BOOK
I.
The
Regal
State
of
ROME
,
From
the
Building
of
the
City
,
to
the
Overthrow
of
that
Kind
of
Government
.
Containing
the
Space
of
245
Years
.
The
INTRODUCTION
.
Of
the
Original
of
Rome
,
and
its
Inhabitants
.
I.
IN
relating
such
great
and
remarkable
Affairs
as
those
of
the
Romans
,
it
will
be
necessary
to
give
some
Account
of
the
Original
of
that
People
:
And
,
to
make
the
Account
as
clear
and
intelligible
as
I
can
,
it
may
not
be
amiss
first
to
observe
,
that
that
Country
which
was
anciently
call'd
Italy
,
of
which
Rome
was
afterwards
the
chief
City
,
did
not
contain
above
one
half
of
what
now
goes
by
that
Name
.
But
as
small
as
it
was
,
it
contain'd
many
distinct
Nations
and
People
;
the
principal
of
which
were
the
Aborigines
,
Sabines
,
Hetrurians
,
or
Tuscans
,
Umbri
,
Samnites
,
Campani
,
Apulii
,
Calabri
,
Lucanii
,
and
Brutii
;
and
others
of
inferior
Note
which
were
often
dependant
on
these
.
As
for
the
rest
of
what
is
now
call'd
Italy
,
that
was
principally
possess'd
by
the
Gauls
,
who
had
driven
out
the
Hetrurians
,
and
settl'd
themselves
in
these
Parts
;
being
distinguish'd
into
several
Names
,
as
the
Senones
,
the
Insubres
,
&c.
This
Part
went
by
the
Name
of
Gallia
Cis-Alpina
and
Togata
,
to
distinguish
it
from
that
Gaul
which
is
now
call'd
France
,
and
was
almost
the
same
with
the
present
Lombardy
:
The
chief
Inhabitants
of
it
,
besides
the
several
Nations
of
the
Gauls
,
were
the
Ligures
and
the
Veneti
.
Of
all
the
foremention'd
People
,
the
Aborigines
,
afterwards
call'd
by
the
Name
of
Latines
,
were
of
principal
Note
;
not
upon
the
account
of
any
particular
Excellency
,
but
as
being
better
known
,
and
much
more
enquir'd
after
by
all
Historians
.
These
were
of
the
Posterity
of
the
Oenotrians
,
a
Grecian
People
of
Arcadia
,
who
had
driven
out
the
Siculi
,
the
first
Inhabitants
of
these
Parts
of
Italy
.
They
possess'd
the
Country
of
Latium
,
But
the
last
who
settled
in
this
Country
,
according
to
Dionysius
,
were
some
Relicts
of
the
Trojans
,
under
the
Conduct
of
their
Prince
Aeneas
,
who
had
left
his
native
Country
,
and
his
inrag'd
Enemies
,
to
seek
out
Foreign
Habitations
.
These
were
about
1200
in
all
,
tho'
some
will
allow
but
half
that
Number
;
and
arriv'd
in
these
Parts
three
Years
after
the
destruction
of
Troy
,
and
above
400
before
the
building
of
Rome
,
A.
M.
2824.
Aeneas
at
his
first
landing
,
was
very
civilly
entertain'd
by
Latinus
,
the
King
then
reigning
,
as
a
Person
of
great
Renown
,
who
not
only
treated
him
honourably
,
but
gave
him
his
only
Daughter
Lavinia
in
Marriage
.
This
occasion'd
a
War
between
him
and
Turnus
,
a
Prince
of
the
Rutuli
,
their
near
Neighbours
,
who
had
formerly
made
Pretensions
to
her
;
but
these
Wars
soon
ended
in
Turnus's
death
,
which
did
not
only
free
Aeneas
from
a
Rival
,
but
secur'd
his
Kingdom
,
which
Latinus
gave
him
for
his
Daughters
Portion
after
his
decease
.
A●neas
thus
settled
,
soon
after
built
the
City
of
Lavinium
,
in
honour
of
his
Wife
,
about
five
or
six
Miles
East
of
Laurentum
,
where
he
kept
his
Court
;
and
the
more
to
oblige
his
Subjects
,
caus'd
both
them
and
his
own
Country-men
to
be
call'd
by
the
common
Name
of
Latini
:
But
ingaging
in
a
bloody
War
with
Mezentius
,
a
King
of
the
Hetrurians
,
he
was
slain
,
after
a
short
Reign
of
four
Years
.
His
Subjects
,
in
honour
to
his
Memory
,
dedicated
a
Chappel
to
him
,
under
the
Title
of
Iupiter
Indiges
.
Upon
the
death
of
Aeneas
,
his
Son
Ascanius
succeeded
him
in
the
Throne
;
but
Lavinia
,
being
left
with
Child
by
him
,
out
of
fear
fled
to
the
Woods
,
and
was
there
deliver'd
of
a
Son
,
who
from
the
place
of
his
Birth
had
the
Name
of
Silvius
.
Thirty
Years
after
the
building
of
Lavinium
,
Ascanius
left
it
to
his
Mother-in-Law
,
and
founded
Alba-Longa
,
about
12
Miles
North
of
it
,
which
he
made
his
Seat
.
Ascanius
had
a
Son
call'd
Iulus
,
from
whom
came
the
famous
Family
of
the
Iulii
;
Aeneas
Silvius
,
who
reign'd
31
Years
,
Latinus
,
who
reign'd
51
,
Alba
39
,
Capetus
I.
26
,
Capys
28
,
Capetus
II.
13
,
Tiberinus
8
,
Agrippa
24
,
Alladius
19
,
Aventinus
37
,
Procas
23
,
Amulius
42
,
and
Numitor
,
who
was
the
last
King
of
Alba.
Except
the
two
last
,
we
have
but
little
remarkable
concerning
these
Kings
,
only
Tiberinus
gave
Name
to
the
River
Tiber
,
These
were
call'd
the
Kings
of
Alba
,
or
of
Old
Latium
,
which
scarce
contain'd
the
sixth
part
of
what
was
call'd
Latium
in
Augustus's
Reign
;
Rutuli
,
Aequi
,
Hernici
,
Volsci
,
and
Arunci
.
This
Kingdom
,
tho'
very
Small
,
according
to
the
Dimensions
before
given
of
it
,
was
very
Fruitful
,
Populous
,
and
full
of
Towns
;
and
Alba
it self
was
a
great
and
flourishing
City
,
and
had
been
the
Mother
of
thirty
Latine
Towns
,
when
it
was
destroy'd
by
Tullus
Hostilius
the
third
King
of
Rome
.
II.
But
to
come
close
to
the
Roman
Story
,
Amulius
and
Numitor
,
Faustulus
,
Amulius●s
Herds-Man
,
and
suckled
by
his
Wife
Laurentia
,
who
,
for
her
Infamous
Life
,
was
call'd
Lupa
;
and
this
probably
might
occasion
the
famous
Story
of
their
being
nourished
by
a
Wolf
:
The
Names
of
these
Twins
were
Romulus
and
Remus
.
The
Children
,
grown
up
,
prov'd
Active
and
Couragious
,
suitable
to
the
Greatness
of
their
Birth
;
but
the
Meanness
of
their
Education
gave
'em
occasion
of
falling
out
with
some
of
Numitor's
Herds-Men
;
in
which
contest
Remus
was
taken
Prisoner
,
and
brought
before
the
King
.
Upon
which
Faustulus
discover'd
to
Romulus
all
the
Particulars
of
his
Birth
and
hard
Usage
from
Amulius
;
begging
him
to
be
assistant
in
the
Rescue
of
Remus
.
Romulus
soon
drew
together
a
great
Number
of
Herds-Men
and
inferiour
People
,
who
hated
Amulius
,
whom
he
divided
into
Companies
,
consisting
of
an
hundred
Men
each
;
every
Captain
carrying
a
small
Bundle
of
Grass
and
Shrubs
ty'd
to
a
Pole
.
The
Latines
call
such
Bundles
Manipuli
;
from
whence
it
is
,
that
in
their
Armies
they
call
their
Captains
Manipulares
.
The
Affairs
of
Alba
succeeding
thus
prosperously
,
Romulus
,
now
sole
Commander
,
and
Eighteen
Years
of
Age
,
began
the
Foundation
of
Rome
in
the
fourth
Year
of
the
sixth
Olympiad
,
according
to
Varro's
Account
,
which
was
in
the
Year
of
the
World
3252
,
the
sixth
Year
of
Iotham
King
of
Iudah
,
and
the
seventh
of
Pekah
King
of
Israel
,
431
Years
after
the
Destruction
of
Troy
,
120
after
the
Building
of
Carthage
,
214
before
the
Beginning
of
the
Persian
Empire
,
and
752
before
Christ
;
And
having
got
Augurs
,
and
such
sort
of
People
from
Hetruria
,
he
set
about
it
with
much
Ceremony
,
on
the
21
Day
of
April
,
according
to
Plutarch
,
which
Day
the
Romans
Anniversarily
kept
Holy
,
calling
it
their
Country's
Birth-Day
.
He
took
in
the
Mount
Palatine
only
,
and
with
a
Heifer
and
a
young
Bullock
,
plow'd
up
a
Furrow
where
the
Wall
was
design'd
;
which
Custom
was
afterwards
observ'd
by
the
Romans
,
both
in
the
building
and
razing
of
Cities
;
and
where-ever
a
Gate
was
to
be
made
,
the
Plow
was
lifted
up
,
which
occasion'd
it
to
be
call'd
Porta
,
a
portando
aratrum
:
All
within
this
Line
was
call'd
Pomaerium
,
Pone
Maenia
.
The
City
was
almost
square
,
containing
at
first
about
1000
Houses
,
and
was
nigh
a
Mile
in
Compass
,
with
four
Gates
,
namely
Romanula
,
Ianualis
,
Mucionis
,
and
Carmentalis
;
and
a
small
Territory
belonging
to
it
of
7
or
8
Miles
long
.
Thus
we
see
Rome
in
its
Original
,
a
small
inconsiderable
beggarly
Place
,
with
Dominions
still
of
less
Note
;
which
yet
from
this
mean
and
contemptible
Beginning
became
Mistress
of
the
World
;
being
first
founded
and
supported
by
its
Kings
,
then
strengthened
and
enlarged
by
its
Consuls
,
and
at
last
brought
to
its
utmost
Perfection
by
its
Emperors
.
As
for
the
Arts
and
Contrivances
,
the
Policy
and
Cunning
,
the
Strength
and
Valour
,
and
the
gradual
Proceedings
,
with
the
extraordinary
Fortune
,
which
contributed
to
make
the
Romans
Masters
of
such
vast
and
powerful
Dominions
,
these
are
the
Subject
of
this
following
History
.
CHAP.
I.
From
the
Building
of
the
City
,
to
the
Death
of
Romulus
,
the
first
King
of
Rome
.
Containing
the
space
of
37
Years
.
I.
ROmulus
having
thus
Founded
the
City
of
Rome
,
Curio
Maximus
.
Each
Curia
was
likewise
by
Romulus
subdivided
into
ten
Decuriae
,
Romulus
made
also
another
Distinction
of
the
People
,
according
to
their
Honour
and
Dignity
,
which
was
into
Patritians
and
Plebeians
:
Caius
Gracchus
broke
the
Peace
of
the
City
:
And
because
the
Plebeians
in
the
City
receiv'd
such
Advantage
from
this
Constitution
,
in
imitation
thereof
,
afterwards
all
Colonies
,
Confederate
and
Conquer'd
Cities
,
had
their
Patrons
,
to
whom
frequently
the
Senate
wou'd
remit
such
Controversies
as
were
brought
before
'em
,
and
ratifie
their
Judgment
.
After
this
,
Romulus
chose
100
Men
out
of
the
Patritians
to
assist
him
in
the
Government
.
This
number
he
call'd
a
Senate
,
a
sinendo
,
because
nothing
was
transacted
without
their
Permission
.
Such
of
the
Fathers
as
he
enroll'd
or
enter'd
into
this
Venerable
Assembly
,
King
,
Senate
,
and
People
.
The
King's
Office
at
home
,
was
,
To
take
care
of
the
Religious
Rites
;
to
preserve
the
Laws
and
Customs
;
to
decide
the
chief
Causes
between
Man
and
Man
,
and
refer
the
less
Matters
to
the
Senate
,
into
which
he
had
an
Inspection
;
to
call
the
Senate
,
assemble
the
People
,
first
giving
his
own
Opinion
,
then
ratifying
what
was
approv'd
of
by
the
major
Part
:
Abroad
,
and
in
the
Wars
,
He
had
absolute
Authority
.
The
Senate's
Office
was
,
To
debate
and
resolve
about
such
things
as
the
King
propos'd
,
which
were
decreed
by
the
Majority
of
Voices
.
To
the
People
he
committed
three
Things
;
To
create
Magistrates
,
make
Laws
,
and
resolve
about
any
War
that
was
propos'd
by
the
King
;
yet
still
in
such
a
manner
as
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
always
interpos'd
.
The
next
thing
that
Romulus
did
,
was
to
take
care
of
a
Guard
for
his
Person
;
and
therefore
he
order'd
the
Curiae
to
chuse
him
out
300
lusty
young
Men
,
ten
out
of
each
;
Tribunus
Celerum
,
three
Centurions
,
and
other
Inferiour
Officers
.
This
Company
,
with
their
Spears
,
defended
the
King
in
the
City
,
and
in
Battels
were
the
foremost
Leaders
,
Charging
first
and
Retreating
last
.
Besides
these
,
he
had
for
his
Attendance
,
II.
Romulus
,
finding
he
was
encompass'd
with
several
powerful
Nations
,
This
Act
was
highly
resented
by
most
of
their
Neighbours
,
especially
the
Sabines
,
who
were
principally
concern'd
;
but
their
Backwardness
in
their
Preparations
made
the
Cities
Caenina
,
Antemna
,
and
Crustumium
,
begin
the
War
first
.
The
two
former
(
three
or
four
Miles
North
of
Rome
,
and
Inhabited
by
the
Aborigines
)
Romulus
soon
subdu'd
,
with
the
Death
of
their
King
Acron
,
whom
he
slew
in
a
single
Combat
;
and
afterwards
the
latter
,
a
Colony
of
Alba
,
a
little
way
within
the
Country
of
the
Sabines
.
The
Lands
were
divided
between
some
of
the
Romans
and
the
old
Inhabitants
,
of
whom
3000
were
made
Free
of
Rome
,
without
losing
their
former
Estates
;
so
that
the
Foot-men
of
the
City
were
now
much
increas'd
.
For
this
Victory
Romulus
first
Triumph'd
,
and
bringing
home
the
Spoils
of
King
Acron
,
Royal
Spoils
,
he
design'd
a
Spot
of
Ground
upon
Mount
Capitoline
for
a
Temple
to
Iupiter
Feretrius
,
This
notable
Success
was
a
great
Disappointment
to
the
Sabines
,
Tarpeian
Rock
,
from
whence
they
threw
Malefactors
down
headlong
.
The
Sabines
,
now
Masters
of
the
Capitoline
,
had
the
Advantage
of
continuing
the
War
at
their
pleasure
;
and
for
a
long
time
only
light
Skirmishes
pass'd
between
both
Parties
,
with
little
or
no
Advantage
to
either
side
:
But
the
Tediousness
and
Charge
of
the
War
so
wearied
out
both
Romans
and
Sabines
,
that
they
very
much
desir'd
a
Peace
,
but
neither
side
wou'd
stoop
to
sue
for
it
.
Thus
they
continu'd
for
a
very
considerable
time
,
till
both
resolving
to
do
their
utmost
,
they
came
to
a
general
Battel
,
which
was
renew'd
several
Days
with
almost
equal
Success
.
In
the
last
Contest
,
the
Romans
were
much
worsted
in
the
beginning
,
and
fled
to
the
Palatium
;
but
rallying
and
renewing
the
Fight
with
Success
against
the
Sabines
,
the
Women
who
were
stolen
and
marry'd
to
the
Romans
,
and
the
cause
of
this
War
,
through
the
Persuasions
of
Hersilia
,
one
of
the
principal
among
'em
,
ran
desperately
into
the
midst
of
the
Darts
and
dead
Bodies
,
with
their
Children
in
their
Arms
,
and
their
Hair
about
their
Ears
,
making
such
lamentable
Shrieks
and
Out-crys
,
that
both
Armies
immediately
desisted
.
These
became
Mediators
,
and
made
Peace
between
the
Fathers
and
Son-in-Laws
,
after
the
War
had
lasted
six
Years
.
The
Articles
were
,
First
,
That
Romulus
and
Tatius
shou'd
reign
jointly
in
Rome
,
with
equal
Power
and
Prerogative
:
Secondly
,
That
the
City
from
Romulus
shou'd
still
be
call'd
Rome
,
but
the
Citizens
Quirites
,
the
native
Place
of
Tatius
:
Thirdly
,
That
now
the
two
Nations
shou'd
become
one
,
and
as
many
of
the
Sabines
as
were
willing
,
shou'd
be
made
Free
of
Rome
.
The
City
being
now
much
increas'd
by
the
Number
of
the
Sabines
,
Mount
Capitoline
was
taken
in
,
built
upon
,
and
laid
out
for
their
Habitation
.
Romulus
chose
out
100
of
the
most
noble
of
the
Sabines
,
and
added
'em
to
the
Senate
,
so
that
it
now
consisted
of
200
Persons
.
Matronalia
,
Carmentala
,
&c.
and
a
particular
Respect
was
had
to
those
Women
who
procur'd
this
happy
Reconciliation
,
and
several
Privileges
were
allow'd
'em
,
particularly
they
were
exempted
from
all
Work
unless
Spinning
and
making
of
Cloth
.
Now
the
Tribes
were
call'd
by
distinct
Names
;
the
first
Rhamnenses
,
from
Romulus
;
the
second
Tatienses
,
from
Tatius
;
and
the
third
Luceres
,
from
the
Lucus
or
Grove
where
the
Asylum
stood
.
For
five
Years
the
two
King
's
reign'd
quietly
and
peaceably
together
;
but
in
the
sixth
,
Tatius
protecting
some
of
his
Friends
who
had
robb'd
and
plunder'd
the
Lavinians
,
and
killing
the
Ambassadors
who
were
sent
to
demand
Satisfaction
,
was
slain
by
the
Lavinians
at
his
going
to
sacrifice
there
.
Romulus
,
like
a
generous
Prince
,
made
Satisfaction
to
the
injured
Persons
,
and
bury'd
Tatius
in
Rome
very
honourably
.
III.
Romulus
,
To
quit
a
seventh
part
of
their
Dominions
,
with
their
Salt-pits
nigh
the
River
,
and
to
give
up
fifty
Hostages
of
the
most
considerable
Families
.
Romulus
for
this
,
triumph'd
a
third
time
,
leading
with
him
their
General
,
an
aged
Man
,
who
had
so
badly
perform'd
his
Duty
,
that
he
was
afterwards
personated
by
an
old
Man
in
all
Triumphs
.
This
was
the
last
War
manag'd
by
Romulus
,
who
after
that
imploy'd
most
of
his
Time
in
settling
the
Government
,
and
placing
it
upon
the
surest
Foundations
.
He
made
many
good
and
profitable
Laws
,
most
of
which
were
unwritten
.
Particularly
he
made
one
concerning
Marriages
,
where
the
Authority
of
the
Husband
was
so
well
and
conveniently
settl'd
,
that
for
520
Years
,
a
Divorce
was
not
known
in
Rome
.
He
gave
Fathers
absolute
Power
over
their
Sons
,
to
sell
,
imprison
,
scourge
,
or
kill
'em
,
tho'
in
never
so
great
an
Office
,
and
that
as
long
as
they
liv'd
.
He
appointed
no
Punishment
for
real
Parricide
,
but
call'd
all
Murder
by
that
Name
;
thinking
the
latter
a
destable
Crime
,
but
the
other
impossible
:
And
it
was
a
indeed
Crime
never
known
in
Rome
for
600
Years
.
For
the
Peoples
Way
of
Living
,
he
enjoy'd
two
Courses
of
Life
,
Warfare
and
Husbandry
,
equally
dividing
the
Lands
,
Slaves
,
and
Money
,
taken
from
the
Enemy
;
he
appointed
a
Market
once
in
nine
Days
,
which
from
thence
was
call'd
Nundinae
.
In
the
latter
end
of
his
Reign
,
whether
swell'd
with
the
Imagination
of
his
former
Successes
and
present
Security
,
or
carry'd
away
with
some
pleasing
Notions
of
Arbitrary
Government
,
he
began
to
grow
very
Tyrannical
,
inlarging
his
Prerogative
beyond
those
Bounds
he
had
formerly
set
to
it
,
and
making
use
of
the
Senate
only
to
ratifie
his
Commands
.
Tho'
he
was
extreamly
belov'd
by
the
common
People
,
yet
these
Actions
gain'd
him
the
Hatred
of
the
Nobility
and
Senate
,
and
brought
him
to
an
untimely
Death
;
he
being
torn
in
pieces
,
as
is
generally
believ'd
,
in
the
Senate
House
,
the
Senators
carrying
his
Body
out
by
Piece-meal
under
their
Gowns
to
prevent
Discovery
.
The
Senators
took
an
occasion
from
the
Secrefie
of
the
Fact
,
and
the
Concealment
of
the
Body
,
to
persuade
the
Multitude
that
he
was
taken
up
among
the
Gods
;
and
Iulius
Proculus
,
one
of
the
chief
of
the
Nobility
,
did
almost
put
all
out
of
doubt
by
swearing
solemnly
,
That
Romulus
appear'd
to
him
,
and
told
him
,
It
was
the
Pleasure
of
the
Immortal
Gods
to
have
him
continue
among
Mankind
,
till
he
had
founded
a
City
whose
Empire
and
Glory
shou'd
far
surpass
all
others
.
He
●ad
him
farewell
,
and
tell
his
Subjects
,
that
by
their
strict
Exercise
of
Temperance
and
Fortitude
,
no
human
Power
shou'd
e'er
withstand
the
Roman
Arms
;
and
he
wou'd
always
be
a
propitious
God
to
'em
,
under
the
Name
of
Quirinus
.
He
reign'd
37
Years
,
in
which
space
he
very
much
advanc'd
the
State
of
the
City
,
leaving
in
it
46000
Foot
and
1000
Horse
;
a
happy
Increase
for
so
short
a
time
.
After
his
Grand-Father
Numitor's
decease
,
the
Kingdom
of
Alba
fell
to
him
,
which
he
govern'd
by
Deputies
;
and
the
more
to
please
that
People
,
he
allow'd
'em
the
Privileges
of
a
Free-State
,
which
probably
occasion'd
the
Senate
to
bear
his
Encroachments
the
worse
.
So
now
the
Roman
Dominions
consisted
of
a
considerable
part
of
the
Sabines
Country
,
a
small
part
of
Hetruria
,
and
a
mix'd
part
of
Latium
.
CHAP.
II.
From
the
Death
of
Romulus
to
the
Death
of
Numa
Pompilius
,
the
Second
King
of
Rome
.
Containing
the
Space
of
44
Years
.
I.
ROmulus
being
dead
,
It
was
a
Trick
of
some
few
who
intended
to
get
the
Power
into
their
own
Hands
,
and
that
for
one
pretended
Tyrant
they
had
now
got
200
real
ones
;
therefore
they
resolv'd
that
a
King
shou'd
be
chosen
.
In
the
Election
great
Contests
arose
between
the
Romans
and
Sabines
,
each
believing
it
reasonable
to
have
one
of
their
own
Country
;
'till
at
length
they
came
to
this
Conclusion
,
That
the
Party
which
elected
shou'd
chuse
one
out
of
the
Body
of
the
other
,
so
by
that
means
the
elected
Prince
might
be
oblig'd
to
favour
both
Parties
,
one
for
their
Votes
,
and
the
other
for
their
Alliance
.
It
falling
to
the
Romans
to
chuse
,
the
Patritians
fix●d
upon
Numa
Pompilius
,
a
Sabine
,
a
Person
of
about
forty
Years
of
Age
,
who
by
the
Consent
of
the
People
was
elected
King
.
Numa
then
resided
at
Cures
,
being
a
Person
of
the
greatest
Vertue
,
Knowledge
and
Abilities
of
that
time
,
and
had
withdrawn
himself
from
the
Noises
and
Troubles
of
the
World
;
therefore
Ambassadors
,
one
a
Roman
,
and
the
other
a
Sabine
,
were
dispatch'd
to
him
to
offer
him
the
Kingdom
.
The
Ambassadors
finding
him
with
his
Father
and
Kinsman
Marcius
,
by
their
Speakers
,
Proculus
and
Valesus
,
told
him
the
occasion
of
their
coming
:
To
whom
the
elected
King
made
this
philosophical
and
modest
Answer
:
Since
every
Alteration
of
a
Man's
Life
is
generally
hazardous
in
the
Attempt
,
as
well
as
dangerous
in
the
Consequence
;
it
wou'd
be
the
highest
Indiscretion
for
one
,
who
,
in
his
own
Opinion
,
is
sufficiently
Happy
,
to
endeavour
,
or
admit
of
any
Change
;
tho'
there
were
nothing
more
in
it
than
the
preferring
a
turbulent
and
uncertain
Life
,
before
a
constant
Quiet
and
certain
Security
.
For
my
part
,
Romans
,
I
must
freely
tell
you
,
That
I
am
not
only
discourag'd
,
but
even
deterr'd
from
accepting
your
generous
Offers
,
even
by
what
is
commonly
reported
of
your
famous
Romulus
,
who
was
not
only
suspected
of
contriving
Tatius's
death
,
but
was
likewise
suppos'd
to
fall
himself
by
the
Rage
of
the
Senate
.
And
if
Romulus
himself
,
sprung
,
as
they
say
,
from
Divine
Race
,
miraculously
preserv'd
,
and
as
miraculously
brought
up
,
labour'd
under
such
vast
Inconveniencies
;
how
successful
can
I
hope
to
be
,
begotten
by
a
mere
Mortal
,
and
brought
up
the
ordinary
Way
,
when
I
come
to
struggle
with
such
insuperable
Difficulties
?
Besides
,
you
much
mistake
your
Person
,
as
well
as
forget
your
Interest
and
Glory
,
when
you
think
I
can
be
any
ways
serviceable
to
you
:
For
my
Temper
naturally
leads
me
to
Peace
,
to
Books
,
and
the
Worship
of
the
Gods
;
but
you
Romans
require
a
vigorous
and
active
King
,
who
may
diligently
cherish
that
Warlike
Humour
which
your
late
Success
has
excited
:
And
therefore
such
a
Prince
as
shou'd
come
to
inculcate
Peace
,
Iustice
,
and
Religion
into
the
Minds
of
a
Martial
Nation
,
must
of
necessity
appear
not
only
strange
and
ridiculous
to
the
World
,
but
also
mean
and
despicable
to
his
Subjects
.
The
Romans
were
much
surpriz'd
at
this
Answer
,
but
still
were
very
urgent
with
him
to
accept
of
the
Kingdom
;
in
which
they
were
not
a
little
assisted
by
his
Father
and
Marcius
,
who
return'd
him
this
Reply
:
Tho'
you
remain
contented
with
your
present
fortune
,
and
court
neither
Riches
nor
Power
;
yet
you
may
reasonably
imagine
that
such
large
Talents
of
Iustice
,
Moderation
,
and
Piety
,
were
never
given
you
by
the
Gods
to
lie
useless
and
conceal●d
:
And
you
are
sensible
these
are
Vertues
that
can
never
have
a
greater
Influence
upon
Mankind
,
than
when
they
so
publickly
appear
in
the
Person
of
a
King
.
Tatius
,
tho'
a
Foreigner
,
was
highly
esteem'd
by
the
Romans
,
and
the
Memory
of
Romulus
,
was
so
precious
to
'em
,
that
after
his
decease
,
they
voted
him
Divine
Honours
:
And
if
the
Affections
of
the
People
shou'd
break
out
into
a
furious
Desire
of
War
,
what
can
better
manage
the
Reins
of
that
Passion
than
such
a
moderating
Hand
as
Yours
?
And
who
knows
but
that
the
People
,
being
ever
Victorious
,
may
be
satiated
with
the
Spoils
and
Trophies
they
have
gain'd
,
and
gladly
entertain
a
mild
and
peaceful
Prince
,
who
being
a
lover
of
Iustice
and
Equity
,
may
settle
the
City
in
a
strong
and
inseparable
Union
,
and
in
a
sure
and
lasting
Happiness
?
These
Reasons
and
Persuasions
,
together
with
the
Ambassadors
Entreaties
,
at
last
prevail'd
upon
Numa
to
accept
of
the
Kingdom
;
and
after
a
solemn
Sacrifice
he
went
for
Rome
.
He
was
met
by
the
Way
by
the
Senate
and
People
,
who
with
a
general
Consent
invested
him
with
the
Regal
Authority
;
and
so
universal
was
the
Joy
,
that
they
seem'd
not
so
much
to
receive
a
King
,
as
the
addition
of
a
new
Kingdom
.
II.
Numa
being
a
Person
of
extraordinary
Wisdom
and
Policy
,
That
he
wou'd
not
Rule
over
that
People
of
whom
he
conceiv'd
the
least
Distrust
.
Tiberius
Caesar.
To
the
two
Flamens
or
High-Priests
of
Iupiter
and
Mars
,
he
added
a
third
of
Quirinus
or
Romulus
;
and
to
this
Prince
also
is
ascrib'd
the
bringing
in
of
the
Pontifices
,
This
Prince
,
tho'
naturally
averse
to
all
Wars
,
yet
consider'd
that
Peace
and
Security
might
too
much
soften
and
degenerate
the
Minds
of
the
Multitude
;
therefore
he
us'd
his
utmost
Endeavours
to
imprint
on
their
Minds
the
Notions
of
Religion
and
Vertue
,
and
the
due
Reverence
of
God
:
And
to
gain
the
more
Credit
and
Obedience
to
his
Constitutions
,
he
pretended
he
had
often
and
immediate
Converse
with
the
Goddess
Eg●ria
,
and
wou'd
be
often
telling
them
that
strange
Visions
and
Apparitions
were
seen
,
and
Prophetick
Voices
heard
;
which
Stories
had
great
and
remarkable
Effects
upon
a
People
so
superstitiously
inclin'd
.
Yet
his
Religion
was
of
a
refin'd
Nature
,
being
much
like
that
of
Pythagoras
afterwards
;
and
as
he
taught
,
That
the
Principle
of
all
Things
was
not
to
be
perceiv'd
by
Sence
,
nor
was
liable
to
Motion
,
but
was
Invisible
,
Immortal
,
and
to
be
apprehended
by
the
Understanding
alone
;
so
Numa
forbad
the
Romans
to
use
the
Image
of
any
God
,
which
represented
him
under
the
Form
of
a
Man
,
or
any
other
living
Creature
:
And
this
was
strictly
observ'd
in
all
their
Temples
and
Sacred
Places
,
for
170
Years
at
the
least
;
they
holding
it
a
great
Crime
to
liken
such
superiour
Beings
to
Things
so
much
below
'em
.
For
the
Encouragement
of
Agriculture
,
he
divided
those
Lands
which
Romulus
had
gain'd
in
War
among
the
poorer
sort
,
causing
his
Subjects
to
apply
themselves
to
Husbandry
,
and
by
such
kind
of
Employments
to
cultivate
their
Minds
as
well
as
the
Earth
:
Then
he
divided
all
the
Lands
into
several
Parcels
,
to
which
he
gave
the
name
of
Pagi
,
One
of
the
principal
Things
done
by
this
Prince
was
the
Reformation
of
the
Year
,
which
,
in
Romulus's
Time
was
much
out
of
Order
,
some
Months
having
more
than
35
Days
,
and
some
fewer
than
twenty
.
Numa
finding
the
Solar
Year
to
exceed
the
Lunar
by
eleven
Days
,
doubled
these
eleven
Days
,
and
every
other
Year
inserted
a
Month
after
February
,
consisting
of
22
Days
,
which
was
by
the
Romans
call'd
Mercedonius
,
Italy
.
February
was
so
call'd
from
the
Expiations
which
us'd
to
be
in
it
,
signify'd
by
the
wor'd
Februa
.
March
,
so
call'd
from
Mars
,
the
suppos'd
Father
of
Romulus
,
which
,
upon
that
account
,
had
been
plac'd
first
.
April
from
Aphrodite
or
Venus
,
because
of
the
Superstitious
Worship
which
was
perform'd
in
it
,
when
the
Women
were
crown'd
with
Myrtle
.
May
,
so
nam'd
from
Maia
,
the
Mother
of
Mercury
,
to
whom
this
Month
was
made
Sacred
.
Iune
,
from
Iuno
,
or
as
some
will
have
it
,
from
Iuventus
,
because
the
Season
is
warm
,
and
,
as
it
were
,
Iuvenile
.
The
rest
had
their
Names
from
their
Order
,
as
Quintilis
,
Sextilis
,
September
,
October
,
November
,
and
December
;
only
Quintilis
and
Sextilis
were
afterwards
turn'd
into
Iuly
and
August
,
by
the
Emperors
Iulius
Caesar
and
Augustus
.
Numa
was
marry'd
to
Tatia
,
King
Tatius's
Daughter
,
by
whom
he
had
one
Daughter
nam'd
Pompilia
;
and
after
a
Reign
of
43
Years
,
being
above
80
Years
old
,
he
dy'd
,
and
was
bury'd
with
great
Honour
and
Solemnity
.
He
forbad
his
Body
to
be
burnt
,
as
it
was
usual
in
those
days
,
but
was
bury'd
in
a
Stone
Coffin
,
under
the
Hill
Ianiculum
;
and
the
Books
of
his
Ceremonies
were
laid
by
him
in
another
,
being
Twelve
,
written
in
Latin
,
and
as
many
in
Greek
:
These
were
taken
up
about
400
Years
after
;
and
because
it
was
thought
a
piece
of
Impiety
to
communicate
such
Mysteries
to
the
Multitude
,
were
burnt
by
Order
of
the
Senate
.
He
kept
the
State
in
such
a
constant
Peace
,
by
his
prudent
Management
,
as
did
very
much
contribute
to
the
Strength
and
Security
of
the
City
,
and
he
much
improv'd
and
polish'd
the
rough
Genius
of
the
Roman
People
.
CHAP.
III.
From
the
Death
of
Numa
,
to
the
Death
of
Tullus
Hostilius
,
the
Third
King
of
Rome
.
Containing
the
space
of
33
Years
.
I.
UPon
the
Death
of
Numa
,
Interreges
,
Tullus
Hostilius
was
created
King
by
the
universal
consent
of
all
People
.
He
was
Grandson
to
the
famous
Hostilius
,
who
,
in
Romulus's
Days
had
behav'd
himself
very
Valiantly
against
the
Sabines
in
the
Citadel
,
and
had
Marry'd
the
Daughter
of
Hersilia
.
He
was
of
a
bold
and
fiery
Temper
,
and
one
who
often
sought
and
greedily
embrac'd
all
Occasions
of
War
;
led
to
it
partly
by
his
own
proper
Inclination
,
and
partly
by
the
Glory
and
Renown
of
his
Grand-Father
.
As
he
thought
the
Love
of
his
Subjects
the
most
necessary
thing
to
carry
on
the
Designs
of
a
Warlike
Prince
;
so
in
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
he
purchas'd
the
good
Opinion
of
the
Poorer
sort
,
by
dividing
to
them
,
Man
by
Man
,
that
Portion
of
Land
which
his
Predecessors
,
the
two
former
Kings
had
kept
to
bear
their
Charges
,
saying
,
That
his
own
Inheritance
was
sufficient
for
his
own
Expences
.
That
none
of
these
might
want
Room
,
he
enlarg'd
the
City
,
and
took
in
the
Hill
Caelius
,
where
he
also
had
his
Palace
;
and
all
such
as
had
now
gotten
Ground
,
and
wanted
Habitations
,
built
upon
it
;
so
the
City
encreas'd
in
Bulk
every
day
.
It
was
not
long
before
this
Prince
had
a
fair
Opportunity
of
War
offer'd
him
,
How
he
had
receiv'd
such
an
Answer
from
Alba
as
argu'd
the
League
broken
;
whereupon
he
proclaim'd
a
just
and
necessary
War
against
the
Albans
,
which
he
wou'd
carry
on
to
the
utmost
.
Both
Parties
made
all
possible
Preparations
,
and
drew
out
their
Forces
about
five
Miles
from
Rome
,
to
a
Place
afterwards
call'd
Cluilius
Ditch
;
where
,
when
they
expected
to
have
decided
the
Quarrel
,
Cluilius
was
found
dead
in
his
Tent
,
but
whether
by
a
natural
or
violent
Death
is
uncertain
.
In
his
Place
was
chosen
Metius
Fuffetius
,
a
Person
who
had
no
other
Qualifications
to
recommend
him
to
this
Office
,
besides
his
turbulent
Spirit
,
and
his
being
as
great
an
Incendiary
as
his
Predecessor
.
At
the
same
time
the
Fidenates
and
Veientes
,
who
in
Romulus's
days
had
submitted
to
the
Romans
,
and
in
Numa's
Reign
were
preparing
and
seeking
for
an
Opportunity
to
shake
off
their
Yoak
,
had
now
drawn
their
Forces
together
at
Fidenae
,
with
Design
to
fall
upon
both
Romans
and
Albans
,
after
they
had
weakned
themselves
in
Battel
.
The
News
of
these
Preparations
at
first
put
the
Armies
to
a
stand
,
and
made
'em
both
decline
Fighting
for
a
while
;
till
at
last
Fuffetius
fearing
these
People
,
and
Hostilius
desiring
to
punish
them
,
came
both
to
a
sort
of
an
Accomodation
;
agreeing
,
That
for
the
Safety
of
both
Nations
,
the
Quarrel
shou'd
be
decided
by
a
Combat
of
three
Persons
on
each
side
,
and
the
Conquering
Party
shou'd
obtain
the
Preeminence
and
Command
over
the
other
.
These
Proposals
were
no
sooner
ratify'd
,
but
many
Valiant
Persons
,
ambitious
of
the
Honour
of
serving
their
Country
,
offer'd
themselves
to
be
the
Combatants
,
but
cou'd
not
be
accepted
of
,
others
being
before
agreed
upon
:
For
it
hapned
that
one
Segvinius
of
Alba
had
formerly
two
Daughters
,
one
marry'd
to
Curiatius
an
Alban
,
and
the
other
to
Horatius
a
Roman
,
who
being
both
with
Child
at
the
same
time
,
were
deliver'd
of
Three
Sons
at
a
Birth
.
Now
,
to
these
two
Ternions
of
Brothers
was
this
great
Combat
committed
,
as
being
of
equal
Years
,
Strength
,
and
Courage
;
and
all
Matters
of
Consanguinity
and
private
Affections
dispenc'd
withal
.
Now
was
the
Fate
of
Rome
to
be
decided
by
Six
Persons
only
,
which
rais'd
all
Peoples
Hopes
and
Fears
to
a
more
than
ordinary
Pitch
:
The
Lists
were
prepar'd
between
the
two
Armies
,
Judges
were
appointed
,
and
the
Combat
perform'd
with
extraordinary
Pomp
and
Solemnity
,
and
with
as
much
Courage
and
Resolution
on
both
Sides
.
The
Curiatii
were
in
a
short
time
all
wounded
,
but
two
of
the
Horatii
were
slain
downright
,
and
the
third
,
unhurt
,
left
to
oppose
three
Adversaries
.
At
this
the
Albans
gave
a
great
Shout
;
but
he
,
not
the
least
daunted
,
cunningly
retreated
as
tho'
he
had
wholly
fled
,
and
drawing
'em
out
severally
,
so
as
to
have
but
one
against
him
at
once
,
he
slew
'em
all
,
and
Rome
became
Conqueror
.
At
his
return
to
the
City
,
his
Sister
met
him
with
many
provoking
and
reproachful
Words
,
for
imbruing
his
Hands
in
the
Blood
of
his
Cozen-Germains
,
whereof
one
was
contracted
to
her
;
upon
which
Horatius
,
elevated
with
the
Honour
of
his
Conquest
,
and
transported
with
the
Love
of
his
Country
,
slew
her
upon
the
Spot
.
For
which
Fact
,
when
he
was
accused
,
Hostilius
avoided
giving
Judgment
himself
,
but
hereupon
created
those
Officers
,
call'd
Duumviri
,
for
a
dreadful
Example
to
all
who
preferr'd
Private
Respect
before
the
Publick
Good
.
Hostilius
dealt
very
gently
with
the
Albans
,
but
,
notwithstanding
,
for
the
Advantages
gain'd
over
them
,
had
a
Triumph
.
II.
The
Fidenates
and
Veientes
,
That
it
was
done
by
his
Order
,
and
was
all
a
Stratagem
to
surprise
the
Enemy
:
At
this
unexpected
Report
the
Fidenates
and
their
Companions
were
quite
disheartned
,
upon
Suspicion
of
their
Friends
Infidelity
,
and
,
in
a
short
time
were
put
to
the
Rout
by
the
Romans
;
for
which
Victory
Hostilius
triumph'd
a
second
Time
.
After
the
Battel
,
Fuffetius
join'd
with
the
Romans
again
,
like
one
that
had
done
nothing
amiss
;
but
Hostilius
,
assembling
the
whole
Body
of
the
Albans
,
and
then
laying
before
them
all
his
treacherous
Practices
and
villanous
Designs
,
caus'd
him
to
be
torn
in
pieces
by
Horses
;
having
before-hand
sent
Marcus
Horatius
to
Alba
,
who
utterly
demolish'd
that
City
,
and
transplanted
the
Inhabitants
to
Rome
.
Thus
fell
the
City
of
Alba
,
once
famous
for
its
Riches
and
Number
of
Inhabitants
,
after
it
had
flourished
487
Years
.
Rome
grew
much
in
Strength
,
Riches
,
and
Grandeur
out
of
the
Ruins
of
Alba
;
Mount
Caelius
being
appointed
for
the
Inhabitants
that
came
from
thence
;
and
the
King
allowing
'em
all
the
Roman
Privileges
.
He
chose
the
Nobility
of
the
Albans
into
the
Senate
,
particularly
the
Tullii
,
Servilii
,
Quintii
,
Geganii
,
Curiatii
,
and
the
Claelii
;
and
that
he
might
out
of
those
new
People
make
some
Addition
to
the
Strength
of
every
Order
,
he
chose
ten
Troops
of
Horse
out
of
the
Albans
:
In
Confidence
of
this
his
Strength
,
after
an
●●ntire
Reduction
of
the
Fidenates
,
he
declar'd
War
against
the
Sabines
,
Malitiosa
Sylva
,
where
,
especially
by
the
help
of
his
Horse
who
broke
all
●heir
Ranks
,
after
a
short
Engagement
,
he
entirely
defeated
'em
,
forcing
'em
to
beg
Peace
;
over
whom
●e
obtain'd
a
third
Triumph
.
The
Latines
were
not
yet
quiet
,
refusing
to
pay
Obedience
to
the
Romans
,
which
occasion'd
several
Contests
;
but
this
War
was
manag'd
with
great
Moderation
,
no
Battel
●eing
fought
,
no
Town
taken
or
plunder'd
besides
Medallia
,
which
Hostilius
punish'd
for
an
Example
,
●ecause
it
had
receiv'd
a
Roman
Colony
in
Romu●us's
time
.
This
War
lasted
most
of
the
rest
of
his
Days
,
and
in
the
latter
end
of
his
Reign
,
Rome
was
much
infected
with
Plagues
and
Famines
,
and
as
much
frightn'd
with
Prodigies
.
Then
Hostilius
began
to
think
of
bringing
in
the
Religious
Ceremonies
of
Numa
,
which
he
had
all
this
time
took
little
Notice
of
;
but
soon
after
he
died
,
after
a
Reign
of
32
Years
;
some
say
by
Lightning
,
with
his
whole
Family
,
tho'
more
probably
by
some
treasonable
Practices
.
In
this
Reign
,
the
300
Celeres
were
again
reassum'd
,
which
had
been
dif-us'd
in
the
last
;
and
the
City
was
very
much
increas'd
,
tho'
the
Dominions
were
little
different
from
those
in
Romulus's
Days
,
only
they
seem'd
to
have
a
surer
Footing
in
some
Places
than
before
.
CHAP.
IV.
From
the
Death
of
Hostilius
to
the
Death
of
Ancus
Marcius
,
the
Fourth
King
of
Rome
.
Containing
the
space
of
24
Years
.
I.
AFter
the
Death
of
Tullus
Hostilius
,
Ancus
Marcius
was
made
King
by
the
Inter-Rex
and
Senate
,
and
was
confirm'd
so
by
the
People
.
He
had
his
Surname
Ancus
from
his
crooke●
Arm
,
which
he
cou'd
not
stretch
out
in
length
,
as
Festus
has
it
:
He
was
Grand-Son
to
Numa
,
the
second
King
of
Rome
,
by
Pompilia
his
Daughter
,
and
Marcius
his
Kinsman
,
who
was
the
Son
of
that
Marcius
who
had
persuaded
Numa
to
accept
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
after
Numa's
death
had
kill'd
himself
because
he
did
not
succeed
him
.
This
Prince
was
much
of
the
same
Temper
with
his
Grand-Father
Numa
;
and
considering
that
much
of
the
Religion
,
and
many
of
the
Ceremonies
had
been
neglected
in
the
last
Reign
,
he
set
himself
to
restore
them
to
their
former
Use.
For
that
reason
he
insinuated
to
the
People
,
that
the
Diseases
,
Pestilence
,
and
other
innumerable
Calamities
which
had
lately
befallen
the
City
,
together
with
the
disasterous
End
of
Hostilius
,
proceeded
from
want
of
Devotion
and
a
Neglect
of
their
Gods
.
He
highly
commended
the
Orders
and
Institutions
of
Numa
,
and
wou'd
be
often
shewing
the
great
Blessings
of
the
State
,
and
how
much
it
flourish'd
under
that
happy
Reign
;
advising
his
Subjects
to
return
to
their
Husbandry
and
more
peaceable
Employments
,
and
to
lay
aside
all
Sorts
of
Violence
,
and
all
Profit
that
arises
from
War
and
Bloodshed
.
The
State
thus
setled
,
Ancus
began
this
War
with
good
Success
,
and
first
took
Politorium
by
Storm
,
a
Town
of
the
Latines
,
14
or
15
Miles
South-East
of
Rome
;
the
Inhabitants
of
which
,
according
to
the
usual
Custom
,
he
transplanted
to
Rome
,
allowing
them
the
Privileges
of
Free
Citizens
.
And
whereas
the
old
Romans
inhabited
the
Palatine
,
the
Sabines
the
Capitoline
,
and
the
Albans
the
Caelian
,
he
granted
the
Aventine
Hill
for
the
Latines
to
possess
;
the
number
of
whom
were
encreased
,
upon
the
subduing
of
Tellene
and
Ficania
,
two
Latine
Towns
nigh
Politorium
,
which
he
took
soon
after
.
He
is
a
little
time
likewise
took
Medallia
,
a
Place
of
considerable
Strength
,
and
also
Politorium
again
;
for
the
Latines
finding
it
empty
had
possess'd
themselves
of
it
,
which
made
Ancus
intirely
demolish
it
.
The
Latines
,
inrag'd
at
their
Losses
,
made
greater
Preparations
for
the
next
Campaign
;
but
,
at
several
times
,
he
ruin'd
their
Designs
,
broke
their
united
Forces
,
Fidenates
,
Veientes
,
and
the
Volsci
,
who
had
fallen
out
with
him
;
and
likewise
such
of
the
Sabines
,
who
,
not
having
felt
the
strength
of
Rome
,
had
sorely
repin'd
at
the
exceeding
Growth
of
an
upstart
City
.
These
latter
he
overthrew
again
,
II.
Ancus
did
not
only
perform
many
great
Acts
abroad
,
but
also
did
many
noble
Works
at
home
:
First
upon
the
Account
of
the
Success
of
his
Arms
,
he
re-built
the
Temple
of
Iupiter
Feretrius
after
a
more
stately
and
magnificent
manner
than
before
.
He
fortify'd
the
Hill
Ianiculum
,
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
Tiber
,
for
the
greater
strengthening
of
the
City
,
and
to
prevent
its
being
a
Refuge
for
Enemies
,
uniting
it
to
the
City
with
a
wooden
Bridge
over
that
River
.
He
likewise
made
a
large
Ditch
call'd
Fossa
Quiritium
,
which
was
no
small
Defence
against
such
as
came
from
the
Plains
.
And
now
,
the
City
having
receiv'd
a
vast
Increase
,
seeing
that
such
Multitudes
of
People
of
all
sorts
cou'd
not
but
produce
many
Criminals
,
he
built
a
large
Prison
for
Malefactors
in
the
Heart
of
the
City
,
just
facing
the
Forum
,
to
be
a
Terror
to
their
growing
Boldness
.
He
did
not
only
enlarge
the
Pomaerium
of
the
City
,
but
likewise
its
Dominions
;
for
having
taken
from
the
Veientes
the
Maesian
Forest
,
his
Territories
reach'd
to
the
Sea
,
This
Prince
,
as
well
as
his
Predecessors
,
was
very
ready
and
careful
to
incourage
Strangers
;
and
by
reason
of
the
frequent
Advancement
of
such
,
and
the
great
Privileges
they
receiv'd
,
many
came
daily
hither
,
and
often
such
as
were
of
good
Note
.
Among
these
Lucumon
an
Hetrurian
was
one
,
a
Person
of
great
Accomplishments
as
well
as
large
Possessions
,
who
came
hither
from
Tarquinia
in
Hetruria
,
with
his
Wife
Tanaquil
,
and
several
Followers
.
He
was
Son
to
Demaratus
a
rich
Merchant
of
Corinth
,
who
had
left
his
Country
upon
the
account
of
the
Troubles
at
that
time
,
and
settled
in
Tarquinia
,
where
marrying
a
noble
Matron
,
he
had
this
Son
,
besides
another
who
died
Childless
.
Lucumon
finding
no
Incouragement
in
his
own
Country
,
being
the
Son
of
a
Foreigner
,
remov'd
to
Rome
,
where
by
his
Hospitality
and
Bounty
he
soon
became
known
to
the
King
;
having
now
taken
upon
him
the
Name
of
Lucius
,
adding
that
of
Tarquinius
from
the
Place
of
his
Birth
.
He
was
honourably
treated
by
Ancus
,
to
whom
he
generously
offer'd
his
whole
Patrimony
for
the
Publick
Good
,
and
by
that
means
obtain'd
Freedom
for
himself
and
Followers
,
with
Lands
both
for
Building
and
for
Sustenance
.
Ancus
in
a
little
time
chose
him
into
the
Senate
,
for
he
was
greatly
esteem'd
by
the
King
,
and
as
much
belov'd
by
the
People
;
no
Man
being
more
hardy
in
War
,
or
more
prudent
in
Councel
.
Ancus
bestow'd
most
of
his
latter
Time
in
inriching
his
Subjects
and
improving
the
City
,
and
at
the
end
of
24
Years
Reign
he
died
;
a
Prince
not
inferior
to
any
of
his
Predecessors
,
either
for
the
Glory
he
gain'd
in
Peace
or
War
.
He
left
behind
him
two
Sons
,
both
under
Age
,
which
he
committed
to
the
Guardianship
of
the
foremention'd
Lucius
Tarquinius
,
as
the
fittest
Person
he
cou'd
employ
in
such
an
Office
.
The
Roman
Dominions
were
now
encreas'd
beyond
what
they
were
in
the
last
Reign
,
by
a
larger
Part
of
Hetruria
taken
from
the
Veientes
,
and
a
much
better
Footing
in
Latium
.
CHAP.
V.
From
the
Death
of
Ancus
Marcius
,
to
the
Death
of
Tarquinius
Priscus
,
the
Fifth
King
of
Rome
.
Containing
the
space
of
38
Years
.
I.
ANcus
being
dead
,
the
Senate
receiv'd
Power
from
the
People
,
Interregnum
,
Tarquin
was
extremely
busie
about
the
Election
of
a
King
,
having
great
hopes
of
it
himself
:
Therefore
to
remove
all
Obstacles
to
his
Designs
,
he
sent
Ancus's
two
Sons
out
a
Hunting
,
the
eldest
being
then
nigh
14
Years
of
Age
,
and
assembling
the
People
,
he
made
a
plausible
Speech
to
'em
,
wherein
he
plainly
begg'd
the
Kingdom
,
urging
the
Examples
of
Tatius
and
Numa
;
the
first
an
Enemy
as
well
as
a
Stranger
,
and
the
second
wholly
unacquainted
with
the
City
;
whereas
he
himself
was
so
great
a
Friend
to
the
City
,
that
he
had
spent
all
his
Riches
upon
it
;
and
so
well
acquainted
with
it
,
that
he
had
been
train'd
up
several
Years
both
in
Civil
and
Military
Affairs
under
their
King
.
Then
he
cunningly
insinuated
his
past
Services
,
and
insisting
more
than
ordinary
upon
his
Liberality
,
he
obtain'd
the
Kingdom
,
being
the
first
who
obtain'd
it
by
his
own
ambitious
seeking
.
At
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
,
the
better
to
gain
the
Love
of
the
Common
People
,
he
chose
out
100
of
the
Plebeians
,
who
for
Valour
or
Wisdom
were
most
Eminent
,
and
added
them
to
the
Senate
,
which
made
up
the
Number
300
;
those
of
Romulus's
Creation
being
call'd
Patres
Conscripti
,
these
were
call'd
Patres
minorum
Gentium
;
Senators
of
a
lower
Rank
.
He
likewise
encreas'd
the
Number
of
Vestal
Virgins
from
four
to
seven
;
but
Plutarch
says
there
were
but
two
before
.
His
first
War
was
with
the
Latines
,
Aruns
Tarquinius
for
Governour
,
the
Posthumus
Issue
of
his
Brother
,
surnam'd
Egerius
from
his
want
of
Patrimony
,
and
Collatinus
from
the
Place
,
which
Surname
continu'd
to
his
Posterity
.
Notwithstanding
the
Latines
great
Supplies
from
Hetruria
,
he
soon
forc'd
'em
to
beg
Peace
;
and
then
turn'd
his
Arms
against
the
Sabines
,
who
had
again
risen
up
against
Rome
.
Both
Armies
met
upon
the
Banks
of
Anio
,
where
the
Romans
made
use
of
a
Stratagem
,
by
sending
a
Party
of
Men
,
to
burn
a
great
Heap
of
Wood
that
lay
by
the
River-side
,
and
to
throw
it
in
;
which
being
driven
forwards
by
the
Wind
,
much
of
the
flaming
Wood
got
hold
on
the
Wood
of
the
Bridge
,
and
set
it
on
fire
.
This
not
only
terrifi●d
the
Sabines
while
they
were
engaging
,
but
when
they
were
routed
,
hinder'd
their
Flight
,
their
Bridge
being
burnt
down
;
and
therefore
many
of
'em
,
tho'
they
escap'd
the
Sword
,
perish'd
in
the
Water
;
whose
floating
Arms
being
carry'd
down
the
Tiber
to
Rome
,
discover'd
the
Victory
there
,
almost
before
the
News
cou'd
be
carry'd
.
Tarquin
proceeded
to
march
into
the
Sabine
Territories
,
where
the
Sabines
,
tho'
with
small
Hopes
,
met
him
with
an
undisciplin'd
Army
;
and
being
defeated
a
second
time
,
they
were
forc'd
to
beg
Peace
.
Sabines
,
Tarquin
obtain'd
his
first
Triumph
.
Soon
after
the
Sabine-War
was
finish'd
,
all
Hetruria
(
or
rather
the
Neighbouring
Parts
)
combin'd
against
him
,
upon
the
Account
of
his
detaining
some
Prisoners
of
theirs
whom
he
had
taken
among
the
Sabines
.
They
had
made
a
Law
among
themselves
,
That
whatever
Town
refus'd
to
join
against
the
Romans
,
shou'd
not
be
accounted
of
their
Body
;
and
they
soon
after
possess'd
themselves
of
Fidenae
,
a
Roman
Colony
.
But
he
was
so
successful
against
'em
,
as
to
overthrow
'em
in
several
Battels
,
and
upon
his
preparing
for
another
Campaign
,
they
were
humbled
,
and
to
purchase
Peace
,
they
own●d
him
for
their
Prince
;
and
,
in
tokens
of
Allegiance
,
sent
him
all
the
Ensigns
of
Sovereignty
which
their
Kings
were
usually
adorn'd
with
:
These
were
a
Crown
of
Gold
,
an
Ivory
Chair
,
a
Sc●p●re
with
an
Eagle
on
the
top
,
a
Purple-Coat
wrought
with
Gold
,
and
a
Purple-Gown
pink'd
,
almost
like
the
Robes
of
the
Persian
and
Lydian
Kings
,
only
it
was
not
four-square
,
but
of
a
semi-circular
Figure
.
From
hence
also
came
the
R●bes
and
Coats
us'd
by
the
Augurs
and
Heralds
,
with
many
of
their
Ornaments
us'd
in
Rome
afterwards
;
the
Axes
they
had
before
,
tho'
now
they
receiv'd
'em
again
.
II.
Tarquin
was
no
less
mindful
of
strengthning
the
City
at
home
,
than
of
enlarging
his
Dominions
abroad
;
for
when
he
found
leisure
,
he
built
the
Walls
of
the
City
,
which
before
were
patch'd
up
in
haste
,
with
large
square
Stone
,
each
consisting
of
a
Load
Weight
.
Then
he
took
care
of
the
other
publick
Buildings
of
the
City
,
adorning
the
Forum
with
lofty
Portico's
,
Galleries
,
and
Shops
,
being
a
Prince
much
delighted
with
stately
Buildings
and
noble
Sights
.
Circus
Maximus
,
that
vast
Place
for
Games
and
Exercises
between
the
Palatine
and
Aventine
Hills
,
he
caus'd
Seats
to
be
rais'd
for
the
Spectators
,
with
great
Skill
and
Charge
;
and
likewise
distinguish'd
all
their
Places
according
to
their
several
Ranks
▪
and
Dignities
.
In
the
Sabine
War
he
vow'd
a
Temple
to
Iupiter
,
Iuno
,
and
Minerva
,
if
he
got
the
Victory
;
for
that
reason
afterwards
he
,
with
wonderful
Cost
levelled
the
Rock
on
the
Capitoline
,
and
form'd
a
Plat
for
building
it
,
but
liv'd
not
to
go
on
with
it
any
further
;
and
this
was
the
beginning
of
the
Capitol
.
Tarquin
had
design'd
after
these
things
,
to
have
added
three
Centuries
of
the
Celeres
to
those
three
Instituted
by
Romulus
,
but
was
forbidden
by
Actius
Naevius
to
alter
the
Constitutions
of
that
King
;
therefore
without
creating
of
new
Centuries
,
he
doubled
the
Number
of
the
former
.
This
Naevius
was
the
most
famous
Augur
that
Rome
ever
knew
;
and
Tarquin
one
time
,
to
try
him
,
ask'd
him
,
If
what
he
had
in
his
Thought
might
be
done
;
he
answering
in
the
affirmative
,
Tarquin
jeeringly
told
him
,
He
thought
of
cutting
a
Whetstone
with
a
Razor
:
Naevius
●ad
him
strike
hard
,
and
he
cut
it
through
.
This
much
enhanc●d
the
Reputation
of
Augury
,
especially
of
Naevius's
Skill
therein
;
but
his
being
suddenly
miss'd
soon
after
,
was
a
great
Prejudice
to
Tarquin
:
For
the
two
Sons
of
Ancus
Marcius
,
grudging
him
their
Father's
Throne
,
accus●d
him
to
the
People
of
the
Death
of
this
Augur
;
but
his
Son-in-Law
answer'd
their
Objections
,
and
clear'd
him
of
that
Scandal
.
Missing
their
Design
,
they
pretended
Repentance
,
and
were
easily
receiv'd
into
Favour
;
but
three
Years
after
,
they
disguised
several
of
their
Companions
like
Shepherds
,
and
appearing
in
Court
,
pretended
a
Quarrel
,
and
demanded
Justice
of
the
King
.
Tarquin
appearing
,
they
set
upon
him
,
and
kill'd
him
;
but
were
soon
caught
,
and
receiv'd
their
just
Reward
.
Thus
fell
Lucius
Tarquinius
,
for
distinction
surnam'd
Priscus
,
after
the
last
Tarquin
had
obtain'd
the
Kingdom
,
in
the
Eightieth
Year
of
his
Age
,
after
he
had
Reign'd
38
Years
,
and
done
many
and
great
Services
to
the
Common-Wealth
.
The
Roman
Greatness
and
Magnificence
began
to
appear
much
more
in
this
Reign
than
in
the
former
;
and
this
King
was
the
first
that
ever
Triumph'd
in
a
Chariot
:
Likewise
the
Roman
Dominions
were
much
encreas'd
in
this
Reign
,
by
a
larger
Authority
in
the
Sabines
Country
,
and
by
some
considerable
Additions
in
Hetruria
and
Latium
.
CHAP.
VI.
From
the
Death
of
Tarquinius
Priscus
,
to
the
Death
of
Servius
Tullius
,
the
Sixth
King
of
Rome
.
Containing
the
Space
of
44
Years
.
I.
TArquinius
Priscus
being
dead
,
Servius
Tullius
his
Son-in-law
,
succeeded
him
:
which
Tullius
was
Son
to
Ocrisia
,
a
considerable
Woman
taken
Prisoner
by
Tarquin
at
Corniculum
,
a
Town
in
Latium
,
and
given
to
his
Wife
Tanaquil
;
where
she
was
deliver'd
of
Tullius
,
surnam'd
Servius
,
in
remembrance
of
her
Bondage
,
her
Husband
being
slain
at
the
taking
of
the
Town
.
Tullius
being
an
Infant
in
his
Cradle
,
a
Flame
of
Fire
is
said
to
have
appear'd
and
encompass'd
his
Head
;
which
rais'd
great
Expectations
in
Tanaquil
,
a
Woman
much
esteem'd
for
such
kind
of
Knowledge
.
She
brought
her
Husband
to
so
good
an
Opinion
of
him
,
that
he
both
gave
him
Education
,
and
in
time
made
him
his
Son-in-Law
.
When
the
King
grew
old
,
he
manag'd
his
Publick
Affairs
for
him
both
abroad
and
at
home
,
with
that
Valour
,
Prudence
,
and
Integrity
,
that
he
gain'd
the
highest
Esteem
of
all
People
.
Tarquinius
having
no
Sons
,
but
only
two
Grand-sons
,
both
Infants
,
Tanaquil
much
desir'd
that
Tullius
shou'd
succeed
him
,
therefore
she
kept
his
Death
private
for
a
while
,
pretending
he
was
only
dangerously
wounded
,
till
Tullius
had
prevail'd
with
the
People
to
banish
the
Marcii
.
Being
thus
secure
of
that
Faction
,
he
carry'd
out
Tarquin
as
newly
dead
,
to
be
bury'd
;
and
as
Tutor
or
Guardian
to
the
young
Children
,
executed
the
Office
of
King
;
which
Tanaquil
,
out
of
the
Window
,
had
told
the
People
was
her
Husband's
Will
,
when
she
feign'd
him
still
alive
.
The
Patritians
were
much
concern●d
at
this
,
not
knowing
how
to
come
to
an
Election
,
since
they
perceiv'd
the
People
wou'd
not
approve
of
their
Choice
,
but
wou'd
be
all
for
Tullius
;
so
they
thought
it
better
to
let
him
Reign
in
an
unlawful
Manner
,
that
they
might
ever
have
a
just
Pretence
against
him
,
than
by
stirring
to
procure
him
a
legal
Title
.
Tullius
discovering
all
their
Designs
and
Practices
,
immediately
assembled
the
People
in
the
Forum
,
where
appearing
with
his
Mother
,
Mother-in-Law
,
the
two
Children
,
and
all
his
Kindred
,
in
deep
mourning
,
and
all
the
utmost
signs
of
sorrow
,
he
shew'd
the
People
how
sad
and
lamentable
his
Condition
was
,
through
the
Contrivances
of
the
Patritians
against
him
,
which
he
had
no
otherwise
deserv'd
than
by
his
good
Services
to
his
Country
.
That
they
had
design'd
to
recall
the
Marcii
,
who
had
treasonably
Murder'd
Tarquin
,
and
to
expose
the
Posterity
of
him
whose
Mem●ry
●ught
to
be
so
precious
to
'em
,
as
well
as
himself
,
to
the
same
Cruelty
:
But
if
it
was
the
Pleasure
of
the
People
,
he
wou'd
freely
give
up
all
Pretensions
;
and
rather
than
offend
them
,
undergo
the
severest
Hardships
.
A
great
Clamour
immediately
arose
,
mix●d
with
the
Prayers
and
Tears
of
those
who
besought
him
to
retain
the
Government
;
and
some
,
who
were
provided
before-hand
,
began
to
cry
out
,
He
was
to
be
chosen
King
,
and
the
Curiae
were
to
be
call'd
to
the
V●te
;
which
thing
was
instantly
resolv'd
by
the
Multitude
.
He
thank●d
'em
very
heartily
for
being
mindful
of
the
Benefits
receiv'd
from
him
,
and
promised
to
pay
their
Debts
,
and
divide
the
publick
Lands
among
such
as
wanted
,
if
they
wou'd
elect
him
King
;
and
thereupon
he
appointed
a
day
for
the
Assembly
.
At
the
Comitia
Curiata
,
he
was
chosen
King
by
the
Votes
of
'em
all
,
in
spite
of
all
the
Opposition
of
the
Senate
,
who
refus'd
at
last
to
confirm
the
Choice
,
as
their
Cust●m
was
.
II.
Not
long
after
his
Settlement
,
Palatina
,
Suburana
,
Collina
,
and
Esquilina
.
As
Romulus
,
according
to
their
Seats
and
Communions
in
Sacrifices
,
distinguish'd
the
People
into
Tribes
and
Curiae
;
so
Tullius
,
according
to
their
Estates
and
Riches
,
distinguish'd
'em
into
six
Ranks
call'd
Classes
.
The
constant
way
of
levying
Men
and
Money
,
The
Creation
of
all
Magistrates
,
making
or
repealing
of
Laws
,
and
decreeing
of
Peace
and
War
,
were
all
voted
in
the
Comitia
Curiata
;
where
every
particular
and
private
Person
having
an
equal
Vote
,
the
Plebeians
being
most
numerous
,
had
in
a
manner
the
whole
Power
in
their
Hands
.
But
Tullius
,
upon
these
and
the
like
occasions
,
assembled
the
People
according
to
their
Centuries
,
which
were
call'd
Comitia
Centuriata
,
After
the
Census
or
Tax
,
Tullius
first
instituted
the
Lustrum
to
be
Celebrated
,
Campus
Martius
,
all
in
Armour
,
each
Man
in
his
proper
Class
and
Century
;
where
,
by
solemn
Sacrifices
,
the
City
was
Expiated
or
Lustrated
.
This
great
Solemnity
was
call'd
Salitaurilia
,
or
rather
Suovetaurilia
,
because
a
Hog
,
a
Sheep
,
and
an
Ox
were
there
Sacrific'd
.
These
things
perform'd
,
the
Lustrum
was
finish'd
,
which
,
because
of
the
continual
Change
of
Mens
Estates
,
he
order'd
shou'd
be
reiterated
every
five
Years
;
so
that
the
old
and
proper
Lustrum
contain'd
five
Years
compleat
,
which
was
as
often
as
this
Tax
or
Valuation
,
call'd
Census
,
was
made
;
tho'
afterwards
the
Iulian
Lustrum
contain'd
but
four
.
Tullius
held
the
Lustrum
four
times
in
his
Reign
,
and
at
the
first
were
found
84700
free
Citizens
;
but
,
to
encrease
their
Number
,
he
brought
in
the
Custom
of
making
Slaves
Free
of
the
Common-wealth
,
either
for
their
Money
or
their
Deserts
,
who
being
Manumitted
,
he
distributed
into
the
four
Tribes
of
the
City
.
Slaves
,
as
was
hinted
before
,
had
never
any
Vote
in
the
Government
,
and
these
were
either
made
or
born
so
;
the
former
sort
were
taken
in
War
,
thence
properly
call'd
Mancipia
;
Besides
the
Division
of
the
City
it self
,
this
Prince
took
an
extraordinary
Care
about
the
Roman
Dominions
,
dividing
the
whole
Territory
into
26
Parts
,
which
he
likewise
call'd
by
the
name
of
Tribes
;
and
these
he
again
distinguish'd
into
their
several
Pagi
,
appointing
for
'em
their
respective
Officers
and
Places
of
Worship
,
as
Numa
had
done
when
the
Dominions
were
much
smaller
.
In
his
way
of
judging
of
Controversies
,
he
gave
away
much
of
the
Kingly
Prerogative
;
for
whereas
the
former
Princes
call'd
before
themselves
all
Controversies
,
and
took
Cognizance
of
Crimes
committed
against
private
Persons
,
as
well
as
the
Publick
,
he
separated
their
Causes
,
making
himself
Judge
only
of
such
as
respected
the
Common-wealth
,
referring
the
Quarrels
of
particular
Persons
to
others
,
to
whom
he
prescrib'd
Laws
and
Rules
to
go
by
;
and
if
any
Controversie
arose
between
particular
Towns
,
it
was
to
be
decided
by
the
Judgment
of
others
.
After
he
had
thus
order'd
the
Common-wealth
,
he
caus'd
the
Latines
to
build
a
Temple
to
Diana
,
upon
the
Aventine-Hill
,
at
which
place
they
shou'd
meet
and
Feast
every
Year
,
and
so
preserve
themselves
as
one
Body
Politick
in
Unity
and
Concord
.
To
all
these
things
we
may
add
,
that
he
was
the
first
who
Coin'd
Money
in
Rome
,
stamping
it
with
the
Image
of
a
Sheep
,
whence
it
had
the
Name
of
Pecunia
,
III.
At
the
same
time
that
Tullius
was
settling
and
ordering
the
Affairs
of
the
Common-wealth
at
home
,
he
was
often
employ'd
in
many
and
considerable
Wars
abroad
:
For
the
Hetrurians
looking
upon
him
as
an
obscure
Man
,
and
a
private
Person
,
refus'd
to
pay
him
Obedience
,
and
renounc'd
the
League
made
with
his
Predecessor
Tarquin
.
He
had
Wars
with
'em
for
20
Years
successively
,
overthrew
'em
in
many
Battels
,
and
Triumph'd
over
'em
three
several
times
;
the
first
time
in
the
Year
182
,
the
second
in
186
,
and
the
third
time
in
188.
And
at
last
he
so
weakned
and
harras'd
them
,
that
they
were
willing
to
beg
Peace
of
him
,
which
he
granted
'em
upon
the
same
Terms
that
Tarquin
before
had
impos'd
upon
'em
;
only
from
three
of
the
twelve
Nations
,
namely
,
the
Veientes
,
the
Caeretanes
,
and
the
Tarquinii
,
which
had
been
Principals
in
the
Revolt
,
he
took
part
of
their
Lands
,
and
divided
'em
among
such
as
were
lately
made
free
of
Rome
.
