivable at the first , yet after a while a little astringent taste , without any manifest heat , yet a little bitter and sharp withall , may be perceived therein .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in many places of our own Land , as well as in others , in dry barren grounds where it will be small , and in the moister places also , but not boggy or moorish , that are not shadowed , and is for its usefulnesse brought into Physick-Gardens of the greatest note ; the second groweth in Africa neer Tunis ; the third in the dry cha●k or stony grounds of Kent , and other Countreys ; the fourth in America , as Monardus saith . They flourish and flower in the months of May , June , July , and August .

The Temperature .

Rupture-wort doth notably dry , and throughly closeth up together and fasteneth .

The Signature and Vertues .

Rupture-wort , saith mine Author , hath such a Signature , that thereby it may be perceived to be profitable for the falling down of the Guts into the Cods , which is commonly called Burstness , and indeed it hath neither its Signature , nor its Name in vain , for it hath been found by divers experiences , to help and cure the Rupture , not onely in Children , but also in elder Persons , if the Disease be not too inveterate , a dram of the powder of the dryed herb being taken in Wine every day , for certain dayes together , as the strength of the Disease & age of the Patient shall require , for the older people are , and the longer it is let alone , the longer it will be before it be cured ; or the Decoction made of the Herb in wine , and drunk , or the juyce of the distilled water of the green herb taken in the same manner ; It is also wonderfully effectuall for helping all manner of Fluxes , either of men or women , Vomiting also , and the Gonorrhea , or Running of the Reines , being taken any of the wayes aforesaid ; It doth most assuredly help those also that are grieved with the Strangury , or have their Vrine otherwise stopped , or are troubled with the Stone or Gravel in the Reines or Bladder , causing them that take it to make water very freely , and thereby to remove and wash down whatsoever sticketh , or is offensive in the passages of the Vrine : The same also helpeth much all Stitches in the Side , all griping paines in the Stomach or Belly , the obstructions of the Liver , and cureth the Yellow Jaundise likewise , and killeth Wormes in Children . Being outwardly applyed , it conglutinateth Wounds very notably , and helpeth much to stay defluctions of Rheume from the Head , to the Eyes , Nose , and Teeth , the green Herb being bruised and bound thereto ; or the Decoction of the dryed Herb to bathe the Fore-head and Temples , or the Nape of the Neck behind . It also dryeth up the moisture of Fistulous Vlcers , or any others that are foule and spreading . The lesser Rupture-wort hath all the faculties of the other , though not so exactly . Monardus writeth , that the Indian Rupture-wort is mervailously good for them that are bursten , whether they be Children or Men that are so grieved , the green Herb being bruised and applyed to the place , whereunto a Truss must afterwards be bound .

CHAP. CCCXXII . Of Thorough-wax .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine Perfoliata ( for it hath no certain Greek name that I can meet with ) quod caulis ejus singula folia dissecat , atque penetra● , because the Stalk groweth through the Leaves , and therefore we call it in English Thorough-wax , or Thorough-leaf .

The Kindes .

To this Kinde may be referred these nine sorts following ; 1. Common Thorough-wax : 2. Double-flowred Thorough-wax : 3. Broad-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax : 4. The lesser broad-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax : 5. The greater narrow-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax : 6. The lesser narrow-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax : 7. The least narrow-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax : 8. Common codded Thorough-wax : 9. Codded Thorough-wax with purple flowers .

The Forme .

The Co●mon Thorough-wax groweth up with one straight round Stalke , and sometimes more , till it be half a yard high , or higher , whose lower Leaves being of a blewish green colour , are smaller and narrower than those that grow higher , standing close thereto , but not quite compassing it ; yet as they grow higher , they do more and more encompasse the Stalk , untill they so wholly close together , that it passeth almost through the middle of them , branching towards the top into many parts , where the Leaves grow smaller again , every one standing singly , and never two at a joynt ; the Flowers are very small and yellow , standing in tufts at the heads of the Branches , where afterwards grow the Seed , which is small and blackish , many of them being thick thrust together ; the Root is small , long and woody , perishing after it hath perfected its seed , which being permitted to shed , riseth againe the next yeare .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in many Corn-fields and Pasture-grounds of this Land , as in the Corn-fields about Beechen-tree , in the way between Oxford and Deddington , very plentifully , and is taken into Gardens by those that know the use of it , where by the alteration of the soile , it sometimes bears a double flower , and is reckoned as a second sort , though it be but a kinde of the first ; all the rest are strangers , except the last save one , which is found in our own Land . They do all flower about July , and the Seed is ripe in August , or presently after .

The Temperature .

Thorough-waxe is hot and dry , as may be perceived by the bitterishnesse and astringency that is in it .

The Signature and Vertues .

The commendations of Thorough-wax are so many and so great , and the success so answerable thereunto , as also to the Signature , which Crollius saith it hath , that to omit it in this place would argue me to be very careless ; Take notice therefore , that the decoction of the Herb , or the powder of the dryed Herb taken inwardly , or the green Leaves bruised and applyed outwardly , or both , is very singular and available to cure Ruptures or Burstings , especially in Children , before it grow to be too old . It is also an excellent Remedy to help those Children that have their Navels sticking out , being applyed thereunto with a little Honey and Wax , and so it draweth up the bowels , and keepeth them in their naturall place , and setleth them and slacketh them , when they are too much windy and swollen . It is also of singular good use with Chirurgions for all sorts of Bruises and Wounds , either inward or outward , and old Vlcers and Sores likewise , if the decoction of the Herbe made with Water or Wine be drunke , and the places washed therewith , or the juyce or greene herb bruised and boyled , either by it self , or with other herbs , in Oyle or Swines-greace , be made into an Oyntment , which may be used as any time of the yeare . The Herb , as also the distilled Water thereof , is very good against St. Anthony's Fire , and the Shingles . The greene Leaves being stamped and boyled with Wax , Oyle , Rosin , and Turpentine , maketh an excellent Oyntment or Salve , to incarnate or bring up flesh in deepe ●●unds .

CHAP. CCCXXIII . Of Solomons-Seale .

The Names .

ITt is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Polygonatum , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 multus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 genu , because of the many Knees , Joynts , or Nodes , that are in the Root ; in Latine also Polygonatum , but more usually Sigillum Solomoni● , because the flat round circles that are upon the Root , do somewhat represent a Seale , or else because of the wonderfull faculty that it hath in sealing or closing Burstennesses , or green Wounds . It is also called Scala caeli , because the Leaves grow not together , but one above another , imitating the rounds of some fashioned Ladders . We call it in English Solomons-seale from the ordinary Latine name , and sometime White-wort , or White 〈…〉 .

The Kindes .

The sorts of Solomons-seale that I finde mentioned by Authors , are twelve ; 1. Common Solomons-seal ; 2. Great Solomons-seal : 3. The great-flowred Solomons-seal : 4. The greatest leased Solomons seal : 5. Small Solomons-seale : 6. Broad-leafed branched Solomons-seal : 7. Solomons-seal of Virginia : 8. Cl●●ter-like Solomons-seal of America : 9. Solomons-seal of Brasil : 10. The greater and lesser thorough-leafed yellow Solomons-Seal of America : 11. Narrow-leafed Solomons-seal : 12. Branched small Solomons-seal .

The Forme .

The Common Solomons-seale groweth with a round Stalk about half a yard high , bowing or bending down the top , set with single Leaves one above another , which are somewhat large , and like unto the Leaves of the May Lilly , of a blewish green colour , with some ribs therein , and a little yellowish underneath ; it hath at the foot of every Leaf , almost from the bottom , small , long , white , and yellow pendulous flowers , like unto those of the May Lilly also , but ending in five longer points , for the most part two together , at the end of a small foot-stalk , standing all on one side the Stalk under the Leaves ; which being past , there app●ar round berries , green at first , but afterwards of a blackish green , tending to blewness , wherein lyeth small , white , hard , stony Seed . The Root is white and thick , full of knobs or joynts , which in some places resemble the mark of a Seal ; the taste thereof is at first sweet , but afterwards bitter , and somewhat sharp .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers places of this Land , as in a Wood two miles from Canterbury , by Fish-poole Hill , as also between Newington and Sittingburne in Kent , in Surrey about Horsely , in Wiltshire about Alderbury , in Ham●shire about Odiam , &c. The rest are not found in England , unlesse it be in the Gardens of the most ingenuous Herbalists . The Flowers of the common sort are ripe in May , and they seed in September .

The Temperature .

The roots of Solomons-seale which are most in use , are hot and dry , containing in them a certain kind of astriction , or binding and biting withall .

The Signature and Vertues .

The Roots of Solomons-seale doe , by the Impresse that is set upon them , signifie the wonderful vertue they have in sealing or closing up the Rim of the Belly , when it is so bursten , that the great Guts fall down into the Cods , if the Decoction in Wine , or the Powder in Broth or Drink be taken inwardly , and outwardly applyed to the place : It is also very available in all other Hurts , Wounds , or outward Sores , to heal and close up the lips of those that are green , and to dry up and restrain the Flux of Humours into those that are old : It is singular good to stay Vomitings , and also Bleedings , wheresoever , as also all Fluxes in Man or Woman , whether they be the Running of the Reins in Men , or the Whites or Reds in Women : The people of divers Countreys of this Land , have found by late experience , that it is incomparably good to knit and joyn broken bones in any part of the Body , even in those which by any weaknesse use to be often out of place , or will not stay in long when , they are set , the Roots being bruised and applyed to the place , but the Decoction of the Root in Wine , or the bruised Root put in Wine or other Drink , and after a nights infusion , strained forth hard and drunk , soddereth and gleweth together broken Bones very speedily and strangely , though the Bones be but slenderly and unhandsomely placed and wrapped up , and this it doth not onely in Man , but in beasts also , the Roots being stamped and outwardly applyed in manner of a Pultis : The same also is available for inward or outward Bruises , Falls , or Blowes , both to dispel the congealed Blood , and to take away both the paines , and the black and blew markes that abide after the hurt . Some Authors doe affirme , that the powder of the Herb , or of the Seed , purgeth Phlegme and viscous humours very notably , both upward and downward , and it is said also , that the Root chewed in the Mouth , draweth down much Phlegm out of the Head , and put up into the Nostrils causeth sneezing ; but the distilled Water of the whole Herb doth without question cleanse the skin from Morphew , Freckles , Spots , or other marks whatsoever , leaving the place fresh , fair , and lovely , after it hath been a few times washed therewith .

CHAP. CCCXXIV . Of the Balsame Apple .

The Names .

IT is not conceived that the Greek Writers had any knowledge of this Plant , because the name thereof is not so much as found amongst their Writings , and therefore it is , that the Latine Appellations do so much differ , there being no Antiquity to build upon . Cordus calleth it Cucumis puniceus ; Gesner , Balsamina pomisera ; Lobel . Balsamina Cucumerina pun●cea , but the most usuall name is Balsamine , from the healing property that is in it , the Oyle wherein the Apples of it have been steeped , being in many things as effectual , as the liquor of the Plant Balsa 〈…〉 . It is called in English the Balsame Apple , or Apple of Jerusalem .

The Kindes .

The Kindes hereof are not very numerous , being distinguished into two onely : 1. The Male Balsame Apple ▪ 2. The Female Balsame Apple .

The Forme .

The Male Balsame Apple springeth up with divers slender reddish Stalks and Branches , shooting forth many clasping Tendrels like a Vine , whereby it taketh hold of any Pole , or other thing that standeth neer it , or else , no such thing being neer , it lyeth upon the ground , not being able to support it self , having the Leaves thereon cut in on the edges into sundry divisions , like unto those of the White Briony , but much smaller , tenderer , and more divided : The Flowers are yellowish white , like unto those of the Cucumber , coming out at the joynts with the Leaves as they do ; after which cometh the Fruit , which is somewhat long and round , poynted at both ends , and bunched on the out side with rowes , the Skin it self being smooth and very red , the Pulp being reddish also , within which is the Seed , which is rough , hard , flat , and reddish , when it is first taken out , but after it is dryed it is of a grayish black colour , somewhat like unto the Citrul seeds for form and bignesse : The Roots are small and stringy , yet creeping a good way within the earth .

