CHAP.
I.
The
Original
and
Foundation
of
the
Famous
City
of
London
.
THough
it
may
seem
difficult
to
discover
the
Original
of
some
Nations
and
Cities
,
yet
it
is
no
hard
matter
to
find
out
the
Foundation
of
this
Honourable
and
Famous
City
of
London
.
But
as
the
Roman
Writers
to
magnify
the
City
of
Rome
,
drew
its
Original
from
Gods
,
and
Demy-Gods
,
by
the
race
of
the
Trojans
,
so
Jeffery
of
Monmouth
our
Welsh
Historian
,
for
the
greater
Glory
of
this
Renowned
City
,
deduceth
it
from
the
same
Original
,
relating
that
Bruce
who
descended
from
the
Demy-God
Aeneas
,
the
Son
of
Venus
,
Daughter
of
Jupiter
,
about
the
year
of
the
World
2855
,
and
1108
years
before
the
Nativity
of
our
blessed
Saviour
built
this
City
near
the
River
now
called
Thames
,
and
named
it
Troynovant
,
or
Trenovant
;
but
this
Account
has
no
great
Authority
.
The
same
Historian
tells
us
,
that
K.
Lud
afterward
repaired
and
increased
this
City
with
fair
Buildings
,
Towers
,
and
Walls
,
and
called
it
after
his
own
name
Caire
Lud
or
Luds
Town
,
and
the
Gate
which
he
built
in
the
West
part
thereof
,
he
likewise
for
his
own
Honour
named
Ludgate
.
He
adds
,
That
this
Lud
had
two
Sons
,
Androgeus
and
Theomantius
,
who
being
not
of
Age
to
Govern
at
the
Death
of
their
Father
,
their
Uncle
Cassibelan
took
upon
him
the
Crown
;
in
the
eight
year
of
whose
Reign
,
Julius
Caesar
arrived
in
England
with
a
formidable
Army
to
Conquer
it
,
and
obliged
the
Brittains
to
pay
a
yearly
Tribute
to
Rome
.
Caesar
calls
London
the
City
of
the
Trinobantes
,
which
sounds
somewhat
like
Troy
Nova
,
though
learned
men
think
that
Trinobantes
signifies
the
State
or
Signiory
of
the
Trinobantes
.
But
in
those
dayes
,
the
Cities
of
the
Brittains
were
not
artificially
built
with
Stone
or
Timber
,
but
were
only
thick
,
and
Troublesome
Woods
plashed
together
,
and
intrenched
round
,
like
to
those
which
the
Irish
at
this
day
call
Fastnesses
;
Some
are
of
Opinion
that
whence
London
had
her
Fame
,
from
thence
she
had
also
a
Name
,
that
is
from
Ships
,
which
the
Brittains
call
Lough
,
and
Dinan
a
Town
,
so
that
London
is
no
other
than
Shipton
,
a
Town
of
Ships
;
which
Title
no
City
hath
more
Right
to
assume
than
this
,
being
scituated
upon
the
gentle
Ascent
of
an
Hill
,
near
a
gallant
Navigable
River
,
which
swelling
at
certain
times
with
the
Ocean
Tides
,
she
is
able
by
her
deep
and
safe
Channel
to
entertain
the
greatest
Ships
,
which
bring
in
all
the
richest
Commodities
the
World
can
afford
.
Some
would
have
Llwndian
the
Welsh
name
of
London
,
to
be
derived
from
Llhwn
which
signifies
a
fenced
Town
,
made
of
Trees
cast
down
and
barricadoed
together
,
as
aforementioned
,
for
so
the
Poet
sings
.
—
Their
Houses
were
the
Thicks
,
And
bushy
queachy
hollow
Caves
And
Hurdles
made
of
Sticks
.
And
it
is
probable
,
that
in
the
Place
where
St.
Pauls
Church
now
stands
,
there
was
a
Wood
or
Grove
,
and
a
Temple
dedicated
to
Diana
,
which
was
usually
set
up
in
the
Woods
;
and
in
a
place
about
St.
Pauls
,
there
were
the
Heads
and
Bones
of
Oxen
lately
found
,
which
is
supposed
were
offered
in
Sacrifice
to
her
.
Now
though
it
be
not
certainly
known
,
who
was
the
Founder
of
London
,
yet
whoever
it
was
,
he
shewed
much
Prudence
in
the
Choice
of
Scituation
;
for
she
seems
to
have
been
built
in
an
happy
hour
,
having
continued
for
so
many
Ages
;
Amianus
Marcellinus
who
wrote
near
thirteen
hundred
years
ago
,
calls
her
then
,
an
Ancient
City
.
When
the
Romans
had
reduced
the
hither
parts
of
Brittain
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
and
had
sown
the
seeds
of
Civility
here
,
as
well
as
over
all
Europe
,
this
City
began
to
be
renowned
and
famous
for
Wealth
,
Riches
,
and
Prosperity
,
yea
she
continued
always
the
same
under
the
Romans
,
Saxons
,
and
Normans
,
being
seldom
or
never
afflicted
with
any
great
Calamities
.
In
the
Reign
of
Nero
,
when
the
Brittains
had
conspired
to
recover
their
lost
Liberty
,
under
the
Conduct
of
Boadicia
,
the
Londoners
could
not
with
all
their
weeping
and
Lamentations
,
keep
Suetonius
Paulinus
in
the
City
,
but
after
he
had
raised
a
Power
of
the
Citizens
,
he
would
needs
go
from
thence
,
leaving
the
City
naked
to
the
Enemy
,
who
presently
surprized
it
,
and
slew
those
whom
either
weakness
,
feebleness
,
or
sweetness
of
the
place
,
had
detained
there
.
Nor
was
London
in
less
danger
by
the
Gaules
or
French
,
if
she
had
not
been
wonderfully
preserved
,
for
when
Caius
Alectus
,
had
Treacherously
destroyed
Carausius
,
he
kept
to
himself
the
Revenues
of
Brittain
and
Holland
,
and
called
himself
Augustus
Emperour
,
as
his
Coins
often
found
here
do
demonstrate
;
But
when
Marcus
Asclepiodotus
had
slain
him
in
Battel
,
those
French
who
remained
alive
after
the
Fight
,
hastening
to
London
,
would
have
plundred
the
City
,
had
not
the
River
Thames
,
(
who
never
fail'd
to
help
the
Londoners
at
need
)
very
happily
brought
the
Roman
Legions
to
their
Assistance
,
who
put
the
Barbarians
to
the
Sword
all
the
City
over
.
About
which
time
it
is
Recorded
,
that
Lucius
Gallus
was
slain
by
a
Brookside
which
ran
almost
through
the
City
,
and
of
him
was
called
by
the
Brittains
,
Wantgall
,
in
English
,
Walbrook
,
which
name
remains
to
this
day
,
under
which
there
is
a
Sewer
within
the
ground
,
to
carry
the
Kennel
water
of
the
City
into
the
Thames
.
This
is
not
far
from
London-stone
,
which
is
thought
to
be
a
Milemark
,
or
Miliary
,
such
as
were
in
the
Market
Places
of
Rome
,
from
which
were
taken
dimensions
of
Journeys
every
way
,
which
seems
the
more
probable
,
because
this
Stone
is
near
the
midst
of
the
City
as
it
lyeth
in
length
.
After
this
Julius
Agricola
the
Roman
Lieutenant
perswaded
the
Brittains
to
build
Houses
for
themselves
,
and
Temples
for
their
Gods
,
to
bring
up
their
Children
in
Learning
,
and
to
Apparel
themselves
like
Romans
;
so
that
in
a
few
years
after
our
Saviours
Nativity
she
became
famous
,
but
especially
for
the
multitude
of
Merchants
,
Provision
and
Trade
thereof
,
as
Cornelius
Tacitus
notes
,
and
was
then
called
by
some
Authors
Londinum
,
by
others
Augusta
,
under
which
name
her
Fame
is
celebrated
by
an
Ancient
Author
,
which
is
thus
Translated
by
Philemon
Holland
;
This
City
was
Augusta
call'd
To
which
(
a
truth
to
say
)
Air
,
Land
.
Sea
,
and
all
Elements
Show
favour
every
way
.
The
Weather
no where
milder
is
,
The
Ground
most
rich
to
see
,
Which
yields
all
sorts
of
useful
Fruit
That
never
spent
will
be
.
The
Ocean
that
with
Thames
her
Streams
His
flowing
Tyde
doth
blend
,
Conveys
to
it
Commodities
All
that
the
World
can
send
.
The
Noble
Seat
of
Kings
it
is
;
For
State
and
Royalty
Of
all
the
Realm
,
the
Fence
,
the
Heart
,
The
Life
,
the
Light
,
the
Eye
.
The
People
Ancient
,
Valorous
,
Expert
in
Chivalry
,
Enriched
with
all
sorts
of
Goods
,
Of
Art
,
or
Mistery
.
Take
a
strict
view
of
every
thing
And
then
say
thus
in
brief
,
This
either
is
a
World
it self
Or
of
the
World
the
Chief
.
CHAP.
II.
The
Ancient
,
and
present
Walls
and
Gates
of
the
City
.
HIstorians
report
,
That
about
the
year
after
Christ
306
,
Constantine
the
Great
,
at
the
desire
of
his
Mother
Helena
,
did
first
build
a
Wall
about
this
City
,
which
may
seem
more
probable
,
considering
that
the
Brittains
did
understand
how
to
build
Walls
with
Stone
,
as
may
appear
by
the
following
Relation
.
About
the
Year
of
Christ
399
,
when
the
Empire
of
Rome
was
invaded
,
and
that
City
destroyed
by
the
Goths
,
the
Romans
called
away
all
their
Forces
from
Brittain
for
the
Defence
of
their
own
Countrey
;
After
which
the
Brittains
being
not
able
to
defend
themselves
,
were
for
many
years
oppressed
by
two
cruel
Nations
,
that
is
,
the
Scots
and
Picts
,
whereupon
they
sent
Ambassadors
,
with
Letters
full
of
Lamentable
Supplications
and
Complaints
to
Rome
,
to
desire
their
assistance
,
promising
constant
Obedience
to
them
.
The
Romans
sent
them
a
Legion
of
Souldiers
,
who
fought
with
their
Enemies
and
drove
them
out
of
the
Countrey
;
And
leaving
the
Brittains
at
Liberty
they
advised
them
to
make
a
Wall
cross
the
Countrey
from
one
Sea
to
the
other
,
for
their
defence
against
their
troublesome
Neighbours
;
and
then
the
Romans
returned
home
in
Triumph
.
The
Brittains
built
this
Wall
in
the
North
of
England
,
but
wanting
Masons
,
they
did
not
make
it
of
Stone
as
the
Romans
directed
,
but
of
Turf
,
which
was
so
weak
,
that
it
was
little
Security
to
them
.
For
their
Enemies
perceiving
the
Romans
were
gone
,
they
presently
came
in
Boats
,
and
invaded
their
Countrey
,
ruining
and
wasting
all
before
them
.
Upon
which
Ambassadors
were
again
sent
with
fresh
Lamentations
to
Rome
,
beseeching
them
not
to
suffer
their
miserable
Countrey
to
be
wholy
destroyed
;
The
Romans
then
sent
them
another
Legion
,
who
coming
suddenly
,
surprized
their
Enemies
and
made
a
great
slaughter
among
them
,
chasing
them
back
again
even
to
their
own
Countrey
.
The
Romans
departing
home
again
,
told
the
Brittains
plainly
,
that
the
Journey
hither
was
long
and
troublesome
,
and
therefore
they
must
expect
no
further
help
from
them
;
but
must
learn
to
use
Armour
,
and
weapons
themselves
,
thereby
to
be
able
to
resist
their
Enemies
,
who
were
incouraged
to
invade
them
because
of
their
Cowardice
and
Faintheartedness
;
However
for
the
incouragement
of
their
Tributary
Friends
,
whom
they
were
now
forced
to
forsake
the
Romans
made
them
a
Wall
of
hard
Stone
from
the
West
Sea
to
the
East
Sea
,
and
built
two
Cities
at
each
end
thereof
,
the
Brittains
labouring
therein
also
.
This
Wall
was
built
Eight
Foot
thick
,
and
twelve
Foot
high
,
directly
East
and
West
,
as
appears
by
the
ruins
to
be
seen
at
this
day
.
The
work
being
finished
;
the
Romans
gave
them
a
strict
charge
to
look
to
themselves
,
and
to
instruct
their
People
in
the
use
of
Arms
,
and
Millitary
Discipline
,
and
least
the
Enemy
should
come
by
Sea
,
Southward
,
they
made
divers
Bulwarks
at
some
distance
from
each
other
by
the
Seaside
;
And
then
bid
the
Brittains
farewel
,
as
intending
to
return
no
more
;
This
happened
in
the
Reign
of
Theodosius
the
younger
;
near
500
years
after
the
first
Arrival
of
the
Romans
here
,
and
about
the
year
of
our
Lord
434.
The
Brittains
after
this
had
several
Skirmishes
with
the
Picts
and
Scots
,
and
made
Choice
of
Vortiger
to
be
their
King
and
Leader
,
who
is
said
to
have
been
neither
Wise
nor
Valiant
,
being
wholly
given
up
to
Lust
and
Debauchery
;
And
the
People
likewise
having
some
rest
from
their
Enemies
,
ran
into
Gluttony
,
Drunkenness
,
Pride
,
Contention
,
Envy
,
and
all
manner
of
Vice
,
to
the
great
scandal
of
their
Christian
Profession
.
At
which
time
a
dreadful
Pestilence
fell
upon
them
,
which
destroyed
such
a
multitude
of
them
,
that
the
quick
were
not
sufficient
to
bury
the
dead
,
and
yet
those
that
remained
alive
continued
so
impenitent
,
that
neither
the
death
of
their
Friends
,
nor
fear
of
their
Enemies
had
any
Effect
upon
them
,
whereupon
Divine
Justice
pursued
them
even
almost
to
the
Destruction
of
the
whole
sinful
Nation
For
being
now
again
in
danger
of
utter
ruin
from
their
old
Neighbours
the
Scots
and
Picts
,
they
consult
with
their
King
Vortiger
what
to
do
,
and
at
last
conclude
to
call
in
the
Saxons
,
who
soon
after
arrived
in
Brittain
;
where
(
saith
Bede
)
they
were
received
as
Friends
,
For
having
driven
out
the
Picts
and
Scots
,
they
likewise
drove
out
the
Brittains
,
forcing
some
of
them
to
fly
over
the
Seas
,
and
others
into
the
barren
and
waste
Mountains
of
Wales
and
Cornwall
.
The
Saxons
were
likewise
ignorant
of
building
with
Stone
till
the
year
680.
for
it
is
affirmed
that
Bennet
Abbot
of
Werral
,
and
Master
to
Reverend
Bede
,
first
brought
in
Artificers
for
Stone
houses
,
and
Glass
Windows
,
unknown
before
to
the
Saxons
,
who
built
only
with
Wood.
And
to
this
Polychronicon
agrees
;
who
speaking
of
those
times
,
saith
,
Then
had
ye
wooden
Churches
,
nay
wooden
Chalices
,
but
Golden
Priests
;
but
now
you
have
Golden
Chalices
,
and
Wooden
Priests
.
And
to
conclude
this
Argument
,
King
Edgar
in
his
Charter
to
the
Abby
of
Malmsbury
,
dated
the
year
of
Christ
974
,
writes
to
this
Effect
;
All
the
Monasteries
in
my
Realm
to
the
outward
sight
are
nothing
but
wormeaten
and
rotten
Timber
,
and
Boards
,
and
which
is
worse
,
within
they
are
almost
empty
,
and
void
of
Divine
Worship
.
Thus
much
as
to
Walls
in
General
,
now
to
return
to
London
;
This
City
was
destroyed
and
burnt
by
the
Danes
,
and
other
Pagan
Enemies
,
about
the
year
of
our
Lord
839
,
and
was
nobly
rebuilt
,
and
repaired
in
the
year
886
by
Alfred
King
of
the
West
Saxons
,
so
that
it
lay
waste
,
and
uninhabited
for
almost
fifty
years
;
Alfred
committed
the
custody
of
this
new
built
City
to
his
Son
in
Law
Etheldred
Earl
of
Mercia
,
to
whom
he
had
before
married
his
Daughter
Ethelsted
;
And
that
this
City
was
then
strongly
Walled
may
appear
by
divers
Accidents
;
William
of
Malmsbury
writes
,
that
about
the
year
994
the
Londoners
shut
up
their
Gates
and
defended
their
King
Etheldred
within
their
Walls
against
the
Danes
.
In
the
year
1016
,
Canutus
the
Dane
made
War
against
Edmond
Ironside
,
King
of
the
West-Saxons
,
and
brought
his
Navy
to
the
West
part
of
the
Bridge
,
casting
a
Trench
about
the
City
of
London
,
and
attempted
to
have
won
it
by
assault
,
but
the
Citizens
repulsed
him
,
and
drove
him
from
their
Walls
.
Likewise
in
the
year
1052
,
Earl
Godwin
with
his
Navy
,
Sailed
up
by
the
South
end
of
the
Bridge
,
and
assailed
the
Walls
of
this
City
.
William
Fitz
Stephen
in
the
Reign
of
Henry
2.
writes
thus
,
The
Wall
of
London
is
High
and
Great
,
well
Towered
on
the
North
side
,
with
due
distance
between
the
Towers
.
On
the
South
side
also
the
City
was
Walled
and
Towered
,
but
the
Fishful
River
of
Thames
by
his
ebbing
and
flowing
hath
long
since
subverted
them
.
Where
by
the
Northside
he
means
from
the
River
in
the
East
to
the
River
of
Thames
in
the
West
,
for
so
the
Wall
stretched
in
his
time
,
and
the
City
being
far
longer
from
East
to
West
,
than
in
breadth
from
South
to
North
,
and
also
narrower
at
both
ends
than
in
the
midst
,
is
therefore
compassed
with
the
Wall
on
the
Landside
in
the
form
of
a
Bow
,
except
where
it
is
indented
in
betwixt
Cripplegate
and
Aldersgate
.
But
the
Wall
on
the
Southside
along
the
River
of
Thames
was
streight
as
the
string
of
a
Bow
and
fortified
with
Towers
or
Bulwarks
(
as
we
now
term
them
)
in
due
distance
from
each
other
,
as
our
Author
says
,
and
we
our selves
may
observe
at
this
day
,
this
demonstrates
that
the
Walls
of
this
City
are
of
great
Antiquity
.
Now
for
repairing
and
maintaining
this
Wall
,
we
find
,
That
in
the
year
1215
and
the
6th
of
King
John
.
The
Barons
entring
the
City
by
Aldgate
,
first
took
Assurance
of
the
City
,
and
then
broke
into
the
Jews
houses
,
and
seizing
their
Money
and
Goods
for
their
own
uses
,
they
with
great
diligence
repaired
the
Walls
,
and
Gates
of
this
City
,
with
Stones
taken
from
the
Jews
broken
Houses
.
In
the
year
1257
,
Henry
3.
ordered
the
Walls
of
this
City
which
were
much
decayed
and
without
Towers
to
be
handsomely
repaired
,
and
beautified
at
the
common
Charge
of
the
City
.
In
the
17th
of
Edward
4.
Ralph
Joceline
Mayor
caused
part
of
the
Wall
of
the
City
of
London
to
be
repaired
between
Aldgate
,
and
Aldersgate
;
He
also
caused
Morefields
to
be
searched
for
Clay
to
make
brick
for
that
purpose
.
The
Skinners
made
that
part
of
the
Wall
between
Aldgate
,
and
Buvies
Marks
,
(
commonly
call'd
Bevis
Marks
)
toward
Bishopsgate
,
as
may
appear
by
their
Arms
fixed
in
three
places
there
;
The
Lord
Mayor
,
and
his
Company
of
Drapers
made
all
that
part
between
Bishopsgate
and
Alhallows
Church
in
the
Wall
,
and
from
Alhallows
toward
the
Postern
called
Moregate
.
A
great
part
of
the
same
Wall
was
repaired
by
the
Executors
of
Sir
John
Crosby
Alderman
,
his
Arms
being
in
2
places
;
and
other
Companies
repaired
the
rest
of
the
Wall
to
Cripplegate
,
the
Goldsmiths
repaired
from
Cripplegate
to
Aldersgate
,
and
there
the
work
ceased
.
The
Circuit
of
the
Wall
of
London
on
the
Lands
side
,
that
is
from
the
Tower
of
London
in
the
East
to
Aldgate
is
82
Perches
;
From
Aldgate
to
Bishopsgate
86
Perchees
;
From
Bishopsgate
to
Cripplegate
162
Perches
;
From
Cripplegate
to
Aldersgate
75
Perches
;
From
Aldersgate
to
Newgate
66
Perches
;
From
Newgate
to
Ludgate
42
Perches
;
in
all
513
Perches
of
Assize
.
From
Ludgate
to
Fleet
Ditch
60
Perches
;
From
Fleetbridge
to
the
River
of
Thames
about
70
Perches
.
So
that
the
total
of
these
Perches
amounteth
to
643
;
and
every
Perch
being
5
Yards
and
an
half
,
makes
3536
Yards
and
an
half
,
containing
10608
Foot
,
which
is
two
English
Miles
and
608
Foot
more
.
In
former
time
there
were
but
four
Gates
in
the
Wall
of
this
City
,
that
is
Aldgate
for
the
East
;
Aldersgate
for
the
North
;
Ludgate
for
the
West
;
and
Bridgate
over
London
Bridge
for
the
South
,
but
of
late
days
for
the
Conveniency
of
Passengers
,
divers
other
Gates
and
Posterns
have
been
made
.
Fitz
Stephen
saith
,
that
in
the
Reign
of
Henry
2
there
were
seven
Double
Gates
in
the
Wall
of
this
City
,
but
names
them
not
,
we
may
therefore
suppose
them
to
be
,
1.
The
Gate
next
the
Tower
of
London
,
called
the
Postern
.
2.
Aldgate
.
3.
Bishopsgate
.
4.
Aldersgate
.
5.
Newgate
.
6.
Ludgate
.
7.
Bridge-gate
.
Since
which
there
hath
been
built
Moregate
,
now
a
Famous
Gate
and
several
other
smaller
Posterns
,
as
one
between
Bishopsgate
and
Moregate
,
and
two
between
Moregate
and
Cripplegate
;
besides
other
in
other
Places
.
As
to
the
first
called
the
Postern
near
the
Tower
(
which
was
destroyed
by
the
dreadful
Fire
in
1666
of
which
you
have
a
particular
Account
in
this
Treatise
and
never
since
rebuilt
or
like
to
be
)
by
that
which
remained
of
it
before
,
it
seemed
to
have
been
a
fair
strong
Arched
Gate
,
built
of
hard
Stone
.
In
the
year
1190
,
and
the
2.
of
Richard
1.
William
Longshamp
,
Bishop
of
Ely
Chancellor
,
caused
part
of
the
City
Wall
from
that
Gate
to
the
White
Tower
to
be
broken
down
,
for
inlarging
the
Tower
,
round
which
he
made
a
Wall
imbattelled
,
which
is
now
the
outermost
Wall
;
He
likewise
made
a
broad
deep
Ditch
without
the
Wall
,
to
let
in
the
Tyde
from
the
Thames
;
But
the
Southside
of
this
Gate
was
by
undermining
the
Foundation
much
weakned
,
and
about
two
Hundred
years
after
,
that
is
1440
,
the
18
Hen.
6.
it
fell
down
,
and
was
never
since
rebuilt
.
The
next
in
the
East
,
is
ALDGATE
,
or
Oldgate
of
the
Antiquity
thereof
,
having
been
one
of
the
four
Principal
Gates
,
and
also
one
of
the
seven
Double
Gates
aforementioned
;
It
had
two
pair
of
Gates
and
Portcullises
,
though
now
but
one
;
yet
the
hooks
of
the
other
Gate
,
and
the
place
of
letting
down
the
other
Portcullice
are
yet
to
be
seen
.
This
Gate
appeareth
to
be
very
Ancient
,
being
named
in
a
Charter
in
King
Edgars
time
;
and
likewise
in
K.
Edward
1.
And
in
the
Civil
Wars
between
K.
John
,
and
his
Barons
1215.
the
Londoners
were
on
the
Barons
part
,
who
then
besieged
Northampton
,
and
after
came
to
Bedford
Castle
,
where
they
were
well
received
by
William
Beauchamp
Captain
thereof
;
and
having
then
secret
Notice
,
that
if
they
pleased
they
might
enter
the
City
,
they
removed
their
Camp
to
Ware
,
and
from
thence
coming
to
London
in
the
Night
,
they
entred
by
Aldgate
,
and
placing
Guards
at
the
Gates
,
they
disposed
of
all
things
at
their
pleasure
.
They
spoiled
the
Fryers
Houses
,
and
searcht
their
Coffers
;
after
which
Robert
Fitzwater
,
Jeffery
Magnaville
,
the
Earl
of
Essex
,
and
the
Earl
of
Glocester
cheif
Commander
in
the
Army
applied
themselves
to
repair
the
Gates
and
Walls
of
the
City
,
with
stones
taken
from
the
Jews
Houses
as
aforesaid
;
and
Aldgate
being
most
ruinous
,
and
having
given
them
an
easie
entrance
,
they
repaired
,
or
rather
new
built
it
,
after
the
manner
of
the
Normans
,
with
strong
Arches
,
and
Bulwarks
of
Stone
,
small
brick
,
and
Flanders
Tile
.
In
the
11
of
Edw.
4.
1471
,
Thomas
Bastard
Fauconbridge
,
having
Assembled
a
Riotous
Company
of
Seamen
and
others
in
Essex
,
and
Kent
,
came
with
a
great
Navy
of
Ships
up
to
the
Tower
of
London
;
whereupon
the
L.
Mayor
and
Aldermen
with
consent
of
the
Common
Council
fortified
the
Thames
sides
with
Armed
Men
,
Guns
,
and
other
warlike
weapons
,
from
Baynards
Castle
to
the
Tower
,
to
prevent
their
Landing
;
But
the
Rebels
being
denied
passage
that
way
,
they
fell
upon
Aldgate
,
Bishopsgate
,
Cripplegate
,
Aldersgate
,
London
Bridge
,
and
along
the
Bankside
,
shooting
Arrows
,
and
Guns
into
the
City
,
and
burning
above
threescore
houses
in
the
Suburbs
.
And
upon
Sunday
May
11
,
1471.
Five
thousand
of
them
assaulting
Aldgate
,
won
the
Bulwarks
,
and
entred
the
City
,
but
the
Portcullice
being
let
down
,
those
that
were
in
were
slain
?
And
Robert
Basset
Alderman
of
that
Ward
,
commanded
them
in
the
name
of
God
to
draw
up
the
Portcullice
,
which
being
done
,
the
Londoners
issued
out
of
the
Gate
,
and
couragiously
beat
back
their
Enemies
to
St.
Buttolphs
Church
,
by
which
time
,
the
Earl
Rivers
and
the
Lieutenant
of
the
Tower
coming
with
fresh
Forces
,
joined
them
,
and
then
they
soon
routed
the
Rebels
,
and
made
them
fly
,
Alderman
Basset
and
other
Citizens
chasing
them
to
Miland
,
and
from
thence
,
pursued
some
of
them
to
Poplar
,
and
others
to
Stratford
,
killing
many
,
and
taking
divers
Prisoners
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Fauconbridge
their
Commander
,
having
in
vain
assaulted
other
Places
on
the
Waterside
,
fled
to
his
Ships
.
Thus
much
of
Aldgate
as
it
was
of
old
,
we
shall
speak
of
the
rebuilding
when
we
come
to
Aldgate
Ward
.
The
third
Gate
toward
the
North
,
is
BISHOPSGATE
;
supposed
to
be
built
by
some
Bishop
of
London
,
though
now
unknown
;
But
the
occasion
thereof
was
for
the
ease
of
Passengers
,
especially
to
Norfolk
,
Suffolk
,
Cambridgshire
,
&c.
who
before
were
forced
to
go
much
about
;
yet
it
is
somewhat
Ancient
,
for
we
read
that
in
the
year
1210
,
some
Land
was
sold
to
the
Procurators
or
Wardens
of
London
Bridge
,
situate
in
the
Parish
of
St.
Buttolph
without
Bishopsgate
.
And
in
a
Charter
dated
1235.
It
is
writt
,
That
Walter
Brume
and
Rosia
his
Wife
,
having
founded
the
Priory
,
or
New
Hospital
of
our
Blessed
Lady
,
(
since
called
St.
Mary
Spittle
(
without
Bishopsgate
,
have
confirmed
the
same
to
the
Honour
of
God
,
and
our
Blessed
Lady
for
Canons
Regular
.
Also
in
1247
,
Simeon
Fitz
Mary
,
Sheriff
of
London
,
the
29
Hen.
3.
founded
the
Hospital
of
St.
Mary
called
Bethlem
without
Bishopsgate
:
And
for
repairing
this
Gate
,
Hen.
3.
confirmed
certain
Liberties
to
the
Merchants
of
the
Haunce
to
keep
it
in
repair
,
which
they
did
for
many
years
;
But
in
the
year
1551
,
having
prepared
Stone
and
a
new
Gate
to
be
set
up
,
at
the
Complaint
of
the
English
Merchants
their
Charter
was
taken
from
them
,
so
that
the
Old
Gate
remained
.
Next
to
this
upon
the
Northside
of
the
City
,
is
MOREGATE
;
of
which
we
read
,
that
in
the
3d
of
Hen.
5.
1415
,
Thomas
Faulconer
Mayor
,
caused
the
Wall
of
the
City
to
be
broken
through
near
Coleman-street
,
and
there
builded
a
Postern
,
now
called
Moregate
,
of
a
Moory
ground
hard
by
,
which
is
now
drained
,
and
made
fair
and
firm
,
and
turned
into
several
Feilds
and
delightful
Walks
,
with
Trees
set
in
curious
Order
for
the
Accommodation
of
the
Citizens
;
This
Gate
since
the
dreadful
Fire
of
London
in
1666
has
been
new
built
and
is
made
very
Noble
with
a
great
Arch
and
two
Posterns
,
so
that
it
now
equals
,
if
not
excels
any
other
Gate
of
the
City
.
Between
this
Gate
and
Cripplegate
there
have
been
lately
made
two
Posterns
through
the
Wall
,
for
the
better
ease
of
Passengers
,
and
several
new
Houses
built
near
them
.
CRIPPLEGATE
is
next
,
which
is
of
great
Antiquity
being
so
called
before
the
Conquest
,
for
we
read
that
in
1010
,
the
Danes
spoiling
the
Kingdom
of
the
East-Angles
,
Alwyn
Bishop
of
Helinham
,
caused
the
body
of
King
Edmund
the
Martyr
to
be
brought
from
Bredisworth
(
now
called
St.
Edmunds
Bury
)
through
the
Kingdom
of
the
East-Saxons
,
and
so
to
London
in
at
Cripplegate
.
Some
say
it
was
so
named
from
Cripples
begging
there
,
and
that
when
the
body
of
St.
Edmund
passed
through
it
,
many
Miracles
were
wrought
thereby
,
as
that
some
of
the
Lame
were
cured
,
praising
God
,
&c.
This
Body
continued
three
years
in
St.
Gregories
Church
near
St.
Pauls
.
And
further
,
William
the
Conquerour
in
his
Charter
for
Confirming
the
Foundation
of
the
Colledge
in
London
,
called
St.
Martins
le
Grand
,
saith
thus
,
I
do
give
and
grant
to
the
same
Church
,
and
Canons
serving
God
therein
,
all
the
Lands
,
and
the
Moor
without
the
Postern
which
is
called
Cripplegate
,
on
either
part
of
the
Postern
.
We
read
likewise
,
That
Alfune
builded
the
Parish
Church
of
St.
Giles
nigh
a
Gate
of
the
City
called
Porta
Contractorum
or
Cripples-gate
,
about
the
year
1090.
This
Gate
was
formerly
a
Prison
for
Citizens
for
Debt
or
otherwise
,
like
one
of
the
Counters
;
It
was
new
built
in
1244
by
the
Brewers
of
London
;
and
Edmund
Shaw
Goldsmith
in
1483.
gave
by
his
Will
400
Marks
,
and
the
stuff
of
the
the
old
Gate
called
Cripplegate
,
to
build
the
same
again
,
which
was
accordingly
done
in
1491.
ALDERSGATE
or
Aeldersgate
is
next
,
not
so
called
from
Aldwich
,
or
of
Elders
,
or
Ancient
men
building
the
same
,
nor
of
Elder
Trees
growing
more
plentifully
there
than
in
other
places
,
as
some
have
fancied
;
but
only
from
the
Antiquity
thereof
,
it
being
one
of
the
four
first
Gates
of
this
City
,
serving
for
the
Northern
,
as
Aldgate
doth
for
the
Eastern
Parts
,
and
being
both
Old
Gates
,
for
distinction
,
one
is
called
Aldersgate
,
and
the
other
Aldgate
;
This
Gate
hath
had
several
Additional
buildings
to
it
,
as
on
the
Southside
,
where
several
large
Rooms
and
Lodgings
of
Timber
have
been
made
;
And
on
the
Eastside
a
Great
Timber
building
with
one
large
Room
paved
with
Stone
or
Tile
)
there
is
likewise
a
well
curbed
with
Stone
,
and
of
a
great
depth
,
which
rises
into
that
Room
though
two
Stories
high
from
the
Ground
,
which
is
very
remarkable
;
John
Day
a
famous
Printer
,
dwelt
in
this
Gate
,
and
built
many
Houses
upon
the
City
wall
toward
St.
Anns
Church
.
You
may
read
more
of
the
new
building
this
Gate
in
Aldersgate
Ward
.
In
the
sixth
year
of
Edw.
6.
Three
was
a
Postern
Gate
made
through
the
City
Wall
on
the
Northside
of
the
late
dissolved
Cloister
of
Friars
Minors
,
commonly
called
Gray
Friars
;
Now
Christ
Church
,
and
Hospital
;
this
was
done
to
make
a
Passage
from
Christ
Church
Hospital
,
to
St.
Bartholomews
Hospital
in
Smithfield
,
and
License
was
given
to
Sir
Richard
Dobbs
,
Lord
Mayor
to
do
it
,
by
Virtue
of
an
Act
of
Common
Council
,
Aug.
1.
in
the
6
of
Edw.
6.
The
next
Gate
is
on
the
Northwest
,
and
is
called
NEWGATE
,
and
is
the
fifth
Principal
Gate
,
though
built
later
than
the
rest
,
being
erected
about
the
Reign
of
Hen.
1.
or
K.
Stephen
upon
this
occasion
.
The
Cathedral
of
St.
Pauls
being
burnt
down
in
the
Reign
of
William
the
Conquerour
1086.
Mauritius
then
Bishop
of
London
,
did
not
repair
the
Old
Church
as
some
have
thought
,
but
laid
the
Foundation
of
a
new
one
,
which
it
was
judged
would
hardly
ever
have
been
finished
,
it
was
so
wonderful
for
length
,
bredth
,
and
height
;
and
likewise
because
it
was
raised
upon
Vaults
or
Arches
,
after
the
Norman
fashion
,
and
never
known
in
England
before
.
After
Mauritius
,
Richard
Beumore
did
very
much
advance
the
building
of
this
Church
purchasing
the
large
Streets
and
Lanes
round
about
,
which
ground
he
incompassed
with
a
strong
Stone
Wall
and
Gates
:
By
reason
of
this
inclosure
for
so
large
a
Church-yard
,
the
High-street
from
Aldgate
in
the
East
,
to
Ludgate
in
the
West
,
was
made
so
streight
and
narrow
,
that
the
Carriage
through
the
City
was
by
Paternoster-Row
,
down
Ave-Mary
Lane
,
and
so
through
Bouger
Row
(
now
called
Ludgatestreet
)
to
Ludgate
;
or
else
by
Cheapside
through
Watlingstreet
,
and
so
through
Carter-lane
,
and
up
Creed-lane
to
Ludgate
,
which
Passage
by
reason
of
the
often
turning
was
very
Inconvenient
.
Whereupon
a
New
Gate
was
made
to
pass
through
Cheapside
(
North
of
St.
Pauls
)
St.
Nicholas
Shambles
,
and
Newgate-street
to
Newgate
,
and
from
thence
westward
to
Holbourn
Bridge
;
or
Turning
without
the
Gate
,
to
Smithfield
,
and
Islington
,
(
or
Iseldon
)
or
to
any
place
North
,
or
West
.
This
Gate
hath
for
many
years
been
a
Prison
for
Felons
,
Murderers
,
Highwaymen
and
other
Trespassers
,
as
appeareth
by
the
Records
of
King
John
and
others
;
and
among
the
rest
in
the
3.
of
Hen.
3.
1218.
That
King
writ
to
the
Sheriffs
of
London
,
commanding
them
to
repair
the
Goal
of
Newgate
,
for
the
safe
keeping
of
his
Prisoners
,
promising
that
the
Charges
thereof
should
be
allowed
them
upon
their
Account
in
the
Exchequer
.
In
the
year
1241.
The
Jews
of
Norwich
were
hanged
being
accused
for
Circumcising
a
Christian
Child
;
their
House
(
called
the
Thor
)
was
pulled
down
and
destroyed
;
Aaron
the
Son
of
Abraham
a
Jew
,
and
other
Jews
in
London
,
were
constrained
to
pay
twenty
thousand
Marks
,
at
two
Terms
in
the
year
,
or
else
to
be
kept
perpetual
Prisoners
in
Newgate
at
London
,
and
in
other
Prisons
.
In
1255
,
King
Henry
3.
lodged
in
the
Tower
,
and
upon
some
displeasure
against
the
City
of
London
,
for
the
escape
of
John
Offrem
a
Clerk
Convict
,
Prisoner
in
Newgate
,
for
killing
a
Prior
who
was
Cousin
to
the
Queen
,
He
sent
for
the
Lord
Mayor
,
who
laid
the
fault
on
the
Sheriffs
to
whose
Custody
the
Prisoners
are
committed
;
the
Mayor
was
discharged
,
but
the
Sheriffs
were
imprisoned
above
a
month
,
though
they
alledged
the
fault
was
in
the
Bishops
Officers
,
who
though
he
was
imprisoned
in
Newgate
,
yet
they
were
to
see
that
he
was
kept
safe
.
But
however
the
King
required
three
thousand
Marks
of
the
City
for
a
Fine
.
In
the
third
year
of
Edw.
3.
1326.
Robert
Baldock
the
Kings
Chancellor
was
put
into
Newgate
.
In
1237
,
Sir
John
Pouitney
gave
four
Marks
a
year
for
releif
of
the
Prisoners
in
Newgate
.
In
1358
,
William
Walworth
gave
likewise
toward
their
relief
,
and
so
have
many
others
since
.
In
1414
,
the
Jaylors
in
Ludgate
and
Newgate
died
,
and
64
Prisoners
.
In
1418
,
the
Parson
of
Wertham
in
Kent
was
Imprisoned
in
Newgate
.
In
the
first
of
Henry
6
,
1412.
The
Executors
of
Richard
Whittington
repaired
Newgate
.
And
Thomas
Knowles
Grocer
,
sometimes
L.
Mayor
,
brought
the
wast
water
from
the
Cestern
near
St.
Nicholas
Chappel
,
by
St.
Bartholomews
Hospital
to
Newgate
and
Ludgate
for
the
Accommodation
of
the
Prisoners
.
In
1431
,
all
the
Prisoners
in
Ludgate
were
conveyed
to
Newgate
,
by
the
Sheriffs
of
London
;
And
soon
after
they
fetcht
from
thence
18
Persons
,
Freemen
of
the
City
,
who
were
led
pinioned
to
the
Counters
like
Felons
,
by
the
false
suggestion
of
the
Jaylor
of
Newgate
;
But
Ludgate
was
a
while
after
again
appointed
for
Freemen
who
were
Debtors
;
and
they
were
all
carried
back
again
thither
.
In
1427.
There
was
a
great
Skirmish
in
the
North
Countrey
between
Sir
Thomas
Percie
,
Lord
Egremond
,
and
the
Earl
of
Salisburies
Sons
,
whereby
many
were
wounded
and
slain
,
but
the
Lord
Egremond
being
taken
was
found
to
give
the
occasion
,
and
was
thereupon
condemned
by
the
Kings
Council
,
to
pay
a
considerable
Sum
of
Money
to
the
Earl
of
Salisbury
,
and
in
the
mean
time
was
committed
to
Newgate
;
and
a
while
after
both
he
,
and
his
Brother
Sir
Richard
Percie
brake
out
by
night
,
and
went
to
the
King
.
The
other
Prisoners
got
upon
the
Leads
over
the
Gate
,
and
defended
it
against
the
Sheriffs
,
and
all
their
Officers
a
great
while
,
till
they
were
forced
to
call
more
Citizens
to
their
Aid
,
who
at
last
subdued
them
,
and
laid
them
in
Irons
;
Thus
much
of
Newgate
.
LUDGATE
is
the
next
in
the
West
,
and
the
Sixth
Principal
Gate
of
this
City
,
and
Historians
say
,
was
built
by
King
Lud
,
near
66
years
before
our
Saviours
Nativity
;
which
shews
its
great
Antiquity
;
This
being
built
for
the
West
,
as
Aldgate
for
the
East
.
In
the
year
1215.
aforementioned
,
being
the
17th
.
of
King
John
,
when
the
Barons
who
were
in
Arms
against
the
King
,
entred
this
City
,
and
pull'd
down
the
Jews
Houses
,
repairing
the
Walls
and
Gates
of
the
City
with
the
Stones
thereof
;
It
appeareth
that
they
then
repaired
or
rather
new
built
this
Gate
;
For
in
1586
when
this
Gate
was
pulled
down
in
order
to
its
being
repaired
,
there
was
a
stone
found
within
the
wall
,
which
seems
to
have
been
taken
from
one
of
the
Jews
Houses
,
there
being
several
Hebrew
Characters
ingraven
thereon
,
which
being
interpreted
are
thus
in
English
;
This
is
the
Station
or
Ward
of
Rabbi
Moses
,
the
Son
of
the
Honourable
Rabbi
Isaac
.
This
it
is
thought
had
been
fixed
upon
one
of
the
Jews
Houses
,
as
a
sign
he
lived
there
.
In
1260
,
Ludgate
was
repaired
,
and
beautified
with
the
Images
of
Lud
and
other
Kings
,
but
in
the
Reign
of
Edw.
6.
these
Images
of
the
Kings
had
their
Heads
smitten
off
,
and
were
defaced
,
by
such
as
judged
every
Image
to
be
an
Idol
;
In
the
Reign
of
Q.
Mary
they
were
repaired
and
new
heads
set
upon
their
old
Bodies
,
which
remained
so
,
till
the
28
of
Q.
Elizabeth
1586.
When
this
Gate
was
quite
taken
down
and
nobly
Rebuilt
,
with
the
Images
of
K.
Lud
and
others
on
the
East-side
,
and
Q.
Elizabeth
on
the
West
,
which
was
done
at
the
City
Charge
being
above
1500
pounds
.
In
1463.
Stephen
Foster
Fishmonger
,
and
Dame
Agnes
his
Wife
,
added
several
large
Rooms
to
Ludgate
,
and
gave
other
releif
to
the
Prisoners
,
who
are
only
such
Citizens
as
are
Debtors
;
All
Persons
for
Treasons
,
Felonies
,
and
other
Criminal
Offences
being
committed
to
Newgate
.
In
one
of
these
rooms
,
there
was
a
Copper
Plate
hanging
with
the
following
Rhimes
ingraven
thereon
.
Devout
Souls
that
pass
this
way
,
For
Stephen
Forster
late
Mayor
,
heartily
pray
;
And
Dame
Agnes
his
Spouse
,
to
God
Consecrate
,
That
of
pity
this
House
made
of
London
in
Ludgate
So
that
for
lodging
and
water
,
Prisoners
here
nought
pay
As
their
keepers
shall
all
answer
at
dreadful
Doomsday
.
This
Gate
(
as
well
as
Newgate
)
in
the
late
dismal
Fire
in
1666
,
was
burnt
down
,
but
since
they
are
both
repaired
and
very
curiously
Beautified
having
a
new
.
Postern
for
Foot
Passengers
added
thereto
;
with
several
other
Conveniencies
.
Thus
much
for
Ludgate
.
Next
to
this
before
the
late
Fire
,
there
was
only
a
breach
in
the
Wall
of
the
City
and
a
Bridge
of
Timber
over
Fleet
Ditch
;
directly
against
Bridewell
Hospital
;
but
since
,
it
is
all
laid
open
,
and
a
handsome
Bridge
of
Stone
built
in
that
Place
,
the
Ditch
being
very
much
enlarged
,
and
a
Wharf
made
of
Stone
,
and
cleared
from
all
Houses
on
each
side
up
to
Holborn
Bridge
.
The
Bridge
likewise
at
the
lower
end
of
Ludgate
Hill
being
nobly
rebuilt
,
or
rather
new
built
and
made
much
broader
,
and
another
Gallant
Bridge
is
built
upon
the
same
Ditch
almost
over
against
the
Fleet
Prison
.
All
this
has
been
done
since
the
dismal
Fire
,
to
the
very
great
Charge
of
the
City
.
And
so
much
for
the
Gates
in
the
Wall
.
Now
for
the
Watergates
on
the
Banks
of
the
River
Thames
,
which
formerly
have
been
many
,
though
most
,
or
all
of
them
have
been
ruined
by
the
late
Fire
,
however
take
a
breif
Account
of
what
they
were
.
Black
Fryers
Stairs
is
a
free
landing
place
now
gallantly
rebuilt
with
a
useful
Bridge
by
Sir
Tho.
Fitch
,
who
has
built
a
very
curious
house
upon
the
Wharf
,
and
cleared
it
,
so
that
now
the
Lord
Mayor
when
he
comes
from
Westminster
to
be
sworn
Lands
there
,
instead
of
Pauls
Wharf
,
as
being
much
more
convenient
.
Then
there
is
Puddle
Wharf
,
Pauls
Wharf
,
Broken
Wharf
,
besides
divers
others
all
along
the
River
which
are
made
by
the
Citizens
for
their
Private
use
.
Next
is
Ripa
Regina
,
the
Queens
Bank
,
or
Queen
Hyth
,
which
was
accounted
the
Cheif
and
Principal
Watergate
of
this
City
,
far
exceeding
Billings-Gate
,
as
it
appears
in
Queen-hithe
Ward
.
scene from London history
Wat
Tyler
kild
by
the
Lord
Mayor
.
scene from London history
K
Richard
2.
Resigns
his
Crown
.
scene from London history
King
Richard
2.
Murdered
.
The
next
was
called
Wolfes
Gate
in
the
Ropary
,
afterward
called
Wolfes
lane
,
but
now
out
of
use
.
The
next
was
called
Ebgate
of
old
time
,
as
appeareth
by
Ancient
Records
,
and
stood
near
St.
Lawrence
Pountneys
Church
,
it
is
now
a
narrow
Lane
,
and
called
Ebgate
lane
,
but
usually
the
Old
Swan
.
There
was
another
Gate
at
the
Bridgfoot
called
Oyster
Gate
,
of
Oysters
that
were
there
sold
,
that
being
the
Market-place
for
them
,
and
other
small
Fish
;
But
now
there
standeth
an
Engine
to
carry
up
the
water
into
the
City
in
the
place
thereof
.
Then
there
is
the
BRIDG-GATE
,
so
called
of
London
Bridge
whereon
it
standeth
;
This
long
before
the
Conquest
was
one
of
the
four
first
,
or
Principal
Gates
of
the
City
,
where
there
was
only
a
Bridge
of
Timber
,
and
is
the
seventh
and
last
Principal
Gate
mentioned
by
Fitz
Stephen
;
when
the
Bridge
was
new
built
of
Stone
,
this
Gate
was
rebuilt
again
;
In
the
year
1436
,
this
Gate
with
the
Tower
upon
it
fell
down
,
and
two
of
the
furthest
Arches
of
the
Bridg
,
Southward
fell
therewith
,
yet
none
were
killed
,
or
hurt
thereby
;
to
the
repairing
whereof
several
Citizens
gave
very
Liberally
.
When
the
Bastard
Fauconbridg
aforenamed
came
with
the
Kentish
Mariners
into
this
City
,
they
burnt
this
Gate
,
and
thirteen
Houses
besides
on
the
Bridge
,
and
likewise
the
Brewhouses
at
St.
Katherines
and
many
others
in
the
Suburbs
.
Next
hereunto
was
a
Gate
,
commonly
called
Buttolphs
Gate
,
of
the
Parish
Church
adjoyning
,
This
was
given
;
or
confirmed
by
William
the
Conquerour
to
the
Monks
of
Westminster
.
Then
there
is
Billingsgate
,
which
is
much
used
by
small
Ships
&
Barges
,
so
that
Queen
Hyth
is
almost
forsaken
.
It
is
somewhat
uncertain
why
this
Gate
was
so
named
,
only
Jeffry
of
Monmouth
writes
,
that
Belin
a
King
of
the
Brittains
about
400
years
before
Christs
Nativity
,
built
this
Gate
,
and
called
it
after
his
own
name
,
&
that
when
he
was
dead
his
Body
was
burned
,
and
the
Ashes
were
put
into
a
vessel
of
Brass
,
and
set
over
that
Gate
upon
an
High
Pinacle
of
Stone
;
yet
it
doth
not
seem
to
be
so
Ancient
,
but
rather
to
have
taken
the
name
from
some
late
Owner
,
called
(
it
may
be
)
Beling
,
or
Billing
,
as
Somers
Key
,
Smarts
Key
,
Fresh
Warf
and
others
have
done
;
Then
there
was
a
Watergate
on
the
South-end
of
Water-lane
by
the
Custom-house
Key
,
but
of
all
these
more
hereafter
.
One
other
Watergate
there
was
more
by
the
Bulwark
of
the
Tower
,
and
this
is
the
last
,
and
farthest
Gate
Eastward
on
the
River
of
Thames
as
far
as
the
City
of
London
extends
within
the
Walls
.
Besides
these
Common
Water
Gates
,
there
were
formerly
divers
private
Wharfs
,
and
Keys
all
along
from
the
East
to
the
West
of
this
City
,
on
the
Thames
side
,
where
Merchants
of
all
Nations
landed
their
Goods
,
and
had
Warehouses
,
Cellars
,
and
Stowage
form
them
.
And
in
the
42
of
Hen.
3.
1258.
it
was
appointed
that
the
Ports
of
England
should
be
strongly
Guarded
and
the
Gates
of
London
should
be
newly
repaired
and
diligently
kept
in
the
night
for
fear
of
French
deceits
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
the
Tower
of
London
,
(
and
other
Ancient
Towers
and
Castles
of
this
City
)
with
several
Remarkable
Accidents
happening
therein
.
THe
City
of
London
(
saith
Fitz
Stephen
)
hath
in
the
East
a
very
Great
,
and
most
Strong
Palatine
Tower
,
whose
Turrets
and
Walls
do
rise
from
a
deep
Foundation
,
the
Mortar
thereof
being
tempered
with
the
Bloud
of
Beasts
.
It
is
the
Common
Opinion
that
Julius
Caesar
the
first
Conquerour
,
or
indeed
Discoverer
of
Brittain
was
the
Original
Founder
thereof
and
of
many
other
Towers
Castles
and
Great
Houses
.
But
there
is
little
Reason
for
it
,
in
regard
of
his
short
stay
here
,
having
other
things
to
think
on
,
designing
only
to
dispatch
his
Conquest
over
this
Barbarous
Countrey
,
and
then
to
perform
greater
Enterprizes
;
Neither
do
the
Roman
Historians
mention
any
such
Buildings
erected
by
him
here
.
The
more
probable
Opinion
therefore
is
,
That
William
the
Conquerour
built
the
Great
white
and
square
Tower
there
about
the
year
of
our
Lord
1078
,
as
appears
by
Ancient
Records
,
and
that
made
Gundulph
Bishop
of
Rochester
Principal
Surveyor
of
the
work
.
The
Wall
of
the
City
of
London
(
as
it
is
aforementioned
)
was
furnished
formerly
with
Towers
,
and
Bulwarks
in
due
distance
from
each
other
;
and
the
River
of
Thames
with
its
Ebbing
and
Flowing
had
overthrown
the
Walls
and
Towers
on
the
Banks
thereof
,
whereupon
William
the
Conquerour
for
the
defence
of
the
City
which
lay
open
to
the
Enemy
,
having
taken
down
the
second
Bulwark
in
the
East
part
of
the
Wall
toward
the
Thames
,
built
the
Great
White
Tower
,
which
hath
been
since
enlarged
at
several
times
with
buildings
adjoining
thereto
;
This
Tower
in
the
4th
.
of
William
Rufus
,
1092.
was
much
shaken
and
defaced
by
a
great
Tempest
of
Wind
;
but
was
again
repaired
by
William
Rufus
,
and
Henry
the
first
,
who
likewise
built
a
Castle
on
the
South-side
thereof
toward
the
Thames
,
intrenching
the
same
round
about
.
Historians
say
of
this
William
Rufus
,
That
he
challenged
the
Investiture
of
Prelates
,
He
pilled
,
and
shared
the
People
with
Tribute
,
especially
to
spend
about
the
Tower
of
London
,
and
the
Great
Hall
at
Westminster
.
The
four
first
Constables
or
Keepers
of
the
Tower
were
Othowerus
,
Acolinillus
,
Otto
,
and
Jeffry
Magnaville
Earl
of
Essex
,
who
was
also
Sheriff
of
London
,
Middlesex
,
Essex
and
Hertfordshire
;
He
fortified
the
Tower
of
London
against
K.
Stephen
,
but
the
King
seizing
him
at
his
Court
at
St.
Albans
would
not
discharge
him
,
till
he
had
delivered
it
up
,
together
with
the
Castles
of
Walden
,
and
Plashey
in
Essex
.
In
1153
,
the
Tower
of
London
,
and
Castle
of
Windsor
were
delivered
by
the
King
to
Richard
de
Lucie
,
to
be
safely
kept
.
In
1155
,
Thomas
Becket
,
Chancellor
to
Hen.
2.
caused
the
Flemings
to
be
banished
out
of
England
,
their
Castles
lately
built
to
be
demolished
,
and
the
Tower
of
London
to
be
repaired
.
In
the
2.
of
Rich.
first
,
1190.
William
Longshamp
Bishop
of
Ely
,
Lord
Chancellor
(
by
reason
of
some
difference
between
him
,
and
Earl
John
the
Kings
Brother
,
who
was
in
Rebellion
)
inclosed
the
Tower
and
Castle
of
London
with
an
outward
Wall
of
Stone
embatailed
;
and
likewise
caused
a
deep
ditch
to
be
made
about
the
same
,
designing
(
as
is
aforementioned
)
to
have
invironed
it
with
the
River
of
Thames
.
This
inclosure
and
Ditch
took
away
some
ground
from
Trinity
Church
in
London
,
which
King
Edward
recompenced
.
And
a
great
quantity
of
Ground
likewise
was
taken
from
the
City
upon
this
Account
,
yet
the
Citizens
had
no
recompence
,
nor
were
offended
thereat
,
since
it
was
done
with
their
liking
,
as
being
for
the
defence
of
the
City
.
But
another
Historian
saith
,
that
in
1239
,
Hen.
3.
Fortified
the
Tower
of
London
to
another
Purpose
,
and
the
Citizens
fearing
it
was
intended
to
their
detriment
,
complained
to
the
King
;
who
answered
,
That
he
had
not
done
it
to
their
hurt
,
but
(
saith
he
)
I
will
do
from
henceforth
as
my
Brother
doth
,
(
in
building
and
fortifying
Castles
)
who
beareth
the
name
of
being
wiser
than
I.
But
the
next
year
,
all
these
Noble
Buildings
of
the
Stone
Gate
and
Bulwark
,
were
shaken
as
with
an
Earthquake
,
and
fell
down
;
which
the
King
commanded
to
be
again
built
better
than
before
.
And
in
the
year
1241.
Though
the
King
had
bestowed
above
12000
Marks
in
the
work
,
yet
the
Wall
and
Bulwarks
irrecoverably
fell
down
;
at
which
the
Citizens
were
very
well
pleased
;
for
they
were
threatned
,
that
when
this
Wall
and
Bulwarks
were
built
,
if
any
of
them
should
contend
for
the
Liberties
of
the
City
they
should
be
Imprisoned
therein
.
Yet
were
they
again
rebuilt
and
finished
by
Edward
the
1.
and
the
Bulwark
at
the
West-gate
,
now
called
the
Lyon
Tower
,
added
;
the
Original
of
which
name
,
and
of
Lyons
in
England
,
we
read
was
thus
.
Henry
the
1.
built
the
Mannor
of
Woodflock
,
and
walled
the
Park
about
with
stone
,
seven
Miles
in
compass
,
destroying
to
that
purpose
divers
Villages
,
Churches
and
Chappels
,
and
this
was
the
first
Park
in
England
,
and
as
the
Record
saith
;
He
appointed
therein
(
besides
great
store
of
Deer
)
divers
strange
beasts
to
be
kept
and
nourished
,
such
as
were
brought
to
him
from
far
Countreys
,
as
Lyons
,
Leopards
,
Linxes
,
Porpentines
,
and
such
other
,
for
such
was
his
Estimation
among
Outlandish
Princes
,
that
few
would
willingly
offend
him
.
In
the
year
1235
,
we
read
,
that
Frederick
the
Emperour
,
sent
Henry
3.
three
Leopards
in
token
of
his
Regal
sheild
of
Arms
,
wherein
they
were
pictured
;
since
which
time
,
the
Lyons
,
and
other
Creatures
have
been
kept
in
a
part
of
this
Bulwark
now
called
the
Lyons
Tower
.
In
the
16
of
Edward
3.
One
Lyon
,
One
Lyonefs
,
One
Leopard
and
two
Cattes
Lyons
were
committed
to
the
custody
of
Robert
Boure
.
Edw.
4.
Fortified
the
Tower
of
London
,
and
inclosed
a
peice
of
Ground
(
West
from
the
Lyon
Tower
)
upon
Tower-bill
with
brick
,
now
called
the
Bulwark
.
And
in
the
6th
.
year
of
his
Reign
,
he
ordered
a
Scaffold
and
Gallows
to
be
set
upon
the
Hill
for
the
Execution
of
Offenders
upon
which
the
L.
Mayor
and
Aldermen
complained
to
the
King
,
but
were
answered
,
That
it
was
not
done
in
Derogation
of
the
Cities
Liberties
,
and
caused
Proclamation
to
be
made
thereof
accordingly
.
Richard
the
3.
and
Henry
the
8.
repaired
this
Tower
;
but
in
the
2.
of
Edward
6
,
1548.
Nov.
22.
A
Frenchman
lodging
in
the
round
Bulwark
,
between
the
Westgate
,
and
the
Postern
,
by
setting
fire
to
a
Barrel
of
Gunpowder
in
the
night
,
blew
up
that
Bulwark
,
yet
burnt
none
but
himself
;
this
Bulwark
was
soon
rebuilt
again
.
This
west
Gate
of
the
Tower
is
the
Principal
Gate
,
for
receiving
,
and
delivering
all
manner
of
Carriages
,
and
without
it
,
there
are
divers
Bulwarks
and
Gates
turning
to
the
North
;
within
this
Gate
to
the
South
is
a
strong
Postern
for
Passengers
,
by
the
Ward-house
,
over
a
Drawbridge
,
which
is
let
down
,
and
pull'd
up
at
pleasure
.
Next
to
this
on
the
South
side
East-ward
,
is
a
large
Water-gate
(
commonly
called
Traytors
Gate
,
because
some
have
been
carried
in
that
way
)
this
Gate
is
partly
under
a
strong
Stone
Bridge
from
the
River
of
Thames
.
Beyond
which
was
a
small
Postern
with
a
Drawbridge
seldom
let
down
but
for
receiving
in
some
Great
Persons
Prisoners
;
Further
to
the
East
was
a
Great
and
strong
Gate
called
the
Iron
Gate
,
but
not
usually
opened
.
And
so
much
for
the
Foundation
,
building
and
repairing
of
the
Tower
,
with
the
Gates
and
Posterns
.
There
are
many
Fair
Houses
within
the
walls
of
the
Tower
,
wherein
the
Officers
belonging
thereto
,
and
other
Inhabitants
live
,
there
is
also
a
Chappel
.
In
the
year
1196
,
William
Fitz
Ozbet
a
Citizen
,
seditiously
moving
the
People
to
stand
up
for
their
Liberties
,
and
not
to
be
subject
to
the
Rich
and
Mighty
,
was
taken
,
and
brought
before
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
in
the
Tower
where
he
was
condemned
by
the
Judges
,
and
being
drawn
thence
by
the
Heels
to
the
Elms
in
East-Smithfield
,
he
was
there
hanged
.
In
1214.
King
John
writ
to
Jeffery
Magnaville
to
deliver
the
Tower
of
London
with
the
Prisoners
,
Armour
,
and
all
other
things
found
therein
belonging
to
the
King
,
to
William
Archdeacon
of
Huntington
.
In
the
first
of
Henry
3.
1216.
the
Tower
was
delivered
to
Lewes
of
Franse
,
and
the
Barons
of
England
.
In
1206
Pleas
of
the
Crown
were
pleaded
in
the
Tower
,
and
divers
times
afterward
.
In
1222
,
the
Citizens
having
made
a
Tumult
against
the
Abbot
of
Westminster
,
Hubbert
of
Burg
,
Cheif
Justice
of
England
,
sent
for
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
to
the
Tower
of
London
to
enquire
who
were
Principal
Authors
thereof
.
Amongst
whom
,
one
named
Constantine
Fitz
Aelufe
boldly
avowed
,
That
he
was
the
man
,
and
had
done
much
less
than
he
thought
to
have
done
;
whereupon
the
Cheif
Justice
sent
him
,
with
two
others
to
Falks
de
Brent
,
who
with
armed
men
brought
them
to
the
Gallows
,
and
hanged
them
.
In
1244
,
Griffith
Prince
of
Wales
,
being
a
Prisoner
in
the
Tower
,
attempted
an
escape
,
and
having
in
the
night
tyed
the
Sheets
,
and
hangings
together
he
endeavoured
thereby
to
slide
from
the
top
of
the
High
Tower
,
but
being
a
Fat
man
the
weight
of
his
Body
brake
the
Rope
,
and
he
fell
;
The
next
morning
he
was
found
dead
,
his
head
and
neck
being
driven
into
his
Breast
between
the
Shoulders
.
In
1253
,
K.
Hen.
3.
imprisoned
the
Sheriffs
of
London
in
the
Tower
above
a
Month
,
about
the
escape
of
a
Prisoner
out
of
Newgate
,
as
is
aforementioned
.
In
1260
,
this
King
with
his
Queen
(
for
fear
of
the
Barons
)
lodged
in
the
Tower
;
And
the
next
year
he
sent
for
his
Lords
,
and
held
his
Parliament
there
.
In
1263
,
As
the
Queen
was
going
by
water
from
the
Tower
toward
Windsor
,
several
Citizens
got
together
upon
London
Bridge
,
under
which
she
was
to
pass
,
who
not
only
used
reproachful
words
against
her
,
but
threw
stones
and
dirt
at
her
,
forcing
her
to
go
back
again
,
but
in
1265.
they
were
forced
to
submit
themselves
to
the
King
for
it
,
and
the
Lord
Mayor
,
Aldermen
,
and
Sheriffs
were
sent
to
several
Prisons
;
Othon
,
Constable
of
the
Tower
,
being
made
Custos
,
or
keeper
of
the
City
.
About
this
time
,
Leoline
Prince
of
Wales
came
down
from
the
Mountain
of
Snowdon
to
Montgomery
,
and
was
taken
at
Bluith
Castle
,
where
using
reproachful
words
against
the
English
,
Roger
le
Strange
fell
upon
him
,
and
with
his
own
sword
cut
off
his
head
,
leaving
his
dead
body
on
the
Ground
;
Sir
Roger
Mortimer
caused
this
Head
to
be
set
upon
the
Tower
of
London
,
crowned
with
a
wreath
of
Ivy
;
And
this
was
the
end
of
Leoline
,
who
was
betrayed
by
the
Men
of
Bluith
,
and
was
the
last
Prince
of
the
Brittish
bloud
who
Ruled
in
Wales
.