At
the
finishing
of
these
Wars
,
he
built
two
Temples
,
both
dedicated
to
Fortune
,
one
to
Fortuna
Bona
,
and
the
other
to
Fortuna
Virilis
.
In
the
latter
end
of
his
Reign
he
design'd
to
have
laid
down
his
Office
,
and
restor'd
absolute
Liberty
,
with
the
Care
of
the
Common-wealth
to
the
People
,
and
was
preparing
a
Model
for
that
purpose
,
but
liv'd
not
to
perform
it
;
for
being
old
,
and
not
far
from
the
natural
Period
of
his
Life
,
he
was
slain
by
his
Daughter
and
Son-in-Law
,
after
this
manner
.
Tullius
had
two
Daughters
,
whom
he
marry'd
to
Tarquin's
Grandsons
,
Lucius
Tarquinius
and
Aruns
Tarquinius
.
The
first
,
of
a
proud
tyrannical
Nature
,
had
a
very
modest
good
Wife
;
and
the
last
,
of
a
mild
sweet
Temper
,
had
a
haughty
wicked
Woman
.
Lucius
inrag'd
at
Tullius
for
possessing
his
Grand-Father's
Throne
,
and
finding
his
Brother's
Wife
of
a
fiery
Temper
,
and
rather
more
cruel
than
himself
,
agreed
with
her
to
change
Husbands
;
both
promising
to
dispatch
their
Consorts
,
which
they
soon
effected
,
and
were
marry'd
together
.
After
this
,
they
resolv'd
the
utter
Ruine
of
the
King
,
raising
what
Factions
they
cou'd
against
him
,
alledging
his
illegal
Title
,
then
claim'd
the
Crown
as
Heirs
to
Tarquin
.
But
Tullius
by
his
great
Modesty
and
prudent
Management
,
defeated
all
their
Designs
,
and
came
off
with
great
Honour
,
both
with
the
Senate
and
the
People
;
which
brought
Lucius
to
a
feign'd
Repentance
on
his
side
,
and
that
produc'd
a
real
Reconciliation
on
the
King
's
.
Lucius
,
cover'd
with
this
Disguise
,
took
an
opportunity
one
day
,
when
most
of
the
People
were
out
of
the
City
,
to
go
to
the
Senate-House
,
with
the
Robes
and
Royal
Ensigns
as
King
;
and
getting
together
such
of
the
Fathers
as
were
his
special
Friends
,
he
boldly
took
Possession
of
the
King's
Throne
.
Tullius
unadvisedly
with
a
few
Followers
hastned
thither
,
and
going
to
thrust
him
out
,
Lucius
threw
him
down
the
Stairs
.
The
old
Man
,
hardly
recovering
his
Spirits
,
was
led
homewards
in
great
Disorder
,
when
Lucius's
Wife
coming
to
see
the
Event
,
saluted
her
Husband
King
,
and
advis'd
him
to
send
after
Tullius
,
and
dispatch
him
;
which
was
immediately
perform'd
.
In
her
Passage
home
,
coming
to
the
Place
where
the
Body
lay
,
weltring
in
Blood
,
and
as
yet
almost
gasping
,
her
Charioteer
stood
still
,
startl'd
and
amaz'd
at
the
Inhumane
Spectacle
,
not
having
Room
to
pass
by
it
:
Whereupon
she
in
a
Rage
threw
her
Footstool
at
his
Head
,
and
in
a
barbarous
manner
forc●d
him
to
drive
her
over
it
;
the
Place
which
before
was
call'd
Cyprius
Vicus
,
was
after
this
Act
call'd
Sceleratus
.
This
was
the
End
of
Servius
Tullius
,
a
Prince
of
eminent
Justice
and
Moderation
,
after
a
prosperous
Reign
of
44
Years
;
but
the
less
pity'd
upon
the
Account
of
his
undue
Admission
to
the
Crown
,
which
made
most
of
the
Patritians
espouse
his
Successor's
part
;
especially
since
he
was
about
altering
the
Government
,
which
wou'd
have
prov'd
the
Weakning
,
if
not
the
Ruine
of
their
Authority
.
He
left
the
Roman
Dominions
in
much
the
same
Condition
as
they
were
in
the
last
Reign
,
only
he
got
a
larger
Footing
in
Hetruria
.
CHAP.
VII
.
From
the
Death
of
Servius
Tullius
,
to
the
Banishment
of
Tarquinius
Superbus
,
the
Seventh
King
of
Rome
,
which
caus'd
the
Dissolution
of
the
Regal
State
.
Containing
the
space
of
25
Years
.
I.
LUcius
Tarquinius
,
having
barbarously
murder'd
his
Father-in-Law
,
dy'd
without
Burial
.
He
murder'd
such
as
he
suspected
to
be
of
Tullius's
Faction
;
and
fearing
the
natural
Consequences
of
his
Tyranny
,
he
kept
a
stronger
Guard
than
ordinary
about
his
Person
.
All
Controversies
whatsoever
he
decided
himself
,
assisted
by
his
intimate
Friends
;
and
executed
,
banish'd
,
and
fin'd
,
all
at
his
own
Pleasure
.
He
endeavour'd
to
establish
his
Tyranny
with
the
more
Security
,
by
great
Alliances
,
marrying
his
Daughter
to
Octavius
Mamilius
,
the
greatest
Man
among
the
Latines
,
being
descended
from
Telegonus
the
Son
of
Ulysses
by
Circe
;
and
by
his
false
Accusations
and
a
cunning
Device
,
caus'd
'em
to
stone
Turnus
Herdonius
,
who
had
discover'd
to
'em
his
Baseness
and
Villany
.
He
neither
consider'd
the
Consent
of
the
Senate
or
People
;
but
much
diminish'd
the
Authority
of
the
former
by
the
Murder
of
many
of
the
higher
Rank
,
whose
Wealth
he
seiz'd
on
for
his
own
use
,
resolving
to
chuse
no
more
in
their
Places
,
that
their
Power
might
decrease
insensibly
,
and
in
time
be
worn
out
.
Among
those
whom
he
murder'd
for
their
Estates
,
Marcus
Iunius
was
one
;
a
most
eminent
Man
among
the
Romans
,
descended
from
the
Companions
of
Ae●eas
,
and
marry'd
to
Tarquina
,
Daughter
to
Tarquinius
Priscus
,
by
whom
he
had
Lucius
Iunius
.
This
Lucius
was
nobly
educated
,
and
had
an
admirable
Wit
and
Knowledge
,
with
a
profound
Judgment
and
Understanding
;
but
after
Tarquin
had
privily
murder'd
his
Father
and
his
eldest
Brother
,
the
better
to
save
himself
,
and
revenge
his
Father
,
he
counterfeited
himself
a
Fool
,
and
thence
had
the
Surname
of
Brutus
.
Tarquin
thinking
his
Folly
real
,
despis'd
the
Man
;
and
having
possess'd
himself
of
his
Estate
,
kept
him
as
an
Ideot
in
his
House
,
suffering
him
to
converse
with
his
Children
,
not
out
of
any
Respect
as
a
Kinsman
,
but
to
make
'em
Sport
by
his
ridiculous
Words
and
Actions
.
It
hapn'd
in
the
time
of
a
great
Pestilence
,
he
sent
his
two
Sons
Sextus
and
Titus
to
consult
the
Oracle
,
and
with
them
Brutus
,
as
a
Companion
for
their
Diversion
.
The
Sons
were
well
pleas'd
with
his
Company
,
and
laugh'd
very
heartily
to
see
him
offer
a
wooden
Staff
to
Apollo
,
wherein
he
had
secretly
convey'd
Gold
.
The
young
Men
having
executed
their
Father's
Commands
,
enquir'd
of
the
Oracle
,
Which
of
them
shou'd
be
Prince
of
Rome
?
It
was
answer'd
,
He
who
first
shou'd
kiss
his
Mother
;
which
the
Sons
misunderstanding
,
agreed
to
do
it
both
at
their
return
,
and
reign
jointly
together
.
But
Brutus
,
knowing
the
meaning
of
the
Oracle
,
as
soon
as
they
arriv'd
at
Italy
,
pretended
to
fall
down
by
chance
,
and
kiss'd
the
Earth
,
which
is
the
common
Mother
of
all
Men.
After
this
,
he
ever
made
it
his
Business
to
find
Opportunities
of
ruining
the
Tyrant
,
and
restoring
the
Liberties
of
Rome
;
all
which
he
carry'd
on
by
a
profound
Secrecy
and
a
wonderful
Dissimulation
.
II.
Tarquin
being
a
Warlike
Prince
,
first
march'd
against
the
Sabines
,
who
refus'd
to
pay
him
Obedience
,
and
soo
reduc'd
them
to
Submission
;
over
whom
he
obtain'd
a
Triumph
.
Tarquin
,
having
gain'd
great
Riches
and
Spoils
from
Suessa-Pometia
,
resolv'd
to
set
about
the
Temple
his
Grand-Father
had
design'd
;
and
when
he
found
some
Respite
from
War
,
he
employ'd
a
great
number
of
Workmen
about
it
.
Mons
Tarpeius
,
and
before
that
Saturnius
.
It
was
eight
Acres
in
compass
,
200
Foot
long
,
and
as
many
broad
wanting
15
Foot
,
its
height
being
equal
to
its
length
;
a
most
magnificent
Building
,
dedicated
to
Iupiter
in
Chief
,
but
containing
three
Temples
within
the
same
Walls
,
the
middle
belonging
to
Iupiter
,
and
the
other
two
to
Iuno
and
Minerva
,
all
under
the
same
Roof
.
It
had
a
noble
Front
,
looking
towards
the
South
,
to
the
grand
Forum
,
the
most
frequented
part
of
the
whole
City
.
It
had
also
a
stately
Porch
or
Gallery
,
with
three
Rows
of
Pillars
,
each
side
having
a
double
Row
;
and
to
this
they
ascended
by
an
hundred
Steps
,
with
large
Spaces
between
several
of
'em
.
To
carry
on
this
great
Work
,
Tarquin
employ'd
much
of
the
Publick
Money
and
Stock
,
and
likewise
the
Labour
of
the
Common
People
;
but
the
Building
was
not
finish'd
till
two
Years
after
his
Banishment
.
The
Building
of
the
Capitol
was
not
only
counted
a
great
Ornament
to
the
City
,
in
respect
of
Magnificence
,
but
was
likewise
look'd
upon
as
a
very
great
Blessing
upon
the
account
of
Religion
:
And
in
the
same
Reign
another
,
as
great
in
their
Opinion
,
hapned
likewise
to
the
Romans
,
which
was
this
.
A
certain
strange
Woman
came
to
the
King
,
offering
to
fell
him
nine
Books
of
the
Sibylline
Oracles
.
III.
The
People
being
so
much
employ'd
for
four
Years
together
about
the
building
of
the
Capitol
,
Ar
dea
,
their
Metropolis
,
a
City
16
Miles
South-East
of
Rome
.
While
he
lay
before
this
Place
,
his
Son
Sextus
,
with
Tarquinius
Collatinus
,
the
Son
of
Egerius
Priscus's
Nephew
,
and
some
of
the
Principal
Courtiers
,
were
drinking
together
in
the
Camp
;
where
there
hapned
a
Discourse
concerning
their
Wives
,
each
Man
praising
his
own
to
a
very
high
Degree
,
which
occasion●d
a
kind
of
a
Quarrel
.
Collatinus
told
'em
,
it
was
in
vain
to
talk
,
when
their
Eyes
might
so
soon
convince
'em
how
much
his
Lucretia
excell'd
the
rest
,
if
they
wou'd
but
immediately
put
it
to
a
Tryal
;
whereat
they
all
cry'd
,
Come
on
,
and
being
well
heated
with
Wine
,
they
took
Horse
without
Delay
,
and
posted
for
Rome
,
From
which
Place
they
rod
to
Collatia
to
see
Lucretia
,
where
coming
late
at
night
,
they
found
her
,
not
like
the
rest
of
their
Wives
,
spending
her
Time
in
Ease
and
Idleness
,
but
in
the
midst
of
her
Maids
hard
at
Work
.
Her
Goodness
and
Modesty
,
as
well
as
her
Shape
and
Beauty
,
so
charm'd
'em
all
,
that
they
unanimously
gave
her
the
Preferrence
.
Here
Collatinus
made
a
noble
Entertainment
for
his
Guests
,
and
the
next
Day
returned
with
'em
to
the
Camp
.
Sextus
,
now
inflam'd
by
Lucretia's
Beauty
,
and
the
more
by
the
Reputation
of
her
fam'd
Chastity
,
was
resolv'd
to
enjoy
her
up●n
any
Terms
;
therefore
,
within
few
days
after
,
he
went
privately
with
one
Servant
to
Co●lacia
,
where
he
was
kindly
entertain●d
by
her
,
and
without
any
suspicion
,
lodg'd
in
the
House
.
At
Midnight
he
found
Means
to
convey
himself
into
her
Bed-Chamber
,
approach'd
her
Bed-side
with
his
drawn
Sword
,
and
rudely
laying
his
Hand
on
her
Breast
,
threatned
her
with
present
Death
if
she
offer'd
to
stir
or
speak
.
The
poor
Lady
,
affrighted
out
of
her
Sleep
,
and
seeing
Death
so
nigh
,
was
in
the
greatest
confusion
imaginable
;
but
Sextus
at
first
,
with
all
the
Prayers
and
Intreaties
,
told
her
the
Violence
of
his
Passion
,
withal
,
endeavour'd
to
corrupt
her
with
the
glittering
Promises
of
Empire
and
a
Crown
,
but
all
in
vain
.
At
last
he
told
her
,
If
she
wou'd
not
yield
,
he
wou'd
first
kill
her
,
then
lay
his
own
Slave
dead
by
her
side
,
and
report
it
was
for
surprizing
her
in
Adultery
with
him
;
by
which
means
he
obtain'd
his
End
;
and
in
the
Morning
he
departed
.
Lucretia
,
inrag'd
at
this
barbarous
Usage
,
immediately
sent
for
her
Father
from
Rome
,
and
her
Husband
from
the
Camp
;
desiring
them
to
bring
with
them
some
particular
and
special
Friends
,
for
a
most
dreadful
Mischief
,
and
that
of
the
vastest
Importance
,
had
befall'n
her
.
With
her
Father
Lucretius
came
Publius
Valerius
,
and
with
her
Husband
,
Lucius
Iunius
Brutus
,
formerly
mention'd
;
who
finding
her
in
her
Chamber
,
in
a
most
lamentable
and
desperate
Condition
,
she
told
'em
the
whole
Matter
,
and
rejecting
all
Thoughts
of
Comfort
,
she
most
solemnly
adjur●d
'em
all
with
the
most
powerful
Perswasions
imaginable
,
To
revenge
her
Cause
to
the
utmost
,
and
immediately
with
her
Knife
stabb'd
her self
to
the
Heart
,
as
the
truest
Instance
she
cou'd
give
of
her
real
Chastity
.
The
whole
Company
were
stricken
with
a
Mixture
of
Sadness
and
Amazement
at
the
Greatness
,
as
well
as
Strangeness
of
the
Act
;
but
while
they
were
lamenting
over
the
dead
Body
,
Brutus
catching
at
this
Opportunity
,
now
threw
off
his
long
Disguise
,
giving
them
to
understand
,
How
far
different
he
was
from
the
Person
they
always
took
him
for
;
and
further
shew'd
'em
most
manifest
Tokens
of
the
Greatness
of
his
Spirit
,
and
the
Depth
of
his
Policy
.
He
told
'em
,
That
Tears
and
Lamentations
cou'd
never
he
heard
,
whilst
Vengeance
cry'd
so
loud
;
thereupon
,
in
a
great
Rage
,
going
to
the
Body
,
and
drawing
the
bloody
Knife
from
out
the
Wound
,
swore
by
Mars
,
and
all
the
Celestial
Powers
above
,
Utterly
to
exterminate
Tarquin
with
his
Impious
Wife
and
Fr●ge●y
,
to
prosecute
them
and
all
their
Friends
with
the
utmost
Rage
of
Fire
and
Sword
,
and
never
after
to
suffer
the
Tarquins
or
any
other
to
reign
in
Rome
.
Then
he
deliver●d
the
Knife
to
the
rest
,
who
,
all
wondring
at
so
extraordinary
a
Change
in
Brutus
,
swore
as
he
had
done
;
and
turning
their
effeminate
Sorrow
to
a
masculine
Fury
,
they
resolv'd
to
follow
his
Instructions
,
and
extirpate
Kingly
Government
.
Brutus
,
as
soon
as
he
could
,
procur'd
the
Gates
of
the
City
to
be
shut
,
that
all
might
be
kept
secret
from
Tarquin
,
till
such
time
as
the
People
might
be
assembled
,
the
dead
Body
expos'd
,
and
a
publick
Decree
for
Tarquin's
Banishment
procur'd
.
The
Senate
being
assembled
,
all
shew'd
their
Willingness
to
banish
Tarquin
,
but
at
first
had
very
different
Opinions
concerning
the
new
Modelling
of
the
Government
,
which
probably
might
make
it
a
tedious
Business
.
Brutus
represented
to
'em
the
absolute
Necessity
of
a
quick
Dispatch
,
and
immediately
prescrib'd
'em
a
Form
of
Government
;
shewing
them
,
That
before
Tarquin's
violating
his
own
and
his
Predecessors
Oath
,
Rome
had
been
happy
and
famous
,
both
for
her
Acts
abroad
,
and
her
Constitutions
at
home
;
and
that
the
Regal
Power
had
at
last
been
dangerous
,
and
almost
destructive
to
the
Security
of
the
State
,
and
the
Safety
of
the
People
;
and
therefore
was
not
to
be
trusted
in
one
Man's
hands
,
but
two
were
to
be
chosen
,
who
shou'd
govern
with
equal
Authority
and
Command
.
Then
,
because
Names
alone
were
offensive
to
many
People
,
he
thought
that
of
Kingdom
was
to
be
left
off
,
and
the
other
of
Common-wealth
to
be
assum'd
;
and
,
instead
of
the
Title
of
King
and
Monarch
,
some
more
Modest
and
Popular
was
to
be
invented
;
as
likewise
were
some
of
their
Ensigns
to
be
laid
aside
,
and
others
to
be
retain'd
.
That
the
main
and
only
thing
to
keep
these
Magistrates
in
Order
,
was
,
to
prevent
their
perpetual
Power
;
and
if
they
were
Annual
,
after
the
manner
of
Athens
,
each
might
learn
both
how
to
be
Subject
,
and
how
to
Govern.
Lastly
,
That
the
Name
of
King
might
not
be
wholly
lost
,
the
Title
was
to
be
given
to
one
who
shou'd
be
call'd
Rex
Sacrorum
,
Religious
Rites
which
the
King
had
Charge
of
before
.
The
Particulars
of
this
Speech
were
all
approv'd
of
by
the
Senate
,
who
immediately
issued
out
a
Decree
for
the
King's
Banishment
in
this
Form
,
That
the
Tarquinii
should
be
banish'd
with
all
their
Off-spring
,
and
that
it
should
be
Capital
for
any
one
to
speak
or
act
for
their
Return
.
Brutus
having
procur'd
thus
much
,
the
Comitia
were
immediately
a●sembled
by
him
,
and
the
Body
of
Lucretia
,
all
dismally
bloody
,
brought
,
and
set
there
for
a
pittiful
Spectacle
to
all
the
People
.
There
Brutus
,
to
their
great
Surprise
,
discover'd
himself
,
telling
'em
the
Reasons
of
his
long
and
strange
Dissimulation
,
and
the
great
Occasion
of
their
present
Meeting
,
withal
shewing
'em
the
Senate's
Decree
.
Then
he
fell
to
enumerating
all
the
several
Crimes
and
Villanies
of
Tarquin
,
particularly
,
That
he
had
Poyson'd
his
own
Brother
,
Strangled
his
Wife
,
Murder'd
his
lawful
Sovereign
,
and
fill'd
Di●ches
and
Common-Sewers
with
the
B●dies
of
the
Nobility
:
That
he
came
to
the
Kingdom
on
Usurper
,
and
continu'd
in
it
a
Tyrant
;
being
treacherous
to
his
greatest
Friends
,
and
barbarous
to
all
Mankind
:
That
his
three
Sons
were
of
a
Temper
as
Insolent
and
Tyrannical
as
himself
,
especially
the
Eldest
,
of
which
they
now
had
a
s●d
and
doleful
Instance
before
their
Eyes
.
That
since
the
King
was
absent
,
and
the
Patricians
all
resolv'd
,
neither
Men
,
M●ney
,
nor
Foreign
Aid
shou'd
be
wanting
to
'em
,
had
they
but
Courage
for
the
Enterprize
.
Urging
withal
,
that
it
was
a
shame
to
think
of
Commanding
the
Volsci
,
Sabines
,
and
Nations
abroad
,
and
be
Slaves
to
others
at
home
;
and
to
maintain
so
many
Wars
to
serve
the
ambitious
Ends
of
a
Tyrant
,
and
not
undertake
one
for
their
own
Liberty
.
And
that
as
for
the
Army
at
the
Siege
,
their
own
Interest
in
all
Respects
w●u'd
oblige
'em
to
joyn
in
what
ever
was
agreed
upon
in
the
City
.
The
Multitude
,
transported
with
the
Hopes
of
Liberty
,
and
charm'd
with
the
Person
and
graceful
Behaviour
of
Brutus
,
with
loud
Acclamations
gave
their
Assent
,
and
immediately
call'd
for
Arms.
Lucretius
was
appointed
Inter-rex
for
holding
the
Comitia
,
who
strait
adjourn●d
it
to
〈◊〉
Campus
Martius
,
where
Magistrates
were
elected
in
their
Armour
.
There
he
nominated
Brutus
and
〈◊〉
,
to
exercise
the
Regal
Power
,
as
they
before
had
agreed
on
among
themselves
,
and
the
Centuries
confirm●d
'em
by
their
Suffrages
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Tarquin
having
heard
something
of
these
Transactions
,
came
riding
in
all
haste
to
the
City
,
with
his
Sons
,
and
some
of
●is
most
trusty
Friends
,
to
prevent
the
Mischiefs
that
threatned
him
;
but
finding
the
Gates
fast
shut
,
and
the
Walls
full
of
Armed
Men
,
in
great
Grief
he
return●d
to
the
Camp
.
But
Brutus
foreseeing
his
sudden
Coming
,
had
industriously
got
before
him
to
the
Army
another
Way
,
and
acquainted
them
with
the
Decree
both
of
Senate
and
People
,
pressing
'em
hard
to
a
Revolt
.
Immediately
their
Suffrages
were
call'd
over
according
to
their
Centuries
,
and
they
unanimously
agreed
to
do
exactly
as
their
Friends
in
the
City
had
done
;
so
that
when
Tarquin
return●d
,
they
refus'd
to
admit
him
.
Thus
frustrated
of
his
Hopes
,
he
went
to
Gabii
,
or
to
Caere
in
Hetruria
,
now
Grey-headed
,
having
reign'd
25
Years
.
IV.
Such
was
the
End
of
the
Regal
State
of
Rome
,
245
Years
after
the
Building
of
the
City
,
in
the
first
Year
of
the
68th
.
Olympiad
,
A.
M.
3496
,
31
Years
after
the
Ruine
of
the
Babylonian
Empire
,
and
the
setting
up
of
the
Persian
,
179
before
the
beginning
of
the
Macedonian
,
and
507
before
our
Saviour
Christ
,
occasion'd
by
a
Man
who
knew
neither
how
to
govern
according
to
the
Laws
,
nor
yet
to
reign
against
them
.
The
Roman
Dominions
now
contain'd
most
of
Old
Latium
,
with
the
greatest
part
of
the
Sabines
Country
,
a
considerable
part
of
Hetruria
,
particularly
of
the
Veientes
,
Caeretanes
,
and
Tarquinii
,
besides
some
small
Parts
of
the
Volsci
and
Aequi
;
being
much
about
40
Miles
long
and
30
broad
;
a
Spot
of
Ground
not
so
large
by
a
fourth
part
as
either
the
Dukedoms
of
Modena
,
Parma
,
or
Mantua
,
and
not
much
larger
than
the
Territory
of
the
Commonwealth
of
Luca
:
so
that
this
was
rightly
term'd
by
Historians
,
the
Infancy
of
Rome
,
especially
since
most
of
these
Parts
were
both
able
and
ready
to
Revolt
upon
every
little
Occasion
,
as
the
Romans
often
found
afterwards
;
so
that
it
cost
'em
many
Years
trouble
,
and
many
hazardous
Wars
before
they
cou'd
wholly
subdue
'em
,
and
much
enlarge
their
Dominions
.
If
we
look
upon
the
City
it self
at
this
time
,
we
may
find
it
encreased
after
a
far
greater
Proportion
than
formerly
,
and
its
large
Extent
,
its
numerous
Inhabitants
,
and
its
magnificent
Structures
,
were
happy
Fore-runners
of
its
future
Grandeur
and
Empire
.
And
these
,
together
with
the
wise
Institutions
of
its
Prince
,
and
the
great
Prudence
and
Gravity
of
its
Senate
,
were
the
main
Supporters
and
Preservers
of
it
,
in
the
midst
of
so
many
envious
Neighbours
and
powerful
Enemies
;
tho'
indeed
the
Inhabitants
themselves
were
an
extream
rough
and
unpolish'd
People
,
little
acquainted
with
Knowledge
and
Learning
,
and
far
unlike
their
Successors
in
Skill
and
Conduct
:
Their
Engagements
were
more
like
so
many
Tumults
than
real
Battels
,
where
Obstinacy
in
Fighting
generally
supply'd
the
place
of
Discipline
in
War
;
only
they
had
the
good
Fortune
to
deal
with
Neighbours
who
had
more
Barbarity
and
Ignorance
than
themselves
.
In
short
,
what
may
truly
be
affirm'd
of
the
old
Romans
,
is
,
they
were
a
People
of
most
extraordinary
Courage
and
Fierceness
,
a
People
of
prodigious
Hardiness
and
Austerity
of
Life
,
a
People
of
indefatigable
Industry
,
and
wonderful
Lovers
of
their
Country
;
and
from
these
main
Springs
afterwards
proceeded
many
great
and
noble
Actions
.
Before
the
Conclusion
of
this
First
Book
,
to
make
the
Roman
History
as
clear
and
intelligible
as
possible
,
it
may
be
convenient
to
give
a
Hint
of
the
several
Countries
the
Romans
afterwards
became
Masters
of
.
First
Gaul
,
which
was
then
inhabited
by
an
unciviliz'd
,
tho'
a
Warlike
People
,
was
broken
and
divided
into
a
great
number
of
petty
Governments
.
Spain
and
Germany
was
much
in
the
same
Condition
,
and
Britain
not
much
better
,
as
likewise
was
Dacia
and
Illyricum
.
Greece
was
in
a
most
flourishing
wealthy
Condition
,
under
several
Monarchs
of
Renown
,
and
powerful
Common-wealths
,
but
not
long
after
became
subject
to
the
Macedonian
Empire
.
Asia
Minor
was
almost
in
the
same
Condition
,
then
subjected
to
the
Persian
,
and
next
to
the
Macedonian
Empires
,
but
at
last
partly
freed
from
the
latter
.
Armenia
was
a
considerable
Monarchy
.
Syria
,
Chaldea
,
Assyria
,
and
Mesopotamia
,
were
all
powerful
States
,
but
successively
subject
to
the
Persian
and
Macedonian
Empires
,
the
first
of
which
prov'd
a
separate
Kingdom
.
Iudaea
was
a
small
but
noble
Kingdom
.
Egypt
was
also
a
flourishing
Kingdom
,
subject
to
its
own
Kings
.
Africa
was
a
powerful
and
growing
Common-wealth
,
who
had
Sicily
in
a
great
measure
.
As
for
Italy
it self
,
that
was
divided
among
many
petty
Nations
and
People
,
as
was
observ'd
in
the
beginning
.
The
End
of
the
First
Book
.
THE
Roman
History
.
BOOK
II.
The
Consular
State
of
ROME
▪
From
the
Beginning
of
that
Government
,
to
the
Ruine
of
it
by
the
first
Triumvirate
.
Containing
the
Space
of
449
Years
.
CHAP.
I.
From
the
Banishment
of
the
last
King
,
to
the
first
Dictator
;
which
was
the
first
Intermission
of
the
Consular
Power
.
Containing
the
space
of
10
Years
.
I.
THE
State
of
Affairs
in
Rome
was
now
wholly
alter'd
,
they
were
the
Heads
of
the
People
and
Senate
,
superiour
to
all
other
Magistrates
,
govern'd
the
State
,
dispos'd
of
the
Publick
Revenues
,
administer'd
Iustice
,
call'd
and
dismiss'd
the
Senate
,
and
all
General
Assemblies
,
had
all
the
Laws
enacted
in
their
Names
,
led
Armies
,
appointed
Officers
,
treated
with
all
Foreign
Princes
and
Ambassadors
,
and
transacted
many
other
Things
in
their
own
Names
.
They
had
also
the
Royal
Ornaments
us'd
by
the
Kings
,
as
the
Golden
Crown
,
Sceptre
,
Purple
Robes
,
White
Robes
the
twelve
Lictors
,
with
the
Axes
and
Fasces
,
the
Ivory
and
Curule
Chairs
;
only
to
prevent
the
People's
Jealousies
,
the
Crowns
and
Sceptres
were
never
us'd
but
upon
extraordinary
Days
of
Triumph
;
and
commonly
one
was
attended
by
the
Axes
,
and
the
other
by
the
Rods
,
changing
each
Month.
The
first
Consuls
were
L.
Iunius
Brutus
,
and
L.
Tarquinius
Collatinus
,
who
had
been
the
Authors
of
this
Settlement
;
and
they
immediately
reviv'd
the
Laws
of
Servius
Tullius
,
concerning
Publick
Meetings
and
Assemblies
,
with
other
things
that
conduc●d
to
the
Satisfaction
of
the
common
sort
,
who
look'd
upon
their
ancient
Rights
as
newly
recover'd
.
Before
Affairs
were
perfectly
settled
in
the
Common-wealth
,
some
Ambassadors
from
Hetruria
arriv'd
at
Rome
,
in
behalf
of
the
late
King
Tarquin
,
who
was
now
so
mortifi'd
,
and
so
sensible
of
his
Mismanagement
,
that
he
made
very
large
Promises
of
observing
all
regular
Administration
for
the
future
,
If
they
wou'd
receive
him
as
their
lawful
King
.
When
this
Proposal
cou'd
not
be
heard
,
the
Ambassadors
only
desir'd
,
That
he
might
have
his
Goods
return'd
him
,
at
least
such
as
were
his
Grand-father
Priscus
'
s
,
who
had
deserv'd
no
Ill
at
their
hands
.
But
Brutus
very
violently
oppos'd
that
Demand
,
as
being
almost
as
dangerous
as
the
other
,
he
esteeming
it
no
good
Policy
to
furnish
an
Enemy
with
Money
against
themselves
;
however
his
Collegue
Collatine
most
readily
comply'd
with
it
,
but
putting
it
to
the
Vote
,
it
pass'd
in
the
Negative
,
the
Voices
being
very
nigh
equal
.
The
Ambassadors
meeting
with
no
Success
,
according
to
their
Instructions
,
made
several
plausible
Excuses
for
tarrying
in
Rome
longer
than
ordinary
;
and
in
that
time
,
by
their
cunning
Management
and
fair
Promises
,
found
means
to
draw
over
some
of
Collatine's
Family
to
their
sides
,
namely
,
two
of
the
Aquilii
,
and
three
of
the
Vitellii
,
together
with
Brutus's
two
Sons
,
Titus
and
Tiberius
.
These
,
with
some
other
,
all
join'd
in
a
Conspiracy
,
keeping
their
private
Meetings
at
the
House
of
the
Aquilii
,
there
to
consult
about
,
and
manage
their
Designs
,
which
were
to
kill
both
the
Consuls
,
and
to
endeavour
to
re-inthrone
Tarquin
.
These
Conspirators
cou'd
not
long
conceal
their
Practices
,
but
were
discover'd
by
a
Slave
call'd
Vindicius
,
who
had
accidentally
hid
himself
in
the
same
Room
,
fearing
to
be
found
there
,
and
not
having
time
to
come
out
.
Now
Vindicius
,
fearing
to
discover
this
strange
Accident
to
either
of
the
Consuls
,
upon
the
Account
of
such
a
nigh
Relation
,
went
directly
to
Valerius
,
afterwards
call'd
Poplicola
,
a
great
Assistant
in
this
Revolution
,
and
laid
open
the
whole
Plot.
Valerius
was
much
startled
at
the
Discovery
,
therefore
to
proceed
warily
,
he
first
secur'd
the
Slave
to
have
him
in
readiness
;
then
sending
his
Brother
Marcus
to
beset
the
King's
Palace
,
and
watch
all
the
Servants
there
,
he
himself
,
with
his
Friends
and
Clients
went
to
the
House
of
the
Aquilii
,
where
he
seiz'd
on
several
Letters
writ
to
Tarquin
by
these
Conspirators
.
The
Aquilii
being
abroad
,
met
'em
at
the
Gate
,
where
they
endeavour'd
to
recover
the
Letters
by
force
of
Arms
;
but
Valerius
,
by
the
help
of
his
Followers
,
violently
dragg'd
'em
to
the
Forum
,
where
he
found
some
of
the
King's
Servants
with
other
Letters
,
who
had
been
likewise
forc●d
thither
by
his
Brother
Marcus
.
The
People
throng'd
on
all
sides
,
but
the
Consul's
Sons
drew
the
Eyes
of
the
whole
Multitude
upon
'em
,
and
several
Tumults
were
like
to
arise
,
till
both
the
Consuls
came
,
and
ascending
the
Tribunal
,
appeas'd
all
.
Vindicius
was
immediately
sent
for
by
Valerius's
Order
,
and
coming
before
the
Consuls
,
he
related
the
whole
Story
at
large
,
and
for
a
greater
Proof
against
'em
,
the
Letters
were
read
publickly
before
all
,
Brutus
all
the
while
inwardly
burning
with
Rage
and
Fury
.
The
Accused
Parties
pleaded
nothing
for
themselves
,
but
all
stood
wonderfully
astonish'd
,
and
in
a
profound
Silence
;
till
at
last
some
,
to
flatter
Brutus
,
propos'd
Banishment
as
a
sufficient
Punishment
,
and
Colatine's
Tears
,
with
Valerius's
Silence
,
gave
the
Prisoners
great
Hopes
of
Mercy
.
But
Brutus
at
last
rose
up
,
with
a
stern
Majesty
,
and
a
Resolution
to
do
something
that
the
World
shou'd
wonder
at
,
he
call'd
aloud
to
both
his
Sons
,
Canst
not
thou
,
O
Titus
,
nor
thou
,
Tiberius
,
make
any
Defence
against
these
Crimes
,
now
laid
to
your
charge
?
This
Question
he
put
to
them
three
several
times
,
and
receiving
no
Answer
,
he
turn'd
himself
to
the
Lictors
and
Executioners
,
saying
,
Now
't
is
your
Part
to
perform
the
rest
.
Nor
could
all
the
Sentiments
of
Paternal
Pity
,
nor
all
the
sad
pleading
Looks
of
the
People
,
nor
yet
the
lamentable
Complaints
of
the
unhappy
Youths
,
move
the
Firmness
of
his
Resolution
;
but
presently
the
Lictors
seiz'd
on
the
two
Young
Men
,
and
stripping
'em
,
ty'd
their
Hands
behind
'em
,
then
tore
their
Bodies
with
Scourges
,
and
presently
after
beheaded
'em
;
Brutus
all
the
time
gazing
on
the
cruel
Spectacle
with
a
most
steady
Look
and
unalter'd
Countenance
,
while
the
Multitude
look'd
on
with
a
strange
Mixture
of
Pity
and
Amazement
.
Brutus
after
this
Execution
immediately
departed
out
of
the
Assembly
,
leaving
the
rest
of
the
Criminals
to
the
Discretion
of
his
Collegue
.
Collatine's
Backwardness
in
punishing
the
Prisoners
,
encourag'd
the
Aquilii
to
desire
some
time
to
answer
,
and
to
have
their
Slave
Vindicius
deliver'd
up
to
'em
,
and
not
to
continue
in
the
hands
of
their
Accusers
.
Collatine
was
ready
to
do
both
,
and
to
dismiss
the
Assembly
,
when
Valerius
,
who
had
the
Slave
in
his
hands
,
wou'd
neither
deliver
him
,
nor
suffer
the
People
to
break
up
without
censuring
the
Accused
;
but
immediately
laid
hands
on
the
Aquilii
,
and
sent
for
Brutus
,
exclaiming
against
Collatine's
partial
Dealings
,
whereupon
the
Consul
in
a
Rage
commanded
the
Lictors
to
take
away
Vindicius
,
who
laying
hold
on
him
by
Violence
,
were
assaulted
by
Valerius's
Friends
,
the
People
all
the
while
crying
out
for
Brutus
.
Upon
his
appearing
,
Silence
being
made
,
he
told
the
People
,
He
had
already
shewn
himself
a
sufficient
Lover
of
his
Country
by
his
Iustice
to
his
Sons
,
and
left
the
other
Delinquents
to
them
,
giving
leave
to
every
Man
to
speak
freely
.
They
immediately
put
it
to
the
Vote
,
and
condemn'd
'em
to
be
beheaded
,
which
was
presently
executed
.
Collatine
finding
the
People
so
enrag'd
at
him
,
partly
for
the
sake
of
his
nigh
Relation
to
Tarquin
,
and
partly
for
his
unfortunate
Behaviour
in
this
Business
,
willingly
resign'd
his
Place
,
and
departed
the
City
.
Valerius
was
strait
chosen
Consul
in
his
room
,
who
,
to
reward
Vindicius
,
made
him
Free
,
allowing
him
some
Privileges
above
former
Freed
Men
;
and
from
him
a
perfect
and
full
Manumission
was
afterwards
call'd
Vindicta
.
Campus
Martius
,
which
he
had
kept
to
himself
,
open
as
before
,
where
happening
to
be
Corn
which
had
been
newly
cut
down
,
they
threw
it
into
the
River
;
and
after
that
the
Trees
that
grew
there
,
which
fastning
in
the
Ground
,
and
stopping
the
Rubbish
that
was
brought
down
by
the
Stream
,
at
last
grew
into
an
Island
,
II.
Tarquin
now
finding
all
his
Endeavours
ineffectual
,
That
the
Hetrurians
had
lost
one
Man
more
than
the
Romans
,
or
from
some
other
extraordinary
Fright
,
the
Enemy
abandon'd
their
Camp
,
and
being
fallen
upon
by
the
Romans
,
were
nigh
5000
taken
Prisoners
,
having
lost
11300
in
the
Battel
before
.
For
this
Victory
,
Valerius
triumph'd
at
his
return
to
the
City
,
after
a
more
magnificent
Manner
than
any
before
him
;
whose
Example
was
always
observ'd
by
Posterity
.
Soon
after
,
he
bury'd
his
Collegue
Brutus
with
great
Honour
,
he
himself
making
a
Funeral
Oration
in
his
Commendation
;
and
this
Custom
was
continu'd
in
Rome
for
the
future
,
upon
the
Death
of
all
great
and
memorable
Persons
.
There
was
such
an
universal
Concern
through
all
the
City
for
Brutus's
Death
,
that
the
Women
by
general
consent
mourn'd
for
him
a
whole
Twelvemonth
,
which
was
two
Months
more
than
Numa
had
appointed
.
Valerius
now
sole
Governour
,
deferr'd
the
Election
of
another
Consul
,
that
he
might
the
more
easily
settle
the
Common-wealth
himself
;
but
the
People
complaining
,
and
fearing
another
Tarquin
,
he
soon
let
'em
see
their
Mistake
by
his
Courteous
Behaviour
and
ready
Compliance
with
all
their
Desires
,
even
to
the
demolishing
his
own
House
,
which
they
thought
too
large
and
stately
for
him
.
His
courteous
and
obliging
Carriage
,
and
his
Bowing
to
the
People
in
the
Assembly
,
got
him
the
name
of
Poplicola
.
He
first
fill'd
up
the
Senate
,
which
wanted
164
Persons
;
then
made
several
Laws
in
favour
of
the
People
,
and
for
the
Retrenchment
of
the
Consular
Power
.
By
one
,
he
allow'd
an
Appeal
from
the
Consuls
to
the
People
.
By
another
,
he
made
it
Death
for
any
Man
to
take
any
Magistrate's
Office
without
the
Peoples
Consent
.
A
third
,
gave
Relief
to
poor
Citizens
,
by
taking
away
the
payment
of
Tribute
.
Another
punish'd
Disobedience
to
Consuls
,
and
appointed
a
Penalty
of
five
Oxen
,
and
two
Sheep
;
a
Sheep
being
in
those
days
valu'd
at
ten
Oboli
,
(
each
Obolus
1
d.
1
q.
)
and
an
Ox
at
a
hundred
.
Another
Law
gave
Power
to
any
Man
to
kill
the
Person
unheard
,
who
affected
the
Supreme
Power
,
if
he
cou'd
demonstrate
the
Crime
.
The
last
Law
was
for
the
Creation
of
two
Quaestors
or
Publick
Treasurers
,
Iulius
Caesar
they
came
to
forty
,
some
being
us'd
for
the
Armies
,
and
others
for
the
Provinces
.
Of
which
,
these
two
of
the
first
Creation
were
term'd
Urbani
,
the
rest
Provinciales
,
and
Militares
.
Poplicola
having
thus
setled
Affairs
,
held
an
Assembly
for
the
Election
of
another
Consul
;
where
Lucretius
,
the
Father
of
Lucretia
,
was
chosen
,
to
whom
,
as
being
the
Elder
,
Poplicola
granted
the
Fasces
,
or
Bundle
of
Rods
,
which
respect
of
Age
was
ever
observ'd
by
their
Successors
.
Lucretius
dying
a
few
days
after
his
Creation
,
was
succeeded
by
M.
Horatius
,
in
whose
time
the
Capitol
was
finish'd
,
and
the
Dedication
of
it
fell
to
Horatius
,
much
against
Poplicola's
will
,
who
was
forc'd
to
be
abroad
in
the
Wars
at
the
same
time
.
This
was
perform'd
with
great
Pomp
and
Solemnity
,
and
with
as
great
a
Concourse
of
People
of
all
sorts
.
In
the
same
Year
was
the
first
League
made
between
the
Romans
and
Carthaginians
,
according
to
Polybius
;
wherein
it
was
provided
,
that
the
Romans
shou'd
not
Sail
beyond
the
Fair
Promontory
,
which
lay
before
Carthage
towards
the
North
;
but
were
allow'd
to
Traffick
in
all
that
Part
of
Africa
on
this
side
the
Promontory
,
as
also
in
Sardinia
,
and
that
part
of
Sicily
that
was
then
under
the
Carthaginians
.
From
whence
it
appears
,
that
the
Carthaginians
look'd
upon
Africa
and
Sardinia
as
all
their
own
,
but
Sicily
only
in
part
;
but
the
Romans
included
in
this
League
only
Latium
,
making
no
mention
of
the
rest
of
Italy
,
which
was
not
then
in
their
Power
.
In
a
little
time
after
Horatius's
Election
,
the
time
coming
for
new
Consuls
to
be
made
,
Poplicola
was
chosen
a
second
time
,
and
with
him
Lu●retius
Tricipitinus
,
in
whose
time
a
Census
being
perform'd
,
130000
were
cess'd
and
valu'd
,
besides
Widows
and
Orphans
.
III.
Before
Poplicola's
second
Consulship
was
expir'd
,
Horatius
Coecles
,
with
only
Herminius
and
Lartius
,
most
valiantly
oppos'd
'em
.
Coecles
defended
the
Passage
with
a
wonderful
Bravery
,
till
his
own
Party
found
time
to
break
down
the
Bridge
,
then
cast
himself
arm'd
,
as
he
was
,
into
the
River
,
and
swam
over
to
his
Friends
,
having
receiv'd
a
Wound
with
a
Spear
in
his
Passage
over
.
Poplicola
,
to
reward
him
for
this
extraordinary
Piece
of
Service
,
gave
him
several
great
Privileges
,
and
appointed
a
Statue
to
be
erected
to
his
Memory
in
the
Temple
of
Vulcan
.
Porsena
held
the
Siege
a
long
time
,
and
reduc'd
the
City
to
great
Straits
;
but
Poplicola
,
now
exercising
his
third
Consulship
,
together
with
his
last
years
Collegue
,
drew
out
his
Forces
,
engag'd
the
King
,
overthrew
him
,
and
kill'd
5000
of
his
Men.
Nevertheless
,
the
Siege
continud'd
,
till
Mutius
,
a
Man
of
a
most
undaunted
Courage
,
resolving
to
attempt
the
Life
of
Porsena
,
tho'
amidst
his
own
Soldiers
,
put
on
a
Tuscan
Habit
,
and
using
that
Language
,
came
into
the
Camp
,
where
by
a
Mistake
he
stabb'd
the
King's
Secretary
,
who
sat
nigh
him
,
instead
of
the
King
himself
.
Being
apprehended
,
and
ready
to
be
examin'd
,
he
like
a
Person
more
dreadful
to
others
than
fearful
himself
,
told
'em
,
That
he
was
a
Roman
,
and
knew
as
well
how
to
suffer
as
to
act
.
Upon
which
he
couragiously
thrust
his
Right-hand
into
the
Fire
,
intending
to
punish
it
for
so
great
a
Mistake
,
all
the
while
beholding
Porsena
with
a
steady
and
angry
Countenance
,
who
struck
and
amaz'd
at
the
greatness
of
his
Resolution
,
dismiss'd
him
with
much
Applause
,
and
reach'd
him
his
Sword
back
from
his
Throne
.
Mutius
taking
it
with
his
Left-hand
(
whence
he
had
the
Name
of
Scaevola
)
told
the
King
,
That
the
Nobleness
of
his
Generosity
had
more
vanquish'd
him
than
all
the
Terrors
of
his
Threats
;
and
that
in
requital
he
wou'd
reveal
a
Secret
to
him
,
which
no
Torments
shou'd
ever
have
extorted
from
him
:
That
Three
hundred
Romans
in
the
Camp
were
now
waiting
for
his
Life
;
that
the
first
Attempt
was
appointed
for
him
;
but
now
he
was
extreamly
satisfy'd
that
he
had
so
happily
miss'd
killing
a
Person
,
whose
Magnanimity
better
entitl'd
him
to
the
Friendship
,
than
the
Hatred
of
the
Roman
Nation
.
P●rsena
hearing
this
,
was
immediately
inclin'd
to
an
Accommodation
,
not
out
of
Fear
of
the
300
Men
,
but
in
Admiration
of
the
Roman
Courage
.
Poplicola
was
well
pleas'd
with
the
Proposal
,
and
agreed
to
make
him
Arbitrator
between
Tarquin
and
the
People
;
but
Tarquin
resolutely
refus'd
to
admit
of
any
Judge
;
much
less
Porsena
,
Who
,
as
he
said
,
had
promis'd
him
Aid
,
and
now
basely
falsify'd
his
Word
.
Porsena
,
angry
at
this
,
immediately
made
Peace
with
the
Romans
upon
these
Articles
,
That
the
Romans
shou'd
quit
those
Tuscan
Lands
,
which
they
had
taken
from
the
Veientes
,
rest●re
all
Prisoners
,
and
receive
all
their
Deserters
.
For
the
ratifying
this
Peace
the
Romans
depos'd
Twenty
Hostages
,
Ten
young
Men
,
and
as
many
Virgins
,
among
which
was
Valeria
,
the
Daughter
of
Poplic●la
.
All
Acts
of
Hostility
ceasing
,
Claelia
,
a
bold
Virago
,
and
one
of
the
Hostages
,
got
from
her
Keepers
,
and
at
the
Head
of
the
rest
of
the
Virgins
,
swam
over
the
River
Tiber
,
amidst
the
Darts
of
the
Enemies
;
and
being
all
got
home
,
they
presented
themselves
before
Poplicola
;
but
he
fearing
the
dangerous
Consequences
such
an
Act
might
occasion
,
sent
them
all
back
to
Porsena
;
which
Tarquin
understanding
,
laid
an
Ambuscade
for
them
and
their
Convoy
,
but
they
were
rescu'd
by
Aruns
,
Porsena's
Son
.
Porsena
examining
them
,
was
so
much
taken
with
the
extraordinary
Courage
and
good
Behaviour
of
Claelia
,
presented
her
with
one
of
his
own
Horses
sumptuously
equip'd
,
and
gave
her
Power
of
disposing
of
a
set
number
of
the
Hostages
,
which
she
did
with
much
Discretion
,
chusing
out
the
Youngest
,
as
being
less
able
to
bear
Injuries
and
Hardships
.
Then
to
give
a
further
Testimony
of
his
great
Respect
to
the
Romans
,
besides
other
pieces
of
Magnificence
,
he
commanded
all
his
Soldiers
to
leave
the
Camp
with
only
their
Arms
,
delivering
to
the
Romans
his
Tents
well
furnish'd
with
Provisions
and
Riches
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Romans
to
shew
their
Gratitude
,
and
to
preserve
his
Memory
,
erected
a
Statue
for
him
by
the
Senate
House
;
and
another
to
Claelia
,
as
Livy
relates
it
,
which
was
a
Maid
on
Horseback
,
in
the
Street
call'd
Via
Sacra
;
giving
likewise
to
Mutius
a
Field
beyond
the
Tiber
,
afterwards
call'd
Mutia
Prata
.
Thus
ended
the
Hetrurian
War
,
much
to
Tarquin's
Dissatisfaction
;
and
soon
after
Herminius
and
Lartius
,
who
had
so
bravely
defended
the
Bridge
,
were
together
chosen
Consuls
.
IV.
A
Year
or
two
after
,
M.
Valerius
being
one
of
the
Consuls
,
by
the
Instructions
of
his
Brother
Poplicola
,
obtain'd
great
Honours
,
overthrowing
'em
twice
,
the
last
time
killing
13000
,
with
little
or
no
Loss
to
the
Romans
.
Besides
his
Triumph
,
he
had
the
additional
Honour
of
a
House
built
for
him
at
the
publick
Charge
.
The
Year
following
,
when
Poplicola
was
Consul
the
fourth
time
,
the
whole
Nation
of
the
Sabines
joyn'd
in
Confederacy
with
the
Latines
against
Rome
;
but
Appius
Clausus
,
an
Eminent
Man
among
the
Sabines
for
Riches
,
Valour
,
and
Eloquence
,
being
much
against
the
War
,
first
retarded
their
Preparations
,
then
after
a
short
time
came
over
to
the
Romans
with
5000
Families
of
his
Friends
and
Dependants
.
These
had
a
considerable
quantity
of
Land
,
and
large
Priviledges
allow'd
'em
,
besides
their
Freedom
,
especially
Clausus
himself
,
who
was
made
also
a
Senator
;
and
the
Claus●
,
afterwards
call'd
Claudii
,
Tribus
Claudia
,
from
the
foremention'd
Appius
Claudius
;
and
this
remarkable
Change
happ'ned
in
the
250th
Year
of
this
City
,
but
upon
what
Account
,
and
by
whose
Means
it
was
effected
,
Historians
are
very
silent
.
The
Sabines
having
made
all
necessary
Preparations
,
advanc'd
with
all
the
Troops
to
Fidenae
,
laying
an
Ambuscade
of
2000
Foot
;
whereof
Poplicola
having
some
Notice
by
Deserters
,
he
divided
his
Forces
into
three
Parts
,
and
taking
the
advantage
of
a
Mist
,
fell
upon
the
Enemy
on
so
many
Sides
,
that
only
the
nigh
Distance
of
Fidenae
sav'd
'em
from
being
all
cut
off
;
the
Romans
obtaining
large
Plunder
,
and
Poplicola
a
noble
Triumph
.
Not
long
after
,
Poplicola
having
ended
his
Consulship
,
dy'd
;
and
the
People
,
as
well
upon
the
account
of
his
Poverty
,
as
to
shew
their
Respect
to
so
great
and
serviceable
a
Person
,
decree'd
he
shou'd
be
bury'd
at
the
Publick
Charge
,
and
by
a
favour
peculiar
to
that
Family
alone
,
within
the
City
.
This
was
perform'd
with
an
equal
Mixture
of
Pomp
and
Sorrow
;
the
Women
,
by
a
general
Consent
,
mourning
for
him
a
whole
Year
,
as
they
had
before
done
for
Brutus
.
For
the
greatness
of
this
Victory
,
the
Senate
decreed
Menenius
a
full
Triumph
;
but
Posthumius
,
by
reason
of
his
ill
Success
in
the
beginning
,
had
only
an
inferior
one
,
Io
Triumphe
!
Cures
,
10300
being
kill'd
,
and
4000
taken
Prisoners
;
which
Defeat
forc'd
'em
to
beg
Peace
,
and
purchase
it
with
Corn
,
Money
,
and
part
of
their
Lands
.
While
Cassius
did
this
good
Service
against
the
Sabines
,
his
Collegue
Virginius
subdu'd
the
Camarinaeans
,
who
had
revolted
,
and
having
executed
the
Ring-Leaders
,
he
sold
the
rest
,
and
demolish'd
the
City
:
And
thus
ended
the
Contests
with
the
Sabines
for
a
while
.
V.
Tarquin
still
restless
and
unsatisfy'd
,
Mamilius
Octavius
,
his
Son-in-Law
,
stirr'd
up
the
whole
Body
of
the
Latines
to
declare
War
against
Rome
;
and
moreover
,
had
procur'd
Fidenae
to
revolt
.
But
the
Senate
prudently
declin'd
making
War
with
all
the
Latines
,
well
knowing
that
many
of
'em
were
rather
inclin'd
to
live
in
Peace
;
therefore
at
first
they
block'd
up
Fidenae
,
which
had
receiv'd
some
of
Tarquin's
Forces
.
Tarquin
meeting
with
no
greet
Success
,
now
endeavour'd
to
accomplish
his
Designs
a
more
easie
Way
,
by
fomenting
Differences
and
Quarrels
between
the
Rich
and
Poorer
sort
of
Rome
;
for
the
effecting
of
which
,
he
happen'd
on
a
very
convenient
Opportunity
for
his
purpose
.
For
about
this
time
,
the
common
People
,
who
were
burden'd
by
Usury
,
were
much
dissatisfi'd
with
the
present
State
of
Affairs
,
especially
with
the
unreasonable
Severity
of
Creditors
,
who
generally
seiz'd
upon
the
Body
of
their
Debtors
,
and
us'd
'em
worse
than
Slaves
.
Tarquin
being
sensible
of
all
this
,
sent
certain
of
his
Friends
with
good
quantities
of
Gold
,
giving
'em
some
in
hand
,
and
promising
more
after
the
King's
Restoration
,
and
thereby
procur'd
a
Conspiracy
of
many
poor
Citizens
,
and
discontented
Slaves
.
But
the
whole
Matter
was
soon
discover'd
to
Sulpicius
,
one
of
the
Consuls
,
who
after
he
had
return'd
a
very
civil
Denial
to
the
Latin
Ambassadors
,
then
present
about
Business
,
by
a
Wile
drew
the
Conspirators
into
the
Forum
;
where
incompassing
'em
about
,
he
put
'em
all
to
the
Sword
.
These
dangerous
Stirs
being
thus
allay'd
for
a
time
,
the
Consuls
of
this
and
the
following
Year
look'd
abroad
,
and
in
no
long
time
Fidenae
was
yielded
to
Largius
Flavius
.
The
Latines
now
inrag'd
at
the
Loss
of
this
Town
,
began
to
complain
of
their
principal
Men
;
which
Opportunity
Tarquin
and
Mamilius
so
far
improv'd
,
as
to
procure
all
the
Latin
Cities
,
24
in
number
,
to
declare
War
against
the
Romans
;
withal
ingaging
them
,
that
none
shou'd
forsake
the
Interest
of
the
Associates
,
nor
make
any
separate
Peace
,
which
they
seal'd
with
dreadful
Oaths
and
Curses
against
them
who
shou'd
break
the
Confederacy
,
who
were
to
be
held
as
Enemies
by
all
the
rest
.
since
they
cou'd
have
no
happy
Life
while
they
were
there
.
The
Patritians
endeavour'd
to
appease
the
Multitude
by
gentle
words
,
but
all
in
vain
;
upon
which
the
Senate
fell
into
a
serious
Debate
about
this
weighty
Matter
.
There
are
some
for
a
free
Remission
of
all
Debts
,
as
the
safest
and
securest
Method
at
that
Juncture
;
others
urg'd
the
dangerous
Consequences
of
this
Condescention
,
advising
'em
to
list
such
as
wou'd
give
in
their
Names
,
and
slight
the
rest
.
Between
these
two
Extreams
,
several
other
Methods
were
propos'd
;
but
at
length
this
Order
prevail'd
,
That
all
Suits
and
Processes
concerning
Debts
shou'd
cease
till
this
War
was
finish'd
.
This
Expedient
,
tho'
in
some
measure
useful
,
had
not
the
intended
Effect
upon
the
unruly
Minds
of
the
Multitude
,
therefore
the
Senate
was
put
upon
another
.
Whereas
by
the
Laws
of
Poplicola
,
the
Consular
Authority
was
much
restrain'd
and
diminish'd
by
the
Appeal
to
the
People
,
so
that
no
Man
cou'd
be
oblig'd
to
go
into
the
War
against
his
Will
;
therefore
they
found
it
necessary
at
this
time
,
as
well
as
upon
the
account
of
the
Wars
abroad
,
as
the
Troubles
at
home
,
to
create
a
particular
Magistrate
,
from
whom
shou'd
lie
no
Appeal
,
and
who
for
a
set
Time
shou'd
be
the
sole
Governour
.
This
Supream
Officer
was
call'd
Dictator
;
Largius
Flavius
was
the
first
that
was
created
by
the
Senate
;
and
this
was
the
first
Intermission
of
the
Consular
Power
,
about
ten
Years
after
their
first
Creation
,
and
afterwards
prov'd
the
Ruine
of
the
Popular
State
,
and
the
bringing
in
of
Mo●archy
a
second
time
.
CHAP.
II.
From
the
Creation
of
the
first
Dictator
,
to
the
great
Retrenchment
of
the
Consular
Power
by
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
.
Containing
the
space
of
5
Years
.
I.
NOW
was
the
Consular
Power
for
a
while
laid
aside
,
Magister
Populi
,
and
Praetor
Maximus
,
and
was
always
created
in
the
Night-time
by
the
Senate's
Order
,
and
Nomination
of
the
Consuls
without
the
People
;
and
was
generally
made
,
either
upon
some
urgent
Occasion
of
War
and
Sedition
,
or
in
the
times
of
Plagues
and
Famines
,
or
for
the
Celebration
of
some
particular
Games
,
or
whenever
else
there
was
need
of
a
sudden
and
extraordinary
Command
;
and
this
was
oftentimes
a
Means
of
preserving
the
Roman
Common-wealth
from
Ruine
.
His
Authority
was
absolute
,
he
had
Power
of
Peace
and
War
,
to
levy
Forces
,
to
lead
'em
out
,
to
disband
'em
,
and
to
act
all
things
according
to
his
Pleasure
,
without
referring
them
to
the
Senate
;
and
upon
his
Creation
,
all
other
Magistrates
,
except
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
laid
down
their
Offices
,
and
the
whole
Government
was
left
in
his
Hands
.
He
had
24
Bundles
of
Rods
carry'd
before
him
,
with
as
many
Axes
,
and
he
punish'd
as
he
pleas'd
without
any
Appeal
;
hence
this
Office
came
to
be
so
terrible
,
that
the
Edict
of
a
Dictator
was
observ'd
as
the
Command
of
a
Deity
.
But
then
this
extraordinary
Power
was
limitted
both
by
Time
and
Place
;
for
the
Office
was
never
to
continue
above
six
Months
;
nor
was
the
Dictator
allow'd
to
march
out
of
Italy
,
nor
ever
on
Horseback
without
leave
,
to
shew
that
the
Roman
Strength
lay
in
the
Infantry
.
The
Dictator
upon
his
Creation
,
always
made
choice
of
another
Officer
,
one
that
had
either
been
Consul
or
Praetor
,
to
assist
him
;
Master
of
the
Horse
executed
his
Place
in
the
Army
;
if
present
,
he
Commanded
the
Horse
,
yet
so
as
to
be
obedient
to
the
Dictator's
Orders
,
and
never
to
fight
either
contrary
to
,
or
without
his
Commands
.
Largius
Flavius
,
one
of
the
Consuls
for
this
Year
,
being
,
as
was
said
before
,
made
Dictator
,
chose
Sp.
Cassius
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
who
had
been
Consul
in
the
Year
252
,
and
immediately
appear'd
in
Publick
with
his
24
Axes
and
Rods
before
him
;
which
soon
chang'd
the
Face
of
Affairs
in
the
City
.
Having
with
these
and
other
Ensigns
of
Power
terrify'd
and
stopp'd
the
Seditious
Murmurs
of
the
Multitude
,
he
began
the
Census
,
after
the
Pattern
of
Servius
Tullius
the
sixth
King
,
according
to
the
Tribes
,
taking
the
Names
and
Ages
of
such
as
were
cessed
,
and
of
Children
.
In
a
short
time
,
the
Fear
of
losing
Freedom
and
Estates
,
so
far
prevail'd
,
that
150700
of
full
Age
gave
in
their
Names
,
which
he
distributed
into
four
Parts
,
taking
one
for
himself
,
ordering
a
second
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
the
two
remaning
to
two
Persons
Commissioned
on
purpose
,
one
of
which
was
to
continue
in
the
City
for
the
Defence
of
it
Affairs
thus
setled
,
he
sent
some
private
Ministers
,
who
dealt
privately
with
several
Latine
Cities
,
and
procur'd
'em
to
suspend
the
War
,
and
make
a
Truce
for
one
Year
,
notwithstanding
the
great
Oppositions
made
by
Tarquin
and
Mamilius
,
for
whose
sakes
they
undertook
the
Quarrel
.
Upon
this
,
Largius
return'd
home
with
his
Army
,
and
before
his
six
Months
were
out
,
he
laid
down
his
Office
,
and
the
Consular
Power
took
place
again
,
no
Citizen
being
punish'd
either
by
Death
or
Banishment
,
or
cruelly
us'd
in
all
that
time
;
and
this
Carriage
was
imitated
by
his
Successors
for
many
Ages
;
and
notwithstanding
the
Vastness
of
this
Authority
,
it
was
very
rarely
abus'd
;
nor
was
the
Commonwealth
any
ways
prejudic'd
by
it
,
till
Sylla's
time
.
When
the
Truce
between
the
Romans
and
Latines
was
at
an
end
,
both
Parties
prepar'd
to
take
the
Field
,
the
former
chearfully
,
and
the
latter
unwillingly
.
The
Latins
were
so
strong
,
that
the
Romans
thought
it
convenient
to
create
a
Dictator
,
Ebutius
Helva
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
and
hastning
his
Levies
,
divided
his
Troops
into
four
Parts
,
reserving
one
to
himself
,
assigning
the
second
to
Virginius
,
the
third
to
Ebutius
,
and
the
fourth
to
Sempronius
,
who
was
to
defend
the
City
.
Upon
Intelligence
that
the
Latines
had
taken
the
Field
,
Posthumius
advanc'd
with
all
speed
to
the
Lake
Regillus
,
14
Miles
East
of
Rome
by
Tusculum
,
where
he
fortifi'd
himself
against
the
Enemy
,
who
as
yet
were
not
all
united
,
but
expected
Aid
from
the
Volsci
.
The
Romans
divided
themselves
into
three
parts
,
and
were
so
conveniently
posted
as
to
cut
off
all
Provisions
from
the
Latine
Camp
,
designing
to
starve
'em
;
but
the
News
of
the
March
of
the
Volsci
alter'd
their
Measures
,
making
'em
resolve
to
engage
.
The
Roman
Army
consisted
of
24000
Foot
,
and
1000
Horse
,
and
the
Enemy
of
40000
Foot
,
and
3000
Horse
,
Tarquin's
Son
Titus
commanding
the
main
Body
,
his
Brother
Sextus
the
Left
Wing
,
and
Mamilius
the
Right
:
Posthumius
stood
against
Titus
,
Ebutius
against
Sextus
,
and
Virginius
against
Mamilius
,
and
so
began
a
bloody
Battel
.
Florus
says
that
Posthumius
cast
one
of
the
Ensigns
among
the
Enemy
,
that
his
Men
might
be
the
more
eager
to
fall
upon
'em
and
recover
it
;
and
that
Ebutius
commanded
the
Bridles
to
be
taken
off
the
Horses
,
that
they
might
Charge
with
the
greater
Violence
and
Fury
.
The
Victory
at
last
fell
on
the
Romans
side
;
and
the
Battel
was
fought
with
so
much
Bravery
and
Courage
,
that
it
was
reported
that
the
Gods
themselves
were
present
,
particularly
Castor
and
Pollux
mounted
on
milk
white
Steeds
.
The
Latines
lost
Mamilius
and
Sextus
,
and
were
so
broken
,
that
scarce
a
fourth
Part
of
'em
escap'd
;
and
from
the
Place
of
this
Victory
,
Posthumius
obtain'd
the
Sirname
of
Rhegillensis
;
many
others
likewise
gaining
great
Honour
,
particularly
Caius
Marcius
,
afterwards
call'd
Coriolanus
.
After
the
Battel
was
over
,
the
Volsci
arriv'd
at
the
Camp
,
whereof
one
Party
was
for
attacking
the
Romans
now
weary
;
but
another
Party
,
willing
to
ingratiate
themselves
with
the
Conquerors
,
prevail'd
to
send
to
the
Dictator
,
to
let
him
understand
,
That
they
came
to
his
Assistance
.
But
Posthumius
convinc'd
'em
of
their
Falshood
by
their
own
Letters
which
he
had
intercepted
,
and
giving
leave
to
the
Messenger
to
return
,
whom
the
Multitude
wou'd
have
pull'd
in
pieces
,
resolv'd
to
fall
on
'em
the
next
Day
;
but
in
the
Night
they
abandon'd
their
Camp
and
fled
.
The
Latines
,
now
in
a
very
bad
Condition
,
sent
in
the
humblest
manner
imaginable
to
beg
Peace
of
the
Romans
;
and
their
Ambassadors
with
so
many
Tears
and
submissive
Intreaties
laid
all
the
Blame
on
the
Nobility
,
that
the
Motion
of
Largius
prevail'd
in
their
behalf
for
the
former
League
to
be
renew'd
.
Thus
ended
all
the
Wars
made
upon
the
Tarquin's
account
,
which
had
been
carry'd
on
for
13
Years
.
As
for
Tarquin
himself
,
the
only
Person
left
of
all
his
Family
,
now
abandon'd
by
the
Latines
,
Hetrurians
,
Sabines
,
with
the
rest
of
the
Neighbouring
People
,
who
all
refus'd
to
harbour
him
,
he
went
into
Campania
to
Aristodemus
Prince
of
Cuma
,
where
he
shortly
after
dy'd
,
being
about
90
Years
of
Age
,
and
the
last
King
that
Rome
ever
saw
.
II.
Upon
the
finishing
of
this
War
,
Appius
Claudius
the
Sabine
,
and
Servilius
Priscus
were
made
Consuls
for
the
Year
following
;
and
now
the
Courts
of
Justice
were
again
open'd
,
and
Processes
against
Debtors
reviv'd
.
This
caus'd
great
Disturbances
among
the
Common
People
,
the
Plebeians
alledging
their
Inability
of
paying
their
Debts
upon
the
account
of
their
Losses
by
the
Enemies
Incursions
,
and
their
want
of
Tillage
;
which
Plea
their
Creditors
likewise
made
use
of
,
shewing
that
these
Losses
were
such
as
made
the
remitting
of
their
Debts
impossible
;
which
occasion'd
many
Tumults
and
Quarrels
.
The
Consuls
endeavour'd
to
divert
these
threatning
Mischiefs
,
by
making
War
against
the
Volsci
,
who
had
lately
assisted
the
Latines
;
but
none
of
the
Plebeians
wou'd
List
themselves
,
making
grievous
Complaints
against
the
intollerable
Severity
of
their
Creditors
,
and
declaring
,
That
they
had
ventur'd
their
Lives
to
preserve
the
Liberty
of
the
State
abroad
,
and
in
requital
were
made
Slaves
by
their
Countrymen
at
home
.
Now
Servilius
was
willing
to
comply
in
some
measure
with
the
Poor
,
but
Appius
very
hotly
oppos'd
it
as
the
most
dangerous
Remedy
in
the
World
;
and
the
Disagreement
of
the
Consuls
added
much
to
the
common
Calamity
.
However
,
the
Senate
at
last
was
forc'd
to
have
recourse
to
the
Popularity
of
Servilius
,
who
with
fair
Words
and
Promises
perswaded
the
People
into
the
Field
;
where
when
he
had
by
his
good
Services
deserv'd
a
Triumph
,
the
Honour
was
deni'd
him
by
the
Insinuation
of
his
Collegue
Appius
,
who
represented
to
the
Senate
,
That
by
bearing
and
complying
with
the
Multitude
,
he
had
impair'd
the
Dignity
of
his
Order
.
The
People
now
expecting
the
Performances
of
Servilius's
Promises
,
were
wholly
disappointed
by
Appius's
Contrivances
,
which
doubled
their
Rage
,
and
made
'em
carry
all
things
by
open
Force
,
rescuing
their
Companions
out
of
the
hands
of
the
Serjeants
,
holding
Secret
Cabals
,
denying
ever
to
touch
a
Weapon
till
their
Burdens
were
remov'd
.
These
dangerous
Stirs
put
the
Senate
to
a
great
stand
;
Appius
still
urg'd
,
That
nothing
ought
to
be
granted
to
the
Rabble
;
and
the
better
to
quell
the
Disturbances
,
procur'd
a
Dictator
to
be
created
,
M.
Valerius
,
a
popular
Man
,
supposing
that
the
Terror
of
the
Office
alone
wou'd
perform
the
Work
,
and
that
a
Person
of
a
mild
and
moderate
Temper
wou'd
best
manage
it
.
Valerius
chose
Servilius
the
late
Consul
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
he
minding
the
Pleasure
of
the
People
more
than
his
own
Authority
,
told
'em
,
That
if
they
wou'd
freely
follow
him
,
not
only
what
they
justly
requir'd
concerning
their
Debts
,
but
other
Rewards
shou'd
be
granted
'em
;
by
which
means
he
procur'd
ten
Legions
to
be
listed
.
With
these
he
march'd
against
the
Volsci
,
Aequi
,
and
Sabines
,
who
were
all
up
in
Arms
;
and
having
reduc'd
'em
,
he
divided
some
Lands
he
had
taken
from
the
Volsci
,
among
the
Soldiers
.
At
his
return
he
requested
the
Senate
,
that
his
and
their
Promises
might
be
made
good
,
but
was
check'd
for
his
too
great
Compliance
with
the
Multitude
;
and
because
he
was
an
old
Man
,
above
Seventy
,
unfit
as
he
said
to
contend
,
and
unwilling
to
shew
his
utmost
Authority
,
he
immediately
laid
down
his
Office
.