The Places and Times

These Plants do at present acknowledge no natural place of abode , but they are entertained as Sojourners in many of the Gardens of Italy , where they come to perfection , and their seed is sent over unto us , which with labour and industry is made to grow with us ; but our cold nights being over-early , the whole Herb withereth before the Fruit be ripe , it being also late before it flowreth .

The Temperature .

The Male Balsame-Apple is of a notable drying quality , having withall a certain moderate coldnesse .

The Vertues .

The powder of the Leaves taken in the distilled Water of Horse-taile or Plantane , which are both good for this distemper , is a singular Remedy for the Rupture or Bursting in Children , and so it doth being drunk in Wine . A Decoction of the Leaves in Wine , or the powder thereof being drunk in the said Liquor , is affirmed to ease the griping paines of the Bowels , and the Cholick passion , as also of the Mother , if it be injected with a Syringe for the purpose . The Oyle that is made of the Apples , by infusing them in Oyle Olive , is effectuall not onely for inward Wounds or hurts whatsoever , being drunk , but for all outward Wounds that are fresh and green , to sodder the Lips of them and heale them , as also to dry up the moisture of old and inveterate Vlcers , which hinder them from healing , and so cause them to heal quickly . The said Oyle is also very profitable for all pricks or hurts in the Sinewes , as also for Cramps and Convulsions , if the places be therewith anoynted , and to heal Vlcers in the Secret parts of Man or Woman , or in Womens Breasts . It gives much ease likewise to Women that are in great extremity of Child-birth , in taking away the pain of the Wombe , and causing easie deliverance , if it be applyed to the place ; and being anoynted upon the Bellies of those Women that are barren , by reason of any superfluous humidity , it causeth them to become fruitful ; It cureth the Piles and other paines of the Fundament , if it be applyed with Lint , such as the Chirurgions use : It is of great force to take away either burnings by Fire , or scaldings by Water ; it taketh away those blemishes or scarres that remain of Wounds and Hurts , being healed , and taketh away the paines of the stingings of Bees and W●spes . The Female is thought to come somewhat neer unto the Male both in temperature and vertues , though the Form be somwhat different .

CHAP. CCCXXV . Of Doves-foot , or Cranes-bill .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Geraniū , which is a general name to all the Crantsbills , whose small heads with long slender beaks pointing forth , do very much resemble the Head and Bill of a Crane . It is called Geranium also in Latine , as also Gruinalis , Rostrum Gruis , or Gruinum , and Rostrum Ciconia , for the like reason . But because there be many Plants belonging to this Family , therefore there be divers Epithetes added to distinguish them , as Geranium Columbinum , Geranium Muscatum , Geranium Arvense , Geranium Batrachoides , sive Gratia Dei Germanorum , Geranium Rupertianum , &c. We call them in English Doves-foot , Musked Cranes-bill , unsavoury Cranes-bill , Crowfoot Cranes-bill , Herb Robert , &c.

The Kindes .

Though there be divers Cranes-bills that grow no where in England , unless they be fostered in Gardens , yet I shall name onely those which are spontaneous , and they are eleven ; 1. The Common Doves-foot or Cranes-bil : 2. Doves-foot with Leaves like unto the Vervain Mallow : 3. Unsavoury field Cranes-bill : 4. Unsavoury field ▪ Cranes-bill with white flowers : 5. Crowfoot Cranes-bill : 6. Red or bloody Cranes-bill : 7. Creeping Cranes-bill : 8. Musked Cranes-bill : 9. Herb Robert : 10. Great Herb Robert : 11. Rock Cranes-bill .

The Forme .

The Common Doves-foot , or Cranes-bill , groweth with divers small , round , pale , green Leaves , cut in about the edges , more than those of the Common Mallow , to which they are compared , though they be much lesser , standing upon long reddish hairy Stalks , lying in a round compass upon the ground , amongst which rise up two or three reddish , joynted , slender , weak , & hairy Stalks , with some such like Leaves as the former , but smaller , and more cut in up to the tops , where grow many very small , bright , red Flowers , of five Leaves a piece , after which cometh the Seed , which is like to a Cranes or Storks bill , whereby all that pertain to this Family are known . The Root is slender , with some Fibres annexed thereunto .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth very frequently in most places of this Land , both in Gardens and elsewhere ; the second is found in some Pastu●es also , but not so frequen●ly as the former ; the third is more commonly found in the ●orn fields , than in other places , where the fourth is sometimes f●u●d ; the fifth in moist Meadows ; the sixth about St. Vincent● Rock , neer Brist●ll ; the seventh by Wal●orth ; the eighth groweth also naturally in some barren High wayes , though it be taken into 〈…〉 dens for its sweet smell ; the ninth groweth upon old Walls , especially those which are capped with mudde , and amongst rubbish , and sometime upon Slated houses , and so doth the tenth , but not so commonly as the other ; the last groweth onely upon Stone walls , and in some Quarries whence Stones are d●gged ▪ They do most of them flower , flourish , and continue the greatest part of Summer , without any sensible decay .

The Temperature .

Doves foot ▪ which is the Plant●l most a●m at in this Chapter , is cold and somewhat dry , with some astriction or binding , having some power to sodder or joyn together .

The Vertues and Signature .

It is very certaine that the Herbe and Root o● Doves-foot dryed , beaten into fine powder , and then given to the quantity of halfe a spoonful , fasting , and as much at night upon going to bed , in Red Wine or O●d Claret , for the space of twenty dayes , or thereabouts , without intermission of a day , is of wonderful efficacy to cure Ruptures of B●rstings , whether it be in young or old ; but if the Ruptures be in aged persons , it will be somewhat necessary to adde thereunto the powder of ●●ne Red ●aailes , that are without Shells , dryed in an Oven , which fortifieth the powder of the Herb that it never faileth . It hath also the reputation of being singular good for the Wind-collick , and other pains of the Belly , proceeding from Wind , as also to expell the S●one and Gravel in the Kidneys , the decoction thereof being drunk , or used as a Bath made thereof to sit in , or to be fomented with . The decoction thereof in Wine , is an exceeding good Wound-drink , for any to take that have either inward Wounds , Hurts , or Bruises , both to stay the bleeding , to dissolve and expel the congealed blood , and to heal the parts : Being made into a Salve , with fit Ingredients , and applyed to any outward Sores , Vlcers , or Fistulaes , it perfectly cleanseth and healeth them ; and for green Wounds , many do but bruise the Herb and apply it to the place wheresoever it be , and it will quickly heal them ; the s●me deco●tion in Wine fomented to any place pained with the Gout , giveth much ease ; it doth the same also to all Joynt-aches , or paines of the Sinewes ; the unsavoury Field-Cranes-bill are of a neer temperature with Doves-foot , and may perform all the properties found in them , but it is approvedly good to expel all windynesse of the Mother , and to settle it in its place , when it is fallen down , a dramme of the powder thereof being drunk in Wine : It is also good for Wounds and Vlcers , and the distilled Water thereof taketh away Bruises and black Spots . The Crowfoot Cranes-bill hath the Signature of the Shank-bone , and therefore the powder thereof taken in Wine , is of singular use for those that have any Bones broken . The bloody Cranes-bill is found by the Signature thereof , to be also effectual both in inward and outward Wounds , either the decoction of the Herb or the powder of the Leaves and Roots , being used as the cause shall require , as also to stay all manner of Bleeding , Vomiting , or Fluxes , either in Man or Woman ▪ Herb Robert is generally commended for the same qualities , besides it is good against the Stone , and is effectual in old Vlcers , even in the Secret parts .

CHAP. CCCXXVI . Of the Elme .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ptelea , in Latine Vl●us , in English the Elme , and the Elme-tree .

The Kindes .

There were but two sorts of Elmes , known to the Ancients , for though Pliny seem to make foure , Attinia , Gal●ica , Nostras , and Sylvestria , yet they are reducible to two , for Attinia and Gallica , and so likewise Nostras and Sylvestris , were the same , as Collumella plainly setteth down , one whereof he calleth Vlmus Gallica , and the other Vernacula , which is Italica : Theophrastus also maketh but two sorts , Montiulmus , se● Montosa Vlmus , and Campestris Vlmus , yet the more Modern Writers make mention of four ; 1. The Common Elme : 2. Broad-leafed Elme , or Witch-Hasel : 3. Smooth-leafed Elme , or Witch-Elme : 4. The lesser Elme .

The Forme .

The Common Elme groweth to be a very great Tree , with a Body of a very large size , covered with a thick rough barke , chapt or crackt in many places , but that on the branches is smoother , as it happeneth in the Oake , Willow , Wallnut and divers other trees ; the blossomes , that appeare before the Leaves come forth , are like small tassells of red threds , which falling away , there come up in their stead broad , flat , whitish Skins , which are the Seed , and fall away by degrees , some quickly , and some again continue till the Leaves are fully come forth , and after : the Leaves are of a sad green colour , somewhat round , yet pointed at the ends , rough and crumpled for the most part , and dented about the edges , one side of the Leaf next the Stalk being longer than the other , on which doe grow certain small Bladders , or Blisters , containing small Worms in them : The Wood or Timber of it is of a dark reddish yellow colour , very tough and serviceable to make Pumps , and Pipes to conveigh water under-ground , as also to make Beams , Rafters , or Transomes , and many other uses , where it may be alwayes moist , or alwayes dry , but where it is subject to all Weathers , it endureth not so long as the Oak .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth very frequently in every County of this Land , as the second also doth in some Countreys , as much , or rather more than the first ; the third is to be seen in divers Woods growing in Essox ; the fourth groweth also in England according to Master Goodyer , but the place is not particularly expressed . They all blossome before the Leaves come forth , and the Seede is ripe not long after the Leaves are come to their full bigness .

The Temperature .

Both the Leaves and Bark of the Elme be moderately hot , with an evident clearsing faculty , being also of a certain clammy and glewing quality .

The Signature and Vertues .

Those Bladders or Blisters that grow upon the Leaves of the Elme , are said by Crollius to have the Signature of a Rupture , the Guts coming through the Rim of the Belly , maketh the Cods like unto it ; and therefore he saith , that the water contained in those Bladders , is of much force to close up Burstennesses , Cloathes being often wet in the water that comes forth out of these , and applyed thereunto , but then it must be afterwards bound with a trusse ; and thus much Matthiolus also affirmeth : The said Water , while it is fresh , is very effectually used to cleanse the Skin , and make it fair , whether of the face , or any other part : The same also being put into a glass , and set in the ground , or else in Horse dung , for the space of twenty five dayes , the mouth thereof being close stopped , and then the bottome set upon a lay of ordinary salt , that the Feces may settle , and Water become very clea● , is so singular and soveraign a Balsom for green Wounds ; that there can hardly be a better , being applyed to them with soft tents . The decoction of the bark of the Root fomented , molifieth hard Tumors , and the shrinking of the Sin●wes . The Roots of the Elme boyled for a long time in Water , and the Fat rising on the top thereof , being clean scommed off , and anoynted upon any place where the haire is fallen away , it will cause the same to come againe very quickly . The said Bark being ground with Brine or Pickle , untill it come to the form of a Pultis , is an excellent Remedy for the Gout , if it be applyed to the pained place . The Decoction of the middle Bark of the Branches being thin sliced , is very good to bathe those places , which have been burnt with Fire , or scalded with Water . The ●aid Bark being boyled in Vinegar , and some Syrup of Mulberries mixed therewith , is so repercussive , that it causeth the Wula , or Palat that is fallen down to go up again very speedily . The same Bark being infused in Cream , is good ▪ for the Shingles , and other such like eruptions of the Skin , especially if the juyce of House leek ●e added thereunto , and being boyled onely in water , and the Head washed therewith it cleanseth it from all manner of Scurf and Dandraff as it doth the Leprosie , from that and other parts of the Body , as the green Leaves stamped with Vinegar are said to do also . The Leaves hereof bruised and applyed , healeth green Wounds , being bound thereto with its own Bark . The decoction of the Leaves , Bark , or Root , being bathed , healeth broken bones . It hath been observed , that Bees prosper not well where many Elmes grow , for if they feed upon the Bloomings or Seed , as they are apt to do , it will put them into such a loosness , that unless they have speedy help , they wil have much ado to keep their lives .