In
1290
,
Several
Judges
as
well
of
the
Kings
Bench
as
the
Assize
,
were
sent
Prisoners
to
the
Tower
,
and
with
great
Sums
of
Money
obtained
their
Liberty
;
Sir
Thomas
Weyland
had
all
his
Estate
confiscated
,
and
himself
banished
;
Sir
Ralph
Hengham
Lord
Chief
Justice
of
the
Kings
Bench
;
paid
7000
Marks
;
Sir
John
Lovet
Cheif
Justice
of
the
Lower
Bench
3000
Marks
.
Sir
William
Brompton
6000
Marks
;
Yea
their
Clerks
were
fined
also
,
as
being
confederate
with
their
Masters
in
Bribery
and
Injustice
;
Robert
Littlebury
Clerk
paid
1000
Marks
;
and
Roger
Leicester
as
much
.
But
a
certain
Clerk
of
the
Courts
,
called
Adam
de
Straton
paid
thirty
two
thousand
Marks
of
Old
and
new
Money
,
besides
Jewels
without
number
,
and
precious
vessels
of
Silver
,
which
were
found
in
his
House
,
together
with
a
Kings
Crown
,
whi●h
some
said
was
King
Johns
.
After
this
the
King
constrained
the
Judges
to
swear
;
That
for
the
future
they
should
take
no
Pension
,
Fee
,
or
Gift
of
any
man
,
except
a
breakfast
,
or
some
such
small
kindness
.
In
the
14
of
Edw.
2.
The
King
allowed
to
the
Prisoners
in
the
Tower
,
two
pence
a
day
to
a
Knight
;
and
a
peny
a
day
to
an
Esquire
for
their
Diet.
In
1320.
The
Kings
Justices
sate
in
the
Tower
,
for
Trial
of
divers
matters
,
at
which
time
John
Gissors
,
late
Lord
Mayor
of
London
,
and
several
others
fled
to
the
City
,
for
fear
of
being
charged
with
things
they
had
presumptuously
done
.
The
next
year
the
Mortimers
yeilding
themselves
to
King
Edw.
2.
he
sent
them
Prisoners
to
the
Tower
,
where
they
were
condemned
to
be
drawn
,
and
hanged
.
But
Roger
Mortimer
of
Wigmore
,
by
giving
his
Keepers
sleepy
drink
;
made
his
escape
,
but
his
Uncle
Mortimer
died
there
,
above
5
years
afterward
.
In
1326.
The
Citizens
of
London
took
possession
of
the
Tower
,
and
taking
away
the
keys
from
the
Constable
,
they
discharged
all
the
Prisoners
,
and
kept
both
the
City
and
Tower
for
the
use
of
Queen
Isabel
and
her
son
Edward
,
(
who
was
afterward
Edw.
the
III.
)
In
1330
,
Roger
Mortimer
Earl
of
March
,
was
taken
,
and
committed
to
the
Tower
,
from
whence
he
was
drawn
to
the
Elmes
,
and
their
hanged
on
the
Common
Gallows
,
where
he
hung
two
days
and
two
nights
by
the
Kings
Command
,
and
was
then
buried
in
the
Gray
Friers
Church
;
This
Earl
was
condemned
by
his
Peers
,
and
yet
was
never
brought
to
make
his
Defence
before
them
.
He
himself
having
procured
a
Law
to
that
purpose
,
by
which
the
Earls
of
Lancaster
,
Winchester
,
Glocester
,
and
Kent
were
put
to
death
,
and
now
he
himself
suffered
by
the
same
Law
.
In
the
3.
of
Edw.
3.
1344.
The
King
commanded
Florences
of
Gold
to
be
coyned
in
the
Tower
;
Perceval
de
Port
,
of
Lake
,
being
then
Master
of
the
Mint
,
and
this
is
the
first
coining
we
read
of
there
;
we
read
likewise
that
the
same
year
the
King
appointed
his
Exchange
of
Money
to
be
kept
in
Sernes
Tower
,
being
part
of
the
Kings
House
in
Buckles
(
or
Bucklers
)
Bury
.
And
we
find
that
in
former
times
all
great
Sums
were
paid
by
weight
,
that
is
,
so
many
pounds
or
Marks
of
Gold
or
Silver
cut
into
blank
peices
without
any
stamp
upon
them
,
and
smaller
Sums
were
paid
in
Starlings
which
were
pence
so
called
,
for
they
had
no
other
Moneys
;
This
Starling
,
or
Easterling
money
,
took
its
name
,
as
it
is
judged
,
from
the
Easterlings
which
first
made
it
in
England
in
the
Reign
of
Hen.
2.
though
others
imagine
it
so
called
from
a
Star
stamped
in
the
Ring
or
Edge
of
the
Peny
;
or
of
a
Bird
called
a
Starling
stamped
on
it
;
others
yet
more
unlikely
,
of
being
coyned
at
Striveling
or
Sterling
,
a
Town
in
Scotland
,
but
the
first
Opinion
seems
the
most
probable
:
In
1360.
A
Peace
being
concluded
between
England
and
France
,
Edward
the
3d.
came
back
into
England
,
and
went
to
the
Tower
to
visit
the
French
King
,
who
was
Prisoner
there
,
setting
his
Ransome
at
three
Millions
of
Florences
,
which
being
paid
,
he
was
discharged
from
his
Imprisonment
and
the
King
conducted
him
with
Honour
to
the
Seaside
.
In
the
4th
.
of
Rich.
2.
1381.
A
grievous
Tax
was
laid
upon
the
Subjects
,
which
caused
much
Trouble
.
For
the
Courtiers
,
greedy
to
inrich
themselves
,
informed
the
King
that
the
Tax
was
not
so
carefully
gathered
as
it
ought
;
And
therefore
they
would
pay
a
great
Sum
of
Money
to
Farm
it
,
which
they
would
raise
above
what
it
was
before
,
by
being
more
severe
in
gathering
it
.
This
Proposition
was
soon
accepted
,
so
that
having
the
Kings
Authority
,
and
Letters
,
these
Farmers
or
Commissioners
,
met
in
several
Places
in
Kent
and
Essex
,
where
they
levied
this
Tax
of
Groats
,
or
Polemoney
,
with
all
manner
of
severity
,
which
so
discontented
the
People
,
that
they
combined
together
,
and
resisted
the
Collectors
,
killing
some
,
wounding
others
,
and
making
the
rest
fly
.
The
Tumult
began
first
in
Kent
,
upon
this
occasion
,
(
as
it
is
related
in
the
Chronicles
of
St.
Albans
)
One
of
these
Exactors
coming
to
the
House
of
John
(
others
say
)
Wat
Tyler
,
living
at
Dartford
in
Kent
,
demanded
of
Tylers
Wife
,
a
Groat
a
piece
for
her
Husband
,
her self
,
and
Servants
,
and
likewise
for
a
young
Maiden
her
Daughter
;
The
woman
paid
for
all
but
her
daughter
,
alleaging
she
was
a
Child
,
and
underage
to
pay
;
That
will
I
soon
know
,
(
quoth
the
Collector
)
and
shamefully
turned
the
young
Maids
Coats
up
,
to
see
whether
she
were
come
to
ripeness
of
Age
;
(
these
Villains
having
in
divers
other
Places
made
the
like
base
;
and
uncivil
Trials
.
)
Hereupon
the
Mother
crying
out
,
divers
of
the
Neighbours
came
in
,
and
her
Husband
being
at
work
in
the
Town
,
tyling
a
house
hearing
of
it
,
taking
his
Lathing-staff
in
his
hand
,
ran
home
,
and
finding
the
Collector
,
asked
him
,
who
made
him
so
bold
?
the
Collector
returned
ill
Language
and
struck
at
Tyler
,
who
avoiding
the
blow
,
gave
the
Collector
such
a
home-blow
with
his
Lathing-staff
,
that
his
Brains
flew
out
of
his
head
;
which
made
a
great
uproar
in
the
Streets
,
and
the
People
being
glad
at
what
had
happened
,
they
prepared
to
defend
and
stand
by
Tyler
.
And
thereupon
a
great
number
of
them
being
got
together
,
they
went
from
thence
to
Maidstone
,
and
then
to
Black-Heath
,
perswading
,
and
Exhorting
all
the
People
as
they
marched
along
to
join
with
them
in
this
common
Cause
,
and
setting
Guards
upon
all
the
ways
to
Canterbury
,
they
stopped
all
Passengers
,
compelling
them
to
swear
;
That
they
would
keep
Allegiance
to
King
Richard
,
and
to
the
Commons
;
That
they
would
accept
of
no
King
whose
name
was
John
,
(
because
of
the
hatred
they
had
to
John
Duke
of
Lancaster
,
who
called
himself
King
of
Castile
)
And
that
they
should
be
ready
when
they
were
called
,
and
should
agree
to
no
Tax
to
be
levied
from
thenceforth
in
the
Kingdom
,
nor
consent
to
any
,
except
it
were
a
Fifteenth
.
There
joyned
with
them
one
John
Ball
a
factious
Clergyman
,
who
took
occasion
to
rip
up
the
grounds
of
the
Mis-government
,
telling
the
People
,
That
this
difference
of
Mens
Estates
,
where
some
were
Potentates
,
and
others
Bondmen
,
was
against
Christian
Liberty
,
taking
for
his
Text
this
old
Rhyme
,
When
Adam
Delv'd
and
Eve
Span
,
Who
was
then
a
Gentleman
.
This
so
incensed
the
Commons
that
their
Number
daily
increased
,
so
that
when
they
were
come
as
far
as
Blackheath
,
they
were
esteemed
to
be
an
Hundred
Thousand
,
so
that
fearing
no
resistance
,
they
began
to
commit
all
manner
of
Violence
,
sparing
none
whom
they
thought
to
be
learned
especially
if
they
found
a
pen
or
Inkhorn
about
him
,
for
then
they
pull'd
off
his
Hood
,
and
with
one
Voice
cryed
out
,
Hale
him
out
,
and
cut
off
his
head
.
The
King
sent
some
Knights
to
them
to
know
the
cause
of
their
Assembling
,
To
whom
they
answered
,
That
for
certain
Causes
they
were
come
together
,
and
desired
to
talk
with
the
King
,
and
therefore
willed
the
Knights
to
tell
him
,
That
he
must
needs
come
to
them
,
that
he
might
understand
the
desire
of
their
Hearts
.
The
King
was
advised
by
some
to
go
presently
to
them
,
but
Simon
Sudbury
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
Lord
Chancellor
,
and
Robert
Hales
of
St.
Johns
,
Treasurer
,
affirmed
,
That
it
was
not
fit
for
the
King
to
go
to
such
a
rude
Company
,
but
rather
to
take
Order
to
suppress
them
.
This
the
Commons
hearing
,
were
so
enraged
,
that
they
swore
,
They
would
go
seek
the
Kings
Traytors
,
and
cut
off
their
beads
;
And
thereupon
they
marched
into
Southwark
,
and
ruined
the
Archbishops
Palace
at
Lambeth
,
out
of
spight
to
him
.
The
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
fearing
they
would
do
the
like
to
the
City
,
ordered
the
Gates
to
be
shut
,
but
the
Commoners
of
the
City
,
especially
the
Poorer
sort
,
favouring
the
Commoners
of
the
Countrey
,
threatned
death
to
all
that
should
attempt
it
;
So
that
the
Rebels
had
free
Egress
,
and
Regress
in
and
out
of
London
,
and
dayly
incouraged
the
Citizens
to
favour
their
Cause
,
declaring
,
Their
Purpose
was
only
to
bring
the
Traytors
of
the
Land
to
Justice
,
and
then
they
would
lay
down
their
Arms
;
And
hereby
they
won
them
to
stand
by
them
.
The
first
thing
they
did
when
they
came
to
London
was
to
send
for
one
Richard
Lyon
a
Grave
Citizen
,
who
had
been
Tylers
Master
,
and
having
struck
off
his
head
,
they
carried
it
upon
a
Pole
in
Triumph
before
them
.
The
next
day
they
came
to
the
Savoy
,
the
Duke
of
Lancasters
House
,
which
they
set
on
fire
,
burning
all
his
rich
Furniture
,
breaking
in
peices
all
his
Plate
and
Jewels
,
and
throwing
them
into
the
Thames
,
saying
,
They
were
men
of
Justice
,
and
would
not
like
Robbers
inrich
themselves
with
any
mans
Goods
,
for
they
only
were
for
destroying
Traytors
;
And
when
one
of
their
Fellows
was
espied
to
thrust
a
fair
piece
of
Silver
into
his
bosom
,
they
took
him
,
and
cast
both
him
and
it
into
the
Fire
;
neither
took
they
any
thing
from
any
man
but
at
the
just
price
.
Two
and
thirty
of
them
were
got
into
the
Dukes
Wine-cellar
,
where
they
stayed
drinking
so
long
,
till
the
Rafters
of
the
House
,
which
was
on
Fire
,
fell
upon
them
,
and
so
covered
them
,
that
not
able
to
get
out
,
they
were
heard
cry
seven
days
after
,
and
then
perished
.
From
the
Savoy
they
went
to
the
Temple
where
they
burnt
the
Lawyers
Chambers
,
with
their
Books
,
and
Writings
,
and
all
they
could
lay
hands
on
.
Also
the
Noble
House
of
St.
Johns
,
by
Smithfield
they
set
on
Fire
,
which
burnt
for
seven
days
together
,
not
suffering
any
to
quench
it
,
And
likewise
the
Mannor
of
Highbury
,
and
other
Places
belonging
to
St.
Johns
.
After
this
they
came
to
the
Tower
,
where
King
Richard
lodged
,
and
sent
to
command
him
,
To
come
to
them
,
without
delay
,
unarmed
,
and
without
any
Guard
,
which
if
he
refused
,
they
would
pull
down
the
Tower
,
and
be
should
not
escape
alive
.
The
King
finding
no
other
Remedy
though
he
had
600
Armed
Men
,
and
as
many
Archers
about
him
,
yet
durst
not
but
suffer
them
to
enter
,
so
that
in
great
fear
the
King
went
toward
them
on
Horseback
,
his
own
Guards
standing
as
men
amazed
.
Being
come
into
the
Tower
,
these
Rusticks
presumed
to
enter
into
the
King
,
and
his
Mothers
Chambers
with
their
Weapons
,
and
laid
themselves
on
the
Kings
bed
,
sporting
and
playing
thereon
,
yea
they
abused
the
Kings
Mother
,
offering
to
kiss
her
in
such
a
rude
manner
that
she
fell
into
a
Swound
.
They
then
proceeded
with
Rage
and
Fury
to
search
for
the
Arch-bishop
of
Canterbury
,
and
finding
one
of
his
Servants
,
charged
him
to
bring
them
to
the
Traytor
his
Master
;
the
Servant
being
afraid
brought
them
to
the
Chappel
where
his
Master
was
at
Prayers
,
who
being
aware
of
their
coming
had
continued
there
all
night
;
and
when
he
heard
they
were
come
,
he
said
with
great
constancy
to
his
Servants
,
Let
us
now
go
,
surely
it
is
best
to
dye
,
when
it
is
no
pleasure
to
live
;
Upon
which
the
Rabble
cryed
,
Where
is
the
Traytor
?
who
answered
,
I
am
the
Archbishop
whom
you
seek
,
not
a
Traytor
.
Whereupon
they
dragged
him
out
of
the
Chappel
to
Tower-hill
,
where
being
incompassed
with
many
Thousands
,
and
seeing
many
drawn
swords
about
his
head
he
said
,
What
is
it
(
dear
Brethren
)
you
purpose
to
do
?
what
is
mine
offence
committed
against
you
,
for
which
you
will
kill
me
?
you
were
best
take
heed
,
that
if
I
be
killed
,
who
am
your
Pastor
,
there
come
not
on
you
the
Indignation
of
the
just
Revenger
,
or
at
least
for
such
a
fact
all
England
be
not
put
under
Interdiction
,
or
the
Popes
Curse
.
But
they
cried
out
with
a
great
noise
,
That
they
did
not
fear
the
Interdiction
,
neither
did
allow
the
Pope
to
be
above
them
.
The
Archbishop
seeing
death
at
hand
,
spoke
them
fairly
,
and
granting
forgiveness
to
the
Executioner
,
he
kneeled
down
and
offered
his
Head
to
be
cut
off
;
The
Hangman
struck
him
on
the
neck
but
not
deadly
,
he
putting
up
his
hand
,
said
,
Aha
,
it
is
the
hand
of
God
;
and
being
struck
again
before
he
removed
his
hand
,
his
fingers
ends
were
cut
off
,
and
part
of
the
Arteries
;
with
which
he
fell
down
,
but
died
not
,
till
they
had
mangled
him
with
eight
several
strokes
in
the
Neck
and
Head
.
His
body
lay
two
days
unburied
,
none
daring
to
do
it
;
His
Head
they
cut
off
,
and
nailing
his
hood
thereon
,
fixt
it
upon
a
Pole
on
London
Bridge
.
This
Simon
Sudbury
was
eighteen
years
Bishop
of
London
,
and
being
translated
to
Canterbury
,
he
in
1375.
repaired
the
Walls
of
London
from
the
West-gate
,
(
which
he
built
)
to
the
North-gate
,
which
had
been
destroyed
by
the
Danes
,
before
the
Conquest
of
William
the
Bastard
.
He
was
at
last
buried
in
the
Cathedral
at
Canterbury
.
Sir
Robert
Hales
Lord
Treasurer
of
England
,
suffered
with
him
at
the
same
time
,
a
most
Valiant
Knight
,
and
Lord
of
St.
Johns
;
together
with
John
Leg
,
one
of
the
Serjeants
at
Arms
,
and
William
Apledore
a
Franciscan
Friar
who
was
the
Kings
Confessor
;
Many
more
were
beheaded
daily
,
for
no
cause
but
the
pleasure
of
the
Commons
,
for
it
was
pastime
to
them
,
to
take
any
who
were
not
sworn
of
their
Party
,
and
pulling
off
their
Hoods
,
behead
them
;
They
took
13
Flemings
out
of
the
Augustine
Friers
,
17
out
of
another
Church
,
and
32
in
the
Vintry
,
and
beheaded
them
all
;
And
to
make
a
distinction
of
Flemings
,
they
put
them
to
pronounce
,
Bread
,
and
Cheese
;
and
if
they
spake
it
like
,
Brot
,
and
Cawse
,
off
went
their
Heads
,
as
a
sure
sign
that
they
were
Flemings
.
The
King
coming
according
as
he
was
required
,
to
Mile-end
,
was
much
astonished
at
the
madness
of
the
People
,
who
with
frowning
Countenances
made
the
following
demands
which
they
presented
in
writing
,
●nd
would
have
them
confirmed
by
the
Kings
Letters
Patents
.
-
1.
That
all
men
should
be
free
from
Servitude
or
Bondage
,
so
that
from
thenceforth
there
should
be
no
Bondmen
.
-
2.
That
he
should
Pardon
all
men
of
what
Estate
soever
all
manner
of
Actions
,
and
Insurrections
committed
,
and
all
Treasons
,
Felonies
,
Transgressions
,
and
Extortions
by
any
of
them
done
,
and
to
grant
them
Peace
.
-
3.
That
all
men
henceforth
might
be
infranchised
,
or
made
free
,
to
buy
and
sell
in
every
County
,
City
,
Burrough
,
Town
,
Fair
,
Market
and
other
Places
within
the
Realm
of
England
.
-
4.
That
no
Acre
of
Land
holden
in
Bondage
or
Service
,
should
be
holden
but
for
four
pence
,
and
if
it
had
been
held
for
less
in
former
time
,
it
should
not
now
be
inhanced
.
These
and
many
other
things
they
required
telling
the
King
,
That
he
had
been
ill
Governed
to
that
day
,
but
for
the
time
forward
,
he
must
be
otherwise
governed
.
The
King
finding
himself
in
danger
,
yeilded
hereunto
,
and
so
desiring
a
Truce
,
the
Essex
men
returned
home
.
Next
day
the
King
went
to
Westminster
,
to
visit
St.
Edwards
Shrine
,
and
coming
back
by
Westsmithfield
,
he
found
the
place
full
of
Kentishmen
,
to
whom
he
sent
word
,
That
their
Fellows
the
Essex
men
were
gone
home
,
and
that
if
they
desired
it
he
would
grant
them
the
same
Conditions
of
Peace
;
But
their
Chief
Captain
named
John
,
or
as
others
say
,
Walter
Hilliard
,
alias
Tyler
,
being
a
cunning
Fellow
,
answered
,
He
desired
Peace
,
but
upon
his
own
Conditions
;
intending
by
fair
words
to
have
delayed
the
business
till
the
next
day
;
for
he
designed
that
Night
to
have
killed
the
King
and
the
Nobility
about
him
,
and
then
to
have
p●●ndred
the
City
,
and
burnt
it
.
But
he
was
wonderfully
disappointed
in
his
Pride
,
having
refused
Conditions
of
Peace
which
were
sent
him
in
three
several
Charters
three
times
.
Upon
which
the
King
at
last
sent
Sir
John
Newton
,
not
to
Command
,
but
to
Intreat
him
to
come
and
discourse
with
him
concerning
what
he
demanded
;
among
which
one
particular
was
,
That
Wat
Tyler
desired
a
Commission
to
behead
all
Lawyers
,
Escheators
,
and
others
whatsoever
that
were
learned
in
the
Law
,
conceiving
that
afterward
all
would
be
managed
according
to
the
Humour
of
the
Common
People
;
And
it
is
reported
that
the
day
before
,
putting
his
hand
to
his
Lips
he
had
said
,
That
before
four
days
came
to
an
end
,
all
the
Laws
of
England
should
proceed
from
his
mouth
.
When
Sir
John
Newton
desired
Tyler
to
dispatch
him
,
he
scornfully
answered
;
If
thou
art
so
hasty
thou
mayst
go
to
thy
Master
,
for
I
will
come
when
I
please
.
However
Sir
John
Newton
followed
him
slowly
on
Horseback
,
and
by
the
way
a
Doublet-maker
brought
threescore
Doublets
to
the
Commons
,
and
demanded
thirty
Marks
for
them
,
but
could
have
no
Money
;
Upon
which
Wat
Tyler
told
him
,
Friend
be
quiet
,
thou
shalt
be
well
paid
before
this
day
be
ended
,
keep
nigh
me
and
I
will
be
thy
Creditor
.
Wat
Tyler
then
set
Spurs
to
his
Horse
and
rid
up
toward
the
King
,
coming
so
near
that
his
Horse
touched
the
Crouper
of
the
Kings
,
to
whom
he
said
,
Sir
King
,
seest
thou
all
yonder
People
?
Yes
truly
(
said
the
King
)
,
but
why
dost
thou
ask
?
Because
(
said
Ty●er
)
they
are
all
at
my
Command
,
and
have
sworn
their
Truth
and
Faith
to
me
,
to
do
whatever
I
bid
them
.
In
good
time
(
replyed
the
King
)
I
believe
it
well
.
Then
said
Tyler
,
Believest
thou
King
,
that
these
People
,
and
as
many
more
that
are
in
London
will
depart
from
thee
thus
without
having
thy
Letters
?
No
(
said
the
King
)
you
shall
have
them
,
they
are
ready
and
shall
be
delivered
to
them
all
.
Wat
Tyler
observing
Sir
John
Newton
to
be
near
him
bearing
the
Kings
Sword
,
was
offended
,
saying
,
Th●
it
became
him
better
to
be
afoot
in
his
presence
;
Th●
Knight
answered
stoutly
,
That
surely
there
was
no
ha●●
in
it
,
since
he
himself
was
on
Horseback
.
This
so
i●
raged
Wat
,
that
he
drew
his
Dagger
,
and
offered
〈◊〉
strike
the
Knight
,
calling
him
Traytor
,
Sir
John
to●●
him
he
lied
,
and
drew
his
Dagger
likewise
;
Wat
Tyl●
seeming
much
disturbed
at
this
Indignity
,
attempte●
before
his
Rustick
Companions
to
have
run
upon
th●
Knight
,
whom
the
King
to
preserve
from
the
dange●
commanded
to
alight
from
his
Horse
,
and
deliver
hi●
Dagger
to
Wat
Tyler
;
But
his
haughty
mind
would
no
be
so
pacified
,
for
he
demanded
his
Sword
also
,
〈◊〉
which
Sir
John
Newton
answered
,
It
is
the
Kings
Sword
and
thou
art
not
worthy
to
have
it
,
neither
durst
thou
〈◊〉
it
of
me
,
if
there
were
no
more
here
but
thou
and
I.
〈◊〉
my
Faith
(
said
Wat
Tyler
)
I
will
never
eat
till
I
ha●
thy
Head
;
and
would
thereupon
have
fallen
upo●
him
.
But
at
that
very
Instant
William
Walworth
Lo●●
Mayor
of
London
(
a
stout
Couragious
Person
)
acco●●
panied
with
divers
Knights
and
Esquires
came
〈◊〉
assist
the
King
,
to
whom
he
said
,
My
Leige
,
it
were
great
shame
,
and
such
as
had
never
before
been
heard
〈◊〉
if
in
such
a
presence
,
they
should
permit
a
Noble
Knight
〈◊〉
be
shamefully
Murdered
,
and
that
before
the
face
of
th●●
Severaign
,
therefore
he
ought
to
be
rescued
,
and
Tyler
t●
Rebel
to
be
Arrested
.
The
Lord
Mayor
had
no
sooner
spoke
thus
,
but
th●
King
though
he
were
very
young
,
yet
began
to
tak●
Courage
,
and
commanded
him
to
lay
hands
upon
him
Walworth
being
a
man
of
an
incomparable
Spirit
an●
Courage
,
immediately
arrested
Tyler
with
his
Mac
upon
his
Head
,
and
that
in
such
a
manner
as
he
se●
down
at
the
feet
of
his
Horse
,
and
those
who
attended
the
King
presently
encompassed
him
round
,
th●
his
Companions
could
not
see
him
;
and
John
Cave●
dish
,
an
Esquire
of
the
Kings
,
alighting
from
his
Horse
,
rust
his
Sword
into
Tylers
Belly
;
Although
some
●ite
that
the
Lord
Mayor
did
it
with
his
Dagger
,
many
●hers
followed
and
wounded
him
in
divers
places
to
●ath
,
and
then
they
drew
his
body
from
among
the
●ople
into
St.
Bartholomews
Hospital
.
The
Commons
perceiving
their
Captain
to
be
slain
,
●yed
out
,
Their
Captain
was
Traiterously
murdered
,
●d
incouraged
one
another
to
fight
,
and
revenge
his
●eath
,
and
bent
their
Bows
;
Upon
which
the
King
〈◊〉
to
them
,
and
said
,
What
work
is
this
my
Men
?
what
〈◊〉
you
mean
to
do
?
Will
you
shoot
at
your
King
,
Be
not
●●tinous
nor
concerned
for
the
death
of
a
Traytor
and
Ri●ld
,
I
am
your
King
,
I
will
be
your
Captain
,
and
Lea●r
,
follow
me
into
the
Field
,
and
there
you
shall
have
●hatsoever
you
desire
,
This
the
King
said
,
for
fear
in
●eir
fury
they
should
fire
the
Houses
in
Smithfield
●here
there
Captain
was
slain
;
They
thereupon
followed
him
intothe
open
Feild
,
though
the
Souldiers
●●at
were
with
him
,
were
uncertain
whether
they
●ould
kill
the
King
,
or
whether
they
would
be
●iet
,
and
depart
peaceably
home
with
the
Kings
●harter
.
In
the
mean
time
William
Walworth
,
the
ever
re●owned
Lord
Mayor
,
to
prosecute
his
first
worthy
●ct
,
which
had
succeeded
so
happily
,
went
only
with
●●e
man
,
with
all
speed
into
the
City
,
and
there
be●●n
to
cry
out
,
You
good
Citizens
,
come
to
help
your
●ing
,
who
is
in
danger
to
be
murdered
,
and
succour
me
●ur
Mayor
who
am
in
the
same
danger
;
or
if
you
will
not
●●lp
me
,
yet
leave
not
the
King
destitute
.
The
Citizens
who
had
a
great
Esteem
and
Affection
or
the
King
,
no
sooner
heard
this
,
but
with
a
Noble
●nd
Loyal
forwardness
they
immediately
raised
a
thou●nd
Men
,
who
being
compleatly
armed
,
stayed
in
●●e
streets
for
some
Commander
,
who
with
the
Lord
●ayor
might
lead
them
to
the
Assistance
of
the
King
〈◊〉
this
his
great
distress
,
when
by
good
chance
Sir
Robert
Knowls
a
Freeman
of
the
City
came
at
that
instant
,
whom
they
all
desired
to
be
their
Leader
,
which
he
willingly
accepted
,
and
so
with
the
Lord
Mayor
and
some
other
Knights
,
they
were
led
to
the
King
,
who
with
all
his
Company
rejoyced
very
much
at
this
unexpected
Assistance
from
these
brave
armed
Citizens
,
who
all
on
a
sudden
incompassed
the
whole
Body
of
the
Commons
.
And
here
in
an
instant
was
a
very
strange
and
Remarkable
Alteration
,
for
the
Commons
presently
threw
down
their
Arms
,
and
falling
on
their
knees
begg'd
Pardon
,
and
they
who
just
before
boasted
that
they
had
the
Kings
Life
in
their
power
,
were
now
glad
to
hide
themselves
in
Caves
,
Ditches
and
Corn-fields
;
The
Knights
being
desirous
of
revenge
,
intreated
the
King
,
that
they
might
be
permitted
to
take
off
the
heads
of
an
hundred
or
two
of
them
;
but
the
King
would
not
grant
it
,
but
commanded
the
Charter
which
they
demanded
written
,
and
sealed
,
to
be
delivered
to
them
at
that
time
,
for
preventing
further
mischief
,
as
doubting
if
they
were
not
satisfied
,
the
Commons
of
Essex
and
Kent
might
rise
again
.
Having
got
their
Charter
they
departed
home
.
The
Commons
being
thus
dispersed
and
gone
,
the
King
called
for
the
worthy
Lord
Mayor
,
and
with
great
Honour
deservedly
Knighted
him
in
the
Field
,
and
gave
him
a
hundred
pound
a
year
in
Fee
,
he
also
Knighted
five
Aldermen
his
Brethren
,
girding
them
about
the
waste
with
the
Girdle
of
Knighthood
,
as
the
manner
was
in
those
days
;
but
Stow
saith
,
it
was
thus
,
To
cause
the
Person
to
put
a
Basenet
on
his
Head
,
and
then
the
King
with
a
Sword
in
both
his
Hands
to
strike
him
strongly
on
the
Neck
.
And
for
an
Eternal
Remembrance
of
this
happy
day
,
the
King
for
the
Honour
of
the
City
granted
that
a
Dagger
should
be
added
to
the
Arms
of
the
City
,
in
the
right
Quarter
of
the
Shield
,
they
before
this
time
bearing
only
a
Cross
without
the
Dagger
.
After
this
the
King
marched
into
the
City
with
great
Joy
,
and
went
to
His
Mother
,
who
lodged
in
the
Tower
Royal
,
called
then
the
Queens
Wardrobe
,
where
she
had
continued
two
days
,
and
nights
in
great
fear
,
and
trouble
;
But
when
she
saw
the
King
she
was
extreamly
comforted
,
saying
,
Ah
fair
Son
,
what
great
sorrow
have
I
suffered
for
you
this
day
;
To
whom
the
King
answered
,
Certainly
,
Madam
,
I
know
it
well
,
but
now
rejoyce
,
and
thank
God
,
for
I
have
this
day
recovered
mine
Inheritance
,
and
the
Realm
of
England
,
which
I
had
almost
lost
.
Then
the
Arch-Bishops
Head
was
taken
off
London
Bridge
,
and
Wat
Tylers
set
up
in
the
Place
.
Now
since
some
Writers
have
reported
that
the
Rebel
so
Valiantly
struck
down
by
Sir
William
Walworth
was
named
Jack
Straw
,
and
not
Wat
Tyler
,
it
may
be
necessary
to
give
an
Account
of
the
Principal
Leaders
,
and
Captains
of
the
Commons
;
of
whom
Wat
Tyler
was
the
Cheif
,
as
being
the
first
man
who
judged
himself
offended
,
there
were
likewise
Jack
Straw
,
John
Kirkby
,
Allen
Thredder
,
Thomas
Scot
,
and
Ralph
Rugg
;
these
and
divers
others
were
Commanders
of
the
Kentish
and
Essex
men
.
And
at
the
same
time
there
were
gathered
together
to
the
number
of
fifty
thousand
in
Suffolk
,
by
the
incitement
of
John
Wraw
a
lewd
Priest
,
who
made
one
Robert
Westbrome
take
upon
him
the
name
of
King
,
these
fell
to
destroying
Houses
,
but
especially
those
of
Lawyers
,
and
seizing
Sir
John
Cavendish
Lord
Cheif
Justice
of
England
,
they
beheaded
him
and
set
his
Head
upon
the
Pillory
in
St.
Edmundsbury
.
The
like
Commotion
of
the
Commons
was
at
the
same
time
also
in
Cambridgshire
,
the
Isle
of
Ely
,
and
Norfolk
,
conducted
by
John
Litester
a
Dyer
;
and
to
countenance
their
proceedings
the
more
,
they
designed
to
have
brought
William
Ufford
Earl
of
Suffolk
into
their
Fellowship
,
but
he
having
notice
of
their
intent
,
suddenly
rose
from
supper
and
got
away
.
Yet
they
compelled
many
other
Lords
,
and
Knights
to
be
sworn
to
them
,
and
to
ride
with
them
,
as
the
Lord
Scales
,
the
Lord
Morley
,
Sir
John
Brewis
,
Sir
Stephen
Hales
,
and
Sir
Robert
Salle
,
the
last
of
whom
not
enduring
their
Insolencies
,
had
his
Brains
dashed
out
by
a
Countrey-man
that
was
his
Bondman
;
The
rest
terrified
by
his
Example
were
glad
to
carry
themselves
submissively
to
their
Commander
,
John
Littester
,
who
named
himself
King
of
the
Commons
,
and
counted
it
a
Preferment
for
any
to
serve
him
at
his
Table
,
in
taking
Assay
of
his
Meats
and
Drinks
,
with
kneeling
humbly
before
him
as
he
sate
at
Meat
.
And
now
these
Fellows
upon
Consultation
send
two
Choice
Men
,
namely
the
Lord
Morley
,
and
Sir
John
Brewis
,
with
three
of
their
Chief
Commons
to
the
King
for
their
Charter
of
Manumission
,
and
freedom
from
Bondage
;
who
being
on
their
way
,
they
were
met
near
Newmarket
by
Henry
Spenser
Bishop
of
Norwich
,
who
examining
if
there
were
any
of
the
Rebels
in
their
Company
,
and
finding
three
of
the
Chief
present
,
he
instantly
caused
their
Heads
to
be
struck
off
,
and
then
pursued
on
toward
Northwalsham
in
Norfolk
,
where
the
Commons
stayed
for
an
Answer
from
the
King
,
and
though
he
had
at
first
but
eight
Lances
,
and
a
small
number
of
Archers
in
his
Company
,
yet
they
so
increased
,
as
to
become
a
compleat
Army
,
with
which
he
set
upon
the
Rebels
,
and
routed
them
,
taking
John
Littester
and
other
Principal
Ringleaders
,
whom
he
caused
all
to
be
Executed
,
and
by
this
means
the
Countrey
was
quieted
.
After
this
the
Lord
Mayor
of
London
sate
in
Judgment
upon
Offenders
,
where
many
were
found
guilty
and
lost
their
Heads
,
among
others
Jack
Straw
,
John
Kirkby
,
Alane
Tredder
,
and
John
Sterling
,
who
gloried
that
he
was
the
man
who
had
slain
the
Archbishop
.
Sir
Robert
Tresilian
Chief
Justice
was
likewise
appointed
to
sit
in
Judgment
against
the
Offenders
,
befor●
whom
above
fifteen
hundred
were
found
guilty
,
an●
in
divers
places
put
to
death
;
and
among
them
John
Ball
their
Priest
,
and
Incendiary
,
of
whom
it
is
not
impertinent
to
relate
a
Letter
he
wrote
to
his
Fellow
Rebels
in
Essex
,
by
which
we
may
see
how
fit
an
Orator
he
was
for
such
an
Auditory
,
and
what
strength
of
perswasion
there
was
in
Nonsense
.
John
Sheep
St.
Mary
Priest
of
York
,
and
now
of
Colchester
,
greeteth
well
John
Nameless
and
John
the
Miller
and
John
Carter
,
and
biddeth
them
that
they
beware
of
Guile
in
Burrough
&
stand
together
in
Gods
name
,
and
biddeth
Peirce
Plowman
go
to
his
work
,
and
chastize
well
Hob
the
Robber
,
and
take
with
you
John
Trueman
,
and
all
his
Fellows
and
no
moe
,
John
the
Miller
ye
ground
small
,
small
,
small
;
The
Kings
Son
of
Heaven
shall
pay
for
all
,
Beware
,
or
ye
be
woe
;
know
your
Friend
from
your
Foe
;
Have
enough
and
say
Hoe
,
and
do
well
and
better
;
Elee
Sin
,
and
seek
Peace
and
hold
you
therein
,
and
so
biddeth
John
Trueman
,
and
all
his
Fellows
.
Neither
may
it
be
amiss
to
declare
the
Confession
of
Jack
Straw
at
his
Execution
;
The
Lord
Mayor
being
present
spake
thus
to
him
,
John
,
Behold
thy
death
is
at
hand
without
remedy
,
and
there
is
no
way
left
for
thy
escape
,
therefore
for
thy
Souls
health
,
without
making
any
lye
,
tell
us
what
your
Intentions
were
,
and
to
what
end
you
Assembled
the
Commons
.
After
some
pause
,
John
seeming
doubtful
what
to
say
,
the
Lord
Mayor
added
,
Surely
John
thou
knowest
that
if
thou
perform
what
I
require
of
thee
it
will
redound
to
thy
Souls
Health
.
Being
hereupon
incouraged
he
made
his
Confession
to
this
purpose
.
It
is
now
to
no
purpose
to
lye
,
neither
is
it
lawful
to
utter
any
untruth
,
especially
knowing
that
my
Soul
must
suffer
more
bitter
Torments
if
I
do
so
;
And
because
I
hope
for
two
advantage
by
speaking
Truth
,
First
that
what
I
shall
say
may
profit
the
Common-wealth
,
and
Secondly
,
That
after
my
death
I
trust
by
your
Suffrages
to
be
helped
,
and
succoured
according
to
your
promises
,
by
your
Prayers
,
I
will
therefore
speak
Faithfully
,
and
without
deceit
.
At
the
same
time
when
we
were
Assembled
upon
Black-Heath
,
and
had
sent
to
the
King
to
come
to
us
,
our
purpose
was
to
have
slain
all
such
Knights
,
Esquires
and
Gentlemen
as
attended
him
;
And
for
the
King
,
we
would
have
kept
him
amongst
us
,
that
the
People
might
have
more
boldly
repaired
to
us
,
since
they
would
have
thought
that
whatever
we
did
,
was
by
his
Authority
;
Finally
when
we
had
got
strength
enough
,
so
as
not
to
fear
any
attempt
made
against
us
,
we
would
have
slain
all
such
Noblemen
,
as
should
either
have
given
Counsel
,
or
made
Resistance
against
us
,
but
especially
we
would
have
slain
all
the
Knights
of
the
Rhodes
or
St.
John
of
Jerusalem
;
and
lastly
we
would
have
killed
the
King
himself
,
and
all
men
of
Estates
,
with
Bishops
,
Monks
,
Canons
,
and
Parsons
of
Churches
;
Only
we
would
have
saved
Friers
Mendicants
for
Ministring
the
Sacraments
to
us
.
When
we
had
been
rid
of
all
these
,
we
would
have
devised
Laws
,
according
to
which
the
Subjects
of
this
Realm
should
have
lived
;
For
we
would
have
created
Kings
,
as
Wat
Tyler
in
Kent
,
and
others
in
other
Countreys
;
But
because
this
our
purpose
was
disappointed
by
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
who
would
not
permit
the
King
to
come
to
us
,
we
sought
by
all
means
to
dispatch
him
out
of
the
way
,
as
at
length
we
did
;
And
further
,
the
same
Evening
that
Wat
Tyler
was
killed
,
we
were
resolved
(
having
the
greatest
part
of
the
Commons
of
the
City
inclined
to
join
with
us
)
to
have
set
Fire
in
four
corners
of
the
City
and
so
to
have
devided
among
our selves
the
Spoil
of
the
chiefest
Riches
that
could
have
been
found
;
And
this
(
said
he
)
was
our
purpose
,
as
God
may
help
me
now
at
my
last
end
.
After
this
Confession
he
was
beheaded
and
his
head
was
set
on
London
Bridge
by
Wat
Tylers
;
And
thus
by
the
happy
and
prosperous
success
at
London
,
this
dangerous
Rebellion
was
fully
quieted
.
In
1392.
and
the
Fifteenth
of
Richard
II.
there
happened
some
difference
between
that
King
and
the
Londoners
;
One
occasion
was
,
that
the
King
would
have
borrowed
of
them
a
thousand
pound
,
but
they
feeling
much
and
fearing
more
the
Kings
daily
Exactions
,
not
only
refused
it
,
but
abused
a
certain
Italian
Merchant
who
would
have
laid
down
the
Money
.
Another
occasion
was
,
That
one
of
the
Bishop
of
Salisburies
Servants
named
Walter
Roman
taking
an
House
Loaf
out
of
a
Bakers
basket
in
the
Streets
,
ran
with
it
into
the
Bishops
House
;
The
Citizens
demanded
the
delivery
of
the
Offender
,
but
the
Bishops
men
shut
the
Gates
,
and
would
not
suffer
the
Constable
to
enter
,
upon
which
many
people
got
together
,
threatning
to
break
open
the
Gates
,
and
Fire
the
House
unless
Roman
were
brought
forth
;
What
(
said
they
)
are
the
Bishops
men
Priviledged
?
or
is
his
house
a
Sanctuary
?
or
will
he
protect
those
whom
he
ought
to
punish
?
if
we
may
be
abused
in
this
manner
,
not
only
our
Streets
,
but
our
Shops
and
Houses
shall
never
be
free
from
violence
,
and
wrong
,
this
we
neither
will
,
nor
can
endure
,
for
it
doth
not
become
us
.
And
hereupon
they
approached
the
Gates
with
great
Fury
;
But
the
Lord
Mayor
,
and
Sheriffs
having
notice
hereof
,
came
to
them
and
told
them
;
That
this
●as
not
Courage
but
Outrage
which
they
shewed
,
whereby
they
would
procure
both
danger
to
themselves
,
and
displeasure
against
the
whole
City
,
and
that
though
wrong
had
been
done
,
yet
they
were
not
the
Persons
,
neither
was
this
the
way
to
redress
the
same
.
Thus
partly
by
perswasion
,
and
partly
by
their
Presence
and
Authority
,
they
suppressed
the
Riot
and
sent
every
man
home
,
with
strict
charge
to
keep
the
Peace
.
Hitherto
there
was
no
great
mischeif
done
,
and
the
quarrel
might
have
been
ended
without
any
further
trouble
,
had
not
the
Bishops
stirred
in
it
,
and
kindled
the
Coals
of
Contention
afresh
.
For
the
Londoners
were
at
that
time
not
only
secretly
suspected
,
but
openly
noted
to
be
Favourers
and
Followers
of
Wickliffs
Opinions
,
(
which
were
contrary
to
the
Pope
and
Church
of
Rome
)
and
upon
that
account
the
Bishops
were
malicious
against
them
,
and
most
of
their
Actions
were
interpreted
to
proceed
from
other
Causes
,
and
to
tend
to
worse
Purposes
than
they
outwardly
seemed
to
bear
,
yea
many
accidental
matters
were
charged
upon
them
to
be
done
out
of
Design
,
and
on
purpose
.
Whereupon
John
Waltham
Bishop
of
Salisbury
,
and
Lord
Treasurer
of
England
,
made
a
grievous
Complaint
against
them
for
this
last
Attempt
to
Thomas
Arundel
Archbishop
of
York
,
and
Lord
Chancellor
;
alledging
,
That
if
upon
every
slight
pretence
,
the
Citizens
should
be
suffered
in
this
manner
,
to
affront
the
Bishops
without
reproof
,
or
punishment
,
they
would
endanger
not
only
the
Dignity
and
State
,
but
the
Liberty
of
the
whole
Church
also
;
For
(
said
he
)
did
they
not
lately
take
upon
them
the
punishment
of
Adulteries
,
and
other
Crimes
appertaining
to
Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction
,
maliciously
alledging
,
That
either
the
Bishops
and
their
Officers
were
infamous
for
those
Vices
themselves
,
and
did
therefore
Connive
at
the
same
in
others
;
Or
else
by
Covetous
Commutation
and
taking
of
Money
,
did
rather
set
those
sins
to
Sale
,
than
endeavour
carefully
to
suppress
them
.
Did
they
not
(
said
he
)
rudely
,
and
irreverently
break
open
the
doors
upon
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
and
interrupt
his
Proceedings
against
John
Aston
,
an
open
Disciple
of
Wickliff
,
and
do
we
imagine
that
this
is
the
last
Indignity
they
will
offer
?
no
certainly
,
nor
yet
the
least
,
for
if
this
boldness
,
and
Insolence
be
not
supprest
.
our
Authority
will
soon
fall
into
Contempt
and
Scorn
,
and
will
be
made
a
Common
Football
for
every
base
and
unworthy
Citizen
to
kick
at
.
Armed
with
these
furious
Arguments
,
they
went
together
to
King
Richard
,
and
so
incensed
him
against
the
Londoners
,
(
his
Mind
being
before
prepared
by
former
Provocations
)
that
he
was
once
resolved
to
have
utterly
ruined
,
and
destroyed
the
whole
City
;
But
being
perswaded
to
use
more
Moderation
,
he
in
Revenge
,
first
caused
the
Lord
Maior
,
Sheriffs
,
and
many
of
the
Principal
Citizens
to
be
committed
to
several
Prisons
,
the
Lord
Mayor
to
Windsor
Castle
,
and
others
to
other
Places
;
and
then
seized
the
Liberties
of
the
City
into
his
hands
declaring
,
that
no
Lord
Mayor
should
for
the
future
be
Elected
any
more
,
but
that
the
King
should
at
his
Pleasure
appoint
a
Warden
,
or
Governour
over
the
City
.
And
this
Office
was
first
committed
to
Sir
Edward
Darlington
,
who
for
his
kindness
toward
the
City
was
soon
removed
,
and
Sir
Baldwin
Radington
put
in
his
place
.
The
King
was
likewise
perswaded
by
Arundel
Archbishop
of
York
to
remove
the
Terms
and
Courts
,
that
is
,
the
Chancery
,
Exchequer
,
Kings
Bench
,
the
Hamper
Office
and
the
Common-pleas
from
London
to
York
,
where
they
continued
from
Midsummer
1393.
till
Christmas
next
following
,
to
the
great
dammage
,
and
loss
of
the
City
of
London
;
But
at
last
upon
the
earnest
intreaty
of
the
Dukes
of
Lancaster
and
Glocester
his
Uncles
,
the
King
sent
for
the
Londoners
before
him
to
Windsor
,
where
having
first
terrified
them
with
the
sight
of
a
great
Number
of
Souldiers
,
he
caused
all
the
Priviledges
and
Charters
of
the
City
,
both
old
,
and
new
to
be
produced
,
some
of
which
he
restored
to
them
,
and
detained
others
.
Yet
were
not
the
Citizens
received
fully
into
favour
,
neither
did
they
recover
the
Person
or
Dignity
of
their
Lord
Mayor
at
that
time
.
Shortly
after
the
King
went
to
London
,
at
whose
coming
the
Citizens
turned
all
their
Greif
into
Joy
(
the
Vulgar
being
without
measure
in
both
)
entertaining
him
with
such
joyful
Triumphs
,
and
Rich
Presents
,
as
if
it
had
been
the
day
of
his
Coronation
,
thinking
by
all
these
costly
preparations
,
to
have
pacified
all
former
Anger
,
and
displeasure
against
them
,
but
they
found
themselves
much
deceived
,
there
being
no
Reconciliation
to
be
made
without
Money
;
for
they
were
not
absolutely
restored
to
their
Liberties
till
they
had
paid
Ten
Thousand
pound
to
the
King
as
a
Fine
.
Thus
did
the
Londoners
shew
a
strange
diversity
of
Disposition
,
in
rashly
committing
an
Offence
,
and
patiently
induring
punishment
,
yet
upon
this
Account
,
as
soon
as
the
first
occasion
was
offered
against
King
Richard
they
shewed
themselves
either
his
earnest
Enemies
,
or
faint
Friends
,
as
by
the
sequel
appears
.
In
1387.
King
Richard
II.
held
his
Feast
of
Christmas
in
the
Tower
of
London
;
And
in
the
year
1399
,
the
same
King
was
sent
Prisoner
to
the
Tower
,
which
being
a
very
remarkable
Transaction
,
it
may
be
necessary
to
give
a
breif
Account
thereof
.
Richard
the
II.
was
the
only
Son
of
a
Renowned
Father
,
Edward
Sirnamed
the
Black
Prince
,
who
died
before
his
Father
,
Edward
III.
and
thereupon
Richard
,
was
by
his
Grandfather
in
his
Life-time
,
declared
to
be
his
Heir
and
lawful
Successor
,
and
accordingly
after
his
Death
was
Crowned
King
of
England
at
Westminster
,
July
16.
1377.
But
being
of
tender
age
,
only
eleven
years
old
,
several
Persons
were
commissioned
to
be
his
Protectors
,
or
Guardians
;
and
soon
after
a
Parliament
was
called
at
Westminster
,
wherein
Alice
Peirce
the
late
Kings
Concubine
,
was
banished
,
and
all
her
Goods
Confiscate
;
and
two
Tenths
of
the
Clergy
,
and
two
Fifteenths
of
the
Temporality
were
granted
,
but
so
as
that
two
Citizens
of
London
,
William
Walworth
,
and
John
Philpot
should
receive
,
and
keep
it
,
to
see
it
bestowed
for
defence
of
the
Realm
.
At
which
time
Sir
Hugh
Calverly
Deputy
of
Callice
,
burnt
26
French
Ships
in
the
Haven
of
Bulloigne
;
But
one
Mercer
,
a
Scottish
Pyrate
came
to
Scarborough
,
and
took
divers
Ships
,
committing
likewise
many
Outrages
,
and
no
Order
being
taken
to
repel
them
,
John
Philpot
set
out
a
Fleet
at
his
own
Charge
,
and
encountring
him
in
his
own
Person
,
took
Mercer
and
all
his
Ships
,
and
returning
home
,
instead
of
being
rewarded
for
his
Service
,
he
was
questioned
for
presuming
to
fit
out
a
Navy
without
Advice
of
the
Kings
Council
.
While
the
King
was
in
his
Minority
matters
were
carried
indifferent
well
,
but
in
the
year
1387
,
King
Richard
begins
to
enter
,
as
we
may
say
,
upon
the
Confines
of
his
Destiny
;
His
Gracing
of
undeserving
Men
,
and
Disgracing
of
Men
deserving
,
if
they
were
not
the
Causes
,
were
at
least
the
occasions
of
his
own
Disgracing
;
He
was
now
come
to
be
of
full
Age
to
do
all
himself
,
which
was
indeed
to
be
of
full
Age
to
undo
himself
,
for
the
Errors
of
his
younger
years
might
be
excused
by
inexperience
,
but
the
faults
of
the
Age
he
was
now
of
,
admit
of
no
Apology
,
nor
defence
;
And
to
hasten
his
destiny
the
sooner
,
the
Evil
Counsel
which
was
formerly
but
whispered
in
his
Ear
,
they
now
had
the
Confidence
to
give
him
aloud
;
For
it
was
told
him
,
That
he
was
under
Tuition
no
longer
,
and
therefore
not
to
be
controlled
as
formerly
he
had
been
;
That
to
be
crost
of
his
will
by
his
Subjects
,
was
to
be
their
Subject
;
That
he
is
no
Soveraign
,
if
he
be
not
Absolute
.
By
the
instigation
of
such
Counsellors
as
these
,
the
King
in
a
Parliament
then
Assembled
fell
to
expostulate
with
the
Lords
,
asking
them
,
What
years
they
thought
him
to
be
of
;
who
answering
,
That
he
was
somewhat
more
than
one
and
Twenty
;
Well
then
,
(
said
he
)
I
am
out
of
your
Wardship
,
and
expect
to
enjoy
my
Kingdom
as
freely
as
you
your selves
at
the
like
years
enjoy
your
Patrimonies
.
But
(
saith
our
Author
)
his
flattering
Favourites
should
have
remembred
,
that
though
the
King
may
not
be
controlled
where
he
can
command
,
yet
he
may
be
opposed
where
he
can
but
demand
;
as
now
indeed
he
was
,
For
when
he
demanded
a
Subsidy
toward
his
Wars
,
He
was
answered
,
That
he
needed
no
Subsidy
from
his
Subjects
,
if
he
would
but
call
in
the
debts
that
the
Chancellor
owed
him
;
and
if
he
were
so
tender
,
that
he
could
not
do
that
work
himself
,
they
would
do
it
for
him
;
And
thereupon
charged
him
with
such
Crimes
,
that
all
his
Goods
were
Confiscate
,
and
himself
adjudged
to
dye
if
the
King
pleased
.
Though
others
write
,
his
Sentence
was
only
to
pay
twenty
Thousand
Marks
as
a
Fine
,
and
a
Thousand
pound
besides
yearly
.
This
Chancellor
was
Michael
de
la
Pool
a
Merchants
Son
,
who
was
lately
made
Earl
of
Suffolk
and
Lord
Chancellor
of
England
,
who
with
Robert
Vere
Earl
of
Oxford
and
Marquess
of
Dublin
,
and
some
others
,
were
King
Richards
bosom
Favourites
;
And
upon
this
Provocation
given
them
,
they
presently
study
Revenge
;
And
thereupon
contrive
,
that
the
Duke
of
Glocester
(
the
Kings
Uncle
)
as
Principal
,
and
other
Lords
who
crossed
the
Kings
Courses
,
should
be
invited
to
a
supper
in
London
,
and
be
there
Murdered
;
In
the
Execution
of
which
Plot
,
the
late
Lord
Mayor
,
Sir
Nicholas
Brember
,
was
deeply
concerned
,
but
the
present
Lord
Mayor
,
Richard
Exton
,
though
moved
thereto
by
the
King
himself
,
utterly
refused
to
do
it
,
and
thereupon
this
Design
miscarried
.
But
notwithstanding
these
heats
,
and
many
more
,
which
passed
in
this
Parliament
,
yet
a
Subsidy
was
at
last
granted
to
the
King
of
half
a
Tenth
,
and
half
a
Fifteenth
,
but
with
this
express
Condition
,
that
it
should
not
be
paid
out
,
but
by
order
from
the
Lords
,
and
the
Earl
of
Arundel
was
to
receive
it
;
But
before
this
time
,
it
was
absolutely
agreed
between
both
Houses
of
Parliament
,
That
unless
the
Chancellor
were
removed
they
would
proceed
no
further
;
The
King
having
notice
hereof
,
sent
a
Message
to
the
House
of
Commons
that
they
should
send
to
Eltham
,
where
he
then
lay
,
Forty
of
their
House
,
to
declare
their
Minds
to
him
;
But
upon
a
Conference
between
both
Houses
,
it
was
agreed
,
That
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
and
Thomas
Arundel
Bishop
of
Ely
should
in
the
name
of
the
Parliament
go
to
him
;
who
coming
to
the
King
,
declared
.
That
by
an
old
Statute
the
King
once
a
year
might
lawfully
summon
his
Court
of
Parliament
for
Reformation
of
all
Enormities
and
Corruptions
within
the
Realm
;
and
further
declared
,
That
by
an
Old
Ordinance
it
was
likewise
Enacted
,
That
if
the
King
should
absent
himself
Forty
days
not
being
sick
,
the
Houses
might
lawfully
break
up
,
and
return
home
;
At
which
it
is
reported
the
King
should
say
,
Well
,
we
perceive
our
People
go
about
to
rise
against
us
,
and
therefore
we
think
we
cannot
do
better
,
then
to
ask
aid
of
our
Cousen
the
King
of
France
,
and
rather
submit
our selves
to
him
,
than
to
our
own
Subjects
.
To
which
the
Lords
answered
,
They
wondred
at
his
Majesties
Opinion
,
since
the
French
King
was
the
Ancient
Enemy
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
he
might
remember
what
mischiefs
were
brought
upon
the
Realm
in
King
Johns
time
by
such
Courses
.
By
these
and
the
like
perswasions
the
King
was
induced
to
come
to
his
Parliament
,
wherein
John
Fordham
,
Bishop
of
Durham
is
discharged
of
his
Office
of
Treasurer
,
and
Michael
de
la
Pool
of
being
Chancellor
,
and
others
by
consent
of
Parliament
put
in
their
places
;
Likewise
by
Order
of
Parliament
,
thirteen
Lords
were
appointed
under
the
King
to
have
oversight
of
the
whole
Government
of
the
Realm
,
that
is
the
Bishop
of
Ely
Lord
Chancellor
;
Bishop
of
Hereford
Lord
Treasurer
,
the
Abbot
of
Waltham
Lord
Privy
Seal
,
the
Archbishops
of
Canterbury
and
York
,
the
Dukes
of
York
,
and
Glocester
,
with
others
;
but
this
division
of
the
Government
was
soon
found
inconvenient
;
This
Parliament
also
granted
to
Robert
de
Vere
(
lately
created
Duke
of
Ireland
)
thirty
Thousand
Marks
(
which
the
Frenchmen
were
to
give
to
the
heirs
of
Charles
de
Bloys
)
upon
Condition
that
before
Easter
following
he
should
go
over
into
Ireland
;
So
desirous
were
the
Lords
,
and
Commons
to
have
him
removed
from
the
Kings
presence
.
But
though
the
King
gave
way
to
this
Torrent
of
the
Parliament
at
present
,
yet
as
soon
as
they
were
Dissolved
,
he
dissolved
likewise
all
they
had
done
against
his
Favourites
,
and
received
them
into
more
Favour
than
before
.
A
while
after
the
Duke
of
Ireland
puts
away
his
lawful
Wife
who
was
neer
a
Kin
to
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
and
married
one
of
the
Queens
Maids
a
Vintners
Daughter
,
at
which
the
Duke
of
Glocester
was
very
much
offended
;
which
the
Duke
of
Ireland
understanding
studied
how
by
any
means
he
might
dispatch
the
Duke
of
Glocester
;
and
Easter
being
now
past
which
was
the
time
appointed
for
the
Duke
to
go
into
Ireland
,
the
King
pretending
to
go
with
him
to
the
Seaside
,
went
with
him
unto
Wales
,
being
attended
likewise
with
Michael
de
la
Pool
,
Robert
Tresillian
a
prime
Favourite
,
who
was
Lord
Chief
Justice
,
and
divers
others
,
where
they
consulted
how
to
dispatch
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
the
Earls
of
Arundel
,
Warwick
,
Darby
,
Nottingham
,
with
divers
others
of
that
Party
.
The
King
having
remained
some
time
in
those
Parts
had
quite
forgotten
the
Voyage
of
the
Duke
of
Ireland
,
and
so
brought
him
back
with
him
again
to
Nottingham
Castle
.
About
the
same
time
Robert
Tresillian
Lord
Chief
Justice
came
to
Coventry
,
and
there
Indicted
two
Thousand
Persons
;
The
King
then
called
all
the
High
Sheriffs
of
the
Counties
before
him
,
and
demanded
what
strength
they
could
make
for
him
against
the
Lords
,
if
there
should
be
occasion
;
To
which
they
returned
answer
,
That
the
Common
People
did
so
favour
the
Lords
,
as
believing
them
to
be
Loyal
and
true
to
the
King
,
that
it
was
not
in
their
power
to
raise
any
great
force
against
them
;
They
were
then
commanded
to
take
care
,
That
no
Knights
nor
Burgesses
should
afterward
he
chosen
to
any
Parliament
,
but
those
whom
the
King
and
his
Council
should
name
;
They
replyed
,
It
was
a
hard
matter
in
those
times
of
Jealousy
and
suspition
,
to
deprive
the
People
of
their
Ancient
Liberties
in
choosing
their
Representatives
;
after
which
they
were
dismissed
.
And
some
of
the
Judges
of
the
Realm
being
called
,
that
is
Robert
Tresillian
Lord
Chief
Justice
of
the
Kings
Ben●●
,
Robert
Belknap
,
Chief
Justice
of
the
Common-pleas
,
John
Holt
,
Roger
Fulthorpe
,
and
William
Borough
Knights
,
and
Judges
,
men
learned
chiefly
in
one
point
,
that
is
,
without
considering
Truth
or
Falshood
to
please
those
in
high
Place
;
These
were
charged
upon
their
Allegiance
to
give
True
and
full
Answers
to
the
following
Questions
.
-
I.
Whether
the
Statute
and
Commission
in
the
last
Parliament
,
(
that
is
against
Michael
de
la
Pool
)
were
against
the
Kings
Prerogative
or
not
.
To
which
they
all
answered
,
It
was
.
-
II.
How
they
were
to
be
punished
who
procured
that
Statute
,
&c.
or
who
moved
,
or
compelled
the
King
to
consent
thereunto
.
They
Unanimously
answered
,
They
ought
to
be
put
to
death
as
Traytors
unless
the
King
would
please
to
pardon
them
.
-
III.
When
a
Parliament
is
Assembled
,
and
the
Cause
of
their
Meeting
declared
,
and
common
Articles
limited
by
the
King
upon
which
the
Lords
,
and
Commons
in
that
Parliament
should
proceed
,
if
the
Lords
and
Commons
will
go
upon
other
Articles
,
and
not
these
appointed
by
the
King
,
till
the
King
hath
first
answered
their
desires
,
though
injoyned
by
the
King
to
the
contrary
,
whether
the
King
in
this
Case
ought
not
to
command
the
Parliament
,
and
oblige
them
to
do
his
pleasure
before
they
proceed
further
;
They
answered
,
That
in
this
Case
,
the
King
should
over-rule
,
and
if
any
presumed
to
do
contrary
,
he
was
to
be
punished
as
a
Traytor
.
-
IV.
Whether
the
King
may
at
his
pleasure
dissolve
the
Parliament
,
and
Command
the
Lords
,
and
Commons
to
depart
?
They
answered
,
That
the
King
at
his
Pleasure
may
dissolve
the
Parliament
,
and
whoever
shall
after
proceed
against
the
Kings
Mind
as
in
a
Parliament
,
he
is
worthy
to
be
punished
as
a
Traytor
.
-
V.
Since
the
King
may
at
his
pleasure
remove
any
of
his
Officers
and
Justices
,
and
punish
them
for
their
Offences
,
whether
may
the
Lords
,
and
Commons
without
the
Kings
Will
,
accuse
them
in
Parliament
,
They
replied
,
They
cannot
,
and
whosoever
doth
the
contrary
deserveth
to
be
punished
as
a
Traytor
.
-
VI.
What
punishment
they
deserve
who
moved
in
Parliament
that
the
Statute
whereby
.
K.
Edward
of
Carnarvan
was
deposed
in
Parliament
should
be
produced
,
whereby
a
new
Statute
should
be
made
,
It
was
answered
,
That
as
well
he
that
moved
it
as
he
that
brought
the
Statute
into
the
House
were
to
be
punished
as
Traytors
.
-
Lastly
,
Whether
the
Judgment
given
in
Parliament
against
Michael
de
la
Pool
were
erroneous
and
revocable
,
They
answered
,
It
was
Erroneous
and
Revocable
,
and
that
if
the
Judgment
were
now
to
be
given
the
Justices
would
not
give
the
same
.
At
this
time
the
Londoners
incurred
much
obloquy
,
for
having
before
been
pardoned
by
the
King
of
some
Crimes
lay'd
to
their
Charge
,
they
were
now
ready
to
comply
with
his
desires
,
and
a
Jury
of
them
being
Impanneled
,
they
indicted
some
Lords
of
many
crimes
laid
to
their
Charge
;
And
now
the
King
,
and
the
Duke
of
Ireland
sent
into
all
parts
of
the
Realm
to
raise
men
in
this
Quarrel
against
the
Lords
;
And
required
the
Mayor
of
London
to
give
an
Account
how
many
able
men
he
could
raise
in
the
City
,
who
answered
,
That
he
thought
they
could
make
fifty
Thousand
men
at
an
hours
warning
;
Well
,
said
the
King
,
go
and
try
what
may
be
done
,
But
when
the
Mayor
went
about
it
,
the
Citizens
answered
,
That
they
would
never
fight
against
the
Kings
Friends
,
and
the
Defenders
of
the
Realm
;
About
this
time
the
King
intended
to
have
apprehended
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
but
he
made
his
escape
,
and
with
other
Lords
had
got
together
a
great
power
of
men
at
Harringey
Park
;
Upon
which
the
King
commanded
that
no
Citizen
of
London
should
sell
to
the
D.
of
Glocester
,
the
E.
of
Arundel
,
or
any
of
the
Lords
any
Armour
or
Furniture
of
War
under
a
great
penalty
.