This
more
inflam'd
the
common
People
,
who
now
had
their
private
Consultations
,
designing
to
separate
themselves
from
the
Patritians
;
which
when
the
Senate
perceiv'd
,
order
was
given
to
the
Consuls
not
to
disband
the
Army
,
pretending
that
the
Sabines
and
Aequi
had
new
Designs
against
Rome
.
Now
the
Soldiers
being
strictly
bound
by
their
Oath
,
call'd
Sacramentum
,
at
their
first
Listing
,
cou'd
not
forsake
their
Standards
;
but
the
Consuls
having
their
Camps
nigh
each
other
,
by
the
Advice
of
one
Sicinius
Bellulus
,
they
all
remov'd
to
one
of
them
;
and
then
taking
away
the
Ensigns
and
Standards
from
the
Consuls
,
they
retir'd
to
a
Mountain
afterwards
call'd
Mons
Sacer
,
three
Miles
North
of
Rome
by
the
River
Anio
,
now
call'd
Taverone
.
Upon
this
News
,
the
whole
City
was
in
a
strange
Consternation
and
Tumult
;
insomuch
that
the
Patritians
fear
▪
d
least
Civil
Wars
shou'd
insue
,
for
the
Plebeians
growing
extream
high
,
many
of
'em
left
the
Town
and
flock'd
to
the
Army
,
tho'
the
other
hinder'd
it
as
much
as
possible
.
The
Fathers
had
great
Contests
among
themselves
,
some
pleading
for
the
Multitude
,
others
urging
nothing
but
right
down
Force
;
till
the
former
sort
prevail'd
to
send
a
Message
to
the
Armies
,
desiring
'em
To
return
home
,
and
declare
their
Demands
;
withal
promising
'em
,
To
forget
their
Crimes
,
and
to
reward
their
good
Services
.
But
this
Message
was
receiv'd
with
disdainful
Words
,
and
violent
Complaints
,
intermix'd
with
threatning
Language
;
which
the
more
sensibly
afflicted
the
Fathers
,
as
not
knowing
which
way
to
procure
a
Reconciliation
,
since
they
cou'd
no
longer
keep
the
People
in
the
City
from
going
over
to
the
Army
.
Now
was
the
time
for
electing
of
new
Consuls
at
hand
,
but
the
Stirs
were
so
violent
,
white
Garments
)
wou'd
stand
for
the
Office
,
nor
any
accept
of
it
;
till
at
last
the
Consuls
by
their
sole
Authority
appointed
Posthumius
Cominius
,
Sp.
Cassius
,
who
had
been
Consuls
before
,
and
were
equally
in
favour
with
the
Nobility
and
Commons
.
The
Consuls
immediately
call'd
the
Senate
,
and
consulted
'em
about
the
Return
of
the
Commons
.
Agrippa
Menenius
,
a
very
discreet
Person
,
and
a
great
Orator
in
those
days
,
urg'd
the
great
Necessity
of
a
Composure
,
and
a
Compliance
with
the
People
,
since
the
Roman
Dominions
cou'd
neither
be
encreas'd
,
nor
yet
preserv'd
without
the
Inferior
sort
.
Valerius
the
last
Dictator
seconded
him
,
and
upbraided
the
Senate
for
not
believing
him
when
he
foretold
these
Distempers
;
that
now
they
ought
to
heal
the
Wound
before
it
was
gone
too
far
;
that
there
were
several
Reasons
the
Roman
People
had
to
separate
themselves
from
the
better
sort
,
all
which
had
great
and
plausible
Appearances
of
Iustice
.
But
Appius
,
according
to
his
usual
Manner
,
violently
declaim'd
against
the
Insolence
of
the
Mob
,
and
the
Imprudence
of
the
Senate
in
any
sort
of
Compliances
;
that
if
they
granted
these
Things
when
Enemies
,
which
they
refus'd
when
Friends
,
they
wou'd
not
rest
here
,
but
require
a
Communication
of
all
Honours
,
and
what
not
?
So
that
at
last
the
whole
Power
of
the
State
wou'd
come
into
the
hands
of
the
Rabble
.
This
Speech
so
pleas'd
and
transported
some
of
the
younger
sort
of
his
Party
,
that
nothing
cou'd
be
determined
by
reason
of
the
Heats
on
both
Sides
.
This
put
the
Consuls
upon
dismissing
the
Senate
for
that
time
,
admonishing
the
younger
sort
,
to
carry
themselves
more
modestly
for
the
future
,
or
else
they
wou'd
prefer
a
Law
to
limit
a
certain
Age
for
Senators
;
exhorting
likewise
the
graver
sort
to
Concord
,
letting
them
know
,
That
they
had
a
Way
to
end
the
Controversie
,
by
referring
the
Matter
to
the
People
,
who
had
a
Right
to
judge
of
it
,
as
a
Case
of
Peace
and
War
.
Upon
which
,
the
Senate
broke
up
.
At
the
next
Meeting
,
the
Senate
almost
unanimously
agreed
to
treat
with
the
People
,
tho'
Appius
oppos'd
it
what
he
cou'd
;
and
Menenius
with
nine
others
were
Commission'd
with
full
Power
to
compose
the
Differences
.
At
their
first
arrival
at
the
Camp
,
their
Proposals
cou'd
not
be
heard
through
the
Instigations
of
two
cunning
and
turbulent
Fellows
,
Sicinius
and
Lucius
Iunius
,
who
out
of
Conceit
had
likewise
affected
the
Name
of
Brutus
;
but
by
degrees
they
were
so
far
appeas'd
as
to
listen
to
the
Commissioners
.
Menenius
finding
the
Rage
and
Violence
of
the
People
too
great
to
hearken
much
to
Rhetorick
,
bethought
himself
of
a
more
effectual
Way
,
and
such
as
was
more
likely
to
make
Impression
;
therefore
laying
aside
his
former
Way
of
Speeches
and
Oratory
,
after
a
short
Promise
or
two
of
discharging
all
disabled
Debtors
,
he
in
a
plain
and
familiar
Way
began
thus
:
Once
upon
a
time
,
the
Members
and
Parts
of
Man●s
Body
fell
out
with
the
Belly
,
alledging
,
that
they
were
all
forc'd
to
toil
and
moil
to
provide
Necessaries
for
the
Belly
,
whilst
that
liv'd
idle
and
lazy
in
the
Midst
of
the
Body
,
and
did
nothing
but
enjoy
its
Pleasures
.
Whereupon
they
resolv'd
that
the
Hands
shou'd
not
lift
the
Meat
to
the
Mouth
,
nor
the
Mouth
receive
,
nor
yet
the
Teeth
chew
it
;
by
which
Means
while
they
endeavour'd
to
famish
the
Belly
,
they
themselves
and
the
whole
Body
were
all
starv'd
for
want
of
the
Nourishment
they
receiv'd
from
it
.
This
Story
,
and
his
home
Application
of
it
,
had
so
great
an
Effect
upon
the
People
,
that
they
unanimously
cry'd
out
,
He
shou'd
lead
'em
h●me
without
Delay
.
The
Multitude
were
so
well
satisfi'd
,
that
they
were
ready
to
depart
with
no
other
Security
than
the
bare
Words
of
the
Commissioners
;
but
Iunius
Brutus
before-mention'd
,
kept
'em
from
that
,
alledging
,
That
tho'
they
were
gratefully
to
acknowledge
the
kind
Offers
of
the
Senate
,
yet
some
Persons
of
revengeful
Tempers
might
notwithstanding
reserve
their
Anger
for
a
more
convenient
Opportunity
;
and
that
therefore
it
was
necessary
for
the
Security
of
the
Commons
,
to
have
certain
Officers
created
Yearly
out
of
their
own
Body
,
whose
Power
shou'd
be
to
give
Relief
to
such
Plebeians
as
were
injur'd
,
and
suffer
none
to
be
defrauded
of
their
Rights
.
This
was
greatly
approv'd
of
by
the
Multitude
,
and
closely
insisted
on
and
urg'd
to
Menenius
and
his
Fellow
Commissioners
;
who
thought
it
not
proper
to
yield
to
a
Matter
of
that
great
Consequence
without
leave
from
the
Senate
,
but
demanded
time
to
know
their
Pleasures
.
Upon
the
Debate
of
this
Matter
in
the
Senate
House
,
Valerius
thought
the
Favour
was
to
be
granted
to
the
Commons
,
but
Appius
most
violently
oppos'd
it
,
invoking
the
Gods
,
and
truly
foretelling
,
What
vast
Troubles
and
Calamities
the
Granting
it
wou'd
certainly
bring
upon
the
Common-wealth
;
yet
the
Majority
,
weari'd
out
with
the
present
Misfortunes
,
and
desiring
Peace
,
gave
it
in
Favour
of
the
People
,
and
Commissioners
were
immediately
dispatch●d
to
●em
with
the
Resolution
of
the
House
.
The
Commons
by
the
Advice
of
Menenius
,
first
sent
to
have
a
Religious
Confirmation
of
this
Privilege
from
the
Senate
,
and
afterwards
in
the
Assembly
of
the
Curiae
,
or
Curiata
Comitia
,
elected
I.
Brutus
and
Sicinius
Bellulus
,
to
whom
they
afterwards
join'd
C.
and
P.
Licinius
,
and
Icilius
Ruga
,
which
made
five
in
all
.
These
Officers
were
call'd
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
either
because
they
were
elected
by
the
Tribes
,
Curule
Chair
,
but
only
a
sort
of
a
Beadle
,
call'd
Viator
,
went
before
'em
.
The
want
of
these
Attendants
,
their
not
entring
at
the
beginning
of
the
year
,
and
their
not
laying
down
their
Office
upon
the
Creation
of
a
Dictator
,
made
some
hold
'em
to
be
no
Magistrates
,
but
rather
a
Curb
and
Restraint
to
all
others
.
Notwithstanding
the
disproportionate
Greatness
of
these
Tribunes
Power
,
it
was
considerably
limited
by
these
two
Things
,
which
they
scarcely
perceiv'd
at
the
Beginning
:
The
first
was
their
Confinement
to
the
City
Walls
,
out
of
which
they
had
no
authority
;
neither
was
it
lawful
for
'em
to
be
absent
from
the
City
a
day
,
Dion
says
not
an
hour
:
The
second
was
their
Number
,
for
any
one
of
the
ten
had
a
Negative
Vote
,
and
this
was
the
only
effectual
means
to
moderate
the
Power
which
they
afterwards
assum●d
;
the
Patritians
generally
prevailing
with
one
of
the
ten
to
be
of
their
side
,
which
was
sufficient
to
hinder
the
Designs
of
all
the
rest
.
This
was
the
first
great
Retrenchment
of
the
Consular
Power
,
besides
what
had
been
caus'd
by
Poplicola
before
:
and
now
the
Commonwealth
was
turn'd
from
an
Aristocrac●
to
a
Democracy
,
or
at
least
to
a
Mixture
of
both
.
The
Awe
which
this
Sacrosanct
Magistracy
had
upon
most
People
,
gave
'em
occasion
afterwards
to
enlarge
their
Power
and
Authority
,
and
to
become
most
extravagantly
Imperious
,
assembling
and
dismissing
the
Senate
,
imprisoning
the
Consuls
,
and
the
like
,
as
shall
be
more
particularly
shewn
afterwards
:
So
that
they
often
prov'd
the
Cause
of
many
dangerous
Seditions
and
Tumults
,
and
were
the
greatest
Disturbers
of
the
Peace
of
the
Common-wealth
,
insomuch
that
they
were
by
some
Authors
call'd
Pestes
Reipublicae
.
This
remarkable
Innovation
on
the
Government
hapned
in
the
260th
Year
of
the
City
,
46
after
the
Ruine
of
the
Babylonian
,
and
the
Beginning
of
the
Persian
Empire
,
and
in
the
third
Year
of
the
71st
Olympiad
.
CHAP.
III.
From
the
Creation
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
to
the
Second
Intermission
of
the
Consular
Power
,
by
the
Decemviri
.
Containing
the
space
of
42
Years
.
I.
THE
Commons
having
got
a
Confirmation
of
the
Office
of
Tribunes
from
the
Senate
,
Ministers
and
Assistants
of
the
Tribunes
,
but
afterwards
Aediles
,
ab
Aedibus
curandis
,
because
one
part
of
their
Office
was
to
take
care
of
the
Repairing
the
Publick
Buildings
,
Aediles
Curules
,
who
shall
be
spoken
of
in
their
proper
Place
.
After
the
Commons
had
obtain'd
these
Officers
,
and
what
else
they
desir'd
,
they
readily
listed
themselves
to
go
against
the
V●lsci
,
under
Posthumius
the
Consul
.
He
soon
took
Longula
and
Polustia
from
'em
,
then
invested
Corioli
,
a
strong
City
,
and
the
Metropolis
of
the
Nation
;
but
the
Antiates
marching
to
its
relief
,
he
left
part
of
his
Army
under
T.
Largius
,
and
with
the
other
advanc'd
to
give
the
Enemy
Battel
.
Largius
in
the
mean
time
attempting
to
Storm
the
Town
,
the
Besieg'd
receiv'd
him
with
so
much
Courage
and
Vigour
,
that
the
Romans
were
driven
back
to
their
Trenches
in
great
Disorder
;
but
Caius
Marcius
,
a
valiant
Patritian
formerly
mention'd
,
with
a
small
Party
,
most
couragiously
stood
the
Enemies
Shock
,
and
with
a
wonderful
Bravery
forc'd
'em
back
into
the
Town
,
whom
he
follow'd
so
close
at
their
Heels
,
that
he
went
in
with
'em
:
By
which
the
Besieg'd
were
so
terrifi'd
,
that
not
considering
their
own
Numbers
,
they
fled
to
the
contrary
part
of
the
City
,
suffering
him
to
let
the
rest
of
the
Army
into
the
Town
,
which
they
soon
possess'd
themselves
of
.
Which
done
,
Marcius
wou'd
not
permit
the
Soldiers
to
stay
for
Plunder
,
but
hastned
'em
to
joyn
the
Consul
with
all
Speed
;
and
whilst
the
Armies
were
approaching
,
desir'd
leave
of
Posthumius
to
engage
in
the
main
Body
with
his
Party
,
where
the
chief
Strength
of
the
Enemy
lay
;
and
having
obtain'd
that
Post
,
he
behav'd
himself
with
that
admirable
Courage
and
Conduct
,
that
the
Enemy
were
soon
overthrown
.
The
Consul
gave
him
extraordinary
Commendations
,
owning
him
to
be
the
chief
Cause
of
the
Victory
,
and
offer'd
him
a
large
Share
of
the
Booty
before
the
Division
among
the
Soldiers
.
But
he
modestly
refus'd
all
but
one
single
Horse
,
which
gain'd
him
greater
Honour
among
the
Soldiers
,
and
caus'd
Posthumius
to
bestow
the
Surname
of
Coriolanus
upon
him
,
for
his
incomparable
Valour
shewn
at
Corioli
.
The
Volsci
by
this
Overthrow
were
forc'd
to
Submission
,
and
made
their
Peace
.
This
same
Year
was
the
League
of
Confederacy
renew'd
with
the
Latines
,
and
likewise
a
third
Feria
or
Holy-day
appointed
by
the
Senate
for
the
Union
of
the
Nobility
and
Commons
,
the
first
being
for
the
Conquest
of
Hetruria
in
the
fifth
Kings
Reign
,
and
the
second
for
the
Banishment
of
Tarquin
.
This
Year
also
dy'd
Menenius
,
whom
the
People
out
of
Gratitude
bury'd
at
the
publick
Charge
,
because
he
dy'd
Poor
,
and
Money
was
bestow'd
on
his
Children
.
Now
likewise
was
the
Census
perform'd
and
110000
Heads
were
cessed
.
II.
The
Year
following
,
That
no
Man
shou'd
dare
to
interrupt
the
Tribunes
,
when
they
spoke
to
the
People
.
This
still
bred
greater
Aniniosities
between
the
Senate
and
People
;
but
the
Consuls
to
divert
'em
,
and
to
ease
their
Wants
,
offer'd
to
lead
'em
into
the
Enemies
Country
;
but
few
or
none
wou'd
List
themselves
;
so
that
Marcius
Coriolanus
with
some
Patritians
,
and
a
few
of
their
Clients
,
made
Incursions
,
and
return'd
home
laden
with
Booty
;
the
Knowledge
of
which
put
the
poorer
sort
into
a
fresh
Murmuring
against
the
Tribunes
,
who
had
disswaded
them
from
the
Expedition
.
So
that
now
the
City
was
almost
all
in
a
Flame
and
Confusion
,
but
more
from
the
Infirmity
of
the
Government
,
than
the
Disposition
of
the
People
.
These
Tumults
and
Disturbances
were
considerably
appeas'd
by
the
happy
Arrival
of
great
Quantities
of
Corn
from
Sicily
,
which
was
bought
at
a
cheap
Rate
,
and
half
given
in
by
Gelon
of
Sicily
.
Now
the
Patritians
considering
at
what
Rates
to
dispose
of
the
Corn
,
Coriolanus
,
incens'd
at
the
Behaviour
of
the
Commons
,
counsell'd
'em
to
keep
it
up
at
a
high
rate
,
and
to
shew
no
Favour
,
nor
give
any
Incouragement
to
the
Insolence
of
the
Tribunes
and
the
Rabble
;
but
wholly
to
take
away
the
Tribune
-
ship
,
as
the
only
Way
to
remedy
the
Disorders
of
the
State
.
Upon
Notice
of
this
,
the
Multitude
in
a
mad
Fury
wou'd
have
fall'n
upon
the
Senate
,
but
were
stopp'd
by
the
Tribunes
,
who
laid
all
the
Blame
upon
Coriolanus
,
and
sent
the
Aediles
to
apprehend
him
,
and
bring
him
before
the
People
.
The
Aediles
going
to
execute
their
Office
,
were
repuls'd
and
beaten
by
the
young
Patritians
,
who
were
gather'd
about
Coriolanus
.
This
put
all
in
a
greater
Flame
than
ever
,
and
the
whole
City
tumultuously
assembled
together
,
where
the
Tribunes
decreed
,
that
Coriolanus
shou'd
immediately
be
cast
down
headlong
from
the
Tarpeian
Rock
.
The
Aediles
strait
seiz'd
on
him
,
and
the
Patritians
again
rescu'd
him
,
and
there
was
nothing
but
Tumults
and
Uproars
in
all
Places
:
But
the
Senate
by
selling
of
Corn
at
low
Rates
,
and
by
good
Words
and
Entreaties
,
so
far
appeas'd
'em
,
that
the
Tribunes
null'd
their
former
Decree
,
and
set
him
a
Day
to
Answer
for
himself
before
the
People
.
The
Consuls
finding
their
Authority
was
like
to
be
much
weakned
,
after
long
Debates
and
much
Difficulty
,
procur'd
the
Tribunes
to
sue
out
this
Decree
from
the
Senate
,
which
was
granted
;
and
the
third
Market-day
after
was
appointed
for
his
Tryal
.
Coriolanus
demanded
of
the
Tribunes
what
they
wou'd
lay
to
his
Charge
;
who
after
some
Consultation
,
told
him
,
They
intended
to
accuse
him
of
Aiming
at
Sovereignty
and
Tyranny
;
whereupon
he
chearfully
put
himself
upon
Tryal
,
not
refusing
the
severest
Punishment
if
they
cou'd
prove
that
against
him
.
When
the
appointed
day
was
come
,
all
Persons
were
fill'd
with
great
Expectations
,
and
a
vast
Concourse
of
Country
People
early
in
the
morning
had
plac'd
themselves
in
the
Forum
,
and
the
Tribunes
assembled
the
People
,
separating
the
Tribes
from
one
another
with
Cords
,
and
ordering
them
to
give
their
Votes
according
to
their
Tribes
,
and
not
according
to
their
Centuries
;
which
Innovation
the
Patritians
much
complain'd
of
,
but
after
some
Debate
,
admitted
it
.
Minucius
,
the
Consul
,
began
first
,
Declaring
the
great
Worth
of
the
Person
to
be
try'd
,
signifying
that
the
Senate
became
Petitioners
in
his
Behalf
,
and
desiring
the
Tribunes
that
they
wou'd
keep
wholly
to
their
first
Impeachment
,
namely
,
his
aiming
at
Soveraignty
,
which
they
promis'd
to
do
.
Sicinius
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
enviously
urg'd
all
he
cou'd
imagine
would
make
for
his
Purpose
,
putting
the
worst
Construction
upon
all
his
Actions
:
But
when
Coriolanus
came
to
speak
,
his
Affairs
soon
seem'd
to
be
in
a
more
favourable
Condition
;
for
his
graceful
relating
all
his
great
Services
to
the
State
,
his
shewing
his
Scars
receiv'd
all
over
his
Body
,
and
the
Cries
and
Lamentations
of
such
as
he
had
sav'd
in
the
Wars
,
made
such
a
powerful
Impression
upon
the
People
,
that
they
generally
cry'd
out
,
He
was
to
be
releas'd
.
But
Decius
,
another
of
the
Tribunes
,
a
cunning
and
spiteful
Fellow
,
stood
up
,
alledging
,
That
he
wou'd
wave
all
Words
and
Expressions
,
and
insist
on
his
Actions
,
which
wou'd
make
good
the
Charge
of
Tyranny
:
There
was
a
certain
Law
,
that
all
Booty
and
Plunder
gain'd
in
War
shou'd
be
appropriated
to
the
Publick
Use
,
and
be
given
into
the
Hand
of
the
Quaestor
,
untouch'd
by
the
General
.
Now
,
whereas
that
Law
had
ever
been
look'd
upon
as
inviolable
,
Coriolanus
had
wilfully
broke
it
:
For
in
the
late
Incursion
into
the
Territories
of
Antium
,
where
he
had
got
great
plenty
of
Slaves
,
Cattel
,
and
Provisions
,
he
neither
deliver'd
these
things
to
the
Quaestor
,
nor
paid
any
Money
into
the
Treasury
,
but
divided
the
Booty
among
his
Friends
,
which
was
a
manifest
Argument
that
●e
design'd
to
Enslave
his
Country
;
it
being
the
constant
Practice
of
all
that
affect
Tyranny
,
by
such
Means
to
procure
themselves
Instruments
for
their
Purpose
.
Coriolanus
was
strangely
surpriz'd
at
so
unexpected
a
Charge
;
and
the
Consuls
and
Patritians
being
likewise
utterly
to
seek
for
an
Answer
,
the
Tribunes
immediately
nam'd
perpetual
Banishment
,
and
gather'd
the
Votes
of
the
Tribes
,
where
only
nine
of
the
one
and
twenty
clear'd
him
,
so
he
stood
condemn'd
by
the
Majority
.
This
was
the
first
Sentence
pass'd
by
the
People
upon
any
Patritian
,
and
henceforth
the
Tribunes
usually
set
a
Day
to
whomsoever
they
pleas'd
;
whereby
the
Power
of
the
Commons
was
very
much
enlarg'd
,
and
the
Interest
of
the
Patritians
more
and
more
diminish'd
.
Coriolanus
,
accompany'd
home
with
the
Sighs
and
Tears
of
a
great
many
,
took
his
leave
of
his
Mother
,
Wife
,
and
Children
,
who
all
made
lamentable
Complaints
;
but
he
,
like
a
true
Roman
,
with
small
Appearance
of
Concern
,
bad
'em
bear
all
chearfully
,
and
departed
the
City
without
any
thing
to
bear
his
Charges
,
attended
only
by
a
few
of
his
Clients
.
Thus
he
went
to
Antium
,
and
apply'd
himself
to
Tullus
Attius
,
a
Man
of
great
Note
among
the
Volsci
,
of
a
Magnanimous
Spirit
,
and
a
Violent
Enemy
of
the
Romans
,
where
throwing
himself
at
his
Feet
,
he
begg'd
of
him
to
Revenge
his
Countries
Losses
by
his
Death
,
or
his
own
Wrongs
by
Rome
'
s
Destruction
,
which
by
her
unnatural
Carriage
towards
him
,
had
now
forfeited
all
that
Duty
and
Service
she
might
have
justly
expected
at
his
Hands
.
Tullus
most
readily
espous'd
his
Quarrel
,
and
by
his
Advice
sent
many
of
the
Volsci
to
Rome
upon
pretence
of
seeing
some
Solemn
Games
at
that
time
celebrated
,
but
with
Design
to
make
a
Breach
between
the
two
Nations
.
These
Volsci
procur'd
a
Person
to
go
to
the
Consuls
,
and
accuse
the
Strangers
of
having
some
dangerous
Design
against
the
City
,
which
immediately
occasion'd
an
Order
from
the
Consuls
,
That
all
Strangers
shou'd
depart
by
Sun-set
.
This
Order
Tullus
represented
to
his
Country-men
as
a
Breach
of
the
Peace
,
and
so
aggravated
the
Matter
,
that
he
procur'd
'em
to
send
to
Rome
,
to
demand
all
the
Towns
and
Territories
which
the
Romans
had
taken
from
'em
.
The
Senate
receiv'd
this
Message
with
great
Scorn
,
telling
them
,
That
if
the
Volsci
were
the
first
that
took
up
Arms
,
the
Romans
wou'd
be
the
last
that
shou'd
lay
'em
down
.
Upon
which
Answer
,
the
Volsci
made
all
necessary
Preparations
for
a
War
.
Coriolanus
,
It
was
by
their
Procurement
that
he
invaded
their
Dominions
.
Coriolanus
returning
with
his
Men
richly
laden
with
Booty
,
was
sent
out
soon
after
with
the
sole
Command
of
half
the
Forces
,
and
taking
Circaeum
,
a
Roman
Colony
,
he
then
fell
upon
the
Latines
,
who
immediately
sent
to
Rome
for
Succour
;
but
the
Commons
Averseness
to
the
Wars
,
and
the
approaching
End
of
the
present
Consuls
Office
,
render'd
their
Message
of
no
Effect
.
But
Coriolanus
still
proceeded
with
great
Success
,
taking
Tolerium
,
Lavici
,
Pes
,
and
Bola
,
all
by
Storm
,
plundering
them
,
and
making
the
Inhabitants
Prisoners
of
War
.
Such
as
yielded
he
treated
mildly
,
others
he
put
to
the
Sword
;
and
the
Volsci
now
so
admir'd
his
extraordinary
Courage
and
Conduct
,
that
they
left
their
Towns
bare
,
flocking
in
great
Numbers
to
him
,
and
owning
him
for
their
sole
Commander
.
At
Rome
there
was
nothing
but
Confusion
and
Despair
,
and
all
the
Peoples
Satisfaction
was
by
venting
their
Rage
against
one
another
;
but
soon
after
,
when
News
was
brought
that
Lavinium
was
invested
,
the
Commons
all
cry'd
out
,
That
Coriolanus
was
to
be
restor'd
,
and
his
Banishment
repeal'd
.
The
Senate
utterly
refus'd
to
assent
to
this
,
either
out
of
Desire
to
oppose
the
People
in
all
Things
,
or
out
of
Scorn
to
have
his
Restoration
ascrib'd
to
the
Commons
,
or
else
out
of
a
just
Indignation
against
Coriolanus
,
who
was
now
become
an
open
Enemy
to
all
his
Country
in
general
.
Coriolanus
understanding
the
Dissentions
of
the
City
,
immediately
rose
up
from
before
Lavinium
,
and
advancing
towards
Rome
,
Encamp'd
at
Clulius's
Ditch
,
five
Miles
from
the
City
.
This
struck
the
Romans
with
such
a
Terror
,
that
now
both
Senate
and
People
unanimously
agreed
to
send
Ambassadors
to
him
with
Proposals
of
Restoration
.
The
Ambassadors
behav'd
themselves
with
all
possible
Respect
;
notwithstanding
which
,
and
their
being
Patritians
,
and
his
Choicest
Friends
,
he
receiv'd
'em
with
all
the
Sternness
and
Severity
of
a
most
Injur'd
Person
;
and
in
a
Council
of
War
made
Answer
,
That
if
they
hop'd
for
Peace
,
they
must
immediately
restore
all
the
Towns
and
Territories
taken
from
the
Volsci
;
and
make
'em
Free
of
the
City
as
the
Latines
were
;
and
for
that
he
wou'd
give
'em
thirty
Days
to
consider
of
it
.
And
this
he
spoke
as
he
was
General
of
the
Volsci
,
and
not
as
he
was
a
Roman
,
ungratefully
us'd
,
and
barbarously
treated
by
his
own
Country-men
.
This
Space
of
Time
he
employ'd
in
subduing
Seven
great
and
strong
Towns
;
and
at
the
end
of
it
,
another
Ambassy
was
dispatch'd
to
him
,
declaring
,
That
they
were
still
Romans
,
and
that
neither
Constraint
nor
Fear
shou'd
influence
their
Souls
to
stoop
to
any
Thing
that
is
Base
,
but
desir'd
him
to
draw
off
his
Troops
,
and
consult
in
Common
.
And
that
if
he
thought
the
Volsci
were
to
be
gratifi'd
,
they
wou'd
yield
to
him
,
provided
they
wou'd
lay
down
their
Arms.
Coriolanus
,
a
little
more
moderate
,
repli'd
,
That
now
he
behav'd
himself
not
as
General
of
the
Volsci
,
but
as
a
Roman
Citezen
,
and
desir'd
that
having
a
Respect
to
Interest
and
Moderation
,
they
wou'd
return
in
three
Days
with
a
Grant
of
his
former
Demands
,
or
else
he
must
proceed
in
his
Enterprize
.
The
Senate
being
reduc'd
to
this
Extremity
,
their
Courages
began
to
fail
'em
,
and
as
their
last
Remedy
,
order'd
all
the
Pontifices
,
Priests
,
Governours
of
Religious
Houses
,
and
Augurs
,
all
in
their
proper
Ornaments
and
Habits
,
to
go
in
Solemn
Procession
,
and
humbly
to
beg
for
an
Accommodation
.
But
this
Pompous
Train
,
with
all
their
earnest
Prayers
and
Supplications
did
not
in
the
least
move
Coriolanus
;
he
still
insisting
,
That
they
shou'd
either
accept
of
his
Proposals
,
or
else
they
must
expect
the
utmost
Severity
of
War
and
Bloodshed
.
Upon
the
Return
of
the
Priests
,
the
whole
City
was
full
of
Tumults
,
Trembling
,
and
Amazement
,
the
Men
running
in
Disorder
to
the
Walls
,
and
the
Women
in
Confusion
to
the
Temples
;
especially
to
that
of
Iupiter
in
the
Capitol
.
Among
which
,
was
Valeria
,
Poplicola's
Sister
,
who
put
'em
in
mind
of
going
to
Veturia
,
Coriolanus's
Mother
,
with
his
Wife
Volumnia
,
to
get
them
to
intercede
for
their
Country
.
Veturia
was
very
ready
to
undertake
so
pious
a
Work
,
tho'
with
little
hopes
of
succeeding
;
and
thereupon
set
forward
,
accompani'd
with
many
of
these
Ladies
,
her
Daughter-in-Law
,
and
her
two
Grand-Children
.
Coriolanus
discovering
this
Mournful
Company
,
fully
resolv'd
to
give
'em
a
Denial
;
but
perceiving
his
Mother
among
'em
,
immediately
descended
from
his
Tribunal
,
and
went
to
meet
her
;
courteously
receiving
her
with
his
Wife
and
Children
,
and
carefully
listning
to
her
Petition
,
which
she
urg'd
with
all
the
Skill
and
Rhetorick
she
cou'd
,
from
the
Consideration
of
the
impending
Ruine
of
his
Country
,
and
of
the
certain
infamy
which
he
wou'd
incur
if
Victorious
,
and
the
unavoidable
Dishonour
he
wou'd
receive
if
he
were
Successless
in
his
Attempts
.
But
this
not
prevailing
,
she
put
him
in
mind
,
How
much
the
Sacred
Ties
of
Nature
and
Religion
,
together
with
her
most
tender
Education
of
him
in
her
Widowhood
,
had
ingag'd
him
to
Obedience
,
or
at
least
to
a
Compliance
:
Declaring
likewise
,
That
he
shou'd
not
stir
one
Foot
towards
the
treading
down
of
his
Country
,
without
first
trampling
upon
the
dead
Body
of
her
who
brought
him
into
the
World
.
And
in
Conclusion
,
with
his
Wife
and
Children
,
cast
her self
at
his
Feet
,
Embracing
and
Kissing
'em
;
which
with
the
lamentable
Sighs
and
Tears
of
the
fair
Train
,
so
far
mov'd
his
great
Spirit
,
that
lifting
'em
up
,
and
embracing
'em
,
he
cry'd
,
O
Mother
,
you
have
gain'd
the
Victory
,
most
fortunate
for
my
Country
,
but
most
destructive
to
my self
;
and
accordingly
drew
off
the
Volsci
into
their
own
Country
.
Tullus
,
who
now
envy●d
his
Glory
,
represented
this
Act
to
the
Volsci
as
the
highest
Piece
of
Treason
against
'em
,
and
procur'd
him
to
be
cut
in
Pieces
,
scarce
allowing
him
to
speak
for
himself
,
as
Dionysius
relates
it
.
This
was
against
the
Consent
of
the
greatest
Part
of
the
Volsci
,
who
bury'd
him
Honourably
,
adoring
his
Tomb
with
Arms
and
Trophies
as
a
Great
General
,
and
a
Famous
Warrior
,
and
the
Roman
Women
themselves
were
permitted
to
mourn
for
him
10
Months
,
all
acknowledging
him
to
be
the
most
valiant
and
most
couragious
Man
in
this
age
.
III.
Great
and
many
Publick
Rejoycings
were
made
at
Rome
for
Coriolanus's
Retreat
,
Woman's
Fortune
,
built
in
the
same
Place
where
they
had
deliver'd
their
Country
,
which
was
done
at
the
Publick
Charge
.
The
Consuls
soon
after
took
the
Field
with
a
considerable
Army
,
but
had
no
occasion
to
use
it
;
for
the
Volsci
and
Aequi
joyning
Forces
,
had
such
violent
Contests
about
a
General
,
as
they
almost
ruin●d
each
other
.
The
year
following
the
New
Consuls
,
Aquilius
and
Sicinius
,
overthrew
one
the
Hernici
,
and
the
other
the
Volsci
,
among
whom
fell
Tullus
their
General
.
The
next
Year
,
the
Consuls
,
Virginius
and
Cassius
took
the
Field
,
the
Aequi
falling
to
the
former
,
as
the
Volsci
and
Hernici
did
to
the
latter
:
But
the
Volsci
immediately
begg'd
Peace
,
having
lost
their
best
Men
in
the
last
Battel
;
as
soon
after
did
the
Hernici
,
who
now
refus'd
any
longer
to
contend
with
the
Romans
for
Superiority
.
Cassius
having
receiv'd
Money
and
Provisions
from
'em
as
Persons
who
own'd
themselves
Conquer'd
,
made
a
Truce
,
but
referr'd
the
Articles
to
the
Senate
.
But
the
Fathers
,
after
resolving
to
accept
of
their
Alliance
,
left
the
Conditions
of
the
League
to
Cassius's
Discretion
;
who
now
affecting
Sovereignty
,
and
desiring
Popularity
,
granted
'em
equal
Privileges
with
the
Latines
,
which
together
with
his
Triumph
lately
obtain'd
without
performing
any
thing
for
it
,
procur'd
him
much
Envy
and
Hatred
.
Cassius
now
grown
Insolent
by
his
three
Consulships
,
That
his
extraordinary
Care
and
wise
Management
in
those
Times
,
had
shewn
him
no
less
than
sole
Governour
;
and
that
since
he
had
already
taken
Charge
of
the
Common-wealth
,
it
was
but
just
and
reasonable
he
shou'd
continue
to
do
it
.
This
Speech
,
tho'
so
strongly
●avouring
of
Tyranny
,
wou'd
have
been
far
more
serviceable
to
him
,
had
he
not
brought
in
the
Latines
and
the
Hernici
as
Sharers
in
these
Lands
,
which
he
did
to
gain
their
Favours
,
tho'
with
the
weakning
his
Interest
with
the
Common
People
.
This
Proposal
concerning
the
Lands
,
met
with
many
Oppositions
in
the
Senate
,
created
Fears
and
Jealousies
among
some
,
and
caus'd
various
Discourses
among
others
:
But
the
Commons
Forwardness
,
and
the
Disturbances
that
were
like
to
follow
,
caus'd
the
Senate
after
many
Debates
,
to
publish
their
Resolution
for
dividing
the
Lands
among
the
Commons
,
withal
excluding
all
new
Allies
and
Associates
,
as
having
no
Reason
to
expect
a
Share
of
what
was
gain'd
before
their
Times
.
This
was
the
famous
Agrarian
Law
,
Soon
after
his
Death
,
the
Commons
were
very
urgent
for
the
Execution
of
the
Agrarian
Law
,
which
Cassius
had
set
on
foot
;
but
the
Senate
being
resolv'd
to
divert
it
as
much
as
possible
,
caus'd
the
Consuls
to
prepare
for
an
Expedition
.
The
Plebeians
inrag●d
at
their
Disappointment
,
and
the
Loss
of
a
Person
whom
they
expected
to
have
been
so
serviceable
to
'em
,
refus'd
to
List
themselves
,
the
Tribunes
always
protecting
'em
from
Punishment
;
but
the
Name
of
a
Dictator
,
and
their
suspecting
Appius
to
be
the
Man
,
soon
frighted
'em
into
a
Compliance
;
so
Cornelius
,
one
of
the
Consuls
,
wasted
the
Territories
of
the
Veientes
,
as
Fabius
the
other
,
did
those
of
the
Aequi.
Not
long
after
,
the
Commons
refusing
to
List
themselves
,
the
Consuls
found
means
to
sit
in
the
Campus
Martius
,
out
of
the
City
,
where
the
Tribunes
had
no
Authority
;
and
there
they
severely
punish'd
and
fin'd
such
as
did
not
appear
,
to
the
great
Mortification
of
the
Popular
Faction
.
A
third
time
the
Consuls
gain'd
their
Designs
by
getting
over
one
of
the
Tribunes
to
their
side
;
a
way
they
were
often
forc●d
to
make
use
of
afterwards
.
In
the
mean
time
,
they
had
several
Wars
abroad
with
the
Volsci
and
Aequi
,
and
soon
after
the
Veientes
;
there
being
many
Ravages
on
both
sides
,
with
some
Battels
,
but
of
no
great
Note
or
Consequence
.
At
home
were
greater
Contests
and
Quarrels
between
the
Consuls
and
Tribunes
concerning
this
Agrarian
Law
;
the
former
always
declining
the
execution
of
it
,
and
the
latter
as
constantly
urging
it
,
but
with
no
other
effect
than
the
blowing
up
of
Dissentions
,
and
the
increasing
of
Factions
.
And
this
was
the
troublesome
and
unhappy
State
of
Rome
for
about
five
Years
together
,
as
may
be
seen
at
large
in
Dionysius
.
IV.
In
the
midst
of
these
Troubles
,
Romans
.
Virginius
oppos●d
'em
with
another
,
but
was
so
overpower'd
by
'em
,
that
he
had
lost
his
Army
,
had
not
Fabius
came
from
the
Aequi
with
timely
Succour
,
and
brought
him
off
.
Upon
the
Roman
Retreat
,
the
Veientes
made
Incursions
almost
to
the
Walls
of
Rome
,
to
the
great
Injury
and
Dishonour
of
the
City
;
and
what
added
more
to
their
Inconveniencies
,
was
the
lowness
of
the
Treasury
,
and
the
Discontents
of
the
People
about
the
Agrarian
Law
.
This
reduc'd
the
Senate
to
very
great
Extremities
,
till
at
last
the
whole
Family
of
the
Fabii
,
a
noble
Stock
,
generously
offer'd
their
Service
to
be
a
constant
Guard
to
the
Frontiers
,
without
any
Charge
to
the
Publick
,
which
was
gratefully
accepted
by
the
Senate
.
They
were
in
Number
306
,
which
with
their
Clients
and
Friends
,
made
up
4000
,
all
commanded
by
Marcus
,
the
last
years
Consul
;
and
to
them
was
afterwards
sent
another
Company
under
Fabius
the
present
Consul
.
These
brave
Adventurers
fortifi'd
themselves
in
a
Castle
,
which
they
call'd
Cremera
,
as
standing
upon
a
River
of
the
same
Name
,
nigh
the
Frontiers
of
the
Veientes
,
from
which
they
made
great
Incursions
,
and
extreamly
annoy'd
the
Enemy
.
The
following
Year
,
the
Veientes
,
Volsci
,
and
Aequi
,
all
agreeing
upon
an
Invasion
,
great
Preparations
were
made
by
the
Senate
;
Aemilius
one
Consul
,
led
an
Army
against
the
Veientes
,
with
whom
was
join'd
Baebius
,
as
Pre-Consul
;
Servilius
the
other
Consul
,
led
another
against
the
Volsci
;
and
Furius
a
third
,
against
the
Aequi.
The
latter
soon
finish'd
his
Work
;
Servilius
was
forc'd
to
draw
out
the
War
at
length
;
but
Aemilius
engag'd
the
Veientes
and
their
Allies
,
and
overthrew
'em
;
then
falling
upon
their
Camp
,
forc'd
'em
to
beg
Peace
;
the
Conditions
of
which
being
left
to
his
Discretion
by
the
Senate
,
he
made
a
League
with
'em
upon
Terms
so
little
Advantageous
to
the
Romans
,
that
they
gain'd
him
much
Hatred
,
and
lost
him
the
Honour
of
a
Triumph
;
which
so
enrag'd
him
,
that
he
immediately
disbanded
his
Troops
,
endeavouring
still
more
to
incence
the
Commons
against
the
Senate
.
The
Year
following
,
when
Horatius
and
Menenius
were
Consuls
,
eleven
Cities
of
Hetruria
declar'd
against
the
Veientes
for
making
Peace
without
their
Consent
,
and
forc'd
'em
to
break
it
.
Their
Pretence
against
Rome
was
,
that
the
Fabii
were
not
drawn
off
from
Cremera
,
upon
which
they
advanc'd
towards
'em
with
a
powerful
Army
;
whereupon
Menenius
was
order'd
against
Hetruria
,
and
Horatius
against
the
Volsci
.
The
Veientes
not
daring
to
Attack
this
Valiant
Body
of
the
Fabii
in
their
Fortress
,
drew
'em
out
by
a
Stratagem
,
causing
several
Herds
of
Cattle
,
and
Flocks
of
Sheep
to
be
driven
to
the
neighbouring
Places
,
and
laying
several
great
Parties
in
Ambuscade
.
The
Design●
took
,
and
the
Fabian
Adventurers
were
all
unfortunately
cut
off
;
tho'
at
first
by
forming
themselves
into
a
Wedge
,
they
gain'd
the
top
of
a
Hill
,
and
there
though
wholly
encompassed
,
made
an
incredible
Slaughter
of
the
Enemy
.
Fabius
Maximus
;
but
Dionysius
much
questions
this
Tradition
.
The
Veientes
,
now
Masters
of
Cremera
,
advanc'd
boldly
towards
the
Roman
Army
,
which
lay
encamp'd
not
far
off
,
and
might
have
reliev'd
the
Fabii
:
Then
taking
advantage
of
Menenius's
Unskilfulness
,
they
possess'd
themselves
of
a
Hill
nigh
his
Camp
,
from
whence
they
streightned
him
so
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
Fight
upon
very
unequal
Terms
,
and
his
Army
was
much
worsted
.
The
Romans
quitted
their
Camp
,
and
fled
in
such
Disorder
,
that
had
the
Veientes
been
mindful
of
any
thing
but
Plunder
,
they
might
have
destroy'd
'em
all
.
The
next
day
they
enter'd
the
Roman
Territories
,
and
possess'd
themselves
of
the
Hill
Ianiculus
,
two
Miles
from
Rome
,
to
the
great
Damage
and
Disgrace
of
the
City
:
But
Horatius
,
the
other
Consul
,
returning
from
the
Volsci
,
overthrew
'em
twice
,
and
much
eas'd
the
People
,
but
cou'd
not
yet
wholly
dislodge
the
Enemy
.
The
Year
following
,
Servilius
and
Virginius
,
two
experienc'd
Warriors
,
were
made
Consuls
,
which
gave
great
Hopes
to
the
People
,
who
were
now
extreamly
streightned
for
want
of
Corn
and
Trade
,
which
was
the
more
felt
by
reason
of
the
Populousness
of
the
City
;
for
at
the
next
〈…〉
appear'd
to
be
110000
Men
of
ripe
Age
,
and
three
times
as
many
Women
,
Children
,
Slaves
,
Merchants
,
and
Artificers
.
The
People
were
ready
upon
every
Opportunity
to
seize
on
the
Stores
of
the
Rich
;
and
the
Consuls
endeavour'd
to
appease
'em
by
buying
what
Corn
they
cou'd
,
and
causing
such
as
had
Corn
to
expose
it
to
Sale
,
till
their
Levies
and
Troops
were
compleated
.
When
they
had
rais'd
a
sufficient
Number
of
Men
,
one
Night
they
drew
out
their
Troops
from
the
City
,
towards
the
Enemy
,
and
passing
the
River
before
day
,
unexpectedly
fell
upon
'em
,
entirely
routed
em
,
and
clear'd
the
Hill
,
they
retiring
in
great
Disorder
to
their
own
Territories
.
This
Campaign
ended
,
Menenius
,
the
last
Years
Consul
,
was
call'd
to
an
Account
,
and
severely
fin'd
for
suffering
the
Fabii
to
be
cut
off
,
whom
the
People
so
gratefully
esteem'd
,
that
they
plac'd
the
day
of
their
Defeat
among
their
Nefasti
,
or
unlucky
days
,
whereon
no
Work
of
great
consequence
was
to
be
undertaken
.
The
War
was
still
carry●d
on
,
and
within
two
years
after
,
the
Veientes
were
so
over-power'd
,
having
been
overthrown
in
Battel
,
together
with
their
Confederates
the
Sabines
,
and
now
closely
hem'd
in
,
that
they
begg'd
Peace
of
the
Romans
:
And
having
purchas'd
leave
to
send
to
the
Senate
,
with
a
whole
Years
Pay
for
the
Consuls
Army
,
and
Money
for
two
Months
Provision
,
they
obtain'd
a
Truce
for
Forty
Years
.
Thus
ended
the
War
with
the
Veientes
,
after
Seven
Years
Contests
on
both
sides
.
V.
The
following
year
,
The
next
Year
,
Volero
,
by
his
mighty
Promises
,
procur'd
himself
to
be
made
Tribune
a
second
time
;
and
the
Senate
to
balance
him
,
got
Appius
Claudius
,
the
Son
of
Appius
now
absent
,
to
be
made
Consul
,
tho'
against
his
Will
,
and
with
him
Quintius
Capit●linus
,
who
hapn'd
to
be
of
a
contrary
Temper
.
Appius
in
a
Publick
Assembly
oppos'd
the
Common's
Designs
so
hotly
and
violently
,
and
so
sharply
reprimanded
them
for
their
rude
Actions
and
Seditious
Practices
,
that
the
Tribunes
saucily
commanded
him
to
depart
the
Assembly
;
and
upon
his
Refusal
,
to
be
sent
to
Prison
.
This
Piece
of
Boldness
was
so
surprizing
to
the
Fathers
,
that
all
were
ready
to
rise
up
in
Arms
,
and
the
Lictors
were
beaten
back
that
went
to
lay
Hands
on
him
;
he
being
defended
by
a
Company
of
stout
young
Men
,
an
unseemly
Contest
ensu'd
,
which
beginning
with
Railings
and
Jostlings
,
proceeded
to
Blows
and
throwing
of
Stones
.
But
Quintius
,
the
other
Consul
,
by
his
Intreaties
,
and
throwing
himself
into
the
Middle
,
and
by
the
help
of
the
Graver
Senators
,
prevented
the
Tumult
from
proceeding
to
any
further
Inconveniencies
,
which
was
ended
shortly
after
by
the
Night
.
But
all
Disturbances
did
not
end
here
,
for
within
a
few
Days
after
,
the
Tribunes
and
the
People
seiz'd
on
the
Capitol
,
and
there
fortifi'd
themselves
against
the
Patritians
.
This
might
have
been
of
the
most
dangerous
Consequence
,
had
not
Quintius
by
his
mild
Intreaties
and
fair
Promises
perswaded
the
Tribunes
to
refer
this
Law
to
the
Senate's
Discretion
;
This
was
call'd
the
Comitia
Tributa
,
Forum
R●manum
,
and
that
with
the
Superstitious
Observations
of
Birds
,
call'd
Auspicia
;
but
this
Tributa
was
ti'd
to
no
set
Place
,
being
assembl'd
in
a
great
many
several
,
without
any
Observation
of
Birds
.
But
the
most
material
Difference
between
these
two
Comitia's
,
was
this
;
in
the
Curiata
such
things
were
treated
of
,
and
confirm'd
by
the
Suffrages
of
the
Curiae
,
as
the
Senate
had
first
decreed
;
but
in
the
Tributa
,
all
Things
were
manag'd
without
any
consulting
of
the
Senate
,
and
were
wholly
determin'd
by
the
Votes
of
the
Tribes
gather●d
apart
.
The
Matters
that
were
manag'd
here
,
were
chiefly
,
The
chusing
of
Inferior
Magistrates
,
as
the
Tribunes
,
Aediles
,
Priests
,
&c.
making
of
those
Law●
,
●all'd
Plebiscita
,
or
whatsoever
shou'd
concern
the
Commons
;
as
als●
the
Punishment
of
Misdemeanors
,
but
not
as
to
Life
and
Death
;
and
the
making
Peace
,
but
not
War
.
This
new
Law
gave
the
Commons
still
more
Power
and
Authority
,
and
made
'em
still
more
Bold
and
Insolent
,
to
the
danger
of
many
a
Patritian
,
and
to
the
Ruine
of
Appius
,
whose
ill
Success
against
the
Volsci
this
same
Year
,
and
●his
violent
opposing
the
Agrarian
Law
the
next
,
made
the
Tribunes
set
him
a
Day
to
answer
for
his
Life
before
the
People
,
which
he
prevented
by
killing
himself
.
VI.
Still
the
Romans
had
Wars
with
the
Aequi
,
That
the
Citizens
ought
all
to
have
equal
Power
in
the
Government
;
they
likewise
made
great
Complaints
,
that
the
Roman
Laws
were
yet
unwritten
;
and
thereupon
propos●d
a
Law
to
have
Ten
Men
chosen
in
a
lawful
Assembly
,
to
publish
Laws
both
concerning
a●
Private
and
Publick
Business
.
The
young
Patritians
furiously
oppos'd
their
Designs
,
casting
the
meaner
Sort
like
Slaves
out
of
the
Forum
.
Among
these
,
Caeso
Quintius
,
the
Son
of
Quintius
Cincinnatus
,
was
Principal
,
a
Person
of
great
Courage
,
whom
the
Tribunes
resolv'd
to
make
an
Example
to
all
young
Men
,
and
therefore
set
him
a
Day
to
answer
for
his
Life
before
the
People
,
which
caus'd
new
Stirs
and
Commotions
.
Caeso
being
admitted
to
Bail
,
fled
into
Hetruria
;
whereupon
his
Father
sold
almost
all
his
Estate
to
reimburse
the
Sureties
,
and
then
retreating
to
a
small
Farm
,
and
a
little
Cottage
beyond
the
Tiber
,
liv'd
retir'd
from
the
World
,
laboriously
working
for
his
Living
.
The
Tribunes
were
much
deceiv'd
in
their
Expectations
,
and
the
young
Patritians
so
hotly
oppos'd
'em
,
that
they
cou'd
act
nothing
of
Consequence
this
Consulship
.
The
next
Year
,
the
same
Tribunes
being
chosen
again
,
they
caus'd
various
Rumors
to
be
spread
abroad
,
That
many
of
the
Senators
and
Patritians
had
form'd
a
Plot
,
and
conspir'd
to
Murther
the
Tribunes
,
and
Ruine
all
the
Authority
of
the
Plebeians
.
This
Contrivance
was
design'd
to
fright
the
Senate
into
a
Compliance
,
but
had
no
other
Effect
than
the
causing
great
Tumults
and
Disturbances
among
the
Commons
.
These
Troubles
were
so
great
as
to
give
Occasion
to
Herdonius
,
This
War
finish'd
,
the
Tribunes
requir'd
Claudius
to
make
good
the
Promise
of
his
deceas'd
Collegue
;
but
he
alledg'd
,
He
cou'd
do
●othing
himself
,
and
appointed
the
Comitia
for
the
chusing
a
new
Consul
.
The
Fathers
,
the
better
to
support
their
Interest
,
resolv'd
upon
Quintius
Cincinnatus
,
Father
to
Caeso
lately
fled
;
and
immediately
sent
for
him
to
the
City
.
The
Messengers
found
him
hard
at
Plow
,
only
in
his
Truss
,
and
a
Cap
on
his
Head
;
but
being
told
of
their
coming
by
a
Viator
that
ran
before
,
he
presented
himself
in
a
better
Habit.
Being
saluted
by
the
Name
of
Consul
,
invested
with
Purple
,
honour'd
by
the
Fasces
and
other
Ensigns
of
Magistracy
,
he
was
desir'd
to
begin
his
Journey
;
but
after
a
little
Pause
he
answer'd
with
Tears
,
Then
for
this
Year
my
poor
little
Field
must
go
unsown
,
and
we
shall
be
in
danger
of
Want
.
After
this
,
taking
his
leave
of
his
Wife
,
he
departed
for
the
City
.
There
Quintius
partly
by
Cunning
,
and
partly
by
Threats
restrain'd
the
Tribunes
from
preferring
the
Law
;
and
carry'd
himself
so
as
to
be
a
Terror
to
the
Multitude
when
ever
they
refus'd
to
List
themselves
,
and
their
greatest
Incourager
when
their
Behaviour
was
such
as
deserv'd
it
.
He
perform'd
his
Office
with
that
Prudence
and
Justice
,
and
likewise
with
that
Civility
and
Courtesie
,
that
the
Commons
were
now
of
Opinion
,
that
they
stood
in
no
need
of
new
Laws
:
Then
having
finish'd
his
Consulship
,
he
to
the
Concern
of
the
whole
Senate
,
betook
himself
to
his
little
Cottage
,
and
his
former
laborious
Course
of
Life
.
The
Year
following
,
the
Aequi
surpriz'd
Tusculum
,
but
were
worsted
by
the
Romans
,
together
with
their
Friends
the
Volsci
,
and
were
forc'd
to
beg
Peace
:
And
in
this
Year
,
there
were
found
119000
Free
Citizens
,
according
to
Eutropius
.
In
the
next
Consulship
,
the
Aequi
and
Volsci
were
drawn
to
revolt
by
Gracchus
Claelius
,
a
ruling
Man
among
'em
,
who
by
his
Industry
so
hemm'd
in
and
block'd
up
the
Roman
Army
,
that
it
was
in
great
danger
of
being
lost
.
This
put
the
City
into
a
great
Consternation
,
so
that
they
were
glad
to
have
recourse
to
a
Dictator
,
and
Quintius
Cincinnatus
was
immediately
resolv'd
upon
.
This
years
Crop
will
also
be
lost
,
and
my
poor
Family
must
be
Starv'd
.
At
his
entring
the
City
,
he
encourag'd
the
People
what
he
cou'd
,
and
chose
Tarquinius
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
then
drawing
out
his
Troops
,
he
fell
upon
Claelius
and
forc'd
him
into
his
Intrenchments
;
and
Besieging
him
a
while
,
brought
his
whole
Army
to
his
Mercy
,
who
were
forc'd
to
yield
at
Discretion
.
They
were
all
made
Prisoners
of
War
;
and
in
token
of
Servitude
,
Quintius
made
'em
pass
under
the
Iugum
,
That
they
promis'd
all
manner
of
Obedience
,
if
they
wou'd
permit
the
Number
of
their
Tribunes
to
be
encreas'd
to
Ten
:
That
they
shou'd
never
chuse
the
same
Tribunes
twice
.
This
done
,
Levies
were
made
,
and
a
successful
War
was
carry'd
on
against
the
Sabines
and
Aequi.
VII
.
The
Domestick
Troubles
seem'd
for
a
while
to
be
allay'd
,
Agrarian
Law
,
which
they
agreed
to
do
in
the
next
Assembly
,
and
for
that
Reason
they
appointed
a
day
apart
for
the
Comitia
.
At
this
Assembly
were
gather'd
together
great
Numbers
of
all
Ranks
and
Qualities
;
where
the
Tribunes
having
spoken
very
largely
on
that
Subject
,
several
of
the
Plebeians
related
what
good
Services
they
had
done
the
Commonwealth
,
and
how
little
Reward
they
had
for
their
Pains
;
Among
which
was
Siccius
Dentatus
,
a
Man
of
admirable
Shape
and
Courage
,
58
Years
of
Age
,
and
well
furnish'd
with
Military
Eloquence
for
a
Seditious
Attempt
,
who
told
'em
,
He
had
serv'd
his
Country
in
the
Wars
forty
Years
,
had
been
an
Officer
thirty
,
first
a
Centurion
,
then
a
Tribune
;
had
fought
one
hundred
and
twenty
Battels
,
in
which
,
by
the
Force
of
his
single
Arm
,
he
had
sav'd
many
Patritians
Lives
,
recover'd
several
Standards
,
perform'd
many
great
and
dangeros
Exploits
,
gain'd
14
Civick
Crowns
,
3
Mural
Crowns
,
and
8
Golden
Crowns
;
besides
83
Golden
Chains
,
60
Golden
Bracelets
,
18
pure
Spears
,
and
23
Horse-Trappings
,
whereof
9
were
for
killing
Enemies
challeng'd
to
single
Combats
;
moreover
he
had
receiv'd
45
Wounds
,
all
before
and
none
behind
,
particularly
twelve
in
that
Day
the
Capitol
was
recover'd
:
Yet
notwithstanding
he
had
fought
so
many
Years
,
serv'd
in
so
many
Expeditions
,
receiv'd
so
many
Wounds
,
help'd
to
gain
so
many
large
Territories
for
his
Country
,
and
had
spar'd
no
Cost
or
Labour
,
nor
refus'd
any
Danger
or
Difficulty
;
yet
neither
he
,
nor
any
of
his
Fellow-sharers
in
his
Dangers
,
had
receiv'd
the
least
Portion
of
those
Lands
they
had
gain'd
by
their
Swords
,
but
that
they
were
possess'd
by
others
who
had
not
the
least
Title
or
Merit
to
shew
for
'em
;
and
to
such
too
,
whose
private
Attempts
,
and
sinister
Designs
,
better
entitl'd
'em
to
a
disgraceful
Punishment
,
than
to
any
Publick
Reward
.
These
Particulars
he
urg'd
at
large
,
withal
accusing
the
Patritians
of
many
Designs
against
the
Privileges
of
the
People
,
and
the
Publick
Peace
of
the
City
;
which
he
did
with
such
Rhetorick
and
Cunning
,
that
the
Commons
were
almost
transported
with
the
Man
.
Yet
still
the
Patritians
by
their
wonderful
Prudence
and
cautious
Management
,
tho'
with
extream
Hazard
to
themselves
,
so
far
defeated
their
Designs
,
that
the
Law
cou'd
not
be
pass'd
.
These
Disturbances
were
a
little
diverted
by
the
Enemies
March
as
far
as
Tusculum
,
against
whom
Siccius
went
as
Volunteer
,
where
the
Consuls
put
him
upon
a
most
desperate
Attempt
,
which
gain'd
him
the
highest
Honour
,
instead
of
procuring
his
Ruin
,
as
they
imagin'd
it
wou'd
have
done
.
A
notable
Victory
was
gain'd
over
the
Aequi
by
his
Means
,
and
he
reveng'd
himself
upon
the
Consuls
,
by
preventing
their
Triumph
this
Year
,
and
by
getting
'em
fin'd
the
next
,
when
he
himself
was
made
one
of
the
Tribunes
.
all
Magistrates
shou'd
have
Power
to
punish
such
as
violated
their
Authority
(
which
before
was
only
the
Priviledge
of
the
Consuls
)
But
not
by
any
Fine
exceeding
two
Oxen
or
thirty
Sheep
;
which
Law
was
long
observ'd
by
the
Romans
.
This
new
Law
pleas'd
the
People
,
and
all
now
being
a
little
more
moderate
,
the
whole
Body
of
Rome
began
to
consider
of
Ways
and
Methods
to
settle
the
Government
more
firmly
,
and
to
prevent
all
dangerous
Feuds
for
the
Future
;
thereupon
it
was
agreed
,
That
Ambassadors
shou'd
be
sent
to
the
Greek
Cities
in
Italy
,
and
to
Athens
,
to
bring
such
Laws
from
thence
as
were
most
excellent
,
and
most
convenient
for
the
good
of
the
Commonwealth
.
For
this
great
Design
,
Posthumius
,
Sulpicius
,
and
Manlius
were
fix'd
upon
,
and
Gallies
assign'd
for
their
use
,
suitable
to
the
Majesty
of
the
Roman
People
.
The
Year
following
,
there
hapned
a
great
Famine
,
and
a
most
grievous
Plague
,
to
the
great
Damage
of
the
City
:
And
the
Year
after
,
the
Ambassadors
return'd
out
of
Greece
with
their
Laws
,
presently
after
which
the
Tribunes
requir'd
,
that
Law-makers
might
be
appointed
;
and
after
many
grave
and
prudent
Debates
,
and
some
Opposition
,
it
was
Granted
.
The
Method
that
they
all
agreed
upon
was
,
That
Ten
Men
out
of
the
Chief
of
the
Senate
shou'd
be
elected
,
whose
Power
continuing
for
a
Year
,
shou'd
be
the
same
with
that
of
Kings
and
Consuls
,
and
that
without
any
Appeal
;
that
all
other
Magistracies
shou'd
lay
down
their
Authorities
till
they
might
be
renew'd
according
to
the
Laws
.
This
was
agreed
on
by
the
Senate
,
and
confirm'd
by
the
People
;
and
the
Consuls
elect
,
immediately
resigning
their
Office
,
were
made
part
of
the
Decemvirate
;
and
also
the
Tribunes
,
Aediles
,
Quaestors
,
&c.
were
divested
of
all
Power
and
Authority
.
This
was
a
most
remarkable
Change
of
Government
,
as
great
as
that
from
Kings
to
Consuls
,
and
was
the
second
sort
of
Intermission
of
the
Consular
Power
,
which
hapned
in
the
second
Year
of
the
82d
,
Olympiad
,
302
Years
after
the
Building
of
the
City
,
57
after
the
Banishment
of
Tarquin
,
30
after
Xerxes's
Expedition
into
Greece
,
and
450
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
IV.
From
the
Creation
of
the
Decemviri
,
to
the
Third
Intermission
of
the
Consular
Power
,
by
the
Military
Tribunes
.
Containing
the
space
of
8
Years
.
I.
THE
ten
Persons
chosen
by
the
Centuriata
Comitia
for
this
high
Office
,
Posthumius
,
Sulpicius
,
and
Manlius
,
Iulius
,
Veturius
,
and
Horatius
,
all
Senators
.
These
being
invested
with
almost
absolute
Power
,
agreed
that
only
one
of
'em
at
one
time
,
shou'd
have
the
Fasces
and
other
Consular
Ensigns
,
to
which
they
were
to
succeed
by
Turns
,
for
a
certain
limitted
Time
,
till
the
Year
came
about
.
And
he
whose
Turn
it
was
for
the
time
being
,
assembled
the
Senate
,
confirm'd
the
Decrees
,
and
did
all
other
Things
that
belong'd
to
a
chief
Magistrate
to
do
;
the
rest
,
to
avoid
Envy
and
Suspicion
,
differ'd
little
in
Habit
from
private
Persons
,
having
only
an
Accensus
,
or
a
sort
of
a
Beadle
going
before
'em
.
These
great
Men
for
a
time
manag'd
all
things
with
such
Justice
and
Moderation
,
that
the
Commonwealth
seem'd
most
Hapy
under
them
;
and
Appius
above
the
rest
grew
exceeding
Popular
,
carrying
away
the
chief
Praise
from
the
whole
Colledge
,
having
indeed
greater
,
and
more
secret
Designs
than
the
rest
.
At
length
,
having
made
a
Model
out
of
such
Laws
as
were
brought
from
Greece
,
and
their
own
Countries
Customs
,
they
expos'd
'em
to
the
View
of
all
Men
in
Ten
Tables
,
that
any
one
might
make
Exceptions
.
When
all
were
approv'd
of
,
a
Senatus
Consultum
pass'd
Nemine
contradicente
,
for
the
ratifying
of
these
Laws
;
and
the
Question
being
put
to
the
People
in
the
Centuriata
Comitia
,
they
were
most
Religiously
and
Ceremoniously
confirm'd
in
the
Presence
of
the
Pontifices
,
Augurs
,
and
Priests
;
then
they
were
ingraven
in
Brass
(
some
say
Ivory
)
and
plac'd
for
publick
View
in
the
most
conspicuous
Part
of
the
Forum
.
The
Year
being
almost
expir●d
,
the
Decemviri
mov'd
the
Senate
for
a
Continuance
of
this
Office
;
and
after
a
great
Debate
,
it
was
resolv'd
by
them
,
to
have
the
same
kind
of
Magistracy
for
the
following
Year
,
because
something
seem'd
yet
Wanting
to
the
new
Model
;
but
especially
because
this
Office
Suspended
the
Tribune-ship
,
which
had
been
an
intolerable
Burden
to
the
State
.
A
Comitia
was
appointed
on
purpose
,
where
the
most
Ancient
and
Honourable
of
the
Fathers
stood
for
this
Office
,
fearing
if
it
fell
into
the
Hands
of
turbulent
Persons
,
it
might
prove
very
dangerous
to
the
Peace
of
the
Common-wealth
.
Appius
had
now
gain'd
the
Hearts
of
the
People
,
and
his
Behaviour
and
Actions
were
extoll'd
to
the
Skies
,
therefore
they
labour'd
earnestly
to
retain
him
in
his
Place
;
but
he
cunningly
desir'd
to
be
excus'd
the
Undertaking
such
a
troublesome
and
ungrateful
Work
.
But
at
last
,
overcome
as
it
were
by
the
Intreaties
of
the
People
,
he
plac'd
himself
among
the
Candidates
;
where
by
a
crafty
Insinuation
of
his
own
Services
,
and
a
malicious
Accusation
of
the
other
Patritians
,
as
owing
him
a
Spight
for
his
publick
Spirit
,
he
not
only
made
way
for
himself
,
but
for
his
Friends
too
.
He
procur'd
to
be
chosen
with
himself
,
Fabius
,
a
former
Consul
;
Cornelius
,
Servilius
,
Minucius
,
Antonius
,
and
Rabulius
,
all
Patritians
;
and
Petilius
,
Duellius
,
and
Oppius
,
all
Plebeians
;
whom
he
took
in
,
the
more
to
Ingratiate
himself
with
the
Rabble
;
saying
,
It
was
very
just
that
the
Commons
shou'd
have
a
Share
in
that
Magistracy
,
which
was
to
Govern
and
Command
all
.
On
the
first
Day
after
their
Creation
,
they
all
made
their
Appearance
with
Regal
Ensigns
,
which
exceedingly
terrify'd
the
People
,
especially
the
Axes
now
added
again
to
the
Rods
,
which
Poplicola
had
laid
aside
to
prevent
the
Dissatisfaction
of
the
Common
Sort.
The
first
thing
the
Decemviri
did
,
was
their
promising
each
other
by
Oath
,
To
be
of
one
Mind
;
to
retain
the
Power
in
their
own
Hands
;
to
be
of
equal
Authority
among
themselves
,
and
to
admit
none
into
their
Number
;
never
to
make
use
of
Senatus
Consultum'
s
and
Plebiscitum'
s
but
in
Case
of
Necessity
,
Acting
most
Things
by
Vertue
of
their
own
Power
.
These
things
they
observ'd
with
great
Exactness
;
nothing
valuing
the
Roman
Senate
and
People
;
and
exercising
their
Authority
with
all
Licentiousness
:
By
which
Means
it
came
to
pass
,
that
they
being
both
Legislators
and
Judges
,
many
Citizens
were
unjustly
put
to
Death
,
and
others
illegally
depriv'd
of
their
Estates
;
whose
Causes
they
all
formally
judg'd
,
that
they
might
make
the
greater
Shew
and
Pretence
of
Justice
.
Accusers
were
subborn'd
out
of
their
Dependents
,
each
one
affording
all
Assistance
herein
to
his
Collegue
;
and
such
private
Persons
as
had
Suits
depending
,
had
no
other
way
to
secure
their
Causes
,
but
by
joining
themselves
with
the
Judges
Party
,
so
that
in
a
short
time
most
of
the
Citizens
were
also
Corrupted
.
And
such
as
were
most
offended
at
the
Extravagancy
of
the
Decemvires
Actions
,
withdrew
themselves
,
waiting
for
a
new
Creation
of
Magistrates
.
One
very
memorable
Thing
was
done
by
'em
this
Year
,
Laws
of
the
Twelve
Tables
,
Ius
Civile
,
Civil
Law
.
Besides
,
certain
Cases
were
compos'd
out
of
these
Laws
almost
at
the
same
time
;
which
Cases
,
least
the
People
shou'd
make
'em
at
their
Pleasure
,
were
to
be
certain
and
solemn
;
and
this
part
of
Law
was
call'd
Acti●n●s
Iuris
,
Cases
at
Law
:
So
that
almost
at
the
same
time
arose
these
three
sorts
of
Law
:
Namely
,
the
Laws
of
the
Twelve
Tables
,
call'd
barely
Leges
,
the
Civil
Law
,
and
the
Cases
at
Law
.
The
rest
of
the
Roman
Laws
,
that
were
either
before
or
after
these
,
according
to
Pomponius
,
were
of
these
sorts
;
namely
,
a
Plebiscitum
,
Ius
Honorarium
;
Senatus
Consultum
;
or
Lastly
,
that
call'd
Principalis
Constitutio
,
which
was
Enacted
by
the
Prince
or
the
Emperor
.
But
to
return
to
the
Decemviri
,
who
now
neither
regarded
the
Approbation
of
Senate
nor
People
;
but
in
a
meer
Arbitrary
Way
,
continu'd
themselves
in
Power
for
the
Year
following
,
which
was
the
third
of
the
Decemvirate
.
They
so
manag'd
the
Affairs
,
that
in
a
short
time
even
the
most
considerable
of
the
Citizens
,
Patritians
and
others
,
were
either
Murder'd
or
forc'd
to
quit
the
City
.
At
the
same
time
the
Sabines
and
Aequi
began
to
invade
the
Roman
and
Latine
Territories
,
which
did
not
a
little
startle
the
Decemviri
,
because
they
found
no
means
of
Resistance
without
first
assembling
the
Senate
,
which
had
been
laid
aside
for
some
considerable
time
.
At
this
pressing
Juncture
a
Senate
was
at
last
call'd
,
where
Appius
in
a
premeditated
Oration
propounded
the
Business
of
the
War
:
Upon
which
,
Valerius
the
Grand-Son
of
Poplicola
,
first
stood
up
,
and
,
tho'
Appius
commanded
him
to
forbear
,
violently
exclaim'd
against
the
Tyranny
of
the
present
Usurpers
.