There be divers other things commended for Ruptures , as the Roots of Aron , the Roots of Orpine , Avens , Wood-Betony , Bistort , Comfrey , Calamint , Birdsfoot , Daisies , Gentian , Golden-rod , Horse-taile , and divers others , which I have formerly , and shall hereafter treat of . And now I passe on to the last head , which concerns the lower Region , and that is about the diseases of the Privy Members ; and because the French Pox is a Malady , which for the most part comes by the immoderate use of Venery , and is communicated to some by one Act onely with another that hath them , by which botches do at first grow in the Groyne , though afterwards the whole frame of the Body is infected , and other evil Accidents are procured , therefore I shall first proceed to declare what Simples are most used in that Disease , and afterwards make mention of some others , that are profitable for some other distempers , happening about those parts .

CHAP. CCCXXVII . Of Guajacum .

The Names .

IT is not likely that this Commodity should have any Greek name , the Ancients never having any knowledge of that part of the World . The West Indians , from whence it first came , call it Guayacan , and from thence it is called in Latine Guajacum , by some Lignum Indicum , Lignum Sanctum , and Lignum Vitae : In English Pockwood , for its excellency in curing the French Pox , and sometimes Indian Packwood , because it is brought from the West Indies .

The Kindes .

I finde three sorts of Guajacum mentioned by some later Writers : 1. The true Guajacum , or Indian Pockwood . 2. A West-Indian tree like Guajacum . 3. A differing Indian Guajacum .

The Forme .

This Tree , whereof Guajacum is the wood , groweth to be of the bignesse of an Oake , with a reasonable thick greenish gummy barke , spread with sundry Armes , and Branches both great and small , and on them winged Leaves , set by coup●es one against another , which are but small , thick , hard , and round almost , with divers veines in them , abiding alwaies green upon the branches ; at the joynts and ends of the branches come forth many flowers , standing in a tuft together , every one upon a long footstalke , consisting of sixe whitish yellow Leaves , not very great , with some threds in the middle , which afterwards turne into flat yellowish gristly fruit of the fashion of the seed Vessel of Thlaspi , or else o● Shepheard● purse with two divisions likewise , having in the one side a gr●stly seed almost as hard as horne , the other being for the most part empty , hanging down together by their long foot-stalkes : it yeeldeth also a Gumme or Rosi● of a darke colour , which will easily burne .

The Places and Time .

All the three sorts of Guajacum grow in the West Indies , and the first especially about S●anto Do●ingo , whence this disease was originally brought to the King of Spaines Campe , which was at Naples , in the yeare 1493. he being then treating of peace with the French King whose Army was thereabouts also , and in a short time after infected with it : The French-men thought that they got it by accompanying with the Spaniards , as indeed they did , and therefore they called it the Spanish Scab ▪ yet the ●paniards thought that the French had given it to them , and they called it the French Poxe : Others called it the Disease of Naples , because it arose in those Coasts , as they supposed , when as truly it came from the West Indies , and therefore some call it the Measells of the Indies . Whence Monard●● observes , that God Almighty would so have it , that as these Poxe came from those parts , so should a Remedy be brought thence also , Diseases and their Remedies commonly arising in the same Climate , which is a wonderful Act of Providence .

The Temperature .

Guajacum or Pockwood is hot and dry in the second degree , and hath a cleansing faculty .

The Vertues .

The principall Prerogative , and Excellencie of Guajacum is , that it is the best remedy in the world for those kind of Po●ks , for it provoketh Sweate , resisteth contagion and putrefaction , and cleanseth the Blood , and strengthneth the Liver , which is a part many times affected in this disease , the decoction of the Wood being made and used after this manner . Take of Guajacum a pound , of the bark thereof two ounces , steep them in twelve or foureteen pints of Spring ▪ Water , foure and twenty houres , then boyl them to seaven or eight pints , straine it and give thereof a good draught morning and evening , and let the party sweat upon it , and if you adde two ounces of Liquorish or more , and some Anniseed , it will be much more pleasant to take This decoction which was first discovered by an Indian to a Spaniard , who had suffered great paines by the Poxe , is good also in the Dropsie Falling-Sicknesse , shortnesse of Breath , in Catarrhs , Rheumes , and cold disti●ations of the Lungs , or other parts , Cough●s and Consumptions , the Gout , Sci●tica , and all other Joynt-A●hes , and for cold Phlegmatick humors for the diseases of the Bladder and Reines , and for all long and lingring diseases , proceeding from cold and moist Causes : for it openeth the stoppings of the Liver and Spleene , warms and comforts the stomach and entralls , and is good in Scabbes , Itch , Shingl●s , Leprosie , and the like , as also in Fevers , horrible Apostumations , and swellings of the Belly , the Jaundise ▪ &c. It maketh the teeth white and firme if they be often washed with the decoction thereof . The Barke is also given in the aforesaid Diseases from halfe a dram to a dram in powder , and the Gum also is sometimes used , but the Wood is of greatest use : The best kinde whereof is the bl●cker , or browner , for the yellow is but the Sap as it were , the former being in a manner all Heart , yet it is all firm , hard , close , and heavy , so that it will sink in water more th●n Ebony . It is not so good for hot and dry bodies , as it is in cold and moist , and therefore for hot diseases use the more Water , and the lesse Wood , and for cold griefs , more Wood and less Water .

CHAP. CCCXXVIII . Of China .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine ( for Greek name it never had any ) China , because the Root thereof was first brought from China , which is a Country of the Orientall Indies , and therefore also it is , that it is called China Radix , or Chinaea Radix ; in English , as in divers other Languages it is called China , but the Chineses call it La●patan , the Arabians and Persians , Chophchina .

The Kindes .

The sorts of China that I finde mentioned , are two ; 1. The true China Root : 2. Bastard China .

The Forme .

The China groweth up with many prickly Branches , of a reasonable great bignesse , li●e unto Sarsa parilla , or the prickly Bindweed , winding it self about Trees , and hath divers Leaves growing on them , like unto broad Plantane Leaves ; what Flower or Seed it beareth , I finde not mentioned by any . The Root is like to the root of a great Reed , sometimes flattish , sometimes round , not smooth , but bunched and knotty , reddish for the most part on the out-side , and whitish , or sometimes a little reddish on the in-side : the best is solid and firm , and somewhat weighty , fresh and not worm-eaten , and without any taste .

The Places and Time .

It groweth not onely in China , Malabar , Cochin , Cranganor , Tanor , and other places of the East Indies , but also in the West Indies , as Monardus saith . Though the time be not expressed by any Author that I have met with , yet I conceive it continueth green all the year long , as divers other Plants there growing do . As for the duration of the Root , it will keep good many years .

The Temperature .

It is immoderately hot , and very drying .

The Vertues .

The Root called China is not onely commended , but daily proved to be most effectual in the French D●sease , the decoction thereof being made and given in manner following : Take of China Root cut thin in slices , one ounce and an half , put into it a Gallon of faire Water , and let it stand covered a night and a day , then boyle it gently till about half the Water be consumed ; strain it , and give about four ounces thereof in bed , for divers mornings together , if need be . The said Decoction is also profitable in Agues , whether quotidian or intermittent , or pestilential Feavers , and also Hecticks and Consumptions , to rectifie the evil disposition of the Liver , the inveterate paines in the Head and Stomack , which it also strengtheneth , to dry up Rheumes , to help the Jaundise , and Ruptures in Children , or others , by drying up the humours , which is the cause thereof . The Palsie also may be cured by it , and so may the diseases of the Joynts , as the Gout , Sciatica , and the Nodes also , or hard bunches , that sometimes grow upon the Joynts . It is useful also in the ulcers of the Yard , Scabs , Leprosie , Scirrous and watry Tumors , and is good in all cold and melancholy griefes , but especially in the Dropsie and Greene Sicknesse . Some say it provokes Lust , which is very likely , but it is not to be used in hot and dry bodyes , for to such it is very hurtfull : It is also sliced into thin pieces , and boyled in broth , being bound up together with a Chicken in a Linnen cloath : The dose to be put therein is from two drammes to four drammes .

CHAP. CCCXXIX . Of Prickly Bindweed , and Sarsa parilla .

The Names .

I●t is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Latine Smilax aspera , to distinguish it from the other sorts of Smilax , of which there be four besides this , viz. two Trees and two Herbs ; the first of the two Trees is Smilax Arcadum , a soft Oake , the other is Smilax simply , and by that is meant the Y●w-tree ; the first of the two Herbs is Smilax lavis , smooth Bindweed , ; the other is Smilax hortensis , the French or Kidney Beane : Gaza , in his translation of Theophrastus , calleth it Hedera Cilicia , because the Leaves thereof are somewhat like Ivy ; and the Hetruscians call it Hedera spin●sa , because of its prickles ; the Spaniards call it Zarsa parilla , or Sarsa parilla , which signifieth a small or little Vine , whereunto it is like , and therefore when they saw the like in Peru , they called it by the same name , so that it is generally so termed at this day in most Languages , yet some write it Sarca parillia .

The Kindes .

Three sorts of prickly Bindweed desire a room in this place ; 1. Prickly Bindweed with red Berries : 2. Prickly Bindweed with black Berries : 3. Sarsa parilla , or the prickly Bindweed of Peru , which is the most useful , and therefore I shall describe it as well as I can .

The Forme .

Sarsa parilla , or the prickly Bindweed of Peru , springeth up with many branches , winding themselves about the poles that are stuck in the ground about them , for to climb on , having some tender pricks , like thorns growing on them , especially at the joynts ; it hath divers very green Leaves like unto Bindweed , but longer , and cornered like Ivy leaves ; the Flowers are great and white , every one as big as a middle ▪ sized dish , which opening in the morning doth sade at night , from whence the Spaniards are said to call it Buenas Noches , that is , good night : Clusius saith , that he had a small branch with three heads of seed thereon , the largest that ever he saw of that kinde , for it had five leaves a piece , every one almost an inch broad and long , which seemed to be the cup of the Flower and Fruit , every head which was three-square and skinny , had within three round Seeds , as big as great Pease , of a smoaky or brownish colour . The Root , like that of Smilax aspera , is down right , and full of joynts or knots , from which shoot other roots or strings , which in the Indies grow to be great and long .

The Places and Time .

The two first grow in Italy , Spain , and other the warmer Countreys throughout Europe , and Asia ; but the third is found onely in the Western Indies , as Peru , Virginia , and divers other places , the goodness or badness whereof is caused from the fertility or barrennesse of the ground , whereon it grows , so that the Honduras being very fertile , bringeth forth the best : They flower and fructifie timely enough in the warmer Climats , but in ours they soon perish , if there be not a care to keep them from the Frost and cold in Winter , but where a convenient place is provided to set them in , they will continue , as I have seen the true Sarsa parilla , if I mistake not , in the Garden ▪ house of the Lord La●bert at Wimbleton , growing in a po● .

The Temperature .

Sarsa parilla is hot and dry in the first or second degree , of thin parts and provoketh sweat .

The Vertues .