After
this
the
King
is
perswaded
to
send
to
the
Lords
to
come
to
him
to
Westminster
,
upon
Oath
given
by
the
Arch-bishop
of
Canterbury
and
the
Chancellor
that
no
fraud
nor
evil
practice
should
be
used
against
them
,
which
the
Lords
were
content
to
do
,
but
when
they
were
ready
to
come
,
they
understood
there
was
an
Ambush
laid
to
intrap
them
of
a
Thousand
men
in
the
Mews
;
which
the
King
absolutely
denied
he
had
any
knowledge
of
;
yet
the
Lords
after
this
receiving
a
safe
Conduct
from
the
King
,
came
to
Westminster
,
of
whose
coming
when
the
King
heard
,
he
apparelled
himself
in
his
Royal
Robes
,
and
with
his
Scepter
in
his
hand
came
into
the
Great
Hall
,
before
whom
the
Lords
upon
their
Knees
presented
themselves
,
the
King
bidding
them
welcome
,
and
taking
each
of
them
by
the
hand
.
Then
the
Lord
Chancellor
made
a
Speech
wherein
he
blamed
them
for
raising
Arms
,
desiring
to
know
the
Cause
;
who
answered
,
They
had
done
it
for
the
good
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
to
remove
the
Traytors
about
the
King
;
Upon
which
the
King
himself
spoke
and
asked
them
whether
they
thought
to
compel
him
by
strong
hand
?
Have
not
I
(
saith
he
)
sufficient
power
to
beat
you
down
?
truly
in
this
behalf
,
I
make
no
more
account
of
you
than
of
the
basest
Skullion
in
my
Kitchen
.
Yet
after
these
great
words
,
he
lift
up
the
Duke
of
Glocester
who
all
this
while
was
kneeling
,
and
commanded
the
rest
also
to
rise
,
and
then
led
them
Courteously
to
his
Chamber
,
where
they
sate
and
drank
together
,
and
at
last
it
was
concluded
they
should
all
meet
again
,
as
well
these
Lords
,
as
those
they
accused
at
the
next
Parliament
,
which
the
King
promised
he
would
speedily
call
,
and
each
party
to
receive
there
according
to
Justice
,
and
in
the
mean
while
all
Parties
should
be
under
the
Kings
Protection
.
But
when
the
Favourite
Lords
heard
this
,
they
told
the
King
plainly
they
neither
durst
nor
would
put
themselves
to
the
hazard
of
such
a
Meeting
,
and
therefore
the
Duke
of
Ireland
,
and
the
rest
of
that
Faction
left
the
Court
to
be
out
of
the
way
;
but
the
King
not
enduring
their
absence
appointed
Thomas
Molineux
,
Constable
of
the
Castle
of
Chester
to
raise
an
Army
,
and
to
safe
conduct
the
Duke
of
Ireland
to
his
presence
;
But
they
being
come
as
far
as
Radcoat
Bridge
,
were
encountred
by
the
Earl
of
Derby
,
and
the
Duke
of
Ireland
not
daring
to
joyn
battel
with
him
fled
,
and
being
to
pass
a
River
,
cast
away
his
Gauntlets
and
sword
to
be
more
nimble
,
and
spurring
his
Horse
lept
into
the
River
and
so
escaped
;
though
it
was
reported
he
was
drowned
,
till
news
came
he
was
got
into
Holland
,
where
being
no
welcome
Guest
he
wandred
up
and
down
two
or
three
years
,
like
a
Fugitive
,
and
at
Lorain
in
Brabant
ended
his
life
.
By
this
time
the
Lords
had
got
matter
enough
against
the
King
,
at
least
to
justifie
their
Arms
,
and
thereupon
with
an
Army
of
Forty
thousand
men
they
came
to
London
,
where
after
some
debate
,
they
were
received
,
and
some
of
them
went
to
the
Tower
to
the
King
,
to
whom
after
humble
Salutations
,
they
shewed
the
Letter
which
he
had
written
to
the
Duke
of
Ireland
to
levy
an
Army
for
their
destruction
;
likewise
the
Letters
which
the
French
King
had
written
to
him
,
containing
a
safe
Conduct
for
him
to
come
into
France
,
there
to
do
Acts
to
his
own
dishonour
,
and
the
Kingdoms
.
After
which
upon
the
Kings
Promise
that
he
would
come
the
next
day
to
Westminster
to
treat
further
of
these
matters
,
the
Lords
departed
,
only
at
the
Kings
desire
the
Earls
of
Nottingham
and
Derby
stayed
all
Night
,
but
before
the
King
went
to
bed
,
his
Mind
was
quite
altered
as
to
keeping
promise
with
the
Lords
,
which
they
understanding
,
sent
peremptorily
to
him
,
That
if
be
came
not
according
to
his
Word
,
they
would
chuse
another
King
who
should
hearken
to
the
faithful
Counsel
of
his
Lords
.
This
touched
the
King
to
the
quick
,
so
that
the
next
morning
he
went
&
met
them
,
&
they
declared
to
him
how
much
it
concerned
the
good
of
the
Kingdom
that
those
Traitors
so
often
spoken
of
,
should
be
removed
from
the
Court
;
To
which
the
King
,
though
much
against
his
Will
,
at
last
condescended
,
and
thereupon
the
Archbishop
of
York
,
and
the
Bishop
of
Chichester
fled
no
man
knew
whether
;
the
Bishop
of
Durham
Lord
Treasurer
,
Lord
Zouch
,
Lord
Burrel
,
Lord
Beumont
and
others
were
expelled
the
Court
,
and
constrained
to
put
in
Bail
to
appear
the
next
Parliament
;
Also
cer●ain
Ladies
were
expelled
the
Court
,
as
the
Lady
Poynings
,
the
Lady
Mouling
and
others
;
Several
other
Knights
with
three
of
the
Kings
Chaplains
,
and
the
Dean
of
his
Chappel
,
were
likewise
committed
to
Prison
.
Shortly
after
the
Parliament
began
,
called
afterward
the
Parliament
that
wrought
wonders
;
On
the
first
day
whereof
,
all
the
Judges
but
one
,
were
arrested
as
they
sate
upon
the
Bench
,
and
sent
to
the
Tower
,
and
several
Lords
and
Bishops
were
impeached
;
But
the
Lord
Chief
Justice
Tresillian
having
made
his
escape
,
was
afterward
taken
and
hanged
at
Tyburn
;
Sir
Nicholas
Brember
was
Beheaded
with
an
Axe
which
he
had
prepared
for
the
beheading
of
others
,
after
this
divers
Lords
and
Knights
,
and
among
the
rest
the
Steward
of
the
Kings
Household
,
were
Beheaded
on
Tower-hill
.
Also
all
the
Judges
were
condemned
to
dye
,
but
by
the
Queens
Intercession
,
they
were
only
banished
the
Realm
,
and
all
their
Lands
and
Estates
Confiscated
,
only
a
small
Sallery
was
allowed
them
for
their
support
.
Finally
,
in
this
Parliament
an
Oath
was
required
,
and
obtained
of
the
King
,
that
he
would
perform
such
things
as
the
Lords
should
Order
,
and
this
Oath
was
likewise
required
of
all
the
People
of
the
Kingdom
.
After
this
the
Duke
of
Glocester
and
some
other
Lords
upon
discontent
,
conspire
to
seize
upon
the
King
,
the
Dukes
of
Lancaster
〈◊〉
York
,
and
commit
them
to
Prison
,
and
all
the
other
Lords
of
the
Kings
Council
they
determined
should
be
drawn
,
and
hanged
,
but
the
King
having
notice
thereof
,
by
a
Wile
he
seizeth
upon
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
and
sends
him
presently
to
Callice
,
where
he
soon
after
lost
his
life
,
being
smothered
with
Pillows
as
some
write
,
and
divers
other
Lords
are
committed
to
the
Tower
,
and
soon
after
the
Earl
of
Arundel
is
beheaded
on
Tower-hill
;
and
a
Parliament
being
called
,
the
King
brought
it
so
about
,
that
he
obtained
the
whole
Power
of
the
Parliament
to
be
conferred
upon
certain
Persons
,
or
to
any
seven
or
eight
of
them
,
and
these
by
virtue
of
this
Grant
proceeded
to
conclude
upon
many
things
which
concerned
the
whole
Parliament
to
the
great
prejudice
of
the
State
,
and
a
dangerous
Example
in
time
to
come
.
A
General
Pardon
was
also
granted
for
all
the
Kings
Subjects
but
only
to
Fifty
;
whose
names
he
would
not
Express
,
but
reserved
them
to
himself
,
that
when
any
of
the
Nobility
offended
him
,
he
might
at
his
Pleasure
name
him
to
be
one
of
the
number
excepted
,
and
so
keep
them
still
within
his
danger
.
Also
in
this
Parliament
the
Judges
gave
their
Opinious
,
That
when
Articles
are
propounded
by
the
King
to
be
handled
in
Parliament
,
if
other
Articles
be
handled
before
those
be
first
determined
,
that
it
is
Treason
in
them
that
do
it
.
And
for
the
more
strengthning
the
Acts
of
this
Parliament
the
King
purchased
the
Popes
Bulls
,
containing
grievous
Censures
,
and
Curses
to
those
that
should
break
them
.
And
now
the
Heads
of
the
Opposite
Faction
having
lost
their
Heads
,
and
all
things
as
well
setled
as
could
be
desired
,
the
King
was
secure
as
thinking
himself
safe
,
and
he
had
been
indeed
safe
,
if
Time
and
Fortune
were
not
Actors
in
Revenge
as
well
as
men
,
or
rather
if
a
Superiour
Power
did
not
interpose
,
whose
ways
are
as
secret
as
himself
is
invincible
.
About
this
time
it
happened
that
Thomas
Mowbray
Duke
of
Norfolk
and
Henry
Duke
of
Hereford
,
accused
each
other
for
speaking
words
sounding
highly
to
the
Kings
dishonour
,
whereupon
a
Combate
is
agreed
upon
between
them
,
which
being
ready
to
be
begun
,
the
King
interposeth
,
and
banisheth
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
for
ever
,
and
the
D
of
Hereford
for
six
years
;
But
soon
after
several
discontented
Lords
sollicite
the
D.
of
Hereford
to
return
into
England
,
&
take
the
Government
upon
him
,
&
they
would
be
ready
to
assist
him
;
who
thereupon
without
much
deliberation
prepares
to
come
over
,
and
landing
at
Ravenspur
in
Yorkshire
,
where
many
Lords
,
Gentlemen
,
and
Common
people
repaired
to
him
,
to
whom
he
solemnly
protests
,
That
though
some
of
them
had
invited
him
to
come
to
take
the
Government
,
yet
he
came
only
to
take
possession
of
the
Inheritance
descended
to
him
from
his
Father
,
which
King
Richard
unjustly
and
contrary
to
his
promise
had
seized
into
his
hands
.
Hereupon
many
more
Lords
join
with
him
,
and
all
the
Kings
Castles
are
surrendred
to
him
,
and
the
Lord
Scroop
Treasurer
of
England
,
Sir
Henry
Bushy
and
Sir
Henry
Green
being
seized
,
were
condemned
,
and
beheaded
,
for
Misgoverning
the
King
,
and
the
Realm
.
King
Richard
was
at
that
time
in
Ireland
busie
in
suppressing
the
Rebels
,
and
had
no
notice
of
the
Dukes
Arrival
in
England
till
six
weeks
after
;
but
hearing
of
it
,
he
sends
the
Earl
of
Salisbury
before
to
raise
an
Army
,
and
promiseth
to
come
himself
within
six
days
;
the
Earl
provides
an
Army
of
Forty
Thousand
men
,
but
when
the
King
came
not
at
his
time
,
they
all
disbanded
and
went
away
;
The
King
coming
over
,
and
finding
how
it
was
,
fell
into
despair
,
and
secretly
the
next
night
gets
into
Conway
Castle
.
The
Duke
of
Hereford
,
(
now
Duke
of
Lancaster
by
his
Fathers
Death
)
sends
the
Earl
of
Northumberland
to
the
King
,
that
if
his
Grace
would
undertake
there
should
be
a
Parliament
called
,
wherein
Justice
might
be
done
,
and
himself
pardoned
all
Offences
,
he
would
be
ready
to
come
to
him
on
his
knees
,
and
as
an
humble
Subject
to
obey
him
;
Yet
upon
this
Conference
with
the
Earl
some
say
,
the
King
required
only
,
that
himself
and
eight
more
whom
he
would
name
,
might
have
honourable
allowance
,
with
assurance
of
a
private
quiet
Life
,
and
that
then
he
would
resign
his
Crown
,
and
that
upon
the
Earls
Oath
that
this
should
be
performed
the
King
agreed
to
go
with
the
Earl
to
meet
the
Duke
,
but
after
four
miles
riding
coming
to
the
place
where
they
had
laid
an
Ambush
,
the
King
was
seized
,
and
carried
Prisoner
to
Flint
Castle
,
where
the
Duke
of
Lancaster
came
to
him
,
and
bowing
the
knee
thrice
came
toward
him
,
whom
the
King
took
by
the
hand
,
and
lifted
up
,
saying
,
Dear
Cousin
you
are
welcome
,
the
Duke
humbly
thanking
him
said
,
My
Soveraign
Lord
,
and
King
,
the
Cause
of
my
coming
at
this
present
is
(
your
honour
saved
)
to
have
restitution
of
my
Person
,
my
Lands
and
Heritage
;
whereto
the
King
answered
,
Dear
Cousin
,
I
am
ready
to
accomplish
your
Will
,
so
that
you
enjoy
all
that
is
yours
without
exception
.
After
this
coming
out
of
the
Castle
,
the
King
called
for
Wine
and
then
mounted
on
Horseback
,
and
by
easie
Journeys
came
to
London
,
and
the
next
day
he
was
committed
to
the
Tower
.
As
the
King
was
carried
toward
London
,
divers
Citizens
conspired
to
lye
in
wait
by
the
way
,
and
suddenly
slay
him
,
partly
for
private
Grievances
,
and
partly
for
the
Severity
,
he
had
used
toward
the
whole
City
;
But
the
Maior
having
notice
thereof
,
prevented
it
,
and
rid
forth
with
a
Considerable
Company
to
conduct
him
safely
to
the
Tower
,
and
soon
after
a
Parliament
was
called
by
the
Duke
of
Lancaster
,
but
in
the
name
of
King
Richard
,
where
many
heinous
points
of
Misgovernment
were
laid
to
his
Charge
,
and
were
drawn
up
into
three
and
thirty
Articles
,
the
Cheif
whereof
were
.
Th●t
be
had
wastefully
spent
the
Treasure
of
the
Realm
upon
unworthy
Persons
,
whereby
great
Taxes
were
laid
upon
the
People
;
That
he
had
borrowed
great
sums
of
Money
,
and
given
his
Letters
Patents
to
repay
the
same
,
and
yet
not
one
peny
ever
paid
.
That
he
had
taxed
men
at
the
pleasure
of
himself
and
his
unhappy
Council
,
and
had
spent
the
money
in
folly
and
not
in
paying
poor
men
for
their
victual
and
viand
.
That
he
said
the
Laws
of
the
Realm
were
in
his
Head
,
and
Breast
,
by
reason
of
which
phantastical
Opinion
he
destroyed
Noblemen
and
Impoverished
the
Commons
;
That
he
most
Tyranously
,
and
unprincely
said
,
that
the
Lives
and
Goods
of
all
his
Subjects
were
in
his
hands
and
at
his
disposition
;
That
when
divers
Lords
as
well
spiritual
,
as
Temporal
were
appointed
by
Parliament
to
Treat
of
matters
concerning
the
good
of
the
Kingdom
,
while
they
are
busie
therein
,
he
and
others
of
his
Party
,
went
about
to
impeach
them
of
Treason
;
and
that
the
King
caused
all
the
Rolls
and
Records
to
be
kept
from
them
contrary
to
his
promise
made
in
Parliament
,
and
to
his
open
dishonour
.
That
he
had
private
Spies
in
every
place
,
and
if
any
discoursed
of
his
Lascivious
living
,
or
his
Illegal
Actings
,
he
presently
apprehended
them
,
and
grievously
fined
them
.
That
he
changed
Knights
and
Burgesses
of
Parliament
at
his
Pleasure
,
putting
out
divers
Persons
,
and
placing
others
in
their
Room
to
serve
his
Will
and
Appetite
.
That
when
divers
Lords
and
Justices
were
sworn
to
speak
the
truth
in
many
things
which
concerned
the
honour
and
profit
of
the
Realm
;
the
King
so
threatned
them
that
they
durst
not
speak
what
was
right
.
That
by
force
and
threats
he
compelled
the
Judges
of
the
Realm
to
condescend
to
him
,
for
destruction
of
divers
of
the
Lords
.
That
he
caused
his
Fathers
own
Brother
,
the
Duke
of
Glocester
without
Law
to
be
Attached
,
and
sent
to
Callice
,
and
there
without
Cause
to
be
secretly
Murdered
.
That
contrary
to
the
Great
Charter
of
England
he
caused
several
lusty
young
men
to
Challenge
divers
old
men
,
upon
matters
determinable
at
Common
Law
in
the
Court
Martial
where
Tryal
is
only
by
battel
,
which
old
men
fearing
submitted
themselves
to
his
mercy
,
whom
he
fined
unreasonably
at
his
pleasure
.
That
in
all
his
Leagues
with
Forreign
Princes
,
his
way
of
Writing
was
so
subtill
and
dark
that
no
other
Prince
,
nor
his
own
Subjects
could
beleive
or
trust
him
;
That
he
craftily
devised
certain
private
Oaths
contrary
to
Law
,
causing
several
to
swear
the
same
to
the
utter
undoing
of
many
honest
men
.
That
he
assembled
certain
Lancashire
and
Cheshire-men
to
make
War
upon
the
Lords
,
and
suffered
them
to
rob
and
spoil
without
prohibition
;
That
notwithstanding
his
pardon
granted
them
,
he
inforced
divers
of
those
who
joined
with
the
Lords
to
be
again
Intollerably
fined
to
their
utter
undoing
.
Upon
these
and
some
other
Articles
which
were
read
it
was
demanded
of
the
Nobility
and
the
Commons
,
what
they
judged
both
of
the
Truth
and
desert
of
these
Articles
,
who
all
agreed
that
the
Crimes
were
Notorious
,
and
King
Richard
was
worthy
for
the
same
to
be
deposed
from
all
Princely
Honour
and
Kingly
Government
.
The
Duke
of
York
who
a
little
before
had
been
Governour
of
the
Realm
for
the
King
,
and
directed
him
much
,
thought
it
best
,
that
King
Richard
should
both
Voluntarily
Resign
,
and
also
be
Solemnly
deposed
by
consent
of
all
the
States
of
the
Realm
,
for
Resignation
only
would
be
imputed
to
fear
,
and
deprivation
to
force
;
and
therefore
this
being
concluded
on
,
there
came
Thomas
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
the
Archbishop
of
York
,
the
Bishop
of
Hereford
,
the
Duke
of
Lancaster
,
and
several
other
Lords
and
Abbots
to
King
Richard
in
the
Tower
of
London
.
When
all
were
set
in
their
places
,
King
Richard
was
brought
forth
apparelled
in
his
Royal
Robes
,
the
Crown
on
his
head
and
the
Scepter
in
his
hand
,
and
was
placed
among
them
in
a
Chair
of
State
;
Never
was
Prince
so
Gorgeous
with
less
Glory
,
and
greater
Grief
,
to
whom
it
was
not
disgrace
sufficient
to
lose
both
the
honour
and
Ornaments
of
a
King
,
but
he
must
openly
do
even
in
great
scorn
renounce
the
one
,
and
deliver
up
the
other
.
After
a
little
Pause
and
expectation
,
the
King
rose
from
his
Seat
,
and
spake
to
the
Assembly
these
words
,
or
to
this
effect
;
I
assure
my self
that
some
at
this
present
,
and
many
hereafter
will
account
my
Case
lamentable
,
either
that
I
have
deserved
this
Dejection
if
it
be
just
,
or
if
it
be
wrongful
,
that
I
could
not
avoid
it
;
Indeed
I
do
confess
,
that
many
times
I
have
shewed
my self
both
less
Provident
,
and
less
painful
for
the
benefit
of
the
Commonwealth
than
I
should
,
or
might
,
or
intended
to
do
hereafter
;
and
have
in
my
Actions
more
respected
the
satisfying
of
my
own
particular
humour
than
either
Justice
to
some
private
persons
,
or
the
Common
Good
of
all
,
yet
I
did
not
at
any
time
omit
duty
,
or
Commit
Grievance
upon
natural
dulness
,
or
set
malice
,
but
partly
by
abuse
of
Corrupt
Councellors
,
partly
by
Error
of
my
Youthful
Judgment
,
and
now
the
remembrance
of
these
oversights
is
not
more
unpleasant
to
any
man
than
my self
,
and
the
rather
,
because
I
have
no
means
left
either
to
recompence
the
injuries
which
I
have
done
,
or
to
testifie
to
the
World
my
reformed
Affections
,
which
experience
,
and
stayedness
of
years
had
already
corrected
,
and
would
daily
have
framed
to
more
perfection
.
But
whether
all
the
Imputations
wherewith
I
am
charged
be
True
,
either
in
Substance
,
or
in
such
Quality
as
they
are
laid
,
or
whether
being
True
,
they
are
so
heinous
as
to
force
these
Extremities
,
or
whether
any
other
Prince
,
especially
in
the
heat
of
Youth
,
and
in
the
space
of
twenty
two
years
,
the
time
of
my
unfortunate
Reign
,
doth
not
sometimes
either
for
advantage
,
or
upon
displeasure
in
as
deep
manner
grieve
some
particular
Subject
,
I
will
not
now
examine
;
It
helpeth
not
to
use
any
Defence
,
neither
is
it
to
any
purpose
to
complain
,
there
is
left
no
room
for
the
one
,
nor
pity
for
the
other
,
and
therefore
I
refer
it
to
the
Judgment
of
God
,
and
your
less
distempered
Considerations
.
I
accuse
no
man
,
I
blame
no
Fortune
,
I
complain
of
nothing
,
I
have
no
pleasure
in
such
vain
,
and
needless
comforts
,
if
I
had
minded
to
have
stood
upon
Terms
,
I
know
I
have
Great
Favourers
abroad
,
and
I
hope
some
Friends
at
home
,
who
would
have
been
ready
,
yea
very
forward
on
my
behalf
to
have
begun
a
bloody
and
doubtful
War
,
but
I
esteem
not
my
Dignity
at
so
high
a
Rate
,
or
Value
,
as
to
venture
the
loss
of
so
much
English
Bloud
,
and
the
wasting
and
desolation
of
such
a
flourishing
Kingdom
as
this
might
have
occasioned
;
Therefore
that
the
Common-wealth
may
rather
rise
by
my
fall
,
than
I
stand
by
the
ruin
thereof
,
I
willingly
yeild
to
your
desires
,
and
am
here
come
to
dispossess
my self
of
all
publick
Authority
and
Title
,
and
to
make
it
free
,
and
lawful
for
you
to
create
for
your
King
Henry
Duke
of
Lancaster
my
Cosen
German
,
whom
I
know
to
be
as
worthy
to
take
that
Place
,
as
I
see
you
willing
to
give
it
to
him
.
Then
he
read
openly
the
form
of
his
Resignation
,
which
discharged
his
Subjects
from
all
Oathes
and
Fealty
,
&c.
to
which
the
King
subscribed
,
and
was
sworn
;
After
which
he
delivered
with
his
own
hands
the
Crown
,
the
Scepter
,
and
the
Robe
to
the
Duke
of
Lancaster
,
wishing
him
more
happiness
therewith
than
ever
he
enjoyed
,
desiring
him
and
the
rest
to
permit
him
to
live
safely
in
a
private
and
obscure
life
,
and
not
altogether
forget
he
had
been
their
King
.
Upon
October
13.
following
the
Duke
of
Lancaster
was
Crowned
King
by
the
Name
of
Henry
the
Fourth
,
and
King
Richard
was
removed
to
Pomfret
Castle
,
but
some
of
the
Lords
being
discontented
with
Henry
used
many
endeavours
to
restore
Richard
again
,
which
caused
great
Wars
,
and
Rebellions
,
and
occasioned
such
Melancholy
in
King
Henry
,
that
sitting
one
time
at
his
Table
,
he
sighing
said
,
Have
I
no
faithful
Friend
who
will
deliver
me
from
him
that
will
be
my
Death
.
This
Speech
was
especially
noted
by
one
Sir
Piers
of
Exton
who
presently
with
eight
Persons
in
his
Company
,
came
to
Pomfret
,
commanding
the
Esquire
who
was
Taster
to
King
Richard
to
be
so
no
more
,
whereat
the
King
marvelling
,
asked
him
the
Reason
;
Sir
,
said
he
,
I
am
otherwise
commanded
by
Sir
Piers
of
Exton
,
who
is
newly
come
from
King
Henry
,
when
King
Richard
heard
that
word
he
took
the
Carving-knife
in
his
hand
,
and
strook
the
Esquire
lightly
on
the
head
saying
;
The
Devil
take
Henry
of
Lancaster
,
and
thee
together
;
and
with
that
word
Sir
Piers
entred
the
Chamber
with
eight
armed
men
,
every
one
having
a
Bill
in
his
hand
;
King
Richard
perceiving
this
,
put
the
Table
from
him
,
and
stepping
to
the
foremost
man
,
wrested
the
Bill
out
of
his
hands
and
slew
four
of
those
that
thus
came
to
assault
him
;
Sir
Piers
lept
to
the
Chair
where
King
Richard
used
to
sit
,
whilst
the
rest
chased
him
about
the
Chamber
,
at
last
being
forced
to
the
place
where
Sir
Piers
was
,
he
with
a
stroak
of
his
Pole-Ax
upon
his
head
felled
him
down
,
and
so
ended
his
miserable
life
.
It
is
said
,
that
at
the
point
of
his
death
the
King
gathered
some
Spirit
and
with
a
faint
and
feeble
voice
groaned
forth
these
words
.
My
Great
Grandfnther
King
Edward
the
II.
was
in
this
manner
deposed
,
imprisoned
and
Murdered
,
by
which
means
my
Granfather
King
Edward
the
III.
obtained
the
Crown
,
and
now
is
the
punishment
of
that
injnry
poured
upon
his
next
Successor
;
well
,
this
may
be
just
for
me
to
suffer
,
but
not
Right
for
you
to
do
.
Your
King
for
a
time
may
rejoyce
at
my
Death
,
and
enjoy
his
desire
,
but
let
him
qualifie
his
pleasures
with
Expectation
of
the
same
Justice
,
for
God
who
measureth
all
our
Actions
by
the
malice
of
our
Minds
will
not
suffer
this
to
go
unpunished
.
Sir
Piers
having
thus
slain
the
King
,
wept
bitterly
,
and
a
great
part
of
this
prophetical
Speech
came
to
pass
in
a
short
time
after
;
King
Richard
thus
dead
his
Body
was
imbalmed
and
covered
with
Lead
all
save
his
Face
,
and
then
brought
to
London
where
it
lay
in
St.
Pauls
Church
three
days
unburied
,
that
all
might
see
he
was
dead
.
And
this
was
the
end
of
this
unfortunate
Prince
,
in
which
there
was
a
wonderful
Concurrence
of
Fortune
in
behalf
of
King
Henry
,
and
against
Richard
,
but
when
all
is
done
,
there
is
no
resisting
the
Decree
of
Heaven
,
but
since
that
is
unknown
to
us
,
and
perhaps
but
Conditional
,
we
shall
be
manifest
Traytors
to
our selves
if
we
use
not
our
uttermost
endeavours
to
divert
it
;
so
that
it
may
be
truly
said
Richard
lost
his
Crown
more
by
his
own
fault
,
than
the
Treason
of
any
other
.
After
this
long
diversion
let
us
now
return
to
the
Tower
of
London
.
In
1458
there
were
Justs
and
Turnaments
in
the
Tower
;
In
1478.
The
Duke
of
Clarence
was
drowned
in
a
Butt
of
Malmsey
within
the
Tower
;
Elizabeth
Wife
to
King
Henry
7.
Dyed
in
the
Tower
in
Child-bed
1502.
In
the
year
1512
,
the
Chappel
in
the
High
White
Tower
was
burnt
;
Queen
Ann
Bullein
was
beheaded
in
the
Tower
1541
,
and
a
little
after
Katherine
Howard
both
Wives
to
Henry
the
Eight
.
In
the
year
1546
a
strange
accident
happened
in
the
Tower
,
for
one
Foxly
who
was
Potmaker
for
the
Mint
,
falling
a
sleep
could
not
be
awakened
by
pinching
,
beating
or
burning
,
for
fourteen
days
;
at
which
time
he
awaked
as
fresh
as
the
first
day
he
began
to
sleep
.
In
King
Henry
the
Eights
time
,
the
Tower
was
often
full
of
Prisoners
,
and
among
others
Sir
Thomas
More
Lord
Chancellor
of
England
,
who
was
kept
close
Prisoner
,
and
at
last
they
took
from
him
all
his
Books
,
whereupon
he
shut
up
his
Prison
Windows
,
and
lived
in
Darkness
;
and
being
asked
the
reason
,
he
answered
,
it
is
time
to
shut
up
Shop
when
the
Wares
are
all
gone
;
At
his
first
entrance
into
the
Tower
,
the
Gentleman
Porter
demanded
his
Fee
,
which
is
the
upper
Garment
,
whereupon
Sr.
Thomas
pulled
off
his
Cap
to
give
it
him
,
but
that
not
sufficing
,
he
pulled
out
an
handfull
of
Angels
,
and
gave
him
a
good
many
,
a
Knight
that
was
in
his
Company
telling
him
,
that
he
was
glad
to
see
him
have
so
many
Angels
,
Yes
(
answered
he
,
)
I
love
to
carry
my
Friends
always
about
me
.
Not
long
after
the
Lady
Jane
was
beheaded
there
,
and
upon
the
Scaffold
,
she
made
a
most
ingenious
Speech
full
of
Pity
,
That
she
came
thither
to
serve
for
an
Example
to
Posterity
,
that
Innocence
cannot
be
any
Protection
against
Greatness
;
and
that
she
was
come
thither
not
for
aspiring
to
a
Crown
,
but
for
refusing
one
when
it
was
offered
her
.
In
King
James
his
time
,
there
was
no
Blood
spilt
in
the
Tower
,
or
upon
Towerhill
,
only
Sir
Gervase
Elways
was
hanged
there
when
he
was
Lieutenant
about
the
Murder
of
Sir
Thomas
Overbury
,
and
one
remarkable
passage
there
was
in
his
Speech
upon
the
Ladder
,
That
being
in
the
Low-Countreys
,
and
much
addicted
to
Gaming
,
he
made
a
serious
wish
that
if
ever
he
played
more
above
such
a
sum
,
he
might
be
hanged
,
but
he
Violated
the
Oath
,
and
so
the
just
Judgment
of
Heaven
fell
upon
him
according
to
his
words
.
The
Earl
of
Castle
haven
in
the
year
1631
,
was
brought
from
the
Tower
to
be
Executed
for
Horrid
Crimes
;
and
divers
others
since
,
have
been
Executed
there
,
as
the
Earl
of
Strafford
,
Arch-Bishop
Laud
,
and
many
more
.
This
stately
Tower
serves
not
only
for
a
Goal
to
detain
Prisoners
,
but
for
many
other
uses
,
it
is
a
strong
Fort
,
or
Citadel
,
which
secures
both
City
and
River
.
It
is
the
Treasury
of
the
Jewels
and
Ornaments
of
the
Crown
;
It
conserves
all
the
Old
Records
of
the
Courts
of
Justice
at
Westminster
,
it
is
the
place
for
the
Royal
Mint
,
and
the
Coynage
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
it
is
the
chief
Magazine
and
Armory
of
the
whole
Land
for
Martial
Engines
and
Provision
,
and
there
only
is
the
Brahe
or
Rack
,
usually
called
the
Duke
of
Exeters
Daughter
,
because
he
was
the
first
Inventor
of
it
,
and
Lastly
it
is
a
great
Ornament
,
by
the
situation
of
it
,
both
to
the
River
and
City
.
This
City
hath
had
divers
other
Towns
besides
;
one
at
the
North
End
of
London-Bridge
,
which
is
now
utterly
demolished
,
and
the
other
at
the
South
End
,
which
hath
suffered
many
Accidents
of
Fireing
,
and
otherwise
,
and
was
still
repaired
at
the
charge
of
the
City
.
Upon
this
Gate
the
Heads
of
Traytors
are
commonly
placed
,
and
some
there
are
thereon
at
this
day
.
Historians
mention
two
Castles
that
were
built
in
the
West
part
of
the
City
,
one
called
the
Castle
of
Montfiquet
,
built
by
a
Lord
of
that
name
,
which
is
now
demolished
,
and
the
Black
Fryers
rose
up
instead
of
it
,
the
other
called
Baynards
Castle
from
one
Baynard
,
whose
Family
long
enjoyed
it
,
and
after
that
Robert
Fitz-Walter
who
was
called
Banner
Bearer
of
the
City
of
London
,
and
had
great
Priviledges
.
This
Castle
fell
afterwards
to
the
Earl
of
March
,
who
was
Crowned
there
by
the
Title
of
Edward
the
Fourth
,
to
whom
this
City
always
stuck
very
close
,
but
in
the
Seventh
Year
of
his
Reign
many
of
the
greatest
men
in
London
were
accused
of
High
Treason
,
and
divers
Aldermen
,
whereof
they
were
acquitted
,
yet
did
they
forfeit
their
Goods
to
the
value
of
Forty
Thousand
Marks
,
and
among
them
Sr.
Thomas
Cook
formerly
Lord
Mayor
,
without
Hawkins
were
committed
to
the
Tower
,
neither
could
be
discharged
without
paying
Eight
Thousand
Marks
to
the
King
.
Henry
the
Seventh
repaired
Baynards
Castle
,
and
rid
through
the
City
in
State
with
all
the
Knights
of
the
Garter
,
from
the
Tower
to
St.
Paul's
Church
,
where
they
heard
Mass
,
and
Lodged
that
Night
at
Baynards
Castle
,
Queen
Mary
was
likewise
proclaimed
at
Baynards
Castle
,
though
the
Lady
Jane
had
been
proclaimed
a
little
before
.
There
was
also
another
Tower
or
Castle
near
Baynards
Castle
,
but
there
is
now
no
sign
of
it
remaining
;
And
another
in
the
place
where
Bridewell
now
stands
,
which
being
demolished
,
yet
there
was
a
Royal
Palace
left
where
the
Kings
of
England
kept
their
Courts
,
and
King
John
summoned
a
Parliament
there
;
and
afterwards
Henry
the
Eight
repaired
it
,
and
made
it
much
more
stately
for
the
entertainment
of
his
Nephew
Charles
the
Fift
Emperour
,
and
King
of
Spain
,
who
in
the
year
1522
was
Magnificently
Treated
there
.
There
was
another
Tower
called
the
Tower
Royal
,
where
King
Stephen
kept
his
Court
;
Barbican
was
likewise
another
Tower
;
There
was
another
called
Sernes
Tower
in
Bucklersbury
,
where
we
read
Edward
the
III.
kept
his
Court
,
and
gave
it
afterward
to
his
free
Chappel
of
St.
Stephens
in
Westminster
,
now
called
Henry
the
sevenths
Chappel
,
who
spent
fourteen
thousand
pound
in
building
of
it
,
and
about
the
same
time
he
built
a
Great
Ship
which
cost
just
so
much
.
Thus
much
for
the
Towers
and
Castles
of
London
.
CHAP.
IV.
The
Rivers
,
Wells
,
Conduits
,
Ditches
and
Bridges
,
&c.
in
and
about
this
City
.
IN
former
times
before
William
the
Conquerour
,
and
long
after
,
the
City
was
watered
(
besides
the
famous
River
of
Thames
in
the
South
)
with
the
River
of
Wells
,
as
it
was
then
called
;
and
in
the
West
with
a
water
called
Walbrook
,
running
through
the
midst
of
the
City
into
the
River
of
Thames
;
There
was
also
another
Water
which
ran
within
the
City
through
Langbourn
Ward
,
watering
that
part
in
the
East
;
There
were
three
Principal
Fountains
or
Wells
in
the
other
Suburbs
,
that
is
Holywell
,
Clements
Well
,
and
Clarkes
Well
;
and
near
to
the
last
were
divers
other
Wells
;
as
Skinners
Well
,
Fogs
Well
,
Todewell
,
and
Radwell
,
all
which
flowing
into
the
River
afore-mentioned
,
much
increased
the
stream
,
and
gave
it
the
name
of
Wells
.
It
is
recorded
that
in
West-Smithfield
there
was
a
Pool
called
Horse-pool
,
and
another
in
the
Parish
of
St.
Giles
;
Besides
which
they
had
in
divers
streets
and
Lanes
of
the
City
fair
Wells
,
and
fresh
Springs
,
by
which
the
City
was
served
with
sweet
Water
;
and
many
Conduits
were
built
in
divers
Streets
,
which
continued
till
the
dreadful
Fire
in
1666.
Since
which
time
for
the
Conveniency
and
enlargement
of
the
Streets
,
and
likewise
by
reason
of
the
new
River
Water
,
contrived
by
Sir
Hugh
Middleton
,
most
of
these
Conduits
are
taken
down
,
and
removed
.
For
Queen
Elizabeth
having
before
granted
to
the
Citizens
of
London
by
Act
of
Parliament
Liberty
for
cutting
and
conveying
a
River
from
any
part
of
Middlesex
or
Hertfordshire
to
the
City
of
London
with
a
limitation
of
Ten
years
time
,
her
life
ended
before
any
would
undertake
it
;
whereupon
the
like
Act
was
passed
by
King
James
,
but
without
Date
of
time
,
and
when
all
others
refused
it
,
Sir
Hugh
Middleton
undertook
to
bring
a
River
from
Chadwell
and
Amwell
,
to
the
Northside
of
London
near
Islington
,
where
he
built
a
large
Cistern
to
receive
it
.
This
work
was
begun
Feb.
20.
1608
and
in
the
five
years
space
was
fully
accomplished
,
though
with
great
difficulty
by
reason
of
the
difference
and
unevenness
of
the
Ground
,
the
depth
of
the
River
in
some
places
being
Thirty
Foot
,
and
in
other
places
the
water
is
carryed
through
a
Wooden
Trough
,
and
advanced
above
the
Valley
near
Three
and
Twenty
Foot
.
When
the
Water
was
brought
to
the
Cistern
,
but
not
as
yet
let
in
,
upon
Michaelmas
Day
1613.
in
the
afternoon
,
Sir
Thomas
Middleton
brother
to
Sir
Hugh
,
being
that
day
Elected
Lord
Mayor
for
the
year
ensusuing
,
he
together
with
the
present
Lord
Mayor
,
Sir
John
Swinerton
,
Sir
Thomas
and
Sir
Henry
Montague
,
the
Recorder
,
with
divers
other
Aldermen
and
Citizens
rid
to
see
the
Cistern
,
and
the
Water
first
issuing
therein
;
at
which
time
a
Troop
of
about
.
Three
score
Labourers
,
well
apparel'd
,
and
wearing
gree●
Monmouth
Caps
all
alike
,
Armed
with
Spades
,
Shovels
,
pick-axes
,
and
such
Instruments
of
Labour
,
marched
twice
or
thrice
round
the
Cistern
,
the
Drums
beating
before
them
,
and
then
presented
themselves
before
the
Mount
,
where
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
stood
to
behold
them
,
and
after
one
of
them
had
made
a
handsome
Speech
upon
the
occasion
,
the
Flood
Gates
flew
open
,
and
the
stream
ran
chearfully
into
the
Cistern
,
Drums
and
Trumpets
sounding
all
the
while
in
a
Triumphant
manner
,
and
a
brave
peal
of
Muskets
concluded
the
entertainment
.
But
above
all
the
City
owns
its
Glory
and
Riches
,
and
many
other
Blessings
to
the
excellent
River
of
Thames
,
whose
head
or
first
stream
issueth
out
of
the
side
of
a
Hill
upon
Cotswold
Downs
,
about
a
Mile
from
Tethury
,
near
to
Foss
a
High
Road
so
called
in
former
times
,
and
was
sometimes
named
Isis
or
the
Ouse
,
from
hence
it
runs
to
the
East
,
as
all
good
Rivers
should
,
though
not
without
some
turnings
,
and
meets
with
the
Cirne
or
Chiurn
,
a
brook
whereof
Cirencester
which
is
near
it
,
is
supposed
to
take
the
name
.
From
hence
it
hasteth
to
Creeklade
,
Lechlade
,
Radcotbridge
,
Newbridge
,
and
Evesham
,
receiving
by
the
way
abundance
of
small
Streams
,
Brooks
,
and
Rivulets
;
And
on
this
side
the
Town
devideth
it self
into
two
Streams
,
the
one
goes
directly
to
Hinckly
and
Botly
,
and
the
other
to
Godstow
;
this
latter
spreadeth
it self
for
a
while
into
divers
small
streams
,
which
run
not
far
before
they
meet
again
;
and
then
encompassing
divers
Fruitful
Meadows
,
it
passeth
at
length
by
Oxford
,
which
some
imagine
should
rather
be
called
Ouseford
of
this
River
,
and
there
it
meeteth
with
the
River
Charnel
,
a
little
from
whence
the
Original
Branches
Join
again
,
and
keep
Company
to
Abington
,
though
no
part
of
it
did
formerly
come
so
near
the
Town
as
now
it
doth
,
till
a
branch
thereof
was
led
thither
by
the
main
stream
,
through
the
Industry
of
the
Monks
,
as
also
by
the
decay
of
Caerdoure
,
now
called
Dorchester
,
sometimes
the
high
Road
from
from
Wales
and
the
West
Countrey
to
London
.
From
thence
it
goeth
to
Dorchester
,
and
so
into
Thame
,
where
joining
to
a
River
of
that
name
,
it
is
called
no
more
Ouse
but
Thames
;
from
thence
it
goeth
to
Wallingford
and
so
to
Reading
,
which
was
formerly
called
Pontium
,
because
of
the
number
of
Bridges
.
There
it
joins
with
the
River
Kenet
,
which
comes
from
the
Hills
West
of
Marleborough
,
and
soon
after
with
the
Thetis
commonly
called
the
Tyde
which
comes
from
Thetisford
;
It
goes
from
thence
to
Sudlington
,
or
Maidenhead
,
and
so
to
Windlestore
or
Windsor
,
Eaton
,
Chertsey
,
Stanes
,
and
there
receiving
another
Stream
by
the
way
called
Cole
,
where
Colebrook
stands
,
it
proceeds
to
Kingston
,
Richmond
,
Sheen
,
Sion
,
and
Brentford
,
where
it
meets
with
another
stream
called
the
Brene
coming
from
Edgworth
;
It
runs
then
by
Moreclack
,
Putney
,
Falham
,
Battersey
,
Chelsey
,
Lambeth
,
Westminster
,
and
so
to
London
.
And
passing
through
the
Bridge
the
first
water
that
fall
into
it
is
Brome
,
West
of
Greenwich
,
whose
spring
comes
from
Bromley
in
Kent
.
The
next
is
River
on
Essex
side
over
against
Woolwich
which
is
called
Lee
,
and
falls
into
it
;
and
a
while
after
the
River
Derwent
on
Kent
side
falls
therein
,
having
its
rise
from
Tunbridg
;
The
next
water
that
falls
into
the
Thames
is
a
Rivulet
of
no
great
note
,
West
of
the
Wain
Isles
;
Last
of
all
the
River
of
Thames
mingleth
with
the
River
Medway
,
which
comes
out
of
Kent
by
Rochester
,
Chatham
,
and
divers
other
Places
,
and
waters
all
the
South
parts
of
Kent
.
This
Noble
River
for
its
bredth
,
depth
,
gentle
streight
even
Course
,
extraordinary
wholsom
Waters
and
Tides
,
is
more
commodious
for
Navigation
than
perhaps
any
other
River
in
the
World
;
The
Sea
flows
gently
up
this
River
fourscore
Miles
,
that
is
almost
to
Kingston
,
twelve
miles
above
London
by
Land
,
and
twenty
by
Water
,
bringing
the
greater
Vessels
to
London
,
and
the
smaller
beyond
,
and
then
Boats
are
drawn
to
Oxford
against
the
Stream
,
and
many
miles
higher
.
As
oft
as
the
Moon
comes
to
the
Northeast
,
and
Southwest
Points
of
Heaven
,
it
is
high
Water
at
the
City
,
the
one
Point
in
our
Hemisphere
,
and
the
other
in
the
other
.
The
Highest
Tides
are
upon
a
Land-floud
,
the
Wind
Northwest
at
the
Equinoctial
,
and
the
Moon
at
full
,
when
these
four
Causes
concur
,
which
is
very
rare
,
than
the
Thames
overflows
its
Banks
in
some
places
,
and
Westminster
is
somewhat
endamaged
in
their
Cellars
,
but
not
in
their
upper
Rooms
;
This
River
opening
Eastward
toward
France
and
Germany
is
much
more
advantagious
for
Traffick
then
any
other
River
in
England
;
wherein
there
is
contained
variety
of
Excellent
Fish
,
and
on
both
sides
thereof
lyes
a
Fruitful
Fat
Soyl
,
pleasant
rich
Meadows
,
and
innumerable
Stately
Palaces
.
So
that
the
Thames
seems
to
be
the
radical
Moisture
of
the
City
and
in
some
sence
the
Natural
heat
too
,
for
almost
all
the
Fuel
for
Firing
is
brought
up
this
River
from
Newcastle
,
Scotland
,
Kent
,
Essex
and
other
parts
;
From
this
River
the
City
by
water
Engines
is
in
many
Places
supplyed
with
excellent
wholsome
water
,
and
also
from
almost
twenty
Conduits
which
are
yet
remaining
of
pure
spring
Water
,
as
well
as
by
the
New
River
aforementioned
of
which
River
we
shall
add
,
That
it
comes
from
Amwell
and
Chadwell
two
Springs
near
Ware
in
Hertfordshire
from
whence
in
a
turning
and
winding
Course
it
runs
threescore
Miles
,
before
it
reaches
Islington
;
Over
this
River
are
made
800
Bridges
,
some
of
Stone
,
some
of
brick
and
some
of
Wood
,
600
men
were
at
once
imployed
in
this
Great
work
It
is
carried
in
Pipes
of
wood
under
gronnd
into
most
Streets
of
this
City
,
and
from
thence
with
Pipes
of
Lead
into
Houses
,
it
serves
the
highest
parts
of
London
in
their
lower
Rooms
,
and
the
lower
parts
in
their
highest
room
.
This
City
likewise
is
so
Scituated
,
that
in
all
parts
,
though
in
the
highest
ground
it
is
abundantly
served
with
Pump
Water
,
and
these
Pumps
in
many
places
not
six
foot
deep
in
the
ground
.
The
vast
Traffick
and
Commerce
whereby
this
City
doth
flourish
may
be
guessed
at
chiefly
by
the
cu●io●●s
which
are
paid
for
all
Merchandize
Imported
or
Exported
,
which
in
the
Port
of
London
only
,
amounts
to
above
Three
Hundred
Thousand
Pounds
a
Year
;
and
by
the
vast
number
of
Ships
,
which
by
their
Masts
resemble
a
Forrest
,
as
they
lye
along
the
stream
,
besides
many
that
are
sent
forth
every
year
to
carry
and
fetch
Commodities
to
,
and
from
all
parts
of
the
known
world
,
now
for
the
preservation
of
the
River
Thames
,
there
is
a
Court
of
conservacy
kept
by
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
of
London
,
(
under
whom
is
a
Water
Bayliff
and
other
Officers
,
)
they
commonly
fish
eight
times
every
year
in
the
four
Counties
of
Middlesx
,
Surrey
,
Kent
and
Essex
,
where
they
have
power
to
Impanel
Juries
,
and
to
make
Inquisition
into
,
and
punish
all
Offences
committed
upon
the
River
within
their
Jurisdiction
and
Extent
;
which
begins
at
a
place
called
Colny
Ditch
,
a
little
above
Stanes-bridge
Westward
;
and
from
thence
all
along
through
London
Bridge
to
a
place
called
Yendal
,
alias
Yenleet
,
and
the
waters
of
Medway
near
Chatham
in
Kent
Eastward
.
This
River
as
we
have
say'd
,
is
full
of
all
sorts
of
Excellent
Fish
,
as
sweet
Salmons
after
the
time
of
the
Smelt
is
past
,
wherein
no
River
in
Europe
exceeds
it
;
It
hath
likewise
store
of
Barbels
,
Trouts
,
Chevins
,
Pearches
,
Smelts
,
Breams
,
Roches
,
Daces
,
Gudgeons
,
Flounders
,
Shrimps
,
Eels
,
&c.
only
it
seems
not
to
be
so
stored
with
Carps
,
except
that
by
Land-Flonds
,
they
are
sometimes
brought
out
of
Gentlemens
Ponds
;
There
are
great
numbers
of
Swans
dayly
seen
upon
this
River
,
and
above
Two
Thousand
Wherries
and
small
Boats
,
whereby
Three
Thousand
poor
Watermen
are
maintained
,
by
carrying
Goods
and
Passengers
thereon
,
besides
those
large
Tilt-boats
,
Tyde-boats
and
Barges
,
which
either
carry
People
,
or
bring
Provision
from
all
parts
of
the
Counties
of
Oxford
,
Berks
,
Buchingham
,
Bedford
,
Hertford
,
Middlesex
,
Essex
,
Surry
and
Kent
to
the
City
of
London
,
To
conclude
this
famous
River
of
Thames
,
taking
all
her
advantages
together
,
surpasseth
all
others
that
pay
Tribute
to
the
Ocean
,
if
we
consider
the
streightness
of
its
course
,
the
stilness
of
its
streams
,
considering
its
bredth
,
as
also
its
length
,
running
above
Ninescore
Miles
before
it
comes
into
the
Sea
,
and
the
conveniency
of
its
situation
being
toward
the
middle
of
England
;
It
hath
likewise
one
peculiar
property
more
,
that
the
entrance
into
this
River
is
safe
,
and
easy
to
Englishmen
,
and
Natives
,
but
difficult
and
hazardous
to
Strangers
,
either
to
go
in
and
out
without
a
Pilot
;
insomuch
that
in
the
whole
,
the
Thames
may
be
said
to
be
Londons
best
Friend
,
as
may
appear
by
a
passage
in
the
Reign
of
King
James
,
who
being
displeased
with
the
City
,
because
they
would
not
lend
him
a
sum
of
money
which
he
required
,
and
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
attending
him
one
day
,
being
somewhat
transported
with
Anger
,
the
King
said
,
He
would
remove
his
own
Court
,
with
all
the
Records
of
the
Tower
,
and
the
Courts
of
Westminster
Hall
to
another
place
,
with
further
expressions
of
his
Indignation
.
The
Lord
Mayor
calmly
heard
all
,
and
at
last
Answered
,
Your
Majesty
hath
power
to
do
what
you
please
,
and
your
City
of
London
will
obey
accordingly
,
but
she
humbly
desires
that
when
your
Majesty
shall
remove
your
Courts
,
you
would
please
to
leave
the
River
of
Thames
behind
you
,
having
been
thus
long
upon
the
Water
,
't
is
now
time
to
Land
and
take
a
view
of
the
great
and
stupendious
Bridge
,
which
if
the
scituation
and
structure
thereof
be
well
considered
,
may
be
said
to
be
one
of
the
Wonders
of
the
World
;
of
which
an
Ingenious
Gentleman
deceased
made
this
Poem
;
When
Neptune
from
his
Billows
London
spy'd
,
Brought
proud'y
thither
by
a
High
Spring
Tyde
;
As
through
a
floating
Wood
he
steer'd
along
,
And
danc●●g
Castles
clustered
in
a
Throng
;
When
he
beheld
a
mighty
Bridge
give
Law
,
Unto
his
Surges
,
and
their
Fury
awe
,
When
such
a
Shelf
of
Cataracts
did
roar
,
As
if
the
Thames
with
Nyle
had
chang'd
her
Shore
;
When
he
such
Massy
Walls
,
such
Towers
did
eye
,
Such
Posts
,
such
Irons
.
on
his
back
to
lye
;
When
such
vast
Arches
he
observ'd
that
might
,
Nineteen
Rialto's
make
for
depth
and
height
,
When
the
Cerulean
God
these
things
surveyed
,
He
shook
his
Trident
,
and
astonisht
said
;
Let
the
whole
world
now
all
her
wonders
count
,
This
Bridge
of
wonders
is
the
Paramount
.
At
first
there
was
only
a
Ferry
kept
where
the
Bridge
now
is
,
and
the
Ferry-man
and
his
Wife
dying
,
left
it
to
their
only
Daughter
a
Maiden
named
Mary
,
who
with
the
profits
thereof
,
and
money
left
her
by
her
Parents
,
built
a
House
for
Nuns
in
the
place
where
the
East
part
of
St.
Mary
Overies
Church
now
stands
,
above
the
Quire
where
she
was
buried
;
and
unto
those
Nuns
she
bequeathed
the
benefit
,
and
oversight
of
the
Ferry
,
but
that
being
afterwards
turned
to
a
House
of
Priests
,
they
built
a
Bridge
of
Timber
,
which
they
kept
in
good
repair
,
till
at
length
considering
the
vast
charge
thereof
by
the
contribution
of
the
Citizens
and
others
,
a
Bridge
was
built
of
Stone
.
Several
Accidents
have
happened
concerning
this
Bridge
,
of
which
we
shall
mention
some
hereafter
in
the
Reign
of
the
several
Kings
.
In
the
first
year
of
King
Stephen
a
Fire
began
near
London-stone
,
and
burnt
stands
in
the
Quire
wher
of
she
was
buried
;
to
those
Nuns
she
bequeathed
the
benefit
,
and
oversight
of
the
Ferry
,
but
that
being
afterwards
turned
to
a
House
of
Priests
,
they
built
a
bridge
of
Timber
,
which
they
kept
in
good
repair
,
till
at
length
considering
the
vast
charge
thereof
by
the
contribution
of
the
Citizens
and
others
,
a
Bridge
was
built
of
Stone
.
Several
Accidents
have
happened
to
this
Bridge
.
In
the
first
year
of
King
Stephen
a
Fire
began
near
London
Stone
,
and
burnt
East
to
Algate
,
and
West
to
St.
Paul's
Church
;
the
Bridge
of
Timber
upon
the
Thames
was
also
burnt
,
but
afterward
repaired
.
In
1163
it
was
rebuilt
all
of
new
Timber
,
by
Peter
of
Cole-Church
a
Priest
,
which
shews
,
that
there
was
a
Timber
Bridge
215
years
before
the
Bridge
of
Stone
was
erected
,
which
was
maintained
partly
by
Gifts
,
and
partly
by
Taxes
in
every
Shire
.
In
1176
the
Foundation
of
the
Stone-Bridge
was
laid
by
the
aforesaid
Peter
near
the
place
of
the
Timber-Bridge
,
but
somewhat
more
to
the
West
;
for
we
read
that
Buttolph's
Wharf
was
at
the
end
of
London-Bridge
;
the
King
assisted
in
the
work
;
to
perform
which
,
the
course
of
the
River
Thames
was
turned
another
way
about
,
by
a
Trench
cast
up
for
that
purpose
,
beginning
in
the
East
about
Rotherhith
,
and
ending
in
the
West
at
Battersea
.
This
Bridge
with
the
Arches
Chappel
,
&c.
was
33
years
in
building
,
and
finished
in
1209
by
the
worthy
Citizens
,
W.
Serle
Mercer
W.
Alman
,
&
Senedict
Botecorite
,
who
were
Overseers
of
it
,
for
Peter
of
Cole-Church
died
four
years
before
,
and
as
he
principal
Benefactor
being
buried
in
the
Chappel
on
London-Bridge
,
a
Mason
who
was
Master-workman
of
the
Bridge
,
built
this
large
Chappel
from
the
Foundation
,
at
his
own
Charge
,
was
which
endowed
for
two
Priests
,
and
four
Clerks
;
after
the
finishing
the
Chapel
,
which
was
the
first
building
on
those
Arches
,
divers
Mansion
Houses
were
erected
,
and
many
Lands
,
Tenements
,
and
sums
of
Money
were
given
toward
the
maintenance
of
the
Bridge
,
all
which
were
●ormerly
registred
in
a
Table
for
Posterity
,
and
bung
up
in
the
Chappel
,
till
it
was
turned
into
a
dwelling
House
,
and
was
then
removed
to
the
Bridge-house
;
and
it
's
recorded
that
all
the
Revenues
belonging
to
to
London-Bridge
in
King
Henry
VII
time
,
amounted
to
8
15
l.
17
s.
2d
.
a
year
,
by
which
we
may
partly
guess
at
the
Incomes
of
this
Bridge
,
and
what
vast
increase
is
made
of
it
by
this
time
.
But
this
noble
Bridge
like
other
earthly
things
hath
suffered
many
disasters
since
,
for
some
years
after
the
finishing
thereof
,
that
is
,
1212.
on
the
10th
.
of
July
at
Night
the
Burrough
of
Southwark
and
St.
Mary
Overies
Church
being
on
fire
,
and
a
multitude
of
People
passing
the
Bridge
,
either
to
quench
or
gaze
upon
it
,
on
a
sudden
the
North
part
of
it
,
by
the
blowing
of
the
South
wind
,
was
set
on
fire
,
and
when
the
People
would
have
returned
,
they
were
stopped
by
the
Fire
,
and
as
they
stayed
in
a
consternation
the
South
end
of
the
Bridge
sell
on
fire
,
so
that
the
People
thronging
between
two
raging
Fires
expected
present
death
,
whereupon
there
came
many
Boats
and
Vessels
to
save
them
,
into
which
the
multitude
rushed
so
unadvisedly
,
that
the
boats
being
thereby
sunk
,
they
were
all
drowned
;
above
Three
thousand
Persons
being
destroyed
by
the
Fire
and
Water
,
part
of
whose
Bodies
were
found
half
burned
,
besides
those
burnt
to
Ashes
,
which
could
not
be
found
.
In
1282.
after
a
great
Frost
and
deep
Snow
,
five
Arches
of
London-Bridge
were
carried
away
.
In
1289.
the
Bridge
was
so
much
decayed
that
People
were
afraid
to
go
over
it
,
but
by
a
subsidy
granted
it
was
repaired
.
In
1595.
on
St.
George's
Day
there
was
a
great
Justing
on
London-Bridge
,
between
David
Earl
of
Crawford
of
Scotland
.
and
the
Lord
Wells
of
England
,
which
shews
that
the
Bridge
was
then
only
coaped
in
,
but
not
built
with
Houses
as
it
is
now
.
The
next
year
Novem.
30.
the
young
Queen
Isabel
Wife
to
Richard
II.
commonly
called
the
little
Queen
,
for
she
was
but
8
years
old
,
was
brought
from
Kenington
over
the
Bridge
to
the
Tower
of
London
,
&
such
a
mu●●itude
of
People
went
upon
the
Bridge
to
see
her
,
that
nine
Persons
were
crouded
to
death
,
among
the
rest
the
P●●or
of
Tiptree
in
Essex
,
and
an
ancient
Matron
in
Cornhill
.
In
1633
there
happened
a
great
Fire
on
London
Bridge
,
but
was
again
repaired
.
In
the
dreadful
Fire
1666
a
great
part
of
the
North
Buildings
of
the
Bridge
were
burnt
down
,
but
are
wholly
rebuilt
with
much
Advantage
.
To
conclude
,
this
Bridge
for
admirable
Workmanship
,
vastness
of
Foundation
,
and
Dimensions
,
and
for
stately
Houses
,
and
rich
Shops
built
thereon
,
surpasseth
all
others
in
Europe
;
it
hath
nineteen
Arches
founded
in
a
deep
River
,
made
of
square
Stone
,
sixty
Foot
in
height
,
and
Thirty
in
breadth
,
distant
20
foot
one
from
another
,
joined
together
with
Vaults
and
Cellars
,
and
built
as
some
say
upon
Ozy
soft
ground
,
being
Eight
hundred
Foot
in
length
and
30
foot
broad
,
and
a
Draw-bridge
almost
in
the
middle
,
Besides
this
noble
Bridge
there
are
others
belong
to
the
City
,
as
three
stately
Bridges
of
Stone
built
since
1666
over
Fleet
Ditch
,
and
also
Holborn
Bridge
,
the
Ditch
being
enlarged
,
cleansed
,
and
fenced
of
each
side
with
Stone
and
Rails
,
and
Store-Houses
for
Coals
on
each
side
;
it
is
likewise
freed
from
Houses
for
twenty
Foot
on
each
side
,
and
made
exceeding
handsome
,
to
the
great
charge
of
this
City
,
there
were
likewise
some
small
Bridges
over
the
Town
Ditch
,
but
now
it
is
arched
over
with
Brick
,
and
doth
no where
appear
,
being
paved
even
with
the
Street
.
CHAP.
V.
The
Government
of
the
City
of
London
.
THE
Civil
Government
of
this
City
is
not
as
it
is
in
Rome
,
Paris
,
Madrid
,
Vienna
,
and
other
Cities
,
by
a
chief
Magistrate
,
or
some
noble
Man
set
over
it
,
as
it
was
here
in
the
time
of
the
Romans
,
when
the
chief
Magistrate
was
called
the
Prefect
of
London
,
or
in
the
time
of
the
Saxons
,
when
he
was
called
the
Portrieve
,
Custos
or
Guardian
,
and
sometimes
Provost
of
London
,
but
after
the
coming
in
of
the
Normans
the
cheif
Magistrate
was
called
Bailive
from
the
French
,
or
Commissarie
,
one
that
hath
a
Commission
to
govern
,
and
there
were
sometimes
two
Bailiffs
of
London
,
till
Rich.
I.
1189.
changed
the
name
of
Bailiff
into
Mayor
,
which
hath
held
ever
since
.
The
Mayor
is
a
Citizen
chosen
every
year
by
the
Citizens
,
evcept
when
their
Priviledges
and
Franchises
have
been
taken
from
them
,
as
in
the
time
of
Henry
III.
Edward
I.
and
King
Charles
II.
The
Mayor
,
tho'
always
a
Citizen
or
Tradesman
,
hath
been
of
such
high
repute
,
that
in
writing
and
speaking
to
him
the
Title
of
Lord
is
prefixt
,
as
to
Noble
Men
,
Bishops
or
Judges
,
and
of
late
to
the
Mayor
of
York
,
or
some
of
the
highest
Officers
of
the
Realm
;
he
is
likewise
usually
Knighted
;
his
Table
,
(
and
also
the
two
Sheriffs
is
open
to
all
that
are
of
any
Quality
,
but
so
well
furnished
that
it
is
always
fit
to
receive
the
greatest
Subject
in
England
;
nay
it
is
recorded
that
a
Lord
Mayor
of
London
feasted
four
Kings
at
once
at
his
Table
.
His
Officers
are
eight
of
them
Esquires
by
their
places
,
that
is
,
the
Sword-bearer
,
the
Common
Hunt
,
(
who
keeps
a
Kennel
of
Hounds
for
the
Lord
Mayor's
Recreation
)
the
Common
Cryer
,
and
four
Water-Bailiffs
;
there
is
also
the
Coroner
,
three
Sergeants
Carvers
,
three
Serjeants
of
the
Chamber
,
a
Serjeant
of
the
Channel
,
four
Yeomen
of
the
Water-side
,
one
Under
Bailiff
,
two
Yeomen
of
the
Chamber
,
three
Meal
Weighers
,
two
Yeomen
of
the
Wood
Wharfs
,
most
of
which
have
their
Servants
allowed
them
,
and
Liveries
for
themselves
.