He
being
forc'd
to
Silence
,
was
seconded
by
Marcus
Horatius
,
Grand-son
to
Poplicola's
Collegue
,
who
having
express'd
great
Indignation
against
the
Decemviri
,
threatned
to
have
him
cast
Headlong
down
the
Tarpeian
Rock
.
All
the
Senators
exclaim'd
against
this
,
as
the
highest
Breach
of
their
Priviledges
,
and
an
intollerable
piece
of
Injustice
:
Whereat
the
Ten
,
a
little
repenting
this
Rashness
,
began
to
excuse
themselves
,
saying
,
They
hinder'd
none
of
the
Liberty
of
speaking
to
the
Matter
propounded
,
but
interrupted
all
Seditious
Orations
,
which
they
might
do
by
their
Power
of
Consuls
and
Tribunes
receiv'd
from
the
People
,
not
for
a
Year
,
or
any
limitted
Time
,
but
till
the
great
Work
of
the
Laws
shou'd
be
finish'd
;
until
which
they
were
resolv'd
to
Act
,
and
wou'd
then
give
an
Account
of
their
Administration
.
The
Design
of
Tyranny
and
Slavery
,
too
openly
appear'd
under
this
Veil
;
whereupon
Claudius
,
Appius's
Uncle
,
stood
up
,
and
very
handsomely
expos'd
the
Arbitrary
,
and
Tyrannical
Carriage
of
his
Nephew
and
nine
Companions
;
plainly
demonstrating
,
that
this
War
was
solely
occasion'd
by
the
present
Distempers
of
the
State
;
withal
advising
the
Senators
to
resolve
nothing
till
the
accustom'd
Magistrates
were
first
Created
.
Many
of
the
younger
Sort
were
of
Opinion
,
that
the
present
Urgency
requir'd
the
War
to
be
committed
to
the
Management
of
the
Decemviri
;
and
others
were
for
creating
a
Dictator
,
which
Opinion
had
the
most
plausible
Appearance
of
any
:
So
that
the
House
was
very
much
divided
;
many
,
out
of
Fear
either
of
the
Decemviri
,
or
the
Enemies
,
having
alter'd
their
first
Intentions
.
Appius
took
Advantage
of
these
Divisions
,
and
look'd
upon
his
own
Parties
Votes
as
a
●ufficient
Determination
;
whereupon
he
immediately
commanded
the
Clerk
to
draw
up
a
Senatus
Consultum
,
whereby
full
Power
of
Levying
Forces
,
and
Commanding
them
,
was
given
to
the
Decemviri
;
and
straight
the
Senate
was
dismiss'd
,
to
the
great
Dissatisfaction
of
many
.
This
new
way
of
Proceeding
made
Horatius
and
Valerius
stand
upon
their
own
Defence
,
gathering
together
their
Clients
and
Dependents
;
and
caus'd
Claudius
to
go
over
to
the
Sabines
,
where
he
liv'd
.
And
notwithstanding
all
the
Care
and
Provision
of
the
Decemviri
,
great
Multitudes
follow'd
his
Example
,
leaving
their
Native
Seats
,
with
their
Wives
and
Children
,
and
went
into
a
voluntary
Exile
.
II.
The
Decemviri
divided
their
Army
into
three
Parts
,
whereof
on
continu'd
with
Appius
and
Oppius
in
the
City
;
and
the
other
two
were
commanded
by
their
Collegues
,
one
against
the
Aequi
,
and
the
other
against
the
Sabines
.
The
Aequi
forc'd
the
Romans
to
abandon
their
Camp
,
and
fly
shamefully
;
which
caus●d
great
Joy
in
Rome
among
the
Enemies
of
the
Decemviri
:
So
that
Appius
fearing
some
Attempt
,
wrote
to
his
Collegues
in
the
Army
,
to
destroy
their
known
Adversaries
by
any
Means
,
which
was
Effected
upon
several
.
But
at
Rome
,
among
many
others
Siccius
Dentatus
,
the
Roman
Achilles
,
as
he
was
called
,
blam'd
the
Commanders
as
Cowards
and
Unskilful
;
whereupon
Appius
,
to
secure
him
,
with
good
Words
perswaded
him
to
go
as
Lieutenant
,
or
Legatus
,
●o
the
Army
then
lying
at
Crustumeria
against
the
Sabines
.
Siccius
without
any
suspicion
or
distrust
,
undertook
the
Employment
;
It
was
occasion'd
dy
one
Virginius
a
Plebeian
,
who
had
a
Daughter
of
most
admirable
Beauty
,
and
of
as
eminent
Chastity
,
whom
Appius
saw
by
chance
,
and
was
so
extreamly
smitten
with
her
,
that
nothing
cou'd
allay
his
violent
Passion
.
His
own
Laws
had
forbidden
him
Marrying
her
,
as
being
a
Plebeian
;
nor
cou'd
he
hope
to
enjoy
her
any
other
Way
,
but
by
procuring
Claudius
,
one
of
his
Clients
,
to
challenge
her
for
his
Slave
;
so
that
the
Matter
being
brought
before
him
,
he
might
judge
her
to
be
so
.
Claudius
,
according
to
his
Instructions
,
laid
Claim
to
her
;
and
bringing
the
Matter
to
a
Tryal
before
Appius
,
he
affirm'd
,
That
she
was
natural
Daughter
to
his
Slave
,
procur'd
by
Virginius
'
s
Wife
,
being
Barren
and
now
Dead
,
and
brought
up
for
her
own
;
a
thing
though
known
to
others
,
as
well
as
himself
,
he
had
no
Opportunity
till
now
to
make
it
●●●ear
.
This
Pretence
was
so
Impudent
and
Groundle●●●hat
it
rais'd
the
Indignation
of
all
unconcern'd
Pe●●ons
;
and
Numitor
the
Maids
Uncle
,
with
Icilius
who
was
Contracted
to
her
,
●ufficiently
prov'd
the
Falsity
of
the
Assertion
.
But
Appius
,
resolutely
bent
upon
his
lustful
and
base
Design
,
wou'd
hear
no
Reason
,
nor
mind
any
Proof
;
till
at
last
the
loud
Cries
and
Murmurs
of
the
Multitude
,
prevail'd
with
him
to
deferr
the
Matter
till
her
Father
cou'd
be
sent
for
from
the
Camp
to
defend
her
Cause
,
for
which
he
wou'd
allow
but
one
Day
.
He
immediately
wrote
to
Algedum
at
the
Camp
to
confine
Virginius
;
but
Numitor
and
Icilius's
Brother
intercepted
the
Letters
,
and
Virginius
pretending
the
Death
of
a
near
Relation
,
got
Leave
to
leave
the
Camp
,
and
come
posting
to
the
City
.
The
next
Day
,
Virginius
appear'd
at
the
Place
,
to
the
great
Surprize
of
Appius
,
he
and
his
Daughter
both
in
Mourning
,
accompany'd
with
several
weeping
Matrons
,
and
a
numerous
Train
of
Advocates
,
the
whole
City
crowding
into
the
Forum
.
Virginius
prov'd
the
Maid
to
be
his
own
Daughter
;
but
Appius
,
corrupted
by
the
Greatness
of
his
Power
,
and
inflam'd
with
the
Heat
of
his
Lust
,
neither
consider'd
the
just
Defence
of
the
Father
,
nor
the
bitter
Tears
of
the
poor
Virgin
;
but
was
inrag'd
at
the
Pity
of
the
Standers
by
,
thinking
himself
a
greater
Object
of
Pity
,
who
endur'd
more
for
her
Beauty's
sake
than
she
her self
did
.
He
interrupted
all
that
pleaded
in
her
behalf
,
Commanding
their
Silence
,
and
strait
judg'd
Claudius
to
be
right
Lord
and
Owner
of
her
.
Great
Outcries
and
Lamentations
being
made
,
as
well
by
others
,
as
the
Virgin
and
her
Relations
,
all
knowing
she
was
doom'd
to
the
Tyrant's
Lusts
,
Appius
commanded
all
to
depart
,
and
order'd
Claudius
to
take
Possession
of
his
Slave
.
Virginius
finding
no
relief
,
desir'd
he
might
speak
a
Word
with
his
Daughter
before
he
parted
from
her
;
which
being
Granted
,
he
dragg'd
her
han●●ng
about
him
to
a
Butcher's
Stall
hard
by
,
and
〈◊〉
bewailing
her
deplorable
Condition
;
where
catc●●ng
a
Knife
in
his
Hands
,
he
said
,
Daughter
,
I
will
send
thee
to
our
Ancestors
both
Free
and
Unspotted
,
for
the
Merciless
Tyrant
will
suffer
thee
to
be
neither
here
;
and
thereupon
stabb'd
her
to
the
Heart
:
Then
casting
his
angry
Eyes
up
to
the
Tribunal
,
he
cry'd
out
,
Appius
,
thou
Tyrant
,
with
this
Blood
I
doom
thee
to
certain
Death
!
With
the
bloody
Knife
in
his
Hand
,
in
a
great
Rage
and
Fury
,
he
ran
through
the
City
,
wildly
calling
upon
the
People
in
all
Places
to
regain
their
Liberty
;
and
coming
to
the
Gate
,
rod
Post
to
the
Army
,
a
Company
of
400
Plebeians
following
him
.
In
this
Posture
Virginius
arriv'd
at
the
Camp
,
with
the
Knife
and
his
Clothes
all
Bloody
;
where
with
all
his
Rhetorick
and
Pathetick
Reasons
he
persuaded
'em
to
revolt
from
the
Ten
,
and
redeem
their
sinking
Country
;
shewing
'em
likewise
,
That
their
Sacramentum
or
Military
Oath
,
was
no
ways
binding
in
this
Case
,
because
the
Oath
suppos'd
the
Commanders
to
be
made
according
to
Law
,
which
the
Ten
were
not
,
having
Usurp'd
all
the
Power
and
Authority
they
cou'd
pretend
to
.
The
Army
,
ready
enough
for
such
a
Design
,
immediately
decamp'd
,
some
few
Centurions
only
remaining
,
and
took
their
Station
on
Mount
Aventine
;
and
the
next
day
,
fortifying
their
Camp
,
chose
Ten
Captains
,
whereof
one
Oppius
was
Chief
:
And
soon
after
came
great
Parties
from
the
other
Army
,
who
were
much
Offended
at
the
Murder
of
Siccius
,
and
join'd
them
;
and
this
was
the
second
Separation
of
the
Commons
.
Appius
in
the
mean
time
having
endeavour'd
by
Force
to
suppress
the
Disturbances
he
had
rais'd
in
the
City
,
was
so
over-power'd
by
the
Parties
of
Valerius
and
Horatius
formerly
mention'd
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
keep
himself
to
his
House
.
Oppius
,
one
of
the
Decemviri
,
assembled
the
Fathers
,
and
urg'd
the
Punishment
of
all
Deserters
;
but
the
Senate
was
so
sensible
of
the
threatning
Dangers
and
Miseries
of
the
State
,
that
they
were
glad
to
come
to
any
Agreement
with
the
Sol●●ers
:
Therefore
,
to
compose
all
Differences
,
they
immediately
dispatch'd
Messengers
to
the
Army
,
which
had
lately
remov'd
to
the
Holy
Mount
,
as
they
had
once
done
above
40
Years
before
.
Where
the
People
demanded
to
have
the
same
Form
of
Government
as
was
setled
before
the
Creation
of
the
Decemviri
,
which
was
readily
Granted
'em
,
the
People
all
returning
home
to
the
City
.
Thus
in
less
than
three
Years
time
,
ended
the
famous
Decemvirate
.
III.
Valerius
and
Horatius
were
for
their
Services
made
Consuls
for
the
remaining
part
of
the
Year
.
That
such
Laws
as
the
Commons
enacted
in
the
Comitia
Tributa
,
shou'd
have
the
same
Force
as
those
made
in
the
Comitia
Centuriata
;
which
was
a
great
Advantage
to
the
People
.
After
this
,
the
Tribunes
,
whereof
Virginius
was
one
,
thought
it
convenient
to
call
the
Decemviri
to
an
Account
.
Appius
was
Committed
to
Prison
,
no
Bail
being
allow'd
him
;
but
before
his
Tryal
was
found
Dead
,
but
by
what
means
is
uncertain
.
Oppius
,
the
next
to
him
in
Guilt
,
was
accus'd
;
and
being
Condemn'd
,
dy●d
the
same
day
in
Prison
by
his
own
Hands
.
The
other
eight
banish'd
themselves
,
and
Claudius
the
pretended
Master
of
Virginia
,
was
driven
out
after
'em
;
with
which
Justice
the
State
was
satisfy'd
,
and
Indemnity
granted
to
all
others
.
Affairs
thus
setled
,
the
Consuls
took
the
Field
against
the
Aequi
,
Volsci
,
and
Sabines
,
and
so
successfully
as
to
deserve
a
Triumph
;
but
the
Senate
gave
'em
a
Repulse
for
making
Laws
so
much
in
favour
of
the
Commons
,
and
so
disadvantageous
to
the
Patritian
Priviledges
.
The
Consuls
appeal'd
to
the
People
,
and
complaining
much
of
the
Senate
,
by
the
Assistance
of
the
Tribunes
procur'd
a
Law
to
pass
,
for
receiving
the
Priviledge
of
Triumph
from
the
People
.
Thus
did
the
Pl●b●ian
Power
encrease
daily
,
each
Morsel
of
the
Patritians
Prerogative
serving
only
to
add
to
their
insatiable
Appetites
.
Little
was
perform'd
by
the
Romans
for
three
years
after
,
besides
the
Wars
with
the
Volsci
and
A●qui
,
which
were
carry'd
on
with
no
great
Vigour
,
by
reason
of
the
frequent
Disputes
between
the
Senate
and
People
;
till
the
Year
308
,
the
Enemy
making
Ravages
and
Incursions
to
the
Walls
of
Rome
,
put
the
People
upon
considering
the
Common
Safety
of
the
State
,
and
under
the
command
of
Quintius
and
Furius
the
Consuls
for
this
Year
,
they
obtain'd
a
notable
Victory
over
them
.
This
Victory
was
attended
with
a
remarkable
Determination
of
the
Romans
,
between
the
Inhabitants
of
Ardea
and
Aricia
,
who
had
frequent
Contests
about
certain
Lands
,
and
had
left
it
to
Rome
to
be
Judge
.
One
Scaptius
,
an
Old
Commone●
of
84
Years
old
,
stood
up
,
and
declar'd
,
That
these
very
Lands
by
Right
belong'd
formerly
to
Corioli
,
and
consequently
to
the
Romans
,
who
ought
to
have
'em
.
The
Senate
were
asham'd
to
determine
the
Thing
this
way
,
because
it
had
been
left
to
them
to
be
Judges
;
but
the
People
,
ready
to
make
use
of
any
Advantage
,
caus'd
it
to
be
Voted
in
the
〈◊〉
Tributa
;
where
the
Lands
were
adjudged
,
To
be
the
Publick
Possession
of
the
Roman
People
,
to
the
great
Surprize
of
the
Ardeans
and
Aricians
,
who
were
forc'd
to
return
home
as
well
satisfy'd
as
they
cou'd
.
IV.
The
Tribunes
now
grew
more
and
more
turbulent
,
by
no
means
to
suffer
the
Consulship
to
come
into
the
Hands
of
the
Plebeians
,
but
to
create
certain
Governors
in
the
room
of
Consuls
,
Six
or
Eight
,
whereof
one
half
at
least
shou'd
be
Patritians
:
For
by
this
means
they
shou'd
seem
not
to
take
too
much
Power
to
themselves
,
and
yet
retain
all
their
Prerogative
.
This
Project
extreamly
pleas'd
the
whole
Meeting
;
and
that
nothing
might
seem
to
be
design'd
before-hand
,
they
agreed
,
That
at
the
next
Meeting
of
the
Senate
,
the
Consuls
shou'd
not
ask
the
Senior's
Opinions
first
,
as
the
Custom
was
,
but
the
Younger's
,
and
such
as
were
most
Popular
.
And
Genutius
,
the
Consul's
Brother
,
was
fix'd
upon
to
propound
this
way
of
Reconciliation
,
purely
as
his
own
private
Opinion
.
Upon
the
Assembling
the
Senate
,
Canuleius
,
the
Tribune
,
upbraided
the
Consuls
with
holding
of
secret
Meetings
,
and
of
managing
dangerous
Designs
against
the
State
.
The
Consuls
on
the
other
side
protested
their
Innocency
,
and
to
demonstrate
this
more
clearly
,
gave
leave
to
any
of
the
younger
sort
to
speak
first
,
who
cou'd
not
be
suppos'd
to
be
acquainted
with
any
private
Contrivances
,
and
to
Valerius
in
particular
.
Valerius
advis'd
the
Fathers
to
favour
the
Commons
,
who
had
so
well
deserv'd
both
in
gaining
of
Dominions
,
and
getting
and
preserving
the
Liberty
of
the
City
;
and
urg'd
further
,
That
the
City
cou'd
not
be
Free
till
there
was
an
Equality
of
Right
.
Horatius
,
and
others
,
being
next
ask'd
,
seconded
him
;
and
after
that
,
Claudius
being
desir'd
to
speak
,
the
better
to
conceal
his
Design
,
according
to
his
old
way
,
broke
out
into
bitter
Invectives
against
the
Commons
,
and
advis'd
,
That
the
Law
might
not
pass
,
neither
then
nor
ever
after
.
This
caus'd
some
Disturbance
,
but
at
last
Genutius
was
ask'd
his
Opinion
,
who
as
it
was
before
design'd
,
propounded
this
Expedient
to
the
Senate
and
People
,
That
Six
Governors
shou'd
be
chosen
with
Consular
Authority
,
three
Patritians
,
and
three
Plebeians
;
and
when
the
time
of
their
Magistracy
shou'd
be
expir'd
,
then
the
Senate
and
People
might
resolve
whether
they
wou'd
have
the
same
Office
,
or
that
of
Consuls
for
the
Year
following
.
This
Project
was
gladly
embrac'd
both
by
the
Senate
and
Commons
;
and
leave
was
given
to
any
Plebeian
to
stand
for
this
new
Office
▪
Yet
so
fickle
were
the
Minds
of
the
Multitude
,
and
so
pleas'd
with
the
bare
Novelty
of
the
thing
,
that
tho'
many
Plebeians
stood
for
this
Office
,
they
thought
none
of
'em
worthy
of
that
Honour
,
but
bestow'd
it
upon
Eminent
Patritians
only
,
who
appear'd
as
Candidates
.
This
was
the
third
Intermission
of
the
Consular
Power
,
tho'
the
Authority
was
equivalent
;
and
likewise
the
third
great
Change
in
Rome
,
which
hapned
scarce
eight
Years
after
the
second
,
in
the
310th
of
the
City
,
65
Years
after
the
Expulsion
of
the
Kings
,
and
442
before
our
Saviour
Christ's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
V.
From
the
Creation
of
the
Military
Tribunes
,
to
the
Burning
of
Rome
by
the
Gauls
;
which
almost
ruin'd
the
Roman
Nation
.
Containing
the
space
of
54
Years
.
I.
THE
Consuls
being
for
once
more
laid
aside
,
Military
Tribunes
,
three
Patritians
only
being
chosen
,
namely
Sempronius
Atratinus
,
Claelius
Siculus
,
and
Attilius
Longus
.
Thus
at
first
they
were
but
three
in
Number
,
afterwards
they
were
increas'd
to
four
,
and
at
length
to
Six
.
And
tho'
these
had
the
Power
and
Ensigns
of
Consuls
,
yet
their
Number
,
together
with
the
Mixture
of
Plebeians
which
afterwards
press'd
in
,
made
their
Priviledge
and
Dignity
seem
something
Different
and
Inferior
:
Whence
a
Tribune
of
the
People
afterwards
in
way
of
Contempt
,
call'd
them
a
Proconsular
Image
;
and
Manlius
the
Dictator
,
shewing
that
a
Master
of
the
Horse
was
inferior
to
a
Consul
,
compar'd
his
Power
to
that
of
these
Magistrates
.
These
Military
Tribunes
having
held
their
Office
almost
eight
Weeks
,
were
constrain'd
to
lay
it
down
,
for
that
the
Augurs
found
some
Flaw
in
their
Election
,
and
Consuls
were
created
afresh
,
Sempronius
being
one
:
So
that
in
Seventy
three
Days
here
was
another
Change
of
Government
,
the
Old
one
prevailing
over
the
New
.
The
following
Year
they
procur'd
Consuls
again
to
be
elected
,
and
not
Military
Tribunes
,
who
were
Geganius
and
Quintius
,
who
had
both
been
Consuls
before
.
In
this
Year
the
Consuls
finding
the
Publick
Business
to
increase
,
Servius
Tullius
the
Sixth
King
of
Rome
,
was
one
great
part
of
their
Office
.
These
Magistrates
at
first
made
no
great
Appearance
,
but
in
a
short
time
they
became
Persons
of
extraordinary
Dignity
and
Power
,
having
all
the
Ornaments
and
Ensigns
of
Consuls
,
except
Lictors
.
At
the
beginning
,
they
were
created
for
five
Years
,
which
space
was
call'd
Lustrum
,
as
was
formerly
observ'd
;
but
soon
after
,
their
time
was
shortned
to
a
Year
and
half
,
but
still
they
were
chosen
but
once
in
five
Years
,
the
Census
being
no
oftner
perform'd
.
Their
Power
was
very
large
,
and
their
Office
very
extensive
;
for
tho'
at
first
they
only
perform'd
the
Census
,
making
an
Estimate
of
Men's
Estates
,
distributing
them
into
their
several
Classes
and
Centuries
,
taking
the
Numbers
of
the
Inhabitants
,
&c.
yet
in
a
short
time
they
became
Publick
Inspectors
of
Men's
Lives
and
Manners
,
and
were
therefore
frequently
call'd
Magistri
Morum
;
and
took
upon
'em
to
degrade
Senators
upon
Misdemeanors
,
to
take
away
Horse
and
Ring
from
Equites
or
Knights
,
and
to
turn
Plebeians
out
of
their
Tribes
,
and
put
'em
into
a
Lower
,
and
many
other
things
of
the
like
Nature
.
The
two
first
Censors
were
Papirius
and
Sempronius
,
both
Patritians
,
and
the
two
last
Years
Consuls
;
and
these
high
Officers
were
for
nigh
100
Years
chosen
out
of
the
Patritians
,
and
only
such
as
were
Eminent
and
Famous
,
and
had
formerly
been
Consuls
,
till
the
Plebeians
found
the
way
to
this
,
as
they
did
to
all
other
Offices
.
Afterwards
the
Roman
Colonies
had
their
Magistrates
,
call'd
Sub-Censors
,
who
gave
an
Account
to
these
,
of
the
Number
of
Inhabitants
,
and
their
Wealth
,
which
was
immediately
register'd
in
the
Censor's
Books
.
The
Fathers
were
extreamly
satisfy'd
that
they
had
got
these
Magistrates
created
out
of
their
own
Body
,
and
the
Tribunes
esteeming
their
Power
to
be
inconderable
,
were
willing
enough
to
agree
to
it
.
In
this
same
Year
,
the
Ardeans
,
as
being
Allies
,
sent
to
the
Romans
for
Succour
against
the
Volsci
,
who
were
call'd
in
by
some
dangerous
Factions
among
themselves
,
and
had
reduc'd
them
to
great
Extremities
.
The
Romans
were
ready
to
serve
the
Persons
they
had
so
lately
injur'd
about
their
Lands
,
and
immediately
Geganius
,
the
Consul
,
was
sent
with
a
considerable
Army
against
the
Volsci
,
and
he
soon
reliev'd
the
Ardeans
,
and
clear'd
the
Country
of
the
Enemy
.
This
Victory
was
very
memorable
,
and
the
Consul
had
a
noble
Triumph
,
Clulius
,
the
Volscian
General
,
being
led
before
the
Chariot
.
Ardea
had
now
been
so
dispeopled
with
the
Factions
,
and
the
late
Wars
,
that
they
were
willing
to
accept
of
a
Roman
Colony
,
which
the
Senate
sent
soon
after
;
and
to
shew
a
further
Piece
of
Generosity
,
restor'd
all
the
Lands
they
had
before
adjudg'd
to
the
Publick
Use
,
tho'
with
the
great
Complaints
of
many
of
the
Commons
.
II.
The
Heats
of
the
Commons
were
still
kept
alive
but
for
some
time
were
of
no
dangerous
Consequence
,
till
three
Years
after
,
Sp.
Maelius
,
a
rich
Knight
,
incourag'd
upon
these
Contentions
,
by
his
large
Bounty
to
the
Poorer
Sort
in
time
of
a
great
Famine
,
began
to
affect
Popularity
,
and
by
that
means
to
aspire
to
the
Sovereignty
.
His
Designs
were
soon
guess'd
at
,
and
he
was
accus'd
of
this
by
Minucius
,
who
had
the
care
of
the
Provisions
;
which
thing
in
these
unsettled
times
so
startled
the
Senate
,
that
by
advice
of
Quintius
,
the
Consul
,
they
order'd
a
Dictator
to
be
immediately
created
,
the
Tumult
hourly
increasing
.
Quintius
Cincinnatus
,
Servilius
Ahala
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
The
Dictator
presently
summon'd
Maelius
to
appear
,
who
being
well
back'd
and
supported
by
the
Mob
,
refus'd
to
obey
,
now
breaking
out
into
open
Rebellion
;
whereupon
Ahala
set
upon
him
in
the
Forum
,
and
kill'd
him
,
and
was
justifi'd
by
Quintius
,
who
commanded
his
Goods
to
be
sold
,
and
his
House
to
be
demolish'd
.
The
Tribunes
inrag'd
at
the
Death
of
their
great
Friend
,
Maelius
,
procur'd
Military
Tribunes
instead
of
Consuls
to
be
created
for
the
following
Year
,
now
six
Years
after
their
first
Institution
,
hoping
that
some
Plebeian
might
get
into
the
number
of
Six
,
which
might
give
'em
an
Opportunity
of
revenging
his
Death
:
But
Three
only
were
created
,
all
Patritians
too
,
and
their
Expectation
wholly
unanswer'd
.
The
following
Year
,
Consuls
were
created
again
,
and
in
the
same
Year
,
Fidenae
,
a
Roman
Colony
,
revolted
to
Tolumnius
,
King
of
the
Veientes
;
and
to
inhance
their
Crime
,
by
his
Instigation
,
they
treacherously
murder'd
the
Ambassadors
sent
thither
,
who
dying
thus
for
the
Publick
,
the
Senate
generously
appointed
Statues
to
be
erected
in
their
Honour
.
This
War
in
the
beginning
prov'd
so
dangerous
and
threatning
to
the
Romans
,
that
they
were
forc'd
to
create
a
Dictator
to
manage
it
,
Mamercus
Aemilius
being
the
Person
,
who
made
choice
of
Quinctius
Ci●cinnatus
,
an
Eminent
Youth
of
the
City
,
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Aemilius
,
the
Dictator
,
obtain'd
a
great
Victory
over
the
Enemy
,
in
which
Battel
Cornelius
Cossus
,
a
Tribune
in
the
Army
,
slew
King
T●lumnius
with
his
own
Hands
,
and
by
that
means
obtain'd
the
Honour
of
the
Opima
Spolia
,
or
Royal
Spoils
,
which
were
the
only
Spoils
of
that
Nature
since
the
Reign
of
Romulus
.
These
Spoils
were
a
great
Grace
to
Aemilius's
Triumph
,
and
a
great
Honour
to
Cossus
,
they
being
with
extraordinary
Pomp
and
Ceremony
consecrated
to
Iupiter
Feretrius
.
Two
Years
after
this
,
there
hapned
a
great
Plague
in
the
City
,
and
the
Fidenates
and
Veientes
press'd
so
hard
upon
the
Romans
,
that
they
were
forc'd
to
have
recourse
to
another
Dictator
;
Servilius
Priscus
was
created
,
who
chose
Aebutius
Elva
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Servilius
was
so
successful
,
as
not
only
to
drive
the
Enemy
back
,
but
to
take
the
Town
of
Fidenae
,
which
he
did
by
a
Mine
.
The
taking
of
Fidenae
was
so
disadvantageous
to
the
Enemy
,
that
the
Veientes
sent
to
all
their
Neighbours
about
for
Succour
,
threatning
no
less
than
entire
Destruction
to
Rome
.
These
formidable
Preparations
put
the
Romans
upon
creating
another
Dictator
,
a
little
above
a
Year
after
the
last
,
Posthumius
Tubertus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
In
a
short
time
,
the
Romans
found
that
the
Veientes
cou'd
procure
no
Aid
,
so
the
Dictator
had
little
Employment
abroad
;
but
resolving
to
do
something
at
home
,
he
caus'd
the
Censorship
to
be
reduc'd
to
a
Year
and
a
half
,
which
was
eight
Years
after
its
first
Institution
,
and
then
laid
down
his
Office
.
The
Censors
from
this
took
an
Occasion
to
remove
him
out
of
his
Tribe
,
which
so
inrag'd
the
People
,
that
the
next
time
they
procur'd
Military
Tribunes
to
be
brought
in
again
,
after
there
had
been
Consuls
four
Years
:
And
in
this
Election
,
notwithstanding
the
great
Industry
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
they
cou'd
not
get
in
one
of
the
Commons
,
which
was
a
great
Mortification
to
the
Multitude
.
At
two
years
end
,
the
Senate
took
occasion
from
the
Wars
of
the
Aequi
and
Volsci
to
bring
in
Consuls
again
;
and
partly
for
the
Enemies
great
Preparations
,
and
partly
for
the
violent
Humour
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
a
Dictator
was
likewise
created
,
tho'
against
the
Consuls
Consent
.
Posthumius
Tubero
,
who
had
Iulius
Vopiscus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
who
having
finish'd
this
War
successfully
,
triumph'd
and
laid
down
his
Office
.
For
four
Years
after
this
,
they
had
Consuls
,
in
which
space
little
was
acted
abroad
or
at
home
;
then
the
Commons
prevail'd
to
have
Military
Tribunes
again
created
,
encreas'd
.
U.
C.
326.
which
was
now
the
fifth
time
,
and
they
had
four
in
Number
,
but
still
they
cou'd
not
bring
about
their
Designs
.
In
this
Year
Fidenae
revolted
again
,
and
joyn'd
with
the
Veientes
;
whereupon
three
of
the
Consular
Tribunes
were
sent
against
the
Enemy
,
and
the
fourth
left
to
govern
the
City
.
When
they
proceeded
to
an
Engagement
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
cry'd
Charge
,
another
cry'd
Halt
,
all
three
being
of
a
several
Mind
,
till
there
was
such
Confusion
,
that
the
Romans
betook
themselves
to
their
Heels
and
fled
;
which
sufficiently
convinc'd
'em
of
the
Folly
of
having
several
Generals
in
one
Army
.
The
City
upon
this
was
put
into
such
a
Consternation
,
that
immediately
a
Dictator
was
created
,
which
was
Aemilius
,
Master
of
the
Horse
.
By
the
Prudence
and
Valour
of
these
two
,
the
Veientes
were
overthrown
,
and
Fidenae
once
more
taken
and
plunder'd
:
Then
Aemilius
returning
to
Rome
in
Triumph
,
laid
down
his
Office
,
after
he
had
held
it
but
17
Days
.
For
two
Years
after
this
,
Military
Tribunes
continu'd
;
at
the
end
of
which
,
the
Senate
took
Occasion
from
the
War
with
the
Volsci
,
and
the
Absence
of
those
Magistrates
,
to
bring
in
Consuls
again
,
notwithstanding
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
oppos'd
it
as
much
as
possible
.
But
Sempronius
,
one
of
the
Consuls
,
managing
this
War
very
carelesly
,
the
Tribunes
from
thence
took
advantage
,
and
Military
Tribunes
were
created
again
the
next
Year
.
This
was
for
one
Year
,
at
the
end
of
which
,
the
Senate
procur'd
Consuls
to
be
made
again
;
and
Capitolinus
,
one
of
'em
,
gain'd
advantage
enough
over
the
Aequi
,
to
procure
him
an
Ovation
.
When
this
Year
was
expir'd
,
there
hapned
so
great
a
Contention
about
two
Quaestors
or
Treasurers
,
whom
the
Commons
wou'd
have
created
out
of
their
Body
,
that
the
State
fell
into
an
Interregnum
.
Papirius
being
Interrex
,
for
a
Composure
,
procur'd
Military
Tribunes
to
be
again
admitted
,
and
four
Quaestors
(
which
was
two
more
than
formerly
)
to
be
created
either
out
of
the
Patritians
or
Plebeians
,
Military
Tribune
,
or
so
much
as
Quaestor
,
which
much
incens'd
the
People
.
In
the
second
Year
after
this
,
Military
Tribunes
still
continuing
,
the
Slaves
conspir'd
to
Fire
the
City
,
and
seize
on
the
Capitol
;
but
the
Plot
was
timely
found
out
,
and
the
Discoverers
greatly
rewarded
.
The
following
Year
,
the
Aequi
joyn'd
with
the
People
of
Lavicum
,
press'd
hard
upon
the
Roman
Territories
,
and
the
Consular
Tribunes
quarrelling
among
themselves
for
the
Superiority
,
they
got
great
Advantages
;
Servilius
Priscus
,
a
second
time
,
who
chose
his
Son
Axilla
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Servilius
soon
dispatch'd
his
Business
,
and
laid
down
his
Office
,
after
he
had
kept
it
but
eight
Days
.
After
this
,
for
four
Years
successively
,
were
Military
Tribunes
instead
of
Consuls
,
till
new
Contentions
arising
between
the
Patritians
and
Plebeians
,
tho'
partly
from
old
Heart-burnings
,
and
especially
upon
the
account
of
the
Agrarian
Law
,
the
State
fell
again
into
an
Interregnum
.
Fabius
being
Interrex
,
brought
in
Consuls
again
,
which
Government
continu'd
for
five
Years
longer
,
in
which
space
of
time
not
very
much
was
transacted
either
abroad
or
at
home
.
In
the
fifth
Year
,
the
Commons
being
cross'd
in
their
Designs
of
bringing
in
Military
Tribunes
,
bestirr'd
themselves
so
much
,
as
to
procure
three
of
the
Quaestors
to
be
created
out
of
their
own
Rank
,
who
were
the
first
Plebeian
Quaestors
that
ever
were
in
Rome
.
Military
Tribunes
again
,
who
march'd
against
the
Enemy
,
but
with
so
little
Success
,
Cornelius
Cossus
,
formerly
mention'd
,
who
appointed
Servilius
Ahala
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
march'd
against
the
Enemy
,
overthrew
'em
in
one
Battel
,
wasted
their
Country
,
and
then
return'd
.
Two
Years
after
,
the
Patritians
and
Plebeians
were
in
some
measure
reconcil'd
by
means
of
the
great
Plunder
of
Anxur
or
Terracina
,
taken
from
the
Volsci
;
but
especially
by
a
Decree
of
the
Senate
for
the
Publick
Pay
of
the
Army
with
Brass
Money
,
before
which
time
every
Soldier
bore
his
own
Charges
in
the
War
,
as
was
hinted
formerly
;
and
this
was
the
first
time
of
the
paying
of
Soldiers
in
Rome
,
which
hapned
in
the
347th
Year
of
the
City
.
The
taking
of
Anxur
,
and
some
other
Places
from
the
Volsci
,
in
a
short
time
brought
'em
to
a
Peace
;
and
now
the
Roman
Dominions
were
considerably
increas●d
.
III.
About
the
same
time
,
Military
Tribunes
to
be
increased
from
four
to
six
,
encreas'd
.
U.
C.
348.
as
it
was
at
first
design●d
,
but
still
cou'd
not
procure
one
Plebeian
to
be
elected
;
and
this
Number
continu'd
always
for
the
future
.
New
Stirs
daily
arose
,
notwithstanding
the
great
Diversion
by
War
;
sometimes
upon
the
account
of
the
little
Succes●
against
Veii
,
the
Tribunes
blaming
the
Commanders
,
and
prohibiting
the
Taxes
which
had
been
laid
upon
the
City
ever
since
the
Soldiers
had
receiv'd
Pay
.
About
six
Years
after
,
they
renew'd
their
ancient
Contest
about
the
Agrarian
Law
,
and
carry'd
it
on
so
far
as
to
get
it
promulg'd
among
themselves
,
tho'
not
in
the
Senate
:
And
in
the
same
Year
,
after
much
Trouble
and
Pains
,
Consular
Tribunes
,
Licinius
Calvus
being
the
Person
.
They
extreamly
applauded
themselves
for
this
,
it
being
the
first
time
that
the
Commons
cou'd
make
themselves
sharers
in
the
highest
Offices
;
and
now
they
most
readily
permitted
the
Pay
of
the
Army
to
be
gather'd
,
all
Stirs
being
for
a
while
laid
aside
.
The
Siege
of
Veii
was
still
carry'd
on
from
Year
to
Year
,
but
with
various
Success
,
and
under
divers
Commanders
;
sometimes
all
the
Besieger's
Works
were
destroy'd
,
and
the
Men
driven
back
with
great
Loss
by
Sallies
from
the
Town
:
Then
the
Falisci
,
one
of
the
twelve
Nations
of
Hetruria
,
join'd
with
the
Veientes
,
and
very
much
annoy'd
the
Romans
,
sometimes
to
the
great
hazard
of
their
whole
Army
.
Besides
,
the
Roman
Forces
were
much
diverted
by
the
Volsci
,
who
suddenly
took
Anxur
;
and
tho'
in
no
long
time
it
was
retaken
,
yet
still
it
was
great
hinderance
to
the
Siege
of
Veii
.
In
the
third
Year
of
this
Siege
,
Furius
Camillus
,
a
Person
extraordinary
for
Courage
and
Valour
,
as
well
as
other
Excellencies
,
was
made
one
of
the
Censors
.
He
finding
the
Wars
lay
heavy
,
caus'd
the
Batchelors
to
marry
the
Widdows
of
such
as
had
lost
their
Lives
for
their
Country
;
and
likewise
was
the
first
,
who
oblig'd
Orphans
to
pay
Taxes
.
Two
Years
after
,
he
was
made
one
of
the
Military
Tribunes
,
but
little
fell
to
his
Share
then
.
Three
Years
after
that
,
which
was
the
eighth
Year
of
the
Siege
,
he
was
a
second
time
made
Military
Tribune
,
in
which
time
he
march'd
against
the
Falisci
and
Capenates
,
both
Confederates
of
the
Veientes
,
and
great
Disturbers
of
the
Romans
in
the
Siege
,
and
forc'd
them
all
into
their
Towns
of
Defence
.
The
tediousness
of
the
Siege
,
made
the
Romans
resolve
to
carry
it
on
with
the
utmost
Vigour
;
and
for
that
reason
they
created
Camillus
Dictator
,
Corn●lius
Scipio
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Camillus
drew
out
all
the
Forces
he
cou'd
raise
,
and
made
a
solemn
Vow
,
that
if
he
took
Veii
,
he
wou'd
dedicate
the
tenth
Part
of
the
Plunder
to
Apollo
;
Then
marching
into
the
Country
of
the
Falisci
,
he
overthrew
'em
in
a
great
Battel
,
together
with
the
Capenates
their
Confederates
;
and
after
that
,
he
turn'd
all
his
Forces
against
Veii
,
all
People
greatly
expecting
the
Avent
of
this
important
Siege
.
Camillus
finding
it
very
hazardous
to
attempt
the
storming
a
Place
of
that
Strength
both
by
Art
and
Nature
,
secretly
wrought
a
Mine
into
it
with
vast
Labour
;
and
finding
the
City
incapable
of
Relief
,
sent
to
the
Senate
,
who
order'd
all
who
had
a
desire
to
share
in
the
rich
Spoils
,
immediately
to
repair
to
the
Army
,
which
caus'd
great
Multitudes
of
all
Ranks
to
go
thither
.
Camillus
at
an
appointed
time
order'd
a
Party
of
Men
to
enter
the
Mine
,
who
with
ease
became
Masters
of
the
City
,
to
the
great
Amazement
of
the
Besieged
.
Thus
was
the
rich
and
strong
City
of
Veii
taken
,
like
a
second
Troy
,
after
Ten
Years
Siege
,
which
enrich'd
the
Romans
with
vast
Plunder
.
As
for
Camillus
himself
,
he
transported
with
the
Honour
of
subduing
the
great
Rival
of
Rome
,
triumph'd
after
a
more
magnificent
Manner
than
ordinary
,
having
his
Chariot
drawn
by
four
Milk-white
Steeds
;
a
thing
which
the
Romans
look'd
upon
as
Sacred
and
peculiar
to
the
King
and
Father
of
the
Gods
,
and
therefore
they
were
much
offended
at
his
Carriage
:
And
indeed
no
Man
either
before
or
since
him
ever
assum'd
so
much
Honour
to
himself
.
Soon
after
the
taking
of
Veii
,
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
who
were
ever
restless
,
propos'd
a
Law
to
divide
the
Senate
and
People
into
two
Parts
,
whereof
one
should
stay
at
Rome
,
and
the
other
remove
to
Veii
,
and
there
settle
;
this
Separation
,
as
they
imagin'd
,
being
a
ready
means
for
the
enriching
of
both
by
the
Possession
of
two
such
considerable
Cities
.
The
Plebeians
,
now
Rich
as
well
as
Numerous
,
press'd
hard
for
this
Division
;
but
the
Patritians
judging
it
wou'd
prove
the
Ruine
of
the
State
,
as
earnestly
oppos'd
it
,
betaking
themselves
to
Camillus
,
who
by
prudently
employing
,
and
variously
diverting
the
Multitude
,
with
much
difficulty
put
it
off
,
but
with
the
Hatred
of
many
of
the
Commons
.
But
not
long
after
,
there
hapned
a
greater
and
more
apparent
Cause
of
their
Hatred
to
him
,
occasion'd
by
his
neglecting
,
either
through
Business
or
Forgetfulness
,
while
he
continu'd
Dictator
,
to
offer
those
Tenths
of
the
Spoils
of
Veii
,
which
at
the
beginning
of
his
Expedition
he
had
vow'd
to
Apollo
.
When
therefore
he
had
laid
down
his
Office
,
he
mov'd
the
People
to
restore
the
Tenths
of
what
they
had
receiv'd
;
and
the
Priests
also
reported
that
all
the
Sacrifices
portended
the
Anger
of
the
Gods
,
which
must
be
appeas'd
by
Gifts
.
So
that
the
Soldiers
,
who
had
already
spent
what
they
had
gain●d
upon
their
necessary
Occasions
,
were
forc'd
upon
Oath
to
restore
the
tenth
Part
to
Apollo
,
which
was
look'd
upon
as
a
very
hard
Injunction
,
and
caus'd
great
Murmurings
among
the
People
.
Now
,
because
there
was
little
Gold
in
the
City
,
the
Ladies
freely
contributed
their
Dresses
and
Ornaments
,
which
amounted
to
eight
Talents
in
Gold
.
And
the
Senate
in
requital
of
this
generous
Act
,
decreed
that
Women
shou'd
for
the
future
have
the
Priviledge
and
Honour
of
Funeral
Orations
,
which
before
had
never
been
allow●d
●em
.
The
Commons
still
grew
more
turbulent
and
Uneasie
,
and
moving
again
for
a
Separation
,
the
War
with
the
Falisci
happily
fell
out
to
divert
them
;
for
which
Camillus
was
made
Military
Tribune
a
third
time
.
Military
Tribunes
,
after
an
Intermission
of
15
Years
.
And
the
Year
following
,
Consuls
also
were
chosen
again
;
but
in
the
third
Year
,
Military
Tribunes
,
in
which
time
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
mov'd
again
for
a
Separation
,
but
were
so
sharply
oppos'd
by
Camillus
,
that
in
Revenge
they
accus'd
him
of
fraudulent
Practices
in
the
Plunder
of
the
late
Wars
.
Camillus
finding
the
Multitude
exasperated
against
him
for
several
Reasons
,
and
that
they
were
now
ready
to
condemn
him
,
left
the
City
;
but
first
lifting
up
his
Hands
towards
the
Capitol
,
he
pray'd
,
That
if
his
Banishment
were
unjust
,
and
meerly
the
effect
of
the
Rage
and
Malice
of
the
Multitude
,
they
might
suddenly
repent
it
;
and
that
it
might
visibly
appear
to
the
World
,
how
much
the
Romans
were
oblig'd
by
his
Actions
,
and
stood
in
need
of
his
Presence
.
Thus
,
like
Achilles
,
leaving
his
Imprecations
on
the
Citizens
,
he
went
into
Banishment
,
being
fin'd
15000
Asses
.
IV.
About
this
same
time
,
Galli
Senones
,
a
very
numerous
and
warlike
People
inhabiting
most
of
that
Part
of
Italy
,
which
now
goes
by
the
Name
of
Lombardy
,
and
which
the
Hetrurians
had
been
Masters
of
before
them
;
a
People
vast
in
Body
,
rude
by
Nature
,
barbarous
in
Conditions
,
and
wandering
as
Rovers
over
many
Countries
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Clusium
,
much
affrighted
at
their
great
Numbers
,
and
dreadful
Looks
,
sent
immediately
to
Rome
,
begging
that
State
to
interpose
by
sending
Ambassadors
and
Letters
to
disswade
these
unjust
Aggressors
from
proceeding
in
their
Enterprize
.
The
Senate
willing
to
perform
this
friendly
Part
,
dispatch'd
Ambassadors
to
the
〈◊〉
,
chusing
out
three
of
the
Family
of
the
〈◊〉
,
Persons
of
the
greatest
Quality
,
and
the
most
Honourable
in
the
City
,
for
that
Office
.
The
Gauls
at
first
receiv'd
'em
courteously
enough
;
and
coming
to
a
Conference
with
'em
,
the
Ambassadors
demanded
the
Reason
of
this
their
present
Undertaking
,
and
what
Injury
the
Clusians
had
done
them
:
Brennus
made
answer
somewhat
sharply
,
That
they
had
much
injur'd
'em
by
refusing
to
part
with
some
of
their
Lands
,
when
they
had
more
than
they
themselves
cou'd
easily
manage
;
and
this
was
nothing
more
than
what
the
Romans
themselves
had
done
to
the
Albans
,
the
Fidenates
,
the
Ardeates
,
the
Veientes
,
and
many
other
People
that
they
made
War
with
.
These
Reflections
so
enrag'd
the
Ambassadors
,
that
they
immediately
stirr●d
up
the
Inhabitants
to
make
a
Sally
against
the
Besiegers
,
they
themselves
heading
'em
.
It
hapned
,
that
in
the
midst
of
the
Fight
,
Fabius
Am●usius
,
one
of
the
Three
,
kill●d
a
Gaul
of
huge
Bulk
,
and
was
discover'd
while
he
was
disarming
of
him
;
whereupon
Brennus
mov'd
with
a
just
Indignation
,
immediately
broke
up
the
Siege
,
and
march'd
directly
for
Rome
.
Brennus
,
that
he
might
not
seem
to
do
any
thing
meanly
or
unjustly
,
sent
first
to
Rome
,
demanding
the
Ambassadors
to
be
deliver'd
up
,
as
having
broken
the
Law
of
Nations
.
But
Favour
so
far
prevail'd
above
Equity
,
that
the
Matter
being
referr●d
from
the
Senate
to
the
People
,
no
Satisfaction
cou'd
be
had
from
either
:
Nay
,
further
,
the
Ambassadors
themselves
,
were
with
three
others
created
Military
Tribunes
for
carrying
on
the
War
.
The
Gauls
hearing
this
,
in
a
great
Rage
hastned
their
March
,
breathing
out
nothing
Revenge
and
Destruction
to
Rome
.
The
Places
through
which
they
march'd
,
were
so
terrify'd
with
their
Numbers
,
the
Fierceness
of
their
Natures
,
and
their
dreadful
Preparations
of
War
,
that
they
gave
their
Countries
for
lost
.
But
contrary
to
their
Expectations
,
they
did
no
Injury
as
they
march'd
,
crying
,
That
the
Romans
only
were
their
Enemies
,
and
that
they
took
all
others
for
their
Friends
.
The
Romans
met
'em
at
the
River
Allia
,
11
Miles
from
the
City
,
with
an
Army
of
40000
Foot
,
but
most
of
'em
raw
and
unskilful
Men
,
Never
was
Rome
in
the
like
Consternation
,
as
at
the
News
of
the
loss
of
this
Battel
,
and
the
sudden
Approach
of
the
Enemy
:
Nothing
but
miserable
Howlings
and
Lamentations
were
heard
on
all
Parts
,
some
leaving
the
City
,
others
creeping
into
Holes
,
Priests
hiding
their
Relicks
,
Women
running
like
distracted
Persons
with
their
Children
in
their
Arms
,
and
every
one
shifting
for
himself
;
so
that
Rome
became
abandon'd
,
and
was
left
open
to
the
Rage
and
Fury
of
the
Enemy
.
For
they
who
resolv'd
to
stay
at
Rome
,
quitting
the
rest
of
the
City
,
betook
themselves
to
the
Capitol
,
which
they
fortify'd
,
in
order
to
hold
out
a
Siege
.
Only
some
of
the
Pontifices
and
Priests
,
and
the
most
ancient
of
the
Senators
,
such
as
had
been
honour'd
with
several
Consulships
and
Triumphs
,
who
cou'd
not
endure
to
think
of
leaving
the
City
,
put
on
all
their
Robes
of
State
,
plac'd
themselves
in
the
Forum
on
their
Ivory
Chairs
,
resolving
since
they
had
liv'd
in
Honour
,
to
die
in
State
,
and
in
that
noble
Posture
expected
the
utmost
of
what
wou'd
follow
.
On
the
third
Day
after
the
Victory
,
the
Easiness
of
which
much
amaz'd
the
Gauls
,
Brennus
appear'd
with
all
his
Forces
before
the
City
,
and
finding
the
Gates
wide
open
,
the
Walls
unguarded
,
and
all
things
defenceless
,
began
to
suspect
at
first
some
Stratagem
of
the
Romans
;
but
after
a
little
Consideration
,
he
enter'd
the
City
,
and
marching
into
the
Forum
,
he
was
more
surpriz'd
than
ever
,
to
find
so
many
Men
sitting
all
in
that
remarkable
Order
,
and
profound
Silence
,
like
so
many
Statues
.
Their
splendid
Habits
and
Ornaments
,
their
steddy
Unconcern'dness
,
their
Majestick
Gravity
,
their
venerable
Looks
,
together
with
that
Air
of
Greatness
which
appear'd
in
'em
,
made
the
Gauls
imagine
'em
to
be
an
Assembly
of
the
Gods
,
or
at
least
somewhat
more
than
Human
;
till
one
Bolder
than
the
rest
stroaking
Papirius's
Beard
,
was
struck
by
him
with
his
Ivory
Staff
,
whereupon
he
immediately
kill'd
the
old
Man
.
Upon
which
began
the
Slaughter
,
the
rest
of
the
Gauls
following
his
Example
,
set
upon
the
rest
,
and
kill'd
'em
all
without
Mercy
or
Distinction
;
and
continuing
their
Rage
and
Fury
,
dispatch'd
all
that
came
in
their
Way
.
In
this
Manner
they
proceeded
,
Sacking
and
Plundering
the
Houses
for
many
days
together
;
then
setting
the
whole
City
in
Flames
,
burnt
down
every
House
to
the
Ground
.
Thus
was
the
famous
City
of
Rome
laid
all
in
Ashes
,
except
the
Capitol
;
occasion'd
by
the
Romans
manifest
Breach
of
Justice
,
and
the
Laws
of
Nations
.
This
hapned
364
Years
after
it
was
first
built
,
119
after
the
Expulsion
of
the
Kings
,
Anno
Mundi
3615
,
in
the
third
Year
of
the
97th
Olympiad
,
60
Years
before
the
Ruine
of
the
Persian
Empire
,
and
the
setting
up
of
the
Macedonian
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
388
before
our
Saviour
Christ's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
VI.
From
the
Burning
of
Rome
by
the
Gauls
,
to
the
War
with
the
Samnites
;
when
the
Romans
began
much
to
extend
their
Conquests
.
Containing
the
space
of
46
Years
.
I.
ROme
now
felt
the
utmost
Afflictions
and
Severities
of
Fire
and
Sword
,
Ardea
,
Camillus
,
who
had
liv'd
there
a
retir'd
Life
,
began
to
rouse
himself
from
the
sullen
Resentments
of
his
Wrongs
,
to
the
moving
Considerations
of
the
Miseries
of
his
Country
;
and
by
a
brave
and
incouraging
Speech
perswaded
all
the
Ardeans
,
that
were
able
to
bear
Arms
,
to
fall
upon
the
Enemy
in
the
Night
time
;
which
was
done
so
effectually
,
that
scarce
any
were
left
to
carry
the
News
of
the
Defeat
.
The
Fame
of
this
Victory
began
to
revive
the
fainting
Spirits
of
the
Romans
,
who
now
found
that
these
dreadful
People
were
not
invulnerable
;
and
the
Romans
who
lay
at
Veii
,
now
finding
Camillus's
readiness
,
immediately
sent
to
him
to
be
their
General
;
begging
of
him
to
forget
all
former
Injuries
,
and
succour
his
distressed
Country
.
He
objected
his
banish'd
Condition
,
and
refus'd
to
Act
,
unless
by
Commission
from
those
in
the
Capitol
;
whom
he
consider'd
as
the
true
Body
of
the
surviving
Roman
State
.
This
modest
Answer
was
extreamly
well
taken
,
but
they
cou'd
not
imagine
by
what
means
to
send
to
the
Capitol
,
while
the
Enemy
was
in
full
Possession
of
the
City
.
But
for
the
Undertaking
this
desperate
Attempt
,
one
Pontius
Cominius
offer'd
his
Service
,
which
being
kindly
accepted
of
,
he
thus
perform'd
:
Putting
on
a
poor
Garment
,
carrying
Corks
underneath
,
he
went
for
Rome
,
and
arriv'd
at
the
City
when
it
was
dark
:
The
Bridge
he
cou'd
not
pass
by
reason
of
the
Guards
,
but
taking
his
Cloaths
and
binding
'em
about
his
Head
,
he
swam
down
the
Tiber
upon
his
Corks
;
and
avoiding
those
Quarters
,
where
he
perceiv'd
the
Enemy
to
be
awake
,
which
he
guess'd
at
by
the
Lights
and
Noise
,
he
got
into
the
City
,
and
from
thence
to
the
Capitol
,
climbing
up
in
the
steepest
Place
with
extream
Danger
and
Difficulty
.
The
Besieged
were
much
surpriz'd
at
the
Greatness
of
the
Attempt
,
and
presently
giving
him
his
Instructions
,
sent
him
back
the
same
Way
he
came
;
and
this
part
of
his
Expedition
he
perform'd
with
the
same
good
Success
that
he
had
done
the
other
,
and
upon
his
Return
delivered
to
Camillus
an
Order
of
the
Senate
to
make
him
Dictator
.
Valerius
Potitus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
getting
together
an
Army
of
above
40000
Men
,
he
prepar'd
to
march
against
the
Enemy
.
In
the
mean
while
,
at
Rome
some
of
the
Gauls
hapned
to
discover
some
Foot-steps
and
Prints
made
by
Pontius
at
his
climbing
the
Hill
,
which
being
privately
told
to
Brennus
their
King
,
he
order'd
a
select
Party
of
Men
in
the
dead
of
Night
to
climb
up
the
same
Way
,
and
take
the
Capitol
by
Surprize
.
These
Men
perform'd
their
Office
with
great
Difficulty
,
and
much
Time
,
not
any
of
the
Dogs
appointed
for
the
Watch
perceiving
it
;
nevertheless
it
so
hapned
that
some
Sacred
Geese
which
were
kept
by
the
Temple
of
Iun●
,
by
their
Gaggling
and
clapping
their
Wings
,
discover'd
them
.
The
Romans
every
one
snatching
what
Weapon
he
cou'd
,
did
their
utmost
on
this
sudden
Occasion
;
and
Manlius
,
a
Patritian
of
great
Courage
,
was
the
first
that
made
Head
against
'em
,
boldly
mounting
the
Rampier
,
and
presently
tumbling
down
two
of
the
Enemy
at
once
.
Others
soon
came
in
to
his
Assistance
,
and
drove
down
all
the
rest
,
not
a
Man
escaping
;
and
the
next
Morning
the
Captain
of
the
Watch
was
thrown
Headlong
down
the
Rock
,
and
Manlius
rewarded
as
well
as
Circumstances
wou'd
permit
.
Henceforwards
the
Affairs
of
the
Gauls
were
in
a
worse
Condition
,
first
wanting
Provisions
,
then
infected
with
the
Plague
,
which
rag'd
much
among
'em
;
but
still
the
Besieged
cou'd
have
no
Relief
,
being
reduc'd
to
a
languishing
and
desponding
Condition
for
want
of
Provisions
and
Necessaries
.
So
that
after
a
seven
Months
Siege
,
they
were
forc'd
to
Capitulate
,
and
it
was
agreed
,
That
the
Romans
paying
down
1000
Pound
weight
of
Gold
,
the
Gauls
should
immediately
quit
the
City
and
Territories
.
This
Agreement
being
confirm'd
by
Oath
,
and
the
Gold
brought
forth
,
the
Cauls
out
of
Covetousness
us'd
false
Dealings
in
the
weighing
,
pulling
back
the
Balance
as
they
thought
fit
;
at
which
the
Romans
complaining
,
Brennus
cast
in
his
Sword
and
Belt
into
the
Scales
,
scoffingly
crying
,
Vae
Victis
,
Woe
to
the
Vanquish'd
,
which
afterwards
became
a
Proverb
.
Whilst
this
Difference
lasted
,
Camillus
was
arriv'd
with
his
Army
,
and
hastning
with
a
choice
Party
of
Men
to
the
Place
where
the
Gold
was
a
weighing
,
he
came
boldly
and
took
it
out
of
the
Scales
,
telling
the
Gauls
,
that
it
was
the
Custom
of
the
Romans
to
deliver
their
Country
with
Iron
,
not
with
Gold
:
Therefore
he
null'd
the
Compact
,
because
made
without
his
Consent
,
who
alone
,
as
being
then
their
Dictator
,
had
the
sole
Power
of
making
Peace
.
Upon
this
therefore
a
Fight
immediately
ensu'd
,
where
,
after
a
most
bloody
Contest
,
the
Gauls
were
intirely
routed
,
and
such
great
Execution
done
upon
'em
in
the
pursuit
,
that
all
the
Roman
Territories
were
in
a
short
time
clear'd
of
'em
.
Thus
was
Rome
unexpectedly
taken
,
and
in
seven
Months
,
as
unexpectedly
recover'd
;
Camillus
for
his
excellent
Services
having
a
noble
Triumph
,
being
now
deservedly
look'd
upon
as
their
second
Romulus
.
II.
After
this
War
was
finish'd
,
How
unworthy
and
dishonourable
a
Thing
it
wou'd
be
for
'em
to
forsake
the
venerable
Seat
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
all
their
Sacred
Rites
,
which
were
appropriated
to
this
Place
,
to
inhabit
a
conquer'd
and
inslav'd
City
.
Upon
this
therefore
Rome
was
order'd
to
be
rebuilt
with
all
Diligence
,
and
all
Persons
were
employ'd
about
it
;
but
it
was
carry'd
on
with
that
Haste
and
Hurry
,
that
the
City
wanted
much
of
its
former
Beauty
and
Regularity
;
and
the
Water-courses
formerly
laid
in
the
Streets
,
now
ran
for
the
most
part
under
private
Houses
.
Military
Tribunes
were
chosen
;
and
in
the
same
Year
the
Aequi
,
Volsci
and
Hetrurians
all
took
up
Arms
and
invaded
the
Roman
Territories
.
The
Military
Tribunes
were
soon
block'd
up
by
the
Enemy
,
and
were
brought
to
such
Straits
,
that
the
Senate
made
Camillus
Dictator
a
third
time
,
and
he
chose
Servilius
Ahala
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Camillus
overthrew
both
Aequi
and
Hetrurians
,
and
forc'd
the
Volsci
to
yield
themselves
,
after
the
War
had
continu'd
for
seventy
Years
;
for
all
which
he
had
a
third
Triumph
.
Three
Years
after
this
,
Camillus
being
Military
Tribune
,
overcame
them
again
,
together
with
the
Hernici
and
Latines
,
the
latter
of
which
till
now
had
been
faithful
ever
since
the
Battel
at
the
Rhegillan
Lake
above
a
hundred
Years
before
:
And
from
the
Hetrurians
he
recover'd
two
Towns
,
About
this
time
Manlius
,
who
for
his
great
Services
in
saving
the
Capitol
had
now
got
the
Sirname
of
Capitolinus
,
began
to
grow
very
haughty
and
ambitious
;
and
by
his
ingratiating
himself
with
the
common
Sort
,
his
paying
their
Debts
,
and
his
railing
at
the
Nobility
,
it
was
apparent
that
Sovereignty
was
his
Aim
.
The
Numbers
that
he
got
over
to
his
Party
,
together
with
the
War
renew'd
with
the
Volsci
,
made
the
Senate
procure
a
Dictator
to
be
created
;
Cornelius
Cossus
,
who
made
choice
of
Quintius
Capitolinus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Cossus
soon
overthrew
the
Enemies
,
and
returning
home
in
Triumph
,
call'd
Manlius
to
an
Account
,
and
put
him
in
Prison
.
But
the
Multitude
,
extreamly
afflicted
at
this
,
put
on
Mourning
Garments
,
and
made
such
dangerous
Disturbances
,
that
after
some
time
he
was
set
at
Liberty
,
and
soon
after
Cossus
laid
down
his
Office
.
But
Manlius
still
growing
more
insolent
,
holding
private
Cabals
,
and
filling
the
whole
City
with
Faction
and
Sedition
,
the
Senate
remitted
his
Business
to
the
Care
of
the
Military
Tribunes
,
whereof
Camillus
was
one
,
and
a
Day
was
●et
him
to
answer
for
his
Life
.
The
Place
of
his
Tryal
was
right
over-against
the
Capitol
,
where
when
he
was
accus'd
,
he
often
pointed
to
it
,
and
with
weeping
Eyes
and
moving
Voice
let
the
People
know
,
what
a
Noble
piece
of
Service
he
had
done
there
.
This
mov'd
the
Multitude
to
such
Pity
and
Compassion
,
that
Camillus
caus'd
the
Judges
to
remove
him
without
the
Gate
to
the
Peteline
Grove
;
where
having
no
View
of
the
Capitol
,
he
was
condemn'd
to
be
thrown
down
the
Tarpeian
Rock
,
the
Place
both
of
his
highest
Honour
and
greatest
Infamy
:
Ant
it
was
decreed
that
none
of
the
Manlii
afterwards
shou'd
be
call'd
Marcus
.
Thus
jealous
was
Rome
of
her
Liberty
,
that
no
Deserts
cou'd
atone
for
presuming
to
offer
at
that
.
About
three
Years
after
,
Military
Tribune
a
sixth
time
,
tho'
much
against
his
Consent
,
and
march'd
against
the
Volsci
;
where
Lucius
his
Collegue
,
eager
to
engage
the
Enemy
when
Camillus
judg'd
it
dangerous
,
was
permitted
to
Fight
alone
,
Camillus
being
left
weak
in
his
Bed
.
Lucius
was
soon
worsted
,
and
his
Army
almost
routed
,
when
Camillus
rousing
himself
,
was
presently
help'd
up
on
Horseback
;
where
making
his
Way
through
them
that
fled
,
he
drove
furiously
to
oppose
the
Pursuers
;
which
Boldness
so
incourag'd
the
Soldiers
,
that
they
all
rally'd
again
,
resolving
never
to
forsake
a
General
so
famous
for
his
Actions
,
and
so
venerable
for
Age
:
By
this
the
Enemy
were
soon
stopp'd
,
and
the
next
day
intirely
routed
,
losing
Bag
and
Baggage
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
their
Men.
The
Year
following
,
great
Stirs
were
rais'd
in
the
City
about
the
Creditors
and
Debtors
,
which
gave
an
Opportunity
to
the
Inhabitants
of
Praeneste
,
a
Town
of
Latium
,
with
its
Dependents
,
to
make
Incursions
and
Devastations
to
the
Walls
of
Rome
,
to
the
great
danger
and
damage
of
the
City
.
This
and
the
Troubles
at
home
,
caus'd
the
Senate
to
create
a
Dictator
,
Quinctius
Cincinnatus
,
who
appointed
Sempronius
Atratinus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
and
he
was
so
Successful
against
them
,
that
he
overthrew
'em
,
took
the
eight
Towns
that
were
their
Dependents
,
by
Storm
,
and
Praeneste
it self
by
Surrender
.
Then
returning
in
Triumph
with
the
Statue
of
Iupiter
Imperator
,
which
he
put
into
the
Capitol
.
he
laid
down
his
Office
,
after
keeping
of
it
but
twenty
days
.
Two
Years
after
this
,
Fabius
Ambustus
a
Tribune
,
who
had
Marri'd
one
Daughter
to
a
Patritian
,
and
the
other
to
a
Plebeian
:
The
latter
being
very
much
concern'd
at
her
Husband's
want
of
equal
Honour
,
Fabius
told
her
,
That
he
would
so
manage
Affairs
,
that
her
House
shou'd
shortly
be
of
the
same
Dignity
as
her
Sisters
.
From
that
time
therefore
he
consulted
with
Licinius
Stolo
her
Husband
,
and
L.
Sestius
,
about
preferring
a
Law
for
making
one
Consul
out
of
the
Commons
.
These
two
being
made
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
labour'd
so
violently
about
this
Law
,
and
the
Contests
were
carri●d
with
such
wonderful
Heats
and
Animosities
on
both
sides
,
that
from
the
Year
〈◊〉
to
●82
,
which
was
five
Years
,
no
Supream
Magistrates
were
chosen
at
all
,
nor
any
other
but
Tribunes
and
Aediles
,
who
kept
their
Places
all
that
time
.
And
in
all
this
unhappy
Space
there
was
little
better
than
Anarchy
and
Confusion
in
Rome
,
till
the
Year
282
,
they
procur'd
Military
Tribunes
to
be
chosen
;
but
still
the
Contests
were
kept
up
on
both
sides
;
Aemilius
Mamercinus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
with
much
Difficulty
brought
both
Parties
to
a
better
and
more
moderate
Temper
;
but
finding
the
Multitude
so
very
stubborn
and
resolute
in
their
Designs
,
withal
threatning
to
Fine
him
if
he
compli'd
not
,
he
soon
laid
down
his
Office
.
Upon
this
another
Dictator
was
immediately
created
,
which
was
one
Manlius
Capitolinus
,
who
chose
Licinius
Stolo
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
III.
In
the
midst
of
these
violent
Contentions
about
the
Consul-ship
,
News
was
brought
to
Rome
,
that
many
thousands
of
the
Gauls
were
marching
from
the
Adriatick
Sea
towards
Rome
.
This
put
the
City
into
a
great
Fright
,
and
all
began
to
lay
aside
their
private
Differences
,
and
to
think
of
nothing
but
of
the
common
Safety
;
for
they
had
fear'd
the
Gauls
so
much
,
that
a
Law
was
made
,
That
Priests
shou'd
be
excus'd
from
all
Wars
,
unless
in
an
Invasion
from
the
Gauls
:
Camillus
Dictator
a
fifth
time
,
now
near
80
Years
old
,
who
refus'd
not
the
Employment
in
this
dangerous
Juncture
,
but
presently
chose
Quinctius
Cincinnatus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Camillus
consider'd
that
the
Force
of
the
Gauls
lay
chiefly
in
their
Swords
,
with
which
they
laid
about
'em
in
a
rude
and
unskilful
Manner
:
Therefore
he
furnish'd
his
Men
with
light
Iron
Helmets
,
and
bound
their
wooden
Targets
about
with
Brass
,
teaching
them
how
to
fence
and
receive
the
Enemies
Blows
without
Hurt
.
By
this
means
he
render'd
the
Swords
of
the
Gauls
so
unserviceable
,
that
giving
'em
Battel
at
the
River
Anio
,
he
easily
overthrew
'em
,
which
hapned
23
Years
after
they
had
destroy'd
the
City
;
and
after
this
Defeat
the
Romans
began
now
to
despise
the
Gauls
as
much
as
they
had
fear'd
'em
before
.
Soon
after
this
Camillus
in
his
Return
homewards
had
Velitrae
surrender'd
to
him
without
any
Resistance
.
But
Camillus's
greatest
Contention
,
and
which
was
hardest
to
be
manag'd
,
was
with
the
People
,
who
now
returning
home
full
of
Victory
and
Success
,
violently
insisted
again
to
have
one
of
the
Consuls
chosen
out
of
their
own
Body
.
The
Senate
strongly
oppos'd
it
,
and
wou'd
not
suffer
Camillus
to
lay
down
his
Dictator-ship
,
thinking
that
under
the
Shelter
of
his
great
Name
and
greater
Authority
,
they
shou'd
be
the
better
able
to
contend
for
the
Power
of
the
Nobility
.
But
when
Camillus
was
sitting
upon
the
Tribunal
,
dispatching
publick
Affairs
,
an
Officer
sent
by
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
commanded
him
to
rise
and
follow
him
,
laying
his
Hand
upon
him
as
ready
to
seize
him
:
Upon
which
such
a
Noise
and
Tumult
follow'd
in
the
Assembly
,
as
was
never
before
known
in
Rome
:
Some
that
were
about
Camillus
,
thrusting
the
People
from
the
Bench
,
and
the
Multitude
below
Crying
out
,
Pull
him
down
,
Pull
him
down
!
Still
he
wou●d
not
lay
down
his
Office
,
but
taking
the
Senators
along
with
him
,
he
went
to
the
Senate-House
;
where
great
Contests
arose
,
by
reason
of
contrary
Opinions
;
but
at
last
the
most
Popular
Party
prevail'd
,
and
a
Law
was
made
,
That
one
of
the
Consuls
for
the
future
might
be
chosen
out
of
the
Plebeians
;
put
down
.
and
this
hapned
143
Years
after
their
first
Creation
,
and
24
after
the
burning
of
Rome
by
the
Gauls
.
From
this
time
forwards
the
Military
Tribunes
were
for
ever
laid
aside
,
now
78
Years
since
their
first
Creation
,
after
49
Courses
of
that
Office
,
and
15
from
the
Consul-ship
to
that
,
and
from
that
to
the
Consul-ship
.
Now
the
People
were
reconcil'd
to
the
Senate
,
and
a
Temple
was
presently
built
and
Dedicated
to
Concord
,
according
as
Camillus
had
vow'd
;
and
the
Patritians
desiring
a
Praetor
to
be
created
out
of
their
Body
for
the
Administration
of
Justice
in
the
City
,
it
was
immediately
Granted
'em
.
This
Praetor
was
a
Magistrate
of
extraordinary
Note
,
English'd
,
Lord
Chief
Iustices
.
They
judg●d
all
Causes
both
Civil
and
Criminal
,
which
last
were
call'd
Capitales
;
in
Civil
Causes
they
were
cloth'd
in
Purple
;
but
when
they
pass'd
Sentence
in
Criminal
Causes
,
they
were
in
Mourning
.