The Decoction of Sarsa parilla , or the prickly Bindweed of Peru is of great force to cure those that are troubled with the French Pox , being made and administred after the way which I shall here prescribe : Take of Sarsa parilla four ounces , cut it into small parts , and afterwards infuse it into ten pints of hot water , for the space of foure and twenty hours ; then boyl it , being close covered , till it be neere half consumed , then being strained , give a good draught thereof morning and evening . It ( I mean the said Decoction ) is of very great use in Rheumes , Gouts , cold diseases of the Head and Stomac● , and expelleth Wind both from the Stomach and Mother : It helpeth all manner of Aches in the Sinews and Joynts , all running Sor●s in the Legs , all cold ▪ Swellings , T●●ters , or Ringwormes , and all manner of Spots and foulnesse of the Skin . It is also good in the Catarrhe , or distillation from the head , being sharp and salt , in Cancers not ulcerate , and in Tumors which are hard to be dissolved , and it hath been found by experience to be very good for the Kings Evil , a dram of the powder of Sarsa , with the powder of Ruseus , or Butchers-Broom , being taken in White ▪ wine or Ale , for forty dayes together . The same powder , having a just quantity of Tamari●k added thereto , is a good remedy in the tumour of the Spleen . The roots of the other rough Bindweeds are also used by divers of the learned and judicious instead of Sarsa parilla , with good successe ; for Sarsa doth not purge the body of humours manifestly , as other purgers do , being generally held to spend them by its dryness and di●phor●tical quality , rather than by heat , or by going to stool : It is given as an Antid●te against all sorts of poysonous or venemous things . A dozen or sixteen of the Berries beaten to powder and given in Wine , procureth Vrine when it is stopped . The distilled water of the Flowers being drunk , worketh the same effect , cleanseth the Reynes , and asswageth inward inflammations . If the Eyes be washed therewith , it taketh away all heat and rednesse in them ; and if the sor●s of the Legs be washed therewith , it healeth them throughly . Sarsa parilla i● not convenient to be given to those whose Livers are over-hot , nor to such as have Agues .

CHAP. CCCXXX . Of Star-wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Latin Aster Atticus , because the Flower of it is like a Star , and that , as it is probable , it grew plentifully about Athens . It is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in Latine Bubonium , because it is notable for curing those Botches about the Share , called Bubones ; and for a like reason it is called Inguinalis , from Ingu●n , signifying the groyne or share . Other names it hath , as Asterion , Asteriscon , Hyopthalmon ▪ and Herba stellaria ; but it is generally known by the name of Aster : In English Star-wort , or Share-wort .

The Kindes .

There be divers sorts of Star-wort , but few of them growing in these parts , I shall mention onely six , which I take to be most familiar amongst us in our Gardens : 1. The true Aster Attick , or yellow Star-wort : 2. Star-wort with Willow leaves : 3. Narrow-leafed ▪ Star-wort : 4. Italian Star-wort : 5. Virginian Star-wort : 6. Fleabane-like Star-wort .

The Forme .

The After Attick , or yellow Star-wort , riseth up with two or three ; or more , hairy Stalks , about a soot high , with long , rough , or hairy , brownish , dark , green Leavès on them , divided into two or three Branches : at every one of whose tops standeth a flat scaly Head ▪ compassed underneath with five or six long , brown , rough , green Leaves , standing like a Star , the Flower it self standing in the middle thereof , is made as a border of narrow , long , pale , yellow Leaves , set with brownish yellow Thrummes , which turning into Down , are carried away with the Wind. The Root is very fibrous , of a binding and sharp taste .

The Places and Time .

Though the Attitk After grew very plentifully about Athens , as the name seemeth to import , yet it is said to grow in other places also , as upon Hamstead Heath , four miles from London , as the fourth also doth , according to one of our English Herbarists ; the second is to be sound in divers Gardens here in England , and so is the third , but not so familiarly ▪ the name of the fifth speakes its Countrey ; the last groweth naturally in many places of out own Land , in moist or sh●dowy places : They all flower about June or July .

The Temperature .

Star-wort is said to be cooling and drying ; It doth moderately wast and consume , especially while it is yet soft and new gathered .

The Vertues .

Not onely the name of Buboninus , but also the testimony of Dioscorides , do give us to understand , that the Leaves of the Flowers boyled in Water , have been of a long time held to be good for the paines and sorts in the Groyne , as also the use of the fresh h●rb in Oyl● to anoynt the place , and likewise if the dryed Flowers be bound to the place that is grieved , it taketh away the inflammations thereof . It helpeth also Children that are troubled with the Falling Sicknesse , as such as have the Quinsy . It helpeth an hot Stomach , the inflammation of the Eyes and Fundament , when it is fallen down , if an Oyntment be made of the green herb , and old Hogs-grease . It helpeth them that are bitten by a mad Dog , consumeth the swellings of the Throat , and being burnt it driveth away Serpents . It is profitable for the pains of the Hippes , if it be bound to the place , as Pliny saith .

CHAP. CCCXXXI . Of Herb Paris , True-Love , or One-Berry .

The Names .

IT cannot be gathered by any of the writings of the Antients , that they had any knowlege of this Plant , which is the reason why the Moderns have given so many various appellations thereunto ; Some calling it Herba Paris , others Aconitum Pardalianches , and Aconitum Pardalianches Monococcum , supposing it to be deadly , or at least dangerous ; but some that have proved the contrary , have called it Aconitum Salutiferum , which name properly belongeth to another Plant. It is called also After , but not Atticus , because it may be known from that which I have treated of in the former Chapter , Wa Versa , Wa Lupina , Solanum Tetraphyllum , &c.

The Kindes .

It will not be amisse to put these three sorts together : 1. Herb True-Love , or One-Berry : 2. Herb True-Love of Brasil : 3. Herb True-Love of Canada , with a round Root .

The Forme .

The ordinary Herb-Paris , or True-love , shooteth forth Stalks with Leaves , some whereof carry no Berries , and others do , every Stalk being smooth without Joynts , of a blackish green colour , rising not higher than half a foot at the most , bearing at the top four Leaves set directly one against another , like the parts of a True-Lovers Knot , which are each of them a part , somewhat like unto a Night-shade leaf , but somewhat broader ; in the middle whereof there riseth up a small slender Stalk , about an inch long , bearing at the top thereof one Flower , spread open like a Starre , consisting of foure small and narrow long pointed leaves , of a yellowish green colour , and four other lying between them lesser than they ; in the middle whereof standeth a round , dark , purplish Button , or Head , compassed about with eight small yellow mealy Chives or Heads , very lovely to bebold : the Berry in the middle , when the other Leaves are withered , becometh to be of a blackish purple colour , and full of juyce , of no hot nor evil , nor yet of any sweetish tast , of the bignesse of a reasonable Grape , having within it many white Seeds : the Root is small and creeping under the upper crust of the Earth , somewhat like to a Couch-grasse root , but not so white , of a little binding , but unpleasant loathsome tast .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in divers places of this Land , in the Woods and Copses of Kent , Essex , Lancashire , Cheshire , &c. the second was found in the Woods of Brasil ; the last brought out of Canada : They spring up in April and May , and are in flower soon after ; the Berries are ripe about the beginning of June , and sometimes before May be finished .

The Temperature .

Herb-Paris is exceeding cold , whereupon it is proved to represse the rage and force of any Poyson , Humour , or Inflammation .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Leaves of Herb True-love , or one Berry , by the mighty cooling quality that it hath , are exceeding powerfull to discusse all those tumors and swellings of the Codds , Privy parts , and Groyn , which do commonly proceed of some extraordinary heat , to allay all other kindes of inflammations in any part of the Body , to cure all manner of green wounds , and to cleanse and heale up old filthy Sores and Vlcers . The Leaves or the Juyce applyed to Felons , or those Nailes of the Hands and Toes that have Whiteflaws , or any such like impostume gathered under them , healeth them in a short space . The Leaves or Berries hereof are very effectual also to expel Poysons of all sorts , especially that of the Aconites , as also the Plague , & other pestilential Diseases , and therefore it is a main Ingredient in that preservative powder called Pulvis Saxonicus . It hath been observed by Matthiolus and others , that a Dramme of the Seeds or Berries hereof in powder taken every day , for twenty dayes together , hath holpen those that have lien long in a lingering sicknesse , and others that by Witchcraft ( as it was thought ) were become halfe foolish , by wanting their wits and senses . The Leaves dryed and given in powder to drink , have the like operation , yet in a weaker manner : It is thought also that the Berries will procure Sleep , being taken at night in Drink : The Roots being made into powder and taken in Wine , easeth the pain of the Cholick in a short space . Crollius saith , that the black Berries of the Herb-Paris have the Signature of the Apple of the Eye , and therefore the Oyle Chymically extracted from thence , is a Remedy so effectuall for all the diseases of the Eyes , that it is called by some Anima Oculorum , the soule of the Eye : It was formerly thought to be very poysonous , but Pena and Lobel , by their experiments upon two Dogs , found not onely that it was not dangerous , but that it was effectual to expel the most deadly operation of Sublimatum and Arsenick .

Having now passed through the three Regions of Mans Body , and taken notice of the principall parts thereof , together with the Simples thereunto appropriated , I come at last ( by the assistance of God ) to the Limbes , to whose particular Maladies I should have spoken distinctly as I have hitherto to many particular distempers , but the time not permitting by reason that the Printer is like to tarry , if I make not the more hast , I am compelled to be as briefe as I can , and therefore I shall onely handle some principall Woundhearbes because the Limbes are more Subject to Wounds then any other part , and so conclude .

CHAP. CCCXXXII . Of St. Johns-wort .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quod 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , super imagines & Spectra dominium habeat , and therefore some of the Latines , as Superstitious as the ancient Greekes , have called it Fuga Daemonum , supposing it to drive away Devils , of which opinion was Paracelsus , who called it Solterrestris , the terrestriall sunne ; for the Sun in the firmament doth by its light as some suppose , cause all the Spirits of darknesse to vanish , so doth this , saith he , because it is principall of the Solar plants growing upon the Earth . It is called Hypericum also in Latine , and some call it Perforata or P●rosa , from the many holes that are to be seen in the Leaves being held against the light .

The Kindes .

I find but seven sorts of Salut Johns wort , and therefore I shall put them all down : 1. Common Saint Johns wort . 2. Small upright Saint Johns wort . 3. Small creeping Saint Johns wort . 4. Round leafed Saint Johns wort . 5. Great woolly Saint Johns wort . 6. Small creeping woolly Saint Johns wort . 7. Indian Saint Iohns wort , with white Flowers .

The Forme .

The Common Saint Iohns wort shooteth forth brownish , upright , hard , round stalkes about halfe a yard high , spreading divers branches from the sides up to the tops of them , having two small leaves set one against another at every place , which are of a deep green colour , somewhat like unto the leaves of the lesser Centory , but narrower and full of holes in every leafe , which cannot be so well perceives , unlesse they be held up to the light ; at the tops of the stalks and branches stand yellow flowers made of five leaves a piece , with many yellow threds in the middle , which being bruised , yeeld a reddish juice like bloud ; after which come small round heads , wherein is contained small blackish seed , smelling like Rosin : the R●ot is hard and woody , with divers strings and Fibres at it , and of a brownish colour , which abideth in the ground many yeeres , though the stalkes perish every winter .

The Places and Time .

The f●are first grow in Woods and Copses , and divers other places in the borders of fields , and higher pasture-grounds , in most places of this Land : the fift was found neere Salamanca and Valentia in Spaine : the sixt is found many times in our owne Countrey : the last came from the West-Indies . They doe all begin to flower about Midsummer , and may therefore haply be called Saint Iohns wort , and their seed for the most part is ripe in the end of Iuly and August .

The Temperature .

Saint Iohns wort is hot and dry , and of thin parts , as Galen saith .

The Signature and Vertues .