The
State
of
the
Lord
Mayor
appears
when
he
goes
abroad
,
which
is
usually
on
Horseback
,
with
rich
Caparisons
,
himself
always
in
long
Robes
either
of
Scarlet
richly
surred
.
People
or
Puke
with
a
Chain
of
Gold
about
his
Neck
,
many
Officers
walking
before
,
and
on
all
sides
of
him
;
but
esp●cially
on
the
29th
of
October
,
when
he
goes
〈◊〉
Westminster
in
his
Barge
,
with
the
Aldermen
,
attended
by
all
his
Officers
,
and
the
Liverymen
of
the
several
Companies
,
in
their
stately
Barges
with
their
Arms
,
Colours
and
Streamers
;
and
having
in
the
Exchequer
Chamber
before
the
Judges
,
taken
his
Oath
to
be
true
to
the
King
and
Government
,
he
returns
in
like
manner
to
Guild-hall
,
that
is
,
the
Great
Hall
of
Guilds
,
o●
Incorporated
Confraternities
,
where
is
prepared
a
sumptuous
Dinner
,
&
the
Kings
,
Queens
,
Noblemen
,
and
Persons
of
Honour
have
of
late
years
been
pleased
to
dine
there
with
him
;
with
the
Forreign
Ambassadors
and
all
the
Judges
.
This
great
Magistrate
upon
the
Death
of
the
King
is
said
to
be
the
Prime
Person
in
England
,
and
therefore
when
King
James
was
invited
to
come
and
take
the
Crown
of
England
,
Robert
Loe
then
Lord
Mayor
of
London
,
subscribed
in
the
first
place
,
before
the
great
Officers
of
the
Crown
and
the
Nobility
;
he
is
usually
chosen
on
Michaelmas
day
out
of
26
Aldermen
,
all
Wealthy
Men.
His
Authority
reaches
over
all
this
great
City
,
part
of
the
Suburbs
,
and
likewise
to
the
River
of
Thames
,
with
power
to
punish
all
that
annoy
the
Stream
,
Banks
or
Fish
;
only
the
safety
of
the
River
against
an
Invasion
,
and
securing
Merchandizing
,
and
Navigation
by
Block-Houses
,
Forts
or
〈…〉
There
are
divers
Courts
of
Judicature
belonging
to
the
Lord
Mayor
and
City
of
London
;
the
highest
and
most
ancient
Court
is
called
the
Hustings
,
which
preserves
the
Laws
,
Rights
,
Franchises
and
Customs
of
the
City
.
There
is
a
Court
of
Requests
or
Conscience
;
the
Court
of
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
,
where
also
the
Recorder
and
Sheriffs
sit
;
two
Courts
of
the
Sheriffs
,
one
for
each
Counter
;
the
Court
of
the
City
Orphans
,
whereof
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
have
the
Care
.
The
Court
of
Common-Council
consisting
(
as
the
Parliament
of
England
)
of
two
Houses
one
of
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
,
and
the
other
of
Commoners
,
but
they
fit
all
together
.
In
which
Court
are
made
all
B.
-Laws
,
which
bind
all
the
Citizens
of
London
,
for
every
man
either
by
himself
or
by
his
Representative
gives
his
assent
thereto
,
wherein
consists
the
happiness
of
the
English
above
all
other
Sub●●cts
in
the
world
,
that
neither
in
Laws
,
By
Laws
,
Taxes
nor
Imposts
,
no
man
is
obliged
to
pay
any
thing
but
by
his
own
consent
.
There
is
another
Court
of
the
Chamberlain
of
the
City
,
to
whom
belong
the
Receipts
of
the
Rents
,
and
Revenues
thereof
,
and
likewise
the
Inrolling
and
making
Free
Apprentices
,
over
whom
he
hath
great
Authority
.
Also
the
Courts
of
Coroner
,
and
Escheator
,
and
another
Court
for
the
conservation
of
the
River
of
Thames
;
lastly
,
the
Court
of
Goal
Delivery
at
Newgate
,
held
usually
,
eight
times
a
●ear
at
the
Old
Baily
both
for
the
City
and
Middlesex
,
for
the
Trial
of
Criminals
,
whereof
the
Lord
May
or
is
cheif
Judge
.
There
are
other
Courts
called
Wardmote
or
the
meeting
of
Wards
,
whereof
there
are
26
in
the
whole
City
,
every
Alderman
having
a
several
Ward
.
In
this
Court
Inquiry
is
made
into
all
things
that
conduce
to
the
Regulating
and
well
Governing
of
the
City
.
Also
the
Court
of
Hallmote
or
Assembly
of
every
Guild
and
Fraternity
,
for
Regulating
what
belongs
to
every
company
in
particular
.
There
are
two
Sheriff
belonging
to
this
City
,
which
like
the
Lord
Mayor
are
only
for
a
year
and
are
elected
generally
upon
Midsummerday
.
The
name
is
thought
to
be
Saxon
from
Shire
,
or
Country
,
and
Rive
Governour
.
His
Office
is
to
serve
the
King's
Writs
of
Attachment
,
to
return
indifferent
Juries
,
to
see
that
the
publick
Peace
be
kept
and
that
condemned
Persons
be
executed
,
&c.
Newgate
,
Ludgate
,
and
the
two
Counters
are
put
into
the
Custody
of
the
Sheriffs
.
For
the
Ecclesiastical
Government
,
there
is
a
Bishop
,
and
the
present
is
Dr.
Henry
Compton
;
and
to
the
Cathedral
of
St
,
Paul's
,
belongs
a
Dean
,
a
Chapter
,
a
Treasurer
and
〈◊〉
Prehends
.
A
Rector
or
Vicar
is
placed
in
every
Parish
for
the
Cure
of
S●uls
,
and
there
is
in
most
Parishes
a
Parsonage
or
Vicarage-House
for
the
Minister
,
and
a
Competent
Allowance
of
Tithes
.
CHAP.
VI.
The
several
Companies
or
Corporations
of
the
City
of
London
,
with
the
Arms
of
each
Company
,
and
the
time
of
their
Incorporating
.
THE
Traders
of
the
City
of
London
are
divided
into
Companies
or
Corporations
,
and
are
so
many
Bodies
Politick
,
enjoying
large
Priviledges
by
the
Charters
of
divers
Kings
granted
to
them
,
and
have
Halls
to
meet
in
,
some
like
Pallaces
(
with
Arms
belonging
to
each
Company
)
The
Arms
of
this
famous
City
of
London
are
Argent
Cross
Gules
,
with
the
Sword
of
St.
Paul
(
say
some
)
and
not
the
Dagger
of
William
Walworth
,
for
they
say
it
is
recorded
this
Coat
did
belong
to
the
City
long
before
Wat
Tyler's
Rebellion
.
London coat of arms
The
ARMS
of
London
.
The
ARMS
of
the
rest
of
the
Companies
follow
.
guild coat of arms
Merchant
Adventurers
.
Incorporated
by
Ed.
4.
consirmed
by
Q.
Eliz.
guild coat of arms
Turkey
Merchants
.
Incorporated
by
Q.
E.
their
Charter
inlarged
by
K.
James
1.
guild coat of arms
East-India
Company
.
They
were
first
Incorporated
by
Q.
E.
1600.
guild coat of arms
1.
Mercers
.
They
were
Incorporat
.
17
Rich.
2.
1393.
guild coat of arms
2.
Grocers
.
First
called
Pepperers
,
Incorporated
28
E.
3.
guild coat of arms
3.
Drapers
.
They
were
Incorpor●●●
in
the
17
H.
6.
guild coat of arms
4.
Fishmongers
.
The
Stock
and
Salt
Incorporated
28
H.
8.
guild coat of arms
5.
Goldsmiths
.
They
were
made
a
Company
16
R.
2.
guild coat of arms
6.
Skinners
.
Incorporated
first
by
Edw.
3.
confirmed
18
Rich
2.
guild coat of arms
7.
Merchant
Taylors
.
They
were
compleatly
Incorporated
by
Hen.
7.
1531.
guild coat of arms
8.
Haberdashers
.
Incorporat
.
17
Hen.
7.
called
St.
Kath.
Society
.
guild coat of arms
9.
Salters
.
Had
their
Arms
22
Hen.
8.
Crest
and
Supporters
by
Q.
Eliz.
guild coat of arms
10.
Iro●mongers
.
They
were
made
a
Company
the
3d
of
Edward
4.
guild coat of arms
11.
Vintners
.
Incorpor
.
by
Edw.
3.
and
confirmed
by
Hen.
6.
guild coat of arms
12.
Clothworkers
.
Grew
to
be
a
Company
the
22
of
Henry
8.
guild coat of arms
13.
Dyers
.
Incorporated
first
by
a
Charter
from
Henry
6.
guild coat of arms
14.
Brewers
.
Incorporated
by
Hen.
6.
confirmed
by
Q.
Eliz.
guild coat of arms
15.
Leathersellers
.
First
Incorporated
in
the
6th
of
Richard
2.
guild coat of arms
16.
Prwterers
.
They
were
made
a
Society
by
K.
Edw.
4.
guild coat of arms
17.
Barber-Chirurgeons
.
First
Incorporated
by
Edw.
4.
and
confirmed
by
every
Prince
since
.
guild coat of arms
18.
Armorers
.
Incorporated
by
Hen.
6.
himself
being
of
the
Company
.
guild coat of arms
19.
White
Bakers
They
are
Ancient
being
Incorporat
.
1
Edw.
2.
guild coat of arms
20.
Wax
Chandlers
.
In
great
credit
in
the
times
of
Popery
,
Incorporat
.
2
Rich.
3.
1484.
guild coat of arms
21.
Tallow
Chandlers
.
Incorporated
2
Edw.
4.
and
confirmed
by
King
James
1.
guild coat of arms
22.
Cutlers
.
They
were
made
a
Company
by
Henry
5.
and
others
since
.
guild coat of arms
23.
Girdlees
.
They
were
made
a
Company
27
Henry
6.
guild coat of arms
24
Butchers
.
They
were
not
Incorporated
till
3
of
King
James
1.
guild coat of arms
25.
Sadlers
.
They
are
Ancient
from
Edw.
1.
300
years
ago
.
guild coat of arms
26.
Carpenters
.
They
were
Incorporated
7
July
,
17
Edw.
4.
guild coat of arms
27.
Cordwinders
or
Shoemakers
were
Incorporated
17
Hen.
6.
and
confirmed
since
.
guild coat of arms
28.
Painters
or
Painter
Stainers
were
Incorgor
.
23
Q.
E.
1580.
guild coat of arms
29.
Curriers
.
They
are
ancient
but
not
Incorporated
till
12
Jnne
,
3
of
King
James
.
guild coat of arms
30.
Masons
,
or
Free
Masons
were
made
〈◊〉
Company
12
Hen.
4.
guild coat of arms
31.
Plumbers
.
They
were
made
a
Corporation
9
K.
James
1.
guild coat of arms
32.
Inholders
They
were
made
a
Company
6
Henry
8.
guild coat of arms
33.
Founderes
,
Incorporated
the
18
Sept.
12
K.
James
1.
guild coat of arms
34.
Embroiderers
.
They
were
Incorporated
in
the
4
of
Q.
Eliz.
guild coat of arms
35.
Poulterers
.
Incorporat
.
by
Henry
7.
and
confirmed
.
33
Q.
E.
guild coat of arms
36.
Cooks
.
Indorpor
.
12
E.
4.
&
confir
.
by
Q.
E.
&
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
37.
Coopers
.
They
were
made
a
Company
the
18
H.
7.
guild coat of arms
38.
Bricklayers
,
or
Tylers
,
Incorporated
by
Q.
E.
confirm
.
2
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
39.
Bowyers
.
The
of
their
Incorporated
was
21
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
40.
Fletchers
.
They
are
also
a
Corporation
,
but
when
made
is
uncertain
.
guild coat of arms
41.
Blacksmiths
.
Incorporated
20
Q.
E.
confirmed
2
K.
Ja.
1.
guild coat of arms
42.
Joyners
.
Incorporated
13
Q.
E.
guild coat of arms
43.
Plaisterers
.
They
were
Incorporain
the
Reign
of
King
Henry
the
7.
guild coat of arms
44.
Weavers
,
now
Silk
Weavers
,
very
ancient
,
having
3
Societies
.
guild coat of arms
45.
Fruiterers
.
Incorporated
3
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
49.
Scriveners
.
Ancient
,
yet
not
Incorporated
till
14
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
50.
Bottlemakers
.
Horners
,
are
of
great
Antiquity
,
but
not
Incor
.
guild coat of arms
51.
Stationers
.
Of
great
Antiquity
before
Printing
,
&
Incorporated
3
Phil.
and
M.
guild coat of arms
52.
Marblers
.
Not
Incorporat
.
unless
joined
with
the
Masons
.
guild coat of arms
53.
Wool-packers
They
flou●●●hed
in
the
time
of
the
Wo●●staple
.
guild coat of arms
54.
Farriers
.
They
rise
from
Henry
de
Ferraris
,
Master
of
the
Horse
to
W.
Conqueror
.
guild coat of arms
55.
〈◊〉
They
have
kept
friendship
together
many
ye
.
guild coat of arms
56.
Lovimers
.
They
have
a
Hall
in
Colemanstreet
Ward
,
upon
London
Wall
.
guild coat of arms
57
Brown
Babers
.
They
are
or
long
stand
〈…〉
Incor
.
10
K.J.
●
.
guild coat of arms
58.
●●●●●ongers
.
Incor
.
3
K.
J.
1.
have
lost
their
Charter
.
guild coat of arms
59.
V●h●lsterers
.
Formerly
much
esteemed
,
but
we
do
not
find
when
Incorporat
.
guild coat of arms
60.
Turners
They
were
made
a
Comp.
2
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
61.
Glasiers
Of
ancient
Friendship
,
but
their
Incor
.
unkn
.
guild coat of arms
62
Clerks
called
Parish
●lerks
,
were
Incorporated
17
Henry
3.
guild coat of arms
63.
Watermen
.
They
are
a
Brotherhood
regulated
by
the
guild coat of arms
64.
●●oth●●
wies
.
Divided
from
the
Grocers
.
In
or
.
15
K.
J.
1.
guild coat of arms
65.
Silk
Throwers
.
They
were
Incor
.
1.
April
in
the
5
K.
Char.
Out
of
the
12
first
of
these
Companies
,
is
the
Lord
Mayor
chosen
,
or
at
least
he
is
made
Free
of
one
of
them
after
he
is
Elected
.
The
Livery
men
of
all
these
Companies
meet
together
at
Cuildha●l
for
chusing
Lord
Mayor
,
Sheriffs
,
Parliament
Men
,
(
whereof
there
are
four
for
this
City
)
and
their
Officers
which
is
called
a
Common
Hall
.
They
are
Elected
by
the
Majority
of
Voices
.
CHAP.
VII
.
The
Wards
and
Precincts
of
the
City
of
London
.
THE
General
Division
of
the
Wards
of
this
City
since
their
purchasing
the
Liberties
of
Southwark
in
the
County
of
Surrey
,
consists
of
twenty
six
parts
,
which
have
twenty
six
Aldermen
to
govern
them
;
the
names
of
which
are
as
follow
.
1.
Towerstreet
Ward
,
so
called
from
the
Tower
of
London
;
it
contains
Sydon
,
or
Seething
lane
,
part
of
Mark-lane
,
Mincing
lane
,
and
Beer
lane
,
in
which
is
Bakers-Hal
;
two
Lanes
called
Church-lanes
,
and
next
to
them
Fowl
lane
,
the
Church
of
St.
Dunstans
in
the
East
,
&
the
Custom-house
where
are
paid
all
the
Impositions
laid
on
Merchand
ses
,
imported
or
exported
;
which
is
so
considerable
,
that
all
the
Customs
of
England
,
being
divided
into
three
parts
,
the
Port
of
London
pays
two
Thirds
,
that
is
,
above
330000
Pound
yearly
.
This
House
being
destroyed
by
the
Fire
,
1666
,
is
now
rebuilt
in
a
more
magnificen
:
Uniform
and
commodius
Manner
,
by
the
King
,
and
cost
10000
l.
the
building
.
In
this
Ward
are
,
the
Tower
of
London
,
two
Halls
of
Companies
,
the
Clothworkers
,
and
the
Bakers
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
a
Deputy
.
11
Common
Council
Men
,
and
3
Parish
Churches
,
Alhallows
Barking
,
St.
Olave
Hartstreet
,
and
St.
Dunstans
in
the
East
;
the
last
of
which
,
with
great
part
of
the
Ward
was
burnt
down
by
the
Fire
,
but
is
lately
rebuilt
,
and
an
Organ
placed
therein
;
It
hath
13
Constables
,
12
Scavengers
,
13
of
the
Wardmote
Inquest
,
and
a
Beadle
.
2.
Portsoaken
Ward
,
contains
the
East
part
of
the
Tower
,
the
Hospital
of
St.
Katharines
,
East-Smithfield
and
Tower-hill
,
where
there
is
a
Store-house
for
Provisions
for
the
Navy
Royal
,
called
the
Slaughter
House
;
the
Merchant
Taylors
have
in
this
Ward
Alms-houses
for
14
Women
;
next
is
the
Minories
,
then
Hog-lane
near
Goodmans
Fields
,
and
ends
at
Petticoat-lane
.
This
Ward
hath
an
Aldermen
and
his
Deputy
,
six
Common
Council
Men
,
two
Parish
Churches
,
Trinity
Minories
and
St.
Buttolphs
Aldgate
;
4
Constables
;
4
Scavengers
;
18
of
the
Wardmote
Inquest
,
and
a
Beadle
.
3.
Aldgate
Ward
,
so
named
from
the
Gate
;
the
chief
Street
begins
between
the
Gate
and
Limestreet
,
and
goes
again
to
Billeter-Lane
,
and
Fenchurch-Street
,
to
Culver
Alley
,
from
thence
to
Crutched
Friers
,
Woodroof-Lane
,
Hart-Street
,
and
the
North
end
of
Mark-Lane
where
the
Ward
endeth
.
Wherein
there
are
3
Parish
Churches
,
St.
Katharine-Cree-Church
,
St.
Andrew
Vndershaft
,
and
St.
Katharine
Coleman
;
and
there
were
3
Halls
of
Companies
,
that
is
,
Bricklayers
,
Fletchers
,
and
Ironmongers
Hall
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
Deputy
,
and
six
Common
Council
Men
,
6
Constables
9
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
18
,
and
a
Beadle
.
4.
Lime-Street
Ward
,
bath
no
Parish
Church
in
it
,
nor
any
one
whole
Parish
,
but
small
Portions
only
of
two
Parshes
;
it
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
four
Common
Council
Men
,
4
Constables
,
2
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
Men
16
,
and
a
Berdle
.
5.
Bishopsgate
Ward
,
part
of
which
is
without
the
Gate
from
St.
Mary
Spittle
to
Bishopsgate
,
and
almost
half
Hounsditch
,
&
Old
Bethlem
East
of
the
New
Postern
to
Morefields
;
in
this
Ward
is
Fishers
Folly
(
now
called
Devonshire
House
,
and
lately
made
into
a
square
with
stately
Buildings
)
the
Old
Artillery
Ground
,
Spittle
Fields
,
now
built
into
Streets
;
and
the
Church
of
St.
Buttolphs
Pishopsgate-gate
:
within
the
Gate
it
contains
Bishopsgate
Street
,
to
the
East
end
of
St.
Martins
Outwich
Church
,
and
then
winding
by
Leadenhall
down
Leaden
Hall
Street
,
Great
St.
Hellens
,
and
Little
St.
Hellens
.
In
this
Ward
there
was
Bethlem
now
removed
to
Morefields
,
St.
Mauy
Spittle
,
where
Sermons
were
formerly
preached
Monday
,
Tuesday
and
Wednesday
in
Easter
week
yearly
.
Also
the
Church
of
St.
Buttelphs
Bshopsgate
,
the
small
Church
of
St.
Ethelborough
,
and
the
fair
Church
of
St.
Helen
;
near
this
Church
a
Child
was
found
buried
in
the
Sea-coal
Ashes
by
his
unnatural
Mother
,
with
his
Face
upward
,
yet
found
alive
,
without
any
ragg
about
it
,
but
all
bloody
because
the
Navel
string
was
untied
,
and
the
body
crusted
over
with
Sea-coal
Durst
,
yet
being
made
clean
,
it
was
found
to
be
a
handsome
Manchild
,
without
any
harm
,
but
only
by
sucking
in
the
Ashes
;
he
was
Christned
and
named
Job
Cinere
Extractus
,
Job
taken
out
of
the
Ashes
;
he
lived
three
days
,
and
lies
buried
in
that
Church-yard
.
This
Ward
hath
an
Alderman
and
two
Deputies
,
one
within
,
and
another
without
the
Gate
,
eight
Common
Council
Men
within
,
and
three
without
the
Gate
,
seven
Constables
,
seven
Scavengers
,
13
Wardmote
Inquest
Men
and
a
Beadle
6.
Broadstreet
Ward
,
so
called
from
the
Street
,
wherein
is
Throgmorton-Street
,
Threadneedle-Street
,
half
Finch-Lane
and
an
Alley
;
and
to
the
East
end
of
St.
Margaret
Lothbury
,
and
to
a
Pump
formerly
against
St.
Bennet
Fink's
Church
.
In
this
Ward
is
part
of
Gresham
Colledge
,
and
eight
Alms-houses
;
the
Church
of
St.
Peters
Poor
in
Broadstreet
,
Augustine
Friers
,
now
the
Dutch
Church
,
the
Church
of
St.
Martins
Outwich
,
St.
Bennet
Fink
,
St.
Bartholomew
,
Exchange
,
and
St.
Christophers
Parish
;
also
Carpenters
Hall
,
Drapers
Hall
,
and
Merchant
Taylors
Hall
.
Then
there
was
St.
Anthonies
Colledge
or
Hospital
,
which
is
now
a
Church
for
French
Calvinists
;
Scalding
Ally
is
the
farthest
part
of
this
Ward
;
wherin
there
is
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
and
nine
Common
Council
Men
,
ten
Constables
,
eight
Scavengers
;
of
the
Ward
note
Inquest
thirteen
,
and
a
Beadle
.
7.
Cornhil
Ward
,
so
called
from
a
Corn-Market
,
anciently
kept
there
;
It
's
chief
Ornament
is
the
Royal
Exchange
formerly
called
the
Burse
,
which
was
erected
in
1566
and
burnt
down
100
years
after
,
in
1666.
It
was
built
by
Sir
Thomas
Gresham
a
noble
Merchant
,
and
by
Command
of
Q.
Eliz.
proclaimed
and
named
the
Royal-Exchange
.
The
Merchants
before
met
in
Lumbarddreet
;
after
the
Fire
,
it
was
rebuilt
most
part
with
Stone
,
with
such
curious
Architecture
,
especially
the
Front
,
Turret
,
and
Arch-work
,
that
it
surpasseth
all
other
Burses
.
It
is
Quadrangular
,
with
a
large
Court
,
wherein
the
Merchants
may
assemble
,
and
the
greatest
part
in
case
of
Rain
,
or
Sunshine
,
may
be
sheltred
in
side
Porti
co's
;
the
whole
Fabrick
cost
above
50000
Pound
,
one
half
paid
by
the
Chamber
of
London
,
and
the
other
by
the
Company
of
Mercers
.
There
are
160
Shops
above
,
let
at
20
l.
Rent
each
,
and
30
l.
Fine
,
and
several
Shops
below
on
every
side
,
and
large
Vaults
underneath
which
yield
considerable
Rents
,
so
that
it
is
the
richest
piece
of
ground
perhaps
in
the
World
,
the
ground
whereon
this
goodly
Fabrick
is
erected
,
being
but
171
foot
from
North
to
South
,
and
203
foot
from
East
to
West
,
very
little
more
than
three
quatters
of
an
Acre
,
and
products
4000
Pound
yearly
Rent
.
Cornhill
Ward
begins
at
the
West
end
of
Leadenhall
,
and
so
down
to
Finch-lane
on
one
side
,
and
Birchin
lane
on
the
other
;
half
of
which
are
in
this
Ward
,
and
so
to
the
Stocks-Market
.
In
this
Ward
is
the
Church
of
St.
Peters
Cornhill
,
counted
the
oldest
in
London
,
and
the
Church
of
St.
Michael
;
both
which
with
the
greatest
part
of
this
Ward
,
were
burnt
down
,
but
are
since
nobly
rebuilt
,
as
well
as
the
rest
of
the
Streets
;
St.
Michael's
Church
had
ten
Bells
formerly
,
and
John
Stow
writes
thus
,
I
have
heard
my
Father
say
,
saith
he
,
that
upon
St.
James's
night
,
certain
Men
ringing
the
Bells
in
the
Loft
,
a
Tempest
of
Thunder
and
Lightning
did
arise
,
and
a
thing
of
an
ugly
Shape
was
seen
to
come
in
at
the
South
Window
,
which
lighted
on
the
North
,
for
fear
whereof
all
the
Ringers
sell
down
as
dead
for
a
time
,
letting
the
Bells
cease
of
their
own
accord
;
when
they
came
to
themselves
,
they
found
certain
Stones
of
the
North
Window
razed
and
scratcht
as
if
they
had
been
so
much
Butter
printed
with
a
Lions
Claw
;
the
same
Stones
were
fastened
there
again
when
it
was
repaired
,
and
remain
so
to
this
day
;
He
adds
,
That
one
William
Rus
or
Rous
,
gave
a
Bell
to
this
Church
to
be
rung
nightly
at
8
a
Clock
,
and
for
Knels
,
and
Peals
,
which
was
rung
by
one
Man
for
160
years
together
,
In
this
Ward
there
is
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
and
five
Common
Council
Men
;
four
Constables
,
four
Scavengers
;
Wardmote
Inquest
sixteen
,
and
a
Beadle
.
8.
Langbourn
Ward
,
so
called
,
of
a
long
Bourn
of
Water
running
out
of
Fenchurch-street
,
down
to
the
end
of
St.
Mary
Woolnoth
Church
in
Lumbard
street
,
&
then
dividing
into
small
Streams
,
it
left
the
name
of
Sherebourn-lane
.
In
this
Ward
is
Fenchurch
street
,
Lumbard-street
,
half
Lime-street
,
half
Birchin-lane
,
St.
Clements-Lane
down
to
St.
Clements-Church
,
St.
Nicholas-Lane
beyond
St.
Nicholas-Church
,
Abchurch-Lane
,
and
part
of
Bearbinder-Lane
.
Formerly
St.
Gabriel's
Church
stood
in
the
middle
of
Fenchurch-street
,
but
was
taken
away
since
the
Fire
;
likewise
St.
Dionis
Backchurch
,
Alhallows
Lumbard-street
,
St.
Edmund
Lumbard-street
,
St.
Nicholas
Acons
,
and
St.
Mary
Woolnoth
Church
.
In
it
are
six
Parish
Churches
,
and
Pewterers
Hall
in
Lime-street
;
there
is
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
and
nine
Commoa
Council
Men
;
15
Constables
,
9
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
17
,
and
a
Beadle
in
this
Ward
.
The
Post-Office
is
kept
in
Sir
Robert
Vyners
House
in
this
Ward
;
most
of
which
was
burnt
down
and
all
the
Churches
,
but
since
rebuilt
.
9.
Billingsgate
Ward
,
contains
part
of
Thamestreet
,
Rood
land
,
Puding
lane
,
Love
lane
,
Buttolph
lane
,
St.
Margaret
Fattons
lane
,
Billingsgate
,
Somers
Key
,
Smarts
Key
,
Boss
Alley
,
St.
Mary
Hill-lane
;
likewife
five
Charches
,
St.
Buttolph
Billingsgate
,
St.
Mary
Hill
,
St.
Margaret
Pattons
,
St.
Andrew
Hubbert
,
and
Saint
George
Buttolphs
Lane
.
This
Ward
was
all
burnt
in
1666
,
but
now
rebuilt
,
with
most
of
the
Churches
;
There
is
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
nine
Common
Council
Men
;
11
Constables
,
6
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
14
and
a
Beadle
.
10.
Bridge-Ward
within
(
so
called
from
London
Bridge
)
begins
at
the
South
end
,
and
comes
over
the
Bridge
up
Fish-street
hill
to
the
North
corner
of
Grace-Church
.
In
which
were
4
Churches
,
St.
Magnus
at
the
Bridge-Foot
,
St.
Margaret
new
Fish-street
,
St.
Leonard
Eastcheap
,
and
St.
Bennet
Grace
Church
;
all
these
Churches
,
and
all
the
Ward
except
part
of
London-Bridge
was
burnt
down
;
two
of
which
are
rebuilt
,
but
upon
the
place
where
St.
Margaret's
Church
stood
,
there
is
erected
by
Act
of
Parliament
,
a
Pillar
in
perpetual
Memory
of
the
dreadful
Fire
in
1666
,
which
first
began
in
Pudding-Lane
behind
that
Church
.
This
Monument
is
built
after
the
Dorick
Order
,
170
foot
high
,
all
of
solid
Portland
Stone
with
a
Staircase
in
the
middle
of
Stone
,
coped
with
Iron
,
with
an
Iron
Balcony
on
the
Top
,
not
unlike
those
two
ancient
white
Pillars
at
Rome
,
erected
in
honour
of
those
two
Excellent
Emperors
,
Trajan
and
Antoninus
,
which
though
they
were
built
above
1500
years
ago
,
are
still
standing
entire
;
the
Pedestal
of
this
Pillar
is
43
foot
square
.
In
the
Bridge
Ward
are
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
14
Common
Council
Men
,
15
Constables
,
6
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
16
,
and
a
Beadle
.
11.
Candlewick
Ward
,
begins
at
the
East
end
of
Great
Eastcheap
,
&
passeth
West
thro
little
Eastcheap
,
into
Cannon-street
,
&
so
to
the
North
end
thereof
,
&
thence
to
the
West
end
of
St.
Laurence
Pountneys
Church-yard
;
part
of
St.
Clements-Lane
,
most
part
of
St.
Nicholas-Lane
,
almost
all
Abchurch-Lane
,
and
most
part
of
St.
Martins-Lane
are
in
this
Ward
.
It
was
wholly
burnt
down
in
1666
,
but
handsomely
rebuilt
.
There
were
in
this
Ward
5
Churches
,
that
is
,
St.
Clements-Eastcheap
,
St.
Mary
Abchurch
,
St.
Michael
Crooked-Lane
(
where
was
the
Monument
of
Sir
William
Walworth
Lord
Mayor
,
who
killed
Wat
Tyler
)
St.
Martins
Orgars
and
St.
Laurence
Poultney
,
which
were
all
burnt
down
,
the
three
sirst
are
rebuilt
,
and
St.
Martins
is
now
a
French
Church
.
This
Ward
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
7
Common
Council
Men
,
8
Constables
,
5
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
12
and
a
Beadle
.
12
,
Walbrook
Ward
,
begins
at
the
West
end
of
Canon-street
by
Budge-row
,
where
is
St.
Swithins
lane
,
Walbrook
,
the
Stocks-Market
,
four
or
five
Houses
in
Lumbard-street
,
Bearbinder
lane
,
and
part
of
Bucklersbury
.
This
Ward
was
wholly
destroyed
by
the
Fire
,
and
six
Churches
,
that
is
,
St.
Swithins
in
Canon-street
,
St.
Mary
Woolchurch
,
St.
Stephens
Wallbrook
,
St.
John
Evangelist
,
and
St.
Mary
Bothaw
;
St.
Swithins
,
and
St.
Stephens
Walbrook
are
handsomely
rebuilt
,
but
St.
Mary
Woolchurch
,
the
Church-yard
,
and
Stocks-Market
are
pulled
down
,
and
made
a
handsome
Market
place
;
in
the
Front
whereof
toward
the
Street
is
a
Conduit
,
and
a
Statue
of
King
Charles
II
,
on
Horseback
,
with
a
Turk
or
Enemy
under
his
Feet
;
erected
by
Sir
Robert
Vyner
,
This
Ward
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
7
Common
Council
Men
,
9.
Constables
six
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
15
and
a
Beadle
.
In
this
Ward
is
Salters
Hall
.
13.
Dowgate
Ward
begins
at
the
South
end
of
Walbrook
Ward
,
over
against
the
East
corner
of
St.
John
Baptist's
Church
,
and
goes
on
both
sides
the
way
to
Dowgate
,
wherein
there
were
Elbow-lane
,
Chequer-Alley
,
Fryer-lane
,
Grantham-lane
,
the
Stilyard
,
Church-lane
,
Alhollows-lane
,
Cole-Harbour
,
Ebgate-lane
,
Bush-lane
;
and
Suffolk-lane
.
This
Ward
was
wholly
consumed
by
the
Fire
,
and
three
Churches
.
Alhallows
the
Great
,
Alhollows
the
Less
,
and
St.
Laurence-Poultney
,
the
first
of
which
is
again
rebuilt
.
In
this
Ward
were
five
Halls
,
Skinners
,
Dyers
,
Tallow-Chandlers
,
Innholders
,
and
Joyners
,
and
likewise
Merchanr-Taylors
School
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
5
Common
Council
Men
,
8
Constables
,
5
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
14
,
and
a
Beadle
,
14.
Vintrey
Ward
,
stretcheth
from
the
Vintrey
North
to
Tower
.
Royal
,
in
which
were
Stodies-lane
,
Cranes
lane
,
Church-lane
,
and
divers
others
.
This
Ward
was
consumed
by
the
Fire
,
and
four
Churches
,
St.
Michael-Royal
,
St.
Thomas-Apostles
,
St.
Martins
Vintrey
,
and
St.
James
Garlick-Hithe
;
the
first
only
is
rebuilt
.
This
Ward
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
6
Common-Council
Men
,
9
Constables
4
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
14
,
and
a
Beadle
.
In
which
were
5
Halls
,
Vintners
,
Cutlers
,
Fruiterers
,
Plummers
,
and
Parish-Clerks
.
15.
Cordwayners
Ward
,
wherein
there
were
Budge-Row
,
Turnbase-lane
,
part
of
Wingmen-lane
,
Cordwayner-street
,
Bow-lane
,
Basing-lane
,
and
St.
Syths
lane
,
the
South
end
of
Needlers-lane
,
the
South
end
of
Soperlane
,
part
of
Bow-lane
,
and
Watling-street
.
This
Ward
was
burnt
down
,
and
three
Churches
,
St.
Antholines
,
Aldermary
Church
,
and
St
Mary
le
Bow
,
all
rebuilt
with
magnificent
Steeples
,
This
Ward
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
8
Common
Council
Men
,
8
Constables
,
8
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
14
,
and
a
Beadle
.
16.
Cheapside
Ward
,
wherein
is
the
Poultrey
,
and
the
Counter
,
Cony-hoop
lane
,
part
of
the
Old-Jury
,
Bucklers-bury
,
Neelders-lane
,
part
of
Soper-lane
,
now
called
Queenstreet
,
Ironmonger-lane
,
and
Cateaten-street
.
This
Ward
was
consumed
by
the
Fire
,
and
7
Churches
,
St.
Mildred-Poultrey
,
St.
Mary
Cole-Church
,
St.
Bennet-Sherehog
,
St.
Pancras
Soper-lane
,
St.
Martins
Ironmongers-lane
,
St.
Laurence-Jury
,
and
Guild-hall-Chappel
,
some
are
since
finely
rebuilt
,
as
well
as
the
Hall
and
the
rest
of
the
Ward
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
Deputy
,
and
11
Common
Cou●cil
Men
,
11
Constables
,
9
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
12
,
a
Beadle
,
and
Grocers
and
Mercers
Hall
.
17.
Coleman-street
Ward
,
wherein
is
part
of
the
Old-Jury
,
Lothbury
,
Coleman-street
.
and
the
Alleys
thereabout
;
it
was
in
part
consumed
by
the
Fire
,
with
three
Churches
,
St.
Margaret's
Lothbury
St.
Stephens
Coleman-street
,
and
St.
Olaves
Jury
,
all
rebuilt
,
with
the
rest
of
the
Ward
;
It
hath
two
Halls
,
Armourers
and
Founders
,
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
5
Common
Council
Men
,
4
Constables
,
4
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
13
,
and
a
Beadle
.
18.
Bassishaw
,
or
Basing-hall
Ward
,
wherein
are
Basing
hall
street
,
part
of
London
Wall
and
several
other
Alleys
;
most
of
it
was
burnt
down
1666
,
and
therein
Basing-hall
,
and
St.
Michael
Bassishaw
Church
,
with
Coopers
,
Masons
,
Weavers
,
and
Girdlers
Hall
.
There
are
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
4
Common
Council
Men
,
2
Constables
,
2
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
17
and
a
Beadle
.
19
Cripplegate
Ward
,
hath
these
Streets
,
Aldermanbary
,
Milk-street
,
Gayspur
lane
,
part
of
Westcheap
,
Love-lane
,
,
Lad-lane
,
Wood-street
,
Addle-street
,
Philip-lane
,
Huggen-lane
,
Maiden-lane
,
the
East
end
of
Guthorn-lane
,
Staining
lane
,
Silver-street
,
the
North
end
of
Mugwel-street
,
all
within
the
walls
;
without
are
More-lane
,
with
all
the
Alleys
,
little
Morefields
,
more
than
half
Grub-street
,
White
Cross
street
,
to
●eech-lane
,
Red
Cross-street
,
part
of
Golden-lane
,
and
Barbican
,
more
than
half
toward
Aldersgate
,
Sim
Colledge
,
in
which
is
a
stately
Library
,
and
Alms-Houses
for
24
People
founded
by
Dr.
Thomas
White
.
Part
of
this
Ward
was
consumed
by
the
Fire
,
and
among
the
rest
Aldermanbury
Church
,
St.
Maudlin
Milk-street
,
St.
Albans
Wood-street
,
St.
Michael
Wood-street
,
but
St.
Alphage
,
and
Cripplegate
escaped
;
In
this
Ward
were
Bowyers
and
Scriveners
Hall
.
It
is
of
●
great
extent
,
divided
into
Cripplegate
within
and
without
;
within
it
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
8
Common
Council
Men
,
9
Constables
,
12
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
15
,
and
a
Beadle
;
without
the
Gate
a
Deputy
,
and
three
Common
Council
Men
,
4
Constables
,
4
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
17
,
and
a
Beadle
.
20.
Aldersgate
Ward
,
contains
Lillipot-lane
,
the
west
side
of
Guthorns-lane
,
Cary-lane
,
St.
Martins
,
Aldersgate-street
without
the
Gate
,
and
Little-Brittain
;
some
part
of
this
Ward
was
burnt
,
and
the
Churches
of
St.
John
Zachary
,
St.
Olave
Silver
street
,
St.
Ann
Aldersgate
,
and
St.
Mary
Staining
;
but
St.
Buttolphs
without
the
Gate
escaped
.
There
are
in
this
Ward
,
Peter-house
,
no●
the
Seat
of
the
Lord
Bishop
of
London
,
Thanet-House
,
and
Goldsmiths
Hall
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
4
Common
Council
Men
,
without
the
Gate
,
and
4
within
,
8.
Constables
,
9
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
14
,
and
a
Beadle
.
21.
Farringdon
Ward
,
within
contains
Foster-lane
,
Mugwelwell-street
,
Pentecost-lane
,
Butcherhall-lane
,
the
west
side
of
Fryday-street
,
the
Old-Change
,
the
north
Church-yard
of
St.
Paul's
,
St.
Paul's-School
,
Pater-Noster-Row
,
the
west
side
of
Avemary-lane
,
Greed-lane
,
Black-Fryers
,
Pannier-Alley
,
Ivy
lane
,
Blow
Bladder-street
,
Newgate
Market
,
and
Newgate-street
.
most
of
it
was
burnt
in
1666.
and
the
Churches
of
St.
Peters
Cheap
at
Wood-street
Corner
,
St.
Fosters
in
Foster-lane
,
Christ
Church
and
Hospital
,
St.
Mathews
Friday-street
,
St.
Austins
in
Watling-street
,
St.
Martins
Ludgate
,
St.
Ann
Black-Fryers
,
St.
Faiths
under
St.
Pauls
,
and
St.
Pauls
Church
it self
.
St.
Pauls
is
the
only
Cathedral
of
that
Name
in
Christendom
,
seated
on
the-highest
part
of
all
the
City
,
and
was
more
perspicuous
perhaps
than
any
Cathedral
in
the
World
It
was
a
structure
for
length
,
height
,
and
antiquity
,
surpassing
all
other
Churches
,
the
length
thereof
was
670
Foot
,
(
therein
exceeding
by
20
Foot
,
St.
Peters
Church
in
Rome
,
which
for
Beauty
,
Proportion
,
and
divers
other
things
excells
all
other
Temples
.
)
It
was
in
height
102
Foot
,
and
in
breadth
130.
This
Church
was
built
(
as
other
Cathedrals
)
in
a
perfect
Cross
,
and
in
the
midst
of
the
Cross
upon
mighty
high
Arches
,
was
a
Tower
,
or
Steeple
of
Stone
,
360
foot
high
,
and
on
that
a
Spire
of
Timber
,
covered
with
Lead
in
height
260
foot
more
;
in
all
from
the
ground
520
foot
,
above
which
was
a
Bole
of
Copper
gilt
of
9
foot
in
compass
,
whereon
stood
the
Cross
15
foot
and
an
half
high
,
and
almost
6
foot
a-cross
,
made
of
Oak
,
covered
with
Lead
,
and
another
cover
of
Copper
over
the
Lead
;
above
all
stood
the
Eagle
or
Cock
of
Copper
gilt
,
4
foot
long
,
and
the
breadth
over
the
wings
3
foot
and
an
half
.
In
1561
,
part
of
this
magnificent
Pile
was
much
wasted
,
and
the
rest
endangered
by
Fire
in
that
stately
Spire
,
by
the
Negligence
of
a
Plummer
,
who
left
his
Pan
of
Fire
there
while
he
went
to
Dinner
,
as
he
confest
on
his
Death-bed
;
This
was
repaired
in
5
years
;
Arch-Bishop
Laud
much
repaired
it
with
Portland
Stone
,
in
1640.
It
was
again
ruined
by
the
dreadful
Fire
,
1666
,
but
the
Quire
is
now
rebuit
,
with
great
part
of
the
rest
of
the
Cathedral
in
a
noble
and
sumptuous
manner
.
In
this
Ward
of
Farringdon
,
were
the
Halls
of
several
Companies
,
as
Embroiderers
,
Sadlers
,
Barber
Chirurgeons
,
Butchers
,
Stationers
,
and
likewise
the
Colledge
of
Physicians
in
Warwick-lane
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
14
Common
Council
Men
,
17
Constables
,
18
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
18
,
and
a
Beadle
.
22.
Breadstreet
Ward
,
wherein
are
Breadstreet
,
the
East
part
of
Friedaystreet
,
Watlingstreet
,
part
of
Knight
Riderstreet
,
and
Distafflane
;
This
Ward
was
wholly
laid
wast
by
the
Fire
,
and
therein
the
Churches
of
Alhallows
Breadstreet
,
St.
Mildred
Breadstreet
,
St.
John
Evangelist
,
and
St.
Margaret
Moses
;
also
Cordwainers
,
Salters
and
Gerrards
Hall
.
This
Ward
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
11
Common
Council
Men
,
10
Constables
,
8
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
13
and
a
Beadle
.
23.
Queen
Hythe
Ward
,
comprehends
Tainity
lane
,
Breadstreet
hill
,
Fyfoot
lane
,
Disbourn
lane
,
Little
Trinity
lane
,
Old
Fishstreet
,
Lambeth
hill
,
Pye
lane
,
Townsend
lane
,
Queen
Hythe
,
Salt
Wharf
,
Stew
lane
,
Broof
Wharf
,
Broken
wharf
,
Trig
lane
,
and
Bull
wharf
.
The
whole
Ward
was
consumed
in
1666
,
with
these
Churches
,
Trinity
Church
,
St.
Nicholas
Cole
Abby
,
St.
Nicholas
Olaves
,
St.
Maudlins
Old
Fishstreet
,
Saint
Mary
Mounthaw
,
St.
Mary
Somerset
,
St.
Michael
Quean
Hythe
,
and
St.
Peters
Pauls
wharf
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
,
and
6
Common
Council
Men
,
9
Constables
,
8.
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
13
,
and
a
Beadle
.
In
it
is
Painter
Stainers
Hall
.
24.
Castle
Baynard
Ward
,
contains
part
of
Creed
lane
,
the
Last
part
of
Avemary
lane
,
part
of
Pater
noster
Row
,
the
East
side
of
Warwick
lane
,
Peters
hill
lane
,
Pauls
Wharf
,
Addle
hill
,
Carter
lane
,
Dolittle
lane
,
Sermon
lane
,
St.
Pauls
Chain
,
and
part
of
the
South
Church-yard
,
St.
Peters
Pauls
Wharf
,
and
Baynards
Castle
.
It
was
wholly
burnt
down
by
the
Fire
,
and
therein
Baynards
Castle
,
St.
Bennets
Church
near
Pauls
Wharf
,
St.
Andrew
Wardrobe
,
St.
Mary
Magdalen
,
and
St.
Gregories
by
St.
Pauls
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
his
Deputy
,
and
6
Common
Council
Men
,
10
Constables
,
7
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
14
,
and
a
Beadle
.
25.
Farringdon
Ward
without
is
very
large
,
and
contains
Giltspur
street
,
Pye
Corner
,
Cock
lane
,
Holbourn
Conduit
,
St.
Bartholomews
Hospital
,
Duck
lane
,
Saint
Bartholomews
Close
,
part
of
Long
lane
,
part
of
Chick-lane
,
Smithfield
,
Cow
lane
,
Snow
hill
,
to
the
Bishop
of
Elies
House
,
Furnivals
Inn
,
Staples
Inn
,
Bernards
Inn
,
Fetter-lane
,
Thavies
Inn
,
Shoe
lane
,
the
Churches
of
St.
Sepulchres
,
and
St.
Andrews
Holborn
,
the
Old
Baity
where
the
Sessions
is
kept
for
London
and
Middlesex
,
Fleet
Ditch
,
Holborn
Bridge
,
the
Streets
on
each
side
the
Fleet
Prison
,
Fleet
lane
,
St.
Dunstaus
Church
in
the
west
,
Cliffords
Inn
,
the
south
end
of
Chancery
lane
,
Sergeants
Inn
,
even
to
the
Rolls
Liberty
,
Jackanapes
lane
,
part
of
Sheer
lane
,
the
two
Temples
,
White
Fryers
,
Water
lane
,
Salisbury
Court
,
St.
Brides
Church
,
Bridewel
lane
,
and
Bridewel
.
There
is
now
a
new
Street
out
of
Chancery
lane
,
to
Little
Lincolns-Inn
.
Some
part
of
this
Ward
was
burnt
,
and
also
Newgate
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
Deputy
and
16
Common
Council
Men
,
14
Constables
,
15
Scavengers
,
Wardmote
Inquest
44
and
3
Beadles
.
26.
Bridge
Ward
without
,
contains
long
Southwark
,
St.
Georges
Church
,
St.
Olaves
Church
Barnaby
street
,
Kent
street
,
Blackman
street
,
St.
Mary
Overies
,
formerly
a
Priory
of
Canon
Regulars
,
St.
Thomas
Church
and
Hospital
for
the
Sick
and
Lame
,
and
the
Lock
a
Lazer
House
in
Kent
street
;
in
which
were
five
Prisons
,
the
Clink
,
the
Compter
,
the
Marshalsea
,
the
Kings
Bench
,
the
White
Lyon
,
also
Winchester
house
,
Battle
bridge
,
the
Bridge
house
,
and
Bermondsey
Abby
.
It
hath
an
Alderman
,
3
Deputies
,
a
Bailiff
,
no
Common
Council
Men
,
16
Constables
,
6
Scavengers
,
and
Wardmote
Inquest
20.
Every
Ward
hath
a
peculiar
Alderman
,
as
an
Overseer
or
Guardian
,
who
hath
greater
Power
than
any
ordinary
Justice
of
Peace
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
The
Inns
of
Court
and
Chancery
,
Colleges
,
Schools
,
and
Hospitals
in
and
about
the
City
of
London
.
THE
famous
City
of
London
may
not
unfitly
be
stiled
an
University
,
for
therein
are
taught
all
Liberal
Arts
and
Sciences
,
for
not
only
Divinity
,
Civil
Law
,
and
Physick
(
which
are
usual
in
Universities
)
are
read
hear
,
but
also
the
Municipal
or
Common
Law
of
the
Nation
is
here
taught
,
and
Degrees
taken
therein
,
which
can
be
said
of
no
other
City
;
moreover
all
sorts
of
Sciences
,
as
Geography
,
Hydrography
,
the
Arts
of
Navigation
and
Fortification
,
Anatomy
,
Chyrurgery
,
Chymistry
,
Calligraphy
,
Brachygraphy
or
Short-hand
;
the
Arts
of
Riding
,
Fencing
,
Dancing
,
Art
Military
,
Fireworks
,
Limning
,
Painting
,
Enamelling
,
Sculpture
,
Architecture
,
Heraldry
,
all
sorts
of
Musick
,
Arithmetick
,
Geometry
,
Astronomy
,
Grammar
,
Rhetorick
,
Poetry
,
and
any
other
Science
that
may
contribute
to
the
accomplishment
of
an
Ingenuous
Noble
Man
,
or
Gentleman
.
The
Colleges
of
Municipal
or
Common
Law
,
for
Professors
and
Students
are
Fourteen
,
and
are
still
called
Inns
,
the
old
English
word
for
the
Houses
of
Noble
Men
or
Bishops
.
There
are
2
Inns
of
Sergeants
,
4
Inns
of
Court
.
and
8
Inns
of
Chancery
;
the
Inns
of
Chancery
were
probably
so
named
because
there
dwelt
such
Clerks
as
did
chiefly
study
the
forming
of
Writs
;
their
Names
are
Thavies
Inn
,
begun
in
the
Reign
of
Edward
III.
Furnivals
Inn
,
Bernards
Inn
,
New
Inn
,
Clements
Inn
,
Cliffords
Inn
,
anciently
the
House
of
the
Lord
Clifford
,
Staple
Inn
;
belonging
to
the
Merchants
of
the
Staple
,
and
Lyons-Inn
,
anciently
a
common
Inn
with
the
sign
of
the
Lyon
.
These
were
preparatory
Colleges
for
younger
.
Students
,
many
being
entred
here
before
admitted
into
the
Inns
of
Court
;
now
they
are
generally
taken
by
Attorneys
,
Sollicitors
,
and
Clerks
,
who
have
Chambers
apart
,
and
their
Diet
in
an
Hall
together
,
where
they
are
obliged
to
appear
in
long
Robes
,
and
black
round
knit
Caps
;
these
Colleges
belong
all
to
some
Inns
of
Court
,
who
send
yearly
some
of
their
Barristers
to
read
to
these
.
In
each
of
these
Inns
of
Chancery
may
be
about
threescore
Persons
.
The
Inns
of
Court
were
so
named
(
as
some
think
)
because
the
Students
therein
are
to
serve
the
Courts
of
Judicature
;
of
these
there
are
4.
First
the
〈◊〉
Temples
,
heretofore
the
dwelling
of
the
Knights
Templars
,
and
purchased
by
some
Professors
of
the
Common
Law
,
above
300
years
ago
;
they
are
called
the
Inner
,
&
middle
Temple
in
elation
to
Essex
house
,
which
was
a
part
of
the
Knights
Templars
,
Lodgings
&
call'd
utter
or
outer
Temple
,
because
it
is
seated
without
Temple-Bar
;
the
2
other
Inns
of
Court
are
Lincolns-Inn
,
and
Greys-Inn
,
belonging
to
the
Noble
Family
of
the
Greys
;
In
the
Reign
of
K.
Henry
VI.
there
were
in
each
of
these
above
200
Students
.
These
Societies
are
no
Corporations
,
nor
have
any
Iudicial
Power
over
their
Members
,
only
certain
Orders
among
themselves
,
which
have
by
consent
the
force
of
Laws
;
for
lighter
Offences
they
are
only
excommoned
,
or
put
out
of
Commons
,
not
to
eat
with
the
rest
,
&
for
greater
they
lose
their
Chambers
.
There
are
no
Lands
or
Revenues
belong
to
these
Societies
,
nor
have
they
any
thing
for
defraying
the
Charges
of
the
House
,
but
what
is
paid
at
Admittance
,
and
quit
Rents
for
their
Chambers
;
the
whole
Company
in
each
Society
may
be
divided
into
4
parts
Benchers
,
Vtter
Barristers
,
Inner
Barristers
and
Students
.
In
the
4
Inns
of
Court
there
now
are
reckoned
800
Students
.
There
are
2
more
Colleges
called
Sergeants
Inn
where
the
Common
Law
Student
,
when
he
hath
arrived
to
the
highest
Degree
,
hath
his
Lodging
and
Diet
,
and
are
as
Doctors
in
the
Civil
Law
;
out
of
these
are
chosen
all
the
Judges
of
the
Kings
Bench
and
Common-Pleas
.
There
is
likewise
the
College
of
Civilians
called
Doctors-Commons
near
St.
Pauls
,
for
the
Professors
of
the
Civil
Law
,
where
commonly
the
Judges
of
the
Arches
,
Admiralty
and
Prerogative
Court
reside
,
whose
Office
is
not
far
off
;
They
judgeth
of
Estates
fallen
by
Will
,
or
by
Intestates
,
and
are
under
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Arch-bishop
of
Canterbury
.
There
is
also
the
College
of
Physicians
,
curiously
rebuilt
in
Warwick
lane
;
and
likewise
a
College
of
Heralds
who
are
Messengers
of
War
,
and
Peace
,
and
skilful
in
Descents
,
Pedigrees
,
and
Coats
of
Arms.
Gresham
College
in
Bishopsgate-street
is
another
,
built
by
Sir
Tho.
Gresham
,
and
a
Revenue
left
to
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
,
for
maintaining
four
Persons
to
read
within
this
College
,
Divinity
,
Geometry
,
Astronomy
,
and
Musick
,
with
an
allowance
to
each
(
besides
Lodging
)
of
50
l.
a
year
;
and
other
Rents
are
left
to
the
Mercers
Company
to
find
three
able
Men
more
,
to
read
Civil
Law
,
Physick
,
and
Rhetorick
,
with
the
same
allowance
;
these
several
Lectures
should
be
read
in
Term
time
,
every
day
in
the
Week
except
Sundays
,
beginning
at
nine
in
the
Morning
,
and
at
two
Afternoon
,
to
give
notice
whereof
,
the
Bell
in
the
Steeple
of
the
Royal-Exchange
is
to
ring
at
those
times
;
they
are
to
read
Forenoon
in
Latin
,
and
Afternoon
in
English
.
The
Musick
Lecture
to
be
read
only
in
English
.
There
is
also
Sion
College
founded
by
Dr.
White
near
Cripplegate
,
for
the
use
of
the
Clergy
of
London
,
and
of
the
Liberties
thereof
,
and
some
Alms-Houses
for
24
poor
People
;
to
perform
all
which
he
gave
3000
l.
and
for
the
maintenance
of
these
poor
People
120
l.
a
year
for
ever
,
and
40
l.
a
year
for
a
Sermon
in
Latin
at
the
beginning
of
every
Quarter
,
and
a
plentiful
Dinner
for
all
the
Clergy
that
shall
then
meet
there
.
In
this
College
is
a
fine
Library
,
built
by
John
Symson
,
well
furnished
with
Books
for
Divines
.
This
College
felt
the
rage
of
the
Fire
,
but
is
since
rebuilt
,
A
little
without
the
Walls
stands
another
College
or
Collegiate
House
,
called
the
Charter-house
,
formerly
a
Convent
of
Carthusian
Monks
,
called
also
Suttons
Hospital
.
It
consists
of
a
Master
or
Governour
,
a
Chaplain
,
with
a
Master
and
Usher
to
instruct
44
Scholars
,
besides
80
decayed
Gentlemen
,
Soldiers
,
or
Merchants
,
who
have
all
a
plentiful
maintenance
of
Diet
,
Lodging
,
Cloaths
,
Physick
,
&c.
and
live
all
together
in
a
Collegiate
manner
;
and
the
44
Scholars
have
all
Necessaries
whilst
they
are
here
taught
,
and
when
fit
for
the
University
,
there
is
allowed
to
each
,
out
of
the
Revenues
of
this
College
20
l.
yearly
for
3
years
after
they
come
to
the
University
;
and
to
others
sit
for
Trades
,
a
considerable
sum
to
bind
them
Apprentices
.
There
are
all
sorts
of
Officers
fit
for
such
a
Society
,
as
Minster
,
Physician
,
Apothecary
,
Steward
,
Cook
,
Butler
,
&c.
who
have
all
competent
Salaries
.
This
vast
Revenue
and
Princely
Foundation
was
the
sole
Gift
of
an
ordinary
Gentleman
,
Mr.
Thomas
Sutton
born
in
Lincolnshire
,
and
is
of
such
,
account
that
by
the
Kings
Letters
Patents
under
the
great
Seal
,
divers
Persons
of
the
highest
Dignity
and
Quality
in
Church
and
State
,
are
always
the
Overseers
,
and
Regulators
of
this
Society
,
as
the
Arch
bishop
of
Canterbury
,
the
L.
Keeper
or
Chancellor
,
L.
Treasurer
,
and
13
more
.
There
are
likewise
divers
publick
Schools
endowed
,
as
St.
Pauls
,
a
Free
School
founded
by
Dr.
Collet
Dean
of
St.
Pauls
for
153
Children
to
be
taught
gratis
;
for
which
there
was
appointed
a
Master
,
a
Submaster
or
Usher
,
and
a
Chaplain
,
with
large
●●●pends
paid
by
the
Mercers
Company
.
This
famous
School
was
also
burnt
down
,
but
is
now
reedified
in
a
more
magnificent
and
commodious
Manner
.
In
1553.
after
the
crecting
of
Christs
Hospital
out
of
the
Ruins
of
the
Gray
Fryers
,
a
great
number
of
poor
Children
were
taken
in
,
and
a
School
appointed
at
the
charge
of
the
City
There
are
in
London
divers
other
endowed
or
Free
Schools
,
as
Merchant
Taylors
,
Mercers
,
&c.
There
are
likewise
several
famous
Hospitals
in
this
City
,
as
Christs
Hospital
,
given
by
King
Edward
VI.
from
whence
Children
are
put
forth
Apprentices
every
year
,
some
of
them
being
instructed
in
Arithmetick
and
Navigation
,
are
placed
with
Commanders
of
Ships
out
of
the
Mathematical
School
,
founded
by
K.
Charles
H.
Then
there
is
St.
Bartholomews
Hospital
for
maimed
Soldiers
,
Seamen
and
other
diseased
Persons
.
St.
Thomas's
Hospital
in
Southwark
,
for
sick
and
wounded
Persons
.
Also
Pridewell
Hospital
for
Vagrants
and
Indigent
Persons
.
The
Hospital
o●
Bethlem
for
curing
Lunaticks
and
mad
Men
,
hath
been
lately
removed
,
because
of
the
inconveniency
of
the
Place
;
and
a
stately
and
magnificent
Hospital
built
for
them
in
Morefields
,
which
cost
above
17000
Pound
.
CHAP.
IX
.
The
Strand
,
Westminster
and
Part
Adjacent
.
IT
would
too
much
enlarge
this
small
Volume
to
give
an
exact
Account
of
the
City
of
Westminster
and
other
Parts
;
we
shall
therefore
only
remark
some
Particulars
;
Westminister
was
formerly
called
Dorney
or
Thorney
,
and
was
an
Island
incompassed
by
the
Thames
,
overgrown
with
Fryers
and
Thorns
,
but
now
graced
with
sltately
Houses
and
Pallaces
,
both
publick
and
private
.
The
chief
are
the
two
Palaces
of
White
hall
,
but
the
former
was
lately
burnt
down
by
a
sudden
Fire
,
and
St.
James's
to
which
is
adjoined
a
delightful
Park
,
in
which
is
a
Mall
,
said
to
be
the
best
in
Europe
,
it
is
now
the
Pallace
of
our
Gracious
Queen
Anne
.
Then
there
is
Westminster-hall
,
where
the
Courts
of
Justice
are
kept
,
as
the
High
Court
of
Parliament
,
consisting
of
the
King
,
the
Lords
Spiritual
and
Temporal
,
and
the
Commons
.
The
Court
of
Kings
Bench
,
wherein
the
King
sometimes
sate
in
Person
,
in
which
are
handled
all
the
Pleas
of
the
Crown
,
all
things
that
concern
loss
of
Life
or
Member
,
for
them
the
K.
or
Qu.
is
concerned
,
because
the
Life
,
and
Limbs
of
the
Subject
belong
only
to
them
,
so
that
the
Pleas
are
here
between
the
King
and
the
Subject
.
As
all
Treasons
,
Felonies
,
Breach
of
Peace
,
Oppression
,
Misgovernment
,
&c.
In
this
Court
sit
four
Judges
.
Then
there
is
the
Court
of
Common-Pleas
,
so
called
(
say
some
)
because
there
are
debated
the
usual
Pleas
between
one
Subject
and
another
;
in
this
Court
there
are
likewise
four
Judges
.
Next
is
the
Court
of
Exchequer
,
so
called
(
some
think
)
from
a
Checquer
wrought
Carpet
covering
the
great
Table
in
that
Court
;
wherein
are
tryed
all
Causes
concerning
the
Kings
Revenue
.
There
is
another
called
the
Court
of
the
Dutchy
of
Lancaster
,
which
takes
Cognizance
of
all
Causes
that
concern
the
Reve●ues
of
that
Dutchy
.
Also
the
high
Court
of
Chan●ery
,
which
is
placed
next
the
King's
Bench
,
as
mitigating
the
Rigor
thereof
;
this
Court
is
the
Womb
●f
all
our
Fundamental
Laws
;
it
is
called
Chancery
as
●ome
imagine
,
because
the
Judge
of
this
Court
sate
●nciently
inter
Cancellos
,
or
within
Lattices
,
as
the
East
end
of
our
Churches
being
separated
per
Cancel●os
from
the
Body
of
the
Church
,
as
peculiarly
belonging
to
the
Priest
,
were
thence
called
Chancels
;
this
Court
grants
Writs
according
to
Equity
or
Consci●nce
.
Out
of
which
issue
Summons
for
Parliaments
,
●dicts
,
Proclamations
,
Letters
Patents
,
Treaties
,
●eagues
with
Forreign
Princes
,
&c.
There
is
likewise
●he
Court
of
Admiralty
,
wherein
all
matters
concern●ng
the
Sea
are
determined
by
the
Civil
Law
,
because
●he
Sea
is
without
the
Limits
of
the
Common
Law
,
●ow
kept
at
Wallingford-House
.
The
next
thing
considerable
is
the
Collegiate
Church
called
Westminster-Abby
,
or
St.
Peters
.
It
was
●aised
out
of
the
ruins
of
a
Temple
formerly
dedicated
to
Apollo
;
wherein
there
is
King
Henry
VII's
Chappel
,
a
magnificent
and
curious
Edifice
;
beautified
with
the
stately
Tombs
of
the
Kings
and
Queens
of
England
,
and
many
other
Persons
of
Honour
and
Renown
are
buried
in
this
Church
;
and
here
the
Kings
of
England
are
commonly
crowned
.
Then
there
is
Somerset-house
,
a
large
and
stately
●tructure
belonging
to
the
King
,
Northumberland
house
York-house
now
turned
into
Streets
and
Buildings
,
the
new
Exchange
stored
with
variety
of
Shops
and
Goods
;
the
Statue
of
K.
Charles
I.
lately
erected
at
Charing
cross
,
Salisbury-house
now
a
fine
Street
,
the
Savoy
,
Arundel-house
,
Bedford-house
,
and
divers
other
Places
worth
observing
.
The
Limits
of
Westminster
end
at
Temple-Bar
and
there
the
bounds
of
London
begin
.
Westminfter
is
so
mightily
enlarged
by
the
building
of
St.
James's
Fields
and
the
adjaceat
Places
into
stately
large
Streets
,
that
it
is
thought
to
be
as
big
again
as
formerly
.
To
conclude
,
London
is
the
Epitome
of
England
,
the
Seat
of
the
Brittish
Empire
,
the
Chamber
of
the
King
,
the
chiefest
Emporium
or
Town
of
Trade
in
the
World
,
and
to
describe
all
things
in
it
worthy
to
be
known
,
would
make
a
Volume
.