Upon
the
account
of
their
Power
and
Honour
,
and
likewise
because
they
were
created
by
the
same
Auspicia
with
the
Consuls
,
Livy
calls
them
Collegues
of
the
Consuls
.
Their
Ornaments
and
Ensigns
were
six
Lictors
with
their
Fasces
,
the
Toga
Praetexta
,
and
Cella
Curulis
;
and
besides
those
Marks
of
Consular
Dignity
,
the
Sword
and
Spear
,
plac'd
by
them
in
the
Court
.
Their
Officers
in
Court
,
besides
the
Lictors
,
were
the
Scribes
or
Notaries
,
to
enter
things
in
Writing
,
and
the
Accensi
or
Bailiffs
,
who
Summon'd
the
People
together
.
At
first
there
was
but
one
Praetor
,
and
that
for
above
100
Years
;
then
another
was
Created
,
who
administred
Justice
to
Strangers
;
whereupon
for
Distinction
sake
the
first
was
call'd
Praetor
Urbanus
,
or
Major
,
and
the
latter
Peregrinus
,
or
Minor
.
But
as
the
Business
and
Dominions
of
Rome
increased
,
the
number
of
these
Praetors
was
likewise
inlarg'd
,
and
encreas'd
gradually
,
till
in
Augustus's
Reign
they
came
to
Sixteen
.
Immediately
after
the
Reconciliation
between
the
Nobility
and
Commons
,
a
4th
Day
was
added
to
the
Latin
Feriae
,
and
the
greater
fort
of
Games
were
Solemniz'd
;
which
when
the
Aediles
of
the
Commons
were
unwilling
to
manage
according
to
their
Office
,
the
young
Patritians
offer'd
themselves
,
and
the
Senate
procur'd
also
of
the
People
,
that
two
Patritians
every
year
might
be
made
Aediles
,
Cella
Curulis
,
had
the
Name
of
Aediles
Curule●
▪
These
were
Created
128
Years
after
the
Aediles
of
the
Commons
,
but
were
of
greater
Account
,
as
being
Curule
Magistrates
,
their
Chair
being
so
call'd
either
from
Currus
,
the
Chariot
which
carri'd
it
and
the
Magistrate
about
,
or
from
Curvus
,
because
it
was
made
with
Crooked
Feet
.
They
had
all
the
same
Offices
and
Business
as
the
Aediles
of
the
Commons
,
but
had
rather
greater
Authority
;
but
more
especially
they
took
Care
of
the
great
and
publick
Games
,
such
as
the
Ludi
Florales
,
Circenses
,
Megalenses
,
Romani
,
&c.
as
also
of
Tragedies
and
Comedies
.
Sometimes
at
their
own
Charge
they
made
these
Shews
,
and
ever
examin'd
the
Plays
written
before
they
were
Acted
;
and
(
whether
from
this
Inspection
of
all
Plays
and
the
like
,
it
is
uncertain
)
they
seem
to
have
been
the
Licensers
and
Judges
of
other
Writings
.
It
is
further
observ'd
,
that
the
Generals
of
Armies
when
return'd
home
from
Victory
,
deliver'd
up
the
Corn
and
Provisions
which
were
Prize
,
to
these
Aediles
Curules
,
as
they
did
the
Prisoners
to
the
Praetor
,
and
the
Money
to
the
Quaestor
.
Thus
were
the
Disturbances
of
Rome
allay'd
,
and
all
things
for
a
short
space
continu'd
in
Peace
and
Quiet
.
IV.
Soon
after
these
Affairs
were
setled
,
News
came
of
the
Gauls
meeting
together
,
Curule
Aediles
out
of
their
own
Body
;
so
that
it
was
agreed
first
that
every
other
Year
they
shou'd
be
chosen
out
of
the
Commons
;
but
afterwards
they
were
Elected
promiscuously
.
The
Year
following
there
hapned
a
grievous
Plague
in
the
City
,
which
swept
away
vast
Numbers
,
among
the
rest
Camillus
himself
,
after
he
had
done
so
many
Noble
Services
for
the
City
,
that
he
was
deservedly
called
the
second
Founder
of
Rome
.
The
Plague
raging
both
in
this
,
and
the
following
Year
,
U.
C.
391.
the
Romans
to
appease
their
Gods
brought
in
Stage-Plays
;
sending
for
Actors
out
of
Hetruria
,
in
the
Language
of
which
Country
Hister
signifying
a
Player
,
thence
came
the
Roman
word
Histrio
.
These
Plays
were
at
first
very
Barbarous
and
Antick
,
beginning
with
a
plain
Country
Dance
to
a
Pipe
;
after
which
the
young
Men
,
who
Jeared
one
another
,
at
first
began
with
Rude
and
Artless
Verses
,
call'd
Versus
Fescennini
,
from
Fesc●nninum
a
City
of
Hetruria
:
This
was
about
40
Years
after
the
Deaths
of
Sophocles
and
Euripides
in
Greece
.
Still
the
Plague
continu'd
,
which
with
the
Overflowing
of
Tiber
,
made
the
Romans
Consider
of
some
other
Ways
;
and
some
of
the
elder
People
reporting
,
That
a
Pestilence
was
formerly
asswag'd
by
the
Dictator's
driving
of
a
Nail
;
the
Senate
immediately
created
a
Dictator
,
which
was
Manlius
Capitolinus
,
Pinarius
Natta
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
This
Nail
with
great
Ceremony
and
Superstition
,
was
driven
on
the
right
side
of
Iupiter's
Temple
in
the
Capitol
,
just
by
that
of
Minerva
,
and
this
was
the
first
Dictator
created
upon
this
Account
.
The
Year
following
,
the
Ground
cleaving
asunder
in
the
Forum
to
a
vast
Depth
,
M.
Curtius
a
brave
young
Soldier
,
is
said
to
have
rode
into
this
Gulph
,
Arm'd
,
and
with
great
Solemnity
,
and
so
being
swallow'd
up
,
purchas'd
the
Deliverance
of
his
Country
,
according
to
the
Declaration
of
their
Gods
.
The
same
Year
the
Hernici
being
up
in
Arms
against
Rome
,
Genucius
the
Plebeian
Consul
marching
against
'em
,
was
slain
,
and
his
Army
routed
;
which
threatning
Danger
caus'd
the
Senate
to
create
a
Dictator
,
Claudius
Crassinus
,
who
made
Cornelius
Scipio
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
gain'd
so
much
Advantage
over
the
Enemy
as
to
obtain
an
Ovation
.
Within
a
Year
after
,
the
Gauls
were
gather'd
together
in
great
Numbers
,
and
had
march'd
within
three
Miles
of
Rome
,
which
put
the
City
into
such
a
Consternation
,
that
according
to
their
usual
Way
in
such
Cases
,
they
created
a
Dictator
;
Quintius
Pennus
,
who
had
Cornelius
Maluginensis
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
The
Armies
being
drawn
up
on
both
sides
,
a
Gaul
of
vast
Bulk
and
Stature
challeng'd
any
of
the
Romans
to
meet
him
in
a
single
Combat
;
which
Challenge
was
accepted
of
by
T.
Manlius
a
Courageous
young
Man
,
who
with
great
Bravery
and
Agility
overthrew
his
mighty
Foe
,
and
slew
him
:
Then
taking
a
Torques
or
Golden
Chain
from
his
Neck
,
return'd
,
and
was
Honourably
receiv'd
by
the
Dictator
;
and
from
thence
he
and
his
Posterity
had
the
Sirname
of
Torquatus
.
The
Gauls
were
so
discourag'd
at
this
Action
,
that
they
fled
by
Night
,
and
retired
into
the
Tiburtines
Country
,
a
People
of
Latium
;
and
the
Dictator
return'd
in
Triumph
.
The
War
with
the
Tiburtines
and
Hernici
gave
the
Gauls
Opportunity
to
do
much
Injury
to
the
Roman
Territories
,
which
occasion'd
the
Creation
of
another
Dictator
,
which
was
Servilius
Ahala
,
Quintius
Capitolinus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
soon
quell'd
the
Gauls
;
but
Paetileus
the
Consul
,
who
had
been
employ'd
against
the
Hernici
,
hapned
to
come
off
with
the
greatest
Honour
.
In
a
Year
after
Peace
was
made
with
the
Latines
,
which
was
advantageous
enough
to
the
Romans
,
by
reason
of
their
frequent
Auxiliaries
from
them
:
But
the
Year
following
,
the
great
Preparations
of
the
Gauls
,
caus'd
the
Senate
to
create
another
Dictator
,
which
was
Sulpitius
Peticus
,
who
appointed
Valerius
Poplicola
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
increas'd
a
fourth
time
.
and
marching
against
the
Enemy
obtain'd
a
Signal
Victory
over
'em
.
In
this
Year
were
two
new
Tribes
added
to
the
former
five
and
twenty
,
Namely
,
the
Pomptine
and
the
Publican
.
About
two
Years
after
this
,
the
whole
Body
of
the
Hetrurians
took
up
Arms
against
Rome
,
led
on
by
the
Tarquinii
and
Falisci
;
in
which
great
time
of
Danger
,
Marcius
,
Rutilus
a
Plebeian
,
was
made
Dictator
,
Plantius
Proculus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
a
Plebeian
likewise
;
and
tho'
he
was
oppos'd
by
the
Patritians
,
as
much
as
they
cou'd
,
yet
he
did
great
Service
against
the
Enemy
,
and
Triumph'd
,
but
still
against
the
Senate's
Consent
.
The
Patritians
were
so
enrag'd
at
this
,
that
at
the
next
Election
they
took
away
the
Consul-ship
from
the
Commons
,
after
they
had
enjoy'd
it
ten
Years
;
and
this
hapned
in
the
399th
Year
of
the
City
.
This
occasion'd
many
violent
Heats
and
vast
Disturbances
between
both
Parties
,
for
three
Years
successively
,
when
some
of
the
Hetrurians
press'd
so
hard
upon
the
Roman
Territories
,
that
another
Dictator
was
created
,
namely
,
Manlius
Torquatus
,
who
made
Cornelius
Cossus
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
but
the
Enemy
out
of
Fear
was
soon
brought
to
a
Peace
,
and
so
little
was
perform'd
by
him
.
Now
the
Contests
and
Quarrels
at
home
were
grown
to
that
height
,
that
the
Senate
was
forc'd
to
give
the
Commons
once
more
the
Privilege
of
the
Consul-ship
,
four
Years
after
they
had
taken
it
from
'em
;
and
because
Usury
again
was
grown
exceeding
Burthensome
to
the
poorer
Sort
,
they
appointed
five
Men
to
order
the
Payment
of
Debts
out
of
the
Treasury
:
So
now
all
Differences
were
again
reconcil'd
.
Soon
after
this
,
a
groundless
Apprehension
of
the
Hetrurians
,
who
were
reported
to
be
all
united
against
Rome
,
occasion'd
the
Creation
of
another
Dictator
,
which
was
C.
●fulius
,
who
made
L.
Aemilius
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
V.
Now
Rome
was
for
a
while
at
Peace
abroad
,
and
might
have
been
longer
so
at
home
,
had
not
Marcius
Rutilus
,
the
Plebeian
Dictator
,
stood
for
the
Office
of
Censor
,
and
rais'd
new
Disturbances
.
The
Plebeians
urg'd
it
hotly
,
but
the
Patritians
the
better
to
oppose
'em
,
procur'd
a
Dictator
to
be
created
,
which
was
M.
Fabius
,
Q.
Servilius
being
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
Plebeian
Censor
in
this
City
,
Furius
Camillus
,
Cornelius
Scipio
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
and
this
was
the
Dictator
created
upon
this
account
.
Camillus
himself
was
chosen
for
one
Consul
,
and
the
Death
of
his
Collegue
soon
after
,
and
the
pressing
Wars
with
the
Gauls
,
caus'd
the
Senate
to
give
him
the
sole
Authority
,
so
that
he
was
almost
the
same
with
a
Dictator
.
Camillus
led
a
noble
Army
against
the
Gauls
,
and
when
they
were
in
sight
of
each
other
,
a
Gaul
,
remarkable
both
for
his
Stature
,
and
the
Richness
of
his
Arms
,
challenged
any
of
the
Romans
to
a
single
Combate
.
M.
Valerius
a
brave
young
Colonel
of
the
Foot
met
him
,
and
in
a
little
time
slew
him
;
but
in
the
midst
of
the
Combat
a
Crow
came
,
and
sitting
upon
Valerius's
Head
,
with
Beak
and
Wings
assisted
him
in
his
Fight
,
whence
he
had
the
Sirname
of
Corvus
,
and
his
Posterity
all
call'd
Corvini
.
This
Combate
brought
both
Armies
to
a
Battel
,
and
the
Gauls
were
intirely
routed
.
Manlius
Torquatus
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
Cornelius
Cossus
;
and
in
this
Comitia
,
Valerius
Corvus
,
for
his
great
Deserts
,
was
made
Consul
at
23
Years
Age
,
a
thing
indeed
very
extraordinary
.
Now
the
Armies
were
disbanded
,
and
for
a
short
Space
there
was
both
Peace
abroad
,
and
Concord
at
home
.
This
Year
a
Colony
was
drawn
out
from
the
City
Antia
to
People
Satricum
,
which
had
been
destroy'd
by
the
Latins
;
and
also
at
Rome
,
a
League
was
concluded
with
the
Ambassadors
of
Carthage
,
who
came
on
purpose
to
desire
Amity
between
both
Nations
,
as
Livy
relates
it
.
Above
three
Years
after
,
the
Arunci
,
a
People
beyond
the
Volsci
,
and
one
of
the
six
Nations
of
Latium
in
the
largest
extent
,
made
a
sudden
invasion
upon
the
Roman
Territories
;
and
upon
Suspition
that
it
was
by
the
Instigation
of
the
whole
Latin
Nation
,
Furius
Camillus
was
created
Dictator
,
as
if
all
Latium
had
been
up
in
Arms.
He
chose
Manlius
Capitelinus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
March'd
against
the
Enemy
,
whom
he
found
more
like
Robbers
than
Soldiers
,
so
that
in
the
very
first
Battel
they
were
dispers'd
,
and
that
War
dispatch'd
.
A
Year
after
,
a
Temple
was
dedicated
to
Iuno
Moneta
,
on
the
Capitol
Hill
,
as
the
last
Dictator
had
vow'd
;
and
soon
after
,
some
Prodigies
were
observ'd
,
of
which
the
Romans
were
so
superstitiously
fearful
,
that
they
created
a
Dictator
,
to
constitute
certain
Feasts
and
Holy-days
for
the
appeasing
of
the
Gods
,
and
diverting
the
Judgments
threatned
:
Val●rius
Poplicola
was
the
Person
,
and
Fabius
Ambustus
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
These
were
the
principal
Wars
and
Actions
of
the
Romans
with
their
nearest
Neighbours
,
which
are
observ'd
by
their
own
Historians
to
have
been
all
Defensive
,
or
at
least
,
not
begun
without
just
Grounds
and
Provocations
;
yet
these
,
which
may
well
enough
bear
the
name
of
Defensive
Wars
,
still
increas'd
the
Roman
Dominions
,
which
now
contain'd
in
effect
all
Old
Latium
,
and
the
greatest
Part
of
the
other
five
Nations
afterwards
comprehended
under
that
Name
,
viz.
the
Volsci
,
Aequi
,
Rutili
,
Hernici
,
and
Arunci
,
together
with
most
of
Sabina
,
and
a
great
Part
of
Hetruria
:
So
that
now
their
Dominions
contain'd
more
than
double
the
Extent
of
what
they
were
at
the
Expulsion
of
the
Kings
.
The
last
Dictator
beforemention'd
,
was
created
a
year
before
the
Wars
with
the
Samnites
,
which
Wars
began
A.
M.
3661.
in
the
first
Year
of
the
109th
Olympiad
,
410
Years
after
the
Building
of
the
City
,
165
after
the
beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
46
since
the
Restoration
of
the
City
,
14
before
the
Ruin
of
the
Persian
,
and
the
setting
up
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
342
before
our
Saviour
Christ's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
VII
.
From
the
Wars
with
the
Samnites
,
to
the
Wars
with
Pyrrhus
,
King
of
Epirus
,
the
first
Foreigner
they
had
to
deal
with
;
wherein
the
Romans
began
to
learn
the
Arts
of
War
.
Containing
the
Space
of
63
Years
.
I.
HItherto
the
Romans
had
all
their
Wars
nigh
home
,
Picentes
,
Vestini
,
Marrucini
,
Frentini
,
Peligni
,
Marsi
,
and
Hirpini
.
The
Occasion
of
this
War
was
the
Samnites
Contesting
with
their
Neighbours
the
Sidicini
,
who
immediately
betook
themselves
to
the
Campanians
for
Succour
.
These
Campanians
were
a
luxurious
and
effeminate
People
,
inhabiting
a
delicious
Country
bordering
on
Samnium
,
and
were
so
weakned
,
that
they
sent
to
Rome
for
Aid
,
their
Ambassadors
imploring
it
with
Tears
,
and
giving
up
both
themselves
and
Country
into
the
Hands
of
the
Romans
.
The
Senate
at
first
was
very
unwilling
to
begin
a
War
with
the
Samnites
,
as
being
their
Friends
and
Allies
;
but
the
importunate
Cries
and
Prayers
of
the
Ambassadors
,
and
more
especially
the
scornful
Refusal
of
the
Samnites
to
desist
from
ravaging
the
Territories
of
Capua
and
Campania
,
so
far
prevail'd
,
as
at
last
to
make
them
undertake
the
War
.
The
Consuls
,
Valerius
and
Cornelius
,
began
their
Marches
with
two
distinct
Armies
;
one
to
Capua
,
and
the
other
into
Samnium
.
Valerius
after
a
most
bloody
and
obstinate
Fight
overthrew
the
Enemy
in
Campania
,
and
became
Master
of
their
Camp
.
The
Romans
confess'd
they
never
met
with
more
resolute
Enemies
;
and
demanding
of
'em
,
What
made
'em
fly
after
so
brave
a
resistance
?
They
answer'd
,
That
the
Eyes
of
the
Romans
appear'd
to
'em
like
Flames
of
Fire
,
and
their
Looks
so
fierce
and
dreadful
,
as
not
to
be
born
with
.
In
Samnium
,
Cornelius
,
the
other
Consul
,
having
unwarily
led
his
Army
too
forward
into
a
dangerous
Place
,
P.
Decius
,
a
Tribune
in
the
Army
,
boldly
possess'd
himself
of
a
Hill
above
the
Enemy
,
who
much
surpriz'd
at
the
Attempt
,
turn'd
their
principal
Force
thither
,
which
gave
Opportunity
to
the
Consul
to
draw
off
his
Men
to
a
more
convenient
Place
.
Whereupon
Decius
with
an
undaunted
Bravery
,
though
surrounded
,
brake
through
the
Enemy
,
which
more
amaz'd
'em
than
ever
;
and
the
Consul
at
the
same
time
Charging
with
great
Resolution
,
so
great
a
Victory
was
obtain'd
,
that
30000
of
the
Samnites
were
slain
.
Both
the
Consuls
triumph'd
over
the
Samnites
,
and
Decius
was
highly
honour'd
by
the
Senate
and
People
for
his
great
Services
.
Soon
after
this
,
Ambassadors
from
Campania
requested
to
have
Garisons
from
the
Romans
that
Winter
,
in
Capua
,
and
other
Places
,
to
secure
'em
from
the
Insults
of
the
Samnites
,
which
were
accordingly
sent
.
But
many
of
the
Roman
Soldiers
were
of
corrupted
with
the
Delights
and
Pleasures
of
Capua
,
that
they
began
to
form
a
Design
of
destroying
the
Inhabitants
,
and
taking
the
Town
to
themselves
.
This
Design
was
communicated
to
many
of
their
Companions
in
other
Places
,
and
well
approv'd
of
,
but
it
was
soon
discover'd
to
some
of
their
Officers
,
who
made
several
Removeals
to
disperse
'em
.
But
the
Soldiers
finding
themselves
liable
to
be
call'd
to
an
Account
,
and
perhaps
severely
punish'd
;
as
soon
as
they
found
Opportunity
,
gather'd
themselves
together
,
and
daily
encreas'd
their
Numbers
,
march'd
directly
for
Rome
in
a
Rebellious
and
hostile
Manner
.
This
piece
of
Boldness
so
surpriz'd
the
Senate
,
that
they
presently
created
a
Dictator
,
Valerius
Corvus
,
one
of
the
last
Years
Consuls
,
who
appointed
Aemilius
Mamercinus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
march'd
against
the
Rebels
,
who
had
now
forc'd
T.
Quintius
an
eminent
Soldier
,
to
be
their
General
.
Upon
the
Approach
of
both
Armies
,
the
Rebels
out
of
Fear
yielded
themselves
,
and
were
receiv'd
into
Favour
,
the
Dictator
having
no
more
Imployment
abroad
.
In
the
same
year
,
the
frequent
Inroads
made
by
the
Romans
into
the
Samnites
Country
,
drew
'em
to
a
Peace
,
the
Sidicini
being
left
to
their
Mercy
.
II.
Soon
after
this
Peace
,
the
Samnites
desir'd
of
the
Romans
that
the
Latins
and
Campanians
might
be
commanded
not
to
assist
the
Sidicini
;
but
because
the
Senate
wou'd
not
deny
that
these
Nations
were
under
their
Command
,
and
were
likewise
unwilling
to
provoke
'em
,
such
an
ambiguous
Answer
was
return'd
,
that
the
Latins
and
Campanians
thought
themselves
so
far
disoblig'd
as
to
revolt
.
Manlius
Torquatus
,
now
Consul
the
third
time
,
and
his
Collegue
,
Decius
Mus
,
were
sent
by
the
Senate
to
chastise
the
Latins
,
who
now
wou'd
be
satisfi'd
with
no
less
than
having
one
of
the
Consuls
;
and
half
the
Senators
chosen
out
of
their
Nation
.
Upon
certain
Dreams
and
Prognostications
,
that
the
General
on
one
side
,
and
the
Army
on
the
other
was
certainly
to
be
destroy'd
;
the
Consuls
Solemnly
agreed
,
That
in
what
Part
the
Roman
Army
shou'd
be
distress'd
,
the
Commander
of
that
Part
shou'd
devote
himself
to
the
Gods
,
and
die
for
his
Country
;
which
generous
Resolution
was
confirm'd
by
Oath
:
And
because
they
were
all
acquainted
with
each
others
Discipline
,
and
way
of
Fighting
,
strict
Commands
were
given
that
no
Man
upon
pain
of
Death
shou'd
Fight
without
Orders
.
Both
Armies
were
drawn
up
in
Battalia
,
and
a
bloody
and
obstinate
Ingagement
immediately
follow'd
;
the
Latins
pressing
very
hard
upon
Decius's
Part
,
he
according
to
his
Promise
devoted
himself
to
the
Gods
,
and
rushing
violently
into
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
,
after
a
great
Slaughter
lost
his
Life
,
the
Latins
being
soon
after
entirely
defeated
.
Nor
was
the
Discipline
of
Manlius
less
remarkable
than
the
Courage
of
Decius
,
in
relation
to
his
own
Son
:
For
he
,
passing
with
his
Troops
,
before
the
Battel
nigh
the
Enemy
,
was
challeng'd
by
Metius
,
Captain
of
the
Tusculans
,
whom
when
he
had
slain
and
stripp'd
,
his
Father
with
Tears
commended
him
for
his
Valour
,
but
condemn'd
him
for
his
Disobedience
;
which
though
a
sad
,
was
a
profitable
Example
to
the
rest
of
his
Men
:
And
after
that
,
cruel
Commands
were
usually
call'd
Manliana
Dicta
.
The
Latins
now
defeated
,
begg'd
Peace
;
which
being
given
'em
,
tho
not
with
the
same
Conditions
to
all
,
Manlius
return'd
in
Triumph
,
but
was
met
only
by
the
Old
Men
,
the
Young
Ones
refusing
to
do
him
that
Honour
,
and
ever
after
hating
him
upon
the
account
of
his
Son
.
Soon
after
,
the
People
of
Antium
and
Ardea
made
incursions
into
the
Roman
Territories
:
Papyrius
Crassus
for
Dictator
,
who
appointed
Papyrius
Cursor
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
kept
the
Field
some
Months
in
the
Antiates
Country
,
but
no
remarkable
Action
hapned
.
The
Consuls
for
the
following
Year
,
Aemilius
and
Publius
,
overthrew
the
Latins
,
who
had
again
revolted
upon
the
Account
of
some
Lands
taken
from
'em
.
Publius
,
by
whose
Conduct
the
Victory
was
obtain'd
,
receiv'd
into
Alliance
such
Cities
as
had
been
worsted
;
and
Aemilius
march'd
his
Army
and
sat
down
before
Pedum
,
which
receiv'd
Supplies
from
several
Places
.
Tho
he
had
the
Advantage
in
all
Skirmishes
,
yet
still
the
Town
held
out
,
and
he
understanding
that
his
Collegue
was
return'd
to
his
Triumph
,
he
immediately
left
the
Siege
,
and
went
for
Rome
to
demand
that
Honour
likewise
.
The
Senate
was
much
offended
at
this
Presumption
,
denying
him
that
Honour
,
except
Pedum
was
either
taken
or
surrender'd
;
which
caus'd
him
out
of
Revenge
to
joyn
with
the
Tribunes
against
the
Patritians
the
rest
of
his
Time
,
his
Collegue
not
opposing
it
,
being
himself
a
Plebeian
.
The
Senate
,
out
of
a
Desire
to
get
free
of
'em
both
,
order'd
a
Dictator
to
be
created
,
whom
it
fell
to
Aemilius's
share
to
nominate
,
as
having
the
Fasces
that
Month.
Aemilius
nam'd
his
Collegue
Publius
Philo
,
Iunius
Brutus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
was
the
second
.
Plebeian
Dictator
in
Rome
.
Publius
was
a
great
Vexation
to
the
Nobility
,
and
was
full
of
Invectives
against
'em
,
procuring
three
Remarkable
Laws
,
whereof
the
first
alter'd
the
very
Constitution
of
the
State
,
which
was
,
That
the
Plebiscita
shou'd
bind
the
Quirites
or
Citizens
of
Rome
,
of
all
Ranks
and
Degrees
whatsoever
.
The
second
was
,
That
such
Laws
as
were
enacted
in
the
Centuriate
Comitia
,
shou'd
be
propos'd
or
pass'd
by
the
Senate
before
they
were
voted
by
the
People
.
The
third
,
That
whereas
they
had
obtain'd
before
,
that
both
the
Censors
might
be
Plebeians
;
now
one
at
least
must
of
necessity
be
so
.
So
now
the
Majesty
of
the
Roman
State
was
more
impair'd
by
the
Authority
of
these
two
at
home
,
than
it
was
augmented
by
their
Valour
abroad
.
In
the
following
Year
,
wherein
Furius
Camillus
and
C.
Maenius
,
were
Consuls
,
Pedum
was
taken
by
Storm
,
and
the
Consuls
in
pursuit
of
the
Victory
Conquer'd
all
Latium
,
bringing
it
and
some
neighbouring
Parts
to
an
intire
Submission
;
for
which
they
triumph'd
,
and
had
Statues
on
Horseback
erected
for
'em
in
the
Forum
,
an
Honour
very
rare
in
those
Days
.
The
several
People
of
Latium
,
had
several
Conditions
of
Peace
appointed
'em
,
some
being
rewarded
and
honour'd
,
others
punish'd
and
disgrac'd
,
according
as
their
former
Behaviour
had
been
.
To
Antium
was
sent
a
new
Colony
,
the
old
Inhabitants
being
forbidden
the
Sea
,
and
had
all
their
long
Ships
taken
from
'em
,
but
had
leave
to
enter
themselves
in
the
Colony
,
and
were
made
free
of
that
City
.
The
Ships
were
some
of
'em
brought
into
the
Roman
Arsenal
,
others
burnt
,
and
with
their
Rostra
or
Beaks
,
was
the
Gallery
or
Pulpit
,
for
Orations
in
the
Forum
adorn'd
;
whence
that
had
afterwards
the
name
of
Rostra
.
Campus
Sceleratus
,
which
,
as
Livy
believes
,
had
its
Name
from
Incest
;
for
so
Incontinency
in
those
Women
was
call'd
.
And
in
this
same
Year
,
Publius
Philo
was
made
Praetor
,
who
was
the
first
Plebeian
that
obtain'd
this
Honour
,
III.
Not
long
after
the
Agreement
between
the
Romans
and
Latins
,
a
War
broke
out
between
the
Arunci
and
the
Sidicini
in
Campania
,
in
which
the
latter
constrain'd
the
former
to
abandon
their
ancient
Seats
,
and
settle
in
Suessa
,
which
was
afterwards
call'd
Arunca
.
The
Arunci
had
given
up
themselves
to
the
Romans
,
who
thereupon
order'd
'em
Relief
;
but
the
Consuls
deferring
it
,
lost
the
Opportunity
of
assisting
'
em
.
But
in
the
next
Year
,
the
Sidicini
with
their
Confederates
and
Neighbours
,
the
Inhabitants
of
Cales
were
overthrown
;
and
Valerius
Corvus
,
now
the
fourth
time
Consul
for
the
following
Year
,
and
one
of
the
greatest
Roman
Commanders
of
his
time
,
took
Cales
also
,
in
which
he
plac'd
a
Colony
of
2500
Persons
,
Corvus
return'd
in
Triumph
;
but
he
and
his
Collegue
being
imploy'd
in
some
small
Actions
abroad
,
a
Dictator
was
created
for
the
holding
the
Comitia
for
the
Election
of
new
Consuls
,
which
was
Aemilius
Mamercinus
,
who
appointed
Publius
Philo
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Papirius
Crassus
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
V.
Poplicola
;
About
a
Year
after
the
Settlement
of
these
Matters
,
above
170
Women
were
put
to
Death
for
the
Art
of
Poysoning
,
being
discover'd
by
a
She-slave
.
This
was
look'd
upon
,
as
such
a
Prodigy
by
the
Superstitious
People
,
that
a
Dictator
was
created
to
drive
a
Nail
into
Iupiter's
Temple
,
Quintius
Varus
was
the
Man
,
and
Valerius
Potius
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
and
this
was
the
second
Dictator
created
upon
that
account
.
For
the
two
succeeding
Years
,
a
War
was
carri'd
on
against
the
Inhabitants
of
Privernum
in
the
Volscian
State
,
who
were
drawn
into
it
by
Vitrurius
Vaccus
,
a
Man
of
principal
Note
among
the
Arunci
.
The
first
Year
they
were
overthrown
,
the
next
Vitrurius
was
taken
Prisoner
,
and
Privernum
surrender'd
;
the
principal
Actors
with
Vitrurius
being
put
to
Death
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Inhabitants
made
free
of
the
City
:
In
the
beginning
of
this
War
,
great
Commotions
happen'd
in
the
City
,
occasion'd
by
one
Papirius
,
who
had
given
up
himself
as
Slave
to
Publius
,
a
severe
Usurer
,
to
work
out
his
Father's
Debt
.
Papirius
being
both
Young
and
Beautiful
,
Publius
attempted
to
abuse
him
after
a
filthy
Manner
,
and
upon
his
Refusal
,
most
cruelly
scourg'd
him
.
In
this
Condition
Papirius
fled
to
the
People
,
who
were
so
affected
with
his
barbarous
Usage
,
that
they
procur'd
these
two
Laws
Shortly
after
:
First
,
That
no
Man
shou'd
be
detain'd
in
Bounds
,
except
for
heinous
Misdemeanors
,
and
then
not
after
Punishment
.
The
second
,
That
the
Money
and
Goods
,
not
the
Body
of
the
Debtor
shou'd
be
responsible
:
Whereupon
all
Prisoners
for
Debt
were
immediately
set
at
Liberty
.
The
following
Year
,
the
Vestini
were
overthrown
by
Brutus
Scaeva
,
the
Consul
,
and
two
Towns
taken
from
'em
.
His
Collegue
,
Furius
Camillus
,
being
Sick
at
Samnium
,
Papirius
Cursor
for
Dictator
,
the
most
famous
Commander
in
those
times
,
who
appointed
Fabius
Rullianus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Papirius
being
encamp'd
nigh
the
Samnites
,
was
forc'd
to
return
to
Rome
to
renew
his
Auspicia
,
leaving
a
most
strict
Command
to
Fabius
not
to
stir
out
of
his
Trenches
in
his
absence
:
But
Fabius
finding
a
great
Advantage
,
engag'd
the
Enemy
,
and
made
a
great
Slaughter
of
'em
.
The
Dictator
in
a
great
Rage
return'd
to
the
Camp
,
and
wou'd
have
put
him
to
Death
,
but
the
Army
rescu'd
him
;
which
caus'd
Papirius
to
make
great
complaints
to
the
Senate
,
witha●
urging
the
absolute
Necessity
of
a
strict
Discipline
and
Authority
.
But
at
last
the
Intreaties
of
the
Fathers
,
with
the
Commotions
of
the
Tribunes
and
People
,
prevail'd
with
him
to
spare
his
Life
.
This
Severity
of
Papirius
so
alienated
the
Hearts
of
the
Soldiers
,
that
it
almost
cost
him
the
loss
of
a
Battel
soon
after
,
which
constrain'd
him
to
be
more
Popular
for
the
future
;
after
which
he
overthrew
the
Samnites
,
and
so
much
wasted
their
Country
,
as
forc'd
them
to
desire
a
Peace
.
The
Samnites
soon
return'd
to
their
former
Enmity
,
and
in
two
Years
time
they
grew
so
strong
,
that
the
Senate
thought
it
necessary
to
create
a
D●ct●tor
to
oppose
'em
,
and
this
was
Cornelius
Arvina
,
who
appointed
Fabius
Ambustus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
The
Samnites
having
got
the
Romans
at
this
great
Advantage
,
immediately
sent
to
Herennius
,
Pontius's
Father
,
to
know
how
to
proceed
.
Herennius
sent
two
several
Messages
,
the
first
to
dismiss
the
Romans
without
any
Injury
at
all
,
the
second
to
put
'em
all
to
the
Sword
;
urging
,
That
one
of
th●se
two
Ways
was
absolutely
necessary
;
for
the
first
would
lay
a
perpetual
Obligation
on
a
most
powerful
People
,
and
the
second
would
be
a
great
weakning
of
a
most
formidable
Enemy
;
and
that
no
third
Way
cou'd
either
gain
their
Friendship
,
or
diminish
their
Strength
.
But
this
prudent
Counsel
wou'd
not
be
heard
;
so
the
Romans
had
these
Articles
allow'd
'em
:
First
,
That
their
Army
shou'd
march
away
only
with
their
under
Garments
,
having
first
in
Token
of
Slavery
pass'd
under
the
Jugum
or
Gallows
:
Secondly
,
They
shou●d
wholly
quit
all
Samnium
,
and
remove
all
their
Colonies
:
And
Thirdly
,
Both
Roman
and
Samnite
shou'd
live
under
the
same
Terms
of
Confederacy
and
Alliance
.
The
Romans
were
constrain'd
to
submit
to
these
disgraceful
Articles
,
and
with
wonderful
Shame
,
Anger
,
and
Confusion
,
return'd
to
Capua
disarm'd
and
half
naked
,
and
from
thence
to
Rome
.
The
whole
City
was
most
sensibly
afflicted
at
this
shameful
Disaster
,
their
generous
Blood
boiling
in
their
Veins
,
and
nothing
but
Fury
and
Revenge
appear●d
in
their
Faces
.
The
Consuls
refused
to
appear
abroad
,
or
to
act
,
for
which
reason
a
Dictat●r
was
created
for
holding
the
Comitia
for
a
new
Election
,
which
was
Aemilius
Papus
,
Valerius
Flaccus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
But
instead
of
an
Election
of
Consuls
,
the
State
for
a
while
fell
into
an
Interregnum
,
there
being
nothing
but
Grief
and
Vexation
in
all
Places
,
and
the
whole
City
put
into
Mourning
.
But
the
Year
following
,
Consuls
were
chosen
,
Papirius
Cursor
and
Publilius
Philo
being
the
Persons
;
and
the
Senate
being
assembled
,
Posthumius
,
one
of
the
last
years
Consuls
,
generously
offer●d
himself
to
be
deliver●d
,
together
with
his
Collegue
up
to
the
Enemy
,
and
so
to
break
the
Caudine
Treaty
,
urging
,
That
only
they
two
were
oblig'd
to
observe
the
Articles
,
and
not
the
State
,
which
was
altogether
Ignorant
of
what
was
done
.
This
was
gratefully
accepted
of
,
but
Pontius
refus●d
to
receive
'em
,
greatly
exclaiming
against
the
Perfidiousness
of
the
Romans
.
But
the
Army
soon
march'd
against
them
under
the
Conduct
of
Papirius
,
and
sufficiently
reveng'd
themselves
of
all
former
Affronts
,
overthrowing
'em
in
several
Battels
,
making
em
all
pass
under
the
Iugum
,
recovering
several
Towns
,
and
freeing
the
600
Hostages
which
they
had
deliver'd
to
em
in
the
Caudine
Treaty
;
so
that
the
Samnites
cou'd
very
hardly
obtain
a
two
years
Truce
.
In
the
time
of
this
Truce
,
two
new
Tribes
were
added
to
the
rest
,
namely
,
the
Ufentine
and
Falerine
,
U.
C.
436.
which
made
the
Number
thirty
one
.
The
Samnites
,
incourag●d
by
some
others
,
broke
their
Truce
,
which
together
with
the
Hetrurians
warlike
Preparations
,
occasion●d
the
Creation
of
a
Dictator
,
which
was
L.
Aemilius
,
who
made
L.
Fulvius
moritious
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
Fabius
Maximus
,
who
chose
Aulius
Cerretan
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
took
Saticula
,
managing
the
War
with
great
Success
against
the
Samnites
,
The
following
Year
,
a
dangerous
Conspiracy
was
discover'd
at
Capua
;
and
this
occasion'd
the
creating
of
a
Dictator
,
C.
Maenius
,
who
made
choice
of
M.
Foslius
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
soon
suppress●d
that
Disturbance
.
The
next
Year
,
the
Samnite
War
was
carri●d
on
with
great
Vigour
,
and
a
Dictator
created
,
which
was
C.
Paetelius
,
who
made
M.
Foslius
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
Iunius
Bubulcus
,
Appius
Claudius
being
one
of
the
Censors
,
made
the
Famous
Cawsey
,
or
High-way
,
call●d
Via
Appia
,
a
Prodigious
Work
,
together
with
the
Channel
of
Fresh
Water
,
which
he
brought
into
the
City
;
which
Works
he
all
alone
Accomplish●d
,
according
to
Livy
.
A
year
or
two
was
employ●d
against
the
Hetrurians
,
till
at
last
Papirius
was
made
Dictator
,
Master
of
the
Horse
,
gave
'em
the
greatest
Overthrow
that
they
ever
receiv'd
yet
,
all
their
Choicest
Men
being
lost
;
and
from
that
time
they
were
never
able
to
perform
much
against
Rome
.
Four
years
after
,
Cornelius
Scipio
,
and
Decius
Mus
was
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
In
the
second
Year
after
this
,
the
Samnites
,
after
many
and
great
Losses
,
obtain●d
a
Peace
,
12
Years
after
they
broke
their
Truce
,
and
the
Ancient
League
was
renew●d
with
em
,
and
this
happen●d
37
Years
after
the
first
War
with
that
Nation
.
Soon
after
this
Peace
was
concluded
,
the
Romans
turn●d
their
Arms
against
the
Aequi
,
Iunius
Bubulcus
,
who
chose
M.
Titinius
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
Valerius
Maximus
,
who
appointed
Aemilius
Paulus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
During
some
sort
of
Intermission
abroad
,
the
Commons
began
to
fall
into
their
former
dissatisfi'd
Humour
,
and
the
Tribunes
much
complain'd
that
all
the
Priests
and
Augurs
were
created
out
of
the
Patritians
,
and
urg●d
that
the
Plebeians
might
also
partake
of
those
Offices
.
The
Senate
made
no
great
Oppositions
,
as
being
sufficiently
accustom'd
to
yield
in
Matters
of
greater
Moment
:
So
that
whereas
at
present
there
were
but
Four
Chief
Priests
,
and
as
many
Augurs
,
answering
to
the
Four
Tribes
in
the
City
,
now
Four
more
were
added
,
and
to
those
,
Five
more
out
of
the
Body
of
the
Commons
.
And
in
this
same
Year
,
Valerius
,
the
Consul
,
preferr'd
a
Law
of
Appeal
more
carefully
enacted
;
which
was
the
third
time
this
Law
was
confirm'd
since
the
Expulsion
of
the
Kings
,
and
always
occasion●d
by
the
same
Family
.
The
same
Consul
fell
upon
the
Aequi
,
who
were
now
in
Rebellion
,
and
in
a
little
time
they
had
nothing
left
'em
of
their
Ancient
Fortune
,
but
the
Stoutness
of
their
Tempers
.
The
following
Year
was
a
Lustrum
,
and
Two
new
Tribes
were
added
to
the
former
,
U.
C.
454.
namely
,
the
Aniensis
and
the
Tarentine
,
which
now
made
the
whole
Number
Thirty
three
.
The
City
was
also
much
increas'd
,
for
at
the
next
Lustrum
,
five
Years
after
,
there
were
cess'd
no
less
than
262322
free
Citizens
.
Within
a
Year
after
this
,
the
Samnites
,
after
six
Years
Respite
,
broke
their
League
with
the
Romans
,
and
with
them
were
fought
several
Battels
,
the
Samnites
being
almost
always
Losers
.
But
the
most
Memorable
was
that
about
three
Years
after
this
last
Breach
,
when
they
had
got
the
Umbrians
and
Gauls
,
with
some
of
the
Hetrurians
to
assist
'em
,
and
receiv●d
a
most
dreadful
Overthrow
by
the
Consuls
,
Fabius
Maximus
,
and
Decius
Mus.
In
the
midst
of
this
Fight
,
Decius
seeing
his
Party
retire
,
and
in
danger
of
being
defeated
,
he
follow'd
the
great
Example
of
his
Father
above
Forty
Years
before
,
and
most
solemnly
devoted
himself
to
the
Gods
;
then
rushing
into
the
midst
of
the
Enemy
with
an
extraordinary
Fury
and
Courage
,
he
recover●d
his
Army
,
but
with
the
loss
of
his
Life
.
About
two
Years
after
,
Papirius
,
Son
to
the
former
,
got
a
noble
Victory
over
'em
,
took
above
15000
Prisoners
,
gain●d
several
Towns
,
and
obtain●d
a
splendid
Triumph
.
But
the
following
Year
,
the
Samnites
ventur●d
another
Battel
,
and
had
better
Fortune
,
overthrowing
Fabius
Gurges
,
the
Consul
,
which
put
the
Senate
upon
removing
of
him
.
But
his
Father
,
Fabius
Maximus
,
to
prevent
the
Disgrace
,
promis●d
to
be
Lieutenant
to
his
Son
;
which
Office
he
perform●d
so
well
,
as
he
procur'd
him
a
great
Victory
,
and
a
Triumph
.
And
within
two
Years
after
,
the
Samnites
were
so
mortifi'd
,
as
to
beg
a
Peace
,
after
Pontius
their
General
had
been
taken
and
slain
,
which
was
at
last
granted
em
,
and
the
League
was
renew●d
with
●em
a
fourth
time
.
In
less
than
a
Years
time
,
Castrum
,
Sena
,
and
Adria
.
Two
years
after
,
the
Triumviri
for
Capital
Matters
were
created
,
Q.
Hortensius
Dictator
,
who
,
with
many
Arts
,
and
much
Difficulty
,
perswaded
'em
to
return
,
Promising
them
,
That
their
Plebiscita
shou'd
have
the
Force
of
Laws
,
and
bind
the
whole
Body
Politick
.
This
was
call'd
the
Lex
Hortensia
,
tho'
the
same
,
in
Effect
,
had
been
granted
twice
before
.
Soon
after
,
Wars
were
successfully
manag●d
against
the
Lucani
,
a
Nation
in
almost
the
farthest
Parts
of
Italy
,
who
had
molested
the
Thurini
,
the
Roman
Allies
.
Nevertheless
these
Tarentines
,
tho'
joyn'd
with
the
Lucani
,
Messapii
,
Brutii
,
Apulii
and
Samnites
,
(
the
four
former
being
their
Neighbours
,
and
the
Inhabitants
of
the
South-Eastern
parts
of
Italy
)
were
not
able
to
oppose
the
extraordinary
growing
Power
of
the
Romans
;
but
were
in
a
short
time
so
distress'd
,
that
they
were
forc●d
to
send
for
Pyrrhus
King
of
Epirus
to
come
over
and
Assist
'em
.
And
thus
began
the
Memorable
War
with
that
Famous
Commander
,
the
most
considerable
the
Romans
ever
before
met
with
,
which
happen'd
in
the
473d
.
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3724
,
in
the
4th
Year
of
the
124th
Olympiad
,
228
since
the
beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
109
since
the
Burning
of
the
City
by
the
Gauls
,
49
since
the
beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
,
and
279
before
our
Saviour
Christ
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
From
the
first
Wars
with
Pyrrhus
King
of
Epirus
to
the
first
Punick
or
Carthaginian
War
;
when
the
Romans
first
set
Foot
out
of
Italy
.
Containing
the
Space
of
16
Years
.
I.
PYrrhus
was
much
Solicited
by
the
Tarentines
to
come
into
Italy
,
How
much
they
stood
in
need
of
a
General
,
so
Eminent
both
for
Abilities
,
and
the
reputation
of
his
Arms.
Pyrrhus
being
of
a
generous
and
ambitious
Temper
,
promis'd
'em
to
come
over
with
an
Army
,
and
shortly
after
dispatch'd
Cineas
a
Thessalian
,
an
excellent
Orator
and
Scholar
of
Demosthenes
,
with
3000
Men
for
Tarentum
.
Soon
after
him
,
he
put
to
Sea
with
20
Elephants
,
3000
Horse
,
20000
Foot
,
2000
Archers
,
and
500
Slingers
;
but
meeting
with
a
great
Storm
,
his
Ships
were
much
dispers'd
,
and
some
lost
,
so
that
he
arriv'd
at
Tarentum
but
with
a
small
part
of
his
Army
.
When
he
enter'd
the
Town
,
he
refus●d
to
act
without
their
particular
Order
,
till
the
rest
of
his
Army
were
Arriv'd
;
then
observing
how
the
Inhabitants
apply'd
themselves
chiefly
to
Bathing
,
Feasting
,
and
their
Pleasures
,
he
shut
up
the
Publick
Meeting
Places
,
restrain'd
them
from
Drinking
and
Games
,
and
called
them
to
Arms
,
being
very
severe
in
Listing
Men
fit
for
Action
and
Service
.
He
now
receiv●d
Intelligence
,
that
Laevinus
the
Roman
Consul
was
upon
his
March
with
a
numerous
Army
,
wasting
Lucania
as
he
pass●d
;
and
tho
these
Confederate
Troops
were
not
all
arriv●d
,
he
drew
out
his
Army
against
him
;
but
before
the
Armies
cou'd
joyn
,
he
sent
to
Laevinus
,
offering
a
Mediation
between
the
Romans
and
their
Adversaries
.
But
Laevinus
return'd
Answer
,
That
he
neither
esteem'd
him
as
a
Mediator
,
nor
fear'd
him
as
an
Enemy
;
and
taking
his
Messengers
,
he
order'd
'em
to
be
led
through
the
midst
of
the
Camp
,
and
bad
them
go
tell
their
Master
what
they
had
seen
.
Pyrrhus
advanc'd
,
and
encamp'd
on
the
Plain
between
Pandosia
and
Heraclia
;
and
perceiving
the
Romans
lay
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
Lyris
in
good
Order
,
he
Planted
Men
all
along
the
Bank
to
oppose
their
Passage
:
But
the
Romans
hastning
to
prevent
the
coming
up
of
those
Forces
he
expected
Attempted
the
Passage
with
their
Infantry
,
where
it
was
fordable
,
the
Horse
getting
over
in
several
Places
;
so
that
the
Greeks
fearing
to
be
hemn'd
in
were
oblig●d
to
retreata
little
way
which
Pyrrhus
perceiving
,
drew
up
his
Men
in
Battalia
,
himself
at
the
Head
of
em
,
and
began
the
Charge
.
He
was
very
remarkable
for
the
Fineness
and
Richness
of
his
Arms
,
but
more
for
the
Bravery
and
Nobleness
of
his
Acts
;
managing
the
Battel
with
a
great
Steadiness
and
Presence
of
Mind
,
and
performing
the
Drudgery
of
a
common
Soldier
,
as
well
as
the
Office
of
a
general
.
In
the
midst
of
the
Fight
,
Pyrrhus
●
,
Horse
was
kill'd
under
him
,
which
oblig'd
him
to
change
Armour
with
one
near
him
,
who
being
taken
for
the
King
was
slain
,
and
his
Armour
taken
.
This
Armour
being
carri'd
about
by
the
Romans
in
token
of
his
Death
,
struck
such
a
Terror
into
his
Soldiers
,
that
it
had
lost
him
the
Victory
,
but
that
he
seasonably
,
and
with
much
Labour
made
himself
known
.
Whilst
the
Battel
seem'd
,
doubtful
,
the
Elephants
were
sent
in
among
the
Romans
,
and
the
Surprize
they
were
in
,
together
with
their
Horses
not
induring
the
Smell
and
Bigness
of
those
Creatures
,
broke
their
Ranks
;
whereupon
Pyrrhus
commanded
the
Thessalian
Cavalry
to
Charge
them
in
this
Disorder
,
and
gave
them
a
total
Rout
,
with
great
Slaughter
,
tho
with
the
Loss
of
many
of
his
best
Men
,
he
himself
also
being
wounded
.
The
Romans
lost
nigh
15000
Men
,
and
had
1800
taken
Prisoners
:
and
the
other
side
lost
13000
,
as
Plutarch
observes
out
of
Dionysius
.
Pyrrhus
us'd
the
Roman
Prisoners
with
extraordinary
Civility
and
Courtesie
,
and
generously
bury●d
their
Dead
;
then
taking
a
view
of
their
Bodies
,
and
observing
that
they
were
all
wounded
before
,
and
what
noble
and
stern
Countenances
they
had
,
he
lift
up
his
Eyes
,
and
Cry●d
,
O
how
easily
might
I
Conquer
the
World
,
were
I
Master
of
such
Soldiers
!
After
this
Battel
,
Pyrrhus
being
joyn'd
with
the
Auxiliary
Troops
of
the
Samnites
,
Lucani
and
Brutii
,
directed
his
March
towards
Rome
,
and
advanc'd
as
far
as
Praeneste
,
laying
waste
all
before
him
.
The
Romans
us'd
all
necessary
Diligence
to
recruit
their
Troops
,
and
to
make
new
Levies
,
Stirring
up
their
Courages
as
much
as
possibly
,
Fabricius
a
Patritian
insinuating
,
That
the
Loss
was
not
through
want
of
Valour
,
but
Conduct
,
and
that
the
Grecians
had
not
overcome
the
Romans
,
but
Pyrrhus
had
Conquer'd
Laevinus
.
Pyrrhus
finding
the
Romans
very
diligent
and
expeditious
in
their
Recruits
,
consider●d
it
was
more
Honourable
to
Treat
with
'em
after
his
Victory
,
since
he
had
but
small
hopes
of
subduing
them
,
and
for
that
purpose
sent
Cineas
to
find
out
their
Inclinations
,
a
Man
so
powerful
in
Rhetorick
,
that
the
King
acknowledg●d
him
,
To
have
storm'd
more
Towns
by
his
Tongue
,
than
he
ever
did
by
his
Arms.
Cineas
very
closely
apply●d
himself
to
several
of
the
Nobility
,
with
Presents
for
themselves
and
their
Ladies
as
from
his
Master
;
but
he
found
'em
so
Steady
and
unmov'd
,
that
not
a
single
Person
wou●d
receive
any
,
and
both
Men
and
Women
answer●d
,
That
if
a
Treaty
were
publickly
concluded
,
They
then
shou'd
be
ready
to
shew
all
Respect
and
Service
due
to
so
great
a
Man
as
the
King
was
.
Cineas
finding
these
Methods
ineffectual
,
proceeded
to
his
Business
more
publickly
,
and
being
come
into
the
Senate
,
he
said
the
most
soft
and
obliging
Things
in
the
World
;
likewise
offering
in
his
Masters
Name
,
to
return
all
that
was
taken
in
the
Battel
without
Ransom
,
and
Promising
all
the
Assistance
that
cou●d
be
expected
for
the
Conquering
all
Italy
,
only
asking
for
his
Master
and
the
Tarentines
their
Friendship
and
Alliance
.
These
fair
Promises
at
first
made
the
Senate
somewhat
inclin●d
to
a
Treaty
,
till
Appius
Claudius
,
now
blind
and
very
ancient
,
was
brought
into
the
Senate-House
,
who
by
a
stirring
and
incouraging
Oration
,
so
warm'd
the
assembly
,
that
Cineas
,
cou'd
be
hear'd
no
more
,
but
was
dismiss●d
with
this
Answer
;
That
when
Pyrrhus
had
withdrawn
his
Forces
from
Italy
,
then
if
he
pleas●d
they
wou'd
Treat
with
him
about
Friendship
and
Alliance
,
but
till
then
,
they
resolv'd
to
carry
on
the
War
with
the
utmost
Vigour
,
tho'
they
met
with
never
so
many
Defeats
.
Cineas
at
his
Return
,
was
ask●d
by
Pyrrhus
,
what
he
thought
of
Rome
,
he
told
him
,
That
the
Senate
appear'd
to
him
as
a
venerable
Assembly
of
so
many
Kings
;
and
the
People
he
thought
were
like
the
Hydra
,
whose
Numbers
increas'd
the
more
for
the
Defeat
;
for
the
Consul
had
alreday
rais'd
twice
as
great
an
Army
,
and
there
were
still
far
greater
Numbers
behind
.
Soon
after
Cineas's
Return
,
the
Romans
sent
to
Pyrrhus
about
Ransoming
of
Prisoners
,
among
others
,
C.
Fabricius
,
a
Person
eminent
for
his
great
Vertues
,
and
remarkable
for
his
profess'd
Poverty
.
Pyrrhus
receiv●d
him
with
an
Extraordinary
Civility
and
Kindness
,
likewise
offer'd
him
Gold
,
assuring
him
,
It
was
no
otherwise
than
an
Hospitable
Respect
to
a
Person
of
his
Excellencies
;
but
all
this
had
no
Effect
upon
the
Steadiness
of
Fabricius's
Temper
.
The
next
Day
,
Pyrrhus
trying
all
Methods
to
discompose
him
,
commanded
one
of
his
largest
Elephants
,
compleatly
Arm'd
,
to
be
plac'd
behind
the
Hangings
,
and
in
the
midst
of
their
Discourse
,
upon
a
Sign
given
,
the
Tapestry
was
drawn
aside
,
and
the
huge
Elephant
raising
his
Trunk
over
Fabricius's
Head
,
made
a
hideous
Noise
.
Fabricius
,
tho
he
had
never
seen
this
Creature
,
was
not
at
all
afraid
,
but
gently
turning
about
,
and
Smiling
said
,
Neither
your
Gold
Yesterday
,
nor
you
dreadful
Beast
to
Day
can
make
any
Impression
upon
me
.
Pyrrhus
amaz'd
at
the
Greatness
of
his
Mind
,
releas'd
the
Prisoner●
,
intrusting
'em
to
him
alone
,
with
nothing
but
a
Promise
,
That
if
the
Senate
accepted
not
of
Peace
,
they
shou'd
return
to
him
;
which
accordingly
they
did
,
being
commanded
to
do
it
by
the
Senate
upon
pain
of
Death
.
In
the
same
Year
,
Coruncanius
,
Laevinus
●
Collegue
,
Triumph'd
over
some
of
the
Hetrurians
who
had
revolted
;
and
likewise
this
Year
the
Lustrum
being
perform'd
,
278222
Free
Citizens
were
Cess'd
.
II.
The
Roman
Army
being
now
recruited
,
Sulpicius
Saverrio
,
Decius
Mus
,
the
Consuls
for
the
following
Year
,
were
sent
against
Pyrrhus
.
The
Romans
had
now
learn'd
not
to
fear
the
Elephants
so
much
as
formerly
,
and
were
very
carful
in
observing
and
understanding
Pyrrhus's
Art
and
Conduct
in
Battel
.
Both
Armies
met
about
the
City
of
Asculum
,
and
Pyrrhus
was
incommoded
by
a
Woody
Country
ve●y
inconvenient
for
his
Cavalry
,
and
a
very
swift
Current
of
the
River
,
that
the
Elephants
for
want
of
sure
Footing
cou'd
not
get
up
with
the
Infantry
:
But
after
many
wounded
and
kill'd
,
the
Night
put
an
End
to
the
Engagement
.
The
next
Morning
,
Pyrrhus
designing
to
Fight
on
even
Ground
,
and
to
have
the
Elephants
in
the
thickest
of
the
Enemy
,
caus'd
a
Detachment
,
to
possess
themselves
of
those
incommodius
Grounds
,
and
mixing
Slingers
and
Archers
among
the
Elephants
,
with
great
Courage
advanc'd
in
a
close
and
well
order'd
Body
;
and
the
Romans
not
having
those
Advantages
of
Retreating
and
falling
on
as
they
had
before
,
were
oblig'd
to
Fight
Man
to
Man
upon
plain
Ground
making
a
bloody
Slaughter
among
the
Graecian
Spear
Men
not
minding
or
valuing
what
they
suffer'd
themselves
:
After
a
long
and
obstinate
Fight
,
the
Romans
were
so
press'd
upon
,
especially
by
the
mighty
Force
of
the
Elephants
and
the
Gaecian
Cavalry
,
and
so
overpower●d
,
that
they
retreated
to
their
Camp
with
the
loss
of
6000
Men
,
the
Enemy
having
lost
nigh
4000.
This
Battel
is
variously
related
,
but
this
is
the
truest
Account
that
I
can
find
of
it
.
After
this
Engagement
,
't
is
said
,
Pyrrhus
reply'd
to
a
Gentleman
who
congratulated
him
for
his
Victory
,
If
we
overcome
the
Romans
another
time
,
we
are
utterly
ruin'd
.
For
by
this
time
,
he
had
lost
a
great
Part
of
his
Forces
he
had
brought
over
,
and
almost
all
his
particular
Friends
and
Commanders
.
This
Battel
finish'd
the
Campaign
,
and
the
rest
of
the
time
was
employ●d
in
taking
Care
for
the
next
;
at
which
time
Fabricius
himself
was
chosen
Consul
together
with
Aemilius
Papus
.
At
the
nigh
Approach
of
the
two
Armies
,
Fabricius
receiv●d
a
Letter
from
the
King●s
principal
Physician
,
Offering
to
take
off
Pyrrhus
by
Poyson
,
and
so
end
the
War
without
farther
hazard
to
the
Romans
,
provided
he
might
have
a
Reward
proportionable
to
the
Greatness
of
the
Service
.
Fabricius
inrag'd
at
the
Villany
of
the
Physician
,
and
Disposing
his
Colleague
to
the
same
Opinion
,
he
immediately
dispatch●d
Letters
to
Pyrrhus
to
let
him
know
what
an
ill
Choice
he
had
made
both
of
his
Friends
and
Enemies
;
that
he
was
in
War
with
Honest
Men
,
and
trusted
and
promoted
Villains
;
and
that
the
Romans
abhor'd
all
Treacherous
Practices
,
it
being
their
Custom
to
Conquer
an
Enemy
by
the
Power
of
their
own
Arms
,
and
not
by
Treason
of
the
other
Subjects
.
Pyrrhus
receiv'd
the
Message
with
all
Courtesie
,
and
being
more
and
more
surpriz●d
at
the
Roman
Greatness
and
Generosity
,
he
cry'd
out
,
This
is
that
Fabricius
whom
it
is
harder
to
turn
from
the
Ways
of
Vertue
and
Honesty
,
than
the
Sun
from
its
Course
.
Such
was
the
noble
Spirit
of
the
Romans
in
these
Days
,
where
each
Man
minded
the
Honour
of
the
Publick
more
than
his
own
particular
profit
.
Pyrrhus
made
a
strict
inquiry
into
this
Plot
,
and
executed
the
Physician
;
and
that
he
might
not
be
excell●d
in
Generosity
,
he
immediately
sent
to
Rome
all
the
Prisoners
without
Ransom
,
and
again
employ'd
Cineas
to
Negotiate
a
Peace
with
'em
,
being
now
more
desirous
of
their
Alliance
than
ever
:
But
whether
the
Romans
believ'd
their
sending
home
so
many
Prisoners
,
too
great
an
Obligation
from
an
Enemy
,
or
too
great
a
Reward
for
barely
not
doing
Ill
,
they
wou●d
not
accept
of
'em
Gratis
,
but
immediately
releas●d
as
many
of
the
Tarentines
and
Samnites
:
and
wou●d
admit
of
no
Debate
of
Alliance
or
Peace
with
Pyrrhus
,
till
he
had
withdrawn
his
Forces
from
Italy
and
Sail●d
back
to
Epirus
in
the
same
Ships
that
brought
him
over
.
The
King
was
much
confounded
at
this
,
being
very
unwilling
to
continue
this
War
,
and
much
more
to
quit
it
Dishonourably
;
but
in
a
short
time
after
he
was
reliev'd
by
an
Expedition
into
Sicily
,
he
begin
intreated
by
the
Inhabitants
,
to
expell
the
Carthag●uians
,
and
clear
the
Island
of
Tyrants
.
This
prov'd
an
Honourable
Pretence
of
drawing
off
his
Forces
,
and
leaving
Italy
;
therefore
sending
Cineas
before
,
and
putting
a
Garrison
into
Tarentum
,
tho
much
against
their
Wills
,
he
embark●d
for
Sicily
with
an
Army
of
30000
Foot
,
and
2500
Horse
,
after
he
had
been
in
Italy
two
Years
and
Four
Months
.
III.
The
Absence
of
Pyrrhus
gave
the
Romans
much
Respite
,
or
at
least
Leisure
enough
to
punish
the
Samnites
,
Tarentines
,
Lucani
and
Brutii
,
whom
they
warr●d
against
with
good
Success
;
they
having
little
Hopes
,
but
the
Return
of
Pyrrhus
,
with
whom
they
were
very
Urgent
,
letting
him
to
understand
,
That
they
were
shut
up
in
their
Towns
,
which
cou'd
hardly
be
maintain'd
without
his
Assistance
.
Pyrrhus
,
tho
he
had
been
successful
enought
,
within
two
Years
,
was
glad
to
have
so
specious
a
Pretence
of
leaving
Sicily
,
when
his
Carriage
there
had
been
so
displeasing
to
many
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
must
have
left
it
with
no
other
Pretence
than
Necessity
and
Self-Preservation
.
About
the
time
of
his
Return
,
there
happened
such
a
dreadful
Plague
in
Rome
,
that
Cornelius
Rufinus
,
the
last
year's
Consul
,
was
created
Dictator
for
the
Ceremony
of
Driving
a
Nail
into
the
Temple
of
Iupiter
,
Curius
Dentatus
,
and
Cornelius
Lentulus
;
the
former
of
which
raising
new
Levies
,
was
oppos'd
by
the
People
,
who
refus'd
to
list
themselves
.
Curius
,
resolving
to
go
through
with
his
Designs
,
commanded
the
Names
of
every
Tribe
to
be
put
into
a
Box
;
and
the
Lot
falling
upon
the
Pollian
Tribe
,
the
first
that
was
drawn
of
that
Tribe
was
cited
:
and
not
answering
,
he
sold
his
Goods
;
and
,
upon
his
appealing
to
the
Tribunes
,
he
sold
the
Man
too
,
saying
,
The
Commonwealth
stood
in
no
need
of
such
a
Member
as
refus'd
all
Obedience
The.
Tribunes
at
that
time
,
did
not
assist
the
Fellow
;
and
ever
after
hatt
if
any
refus'd
to
stil
himself
in
a
just
Muster
when
commanded
,
it
became
a
Custom
to
make
a
Slave
of
him
.
Pyrrhus
,
by
this
time
,
had
with
some
Difficulty
and
Danger
got
from
Sicily
to
Tarentum
with
an
Army
of
20000
Foot
and
3000
Horse
,
where
increasing
his
Army
by
new
Levies
,
he
march'd
into
Samnium
,
where
the
Romans
had
gather'd
together
a
powerful
Army
Pyrrhus
divided
his
Forces
into
two
Part
whereof
,
one
he
sent
into
Lucania
to
hinder
Lentulus
from
joyning
with
his
Collegue
Curius
Dentatus
,
against
whom
he
directed
his
March
,
then
advantage●●●ly
posted
nigh
Beneventum
.
Pyrrhus
hast'ning
to
attact
him
there
before
the
other
cou'd
arrive
,
with
the
〈◊〉
of
his
Men
and
the
fiercest
of
his
Elephants
,
march'd
in
the
time
towards
the
Roman
Camp
,
hoping
to
surprize
'em
;
but
passing
through
Woods
his
Lights
fail'd
him
,
and
his
Men
lost
their
way
.
Whereupon
a
Council
of
War
being
call'd
,
while
they
were
in
debate
,
and
at
the
break
of
day
his
Approach
was
discover'd
by
the
Romans
as
they
march'd
down
the
Hills
,
which
put
their
whole
Camp
into
much
Disorder
and
Fear
;
but
recovering
themselves
,
Curius
drew
out
his
Troops
in
haste
,
and
falling
in
with
the
Vantguard
of
Pyrrhus
,
put
him
to
flight
,
killing
many
Men
,
and
taking
some
Elephants
.
This
Success
very
much
discourag'd
the
rest
of
Pyrrhus's
Troops
,
and
Curius
descending
into
the
Plain
,
join'd
Battel
with
the
whole
Army
.
In
one
Wing
he
repuls'd
the
Enemy
,
in
the
other
,
by
the
Violence
of
the
Elephants
,
he
was
born
back
to
his
Trenches
;
where
calling
forth
those
who
guarded
'em
,
they
from
the
high
Places
so
ply'd
the
Beasts
with
Darts
and
fired
Pitch
and
Hemp
,
that
they
ran
back
upon
their
Friends
,
bearing
down
,
and
breaking
all
their
Ranks
,
so
that
the
Victory
fell
to
the
Romans
,
Pyrrhus
having
lost
23000
Men
,
according
to
Eutropius
.
Pyrrhus's
Camp
was
also
taken
,
which
was
not
only
admir'd
,
but
likewise
prov'd
of
very
great
Use
afterwards
:
for
anciently
the
Romans
and
the
Nations
about
'em
were
wont
to
pitch
their
Tents
without
Order
,
after
the
manner
of
Booths
,
in
the
midst
of
their
several
Battalions
;
but
Pyrrhus
measuring
out
his
ground
,
encamp●d
his
whole
Army
within
a
Trench
.
By
his
Example
the
Romans
receiv'd
great
Light
and
Experience
as
to
Warlike
Affairs
,
and
afterwards
adding
such
things
as
they
found
necessary
,
they
attained
to
the
most
absolute
Skill
in
Encamping
,
in
succeeding
times
.
Curius
Dentatus
obtained
a
most
splendid
Triumph
for
this
Victory
,
being
graced
with
four
Elephants
,
1300
Prisoners
of
several
Nations
,
with
several
Implements
of
the
Tarentine
Luxury
,
and
Rarities
.
A
few
days
after
,
his
Collegue
triumph'd
over
the
Samnites
and
Lucani
:
and
this
year
was
remarkable
for
the
Censorship
of
Fabricius
and
Aemilius
,
who
remov'd
Rufinus
,
and
who
had
been
twice
Consul
and
once
Dictator
,
out
of
the
Senate
,
for
having
ten
pound
of
Silver
Plate
for
the
Use
of
his
Table
:
and
in
this
Lustrum
271224
Free
Citizens
were
cess'd
or
poll'd
.
As
for
Pyrrhus
,
he
bore
his
Defeat
with
an
undaunted
Mind
,
and
receiving
Letters
from
Greece
and
Asia
,
he
call'd
the
Epirots
and
Tarentines
together
,
telling
them
that
Assistance
wou'd
soon
come
;
which
Report
,
kept
the
Romans
in
their
Camp
:
and
so
taking
this
Advantage
,
the
Night
following
he
pass'd
undisturb●d
into
Epirus
with
8000
Foot
and
500
Horse
,
first
leaving
a
Garrison
in
Tarentum
,
which
was
more
to
preserve
his
own
Reputation
than
for
any
other
Use.
Thus
in
about
six
Years
ended
the
Wars
with
the
famous
Pyrrhus
,
a
Person
esteem●d
the
ablest
Commander
of
all
the
Kings
in
that
time
,
both
for
Military
Experience
and
Personal
Valour
:
but
he
knew
better
how
to
Conquer
than
how
to
Keep
;
and
from
him
the
Romans
did
not
only
improve
the
Art
of
Encamping
,
but
likewise
learn'd
to
avoid
Plains
,
and
better
to
sustain
the
Shock
of
a
disciplin'd
Cavalry
,
which
before
they
had
despis'd
.
IV.
The
Roman
Name
,
which
before
had
been
famous
,
was
now
become
formidable
,
after
the
Overthrow
of
so
great
a
Man
as
Pyrrhus
,
which
made
way
for
farther
Conquests
,
and
the
Establishment
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
In
the
second
year
after
Pyrrhus's
Retreat
,
Ptolemy
Philadelphus
,
King
of
Egypt
,
sent
Ambassadors
to
congratulate
the
Roman
Success
,
Now
the
Romans
grew
much
too
powerful
for
their
Neighbours
,
for
the
greatest
Part
of
Italy
was
now
conquer'd
,
an
Accession
being
made
not
only
of
the
Tarentines
and
Samnites
,
but
of
the
Lucanians
also
,
and
not
long
before
,
of
the
He●rurians
.
After
this
,
the
Campanian
Legion
,
who
had
treacherously
seiz'd
upon
Rhegium
,
and
kept
it
to
themselves
,
were
besieg'd
,
and
upon
Surrender
,
put
to
death
by
fifty
at
a
time
.
Soon
after
,
the
Inhabitants
of
Apollonia
in
Illyricum
sending
Ambassadors
to
Rome
,
some
extravagant
and
unruly
Noblemen
fell
upon
'em
and
beat
'em
but
the
Romans
were
so
just
as
to
deliver
'em
up
to
the
Apolloniates
.
In
the
same
year
,
the
Picentes
were
subdu'd
,
and
Colonies
were
sent
to
Ariminum
in
the
Country
of
the
Piceni
,
and
to
Beneventum
in
that
of
the
Samnites
.
About
the
same
time
was
Silver
first
coin'd
in
Rome
,
whereas
Brass
had
only
been
in
use
till
now
,
their
Riches
being
encreas'd
by
their
Conquests
,
Now
were
the
Roman
Dominions
much
larger
than
ever
,
containing
the
whole
Body
of
old
Italy
and
the
several
Italian
Nations
,
being
about
500
Miles
long
,
and
130
broad
,
which
comprehended
about
one
ha●f
of
that
Country
which
now
goes
by
the
Name
of
Italy
,
as
was
formely
observ'd
.