The little holes whereof the leaves of Saint Iohns wort are full , doe resemble the pores of the skin , and therefore it is profitable for all hurts and wounds that can happen thereunto , and also for inward bruises , aswell of the bodie and flesh as of the Joynts and Skin , if it be made into an Oyle , Oyntment or Salve , bathe or lotion , and used outwardly or boyled in Wine and drunke . It hath power to open obstructions , to dissolve tumors , to consol●date or sodder together the Lips of Wounds , and to strengthen the parts that are weake and feeble . The decoction of Herb and flowers , but especially of the seed , made in Wine and drunke , or the seed made into powder and drunke with the juice of Knot-grasse , helpeth all manner of spitting and vomiting of bloud , be it by any veine broken inwardly , by bruises , falls , or the like . The same helpeth those that are bitten or stung by any venemous Creature ; and is good for those that are troubled with the Stone in the Kid-neys , or cannot make Water , and provoketh Womens Courses : Two drams of the seed made into powder , and drunke in a little broth , doth gently expell Choler or congealed bloud in the Stomach . The Decoction of the Leaves and Seeds being drunk somewhat warme before the Fits of Agues , whether they be quotidians , tertians or quartans , doth alter the fits , and by often using doth drive them quite away : The seed is much commended being drunke for fourty dayes together , to help the Sciatica , the Falling Sicknesse , and the Palsy . The Oyle of St. Johns-wort is excellent for old Sores and Vlcers aswell as green Woundes in the Legs or else where , as also for cramps and aches in the joynts , and paines in the Veines and burnings by fire , and so is the Juice of the green Leaves being applyed , or the powder of the herb strewed thereon .

CHAP. CCCXXXIII . Of Clownes Woundwort .

The Names .

IT is thought of some to be of later invention than to have any Greek name , yet it is very probable that though the vertues hereof were not throughly discovered till of late , it was not onely known formerly , but called also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as being a kind thereof , because it is of so great efficacy to cure those wounds that are made with Iron , and upon this account Thalius calleth it , as is supposed , Sideritis prima , which he termeth gravis admodum odoris . It is called in Latine Sideritis Anglica strumosâ radice , and Panax Coloni , because a Countryman cut his Leg to the bone with a Sithe , and healed himself within seaven dayes , with nothing but this herb , and a little Hoggsgrease made into the forme of a Pultis ; and for the same reason it is called Clownes Woundwort in English , and by some Clownes Alheale , but neither Panax nor Allheale doe properly agree with it , for though it be eminent for healing green Wounds , yet not for all other diseases as those names import .

The Forme .

Clownes Wound-wort groweth up with slender , four square , green , rough Stalks to the height of halfe a yard or two foot , surrowed in a little upon every square , the joynts standing somewhat farre a sunder , with two very long and somewhat narrow dark green Leaves , bluntly dented about the Edges , and sharp pointed at the end : the flowers stand towards the top compassing the stalkes , at the joynts , as those of Horehound doe , but it endeth in a spiked top , which Horehound doth not , having long and much open gaping hoods , of a purplish red colour , with whitish spots in them , standing in somewhat rough huskes , wherein afterwards stand blackish round seeds . The root is composed of many long strings , with some tuberous long knobs commonly growing amongst them , of a pale yellowish or whitish colour ; the whole plant is of a strong smell somewhat like unto Stinking Horehound .

The Places and Time .

Clownes Allheale groweth frequently in most of the Countries of this Land , by the sides of severall brooks and ditches , and sometimes by the Path-sides , and Borders of fields : It floureth in August , and bringeth its seed to perfection about the end of September .

The Temperature .

This kind of Sideritis is hot in the second degree , and dry in the first , and withal of an earthy quality .

The Vertues .

The Leaves of Clownes Wound-wort stamped with Swines grease , and applyed unto green Woundes , in manner of a Pultis , doth heale them in a short time according to the first intention , that is , by closing up the lips of them without drawing or bringing them to Suppuration or Matter , in such absolute manner , that it is hard for any one , that hath not had the experience thereof , to believe . It is also very availeable in stanching of bloud , and to dry up the Fluxes of humors in old fretting Vlcers , Cancers , &c. that hinder the healing of them . Neither is it excellent onely for outward , but also for inward Wounds , Ruptures of veines , bloudy flux , spitting , pissing , or vomiting bloud , a syrupe being made thereof , and taken now and then a little ▪ and so Ruptures or burstings of the belly are speedily , even to admiration , cured , if a Plaister of the Herb or an oyntment of the same be applyed to the place . The said Plaister being applyed to any veine that is swollen , or Muscle that is cut , helpeth it , and if there be a little Comfry added to it , it will be so much the better .

CHAP. CCCXXXIV . Of Arsmart .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Hydropiper . i. e. Piper aquaticum , because one kind of it hath a burning taste like Pepper , and Hydropiper in Latine sometimes , but generally Perficaria , quod folia ●jus Perfica foliis similia sunt , because the leaves of it are like unto those of the Peach-tree ; yet some make this distinction , calling the mild or gentle sort Perficaria simply , and the other Hydropiper , five Perficaria urens ; in English Water Pepper , and Arsmart , and in some Countries Red-knees , and of some Culrage and Cyderach .

The Kindes .

There be foure Sorts of Arsmart growing in our owne Country . 1. Dead or Spotted Arsmart . 2. Small creeping Arsmart . 3. Codded Arsmart or Touchme ▪ not . 4. Biting Arsmart or Water Pepper .

The Forme .

The ●ild or Spotted Arsmart groweth up with Leaves of a middle size both for length and breadth , set at the great red joynts of the Stalkes , with blackish spots upon them many times , almost like a halfe moone but not alwayes ; the flowers grow in long Spiky heades , either of a blush or whitish colour , which falling away blackish ●lat seed come in their places : The root is long with many fibres thereat , perishing yearly : this hath no biting tast as the Water Pepper hath , which is exceeding hot , but is rather like sowre Sorrell , or else a little drying or without tast : the way of distinguishing one from an other is to breake a leafe of it crosse ones tongue , for the biting sort will make the tongue to smart , and so will not the other .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth very common , almost every where , in moist and watery Plashes , and neer to the brims of Rivers , Ditches , and running Brooks , and sometimes in those Corn-fields , that are subject to moisture in the Winter time . The second groweth also within the confines of our Countrey , and so doth the third , but the place thereof is not particularly expressed , and therefore some Physick Garden is the surest place to finde them ; the last is found in like places with the first , but not so frequently , and is to be known from i● by the red spots , which it sometimes hath , as also by the Diagnostick I have already set down . They flower in June , and their Seed is ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The ●ild● or dead Arsmart , as it is called , is cold and something dry , but the Biting Arsmart is hot and dry , yet not so hot as Pepper , according to Galen .

The Vertues and Signature .

The Leaves and Stalkes of the Dead Arsmart , being stamped and applyed to green or fresh Wounds , doe cool and comfort them exceedingly , and keep them from ●●postumation , and infla●mation , and so doth the juice of them being dropped thereinto . Being applyed in like manner , it consumeth all cold swellings , and taketh away black and blew markes of the Skin , by dissolving the congealed blood , happening upon bruises , strokes , fall● , &c. which is signified by the black spots which are upon the Leaves , and being laid to a Joynt that hath a Felon thereon , it taketh it away by Signature also . A piece of the Root , or some of the Seed bruised , and held to an aking tooth , taketh away the p●ine . The Juice of it being dropped into the Eares , destroyeth the Wormes that are in them , and so it is good against deafenesse . Two d●amms of the powder of the herb taken with a little Vinegar , openeth the obstructions of the Liver . Being stamped with Wine , and applyed to the Matrix , it bringeth unto Women their monthly Courses . If it be stamped with Rue and Wormwood , and all of them fryed together with Butter or Suet , and applyed to the Stomach or B●lly , it killeth the Wormes in them . When a Womans Belly is great , and she not with Childe , let her boyl of Arsmart , Rue , and Hyss●p , of each one handfull in a quart of Ale , to the one halfe , and drinke thereof first and last , it will reduce it to its just measure . The distilled Water of the herb mingled with an Oxe Gall , and a little Oyle of Spike , being annointed upon any place , that is troubled with the Gout , and a blew woollen cloth laid upon it , taketh away the pain thereof . Two spoonfulls of the said Water , with one of Aqua Vitae , being nointed on any place troubled with an Ach , for five or sixe dayes , taketh it quite away . It is said , that if a handfull of Arsmart wetted in Water be applyed to a Wound or Sore , and afterwards buried in moist ground , as the herb rotteth , so the sore will heal miraculously . The herbe or juice being put to Horses or other Cattles sores , will keep away the Flyes , which would otherwise stick thereto , even in the hottest time of Summer . The biting Arsmart , or Water Pepper is said by Crollius to heale Wounds by Signature , the red spots sometimes growing on the leaves , intimating as much . Being strewed in a Chamber it will soon kill all the Flea● . The Leaves rubbed upon a tired Jades back , and a good handful or two laid under the Saddle , maketh him to travell lustily again .

CHAP. CCCXXXV . Of Bugle .

The Names .

IT hath no Greek name that I can meet with , but it is called in Latine Consolida media , and Solidag● min●r , as also Buglum , or Bugla , but more commonly Bugula . Matthi●lus calleth it Laurentina , and Herba Laurentina ; some would have it Cham●●iss●s spicat● Plin● , and others to be his Anonymos , we call it Bugle , Brown Bugle , and the middle Consound , and sometimes Sicklewort .

The Kindes .

There being but six sorts of Bugle , I shall put them all down : 1. Ordinary bl●w flowred Bugle . 2. Bugle with a white flower . 3. Bugle with a blush coloured flower . 4. Blew mountain Bugle . 5. Bugle with yellow flowers . 6. Sweet Portingall Bugle .

The Forme .

The ordinary blew floured Bugle hath larger ▪ Leaves then those of Self-heale , and somewhat longer ▪ but otherwise not much different , in some green on the upper side , in others more brownish , dented about the edges , somewhat hairy as the square Stalk also is , which riseth to be about a foot high sometimes , with the Leaves set by couples ; from about the middle of the said stalke up to the top , stand the flowers , together with many smaller and browner Leaves then the rest , which are below , set at distances , the stalke being bare between them ; amongst which flowers are also some lesser then others , of a Blewish , and sometimes of an Ash colour , not much unlike to those of Ale-hoofe or Ground-Ivy , after which come small round blackish seed : The root i● composed of many strings , and spreadeth upon the ground in divers parts , round about like unto M●ney-wort or Penny-royall .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth generally throughout all England , in Woods and wet Copses ; and moist Fields ; and the second groweth in the like places , but not so frequently ; the third groweth in Austria , and some other places of Germany ; the fourth upon Carnedh Ll●wellin in Wales ; the fifth is said by Ban●inus to grow with Us here in England , and the last in Portingal . They flower from May unto July , and perfect their seed in the meane time : the main root abideth many yeares .

The Temperature .

Bugle is temperate in heat , but drying moderately , and with some astringency .

The Vertues .

The Leaves of Bugle being bruised and applyed to any manner of Vlcer or Sore , whether new and fresh , or old and inveterate , doth wonderfully cure it ; and so it doth Gangrenes and Fistulaes also , if the places be washed and bathed with the juice thereof . The same made into a Lotion with Honey and Allome cureth all sores of the Mouth and Gumms , be they never so foule , or of long continuance ; and worketh no lesse powerfully and effectually for such Vlcers and Sores , a● happen in the secret parts of Men or Women : Being also taken inwardly , or outwardly applyed , it helpeth those that have broken any bone , or have any member out of Joynt . The decoction of the Leaves and Flowers made in Wine and taken , dissolveth congealed blood in those that are bruised inwardly by a fall , or otherwise ; and is very effectual for any inward Wounds , Thrusts or Stabbs into the Body or Bowels , and is an especial helpe in all Wound-drinkes ; and for those that are Liver-grown , as they call it . An oyntment made with the Leaves of Bugle , Scabious , and Sanicle , bruised and boiled in Hoggs-grease till the herbes be dry , and then strained into a Pot , is singular good for all sorts of hurts in the Body .

CHAP. CCCXXXVI . Of Selfe-heale .

The Names .