The
City
of
London
with
the
Suburbs
and
parts
adjacent
is
from
Lime-house
to
the
end
of
Tothill
street
in
Westminster
,
East
and
West
above
7500
Geometrical
Paces
,
or
7
English
Miles
and
an
half
,
and
from
the
further
end
of
Blackman-street
in
Southwark
to
the
end
of
Shoreditch
North
and
South
,
2500
Paces
or
two
Miles
and
an
half
.
Historical
Remarks
OF
LONDON
and
WESTMINSTER
.
PART
II.
ENgland
,
in
the
time
of
the
Saxons
,
was
divided
into
an
Heptarchy
,
or
seven
Kingdoms
,
in
the
year
of
Christ
527.
One
of
these
Kingdoms
contained
Essex
and
Middlesex
,
and
continued
about
281
years
,
during
the
Reign
of
14
Kings
.
The
third
of
whom
was
Sebert
,
who
built
the
Cathedral
of
St.
Paul
,
which
had
formerly
been
the
Temple
of
Diana
.
The
ninth
King
was
Sebba
,
who
after
thirty
years
peaceable
Reign
relinquished
the
Crown
,
and
took
upon
him
a
Religions
Habit
in
the
Monastery
of
St.
Paul
,
where
dying
,
his
Body
was
intombed
in
a
Coffi●
of
Gray
Marble
,
and
stood
in
the
North
Wall
of
the
Chancel
of
the
Church
,
till
the
Fire
in
1666.
About
872.
the
Danes
invaded
this
Kingdom
,
and
got
into
London
,
making
great
spoil
;
upon
which
King
Elfred
,
who
then
reigned
,
compounded
with
them
,
allowing
them
a
great
quantity
of
Land
to
secure
the
rest
from
Plunder
and
Ruine
;
for
we
find
these
words
in
the
end
of
the
Laws
published
by
this
King
,
Let
the
Bounds
of
our
Dominion
stretch
from
the
River
Thames
,
and
from
thence
to
the
Vale
of
Lea
,
even
unto
the
head
of
the
same
Water
,
and
so
forth
straight
unto
Bedford
,
and
finally
going
along
by
the
River
of
Ouse
,
let
them
end
at
Watling-street
.
But
the
Danes
ufurped
daily
upon
other
places
,
so
that
King
Elfred
was
many
times
forced
to
hide
himself
in
the
Fens
and
Marshes
,
and
with
his
small
Company
to
live
by
Fishing
,
Fowling
,
and
Hunting
Wild
Beasts
for
Food
;
and
being
one
time
entertained
alone
in
a
Country
man's
house
,
disguised
in
very
mean
attire
,
as
he
was
sitting
by
the
Fire
,
a
Cake
was
baking
on
the
Hearth
before
him
,
but
the
King
being
intent
in
trimming
his
Bow
and
Arrows
,
the
Country
woman
coming
in
,
and
seeing
the
Cake
burn
,
she
furiously
took
the
Bow
from
him
,
and
checking
him
as
her
Slave
,
said
,
Thou
Fellow
,
dost
thou
see
the
Bread
burn
before
thy
Face
,
and
wilt
thou
not
turn
it
,
and
yet
mayest
be
glad
to
eat
it
before
it
be
half
baked
?
Little
suspecting
him
to
be
the
man
that
used
to
be
treated
with
more
dainty
Food
.
This
King
,
more
minding
the
Benefit
of
his
Subjects
than
the
Majesty
of
State
disguised
himself
in
the
habit
of
a
common
Fidler
,
and
went
in
Person
to
the
Danes
Camp
,
who
lay
wallowing
in
Wantonuess
and
Security
;
and
being
a
skilful
Musician
,
and
a
Poet
he
addded
his
Voice
thereto
;
singing
Songs
of
the
Valour
of
the
Danes
,
whereby
he
had
admittance
to
the
Company
and
Banquets
of
their
chief
Commanders
and
Princes
;
and
observing
their
carelesness
,
and
understanding
their
Designs
,
he
returns
to
his
poor
disconsolate
Soldiers
,
and
tells
them
how
easie
it
was
to
surprize
their
Enemies
,
and
thereby
recover
their
ruined
Country
:
who
immediately
fell
upon
the
Danes
in
their
Camp
,
and
made
a
very
great
slaughter
;
and
pursuing
their
Victory
,
they
beat
them
in
all
Places
;
and
at
last
followed
them
to
London
,
from
whence
,
all
the
Danes
fled
.
The
Inhabitants
were
very
glad
to
see
the
Face
of
their
King
,
and
he
restored
the
City
to
its
former
Liberty
and
Splendor
again
,
the
Danes
making
their
escape
by
shipping
into
France
.
In
982
the
Danes
again
invade
England
,
and
destroy
all
Places
near
the
Shore
.
Etheldred
was
then
King
,
whose
elder
Brother
(
called
the
Martyr
)
was
treacherously
murdered
by
his
Mother-in-Law
;
for
the
King
being
a
hunting
in
the
Isle
of
Purbeck
,
went
alone
out
of
kindness
to
〈◊〉
his
Mother-in-Law
and
Brother
,
who
dwelt
hard
by
,
where
this
cruel
Woman
,
out
of
ambition
to
bring
her
Son
to
the
Crown
,
caused
one
to
run
him
into
the
back
with
a
Knife
,
as
he
was
drinking
a
Glass
of
Wine
on
Horseback
at
his
departing
,
who
feeling
himself
hurt
,
set
spurs
to
his
Horse
,
thinking
to
get
to
his
Company
,
but
the
Wound
being
mortal
,
and
he
fainting
through
loss
of
Blood
fell
from
his
Horse
;
and
one
Foot
being
entangled
in
the
Stirrup
,
he
was
dragged
up
and
down
through
the
Woods
,
and
afterward
found
dead
,
and
was
buried
at
the
Minster
in
Shaftsbury
.
Etheldred
was
then
crowned
King
by
Dunstan
Arch
Bishop
of
Canterbury
,
who
at
his
Coronation
,
denounced
the
wrath
of
God
against
him
in
these
Words
;
Because
,
saith
he
,
thou
hast
aspired
to
the
Crown
by
the
death
of
thy
Brother
,
whom
thy
Mother
hath
murdered
,
therefore
hear
the
Word
of
the
Lord
;
The
Sword
shall
not
depart
from
thy
House
,
but
shall
furiously
rage
all
the
days
of
thy
Life
,
killing
all
thy
Seed
,
till
such
time
as
thy
Kingdom
shall
be
given
to
a
People
,
whose
Customs
and
Language
the
Nation
thou
now
governest
,
know
not
.
Neither
shall
thy
sin
,
the
sin
of
thy
Mother
,
nor
the
sins
of
those
men
who
were
Partakers
of
her
Councils
,
and
Instruments
of
her
wicked
Designs
,
be
expiated
and
appeased
,
but
by
long
and
most
severe
Vengeance
.
Which
Prediction
was
seconded
by
Prodigies
;
for
it
is
said
that
a
Cloud
of
Blood
and
Fire
appeared
after
his
Coronation
,
and
miserable
Calamities
fell
upon
him
and
his
House
.
This
King
was
neither
forward
nor
fortunate
in
any
of
his
undertakings
,
so
that
he
was
called
,
The
Vuready
;
he
spent
his
Youth
in
debauchery
,
his
middle
Age
in
carelesness
,
and
neglect
of
his
Government
,
maintaining
Dissentions
amongst
his
own
Subjects
,
and
his
latter
end
in
resisting
the
blood
thirsty
Danes
,
who
made
continual
Destruction
of
his
People
and
Country
,
who
had
been
quiet
for
22
years
before
,
so
all
these
calamities
were
imputed
to
the
Misgovernment
of
this
unhappy
Prince
.
The
Danes
perceiving
the
Hearts
of
the
Subjects
to
be
drawn
from
their
Sovereign
,
landed
in
Ker●
with
seven
Ships
,
spoiling
the
Country
for
eleven
years
together
,
till
at
last
the
King
,
by
advice
of
his
Lords
,
paid
them
ten
thousand
Pounds
,
to
depart
the
Realm
.
This
served
for
the
present
,
but
they
returned
year
after
year
,
and
still
obliged
the
King
to
give
them
more
Money
,
till
at
last
it
came
to
forty
thousand
Pound
a
year
,
which
emptied
the
Land
of
all
the
Coin
,
and
the
English
were
forced
to
plough
,
and
sow
while
the
Danes
sate
idle
,
and
eat
the
fruit
of
their
Labours
,
abusing
also
their
Wives
and
Daughters
,
whereupon
they
were
called
Lord
Danes
,
(
now
Lurdains
,
signifying
a
Lazy
Lubber
.
)
In
this
distressed
State
,
the
King
thought
of
this
expedient
to
be
rid
of
them
:
He
sent
out
Commissions
into
every
City
in
his
Dominions
that
at
an
appointed
time
they
should
Massacre
all
the
Danes
that
were
amongst
them
.
The
Day
was
Novem.
13
,
1002
his
Command
was
accordingly
performed
,
and
that
with
such
Rigour
,
that
in
Oxford
the
fearful
Danes
for
refuge
,
took
into
the
Church
of
St.
Frideswide
,
as
a
Sanctuary
of
venerable
Antiquity
;
but
they
in
their
fury
,
regarding
neither
Place
nor
Person
,
set
the
Church
on
fire
,
wherein
many
Danes
were
burnt
,
with
divers
rich
Ornaments
,
and
the
Library
utterly
defaced
.
At
which
time
,
it
is
said
,
King
Etheldred
himself
was
in
Oxford
,
and
had
summoned
a
Parliament
both
of
English
and
Danes
to
meet
there
,
and
afterwards
repaired
the
Ruins
the
fire
had
made
.
In
this
Masfacre
the
Lady
Gunhild
Sister
to
the
King
of
Denmark
,
and
a
continual
Friend
to
the
English
,
with
her
Husband
and
Son
were
slain
.
Upon
the
News
of
this
Massacre
King
Swain
with
a
great
Navy
of
Danes
,
lands
in
several
parts
in
England
,
and
carries
all
before
him
:
and
other
Danes
with
94
ships
,
sailed
up
the
River
of
Thames
,
and
besieged
London
,
but
the
Citizens
made
such
valiant
Resistance
,
that
they
forced
them
to
retire
:
however
they
fell
severely
upon
Essex
,
Kent
,
Sussex
,
and
Hampshire
.
These
Calamities
were
seconded
with
others
as
fearful
;
for
about
this
time
the
City
was
destroyed
by
Fire
,
whose
beauty
then
chiefly
extended
from
Ludgate
Westward
;
for
that
within
the
Walls
,
where
the
heart
of
the
City
now
is
,
was
then
neither
beautiful
nor
orderly
built
.
To
add
to
these
Miseries
a
dreadful
Sickness
raged
in
London
,
and
most
parts
of
England
,
hitherto
anknown
in
this
Kingdom
,
being
a
burning
Fever
,
and
the
bloody
Flux
;
there
was
also
great
scarcity
,
by
reason
of
the
Murrain
,
and
Death
of
all
sorts
of
Cattel
.
All
these
Judgments
were
imputed
to
the
King
,
and
his
Abettors
,
Dunstan
prophecying
further
woes
to
the
Land
after
his
death
,
though
the
King
made
great
lamentation
for
the
Murther
of
his
Brother
K.
Edward
,
for
which
his
Mother
beat
him
so
violently
with
a
wax
Taper
,
which
stood
before
her
,
that
he
could
never
after
well
endure
the
sight
of
a
Taper
.
In
1013
K.
Swain
came
again
from
Denmark
,
landing
a
great
number
of
Men
in
the
River
Humber
,
and
conquered
all
before
him
till
he
came
to
London
,
and
presently
besieged
King
Etheldred
within
it
,
Swain
doubted
not
of
carrying
the
City
,
but
the
Citizens
considering
they
had
their
King
with
them
,
and
that
London
was
the
Eye
of
the
Land
,
grew
very
couragious
,
beating
the
Danes
from
the
Walls
,
and
then
sallying
out
slew
them
on
heaps
,
so
that
King
Swain
himself
was
in
great
danger
,
had
he
not
desperately
ran
through
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
Swords
,
and
by
flight
escaped
,
marching
day
and
night
in
great
fear
,
till
he
had
got
to
Bath
;
where
Ethelmere
Earl
of
Devonshire
,
and
his
people
submitted
to
him
;
but
this
last
overthrow
,
and
want
of
Victuals
,
caused
him
after
he
had
received
a
sum
of
Money
,
to
hasten
into
Denmark
,
but
returning
with
greater
Strength
,
he
met
with
the
English
again
,
and
utterly
defeated
them
,
by
reason
of
the
treachery
of
some
English
who
revolted
to
the
Danes
.
So
that
the
whole
Kingdom
,
yea
Loudon
it self
,
was
forced
to
comply
with
the
calamity
of
the
Times
,
wherewith
Etheldred
,
being
utterly
dejected
,
he
sent
his
Wife
Emma
,
and
his
two
Sons
to
his
Brother
Richard
Duke
of
Normandy
;
and
went
himself
in
one
of
his
Ships
to
the
Isle
of
Wight
,
and
afterwards
to
Normandy
to
his
Brother
,
leaving
the
Danes
sole
Lords
and
Masters
of
the
Realm
.
A
while
after
King
Swain
coming
to
St.
Edmundbury
in
Suffolk
,
threatned
to
burn
down
the
Church
,
unless
they
would
give
him
a
sum
of
Money
(
having
done
the
like
in
several
other
Places
)
which
the
Iuhabitants
refusing
to
pay
,
he
went
to
disturb
the
Bones
of
St.
Edmund
,
so
called
;
which
while
he
was
doing
,
he
suddenly
cried
out
(
saith
the
Historian
)
that
,
He
was
struck
by
St.
Edmund
with
a
Sword
,
being
then
in
the
midst
of
his
Nobles
,
and
no
man
seeing
from
whose
hand
it
came
;
and
so
with
great
Horror
he
died
three
days
after
,
and
the
Danes
advanced
Ganutus
his
Son
to
the
Throne
.
Soon
after
King
Etheldred
died
also
,
and
his
third
Son
called
Edmund
Ironside
(
of
his
enduring
Labour
)
succeeded
:
A
great
part
of
the
English
both
feared
and
favoured
Canutus
,
especially
the
Clergy
,
who
at
Southampton
swore
fealty
to
him
.
But
the
Londoners
stood
firm
to
Prince
Edmund
,
and
elected
him
King
.
In
revenge
whereof
Canutus
,
who
had
besieged
the
City
before
the
death
of
King
Etheldred
,
caused
his
Ships
to
be
towed
up
the
Thames
to
the
East
side
of
the
Bridge
,
and
from
the
River
with
a
deep
Trench
encompassed
the
City
,
shutting
up
all
the
Passages
in
or
out
of
it
.
But
the
coming
of
their
new
King
Edmund
to
their
assistance
did
much
encourage
them
,
and
disheartned
the
Danes
,
so
that
they
brake
up
the
Seige
,
King
Edmnnd
having
sent
a
Challenge
to
Canutus
to
fight
him
in
single
Combat
;
which
he
neither
accepted
,
nor
staid
at
London
,
but
sailed
down
the
Thames
to
the
Isle
of
Sh●ppey
,
where
he
wintred
with
his
Navy
.
and
in
the
Spring
assailed
the
West
of
England
,
where
the
Danes
were
routed
.
After
this
,
at
a
place
called
Sherostan
in
Worcestershire
,
another
Battle
was
fought
,
where
the
Danes
were
like
again
to
have
been
discomfited
;
which
Edrick
an
English
Man
perceiving
,
he
cut
off
the
Head
of
a
Soldier
,
whose
name
was
Osmearus
,
who
was
like
King
Edmund
both
in
Hair
and
Countenance
,
and
shaking
his
bloody
Sword
with
the
gasping
Head
,
cried
out
to
the
English
Army
,
Fly
wrethes
,
fly
,
and
get
away
,
for
your
King
is
slain
,
behold
here
is
his
Head
,
therefore
seek
now
to
save
your
own
Lives
.
Edmund
having
notice
of
this
treacherous
Stratagem
,
hastned
to
shew
himself
,
whose
sight
so
encouraged
his
Men
,
that
they
had
got
a
total
Victory
,
if
night
had
not
prevented
them
The
Soldiers
bent
their
Bows
against
Dake
Edrick
,
and
had
shot
him
to
death
,
had
he
not
excused
the
Fact
,
as
being
mistaken
in
the
Countenance
of
the
Man
,
and
desirous
to
save
the
blood
of
the
English
:
upon
which
false
Pretence
he
was
taken
into
favour
again
.
Three
days
after
both
Armies
prepared
again
for
Battle
,
yet
stood
still
without
skirmishing
,
only
refreshing
their
tired
Bodies
,
and
burying
those
that
were
slain
in
the
two
days
before
.
The
night
following
nutus
brake
up
his
Camp
,
and
marched
toward
London
,
he
having
great
displeasure
against
the
Citizens
,
and
desiring
to
conquer
that
place
,
which
was
already
besieged
by
the
Danish
Ships
.
Next
morning
the
Centinels
gave
notice
to
King
Edm●nd
,
who
was
preparing
to
Battle
,
that
his
Enemies
were
marched
away
:
Who
followed
them
with
all
speed
to
London
,
where
with
little
difficulty
he
raised
the
Siege
,
and
entred
the
City
triumphantly
.
The
Danes
being
thus
discomfited
,
Edmund
taking
advantage
of
their
fear
,
routed
them
two
days
after
at
Brainford
,
though
in
passing
the
Thames
many
of
his
Men
were
drowned
.
Upon
this
Ioss
,
the
Traytor
Edrick
fearing
the
Ruine
of
the
Danes
persuaded
his
Brother
in
Law
King
Edmund
to
come
to
a
Truce
with
Canutus
,
who
kept
it
but
till
he
had
increased
his
Forces
,
and
then
another
Battle
was
fought
,
wherein
it
is
reported
Canutus
lost
4500
Men
,
and
King
Edmund
only
600.
But
Canutus
a
while
after
recruiting
his
Army
,
Edmund
marched
toward
him
,
who
lay
at
Ashdown
3
Miles
from
Saffron
Walden
in
Essex
,
where
at
first
the
Victory
seemed
doubtful
,
till
the
Danes
began
to
retreat
;
which
the
ever
traiterous
Edrick
perceiving
,
he
with
all
his
Forces
revolted
to
the
Danes
,
whereby
they
got
the
day
,
and
the
poor
betrayed
English
were
utterly
overthrown
.
There
were
slain
of
Edmund's
Nobility
,
Duke
Alfred
,
Duke
Godwin
,
Duke
Athelward
,
Duke
Athelwin
,
and
Earl
,
Vrchil
,
with
Cadnoth
Bishop
of
Lincoln
,
and
Wolsey
Abbot
of
Ramsey
,
and
several
other
of
the
Clergy
,
who
came
thither
to
pray
for
the
good
success
of
King
Edm●nd
and
his
Army
.
There
are
some
signs
of
this
Battle
in
that
Field
to
this
very
day
,
divers
small
hills
still
●emaining
there
,
from
whence
have
been
digged
the
Bones
of
Men
,
Armour
,
and
he
chains
of
Horses
Bridles
.
King
Edmund
being
thus
treacherbusly
forced
to
quit
the
Field
,
went
on
Foot
to
Glocester
with
a
very
small
Army
,
leaving
Canutus
flushed
with
Victory
,
who
marched
to
London
,
and
forced
the
City
to
submit
to
him
,
with
many
other
great
Towns
.
After
which
he
followed
Edmund
into
the
West
,
who
had
again
raised
a
considerable
Army
,
resolving
at
once
to
try
the
utmost
of
his
fortune
.
The
Armies
met
with
a
full
Resolution
to
establish
the
Title
of
the
one
,
by
the
ruine
of
the
other
.
But
a
Captain
in
King
Edmund's
Army
proposed
,
that
for
preventing
Bloodshed
,
the
two
Kings
only
should
fight
in
single
Combat
,
it
chiefly
concerning
them
;
or
else
divide
the
Kingdom
between
them
.
This
was
agreed
to
and
the
two
Kings
,
in
sight
of
both
Armies
,
went
into
a
small
Island
called
,
Alney
near
Glocester
,
encompassed
with
the
River
Severn
being
compleatly
armed
,
they
first
assaulted
each
other
very
stoutly
on
Horseback
'
and
afterward
on
foot
.
But
Edmund
was
strong
and
fought
for
a
Kingdom●
Canutus
for
Honour
;
And
the
Combat
seemed
equal
,
till
Canutus
having
received
a
dangerous
Wound
,
and
finding
himself
over
matched
,
desired
to
treat
,
and
spake
thus
to
Edmund
,
What
necessity
is
there
(
most
valiant
Prince
)
that
we
for
obtaining
a
Title
,
should
thus
endanger
our
Lives
;
it
were
better
to
lay
Malice
and
our
Armour
aside
,
and
condescend
to
a
loving
Agreement
;
let
us
therefore
become
sworn
Brothers
,
and
divide
the
Kingdom
between
us
,
and
keep
such
Amity
,
that
we
may
both
use
the
others
share
as
his
own
,
so
shall
this
Land
be
peaceably
governed
,
and
we
jointly
assist
each
other
in
necessity
.
Upon
this
Speech
they
both
cast
down
their
Swords
,
and
embraced
as
Friends
to
the
great
joy
of
both
Armies
,
who
stood
w●vering
before
,
betwixt
hope
and
fear
,
expecting
their
own
fortunes
according
to
the
success
of
their
Champions
.
Thus
was
the
Kingdom
divided
betwixt
these
two
Princes
.
Edmund
enjoying
the
West
part
toward
the
Coast
of
France
and
Canutus
the
rest
And
thus
was
the
Saxon
Monarchy
come
to
its
●●st
Period
,
and
the
tottering
Crown
was
soon
Severn
,
and
being
compleatly
armed
,
they
first
assaulted
each
other
very
stoutly
on
Horse-back
,
and
afterward
on
Foot
.
But
Edmund
was
strong
,
and
fought
for
a
Kingdom
,
Canutus
for
Honour
:
and
the
Combat
seemed
indifferent
equal
,
till
Canutus
having
received
a
dangerous
wound
,
and
finding
himself
overmatched
in
strength
,
desired
to
treat
,
and
spake
thus
to
Edmund
.
What
necessity
is
there
(
most
valiant
Prince
)
that
we
,
for
obtaining
a
title
,
should
thus
endanger
our
lives
.
It
were
better
to
lay
Malice
and
our
Armour
aside
,
and
condescend
to
a
loving
Agreement
,
let
us
now
therefore
become
Sworn
Brothers
,
and
divide
the
Kingdom
between
us
,
and
keep
such
amity
,
that
we
may
both
use
the
others
share
as
if
it
were
his
own
,
so
shall
this
Land
be
peaceably
governed
,
and
we
jointly
assist
each
others
necessity
.
Upon
this
Speech
they
both
cast
down
their
Swords
,
and
embraced
as
Friends
,
to
the
great
joy
,
and
rejoycing
of
both
Armies
,
who
stood
doubtfully
wavering
before
,
betwixt
hope
&
fear
,
as
expecting
their
own
fortunes
according
to
the
success
of
their
Champions
.
Thus
was
the
kingdom
divided
between
these
two
Princes
,
Edmund
enjoying
the
West
part
toward
the
Coast
of
France
,
and
Canutus
the
rest
.
And
thus
was
the
Saxon
Monarchy
come
to
its
last
period
,
and
the
tottering
Crown
was
soon
after
torn
from
Edmunds
head
:
For
Duke
Edrick
,
a
Traitor
in
grain
,
being
much
in
favour
with
both
Kings
,
yet
to
oblige
Canutus
,
contrived
the
death
of
renowned
Edmund
,
who
going
into
a
place
of
casement
,
was
suddenly
thrust
from
under
the
Vault
into
the
body
with
a
sharp
Spear
;
which
being
done
,
the
Villain
Edrick
cut
off
his
Sovereigns
head
,
and
presented
it
to
Canutus
with
this
flattering
salutation
,
All
hail
thou
now
sole
Monarch
of
England
,
for
here
behold
the
head
of
thy
Copartner
,
which
for
thy
sake
I
have
adventured
to
cut
off
.
Canutus
,
though
ambitious
enough
of
Sovereignty
,
yet
being
of
a
Princely
temper
,
he
was
much
astonished
at
this
base
and
treacherous
Act
,
and
vowed
,
That
in
reward
of
that
Service
the
Bringers
own
head
should
be
advanced
above
all
the
Peers
of
his
Kingdom
.
Which
high
honour
,
while
this
prodigious
wretch
greedily
expected
(
and
indeed
for
some
time
,
saith
our
Author
,
he
had
some
shew
of
favour
from
the
King
)
he
suddenly
by
the
Kings
command
had
his
head
struck
off
,
and
placed
upon
the
highest
Gate
of
London
,
to
overlook
that
great
City
.
Canutus
being
possessed
of
half
the
Kingdom
by
composition
with
Edmund
,
now
after
his
death
seized
the
whole
,
and
that
all
things
,
as
was
pretended
,
might
proceed
with
Justice
and
Concord
,
he
called
a
Council
of
the
English
Nobility
at
London
,
wherein
it
was
demanded
,
whether
in
the
Agreement
between
Edmund
and
him
,
any
Claim
or
Title
to
the
Crown
had
been
reserved
for
King
Edmunds
Brethren
,
or
his
Sons
.
The
English
,
who
had
paid
dear
for
resisting
the
Dane
hitherto
,
and
being
afraid
to
provoke
him
,
absolutely
answered
,
No.
And
knowing
that
Princes
are
generally
appeased
with
flattery
,
they
offered
their
Swords
against
any
such
Claims
,
and
took
themselves
the
Oath
of
Allegiance
to
Canutus
,
who
being
a
very
wise
and
Politick
Prince
,
had
never
the
better
opinion
of
them
for
their
fawning
;
rightfully
judging
,
that
those
who
were
false
to
their
natural
Prince
,
would
never
be
true
to
him
,
nor
his
posterity
,
who
were
Foreigners
.
Canutus
being
thus
freed
from
all
his
Opposites
,
was
Crowned
King
of
England
at
London
,
in
1017.
by
Elstane
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
being
the
second
King
of
Denmark
of
that
name
,
and
the
first
of
England
,
and
the
34.
Monarch
of
this
Land
.
King
Canutus
dying
,
left
the
Kingdom
of
Norway
to
his
eldest
Son
Swain
,
and
England
to
his
youngest
,
called
Hardyknute
,
who
being
at
that
time
in
Denmark
,
Harold
his
elder
Brother
by
a
former
wife
,
taking
advantage
of
his
absence
,
laid
claim
to
the
Crown
,
and
enjoyed
it
four
years
,
having
neither
wife
nor
child
.
After
his
death
the
English
as
well
as
Danes
who
had
been
for
Harold
,
thought
best
to
send
for
Hardyknute
and
offer
him
the
Crown
;
who
soon
after
came
to
London
in
great
state
,
and
was
there
proclaimed
King
of
England
,
and
crowned
.
He
spent
his
Reign
in
doing
nothing
but
doing
ill
.
For
no
sooner
had
he
power
to
command
,
but
he
ordered
the
body
of
his
Brother
the
deceased
King
Harold
to
be
taken
out
of
his
Grave
,
and
disgracefully
thrown
into
the
River
Thames
,
where
it
remained
till
a
Fisherman
found
it
,
and
buried
it
in
the
Churchyard
of
S.
Clement
,
commonly
called
St.
Clement
Danes
,
because
,
say
some
,
it
was
the
burying-place
for
that
Nation
.
This
Hardyknute
altogether
neglected
his
Government
,
delighting
in
nothing
but
eating
and
drinking
to
excess
,
having
his
Tables
spread
with
fresh
Victuals
four
times
every
day
,
which
caused
all
manner
of
Debauchery
to
reign
among
his
Subjects
by
his
evil
example
,
since
it
is
natural
for
people
to
imitate
the
Vices
of
their
Sovereign
.
He
died
suddenly
at
the
celebration
of
a
Marriage
at
Lambeth
near
London
:
for
while
he
was
revelling
and
carousing
in
the
midst
of
his
Cups
,
he
suddenly
fell
down
,
without
speech
or
breath
:
whose
loss
was
little
lamented
by
reason
of
his
Riot
and
Excess
,
and
the
severe
Taxes
he
laid
upon
the
People
for
maintaining
his
extravagancies
;
yea
,
so
far
were
any
from
bewailing
him
,
that
in
remembrance
of
their
Freedom
from
the
Danish
yoke
,
he
being
the
last
King
of
the
Danes
,
the
common
people
for
a
long
time
after
,
celebrated
the
day
of
his
death
,
which
was
the
eighth
of
June
,
with
open
Pastimes
in
the
Streets
(
as
the
Romans
formerly
kept
their
Fugalia
,
for
chasing
out
their
Kings
)
which
time
is
called
Hocktide
,
or
Heuxtide
,
signifying
a
time
of
Scorning
and
Contempt
,
which
fell
upon
the
Danes
by
his
death
.
Edward
the
third
of
that
name
before
the
Conquest
,
half-brother
to
the
deceased
Hardy-Canute
,
and
Son
to
King
Ethelred
by
Queen
Emma
his
wife
,
succeeded
him
,
and
was
called
Edward
the
Confessor
,
between
whom
and
Godwin
Earl
of
Kent
,
there
happened
such
differences
,
that
they
raised
Forces
against
each
other
,
and
fitted
out
divers
Ships
.
King
Edward
appointed
sixty
Ships
for
a
Guard
to
the
Thames
mouth
:
but
Godwin
being
a
man
of
very
great
Authority
,
sollicited
the
People
of
Kent
,
Sussex
,
and
Surrey
to
his
aid
,
and
entering
the
Thames
with
his
Ships
,
invited
the
Londoners
to
join
with
him
,
which
they
accordingly
did
,
though
King
Edward
were
in
the
City
;
so
that
without
resistance
,
his
Navy
came
up
with
the
Tide
to
the
South
end
of
London-bridge
,
and
a
very
great
Army
attended
to
aid
him
on
Southwark
side
.
The
Nobility
observing
the
People
to
be
divided
into
Parties
,
and
one
English
man
ready
to
destroy
another
,
they
so
prevailed
with
King
Edward
and
Godwin
,
that
they
made
a
Reconciliation
between
them
,
and
Pledges
were
delivered
for
the
true
performance
of
the
Agreement
.
About
this
time
,
that
is
,
in
1047.
there
fell
a
very
great
Snow
in
January
,
which
covered
the
ground
to
the
middle
of
March
,
so
that
most
of
the
Cattle
and
Fowl
perished
;
and
the
Year
following
a
strange
and
terrible
Earthquake
happened
,
which
seemed
to
rend
the
earth
asunder
,
and
such
Lightnings
withall
,
as
burnt
up
the
Corn
●rowing
in
the
Fields
,
whereby
an
extraordinary
Dearth
and
Fa●ine
followed
.
In
the
Year
1066.
William
the
Conquerour
landed
at
Pemsey
in
Sussex
,
and
immediately
sent
a
Messenger
to
King
Harold
at
London
,
whereby
he
claimed
no
less
than
the
Crown
of
England
,
upon
pretence
of
a
Donation
from
King
Edward
deceased
:
and
required
that
Harold
should
be
a
Vassal
to
him
.
The
Messenger
urged
the
same
with
so
much
confidence
,
that
Harold
in
his
fury
could
hardly
forbear
(
though
against
the
Law
of
Arms
)
to
lay
violent
hands
on
the
Ambassadour
.
And
thereupon
he
returns
a
threatning
Message
to
William
to
depart
immediately
back
into
Normandy
at
his
utmost
peril
.
He
then
proceeds
to
muster
his
Forces
,
which
were
not
so
many
as
he
expected
,
though
divers
Noblemen
,
Gentlemen
,
and
others
,
who
were
inflamed
with
the
love
of
the
Rights
and
Liberties
of
their
Native
Country
,
joined
with
him
to
keep
out
this
dangerous
Foreigner
.
However
King
Harold
with
an
undaunted
courage
led
his
men
into
Sussex
,
against
the
earnest
intreaty
of
his
Mother
,
who
endeavoured
to
hinder
him
,
and
pitching
his
Tents
in
a
large
fair
Plain
,
not
above
seven
miles
from
the
Enemy
,
he
sent
forth
his
Spies
for
discovery
,
who
being
taken
by
Duke
William
,
he
ordered
that
they
should
view
all
his
Tents
,
and
then
sent
them
safely
back
to
Harold
.
They
commended
Williams
clemency
,
and
his
great
strength
,
but
told
Harold
,
that
they
thought
all
his
Army
were
Priests
,
for
their
Beards
were
all
shaved
,
whereas
the
use
of
the
English
was
then
to
reserve
the
hair
of
the
upper
lip
without
cutting
.
King
Harold
replied
,
they
were
no
Priests
,
but
men
of
great
courage
and
valour
,
to
his
knowledge●
he
having
been
formerly
in
that
Country
.
Harold
was
thereupon
persuaded
not
to
venture
himself
in
the
Battle
,
but
to
go
on
to
levy
more
Souldiers
.
And
his
Brother
told
him
that
William
charged
him
that
he
had
taken
an
Oath
to
settle
him
in
the
Throne
;
and
,
said
he
,
Thou
knowest
what
Oath
thine
own
mouth
hath
made
unto
William
,
if
it
were
lawful
,
and
thou
tookest
it
willingly
,
withdraw
thy self
out
of
the
Field
,
lest
for
thy
great
sin
,
the
whole
Army
be
destroyed
,
for
there
is
no
power
that
can
resist
God
.
But
Harold
reproved
his
Brother
for
his
freedom
,
and
disdainfully
undervalued
the
strength
of
the
Normans
,
and
seemed
to
conceive
that
nothing
which
he
did
being
a
private
man
,
could
now
bind
him
when
he
was
a
Prince
.
Duke
William
being
now
come
into
the
Field
,
and
both
Armies
facing
each
other
,
as
ready
for
Battle
;
to
spare
the
effusion
of
Christian
bloud
,
he
sent
a
Monk
as
a
Mediator
for
Peace
,
offering
Harold
either
to
resign
the
Kingdom
to
himself
,
and
acknowledge
him
his
Sovereign
,
or
to
trie
the
quarrel
in
single
Battle
,
in
the
sight
of
both
Armies
:
or
lastly
,
to
stand
to
the
Arbitrement
of
the
Pope
,
who
should
wear
the
English
Crown
.
But
Harold
being
destinated
to
destruction
,
would
neither
accept
the
counsels
of
his
Friends
,
nor
the
offers
of
his
Enemies
,
but
referred
the
decision
to
Heaven
,
saying
,
That
it
should
be
tried
the
next
day
with
more
Swords
than
one
.
Next
day
was
the
14
of
October
,
which
upon
a
credulous
Errour
he
always
held
to
be
fortunate
to
him
,
it
being
his
Birth-day
,
and
therefore
he
greatly
desired
to
engage
in
fight
.
His
Souldiers
likewise
dreaming
of
nothing
but
Spoil
,
and
Victory
,
and
that
their
heads
should
be
crowned
with
Lawrel
,
spent
the
preceding
night
in
all
manner
of
Jollity
,
Banquetting
,
Revelling
,
and
Noise
:
whereas
on
the
contrary
,
the
Normans
wisely
and
seriously
considering
the
great
importance
of
the
work
they
were
to
engage
in
,
applied
themselves
to
their
Prayers
and
Vows
for
the
safety
of
their
Army
,
and
its
victorious
suc●ess
.
And
in
the
morning
as
soon
as
it
was
light
,
they
were
all
in
Battle
Aray
,
and
ready
prepared
to
fight
.
Harold
likewise
with
all
expedition
marshalled
his
Souldiers
,
placing
the
Kentish
men
in
the
Van
(
according
to
an
ancient
custom
)
with
their
heavy
Axes
and
Halberts
,
the
Londoners
and
the
Middlesex
men
were
in
that
Squadron
which
he
himself
and
his
Brother
led
.
The
Normans
advancing
forward
,
discharged
a
fierce
Volley
of
Arrows
like
a
Tempestuous
Hail
,
which
was
a
kind
of
Weapon
the
English
never
understood
,
and
therefore
thought
their
Enemies
had
been
in
the
midst
of
them
already
.
Soon
after
the
Battle
began
in
earnest
.
King
Harold
,
like
an
expert
General
,
had
placed
his
men
in
so
firm
a
Body
,
that
no
force
of
the
Normans
could
disorder
their
Ranks
,
till
Duke
William
used
a
stratagem
,
commanding
his
men
to
sound
a
Retreat
,
and
counterfeit
flight
,
though
he
still
kept
them
in
good
order
.
The
English
supposing
the
Normans
to
have
been
fled
,
and
themselves
Masters
of
the
Field
,
carelesly
broke
their
ranks
,
when
suddenly
the
Normans
came
on
again
,
and
fell
upon
them
before
they
could
put
themselves
in
a
posture
of
defence
,
whereby
multitudes
of
them
were
slain
on
every
side
,
not
being
able
to
make
head
again
.
Yet
did
not
the
English
leave
the
Field
,
but
resolved
rather
to
maintain
their
honour
in
Arms
,
and
casting
themselves
into
a
Round
,
they
preferred
dying
for
their
Country
,
rather
than
to
forsake
the
Standard
of
their
King
,
and
thereupon
encouraging
one
another
,
they
made
resistance
for
a
long
time
,
but
showers
of
Arrows
,
like
a
mighty
storm
,
falling
among
them
,
one
of
them
most
fatally
,
and
unhappily
for
the
English
Nation
,
wounded
King
Harold
into
the
Brains
through
the
left
Eye
;
so
that
falling
from
his
Horse
,
he
was
slain
under
his
own
Standard
,
and
an
Ambush
of
Horsemen
cut
many
others
to
pieces
.
Duke
William
fought
so
valiantly
,
that
he
had
this
day
three
Horses
slain
under
him
,
and
King
Harold
shewed
no
less
courage
,
in
killing
many
Normans
with
his
own
hands
.
The
Mother
of
Harold
named
Thyra
,
offered
a
great
sum
of
mony
for
the
Kings
body
,
which
falling
among
such
a
multitude
(
it
being
reckoned
that
there
died
about
threescore
thousand
men
that
day
)
it
could
by
no
means
be
found
,
for
it
was
despoiled
of
all
its
Royal
Ornaments
by
the
plundering
Souldiers
:
so
that
King
Harold
lying
stript
,
wounded
,
bemangled
,
and
gored
in
his
bloud
,
could
not
be
known
from
another
man
,
till
a
Lady
named
Editha
was
sent
for
,
who
for
her
extraordinary
beauty
was
called
Swans
Neck
;
she
having
been
very
familiar
with
him
before
he
was
King
,
knew
some
secret
mark
in
his
body
,
by
which
she
discovered
him
.
After
which
the
Duke
freely
delivered
it
to
his
Mother
,
and
it
was
buried
in
Waltham
Abby
.
This
Battle
was
fought
October
14.
1066.
a
doleful
day
of
destruction
to
the
English
,
when
the
Royal
bloud
of
the
Saxons
perished
,
who
first
divided
this
Land
into
seven
Kingdoms
,
and
afterwards
made
of
them
one
glorious
Monarchy
,
not
inferiour
to
any
in
Europe
;
and
whose
Kings
for
Valour
and
Magnanimity
,
were
ranked
with
the
greatest
in
the
World
.
But
the
over-ruling
providence
of
Heaven
,
which
sets
up
and
pulls
down
at
pleasure
,
was
pleased
at
this
time
,
for
the
sins
of
the
English
,
or
some
other
cause
unknown
to
us
,
to
put
the
Scepter
into
the
hands
of
another
Family
,
and
another
Nation
.
Morcar
and
Edwin
,
Brethren
to
the
unfortunate
Queen
,
escaped
by
night
out
of
the
R●●le
,
and
came
to
London
,
where
consulting
with
the
rest
of
the
Lords
,
they
began
to
revive
their
hopes
,
and
posted
Messengers
from
thence
to
raise
new
Forces
.
And
because
the
English
were
struck
into
a
dreadful
astonishment
at
the
news
of
this
great
●oss
,
they
to
keep
them
from
despair
,
sent
them
Word
,
That
the
chance
of
War
was
uncertain
,
the
number
of
the
English
yet
many
,
and
there
were
Commanders
enough
left
to
try
another
Battle
.
Alfred
Archbishop
of
York
being
President
of
the
Assembly
,
very
couragiously
and
prudently
advised
,
●hat
they
should
immediately
proclaim
and
crown
Edgar
Atheling
the
true
Heir
for
their
King
;
to
which
the
Londoners
and
divers
Sea
Captains
agreed
.
But
the
Queens
brethren
,
and
likewise
the
Earls
of
Yorkshire
and
Cheshire
,
being
themselves
●mbitious
of
the
Crown
,
though
their
Country
was
in
such
a
deplorable
condition
,
hindered
this
wise
and
noble
design
.
In
the
twentieth
Year
of
William
the
Conque●our
,
there
happened
so
great
a
Fire
in
London
,
●hat
from
the
West
Gate
to
the
East
,
it
consumed
Houses
and
Churches
all
the
way
,
and
among
the
●est
St.
Pauls
,
as
much
as
was
combustible
,
was
●urnt
to
ashes
,
and
most
of
the
principal
Cities
in
England
were
much
damaged
by
Fire
.
Other
great
calamities
likewise
happened
,
as
Burning
Fevers
,
Murrains
upon
Cattle
,
abundance
of
Rain
,
and
Water-flouds
,
insomuch
that
the
Hills
seemed
to
●e
softned
to
the
very
foundation
,
and
with
their
●all
overwhelmed
many
Villages
;
there
was
likewise
such
a
dearth
in
London
and
England
that
●en
eat
Horses
,
Cats
,
Dogs
,
and
mans
flesh
.
In
1077.
upon
Palm
Sunday
about
Noon
a
bla●ing
Star
appeared
nigh
the
Sun
;
yea
,
which
is
●●range
,
tame
Fowls
,
such
as
Hens
,
Geese
,
Pea●cks
,
and
the
like
,
fled
into
Forests
,
and
Woods
,
beca●●●
wild
.
There
was
likewise
a
great
Forst
,
which
lasted
from
the
middle
of
November
to
the
midst
of
March
.
There
was
also
a
grea●
Wind
on
Christmas
day
,
accompanied
with
a
terrible
Earthquake
.
This
King
William
seized
all
the
Lands
between
Barnee
and
London-stone
,
which
belonged
to
the
Abby
of
St.
Albans
;
and
also
all
the
Treasure
,
Chalices
,
and
Shrines
of
all
the
Abbies
and
Monasteries
in
England
.
He
likewise
laid
great
Taxes
upon
the
Land
,
and
caused
an
exact
Survey
to
be
taken
of
the
whole
Kingdom
:
so
that
he
knew
the
value
of
all
the
Rents
and
Profits
of
the
Lands
,
and
likewise
of
all
Cities
,
Towns
,
Villages
,
Hamlets
,
Monasteries
,
and
Religious
Houses
causing
all
the
People
in
England
to
be
numbred
and
their
names
taken
,
with
an
account
what
every
one
could
spend
in
the
Year
.
After
which
be
exacted
fix
shillings
upon
every
hide
of
Land
which
amounted
to
a
vast
sum
of
money
.
The
Book
which
contained
this
Actual
Survey
was
called
by
the
English
Doomsday-book
,
and
is
kep●
to
this
day
in
the
Kings
Exchequer
at
Westminster
.
Yet
he
was
kind
to
the
Londoners
,
suffering
then
to
enjoy
their
Rights
and
Priviledges
which
the
had
in
Edward
the
Confessors
time
,
by
the
procurement
of
William
Bishop
of
London
,
who
wa●
buried
in
St.
Pauls
Church
,
and
this
Epitaph
p●●
upon
his
Grave-stone
in
Latine
and
English
.
To
William
,
a
man
famous
in
wisdom
,
and
holiness
of
life
,
who
first
with
St.
Edward
the
King
and
Confessor
being
familiar
,
of
late
preferred
to
be
Bishop
of
London
,
and
not
long
after
(
for
his
prudence
an●
sincere
fidelity
)
admitted
to
be
of
Council
with
〈◊〉
most
victorious
Prince
William
King
of
England
of
that
name
the
first
,
who
obtained
of
the
same
,
gre●
and
large
Priviledges
to
this
famous
City
.
The
Sen●
and
Citizens
of
London
,
of
him
having
well
deser●ave
made
this
.
He
continued
Bishop
twenty
Years
,
●nd
died
in
the
Year
after
Christs
Nativity
.
1070.
These
Marble
Monuments
to
thee
Thy
Citizens
assign
,
Rewards
,
O
Father
,
far
unfit
To
those
deserts
of
thine
;
Thee
unto
them
a
faithful
Friend
Thy
London
People
found
,
And
to
this
Town
(
of
no
small
weight
)
A
stay
both
sure
and
sound
,
Their
Liberties
restor'd
to
them
,
By
means
of
thee
have
been
.
Their
publick
weal
by
means
of
thee
Large
Gifts
have
felt
and
found
,
The
Riches
,
Stock
,
and
Beauty
brave
,
One
hour
hath
them
supprest
,
Yet
these
thy
Vertues
and
good
deeds
,
With
us
for
ever
rest
.
The
Lord
Mayor
of
London
,
and
Aldermen
,
upon
the
day
of
his
coming
into
his
Office
,
used
●ll
of
late
days
,
to
walk
round
the
Grave-stone
●f
this
Bishop
,
in
remembrance
of
their
former
Priviledges
obtained
by
him
.
And
there
was
●n
Inscription
fastned
to
a
Pillar
near
his
Grave
,
●ntituled
,
The
Recital
of
a
most
worthy
Prelates
Re●embrance
,
which
was
erected
at
the
charge
of
Sir
Edward
Barkham
Lord
Mayor
,
1622.
which
speaks
thus
to
the
Walkers
in
S.
Pauls
.
Walkers
,
whosoe're
you
be
.
If
it
prove
your
chance
to
see
,
Vpon
a
solemn
Scarlet
day
,
The
City
Senate
pass
this
way
,
Their
grateful
memory
to
shew
,
Which
they
the
Reverend
ashes
owe
,
Of
Bishop
Norman
,
here
inhum'd
,
By
which
this
City
hath
assum'd
Large
Priviledges
;
those
obtain'd
By
him
when
Conquerour
William
reign'd
.
This
being
by
Barkhams
thank
ful
mind
renew'd
,
Call
it
The
Monument
of
Gratitude
.
King
William
brought
with
him
from
Roan
in
Normandy
,
certain
Jews
whose
posterity
inhabiting
in
London
,
and
several
other
chief
Cities
;
they
were
accused
that
they
used
to
steal
Christian
male
children
from
their
Neighbours
,
which
they
would
circumcise
,
crown
with
thorns
,
whip
,
torture
,
and
crucifie
,
in
mockery
,
despite
,
and
scor●
of
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ
.
William
Rufus
his
Son
appointed
a
Disputation
to
be
held
in
London
between
the
Christians
,
and
the
Jews
,
;
but
before
the
day
came
the
Jew●
brought
the
King
a
present
,
to
the
end
they
might
be
heard
impartially
;
The
K.
received
their
gift
,
encouraging
them
to
quit
themselves
like
men●
and
swore
by
S.
Lukes
face
(
his
usual
Oath
)
The●
of
they
prevailed
in
Disputation
,
he
would
himself
tur●
Jew
and
be
of
their
Religion
.
A
young
Jew
was
as
that
time
converted
to
the
Christian
Faith
,
whose
father
being
much
troubled
at
it
,
he
presented
th●
King
with
threescore
Marks
intreating
him
t●
perswade
his
son
to
return
to
his
Judaisin
,
where
upon
the
King
sent
for
his
son
,
and
commande●
him
without
more
ado
to
return
to
the
Religio●
of
his
Nation
.
But
the
young
man
answered
,
H●
wondred
His
Majesty
would
use
such
words
,
for
bein●
a
Christian
,
he
should
rather
perswade
him
to
Christi●nity
,
with
which
answer
the
King
was
so
confour●ded
that
he
commanded
the
young
man
out
of
h●
presence
;
But
his
father
finding
the
King
could
do
no
good
upon
his
son
,
required
his
money
a●
gain
;
Nay
(
saith
the
King
)
I
have
taken
pains
enough
for
it
,
and
yet
that
thou
mayest
see
how
kindly
I
will
deal
,
you
shall
have
one
half
,
and
you
cannot
in
conscience
deny
me
the
other
half
,
and
so
dismist
him
;
And
now
we
are
Treating
of
the
Jews
,
it
may
not
be
amiss
to
add
all
at
once
,
what
we
read
concerning
them
in
this
City
.
In
the
year
1235.
the
19
of
H.
3.
seven
Jews
were
brought
before
the
King
at
Westminster
,
who
had
stolen
a
Boy
,
and
kept
him
private
from
the
sight
of
any
,
but
their
own
Nation
for
a
whole
year
,
and
had
circumcised
him
;
intending
also
to
have
crucified
him
at
the
solemnity
of
Easter
,
as
they
themselves
confest
before
the
K.
upon
which
they
were
convicted
,
and
their
bodies
and
goods
remained
at
the
Kings
pleasure
.
In
the
39
of
this
K.
Nov.
22.
102
Jews
were
brought
from
Lincoln
to
Westminster
,
and
there
accused
for
crucifying
a
child
of
8
years
old
,
named
Hugh
.
These
Jews
were
upon
examination
sent
to
the
Tower
of
London
;
the
murther
being
discovered
by
the
diligent
search
of
the
Mother
of
the
child
;
Upon
which
eighteen
of
them
were
hanged
and
the
other
remained
long
in
Prison
.
In
the
Reign
of
Henry
2.
the
number
of
the
Jews
throughout
England
was
very
great
,
yet
whereforever
they
dwelt
,
they
were
commanded
not
to
bury
their
dead
any
where
but
in
London
,
which
being
many
times
inconvenient
to
bring
dead
bodies
from
remote
Places
,
the
K.
gave
them
liberty
to
bury
in
the
same
place
where
they
lived
.
In
1189.
at
the
Coronation
of
R.
1.
Son
of
H.
2.
at
Westminster
,
a
great
disaster
befel
the
Jews
,
for
King
Richard
not
favoring
them
as
his
Father
had
done
;
had
given
a
strict
charge
that
no
Jew
should
be
spectator
of
the
solemnity
,
yet
several
Jews
(
as
though
it
had
been
the
Crowning
of
King
Herod
)
would
needs
be
pressing
in
;
and
the
Officers
appointed
refusing
they
should
enter
;
there
arose
a
Quarrel
which
proceeded
from
words
to
blows
,
whereby
many
Jews
were
hurt
,
and
some
slain
;
and
thereupon
a
report
was
suddenly
spread
abroad
,
that
the
King
had
commanded
to
have
all
the
Jews
destroyed
;
upon
which
it
is
incredible
what
rifling
there
was
in
an
instant
,
of
the
Jews
Houses
,
and
cutting
their
throats
,
and
though
the
King
signified
by
publick
Declaration
,
that
he
was
highly
displeased
with
what
was
done
,
yet
there
was
no
quieting
of
the
multitude
till
next
day
;
and
many
of
the
Mutineers
were
afterward
punished
by
the
Law
.
In
the
Reign
of
King
John
1202.
Great
sums
of
money
were
exacted
,
and
gathered
from
the
Jews
,
among
whom
there
was
one
who
would
not
pay
the
money
charged
upon
him
till
the
King
caused
one
of
his
great
Teeth
to
be
pulled
out
every
day
for
seven
days
together
,
upon
which
he
was
at
last
compelled
to
give
the
King
Ten
Thousand
Marks
of
silver
,
that
no
more
might
,
be
pulled
out
since
he
had
but
one
left
in
his
head
.
K.
Henry
3.
being
very
profuse
,
was
brought
so
low
for
want
of
money
that
he
was
forced
to
borrow
,
nay
almost
beg
it
of
his
Subjects
;
but
the
Jews
who
were
ever
exposed
to
his
will
,
felt
the
weight
of
his
necessities
;
and
one
Abraham
a
Jew
in
London
,
being
found
a
Delinquent
,
was
constrained
to
redeem
himself
for
700
Marks
.
And
Aaron
another
Jew
protested
,
the
K
since
his
last
being
in
France
had
taken
from
him
at
several
times
30000
Marks
of
Silven
,
beside
200
Marks
of
Gold
given
to
the
Queen
.
At
another
time
this
King
Henry
squeez'd
a
sum
out
of
the
Jews
,
and
then
let
them
out
to
farm
to
his
brother
Richard
,
for
a
considerable
sum
which
he
payd
him
,
and
he
was
to
make
what
more
of
them
he
could
;
He
likewise
built
a
Church
for
Converted
Jews
in
London
;
It
happened
about
this
time
that
a
Jew
fell
into
an
House
of
Office
,
upon
Saturday
,
and
would
not
be
taken
out
that
day
because
it
was
the
Jews
Sabbath
;
Whereupon
the
Earl
of
Gloucester
said
,
He
should
not
then
be
taken
out
on
the
Sunday
,
because
it
was
the
Christian
Sabbath
;
So
that
when
Monday
came
,
he
was
taken
out
dead
.
In
the
7.
of
Edward
the
First
,
the
Jews
at
Northampton
,
crucified
a
Christian
Boy
upon
Good-fryday
,
but
did
not
throughly
kill
him
;
for
which
fact
many
Jews
at
London
,
were
,
after
Easter
,
drawn
at
the
horse
tails
,
and
hanged
;
The
same
year
King
Edward
called
in
all
the
old
money
,
and
coined
new
,
because
it
had
been
much
clipped
and
defaced
by
the
Jews
,
for
which
297
were
at
one
time
executed
in
London
.
And
in
the
eighteenth
year
of
his
Reign
all
the
Jews
were
banished
out
of
London
and
England
,
there
being
at
that
time
above
fifteen
thousand
in
the
kingdom
,
who
had
all
their
Goods
seized
and
confiscate
to
the
Kings
use
,
and
onely
so
much
money
left
them
as
would
bear
their
charges
out
of
the
kingdom
.
But
before
this
he
ordained
that
the
Jews
should
wear
a
Mark
or
Cognizance
upon
their
upper
Garments
,
whereby
to
be
known
,
and
restrained
their
excessive
taking
of
Usury
.
In
the
Year
1656.
several
Proposals
were
made
to
Oliver
Cromwel
by
Manasseh
Ben
Israel
a
Jewish
Merchant
,
in
behalf
of
the
Hebrew
Nation
,
for
their
free
admission
to
trade
,
and
exercise
their
Religion
in
England
;
and
a
Conference
was
held
about
it
several
days
at
Whitehall
by
divers
Members
of
the
Council
,
and
certain
Ministers
of
the
most
eminent
then
in
esteem
,
and
many
arguments
were
urged
,
some
for
,
and
others
against
their
admission
;
but
those
that
were
against
it
,
so
far
prevailed
,
that
the
Proposals
took
no
effect
.
And
so
much
concerning
the
Jews
.
To
return
now
to
the
series
of
the
Story
,
King
William
Rufus
was
taxed
with
great
Prodigality
,
because
when
his
Chamberlain
brought
him
a
new
pair
of
Hose
,
he
asked
what
they
cost
,
and
was
told
three
shillings
:
Away
base
Fellow
,
quoth
he
,
are
these
beseeming
a
King
?
Bring
me
a
pair
of
a
Mark.
His
Chamberlain
went
,
and
bringing
him
another
pair
,
not
so
good
as
the
former
,
and
telling
him
they
cost
a
Mark
,
I
marry
,
(
saith
the
King
)
these
are
something
like
;
and
was
better
satisfied
with
hearing
what
they
cost
,
than
with
seeing
what
they
were
worth
,
and
yet
this
was
no
disrepute
to
his
wisdom
;
for
to
say
truth
,
it
is
no
defect
of
wisdom
in
a
King
,
not
to
know
what
his
clothes
are
worth
.
And
though
the
Monks
that
writ
in
those
times
,
charge
this
King
with
covetousness
,
yet
by
the
following
instance
it
doth
not
appear
.
For
when
two
Monks
came
to
Court
,
and
offered
large
gifts
to
out-vie
each
other
,
in
obtaining
an
Abbots
place
lately
dead
,
a
third
Monk
,
who
was
very
sober
,
and
mean
in
attire
,
came
with
them
and
stood
by
;
whom
the
King
asked
,
what
he
would
give
to
be
Abbot
:
Nothing
(
said
the
Monk
)
for
I
entered
my
Profession
to
be
poor
,
and
have
hitherto
little
esteemed
the
Pomp
and
Riches
of
the
World
.
Then
thou
art
the
man
(
replied
the
King
)
and
art
more
worthy
to
he
their
Abbot
for
thy
Poverty
,
than
they
for
their
Presents
;
and
conferring
the
place
upon
him
,
checked
the
others
.
But
however
there
arose
a
great
difference
between
him
and
Anselm
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
because
he
required
the
Bishop
to
give
him
a
Thousand
Marks
for
preferring
him
to
that
See
,
which
Anselm
refused
to
give
,
as
judging
it
no
less
Simony
to
give
after
the
preferment
than
before
;
but
yet
afterward
offering
five
hundred
pound
,
the
King
refused
to
accept
it
,
as
being
worth
(
he
said
)
five
times
as
much
.
Whereupon
Anselm
told
him
,
Your
Grace
may
have
me
,
and
all
that
is
mine
,
to
serve
your
turn
in
a
friendly
manner
;
but
in
the
way
of
servitude
and
bondage
,
you
shall
neither
have
me
nor
mine
.
Which-words
so
angred
the
King
,
that
they
could
never
after
be
reconciled
.
And
Anselm
often
threatning
to
go
to
Rome
,
the
King
told
him
plainly
,
He
would
not
thrust
him
out
of
the
Realm
,
but
if
he
would
go
without
his
leave
,
he
would
keep
him
out
during
his
pleasure
:
and
besides
he
should
carry
nothing
out
of
the
Kingdom
with
him
.
Yet
Anselm
ventured
it
,
and
the
King
performed
it
;
for
William
Walwerst
was
sent
to
rifle
him
of
all
he
had
in
his
passage
to
Sea
;
neither
was
he
suffered
to
return
as
long
as
the
King
lived
:
during
all
which
time
the
King
took
the
Profits
of
his
Bishoprick
to
his
own
use
.
This
King
enlarged
the
Tower
of
London
,
and
compassed
it
with
new
Walls
;
he
also
built
the
great
Hall
at
Westminster
,
being
270
foot
in
length
,
and
74
in
breadth
;
but
thinking
it
too
little
,
he
intended
to
have
built
another
Hall
,
which
should
have
reached
from
the
Thames
to
Kingstreet
.
In
the
fourth
Year
of
his
Reign
,
on
St.
Lukes
day
,
so
great
a
Tempest
of
Wind
happened
,
that
above
six
hundred
Houses
in
London
were
thrown
down
therewith
,
and
the
Roof
of
S.
Mary
le
Bow
Church
in
Cheapside
was
blown
off
,
which
with
the
Beams
were
carried
into
the
Air
a
great
height
,
and
in
the
fall
six
of
the
Beams
being
27
foot
long
,
were
driven
so
deep
into
the
Ground
(
the
streets
not
being
then
paved
with
stone
)
that
not
above
four
foot
remained
in
sight
,
and
yet
stood
in
such
rank
and
order
as
the
Workman
had
placed
them
on
the
Church
.
In
the
ninth
Year
of
his
Reign
,
a
blazing
Star
appeared
with
two
Bushes
or
Tails
,
and
other
Stars
seemed
to
shoot
darts
at
each
other
.
The
last
of
his
Reign
,
the
Sea
breaking
over
its
Banks
,
destroyed
a
multitude
of
People
,
and
overwhelmed
the
lands
sometime
of
Earl
Goodwin
in
Kent
which
are
yet
called
Goodwins
Sands
;
There
was
likewise
a
Well
that
cast
out
bloud
instead
of
water
for
15
days
together
,
and
great
flames
of
fire
were
seen
at
divers
times
and
places
.
All
which
Prodigies
seemed
to
foretel
the
Kings
death
approaching
for
having
kept
his
Christmas
at
Gloucester
,
his
Easter
at
Winchester
,
and
his
Whitsuntide
at
Westminster
,
notwithstanding
he
was
forewarned
by
many
signs
of
some
great
disaster
,
as
his
own
dream
the
night
before
,
wherein
it
seemed
to
him
that
the
Veins
of
his
arms
were
burst
,
and
abundance
of
blood
streaming
on
the
floor
.
And
of
a
certain
Monk
who
dreamed
that
he
saw
the
King
gnaw
the
Image
of
a
Crucifix
with
his
Teeth
,
and
that
as
he
was
about
to
bite
away
the
Legs
of
it
,
the
Crucifix
with
his
feet
spurn'd
him
down
to
the
Ground
,
and
that
as
he
lay
on
the
ground
there
came
out
of
his
Mouth
a
flame
of
fire
with
abundance
of
smoke
;
this
last
being
told
the
King
,
he
made
a
jest
of
it
saying
,
Well
a
Monk
he
is
,
and
he
can
dream
only
as
Monks
do
,
that
is
for
gain
,
Go
,
give
him
an
hundred
shillings
,
lest
he
think
he
hath
dreamed
unprofitably
.
But
though
he
had
these
warnings
,
yet
the
day
after
Lammas
he
would
needs
go
a
hunting
in
the
New
Forrest
,
yet
something
resenting
the
many
Presages
,
he
stayd
within
all
the
forenoon
;
About
dinner
time
an
Artificer
came
,
and
brought
him
six
Crossbow
Arrows
very
strong
and
sharp
,
four
whereof
he
kept
himself
and
the
other
Two
he
delivered
to
S.
Walter
Tyrell
a
Knight
of
Normandy
his
Bow-bearer
;
saying
,
Here
Tyrell
take
you
two
,
for
you
know
how
to
shoot
them
to
purpose
;
And
so
having
at
dinner
drank
more
berally
than
his
custom
,
as
it
were
in
contempt
of
Prodigies
,
and
Presages
,
he
rides
out
in
the
New
Forest
,
where
S.
Walter
Tyrell
shooting
at
a
Deer
,
the
arrow
glanced
against
a
Tree
,
or
as
some
say
grazed
upon
the
back
of
the
Deer
,
and
flying
forward
struck
the
King
in
the
breast
,
who
hastily
breaking
off
so
much
as
stuck
in
his
body
,
with
one
onely
groan
fell
down
,
and
dyed
;
of
which
sudden
mischance
his
followers
having
notice
,
most
of
them
went
away
and
those
that
remained
,
with
much
ado
got
his
body
put
into
a
Colliers
Cart
,
which
being
drawn
with
one
lean
Horse
through
a
very
foul
dirty
way
,
the
Cart
broke
,
and
there
lay
the
Spectacle
of
worldly
Glory
all
besmeared
with
his
own
bloud
,
and
filthyly
bedaubed
with
mire
,
till
he
was
conveyed
to
Winchester
where
he
was
buried
under
a
plain
Marble
stone
in
the
Cathedral
.
King
Henry
the
1.
his
brother
,
and
the
youngest
son
of
William
the
Conquerour
succeeded
him
,
though
his
elder
brother
Robert
Duke
of
Normandy
was
living
;
which
caused
great
Wars
,
and
disturbance
.
In
his
time
Anse●m
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
being
returned
,
called
a
Council
of
the
Bishops
at
London
,
wherein
he
offended
both
the
King
and
Clergy
,
for
he
excommunicated
all
married
Priests
,
half
the
Clergy
of
England
at
that
time
being
either
married
,
or
the
Sons
of
Married
Priests
;
and
depending
upon
the
Popes
assistance
,
he
deprived
many
great
Prelats
of
their
Promotions
because
they
were
invested
in
them
by
the
King
,
but
they
refused
to
resign
them
,
since
they
had
them
by
the
donation
of
their
Soveraign
,
upon
which
Anselm
thinking
himself
much
wronged
appealed
to
the
Pope
,
and
went
to
Rome
in
Person
soon
after
.
The
King
likewise
sent
Herbere
Bishop
of
Norwich
and
Robert
Bishop
of
Litchfield
Privy
Counsellors
and
William
Warwast
his
Procurator
,
as
Ambassadors
to
Rome
,
and
the
last
being
a
Clergyman
of
a
bold
and
daring
Spirit
,
He
in
debating
his
Soveraigns
cause
before
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
,
with
threatning
Language
,
and
Countenance
avouched
That
the
King
his
Master
would
not
lose
his
Right
in
the
Investitures
of
the
Church
though
he
lost
his
Kingdom
Whereto
Pope
Paschal
being
upon
his
own
dunghill
,
as
stoutly
answered
.