Just
at
the
same
time
began
the
first
Punick
or
Carthaginian
War
,
in
the
489th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
●740
,
in
the
4th
Year
of
the
128th
Olympiad
,
244
since
the
beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
125
since
the
Destruction
of
the
City
by
the
Gauls
,
65.
since
the
beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
263
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
IX
.
From
the
Beginning
of
the
first
Punick
War
,
to
the
Beginning
of
the
second
;
the
Romans
now
growing
powerful
by
Sea
as
well
as
by
Land
.
Containing
the
Space
of
47
Years
.
I.
THE
Carthaginians
made
up
a
very
large
and
powerful
Common-wealth
,
Appi●●
Claudius
,
one
of
the
Consuls
,
was
immediately
sent
over
to
Sicily
with
an
Army
and
a
small
Fleet.
With
much
Danger
and
Difficulty
he
pass'd
the
Streights
between
Italy
and
Sicily
,
but
with
that
Success
,
that
the
rais'd
the
Siege
of
Messana
in
a
short
time
,
and
after
that
defeated
both
Hiero
and
the
Carthaginians
in
two
several
Battels
.
Appius
return'd
to
Rome
with
a
noble
Triumph
,
which
was
the
first
that
ever
was
obtain'd
upon
the
Account
of
Foreign
Actions
.
Notwithstanding
the
great
Wasting
of
the
People
by
continual
Wars
,
292224
Free
Citizens
were
cess'd
this
Year
;
and
in
this
Year
D.
funius
Brutus
first
brought
in
the
Custom
of
having
Fencing
Maches
perform'd
by
Gladiators
at
Funerals
,
a
Custom
very
much
in
use
afterwards
.
The
following
Year
,
both
the
Consuls
were
order'd
for
Sicily
,
with
all
their
Le●●ons
.
And
they
manag'd
the
War
so
successfully
,
〈◊〉
going
to
invest
Syracuse
it self
,
Hiero
was
affrighted
into
Obedience
,
perceiving
that
the
Romans
most
probably
wou'd
be
Conquerours
;
and
so
he
made
Peace
upon
these
Terms
,
To
restore
all
their
Prisoners
without
Ransom
,
and
to
pay
a
hundred
Talents
of
Silver
.
The
Romans
more
readily
embrac'd
the
Alliance
,
because
the
Carthaginians
being
Masters
at
Sea
,
they
cou'd
not
safely
supply
the
Armies
with
Provisions
and
Necessaries
,
expecting
that
he
shou'd
chiefly
take
care
about
that
affair
.
Valerius
,
one
of
this
Year's
Consuls
,
from
Messana
had
the
Sirname
of
Messala
,
who
also
having
taken
Catana
,
carry'd
from
thence
a
new
Sun-Dial
to
Rome
,
Papirius
Curs●r
having
30
Years
before
set
up
the
first
that
ever
was
in
this
City
.
This
,
tho'
not
perfect
,
the
People
made
use
for
99
Years
,
till
M.
Philippus
the
Censor
set
up
a
perfect
one
by
it
;
and
about
that
time
,
Scipio
Nasica
being
Censor
,
first
made
the
equal
Division
of
the
Day
into
Hours
,
by
Water
dropping
out
of
one
Vessel
into
another
.
This
Year
the
City
being
much
afflicted
with
a
Pestilence
,
a
Dictator
was
created
for
the
Ceremony
of
Driving
a
Nail
into
Iupiter's
Temple
:
Fulvius
Maximus
,
who
made
Marcius
Philippus
his
Master
of
the
Horse
;
and
he
was
the
fourth
Dictator
created
upon
this
Account
.
The
Romans
,
by
the
Alliance
with
Hiero
,
found
themselves
so
eas'd
of
the
Burden
of
the
War
,
that
the
following
Year
they
sent
but
two
Legions
to
Sicily
;
at
which
time
Agrigentum
was
invested
by
the
Romans
,
and
Annibal
,
the
Carthaginian
Admiral
who
came
to
relieve
it
,
was
overthrown
by
Posthumius
and
Mamilius
the
Consuls
at
land
;
so
after
a
long
Siege
it
was
taken
.
The
news
of
this
was
very
grateful
to
the
Citizens
of
Rome
,
who
now
began
to
think
of
nothing
less
than
the
clearing
of
Sicily
,
and
the
Conquests
of
that
Island
;
and
to
that
they
directed
all
their
Counsels
.
On
Land
indeed
they
seem'd
sufficiently
prosperous
,
for
the
two
succeeding
Consuls
manag●d
the
War
with
good
Success
;
but
the
Carthaginians
without
Controversie
being
entire
Masters
at
Sea
,
by
that
means
procur'd
the
Maritime
Towns
to
revolt
to
them
:
so
that
the
War
was
not
only
ballanc'd
between
the
two
Interests
,
but
Italy
was
also
grievously
infested
with
the
Carthaginian
Fleet
,
while
Africk
was
out
of
all
Danger
.
The
Considerations
caus'd
'em
diligently
to
apply
themselves
to
Sea
Affairs
,
of
which
they
were
wholly
ignorant
before
;
therefore
they
found
it
a
Matter
of
extraordinary
Difficulty
as
well
to
build
Vessels
as
to
make
use
of
'em
;
for
Italy
had
been
as
free
from
Shipwrights
as
from
Sea-men
.
Having
throughly
observ'd
a
Carthaginian
Vessel
or
two
driven
a
Shore
,
they
set
about
100
Vessels
of
five
Oars
of
a
side
,
and
20
of
three
,
which
they
fitted
out
as
well
as
they
cou'd
,
after
an
odd
way
teaching
their
Men
to
Row
upon
Dry
Land
;
well
knowing
that
their
Courages
must
supply
all
other
Defects
.
Thus
meanly
rigg'd
out
,
in
the
fourth
Year
of
this
War
the
Consuls
Cornelius
and
Duilius
boldly
ventur'd
themselves
aboard
,
and
more
boldly
ventur'd
to
engage
an
Enemy
,
who
for
many
Ages
had
been
the
Inheritors
of
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
both
by
their
Power
and
their
Skill
;
a
thing
much
admir'd
by
all
Historians
.
Cornelius
the
Admiral
parting
from
the
rest
of
his
Company
with
17
Gallies
to
reduce
Lipara
,
was
surpriz'd
by
at
greater
number
of
the
Carthaginians
,
and
taken
with
the
rest
of
his
Fleet.
But
his
Collegue
Duilius
was
much
more
successful
,
first
defeating
50
Sail
of
the
Enemy
,
then
falling
upon
the
Rest
of
their
Fleet
,
by
the
Help
of
a
new
invented
Engine
to
grapple
with
their
Vessels
,
by
which
they
cou'd
board
'em
and
fight
as
on
Land
,
he
obtain'd
a
Signal
Victory
over
'em
,
taking
50
of
their
Vessels
;
then
pursuing
it
,
rais'd
the
Siege
of
Aegesta
,
and
took
Macella
by
Storm
.
These
Successes
were
so
unexpected
by
the
Senate
,
that
they
decreed
Duilius
unusual
Honours
;
for
besides
his
obtaining
the
Glory
of
the
first
Naval
Triumph
,
he
was
ever
after
attended
from
Supper
with
Musick
and
Flambeaus
.
Annibal
on
the
other
side
,
to
secure
himself
from
Punishment
,
with
all
speed
sent
one
of
his
Friends
to
Carthage
before
the
Battel
was
known
here
,
who
gave
an
Account
to
the
Senate
,
that
the
Romans
were
under
Sail
with
a
great
Fleet
,
and
he
wanted
Instructions
about
engaging
'em
.
The
Senate
,
upon
this
gave
Orders
to
Fight
without
Delay
,
to
whom
the
Messenger
reply'd
,
That
he
had
already
fought
,
and
was
overthrown
:
By
which
means
he
prevented
their
condemning
an
Action
they
had
but
just
before
approv'd
of
.
This
Year
the
Romans
had
but
small
Success
by
Land
;
for
,
a
Breach
between
the
Legions
and
the
Auxiliaries
occasion'd
a
Separation
;
which
Advantage
Amilcar
the
General
of
the
Carthaginian
Forces
so
far
improv'd
,
as
to
cut
off
4000
of
'em
.
But
the
Advantages
gain'd
by
Sea
so
far
animated
the
Romans
,
that
the
following
Year
they
invaded
the
Island
;
of
Sardin●●
and
Corsica
,
and
with
so
good
Success
,
that
Hanno
the
Carthaginian
General
there
,
was
slain
,
and
his
Army
cut
off
by
Cornelius
Scipio
the
Consul
.
This
Victory
was
follow'd
by
another
over
Annibal
,
whom
they
surpriz'd
at
Sea
,
newly
recruited
from
Carthage
;
for
which
the
unfortunate
Admiral
was
crucify'd
by
his
own
Soldiers
that
out-liv'd
the
Defeat
.
The
next
Year
many
Towns
were
lost
and
gain●d
in
Sicily
on
both
sides
;
but
above
all
,
a
noble
Action
of
Calpurnius
Flemma
,
a
Tribune
of
the
Army
,
was
most
remarkable
;
for
Attilius
Calatinus
the
Consul
having
carelesly
brought
his
Army
into
such
a
desperate
Place
,
as
there
was
no
hopes
of
escaping
,
Calpurnius
,
with
300
choice
Men
,
possess'd
themselves
of
an
Eminence
just
by
,
and
with
incredible
Courage
so
diverted
the
whole
Body
of
the
Carthaginians
,
that
the
Consuls
Army
had
Opportunity
of
passing
with
little
opposition
.
Calpurnius
was
the
only
Person
that
surviv'd
of
the
●00
,
being
miserably
wounded
,
and
cover'd
with
dead
Bodies
.
The
next
Year
,
Attilius
Regulus
the
Consul
subdued
the
Islands
Lipara
and
Melita
,
the
latter
famous
for
the
Shipwrack
of
St.
Paul
,
and
since
call'd
Malta
:
Ogulneius
Gallus
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
Letorius
Plancianus
;
and
there
was
the
second
Dictator
created
upon
this
Account
.
II.
Now
had
this
War
continu'd
Eight
Years
;
The
Carthaginians
,
finding
the
Romans
so
successful
,
oppos'd
Regulus
with
a
considerable
Army
;
but
fighting
in
a
Place
where
their
Horse
and
Elephants
cou'd
do
but
little
Service
,
were
soon
defeated
,
and
Tunetum
or
Tunis
in
a
short
space
was
taken
by
Regulus
.
But
the
Carthaginians
having
procur'd
Xantippus
,
a
brave
Lacedaemonian
,
for
their
General
,
soon
after
gave
Regulus
a
dreadful
Overthrow
,
he
himself
being
taken
Prisoner
,
and
most
of
his
Army
cut
off
,
the
rest
escaping
to
Clupea
.
But
Xantippus
met
with
more
Barbarous
and
Ungrateful
Usage
than
Regulus
;
for
the
Carthaginians
pretending
to
conduct
him
home
Honourably
,
commanded
the
Sea-men
to
throw
him
and
his
Companions
over-board
,
least
so
great
a
Victory
shou'd
be
ascrib'd
to
the
Laced●emonians
,
as
Appian
relates
it
.
The
Romans
were
Besieg'd
in
Clupea
,
till
their
Enemies
perceiving
the
small
probability
of
reducing
'em
,
broke
up
the
Siege
,
and
made
all
Preparations
for
the
opposing
the
Succours
sent
under
Aemilius
Paulus
and
Fabius
Nobilior
,
the
following
Years
Consuls
.
These
Consuls
putting
to
Sea
with
350
Sail
,
were
met
with
by
the
Carthaginians
,
night
hir
own
Coasts
,
whom
they
entirely
defeated
,
taking
30
Ships
and
sinking
104
,
with
the
loss
only
of
Nine
of
their
own
.
After
this
,
the
Consuls
took
in
the
Roman
Garrison
from
Clupea
,
and
set
Sail
again
for
Sicily
,
expecting
to
have
several
Towns
there
surrender'd
to
'em
upon
the
News
of
this
Victory
;
but
before
they
cou'd
make
the
Shore
,
there
arose
such
a
dreadful
Storm
,
that
most
of
their
Ships
were
swallow'd
up
,
or
split
upon
Rocks
;
so
that
the
Shore
was
fill'd
with
dead
Bodies
and
broken
Pieces
of
Ships
.
Both
the
Consuls
perish'd
,
and
those
few
that
escap'd
,
Hiero
kindly
receiv'd
;
and
furnishing
'em
with
Cloaths
and
other
Necessaries
,
convey●d
●em
safe
to
Messana
.
Karthalo
the
Carthaginian
immediately
taking
Advantage
of
this
great
Misfortune
,
besieg'd
Agrigentum
,
and
soon
after
took
it
,
and
demolish'd
the
Fortifications
of
it
.
The
Romans
nothing
discourag'd
at
the
great
Losses
sustained
by
the
Tempest
,
immediately
set
about
Building
220
Vessels
,
which
they
prosecuted
with
that
extraordinary
Diligence
and
Expedition
,
that
in
three
Months
time
they
were
both
Built
and
Launch'd
.
On
the
other
side
,
Asdrubal
the
Carthaginian
,
with
his
Veterane
Troops
and
Levies
arriv'd
at
Sicily
,
with
a
Fleet
of
200
Sail
Old
and
New
.
The
Consuls
,
Attilius
and
Cornelius
being
order'd
for
Sicily
this
Year
,
manag'd
the
War
so
prosperously
,
as
to
take
several
Towns
;
after
which
they
return'd
.
Their
Successors
Servilius
and
Sempronius
,
in
the
following
Spring
,
pass'd
into
Sicily
with
the
whole
Fleet
,
and
from
thence
to
Africk
,
where
,
Coasting
about
,
they
Landed
in
many
Places
,
but
perform'd
nothing
very
Memorable
.
At
last
they
touch'd
upon
the
Island
of
the
Lotophagi
,
call'd
Meninx
,
nigh
the
lesser
Syrtis
;
where
being
ignorant
of
these
Coasts
,
they
fell
upon
certain
Quick-sands
;
but
getting
off
with
much
difficulty
,
they
return'd
to
Panormus
in
Sicily
in
a
flying
Posture
.
Then
sailing
for
Rome
,
through
the
Straights
,
very
unadvisedly
,
they
were
taken
in
a
Storm
,
and
150
of
the
Ships
lost
.
This
same
Year
the
Censors
calling
over
the
Senate
,
turn'd
out
13
Members
for
Misdemeanours
,
and
performing
the
Lustrum
,
297797
Free
Citizens
were
Poll●d
.
Tho'
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
were
extremely
vigorous
in
all
great
Attempts
,
being
push'd
on
by
an
extraordinary
Desire
of
Glory
;
yet
the
Losses
at
Sea
had
now
been
so
great
and
numerous
,
that
they
were
constrain'd
to
omit
Naval
Preparations
,
and
place
all
their
Hopes
in
their
Land-Forces
.
Caecilius
and
Metellus
were
sent
into
Sicily
with
the
Legions
,
and
60
Transport
Vessels
,
only
for
Necssearies
;
and
they
did
not
only
yield
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
to
the
Carthaginians
,
but
fear●d
'em
also
at
Land
,
by
reason
of
their
great
Preparations
,
but
especially
for
their
Elephants
,
which
had
oftentimes
much
annoy●d
'em
.
Asdrubal
,
the
Punick
General
,
understanding
their
Fears
,
and
that
one
of
the
Consuls
was
now
return'd
into
Italy
with
half
the
Army
,
with
great
Assurance
and
Confidence
ravag'd
all
the
Country
about
Panormus
,
and
with
the
more
Carelessness
and
Security
,
because
Metellus
kept
himself
within
the
Walls
.
But
the
Consul
taking
an
Opportunity
,
so
well
plac'd
his
Men
against
the
Elephants
,
that
when
Asdrubal
came
nigh
the
Town
,
he
gave
him
a
dreadful
Overthrow
,
killing
20000
Men
,
and
taking
26
Elephants
,
for
which
he
had
a
noble
Triumph
.
The
Carthaginians
immediately
lost
all
Sicily
except
Lilybaeum
and
Drepanum
,
to
the
former
of
which
Places
Asdrubal
escap'd
;
but
being
Condemn'd
at
Carthage
,
he
was
taken
and
put
to
Death
as
soon
as
he
return●d
;
the
Unhappy
Fate
of
many
Carthaginian
Generals
.
III.
The
Carthaginians
now
finding
themselves
great
both
how
honourable
and
profitable
it
might
be
to
the
State
to
prosecute
the
War
.
The
Senate
seem'd
well
satisfied
with
the
Advice
,
if
it
were
to
be
follow●d
without
Prejudice
to
the
Adviser
,
whom
they
Pity●d
as
well
as
Admir'd
,
and
cou'd
not
determine
any
thing
to
the
Ruin
of
a
Person
who
had
deserv●d
so
well
at
their
hands
.
Upon
that
Account
they
desir'd
him
to
stay
;
but
he
,
with
an
Undeunted
Resolution
,
told
●em
,
That
he
knew
that
Death
and
the
extreamest
Tortures
were
preparing
for
him
at
Carthage
,
but
still
he
cou'd
not
comply
with
their
Requests
,
who
might
have
better
us'd
their
Commands
,
had
he
been
still
his
Countries
Servant
,
as
he
was
Africk
'
s
Slave
,
and
upon
that
account
not
capable
of
living
as
became
a
Citizen
of
Rome
:
yet
however
he
had
so
much
of
the
True
Spirit
of
a
Roman
,
that
he
cou'd
do
nothing
that
was
base
or
dishonourable
;
and
that
he
less
fear'd
the
Tortures
of
a
cruel
Rack
,
than
the
Shame
of
an
infamous
Action
,
for
the
former
only
touch'd
the
Body
,
whereas
the
latter
pierc'd
the
Mind
.
All
Means
were
us'd
to
perswade
Regulus
to
stay
,
both
by
his
Friends
and
others
,
which
he
avoided
as
much
as
possible
,
refusing
to
speak
with
his
Wife
,
and
shunning
the
Embraces
and
Kisses
of
his
little
Children
:
And
when
the
Negotiation
was
at
an
end
,
he
return'd
to
Carthage
,
there
ending
his
Days
in
great
Torments
.
For
,
first
they
cut
off
his
Eye-lids
,
keeping
him
in
a
dark
●
Dungeon
for
a
while
,
then
brought
him
out
in
the
midst
of
the
Day
,
with
his
Face
turn'd
full
against
the
Sun
:
At
last
he
was
put
into
a
Chest
or
Barrel
,
stuck
with
Nails
with
the
Points
inward
,
and
so
narrow
,
that
he
cou'd
have
no
Ease
,
where
he
died
with
the
Extremity
of
the
Pain
.
When
the
Senate
heard
of
the
Barbarous
Usage
of
Regulus
,
in
great
Rage
they
deliver'd
up
some
Prisoners
of
the
Highest
Note
and
Quality
to
Marcia
his
Wife
,
who
shut
'em
up
in
an
Armory
stuck
round
with
Iron
Spikes
,
designing
to
torment
them
after
the
same
manner
that
her
Husband
had
been
,
and
keeping
'em
five
days
together
without
Meat
:
in
which
time
,
Bostar
the
Carthaginian
,
with
Pain
and
Hunger
,
died
,
but
Hamilcar
,
being
a
stronger
Man
,
was
kept
in
,
together
with
the
dead
Body
of
Bostar
,
five
days
longer
,
having
only
so
much
Sustenance
allow'd
him
as
might
serve
to
prolong
his
Life
in
Misery
.
At
last
,
the
Magistrates
being
inform'd
of
this
,
began
to
relent
,
and
strictly
forbid
any
more
of
such
Usuage
,
commanding
that
Bostar's
Ashes
should
be
sent
home
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Prisoners
shou'd
be
us'd
more
moderately
:
Which
was
done
,
to
let
the
Enemy
know
,
that
the
Romans
were
too
generous
to
insult
over
the
Miseries
of
unhappy
Men
,
or
to
countenance
any
cruel
Actions
,
tho'
they
had
been
incited
by
the
highest
Provocations
,
and
all
the
Sentiments
of
a
most
just
Retaliation
.
The
following
Year
,
because
the
Land-Forces
were
very
fearful
of
the
Enemies
Elephants
,
and
pursu'd
their
Affairs
with
small
Vigour
,
the
Romans
provided
another
Fleet
,
and
Besieg'd
Lilybaeum
by
Sea
and
Land
,
a
Town
standing
upon
the
Southern
Promontory
of
Sicily
,
over
against
Africk
.
The
Romans
were
very
unsuccessful
in
this
Expedition
,
losing
most
of
their
Ships
in
a
short
time
,
partly
by
the
Mismanagement
of
the
Consul
Claudius
Pulcher
,
and
partly
by
other
Misfortunes
;
so
that
the
whole
Fleet
was
soon
reduc'd
to
an
inconsiderable
number
.
Lilybaeum
was
still
closely
invested
by
Land
;
but
the
small
Successes
of
the
present
Consuls
,
and
other
Losses
,
occasion'd
the
creating
of
a
Dictator
to
Command
the
Forces
in
Sicily
:
Attilius
Calatinus
,
who
appointed
Caecilius
Metellus
,
who
had
Triumph'd
over
the
Carthaginians
,
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
was
the
first
Dictator
that
ever
led
an
Army
out
of
Italy
;
but
nothing
memorable
was
acted
by
him
in
Sicily
before
the
time
of
his
Office
expir'd
.
The
Romans
now
began
to
feel
the
Weight
and
Charge
of
the
War
more
than
ever
;
and
they
found
that
the
City
was
not
only
drein'd
of
Money
,
but
of
Men
too
;
for
in
the
next
Lustrum
there
were
but
251222
Free
Citizens
Poll'd
.
For
Seven
Years
did
the
Romans
abstain
from
any
Sea-Preparations
,
in
which
time
another
Dictator
was
created
in
the
Consuls
Absence
for
holding
the
Comitia
for
a
New
Election
,
Coruncanius
Nepos
,
and
his
Master
of
the
Horse
was
Fulvius
Flaccus
.
At
this
time
Amilcar
,
the
Carthaginian
Admiral
,
extreamly
infested
the
Coasts
of
Italy
;
which
made
the
Romans
resolve
once
more
to
try
their
Fortune
at
Sea
:
and
accordingly
they
fitted
out
a
considerable
Navy
out
of
their
private
Purses
,
the
Treasury
being
now
exhausted
.
With
this
they
gave
the
Carthaginians
a
notable
Overthrow
nigh
the
Aegatian
Is●es
,
taking
and
sinking
120
of
their
Ships
,
according
to
the
most
modest
Computation
.
This
great
Loss
brought
'em
to
a
Peace
,
which
,
after
two
Consultations
,
was
concluded
upon
these
Articles
;
First
,
That
the
Carthaginians
shou'd
lay
down
1000
Talents
of
Silver
,
and
2200
more
within
10
Years
time
:
Secondly
,
That
they
shou'd
quit
Sicily
,
with
all
the
Isles
thereabouts
:
Thirdly
,
That
they
shou'd
never
make
War
upon
the
Syracusians
,
or
their
Allies
,
nor
come
with
any
Vessels
of
War
within
the
Roman
Dominions
:
and
Fourthly
,
That
they
shou'd
deliver
up
all
their
Prisoners
without
Ransom
,
as
also
the
Deserters
.
Thus
ended
the
first
Punick
,
or
Carthaginian
War
,
by
the
Greek
Writers
call'd
the
Sicilian
War
,
after
it
had
continu'd
24
Years
,
in
the
51●th
Year
of
the
City
,
23
Years
before
the
Second
,
and
239
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
;
wherein
the
Romans
are
said
to
have
lost
700
Vessels
,
and
the
Carthaginians
no
more
than
500.
IV.
All
Affairs
now
seem'd
to
succeed
prosperously
with
the
Romans
,
encreas'd
the
last
time
.
and
in
the
same
Year
that
this
long
War
was
ended
,
Two
New
Tribes
were
added
to
the
rest
,
namely
,
the
Veline
and
Quirine
,
which
now
made
up
the
Number
35
,
which
Number
was
never
after
exceeded
.
At
this
time
the
Romans
began
to
grow
more
polite
,
a
little
applying
their
Minds
to
something
of
Study
and
Learning
,
particularly
Poetry
;
and
the
Year
after
this
War
,
Livius
Andronicus
,
a
Graecian
by
Birth
,
one
Year
before
Ennius
the
Poet
was
Born
,
about
160
after
the
Deaths
of
Sophocles
and
Euripides
,
and
62
after
that
of
Menander
.
He
drew
the
Minds
of
the
People
from
the
Use
of
the
Satyr
,
which
had
immediately
succeeded
the
old
Stage-Plays
,
call'd
Ludi
Fescennini
,
spoken
of
in
the
Sixth
Chapter
of
this
Book
;
which
Satyr
was
a
sort
of
a
Dramatick
Poem
,
full
of
Jests
and
Raillery
,
wholly
different
from
the
Satyrs
of
Lucilius
and
Horace
afterwards
.
Naevius
was
the
first
Poet
that
follow'd
his
example
,
five
Years
after
,
the
Year
before
which
were
celebrated
the
great
Secular
Games
the
third
time
,
Ludi
Terentini
,
and
were
of
two
sorts
:
the
Greater
,
celebrated
every
120
Years
,
and
first
instituted
in
the
298th
Year
of
the
City
;
and
the
Lesser
,
celebrated
every
100
Year
,
and
first
instituted
about
the
305th
Year
of
the
City
,
after
the
Banishment
of
the
Decemviri
:
But
these
now
celebrated
were
of
the
former
sort
.
There
were
also
other
Games
call'd
Ludi
Tarentini
,
which
were
very
different
from
the
Ludi
Seculares
,
which
I
mention
that
Learners
may
avoid
Confusion
.
But
to
return
to
the
Roman
Affairs
;
the
Carthaginians
,
soon
after
their
Peace
with
the
Romans
,
fell
into
a
Bloody
War
between
themselves
and
their
Mercenary
Soldiers
,
which
proceeded
both
from
their
Want
of
Pay
,
and
their
Want
of
Employment
;
and
this
,
with
much
Difficulty
and
Loss
,
was
ended
by
Amilcar
,
after
more
than
Three
Years
.
During
which
time
,
several
of
the
Romans
who
traded
into
Africk
,
were
secur'd
by
the
Carthaginians
,
lest
they
shou'd
furnish
their
Enemies
with
Provisions
.
But
when
Ambassadors
were
sent
to
Carthage
to
complain
of
this
Usage
,
they
kindly
dismiss'd
all
that
were
in
Custody
;
which
so
affected
the
Romans
,
that
they
generously
sent
'em
all
their
Prisoners
without
Ransom
,
and
for
a
short
Space
there
seem'd
to
be
an
extraordinary
Friendship
between
these
two
Nations
.
But
soon
after
their
Troubles
were
ended
,
the
Sardinians
inviting
over
the
Romans
to
that
Island
,
they
sail'd
thither
,
which
much
offended
the
Carthaginians
,
who
thought
themselves
to
have
the
greatest
Right
to
it
;
so
they
prepar'd
to
send
Forces
thither
.
The
Romans
took
an
Occasion
from
thence
to
proclaim
War
against
'em
,
complaining
,
That
these
Preparations
were
design'd
more
against
them
,
than
the
Sardinians
.
This
so
terrify'd
the
Carthaginians
,
who
found
themselves
in
no
Condition
to
begin
a
new
War
,
that
they
were
forc'd
to
yield
to
Necessity
,
and
not
only
quit
all
Sardinia
,
but
further
,
to
pay
the
Romans
1200
Talents
.
This
,
tho'
submitted
to
at
present
,
prov'd
afterwards
the
Occasion
of
a
more
bloody
and
dangerous
War
than
the
former
.
In
the
sixth
Year
after
the
Carthaginian
War
,
the
Romans
being
in
perfect
Peace
with
all
their
Neighbours
,
the
Temple
of
Ianus
was
shut
the
second
time
,
C.
Duilius
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
Aurelius
Cotta
.
For
five
Years
successively
the
Temple
of
Ianus
continued
shut
,
and
in
the
sixth
was
open'd
by
a
War
with
the
Illyrians
,
a
People
nigh
Greece
,
who
inhabited
that
Country
which
is
now
call'd
Dalmatia
:
for
Teuta
Queen
of
that
Nation
,
elevated
by
her
Prosperity
in
Peace
,
gave
her
Subjects
Commission
to
rob
all
they
met
with
at
Sea
;
some
of
which
happen'd
to
be
Merchants
of
Italy
,
whom
they
used
very
Barbarously
.
Upon
Intelligence
of
this
,
the
Romans
dispatch'd
two
Ambassadors
,
Caius
and
Lucius
Coruncanus
,
to
Illyricum
,
to
demand
Satisfaction
.
Teuta
told
'em
,
That
she
would
take
care
that
no
publick
Injury
shou'd
be
offer'd
to
the
Romans
;
but
she
thought
it
was
never
the
Custom
of
Princes
to
hinder
their
Subjects
from
making
what
private
Advantage
they
cou'd
from
the
Sea
.
But
Lucius
smartly
told
her
,
That
the
Romans
had
learn'd
a
better
Custom
,
which
was
,
to
punish
Private
Injuries
with
a
Publick
Revenge
,
and
to
relieve
the
Distressed
;
and
they
,
by
the
help
of
the
God's
,
would
take
care
to
reform
her
Princely
Customs
.
The
Queen
took
this
Freedom
so
heinously
,
that
,
contrary
to
the
Law
of
Nations
,
she
sent
after
the
Ambassadors
,
and
slew
Lucius
.
This
so
enrag'd
the
Romans
,
that
War
was
immediately
Proclaim'd
against
her
,
and
the
two
Consuls
sent
to
Illyricum
,
Fulvius
with
a
Fleet
,
and
Posthumius
with
a
Land
Army
.
Fulvius
had
Corcyra
surrender'd
to
him
at
his
first
Appearance
before
it
,
and
soon
after
took
Apollonia
;
then
the
Armies
joyning
,
the
Consuls
reliev'd
Dyrrhachium
,
which
was
Invested
by
the
Illyrians
.
Soon
after
most
of
the
Illyrick
Towns
were
surrendred
to
the
Consuls
;
whereupon
the
Queen
retir'd
with
a
few
Followers
to
Rhizon
,
a
strong
Town
,
and
the
Spring
after
,
sent
to
Rome
to
beg
Peace
;
which
was
granted
upon
these
Terms
:
First
,
To
pay
a
yearly
Tribute
:
Secondly
,
To
quit
all
Illyricum
,
except
a
very
few
Places
:
And
Thirdly
,
Not
to
Sail
beyond
the
River
Lissus
with
more
than
two
Barks
,
and
those
unarm'd
.
Thus
ended
the
first
Illyrian
War
,
in
less
than
two
Years
time
.
V.
These
Wars
in
Illyricum
still
Inlarg'd
the
Roman
Dominions
,
and
their
generous
Behaviour
,
gain●d
'em
as
much
Love
as
their
Valour
had
got
'em
Reputation
in
those
Parts
,
particularly
among
the
Athenians
and
Corinthians
;
the
latter
of
which
pass'd
a
Decree
in
Honour
of
'em
,
which
made
'em
free
of
the
Isthmian
Games
,
one
of
the
Four
Solemn
Exercises
of
Greece
.
Bellum
Gallicum
Cisalpinum
.
These
fierce
People
,
now
joyn'd
in
Confederacy
,
sent
●ver
the
Alps
for
other
Gauls
,
call●d
Gessatae
,
nigh
the
River
Rhosne
,
who
came
over
with
a
Prodigious
Force
,
and
joyning
with
the
rest
,
made
an
Irruption
into
Hetruria
,
with
an
Army
of
50000
Foot
and
20000
Horse
.
The
Romans
,
to
oppose
'em
,
made
the
greatest
Preparations
that
had
been
known
,
all
Italy
being
up
in
Arms
,
to
the
number
of
Seven
or
Eight
hundred
thousand
Men
,
which
were
plac'd
in
several
Parts
,
to
be
in
readiness
upon
all
Occasions
:
And
the
Consuls
themselves
led
a
particular
Army
of
50●00
Foot
,
and
4200
Horse
.
The
Gauls
now
entring
Hetruria
,
Caecilius
Metellus
,
and
Fabius
Buteo
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
or
Lieutenant
.
The
Gauls
were
now
so
harass'd
and
weakned
,
that
they
sent
Ambassadors
to
Rome
to
beg
Peace
on
any
Terms
;
but
Claudius
Marcellus
,
and
Cornelius
Scipio
put
a
stop
to
that
Affair
,
and
stirr'd
up
the
Multitude
to
continue
the
War
.
Whereupon
the
Gauls
,
now
grown
desperate
,
resolv'd
to
make
their
last
Efforts
,
and
procur'd
●0000
Auxiliaries
from
the
Gessatae
.
The
Consuls
March'd
into
the
Country
of
the
Insubres
,
and
open'd
the
Campaign
with
the
Siege
of
Acerrae
;
whereupon
the
Gauls
invested
Clastidium
,
a
Confederate
Town
of
the
Romans
.
Marcellus
,
with
two
Thirds
of
his
Cavalry
,
and
a
small
Detachment
of
Light-Arm'd
Foot-men
,
March'd
both
Night
and
Day
towards
the
Enemy
;
and
notwithstanding
the
great
Inequality
of
the
Numbers
,
and
the
extraordinary
Fatigues
of
the
long
Marches
,
he
fell
upon
'em
,
and
after
a
Bloody
Battel
overthrew
'em
.
Marcellus
with
his
own
Hands
kill'd
Virdomarus
King
of
the
Gessatae
,
Iupiter
Feretrius
,
obtaining
likewise
a
Noble
Triumph
.
Those
that
escap'd
fled
to
Mediolanum
,
now
call●d
Milan
,
the
Chief
City
of
the
Insubrian
Gauls
,
which
being
shortly
after
taken
,
the
Gallick
War
was
ended
,
after
Six
Years
Continuance
,
to
the
considerable
Enlargement
of
the
Roman
Dominions
,
Colonies
being
planted
not
long
after
at
Cremona
,
and
at
Placentia
.
About
this
time
,
a
Multitude
of
Libertini
or
Freed
Slaves
,
which
liv'd
dispers'd
among
all
the
Tribes
,
gave
great
Disturbances
to
the
City
,
which
occasion'd
the
Censors
at
the
next
Lustrum
to
confine
all
these
to
four
Tribes
,
Esquilina
,
Palatina
,
Suburrana
,
and
Collina
;
at
which
time
were
also
170213
Free
Citizens
cess'd
.
In
the
same
Censorship
C.
Flaminius
,
one
of
the
Censors
,
built
a
Cirque
,
and
Pav'd
the
High-way
as
far
as
Ariminum
,
130
Miles
,
both
which
great
Works
were
afterwards
call'd
by
his
Name
.
Within
a
Year
after
,
the
Illyrians
revolting
,
were
reduc'd
by
Aemilius
and
Livius
the
Consuls
,
tho'
with
some
Difficulty
and
Trouble
.
But
the
greatest
Concern
the
Romans
had
now
,
was
the
successful
Progress
of
the
Carthaginians
in
Spain
,
who
now
had
gain'd
a
great
Part
of
that
Country
,
and
more
than
all
,
had
taken
Saguntus
a
Town
in
Alliance
with
R●m●
,
after
they
were
desir●d
to
desist
.
This
caus●d
the
Romans
to
send
their
Ambassadours
to
Carthage
,
to
require
their
General
Hannibal
to
be
deliver'd
up
;
and
if
that
were
not
granted
,
to
denounce
War
.
The
Ambassadours
finding
the
Carthaginians
very
little
inclin'd
to
give
any
Satisfaction
,
the
Senior
of
'em
holding
out
the
Skirt
of
his
Robe
,
told
the
Senate
,
Here
we
bring
you
War
or
Peace
;
chuse
which
you
please
.
The
Chief
of
the
other
answer●d
,
Deliver
which
you
will
:
the
Roman
replying
,
War
,
the
other
accepted
of
it
.
And
thus
began
the
Second
Punick
or
Carthaginian
War
,
23
Years
after
the
First
,
in
the
536th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3787
,
in
the
Third
Year
of
the
140th
Olympiad
,
291
Years
since
the
beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
172
since
the
Destruction
of
the
City
by
the
Gauls
,
112
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
,
and
216
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
X.
From
the
Beginning
of
the
Second
Punick
War
,
to
the
Finishing
of
it
by
Scipio
Africanus
;
when
the
Romans
became
perfect
in
the
Arts
of
War
.
Containing
the
Space
of
17
Years
.
I.
THE
War
being
broke
out
a
Second
Time
between
these
two
Rival
Nations
,
It
was
now
in
the
midst
of
Winter
,
and
every
thing
appear'd
strange
and
dreadful
,
the
prodigious
Height
of
the
Mountains
,
Capp●d
with
Snows
;
the
rude
mis-shapen
Cottages
on
the
sides
of
Craggy
steep
Rocks
;
the
Cattel
,
Sheep
,
and
Horses
,
parch●d
and
stiff
with
Cold
;
the
People
Barbarous
,
and
with
long
shagg'd
Hair
like
Savages
,
and
nothing
to
be
seen
but
a
general
Scene
of
Deformity
and
Horrour
.
The
Soldiers
in
this
March
,
besides
their
Fears
,
were
extreamly
afflicted
with
the
Greatness
of
the
Colds
,
and
grievously
harass'd
by
the
narrow
Defiles
,
the
slippery
Passages
,
and
the
craggy
Rocks
,
but
more
especially
by
the
Inhabitants
,
who
,
from
their
lurking
Places
fell
often
upon
'em
with
great
Slaughter
;
and
sometimes
by
their
unusual
Shouts
and
Outcries
,
which
were
redoubled
by
the
Echo's
between
the
Rocks
and
Valleys
,
their
Horses
were
so
affrighted
,
as
they
frequently
overthrew
themselves
,
Men
and
Carriages
,
down
these
narrow
Precipices
,
who
falling
from
one
Rock
to
another
,
made
a
dreadful
Rumbling
,
as
if
it
were
the
Fall
of
some
Castle
or
great
Building
.
Nevertheless
,
after
Nine
Days
painful
March
through
these
untrodden
Paths
,
Hannibal
at
last
gain●d
the
Top
of
these
vast
Mountains
,
where
he
refresh●d
his
Men
,
and
encourag●d
their
fainting
Minds
by
a
distant
Prospect
of
Italy
,
telling
●em
,
That
now
,
like
hardy
Soldiers
,
they
had
mounted
not
only
the
Walls
of
Italy
,
but
those
of
Rome
too
.
After
two
Days
Respite
among
these
dismal
Places
,
the
Army
mov●d
forward
,
and
were
forc'd
to
encounter
with
new
Difficulties
;
for
Prodigious
Quantities
of
Snow
being
lately
fallen
,
as
many
Men
were
lost
in
the
depth
of
that
,
as
had
been
before
by
the
Enemies
Encounters
.
And
now
a
sort
of
Despair
appear'd
in
almost
every
Man's
Face
but
Hannibal's
,
who
still
remain'd
steady
and
unshaken
,
inciting
'em
forward
till
they
arriv●d
at
a
Place
,
which
was
a
Rocky
Precipice
,
where
the
Earth
had
lately
fallen
away
to
the
depth
of
1000
Foot
;
so
that
it
was
impossible
to
pass
with
Elephants
or
Horses
.
Whereupon
he
endeavour'd
to
bring
his
Men
through
other
unknown
Ways
;
but
finding
the
Snow
had
made
'em
impassable
,
he
was
forc●d
to
betake
himself
to
the
levelling
the
Rock
.
In
order
to
that
,
great
Numbers
of
huge
Trees
were
fell'd
,
and
a
mighty
Pile
made
against
it
and
set
on
fire
;
when
the
Rock
was
red-hot
,
they
soften'd
,
and
putrefy'd
it
with
Vinegar
,
as
Livy
relates
it
,
and
then
with
wonderful
Labour
cleav'd
it
,
lessening
the
Descent
by
such
moderate
Turnings
,
that
not
only
the
Beasts
of
Burden
,
but
the
Elephants
also
,
might
safely
pass
.
Four
Days
indefatigable
Toil
was
employ'd
about
this
Rock
,
the
Beasts
the
mean
while
being
almost
stary'd
,
having
had
very
little
Sustenance
all
that
time
.
But
coming
lower
,
certain
Valleys
afforded
Pasture
,
where
the
Cattel
were
refresh'd
,
and
Rest
allow'd
the
weary
Soldiers
.
From
thence
Hannibal
descended
into
the
Plains
,
having
been
15
Days
in
passing
the
Alps
,
it
being
now
the
5th
Month
after
his
setting
out
from
New
Carthage
,
which
was
a
City
built
by
Asdrubal
in
Spain
.
At
his
arrival
in
the
Country
of
the
Insubres
,
he
found
his
Army
reduc'd
to
about
18000
Foot
,
and
6000
Horse
,
according
to
Polybius
,
having
lost
most
of
'em
upon
the
Alpes
.
Scipio
the
Consul
hearing
of
Hannibal
●s
March
,
hasten'd
to
meet
him
,
before
his
Men
were
well
refresh●d
.
Both
Armies
met
at
Ticinum
(
now
Pavia
)
in
which
Battel
the
Consul
being
Wounded
,
was
sav●d
by
the
great
Valour
of
his
young
Son
,
afterwards
call●d
Africanus
,
and
in
a
few
Hours
was
defeated
,
especially
by
the
means
of
the
Numidian
Cavalry
,
who
unexpectedly
fell
upon
his
Rear
.
Soon
after
this
Defeat
,
Sempronius
,
the
other
Consul
,
out
of
Sicily
,
joyn●d
Scipio
at
the
River
Trebia
.
Sempronius
having
been
successful
in
some
Skirmishes
,
resolv●d
to
give
the
Enemy
Battel
,
before
too
many
of
the
Gauls
were
joyn●d
him
,
tho'
Scipio
was
much
against
it
,
who
was
now
laid
up
of
his
Wounds
.
Hannibal
knowing
the
Gauls
to
be
all
at
his
Devotion
,
and
finding
his
own
Men
fresh
and
vigorous
,
endeavour'd
at
nothing
more
than
a
Battel
.
Upon
the
nigh
Approach
of
these
Armies
Hannibal
convey'd
1000
choice
Horse
into
a
private
Place
,
and
another
Party
he
sent
to
brave
the
Romans
before
they
cou'd
provide
against
the
Extremity
of
the
Weather
by
Meat
or
Drink
;
so
that
engaging
with
Cold
and
Hunger
,
passing
the
River
up
to
the
Arm-pits
,
and
being
unexpectedly
charg'd
both
in
Front
and
Rear
,
they
were
intirely
defeated
,
tho'
not
without
great
Slaughter
of
the
Enemy
,
through
whose
Ranks
10000
desperately
broke
,
and
escap'd
to
Placentia
,
26000
being
either
slain
,
taken
or
drown'd
in
the
River
.
The
Carthaginians
having
done
what
they
were
able
in
pursuing
,
retir●d
to
their
Camp
so
stupify'd
with
Cold
,
that
they
were
scarcely
sensible
of
their
Victory
;
for
Rain
mixt
with
Snow
,
and
intolerable
Cold
,
kill'd
many
of
their
Men
,
and
almost
all
their
Beasts
and
Elephants
.
Thus
Hannibal
was
now
as
successful
in
his
Battels
,
as
before
he
had
been
daring
in
his
Marches
,
the
Romans
never
having
met
with
a
more
formidable
Enemy
,
or
a
more
expert
General
.
II.
The
Loss
of
these
two
Battels
caus'd
the
Romans
to
be
more
diligent
in
the
Preparations
for
the
C.
Flaminius
and
Servilius
Geminus
were
chosen
Consuls
:
The
former
of
these
had
a
good
Faculty
of
Speaking
,
but
no
great
Skill
in
War
.
Hannibal
having
all
this
while
kept
in
the
Country
of
the
Gauls
,
where
he
had
recruited
and
strengthen'd
his
Army
now
resolved
to
change
the
Seat
of
the
War
,
and
march
into
Hetruria
;
and
after
some
Consultation
about
the
Way
thither
,
he
fixt
upon
that
of
the
Fens
,
as
short
and
unexpected
to
the
Enemy
,
tho'
far
more
difficult
to
pass
.
Here
they
found
a
miserable
Passage
,
being
forc●d
to
march
three
or
four
Days
and
Nights
through
nothing
but
Water
,
without
any
Sleep
or
Rest
,
which
sorely
distress'd
his
Men
;
many
of
the
Beasts
were
left
dead
in
the
Mud
,
and
the
Hoofs
came
off
the
Horses
Feet
.
Hannibal
himself
riding
upon
an
Elephant
,
which
was
the
only
one
left
alive
,
escap'd
with
his
Life
,
but
got
intolerable
Pains
in
his
Eyes
,
and
lost
one
of
them
entirely
.
Being
at
last
arriv'd
upon
dry
ground
,
and
understanding
Flaminius's
fiery
Temper
,
the
better
to
entrap
him
,
he
pass'd
by
his
Camp
,
and
march'd
farther
into
the
Country
,
wasting
it
with
Fire
and
Sword
.
This
enrag'd
Flaminius
,
who
thought
himself
slighted
and
despis'd
by
the
Enemy
;
and
when
he
was
advised
by
some
To
use
great
Caution
,
and
not
rashly
pursue
,
especially
by
reason
of
the
Enemies
Cavalry
,
but
above
all
things
to
stay
for
the
Conjunction
of
his
Collegue's
Forces
,
he
cou'd
by
no
means
bear
their
Words
;
but
rising
with
all
his
Troops
,
he
began
his
March
,
as
if
nothing
had
been
more
certain
than
the
Victory
,
his
Army
being
follow'd
with
a
greater
number
of
Rabble
laden
with
Chains
,
Bonds
,
and
the
like
,
for
the
Prisoners
and
Booty
.
Hannibal
was
now
at
a
Lake
call●d
Thrasymene
,
nigh
which
were
certain
Mountains
,
and
between
them
and
the
Lake
was
a
narrow
Passage
leading
to
a
Valley
just
by
encompass'd
with
a
Ridge
of
Hills
.
These
Hills
Hannibal
made
choice
of
,
placing
and
disposing
his
Men
round
about
,
so
that
when
Flaminius
follow'd
him
into
the
Valley
,
he
was
immediately
hemm●d
in
,
and
attack'd
on
all
sides
,
to
the
cutting
off
of
his
whole
Army
,
and
the
loss
of
his
own
Life
;
and
this
was
done
almost
before
they
cou●d
see
who
engag●d
'em
,
by
reason
of
a
Mist
which
was
risen
from
the
Lake
.
About
15000
of
the
Romans
fell
in
the
Valley
,
and
6000
escap'd
to
a
Village
,
where
they
were
forc●d
to
yield
themselves
Prisoners
.
Hannibal
gathering
all
his
Prisoners
together
,
to
the
number
of
15000
,
kept
the
Romans
,
but
dismiss'd
the
Latins
without
Ransome
;
and
he
sought
also
for
the
Consul●s
Body
to
bury
it
,
but
cou'd
not
find
it
.
Servilius
the
other
Consul
,
who
lay
at
Ariminum
,
having
Intelligence
of
Hannibal's
March
into
Hetruria
,
with
all
speed
detach'd
a
Party
of
4000
Men
,
commanded
by
Centinius
,
to
joyn
Flaminius
,
if
possible
,
before
the
Battel
.
Hannibal
hearing
of
this
Supply
,
immediately
after
his
Victory
,
detach●d
out
a
sufficient
Party
under
Maharbal
,
who
cut
off
one
half
of
the
Romans
,
and
forc●d
the
rest
to
a
Hill
,
where
they
yielded
themselves
Prisoners
.
The
Romans
were
now
in
a
great
Consternation
at
these
vast
Losses
,
and
upon
mature
Deliberation
,
they
found
it
necessary
to
have
a
General
with
absolute
Authority
;
whereupon
they
resolv'd
upon
a
Dictator
,
which
was
Fabius
Maximus
,
a
Person
of
extraordinary
Wisdom
and
Experience
,
Minutius
Rufus
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
who
was
of
a
Temper
more
hot
and
violent
than
himself
.
Having
made
what
Preparations
he
was
able
,
he
set
forward
to
meet
Hannibal
,
with
little
Intention
to
fight
him
,
but
rather
to
wait
his
Motions
,
straiten
his
Quarters
,
and
cut
off
his
Provisions
,
which
he
knew
wou'd
be
the
most
effectual
way
to
ruin
him
,
in
a
Country
so
far
from
his
own
.
He
always
encamp'd
on
the
highest
Grounds
,
free
from
the
Insults
of
the
Enemies
Cavalry
,
still
keeping
pace
with
'em
;
when
they
march●d
he
follow●d
●em
;
when
they
encamp'd
he
did
the
same
,
but
at
such
a
distance
as
not
to
be
forc●d
to
engage
;
by
which
means
he
gave
them
no
Rest
,
but
kept
'em
in
a
continual
Alarum
.
This
cautious
way
of
proceeding
,
which
got
him
the
Name
of
Cunctator
,
made
Most
Men
suspect
his
Courage
,
except
Hannibal
himself
,
who
was
extreamly
troubled
and
inrag'd
at
it
,
using
all
possible
Artifices
to
make
Fabius
and
his
Actions
become
despicable
;
sometimes
by
braving
him
in
his
Camp
,
and
other
times
by
wasting
the
Country
round
him
.
Soon
after
,
Hannibal
designing
for
Casinum
,
was
by
a
mistake
Conducted
to
Casilinum
nigh
Campania
,
where
entring
a
Valley
inviron'd
with
Mountains
,
Fabius
detach●d
4000
Choice
Men
who
possess●d
themselves
of
the
Entrance
,
and
with
another
Party
cut
off
800
of
his
Rear
,
putting
his
whole
Army
into
some
disorder
.
Hannibal
finding
himself
block'd
up
,
and
in
a
dangerous
Condition
,
one
Night
he
ordered
small
Fagots
and
lighted
Torches
to
be
ty'd
to
the
Horns
of
2000
Oxen
,
which
by
their
tossing
their
Horns
and
scattering
the
Fires
,
so
frighted
the
Party
that
guarded
the
Entrance
,
that
they
quitted
their
Posts
;
and
by
this
Stratagem
,
Hannibal
drew
off
his
Army
,
and
escap'd
,
tho'
with
considerable
Damage
to
his
Rear
.
This
Action
,
tho'
excellently
well
manag'd
by
Fabiu's
procur'd
many
Complaints
against
him
,
and
Hannibal
to
improve
their
Hatred
,
ravag●d
the
Country
about
,
but
carefully
spar'd
Fabius●s
Lands
,
to
render
him
suspected
of
a
secret
Correspondence
with
him
.
These
Suspicions
,
and
Fabius's
want
of
Courage
,
as
his
Men
believ●d
,
prov'd
so
prejudicial
to
him
,
that
in
his
Absence
soon
after
,
Minutius
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
having
skirmish'd
with
some
Success
,
procur'd
so
much
Favour
from
the
Multitude
,
that
his
Power
was
made
equal
with
the
Dictator's
;
which
was
a
thing
beyond
all
Example
.
Minutius
was
so
exalted
with
his
late
Successes
and
this
new
Honour
,
that
he
resolv'd
,
contrary
to
all
the
Perswasions
of
Fabius
,
to
engage
Hannibal
with
his
Part
of
his
Army
,
which
he
did
;
where
he
was
cunningly
drawn
in
by
Hannibal
to
a
disadvantageous
Place
,
and
was
in
great
danger
of
being
intirely
defeated
,
when
Fabius
,
who
had
been
a
careful
Observer
of
this
Action
from
an
Eminence
in
his
Camp
,
came
in
,
and
falling
upon
the
Enemy
with
extraordinary
Skill
and
Courage
,
soon
forc'd
'em
to
retreat
,
and
sav'd
Minutius
.
Hannibal
,
after
this
Battel
,
told
his
Friends
,
That
he
thought
the
Cloud
which
had
so
long
hover'd
upon
the
Mountains
wou'd
some
time
break
upon
'em
with
a
Storm
.
As
for
Minutius
,
he
was
so
far
convinc'd
of
his
former
Rashness
,
that
he
confess'd
his
Errour
to
Fabius
,
whom
he
now
call'd
his
Father
,
and
renouncing
his
new
Power
again
,
subjected
his
Office
freely
to
the
Dictatorship
.
Soon
after
Fabius's
time
was
expir●d
,
Veturius
Philo
,
and
Pomponius
Matho
was
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
The
new
Consuls
were
Aemilius
Paulus
and
Terentius
Varro
,
the
former
a
prudent
experienc●d
Person
,
the
latter
a
hot
,
rash
,
and
inconsiderate
Man
.
These
had
gather'd
together
an
Army
of
80000
Foot
and
6000
Horse
,
which
gave
great
Hopes
to
the
People
,
but
rais●d
as
great
Fears
in
some
of
the
wiser
sort
,
especially
Fabius
,
who
with
all
the
powerful
Arguments
imaginable
advis'd
Aemilius
,
To
beware
of
the
Policy
of
Hannibal
,
and
the
Rashness
of
Varro
.
Both
Armies
met
at
a
Village
in
Apulia
call'd
Cannae
,
where
Varro
resolv'd
to
engage
contrary
to
Aemilius's
Advice
,
the
Enemy
being
about
40000
Foot
and
20000
Horse
.
This
Battel
was
fought
with
dreadful
Fury
on
both
sides
,
and
Hannibal
had
plac'd
his
Men
with
all
possible
Skill
and
Art
,
so
that
the
Romans
were
not
only
forc'd
to
fight
with
Wind
,
Dust
,
and
Sun
,
but
pressing
forwards
,
were
in
a
little
time
almost
surrounded
.
In
short
,
the
Abilities
of
the
Punick
General
at
this
time
were
more
apparent
than
ever
,
who
more
over-match'd
them
in
Skill
than
they
exceeded
him
in
Numbers
,
making
a
most
miserable
Slaughter
of
the
Romans
,
till
quite
wearied
out
,
he
commanded
his
Soldiers
to
give
over
.
Aemilius
was
found
desperately
wounded
by
Lentulus
a
Colonel
,
who
offer'd
him
his
Horse
to
fly
;
but
the
Consul
with
weeping
Eyes
desired
him
to
make
use
of
it
himself
,
and
go
tell
Fabius
that
he
had
follow'd
his
Directions
to
the
last
,
but
Fate
had
conquer'd
him
:
and
then
falling
among
the
dead
Bodies
,
he
expir●d
.
In
this
Battel
the
Romans
lost
50000
Men.
Polybius
says
,
70000
,
2
Quaestors
,
21
Tribunes
,
80
of
Senatorian
Order
,
and
so
many
Equites
or
Knights
,
that
't
is
said
that
three
Bushels
of
their
Rings
were
sent
to
Carthage
;
the
Enemy
having
lost
but
5700
Men.
Never
was
any
thing
so
terrible
and
dreadful
to
Rome
as
the
News
of
this
fatal
Defeat
;
never
was
the
City
so
sadly
fill'd
with
Terrour
and
Tumult
;
and
never
was
a
more
universal
Mourning
and
Lamentation
throughout
all
the
Streets
,
than
at
this
time
.
The
Citizens
were
all
in
an
Uproar
and
Consternation
,
and
the
Senators
themselves
in
great
Trouble
and
Confusion
,
being
extreamly
disturb'd
in
their
Debates
by
the
dismal
Outcries
of
miserable
Women
tearing
their
Hair
and
beating
their
Breasts
after
a
sad
and
deplorable
manner
.
A
Dictater
upon
this
was
created
,
which
was
M.
Iunius
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
T.
Sempronius
,
That
there
cou'd
be
no
possible
Mean●s
of
preserving
themselves
,
but
by
bravely
defending
the
Walls
.
In
a
short
time
Varro
arriv●d
at
Rome
with
the
weak
and
tatter'd
Relicts
of
his
Army
;
and
tho'
he
had
been
the
principal
Cause
of
this
Defeat
,
yet
the
Romans
,
out
of
an
extraordinary
Greatness
of
Mind
,
went
out
to
meet
him
in
Multitudes
,
and
the
Senate
return'd
him
Thanks
,
for
that
he
had
not
despair'd
of
the
Commonwealth
.
Notwithstanding
the
vast
Losses
sustain'd
by
Hannibal
,
and
the
Revolt
of
a
great
part
of
Italy
immediately
after
this
last
Defeat
,
the
Romans
wou'd
never
so
much
as
mention
Peace
;
Whereas
,
as
Livy
says
,
No
Nation
under
Heaven
but
wou'd
have
fainted
,
and
have
suffer'd
themselves
to
have
been
overwhelm'd
and
crush'd
with
the
weight
of
so
mighty
a
Disaster
.
III.
Thus
far
was
Hannibal
extraordinary
successful
;
and
had
he
made
the
best
use
of
this
his
last
Victory
by
marching
directly
to
Rome
,
he
might
in
all
Probability
have
put
an
end
to
the
War
and
Roman
State
at
once
;
but
this
great
Soldier
,
as
Maharbal
Captain
of
his
Horse
told
him
,
knew
perfectly
how
to
gain
a
Victory
,
but
not
how
to
use
and
improve
it
.
For
his
careless
manner
of
proceeding
that
Summer
,
gave
the
Romans
an
Opportunity
of
Recovering
themselves
when
they
were
almost
reduc'd
to
a
despairing
Condition
:
And
now
they
were
inspir'd
with
new
Courage
,
and
new
Resolutions
of
prosecuting
the
War
without
Fainting
;
making
all
possible
Preparations
for
another
Campaign
,
arming
of
several
thousands
of
Slaves
,
and
filling
up
the
Senate
,
which
wanted
177
Persons
:
This
last
was
done
by
Fabius
Buteo
a
Dictator
,
Master
of
the
Horse
,
and
that
before
the
last
Dictator
was
out
of
Office
who
was
then
abroad
.
But
that
which
prov●d
most
fatal
to
Hannibal
,
was
,
his
Wintering
in
Capua
,
a
most
wealthy
and
luxurious
City
,
which
among
many
other
Places
had
surrender●d
it self
to
him
since
his
last
Victory
.
He●●●e
utterly
spoil●d
an
excellent
and
hardy
Army
,
which
now
was
so
enfeebled
and
enervated
by
their
immoderate
Use
of
the
Pleasures
and
Effeminateness
of
that
Place
,
that
ever
after
his
Men
became
impatient
of
Labour
and
the
ancient
Military
Discipline
;
So
that
Capua
became
a
Cannae
to
Hannibal
●s
Soldiers
.
And
now
Hannibal's
Fortune
began
to
change
;
for
in
the
next
Campaign
,
he
was
worsted
in
a
Sally
out
of
Nola
by
Marcellus
the
Praetor
,
and
repuls'd
at
Casilinum
after
he
had
brought
the
Place
to
great
Extremities
;
and
not
long
after
Marcellus
gave
him
a
considerable
Repulse
nigh
Nola
,
which
gave
the
Romans
mighty
Hopes
of
farther
Successes
.
In
Spain
the
Scipio's
manag●d
the
War
with
great
Success
,
overthrowing
Hanno
and
gaining
much
Ground
,
and
likewise
defeating
Asdrubal
,
who
but
just
before
had
been
order'd
by
the
Senate
of
Carthage
to
go
for
Italy
and
joyn
Hannibal
;
which
Design
by
this
means
was
broke
.
In
Sicily
and
Sardinia
,
tho'
several
Attempts
were
made
by
the
Carthaginians
,
and
some
Revolts
hapned
,
yet
Affairs
succeeded
prosperously
especially
in
Sardinia
,
where
a
Battel
was
fought
,
and
12000
Carthaginians
,
kill'd
,
and
many
taken
Prisoners
,
among
whom
were
Asdrubal
,
Hanno
,
and
Mago
,
all
Persons
of
the
highest
Quality
.
Rome
now
had
the
Misfortune
of
having
Enemies
on
all
sides
of
her
,
and
in
all
Parts
of
her
Dominions
and
Territories
,
so
that
the
Vigour
and
Diligence
of
her
Inhabitants
was
certainly
very
admirable
in
sending
Recruits
and
Supplies
into
Spain
,
Sicily
,
and
Sardinia
,
those
distant
Countries
,
with
the
same
Care
as
against
Hannibal
himself
.
But
what
is
a
greater
Instance
of
the
Roman
Courage
and
Magnanimity
,
is
their
proclaiming
War
with
Philip
King
of
Macedon
in
Greece
,
not
long
after
their
dreadful
Defeat
at
Cannae
,
for
his
making
a
League
with
Hannibal
,
and
their
venturing
to
invade
his
Dominion
,
which
they
did
with
good
Success
.
About
this
time
,
Claudius
Centho
was
created
Dictator
for
holding
the
〈◊〉
in
the
Consul's
Absence
for
a
new
Election
,
Master
of
the
Horse
was
Fulvius
Flaccus
.
The
Affairs
of
Sicily
were
in
a
little
time
alter'd
by
the
Death
of
Hiero
King
of
Syracuse
,
and
the
Murder
of
his
Grandson
Hieronymus
not
long
after
,
which
caus'd
great
Factions
in
that
City
.
The
prevailing
Faction
proving
Enemies
to
Rome
,
Marcellus
was
sent
thither
,
who
besieg●d
the
great
City
of
Syracuse
by
Sea
and
Land
,
but
cou'd
not
storm
it
with
all
his
Power
,
being
perpetually
hinder'd
by
the
great
Skill
and
Inventions
of
that
excellent
Mathematician
Archimed●s
,
who
contriv'd
such
Engines
as
wou●d
cast
Stones
of
prodigious
Bulk
upon
the
Romans
,
and
vast
Beams
upon
their
Ships
,
and
dismount
all
their
Bat-Battering
Engines
.
He
also
set
the
Roman
Ships
upon
one
end
,
or
overturn'd
them
,
or
hois'd
'em
up
into
the
Air
,
and
after
all
the
Men
were
fallen
out
,
let
'em
fall
upon
the
Walls
;
by
which
means
he
became
so
formidable
to
the
Romans
,
that
Marcellus
was
forc'd
to
remove
to
a
farther
Distance
,
Jeering
his
own
Engineers
,
and
calling
Archimedes
,
Briareus
.
After
some
considerable
Actions
in
Sicily
,
and
after
Three
Years
Siege
,
Marcellus
found
means
to
surprize
the
City
on
a
great
Festival
of
theirs
,
by
reason
of
an
Ill-guarded
Tower
,
and
so
became
Master
of
it
.
Marcellus
cou'd
not
forbear
his
Tears
at
the
Destruction
of
such
a
glorious
and
Magnificent
City
,
which
he
endeavour'd
,
but
could
not
prevent
;
but
above
all
,
the
Death
of
Archimedes
was
the
greatest
Trouble
to
him
;
for
he
had
given
strict
Command
to
his
Men
to
preserve
him
.
But
this
great
Artist
was
at
that
time
so
extreamly
Busie
about
his
Mathematical
Speculations
,
that
he
took
no
Notice
of
the
Noise
and
Uproar
in
the
City
,
and
so
was
kill'd
by
a
Common
Soldier
before
he
suspected
any
Danger
.
His
Body
was
honourably
bury'd
by
Marcellus's
Order
,
and
vast
Plunder
was
obtain'd
by
the
Soldiers
,
besides
many
rich
Works
and
great
Rareties
sent
to
Rome
,
the
City
being
full
of
People
,
and
22
Miles
in
Compass
.
The
Wars
in
Italy
were
manag'd
the
same
time
with
various
Success
,
Hannibal
in
a
short
time
decamp'd
,
and
advanc'd
to
the
River
Arno
,
three
Miles
from
Rome
,
from
whence
with
a
Party
of
2000
Horse
he
went
to
take
a
View
of
the
City
.
Flaccus
,
much
offended
that
he
shou'd
take
such
Liberty
without
Opposition
,
sent
out
a
considerable
Body
of
Horse
,
which
falling
upon
him
,
forc'd
him
to
retreat
.
The
next
Day
,
and
the
Day
following
,
Hannibal
on
one
side
,
and
Flaccus
with
the
Consuls
on
the
other
,
drew
out
all
their
Forces
for
a
General
Battel
;
but
on
both
those
Days
there
fell
such
great
Storms
of
Hail
and
Rain
,
that
the
Armies
cou'd
not
joyn
;
but
after
they
had
retir'd
to
their
Camps
,
the
Weather
prov●d
fair
and
calm
.
This
struck
the
Carthaginians
with
a
Religious
Awe
,
and
made
Hannibal
to
say
,
That
one
while
his
Mind
,
another
time
his
Fortune
,
wou'd
not
suffer
him
to
become
Master
of
that
mighty
City
.
Whereupon
he
decamp'd
,
and
March'd
to
the
River
Turia
,
from
thence
to
the
Lake
of
Feronia
,
where
he
plunder●d
a
Temple
of
that
Goddess
,
proceeding
in
this
outrageous
Manner
through
the
Countries
of
the
Lucani
and
Brutii
;
which
Cruelty
lost
him
much
Credit
,
and
did
him
as
much
Injury
.
Flaccus
return'd
to
the
Siege
of
Capua
,
which
soon
after
was
surrender'd
,
the
Heads
of
the
Revolt
being
put
to
death
,
and
the
common
sort
sold.
This
City
,
being
situated
in
so
good
a
Soil
,
was
reserv'd
for
the
Use
of
all
sorts
of
Plowmen
,
Labourers
and
Artificers
,
without
any
Shew
of
Government
of
its
own
as
it
had
formerly
.
This
happen'd
in
the
7th
Year
of
this
War
,
and
54●d
of
the
City
.
In
Spain
,
the
War
had
been
carry'd
on
all
this
time
with
great
Vigour
,
the
Romans
being
generally
Conquerours
,
killing
in
one
Battel
3●000
Men
;
but
in
this
last
Year
,
Claudius
Nero
the
Governour
of
Spain
was
much
impos'd
upon
by
the
Treachery
of
Asdrubal
,
and
another
Governour
was
order'd
to
succeed
him
,
both
the
Scipio's
having
been
slain
not
long
before
in
Spain
.
A
Comitia
was
held
for
the
creating
a
Proconsul
for
Spain
,
but
none
appear'd
to
stand
for
that
Office
,
well
perceiving
the
Hazards
and
Difficulties
of
such
a
War
,
which
caus●d
a
great
Concern
and
Sadness
among
the
〈◊〉
Whereupon
young
Scipio
,
a
Noble
Youth
,
〈◊〉
24
Years
of
Age
,
bravely
stood
up
,
and
profess'd
●●●self
Candidate
,
having
the
Year
before
been
〈…〉
,
tho'
under
Age
,
by
the
great
Favour
and
C●●●ence
of
the
People
.
This
Scipio
was
Son
to
the
Consul
slain
in
Spain
,
a
Person
of
rare
and
wonderful
Abilities
for
his
Age
,
of
extraordinary
Courage
and
Valour
,
and
of
as
eminent
Prudence
and
Vertue
;
which
excellent
Accomplishments
made
him
joyfully
accepted
of
by
the
Votes
of
all
;
but
after
he
was
chosen
,
they
began
to
have
some
Concern
upon
the
Account
of
his
Youth
;
which
he
apprehending
,
call'd
'em
together
,
and
with
such
a
noble
Spirit
and
great
Resolution
promis'd
'em
Success
,
that
they
departed
abundantly
satisfied
with
their
Choice
.
The
following
Year
after
Scipio's
Voyage
to
Spain
,
Valerius
Laevinus
,
who
had
done
good
Service
against
Philip
of
Macedon
,
was
made
Consul
a
second
time
,
and
sent
into
Sicily
;
where
taking
the
City
Agrigentum
,
he
soon
reduc'd
the
whole
Island
,
which
was
the
first
time
the
Romans
became
Masters
of
all
Sicily
;
and
this
fell
out
in
the
8th
Year
of
this
War
,
and
544th
of
the
City
.
Fulvius
Flaccus
,
and
his
Master
of
the
Horse
was
Licinius
Crassus
.
In
this
Election
Fabius
Maximus
was
chosen
Consul
a
Fifth
time
,
in
which
Year
Tarentum
was
Betray'd
into
his
hands
,
the
Success
of
this
Campaign
proving
very
doubtful
and
various
;
and
in
this
same
Year
was
a
Lustration
,
where
were
found
but
137108
Free
Citizens
;
by
which
Account
it
appears
,
what
great
Losses
the
Romans
had
sustained
by
these
Dreadful
Wars
.
Marcellus
for
this
Year
sometimes
won
and
sometimes
lost
with
Hannibal
;
and
the
following
was
made
Consul
a
Fifth
time
,
when
,
going
against
Hannibal
,
he
was
slain
in
an
Ambuscade
;
a
Valiant
Soldier
,
who
was
call●d
the
Sword
,
as
Fabius
〈◊〉
Buckler
,
of
Rome
.
His
Collegue
Crispinus
also
〈◊〉
a
Wound
,
which
in
a
little
time
kill●d
him
,
〈◊〉
nominated
a
Dictator
for
holding
the
Comiti●●●
new
Election
,
Manlius
Torquatus
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
C.
Servilius
.
The
following
Year
,
Asdrubal
was
order'd
to
leave
Spain
and
go
for
Italy
to
the
Assistance
of
his
Brother
Hannibal
.
Whereupon
Livius
the
Consul
was
order'd
to
meet
and
oppose
him
,
whilst
his
Collegue
Nero
observ'd
the
Motions
of
Hannibal
:
but
Nero
having
met
with
some
Success
against
Hannibal
,
made
a
choice
Detachment
of
6000
Foot
,
and
1000
Horse
,
and
with
great
Secrecy
and
as
great
Expedition
,
March●d
towards
his
Collegue
.
Having
joyn'd
him
,
they
surrounded
Asdrubal
,
who
by
the
Treachery
of
his
Guides
had
led
him
into
a
dangerous
Place
,
and
cut
him
and
his
whole
Army
in
pieces
.
Nero
immediately
return●d
to
his
Camp
,
and
before
Hannibal
knew
of
his
Departure
,
cast
his
Brother's
Head
in
his
Camp
;
by
which
,
to
his
great
Grief
,
he
knew
of
his
Defeat
.
At
the
finishing
of
this
Consulship
,
a
Dictator
was
created
for
the
holding
of
the
Comitia
for
a
new
Election
,
the
Consuls
being
both
in
the
Field
,
Livius
Salinator
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
Caecilius
Metellus
.
The
Year
after
this
,
Scipio
,
after
the
obtaining
many
great
Victories
,
and
the
performing
many
noble
Exploits
in
Spain
,
wholly
reduc'd
that
Country
to
the
Obedience
of
Rome
;
having
taken
or
driven
out
all
the
Carthaginian
Commanders
,
and
gain'd
as
much
Reputation
by
his
Mild
,
Sweet
,
and
Generous
Temper
,
as
he
did
by
his
Courageous
and
Valiant
Acts.
This
happen'd
Five
Years
after
his
undertaking
this
Charge
,
and
Twelve
after
the
Beginning
of
this
War
.
IV.