IT is called by the Modern Writers ( for neither the ancient Greek , nor Latine Writers knew it ) Brunella from Brunellen , which is a name given unto it by the Germanes , b●cause it cureth that inflammation of the Mouth , which they call die Breuen , yet the generall name of it in Latine now-a-dayes is Prunella , as being a word of a more gentile Pronunciation . It is also called Cons●lida minor , and Solid●g● minor ▪ and of some Consolida minima ; in English , Selfe-heal , Carpenters herbe , and Hook-heale , and all from the vertues it hath in healing green Wounds .

The Kindes .

All the sorts of Selfe-heale are but five : 1. The Common Selfe-heale . 2. Self-heale with a white flower . 3. Selfe-heale with a great Purple flower . 4. Selfe-heale with a great white flower . 5. Selfe-heale with jagged Leaves .

The Forme .

The Common Selfe-heale is an herb that may be said to be low and creeping , for it seldome standeth upright , having many small and somewhat round Leaves , but that they are a little pointed , unlesse it be when they grow in a fertile soile , and then they are larger and longer , of a sad green colour , without any d●nts on the edges : from among which rise up divers square hairy Stalkes . about halfe a foot high , which sometimes divide themselves into branches , having small Leaves set thereon up to the tops , where stand brown spiked Head● , composed of many scaly Leaves and Flowers mingled together , after the same manner as those of Stachas are , gaping also , and most commonly of a blewish Purple colour , but sometimes of a pale Blew , of a sweet smell in some , though but a few places : the main root is small , but very threddy , yet taking hold of the ground by the Fibres , which it sendeth out from its branches , it encreaseth very much .

The Places and Time .

The first , which is of as great use as any of the rest , though not so rare , groweth in ●he Fields almost every where , and shewes it selfe many times in Gardens , though the ignorant which know not its use , doe utterly extirpate it : the second groweth wilde also , but not so frequently : the three last are naturall onely to Germany and France . The two first sorts doe commonly flower in May ▪ the rest later .

The Temperature .

Selfe-heale is moderately hot and dry , and somewhat binding .

The Vertues and Signature .

There is not a better Wound-herbe in the world , then that of Selfe-heale is , the very name importing it to be vere admirable upon this account , and indeed the Vertues doe make it good , for this very herbe without the mixture of any other Ingredient , being onely bruised and wrought with the point of a Knife upon a Trencher , or the like , will be brought into the forme of a Salve , which will heal any green Wound , even in the first intention , that is , as I have said , without bringing it to suppuration , or suffering any Matter to arise therein , and particularly Womens Nipples when they are bitten by their sucking Children , after a very wonderfull manner . It is also a very excellent remedy for that Disease which the Germanes call die Bruen , which is common to Soldiers when they lye long in Camps , but especially in Garrisons , coming with an extraordinary inflammation or swelling , as well in the Mouth as Throat , the Tongue being also rough or rugged and black a hot fierce continual Feaver accompanying it , the very Signature of the Throat , which the form of the Flowers do represent , signifying as much , yet it will be necessary also for the perfect cure of this Disease , that besides the drinking of the Decoction of this herb , and the washing of the Mouth therewith , the party be let Blo●d under the Tongue . It is likewise effectual for those that have received any great hurt by any bruise or fall , or any such griefes , especially if a decoction be made thereof , as also of Sanicle , Bugle and such other Wound-herbes , and then it will be more effectual to inject into the Vlcers of the outward parts ; beside that the inward taking thereof will represse the sharpnesse of such humors , as doe commonly follow any Sore , Vlcer , Inflammation , Swelling or the like . The juice hereof used with the Oyl of Roses , to annoint the Temples and Forehead , is very effectual to remove the Head-Ache , and the same juice mixed with a little Honey of Roses , cleanseth and healeth the Vlcers and Sores of the Mouth and Throat , as also those of the secret parts . It is , to speak generally , good for all those purposes where Bugle is not at hand , that Bugle is prescribed for , and if they be both put together , they help broken bones so much the better .

CHAP. CCCXXXVII . Of Saracens Consound .

The Names .

IT is uncertaine whether this Herbe were known to the Ancients , there being no Greek name for it upon Record , it having fared with this as with a great many other Wound herbes of great Excellency , that are not to be found in the Catalogue of any Greek Author . It is called in Latine Solidago , and Consolid● , ● Consolidando , from sod●ring , closing or glewing up the Lips of Wounds ; for so that obsolete word signifies , to which the Epithete Saracenica is added , not onely to distinguish it from the former Consounds , but also to denote the great opinion that the Turks and Saracens who were accounted great Chirurgions , and of wonderful skill , had of it to heale the hurts and wounds of their Soldiers , which the Christians taking notice of , made use of it also , and found the vertues of it answerable to the estimation they put upon it : Others have called it Herba fortis , from the strong scent and take as it is supposed : in English , Saracens Consound , and Saracens Wound-wort .

The Kindes .

There be some Authors that set down four sorts of Saracens Consound . 1. The true Saracens Consound , with Willow Leaves . 2. The greater Saracens Consound . 3. The German Consound with small Cods . 4. Tragus his German Consound .

The Forme .

The true Saracens Consound groweth up with many long and narrow green Leaves snipt about the edges , somewhat like unto Peach or Willow Leaves , but not of so whitish a green colour , from amongst which doe rise up faire , brownish , and sometimes green hallow Stalks , neer unto the height of a Man , beset from the bottome to the top with Leaves like the former , but not so large , where doe stand many pale yellow Starre-like flowers in green heads , which being fallen , the ripe seed being somewhat long , small , and of a yellowish brown colour , wrapped in Down , is afterwards therewith carried away suddenly by the Winde : the root is composed of many strings , or Fibres set together at a head , which perisheth not in Winter , though the Stalkes and Leaves doe ; the whole Plant is of a strong and unpleasant taste or smell .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in the way between Dunmow and Clare in Essex , as also on the five Mile bank neer Whittlesea , and between Dudson and Gua●thlow according to Doctor Bowle . The other three doe grow in moist and wet grounds by Woods sides , and sometimes in the moist places of the shadowy Groves , as also by Waters sides . They flower in July , and the two first perfect their seed soon after , but that of the two last is not ripe till August , and sometimes it is September first .

The Temperature .

Saracens Consound is hot and dry almost in the third degree , and binding withall .

The Vertues .

Saracens Consound is not inferior to any Wound-herbe whatsoever ; for if it be steeped in Wine and then distilled , the Water thereof may be inwardly taken , as well as outwardly applyed , and so it is of extraordinary efficacy for all manner of Wounds and Vlcers , whether inward or outward ; and so is the simple distilled Water thereof , as also the juice or decoction , for it first clenseth any green Wound or old Sore , or Vlcer whatsoever , from any corruption that is bred in it , and healing it up quickly afterwards : The same also is no lesse effectual for the Vlcers of the Mouth or Throat , be they never so foul or stinking , by washing and gargling the Mouth and Throat therewith , and likewise for such Sores as happen in the privy parts of Man or Woman . The Herb being boiled in Wine and given to drink , helpeth the indisposition of the Liver , and freeth the Gall from Obstructions ; whereby it is good for the yellow Jaundise , and for the Dropsie in the beginning thereof ; as also for all inward Vlcers of the Reines or elsewhere , and inward wounds and bruises .

CHAP. CCCXXXVIII . Of Loose-strife , or Willow-herbe .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Lysimachium , from whence the Latines have their Lysimachia . Some have thought that this Plant took its name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from parting of Strife , because , as some of the Ancients write , that this herb being put about the Yoaks or Necks of Oxen , which are fallen out , and made one with another , it will make them tame and quiet ; but I am rather of their opinion which would have it so called from Lysimachus King of Illyria , who was the first finder of the Nature and Vertues thereof , for which he is renowned unto this very day . It is called also in Latine Salicaria , ant quòd inter Salices ●ritur , aut quid Salicis folia habet , either because it groweth amongst the Willowes , or because it hath Leaves like the Willow , or both . The English Herbarists follow the Greek Etymologie , in calling it Loose-strife , and sometimes Willow-herbe .

The Kindes .

The sorte of Loose-strife which I shall here set down are twelve : 1. Purple spiked headed Loose-strife . 2. Hooded Willow-herbe or Loose-strife . 3. Blew spiked Loose-strife . 4. Wilde Willow-herbe . 5. Little hooded Willow-herbe , or Bastard Hedge-Hyssope . 6. Yellow Willow-herbe , or Loose-strife . 7. Yellow Willow-herb with double Flowers . 8. The lesser yellow Willow-herbe . 9. Little codded Willow-herbe . 10. Smooth codded Willow-herbe . 11. Great codded Willow-herbe . 12. Small flowred Willow-herbe .

The Forme .

The Purple spiked headed Loose-strife , groweth with many wooddy square stalkes full of joynts , neer three-foot high , having two Leaves standing at every joynt , somewhat like unto Willow Leaves , but shorter , and of a deeper green colour , some of them being sometimes brownish ; the stalkes are branched into many long stemmes of spiked Flowers , half a foot long , growing in ●undles one above another , out of small Huskes , very like unto the spiked Heads of Lavender , every of the flowers consisting of five round pointed Leaves , of a Purple Violet colour , tending to rednesse , in which Huskes , after the flowers are fallen the seed is contained ; the root creepeth under-ground , almost like Couch-grasse , but greater , and shooteth up every Spring brownish heads , which afterward , growing up into Stalkes , doe smell like C●●led Apples , whilest they are young .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth usually by Rivers and Ditches sides , and in wet grounds in every Countrey of this Land , almost the others , grow in the like places , but not so frequently ; but that which is most rare , is the Yellow Willow herbe , with double flowers , which groweth by Kings Langley in Hartford shire : Any of these being brought into Gardens , doe prosper well enough , as the C●amaenerion of Rosebay Willow herbe also doth , though it grow not naturally in England ▪ June and July are the ordinary months wherein they flower , yet some of them stay till August .

The Temperature .

All the sorts of Lysimachia are hot and dry , and of an exceding binding quality .

The Vertues .

The distilled Water of Willow herb , whether it be the yellow sort , or that which I have described , which is more common , is exceeding soveraign for green Wounds , whether they happen in the Body or Limbs , if to every ounce of Water there be taken two drams of May Butter without Salt , and of Sugar and Wax each as much also , & gently boyled together , til it become to be an Oyntment , and then let Tents be dipped in the Liquor , that remaineth after it is cold , and put into the Wounds , and the place covered with a linnen Cloath , doubled and anointed with the Ointment . It likewise cleanseth and healeth all foule Vlcers and Sores whatsoever , or wheresoever , and stayeth their inflammations , by washing them with the Water , and laying on them a green Leafe or two in Summer , or dry ones in the Winter . The distilled Water aforesaid is a present Remedy for hurts and blowes on the Eyes , and for blindnesse , if the Christalline humor , or Sight it so if be not perished , or spoiled , as hath been often proved ; and it is also of as good use to cleer the Eyes of Dust , or any other thing gotten into them , and preserveth the Sight . The said Water gargled warm in the Mouth , and sometimes drunk also , doth cure the Quinsey , and Kings-Evill in the Throat . The same being warmed and the Skin washed therewith , taketh away all Spots , Markes , and Scarres thereof ; and a little of it drank quencheth the thirst extraordinarily . And not onely this , but the Yellow sorts also are good for all manner of Bleeding at the Mouth or Nose , or of Wounds , and stayeth all manner of Fluxes of the Belly , or the Bloudy Fluxe , given either to drink or taken in a Clister ; it stayeth also the abundance of Womens Courses : If the herb he bruised , and the juice onely applyed to green Wounds , it stayeth the bleeding , and quickly closeth together the Lips of them : The decoction , or the distilled Water thereof is often used in Gargles for sore Mouths , as also to ●ath the secret parts withall , as often as there is any Sore , or Vlcer there arising . The smoak of the Stalkes being burned , driveth away Serpents , or any other venemous Creature , as Pliny saith , and the people in the Fenny Countreyes can testifie that it driveth away the Flyes and Gnats , that would otherwise molest them in the night season .