If
thou
sayest
the
King
will
not
lose
his
donation
of
Churches
for
the
loss
of
his
Kingdom
,
Know
thou
for
certain
that
before
God
,
I
will
not
suffer
him
to
to
enjoy
them
without
punishment
,
and
will
venture
my
head
thereupon
.
But
notwithstanding
these
great
words
against
the
King
,
yet
the
degraded
Abbots
were
restored
again
through
the
Clemency
of
the
Papal
See
,
which
is
never
wanting
to
any
,
as
long
as
The
White
and
Red
make
intercession
for
them
:
as
the
Monks
own
words
were
at
that
time
.
A
while
after
Cardinal
Cremensis
came
into
England
from
the
Pope
,
and
calling
a
Council
in
London
upon
the
Birth
day
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
he
made
a
solemn
Oration
in
praise
of
Virginity
and
Chastity
and
a
terrible
Invective
against
the
Married
Priests
,
affirming
it
to
be
no
less
than
professed
Adultery
.
And
to
amplifie
their
sin
the
more
,
he
shewed
what
great
Impiety
it
was
to
rise
from
the
Bed
of
unlawful
Lust
(
for
so
he
termed
chast
Marriage
)
and
with
polluted
hands
to
touch
the
Sacrament
of
the
Body
of
Christ
;
yet
but
the
very
night
following
,
this
holy
Cardinal
was
found
in
Bed
with
a
common
Whore
,
having
himself
consecrated
the
Host
that
very
day
;
so
that
he
returned
to
Rome
with
much
shame
and
but
little
success
in
the
intended
matter
.
Yea
,
Anselm
himself
,
the
most
earnest
in
favour
of
single
life
,
did
not
it
seems
die
a
Virgin
,
for
else
he
would
never
in
his
writings
make
such
lamentations
for
the
loss
thereof
.
Yet
Anselm
afterward
called
another
Council
at
Westminster
,
where
it
was
ordained
,
That
Priests
should
no
longer
be
suffered
to
have
Wives
,
and
that
there
should
be
no
more
selling
and
buying
men
in
England
;
they
being
then
sold
like
Horses
or
Oxen.
Yet
King
Henry
afterward
suffered
Priests
to
have
Wives
for
Fines
,
or
rather
took
Fines
of
them
,
whether
they
had
Wives
or
no
,
because
they
might
have
them
if
they
would
.
Duke
Robert
his
Brother
having
sound
that
force
would
not
prevail
to
settle
him
in
his
Right
to
the
Kingdom
,
he
himself
comes
over
to
King
Henry
referring
both
his
Dukedom
and
himself
,
and
all
differences
and
debates
to
his
will
and
pleasure
;
but
King
Henry
scarce
vouchsafed
to
speak
to
him
,
or
at
least
,
to
make
him
an
answer
,
but
in
a
sullen
humour
turned
away
,
and
so
left
him
.
Which
scornful
usage
put
the
Duke
into
such
Indignation
,
that
he
resolved
upon
Revenge
;
and
returning
into
Normandy
raiseth
a
great
Army
.
But
Henry
knowing
Robert
to
be
a
Souldier
,
and
considering
his
own
Estate
,
called
his
Lords
together
to
London
,
and
there
tickled
their
cars
with
this
pleasing
Speech
.
My
Friends
,
faithful
Counsellors
,
and
Native
Country
men
,
You
know
all
undoubtedly
,
that
my
Brother
Robert
was
elected
and
called
by
God
himself
to
be
the
fortunate
King
of
Jerusalem
,
and
how
unfortunately
,
or
rather
insolently
,
he
refused
that
sacred
Estate
,
whereby
he
is
now
most
justly
reprobated
of
God
.
You
also
know
by
many
other
experiments
,
his
Pride
and
Arrogancy
,
for
being
a
man
of
a
war
like
bumour
,
he
is
not
onely
impatient
of
Peace
,
but
also
earnestly
desireth
to
trample
upon
you
,
as
men
of
object
and
contemptible
dispositions
,
and
upbraid
you
for
idle
Drones
,
Belly-gods
,
and
what
not
?
But
I
,
your
King
,
am
naturally
inclined
to
be
both
humble
,
and
peaceable
,
and
take
delight
in
nothing
more
than
in
doing
,
you
good
,
and
to
maintain
your
Tranquillity
,
and
ancient
Liberty
(
as
I
have
often
sworn
unto
you
)
and
meekly
and
willingly
to
yield
my self
to
your
advices
,
whereby
I
may
circumspectly
govern
you
as
a
clement
Prince
.
And
to
that
end
,
even
now
will
I
confirm
(
if
your
Wisdoms
think
fit
)
your
over-worn
and
undermined
Charters
,
and
will
corroborate
them
most
firmly
with
a
new
Oath
and
Ratification
.
In
the
mean
time
all
the
Laws
which
the
holy
King
Edward
,
by
Gods
inspiring
did
establish
,
I
do
here
command
to
be
inviolably
observed
,
hereby
to
move
you
to
adhere
stedfastly
unto
me
,
in
chearfully
,
willingly
,
and
powerfully
repulsing
the
wrongs
offered
me
;
by
my
Brother
shall
I
say
?
Nay
,
by
the
most
deadly
Enemy
both
to
me
,
to
you
,
and
the
whole
Nation
.
For
if
I
be
guarded
with
the
Valour
and
Affections
of
Englishmen
,
I
shall
scorn
the
threats
of
him
and
his
Normans
,
and
count
them
vain
,
and
not
to
be
regarded
.
With
these
fair
promises
(
which
yet
he
afterward
quite
neglected
)
he
so
won
the
hearts
of
the
Lords
and
the
Londoners
,
that
they
engaged
to
die
with
him
,
or
for
him
,
against
any
opposition
whatsoever
.
Duke
Robert
being
gone
,
and
Henry
thus
setled
in
the
affection
of
the
People
,
he
raised
a
very
great
Army
,
and
,
accompanied
with
divers
of
the
Nobility
,
sailed
to
Normandy
,
where
falling
upon
Robert
before
he
was
half
ready
to
fight
,
he
obtained
a
compleat
Victory
over
him
,
and
won
Normandy
with
the
slaughter
of
ten
thousand
men
,
taking
Robert
himself
prisoner
;
whom
he
brought
over
and
committed
to
Cardiff
Castle
in
Wales
,
where
he
remained
a
prisoner
till
he
died
:
yet
had
liberty
of
walking
in
the
Kings
Meadows
and
Pastures
.
But
being
weary
of
this
Confinement
,
he
endeavoured
to
make
his
escape
,
which
the
King
being
afraid
of
,
ordered
his
eyes
to
be
put
out
,
which
to
avoid
the
deformity
of
breaking
the
Eye-bals
,
was
done
by
causing
,
his
head
to
be
held
to
a
burning
Basin
till
the
Glassie
Tunicles
had
lost
the
Office
of
retaining
the
Light
This
,
though
it
increased
his
misery
,
yet
did
not
shorten
his
life
,
for
he
lived
long
after
;
in
all
,
from
the
time
of
his
Imprisonment
,
twenty
eight
years
.
And
thus
this
great
Duke
,
who
in
his
Birth
was
the
joy
of
Nature
,
in
his
Life
was
the
scorn
of
Fortune
.
And
it
is
worth
observing
,
that
the
English
won
Normandy
th●
very
same
day
fortieth
year
the
Normans
had
won
England
.
Such
Revolutions
of
Fortune
there
are
in
kingdoms
,
and
so
unstable
is
the
state
of
all
wordly
Greatness
.
This
Robert
died
1134
and
lies
buried
at
Glocester
.
One
Author
writes
,
That
King
Henry
sent
him
according
to
his
Custom
a
Robe
of
Scarlet
;
and
putting
it
first
on
himself
,
found
that
the
Capouch
,
or
Hood
,
(
as
the
Fashion
was
then
)
was
somewhat
too
little
;
whereupon
he
said
,
Carry
this
to
my
Brother
,
his
head
is
less
than
mine
.
The
Messenger
delivering
the
Robe
,
Duke
Robert
demanded
if
any
had
worn
it
;
and
being
told
the
King
had
first
tried
it
on
,
and
what
words
he
had
said
.
The
Duke
replied
,
I
have
too
long
protracted
a
miserable
life
,
since
my
Brother
is
so
injurious
to
me
,
that
he
sends
me
his
old
Clothes
to
wear
.
And
from
that
time
he
would
never
taste
any
food
,
nor
receive
any
comfort
.
This
King
Henry
first
instituted
the
Form
of
the
High
Court
of
Parliament
:
for
before
his
time
,
onely
certain
of
the
Nobility
and
Prelates
of
the
Realm
were
called
to
consultation
about
the
most
important
Affairs
of
State
,
but
he
caused
the
Commons
also
to
be
assembled
,
by
Knights
,
Citizens
,
and
Burgesses
of
their
own
electing
,
and
made
that
Court
to
consist
of
three
Estates
,
the
Nobility
,
the
Clergy
,
and
the
Commons
,
represeming
the
whole
Body
of
the
Realm
,
and
appointed
them
to
fit
in
several
Chambers
;
the
King
,
the
Lords
,
and
the
Bishops
in
one
,
and
the
Commons
in
another
;
and
to
consult
together
by
themselves
.
He
established
likewise
several
other
Orders
,
as
they
are
used
to
this
day
.
The
first
Parliament
that
was
so
held
,
met
at
Salisbury
upon
the
19
of
April
in
the
16
Year
of
his
Reign
,
1019.
He
forbid
wearing
of
long
hair
,
which
at
that
time
was
frequent
,
according
to
the
French
Mode
.
He
commanded
Robers
on
the
High-way
to
be
hanged
without
Redemption
.
He
punished
Counterfeiters
of
Money
with
pulling
out
their
eyes
,
or
cutting
off
their
privy
members
;
a
punishment
both
less
than
Death
,
and
greater
.
In
this
Kings
time
Guymond
one
of
his
Chaplains
,
observing
that
unlearned
,
and
unworthy
men
were
generally
prefer'd
to
the
best
dignities
in
the
Church
,
as
he
celebrated
Divine
Service
before
him
,
and
was
to
read
these
words
out
of
S.
James
,
It
rained
not
upon
the
earth
III
years
and
VI
Months
,
he
read
it
thus
,
It
rained
not
upon
the
Earth
1.1.1
.
years
,
and
5.1
.
Months
;
The
King
observed
his
Reading
,
and
afterwards
blamed
him
for
it
,
but
Guymond
answered
,
That
he
did
it
on
purpose
since
such
Readers
were
sconest
advanced
by
His
Majesty
;
The
King
smiled
,
and
afterwards
promoted
him
.
About
this
time
,
Thomas
Archb.
of
York
falling
sick
,
his
Physicians
told
him
,
that
nothing
would
do
him
good
but
to
company
with
a
woman
;
to
whom
he
answered
,
That
the
Remedy
was
worse
than
the
disease
;
And
so
it
is
said
,
died
a
Virgin
.
Upon
the
Tenth
of
October
,
the
River
of
Medway
,
that
runs
by
Rochester
,
failed
so
of
water
for
many
miles
together
;
that
in
the
midst
of
the
Channel
the
smallest
Vessels
could
not
pass
;
and
the
same
day
also
in
the
Thames
,
between
the
Tower
and
London
Bridge
men
waded
over
on
foot
for
the
space
of
two
days
.
A
great
fire
happened
in
London
which
consumed
a
long
Tract
of
buildings
from
Westcheap
to
Aldgate
;
and
several
other
great
Cities
in
England
were
likewise
burnt
down
about
this
time
;
In
the
thirteenth
of
this
King
many
Prodigies
were
seen
,
a
Pig
was
farrowed
with
a
face
like
a
child
;
a
Chicken
was
hatched
with
four
legs
,
and
the
Sun
was
so
deeply
eclipsed
,
that
by
reason
of
the
darkness
,
many
Stars
did
plainly
appear
.
This
King
left
behind
him
onely
one
daughter
named
Maud
,
who
could
never
come
to
be
Queen
,
though
born
to
a
Kingdom
.
She
was
married
at
six
years
old
to
the
Emperour
Henry
the
Fourth
,
and
after
his
death
,
she
was
again
married
to
Fulk
Duke
of
Anjou
.
Yet
her
Father
took
much
care
to
establish
the
Succession
in
her
and
her
issue
,
and
therefore
he
called
his
Nobility
together
,
and
among
them
David
King
of
Scots
,
and
made
them
take
their
Oaths
of
Allegiance
to
her
,
and
her
Heirs
.
This
he
did
three
years
one
after
another
,
wherein
nothing
pleased
him
so
much
,
as
that
Stephen
Earl
of
Blois
was
the
first
man
that
took
the
Oath
,
because
he
was
known
to
be
,
or
it
was
known
at
least
,
that
he
might
be
a
pretender
to
the
Crown
.
But
the
King
should
have
considered
,
that
no
Oath
is
binding
when
the
getting
a
Kingdom
is
the
price
of
breaking
it
,
and
especially
to
Stephen
who
was
so
deeply
interested
.
Yet
Providence
could
do
no
more
,
and
the
King
was
well
satisfied
with
it
,
especially
when
he
saw
his
daughter
Mother
of
two
Sons
;
for
this
,
though
it
gave
him
no
assurance
,
yet
it
gave
him
assured
hope
to
have
the
Crown
perpetuated
in
his
Posterity
.
Yet
after
King
Henry
was
dead
,
Stephen
ascends
the
Throne
,
as
being
Earl
of
Bulleign
,
Son
to
Stephen
Earl
of
Beis
,
by
Adela
daughter
of
King
William
the
Conquerour
,
and
though
there
were
two
before
him
,
that
is
,
Maud
the
Empress
,
and
Theobald
his
elder
Brother
,
yet
taking
hold
of
opportunity
,
while
the
other
lingred
about
smaller
Affairs
,
he
solicites
all
the
Orders
of
the
Realm
,
Bishops
,
and
Lords
,
and
People
to
receive
him
for
their
Sovereign
:
and
so
upon
St.
Stephens
day
1135.
he
was
crowned
King
at
Westminster
.
and
to
ingratiate
himself
,
be
eased
the
People
of
divers
Taxes
and
Impositions
.
Yet
Stephen
was
no
sooner
set
in
his
Chair
of
State
,
but
David
King
of
Scots
enters
England
with
an
Army
to
defend
the
right
of
Maud
,
but
he
was
soon
compounded
with
,
and
so
was
Geoffrey
Duke
of
Anjou
,
Mauds
husband
.
Soon
after
Maud
her self
comes
into
England
,
and
was
received
by
some
Persons
for
Queen
;
and
Stephen
hearing
that
some
of
her
Forces
had
besieged
Lincoln
,
goes
thither
,
where
his
Army
was
overthrown
,
and
himself
taken
Prisoner
,
and
carried
to
Maud
,
who
committed
him
to
Bristol
Castle
.
And
being
flusht
with
this
success
,
she
takes
her
journey
toward
London
,
and
was
there
received
joyfully
,
as
well
as
in
other
places
,
where
Matilda
wife
of
King
Stephen
made
humble
suit
to
her
for
the
Liberty
of
her
Husband
,
and
that
he
might
be
suffered
onely
to
live
a
private
life
.
The
Londoners
likewise
having
received
her
into
the
City
as
their
Queen
,
thought
now
(
as
Subjects
usually
do
with
new
Princes
)
they
might
have
what
they
would
reasonably
ask
;
and
therefore
humbly
besought
her
,
that
the
severe
Laws
imposed
upon
them
by
her
Father
,
might
be
remitted
,
and
those
of
King
Edward
might
wholly
be
in
force
.
But
she
rejected
both
these
Petitions
,
some
say
out
of
Pride
,
others
out
of
mistaken
Policy
,
as
thinking
it
most
safe
to
act
matters
of
importance
,
not
upon
intreaty
but
freely
,
and
to
govern
the
Subject
with
severity
rather
than
mildness
.
But
those
harsh
and
insulting
Answers
she
gave
them
,
were
at
that
time
very
unseasonable
,
and
though
they
might
have
been
more
proper
in
a
setled
Government
,
yet
in
this
her
green
and
unstable
estate
,
they
gave
a
stop
to
the
Current
of
all
her
Fortunes
.
For
Matilda
finding
by
this
how
high
the
Empresses
pulses
beat
,
sent
to
her
son
Eustace
to
raise
Forces
in
Kent
,
since
their
suits
must
be
onely
obtained
by
the
Sword
.
The
Nobles
likewise
,
who
set
up
King
Stephen
,
finding
themselves
slighted
,
and
the
Londoners
being
as
much
discontented
as
they
,
join
with
them
,
and
contrive
how
to
seize
upon
the
Empress
in
the
City
,
and
so
redeem
King
Stephen
,
to
whom
their
affections
were
firm
.
Of
which
Maud
having
notice
,
fled
secretly
out
of
London
and
went
to
Oxford
;
and
from
thence
sent
strict
command
that
King
Stephen
should
be
laid
in
Irons
,
and
narrowly
watched
,
and
fed
with
very
mean
Commons
;
and
sending
to
David
King
of
Scots
for
assistance
,
they
laid
siege
to
Winchester
.
Matilda
,
King
Stephens
wife
,
hearing
of
this
,
she
with
her
Son
Eustace
,
and
the
assistance
of
the
Londoners
came
presently
to
the
relief
of
the
place
,
where
a
fierce
Battle
was
fought
,
and
Matilda's
Party
prevailed
,
and
the
Empress
Maud
to
make
her
escape
,
was
fain
to
be
laid
upon
a
Horse
back
like
a
dead
Corps
,
and
so
conveyed
to
Glocester
.
But
Earl
Robert
her
Brother
,
disdaining
to
flie
,
was
taken
Prisoner
,
and
used
more
hardly
by
Queen
Matilda
for
her
Husband
King
Stephens
sake
;
but
a
while
after
,
whether
by
agreement
,
or
connivance
,
both
Stephen
and
Robert
also
made
their
escape
out
of
Prison
.
King
Stephen
being
at
liberty
,
seeks
out
the
Empress
,
to
requite
the
kindness
she
had
she
wed
him
in
Prison
,
and
hearing
her
to
be
at
Oxford
,
he
follows
her
thither
,
and
lays
siege
to
the
Town
,
and
brought
the
Empress
to
such
distress
,
that
she
had
now
no
way
to
save
her self
but
by
flight
.
But
being
a
Woman
(
whose
Sex
hath
often
deceived
wise
men
)
she
resolved
once
more
to
over-reach
her
Enemy
by
Craft
,
since
she
could
not
do
it
by
Force
.
For
it
being
a
very
cold
Winter
,
the
River
Thames
that
runs
by
the
Walls
of
Oxford
,
was
very
hard
frozen
,
and
at
the
same
time
a
deep
Snow
covered
the
ground
;
Maud
takes
the
advantage
thereof
,
and
clothing
her self
and
four
of
her
company
in
white
linen
garments
to
deceive
the
eyes
of
the
Centinel
,
she
goes
secretly
in
the
night
out
of
a
Postern
Gate
,
and
passing
the
frozen
River
,
ran
on
foot
through
Ice
and
Snow
,
Ditches
,
and
Vallies
for
five
miles
together
,
till
she
came
to
Abington
,
the
falling
Snow
beating
in
their
faces
all
the
way
,
and
there
taking
Horse
,
the
same
night
got
into
Wallingford
Castle
.
But
though
Maud
escaped
this
present
danger
,
yet
it
left
such
an
Impression
of
fear
upon
her
,
that
she
never
after
had
a
mind
to
appear
upon
the
Stage
of
War
,
but
left
the
prosecution
of
it
to
her
son
Henry
,
who
was
now
about
sixteen
years
of
Age.
And
not
long
after
,
Eustace
,
King
Stephens
only
son
died
,
and
being
left
destitute
of
Issue
to
succeed
him
,
he
was
the
more
easily
drawn
to
conditions
of
Peace
:
and
so
it
was
at
last
concluded
that
Stephen
should
hold
the
kingdom
of
England
,
and
adopt
Henry
as
his
Heir
to
succeed
him
.
This
Agreement
thus
made
and
confirmed
by
Parliament
,
Henry
accounted
King
Stephen
ever
after
as
his
Father
,
and
Stephen
,
Henry
as
his
son
;
and
well
he
might
if
it
be
true
which
some
write
,
that
Maud
his
Mother
,
when
a
Battle
was
to
be
fought
between
King
Stephen
and
her
son
,
went
privately
to
him
,
asking
him
,
How
he
could
find
in
his
heart
to
fight
against
him
that
was
his
own
Son
?
Could
he
forget
the
familiarity
he
had
with
her
in
her
Widowhood
.
But
however
it
was
,
King
Stephen
and
Henry
continued
in
mutual
love
and
concord
,
as
long
as
they
lived
together
.
In
the
eighth
year
of
King
Stephen
,
a
Synod
was
held
in
London
by
Henry
Bishop
of
Winchester
:
where
it
was
decreed
,
that
whosoever
should
lay
violent
hands
upon
any
Clergy-man
,
should
not
be
forgiven
,
but
by
the
Pope
himself
:
and
from
this
time
forward
,
Clergy-men
were
exempt
from
the
power
of
the
Civil
Magistrate
.
In
this
Kings
time
there
appeared
two
Children
,
a
Boy
and
a
Girl
,
clad
in
Green
,
in
a
Stuff
unknown
,
of
a
strange
Language
,
and
of
a
strange
Diet
;
the
Boy
being
baptized
,
died
shortly
after
,
but
the
Girl
lived
to
be
an
old
Woman
:
and
being
asked
from
whence
they
were
,
she
answered
,
They
were
of
the
Land
of
St.
Martin
,
where
there
are
Christian
Churches
erected
,
but
that
no
Sun
did
ever
rise
unto
them
:
but
where
that
Land
is
,
or
how
she
came
hither
she
her self
knew
not
.
This
Story
is
related
by
many
very
credible
Historians
,
and
if
true
,
we
may
thereby
learn
,
that
there
are
other
parts
of
the
World
than
those
which
to
us
are
known
.
In
the
fifteenth
year
of
this
King
the
River
of
Thames
was
so
frozen
at
London
,
that
Horse
and
Cart
passed
over
upon
the
Ice
.
In
his
time
likewise
lived
Johannes
〈◊〉
Temporibus
,
of
whom
it
is
recorded
,
that
he
lived
Three
hundred
Sixty
one
years
;
he
was
one
of
Charlemain
the
Emperours
Guard
,
and
died
in
the
Reign
of
Conradus
the
Third
,
1139.
After
the
death
of
King
Stephen
,
Henry
Duke
of
Anfou
succeeded
,
according
to
Agreement
,
by
the
Title
of
King
Henry
the
Second
,
and
was
crowned
at
Westminster
in
the
Year
1155.
This
King
had
very
much
vexation
from
Thomas
Becket
,
that
proud
and
insolent
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
a
Londoner
by
birth
.
The
King
requiring
to
have
it
ordained
,
That
the
Clergy
who
were
malefactors
,
should
be
tried
before
the
Secular
Magistrate
.
This
Becket
opposed
it
,
alledging
it
was
against
the
Liberty
of
the
Church
;
and
therefore
against
the
honour
of
God
.
Many
Bishops
stood
with
the
King
,
and
some
few
with
Becket
:
the
Contention
grew
long
and
hot
,
so
that
the
King
being
extreamly
disturbed
,
said
on
a
time
,
Shall
I
never
be
at
quiet
for
this
Priest
?
If
I
had
any
about
me
that
loved
me
,
they
would
find
some
way
or
other
to
rid
me
of
this
trouble
.
Which
complaint
four
of
his
Knights
that
stood
by
,
hearing
,
they
presently
went
to
Canterbury
,
and
finding
Becket
in
the
Cathedral
,
they
struck
him
on
the
head
,
and
felling
him
down
,
killed
him
in
the
place
.
But
this
created
more
trouble
,
for
though
with
much
Intercession
the
Pope
pardoned
the
four
Knights
,
being
onely
enjoined
Pennance
to
go
on
Pilgrimage
to
Jerusalem
.
Yet
the
Kings
was
more
severe
;
for
going
to
Canterbury
,
as
soon
as
he
came
in
sight
of
Beckets
Church
,
alighting
off
his
Horse
,
and
putting
off
his
Hose
and
Shoes
,
he
went
barefoot
to
the
Tomb
;
and
for
a
further
Penance
,
suffered
himself
to
be
beaten
with
rods
upon
his
bare
skin
,
by
every
Monk
in
the
Cloister
.
This
King
Henry
first
ordained
that
the
Lions
should
be
kept
in
the
Tower
of
●●ndon
.
In
the
tenth
Year
of
his
Reign
London
Bridge
was
new
built
with
Timber
by
Peter
of
Colechurch
,
a
Priest
.
And
in
his
twenty
second
Year
,
after
the
foundation
of
St.
Mary
Overies
Church
in
Southwark
,
the
Stone
Bridge
began
to
be
founded
,
toward
which
,
a
Cardinal
and
an
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
gave
a
thousand
Marks
.
This
King
had
many
Concubines
,
and
among
the
rest
Rosamond
,
daughter
of
Walter
Lord
Clifford
,
whom
he
kept
at
Woodstock
,
in
Lodgings
so
cunningly
contrived
,
〈◊〉
●o
Stranger
could
find
the
way
in
.
Yet
Queen
Eleanor
did
,
by
a
clew
of
silk
fallen
from
Rosamonds
●ap
,
as
she
sate
to
take
the
Air
,
who
suddenly
flying
from
the
sight
of
her
Pursuer
,
the
end
of
the
silk
fastned
to
her
foot
,
and
the
Clew
still
unwinding
,
remained
behind
;
which
the
Queen
followed
,
till
the
found
her
whom
she
sought
for
,
in
her
Labyrinth
.
So
much
is
the
Eye
of
Jealousie
●uicker
in
finding
out
,
than
the
Eye
of
Care
is
in
hiding
.
What
the
Queen
did
to
Rosamond
when
she
came
to
her
,
is
uncertain
;
but
this
is
certain
,
that
Rosamond
lived
but
a
short
time
after
.
King
Henry
had
two
sons
by
her
,
William
called
Long-Sword
,
Earl
of
Salisbury
,
and
Jeffery
Archbishop
of
York
.
In
the
sixteenth
year
of
his
Reign
,
King
Henry
caused
his
eldest
son
Henry
to
be
crowned
at
Westminster
,
by
the
hands
of
Roger
Archbishop
of
York
,
and
caused
all
the
Lords
to
swear
Allegiance
to
him
,
as
having
found
by
Experience
,
That
Oaths
for
Succession
are
commonly
eluded
,
but
Oaths
for
present
Allegiance
can
have
no
evasion
.
At
the
Feast
of
this
Solemnity
,
King
Henry
,
to
honour
his
son
,
would
needs
carry
up
the
first
dish
to
his
Table
.
Whereupon
Archbishop
Roger
standing
by
,
and
saying
merrily
to
the
new
King
,
What
an
honour
is
this
to
you
,
to
have
such
a
Waiter
at
your
Table
:
He
briskly
replied
,
Why
what
a
matter
is
it
for
him
that
was
but
the
son
of
a
Duke
to
do
service
to
me
that
am
the
son
of
a
King
and
a
Queen
.
Which
the
old
King
hearing
,
began
to
repent
of
what
he
had
done
;
yet
he
passed
it
over
,
and
set
the
best
side
outward
.
This
young
King
died
before
his
Father
,
so
that
Richard
the
First
,
the
eldest
son
then
living
,
succeeded
his
Father
in
the
Throne
,
and
was
crowned
at
Westminster
1189.
He
drained
great
sums
of
money
from
the
Londoners
,
and
made
them
recompence
in
Franchises
and
Liberties
.
And
indeed
the
Laws
and
Ordinances
in
his
time
were
chiefly
made
for
the
Meridian
of
London
.
For
whereas
before
his
time
the
City
was
governed
by
Portgraves
,
this
King
granted
them
to
be
governed
by
two
Sheriffs
and
a
Mayor
,
as
it
is
now
.
And
to
give
the
first
of
these
Magistrates
the
honour
to
be
remembred
,
the
names
of
the
Sherifts
were
Henry
Cornhill
,
and
Richard
Reyner
,
and
the
name
of
the
first
Lord
Mayor
was
Henry
Fitz-Alwin
,
who
continued
Mayor
during
his
life
,
which
was
four
and
twenty
Years
.
But
Fabian
who
was
himself
Sheriff
of
London
,
and
therefore
most
likely
to
know
the
truth
,
affirmeth
,
That
the
Officers
ordained
now
by
K.
Rich.
were
but
only
2
Bailiffs
,
and
that
there
was
no
Mayor
nor
Sheriffs
till
the
tenth
of
King
John
.
But
however
the
City
now
began
first
to
receive
the
Form
and
State
of
a
Common-wealth
(
saith
the
Historian
)
and
to
be
divided
into
Fellowships
and
Corporations
,
as
at
this
day
:
and
this
Priviledge
was
granted
the
first
of
Richard
1.
1189.
This
King
left
no
Children
behind
him
,
that
we
have
any
certain
account
of
,
unless
we
reckon
as
a
Popish
Priest
did
,
who
coming
to
King
Richard
told
him
,
that
he
had
three
very
wicked
Daughters
which
he
desired
him
to
bestow
,
or
else
Gods
wrath
would
attend
him
.
But
the
King
denying
he
had
any
Daughters
at
all
,
Yes
(
saith
the
Priest
)
thou
cherishest
three
Daughters
,
Pride
,
Covetousness
,
and
Lechery
.
The
King
apprehended
his
meaning
,
and
smiling
thereat
,
called
his
Lords
attending
,
and
said
,
My
Lords
,
this
Hypocritical
Priest
hath
descovered
,
that
I
maintain
three
Daughters
,
Pride
,
Covetousness
,
and
Lechery
,
which
he
would
have
me
bestow
in
Marriage
;
and
therefore
if
I
have
any
such
,
I
have
found
out
very
fit
Husband
for
them
all
.
My
Pride
I
bequeath
to
the
haughty
Templers
and
Hospitallers
,
who
are
as
proud
as
Lucifer
himself
:
my
Covetousness
I
give
to
the
White
Monks
of
the
Cistercian
Order
,
for
they
covet
the
Devil
and
all
:
but
for
my
Lechery
,
I
can
bestow
it
no where
better
than
on
the
Priests
,
and
Bishops
of
our
times
,
for
therein
they
place
their
greatest
felicity
and
happiness
.
In
this
Kings
time
,
for
three
or
four
years
together
,
there
happened
so
great
a
drougth
,
that
a
Quarter
of
Wheat
was
sold
for
eighteen
shillings
eight
pence
;
and
thereupon
followed
so
great
a
Mortality
of
People
,
that
the
living
scarce
sufficed
to
bury
the
dead
.
King
Richard
being
dead
,
the
Right
of
Succession
remained
in
Arthur
son
of
Jeffery
Duke
of
Anjou
,
elder
brother
to
E.
John
;
but
John
thinking
Arthurs
Title
but
a
Criticism
of
State
,
and
not
so
plain
to
common
capacities
as
his
own
,
who
was
Son
of
a
King
and
Brother
to
a
King
,
ascended
the
Throne
as
confidently
as
if
he
had
no
Competitor
,
onely
Hubert
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
made
an
Oration
on
his
behalf
,
wherein
waving
the
Right
of
Succession
,
he
insisted
wholly
upon
the
Right
of
Election
by
the
People
,
whereby
it
would
follow
,
that
those
who
brought
him
in
,
might
throw
him
out
.
Of
which
the
Bishop
being
told
,
said
,
He
did
it
on
purpose
to
cause
King
John
to
be
more
careful
of
his
Government
,
by
making
him
sensible
upon
what
an
uncertain
foundation
his
Regality
stood
.
King
John
took
notice
of
this
,
but
since
it
would
serve
his
present
purpose
,
he
let
it
pass
,
knowing
that
his
turn
once
served
,
he
could
afterward
carve
out
what
Title
he
pleased
,
and
so
upon
Ascension
day
1199.
he
was
crowned
King
at
Westminster
.
But
Constantia
,
the
Mother
of
Arthur
,
applies
her self
to
Lewis
the
French
King
on
behalf
of
her
son
,
who
promised
his
assistance
;
but
yet
afterwards
a
Peace
was
made
between
King
John
and
Lewis
.
After
which
,
King
John
being
at
leisure
,
gave
himself
wholly
up
to
pleasure
,
and
committed
many
extravagancies
,
which
so
far
disobliged
some
of
his
Lords
,
that
they
joined
with
the
French
King
to
assist
Prince
Arthur
;
but
King
John
coming
upon
them
unawares
,
routed
their
Forces
and
took
Arthur
Prisoner
,
who
died
soon
after
.
The
Death
of
whom
,
and
also
of
Geoffry
Fitz-Peter
,
who
while
the
King
lived
,
kept
him
in
some
awe
,
left
the
King
at
full
liberty
to
his
own
wild
desires
.
For
at
the
first
hearing
of
Geoffries
death
,
he
swore
,
By
the
Feet
of
God
,
that
now
at
length
he
was
King
of
England
:
and
with
great
rejoicing
said
to
some
Lords
about
him
,
Now
when
this
man
comes
into
Hell
,
let
him
salute
the
Archbishop
Hubert
,
whom
certainly
he
shall
find
there
.
After
this
the
Lords
of
the
Realm
having
often
required
their
Ancient
Rights
and
Liberties
,
and
finding
nothing
but
delusions
,
they
would
no
longer
endure
to
be
abused
:
but
meeting
together
,
they
consider
of
some
remedy
,
and
conclude
to
go
to
the
King
themselves
in
person
,
and
make
their
demands
,
producing
likewise
a
Charter
,
which
had
been
granted
in
Henry
the
First
's
time
.
Whereupon
coming
to
the
King
after
Christmas
,
lying
then
in
the
New
Temple
in
London
,
and
acquainting
him
with
their
demands
,
he
answers
,
That
within
a
few
days
he
will
give
them
satisfaction
;
and
causeth
the
Bishops
of
Canterbury
and
Ely
,
and
William
Ma●sha
!
Earl
of
Glocester
to
pass
their
words
for
him
that
it
should
be
performed
.
But
the
King
never
intending
to
do
as
he
said
,
falls
presently
to
raise
Souldiers
;
which
the
Lords
understanding
,
they
all
did
the
like
:
and
going
to
the
Bishop
of
Canterbury
,
they
deliver
him
a
Copy
of
their
demands
,
and
require
the
Kings
Answer
;
who
shewed
it
to
the
King
,
with
a
Message
of
their
Resolutions
,
That
if
he
did
not
presently
seal
the
Charter
then
delivered
to
him
,
they
would
compel
him
thereto
with
forcible
entrance
into
all
his
Possessions
.
The
King
being
highly
offended
,
asked
,
Why
they
did
not
also
require
his
Kingdom
,
these
their
demands
being
grounded
on
no
colour
of
Reason
;
and
then
swore
a
great
Oath
,
That
be
would
die
before
he
would
enslave
himself
to
them
by
such
Concessions
.
The
Lords
by
this
answer
knowing
what
they
must
trust
to
,
appointed
Robert
Fitzwater
to
be
their
General
,
whom
they
stiled
,
The
Marshal
of
Gods
Army
,
and
Holy
Church
.
Then
they
besieged
Northampton
and
Bedford
,
and
the
Governour
of
the
last
being
a
Confederate
,
delivered
it
up
to
them
.
But
the
Londoners
displeased
with
the
King
for
burthening
them
with
Taxes
,
not
onely
admitted
them
,
but
invited
them
to
enter
the
City
by
night
.
The
Lords
having
now
this
key
of
the
Land
at
their
dispose
,
sent
such
threatning
Letters
and
Messages
abroad
,
that
they
drew
most
of
the
Nobility
from
the
King
,
who
being
at
Windsor
providing
an
Army
;
And
having
notice
thereof
,
and
that
the
Londoners
were
joined
with
them
,
he
thought
good
to
proceed
rather
by
Fraud
than
Force
;
and
thereupon
sends
to
the
Lords
,
That
if
they
would
come
to
him
to
Windsor
,
he
would
grant
their
demands
.
The
Lords
coming
thither
,
but
in
a
Military
manner
,
for
they
durst
not
trust
his
word
;
the
King
saluted
them
all
kindly
,
and
promised
to
give
them
satisfaction
in
all
they
demanded
.
And
so
in
a
Meadow
between
Windsor
and
Stanes
,
called
Running
Mead
,
and
afterward
Council
Mead
,
he
freely
consented
to
confirm
their
former
Liberties
contained
in
Magna
Charta
,
and
Charta
Forestae
,
and
likewise
that
there
should
be
Twenty
five
Peers
Elected
,
who
should
have
a
sway
in
the
Government
,
and
whose
commands
all
the
rest
of
the
Barons
were
bound
by
Oath
to
obey
,
and
he
was
contented
some
grave
Personages
should
be
chosen
to
see
it
performed
.
But
the
next
day
,
when
it
should
be
done
the
King
goes
privately
the
night
before
to
Southampton
.
,
and
from
thence
to
the
Isle
of
Wight
where
advising
with
his
Council
,
It
was
concluded
he
should
send
to
the
Pope
to
acquaint
him
with
this
Mutiny
of
the
Lords
,
and
require
his
help
,
while
the
King
in
the
mean
time
lived
skulking
up
and
down
in
corners
that
no
man
might
know
where
to
find
him
,
or
which
is
worse
(
as
some
write
)
roving
about
and
Practising
pyracy
.
And
now
the
Lords
begin
to
suspect
fraud
,
when
shortly
after
the
Kings
Messengers
who
were
Walter
and
John
Bishops
of
Worcester
and
Norwich
,
return
with
the
Popes
Decree
,
whereby
the
Barons
Charter
was
by
definitive
Sentence
cancelled
and
made
void
,
and
the
King
and
Barons
accursed
,
if
either
of
them
observed
the
Composition
.
This
Decree
the
King
,
after
he
had
staid
three
Moneths
in
the
Isle
of
Wight
,
coming
back
to
Windsor
,
acquaints
the
Lords
with
;
but
they
accusing
the
Messenger
for
falsly
informing
the
Pope
,
and
the
Pope
also
for
making
a
Decree
without
hearing
of
both
sides
,
betake
themselves
to
Arms
,
and
swear
by
the
holy
Altar
to
be
revenged
for
this
injurious
dealing
.
The
Ting
finding
the
Lords
nothing
moved
upon
the
Popes
Decree
,
sends
again
to
him
,
to
acquaint
him
with
it
;
who
being
mightily
incensed
to
have
his
Decree
so
slighted
,
adjudgeth
the
Lords
to
be
Enemies
of
Religion
,
and
gives
power
to
Peter
Bishop
of
Winchester
,
and
the
Abbot
〈◊〉
R●dding
to
Excommunicate
them
.
Whereby
a
scene from London history
〈…〉
a
Child
in
England
.
scene from London history
K.
Willi
Rufus
Kild
in
Hunting
〈…〉
k
to
Wind
〈…〉
they
ac
〈…〉
the
Pope
,
〈…〉
without
〈…〉
to
Arms
,
〈…〉
for
〈…〉
.
〈…〉
moved
up
〈…〉
,
to
ac
〈…〉
incensed
〈…〉
the
〈…〉
power
〈…〉
Abbot
o●
〈…〉
hereby
al●
〈…〉
with
the
City
of
〈◊〉
〈…〉
still
stand
on
these
〈…〉
London
,
scorning
and
defying
the
Popes
〈…〉
and
Decreeing
that
neither
themselves
〈…〉
Londoners
should
observe
them
,
nor
the
〈…〉
dare
to
denounce
them
,
alledging
,
That
it
〈…〉
to
the
Pope
to
deal
in
Temporal
Affairs
,
〈…〉
Peter
received
power
of
our
Saviour
onely
in
〈…〉
matters
:
and
why
should
the
Roman
〈…〉
coverousness
extend
it self
hither
to
us
?
〈…〉
have
Bishops
to
do
to
intermedale
in
Wars
?
〈◊〉
are
Constantines
Successors
,
not
St.
Peters
:
●●om
as
they
represent
not
in
good
actions
,
so
neither
do
they
in
authority
.
Fie
upon
such
mercenary
Rascals
,
who
having
little
knowledge
of
Ingenuity
or
Art
,
being
〈◊〉
wretched
Vsurers
and
Simoniacks
;
that
they
would
dare
by
their
Excommunications
to
domineer
〈◊〉
the
World
.
O
how
unlike
they
are
to
St.
Peter
,
〈◊〉
have
usurped
St.
Peters
Chair
.
With
these
Remonstrances
the
Lords
went
on
●olvedly
in
their
course
.
In
the
mean
time
King
〈◊〉
,
with
the
assistance
of
some
Forces
which
〈◊〉
had
hired
beyond
Sea
,
had
within
half
a
year
〈◊〉
,
all
the
Castles
of
the
Barons
into
his
hands
as
far
as
the
Borders
of
Scotland
;
and
then
he
divides
his
Army
,
committing
one
part
to
his
Brother
William
Earl
of
Salisbury
,
who
was
ordered
to
fall
upon
London
;
and
with
the
other
he
himself
goes
into
Yorkshire
,
where
most
of
the
Lords
had
Estates
,
which
he
miserably
destroys
with
Fire
and
Sword
.
The
Lords
being
distressed
on
every
side
,
resolved
upon
a
course
neither
honourable
nor
safe
,
yet
such
as
Necessity
made
appear
to
be
both
:
For
they
send
to
Philip
K.
of
France
,
requiring
him
〈◊〉
send
over
his
Son
Lewis
to
their
aid
,
and
promis●
they
would
submit
themselves
to
be
governed
〈◊〉
him
,
and
to
take
him
for
their
Sovereign
.
〈◊〉
this
mention
of
the
Lords
,
King
Philip
was
as
forward
as
themselves
;
which
King
John
understanding
,
sends
again
to
the
Pope
,
requiring
him
to
use
〈◊〉
Authority
to
stay
the
King
of
France
from
coming
.
Who
accordingly
sent
Cardinal
Wallo
his
Legate
,
who
threatned
the
Great
Curse
in
the
Council
,
on
all
who
should
join
with
those
Excommunicate
persons
,
against
King
John
,
or
should
enter
upon
St.
Peters
Patrimony
.
But
King
Philip
replied
,
That
England
was
no
part
of
St.
Peters
Patrimony
,
no
King
having
power
of
himself
to
alienate
his
Kingdom
,
and
John
especially
,
who
being
never
lawful
King
,
had
no
power
to
dispose
thereof
;
and
that
it
was
an
Errour
,
and
a
pernicious
Example
in
the
Pope
,
and
an
itching
lust
and
desire
after
a
new
and
lawless
Dominion
.
His
Peers
likewise
,
swore
by
Christs
death
,
That
they
would
lose
their
lives
,
rather
than
suffer
a
King
of
himself
,
or
with
the
consent
of
a
few
base
Flatterers
,
to
give
away
his
Crown
,
and
enslave
his
Nobles
,
especially
to
the
Pope
,
who
ought
to
follow
St.
Peters
steps
to
win
souls
,
and
not
to
meddle
with
Wars
,
and
murthering
of
mens
bodies
.
Now
the
reason
of
the
Popes
claiming
England
as
St.
Peters
Patrimony
,
was
upon
the
account
of
the
Resignation
of
King
John
.
And
though
the
Pope
seemed
now
so
zealous
for
the
Interest
of
King
John
,
yet
not
above
five
years
before
,
he
was
as
much
his
Enemy
:
For
the
King
being
incensed
against
the
Clergy
,
and
endeavouring
to
rectifie
some
miscarriages
about
electing
Bishops
,
&c.
the
Pope
fearing
he
would
intrench
upon
his
Priviledges
,
used
his
utmost
power
against
him
;
forbidding
Mass
to
be
said
for
some
years
,
Excom●●unicating
and
Cursing
him
,
and
giving
his
King
〈…〉
to
the
French
King
,
and
stirring
up
his
●wn
Nobility
against
him
,
freeing
them
and
all
the
People
from
their
Allegiance
to
him
.
So
that
King
John
being
encompassed
with
Troubles
on
every
side
,
was
compelled
to
submit
to
whatever
the
Pope
would
command
him
:
Nay
,
he
was
for●ed
to
take
off
his
Crown
,
and
kneeling
on
his
knees
in
the
midst
of
his
Barons
,
he
surrendred
it
into
the
hands
of
Pandulphus
the
Legate
,
for
the
Popes
use
;
saying
,
Here
I
resign
up
the
Crown
of
the
Realm
of
England
to
the
hands
of
Pope
Innocent
the
Third
,
and
lay
myself
wholly
at
his
mercy
and
appointment
.
At
whose
feet
he
also
laid
his
Scepter
,
Robes
,
Sword
,
Ring
,
and
all
the
Ensigns
of
Royalty
.
Pandulphus
took
the
Crown
from
King
John
,
and
kept
it
five
days
:
and
the
King
giving
then
all
his
Kingdoms
to
the
Pope
to
be
held
in
Farm
from
him
,
and
his
Heirs
for
evermore
,
the
Crown
was
restored
;
King
John
engaging
to
pay
700
Marks
a
year
for
England
,
and
300
for
Ireland
;
half
of
it
at
Easter
,
and
half
at
Whitsuntide
,
as
Rent
for
the
said
kingdoms
.
But
this
being
done
out
of
force
and
necessity
,
King
Philip
it
seems
(
no
more
than
his
own
People
)
did
not
think
it
of
any
value
.
Yea
,
Prince
Lewis
himself
,
beseeched
his
Father
,
not
to
hinder
him
from
that
which
was
none
of
his
gift
,
and
for
which
he
was
now
resolved
to
spend
his
bloud
,
and
would
chuse
rather
to
be
excommunicated
by
the
Pope
,
than
falsifie
his
promise
to
the
English
Barons
.
For
upon
their
sending
their
Letters
of
Allegiance
,
confirmed
with
the
Hands
and
Seals
of
all
the
Lords
,
to
implore
King
Philips
favour
,
and
to
send
his
Son
,
and
desiring
his
Son
to
accept
of
the
Crown
,
they
received
a
present
supply
of
French
Souldiers
,
upon
their
delivering
up
fifty
English
Gentlemen
,
as
Hostages
for
the
true
performance
of
the
Contract
.
King
Philip
therefore
having
received
his
Holi●●
Message
with
such
scorn
and
contempt
,
so
a●●righted
the
Legate
with
his
stern
countenance
,
that
he
made
all
possible
haste
to
be
gone
,
as
fearing
some
mischief
should
be
done
him
.
And
Lew●
as
speedily
set
forth
for
England
with
his
Flee●
of
six
hundred
Ships
,
and
fourscore
Boats
,
where●
with
arriving
first
in
the
Isle
of
Thanet
,
and
afterward
going
to
Sandwich
,
the
Barons
came
thither
to
him
,
and
joined
with
him
.
King
Johns
great
Navy
wherewith
he
intended
to
oppose
him
,
was
driven
Southward
by
a
sudden
Tempest
;
and
his
Souldiers
were
generally
Mercenaries
,
and
more
inclined
(
as
it
appeared
afterward
)
to
Lewis
a
Foreign
Prince
than
to
him
;
whereupon
King
John
thought
fit
for
the
present
to
forbear
Battle
,
and
went
toward
Winchester
.
In
the
mean
time
Lewis
had
liberty
to
take
all
places
thereabout
,
except
Dover
Castle
,
which
John
had
committed
to
the
valiant
Hubert
de
Burg.
Yet
Lewis
marcheth
forward
to
London
,
where
entering
with
a
solemn
Procession
,
and
with
the
incredible
applause
of
all
,
he
went
into
St.
Pauls
Church
,
and
there
the
Citizens
of
London
took
their
Oaths
of
Allegiance
to
him
.
From
whence
he
passed
to
Westminister
;
and
there
the
Lords
and
Barons
likewise
swore
to
be
true
to
him
;
he
himself
likewise
swearing
,
to
restore
to
all
men
their
Rights
,
and
to
recover
to
the
Crown
whatsoever
had
been
lost
by
King
John
.
Then
he
chose
Simon
Langton
,
who
had
been
lately
disgraced
by
the
Pope
,
for
his
Lord
Chancello
,
by
whose
preaching
the
Citizens
of
London
,
and
the
Lords
,
though
they
were
excommunicated
,
and
under
the
Popes
curse
,
did
yet
celebrate
Divine
Service
,
and
drew
on
Prince
Lewis
to
do
the
like
.
Whereupon
Wallo
the
Popes
Legate
(
who
was
now
with
King
John
)
denounced
heavy
and
solemn
Curses
throughout
the
kingdome
,
against
the
Londoners
,
and
especially
against
Lewis
and
his
Chancellour
by
name
.
But
Lewis
went
from
London
,
and
passeth
over
〈◊〉
the
Country
without
resistance
,
but
not
with●ut
infinite
outrages
committed
by
his
Souldiers
,
which
was
not
in
his
power
to
hinder
.
In
the
●ean
time
King
John
finding
his
Enemies
imployed
in
the
Siege
of
Dover
Castle
,
and
likewise
●t
Odiam
Castle
,
(
wherein
13
English
men
onely
braved
Lewis
and
his
whole
Army
for
15
days
together
;
nay
,
sallied
out
upon
them
,
and
taking
every
man
a
Prisoner
to
the
great
admiration
of
the
French
,
they
returned
safely
back
again
,
and
afterward
delivered
up
the
place
upon
honourable
conditions
.
King
John
thereupon
gathers
a
Rabble
of
Rascally
people
about
him
,
with
which
he
over-runs
all
the
Country
,
to
the
ruining
of
the
Barons
Castles
and
Estates
in
all
places
.
And
then
marching
from
Lyn
in
Norfolk
,
on
which
place
he
bestowed
his
own
Sword
,
a
gilt
Bole
,
and
divers
large
Priviledges
in
testification
of
their
Loyalty
to
him
,
King
John
went
with
a
full
Resolution
(
having
now
got
a
very
great
Army
together
)
to
give
present
Battle
to
Lewis
;
but
as
he
was
passing
the
Washes
of
Lincolnshire
,
which
are
always
dangerous
,
all
his
Carriages
,
Treasure
,
and
Provision
were
irrecoverably
lost
in
the
the
Sands
,
himself
and
his
Army
hardly
escaping
.
The
kingdom
was
now
made
the
Stage
of
all
manner
of
Rapine
and
Cruelty
,
having
two
Armies
in
it
at
once
,
each
of
them
seeking
to
prey
upon
the
other
,
and
both
of
them
upon
the
Country
.
Which
the
Lords
seriously
reflecting
upon
,
and
finding
likewise
their
faithful
Services
to
Lewis
little
regarded
,
since
he
bestowed
all
places
that
were
conquered
,
upon
French
men
onely
,
they
began
to
consider
how
they
might
free
themselves
from
these
Calamities
.
But
that
which
startled
them
most
,
was
,
that
a
Noble
French
man
,
called
Viscount
de
Melun
,
wh●
was
very
much
in
esteem
with
Lewis
,
being
upon
his
death-bed
in
London
,
desired
to
have
som●
private
conference
with
those
English
Lords
and
Londoners
to
whom
Lewis
had
committed
the
Custody
of
that
City
,
to
whom
he
discovered
,
That
lamentable
desolation
,
and
secret
and
unsuspected
ruine
and
destruction
hung
over
their
heads
since
Lewis
with
sixteen
others
of
his
chief
Earls
and
Lords
,
of
whom
himself
was
one
,
had
taken
an
Oath
,
that
if
ever
the
Crown
of
England
were
setled
on
his
head
,
they
would
condemn
to
perpetual
banishment
,
all
such
as
now
adhered
to
him
against
King
John
,
as
being
Traitors
to
their
own
Sovereign
;
and
that
all
their
Kindred
and
Relations
should
be
utterly
rooted
out
of
the
Land
.
This
he
affirmed
to
be
true
,
as
he
hoped
for
the
salvation
of
his
now
departing
soul
,
and
thereupon
counselling
them
timely
to
prevent
their
approaching
miseries
;
and
in
the
mean
while
to
lock
up
his
words
under
the
Seal
of
Secresie
,
he
soon
after
departed
this
life
.
These
dreadful
Tidings
strangely
amazed
the
Auditors
,
and
though
many
of
the
Lords
doubted
whether
if
they
returned
to
their
Allegiance
toward
King
John
,
he
would
ever
accept
of
their
Repentance
,
since
they
had
so
highly
provoked
him
.
Yet
forty
of
them
immediately
sent
submissive
Letters
to
the
King
,
therein
expressing
their
sorrow
,
and
hoping
that
true
Royal
Bloud
would
be
ever
ready
to
yield
mercy
to
such
as
were
ready
to
yield
themselves
prostrate
to
intreat
for
it
.
But
these
solicitors
for
mercy
came
too
late
,
for
King
John
,
through
vexation
of
mind
for
the
loss
of
his
Carriages
,
fell
into
a
high
Fever
,
whereof
within
few
days
he
died
.
Though
the
manner
of
his
death
is
otherwise
reported
by
other
Authors
,
one
of
whom
saith
he
was
poisoned
at
Swinshead
Abby
,
by
a
Monk
of
that
Covent
,
upon
the
following
account
;
The
King
being
told
that
Corn
was
very
cheap
,
said
,
That
it
should
be
dearer
ere
long
,
for
he
would
make
a
penny
loaf
to
be
sold
for
a
shilling
.
At
which
Speech
the
Monk
was
so
offended
,
that
he
put
the
poison
of
a
Toad
into
a
Cup
of
Wine
,
and
brought
it
to
the
King
,
telling
him
,
There
was
such
a
cup
of
Wine
as
he
had
never
drank
in
all
his
life
;
and
therewithal
drank
first
of
it
himself
,
which
made
the
King
drink
more
boldly
of
it
:
but
finding
himself
very
ill
upon
〈◊〉
he
asked
for
the
Monk
,
and
when
it
was
told
him
that
he
was
fallen
down
dead
,
Then
(
saith
the
King
)
God
have
mercy
upon
me
:
I
doubted
as
much
.
Others
say
,
Poison
was
given
him
in
a
dish
of
Pears
;
and
add
,
that
this
was
judged
such
a
meritorious
act
,
that
the
Monk
had
a
Mass
appointed
to
be
said
for
his
soul
for
ever
after
,
by
his
Fellow-Monks
.
This
King
is
charged
with
Irreligion
by
the
Monks
of
those
times
,
who
did
not
love
him
,
and
therefore
we
know
not
how
far
they
are
to
be
believed
.
And
among
other
Speeches
,
That
having
been
a
little
before
reconciled
to
the
Pope
,
and
afterward
receiving
a
great
overthrow
from
the
French
,
he
in
great
anger
cried
out
,
That
nothing
had
prospered
with
him
since
he
was
reconciled
to
God
and
the
Pope
.
And
that
at
another
time
being
a
hunting
,
●e
merrily
said
at
the
opening
of
a
fat
Buck
,
See
how
this
Deer
hath
prospered
,
and
how
fat
he
is
,
and
yet
I
dare
swear
,
he
never
heard
M●ss
.
He
is
likewise
charged
,
that
being
in
some
distress
,
he
sent
Thomas
Hardington
,
and
Ralph
Fitz-Nichols
Knights
,
Ambassadors
to
Miram●malim
King
of
Africa
and
Morocco
,
with
offer
of
his
kingdom
to
him
,
if
he
would
assist
him
,
and
that
if
he
prevailed
,
he
himself
would
become
a
Turk
and
renounce
the
Christian
Religion
.
To
this
time
the
City
of
London
had
been
governed
by
two
Bailiffs
,
but
the
King
in
his
tenth
Year
,
taking
displeasure
against
them
for
denying
his
Purveyors
Wheat
,
he
imprisoned
them
till
35
of
the
chief
Citizens
repaired
to
him
,
and
acquainted
him
with
what
small
store
the
City
had
,
and
how
the
Commons
were
ready
to
make
an
Insurrection
about
it
,
he
was
then
satisfied
;
and
likewise
at
their
suit
he
by
a
New
Charter
granted
●o
the
Citizens
to
elect
a
new
Mayor
and
2
Sheriffs
to
be
chosen
yearly
nine
days
before
Michaelmas
,
which
Order
hath
continued
to
this
day
,
though
with
some
alteration
as
to
time
.
In
this
Kings
time
likewise
,
five
and
thirty
of
the
most
substantial
Citizens
were
chosen
out
,
and
called
the
Common
Council
of
the
City
.
In
this
Kings
time
there
fell
Hail
as
big
as
Goose
eggs
,
with
great
Thunder
and
Lightning
,
so
that
many
Men
,
Women
,
and
Cattle
were
destroyed
,
Houses
overthrown
and
burned
,
and
Corn
in
the
Fields
beaten
down
.
In
1202.
and
the
4.
of
King
John
,
there
began
a
Frost
the
14.
of
January
,
which
continued
to
the
22.
of
March
,
that
the
Ground
could
not
be
tilled
,
so
that
in
the
Summer
following
a
Quarter
of
Wheat
was
sold
for
a
Mark
,
which
in
the
days
of
Henry
the
second
was
sold
for
twelve
pence
,
and
a
Quarter
of
Beans
or
Oats
for
a
Groat
;
and
why
the
disproportion
in
the
prices
is
now
so
great
,
(
since
the
price
of
Silver
is
much
less
altered
,
for
an
ounce
of
Silver
was
then
valued
at
twenty
pence
,
which
is
now
valued
at
five
shillings
)
must
be
left
to
Philosophers
to
give
the
reason
:
for
since
scarcity
makes
things
dear
,
why
should
not
plenty
make
them
cheap
?
About
this
time
Fishes
of
strange
shape
were
taken
,
armed
with
Helmets
and
Shields
,
like
armed
men
,
onely
they
were
much
bigger
.
A
certain
Monster
was
likewise
found
,
stricken
with
Lightning
not
far
from
London
,
which
had
an
head
like
an
Ass
,
a
belly
like
a
Man
,
and
all
other
parts
far
differing
from
any
other
Creature
.
And
in
another
place
,
a
Fish
was
taken
alive
in
the
form
of
a
Man
,
and
was
kept
six
Months
upon
Land
with
raw
flesh
and
fish
,
and
then
because
they
could
not
make
it
speak
,
they
cast
it
into
the
Sea
again
.
In
the
ninth
of
King
John
the
Arches
and
Stone
bridge
over
the
Thames
at
London
was
quite
finished
by
Serle
Mercer
,
and
William
Alman
then
Procurators
,
and
Masters
of
the
Bridge-house
:
and
soon
after
a
great
Fire
happened
there
,
of
which
you
have
already
an
account
.
After
the
death
of
King
John
,
his
eldest
Son
Henry
,
being
not
above
ten
years
old
,
succeeded
him
,
and
was
therefore
very
unfit
to
govern
in
such
a
distracted
time
,
when
a
great
part
of
the
kingdom
had
sworn
Allegiance
to
Prince
Lewis
.
However
upon
October
8.
1216.
he
was
crowned
at
Glocester
by
the
name
of
Henry
the
Third
,
where
besides
the
usual
Oath
taken
by
all
Kings
,
he
did
Homage
also
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
to
Pope
Innocent
,
for
the
kingdoms
of
England
and
Ireland
,
and
promised
the
true
payment
of
the
Thousand
Marks
a
year
,
which
his
Father
had
granted
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
And
then
William
Marshal
Earl
of
Pembroke
was
by
general
consent
made
Protector
of
the
Realm
,
during
the
Kings
Minority
.
In
the
mean
time
Lewis
,
who
thought
himself
sure
of
the
kingdom
by
the
death
of
King
John
,
now
hearing
of
the
solemn
Crowning
of
the
young
King
with
such
unanimous
consent
,
he
begins
to
grow
jealous
of
the
English
Lords
,
who
indeed
had
some
conflicts
in
their
minds
whom
they
should
obey
;
they
thought
it
great
ingratitude
to
forsake
Prince
Lewis
,
whom
they
themselves
had
invited
to
come
,
and
yet
it
seemed
extream
disloyalty
to
stand
in
opposition
to
Henry
their
innocent
natural
Soveraign
;
but
the
discovery
of
Viscount
Melun
,
that
Lewis
intended
to
extirpate
all
the
English
Nobility
,
and
the
curse
of
Wallo
the
Popes
Legate
against
all
who
should
join
with
Lewis
,
with
divers
other
reasons
,
caused
the
principal
of
them
to
shrink
from
Lewis
and
join
with
King
Henry
,
as
thinking
no
obligation
so
great
as
Allegiance
;
many
others
staid
with
Lewis
,
as
thinking
none
greater
than
an
Oath
.
And
now
Prince
Lewis
fearing
that
his
enemies
having
gotten
an
head
,
should
likewise
gather
a
head
,
and
draw
more
Forces
together
,
staying
himself
in
London
,
sent
his
Lieutenant
with
an
Army
of
Twenty
thousand
to
take
in
what
Towns
he
could
get
,
some
of
which
they
took
with
small
resistance
;
but
William
Earl
of
Pembroke
the
Protector
,
coming
against
them
with
an
Army
,
utterly
routed
Lewis
,
and
took
most
of
the
Lords
that
adhered
to
him
Prisoners
;
and
though
his
Father
Philip
sent
him
more
Forces
,
yet
they
were
defeated
at
Sea
,
so
that
Lewis
upon
payment
of
some
monies
,
and
other
conditions
,
returned
into
France
,
and
King
Henry
took
an
Oath
,
and
for
him
,
the
Popes
Legate
Wallo
,
and
the
Protector
,
That
he
would
restore
to
the
Barons
of
the
Realm
,
and
other
his
Subjects
,
all
their
Rights
and
Priviledges
for
which
the
discord
began
between
the
late
King
and
his
People
.
And
afterward
he
confirmed
the
two
Charters
of
Magna
Charta
,
and
Charta
Forestae
,
granted
by
his
Father
King
John
.
In
the
Tenth
year
of
King
Henries
Reign
,
and
the
nineteenth
of
his
Age
,
he
claimed
to
take
the
Government
upon
himself
,
and
no
longer
to
be
under
a
Protector
,
after
which
there
presently
appeared
the
difference
between
a
Prince
that
is
ruled
by
good
counsel
,
and
one
that
will
do
all
of
his
own
will
,
and
take
no
Advice
.
For
thirteen
years
he
was
ruled
by
a
Protector
,
and
then
all
passed
as
it
were
in
a
calm
without
noise
,
or
clamour
;
but
as
soon
as
he
took
upon
him
the
Government
,
storms
and
tumults
presently
arose
,
neither
was
there
any
quietness
with
the
Subject
,
nor
himself
,
nothing
but
Grievances
all
the
long
time
of
his
Reign
.
For
as
soon
as
he
was
crowned
again
,
he
presently
cancels
and
annuls
the
Charter
of
the
Forests
,
as
granted
in
his
Nonage
,
and
therefore
not
bound
to
observe
it
,
and
then
makes
a
new
Seal
,
forcing
all
that
had
Grants
by
the
former
,
to
renew
them
,
whereby
he
got
abundance
of
money
.
After
which
he
goes
over
into
France
to
recover
his
Rights
there
:
to
which
purpose
he
raises
great
sums
of
money
from
the
Londoners
for
Redemption
of
their
Liberties
.
About
which
time
Constantine
Fitz-Arnulf
a
Citizen
of
London
,
(
upon
a
tumult
which
arose
in
the
City
at
a
Wrestling
,
which
he
purposely
appointed
)
endeavoured
to
set
up
Lewis
again
,
and
in
the
heat
of
the
disturbance
he
traiterously
cried
out
Mountjoy
,
Mountjoy
,
God
for
us
and
our
Lord
Lewis
.
And
though
the
Lord
Mayor
,
who
was
a
very
discreet
person
,
earnestly
persuaded
them
to
be
quiet
,
yet
Constantine
by
his
seditious
Orations
,
had
made
the
people
incapable
of
good
counsel
;
so
that
there
was
little
hope
of
appeasing
them
.
The
Lord
Chief
Justice
having
notice
hereof
,
presently
raised
Forces
and
entered
the
Tower
of
London
,
and
sent
for
the
principal
men
of
the
City
to
come
before
him
,
who
all
disclaimed
their
being
concerned
therein
,
and
charged
Fitz
Arnulph
to
be
the
chief
Author
thereof
.