The
Romans
now
found
themselves
in
a
much
better
Condition
than
they
were
at
the
Beginning
of
That
he
doubted
not
but
to
manage
Affairs
so
,
as
that
the
Carthaginians
should
be
forc●d
to
recall
Hannibal
out
of
Italy
for
the
Defence
of
his
own
Country
.
Fabius
most
earnestly
and
with
some
Heat
,
oppos'd
this
,
and
thereupon
a
considerable
Difference
arose
;
but
at
length
Sicily
was
granted
him
for
his
Province
,
and
Leave
given
him
to
pass
over
into
Africk
,
if
he
saw
it
convenient
for
the
Common-wealth
.
All
the
first
Year
he
spent
in
Sicily
,
in
providing
Necessaries
for
his
Expedition
;
at
the
end
of
which
,
a
Dictator
was
created
for
holding
the
Comitia
for
a
new
Election
of
Consuls
,
Caecilius
M●tellus
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
Veturius
Philo
:
The
next
Lustrum
being
soon
after
,
215000
Free
Citizens
were
Cess●d
,
which
was
77892
more
than
at
the
last
;
a
happy
Encrease
for
Five
Years
time
.
This
same
Year
,
which
was
the
14th
of
this
War
,
Scipio
arriv'd
at
Africk
with
a
brave
Fleet
,
where
Masanissa
King
of
Numidia
,
who
had
joyn'd
with
him
in
Spain
,
came
in
to
his
Assistance
.
Scipio
was
not
long
in
Africk
without
Employment
,
for
in
a
short
time
Hanno
oppos●d
him
,
and
was
slain
himself
with
3000
of
his
Men
;
which
so
encourag'd
Scipio
,
that
he
immediately
Invested
Utica
:
but
Syphax
King
of
Numidia
,
who
had
dispossess'd
Masanissa
of
his
Kingdom
,
Marching
with
the
Carthaginians
to
relieve
the
Place
,
Scipio
broke
up
the
Siege
,
and
departed
to
his
Winter
Quarters
.
But
in
the
Winter
he
again
Invested
Utica
;
and
understanding
that
the
Enemy
was
encamp'd
not
far
off
,
he
sent
his
ablest
Soldiers
,
in
the
Habits
of
Slaves
,
with
his
Commissioners
,
to
view
their
Camp
.
This
done
,
he
suddenly
set
Fire
to
their
Coverings
of
Mats
,
Reeds
,
dry
Boughs
and
the
like
;
which
they
not
suspecting
,
but
thinking
it
came
by
Accident
,
were
cut
in
pieces
in
the
midst
of
the
Hurry
and
Confusion
,
to
the
Numberof
40000
Men
,
6000
being
taken
Prisoners
.
Not
long
after
he
gave
them
another
great
Overthrow
,
which
so
terrify'd
the
Carthaginians
,
that
they
were
oblig●d
to
recall
their
great
Champion
Hannibal
out
of
Italy
,
who
himself
likewise
had
been
in
declining
condition
for
a
considerable
time
.
An
Embassage
was
immediately
dispatch'd
to
Rome
,
with
a
Design
to
obtain
a
Ces●ation
of
Arms
till
Hannibal
cou'd
safely
retire
from
Italy
:
But
their
Aim
being
sufficiently
understood
,
their
Message
was
slighted
,
and
came
to
no
Effect
.
During
these
Endeavours
,
Syphax
,
finding
his
Kingdom
wou'd
probably
return
to
Masanissa
,
the
True
Inheritor
,
had
gather'd
together
a
Numerous
Army
of
Unexperienc'd
Strangers
,
and
with
them
March'd
against
Scipio
,
but
was
soon
defeated
,
and
himself
taken
Prisoner
.
Masanissa
,
the
better
to
regain
his
Kingdom
,
March'd
with
all
speed
to
Cirta
the
Chief
City
,
and
by
shewing
them
the
King
in
Bonds
,
procur'd
the
Gates
to
be
open'd
,
every
one
striving
to
gain
the
Favour
of
him
,
who
,
as
they
perceiv'd
,
wou'd
be
their
King
.
Among
the
rest
,
Queen
Sophonisba
,
Syphax
●s
Wife
,
a
Woman
of
incomparable
Beauty
,
who
very
earnestly
and
humbly
besought
him
,
That
she
might
not
be
deliver'd
up
into
the
hands
of
the
Romans
.
Her
Powerful
Charms
so
recommended
her
Suit
,
that
young
Masanissa
forthwith
granted
it
;
and
the
more
effectually
to
perform
his
Promise
,
Marry'd
her
himself
that
Day
.
This
Action
was
much
disapprov●d
of
by
Scipio
at
his
Arrival
soon
after
,
letting
him
to
understand
,
That
the
Romans
had
a
Title
to
her
Head
,
as
being
their
Captive
,
one
of
their
greatest
Enemies
,
and
the
Principal
Cause
of
all
Syphax
'
s
Treachery
.
Upon
this
therefore
,
Masanissa
,
in
desperate
Passion
,
sent
her
a
Bowl
of
Poyson
;
at
the
receiving
of
which
she
only
said
,
That
if
her
Husband
had
no
better
Token
to
send
to
his
new
Wife
,
she
must
accept
of
that
;
adding
,
That
her
Death
had
been
more
honourable
,
if
her
Marriage
had
been
farther
from
it
;
and
so
boldly
drank
it
oft
.
Scipio
,
the
better
to
comfort
the
Melancholy
Prince
,
had
him
immediately
Proclaim●d
King
of
Numidia
,
with
the
greatest
Pomp
and
Solemnity
that
cou●d
be
expected
,
having
now
setled
him
in
his
Throne
without
any
farther
Opposition
.
V.
Hannibal
had
now
made
his
greatest
and
utmost
Efforts
in
Italy
,
and
had
perform'd
more
than
any
other
Commander
,
when
he
was
recall'd
by
his
Superiours
;
and
with
great
Concern
and
Reluctancy
was
forc'd
to
quit
that
Country
,
after
he
had
spent
15
Years
in
it
with
various
Fortune
.
He
complain'd
much
of
his
Senate
,
and
of
Himself
:
of
his
Senate
,
because
they
had
so
badly
supply●d
him
with
Money
and
other
Necessaries
,
when
he
had
been
so
long
in
an
Enemies
Country
:
of
Himself
,
for
giving
the
Romans
time
to
recover
themselves
,
after
he
had
so
often
overthrown
'em
.
It
is
said
likewise
,
that
before
he
Embark'd
,
he
built
an
Arch
nigh
the
Temple
of
Iuno
Lacinia
,
where
,
in
Punick
and
Greek
Letters
,
he
wrote
the
Sum
of
his
great
Exploits
.
Then
putting
to
Sea
in
a
Melancholy
Temper
,
having
lost
both
his
Brothers
,
Asdrubal
and
Mago
,
and
a
great
many
of
his
best
Men
,
he
Landed
in
a
few
Days
at
Leptis
;
from
whence
he
March'd
to
Adrumetum
,
and
next
to
Zama
,
five
Days
Journey
from
Carthage
.
A
General
Satisfaction
was
in
Rome
for
his
Departure
;
for
never
was
a
General
more
dreaded
by
●em
:
and
much
about
that
time
a
Dictator
was
created
for
holding
the
Comitia
for
a
new
Election
of
Consuls
,
Sulpicius
Galba
being
the
Person
,
and
Servilius
Geminus
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Hannibal
now
lying
encamp'd
near
Zama
,
and
Scipio
not
far
from
him
,
the
former
beginning
to
consider
the
declining
Estate
of
his
Country
,
desir●d
a
Meeting
with
Scipio
to
Treat
of
a
Peace
,
which
was
granted
.
In
a
large
Plain
between
the
Two
Armies
,
the
Two
Greatest
Generals
in
the
World
came
to
an
Enterview
;
but
receiving
mutually
no
satisfaction
,
especially
for
that
Scipio
had
upbraided
the
Carthaginians
with
a
late
Breach
of
Truce
and
Violation
of
Ambassadours
,
they
return'd
to
decide
the
Controversie
by
the
Sword
.
Never
was
a
more
Memorable
Battel
fought
,
whether
we
regard
the
Generals
,
the
Armies
,
the
Two
States
that
Contended
,
or
the
Importance
of
the
Victory
.
Both
the
Generals
shew●d
admirable
Skill
in
placing
their
Men
,
and
chusing
their
Ground
,
as
well
as
extraordinary
Courage
in
Charging
and
Falling
on
,
letting
their
Soldiers
to
understand
,
That
this
Battel
must
shew
whether
Rome
or
Carthage
should
give
Laws
to
the
World
.
Hannibal
,
tho'
he
behav'd
himself
most
gallantly
,
and
with
all
the
true
Management
of
such
an
Expert
Commander
,
was
at
last
overcome
by
Scipio
,
who
slew
20000
,
and
took
as
many
Prisoners
.
Whereupon
Hannibal
perswaded
his
Country-men
to
beg
Peace
,
and
Ambassadours
were
immediately
dispatch'd
to
Rome
for
that
Purpose
;
C.
Servilius
,
his
Master
of
the
Horse
being
Ailius
Paetus
.
The
Power
of
concluding
Peace
was
by
the
People
decreed
to
Scipio
and
Ten
others
,
and
was
at
last
agreed
to
upon
these
Articles
;
First
,
That
the
Carthaginians
should
enjoy
all
their
Territories
in
Africk
;
but
that
the
Romans
should
hold
Spain
,
with
all
the
Islands
in
the
Mediterranean
:
Secondly
,
That
all
Rebels
and
Deserters
should
be
deliver'd
up
to
the
Romans
:
Thirdly
,
That
the
Carthaginians
should
deliver
up
all
the
beak'd
Ships
,
except
Ten
Triremes
,
with
all
their
Tam'd
Elephants
,
and
Tame
no
more
:
Fourthly
,
That
it
should
be
unlawful
for
'em
to
make
War
in
Africk
,
or
elsewhere
without
Leave
from
Rome
:
Fifthly
,
That
they
should
r
estore
all
to
Masanissa
,
and
enter
into
Alliance
with
him
:
Sixthly
,
That
they
should
give
Money
and
Corn
to
the
Roman
Troops
,
till
the
Return
of
the
Ambassadors
:
And
Seventhly
,
That
they
should
Pay
10000
Talents
of
Silver
in
50
Years
time
,
and
give
100
Hostages
for
the
Performance
of
all
.
Thus
ended
the
Second
Punick
,
or
Carthaginian
War
,
in
the
1●th
Year
of
it
,
to
the
great
Satisfaction
of
Rome
,
and
the
greater
Renown
of
Scipio
,
who
,
besides
a
most
Splendid
Triumph
,
obtain●d
the
Honourable
Surname
of
Africanus
.
It
was
Seven
Years
shorter
,
tho'
far
more
Bloody
and
Dangerous
than
the
First
Punick
War
,
and
ended
in
the
55●d
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3804
,
in
the
4th
Year
of
the
144th
Olympiad
,
308
Years
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
189
since
the
Burning
of
the
City
by
the
Gauls
,
129
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
,
and
199
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
XI
.
From
the
End
of
the
Second
Punick
War
,
to
the
End
of
the
Third
,
and
the
Destruction
of
Carthage
;
when
Rome
got
free
from
all
her
Rival
States
.
Containing
the
Space
of
55
Years
.
I.
THese
Wars
,
Ennius
,
Licinius
Tegula
,
and
Caecilius
,
all
Dramatick
Poets
;
the
Romans
being
much
delighted
with
such
Spectacles
,
as
well
as
those
more
cruel
ones
of
Gladiators
,
Fightings
with
wild
Beasts
,
&c.
The
finishing
of
these
late
Wars
much
eas'd
the
Romans
,
but
still
they
were
employ'd
abroad
;
for
immediately
after
began
,
or
rather
went
on
,
the
Macedonian
War
against
King
Philip
,
the
first
Occasion
being
given
soon
after
the
great
Battel
of
Cannae
,
upon
his
entrance
into
an
Alliance
with
Hannibal
,
as
was
said
before
.
But
now
the
Romans
having
a
good
Opportunity
,
and
not
without
Provocation
as
well
by
his
Breach
of
Faith
with
the
Aetolians
and
other
Roman
Allies
in
those
Parts
,
as
by
his
Supplies
long
before
sent
to
Hannibal
,
and
at
the
earnest
Request
of
the
Athenians
,
as
well
as
the
Complaints
of
Attalus
King
of
Pergamus
and
the
Rhodians
,
proclaim●d
War
against
him
a-new
.
This
Philip
King
of
Macedon
was
one
of
Alexander's
Successors
,
being
the
Tenth
King
after
him
,
and
a
Powerful
Prince
in
Greece
.
Against
him
Sulpicius
Galba
the
Consul
was
sent
,
who
by
Himself
and
his
Lieutenant
,
put
him
to
the
worst
divers
times
,
and
had
almost
taken
him
Prisoner
.
By
the
Assistance
of
Attalus
and
the
Rhodians
,
the
Consul
rais'd
the
Siege
of
Athens
;
whereupon
the
Aetolians
,
before
backward
enough
by
reason
of
their
Magistrates
,
and
the
Athenians
now
newly
encourag●d
,
invaded
Philip's
Dominions
,
but
being
too
slothful
and
careless
,
were
easily
repulsed
by
him
.
This
same
Year
obtain'd
Furius
the
Praetor
a
great
Victory
over
the
Gauls
,
who
had
lately
revolted
and
invested
Cremona
,
killing
30000
Men
,
and
with
them
Amilcar
a
Carthaginian
Captain
.
For
this
Action
,
after
much
Dispute
in
the
Senate
,
he
Triumph●d
,
tho'
against
the
Custom
,
and
without
Precedent
;
for
none
ever
obtain●d
this
Honour
,
who
had
gotten
a
Victory
with
another's
Army
,
as
he
had
done
with
Aurelius
Cotta's
the
Consul
,
in
his
Absence
,
who
therefore
took
the
Matter
very
hainously
.
The
Year
following
,
Bebius
the
Praetor
entring
unadvisedly
into
the
Territories
of
the
Insubrian
Gauls
,
was
surrounded
,
and
lost
above
6600
of
his
Men
;
in
this
Year
there
was
but
small
Action
in
Macedonia
.
In
the
third
Year
of
the
Macedonian
War
,
Quintus
Flaminius
the
Consul
was
sent
thither
,
who
using
great
Expedition
and
Diligence
,
beat
Philip
out
of
the
Streights
,
where
he
had
been
very
advantageously
posted
;
and
by
Sea
his
Brother
Lucius
,
with
Attalus
,
regain'd
several
Confederate
Towns
,
and
Invested
Corinth
it self
,
but
with
no
Success
.
The
latter
end
of
this
Year
,
by
reason
of
the
great
Business
of
the
Common-wealth
,
U.
C.
556.
the
Praetors
in
Rome
were
encreas'd
from
Four
to
Six
;
and
now
the
time
coming
for
the
Election
of
Consuls
,
and
it
being
usual
for
them
to
take
the
Provinces
from
their
Predecessors
,
the
Tribunes
rightly
objected
,
That
this
Custom
hinder'd
the
Progress
of
the
Wars
,
and
so
procur'd
Quintius's
Government
and
Place
to
be
continu'd
to
him
,
who
being
just
upon
taking
the
Castle
of
Opus
,
Messengers
came
from
Philip
about
a
Treaty
.
Several
times
they
met
,
as
they
formerly
had
done
at
the
Streights
,
the
Ambassadors
of
Attalus
,
the
Rhodians
and
Athenians
being
present
,
but
all
came
to
no
Effect
.
Philip
soon
after
delivering
up
Argos
into
the
hands
of
Nabis
Tyrant
of
Lacedaemon
,
who
us'd
the
Inhabitants
with
great
Cruelty
and
intolerable
Exactions
.
But
Quintius
,
managing
his
Affairs
with
good
Success
,
at
last
follow'd
Philip
into
Thessaly
,
and
gave
him
a
great
Overthrow
at
Cynocephalae
,
killing
8000
,
and
taking
5000
Prisoners
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
beg
Peace
,
which
was
granted
upon
Terms
moderate
,
enough
:
one
of
the
Articles
was
,
That
he
should
pay
1000
Talents
,
half
at
present
,
and
the
other
half
in
the
space
of
ten
Years
.
About
this
same
time
,
two
great
Victories
were
obtain●d
over
the
Gauls
;
and
the
Slaves
in
Hetraria
breaking
into
a
dangerous
Rebellion
,
were
quell●d
stand
chastis'd
by
Attilius
the
Praetor
.
And
now
the
Romans
,
out
of
a
Principle
of
Generokty
,
resolv●d
to
restore
Liberty
to
the
Cities
of
Greece
which
they
had
taken
in
this
War
;
and
for
that
Reason
,
ten
Men
of
the
chiefest
Quality
were
sent
over
thither
,
Flaminius
being
the
principal
.
These
Commissioners
went
to
the
great
Solemnity
of
the
Isthmian
Games
,
were
was
a
general
Meeting
of
all
Greece
to
behold
those
Shows
;
and
there
,
in
the
Name
of
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
,
they
publickly
proclaim'd
Liberty
to
all
the
Cities
and
People
of
Greece
.
This
was
the
most
surprizing
and
most
joyful
thing
in
the
World
to
these
People
,
who
scarce
so
much
as
imagin'd
,
much
less
expected
,
the
Favour
.
Many
Speeches
were
made
in
Praise
of
the
Roman
Greatness
and
Generosity
,
particularly
,
That
at
last
,
there
was
a
People
in
the
World
,
born
for
the
Safety
of
all
others
,
that
cross'd
Seas
and
made
Wars
at
their
own
Cost
and
Peril
,
to
relieve
the
Oppress'd
,
to
establish
Laws
,
and
cause
them
to
be
observ'd
,
and
to
maintain
the
publick
Security
throughout
the
whole
Earth
.
And
this
was
the
end
of
the
first
Macedonian
War
,
which
happen'd
five
Years
after
it
was
last
proclaim'd
,
and
twenty
after
it
first
began
.
II.
The
Year
following
after
the
War
,
Porcius
Cato
the
Consul
,
a
Famous
Moralest
,
who
publickly
and
severely
inveigh'd
against
the
Females
;
but
by
reason
of
the
tribunes
answering
him
out
of
his
own
Book
,
but
chiefly
by
means
of
the
Womens
tumultuous
filling
the
streets
and
the
Assemblies
with
their
importunate
Cries
,
it
was
at
last
annul'd
.
Cato
then
betook
himself
to
Spain
his
own
Province
,
where
using
Severity
to
himself
as
well
as
his
Soldiers
,
he
restored
the
Roman
Discipline
,
in
those
Parts
,
and
reduc'd
many
of
the
Spanish
Nations
who
had
lately
revolted
.
The
Romans
had
still
Wars
with
the
Gauls
,
who
were
joyn'd
with
their
Neighbours
the
Ligurians
:
but
they
were
not
much
burdensome
to
the
State
,
nor
such
as
hinder●d
the
Progress
of
Learning
in
the
City
.
For
about
this
time
Plautus
had
many
Plays
acted
at
Rome
with
great
Applause
;
and
he
it
was
that
brought
Comedy
to
its
Perfection
in
this
City
,
being
a
Person
of
a
great
Genius
,
and
a
compleat
Master
of
the
Latin
Tongue
,
which
,
tho'
it
was
not
arriv'd
to
its
utmost
Purity
,
had
even
then
a
masculine
Strength
and
Energy
which
was
very
excellent
.
The
Romans
were
not
without
some
Wars
in
Greece
;
for
Nabis
,
lately
mention●d
,
still
oppos●d
'em
,
but
was
forc●d
to
submit
in
no
long
time
:
And
about
this
time
,
Antiochus
.
King
of
Syria
,
by
his
Incroachments
upon
the
Roman
Allies
,
gave
an
Occasion
to
the
Romans
to
fall
out
with
him
;
and
this
he
did
partly
through
his
own
Ambition
and
Hatred
to
Rome
,
and
partly
by
the
Perswasions
of
Hannibal
,
who
had
been
lately
forc'd
thither
by
the
Ingratitude
of
his
own
Country-men
.
These
Matters
occasion'd
Ambassies
on
both
sides
,
but
to
no
great
Effect
,
till
at
last
Antiochus
proceeded
so
far
into
Greece
it self
,
the
Aetolians
treacherously
joyning
with
them
,
that
the
Romans
after
suitable
Preparations
,
proclaim'd
War
against
him
,
which
was
five
Years
after
the
finishing
the
Macedonian
War
.
Antiochus
as
well
as
Philip
was
one
of
Alexander's
Boian
Gauls
in
Italy
,
which
entirely
broke
all
their
Power
,
Lucius
Scipio
and
Laelius
Nepos
,
being
Consuls
for
the
following
Year
,
came
according
to
Custom
to
divide
the
Provinces
by
Lot
.
Both
were
extreamly
desirous
to
have
Greece
,
and
Laelius
being
in
great
Favour
,
offer'd
to
leave
it
to
the
Determination
of
the
Senate
,
which
Scipio
was
perswaded
to
assent
to
by
his
Brother
Africanus
.
The
Matter
was
wholly
new
,
and
the
Senate
expected
many
Speeches
and
Arguments
on
both
sides
,
when
Africanus
standing
up
,
told
the
Fathers
,
That
if
they
wou'd
decree
Greece
for
his
Brother's
Province
,
he
himself
wou'd
be
his
Legatus
or
Lieutenant
,
at
which
there
needed
no
other
Argument
;
for
it
was
immediately
voted
with
Universal
Consent
and
Applause
,
and
Power
given
to
Scipio
to
pass
into
Asia
,
if
he
saw
it
convenient
.
In
the
mean
time
Antiochus
lay
at
Ephesus
in
Asia
,
secure
,
as
he
imagin'd
,
of
the
Romans
;
but
Hannibal
who
had
advis'd
him
to
invade
Italy
,
told
him
,
He
rather
admir'd
they
were
not
there
already
than
,
doubted
of
their
coming
,
and
procur'd
the
Forces
to
be
sent
for
out
of
the
further
Provinces
,
and
all
the
Ships
that
were
ready
,
to
secure
the
Passage
of
the
Hellespont
,
where
the
Consul
most
probably
wou'd
pass
.
Pergamus
,
the
Chief
City
of
Eumenes
the
Friend
of
the
Romans
,
was
likewise
invested
,
but
the
Siege
was
soon
and
Antiochus
sent
to
Aemilius
the
Roman
Admiral
,
now
on
those
Coasts
,
about
a
Peace
,
but
he
disown'd
all
Power
of
concluding
it
without
the
Consul
.
Soon
after
,
the
Rhodians
defeated
his
Admiral
at
Sea
,
which
rais●d
;
was
Hannibal
,
a
Man
out
of
his
proper
Element
;
and
after
that
in
a
Fight
with
Aemilius
,
Eumenes
and
the
Rhodians
,
he
intirely
lost
the
Command
at
Sea
.
Antiochus
affrighted
at
this
ill
Fortune
imprudently
abandon'd
Lysimachia
,
which
might
have
kept
the
Consul
in
Action
a
Year
longer
;
and
,
adding
one
piece
of
Indiscretion
to
another
,
suffer'd
the
Scipio's
to
pass
the
Hellespont
into
Asia
without
Opposition
.
This
was
the
first
time
that
the
Romans
got
Footing
in
Asia
,
which
so
startl'd
Antiochus
,
that
he
offer●d
to
quit
all
Places
in
Europe
and
such
Asia
as
were
Friends
of
Rome
,
to
pay
half
the
Charges
the
Romans
were
at
in
this
War
;
and
rather
than
not
obtain
Peace
,
to
part
with
a
Portion
of
his
own
Kingdom
.
The
Ambassadors
who
carry'd
these
Proposals
,
us'd
their
utmost
Endeavours
to
procure
the
Favour
of
Africanus
,
offering
him
the
Restitution
of
his
Son
who
had
been
taken
Prisoner
,
and
many
other
great
and
honourable
Advantages
,
if
it
cou'd
be
effected
.
But
Africanus
wou●d
promise
nothing
more
than
only
private
Offices
of
Kindness
,
modestly
letting
'em
to
know
,
That
since
Antiochus
was
now
in
such
a
declining
state
,
Peace
was
not
probably
to
be
purchas'd
at
so
easie
a
Rate
as
formerly
,
Whereupon
Antiochus
made
what
Provision
he
cou'd
for
a
Battel
;
and
Africanus
falling
sick
soon
after
,
to
comfort
him
,
and
to
gain
his
Favour
,
he
sent
him
his
Son
without
Ransom
,
upon
which
the
other
,
in
way
of
Requital
,
advis'd
him
not
to
engage
with
his
Brother
till
he
cou'd
return
to
the
Camp
.
Antiochus
therefore
;
having
received
this
Message
,
declin'd
fighting
what
he
cou'd
,
till
Scipio
the
Consul
press'd
so
hard
upon
him
nigh
Magnesia
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
draw
out
his
Men
to
the
Number
of
70000
Foot
and
12000
Horse
.
Scipio
oppos'd
him
with
a
much
less
Army
,
but
in
a
few
Hours
time
entirely
defeated
him
,
where
his
own
Chariots
arm'd
with
Sithes
,
being
driven
back
upon
his
own
Men
,
contributed
much
to
his
Overthrow
.
Antioc●us
now
was
glad
to
procure
Peace
of
the
Romans
upon
their
own
Terms
,
and
Ambassadors
were
dispatch'd
accordingly
,
where
Africanus
told
'em
,
That
the
Romans
were
never
wont
to
insult
over
their
conquer'd
Enemies
,
and
therefore
nothing
should
be
requir'd
of
him
more
than
formerly
.
The
Terms
were
,
To
pay
15000
Talents
of
Eubaea
for
the
Expences
of
the
War
;
to
quit
all
their
Possessions
in
Europe
,
and
likewise
all
Asia
on
this
side
Mount
Taurus
;
to
deliver
up
Hannibal
and
other
Incendiaries
;
and
to
give
20
Hostages
for
securing
the
Peace
.
Thus
ended
the
War
with
Antiochus
the
Great
,
much
to
the
Advantage
of
Rome
,
within
two
Years
time
or
less
,
twelve
Years
after
the
second
Punick
War
,
Lucius
Scipio
having
gain'd
the
Surname
of
Asiaticus
,
as
his
Brother
had
of
Africanus
.
III.
The
Romans
had
now
but
little
Employment
Manlius
Scipio's
Collegue
;
and
by
the
same
Consul
an
Expedition
was
undertaken
against
the
Gallo
Graecians
or
Galatians
in
Asia
with
good
Success
;
but
Luxury
and
Idleness
was
first
brought
into
Rome
by
his
Army
out
of
Asia
The
same
Year
the
Census
being
perform'd
,
258328
Free
Citizens
were
cess'd
.
In
the
third
Year
after
the
ending
of
the
War
with
Antiochus
,
Scipio
Africanus
was
maliciously
accus'd
of
defrauding
the
Treasury
of
the
Booty
taken
in
the
War
and
of
too
nigh
a
Correspondence
with
Antiochus
,
and
of
Matters
of
the
like
Nature
.
Some
write
that
his
Accusers
were
incited
to
it
by
Cato
,
who
hated
him
for
his
being
frequently
saluted
King
in
Spain
by
the
Inhabitants
there
,
and
occasion'd
him
to
have
a
Day
set
him
by
the
Tribunes
to
answer
it
before
the
People
.
The
Day
of
Hearing
being
come
,
and
the
Tribunes
having
taken
their
Places
in
the
Rostra
,
this
great
Man
enter'd
the
Assembly
with
a
mighty
Train
of
Friends
and
Clients
,
all
the
People
having
their
Eyes
,
fix'd
upon
him
with
Admiration
.
Silence
being
made
,
he
with
an
undaunted
Bravery
put
on
his
Triumphal
Crown
and
with
the
Voice
of
a
Conqueror
cry'd
,
This
very
Day
,
O
Romans
!
I
did
overcome
the
fierce
Hannibal
,
and
vanquish
the
powerful
Carthaginians
,
therefore
let
us
lay
aside
private
Contests
,
and
go
as
many
as
can
to
the
Capitol
,
to
Thank
the
Gods
for
giving
me
the
Will
and
Power
of
d●ing
such
eminent
Services
for
my
Country
.
Whereupon
going
up
to
the
Capitol
,
the
Whole
Assembly
follow●d
him
,
as
also
to
all
the
Temples
in
the
City
,
insomuch
that
the
very
Viat●rs
and
Clerks
left
the
Tribunes
alone
,
who
from
Accusers
were
turn'd
Admirers
.
Shortly
after
,
the
Tribunes
accus'd
him
in
the
Senate-House
,
and
desir'd
he
might
be
brought
to
his
Answer
.
Scipio
boldly
rising
up
,
produc'd
his
Books
of
Accounts
,
and
●ore
'em
in
pieces
before
'em
all
,
disdaining
to
give
an
Account
for
so
small
a
Matter
,
in
comparison
of
those
vast
Summs
be
himself
had
brought
into
the
Treasury
.
The
next
Day
of
Appearance
he
absented
himself
,
and
his
Brother
declaring
his
Indisposition
,
he
was
excus●d
,
and
another
Day
appointed
;
before
which
time
,
he
withdrew
himself
to
Linternum
a
Sea-Town
of
Campania
,
and
there
liv●d
a
Retir●d
Life
.
In
his
Absence
the
Tribunes
were
very
violent
against
him
;
yet
,
through
the
Interposition
of
Gracchus
,
one
of
'em
,
he
was
not
Condemn'd
.
His
Brother
Asiaticus
was
shortly
after
call'd
to
an
Account
about
Matters
of
the
same
nature
,
but
by
Gracchus's
means
likewise
escap'd
Publick
Punishment
.
The
Year
following
,
many
Scandalous
Abuses
of
the
Feasts
of
Bacchus
were
strictly
enquir'd
into
and
reform'd
.
Three
Years
after
which
,
the
Great
Africanus
dy'd
,
who
,
according
to
Val.
Maximus
,
order'd
,
My
Ungrateful
Country
shall
have
none
of
my
Remains
.
This
same
Year
was
Remarkable
for
the
Death
of
Two
other
Famous
Men
,
Philopoemen
,
Captain
of
the
Achaeans
in
Greece
,
and
Hannibal
;
the
latter
of
which
had
fled
to
several
Places
to
escape
falling
into
the
hands
of
the
Romans
,
and
at
last
to
Prusias
King
of
Bithynia
,
who
,
out
of
Fear
,
was
about
delivering
him
up
,
when
Hannibal
took
Poyson
,
which
,
't
is
said
,
he
carry'd
about
him
in
his
Ring
,
first
Invoking
the
Gods
of
Hospitality
as
Witnesses
of
the
Violated
Faith
of
King
Prusias
,
and
upbraiding
the
present
Romans
with
degenerating
from
their
Ancestors
,
who
had
honourably
prevented
the
Murder
of
their
Mortal
Enemy
Pyrrhus
,
whereas
these
had
basely
sent
to
Prusias
to
Murder
his
Guest
and
Friend
.
The
Romans
were
for
about
12
Years
after
this
chiefly
employ'd
in
Wars
with
their
Neighbours
the
Ligurians
and
Istrians
,
with
the
Sardinians
and
Corsicans
,
and
likewise
with
the
Celtiberians
in
Spain
,
all
which
they
reduc'd
to
Subjection
.
In
which
space
of
time
the
Works
of
Numa
Pompilius
,
the
Second
King
of
Rome
,
after
they
had
been
Buried
in
a
Stone
Chest
535
Years
,
Quintus
Marcius
and
others
were
sent
into
Greece
to
secure
and
establish
the
Confederates
in
their
Fidelity
;
which
made
Perseus
begin
to
reflect
upon
what
he
had
done
▪
and
understanding
the
Motions
and
Preparations
of
the
Romans
,
he
apply'd
himself
to
Marcius
about
a
Treaty
for
Peace
,
relying
upon
the
Ancient
Friendship
between
their
two
Families
.
The
Ambassadors
were
well
satisfy'd
with
this
Opportunity
,
and
to
divert
him
from
Action
,
granted
him
Truce
till
he
might
send
to
Rome
;
for
without
this
,
he
might
have
began
the
War
much
to
the
Disadvantage
of
the
Romans
,
who
had
neither
Army
nor
Commander
yet
arriv●d
in
Grecce
.
The
Senate
deny'd
him
Peace
,
and
Attilius
the
Consul
was
sent
to
seize
upon
Larissa
the
Chief
City
of
Thessaly
:
Whereupon
Perseus
drew
all
his
Forces
together
,
having
gather'd
together
a
greater
Army
than
any
of
his
Predecessors
were
Masters
of
since
Alexander
the
Great
.
He
took
in
some
Towns
upon
his
Frontiers
,
and
Licinius
the
Consul
led
such
a
raw
undisciplin'd
Army
into
Macedonia
,
and
through
such
difficult
and
almost
Impassable
Places
,
that
had
Perseus
made
his
Advantage
of
this
Opportunity
,
he
might
easily
have
destroy'd
it
.
After
this
,
he
sent
to
Licinius
,
offering
,
to
observe
the
Articles
to
which
his
Father
Philip
had
submitted
,
by
paying
the
Tribute
,
and
leaving
the
Cities
to
their
Liberty
;
but
could
not
obtain
Peace
to
be
granted
him
upon
these
Terms
.
Soon
after
,
Thebes
,
and
Aleartus
were
taken
by
Lucretius
the
Praetor●
and
the
Consul
having
had
the
Advantage
in
another
Skirmish
,
possess'd
himself
of
some
Towns
,
and
took
up
his
Winter-Quarters
;
mean
while
Appius
Claudius
lost
many
Men
in
Illyricum
.
The
Year
following
,
Hostilius
the
Consul
;
who
was
to
manage
this
War
;
perform●d
but
little
of
moment
,
besides
reducing
his
Men
to
that
Ancient
Discipline
which
his
Predecessor
had
too
much
neglected
.
Marcius
Philippus
succeeding
him
,
at
his
first
Entrance
into
his
Province
might
have
easily
been
defeated
,
had
he
met
with
a
Prudent
and
Expert
Enemy
,
the
Ways
being
so
difficult
and
dangerous
to
pass
,
that
his
Soldiers
could
scarce
hold
their
Weapons
in
their
Hands
,
by
reason
of
their
Weariness
.
And
after
he
had
enter'd
the
Plains
,
he
might
as
easily
have
been
block'd
up
and
starv●d
,
had
not
Perseus
,
struck
with
a
groundless
Fear
,
retreated
to
Pydna
,
and
left
all
the
Passes
open
to
him
.
Yet
Marcius
acted
nothing
of
Consequence
,
leaving
all
to
be
perform●d
by
his
Successor
Aemilius
Paulus
,
who
had
been
Consul
17
Years
before
,
and
was
a
very
Experienc●d
Commander
.
Aemilius
very
skilfully
manag'd
the
War
,
and
caus●d
the
Eclipse
of
the
Moon
to
be
foretold
to
his
Soldiers
,
lest
they
should
be
discourag●d
by
it
,
which
much
terrify'd
the
Enemy
that
knew
nothing
of
the
Natural
Cause
.
He
kept
his
Men
from
Fighting
when
they
were
fatigu●d
,
tho'
the
Officers
were
desirous
to
Engage
:
but
the
Armies
lying
Encamp●d
on
each
side
the
River
Enipeus
,
a
Peast
,
by
chance
,
passing
over
from
the
Roman
side
,
was
seiz'd
on
,
and
being
rescu●d
,
by
degrees
drew
both
Armies
to
an
Engagement
,
wherein
Pers●us
lost
the
Day
,
and
with
it
his
Kingdom
.
He
flying
into
the
Isle
of
Crete
,
when
all
abandon●d
him
,
surrender●d
himself
into
the
Hands
of
Cn.
Octavius
.
Aemilius
severely
Chastis'd
the
Epirots
,
who
had
joyn●d
,
with
Perse●s
,
Plundering
and
Demolishing
about
70
of
their
Towns
,
whereby
such
a
great
Booty
was
gain●d
,
that
each
Footman
had
200
Denarii
(
above
7
English
Pounds
)
and
every
Horseman
twice
as
much
.
But
the
Soldiers
having
gain●d
little
or
no
Plunder
in
M●c●donia
,
nor
any
of
the
King●s
Treasure
,
deny●d
their
General
a
Triumph
,
which
he
obtain●d
notwithstanding
,
and
that
a
most
Splendid
one
too
,
such
as
Rome
scare
ever
saw
before
,
Preseus
himself
and
his
Two
Sons
be●ng
Led
in
Great
State
and
Magnificence
before
his
Triumphal
Chariot
.
And
the
same
Year
Cn.
Octavius
,
the
Praetor
at
Sea
,
Triumph'd
,
and
L.
Anicius
,
before
whose
Chariot
was
Led
Gentius
King
of
the
Illyrians
,
who
being
a
Confederate
of
Perseus
,
was
oblig●d
to
yield
himself
Prisoner
.
Thus
ended
the
Second
Macedonian
War
in
three
Years
time
,
and
with
it
the
Macedonian
Kingdom
,
after
it
had
continu●d
156
Years
after
Alexander●s
Death
,
and
several
Hundreds
of
Years
before
;
A●milius
,
by
this
Conquest
,
bringing
200
Millions
of
Sesterces
into
the
Treasure
,
according
to
Paterculus
.
IV.
Now
the
Roman
Grandeur
began
to
display
it self
through
all
Countries
and
Nations
;
Ligurians
,
Corsicans
,
Dalmatians
,
and
Spaniards
,
and
likewise
the
Macedenians
,
being
all
in
the
nature
of
Revolts
,
which
though
they
often
created
much
Trouble
to
the
State
,
These
Wars
were
scarcely
finish'd
,
when
the
Romans
found
a
Pretence
to
begin
the
Third
Carthaginian
War
,
which
was
their
being
in
Arms
against
Masanissa
,
a
Roman
Ally
,
tho'
they
had
sufficient
Justice
on
their
side
.
The
Roman
Ambassadors
who
were
sent
to
Carthage
,
finding
the
City
very
Rich
and
Flourishing
from
their
Fifty
years
Peace
,
at
their
Return
insisted
much
on
the
Danger
which
threatned
Rome
from
that
State
;
especially
Cato
,
who
never
came
into
the
Senate
,
but
after
his
Speaking
to
any
Publick
Business
,
concluded
with
Delenda
est
Carthago
;
Carthage
is
to
be
Destroy'd
.
He
was
often
oppos●d
by
Scipio
Nasica
,
who
urg'd
,
That
upon
the
Removal
of
so
powerful
a
Rival
,
Security
wou'd
cause
the
Ruin
and
Dissolution
of
the
Roman
Common-Wealth
,
as
it
afterwards
prov'd
:
But
Cato's
Reason's
drawn
from
the
present
Danger
,
so
Over-rul'd
Scipio's
Forecast
,
that
the
Senate
,
now
having
a
Pretence
of
an
Open
Breach
of
Articles
,
Order'd
War
to
be
Proclaim'd
against
the
Carthaginians
,
and
both
the
Consuls
were
sent
,
with
a
full
Resolution
utterly
to
destroy
Carthage
.
The
Carthaginians
,
affrighted
at
the
Romans
Preparations
,
immediately
Condemn'd
those
who
had
broken
the
League
,
and
most
humbly
offer'd
any
reasonable
Satisfaction
.
Answer
was
return'd
to
'em
,
That
they
shou'd
enjoy
all
as
formerly
,
provided
they
sent
300
Hostages
of
the
Chief
of
the
City
within
30
days
to
Sicily
,
and
did
what
the
Consuls
shou'd
f●rther
Command
'em
.
The
Carthagini●ns
,
desiring
nothing
more
than
Peace
,
sent
their
Children
within
the
limited
time
;
and
the
Consuls
Landing
at
Utica
soon
after
,
they
sent
their
Commissioners
to
wait
upon
them
and
know
their
Pleasure
.
Censorinus
the
Consul
,
commending
their
Diligence
,
demanded
all
their
Arms
,
which
,
without
any
Fraud
,
were
deliver'd
up
.
Now
the
Carthaginians
imploring
Mercy
,
with
many
Tears
,
and
all
possible
Submission
,
desir'd
to
know
their
last
Doom
;
the
Consuls
told
'em
,
That
they
were
Commanded
to
quit
their
City
,
which
they
had
special
Orders
to
Level
with
the
Ground
,
and
build
another
any
where
in
their
own
Territories
,
so
it
were
but
10
Miles
from
the
Sea
.
This
severe
Command
they
receiv●d
with
all
the
Concern
and
Rage
of
a
Despairing
People
,
and
resolv'd
to
suffer
the
Greatest
Extremities
rather
than
abandon
,
or
yield
to
the
Ruin
of
their
Ancient
Seat
and
Habitation
.
The
Consuls
were
very
backward
in
beginning
the
War
,
not
doubting
but
easily
to
become
Masters
of
the
City
,
now
in
this
Naked
and
Defenceless
Condition
,
but
they
found
it
far
otherwise
;
for
the
Inhabitants
acting
by
a
desperate
Rage
and
Fury
,
both
Men
and
Women
fell
to
Working
Night
and
Day
in
the
Defence
of
the
City
,
and
making
of
Arms
:
And
where
Iron
and
Brass
were
wanting
,
they
made
use
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
the
Women
freely
cutting
off
the
Hair
of
their
Heads
to
supply
the
place
of
Tow
or
Flax.
Asdrubal
,
who
had
lately
been
Condemn●d
upon
the
Account
of
the
Romans
,
was
now
made
their
General
,
and
Governour
of
the
City
,
where
he
had
already
a
good
Army
;
and
such
Preparations
were
made
,
that
when
the
Consuls
came
before
the
City
,
they
found
such
notable
Resistance
as
much
discourag●d
them
,
and
as
much
encreas'd
the
Resolution
of
the
Besieged
.
The
Consuls
engag'd
several
times
to
their
Disadvantage
,
and
might
have
been
great
Losers
had
not
the
Army
been
secur'd
and
brought
off
by
the
great
Wisdom
and
Courage
of
Scipio
Aemilianus
,
formerly
mention'd
,
who
drew
over
Pharneas
Master
of
the
Carthaginian
Horse
to
his
side
;
which
action
gain'd
him
great
Fame
and
Honour
.
This
Year
dy●d
Masanissa
,
90
Years
old
,
leaving
his
Kingdom
and
a
young
Son
to
Scipio●s
Discretion
:
And
the
same
Year
dy●d
Cato
in
Rome
,
in
the
85th
Year
of
his
Age
,
who
did
not
live
to
see
the
too
much
desir'd
Ruin
of
Carthage
.
Little
was
perform'd
by
the
Consuls
in
the
following
Year
,
for
they
only
invested
Clupea
and
Hippo
,
without
taking
of
either
:
But
at
Rome
all
Mens
eyes
were
fix'd
upon
Scipio
,
looking
upon
him
as
the
Person
destin'd
to
end
the
War
;
and
whereas
he
sought
only
for
the
Aedileship
,
the
People
bestow'd
the
Consulship
upon
him
,
dispensing
with
his
Age
and
other
usual
Qualifications
.
Scipio
soon
let
'em
know
,
that
their
Honours
were
not
ill
bestow'd
;
for
having
restor'd
Discipline
,
which
had
been
too
much
neglected
by
the
foregoing
Consuls
,
he
soon
after
took
that
part
of
Carthage
call●d
Megara
,
and
drove
the
Inhabitants
into
the
Citadel
or
Byrsa
.
Then
securing
the
Isthmus
which
led
to
the
City
,
he
cut
off
all
Provisions
from
out
the
Country
,
and
block'd
up
the
Haven
;
but
the
Besieg'd
,
with
Miraculous
and
Incredible
Industry
,
cut
out
a
New
Passage
into
the
Sea
,
whereby
,
at
certain
times
,
they
cou'd
receive
Necessaries
from
the
Army
without
.
Scipio
therefore
,
in
the
beginning
of
the
Winter
,
set
upon
their
Forces
lying
in
the
Field
,
of
which
he
kill'd
●0000
,
and
took
10000
Prisoners
;
by
which
means
the
Besieg'd
cou●d
have
no
Relief
from
abroad
,
so
that
they
were
now
in
a
sad
and
despairing
Condition
.
In
the
Beginning
of
the
next
Spring
,
he
took
the
Wall
leading
to
the
Haven
Citho
,
and
soon
after
the
Forum
it self
,
where
was
a
most
miserable
and
deplorable
Spectacle
of
slaughter'd
People
;
for
some
hewn
in
pieces
by
the
Sword
,
others
half
kill'd
by
the
Fall
of
Houses
,
or
Fires
;
some
half
bury'd
in
the
Earth
and
trampled
on
,
and
others
torn
Limb
from
Limb
,
lay
mangled
in
vast
Heaps
after
a
sad
and
lamentable
manner
.
Still
the
Citadel
held
out
,
till
at
last
it
was
desir'd
by
some
,
That
all
that
wou'd
come
forth
shou●d
have
their
Lives
;
which
being
granted
to
all
but
Revolters
,
above
50000
yielded
,
and
were
sav'd
,
as
did
afterwards
Asdrubal
himself
.
He
was
much
revil'd
for
it
by
the
Revolters
,
who
finding
their
Condition
Desperate
,
set
Fire
to
the
Temple
,
and
burnt
themselves
with
it
;
whose
Example
was
follow'd
by
Asdrubal's
Wife
,
who
,
in
a
desperate
Fury
threw
her self
and
her
two
Children
into
the
midst
of
the
Flames
.
Then
was
this
Magnificent
City
laid
in
Ashes
,
being
24
Miles
in
compass
,
and
so
large
,
that
the
Burning
of
it
continu'd
17
Days
together
.
The
Senate
at
Rome
receiv'd
this
long
expected
News
with
extraordinary
Joy
and
Satisfaction
,
and
dispatch'd
Men
of
their
own
Order
,
whom
they
joyn'd
with
Scipio
for
the
disposing
of
the
Country
.
These
order'd
,
that
none
of
Carthage
shou'd
be
left
;
and
that
it
might
never
be
Re-built
,
they
denounc'd
heavy
Curses
on
any
that
shou'd
offer
to
do
it
.
All
the
Cities
which
assisted
in
this
War
were
order●d
to
be
demolish'd
,
and
the
Lands
given
to
the
Friends
of
the
Roman
People
;
and
the
rest
of
the
Towns
were
to
be
Tributaries
,
and
Govern'd
Yearly
by
a
Praetor
appointed
for
that
purpose
,
all
the
Captives
and
Prisoners
being
Sold
,
except
some
of
the
Principal
.
This
was
the
fatal
end
of
one
of
the
most
Renown'd
Cities
in
the
World
,
both
for
Command
and
Riches
,
708
Years
after
it
was
first
Built
,
having
been
Rival
to
Rome
above
100
Years
:
And
this
was
the
End
of
the
Third
and
last
Carthaginian
War
,
which
was
finish'd
in
the
4th
Year
after
it
began
,
to
the
great
Enlargement
of
the
Dominions
,
Power
,
and
Riches
of
the
Roman
State
.
This
happen●d
in
the
60●th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3859
,
in
the
3d
Year
of
the
15●th
Olympiad
,
363
Years
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
184
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
,
119
since
the
first
Contest
between
the
Romans
and
Carthaginians
,
and
144
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
XII
.
From
the
Destruction
of
Carthage
to
the
End
of
the
Sedition
of
the
Gracchi
;
which
much
shook
the
Government
,
and
was
the
first
Step
towards
the
Ruin
of
the
Consular
State
.
Containing
the
Space
of
23
Years
.
I.
NOW
Rome
began
to
Pride
her self
to
a
higher
degree
than
ever
,
It
was
now
74
Years
since
the
Romans
enter'd
Spain
in
a
Hostile
manner
,
Scipio
Africanus
the
Elder
:
At
this
time
was
Viriatus
up
in
Arms
,
who
from
a
Shepherd
became
a
Robber
,
and
from
a
Robber
a
General
over
a
Numerous
Party
of
such
as
himself
,
which
created
the
Romans
much
Trouble
for
some
time
.
And
Fabius
the
Brother
of
Scipio
the
Younger
,
after
some
Success
against
him
,
was
,
at
last
,
reduc'd
to
such
Extremities
,
that
he
was
oblig'd
to
accept
of
Peace
upon
equal
Terms
,
which
Coepio
the
following
Years
Consul
refus'd
to
stand
to
,
receiving
new
Orders
from
the
Senate
to
prosecute
the
War
.
Coepio
attempted
to
destroy
Viriatus
by
Surprize
,
but
he
escap'd
,
and
soon
after
sending
his
Ambassadours
to
Treat
of
a
Peace
,
Coepio
so
wrought
upon
'em
,
that
they
Murder'd
him
in
his
Bed
at
their
Return
,
to
their
own
Shame
,
and
the
Consul
's
great
Dishonour
.
But
the
most
difficult
and
dangerous
part
of
this
War
was
at
Numantia
,
a
Town
of
no
great
Bigness
,
but
Peopled
with
Inhabitants
of
extraordinary
Valour
.
Before
Viriatus's
Death
they
had
foil'd
Q.
Pompeius
the
Consul
several
times
,
and
likewise
his
Successor
Mancianus
,
who
were
constrain●d
to
make
dishonourable
Treaties
with
'em
,
but
afterwards
sufficient
Pretences
were
found
to
break
●em
,
Mancianus
being
deliver'd
up
bound
to
the
Enemy
.
After
this
Brutus
defeated
many
Thousands
of
the
Lusitanians
,
and
overthrew
the
Gallaecians
;
but
Lepidus
the
Pro-Consul
was
far
less
successful
,
for
setting
upon
the
Vaccaei
,
a
harmless
and
quiet
People
of
the
hithermost
Spain
,
he
was
intirely
defeated
by
'em
.
These
Misfortunes
so
terrify'd
the
Roman
Soldiers
,
that
they
were
ready
to
tremble
at
the
sight
of
a
Spaniard
;
and
this
oblig'd
the
Citizens
of
Rome
to
chuse
Scipio
Africanus
Consul
a
second
time
,
as
the
chief
Hope
and
Bulwark
of
their
Country
.
Scipio
at
first
restor'd
Discipline
,
the
want
of
which
had
been
the
Cause
of
all
their
former
ill
Success
;
but
coming
to
engage
,
he
found
the
Courage
of
the
Enemy
so
extraordinary
,
that
he
resolv'd
to
fight
no
more
,
but
lay
a
close
Siege
to
Numantia
,
which
he
did
with
all
possible
Care
and
Diligence
.
At
last
the
Besieged
were
so
straitned
,
that
they
offer●d
to
yield
upon
reasonable
Terms
,
or
to
Fight
if
they
might
have
Battel
given
'em
,
notwithstanding
the
great
Inequality
of
their
Numbers
:
But
neither
of
these
being
allow'd
'em
,
they
all
drank
strong
Liquors
purposely
to
Enflame
themselves
,
and
then
fell
upon
the
Besiegers
,
with
such
a
desperate
Fury
,
that
the
Romans
had
all
fled
,
had
any
other
General
but
Scipio
Commanded
'em
.
The
Besieged
finding
there
was
no
avoiding
being
made
Prisoners
,
Fir'd
the
City
over
their
own
Heads
,
scarce
a
Man
being
left
to
be
led
in
Triumph
.
This
Famous
City
,
seated
in
Gallaecia
,
had
for
14
Years
together
withstood
40000
Romans
with
only
4000
Men
,
often
putting
●em
to
great
Loss
and
Shame
:
And
that
it
might
be
no
longer
a
Trouble
to
'em
,
Scipio
destroy'd
it
,
after
a
Siege
of
Fifteen
Months
;
13.
Years
after
he
had
destroy'd
Carthage
,
Mutius
Scaevols
and
Calpurnius
Piso
,
both
Learned
Men
,
being
Consuls
.
Scipio
gain●d
a
great
Name
both
by
destroying
Carthage
and
Numantia
,
the
former
being
a
Terror
,
and
the
latter
a
Reproach
to
the
Romans
.
All
Spain
was
now
brought
to
a
more
entire
Subjection
than
ever
,
being
not
many
Years
before
divided
into
the
three
Provinces
of
Terraconensis
,
E●e●ica
,
and
Lusitanica
,
two
Praetors
being
yearly
sent
thither
for
its
better
Government
.
At
this
time
flourish'd
Lucilius
the
Famous
Satyrist
,
the
first
,
at
least
of
Note
of
that
kind
in
Rome
;
and
this
same
Year
was
a
Servile
War
in
Sicily
,
but
the
Slaves
were
in
a
short
time
intirely
broken
and
dispers'd
.
II.
The
Romans
now
began
daily
to
degenerate
from
their
ancient
Modesty
,
Tiberius
Gracchus
was
the
first
Remarkable
Instance
.
This
Person
,
being
the
Elder
Africanus's
Grandson
,
and
of
a
stirring
and
active
Spirit
,
had
a
share
in
Mancinus●s
dishonourable
Treaty
in
Spain
,
for
which
being
Reflected
on
by
the
Senate
(
who
,
not
without
In●ustice
,
had
broke
it
)
and
thereby
both
Sham'd
and
Affrighted
,
he
endeavour●d
to
make
himself
Popular
,
by
restraining
the
In●ust
Oppressions
of
the
Nobility
,
which
were
now
far
more
notorious
than
formerly
:
And
therefore
procuring
himself
to
be
chosen
Tribune
,
he
preferr'd
a
Law
,
forbidding
any
Man
to
possess
above
●00
Acres
of
the
Publick
Lands
,
and
ordering
the
Overplus
to
be
divided
among
the
Poor
.
For
it
was
customary
for
the
Romans
to
divide
those
Lands
which
were
taken
from
their
Enemies
among
their
own
Citizens
,
if
Arable
;
if
not
,
they
Farm●d
'em
out
by
the
Censors
to
the
Italians
,
or
the
ordinary
sort
of
Romans
,
upon
condition
,
that
if
they
Plow●d
'em
;
they
shou'd
Pay
the
Tenth
part
of
the
Corn
,
and
the
Fifth
of
other
Fruits
;
but
if
they
did
not
Plow
them
,
they
paid
a
certain
Rent
.
But
Corruptions
daily
increasing
in
the
State
,
the
poor
Husbandmen
were
,
by
degrees
,
thrust
out
of
their
Ancient
Possessions
by
the
great
Oppressions
and
Licentiousness
of
the
Rich
,
who
,
by
Purchasing
,
and
other
Methods
,
got
these
Lands
all
into
their
own
Hands
;
so
that
the
Publick
,
by
this
Means
,
was
defrauded
of
its
Revenues
,
and
the
Poor
of
their
Livelyhoods
.
For
the
Reformation
of
these
Abuses
,
Gracchus
took
great
care
;
and
whereas
the
Lex
Licinia
and
Sempronia
were
formerly
Enacted
for
restraining
the
Avarice
of
the
Rich
,
he
strengthen'd
the
former
by
adding
,
least
the
Law
shou'd
be
wrested
,
That
one
half
shou●d
be
given
to
the
Children
,
and
the
rest
divided
among
such
Poor
as
had
nothing
;
And
least
any
shou'd
go
about
to
enlarge
their
Portions
by
Purchase
,
Triumviri
,
or
Three
Men
,
were
Yearly
appointed
to
Judge
what
Lands
were
Publick
,
and
what
were
Private
.
These
Matters
,
tho'
at
first
carry'd
on
with
sufficient
Moderation
,
extreamly
disgusted
the
Nobility
and
Richer
sort
,
who
,
by
Vertue
of
this
Law
,
were
to
part
with
much
of
their
Estates
;
and
for
that
Reason
they
frequently
insinuated
to
the
People
,
That
Gracchus
had
introduc'd
this
Law
with
a
Design
only
to
disturb
the
Government
,
and
to
put
all
things
into
Confusion
.
But
Gracchus
being
a
Person
of
great
Abilities
and
Eloquence
,
easily
wip'd
off
those
Aspersions
,
and
in
a
Publick
Speech
told
the
People
,
That
while
the
Savage
Beasts
and
Destroyers
of
Mankind
wanted
not
their
Places
of
Repose
and
Refuge
,
those
Men
who
expos'd
their
Lives
for
their
Countries
were
forbidden
all
Enjoyments
but
the
open
Air
and
Sun-shine
.
That
their
Commanders
before
the
Battels
ridiculously
Exhorted
'em
to
Fight
for
their
Temples
and
Altars
,
and
their
Ancestors
Seats
!
when
they
had
none
of
these
to
defend
o●
care
for
.
They
had
the
Honour
indeed
of
gaining
large
and
rich
Dominions
,
but
had
not
the
Profit
of
enjoying
the
smallest
and
meanest
Possessions
:
and
likewise
had
the
Honour
of
being
styl'd
Lords
of
the
Universe
,
but
had
not
the
Command
of
one
Foot
of
Land
.
This
Speech
,
and
some
others
of
his
,
had
great
Effects
upon
the
common
People
,
who
,
before
,
were
forward
enough
in
promoting
a
Law
so
very
advantageous
to
themselves
;
but
Gracchus
meeting
with
much
Opposition
on
one
side
,
as
well
as
Encouragement
on
the
other
,
began
now
to
proceed
with
greater
Heat
and
Violence
;
and
being
oppos'd
by
Octavius
,
one
of
his
Collegues
,
he
so
manag'd
him
both
by
Cunning
and
Violence
,
as
he
was
forc'd
to
quit
his
Office
;
into
whose
Place
he
chose
Mummius
,
one
of
his
own
Faction
.
This
Action
of
his
being
without
all
Precedent
,
much
alienated
the
Minds
of
many
of
the
Multitude
;
and
his
own
Party
,
who
judg'd
he
us'd
too
Great
a
Freedom
with
the
Sacrosanct
Office
of
the
Tribuneship
.
Gracchus
perceiving
this
,
first
made
a
very
plausible
Defence
;
and
the
more
to
ingratiate
himself
with
the
People
,
he
offer●d
to
prefer
a
Law
for
distributing
the
Money
of
Attalus
King
of
Pergamus
,
which
he
had
lately
left
,
together
with
his
Kingdom
,
to
the
People
of
Rome
.
This
caus'd
Greater
Disturbances
among
the
Senate
and
Nobility
than
before
,
and
all
Things
were
carry●d
on
with
more
violent
Feuds
than
ever
;
so
that
Gracchus's
Death
began
now
to
be
thought
on
and
design'd
,
as
the
surest
Means
to
quiet
all
Disturbances
,
and
to
compose
all
Differences
.
The
Senate
being
assembled
to
consult
the
most
proper
Method
in
this
Juncture
,
and
all
being
of
Opinion
that
M●tius
Scaevola
the
Consul
shou'd
defend
the
Commonwealth
by
Arms
,
he
refus'd
to
act
any
thing
by
Force
.
Whereupon
Scipio
Nasica
,
Gracchus's
Kinsman
,
taking
up
his
Gown
under
his
Left-arm
,
held
up
his
Right-hand
in
great
Passion
,
crying
,
Since
the
Consul
regards
not
the
Safety
of
the
Common-wealth
,
l●t
every
Man
that
will
defend
the
Dignity
and
Authority
of
the
Laws
,
follow
me
!
Upon
this
,
he
went
directly
up
to
the
Capitol
,
being
accompanied
with
most
of
the
Senate
,
many
Equites
,
and
some
Commoners
,
arm'd
with
Clubs
,
Staves
,
and
such
like
Weapons
;
who
knocking
down
all
that
resisted
,
open'd
their
Way
into
the
Capitol
,
where
Gracchus
was
speaking
to
the
People
,
and
endeavouring
to
be
chosen
Tribune
for
the
following
Year
.
In
which
Place
they
fell
upon
both
him
and
his
Hearers
,
of
whom
they
kill'd
300
,
and
with
them
,
himself
with
a
piece
of
a
Seat
,
as
he
was
endeavouring
to
save
himself
by
Flight
.
This
was
the
first
Insurrection
among
the
Romans
,
that
ended
with
Effusion
of
Blood
,
since
the
Abrogation
of
Kingly
Government
;
for
all
former
Seditions
tho'
many
of
'em
were
very
great
and
lasting
,
were
constantly
ended
by
the
two
Parties
yielding
to
one
another
,
and
submitting
all
to
the
Good
of
the
Publick
;
for
then
Riches
and
Private
Interest
were
not
understood
among
the
Romans
.
At
this
time
there
were
some
Risings
at
Athens
and
at
Delos
,
being
as
Sparks
of
that
Fire
kindled
by
the
Slaves
in
Sicily
the
Year
before
,
which
with
some
Trouble
were
extinguish'd
;
neither
was
Italy
it self
altogether
free
from
them
.
But
a
greater
War
ensu●d
about
the
Kingdom
of
Asia
;
for
Attalus
King
of
Pergamus
or
Asia
,
by
his
last
Will
had
left
the
People
of
Rome
his
Heir
,
as
was
before
observ'd
:
But
after
his
Decease
,
Aristonicus
,
his
Bastard-Brother
,
seiz'd
on
the
Kingdom
as
his
own
Inheritance
and
Right
.
Licinius
Crassus
the
Consul
was
first
sent
against
him
,
but
was
unfortunately
overthrown
in
the
first
Battel
;
and
being
taken
Prisoner
,
struck
one
of
the
Soldiers
on
the
Eye
,
on
purpose
to
provoke
him
to
kill
him
,
which
he
did
.
He
thus
miscarrying
,
tho'
with
the
Assistance
of
several
Kings
,
his
Successor
Perp●nna
hasted
into
Asia
,
set
upon
Aristonicus
unawares
,
before
he
was
recover●d
of
his
Security
contracted
by
his
Victory
,
first
overthrew
him
in
Battel
,
then
besieg'd
him
in
Stratonice
,
where
by
Famine
he
forc'd
him
to
a
Surrender
,
shortly
after
which
he
dy'd
himself
at
Pergamus
.
The
Remainder
of
the
War
was
finish'd
by
Aquilius
the
following
Year's
Consul
,
who
having
settled
the
Province
with
sufficient
Oppression
of
the
People
,
led
Aristonicus
in
Triumph
,
tho'
he
had
been
taken
by
another
;
and
afterwards
,
by
Order
of
the
Senate
,
he
was
strangl'd
in
Prison
,
about
4
Years
after
the
Death
of
Tiberius
Gracchus
,
a
little
before
which
tiem
a
Lustrum
being
perform'd
,
330●23
Free
Citizens
were
cess'd
.
III.
The
Civil
Dissentions
occasion'd
by
Gracchus
,
Scipio
Africanus
for
Ease
.
Scipio
did
not
altogether
reject
their
Suit
,
nor
yet
wou'd
he
make
any
Objections
against
the
Law
it self
;
so
he
only
moved
in
Senate
,
That
the
Executive
Power
of
it
might
be
taken
from
the
Triumviri
,
and
lodg'd
in
some
others
.
The
Senate
most
willingly
agreed
to
this
,
and
conferr'd
it
on
Sempronius
T●ditanus
the
Consul
;
but
he
finding
the
Work
troublesome
and
ungratefull
,
retired
from
the
City
,
under
Pretence
of
the
War
in
Illyricum
:
There
being
none
at
present
to
fly
to
in
this
Juncture
,
the
People
were
much
incens●d
at
Scipio
,
accounting
him
ingrateful
,
and
a
Favourer
of
the
Italians
more
than
themselves●
which
ill
Opinions
of
him
were
encreas'd
by
his
Approving
of
the
Senior
Gracchus's
Death
,
and
his
Reprimanding
the
Multitude
for
being
dissatisfy'd
with
it
.
But
such
was
his
Fortune
,
that
being
one
Night
retired
to
his
Chamber
,
to
meditate
of
something
to
speak
to
the
People
the
next
Day
,
in
the
Morning
he
was
found
dead
in
his
Bed
,
not
without
Suspicion
of
Treachery
from
his
Wife
and
Mother-in-Law
,
the
latter
of
which
was
Mother
to
the
Gracchi
.
Nevertheless
,
being
then
in
no
favour
with
the
People
,
little
enquiry
was
made
after
his
Death
,
though
he
was
a
Person
of
extraordinary
Merits
,
and
had
been
justly
esteem'd
the
Bulwark
of
the
State
.
The
Owners
of
the
Land
still
made
Delays
in
the
Division
,
and
some
believ'd
that
the
Partakers
of
the
Dividends
should
likewise
have
the
Freedom
of
the
City
;
which
,
however
lik'd
of
by
others
,
was
highly
displeasing
to
the
Senate
.
While
the
People
were
variously
discoursing
of
these
Matters
,
Caius
obtain'd
the
Tribune-ship
,
and
bearing
a
great
Enmity
to
the
Senate
,
he
found
a
fair
Opportunity
to
shew
it
.
He
preferr'd
several
Laws
,
among
the
rest
,
one
for
dividing
the
publick
Corn
to
every
Man
Monthly
;
in
which
Laws
he
shew●d
himself
rather
more
stirring
and
active
,
and
more
dextrous
than
his
Brother
.
Then
procuring
his
Office
to
be
continu●d
to
him
another
Year
,
he
began
more
strictly
to
inspect
into
the
late
Corruptions
of
the
Senate
;
such
as
their
taking
Bribes
;
their
selling
of
Offices
,
and
such
like
unjust
Proceedings
:
Whereupon
he
found
Means
to
transferr
the
power
of
judging
corrupt
Officers
,
from
the
Senators
to
the
Equites
or
Knights
,
which
gave
the
latter
an
extraordinary
Authority
,
and
made
a
remarkable
Change
and
Alteration
in
the
whole
Government
.
These
Equites
were
first
instituted
by
Romulus
,
That
these
Iudgments●
should
be
peculiar
to
them
.
So
that
whereas
at
first
,
there
were
only
two
Orders
or
Ranks
,
namely
,
Patritian
,
and
Plebeian
,
which
through
the
Incroachments
of
the
People
,
were
afterwards
distinguish'd
only
into
Senatorian
and
Plebeian
.
By
this
Law
,
and
especially
by
the
Procurement
of
Cicero
,
afterwards
the
Equites
became
a
distinct
Order
.
Thus
now
the
Roman
Citizens
consisted
of
three
Ranks
or
Orders
,
namely
,
the
Senatorian
,
which
included
all
the
Patritians
,
and
such
of
the
Plebeians
,
as
could
rise
to
be
Senators
;
the
Plebeian
,
which
still
continu'd
the
same
as
formerly
;
and
the
Equestrian
,
which
before
had
always
been
included
in
the
Plebeian
,
and
had
been
only
distinguish'd
by
their
Way
of
Service
.
Gracchus
took
the
fairest
Opportunity
that
he
cou'd
expect
for
preferring
this
Law
;
for
the
Senators
were
become
odious
of
late
,
because
for
Money
they
had
acquitted
Cotta
,
Salinator
and
Aquilius
;
Persons
capitally
guilty
of
Corruption
.
But
the
Great
Power
of
these
Equites
became
extreamly
burdensome
to
the
State
,
till
by
Degrees
,
their
Authority
came
to
be
diminish'd
.
The
Equites
alone
,
were
wont
to
Farm
the
publick
Revenues
and
Customs
from
the
Censors
,
and
from
thence
had
the
Name
of
Publicans
.
Caius
grew
more
and
more
in
favour
with
the
Commons
,
and
was
invested
with
a
larger
Authority
than
ordinary
,
which
he
manag'd
with
extraordinary
Prudence
and
Cunning
,
being
a
Master
of
much
Eloquence
,
and
many
other
Accomplishments
.
And
the
more
to
gratifie
the
Commons
,
he
took
special
Care
about
the
High-ways
,
making
'em
extraordinary
handsom
and
pleasant
,
as
well
as
usefull
and
convenient
;
erecting
likewise
pillars
of
Stone
at
the
end
of
each
Mile
to
signifie
the
Distances
from
Place
to
Place
:
For
Caius
fi●ding
the
Senators
to
be
his
Enemys
,
he
endeavoured
still
more
to
ingratiate
himself
with
the
People
by
other
new
Laws
.
Particularly
,
he
propos'd
that
a
Colony
of
Roman
Citizens
might
be
sent
to
the
People
of
Tarentum
,
and
that
all
the
Latines
should
enjoy
the
same
Privileges
with
the
Citizens
of
Rome
.
But
the
Senate
dreading
the
Effects
of
Caius's
Power
,
forbid
the
Latines
to
come
near
the
City
,
at
such
time
as
they
knew
his
Laws
would
be
propos'd
;
and
the
better
to
satisfie
and
please
the
People
,
they
gave
Leave
to
the
sending
of
12
Colonies
.
Caius
thus
frustrated
of
his
Designs
,
departed
into
Africk
,
with
Flaccus
his
Collegue
,
intending
to
plant
a
Colony
where
Carthage
stood
,
calling
it
Iunonia
;
but
there
he
also
met
with
a
Disappointment
,
the
Bound
Marks
of
the
intended
City
being
continually
remov'd
in
the
Night
time
by
Wolves
,
as
some
Authors
relate
it
;
whereupon
the
Augurs
and
South-sayers
pronounc'd
the
Design
unlawful
.
Caius
having
been
twice
Tribune
,
stood
for
it
a
third
time
,
and
had
many
Votes
,
but
his
Collegues
,
offended
at
his
violent
Carriage
at
this
time
,
procur'd
Minucius
Rufus
to
be
chosen
into
his
Place
,
who
began
to
abrogate
many
of
his
Laws
;
wherein
he
was
seconded
by
Opimius
the
Consul
,
who
was
a
profest
Enemy
to
Caius
,
and
endeavoured
to
find
some
colourable
Pretence
to
put
him
to
Death
.
Whereupon
Ca●us
,
at
the
Instigation
of
his
Friends
,
especially
Fulvius
,
resolv'd
presently
to
raise
Forces
;
and
at
an
Assembly
in
the
Capitol
,
he
and
many
of
his
Friends
went
thither
privately
arm'd
.
It
happen'd
that
one
Antilius
a
Serjeant
,
coming
down
from
the
Capitol
,
cry●d
out
to
Fulvius
and
his
Friends
,
Ye
factious
Citizens
,
make
way
for
honest
Men
!
whereupon
they
immediately
slew
him
.
This
Murther
caus●d
a
great
Disturbance
in
the
Assembly
,
and
Caius
himself
was
very
angry
with
those
of
his
Party
,
for
giving
his
Enemies
so
much
Advantage
against
him
,
and
endeavour●d
to
excuse
himself
but
could
not
be
heard
by
reason
of
the
Tumult
;
so
together
with
his
Friends
and
Confederates
,
he
retir●d
home
,
the
Consul
keeping
strict
Watch
all
Night
in
the
City
.
The
next
day
,
Antilius's
Corps
was
brought
upon
a
Bier
through
the
Forum
,
and
expos'd
to
open
view
just
before
the
Senate
House
,
with
design
to
stir
up
the
People
to
a
Revenge
.
The
Senate
invested
Opimius
with
an
extraordinary
Power
,
and
all
the
Equites
were
order'd
to
be
in
Arms
,
which
forc'd
Caius
and
all
his
Friends
to
betake
themselves
to
Mount
Aventine
,
where
they
fortify'd
themselves
offering
Liberty
to
all
Slaves
that
shou'd
come
in
to
them
.
The
Consul
press●d
hard
upon
Caius
,
and
Proclamation
was
made
,
that
whoever
shou'd
bring
the
Head
either
of
Caius
or
Fulvius
,
shou'd
receive
their
Weight
in
Gold
for
a
Reward
.