CHAP. CCCXXXIX . Of the Daisy .

The Names .

IT is called in Latine ( for it is a question whether the Greeks ever knew it ) Bellis à bello , as some think , quasi Bellis praesidium , because it is usefull in War , to heal the Souldiers Wounds ; for which reason some have called it Consolida also ; other have thought that it was called Bellis from the Adjective Bellus , signifying pretty , for it hath indeed a pretty Flower , if it be marked , some of the sorts especially . The greater sort is called by Bru●selsius , Bupthalmus , and Oculus Bovis ; and by Tabermontanus , Bellium majus , by others Consolida media Vulnerariorum ; yet most commonly it is called Bellis major , the lesser sort being called Bellis minor , Consolida minor , and Herba Morgarita : In English , the greater and lesser Daisy : the greater is also called Maudlin , and Maudlin-wort .

The Kindes .

There be divers sorts of Daisyes , as well in our Gardens , as growing beyond the Seas ; yet because the time will not permit me to enquire after them , I shall give you onely those that grow naturally with us , they being of greatest use for our intended purpose , and they are three : 1. The Great Daisyes , which some call Or-Eyes , and White Moons . 2. The middle sort of Daisyes . 3. The little Daisy .

The Forme .

The Great Daisy hath very many narrow and round-pointed Leaves next the ground , cut in on both sides , making them to seem almost like unto those of the Oak , from amongst which do grow up somewhat high Stalks , with divers Leaves thereon , but smaller , and lesser divided than the lower ; at the tops whereof grow large Flowers , each upon severall long foot stalks , consisting of many white and narrow Leaves , as the Pale or Border , and the yellow Thrummes in the middle , of little or no scent , whose Seed , which is somewhat long , is blown away with the Wind : The Root is bush of white Strings , which abide many Winters , shooting forth new Leaves in the Spring , if the cold weather hath killed the old .

The Places and Time .

The first , which is Great Daisy , Oxe Eye , or White-Moone , groweth almost every where by the hedge sides , in the borders of fields , and other wast ground , and many times in meadowes , that lye any thing high : the second groweth in the like places , but not so frequently : the place of the third can hardly be mistook , for it groweth upon every Common , and other place almost : The two first flower in May and June , and then must be gathered , for they last not long ; but the last beginneth to flower in the Spring , and holdeth on most part of the Summer .

The Temperature .

Daisyes are held by most to be cold and dry , which are the qualities which are required in Wound herbs ; yet D●donam saith they be cold and moist , which no body else doth allow of .

The Vertues .

The Leaves of the great Daisy or Mandlinwort made up into an Oyntment , or Salve , with Wax , Oyl , and Turpentine , is most excellent for Wounds , especially those wherin there is any inflammation , and which are hardly brought to digestion or maturation , as those weeping Wounds made in the Elboes , Knees , or other Joynts , and it is often used in Decoction or Drinks , as well as outwardly for the same or the like purposes , as fractures in the Head , and deep wounds in the Breast . The said Decoction being drunk , cureth all Vlcers and Pustles in the Mouth or Tongue , or in the Secret parts , which proceed from the heat of the Liver , and therefore in such cases , the Juyce or distilled Water of either sort , doth much temper the heat of Choler , and refresheth the Liver , and other inward parts . The Leaves bruised and applyed to the Cods , or any other parts that are swoln and hot , doth dissolve the swelling , and temper the heat . A Decoction made hereof with Walwort and Agrimony , and the places fomented and bathed therewith warm , giveth great ease to them that are troubled with the Palsy , Sciatica , or other Gout : The same also disperseth & dissolveth the Knots and Kernels that grow in the Flesh , belonging to any part of the Body , & the bruises & hurts that come of falls & blows : The Juyce , Decoction , or distilled Water , is drunk to very good purpose against the Rupture , or any inward Burstings . The juyce of them or the distilled water dropped into the Eyes , cleareth them , and taketh away the watering of them . The little Daisyes , when the greater cannot so well be gotten , may be used with good successe for all the purposes aforesaid , as also to help Agues , the decoction of them in Wine or Water being drunk . It is said that the Roots hereof being boyled in Milk , and given to little Puppies , will not suffer them to grow great .

CHAP. CCCXL . Of Speedwell .

The Names .

IT must be divided into two sorts , viz. Male and Female , before I can give you the names thereof : The Greek name of the Male is unknown , if ever it had any , but in Latine it is called Veronica mas , and B●tonica Pauli ; in English Speedwell , and Pauls Betony , and of some Fluellen , yet that name is thought to belong more properly to the Female kind , which is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Elatine ; in Latine Veronica famina , because a Shentleman of Wales , whose Nose was so neer eating off by the French Pox , that the Doctors gave order to cut it off , being cured by the use of this Herb onely , to honour the Herb for saving her Nose whole , gave it one of her own Country names , Lluellin or Fluellin , it being before called Female Speedwell , which name it retaineth also .

The Kindes .

Of the Male and Female Speedwel there be eight sorts : 1. The Common Speedwell : 2. Speedwel with white Flowers : 3. Great Speedwel , or Fluellin : 4. Little Fluellin , or smooth Fluellin : 5. The smallest Fluellin : 6. Female Fluellin , or Speedwel : 7. Cornered Fluellin , with blew Flowers : 8. Sharp-pointed Fluellin .

The Forme .

The Common Speedwell hath divers soft Leaves , about the breadth of a two-pence , extending themselves in length also , but not very much ; of a hoary green colour , a little dented about the edges , and somewhat hoary also , set by couples at the joynts of the hairy , brownish Salks , which lean down to the ground , never standing upright , but shooting forth roots , as they lye upon the ground , at divers joynts , much after the same manner that Nummularia , or Moneywort doth : the Flowers grow one above another at the tops , being of a blewish purple colour , and sometimes , though seldome , white , after which come small flat husks , wherein the Seed , which is small and blackish , is contained ; the Root is composed of very many Fibres .

The Places and Time .

All these Plants which I have named , are said to grow within the Dominions of England , those which are Outlandish being omitted ; The first groweth in divers Countreys of this Land upon dry Banks , and Wood-sides , and other places where the ground is sandy , and particularly in Prey-wood by St. Albans very plentifully , where there be a great many good Simples besides ; the third was found upon St. Vincents Rock neer Bristoll , by Mr. Goodyer ; the fifth in a Field neer unto Bar● Elmes in Surrey ; the other three grow in divers Corn-fields about Southfleet in Kent , abundantly , as also about Buckworth , Hamerton , and Richwersworth , in Huntingdon-shire , and in divers other places : They flower in June and July , and their Seed is ripe in August , that of the Female kind withering presently after .

The Temperature .

The Male Speedwell is temperatly hot and dry , the bitternesse thereof shewing so much : The Female , though it be bitter , is held to be cooling , yet no lesse drying than the former .

The Vertues .

Both the Male and the Female Speedwell are Wound-herbs of very good note . The Male is singular to heale all fresh Wounds and Cuts in the Flesh , speedily closing the Lips of them together , and not suffering them to gather corruption ; and Salve being made therewith , as also with Wax , Oyl , and Turpentine , and applyed outwardly , and the decoction of it in Wine taken inwardly ; and so it is no lesse effectual for spreading Tetters , or for foul or old fretting , or running Sores or Vlcers , that have been of long continuance , and therefore the harder to cure : It stayeth the bleeding of Wounds , or other Fluxes of Blood in any other part , and dissolveth all tumors and swellings , especially those of the Neck : It is also held to be a special Remedy for the Plague , and all pestilentiall Feavers , and infectious Diseases , for it expelleth the venome and poyson from the Heart , and afterwards strengtheneth it , and maketh it able to resist all noysome vapours , if a Dramme or two of the herb in powder be given with a dramme of good Treacle , in a small draught of Wine , and the party be laid to sweat ; and so doth the decoction thereof in Wine , or the distilled Water thereof given in some Wine : It helpeth the Memory , easeth all swimmings , turnings , and other paines of the Head , and maketh Barren Women become fruitful , as it is said : It cleanseth the blood from corruption , and therefore it helpeth the Leprosie , as no worse than a French King making tryall thereof , found to be true , as it is reported : The decoction of the Herb in water , or the powder thereof being dry , and given in its own distilled water , is singular good in all manner of Coughs , and diseases of the Breast and Lungs ; and it hath the same operation upon Sheep , and therefore Sheepherds make use of it , by adding a little Salt thereto ; It openeth the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , helpeth the yellow Jaundise , cleanseth the exulcerations of the Reines and Bladder , and also of the Mother , and of inward and outward Wounds , being inwardly and outwardly used for the Spleen and Wounds , but inwardly onely for the rest ; It provoketh Vrine , and helpeth thereby to break the Stone ; and is very profitable for the Back and Reins : The distilled water of the Herb onely , or after it hath been steeped in Wine twelve hours , doth wonderfully help in the Plague , Consumption , Cough , and all other the diseases before-mentioned , as also to wash Wounds & Sores therewith ; the same doth wonderfully help all Itches , Scabs , Scurf , Tetters , Morphew , and all discolourings of the Skin , as Freckles , Spots , and Scarrs , a little Coperas being dissolved therein , and bathed therewith ; the said Water defendeth Garments from Moths , a little Allom being dissolved therein , and sprinkled upon them . The Leaves of the Female Speedwell , or Fluellin , being bruised and applyed with Barly Meale to watering eyes , that are hot and inflamed by defluxions from the Head , doth very much help them ; It stoppeth also the Fluxes of Blood or Humours , as the Lask , Bloody Flix , and Womens too abundant Courses , and stayeth bleeding , whether it be at nose , mouth , or other place , whether it come by bruise , hurt , or bursting of a Vein , and wonderfully helpeth the inward parts , which need consolidating and strengthening , the Leaves being sodden in Broth made of a Hen , or a piece of Veal . It is effectuall also both to heale and close up green Wounds , as also to cleanse and heal all foul and old Vlcers , spreading and fretting Cancers in the Nose or any other place , the juyce and decoction of the Herb taken inwardly , and the Herb used outwardly , as Pena instanceth in one , whose Nose was so eaten with a Cancer , that it was to be cut off , left his whole Body should fall into a Leprosie , yet a Barber , who knew nothing but by tradition , being unwilling that the man should lose his Nose , desired that he might first make tryal of this Herb , which perfectly cured his Nose and him . And here it would not be amisse to take my leave of Mr. Culpeper , who blames the Colledge of Physitians for those things , whereof he himself was far more guilty than they , for , if he he were so skilful in the knowledge of Herbs , as he makes himself to be , why did he leave the Male Speedwel out of his English Phisitian enlarged ? it being more common , and of greater use than the Female ; but it seems he chanced to read of the one , and not of the other , being in all probability ignorant of both , for all his railing .

CHAP. CCCXLI . Of Pimpernell .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Anagallis , either 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , adducere , five ejicere , quia adactos corpori acule●s extrahit , because it drawes forth th●rns and splinters out of the Body ; or ex 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , idque ex 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Fluvio ubi ●ritur , because it was first found by the River Gallus : It is called also in Latine Anagallis , besides which it hath had many other names put upon it , put falsely , as Morsus Gallina , and Morgelina , which is that sort of Chickweed called Henbit , Auricula Muris , Macia , Helicacabus , Corch●rus , which is the Je●●es Mallow : Some call it Coralli●n , and the Composition made thereof Diateralli●n ; others think that it should be called Collarion , and the Composition Diacollarion , because Pi●pernel is of a glutinous quality .

The Kindes .

There be four sorts of Pi●pernell growing in England ; 1. Male Red Pimpernel : 2. Female Pimpernel : 3. Yellow Pimpernel : 4. Pimpernel with a white Flower .

The Forme .