But
he
resolutely
answered
,
That
he
had
not
done
so
much
therein
as
he
ought
.
Whereupon
he
was
condemned
to
die
,
together
with
the
Crier
who
published
the
Proclamation
,
and
his
Nephew
;
and
was
accordingly
executed
,
though
when
he
saw
the
Halter
about
his
neck
,
he
offered
Fifteen
thousand
Marks
for
the
saving
of
his
life
.
This
Execution
being
done
without
noise
,
or
the
knowledge
of
the
Londoners
,
the
Lord
Chief
Justice
comes
into
the
City
,
and
apprehending
several
who
where
guilty
of
this
Tumult
,
he
causeth
their
hands
and
feet
to
be
cut
off
,
for
a
terrour
to
the
rest
,
and
then
set
them
at
liberty
.
The
King
likewise
deposed
several
of
the
Magistrates
,
but
afterwards
finding
that
the
baser
sort
of
People
onely
were
concerned
in
the
Disorder
,
he
thereupon
was
reconciled
to
the
City
.
About
this
time
an
Execrable
Impostor
was
brought
before
the
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
,
who
observing
how
easily
the
People
were
deluded
in
those
times
of
Darkness
and
Superstition
,
he
impudently
caused
himself
to
be
wounded
in
his
hands
,
feet
,
and
sides
,
that
by
the
resemblance
of
these
bloudy
Impressions
,
he
might
be
acknowledged
for
their
very
Saviour
:
who
was
thereupon
deservedly
immured
up
between
four
Walls
;
and
with
him
a
wretched
Woman
,
who
pretended
to
be
Mary
the
Mother
of
this
Christ
;
and
some
say
another
who
called
her self
Mary
Magdalene
,
this
punishment
being
thought
fittest
for
such
Miscreants
,
as
Monsters
too
impious
,
and
unworthy
to
die
by
Humane
hands
;
though
it
is
very
remarkable
,
that
this
man
should
have
such
a
severe
judgment
at
Oxford
,
and
yet
St.
Francis
,
who
was
guilty
of
the
same
Imposture
,
as
to
the
wounds
of
Christ
,
though
not
the
name
,
should
soon
after
be
canonized
at
Rome
for
the
chief
of
Saints
;
and
perhaps
if
this
Monster
had
been
at
Rome
,
he
had
been
likewise
Sainted
;
and
if
Saint
Francis
had
been
at
Oxford
he
had
been
immured
.
King
Henry
returning
from
France
,
brought
over
many
French
men
with
him
,
which
he
puts
in
places
of
Trust
and
Profit
,
and
removes
and
fines
his
old
Officers
.
The
Lords
could
no
longer
endure
so
many
indignities
,
to
see
themselves
slighted
and
Strangers
advanced
,
their
Persons
likewise
exposed
to
danger
,
and
their
Estates
to
ruine
,
for
which
they
could
find
no
remedy
but
the
Kings
confirming
their
Charter
of
Liberties
,
wherein
it
is
strange
to
see
upon
what
different
grounds
the
King
and
the
Lords
went
.
It
seems
the
King
thought
,
that
to
confirm
their
Charter
,
was
to
make
himself
less
than
a
King
;
and
the
Lords
thought
,
as
long
as
that
was
denied
,
they
were
no
better
than
Slaves
;
and
as
the
King
could
endure
no
Diminution
,
so
the
Lords
could
endure
no
Slavery
.
But
the
King
might
keep
his
own
with
sitting
still
;
the
Lords
could
not
recover
their
own
but
by
motion
.
And
hereupon
they
confederated
together
,
the
chief
among
them
being
Richard
the
Brother
of
William
late
Protector
,
and
now
Earl
Marshal
,
who
repair
to
the
King
and
boldly
tell
him
of
his
faults
,
and
require
satisfaction
.
Whereupon
the
King
presently
sends
for
whole
Legions
of
French
men
over
,
and
withal
summons
a
Parliament
at
Oxford
,
whither
the
Lords
refuse
to
come
.
After
this
a
Parliament
is
called
at
Westminster
,
whither
they
likewise
refuse
to
come
,
unless
the
King
would
remove
the
Bishop
of
Winchester
,
and
the
French
from
the
Court
:
and
more
than
this
,
they
send
him
word
,
that
unless
he
did
this
,
they
would
expel
both
himself
,
and
his
evil
Counsellors
out
of
the
Land
,
and
create
a
new
King
.
Upon
this
threatning
,
Pledges
are
required
of
the
Nobility
for
securing
their
Allegiance
:
and
Writs
are
sent
out
to
all
who
held
by
Knights
Service
to
repair
to
the
King
by
a
certain
day
which
the
Earl
Marshal
and
his
Associates
refusing
,
the
King
,
without
the
Judgment
of
the
Cou●●
and
his
Peers
,
causeth
them
to
be
proclaimed
Outlaws
,
and
seizeth
upon
all
their
Lands
,
which
he
gives
to
the
French
men
,
and
directs
out
Writs
to
attach
their
Bodies
where-ever
found
.
Upon
which
some
of
the
Confederate
Lords
went
over
to
the
King
,
and
the
Earl
Marshal
is
persuaded
to
do
the
same
;
which
he
refusing
,
a
design
is
laid
to
draw
him
over
into
Ireland
to
defend
his
Estate
there
,
which
was
seized
upon
by
the
King
:
where
being
circumvented
by
Treachery
,
he
lost
his
life
.
Yet
the
King
disavows
being
concerned
therein
,
and
lays
the
fault
upon
his
Officers
.
An
easie
way
(
saith
the
Historian
)
for
Princes
never
to
be
found
in
any
fault
.
After
this
the
Lords
went
into
Wales
,
and
joined
with
Prince
Lewellin
:
whither
also
came
Hube●t
de
Burg
Earl
of
Kent
.
Hereupon
the
King
is
advised
to
go
himself
thither
;
who
complained
,
That
he
was
not
able
in
regard
of
his
wants
,
saying
,
that
his
Treasurers
told
him
,
all
the
Rents
of
his
Exchequer
would
scarce
maintain
him
in
Clothes
,
Victuals
and
Alms.
Whereupon
some
of
his
Lords
answered
,
That
he
might
thank
himself
,
if
he
were
poor
,
since
he
gave
so
much
of
his
Revenue
to
his
Favourites
,
and
had
so
far
alienated
his
Lands
,
that
he
was
onely
a
King
in
name
,
rather
than
for
his
Estate
;
though
his
Ancestors
were
magnificent
Princes
,
who
abounded
in
all
worldly
glory
and
wealth
,
and
had
heaped
up
vast
Treasures
,
onely
by
the
Rents
and
Profits
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
King
being
stung
with
this
just
Reprehension
,
began
by
their
advice
,
to
call
his
Sheriffs
Bailiffs
,
and
other
Officers
to
a
strict
account
,
and
squeezed
great
sums
of
money
out
of
them
,
forcing
Ralph
Briton
his
Lord
Treasurer
,
to
pay
him
a
thousand
pound
,
and
others
very
considerable
sums
,
whereby
he
at
this
time
filled
his
Coffers
.
After
two
years
affliction
a
Parliament
is
called
at
Westminster
,
wherein
the
Bishops
admonish
the
King
,
by
his
Fathers
Example
to
be
at
peace
and
unity
with
his
People
,
and
remove
from
him
Strangers
,
and
to
govern
the
Kingdom
by
Natives
of
the
Realm
,
and
by
the
Laws
,
otherwise
they
would
proceed
by
Ecclesiastical
Censure
both
against
himself
,
and
his
Counsellors
.
The
King
●●ing
no
way
to
subsist
,
but
by
temporizing
,
removes
all
Strangers
from
about
him
,
calls
his
new
Officers
to
account
,
and
restores
the
Lords
to
their
places
and
possessions
.
Soon
after
another
Parliament
is
called
,
which
the
King
would
have
to
sit
in
the
Tower
,
whither
the
Lords
refusing
to
come
,
a
place
of
more
freedom
is
appointed
,
in
which
Parliament
the
Sheriffs
are
removed
for
corruption
;
and
the
King
would
have
taken
the
Great
Seal
from
the
Bishop
of
Chichester
,
who
refused
to
deliver
it
,
as
having
received
it
from
the
Common
Council
of
the
kingdom
.
In
the
21
Year
of
this
Kings
Reign
another
Parliament
is
called
at
London
,
where
the
King
requires
a
great
sum
of
money
,
which
being
directly
opposed
,
the
King
promiseth
by
Oath
never
more
to
injure
the
Nobility
,
so
they
would
but
relieve
him
at
present
,
and
that
he
would
use
onely
the
Counsel
of
his
Natural
Subjects
,
and
freely
grant
the
inviolable
observation
of
their
Liberties
.
Whereupon
a
Subsidy
was
granted
him
,
but
with
this
condition
,
that
four
Knights
in
every
County
be
appointed
to
receive
and
pay
in
the
same
,
either
to
some
Abby
or
or
Castle
where
it
may
be
safely
kept
,
that
if
the
King
fail
of
performing
his
Oaths
and
Promises
,
it
may
be
restored
to
the
Country
from
whence
it
was
collected
.
About
this
time
the
King
,
to
please
the
Lords
,
ordered
Peter
de
Rivalis
and
some
other
of
his
French
Favourites
,
to
appear
in
Westminster
Hall
as
Delinquents
,
and
he
him self
coming
thither
,
sate
in
person
upon
the
Bench
among
his
Judges
.
And
Peter
de
Rivalis
being
first
called
,
the
King
looking
sternly
upon
him
,
spake
thus
to
him
:
O
thou
Traitor
,
by
thy
wicked
advice
I
was
drawn
to
set
my
Seal
to
those
treacherous
Letters
for
the
destruction
of
the
Earl
Marshal
in
Ireland
,
the
C●tents
whereof
,
were
to
me
unknown
.
And
by
thine
,
and
such
like
wicked
counsel
,
I
banished
my
natural
Subjects
,
and
turned
their
minds
and
hearts
from
me
.
By
the
bad
counsel
of
thee
and
thy
Accomplices
,
I
was
stirred
up
to
make
War
upon
them
,
to
my
exceeding
loss
,
and
the
dishonour
of
my
Realm
:
for
thereby
I
wasted
my
Treasure
,
and
lost
many
worthy
persons
,
together
with
much
of
my
former
honour
and
respect
.
I
therefore
require
of
thee
an
exact
account
as
well
of
my
Treasure
as
the
Custody
of
the
Wards
,
together
with
many
other
Perquisites
and
Profits
belonging
to
the
Crown
.
To
whom
Rivalis
,
denying
nothing
whereof
he
was
charged
,
but
falling
to
the
ground
,
thus
answered
:
My
Sovereign
Lord
and
King
,
I
have
been
raised
up
and
enriched
with
worldly
goods
onely
by
you
,
confound
not
therefore
your
own
Creature
,
but
please
to
grant
me
some
time
to
make
my
defence
against
what
I
am
charged
with
.
Thou
shalt
(
said
the
King
)
be
carried
to
the
Tower
of
London
,
there
to
deliberate
of
it
,
till
I
am
satisfied
.
And
he
was
sent
accordingly
.
But
Stephen
de
Seagrave
Lord
Chief
Justice
,
whom
the
King
likewise
called
most
wicked
Traitor
,
had
time
till
Michaelmas
to
make
up
his
accounts
,
and
so
had
others
.
But
afterward
by
Mediation
,
and
paying
very
great
Fines
to
the
King
,
they
obtained
their
Liberty
,
and
were
a
while
after
again
taken
into
grace
and
favour
.
In
the
midst
of
these
distractions
and
troubles
,
it
pleased
God
to
inflict
upon
this
City
,
and
the
Kingdom
the
Plague
of
Famine
,
as
well
as
the
Sword
,
whereby
the
Poor
miserably
perished
for
want
of
Bread
.
The
Authors
of
those
Times
relate
this
Story
very
credibly
,
to
shew
how
displeasing
Unmercifulness
and
want
of
Charity
is
in
the
sigh●
of
God
.
Several
poor
people
plucked
the
ears
of
Corn
while
they
were
green
in
the
common
Fields
,
meerly
to
keep
themselves
from
starving
;
at
which
the
Owners
being
much
offended
,
desired
the
Priest
of
the
Parish
to
curse
and
excommunicate
them
all
the
next
Sunday
;
but
one
in
the
Company
adjured
the
Priest
in
the
Name
of
God
,
to
exempt
his
Corn
from
the
Sentence
,
saying
,
That
it
pleased
him
well
that
the
Poor
being
pinched
with
Famine
,
had
taken
his
Corn
;
and
so
commended
what
was
left
to
the
blessing
of
God
.
The
Priest
being
compelled
by
the
importunity
of
the
others
,
had
no
sooner
begun
the
Sentence
,
but
a
sudden
Tempest
of
Thunder
,
Lightning
,
Wind
,
Hail
,
and
Rain
,
interrupted
him
,
whereby
all
the
Corn-fields
thereabout
were
laid
waste
and
destroyed
,
as
if
they
had
been
trodden
under
foot
with
Cart
and
Horses
;
yea
,
no
kind
of
Fowl
nor
Beast
would
feed
upon
it
.
But
this
honest
tender-hearted
man
found
all
his
Corn
and
Ground
,
though
mingled
among
theirs
,
altogether
untouched
,
and
without
the
least
harm
.
Awhile
after
the
K
calls
another
Parl.
at
London
,
in
order
to
the
raising
of
more
mony
,
having
tried
before
to
borrow
of
the
Londoners
,
and
found
them
to
incline
to
the
Lords
.
To
this
Parliament
the
Lords
come
,
armed
for
their
own
defence
,
and
make
Richard
the
Kings
Brother
Spokesman
;
wherein
they
aggravate
his
breach
of
promise
,
since
neither
were
Strangers
removed
from
about
him
,
but
taken
more
into
favour
than
before
.
Nor
was
the
former
money
disposed
of
according
to
appointment
,
but
the
King
made
bold
to
make
use
of
it
at
his
own
pleasure
,
the
Earl
of
Provence
the
Young
Queens
Father
,
and
Simon
Montford
,
a
new
Favourite
,
and
a
French
man
born
,
now
made
Earl
of
Leicester
,
having
a
good
share
of
the
money
collected
;
they
acquaint
him
also
with
all
the
rest
of
the
disorders
of
the
kingdom
.
The
King
was
so
moved
at
this
their
Remonstrance
,
that
taking
his
Oath
to
refer
the
matter
to
divers
grave
men
of
the
kingdom
,
Articles
were
drawn
,
sealed
,
and
publickly
set
up
to
the
view
of
all
.
And
soon
after
the
Earl
of
March
solicites
the
King
to
make
another
journey
into
France
,
whereupon
he
calls
a
Parliament
at
London
,
and
demands
Aid
;
which
was
not
onely
opposed
,
but
an
account
required
of
all
the
Taxations
hitherto
given
,
with
an
absolute
denial
of
any
more
.
Upon
which
the
King
comes
to
the
Parliament
in
Person
,
earnestly
,
and
indeed
humbly
craving
their
Aid
,
for
this
once
.
But
all
prevailed
not
for
they
had
made
a
Vow
to
the
contrary
;
and
the
King
is
driven
to
get
what
he
can
of
particular
men
,
of
whom
partly
by
Gift
,
and
partly
by
Loan
,
he
gets
so
much
that
he
carries
over
with
him
thirty
Barrels
of
Sterling
money
.
This
Expedition
had
no
better
success
than
the
former
;
for
after
a
whole
years
stay
,
the
King
was
forced
to
make
a
dishonourable
Truce
with
the
French
,
and
upon
his
return
home
,
he
laid
new
Exactions
on
the
Jews
,
and
the
Londoners
.
In
the
next
Parliament
at
Westminster
,
enquiry
was
made
how
much
money
the
Pope
had
yearly
out
of
England
;
and
it
was
found
to
be
annually
threescore
thousand
Marks
,
which
was
more
than
the
Revenue
of
the
Crown
:
which
the
King
ordered
an
account
to
be
taken
of
,
and
sent
it
to
the
Council
at
Lyons
.
This
so
vexed
the
Pope
,
that
he
said
,
It
is
time
to
make
an
end
with
the
Emperour
(
with
whom
he
was
then
at
variance
)
that
we
may
crush
these
petty
Kings
,
for
the
Dragon
once
appeased
or
destroyed
,
these
lesser
Snakes
will
soon
be
trodden
down
.
Upon
which
it
was
absolutely
ordained
,
that
the
Pope
should
have
no
more
money
out
of
England
.
But
the
King
being
of
an
irresolute
and
wavering
nature
,
and
afraid
of
Threats
,
soon
gave
over
,
and
the
Pope
continued
his
former
Rapine
.
The
King
had
now
abundance
of
Grandees
come
to
see
him
from
Foreign
parts
,
and
having
called
a
Parliament
at
London
,
he
is
sharply
taxed
for
his
Expences
,
and
severely
reprehended
for
his
breach
of
promise
;
having
vowed
and
declared
in
his
Charter
,
never
more
to
injure
the
State
again
;
also
for
his
violent
taking
up
Provisions
of
Wax
,
Silk
,
Robes
,
and
especially
of
Wine
,
contrary
to
the
will
of
the
Seller
,
and
many
other
Grievances
they
complain
of
.
All
which
the
King
hears
patiently
,
in
hope
of
obtaining
Supplies
,
which
yet
they
would
not
give
,
and
thereupon
the
Parliament
is
prorogued
till
Midsummer
following
,
and
the
King
growing
more
furious
than
before
,
it
was
then
dissolved
in
discontent
.
But
the
Parliament
not
supplying
him
,
he
is
advised
to
supply
his
wants
with
sale
of
his
Plate
,
and
Jewels
of
the
Crown
,
being
told
,
That
though
they
were
sold
,
yet
they
would
revert
again
to
him
,
And
having
with
great
loss
received
money
for
them
,
he
asked
who
had
bought
them
?
Answer
is
made
,
The
City
of
London
.
That
City
(
said
he
)
is
an
inexhaustible
Gulph
,
if
Octavius
Treasure
were
to
besold
,
they
would
surely
buy
it
.
In
his
two
and
fortieth
year
another
Parliament
is
held
,
which
by
some
was
called
Insanum
Parliamentum
,
the
Mad
Parliament
;
because
at
this
Parliament
the
Lords
came
with
great
Retinues
of
armed
men
,
and
many
things
were
enacted
contrary
to
the
Kings
Prerogative
.
And
now
to
vex
the
City
,
the
King
commands
a
Fair
to
be
kept
at
Westminster
,
forbidding
under
great
penalties
,
all
exercise
of
Merchandize
within
London
,
for
fifteen
days
.
But
this
Novelty
came
to
nothing
,
for
the
inconvenience
of
the
place
,
as
it
was
then
,
and
the
foulness
of
the
Weather
,
brought
more
damage
to
the
Traders
than
benefit
.
At
Christmas
likewise
he
demands
New-years-gifts
of
the
Londoners
;
and
shortly
after
writes
unto
them
his
Letters
,
imperiously
commanding
them
to
aid
him
with
money
,
and
thereby
gets
twenty
thousand
pound
of
them
,
for
which
the
next
year
he
craves
pardon
of
them
.
But
notwithstanding
his
continual
taking
up
of
all
Provisions
for
his
house
without
money
,
yet
he
lessens
his
House-keeping
in
no
honourable
manner
.
Now
seeing
he
could
get
nothing
of
the
States
assembled
in
Parliament
,
he
sends
or
writes
to
every
Nobleman
in
particular
,
declaring
his
Poverty
,
and
how
he
was
bound
by
Charter
in
a
debt
of
thirty
thousand
pound
to
those
of
Burdeaux
and
Gascoign
,
who
otherwise
would
not
have
suffered
him
to
come
back
to
England
.
But
failing
of
any
relief
from
the
Temporal
Lords
,
he
addresseth
his
Letters
to
the
Bishops
,
of
whom
he
finds
as
little
relief
;
yet
by
much
importunity
and
his
own
presence
,
he
got
an
hundred
pound
of
the
Abbot
of
Ramsey
,
but
the
Abbot
of
Burrough
had
the
confidence
to
deny
him
,
though
the
King
told
him
,
It
was
more
charity
to
give
money
to
him
,
than
to
a
Beggar
that
went
from
door
to
door
.
The
Abbot
of
St.
Albans
was
yet
more
kind
,
and
gave
him
threescore
Marks
;
to
such
lowness
did
did
the
profuseness
of
this
indigent
King
bring
him
.
But
now
the
Lords
assemble
again
at
London
,
and
press
him
with
his
promise
,
that
the
Lord
Chief
Justice
,
Ch●ncellor
and
Treasurer
should
be
appointed
by
the
General
Council
of
the
Kingdom
,
but
they
go
home
again
frustrate
of
their
desi●es
.
Not
long
after
a
Parliament
is
assembled
at
London
,
and
Henry
de
Bath
one
of
the
Judges
,
and
Councellour
to
the
King
,
who
by
corruption
had
got
a
vast
Est●te
,
is
accused
by
Philip
Darcy
;
and
Bath
thereupon
appears
strongly
guarded
with
his
Friends
▪
The
Accusations
were
many
,
but
especially
two
;
That
he
troubled
the
whole
Realm
,
and
stirred
up
all
the
Lords
thereof
against
the
King
,
and
that
for
reward
he
had
discharged
a
Malefactor
out
of
Prison
.
The
King
was
so
enraged
to
see
him
with
so
many
men
,
that
mounting
into
an
high
place
,
he
cries
out
aloud
,
Whosoever
kills
Henry
de
Bath
,
shall
be
pardoned
for
his
death
,
and
I
do
here
acquit
him
,
and
so
departs
.
But
Sir
John
Mansel
,
one
of
his
Council
spake
thus
to
some
who
was
ready
to
execute
his
will
:
Gentlemen
and
Friends
,
It
is
not
necessary
for
us
to
put
that
presently
in
execution
which
the
King
commandeth
in
his
anger
;
for
it
may
be
when
his
wrath
is
over
,
he
will
be
sorry
for
what
he
hath
said
.
Besides
if
any
violence
be
offered
to
Bath
,
here
are
his
friends
ready
to
revenge
it
to
the
utmost
.
And
so
Sir
Henry
Bath
escaped
the
present
danger
,
and
afterwards
with
money
and
friends
made
his
peace
.
About
this
time
the
King
by
Proclamation
calls
the
Londoners
to
Westminster
,
and
there
causeth
the
Bishops
of
Worcester
&
Chichester
to
declare
his
intentions
,
and
to
exhort
the
People
to
undertake
the
recovery
of
the
Holy
Land
from
the
Saracens
,
the
King
being
persuaded
thereto
by
the
Pope
,
who
usually
sent
Princes
abro●d
to
recover
Palestine
,
on
purpose
that
he
might
fleece
the
Subjects
of
some
,
and
seize
the
Lands
of
others
at
home
in
their
absence
.
But
the
Londoners
had
no
mind
to
this
Pilgrimage
,
and
therefore
all
the
Bishops
Arguments
prevailed
onely
upon
three
poor
Knights
,
whom
the
King
thereupon
in
open
view
,
embraceth
,
kisseth
,
and
calls
his
Brethren
;
but
checks
the
Londoners
as
ignoble
Mercenaries
,
and
there
himself
takes
his
Oath
for
performing
this
Journey
,
and
to
set
forth
upon
Midsummer
day
next
.
In
taking
his
Oath
he
lays
his
right
hand
upon
his
Brest
,
according
to
the
manner
of
a
Priest
;
and
after
on
the
Book
,
and
kist
it
as
a
Layman
.
Now
for
money
to
carry
on
this
,
the
King
demands
a
Tenth
of
the
Estates
of
the
Clergy
and
Laiety
for
three
years
together
.
To
which
end
a
Parliament
is
called
at
London
,
where
the
Bishops
are
first
dealt
withal
,
as
being
a
work
of
Piety
;
but
they
absolutely
refuse
it
,
then
the
Temporal
Lords
are
set
upon
,
and
they
answer
as
the
Bishops
;
which
put
the
King
into
so
great
a
rage
,
that
he
drove
out
all
that
were
in
his
Chamber
,
as
if
he
had
been
mad
.
Then
he
falls
to
persuade
them
apart
,
sending
first
for
the
Bishop
of
Ely
,
and
tells
him
,
how
kindly
he
had
formerly
been
to
him
;
the
Bishop
dissuades
him
from
the
Journey
by
the
example
of
the
French
King
,
and
useth
many
other
Arguments
;
which
the
King
hearing
,
commanded
the
Bishop
in
great
passion
to
be
thrust
out
of
doors
,
and
perceiving
by
this
what
he
might
expect
from
others
,
he
falls
upon
his
former
violent
courses
,
and
the
City
of
London
,
is
compelled
to
contribute
a
thousand
Marks
.
Gascoign
is
likewise
ready
to
revolt
,
unless
speedy
succour
be
sent
them
;
and
general
Musters
are
made
,
which
occasions
another
Parliament
at
London
,
who
it
seems
began
to
consider
that
the
Kings
turn
must
be
served
one
way
for
other
,
and
therefore
they
agreed
to
relieve
him
the
usual
way
,
rather
than
force
him
to
those
extravagant
courses
which
he
took
:
Yet
so
as
the
Reformation
of
the
Government
.
and
the
Ratification
of
their
Laws
and
Liberties
might
once
again
be
solemnly
confirmed
.
After
fifteen
days
consultation
a
Tenth
is
granted
for
this
holy
expedition
;
and
thereupon
those
often
confirmed
Charters
called
Magna
Charta
,
and
Charta
de
Forestae
are
again
ratified
,
and
that
in
the
most
solemn
and
ceremonious
manner
,
that
State
and
Religion
could
possibly
devise
.
The
King
with
all
the
chief
Nobility
of
the
Realm
in
their
Robes
,
and
the
Bishops
in
their
Vestments
with
burning
Candles
in
their
hands
,
assemble
to
hear
the
terrible
Sentence
of
Excommunication
against
the
Infringers
of
the
same
;
and
at
the
lighting
of
those
Candles
,
the
King
having
received
one
in
his
hand
,
gives
it
to
the
Prelate
that
stood
by
,
saying
,
It
becomes
not
me
who
am
no
Priest
to
hold
this
Candle
,
my
heart
shall
be
a
greater
testimony
;
and
withal
laid
his
hand
spred
upon
his
brest
during
the
reading
the
Sentence
.
Which
done
,
he
caused
the
Charter
of
King
John
his
Father
,
granted
by
his
free
Consent
,
to
be
openly
read
.
And
then
having
thrown
down
their
Candles
,
which
lay
smoaking
on
the
ground
,
they
cried
out
,
So
let
them
who
incur
this
Sentence
be
extinct
,
and
have
no
better
savour
than
these
snuffs
.
And
the
King
with
a
loud
voice
said
,
As
God
help
me
,
I
will
,
as
I
am
a
man
,
a
Christian
,
a
Knight
,
a
King
crowned
and
anointed
,
inviolably
observe
all
these
things
.
And
therewithal
the
Bells
rung
out
,
and
the
People
shouted
for
Joy
.
Yet
was
not
all
quieted
by
this
Grant
,
for
Si●●●
M●●tford
Earl
of
●ercester
,
a
while
after
char●●g
the
King
with
breach
of
promise
;
the
King
in
great
rage
replied
,
No
promise
was
to
be
kept
with
an
unworthy
〈◊〉
.
At
which
words
Montford
riseth
up
,
and
protested
,
That
the
King
lied
,
and
were
he
not
or
〈◊〉
by
his
Royal
Dignity
he
he
would
make
〈◊〉
●●pent
his
words
.
The
King
,
commanded
his
Attendants
to
lay
hold
of
him
,
but
the
Lords
would
not
suffer
it
;
Yet
after
this
great
affront
,
Montford
is
again
sent
to
Gascoun
with
a
great
Fleet
by
the
King
,
who
goes
also
himself
into
France
,
and
there
spends
a
vast
deal
of
money
,
but
it
is
the
Londoners
must
pay
for
all
for
returning
home
about
Christmas
,
they
presented
him
with
an
hundred
pound
in
Money
and
two
hundred
pound
in
plate
,
which
was
so
slighted
,
and
so
ill
taken
,
that
advantage
was
soon
found
against
them
about
the
escape
of
a
Prisoner
,
which
cost
them
Three
Thousand
Marks
and
commonly
he
had
every
year
one
quarrel
or
other
with
the
Citizens
which
they
are
sure
to
make
satisfaction
for
.
Soon
after
another
Parliament
is
called
at
London
,
wherein
the
Lords
again
expostulate
about
their
former
Liberties
,
requiring
that
the
Lord
Chief
Justice
,
&c.
should
be
chosen
by
Parliament
.
They
likewise
require
twenty
four
Conservators
should
be
elected
,
twelve
by
the
King
,
and
twelve
by
themselves
,
to
see
to
the
due
execution
of
these
Charters
,
which
the
King
,
knowing
their
strength
,
yielded
to
,
and
both
he
and
his
Son
the
Prince
,
sware
to
confirm
the
same
.
A
while
before
the
King
sent
to
some
Monasteries
to
borrow
money
,
his
Officers
alledging
,
that
the
King
was
Lord
of
all
they
had
;
who
answered
,
they
acknowledged
that
;
but
yet
so
as
to
defend
it
,
&
not
to
destroy
it
,
or
take
it
illegally
away
from
them
.
scene from London history
K
Henry
6
Murdered
in
the
Tower
scene from London history
K.
Edward
5.4
his
brother
Murdered
.
scene from London history
Q.
Elizabeth
Prisoner
in
the
Tower
The
Lords
having
thus
got
the
Government
into
their
hands
,
obliege
the
King
to
free
them
from
all
Obedience
and
Allegiance
whensoever
he
infringed
their
Charter
.
Yet
soon
after
the
King
sends
to
R●me
to
be
freed
from
his
Oath
;
which
he
obtained
.
Whereupon
the
Lords
put
themselves
into
arms
,
and
Moniford
Earl
of
Leicester
their
General
,
takes
many
Castles
.
The
King
likewise
raises
Forces
.
The
Barons
march
toward
London
,
under
a
Banner
richly
and
beautifully
flourished
with
the
Kings
Arms.
And
as
they
passed
by
the
Houses
or
Possessions
of
those
that
favoured
the
Popes
Bulls
(
whereby
the
King
himself
,
and
all
others
who
had
formerly
sworn
to
observe
and
maintain
those
new
Ordinances
and
Laws
,
and
to
support
the
Authority
of
the
twenty
four
Peers
,
were
fully
absolved
from
their
Oaths
)
they
robbed
and
wasted
them
,
as
Enemies
to
the
King
and
kingdom
.
They
then
approached
the
City
of
London
,
and
by
their
Letters
desired
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Citizens
to
send
them
word
whether
they
resolved
to
support
the
Authority
of
the
Peers
or
not
;
protesting
before
God
,
themselves
intended
nothing
else
;
and
that
if
any
thing
were
defective
in
those
Laws
,
they
should
be
reformed
.
The
Lord
Mayor
sends
these
Letters
with
all
speed
to
the
King
,
who
desired
likewise
to
know
,
whether
they
would
support
the
Laws
of
the
twenty
four
Peers
or
not
:
they
stoutly
answered
,
that
they
would
,
since
by
the
Kings
command
they
had
all
sworn
so
to
do
.
The
King
was
extreamly
enraged
at
this
answer
,
but
he
could
get
no
other
;
and
the
same
answer
they
sent
to
the
Lords
,
who
thereupon
proceeded
in
their
march
,
and
were
with
much
joy
and
kindness
received
into
London
,
and
soon
after
routed
the
Prince
,
who
came
against
them
with
a
considerable
Army
.
But
some
of
the
meaner
sort
of
the
City
,
intending
under
the
pretence
of
these
disturbances
,
to
do
mischief
,
elected
two
ambitious
Fellows
,
whom
they
called
the
two
Constables
of
London
;
and
agreed
,
that
at
the
tolling
of
a
great
Bell
in
St.
Pauls
Church
,
as
many
as
would
join
with
them
,
should
be
ready
to
act
whatever
the
two
Constables
commanded
them
;
and
though
all
endeavours
were
used
to
prevent
them
,
yet
their
desire
of
plunder
so
furiously
transported
them
,
that
upon
the
tolling
that
Bell
,
a
great
number
met
together
;
and
marching
about
eight
miles
Westward
from
London
,
they
ruined
and
destroyed
the
House
and
Possessions
of
the
Kings
Brother
Richard
King
of
the
Romans
,
carrying
away
all
his
Goods
with
them
.
Which
insolent
outrage
much
furthered
the
succeeding
Wars
,
for
whereas
before
Richard
being
of
a
mild
and
virtuous
disposition
had
used
all
his
endeavours
to
make
peace
upon
all
occasions
,
he
now
became
a
professed
Enemy
both
to
the
Barons
,
and
the
City
of
London
.
After
this
the
Lords
sent
a
Letter
to
the
King
,
and
protested
with
all
humility
and
submission
that
they
intended
nothing
but
the
performance
of
their
Oaths
,
by
defending
those
Laws
and
Ordinances
which
had
been
established
in
Parliament
for
the
benefit
of
the
King
and
the
Realm
.
But
the
King
,
his
Brother
Richard
,
and
Edward
the
young
Prince
,
thinking
nothing
more
disdainful
than
that
Subjects
should
rule
and
command
their
Sovereign
,
resolved
to
revenge
it
,
and
bid
utter
defiance
to
the
Lords
;
and
both
Armies
met
near
a
Town
called
Lewis
in
Sussex
,
where
a
cruel
Battel
was
fought
,
and
the
King
,
his
Brother
,
and
the
Prince
,
were
all
taken
prisoners
,
with
many
other
great
Commanders
,
and
twenty
thousand
men
slain
.
Yet
a
while
after
,
upon
some
Conditions
,
they
were
all
three
set
at
Liberty
,
and
the
former
Laws
and
Ordinances
were
confirmed
in
Parliament
,
and
the
King
took
an
Oath
for
confirming
the
power
of
the
twelve
Peers
.
After
which
the
Earls
of
Leicester
and
Glocester
,
the
two
Generals
of
the
Lords
Party
,
fell
into
a
great
difference
;
which
Prince
Edward
taking
advantage
of
,
raiseth
an
Army
,
and
persuading
the
Earl
of
Glocester
to
join
with
him
,
they
fell
upon
the
Earl
of
Leicesters
Army
,
and
utterly
routed
them
,
himself
,
his
eldest
Son
,
and
many
others
being
slain
.
Which
overthrow
utterly
defeated
the
Barons
,
and
revived
the
Melancholy
King
:
who
calling
a
Parliament
,
all
the
former
Decrees
were
made
void
,
together
with
the
power
of
the
twelve
Peers
,
and
the
King
regained
his
former
Liberty
and
Authority
.
When
this
Parliament
was
ended
,
the
King
(
perhaps
by
the
instigation
of
his
Brother
Richard
,
who
was
so
horridly
abused
without
cause
,
by
the
baser
sort
of
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
)
resolved
utterly
to
destroy
and
consume
the
City
of
London
by
Fire
,
because
he
said
the
Magistrates
and
Inhabitants
had
always
hated
him
,
and
taken
part
with
the
Lords
against
him
.
Whereupon
those
of
the
Nobility
,
who
were
most
in
favour
with
the
King
,
humbly
besought
him
,
By
no
means
to
do
such
an
execrable
deed
,
which
would
not
onely
weaken
his
own
Kingdom
and
Government
,
but
would
likewise
make
him
infamous
throughout
the
World
to
all
Generations
.
They
were
very
earnest
in
their
suit
,
and
their
Reasons
were
unanswerable
:
yet
the
King
prorested
,
That
he
was
resolved
to
do
it
,
and
his
determination
should
be
unchangeable
,
and
his
Justice
upon
such
Rebellious
Villains
,
should
be
a
President
to
deter
all
perverse
and
obstinate
Rebels
and
Traitors
in
time
to
come
.
This
severe
Resolution
made
the
Citizens
tremble
,
at
the
indignation
of
their
angry
King
;
so
that
perceiving
his
rage
and
fury
not
to
be
mitigated
,
they
caused
an
instrument
to
be
drawn
in
writing
,
which
was
confirmed
with
their
Common
Seal
,
wherein
they
confessed
their
Rebellion
,
and
humbly
craved
pardon
for
the
same
;
and
without
any
exception
or
reservation
,
they
wholly
submitted
their
Lands
,
Goods
,
and
Lives
,
together
with
the
whole
City
,
to
the
Kings
Grace
and
Mercy
.
This
Instrument
they
sent
to
Windsor
to
the
King
,
by
some
of
the
chiefest
of
the
Citizens
,
who
were
ordered
to
present
it
on
their
knees
;
but
so
furious
was
the
Kings
wrath
against
them
,
and
so
implacable
was
his
anger
,
that
he
reputed
none
to
be
his
Friends
,
who
interposed
as
Mediators
on
their
behalf
:
neither
would
he
admit
any
of
them
into
his
presence
,
but
commanded
them
immediately
to
be
thrown
into
prison
,
and
five
of
the
principal
of
them
he
gave
to
the
Prince
,
together
with
all
their
Lands
and
Goods
;
and
all
the
rest
he
bestowed
among
his
Attendants
,
who
made
them
Slaves
,
and
suffered
them
to
enjoy
the
least
part
of
their
own
.
But
when
the
King
had
thus
a
little
revenged
himself
,
and
time
had
cooled
his
mighty
passion
,
he
began
to
hearken
to
the
importunate
intercession
of
Prince
Edward
his
Son
,
and
soon
after
received
the
City
and
all
its
Inhabitants
into
favour
again
,
and
laying
onely
a
Fine
upon
them
of
a
thousand
Marks
,
he
restored
to
them
all
their
Charters
,
Liberties
,
and
Customs
,
which
for
their
transgressions
he
had
seized
into
his
hands
.
And
now
though
these
Intestine
Troubles
and
Civil
Wars
,
which
like
an
outragious
Fire
dispersed
into
the
midst
of
a
well
compacted
City
,
had
end
angered
the
whole
State
of
the
kingdom
,
were
thus
appeased
;
and
though
the
Earl
of
Glocester
by
his
revolt
from
the
Barons
,
and
joining
with
the
Prince
,
had
greatly
furthered
this
good
work
,
and
had
caused
the
King
to
enjoy
a
happy
peace
;
yet
was
this
Earl
so
little
trusted
,
that
he
found
neither
favour
nor
reward
;
but
was
much
slighted
,
and
had
but
cold
entertainment
at
Court
,
which
he
highly
resented
,
and
meditated
revenge
.
In
this
fury
he
came
headlong
into
the
City
of
London
,
and
complaining
of
his
ill
usage
,
the
common
people
flockt
in
Troops
about
him
,
and
daringly
committed
many
notorious
outrages
within
the
City
,
forgetting
the
great
Calamity
they
had
lately
suffered
,
and
what
favours
they
had
received
.
From
thence
they
went
to
the
Kings
Palace
at
Westminster
,
which
they
most
barbarously
rifled
,
spoiled
,
and
ransacked
.
This
might
have
produced
another
Civil
War
,
but
the
Tumult
was
in
a
little
time
dispersed
,
and
the
Prince
again
interposed
himself
an
earnest
Mediator
between
the
King
and
all
the
Offenders
,
and
procured
a
large
and
free
pardon
for
the
Earl
of
Glocester
,
whereby
all
things
were
again
appeased
and
quieted
.
After
which
the
Earl
of
Glocester
and
Prince
Edward
went
into
the
Holy
Land
,
where
he
continued
till
after
the
death
of
his
Father
.
It
is
observed
of
this
King
Henry
the
third
,
that
he
was
never
constant
in
his
love
nor
his
hate
;
for
he
never
had
so
great
a
Favourite
but
he
cast
him
off
with
disgrace
,
nor
so
great
an
Enemy
whom
he
received
not
into
favour
.
An
example
of
both
which
Qualities
was
seen
in
his
carriage
to
Hubert
de
Burgh
,
who
was
for
a
time
the
greatest
Favourite
,
yet
cast
out
afterward
in
miserable
disgrace
;
and
then
no
man
held
in
greater
hatred
,
yet
received
afterward
into
Grace
again
.
And
it
is
strange
to
read
what
Crimes
this
Hubert
was
charged
with
at
his
Arraignment
,
and
especially
one
;
That
to
dissuade
a
great
Lady
from
marrying
with
the
King
,
he
had
said
,
The
King
was
a
squint-eyed
Fool
,
and
a
kind
of
Leper
,
deceitful
,
perjured
,
more
faint-hearted
than
a
Woman
,
and
utterly
unfit
for
any
Ladies
Company
.
For
which
,
and
other
crimes
laid
to
his
charge
in
the
Kings
Bench
,
where
the
King
himself
was
present
,
he
was
adjudged
to
have
his
Lands
Confiscate
,
and
to
be
deprived
of
his
Title
of
Earl
,
yet
after
all
,
he
was
restored
to
his
Estate
again
,
and
suffered
to
live
quiet
.
There
is
likewise
an
instance
of
his
Timorousness
in
the
following
passage
.
The
King
being
in
his
Barge
on
the
Thames
,
on
a
sudden
the
Air
grew
dark
,
and
there
followed
a
terrible
Shower
with
Thunder
and
Lightning
,
of
which
the
King
being
impatient
,
commanded
himself
to
be
put
to
Land
at
the
next
Stairs
,
which
was
Durham-house
,
where
Simon
Montford
Earl
of
Leicester
lived
;
which
the
Earl
having
notice
of
,
came
to
wait
on
the
King
,
saying
,
Sir
,
Why
are
you
afraid
,
the
Tempest
is
now
past
.
Whereunto
the
King
with
a
stern
look
,
replied
,
I
fear
Thunder
and
Lightning
extreamly
,
but
by
the
head
of
God
,
I
fear
thee
more
than
all
the
Thunder
and
Lightning
in
the
World
.
Whereto
the
Earl
answered
,
My
Leige
it
is
injurious
and
incredible
that
you
should
stand
so
much
in
fear
of
me
,
who
have
been
always
loyal
both
to
you
and
your
Kingdom
;
whereas
you
ought
to
fear
your
Enemies
,
even
those
that
destroy
the
Realm
,
and
abuse
your
Majesty
with
bad
Counsels
.
In
this
Kings
Reign
the
two
great
Charters
of
Magna
Charta
and
Charta
de
Forestae
were
ratified
and
confirmed
.
The
Pleas
of
the
Crown
were
likewise
pleaded
in
the
Tower
of
London
.
All
Wears
in
the
Thames
,
were
in
this
Kings
time
ordered
to
be
pulled
up
and
destroyed
.
Also
the
Citizens
of
London
were
allowed
by
Charter
to
pass
Toll-free
through
England
,
and
to
have
free
liberty
of
Hunting
about
London
:
they
had
likewise
licence
to
have
and
use
a
Common
Seal
.
It
was
also
ordained
that
no
Sheriff
of
London
should
continue
in
his
Office
longer
than
one
Year●
,
whereas
before
they
continued
many
;
and
the
City
were
allowed
to
present
their
Mayor
to
the
Barons
of
the
Exchequer
to
be
sworn
,
who
before
was
presented
to
the
King
where-ever
he
were
.
In
the
32
year
of
his
Reign
,
the
Wharf
in
London
called
Queen-Hith
was
farmed
to
the
Citizens
for
fifty
pounds
a
year
:
which
is
scarce
now
worth
fifteen
.
This
King
caused
a
Chest
of
Gold
to
be
made
for
laying
up
the
Reliques
of
King
Edward
the
Confessor
,
in
the
Church
of
Westminster
.
Hubert
de
Burgh
Earl
of
Kent
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
the
Friars
Preachers
in
London
;
to
which
Church
he
gave
his
Pallace
at
Westminster
,
which
afterward
the
Archbishop
of
York
bought
and
made
it
his
Inn
,
then
commonly
called
York
Place
,
and
now
Whitchall
.
In
the
thirteenth
year
of
this
King
,
there
were
great
Thunders
and
Lightnings
,
which
burnt
many
houses
,
and
slew
both
Men
and
Beasts
.
In
his
15.
year
,
upon
S.
Pauls
day
,
when
Roger
Wiger
Bishop
of
London
,
was
at
Mass
at
S.
Pauls
,
the
Sky
suddenly
grew
dark
,
and
such
a
terrible
Thunder-clap
sell
upon
the
Church
,
that
it
was
shaken
as
if
it
would
have
fallen
;
and
so
great
a
flash
of
Lightning
came
out
of
a
dark
Cloud
,
that
all
the
Church
seemed
to
be
on
fire
,
so
that
all
the
people
ran
out
of
the
Church
and
fell
on
the
ground
with
astonishment
.
In
1233.
five
Suns
were
seen
at
one
time
together
:
after
which
followed
so
great
a
Dearth
,
that
people
were
forced
to
eat
Horse-flesh
,
and
Barks
of
Trees
:
and
in
London
twenty
thousand
were
starved
for
want
of
Bread
.
In
1236.
the
River
of
Thames
overflowed
the
Banks
,
so
that
in
the
great
Pallace
at
Westminster
,
men
rowed
with
Boats
in
the
midst
of
the
Hall
.
In
1240.
many
strange
Fishes
came
ashore
,
and
among
others
forty
Sea
Bulls
,
and
one
of
a
huge
bigness
passed
through
London
Bridge
unhurt
,
till
he
came
to
the
Kings
House
at
Moreclack
,
where
he
was
killed
.
In
1263.
the
Thames
again
overflowed
the
Banks
about
Lambeth
,
and
drowned
Houses
and
Fields
for
the
space
of
six
Miles
.
And
the
same
Year
there
was
a
Blazing
Star
seen
for
three
Moneths
.
In
1264.
seven
hundred
Jews
were
slain
in
London
,
their
Goods
spoiled
,
and
their
Synagogue
defaced
,
because
one
Jew
would
have
forced
a
Christian
to
have
paid
above
two
pence
a
Week
for
the
use
of
twenty
shillings
.
In
1268.
there
happened
a
great
quarrel
between
the
Goldsmiths
and
Taylors
of
London
,
which
occasioned
much
mischief
to
be
done
,
and
many
men
were
slain
;
for
which
Riot
twelve
of
the
Ringleaders
were
hanged
.
In
1269.
the
River
of
Thames
was
so
hard
frozen
from
the
last
of
November
to
Gandlemas
,
that
men
and
Beasts
passed
over
from
Lambeth
to
Westminster
,
and
Goods
were
brought
from
Sandwich
and
other
Port
Towns
by
Land
.
In
1271.
the
Steeple
of
Bow
in
Cheapside
fell
down
,
and
slew
many
people
both
Men
and
Women
.
About
the
same
time
a
Child
was
born
near
London
,
who
is
reported
at
two
years
old
to
have
cured
all
Diseases
.
And
at
Greenwich
near
London
,
a
Lamb
was
yeaned
which
had
two
perfect
bodies
,
and
but
one
head
.
King
Henry
the
third
died
Nov.
16.
1272.
when
he
had
reigned
56
years
and
28
days
,
and
was
buried
at
Westminster
,
having
built
a
great
part
of
that
Church
.
As
soon
as
he
was
dead
,
the
great
Lords
of
the
Realm
caused
his
eldest
Son
Prince
Edward
(
the
first
of
that
name
)
to
be
proclaimed
King
;
and
assembling
at
the
New
Temple
in
London
,
they
there
took
order
for
the
quiet
Governing
of
the
Realm
till
he
came
;
for
he
was
at
this
time
in
the
Holy
Land
,
and
had
been
there
above
a
year
when
his
Father
died
,
and
performed
many
great
Actions
;
after
which
,
out
of
Envy
to
his
valour
,
a
desperate
Saracen
,
who
had
been
often
imployed
to
him
from
their
General
,
being
one
time
upon
pretence
of
some
secret
Message
admitted
alone
into
his
Chamber
,
gave
him
three
wounds
with
a
poisoned
knife
,
two
in
the
Arm
,
and
one
near
the
Armpit
,
which
were
thought
to
be
mortal
,
and
perhaps
had
been
so
,
if
out
of
unspeakable
love
,
the
Lady
Eleanor
his
wife
had
not
suckt
out
the
poison
of
his
wounds
with
her
mouth
,
thereby
effecting
a
Cure
,
which
else
had
been
incurable
:
and
it
is
no
wonder
that
Love
should
do
Wonders
,
since
it
is
it self
a
Wonder
.
When
Edward
heard
of
his
Fathers
death
,
he
took
it
far
more
heavily
,
than
he
did
that
of
his
young
Son
Henry
,
of
whose
death
he
had
heard
a
little
before
,
at
which
when
Chartes
King
of
Sicily
(
where
he
then
was
)
wondered
,
he
answered
,
He
might
have
more
Sons
,
but
he
could
never
have
another
Father
.
After
his
return
to
London
,
he
was
crowned
at
Westminster
,
August
15.
1274.
and
soon
after
called
a
Parliament
,
wherein
he
would
admit
no
Church-men
to
sit
,
And
a
while
after
he
makes
War
against
Baliol
King
of
Scots
,
whom
he
takes
prisoner
with
the
loss
of
twenty
five
thousand
Scots
,
and
commits
him
prisoner
to
the
Tower
of
London
.
He
likewise
brings
from
Scotland
the
fatal
Chair
wherein
the
Kings
of
Scotland
used
to
be
Crowned
,
which
now
seems
to
recover
that
secret
operation
,
according
to
the
ancient
Prophesie
,
That
whithersoever
that
Chair
should
be
removed
,
the
Kingdom
should
be
removed
with
it
:
and
this
Chair
King
Edward
caused
to
be
brought
out
of
Scotland
,
and
to
be
placed
at
Westminster
among
the
Monuments
,
where
it
still
continues
.
This
King
restored
to
the
Citizens
of
London
their
Liberties
,
which
for
some
misdemeanours
they
had
forfeited
.
In
the
sixteenth
year
of
his
Reign
,
the
Sun
was
so
exceeding
hot
,
that
many
men
died
with
the
extremity
thereof
;
and
yet
Wheat
was
sold
for
three
shillings
four
pence
a
Quarter
at
London
.
This
King
by
Proclamation
forbid
the
use
of
Sea-coal
in
London
and
the
Suburbs
,
for
avoiding
the
noisom
Smoak
.
In
his
time
the
Bakers
of
London
were
first
drawn
upon
Hurdles
,
by
Henry
Wallis
Mayor
,
and
Corn
was
then
first
sold
by
weight
.
In
a
Synod
held
in
his
time
,
it
was
Ordained
according
to
the
Constitution
of
the
General
Council
,
That
no
Ecclesiastical
person
shall
have
more
than
one
Benefice
,
with
the
Cure
of
Souls
.
About
this
time
the
new
work
of
the
Church
at
Westminster
was
finished
;
and
the
Foundation
of
the
Black-Fryars
near
Ludgate
,
was
laid
by
Kilwarby
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
.
And
Queen
Margaret
began
to
build
the
Quire
of
the
Gray
Friars
in
London
,
now
called
Christchurch
.
In
his
time
was
begun
to
be
made
the
great
Conduit
,
formerly
at
the
lower
end
of
Cheapside
.
And
Henry
Wall
is
Mayor
,
made
the
Tun
in
Cornhil
a
Prison
for
Nightwalkers
,
and
likewise
built
a
House
at
the
Stocks
Market
for
Fish
and
Flesh
,
which
since
the
fatal
Fire
in
1666.
is
demolished
and
laid
into
the
Street
.
In
the
ninth
year
of
his
Reign
,
there
was
such
a
great
Frost
,
that
five
Arches
of
London
Bridge
,
and
all
Rochester
Bridge
was
carried
down
,
and
born
away
.
On
St.
Nicholas
day
in
the
Even
,
were
great
Earthquakes
,
Lightning
,
and
Thunder
,
with
a
great
Dragon
,
and
a
Blazing
Star
,
which
extremely
terrified
the
People
.
In
his
two
and
twentieth
year
,
three
men
had
their
right
hands
cut
off
for
rescuing
a
Prisoner
from
an
Officer
of
the
City
of
London
:
and
about
that
time
the
River
of
Thames
overflowing
the
Banks
,
made
a
breach
at
Redriff
near
London
,
and
the
lower
Grounds
thereabout
were
all
laid
under
Water
.
In
his
twenty
seventh
year
,
a
Fire
being
kindled
in
the
lesser
Hall
of
the
Pallace
of
Westminster
,
the
flame
thereof
being
driven
by
the
wind
,
fired
the
Monastery
next
adjoyning
:
which
with
the
Pallace
were
both
consumed
.
The
same
year
by
an
Act
of
Common
Council
in
London
,
with
the
Kings
consent
,
it
was
Ordained
,
that
a
fat
Cock
should
be
sold
for
three
half
pence
,
two
Pallets
for
three
half
pence
,
a
fat
Capon
for
two
pence
half
penny
,
a
Goose
for
four
pence
,
a
Mallard
three
half
pence
,
a
Partridge
three
half
pence
,
a
Pheasant
four
pence
,
a
Heron
six
pence
,
a
Plover
one
penny
,
a
Swan
three
shillings
,
a
Crane
twelve
pence
,
two
Woodcocks
three
half
pence
,
a
fat
Lamb
from
Christmas
to
Shrovetide
sixteen
pence
,
and
all
the
year
after
for
four
pence
;
and
Wheat
was
this
year
so
plentiful
,
that
a
Quarter
was
sold
for
ten
Groats
.
In
his
thirty
second
year
William
Wallace
,
who
had
often
caused
great
trouble
in
Scotland
,
was
taken
and
hanged
,
beheaded
,
and
quartered
in
London
.
After
King
Edward
had
reigned
thirty
four
years
and
seven
moneths
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
at
Westminster
,
leaving
his
Son
Edward
the
second
,
called
Carnarvan
to
succeed
him
:
Of
whom
the
People
had
at
first
great
expectation
,
but
he
soon
brake
all
his
Fathers
admonitions
,
especially
that
he
should
banish
for
ever
Pierce
Gaveston
,
who
had
been
his
Companion
in
many
Irregularities
in
his
Youth
.
He
married
Isabel
,
the
daughter
of
Philip
the
Fair
,
of
France
,
and
makes
Gaveston
his
chiefest
Favourite
;
which
so
incensed
the
Lords
,
that
they
threaten
,
unless
he
would
banish
him
his
Court
and
Kingdom
,
they
would
hinder
his
Coronation
.
Which
he
promises
to
do
,
but
doth
not
perform
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
bestows
so
much
of
his
Treasury
upon
him
,
that
he
scarce
left
means
to
sustain
himself
,
or
to
maintain
his
Queen
.
This
put
the
Lords
into
a
new
discontent
,
who
thereupon
went
again
to
the
King
,
and
told
him
plainly
,
That
unless
he
would
put
Gaveston
out
of
the
Court
and
Kingdom
,
they
would
rise
up
in
Arms
against
him
as
a
perjured
King
.
Whereupon
out
of
fear
,
the
King
sends
him
to
France
,
where
finding
no
entertainment
more
than
in
other
places
,
he
soon
returns
again
,
and
is
received
into
as
much
favour
as
before
.
Whereupon
the
whole
Nobility
join
together
(
except
Gilbert
Earl
of
Glocester
)
and
raising
Forces
send
to
the
King
,
either
to
deliver
Gaveston
into
their
hands
,
or
else
to
banish
him
immediately
out
of
the
kingdom
.
But
the
King
,
led
by
evil
Counsel
,
still
refused
.
Whereupon
the
Lords
hearing
where
he
was
,
seized
him
,
and
cut
off
his
head
.
The
King
being
much
concerned
at
his
death
,
to
vex
the
Nobility
,
takes
into
his
nearest
familiarity
and
Council
,
the
two
Spencers
,
Sir
Hugh
the
Father
,
and
Sir
Hugh
the
Son
,
men
as
debaucht
and
odious
to
the
Lords
and
the
People
,
as
the
other
was
;
for
they
inclined
the
King
to
a
lewd
and
wanton
course
of
life
among
Whores
and
Concubines
,
and
to
forsake
the
company
of
his
modest
and
vertuous
Queen
,
which
made
him
a
Scorn
to
Foreign
Princes
,
and
hateful
in
the
sight
of
all
honest
men
;
yet
the
King
,
in
despight
of
his
Lords
,
supported
the
Spencers
in
whatever
they
did
.
Whereupon
the
Lords
rise
in
Arms
,
and
the
King
likewise
raiseth
Forces
,
where
a
great
Battle
was
fought
,
and
the
Barons
were
overthrown
,
and
after
the
Fight
,
two
and
twenty
of
the
Lords
were
beheaded
:
which
increased
the
pride
and
insolence
of
the
Spencers
.
Yet
the
Queen
who
fled
to
Germany
,
soon
after
returned
,
accompanied
with
300
Knights
and
select
men
at
Arms
,
with
whom
the
Lords
and
the
Londoners
joined
;
and
seizing
upon
the
Spencers
,
the
Father
,
who
was
fourscore
and
ten
years
old
,
was
cruelly
executed
,
having
his
heart
pulled
out
,
and
his
body
left
hanging
on
the
Gallows
while
he
was
alive
;
and
the
Son
,
with
the
King
himself
were
imprisoned
:
and
soon
after
young
Spencer
was
drawn
,
hanged
and
quartered
,
his
Head
set
upon
London
Bridge
,
and
his
four
Quarters
bestowed
in
several
Cities
.
Then
was
a
Parliament
called
,
wherein
it
was
agreed
to
depose
the
King
,
and
set
up
his
Son
,
which
he
(
because
they
threatned
to
exclude
both
him
and
his
Son
,
and
set
up
a
King
of
another
Race
)
consented
to
.
And
thereupon
the
Bishop
of
Hereford
,
and
other
Commissioners
,
came
and
sate
at
a
place
appointed
to
take
his
Resignation
,
and
the
King
coming
forth
in
mourning
Robes
,
upon
a
sudden
fell
down
in
a
swound
,
and
could
hardly
be
recovered
.
After
which
the
Bishop
of
Hereford
declared
the
cause
of
their
coming
.
To
which
the
King
answered
,
That
as
he
much
grieved
his
People
should
be
so
hardened
against
him
,
as
utterly
to
reject
him
,
so
i●
was
some
comfort
to
him
,
that
they
would
yet
receive
his
Son
to
be
their
Sovereign
.
Whereupon
Sir
William
Trussel
Speaker
of
the
Parliament
,
in
the
name
of
the
whole
kingdom
,
renounced
Homage
to
the
King
,
in
these
words
:
I
William
Trussel
,
in
the
name
of
all
the
Men
of
the
Land
of
England
,
and
of
all
the
Parliament
Procurator
,
do
resign
to
thee
Edward
the
Homage
that
was
made
to
thee
sometimes
,
and
from
this
time
forward
now
following
,
I
defie
thee
,
and
deprive
thee
of
all
Royal
Power
,
and
I
shall
never
be
tendant
to
thee
as
for
King
,
after
this
time
.
Not
long
after
,
this
King
was
murthered
by
Sir
John
Matravers
and
Thomas
Gourney
,
by
thrusting
an
hot
Spit
up
his
Fundament
into
his
Bowels
,
after
he
had
reigned
nineteen
Years
and
6
months
.
1327.
In
the
eighth
year
of
his
reign
,
was
so
great
a
Dearth
,
that
Horses
and
Dogs
were
eaten
,
and
Thieves
in
Prison
pulled
in
pieces
,
those
that
were
newly
brought
in
amongst
them
,
and
eat
them
half
alive
.
Which
continuing
three
years
,
in
the
end
brought
such
a
Pestilence
,
that
the
living
scarce
sufficed
to
bury
the
dead
.
In
this
Kings
time
,
digging
the
Foundation
of
a
Work
about
St.
Pauls
,
were
found
above
an
hundred
Heads
of
Oxen
and
Kine
,
which
confirmed
the
opinions
,
that
of
old
time
it
had
been
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
,
and
that
there
was
the
Sacrifice
of
Beasts
.
Edward
of
Windsor
,
eldest
Son
of
King
Edward
the
second
,
by
the
order
of
Parliament
upon
his
Fathers
Resignation
,
was
proclaimed
King
of
England
,
Jan.
25.
1327.
and
soon
after
a
Parliament
was
called
,
wherein
Edmund
Earl
of
Kent
,
the
Kings
Uncle
,
is
accused
for
intending
to
restore
his
Brother
;
upon
which
he
was
condemned
,
and
brought
to
the
Scaffold
,
but
was
so
generally
beloved
of
the
People
,
that
he
stood
there
from
one
of
the
Clock
till
five
in
the
Afternoon
,
before
any
Executioner
could
be
found
to
do
the
Office
,
till
at
last
a
silly
Wretch
in
the
Marshalsey
was
gotten
to
cut
off
his
head
.
But
the
authors
of
his
death
escaped
not
long
themselves
:
for
in
the
third
year
of
the
Kings
Reign
,
another
Parliament
is
holden
,
wherein
the
Queen
hath
all
her
great
Jointure
taken
from
her
,
and
is
put
to
her
Pension
of
a
thousand
pound
a
Year
,
and
her self
confined
to
a
Castle
,
where
she
remained
the
rest
of
her
days
,
no
fewer
than
thirty
years
.
Time
long
enough
to
convince
her
,
that
her
being
the
daughter
of
a
King
,
the
wife
of
a
King
,
and
the
mother
of
a
King
,
were
glorious
Titles
,
but
all
not
worth
the
Liberty
of
a
mean
Estate
.
And
Roger
Mortimer
her
great
Minion
and
Favourite
,
lately
created
Earl
of
the
Marches
of
Wales
,
was
seized
on
this
manner
.
The
King
taking
others
with
him
,
went
secretly
one
night
by
Torch-light
,
through
a
private
way
under
ground
,
till
they
came
to
the
Queens
chamber
,
where
leaving
the
King
without
,
some
of
them
went
in
,
and
found
the
Queen
with
Mortimer
ready
to
go
to
bed
;
and
laying
hands
on
him
,
they
brought
him
out
,
after
whom
the
Queen
followed
,
crying
,
Good
Son
,
good
Son
,
take
pity
upon
the
gentle
Mortimer
;
suspecting
her
Son
had
been
amongst
them
.
This
way
was
taken
to
apprehend
him
,
to
prevent
Tumult
,
he
having
no
less
than
ninescore
Knights
and
Gentlemen
,
besides
other
meaner
Servants
about
him
continually
.
Being
thus
seized
,
he
is
committed
to
the
Tower
,
and
accused
of
divers
crimes
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
that
he
had
been
too
familiar
with
the
Queen
,
by
whom
she
was
thought
to
be
with
child
.
Of
which
Articles
he
was
found
guilty
,
and
condemned
,
and
thereupon
is
drawn
and
hanged
at
the
common
Gallows
at
the
Elms
,
now
called
Tyburn
,
where
his
body
remained
two
days
an
opprobrious
spectacle
to
all
beholders
.
This
King
Edward
the
third
was
a
victorious
Prince
,
and
with
the
assistance
of
his
Son
Edward
,
called
the
Black
Prince
,
won
many
considerable
Victories
against
the
French
and
Scetch
,
taking
both
their
Kings
prisoners
,
who
were
committed
to
the
Tower
of
London
.
This
King
instituted
the
Order
of
the
Garter
,
upon
what
cause
is
uncertain
;
the
common
opinion
is
,
that
a
Garter
of
his
own
Queen
,
or
as
some
say
,
of
the
Countess
of
Salisbury
slipping
off
in
a
dance
,
King
Edward
stooped
and
took
it
up
,
whereat
some
of
his
Lords
that
were
present
smiling
,
as
at
an
amorous
action
,
he
seriously
said
,
It
should
not
be
long
ere
sovereign
honour
were
done
to
that
Garter
.
Whereupon
he
added
that
French
Motto
,
Honi
soit
qui
maly
pense
,
Evil
to
him
that
evil
thinks
,
therein
checking
his
Lords
sinister
suspicion
.
In
the
fourth
year
of
his
Reign
the
Sea
Banks
were
overflown
through
all
England
,
but
especially
in
the
River
Thames
,
so
that
all
the
Cattle
and
Beasts
near
thereunto
were
drowned
.
There
was
likewise
found
a
Serpent
having
two
heads
,
and
two
faces
like
a
Woman
,
one
face
drest
after
the
new
fashion
,
and
another
like
the
old
,
with
Wings
like
a
Bat
,
and
men
and
women
perished
in
divers
places
by
Lightning
and
Thunder
;
Fiends
,
Devils
,
and
Apparitions
were
likewise
seen
by
men
,
and
spoke
to
them
as
they
travelled
.