The Male Red Pimpernel hath divers weak square Stalks lying on the ground , with two small ●nd almost round Leaves at every joynt , one against another , somewhat like unto those of Chickweed , but that they are thicker , spotted on the backside with brownish spots , without any foot-stalk , for they do as it were encompass the Stalk , wherein it differeth also from Chickweed : the Flowers stand singly , or each by themseves , at the joynts between them and the Stalks , consisting of five small round ▪ pointed Leaves , of a fine pale red colour , tending to an Orenge , with ▪ so many threds in the middle , in whose places succeed smooth round heads , wherein the Seed , which i● small , is contained : The Root is small and fibrous , perishing at , or before Winter .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in Corne-fields , by Way-sides , and in Gardens also , of its own accord , almost every where , and so doth the second , but less frequently , and hath been found not far from Oxford , in Rumney Marsh , at Beaconsfield in Buckingham-shire , and divers other places : the third groweth in St●w Wood , about two miles from Oxford , and also in Charletown Wood , two miles beyond Greenwich : the last groweth in a Wood on the South-side of Chis●ehirst Heath , over against Scadbury Park : They flower from May unto August , some of the Seed ripening and falling in the mean time , and the rest quickly after .

The Temperature .

Pimpernel is of a drying faculty , without biti●g , and somwhat hot , with a certain drawing quality .

The Vertues and Signatures .

It is agreed upon by all hands , that Pimpernell being bruised and applyed to corrupt , festered and fretting Sores , cleanseth and healeth them , and draweth out th●r●s , thistles , and sp●inters , out of the Hands or Feet , or any other part of the Body : Being boyled in Wine and drunk , it is singular good against all venemous bitings , obstruction of the Liver , and pain of the Kidneys : It is a good Remedy against the Plague , and other pestilentia● Feavers , and contagious Sicknesses , being boyled in Wine and given to drink ; but then after the taking thereof warm , they must lye a bed and sweat two houres thereupon , for hereby the venome of the Disease is expelled , but it must be used twice at the least ; the same helpeth the biting of ●ad Dogs , and the stingings and bitings of the Viper ▪ Adder , or Scorpion , the Spots on the back-side of the Leaves intimating so much : The Juyce hereof mixed with a little Honey , and dropped into the Eyes , cleanseth them from cloudy mists or filmes growing over them , which hinder and take away the sight : It is effectual also to ease the pains of the Hemorrhoides or Piles . The distilled Water is effectual for all the purposes aforesaid , especially for cleansing corrupt and stinking wounds , and is accounted mervailous good to cleanse the Skin from any roughnesse , deformity , or discolouring thereof , and to make it smooth , neat , and clear , which it doth by Signature , all spotted Plants being available for the doing away Spots in the Skin , as Crollius saith , who writeth also , that it is reported that the Male Pimpernel being held in the hand till it be hot , stoppeth the bleeding of any veine that is cut , the Flower of it being of a bloody colour signifying the same . The Juyce sniffed up into the Nose , purgeth the Head , and so it is said to do the Toothach , if it be put into the contrary Nostrill . The Male Pimpernell is said to drive forth the Fundament , and the Female to repel it , and drive it into its place again . Some Country-people do judge of the Weather by beholding the Flowers of this Herb the day before , if the Leaves of them be contracted and closed up , it betokeneth Raine , but if they be spread abroad , faire Weather . The Germans have a superstitious conceit , that if it be hung over the Threshold , or Porch of the doore of any house , it will defend it from Witchcraft .

CHAP. CCCXLII . Of Woody Night-shade , or Bitter-sweet .

The Names .

IT is called in Greeke 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Glycypicron , that is Bitter-sweet in English , because the Bark of it being the wed in the mouth , tastes bitter at the first , but sweet afterwards ; and for the same reason it is called Dulcamara and Amaradulci● in Latine : Some referring it to the Night-shades , do call it Solanum lignosum , o● fruticosum or rubrum , and therefore we in English call it Woody Night-shads , Bitter-sweet , and of some Felon-wort , because it cureth the Felons , which happen upon the joynts of the Fingers .

The Kindes .

Of this kind of Night-shade , there bee onely these two sorts : 1. Common woody Night-shade : 2. Woody Night-shade , with white Flowers .

The Forme .

The Common woody Night-shade groweth up with many slender , winding , brittle , woody Stalks , as high as a man , and sometimes higher , folding it self about the Hedges , or any thing else that standeth next thereunto , yet without any claspers at all , covered with a whitish rough Bark , & having a pith in the middle , shooting ou● Branches on every side , which are green while they are young , and so are the new shoots of those that are elder , whereon grow many Leaves without order , somewhat like unto those of Night-shade , but that they are pointed at the ends , with two smal Leaves or pieces of Leaves usually growing upon the Foot-stalks , between the Leaf and the Branch , like little wings ; of a pale green colour , but some of them have but one , and some none : the Flowers come forth at the tops and sides of the Branches , standing many together in fashion of a long Umbell , upon short foot-stalks , one above another , which consist of five narrow and long violet purple coloured Leaves , with a long gold-yellow pointel in the middle , sticking forth , which afterwards turn into round , and somewhat long Berries , green at the first , but red , soft , and full of juyce when they come to ripenesse , of an unpleasant bitter tast , though sweet at first , wherein many flat white Seeds are contained : the Root spreadeth it self into many strings under ground , not growing to any great bignesse .

The Places and Time .

The first groweth in every Country by the sides of Ditches and Hedges , whereon it many times runneth ; the second , is seldome met with , but by S. Margarets Church in Rumney Marsh : The Leaves come forth in the Spring , the Flowers in July , and the Berries are ripe in August .

The Temperature .

The Leaves and Berries of Bitter-sweet are hot and dry , cleansing and wasting away .

The Vertues .

The Leaves or Berries of Bitter-sweet stamped with rusty Bac●● , applyed to that Joynt of the Fi●ger that is troubled with a Felon , hath been found by divers Countrey people , who are most su●j●ct thereunto , to be very success●ful for the ●uring of the same . The decoction of the Leaves and tender branches being infused and set over the fire in three p●nts of White Wine , the Pot wherein it is done , being close covered for twelve houres together , which being then st●ained , is a most excellent Drinke to op●n the O●structi●ns of the Liver , Gall , and Spleen , and is used with good successe , not onely in the yellow , but black Jaundise , and to cleanse Wom●n hat are newly brought ab●d , a quarter of a Pint thereof being drank for many Mornings together , and if you will in the Evenings also : The said Infusion is also availeable for difficulty of breathing , Bruises , Falls , and congealed blood in any part of the body , and it is good against the Dropsie , for it purgeth away waterish and other humors very gently both by Urine and Stool . It is also used against putrid Feavers or Agues , and when any bone is broken , or out of joynt , as likewise for Ruptures and Wounds . The Sheepherds in Germany , as Tragus reporteth , doe use to hang it about their Cattles neck , when they are troubled with a swimming in the Head , causing them to turne round as if they were bewitched , and therefore they say it removeth Witchcrafts both in Men and Beasts ▪ b●t that swimming in the head is no effect of Witchcraft , but proceeds from a naturall cause , for which this Plant is a specifick remedy , as it is for all such like sodaine distempers whatsoever , being hung about the the Neck , and that is not farre from the head .

CHAP. CCCXLIII . Of Ladies Bedstraw .

The Names .

IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Gallium , or as others have it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Galiun● , and of some 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Galerion and Galarion , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifies Milke , into which the Women of former times did put this Herb , as those of ours doe Runnet , to cause the milke to turne into a Curd , for the making of Cheese , for which purpose it is said to serve very well , and therefore divers doe call it ●heese Runnet , both here and beyond the Seas . It is called in Latine Galium , after the Gree● , and that with white Flowers , M●llugo , in English Ladies Bedstraw , and sometimes Maids haire , from the finenesse of the Leaves .

The Kindes .

There be but sixe sorts of Ladies Bedstraw in all , that I meet with , and therefore I shall put them down : 1. The Common Ladies Bedstraw . 2. Red flowred Ladies Bedstraw . 3. Mountain white flowred Ladies Bedstraw . 4. The common white flowred Ladies Bedstraw 5. Mountain Ladies Bedstraw of Candy . 6. Another Ladies Bedstraw of Candy .

The Forme .

The common Ladies Bedstraw riseth up with divers small , brown square stalks , standing upright , at first , but after it cometh to be about a foot , or half a yard high , which is its usuall dimension , the tops thereof leane a little downwards , being most commonly branched forth into divers parts full of joynts , and with divers very fine small Leaves at every one , set at equall distances like Wood-roof , but much lesse , and hardly rough at all : at the tops of the branches doe grow forth from several joynts , many long tufts or branches of yellow flowers , set one above another very thick together , consisting of four Leaves a piece , of a strong and resinous , yet not unpleasant smell The Seed is small and black , like Poppy seed two for the most part being joyned neer together . The root is somewhat red , which having many small threds fastned unto it , taketh fast hold of the earth , and creepeth a little way also ; but that which maketh it most to increase is , that after the branches are weighed downe to the ground by the heavinesse of the Flowers , it taketh root againe at the joynts thereof .

The Places and Time .

The first is frequently to be found in many places of this Land in dry Pastures . Closes , and Medowes , and sometimes in those that are wet , though I think unknown to most , but the place that I particularly remember to abound therewith , is Butlers Close at Adlerbury Towns end ; the second was found in Italy , and the third in Germany , on divers hills there ; the fourth is a spontaneal of our own Land , and groweth in the Abbey Orchard at Saint Albans , and in divers other places ; the name of the fifth and sixth speaketh their Extraction . They flower in May and June , and the Seed is ripe in July and August .

The Temperature .

Ladies Bedstraw , especially that with yellow flowers , which is most common , is dry and something binding , as Galen saith .

The Vertues .

Though Mugwort be an Herbe noted amongst the Vulgar , for preventing wearinesse upon sore Travell , and for doing it away after it is contracted , yeer I finde Ladies Bedstraw , more celebrated for that purpose amongst Authors , who say that the Decoction of the Herbe and Flowers being yet warme , is of admirable use to bath the Feet of Travellers , and others who are surbated by long Jou●●eyes in hot weather , and for Laski●s and such like , whose running long cause●●ot onely wearinesse , but stiffenesse in the Sinewes and Joynts , to both which this herb is so friendly , that it maketh them to become as lissome , as if they had never been abroad . The Flowers and Herbe likewise made into an Oyntment or Oyl , are availeable for the same purposes , as also for burnings with Fire , or scaldings with Water ; for the dry Scabbe ; and the Itch in Children : The said Oyntment is to be made with the Flowers and Herbe boyled in Hoggs ▪ grease or Sallet Oyl , having some Bees Waxe melted therein , after it is streined ; the Oyl is made likewise with the Herb in Flower , by being set in the Sun with a sufficient quantity of sallet Oyl for the space of ten or twelve dayes : Both the Oyntment and Oyle may be used , either before a journey is taken , for prevention , or after , the feet being first bathed with the decoction , and then anointed with either of them , and this is the surest way . The decoction of the Herb taken inwardly , is used by divers to help to provoke Vrine , and thereby to fret and break the Stone ; the same also drank , helpeth to stay inward Bleedings , and also to heal inward Wounds , by the heating and drying qualities therein : the Herbe , as well as the Flowers , being bruised and put up into the Nostrills , stayeth their bleeding , and it doth as much to Wounds , if it be applyed to them , and it draweth forth the fire out of any place that is burned , and healeth it : Dioscorides saith , that the Root is availeable to provoke bodily Lust , and some say the Flowers doe so also : The good Housewives about Namptwich in Cheshire doe make that use of it , that the Ancients did , as I said before , that is , to put it in their Runnet , esteeming more of the Cheese whereinto that is put , then that which is made without it , as a Countrey-man of theirs affirmeth : The so●ts with white flowers have been found by experience of the Ger●anes , who have been great advancers of the faculty of Simpling to be good for the Sinewes , Arteries , and Joynts to bathe them therewith , both to take away their wearinesse and weaknesse , and to comfort and strengthen them also , whensoever need requires .