At
this
time
upon
the
Petition
of
the
Londoners
,
an
Act
was
made
that
no
common
Whore
should
wear
any
Hood
,
except
striped
with
divers
colours
,
nor
Furs
,
but
Garments
turned
the
wrong
side
outward
.
This
King
confirmed
the
Liberties
of
the
City
of
London
,
and
ordained
that
the
L.
Mayor
should
sit
in
all
places
of
Judgment
within
the
Liberty
of
the
same
as
chief
Justice
,
the
Kings
person
only
excepted
;
and
that
every
Alderman
that
had
been
Mayor
,
should
be
Justice
of
Peace
in
all
London
and
Middlesex
,
and
every
Alderman
that
had
not
been
Mayor
,
should
be
Justice
of
Peace
in
his
own
Ward
.
Also
he
granted
to
the
Citizens
of
London
,
that
they
should
not
be
forced
without
their
own
consent
,
to
go
out
of
the
City
to
fight
,
or
defend
the
Land
:
and
likewise
that
after
that
day
,
the
Charter
and
Franchises
of
the
City
should
not
be
seized
into
the
Kings
hands
,
but
onely
for
Treason
and
Rebellion
done
by
the
whole
City
.
Likewise
that
Southwark
should
be
under
the
Government
of
the
City
,
and
the
Lord
Mayor
to
chuse
a
Bailiff
there
as
he
pleased
.
He
also
granted
to
the
Citizens
of
London
,
that
the
Officers
of
the
Mayor
and
Sheriffs
should
from
that
day
forward
use
Maces
of
silver
parcel
gilt
.
In
the
twenty
second
year
of
his
Reign
,
a
contagious
Pestilence
arose
in
the
East
and
South
parts
of
the
World
,
and
coming
at
last
into
England
,
it
so
wasted
the
people
,
that
scarce
the
tenth
person
of
all
sorts
were
left
alive
.
There
died
in
London
(
some
say
in
Norwich
)
between
the
first
of
January
and
the
first
of
July
57374
persons
.
This
Plague
lasted
nine
Years
.
In
the
thirty
fifth
year
of
his
Reign
another
Plague
happened
which
was
called
the
second
Pestilence
;
in
which
died
many
Lords
and
Bishops
.
In
this
Kings
time
a
Frost
lasted
from
the
midst
of
September
to
the
Moneth
of
April
.
In
the
fourth
year
of
his
Reign
a
solemn
Just
or
Turnament
was
held
in
Cheapside
,
London
,
between
the
great
Cross
and
the
great
Conduit
.
In
the
eleventh
year
of
his
Reign
was
so
great
plenty
,
that
a
Quarter
of
Wheat
was
sold
at
London
for
2
s.
a
fat
Ox
for
a
noble
,
a
fat
Goose
for
2
d.
a
Pig
for
a
penny
,
and
other
things
after
that
rate
.
But
in
his
27
year
there
was
a
great
scarcity
,
by
reason
there
fell
little
or
no
Rain
from
the
end
of
March
to
the
end
of
July
,
and
was
therefore
called
the
Dry
Summer
.
John
Barns
Mayor
of
London
gave
a
chest
with
three
Locks
and
a
thousand
Marks
to
be
lent
to
young
men
upon
security
,
and
for
the
Use
of
it
,
if
learned
,
they
were
to
say
the
Psalm
De
Profundis
,
&c.
for
the
soul
of
John
Barns
;
if
otherwise
,
to
say
a
Pater
Noster
:
but
however
the
money
is
lent
,
the
cheft
stood
long
after
in
the
Chamber
of
London
without
money
,
or
security
.
In
the
time
of
the
Princes
sickness
the
King
calls
a
Parliament
at
Westminster
,
and
demands
supplies
;
upon
which
they
demand
redress
of
the
Grievances
of
the
Subjects
,
and
among
the
rest
,
that
John
Duke
of
Law
after
,
and
Alice
Perice
the
Kings
Concubine
,
with
others
,
might
be
removed
from
the
Court
;
this
Woman
presuming
so
much
upon
the
Kings
favour
,
that
she
grew
very
insolent
,
and
intermedled
with
Courts
of
Justice
,
and
other
Offices
,
where
she
her self
would
sit
to
countenance
her
Causes
.
And
this
was
so
vehemently
urged
by
the
Speaker
of
the
House
of
Commons
,
that
the
King
rather
than
want
Supplies
,
gave
way
to
it
,
and
so
they
were
all
presently
put
from
Court
.
But
the
Prince
dying
soon
after
,
they
were
all
recalled
to
Court
again
,
and
restored
to
their
former
pl●ces
:
and
Sir
Peter
de
la
More
the
Speaker
,
was
at
the
s●●t
of
Alice
Perice
confined
to
perpetual
Imprisonment
,
though
by
making
great
Friends
,
he
got
his
Liborty
in
two
years
.
About
this
time
John
Wickliff
bringeth
in
a
new
Doctrine
,
inveighing
against
the
abuses
of
Church-men
,
Monks
,
and
other
Religious
Orders
,
whom
the
Duke
of
Lancaster
favoured
.
Whereupon
a
great
contention
arose
between
him
and
the
Bishop
of
London
,
the
Londoners
take
the
Bishops
part
,
and
set
upon
the
Duke
of
Lancasters
house
at
the
Savoy
:
upon
which
the
Duke
,
after
the
Tumult
,
caused
the
Mayor
and
Aldermen
to
be
displaced
,
and
others
put
in
their
rooms
,
and
Wickliff
is
banished
to
Bohemia
,
where
his
Doctrine
continues
in
great
veneration
to
this
day
among
that
People
.
King
Edward
died
in
the
64
year
of
his
age
,
and
fiftieth
of
his
Reign
,
and
his
Grandchild
Richard
the
second
succeeded
;
of
whose
unfortunate
Reign
and
Deposition
,
you
have
heard
before
:
we
shall
therefore
onely
add
a
few
particulars
more
.
In
his
thirteenth
year
,
a
Royal
Just
or
Turnament
was
proclaimed
to
be
holden
in
Smithfield
London
,
and
at
the
day
appointed
,
about
three
of
the
clock
in
the
Afternoon
,
there
issued
out
of
the
Tower
threescore
fine
Horses
apparelled
for
the
Justs
,
and
upon
every
one
an
Esquire
of
Honour
riding
a
soft
pace
;
after
them
came
four
and
thirty
Ladies
of
Honour
,
mounted
on
Palfreys
,
and
every
Lady
led
a
Knight
with
a
chain
of
gold
:
These
Knights
being
on
the
Kings
side
,
had
their
armour
and
apparel
garnished
with
white
Harts
and
Crowns
of
gold
upon
their
heads
,
and
so
they
came
riding
through
the
streets
of
London
to
Smithfield
.
This
Just
lasted
twenty
four
days
;
all
which
time
the
King
and
Queen
lay
at
the
Bishops
Palace
by
S.
Pauls
Church
,
and
kept
open
house
to
all
comers
.
In
the
year
1●89
.
whilest
the
King
was
at
Sheen
near
London
,
there
swarmed
in
his
Court
such
a
multitude
of
Flies
and
Gnats
skirmishing
one
with
another
,
that
they
were
swept
away
with
Brooms
by
heaps
,
and
Bushels
were
filled
with
them
.
In
the
one
and
wentieth
year
of
his
Reign
,
King
Richard
caused
the
great
Hall
at
Westminster
to
be
repaired
both
with
Walls
,
Windows
and
Roofs
.
In
his
twelfth
year
in
March
there
were
terrible
Winds
,
and
afterward
a
great
Mortality
and
Dearth
.
A
Dolphin
was
likewise
taken
at
London
Bridge
,
being
ten
foot
long
,
and
very
big
.
Also
in
Parliament
time
an
Image
made
by
Necromancy
in
Wax
,
as
it
is
said
,
at
an
hour
appointed
,
uttered
these
words
,
The
Head
shall
be
cut
off
,
the
Head
shall
be
lifted
up
aloft
,
the
Feet
shal
be
lift
up
above
the
head
.
This
hapned
in
that
called
the
Marvellous
Parliament
,
not
long
before
that
called
,
the
Parliament
that
wrought
wonders
.
Henry
IV.
his
Uncle
,
succeeded
K.
Rich.
against
whom
several
Rebellions
were
raised
;
especially
one
Henry
Piercy
called
Hotspur
,
and
others
,
who
were
overthrown
,
King
Henry
himself
killing
thirty
six
with
his
own
hands
,
the
Earl
of
Worcester
among
the
rest
,
was
taken
and
beheaded
,
with
many
others
,
whose
Heads
were
set
on
London
Bridge
.
In
his
time
a
Parliament
was
called
at
Westminster
,
in
which
the
Commons
presented
a
Petition
to
the
King
and
the
House
of
Peers
,
desiring
that
the
King
might
have
the
Temporal
Possessions
of
the
Bishops
and
Clergy
;
affirming
that
they
would
maintain
150
Earls
,
1500
Knights
,
6200
Esquires
,
and
100
Hospitals
for
maimed
Souldiers
.
They
desired
likewise
that
Clerks
Convict
should
not
be
delivered
into
the
Bishops
Prison
,
and
that
the
Statute
in
the
second
year
of
his
Reign
against
Lollards
,
or
the
Followers
of
John
Wickliff
might
be
repealed
.
But
the
King
denied
their
Petition
,
and
in
person
commanded
them
from
thenceforth
not
to
trouble
their
brains
about
any
such
business
,
since
he
was
resolved
to
leave
the
Church
in
as
good
state
as
he
found
it
.
In
the
third
year
of
this
King
a
Blazing
Star
appeared
first
at
the
East
,
and
then
sent
out
fiery
streams
toward
the
North
,
foreshewing
perhaps
the
effusion
of
bloud
that
followed
after
in
those
parts
.
In
the
same
year
the
Devil
appeared
(
saith
our
Author
)
in
the
likeness
of
a
Gray
Frier
,
who
entering
the
Church
,
put
the
people
in
great
fear
,
and
the
same
hour
the
top
of
the
Steeple
was
broken
down
,
and
half
the
Chancel
scattered
abroad
by
a
Tempest
of
Whirlwind
and
Thunder
.
In
his
eighth
year
Richard
Whittington
Lord
Mayor
of
London
erected
Whittington
Colledge
,
with
Lodgings
and
Weekly
Allowance
for
several
poor
People
.
He
also
built
Newga●e
,
half
of
St.
Bartholomews
Hospital
in
Smithfield
,
and
a
bountiful
Library
in
Christchurch
,
and
likewise
the
East
end
of
Guild-hall
,
and
a
Chappel
adjoyning
to
it
,
with
a
Library
of
Stone
for
keeping
the
Records
of
the
City
.
The
Grocers
in
London
purchased
their
Hall
in
Coney
hoop
Lane
for
320
Marks
.
In
his
twelfth
year
Guild-hall
was
begun
to
be
rebuilt
,
and
of
a
little
Cottage
,
made
a
famous
Building
,
as
now
it
is
.
John
Gover
the
famous
Poet
,
new
built
a
great
part
of
S.
Mary
Overies
Church
,
where
he
lies
buried
.
In
a
Parliament
holden
the
ninth
year
of
his
Reign
,
the
King
moved
to
have
allowed
him
every
year
,
wherein
no
Parliament
met
,
a
Tenth
of
the
Clergy
,
and
a
Fifteenth
of
the
Laity
;
to
which
demand
the
Bishops
consented
,
but
the
Commons
would
not
.
In
his
seventh
year
a
Parliament
began
at
Westminster
,
which
lasted
almost
a
whole
year
,
wherein
a
Subsidy
was
granted
,
which
was
so
severe
,
that
even
Priests
and
Friars
who
lived
of
Alms
,
were
forced
every
one
to
pay
a
Noble
.
In
the
forty
sixth
year
of
his
Age
,
having
peace
at
home
and
abroad
,
and
being
too
active
to
be
idle
,
King
Henry
resolved
to
go
to
the
Holy
Land
,
and
great
provision
was
made
for
his
Journey
to
Jerusalem
;
but
he
needed
no
such
preparations
:
for
being
at
Prayers
at
S.
Edwards
Shrine
in
Westminster
Abbey
,
he
was
suddenly
raken
with
an
Apoplexy
,
and
thereupon
removed
to
the
Abbot
of
Westminsters
house
,
when
recovering
himself
,
he
asked
where
he
was
;
and
being
told
that
it
was
the
Abbots
house
,
in
a
Chamber
called
Jerusalem
,
Well
then
(
said
he
)
the
Lord
have
mercy
upon
me
,
for
this
is
the
Jerusalem
,
where
an
Astrologer
told
me
I
should
die
.
And
here
he
died
indeed
March
20.
1413.
aged
46
years
;
of
which
he
reigned
13.
It
is
worth
remembring
that
all
●he
time
of
his
Sickness
he
would
have
his
Crown
set
upon
his
Bolster
by
him
,
and
one
of
his
Fits
being
so
strong
upon
him
,
that
all
men
thought
him
to
be
d●●ectly
dead
,
the
Prince
his
Son
coming
in
,
took
away
the
Crown
;
when
the
King
suddenly
recovering
his
senses
,
missed
it
,
and
asking
for
it
,
was
told
the
Prince
had
taken
it
;
whereupon
the
Prince
being
called
,
came
back
with
the
Crown
,
and
kneeling
down
said
,
Sir
,
to
all
our
Judgments
,
and
to
all
our
Griefs
,
you
seemed
directly
dead
,
and
therefore
I
took
the
Crown
as
being
my
Right
;
but
seeing
to
all
our
comforts
you
live
,
I
here
deliver
it
much
more
joyfully
than
I
took
it
,
and
I
pray
God
you
may
long
live
to
wear
it
your self
.
Well
,
(
said
the
King
●ighing
)
what
Right
I
had
to
it
God
knoweth
;
but
(
saith
the
Prince
)
if
you
die
,
my
Sword
shall
maintain
it
to
be
my
Right
,
against
all
opposers
.
Well
,
(
saith
the
King
)
I
refer
all
to
God
;
but
I
charge
thee
on
my
blessing
,
that
thou
administer
the
Laws
justly
,
and
equally
,
avoid
Flatterers
,
defer
not
to
do
Justice
,
neither
be
sparing
of
Mercy
.
And
then
turning
about
said
,
God
bless
thee
,
and
have
mercy
upon
thee
:
and
with
these
words
gave
up
the
Ghost
.
In
this
Kings
Reign
there
died
of
the
Pestilence
in
London
,
above
thirty
thousand
in
a
short
time
,
and
a
Frost
lasted
fifteen
Weeks
.
Henry
the
fifth
succeeded
his
Father
,
and
proved
a
very
wise
and
valiant
King
,
though
the
People
much
doubted
of
it
,
because
when
he
was
Prince
he
followed
such
disorderly
courses
.
For
getting
into
company
with
some
lewd
Fellows
,
it
is
said
,
he
lay
in
wait
for
the
Receivers
of
his
Fathers
Rents
,
and
in
the
person
of
a
Thief
,
set
upon
them
,
and
Robbed
them
.
Another
time
when
one
of
his
Companions
was
arraigned
for
Felony
before
the
Lord
Chief
Justice
in
Westminster
Hall
,
he
went
to
the
Kings
Bench
Bar
,
and
offered
to
take
the
Prisoner
away
by
force
,
but
being
withstood
by
the
Lord
Chief
Justice
,
he
stepped
to
him
,
and
struck
him
over
the
Face
;
whereat
the
Judge
nothing
disturbed
,
rose
up
and
told
him
,
that
he
did
not
this
affront
to
him
,
but
to
the
King
his
Father
,
in
whose
place
he
sate
;
and
therefore
to
make
him
sensible
of
his
fault
,
he
committed
him
Prisoner
to
the
Fleet.
It
was
wonderful
how
calm
the
Prince
was
in
his
own
cause
,
who
had
been
so
violent
in
his
Companions
:
for
he
pariently
obeyed
the
Judges
Sentence
and
suffered
himself
quietly
to
be
led
to
Prison
.
This
passage
was
very
pleasing
to
the
King
his
Father
,
to
think
he
had
a
Judge
of
such
courage
,
and
a
Son
of
such
submission
.
But
yet
for
these
and
some
other
Frolicks
,
the
King
displaced
him
from
being
President
of
the
Council
,
and
placed
therein
his
third
Son
John
.
This
made
the
Prince
so
sensible
of
his
Fathers
displeasure
,
that
he
endeavoured
to
recover
his
good
opinion
,
by
as
strange
a
way
as
he
lost
it
:
for
attiring
himself
in
a
Garment
of
blue
Sattin
,
wrought
all
with
Oylet
holes
of
black
Silk
,
the
Needle
hanging
thereto
,
and
about
his
Arm
a
thing
like
a
Dogs
Collar
,
studded
with
SS
of
Gold
,
he
came
to
the
Court
at
Westminster
,
to
whom
the
King
,
though
not
well
in
health
,
caused
himself
to
be
brought
in
a
Chair
into
his
Privy
Chamber
,
where
in
the
presence
of
three
or
four
onely
of
his
Privy
Council
,
he
demanded
of
the
Prince
the
cause
of
his
unwonted
Habit
and
coming
;
who
answered
,
That
being
not
onely
his
Subject
,
but
his
Son
,
and
a
Son
always
so
tenderly
beloved
by
him
,
he
were
worthy
of
a
thousand
deaths
,
if
he
should
but
intend
or
imagine
the
least
offence
to
his
Majesty
,
and
had
therefore
prepared
himself
to
be
made
a
Sacrifice
:
and
thereupon
reached
his
Digger
,
and
holding
it
by
the
point
he
said
;
Sir
,
I
desire
not
to
live
longer
then
that
I
may
be
thought
to
be
what
I
am
,
and
shall
ever
be
,
Your
faithful
and
obedient
Vassal
.
With
this
or
the
like
answer
,
the
King
was
so
moved
,
that
he
fell
upon
his
Sons
neck
,
and
with
many
tears
imbracing
him
,
confessed
,
That
his
ears
had
been
too
open
to
receive
Reports
against
him
,
and
promising
faithfully
,
that
from
thenceforth
no
reports
should
cause
any
disaffection
toward
him
.
But
as
soon
as
this
young
King
was
Crowned
at
Westminster
he
like
king
Saul
seemed
to
have
a
new
heart
given
him
,
and
became
another
man
than
he
was
before
.
For
calling
his
old
Companions
and
brethren
in
evil
before
him
,
he
strictly
charged
them
not
to
come
within
Ten
miles
of
the
Court
till
they
had
given
proof
of
their
Reformation
,
And
to
prevent
their
proceding
in
ill
courses
,
he
gave
every
one
of
them
a
sufficient
allowance
.
Immediately
after
a
Parliament
was
called
at
Westminster
,
where
a
Subsidy
was
granted
without
asking
,
and
the
Commons
began
to
harp
upon
the
old
string
of
taking
away
the
Lands
of
the
Clergy
,
which
the
Bishops
,
fearing
the
Kings
inclination
,
endeavoured
to
divert
,
by
shewing
him
the
great
Right
he
had
to
the
Crown
of
France
:
which
they
made
so
plainly
appear
,
that
he
alters
his
Arms
,
and
quarters
the
Flower
de
Luces
like
the
King
of
France
;
But
to
do
it
fairly
,
he
sends
Ambassadors
to
Charles
the
sixth
King
of
France
,
Requiring
him
in
a
Peacable
manner
to
surrender
the
Crown
of
France
.
The
Ambassadors
had
five
hundred
Horse
to
attend
them
,
and
were
at
first
honourably
received
and
Treated
by
the
Court
of
France
;
but
when
their
Message
was
known
their
Entertainment
was
soon
altered
and
the
Dauphin
(
who
managed
the
Affairs
of
State
during
the
Kings
sickness
)
about
this
time
sent
a
Tun
of
Tennis
Balls
to
K.
Henry
in
derision
of
his
Youth
,
as
fitter
to
play
with
them
than
to
manage
Arms.
Which
King
Henry
took
in
such
scorn
,
that
he
promised
with
an
Oath
,
It
should
not
be
long
before
he
would
toss
such
iron
Balls
among
them
,
that
the
best
Arms
of
France
should
not
be
able
to
hold
a
Racket
to
return
them
.
And
accordingly
he
went
with
an
Army
into
France
,
and
utterly
routed
the
French
Army
at
Agincourt
,
though
they
were
6
times
as
many
as
the
English
,
killing
about
nine
thousand
of
them
,
and
taking
fifteen
hundred
prisoners
;
and
on
the
English
part
not
above
six
hundred
were
slain
in
all
.
In
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
,
the
followers
of
Wickliff
greatly
encreased
,
of
whom
Sir
John
Old-Castle
was
chief
,
who
by
marriage
came
to
be
Lord
Cobham
,
and
in
great
favour
with
the
King
.
But
being
accused
in
a
Synod
of
London
for
maintaining
Wickliffs
Doctrine
,
the
King
sent
for
him
,
and
persuaded
him
to
submit
to
the
censure
of
the
Church
;
who
told
the
King
he
onely
owed
subjection
to
his
Majesty
,
and
for
others
,
he
would
stand
for
the
Truth
against
them
with
his
life
.
Upon
which
he
was
cited
to
appear
in
the
Bishops
Court
,
which
he
refusing
was
condemned
by
a
Synod
for
an
Heretick
;
in
which
Synod
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Canterbury
caused
it
to
be
ordained
,
That
the
Holy
Scriptures
ought
not
to
be
translated
into
the
English
Tongue
.
But
mark
the
Judgment
of
God
that
fell
upon
his
own
Tongue
,
whose
roots
and
blade
shortly
after
(
as
it
is
recorded
)
grew
so
big
in
his
mouth
and
throat
,
that
he
could
neither
speak
nor
swallow
down
meat
,
but
in
horrour
lay
languishing
,
till
at
last
starved
by
Famine
,
so
died
.
After
this
Sir
John
Oldcastle
was
taken
,
and
he
,
Sir
Roger
Acton
,
and
twenty
eight
more
,
were
executed
at
S.
Giles
in
the
Fields
,
and
in
Smithfield
,
for
Heresie
:
and
all
the
Prisons
in
and
about
London
,
were
filled
with
his
Followers
.
In
the
third
year
of
this
Kings
Reign
,
on
Candlemas
day
,
seven
Dolphins
came
up
the
River
of
Thames
,
whereof
four
were
taken
.
This
King
had
such
command
in
France
,
that
their
own
Chronicles
testifie
in
the
Court
of
Chancery
in
Paris
,
all
things
were
sealed
with
the
Seal
of
King
Henry
of
England
.
In
the
second
year
of
his
Reign
,
Moregate
near
Colemanstreet
was
first
made
by
Thomas
Fawkener
Mayor
of
London
,
who
caused
the
Water
of
this
City
to
be
turned
into
the
Thames
in
Walbrook
,
by
making
Grates
in
divers
places
.
King
Henry
the
fifth
died
the
thirty
fifth
year
of
his
age
,
and
the
ninth
of
his
Reign
,
leaving
his
Son
Henry
to
enjoy
his
Crown
,
who
was
but
eight
months
old
when
his
Father
died
,
yet
by
the
Duke
of
Bedford
,
Regent
of
France
,
is
proclaimed
King
of
England
and
France
at
Paris
,
and
at
nine
years
old
was
crowned
King
there
,
receiving
the
Oaths
and
Fealty
of
all
the
French
Nobility
.
This
King
was
very
weak
in
Judgment
,
and
was
ruled
onely
by
his
Queen
,
which
occasioned
him
very
great
trouble
:
for
they
used
his
Authority
for
the
destruction
of
the
Duke
of
Glocester
,
and
several
other
persons
,
who
were
much
beloved
of
the
People
.
About
which
time
the
Duke
of
York
began
to
whisper
his
Right
to
the
Crown
,
as
descended
from
Philippa
,
Daughter
and
Heir
to
Lionel
Duke
of
Clarence
,
Elder
Brother
to
John
of
Gaunt
,
and
Great
Grandfather
to
the
present
King
Henry
the
sixth
,
and
it
was
privately
discoursed
,
That
King
Henry
was
of
a
weak
capacity
,
and
easily
abused
,
and
the
Queen
,
who
was
near
to
the
French
Queen
,
was
of
a
malignant
spirit
,
and
bloudily
ambitious
,
the
Privy
Council
is
wise
enough
,
yet
not
honest
enough
,
regarding
more
their
own
pravate
profit
than
the
publick
good
,
and
that
through
their
neglect
,
all
France
was
lost
,
and
that
God
would
not
bless
the
usurped
Possession
of
King
Henry
.
With
these
suggestions
the
Kentish
men
seemed
to
be
taken
;
which
being
observed
by
an
Instrument
of
the
Duke
of
York
one
Mortimer
,
he
takes
opportunity
to
tell
the
People
,
That
if
they
will
be
ruled
by
him
,
he
will
shew
them
the
way
to
make
a
thorough
Reformation
,
and
prevent
the
Taxes
that
are
upon
every
slight
occasion
laid
upon
them
.
These
promises
of
Reformation
and
Freedom
,
so
wrought
with
the
People
,
that
they
drew
to
a
Head
,
and
make
Mortimer
,
otherwise
called
Jack
Cade
,
their
Leader
,
who
stiled
himself
Captain
Mendall
:
with
whom
they
came
to
Black-heath
,
and
lay
thereabout
a
Moneth
,
sending
for
whom
,
and
what
he
pleased
.
He
then
presents
the
complaint
of
the
Commons
to
the
Parliament
,
who
sent
them
to
the
Privy
Council
;
but
they
explode
them
as
frivolous
,
and
charge
the
Authors
to
be
presumptuous
Rebels
:
and
thereupon
the
King
raiseth
an
Army
,
and
brings
them
to
Greenwich
;
but
the
Lords
could
get
no
Followers
to
fight
against
them
,
who
fought
onely
for
Reformation
of
Abuses
,
and
for
punishment
of
such
Traitors
as
they
said
the
Lord
Say
was
.
The
Lord
Say
is
hereupon
committed
to
the
Tower
,
and
the
King
and
Queen
retire
to
London
,
whom
Cade
follows
,
and
comes
to
Southwark
,
where
he
Quarters
his
men
;
and
next
morning
marcheth
to
London
Bridge
,
where
he
caused
his
Followers
to
cut
the
Rope
of
the
Draw-bridge
,
no
resistance
being
made
against
him
,
and
so
in
good
order
marched
up
to
London-Stone
,
upon
which
he
strook
his
Sword
,
saying
,
Now
is
Mortimer
Lord
of
London
.
He
then
sent
for
the
Lord
Say
out
of
the
Tower
,
and
cut
off
his
head
at
the
Standard
in
Cheapside
,
and
also
the
head
of
Sir
James
Cromer
High-Sheriff
of
Kent
;
but
upon
the
Kings
General
Pardon
,
his
Followers
leave
him
,
and
he
is
soon
after
slain
,
and
with
the
execution
of
eight
more
,
though
five
hundred
were
found
guilty
,
this
Insurrection
is
suppressed
.
It
was
a
custom
that
upon
St.
Bartholomews
day
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Sheriffs
of
London
,
should
go
to
the
Wrestling-place
near
More-fields
,
where
at
this
time
the
Prior
of
St.
Johns
likewise
was
to
see
the
sport
;
and
a
Servant
of
his
being
ashamed
to
be
foiled
before
his
Master
,
desired
to
Wrestle
again
,
contrary
to
custom
,
which
the
Lord
Mayor
denied
:
whereupon
the
Prior
fetched
Bowmen
from
Clerkenwel
against
the
Mayor
,
and
some
slaughter
was
made
;
the
Mayors
Cap
was
shot
through
with
an
Arrow
,
yet
he
would
have
the
sport
go
on
,
but
no
Wrestlers
came
:
whereupon
he
said
,
He
would
stay
a
while
to
make
Trial
of
the
Citizens
respect
to
him
;
and
presently
after
a
great
party
of
them
came
with
Banners
displaid
,
and
fetched
him
home
in
triumph
.
Soon
after
another
Quarrel
happened
in
Holborn
between
the
Gentlemen
of
the
Inns
of
Chancery
,
and
some
Citizens
,
in
appeasing
whereof
,
the
Queens
Attorney
and
three
more
were
slain
.
The
year
after
the
Apprentices
of
London
,
upon
a
very
slight
occasion
fall
upon
the
Foreign
Merchants
,
rifling
and
robbing
their
houses
,
but
the
Lord
Mayor
by
his
discretion
appeased
the
Tumult
,
punishing
some
of
the
Offenders
with
Death
,
and
others
by
Fine
,
and
all
things
are
quieted
and
appeased
.
scene from London history
The
Kings
Resloration
1660.
scene from London history
The
Regicides
of
Exec:
at
Charingcross
scene from London history
The
Insurection
of
Venner
&c.
1660.
As
soon
as
this
Parliament
was
dissolved
,
the
Duke
sends
for
the
Queen
and
some
others
,
to
come
out
of
Scotland
.
But
they
had
raised
an
Army
there
,
and
the
Duke
of
York
met
them
with
another
;
and
at
Wakefield
Green
the
Duke
is
flain
,
with
the
loss
of
three
thousand
of
his
men
,
and
leing
dead
,
had
his
head
crowned
with
a
Paper
Crown
,
together
with
many
other
Circumstances
of
disgrace
.
However
his
Son
Edward
Earl
of
March
prosecutes
the
Quarrel
,
and
puts
the
Queens
Forces
to
flight
,
which
she
endeavoured
to
recruit
;
but
some
of
her
Northern
Army
having
robbed
the
People
as
they
came
along
the
Country
,
saying
,
It
was
their
Bargain
to
have
all
the
Spoil
in
every
place
.
The
Londoners
would
not
suffer
any
Provision
to
be
sent
to
them
,
the
Commons
rising
about
Cripplegate
,
and
stopping
the
Carts
which
the
Lord
Mayor
was
sending
to
the
Army
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Earls
of
March
and
Warwick
having
got
a
considerable
Army
,
march
to
London
,
and
were
joyfully
received
there
.
And
soon
after
the
Earl
of
Warwick
drawing
all
his
Forces
into
St.
Johns
Field
by
Clerkenwel
,
and
having
cast
them
in
a
Ring
,
he
read
to
them
the
Agreement
of
the
last
Parliament
,
and
then
demanded
,
Whether
they
would
have
King
Henry
to
reign
still
?
Who
all
cryed
out
,
No
,
No.
Then
he
asked
them
,
Whether
they
would
have
the
Earl
of
March
,
Eldest
Son
of
the
Duke
of
York
,
(
by
that
Parliament
proclaimed
King
)
to
reign
over
them
.
Who
with
great
shouting
answered
,
Yes
,
Yes
.
Then
several
Captains
and
others
of
the
City
,
went
to
the
Earl
of
March
at
Baynards
Castle
,
to
acquaint
him
what
had
passed
;
who
at
first
seemed
to
excuse
himself
,
as
unable
to
execute
so
great
a
charge
:
but
encouraged
by
the
Archbishop
of
York
,
the
Bishops
of
London
and
Exeter
,
and
the
Earl
of
Warwick
,
he
at
laft
consented
to
take
it
upon
him
;
and
soon
after
he
was
generally
proclaimed
King
.
And
here
Writers
end
the
Reign
of
King
Henry
the
sixth
,
though
there
were
several
changes
.
For
sometimes
he
was
a
King
,
and
sometimes
none
,
yet
he
was
never
well
setled
,
though
he
lived
twelve
years
after
.
King
Henry
was
then
in
the
North
,
and
raise
an
Army
to
oppose
Edward
,
but
is
defeated
by
the
Lord
Falconbridge
.
Upon
which
Henry
and
his
Queen
go
to
Scotland
,
and
raise
more
Forces
,
but
are
again
beaten
.
And
now
King
Edward
sits
three
days
together
in
the
Kings
Bench
in
Westminster
Hall
to
hear
Causes
and
regulate
Disorders
.
And
the
Earl
of
Warwick
is
sent
into
France
to
treat
of
a
Marriage
with
that
Kings
daughter●
but
in
the
mean
while
the
King
marries
the
Lady
Elizabeth
Gray
.
At
which
Warwick
grows
discontented
,
and
joins
against
King
Edward
,
and
surprizing
him
,
takes
him
Prisoner
,
but
he
soon
made
his
escape
.
King
Henry
was
taken
in
disguise
and
sent
to
the
Tower
of
London
some
years
before
.
And
now
Warwick
going
to
France
,
brought
a
great
Army
over
,
and
proclaimed
Edward
an
Usurper
;
who
thereupon
endeavoured
to
raise
an
Army
but
could
not
,
and
therefore
fled
out
of
England
into
the
Duke
of
Burgundies
Country
,
and
King
Henry
is
taken
out
of
Prison
,
where
he
had
been
nine
years
,
and
again
proclaimed
King
.
But
King
Edward
,
by
the
assistance
of
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
lands
an
Army
in
Yorkshire
,
and
marches
towards
London
,
where
he
was
joyfully
received
.
And
in
the
year
1471
,
and
the
11
year
of
his
Reign
,
K.
Edward
made
his
entry
into
the
City
,
and
had
King
Henry
delivered
into
his
hands
.
The
Earl
of
Warwick
having
notice
thereof
,
marcheth
with
his
Army
toward
St.
Albans
,
and
King
Edward
follows
him
,
carrying
King
Henry
along
with
him
;
where
the
Earl
of
Warwick
and
many
others
are
slain
,
and
Henries
Parry
utterly
routed
.
And
now
was
the
time
for
King
Henry
to
be
delivered
out
of
all
his
Troubles
;
for
the
bloudy
Duke
of
Glocester
entering
the
Tower
of
London
,
where
he
sound
King
Henry
nothing
at
all
troubled
for
all
his
Crosses
,
struck
him
into
the
heart
with
his
Dagger
,
and
there
slew
him
.
And
now
within
half
a
years
space
,
we
find
one
Parliament
proclaimed
Edward
an
Usurper
,
and
Henry
a
lawful
King
;
and
another
proclaiming
Edward
a
lawful
King
,
and
Henry
an
Usurper
;
that
we
may
know
there
is
nothing
certain
in
humane
Affairs
,
but
uncertainty
.
In
the
fifth
year
of
King
Henry
the
sixth
,
it
rained
almost
continually
from
Easter
to
Michaelmas
:
In
his
seventh
year
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
was
like
to
have
been
drowned
passing
through
London
Bridge
,
his
Barge
being
set
upon
the
Piles
so
overwhelmed
,
that
thirty
persons
were
drowned
,
and
the
Duke
with
others
that
escaped
,
were
fain
to
be
drawn
up
with
Ropes
.
In
his
seventeenth
year
was
so
great
a
Dearth
of
Corn
,
that
people
were
glad
to
make
Bread
of
Fearn
roots
.
Next
year
all
the
Lions
in
the
Tower
died
.
In
the
thirty
third
year
of
his
Reign
,
there
was
a
great
Blazing
Star
,
and
there
happened
a
strange
sight
,
a
monstrous
Cock
came
out
of
the
Sea
,
and
in
the
presence
of
a
multitude
of
people
,
made
a
hideous
crowing
three
times
,
beckening
toward
the
North
,
South
,
and
West
.
There
were
also
many
prodigious
Births
,
and
in
some
places
it
rained
bloud
.
About
this
time
the
Draw-bridge
on
London
Bridge
was
made
,
and
Leaden
Hall
was
built
to
be
a
Storehouse
of
Grain
and
Fewel
for
the
poor
of
the
City
.
In
the
first
year
of
this
Kings
Reign
a
Parliament
was
held
at
London
,
where
the
Queen-Mother
,
with
the
young
King
in
her
lap
,
came
and
sate
in
the
House
of
Lords
.
In
this
Kings
Reign
Printing
was
first
brought
into
England
by
William
Caxton
of
London
Mercer
,
who
first
practised
the
same
in
the
Abby
of
Westminstor
1471.
This
King
Henry
lost
his
Kingdom
when
he
had
reigned
thirty
eight
years
six
months
and
odd
days
.
The
day
after
he
was
murdered
he
was
brought
to
St.
Pauls
Church
in
an
open
Coffin
bare-faced
,
where
he
bled
;
and
from
thence
carried
to
Black
Fryars
,
where
he
also
bled
,
and
lastly
was
buried
at
Windsor
.
In
the
first
year
of
King
Edward
the
fourth
Walter
Walker
Grocer
,
living
in
Cheapside
,
was
beheaded
for
speaking
some
words
against
King
Edward
.
In
his
fourth
year
there
was
a
great
Pestilence
,
and
the
Thames
was
frozen
over
.
In
his
14
year
John
Grose
was
burnt
on
Tower-hill
for
Religion
.
The
same
year
King
Edward
in
his
Progress
hunting
in
Sir
Thomas
Burdels
Park
,
slew
many
Deer
,
and
among
the
rest
a
white
Buck
,
which
Sir
Thomas
hearing
of
,
wished
the
Bucks
head
,
horns
and
all
in
his
belly
who
moved
the
King
to
kill
him
.
Upon
which
words
he
was
condemned
to
die
,
and
being
drawn
from
the
Tower
of
London
to
Tyburn
,
was
there
beheaded
.
Next
year
George
D.
of
Clarence
K.
Ed.
Brother
,
was
drowned
in
the
Tower
in
a
But
of
Malmsey
.
In
his
twenty
second
year
some
Thieves
for
Robbery
in
St.
Martins
le
Grand
,
were
drawn
to
Tower-hill
and
there
hanged
and
burnt
,
and
others
were
pressed
to
death
.
In
this
Kings
time
Richard
Rawson
,
one
of
the
Sheriffs
of
London
,
caused
a
House
to
be
built
at
St.
Mary
Spittle
for
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
to
hear
Sermons
in
the
Easter
Holy-days
.
King
Edward
the
fourth
being
dead
,
his
eldest
Son
Edward
,
not
above
eleven
years
old
,
was
proclaimed
King
,
but
never
crowned
;
for
the
Duke
of
Glocester
hearing
of
his
Brothers
death
,
comes
to
London
,
and
having
gotten
the
King
and
his
Brother
the
Duke
of
York
into
his
hands
,
sends
them
to
the
Tower
,
and
murders
the
Lord
Hatings
who
was
true
to
Edward
,
and
then
endeavours
to
prove
the
two
children
of
Edward
Illegitimate
,
whereby
he
at
last
attained
the
Crown
by
the
name
of
Richard
the
third
,
and
afterwards
persuades
Sir
James
Tyril
to
murder
the
two
young
Princes
in
the
Tower
,
who
getting
two
other
Villains
as
bad
as
himself
,
they
come
to
the
childrens
chamber
in
the
night
,
and
suddenly
wrapping
them
up
in
their
cloths
,
and
keeping
down
by
force
the
Feather-bed
and
Pillows
hard
upon
their
mouths
,
so
stifled
them
that
their
breath
being
gone
,
they
surrendred
up
their
innocent
souls
;
and
when
the
Murtherers
perceived
first
by
their
strugling
with
the
pains
of
death
,
and
then
by
their
long
lying
still
,
that
they
were
throughly
dead
,
they
laid
their
bodies
out
,
and
then
called
Sir
James
Tyril
to
see
them
,
who
presently
caused
their
bodies
to
be
buried
under
the
Stairs
.
But
these
Murderers
came
all
to
miserable
ends
;
and
King
Richard
himself
,
after
this
abominable
Fact
,
never
had
a
quiet
mind
,
but
was
troubled
with
fearful
dreams
,
and
would
sometimes
start
out
of
his
bed
and
run
about
the
chamber
in
a
great
fright
,
as
if
all
the
Furies
in
Hell
were
about
him
,
as
he
did
the
night
before
the
Battle
at
Bosworth
Field
,
where
he
was
slain
by
King
Henry
the
seventh
,
who
succeeded
to
the
Crown
.
King
Richard
took
away
from
Jane
Shore
one
of
King
Edwards
Concubines
,
all
her
Goods
,
to
the
value
of
above
3000
Marks
;
and
afterward
caused
her
to
do
Pennance
before
the
Cross
for
her
Incontinency
,
with
a
Taper
in
her
hand
:
when
,
though
undressed
,
yet
she
appeared
so
fair
,
and
lovely
,
and
likewise
so
modest
,
that
many
who
hated
her
course
of
life
,
yet
pitied
her
course
usage
,
since
she
used
all
the
favour
she
had
with
King
Edward
to
the
good
of
many
,
but
never
to
the
hurt
of
any
.
And
truly
she
had
cause
to
complain
against
Richard
for
being
so
severe
for
her
offending
against
the
seventh
Commandment
onely
,
when
he
did
no
pennance
for
offending
heavily
against
all
Ten.
But
perhaps
he
got
some
Good
Fellow
to
be
his
Confessor
.
After
Richard
(
called
Crook-back
)
was
slain
,
Henry
the
seventh
was
proclaimed
King
.
In
whose
time
were
made
several
general
Laws
:
as
that
for
admitting
poor
people
to
sue
in
Forma
Pauperis
,
without
paying
Fees
to
Attorney
,
Counsellor
,
or
Clerk
.
Another
,
that
no
person
that
shall
assist
by
Arms
,
or
otherwise
,
the
King
in
being
,
shall
ever
after
be
impeached
thereof
,
or
attainted
by
course
of
Law
,
or
act
of
Parliament
;
and
that
if
any
such
Act
of
Attainder
did
happen
to
〈◊〉
made
,
it
should
be
void
and
of
none
effect
.
In
his
fifth
year
it
was
ordained
by
Parliament
that
the
Mayor
of
London
should
have
the
conservation
o●
the
River
of
Thames
,
from
Stanes-bridge
to
the
Waters
of
Yeudale
and
Medway
.
In
his
seventeenth
year
John
Shaw
Lord
Mayor
of
London
,
caused
his
Brethren
the
Aldermen
to
ride
from
Guildhall
to
the
Water-side
when
he
went
to
Westminster
to
be
presented
to
the
Exchequer
.
He
also
cause●
Kitchins
and
other
Conveniences
to
be
built
it
Guild-hall
.
This
King
was
the
first
that
ordaine
a
Company
of
tall
proper
men
to
be
Yeomen
〈◊〉
the
Guard
,
and
to
attend
the
person
of
the
King
to
whom
he
appointed
a
Livery
and
a
Capta●●
over
them
.
In
his
eighteenth
year
King
He●●●
himself
being
Free
of
the
Tailors
Company
,
〈◊〉
divers
Kings
before
had
been
,
namely
Richard
t●
second
,
Henry
the
fourth
,
fifth
,
and
sixth
,
Edwar●
the
fourth
,
and
Richard
the
third
,
as
also
eleve●
Dukes
,
twenty
eight
Earls
,
and
forty
eight
Lord
▪
He
therefore
now
gave
them
the
name
of
M●●chant-Taylors
,
as
an
honourable
Title
to
end
〈◊〉
for
ever
.
The
22
of
August
1485.
the
very
day
King
Hen●
got
the
Victory
over
King
Richard
,
a
great
Fi●
happened
in
Bredstreet
London
,
in
which
was
burnt
the
Parson
of
St.
Mildreds
,
and
one
person
more
.
In
his
tenth
year
,
in
digging
a
new
Foundation
in
the
Church
of
St.
Mary-hill
in
London
,
the
body
of
Alice
Hackny
,
who
had
been
buried
175
years
before
,
was
found
whole
of
skin
,
and
the
joints
of
her
arms
pliable
:
the
Corps
was
kept
above
ground
four
days
without
annoyance
,
and
then
buried
again
.
In
his
twelfth
year
on
St.
Bartholomews
day
,
there
fell
Hail-stones
measured
twelve
Inches
about
.
The
great
Tempest
which
drove
King
Philip
of
Spain
into
England
,
blew
down
the
Golden
Eagle
from
the
Spire
of
St.
Pauls
,
and
in
the
fall
,
it
fell
upon
the
sign
of
the
Black
Eagle
in
St.
Pauls
Church-yard
,
where
the
School-house
now
is
,
and
broke
it
down
.
This
King
was
frugal
from
his
Youth
,
the
City
of
London
was
his
Paradice
,
for
what
good
fortune
soever
befel
him
,
he
thought
he
enjoyed
it
nor
,
till
he
acquainted
them
with
it
.
His
Parliament
was
his
Oracle
,
for
in
all
matters
of
Importance
he
would
ask
their
advice
;
yea
,
he
put
his
Prerogative
many
times
into
their
hands
.
After
he
had
lived
fifty
two
years
,
and
reigned
twenty
three
years
,
he
died
April
22.
1508.
Henry
the
eighth
,
his
only
Son
,
succeeded
him
.
In
the
ninth
year
of
his
reign
on
May
Eve
,
there
was
an
Insurrection
of
the
Young
men
and
Apprentices
of
London
against
Foreigners
;
for
which
Riot
several
of
them
were
hanged
,
and
the
●est
,
to
the
number
of
400
men
,
and
11
women
,
●yed
in
Ropes
one
to
another
,
and
in
their
shirts
name
to
Westminster
Hall
with
Halters
about
their
necks
,
and
were
pardoned
.
In
his
twenty
third
●ear
Richard
Price
a
Cook
was
boiled
to
death
in
Smithfield
,
for
poisoning
divers
persons
in
the
Bishop
of
Winchesters
House
.
One
Cartnel
the
Hangman
of
London
,
and
two
others
,
were
hanged
near
Clerkenwel
,
for
robbing
a
Booth
in
Bartholomew
Fair.
About
this
time
Queen
Anne
of
Bullen
was
beheaded
in
the
Tower
,
with
her
Brother
,
and
divers
other
Gentlemen
.
In
his
fifteenth
year
,
after
great
Rains
and
Winds
,
there
followed
so
sharp
a
Frost
that
many
died
for
cold
,
some
lost
their
fingers
,
some
toes
,
and
many
their
nails
.
In
his
twentieth
year
there
was
a
great
Sweating
Sickness
,
which
infected
all
places
in
the
Realm
.
In
his
thirty
sixth
year
a
great
Plague
was
in
London
,
so
that
Michaelmas
Term
was
kept
at
St.
Albans
.
A
Priest
was
set
in
the
Pillory
in
Cheapside
,
and
burnt
in
both
the
cheeks
with
F
and
A
for
false
Accusing
.
In
his
thirty
fourth
year
Margaret
Dary
a
Maid-servant
,
was
boiled
to
death
in
Smithfield
for
poisoning
three
Housholds
where
she
lived
.
This
year
there
were
four
Eclipses
of
the
Sun
,
and
three
of
the
Moon
.
King
Henry
deceased
when
he
had
reigned
thirty
seven
years
,
and
lived
fifty
six
.
King
Edward
the
sixth
succeeded
,
being
but
nine
years
old
.
In
his
time
the
Reformation
began
,
which
King
Henry
had
made
way
for
,
by
renouncing
the
Popes
Supremacy
,
though
himself
died
a
Papist
.
Edward
was
an
excellent
Religious
Prince
,
and
ordered
the
pulling
down
of
all
Popish
Images
and
Pictures
;
and
it
was
observed
,
that
the
very
same
day
that
Images
were
pulled
down
at
London
,
the
English
obtained
a
great
Victory
over
the
Scots
at
Muscleborough
.
This
King
upon
a
Sermon
preached
by
Bishop
Ridley
concerning
Charity
,
gave
three
Houses
in
London
to
the
relief
of
the
Poor
.
For
the
Fatherless
,
and
Beggars
children
he
gave
the
Gray
Fryars
,
now
called
Christ
Church
:
to
the
lame
and
diseased
persons
,
St.
Thomas
Hospital
in
Southwark
,
and
St.
Bartholomews
in
West-Smithfield
:
and
for
vagrant
idle
persons
,
he
gave
his
house
of
Bridewell
.
In
the
second
〈◊〉
of
his
Reign
there
was
a
great
Plague
in
〈◊〉
.
St.
Anns
Church
within
Aldersgate
was
〈◊〉
.
In
his
third
year
Thomas
Seymo●●
.
Lord
〈◊〉
,
and
Brother
to
the
Lord
Protector
,
〈◊〉
beheaded
on
Tower-hill
.
King
Edward
〈◊〉
reigned
seven
years
,
died
,
being
but
sixte●
〈◊〉
of
age
.
And
the
Lady
Jane
Gray
Daughter
of
the
Duke
of
Suffolk
,
was
proclaimed
Queen
by
the
Lord
Mayor
and
Aldermen
of
London
,
as
being
made
Heir
to
the
Crown
by
the
last
Will
of
King
Edward
;
upon
which
the
Lady
Mary
flies
to
Farmingham
Castle
in
Suffolk
,
and
there
,
upon
her
solemn
promise
and
engagement
not
to
alter
the
Religion
established
,
nor
to
bring
in
Popery
,
the
Gentlemen
of
that
Country
and
Norfolk
joined
with
her
,
and
soon
after
she
obtained
the
Crown
.
But
Queen
Mary
quickly
forgot
her
Obligation
for
as
soon
as
she
was
setled
in
the
Throne
,
she
presently
removed
all
the
Protestant
Bishops
,
and
put
others
in
their
room
,
and
persecuted
the
Protestants
with
all
manner
of
cruelty
:
so
that
in
her
short
Reign
of
five
years
and
four
moneths
,
there
suffered
,
upon
the
account
of
Religion
onely
,
277
persons
of
all
sorts
and
ages
;
for
there
perished
by
the
cruel
flames
,
5
Bishops
,
21
Divines
,
8
Gentlemen
,
84
Artificers
,
100
Husbandmen
,
Servants
and
Labourers
,
26
Wives
,
20
Widows
,
9
Virgins
,
2
Boys
,
and
2
Infants
,
one
sprung
out
of
the
Mothers
Womb
as
she
was
burning
at
the
Stake
,
and
most
unmercifully
flung
into
the
fire
at
the
very
Birth
:
64
more
in
those
furious
times
were
persecuted
in
the
Faith
,
whereof
7
were
whipt
,
16
perished
in
Prison
12
buried
in
Dunghills
,
and
many
more
lay
in
captivity
condemned
,
who
were
happily
delivered
by
the
glorious
entrance
of
Q.
Elizabeth
,
though
she
her self
hardly
escaped
,
being
imprisoned
in
the
Tower
of
London
,
every
day
expecting
the
tidings
of
her
death
,
her
Servants
were
kept
from
her
,
and
none
but
Rustical
Souldiers
about
her
:
Nay
because
a
little
Boy
did
but
bring
her
Flowers
sometimes
in
the
Tower
,
he
was
threatned
to
be
whipt
if
he
went
any
more
,
her
Goalers
pretending
the
child
brought
Letters
to
her
.
Yea
,
bloudy
Bishop
Gardiner
invented
and
contrived
a
Warrant
under
Queen
Maries
hand
for
her
Execution
,
which
was
sent
to
the
Lieutenant
of
the
Tower
;
but
the
Queen
hearing
of
it
,
denied
her
having
any
knowledge
of
it
,
and
threatned
Gardiner
and
some
others
,
for
their
inhumane
usage
of
her
Sister
,
whereby
she
happily
escaped
.
In
the
first
year
of
Queen
Maries
Reign
,
one
Sir
Thomas
Wiat
of
Kent
put
himself
into
Arms
,
to
prevent
her
marriage
with
Philip
King
of
Spain
,
as
tending
to
bring
England
under
the
Yoak
of
Spain
,
and
to
make
the
Country
a
Slave
to
Strangers
.
And
divers
other
Knights
and
Gentlemen
joining
with
him
,
he
marcheth
toward
London
,
and
coming
to
Charing
Cross
he
was
encountered
by
the
Lord
Chamberlain
and
Sir
John
Gage
,
whom
he
put
to
flight
;
but
coming
to
Ludgate
he
is
denied
entrance
,
and
thinking
to
retire
,
he
heard
the
Earl
of
Pembroke
with
his
Forces
was
behind
him
at
Cha●ing
Cross
,
upon
which
being
amazed
,
after
a
little
musing
,
he
returned
toward
Temple-Bar
,
and
yielded
himself
to
Sir
Maurice
Berkley
,
and
getting
upon
his
Horse
behind
him
,
went
to
the
Court
,
where
expecting
the
Queens
mercy
,
but
he
was
sent
to
the
Tower
,
and
soon
after
beheaded
at
Tower-hill
.
About
this
time
the
Lord
Guilford
Dudley
the
Husband
of
Queen
Jane
,
the
Duke
of
Northumberland
his
Father
,
and
likewise
Queen
Jane
and
her
Father
the
Duke
of
Suffolk
were
beheaded
on
Tower-hill
.
In
her
fourth
year
hot
burning
Agues
and
other
strange
diseases
,
took
away
many
people
,
so
as
between
Octob.
20.
and
the
last
of
December
,
there
died
seven
Aldermen
of
London
.
In
her
fifth
year
,
on
the
last
of
September
,
fell
so
great
store
of
Rain
,
that
Westminster
Hall
was
full
of
Water
,
and
Boats
rowed
over
Westminster
Bridge
into
Kings
street
.
About
which
time
a
Blazing
Star
was
seen
all
times
of
the
night
from
the
sixth
to
the
tenth
of
March.
Queen
Mary
being
dead
,
Queen
Elizabeth
is
proclaimed
,
and
brought
from
Hatfield
in
Hartfordshire
to
London
,
where
she
was
received
with
great
Joy
.
She
restored
and
setled
the
Protestant
Reformation
,
though
great
offers
were
made
her
by
the
Pope
,
if
she
would
become
Papist
.
In
her
first
year
William
Geoffry
was
whipt
from
the
Marshalsey
to
Bedlam
,
for
publishing
that
one
John
More
was
Jesus
Christ
;
which
More
after
he
had
been
well
whipt
,
confessed
himself
to
be
a
couzening
knave
.
A
terrible
tempest
of
Thunder
and
Lightning
happened
at
London
,
which
fired
the
lofty
Spire
of
St.
Pauls
Steeple
,
beginning
about
the
top
thereof
,
which
was
two
hundred
foot
high
from
the
top
of
the
stone
Battlements
,
and
burnt
down
to
the
roof
of
the
Church
,
consuming
all
the
Bells
,
Lead
,
and
Timber
work
.
In
1564.
was
a
great
Frost
,
so
that
great
numbers
of
people
went
over
the
Thames
,
and
played
thereon
from
London
Bridge
to
Westminster
.
On
the
third
of
January
it
begun
to
thaw
,
and
on
the
fifth
no
Ice
was
to
be
seen
.
In
the
twentieth
year
of
her
Reign
a
Blazing
Star
was
seen
with
a
long
stream
.
About
this
time
one
Simon
Pembroke
of
Southwark
being
suspected
to
be
a
Conjurer
,
was
ordered
to
appear
in
St.
Mary
Overies
Church
,
which
he
did
,
and
leaning
his
head
against
a
Pew
,
the
Proctor
lifted
up
his
head
,
and
found
him
dead
,
and
ratling
in
the
throat
:
and
being
searched
,
several
Devilish
Books
of
Conjuration
were
found
about
him
.
In
her
thirty
fifth
year
there
was
so
great
a
drougth
,
that
not
only
the
Fields
but
the
Springs
themselves
were
dried
up
,
and
many
Cattle
died
every
where
for
want
of
water
.
The
River
of
Thames
likewise
failed
,
so
that
a
Horse-man
might
ride
over
at
London
Bridge
.
In
her
thirty
sixth
year
was
a
great
Plague
in
London
and
the
Suburbs
,
whereof
died
17890.
besides
the
Lord
Mayor
and
three
Aldermen
.
About
this
time
Edmund
Coppinger
and
Henry
Arthington
Gentlemen
,
came
into
Cheapside
,
and
there
in
a
Cart
proclaimed
(
as
they
said
)
News
from
Heaven
,
that
one
William
Hacket
represented
Christ
,
by
partaking
of
his
glorified
Body
,
and
that
they
were
the
two
Prophets
,
one
of
Mercy
,
the
other
of
Judgment
,
sent
of
God
to
help
him
in
this
great
work
.
These
men
were
apprehended
,
and
Hacket
was
arraigned
,
and
found
guilty
of
speaking
divers
false
and
traiterous
words
against
the
Queen
,
and
to
have
raced
and
defaced
her
Pictures
,
thrusting
an
iron
Instrument
into
the
place
of
the
heart
and
brest
;
for
which
he
was
brought
from
Newgate
to
Cheapside
,
and
being
moved
to
ask
God
and
their
Queen
forgiveness
,
he
fell
to
cursing
and
railing
against
the
Queen
,
and
made
a
blasphemous
Prayer
against
the
divine
Majesty
of
God
,
and
was
therefore
hanged
and
quartered
.
Coppinger
starved
himself
wilfully
in
Bridewel
,
and
Arthington
made
a
Recantation
.
In
the
forty
third
year
of
her
Reign
Robert
Devereux
Earl
of
Essex
,
assisted
by
divers
Noblemen
and
Gentlemen
,
entered
the
City
of
London
in
Warlike
manner
at
Temple
Bar
,
crying
For
the
Queen
,
till
they
came
to
the
Sheriffs
House
in
Fanchurch-street
,
who
finding
himself
not
Master
of
his
own
house
,
escaped
out
at
a
Back-door
,
and
went
to
the
Lord
Mayor
.
And
Essex
finding
the
Citizens
in
Arms
against
him
,
endeavoured
to
fortifie
his
own
House
:
but
hearing
that
some
great
Guns
were
sent
for
to
beat
it
down
,
he
surrendred
himself
,
and
was
sent
to
the
Tower
,
where
he
was
afterward
beheaded
;
but
might
have
kept
his
head
longer
on
,
had
he
not
been
betrayed
by
the
Lady
Walsingham
;
to
whom
after
his
condemnation
he
sent
a
Ring
,
which
the
Queen
had
given
him
in
token
that
she
would
stand
by
him
in
any
danger
:
the
Lady
delivered
not
this
Ring
,
but
being
a
little
after
upon
her
Death-bed
,
she
desired
to
speak
with
the
Queen
,
to
whom
having
disburthened
her
conscience
,
the
Queen
flung
away
in
extream
rage
and
fury
,
and
never
enjoyed
her self
well
after
that
time
,
but
would
often
break
out
into
a
passion
,
and
wring
her
hands
,
crying
,
O
Essex
,
Essex
,
and
died
not
long
after
.
After
her
death
King
James
succeeded
,
in
the
third
year
of
whose
Reign
,
was
contrived
the
Powder
Treason
Plot
,
for
which
Sir
Edward
Digby
,
Robert
Winter
,
Graunt
,
and
Bates
were
drawn
,
hanged
,
and
quartered
at
the
West
end
of
St.
Pauls
,
and
Winter
,
Keys
,
Rookwood
,
and
Fawks
,
at
the
Parliament
Yard
at
Westminster
.
A
while
after
,
the
King
attended
with
divers
Lords
,
dined
with
the
Lord
Mayor
Sir
John
Watts
,
who
after
dinner
presented
his
Majesty
with
a
Purse
of
Gold
,
desiring
he
would
please
to
be
made
Free
of
the
Company
of
Clothworkers
,
to
which
the
King
consented
,
and
calling
to
the
Master
of
the
Company
,
he
said
,
Stone
,
Give
me
thy
hand
,
I
am
now
a
Clothworker
,
and
in
token
of
my
special
favour
to
this
Fraternity
,
I
do
here
give
to
this
Company
a
Brace
of
Bueks
yearly
for
ever
,
at
the
Election
of
Master
and
Wardens
.
And
a
Moneth
after
the
King
and
the
Prince
dined
at
Merchant
Taylors
Hall
,
where
the
Prince
was
made
Free
of
that
Company
,
and
had
likewise
a
Purse
of
Gold
presented
him
by
the
Master
.
In
1609.
the
New
Exchange
being
newly
finished
,
was
first
opened
and
named
by
King
James
,
Brittains
Burse
.
In
1612.
Edward
Wightman
was
burnt
for
an
Heretick
,
and
one
Legat
burnt
in
Smithfield
for
an
Arian
.
In
1615.
Sir
Thomas
Overbury
was
poisoned
in
the
Tower
,
for
which
the
the
Earl
of
Somerset
and
his
Lady
were
arraigned
and
condemned
,
and
Sir
Gervase
Elvis
Lieutenant
of
the
Tower
,
Mistris
Turner
,
and
divers
others
executed
.
In
1618.
the
famous
Sir
Walter
Rawleigh
was
beheaded
in
the
New
Pallace
Yard
Westminster
.
Next
year
Queen
Anne
died
at
Hampton
Court
.
In
1623.
a
Popish
Priest
being
at
Mass
in
Black
Fryars
in
an
Upper
Room
,
it
fell
down
,
and
many
were
killed
and
hurt
.
In
1625.
King
James
died
,
having
reigned
22.
years
.
King
Charles
his
Son
succeeded
him
,
and
was
married
to
Henrietta
Maria
of
France
.
In
his
first
year
was
a
great
Plague
,
whereof
there
died
in
London
35417.
In
1628.
Doctor
Lamb
was
murdered
in
the
streets
of
London
,
for
which
the
City
was
fined
six
thousand
pound
;
the
same
year
John
Felton
was
hanged
at
Tyburn
for
murdering
the
Duke
of
Buckingham
.
In
1633.
the
King
and
Queen
were
magnificently
entertained
at
Guild-hall
.
In
1640
the
Long
Parliament
began
,
and
in
1642.
Posts
and
Chains
were
ordered
to
be
set
up
in
the
City
.
But
having
already
given
a
particular
account
of
all
Passages
in
this
Kings
Reign
,
and
till
the
Restoration
of
his
present
Majesty
King
Charles
the
second
,
in
a
little
Book
called
The
Wars
of
England
,
Scotland
,
and
Ireland
,
I
shall
omit
repeating
any
thing
here
,
but
shall
onely
add
:
That
in
the
year
1659.
General
Monk
marching
from
Scotland
came
to
London
,
and
after
having
pulled
down
the
Gates
and
Portcullises
of
the
City
by
Order
of
the
Remnant
of
the
Long
Parliament
,
he
afterwards
grew
dissatisfied
at
their
proceedings
,
and
going
into
the
City
was
received
with
Bonfires
,
and
soon
after
that
Parliament
was
dissolved
,
and
his
Majesty
happily
restored
May
29.
1660.
In
October
following
,
several
of
the
Regicides
of
the
late
King
were
executed
at
Charing
Cross
,
that
is
,
Harrison
,
Carew
,
Cook
,
Scot
,
Hugh
Peters
,
Clement
Scroop
,
Jones
;
and
Hacket
and
Axtel
at
Tyburn
.
In
January
one
Venner
a
Wine
Cooper
,
and
some
others
of
Enthusiastick
Principles
,
made
an
Insurrection
in
London
,
their
Leader
persuading
them
that
one
should
chase
a
thousand
.
They
first
marched
to
St.
Thomas
Apostles
,
and
from
thence
to
Bishopsgate
,
Whitecross-street
,
and
from
thence
they
went
to
Highgate
and
Canewood
.
And
three
days
after
they
came
again
into
the
City
,
being
not
above
thirty
or
forty
in
number
,
but
armed
with
Blunderbusses
and
Headpieces
;
and
the
Trained-bands
and
some
of
the
Kings
Guards
fell
upon
them
and
routed
them
;
about
five
or
six
of
them
were
killed
,
others
fled
,
and
the
rest
were
taken
Prisoners
.
Their
Word
,
it
is
said
,
was
,
THE
QVARTERS
VPON
THE
GATES
,
meaning
of
those
Regicides
that
were
executed
a
while
before
,
whose
Quarters
were
put
upon
the
Gates
of
the
City
.
Venner
and
nineteen
of
his
Accomplices
were
arraigned
and
condemned
,
and
he
and
several
of
them
executed
in
divers
parts
of
the
City
.
scene from London history
The
Tryall
of
the
L.
Stafford
in
W.
Hall
.
scene from London history
His
Execution
on
Tower
hill
.
A
La
high
Steward
BB
The
Peer●m
the
Rabes
CC
The
commons
D
The
Iudges
E
The
Prisoner
E
The
KJ
Box
G
the
Managers
of
〈◊〉
H.
the
Eviden●●
.
Not
many
days
before
,
the
Lord
Howard
of
Escrick
was
committed
prisoner
to
the
Tower
of
London
,
upon
an
Information
of
High
Treason
;
and
upon
June
20.
he
was
brought
up
to
the
Kings
Bench
Bar
,
and
by
his
Counsel
moved
that
he
might
put
in
Bail
for
his
Appearance
,
but
it
was
denied
him
,
and
he
remanded
back
to
Prison
.