Caius
finding
himself
in
no
Condition
for
a
long
Defence
,
in
a
short
time
fled
into
a
Grove
beyond
Tiber
,
and
procur'd
his
Servant
to
kill
him
,
who
immediately
after
kill'd
himself
,
and
fell
down
dead
upon
his
Master
.
One
Septimuleius
,
carry'd
his
Head
to
Opimius
,
and
't
is
said
,
that
to
make
it
weigh
the
heavier
,
he
took
out
the
Brains
and
fill'd
the
Skull
with
Lead
.
Fulvius
flying
to
a
Friend's
House
,
was
betray'd
and
slain
;
and
by
the
Severity
of
Opimius
,
no
less
than
3000
Persons
of
this
Party
were
put
to
Death
.
Thus
fell
Caius
Gracchus
,
above
10
Years
after
his
Brother
Tiberius
Gracchus
,
and
fix
after
he
began
to
act
much
in
the
Common-wealth
.
These
Gracchi
had
so
far
chang'd
the
Constitutions
of
the
Common-wealth
,
and
the
publick
peace
was
now
so
broken
,
particularly
by
the
Disunion
of
Patrons
and
Clients
,
that
the
Roman
State
became
very
unsettled
,
and
more
liable
to
any
new
Revolution
than
ever
;
and
though
Reformation
might
be
their
Design
,
yet
it
might
well
be
feared
,
that
Ruin
wou'd
be
the
Effect
of
such
Disturbances
in
a
Common-wealth
now
so
corrupted
with
the
Greatness
of
their
Riches
,
as
well
as
the
Greatness
of
their
Power
.
Caius's
Death
happen'd
in
the
631
Year
of
the
City
,
in
the
4th
.
Year
of
the
164th
.
Olympi●d
,
386
Years
since
the
beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
207
since
the
setting
up
the
Macedonian
Empire
,
and
121
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
From
the
End
of
the
Seditions
of
the
Gracchi
,
to
the
End
of
the
First
Civil
War
in
Italy
,
and
to
the
Perpetual
Dictatorship
of
Sylla
;
which
was
the
second
great
Step
to
the
Ruin
of
the
Consular
State
.
Containing
the
Space
of
41
Years
.
I.
THE
Distempers
and
Disturbances
of
the
Common-wealth
were
for
the
present
asswag'd
by
Caius
Gracchus
;
and
soon
after
,
a
Law
was
made
that
any
one
might
sell
his
Land
,
which
the
Senior
Gracchus
had
forbidden
;
by
which
means
the
Poor
,
partly
by
Purchase
,
and
partly
by
Constraint
,
were
again
dispossess'd
.
After
that
,
the
Law
for
Division
of
Lands
was
fully
abrogated
by
Borcus
,
and
the
Grounds
left
to
their
ancient
Owners
,
with
a
Proviso
to
pay
a
Tribute
to
the
People
out
of
'em
.
But
not
long
after
,
the
Tribute
was
likewise
all
taken
away
,
and
so
nothing
was
left
remaining
for
the
Poor
.
During
these
Domestick
Troubles
,
the
Sardinians
rebell●d
,
and
were
reduc'd
by
Aurelius
,
and
the
Fregellans
were
punish'd
with
the
Loss
of
their
City
by
Opimius
the
Praetor
.
About
which
time
Africk
was
infected
with
a
most
prodigious
Plague
,
destroying
vast
Numbers
of
Men
,
Cattel
and
Fowl
,
occasion'd
by
an
infinite
Number
of
Locusts
,
which
having
overspread
the
Ground
,
and
destroy'd
the
Corn
,
Fruits
,
and
even
Trees
themselves
,
at
length
were
driven
by
a
Wind
into
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
and
there
putrefying
,
corrupted
the
Air
after
a
most
wonderful
manner
.
Two
Years
after
this
,
Metellus
the
Consul
subdu'd
the
Islands
Beleares
near
Spain
,
and
restrain'd
all
the
Piracies
which
were
there
maintain'd
.
At
the
same
time
was
carry'd
on
that
War
call'd
Bellum
Allobrogicum
,
Sextus
Calvinus
.
Teutomalus
their
King
flying
out
of
the
Battle
,
was
receiv●d
and
protected
by
the
Allobroges
,
who
likewise
invaded
the
Hedui
,
Allies
also
of
Rome
,
and
drew
into
Confederacy
the
Arverni
.
The
Allobroges
were
first
overthrown
by
Domitius
Aenobarbus
,
who
kill●d
20000
of
'em
,
and
took
3000
Prisoners
,
which
great
Victory
,
was
owing
chiefly
to
his
Elephants
.
After
him
,
Fabius
Maximus
,
Grand-Son
to
Paulus
Aemilius
,
and
adopted
into
the
Fabian
Family
,
defeated
'em
with
the
Arverni
and
Ruteni
,
in
a
most
bloody
Battel
,
where
120000
were
reported
to
be
slain
;
and
moreover
,
taking
one
of
their
Kings
Prisoners
,
he
obtain'd
the
Surname
of
Allobrogicus
.
About
which
time
Gallia
Narbonensis
was
reduc'd
into
a
Province
,
in
the
Year
636.
Not
long
after
,
the
Scordisci
a
people
of
Gaulish
Original
,
inhabiting
Thrace
,
defeated
the
Roman
Army
under
Cato
the
Consul
,
yet
were
afterwards
driven
back
into
their
own
Country
by
Didius
the
Praetor
,
and
the
Consul
Drusus
;
and
after
this
they
gave
occasion
of
a
glorious
Triumph
to
Minutius
,
of
which
Honour
Metellus
also
had
a
Share
.
Soon
after
these
Wars
,
in
a
Lustration
,
394336
free
Citizens
were
poll'd
in
Rome
,
which
Number
was
very
little
different
from
that
in
the
Lustrum
five
years
before
.
II.
Rome
had
not
very
much
Action
abroad
for
a
while
,
Calpurnius
Bestia
the
Consul
,
who
shortly
after
invaded
Numidia
with
great
Vigour
and
Diligence
,
and
took
in
some
Towns
,
but
he
was
soon
stop●d
in
his
Career
,
being
overcome
by
the
Golden
Weapons
of
Iugurth
,
so
that
a
Treaty
of
Peace
was
soon
set
on
Foot
.
The
Senate
were
a
little
mov●d
at
this
,
and
at
the
Power
of
Scaurus
,
who
accompanying
the
Consul
as
his
Friend
and
Counsellor
,
was
likewise
guilty
of
the
same
Crime
;
and
therefore
the
People
got
Cassius
Longinus
the
Praetor
,
to
go
and
procure
Iugurth
to
come
to
Rome
upon
the
publick
Faith
of
the
State
,
that
by
that
means
they
might
discover
all
such
as
had
been
guilty
of
Bribery
.
Cessius
with
no
great
Difficulty
perswaded
Iugurtha
to
make
Tryal
of
the
Clemency
of
Rome
,
and
to
throw
himself
upon
the
Peoples
Mercy
;
whereupon
he
came
to
Rome
in
a
pitiful
and
mourning
Habit.
But
coming
into
the
Assembly
,
Baebius
the
Tribune
bad
him
hold
his
Peace
,
he
being
also
brib'd
to
deferr
the
Business
,
and
delude
the
people
.
At
the
same
time
was
one
Massiva
in
Rome
Iugurth's
Cousin-Germain
,
who
had
fled
from
Africk
formerly
.
This
Person
was
perswaded
by
Albinus
the
Consul
to
beg
the
Kingdom
of
the
Senate
;
but
Iugurth
having
some
Intelligence
of
the
Design
,
procur'd
him
to
be
assassinated
and
convey'd
the
Murderer
away
to
Numidia
.
Hereupon
,
within
a
few
days
he
was
commanded
to
be
gone
,
and
being
out
of
the
City
,
he
look'd
upon
it
,
with
his
Hands
lift
up
,
crying
,
O
Rome
,
that
would'st
be
sold
thy Self
,
were
there
but
a
Chapman
for
thee
!
So
extreamly
were
the
Inhabitants
degenerated
from
their
former
Fidelity
,
Modesty
and
Abstinence
,
which
afterwards
brought
upon
'em
the
greatest
Miseries
that
ever
befell
any
State
.
Albinus
follow'd
him
with
an
Army
,
which
after
he
himself
had
been
sometime
there
,
he
left
with
his
Brother
Aulus
,
who
in
the
Consuls
absence
,
by
Virtue
of
some
Compact
,
withdrew
from
Suthul
,
where
the
Chief
Treasure
of
the
Kingdom
lay
,
when
he
was
just
upon
investing
it
.
The
Centurions
were
likewise
so
corrupted
,
that
when
Albinus
return'd
,
Iugurth
was
suffer●d
to
break
into
the
Camp
,
whence
beating
out
the
Army
,
he
either
forc●d
,
or
by
former
Agreement
,
brought
Albinus
to
submit
upon
most
dishonourable
Terms
.
In
this
Condition
did
Metellus
the
following
Consul
find
Affairs
,
and
the
whole
Army
was
almost
ruin'd
for
want
of
Discipline
,
to
the
great
Dishonour
of
the
Roman
State
,
and
the
grievous
Vexation
of
the
honester
sort
in
the
City
.
Metellus
having
with
much
difficulty
brought
his
Soldiers
into
good
Order
,
within
the
space
of
two
years
overthrew
Iugurth
several
times
,
forc'd
him
out
of
several
Towns
,
and
pursu'd
him
beyond
her
own
Frontiers
,
which
constrain●d
him
to
submit
and
beg
Peace
;
but
he
in
a
short
time
broke
the
Conditions
of
it
,
and
so
the
former
Hostility
return'd
.
At
this
time
,
one
C.
Marius
was
Legatus
,
or
Lieutenant
to
M●tellus
,
a
Person
of
Frugality
,
Policy
,
and
Military
Experience
,
and
of
vast
Courage
in
War
;
a
Contemner
of
Pleasure
,
but
very
ambitious
of
Honour
,
which
made
him
extreamly
desirous
to
gain
the
Consulship
.
To
obtain
this
,
he
privately
blam'd
Metellus
,
to
the
Merchants
of
Utica
,
avowing
That
he
was
able
with
half
the
Army
to
take
Jugurth
Prisoner
,
and
that
within
few
Days
.
By
these
and
the
like
detracting
Discourses
,
he
procur●d
many
Complaints
to
be
written
to
Rome
against
Metellus
,
and
getting
leave
to
go
thither
,
obtain●d
the
Consulship
,
and
had
likewise
the
management
of
the
War
committed
to
him
.
Notwithstanding
,
the
People
were
so
grateful
to
Metellus
,
that
at
his
return
,
being
satisfy'd
as
to
his
Behaviour
,
they
both
granted
him
a
Triumph
,
and
bestow'd
upon
him
the
Surname
of
Numidicus
,
as
an
additional
Honour
.
Marius
shew'd
himself
a
very
expert
Warrior
,
and
in
a
short
time
took
the
City
Capsa
,
a
place
very
rich
and
strong
;
and
after
this
,
another
call'd
Mulucha
.
`fugurth
now
finding
himself
too
weak
to
oppose
him
any
longer
,
procur'd
Bocchus
,
King
of
Mauritania
,
and
his
Father-in-Law
,
to
joyn
with
him
,
who
,
by
the
Assistance
of
his
Numerous
Cavalry
much
harrass'd
the
Roman
Army
.
Marius
had
Invested
Cirta
,
and
Bocchus
approaching
to
raise
the
Siege
,
partly
by
the
Number
of
his
Horse
,
reported
to
be
60000
,
and
partly
by
the
violent
Heats
and
great
Dusts
,
the
Romans
were
sorely
distress'd
,
and
the
Fight
continu●d
dangerous
and
terrible
to
them
for
three
Days
;
at
the
end
of
which
,
a
Tempest
of
Rain
falling
,
spoil'd
the
Enemies
Weapons
,
and
reliev●d
Marius's
Men
,
almost
famish'd
with
Thirst
;
and
now
the
Course
of
Fortune
changing
,
the
Two
Kings
were
entirely
defeated
.
In
another
Battel
,
Marius
,
't
is
said
,
kill●d
90000
,
after
which
Bocchus
began
to
repent
of
his
Enterprise
,
and
sent
to
Rome
to
enter
into
a
League
,
which
he
could
not
procure
;
nevertheless
he
obtain'd
Pardon
for
his
Crime
.
Not
long
after
Marius
took
Iugurth
in
an
Ambuscade
,
whither
he
had
drawn
him
by
specious
Pretences
,
and
deliver'd
him
up
to
Sylla
his
Quaestor
,
who
had
brought
over
some
Forces
from
Italy
;
and
under
Marius
he
learnt
that
Skill
in
War
,
which
he
afterwards
employ'd
against
him
.
Iugurth
,
with
his
Two
Sons
,
were
led
in
Triumph
by
Marius
;
and
shortly
after
,
by
Order
of
Senate
,
he
was
put
to
Death
,
and
so
the
Iugurthine
War
ended
,
after
it
had
continu'd
about
Seven
Years
.
III.
At
the
same
time
a
War
was
carry'd
on
against
the
Cimbri
,
a
Vagabond
People
of
Cimbrica
Chersonesus
,
now
call'd
Denmark
,
who
,
joyning
with
the
Teutones
,
a
Nation
of
the
Germans
,
made
dreadful
Irruptions
into
several
Parts
of
the
Roman
Dominions
,
particularly
Gaul
and
Spain
,
where
they
had
overthrown
several
Consuls
,
in
the
last
Battel
killing
80000
Romans
,
after
which
they
resolv'd
to
pass
the
Alps
into
Italy
.
Rome
began
now
to
be
in
a
great
Consternation
,
and
Marius
having
just
vanquish'd
Iugurtha
,
Spain
,
Marius
March'd
against
their
Friends
the
Tolosans
in
Gaul
,
where
King
Copilus
was
taken
by
Sylla
his
Lieutenant
.
Being
made
Consul
again
the
following
Year
,
he
declin'd
Fighting
till
the
Enemies
Force
was
weakned
by
Delays
.
The
next
Year
,
in
his
Fourth
Consulship
,
the
Enemy
,
in
Three
several
Parties
were
just
upon
passing
the
Alps
into
Italy
,
and
as
he
attended
their
Motions
,
it
happened
that
his
Army
was
extreamly
afflicted
with
Thirst
,
the
Teutones
and
Ambrones
lying
between
them
and
the
Water
,
which
Necessity
brought
him
to
an
Ingagement
with
'em
;
and
,
in
Two
Days
time
,
he
,
by
his
excellent
Conduct
,
utterly
destroy'd
'em
,
taking
Theutobocchus
their
King
Prisoner
.
The
Cimbri
escap'd
him
,
and
fled
over
into
Italy
,
notwithstanding
the
Winter-Season
,
and
the
Alps
cover'd
with
Snow
,
being
in
vain
oppos'd
by
Catulus
,
both
at
the
Alps
,
and
at
the
River
Athesis
,
nigh
Verona
.
The
Year
following
Marius
was
again
made
Consul
,
and
joyning
with
Catulus
,
was
challeng●d
by
the
Enemy
to
give
Battel
.
Whereupon
he
fell
upon
their
numerous
Army
,
and
gave
'em
a
most
dreadful
Overthrow
;
their
Wives
all
the
while
making
a
wonderful
Resistance
from
the
Chariots
,
and
when
they
saw
all
things
in
a
desperate
Condition
,
they
,
in
a
great
Fury
,
first
kill'd
all
their
Children
,
and
after
that
themselves
.
About
140000
were
slain
in
this
Battel
,
and
60000
taken
Prisoners
,
which
ended
this
War
,
after
it
had
continu'd
12
Years
,
Marius
the
Fifth
time
,
and
Aquilius
Nepos
being
Consuls
:
The
former
was
then
esteem'd
the
Preserver
of
his
Country
,
and
contented
himself
with
one
Triumph
,
when
he
might
have
had
more
;
and
his
Collegue
had
now
also
finish'd
the
Second
Servile
War
in
Sicily
,
which
had
lasted
almost
Four
Years
.
Notwithstanding
these
Dangers
abroad
,
the
City
was
not
without
Domestick
Troubles
,
which
were
occasion'd
by
Saturninus
,
one
of
Marius's
Friends
,
who
having
been
Quaestor
at
Ostia
,
during
a
Famine
,
was
turn'd
out
of
his
Place
by
the
Senate
,
to
revenge
which
usage
,
he
procur'd
the
Tribune-ship
.
But
after
his
Year
was
expir●d
,
Metellus
Numidicus
,
formerly
mention'd
,
being
Censor
,
endeavour'd
to
remove
him
from
the
Senate
,
but
was
hinder●d
by
his
Collegue
▪
This
so
enrag●d
him
,
that
he
stood
again
for
the
Tribun●-ship
;
and
Nine
of
the
Ten
Tribunes
being
chosen
by
the
Assistance
of
Marius
,
he
Murder●d
Nonius
his
Competitor
,
and
so
obtain'd
the
Place
.
Now
being
once
again
in
Power
,
he
preferr●d
a
Law
for
the
Division
of
such
Lands
as
Marius
had
recover●d
in
Gaul
,
and
compell'd
the
Senate
to
Swear
to
it
,
which
Oath
Numidicus
refusing
he
set
him
a
day
to
Answer
it
before
the
People
,
but
for
fear
of
him
and
Marius
together
,
Numidicus
fled
to
Smyrna
in
Asia
.
Saturninus
procuring
the
Tribuneship
a
Third
time
,
and
finding
Memmius
Candidate
for
the
Consulship
,
he
also
caus'd
him
to
be
Murder'd
,
to
make
way
for
Glaucius
the
Praetor
,
one
of
his
own
Party
.
These
base
and
ungenerous
Practices
rais'd
several
Troubles
and
Commotions
in
the
City
,
and
the
Senate
resolv●d
to
make
him
Answer
it
;
whereupon
Marius
,
now
a
Sixth
time
Consul
,
perceiving
him
in
a
declining
Condition
,
very
politickly
withdrew
himself
from
his
Friendship
.
The
Consuls
were
now
,
as
in
some
other
Dangerous
Times
,
Invested
with
an
unusual
and
Dictatorian
sort
of
Power
,
the
manner
of
conferring
of
which
was
by
a
Vote
of
the
Senate
,
in
these
or
the
like
Words
,
Videant
Consules
ne
quid
detrimenti
Respublic●
accipiat
.
Marius
therefore
with
his
Collegue
,
set
upon
Saturninus
in
the
Publick
Assembly
,
and
forc●d
him
and
his
Followers
into
the
Capitol
,
where
,
for
want
of
Water
,
they
were
constrain'd
to
yield
;
after
Marius
had
given
'em
his
Faith
for
their
Safety
.
Saturninus
and
Glaucius
much
rely'd
upon
Marius
,
not
scrupling
to
give
out
,
That
they
were
but
the
Actors
and
Instruments
of
his
Designs
.
But
notwithstanding
this
Security
,
they
were
all
cut
in
Pieces
by
the
Equites
in
the
Fo●rum
,
who
broke
in
among
'em
;
and
Numidicus
,
especially
by
his
Sons
Industry
,
was
recall●d
,
with
the
General
Applause
of
the
People
.
The
Wars
abroad
,
and
the
Dissentions
and
Cor●uptions
at
home
,
did
not
hinder
Learning
,
for
that
●till
flourish'd
more
than
ever
,
and
Poetry
was
come
almost
to
its
highest
pitch
in
Rome
;
for
a
little
before
●his
,
flourish'd
the
Famous
Lucretius
,
an
admirable
Po●t
in
his
kind
,
and
in
many
particulars
scarce
inferi●ur
to
Virgil.
Now
for
the
space
of
seven
or
eight
Years
,
there
was
no
great
Action
abroad
,
nor
any
o●en
Sedition
at
home
;
but
however
there
was
great
Dissatisfaction
among
those
of
the
Senatorian
Order
,
by
reason
of
the
Power
of
Judicature
,
given
to
the
Equites
by
C.
Gracchus's
Laws
,
which
prov'd
an
extraordinary
Grievance
to
●em
.
The
Common-wealth
too
was
bought
and
sold
;
the
Publicans
,
who
Farm●d
the
Publick
Revenues
,
being
as
they
were
Equites
,
both
Judges
and
Parties
.
Upon
these
accounts
,
Drusus
the
Tribune
,
a
very
eminent
and
well-designing
Person
,
endeavour'd
to
restore
the
Fathers
to
their
Ancient
Privileges
and
Authority
,
and
yet
not
offend
the
Equites
;
and
therefore
the
Senate
being
now
reduc●d
to
a
small
Number
,
he
preferr'd
a
Law
,
that
as
many
Equites
should
be
added
to
them
,
and
that
the
Power
of
Judicature
shou'd
be
committed
equally
to
all
that
shou'd
be
then
of
this
Body
.
This
gave
great
Offence
to
both
Parties
;
and
Caepio
also
,
one
of
Drusu●'s
Collegues
,
oppos'd
him
,
and
coming
into
the
Senate
,
there
accus'd
some
of
the
Highest
Rank
of
Illegal
Endeavours
to
gain
Offices
.
Drusus
,
to
withstand
his
Designs
,
again
propos'd
the
Agrarian
Law
;
and
that
the
Allies
and
Confederates
of
Italy
,
the
present
Possessors
,
might
take
it
amiss
,
he
gave
'em
hopes
of
the
Freedom
of
the
City
.
A
great
Concourse
of
Strangers
was
occasion'd
upon
this
account
,
and
as
great
a
Contention
rais●d
;
where
Philippus
the
Consul
,
for
opposing
the
Law
for
dividing
the
Lands
,
was
Disgracefully
buffeted
by
one
of
the
Strangers
,
and
violent
Disturbances
follow'd
.
Drusus
disappointed
in
this
Particular
,
still
endeavour'd
to
perform
his
Promise
to
the
Italians
;
but
going
home
,
accompany'd
with
a
Great
Multitude
of
People
,
he
was
Stabb'd
in
the
Court
of
his
own
House
,
having
Breath
enough
to
say
,
That
the
Common-wealth
cou'd
never
find
a
Person
more
true
to
her
Interest
than
he
.
IV.
These
Troubles
did
not
end
with
Drusus's
Death
,
Lucanians
,
Apulians
,
Marsi
,
Peligni
,
with
many
others
,
and
especially
the
old
Enemies
of
Rome
,
the
Samnites
,
who
made
their
Preparations
,
with
equal
Diligence
and
Secrecy
.
These
private
Transactions
being
discover'd
at
Rome
,
tho'
late
enough
,
Spies
were
immediately
sent
out
into
all
Quarters
,
to
make
what
further
Discoveries
they
cou'd
.
One
of
which
happening
to
see
a
young
Man
of
Asculum
carry●d
into
another
City
for
an
Hostage
,
thereupon
acquainted
Servilius
the
Pro-Consul
,
who
,
going
to
Asculum
,
and
reprimanding
the
Citizens
of
that
Place
,
was
set
upon
and
Slain
,
together
with
all
the
Romans
.
Their
Designs
being
now
wholly
discover●d
,
for
their
greater
Security
they
all
broke
out
into
open
Rebellion
:
However
first
,
they
thought
it
most
convenient
to
send
to
Rome
to
complain
;
but
their
Messengers
cou'd
not
be
Admitted
without
Satisfaction
and
Repentance
for
what
they
had
already
done
.
Whereupon
the
War
was
committed
to
both
the
Consuls
,
together
with
Mari●s
and
Sylla
,
and
several
others●
thers
who
had
Pro-Consular
Authority
,
the
Forces
on
either
side
amounting
to
about
100
000
fighting
Men.
The
War
was
very
dangerous
and
destructive
;
and
R●tilius
the
Consul
in
a
short
time
lost
his
Life
,
falling
into
an
Ambuscade
laid
by
the
Marsi
;
and
the
Romans
.
receiv'd
many
terrible
Blows
,
so
that
they
were
constrain'd
to
List
many
who
had
been
Slaves
.
The
Bodies
of
the
Consul
,
and
several
others
,
being
carry●d
into
the
City
,
so
discourag'd
the
People
,
that
the
Senate
made
a
Decree
,
that
henceforward
the
Bodies
of
the
Slain
should
be
Bury'd
where
they
Dy'd
,
which
,
as
a
Prudent
Example
,
was
likewise
follow'd
by
the
Enemy
:
After
the
Death
of
Rutilius
,
his
Army
was
committed
to
Marius
his
Lieutenant
,
and
Capio
,
who
acted
in
Conjunction
with
him
.
Caepio
was
Slain
not
long
after
in
an
Ambuscade
laid
by
Popedius
,
one
of
the
Italian
Generals
;
so
Marius
had
his
Desire
of
Commanding
alone
,
and
did
excellent
Service
,
as
likewise
did
Sylla
the
same
Year
.
For
the
following
Year
,
Pompeius
Strabo
,
Father
to
Pompey
the
Great
,
and
Porcius
Cato
,
were
made
Consuls
,
and
now
the
Senate
thought
fit
to
give
the
Freedom
of
the
City
to
such
of
the
Italians
as
had
not
Revolted
,
which
much
establish●d
those
who
were
somewhat
wavering
in
their
Minds
,
and
abated
the
Courages
of
the
other
already
ingag'd
:
Yet
these
were
not
chosen
into
any
of
the
35
Triben
,
but
were
plac●d
by
themselves
behind
all
,
so
that
in
Voting
,
they
cou'd
not
hinder
the
rest
,
which
afterwards
caus●d
some
Disturbance
.
Cato
the
Consul
did
very
good
Service
this
Campaign
,
which
swell'd
him
with
such
an
Opinion
of
himself
,
that
he
boasted
himself
equal
to
Marius
,
for
which
he
was
Slain
by
Marius's
Son
,
in
the
midst
of
a
Battel
against
the
Marsi
.
His
Collegue
Pompey
overthrew
the
Picentes
and
Asculani
;
and
having
long
Besieg'd
Asculum
,
he
defeated
the
Enemy
which
Sally'd
out
upon
him
;
he
likewise
kill'd
18000
of
the
M●rsi
,
taking
3000
Prisoners
.
And
at
last
possessing
himself
of
Asculum
,
he
caus'd
all
the
Officers
and
Principal
Men
in
the
City
,
to
be
first
Scourg'd
,
and
then
Beheaded
.
Sylla
also
perform'd
many
great
Actions
,
overthrowing
the
Samnites
,
and
Storming
Two
of
their
Camps
,
which
success
so
elevated
him
,
that
he
immediately
stood
for
the
Consul-ship
,
and
obtain●d
it
,
having
the
Honour
likewise
of
Finishing
this
dangerous
War
,
nigh
Three
years
after
it
was
begun
;
a
War
so
destructive
,
that
it
consum'd
above
●00000
of
the
Youth
of
Italy
,
according
to
Paterculus
.
This
War
was
ended
with
a
Disturbance
in
the
City
about
Usury
,
and
the
unexpected
Privileges
of
the
Conquer'd
Italians
,
who
had
the
Freedom
of
the
City
given
'em
,
just
as
the
others
had
a
short
time
before
,
and
so
all
things
were
happily
quieted
.
V.
But
Quiet
and
Peace
was
too
great
a
Happiness
for
Rome
at
this
time
,
Asia
Minor
,
a
Prince
famous
for
his
Knowledge
and
Learning
,
mighty
in
Riches
and
Power
,
of
a
boundless
Ambition
,
and
a
Former
of
vast
Designs
.
This
King
,
by
several
Actions
,
had
gain●d
the
Enmity
of
Ronie
,
particularly
by
procuring
Tigranes
King
of
Armenia
,
to
Declare
against
the
Roman
State
,
and
by
his
over-running
his
Neighbours
,
the
Bithynians
,
Phrygians
,
Mysias
,
Lycians
,
Pamphylians
,
and
other
Allies
of
Rome
.
And
which
was
more
Provoking
than
all
the
rest
,
he
had
taken
Q.
Oppius
,
and
Aquilius
,
the
latter
of
which
he
kill'd
,
by
pouring
Melted
Gold
down
his
Throat
,
continually
upbraiding
the
Romans
with
Avarice
and
Corruption
.
Upon
all
these
Accounts
,
the
Romans
Proclaim'd
War
against
him
;
and
Sylla
,
and
Pompeius
Rufus
being
Consuls
,
it
fell
to
the
former's
share
to
Undertake
it
.
But
Sylla
having
not
yet
quite
finish'd
the
Social
War
,
Marius
stirr'd
by
the
Desire
either
of
Profit
or
of
Honour
,
perswaded
Sulpicius
,
Tribune
of
the
People
,
of
prefer
a
Law
for
transferring
the
Management
of
this
War
from
Sylla
to
him
.
He
made
what
Parties
he
cou'd
,
and
drew
the
People
of
Italy
to
his
Side
,
who
had
lately
been
made
free
of
the
City
,
by
promising
em
equal
Privileges
with
those
in
the
35
Tribes
,
which
as
yet
they
wanted
;
so
that
Matters
were
carry'd
on
with
Violent
Heats
and
Contentions
;
and
Pompey's
Son
,
and
Son-in-Law
to
Sylla
,
was
kill'd
in
the
midst
of
these
Tumults
and
Disturbances
.
Sylla
hearing
of
these
dangerous
Commotions
,
hastned
to
the
City
,
easily
perswading
his
Army
to
stand
by
him
in
all
Exigencies
;
for
they
were
very
unwilling
to
have
any
other
go
on
that
Expedition
,
from
which
they
promis'd
themselves
such
Great
Advantages
.
His
Collegue
Pompey
joyn'd
with
him
;
and
tho
Marius
,
and
Sulpicius
the
Tribune
,
made
all
possible
Opposition
,
yet
,
after
some
Difficulty
and
Bloodshed
,
they
enter
d
the
City
,
and
Marius
with
his
Accomplices
were
forc'd
to
betake
themselves
to
flight
;
and
thus
began
the
other
War
,
which
was
the
first
Civil
War
of
any
Note
among
the
Romans
,
as
the
Troubles
of
the
Gracchi
were
the
first
in
which
there
had
been
any
Blood-shed
of
Note
.
Sylla
did
no
Injury
to
the
Citizens
in
General
,
but
Revers'd
all
that
Sulpicius
had
done
,
regulated
the
Senate
,
procur'd
Marius
,
Sulpicius
,
and
Ten
other
Leading
Men
,
to
be
Declar'd
open
Enemies
to
their
Country
,
made
it
Lawful
for
any
Person
to
kill
them
,
and
set
their
Goods
to
Publick
Sale
.
Shortly
after
this
,
he
departed
upon
his
Expedition
against
Mithridates
,
who
now
had
very
much
extended
his
Conquests
,
even
to
the
subduing
a
Great
Part
of
Greece
it self
.
Sulpicius
was
in
a
short
time
taken
and
put
to
Death
;
but
Marius
hid
himself
in
the
Fens
of
Minturnum
,
where
,
being
discover'd
,
a
Gaul
was
sent
to
kill
him
,
but
he
was
so
dash'd
and
amaz'd
at
the
Nobleness
of
his
Presence
,
that
he
cou'd
not
perform
his
Order
:
So
that
Marius
being
convey'd
out
of
that
Place
,
escap'd
into
Africk
,
where
he
was
joyn'd
by
cethegus
and
other
,
who
had
fled
into
Numidia
,
expecting
a
convenient
Opportunity
to
Invade
their
own
Country
.
Pompeius
Rufus
the
Consul
,
to
secure
Italy
,
was
at
the
same
time
appointed
to
Receive
and
Command
the
Army
of
Pompeius
Strabo
,
who
had
done
great
Service
in
the
Social
War
,
and
had
so
far
gain'd
the
Affection
of
his
Men
,
that
they
finding
they
were
like
to
part
with
their
Old
General
,
stood
up
and
slew
the
Counsul
himself
;
so
that
now
there
were
great
Dangers
and
Disturbances
in
all
Parts
.
Cornelius
Cinna
,
and
C.
Octavius
,
were
made
Consuls
for
the
following
Year
:
Cinna
,
corrupted
,
as
some
are
of
Opinion
,
immediately
declar'd
himself
for
the
New
Citizens
,
and
recall
d
Marius
,
with
the
rest
of
the
Exiles
;
which
Actions
were
so
violently
oppos'd
by
his
Collegue
Octavius
,
that
Cinna
was
by
Force
,
driven
from
the
City
,
and
Merula
put
in
his
Place
.
Cinna
,
upon
this
,
going
about
to
the
Italian
People
,
by
giving
'em
fresh
Hopes
of
equal
Privileges
with
the
Romans
,
and
pretending
,
That
all
his
Troubles
and
Sufferings
were
purely
for
their
Sakes
,
obtain'd
great
Summs
of
Money
.
Marius
also
coming
over
to
him
shortly
,
they
,
together
,
rais'd
a
Considerable
Army
,
and
Cinna
March'd
directly
to
Rome
,
and
sat
down
before
it
,
to
the
Great
Surprize
and
Terror
of
the
Inhabitants
.
Marius
at
the
same
time
March'd
against
Ostia
,
and
took
it
by
Force
;
but
Cinna
before
Rome
,
finding
he
was
not
like
to
carry
the
Place
,
broke
up
the
Siege
,
and
Invested
Ariminum
,
which
he
soon
after
Storm'd
.
Marius
,
after
the
taking
of
〈◊〉
,
advanc'd
with
his
whole
Army
,
and
pos●ed
himself
upon
the
Hill
Ianiculum
,
joyning
to
Rome
;
which
again
put
the
Inhabitants
into
a
Great
Consternation
,
especially
for
that
he
was
soon
after
joyn'd
by
Cinna
.
The
Consuls
,
finding
they
cou'd
not
recall
Sylla
from
Countries
so
far
distant
,
sent
to
Metellus
,
then
lying
with
an
Army
in
Samnium
;
but
he
differing
with
them
about
some
Conditions
,
shortly
after
join'd
himself
with
Marius
:
At
which
time
the
City
was
nigh
being
betray'd
by
Ap.
Claudius
,
a
Tribune
of
the
Army
,
who
was
invested
with
the
Command
of
the
Janiculum
;
but
tho'
He
and
Cinna
Broke
in
,
they
were
repell'd
by
Octavius
,
and
Pompeius
Strabo
the
Proconsul
,
who
was
shortly
after
kill'd
with
a
Thunder-bolt
.
Marius
,
after
this
,
took
in
several
.
Towns
about
Rome
where
Provisions
lay
,
and
Cinna
,
by
the
fair
Promises
of
Liberty
,
drew
great
Numbers
of
Slaves
out
of
the
City
;
which
the
Senate
perceiving
,
dispatch'd
Ambassadors
to
Cinna
and
Marius
,
desiring
them
to
come
into
the
City
peaceably
,
and
spare
their
own
Country-men
.
Cinna
refus'd
to
admit
of
any
Address
made
to
him
as
a
Private
Man
,
so
that
they
were
forc'd
to
treat
with
him
as
Consul
,
and
desir'd
him
to
swear
that
he
wou'd
shed
no
Blood
.
Oinna
absolutely
refus'd
to
take
such
an
Oath
;
but
promis'd
,
that
knowingly
and
willingly
he
wou'd
not
be
the
Cause
of
any
Man's
Death
:
Marius
stood
by
him
,
and
said
nothing
,
but
gave
sufficient
Testimony
by
the
Sourness
of
his
Countenance
,
and
the
Sternness
of
his
Looks
,
that
he
wou'd
shortly
fill
the
City
with
Massacres
.
But
the
better
to
dissemble
his
Rage
,
he
at
last
broke
Silence
,
telling
the
Ambassadors
,
that
he
was
then
in
Exile
,
and
banish'd
his
Country
by
course
of
Law
;
that
if
his
Presence
were
necessary
,
they
must
repeal
the
former
Act
of
his
Banishment
by
a
new
Decree
,
that
he
might
be
received
as
a
religious
Observer
of
the
Laws
,
and
might
enter
the
City
free
from
Fear
or
Oppression
.
Upon
this
all
Matters
were
adjusted
,
and
the
Law
for
banishing
Marius
,
and
his
Associates
,
abrogated
.
Upon
their
Entrance
into
the
City
,
great
Plunderings
and
miserable
Slaughters
began
in
all
Places
.
Octavius
the
Consul
,
tho'
he
had
the
Oath
of
Cinna
and
Marius
,
yet
refusing
to
fly
from
his
Charge
,
was
kill'd
,
and
his
Head
set
upon
the
Rostra
,
to
which
was
added
that
of
M.
Antonius
,
Grand-Father
to
the
triumvir
with
Augustus
,
an
excellent
Orator
,
who
by
the
Charms
of
his
Eloquence
defended
himself
a
a
considerable
time
against
the
Rage
of
the
Soldiers
,
and
several
others
.
Dreadful
Tumults
and
Out-crys
were
in
all
Places
;
and
none
were
spared
either
for
the
Dignity
of
their
Worths
,
or
their
Ages
.
The
dead
Bodies
,
being
barbarously
mangl'd
,
and
abominably
abus'd
,
were
left
to
be
torn
in
Pieces
,
and
devoured
by
Dogs
and
Fowls
,
none
daring
to
bury
'em
.
All
Sylla's
Friends
were
slaughter'd
without
Mercy
,
his
House
demolish'd
,
his
Goods
set
to
Sale
,
and
he
himself
judged
and
declared
an
Enemy
to
Rome
.
Merula
,
tho'
he
never
sought
the
Consulship
,
and
Catullus
,
having
their
Days
set
'em
to
answer
for
their
Lives
,
destroy'd
themselves
.
Cinna
and
Marius
having
thus
satiated
themselves
with
the
blood
of
others
,
made
themselves
Consuls
for
the
following
Year
;
but
Marius
dy'd
about
a
Month
after
,
in
the
70th
.
Year
of
his
Age
,
within
less
than
two
Years
after
the
breaking
out
of
this
Civil
War
,
being
a
noble
Soldier
,
and
a
brave
ominander
,
but
much
more
serviceable
to
his
Country
in
the
Time
of
War
than
in
Peace
,
and
the
only
Person
who
had
the
Honour
of
the
Consulship
seven
times
.
VI.
In
the
Time
of
these
unhappy
Troubles
at
home
,
Sylla
perform'd
many
noble
Exploits
against
Mithridates
,
who
not
long
before
her
Arrival
had
commanded
in
one
Day
80000
,
some
say
150000
Romans
and
Italians
in
Asia
,
to
be
murder'd
in
cold
Blood
.
Sylla
first
over-threw
Archelaus
his
General
nigh
Athens
so
effectually
,
that
of
his
120000
Men
scarce
10000
were
left
;
then
he
gave
him
another
great
Defeat
,
recover'd
Greece
,
Maccdonia
,
Ionia
,
Asia
,
and
other
Countries
,
which
Mithridates
had
got
into
his
hands
,
and
withal
took
his
Fleet
from
him
;
insomuch
that
Mithridates
was
very
willingly
to
come
to
a
Treaty
,
which
Sylla
notwithstanding
Mithridates's
high
Provocation
before
,
was
not
much
averse
to
,
being
in
want
of
Money
,
and
very
desirous
to
return
to
Italy
,
and
to
revenge
himself
of
those
who
had
declar'd
him
an
Enemy
to
Rome
.
The
principal
Articles
of
the
Peace
were
that
Mithridates
shou'd
pay
the
Charges
of
the
War
,
and
that
for
the
future
he
shou'd
be
content
with
his
Fathers
Kingdom
;
which
were
ratified
in
less
than
Three
Years
after
the
Beginning
of
the
War
.
Sylla
severely
fin'd
Asia
for
its
Revolt
,
and
fetling
Affairs
according
to
the
present
Occasion
,
he
return'd
for
Italy
.
He
took
Athens
in
his
Way
,
from
whence
he
carry'd
the
famous
Library
of
Apellicon
the
Teian
,
in
which
were
most
of
the
Books
of
Aristotle
and
Theophrastus
,
then
not
vulgarly
known
.
He
soon
after
wrote
to
the
Senate
at
Rome
,
recounting
all
his
great
Services
he
had
done
for
the
State
,
and
how
ungratefully
he
had
been
us'd
by
Marius's
Party
,
telling
them
plainly
,
that
he
was
coming
to
revenge
both
himself
and
the
Publick
,
by
punishing
the
Authors
of
those
Injuries
,
though
the
rest
he
wou'd
spare
,
whether
they
were
old
or
new
Citizens
.
The
Senate
extremely
dreaded
the
effects
of
Sylla's
Return
,
well
knowing
it
would
be
fatal
to
many
,
and
even
to
some
who
had
unwillingly
join'd
with
Mariu●
;
therefore
they
sent
to
treat
with
him
,
offering
all
their
Endeavours
for
his
Satisfaction
,
if
he
would
quickly
make
known
his
Demands
.
And
that
there
might
be
the
less
Blood-shed
,
they
order'd
Cinna
to
discontinue
his
Levies
;
but
he
finding
there
was
no
Way
of
supporting
his
Interest
,
but
by
Arms
,
only
return'd
'em
a
plausible
Answer
,
and
proceeded
to
raise
Soldiers
,
designing
to
make
himself
and
his
Collegue
Carbo
Consuls
for
the
following
Year
that
there
might
be
no
Necessity
of
returning
to
Rome
for
a
new
E●ection
.
He
sent
over
part
of
his
Troops
into
Dalmatia
,
there
to
meet
Syll●
,
but
those
behind
were
driven
back
to
Italy
by
a
Storm
,
after
which
they
absolutely
refus'd
to
fight
against
their
own
Country-men
,
so
that
all
the
rest
,
who
as
yet
had
not
put
to
Sea
,
refus'd
to
go
on
Board
.
Hereupon
Cinna
going
to
speak
with
'em
;
one
of
his
Officers
who
made
way
before
him
,
struck
one
of
'em
;
at
which
the
Soldier
struck
him
again
,
and
being
apprehended
for
this
Crime
,
a
great
Tumult
and
Mutiny
arose
among
the
rest
of
the
Men
,
wherein
Cinna
himself
was
run
through
;
and
thus
perish'd
in
his
fourth
Consulship
,
a
Person
worthier
to
have
dy'd
by
the
Command
of
the
Conqueror
,
than
by
the
Fury
of
the
Soldiers
.
Carbo
continu'd
Consul
by
himself
for
the
remaining
Part
of
the
Year
.
Sylla
before
this
time
had
receiv'd
the
Senate's
Proposals
,
That
be
wou'd
never
be
reconcil'd
to
such
wicked
Persons
as
Cinna
and
Carbo
,
who
besides
many
pernicious
Practices
against
their
Country's
Good
,
had
procur'd
War
to
be
decreed
against
him
who
had
done
it
so
much
Service
.
But
if
the
People
of
Rome
wou'd
grue
'em
Indemnity
,
be
shou'd
not
oppose
it
;
yet
be
thought
all
such
as
came
over
to
him
to
be
far
more
safe
,
since
he
had
so
considerable
an
Army
at
his
Devotion
.
This
sufficiently
declaring
his
Intentions
;
he
also
demanding
Restitution
of
his
Estate
,
his
ancient
Dignity
and
Honours
;
but
the
Messengers
coming
to
Brundusium
,
and
there
hearing
of
Cinna's
Death
,
and
the
Disturbances
of
the
Common-wealth
,
return'd
back
to
him
.
Sylla
then
cros'd
the
Sea
with
a
Fleet
of
1600
Ships
and
●0000
Men
,
and
landed
at
Brundusium
,
where
he
was
join'd
by
M●tellus
Pius
,
who
had
retir'd
from
Rome
for
fear
of
Marius
and
Cinan
,
and
likewise
by
Pompey
,
afterwards
surnam'd
the
Great
,
who
from
this
time
became
Sylla's
great
Favourite
.
Besides
these
,
came
also
Cethegus
,
who
having
before
join'd
with
Cinna
,
now
begg'd
Pardon
,
and
was
receiv'd
into
Favour
.
Norba●ts
and
Scipio
,
the
present
Consuls
,
together
with
Carbo
,
made
all
necessary
Preparations
for
Resistance
;
and
the
first
Trial
at
Arms
was
at
Canusium
,
where
Norbanus
lost
6000
Men
,
and
fled
to
Capua
.
His
Collegue
Scipio
shortly
after
,
throughout
Treachery
of
his
Army
,
fell
,
with
his
Son
,
into
the
Hands
of
Sylla
,
who
civilly
dismiss'd
them
both
.
After
this
,
Sylla
sent
to
Norbanus
to
treat
of
Peace
;
but
not
being
thought
serious
perhaps
,
had
no
Answer●return'd
him
.
Italy
now
began
to
feel
all
the
Desolations
and
Miseries
of
a
Civil
War
,
Sylla
making
great
Devastations
on
one
side
,
and
Carbo
on
the
other
,
who
getting
into
Rome
,
procur'd
Metellus
,
and
the
rest
who
join'd
with
Sylla
,
to
be
declar'd
Enemies
to
the
State
.
Both
Parties
diligently
sent
up
and
down
to
the
Italian
Cities
,
labouring
by
all
possible
Ways
and
Methods
to
procure
Forces
;
and
thus
was
the
rest
of
the
Summer
spent
in
which
time
the
Capitol
was
burnt
down
,
none
knowing
by
what
means
it
was
done
;
this
hapned
about
430
Years
after
it
was
first
built
.
The
following
Year
,
Carbo
a
third
Time
,
and
young
Marius
,
the
Son
of
the
former
,
were
made
Consuls
;
the
latter
at
27
Years
of
Age.
In
the
beginning
of
the
Campaign
,
Carbo's
Lieutenant
Carinus
was
overthrown
by
Metellus
,
and
Marius
himself
by
Sylla
.
Marius
was
driven
into
Praeneste
,
where
being
closely
besieg'd
,
and
almost
despairing
of
Relief
,
he
in
a
great
Rage
wrote
to
Brutus
,
then
Praetor
at
Rome
,
to
use
some
Pretence
to
call
the
Senate
,
and
then
to
kill
the
principal
of
'em
who
were
his
Enemies
;
which
Order
was
executed
with
great
Cruelty
;
so
that
whatsoever
Side
were
Conquerors
,
Rome
was
still
a
miserable
Sufferer
.
Metellus
having
by
this
time
overthrown
Carbo
once
more
,
and
Pompey
defeated
Marcius
,
another
of
that
Party
,
Sylla
march'd
directly
to
Rome
,
which
Place
he
easily
enter'd
,
great
Numbers
of
the
opposite
Faction
being
fled
into
the
Country
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Rome
were
extremely
terrify●d
at
Sylla's
Entrance
;
but
he
only
put
the
Goods
of
the
Persons
that
fled
to
Sale
,
wishing
the
People
not
to
be
dejected
,
for
he
was
oblig'd
to
act
as
he
did
.
Then
leaving
a
sufficient
Garrison
in
the
City
,
he
departed
to
Clusium
,
where
he
and
his
Officers
several
times
overthrew
-
Carbo's
Armies
.
Carbo
,
being
now
upon
the
defensive
,
sent
eight
Legions
to
Praeneste
to
relieve
his
Collegue
Marius
;
but
they
were
met
by
Pompey
in
a
narrow
Passage
,
where
he
●lew
many
of
'em
,
and
dispers'd
the
Rest.
Soon
after
,
Carbo
being
join'd
with
Norbanus
,
engag'd
with
Metellus
,
and
had
10000
of
his
Men
slain
,
and
6000
yielded
;
whereupon
great
Numbers
went
over
to
Sylla's
Party
,
which
presently
became
Masters
of
all
Gaul
on
that
side
the
Alpes
.
Norbanus
fled
to
Rhodes
,
where
fearing
to
be
deliver'd
up
,
he
kill'd
himself
;
and
Carbo
fled
to
Africk
,
tho
he
had
30000
Men
at
Clusium
,
besides
other
Forces
,
all
which
soon
after
were
broken
and
dispers'd
by
Pompey
.
But
Carinus
,
and
Marcius
,
with
other
Commanders
,
by
the
Assistance
of
the
Samnite
Troops
endeavour'd
to
force
the
Trenches
at
Praeneste
,
and
relieve
Marius
;
but
finding
it
impracticable
,
they
advanc'd
to
Rome
,
where
meeting
with
Sylla
,
a
most
bloody
Battell
was
sought
at
the
very
Gates
,
in
which
many
thousands
were
slain
on
both
sides
.
But
Sylla
at
last
obtain'd
the
Victory
,
and
Carinus
and
Marcius
were
taken
,
and
their
Heads
sent
to
Praeneste
to
be
shewn
to
the
Inhabitants
,
at
which
sorrowful
Sight
,
they
surrender'd
to
Lucullus
,
and
Marius
kill'd
himself
,
whose
Head
was
set
up
in
the
Pleading-Place
at
Rome
.
All
his
Faction
in
Praeneste
,
with
the
Natives
and
Samnites
were
put
to
Death
without
Mercy
;
only
the
Romans
escap'd
with
their
Lives
,
and
this
rich
City
was
plunder'd
.
Norba
a
little
after
was
taken
,
and
the
Inhabitants
setting
the
Town
on
Fire
,
all
destroy'd
themselves
,
some
one
way
,
and
some
another
:
So
now
all
Italy
came
under
the
Power
of
Sylla
.
Sylla
,
having
been
thus
successful
against
his
Enemies
at
home
,
sent
Pompey
into
Africk
against
Carbo
,
and
gave
him
Charge
to
pass
from
thence
into
Sicily
against
others
of
that
Party
.
Pompey
in
a
short
time
drove
Carbo
into
Sicily
,
and
thence
into
Corcyra
,
where
he
took
him
,
and
caus●d
his
Head
to
be
cut
off
,
and
sent
to
Sylla
.
But
Rome
in
the
mean
time
now
severely
felt
the
dreadful
Effects
of
Civil
Contests
;
for
Sylla
calling
the
People
together
,
told
them
,
That
he
wou'd
put
'em
into
a
better
Condition
,
if
they
were
obedient
to
his
Commands
▪
but
as
for
his
Enemies
,
be
was
resolv'd
to
prosecute
them
with
all
sorts
of
Miseries
and
Calamities
;
which
he
did
with
more
Severity
than
any
before
him
,
killing
and
butchering
many
thousands
after
a
most
barbarous
and
inhumane
Manner
.
Eight
Thousand
were
put
to
Death
together
in
the
Villa
Publica
a
large
House
in
the
Campus
Martius
;
Men
were
slain
in
the
Embraces
of
their
Wives
,
Children
in
the
Arms
of
their
Mothers
,
and
Liberty
was
given
to
the
Soldiers
to
kill
all
they
met
,
without
distinction
till
Furfidius
a
little
stopp'd
the
Current
of
his
Rage
,
by
putting
him
in
mind
that
he
ought
to
leave
some
to
reign
over
Sylla
,
then
publish'd
Tables
of
Proscription
for
particularly
Persons
,
these
being
the
first
ever
known
in
Rome
,
wherein
were
proscribed
80
Senators
,
and
1600
Equites
,
to
which
he
afterwards
added
more
,
promising
great
Rewards
to
the
Discoverers
,
and
threatning
Death
to
the
Concealers
of
them
.
Of
these
Out-law●d
Persons
some
were
slain
in
their
Houses
,
others
in
the
Streets
,
and
others
prostrate
at
his
Feet
,
begging
their
Lives
;
and
those
that
fled
,
their
Goods
were
seiz●d
on
.
Marius
,
Brother
to
Sylla's
great
Enemy
,
had
his
Eyes
first
pull'd
out
,
then
his
Hands
and
Legs
cut
off
at
several
times
,
that
he
might
die
with
the
greater
Torment
.
●
.
Iulius
Caesar
,
a
young
Man
of
wonderful
promising
Abilities
,
who
had
marry'd
Cinna's
Daughter
,
very
hardly
escap'd
the
common
Miseries
of
these
Times
,
of
whom
Sylla
was
wont
to
say
,
after
a
Prophetick
Manner
,
That
in
Caesar
were
many
Marius
'
s.
Rome
was
not
the
only
Sufferer
in
these
dreadfull
Calamities
;
for
this
Proscription
was
carry●d
throughout
all
the
Cities
of
Italy
,
where
the
merciless
Effusion
of
Blood
was
such
,
that
neither
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
,
nor
all
the
Sanctuaries
cou'd
afford
.
Protection
to
any
Man
.
Both
the
Consuls
being
now
destroy'd
,
Sylla
withdrew
himself
from
the
City
;
and
order'd
the
Senate
to
create
an
Inter-Rex
,
which
they
most
willingly
did
,
naming
Valerius
Flaccus
.
He
wrote
to
him
to
ask
the
People
,
that
since
Affairs
were
yet
much
unsettled
,
a
Dictator
might
be
created
,
and
that
not
for
any
limited
Time
,
but
till
all
publick
Evils
and
Grievances
should
be
redress'd
,
not
forgetting
to
mention
himself
.
This
the
People
were
constrain'd
to
yield
to
,
he
having
then
all
the
Power
in
his
own
Hands
;
and
so
this
Office
,
which
had
been
intermitted
for
120
Years
,
was
conferr'd
on
him
without
any
Limitation
of
Time
.
And
thus
ended
the
first
Civil
War
in
Italy
,
tho'
not
in
all
other
Places
,
about
6
Years
after
it
began
,
and
four
after
the
first
Marius's
Death
,
in
the
672d
.
Year
of
the
City
,
in
the
3d.
Year
of
the
174th
Olympiad
,
427
Years
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
248
since
the
setting
up
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
,
and
80
before
our
Saviours's
Nativity
CHAP.
XIV
.
From
the
Perpetual
Dictatorship
of
Sylla
,
to
the
first
Triumvirate
,
namely
,
that
of
Caesar
,
Pompey
and
Cra●sus
;
which
prov'd
the
Ruin
of
the
Consular
State
,
and
the
first
Step
to
the
setting
up
the
Imperial
.
Containing
the
Space
of
22
Years
.
THE
Government
of
Rome
was
now
for
some
space
chang●d
to
a
Monarchy
,
In
the
second
Year
of
Sylla's
Office
he
again
made
Consuls
,
but
joyn'd
himself
with
Caecilius
Metellus
,
he
being
one
,
which
Course
the
Emperors
afterwards
imitated
.
The
Year
after
,
when
the
People
design●d
him
Consul
again
,
he
declin●d
it
,
and
chose
two
others
;
and
then
,
to
the
great
Surprize
and
Wonder
of
all
Men
,
he
laid
down
his
Dictatorship
,
in
the
third
Year
of
his
Office
;
and
what
was
more
Surprising
tho'
he
had
done
so
many
cruel
and
wicked
Acts
,
he
like
a
Man
perfectly
Just
and
Innocent
,
freely
offer●d
to
give
an
Account
of
all
his
Management
and
Proceedings
.
Yet
we
find
none
accus'd
him
but
one
young
Man
,
whose
scurrilous
Language
to
him
made
him
say
,
that
such
course
Usage
for
the
future
wou●d
keep
any
Man
from
laying
down
an
Office
of
such
Supream
Authority
;
which
Iulius
Caesar
afterwards
seem'd
to
have
been
aware
of
.
Not
long
after
he
retired
himself
into
the
Country
,
where
following
nothing
but
his
Pleasure
,
he
dy'd
in
a
short
time
at
Puteoli
,
his
body
being
putrefied
,
and
all
turn'd
into
Lice
.
This
was
the
End
of
Cornelius
Sylla
,
and
as
his
Life
was
very
pernicious
to
his
Co●ntry
,
so
was
his
Death
extreamly
troublesome
to
it
,
the
two
Consuls
and
their
Factions
falling
about
the
Honours
design'd
for
him
at
his
Funeral
.
Catullus
prevailing
against
his
Collegue
Lepidus
,
his
Body
was
carry'd
in
great
Pomp
and
State
through
the
City
,
and
was
the
first
in
Rome
that
was
burnt
,
to
prevent
being
treated
as
Marius
before
had
been
,
whose
Bones
Sylla
himself
had
order'd
to
be
digged
up
and
thrown
away
.
After
this
,
the
Consuls
fell
into
greater
Dissentions
about
the
Lands
given
away
by
Sylla
,
which
Lepidus
was
for
returning
to
the
former
Possessors
.
The
Senate
being
very
fearful
of
another
War
,
made
'em
both
swear
Not
to
deside
the
Controversie
by
the
Sword
.
But
Lepidus
resolv'd
not
to
return
out
of
his
Province
,
'till
the
new
Election
of
Consuls
was
over
,
and
then
to
begin
a
War
,
thinking
himself
discharg'd
from
his
Oath
when
he
was
out
of
his
Office
.
Hereupon
the
Senate
sent
for
him
,
and
at
his
return
,
he
offer'd
to
bring
his
Troops
into
the
City
,
but
being
oppos'd
by
Catullus
and
Pompey
,
a
Battel
in●u●d
,
wherein
he
was
overthrown
,
and
fleeing
to
Sardinia
,
he
dy'd
the
same
Year
with
Sylla
.
This
was
not
the
end
of
all
these
Troubles
,
for
a
more
dangerous
War
was
still
depending
in
Spain
against
Q.
Sertorius
,
an
admirable
expert
Commander
of
Ci●●●a's
Faction
,
who
had
driven
out
all
Sylla's
Party
from
Spain
,
and
had
chosen
300
of
his
Friends
,
whom
he
call'd
a
Senate
,
in
Opposition
to
that
at
Rome
.
Sertorius
having
joyn'd
with
the
Cel●iberians
,
had
before
been
Successfull
against
Metellus
,
and
now
being
re-inforc'd
with
part
of
Lepidus's
Army
brought
over
by
Perpenna
,
he
design'd
no
less
than
the
Invasion
of
Italy
.
The
Senate
apprehensive
of
this
threatning
Danger
,
sent
Pompey
against
him
,
who
for
his
great
Exploits
in
Africk
and
Sicily
had
already
triumph'd
,
tho'
scarce
26
Years
of
Age
,
and
neither
Consul
nor
Praetor
.
Pompey
in
Imitation
of
Hannibal
,
pass'd
the
Alpes
,
tho'
a
contrary
way
,
but
with
no
Success
against
Sertorius
either
then
or
in
the
next
Spring
:
and
tho'
Perpenna
and
Herculeus
were
several
times
worsted
by
Metellus
,
yet
Sertorius
by
his
extraordinary
Management
reduc'd
Pompey
to
great
Extremities
,
insomuch
he
was
oblig'd
to
send
to
Rome
for
Supplies
;
which
after
he
had
receiv'd
,
he
attack●d
several
Places
subject
to
Sertorius
,
yet
perform'd
no
thing
of
Consequence
this
Year
.
The
following
Year
,
Pompey
and
Metellus
being
much
strengthn'd
,
made
Incursions
into
several
Parts
,
and
with
more
Success
than
formerly
;
yet
no
considerable
Battel
was
fought
.
And
indeed
there
needed
none
,
since
Sertorius
fell
away
insensibly
,
by
disobliging
his
chief
Soldiers
in
preferring
the
Celtiberians
for
his
Guard
;
but
more
especially
by
his
degenerating
into
a
lazy
and
debauch'd
,
as
well
as
cruel
Temper
,
putting
many
to
Death
with
little
Reason
or
Justice
.
And
now
Perpenna
fearing
it
might
fall
to
his
Lot
to
be
destroy'd
amongst
the
rest
,
resolv'd
to
prevent
it
,
and
thereupon
inviting
him
to
a
Sumptuous
Feast
,
first
made
him
and
his
Companions
very
drunk
,
and
then
murder'd
him
;
which
was
a
very
inglorious
End
for
so
great
a
Soldier
,
who
had
stoutly
and
bravely
resisted
all
that
had
been
sent
against
him
,
and
had
been
admired
by
the
Spaniards
as
another
Hannibal
.
Perpenna
with
much
difficulty
obtain'd
his
Command
from
his
Army
,
but
not
long
after
was
overthrown
in
Battel
,
and
taken
Prisoner
by
Pompey
.
He
offer'd
to
disclose
to
Pompey
in
private
some
Matters
of
the
highest
Consequence
,
if
he
wou'd
spare
his
Life
;
but
Pompey
with
great
Policy
and
Discretion
commanded
him
to
be
Executed
immediately
,
and
his
Papers
all
to
be
burnt
,
least
his
Accusations
shou'd
bring
the
State
into
further
Troubles
,
of
which
it
had
felt
too
severely
already
.
Thus
ended
all
the
Civil
Wars
,
in
the
68th
.
Year
of
the
City
,
1●
Years
after
they
first
began
,
and
9
after
it
ended
in
Italy
,
in
the
Consulship
of
Terentius
Varro
and
Cassius
Varus
▪
the
former
being
a
Person
of
wonderful
Knowledge
,
and
one
of
the
most
Learned
Men
that
ever
Rome
produc'd
,
in
whose
time
Learning
was
in
many
respects
at
the
highest
Pitch
in
the
State
.
II.
But
the
Year
before
,
Romans
.
Lucinius
Lucullus
and
Aurelius
Cotta
being
Consuls
,
the
former
,
a
brave
General
,
was
sent
against
Mithridates
.
He
found
the
King
before
C●zicus
a
City
of
Propontis
,
where
he
plac'd
his
Men
with
so
much
skill
as
to
besiege
the
Besieger
,
and
reduc'd
Mithridates
to
such
Extremities
,
that
,
through
Famine
he
was
forc'd
,
first
to
send
away
his
Cavalry
and
sick
Men
into
Bithynia
,
whereof
15000
were
intercepted
,
and
then
to
retire
himself
with
the
rest
that
could
escape
the
great
Slaughter
which
the
Romans
made
in
their
Flight
.
During
the
time
of
this
double
Siege
,
Eumachus
one
of
Mithridates's
Commanders
,
made
Inrodes
into
Phrygia
,
subdu'd
Pisidia
and
Isauria
,
and
endeavoured
to
do
the
like
to
Cilicia
,
'till
he
was
Repuls●d
by
Deiotarus
one
of
the
Governours
of
Galatia
.
But
Lucullus
improv'd
his
Success
by
Land
by
gaining
many
Victories
at
Sea
,
where
he
took
several
of
Mithridates's
Commanders
,
and
closely
pursu'd
the
King
himself
.
Mithridates
flying
with
more
Speed
than
Discretion
,
had
been
Cast
away
,
but
that
he
was
receiv'd
into
a
Pirate's
Vessel
,
to
which
he
was
glad
to
commit
himself
in
so
great
a
Danger
,
and
at
length
after
many
Difficulties
,
got
into
his
own
Kingdom
,
whither
Lucullus
pursu'd
him
,
having
taken
in
all
Bithynia
and
Paphlagonia
in
in
his
Way
;
and
this
was
his
first
Years
Expedition
.
Mithridates
made
all
possible
Preparations
for
Resistance
,
sending
to
Tigranes
and
others
for
Aid
;
and
within
the
space
of
a
Year
he
got
together
40000
Foot
and
4000
Horse
,
with
which
he
once
or
twice
gain'd
some
Advantage
over
the
Romans
;
and
struck
some
Terror
into
the
Soldier
.
But
Lucullus
found
Means
to
cut
off●
most
of
his
Cavalry
,
which
,
with
the
Loss
of
a
Battel
soon
after
,
so
terrify'd
him
that
he
quitted
his
Kingdom
,
and
fled
into
Armenia
to
Tigranes
,
who
entertain'd
him
like
a
King
,
but
refus'd
to
admit
him
to
his
Presence
.
All
Pontus
,
except
a
few
Places
,
yielded
to
Lucullus
in
a
Short
space
;
and
Machares
King
of
Bosphorus
sent
this
General
a
Crown
of
Gold
,
by
which
he
purchas'd
the
Title
of
his
Friend
and
Allie
.
This
was
the
fourth
Year
of
his
Expedition
,
in
which
Year
also
was
happily
finish'd
the
War
with
Spartacus
the
Gladiator
in
Italy
.
This
Person
with
seventy
four
of
his
Companions
having
broken
out
of
their
Fencing
School
at
Capua
,
fled
away
;
and
wandring
through
all
the
Country
round
,
and
vastly
encreasing
in
their
Numbers
,
commenc'd
a
dangerous
War
in
Italy
.
They
at
last
had
gather'd
together
an
Army
of
about
70000
Men
,
most
Vagabonds
and
such
kind
of
People
,
and
all
pretenders
to
Liberty
,
and
had
besides
overthrown
many
of
the
Roman
Commanders
,
and
two
of
their
Consuls
;
till
at
last
they
were
Conquer'd
and
despers'd
by
Licinius
Crassus
the
Prooon●ul
in
Apulia
a
Person
of
great
Nobility
and
Riches
,
and
after
many
Troubles
and
Calamities
in
Italy
,
the
War
was
ended
in
the
third
Year
by
him
.
About
the
same
time
a
Lustrum
being
perform●d
in
Rome
,
450000
Free
Citizens
were
Poll'd
,
the
City
still
encreasing
in
Bulk
and
People
,
and
the
Inhabitants
in
Learning
and
Politeness
,
as
well
as
Corruption
and
Factions
.
Lucullus
,
King
of
Kings
.
Whereupon
Lucullus
suddenly
pass●d
the
River
Euphrates
with
two
Legions
and
about
3000
Horse
,
which
did
not
a
little
surprize
Tigranes
,
who
first
hang●d
the
Messenger
of
the
News
as
a
Disturber
of
the
Peace
,
and
soon
after
sent
Mithrobarzanes
with
2000
Horse
▪
to
Incommode
his
Passage
,
leaving
Mancaeus
to
cover
the
City
Tigranocerta
which
he
had
lately
built
,
and
went
himself
to
Levy
Forces
.
While
he
was
drawing
together
a
vast
Army
of
250000
Foot
,
and
●0000
Horse
against
the
Romans
,
Mithrobazanes
was
repell●d
,
and
Mancaeus
driven
from
the
Cover
of
the
City
,
and
the
Place
immediately
Invested
.
Mithridates
upon
this
advis●d
him
not
to
hazard
all
in
a
Battel
,
but
rather
to
starve
the
Romans
;
but
he
slighted
this
Motion
,
and
contemn●d
the
Smallness
of
their
Numbers
,
saying
,
That
if
the
Romans
were
all
Ambassadours
they
were
a
great
many
,
but
if
Soldiers
,
very
few
,
pretending
to
over-run
'em
with
great
Facility
.
But
Lucullus
posting
himself
upon
a
Hill
,
sent
his
Cavalry
to
provoke
and
draw
out
the
Enemy
so
as
he
might
break
their
Ranks
;
and
then
setting
upon
the
Carriage
Beasts
,
so
successfully
caus'd
'em
to
drive
their
Foot
among
their
Horse
,
that
great
Confusio●
follow'd
and
a
dreadful
Slaughter
continu'd
all
the
day
;
and
Tigranocerta
was
surrender'd
by
means
of
certain
dissatisfy'd
Greeks
in
the
Place
.
After
these
Defeats
,
another
great
Army
was
rais'd
,
and
committed
to
the
Conduct
of
Mithridates
.
They
both
endeavour'd
to
●hem
in
Lucullus
,
but
were
disappointed
in
their
Design
by
his
extraordinary
Vigilancy
;
and
thus
both
Sides
continu'd
with
little
Action
,
till
want
of
Provisions
constrain'd
'em
to
remove
,
Tigranes
Marching
farther
into
his
Kingdom
,
and
Mithridates
,
into
his
,
with
Lucullus
not
far
behind
him
.
Fabius
,
who
had
been
left
in
Pon●us
by
Lucullus
,
was
overthrown
by
Mithridates
,
and
after
him
Triarius
,
who
imprudently
Engag'd
with
him
,
and
lost
●000
of
his
Men.
Soon
after
,
Mithridates
taking
with
him
all
the
Necessaries
he
cou●d
carry
,
and
destroying
the
rest
,
March'd
into
the
Lesser
Armenia
,
Lucullus
wou●d
gladly
have
follow'd
him
,
and
might
have
put
an
End
to
the
War
,
but
that
now
Acilius
Glabrio
this
Years
Consul
,
by
Glabinus
the
Tribunes
Procurement
,
was
appointed
to
carry
it
on
in
his
Place
.
This
being
known
in
the
Army
,
Lucullus
was
lighted
by
his
Men
,
and
Mithridates
and
Tigranes
began
to
be
more
Successful
than
formerly
.
In
a
short
time
,
Glabrio
arriu'd
at
his
Province
,
and
sent
about
to
give
Notice
That
the
Senate
being
displeas'd
with
Lucullus
for
prolongging
the
War
,
had
disbanded
his
Army
,
and
wou'd
Confiscate
the
Estates
of
such
as
shou'd
disobey
its
Order
.
Upon
which
all
his
Army
abandon'd
him
except
some
few
poor
Men
,
who
had
no
great
Cause
to
fear
any
loss
of
Estates
;
and
Lucullus
being
out
of
his
Command
,
Mithridates
recover'd
almost
all
his
Kingdom
,
and
did
much
Damage
to
Capp●clocia
,
Glabrio
not
so
much
as
coming
to
his
Army
,
but
lying
idle
in
Bithynia
.
This
hapned
in
the
seventh
Year
after
Lucullus
had
undertaken
the
War
.
III.
Romans
Praetors
,
and
were
grown
so
impudent
,
that
they
landed
in
Italy
it self
,
carry'd
away
several
Women
of
Quality
,
and
more
than
that
,
two
Armies
with
their
Ensigns
.
These
great
Affronts
very
much
enrag'd
the
People
of
Rome
,
and
a
Law
was
preferr'd
by
Gabinius
the
Tribune
,
That
some
Person
shou●d
be
created
Admiral
with
full
Power
against
the
Pirate
for
three
Years
,
who
shou'd
have
large
Forces
and
many
Lieutenants
.
This
Law
did
not
please
the
Senate
,
who
now
began
to
grow
jealous
of
Pompey
●s
Power
;
for
to
him
was
the
Affair
committed
,
and
he
had
full
Power
given
him
over
all
Persons
upon
the
Sea
,
and
fifty
Miles
distant
,
whether
Kings
or
others
,
to
oblige
them
to
assist
him
in
his
Enterprize
.
The
Senate
also
permitted
him
to
chuse
fifteen
Lieutenants
out
of
their
Body
,
to
take
200
Ships
,
and
raise
what
Men
he
cou●d
:
But
he
obtain'd
greater
Advantage
of
the
People
,
namely
500
Ships
,
120000
Foot
,
and
5000
Horse
,
6000
Attick
Talents
,
and
the
Power
of
appointing
25
Vice-gerants
out
of
the
Senate
,
and
Two
Quaestors
;
so
difficult
it
appear'd
to
destroy
such
numerous
Fleets
as
the
Pirates
had
,
in
a
Sea
that
had
so
many
Places
of
Retreat
and
Refuge
.
Pompey
with
great
Skill
and
Judgment
distributed
his
Lieutenants
through
the
several
Bays
,
Havens
,
Streights
,
and
Windings
of
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
furnishing
them
with
convenient
Shipping
and
Forces
▪
that
so
the
Pirates
being
rous●d
out
of
their
lurking
Holes
by
some
,
might
be
receiv'd
by
others
,
and
chas'd
by
the
next
,
and
none
might
be
oblig'd
to
sail
too
far
.
While
he
himself
,
like
a
King
of
so
many
Kings
,
sail'd
up
and
down
observing
,
visiting
,
directing
,
instructing
,
and
overseeing
with
that
singular
Art
and
Diligence
,
that
in
forty
Days
he
scour'd
all
the
Seas
about
Africk
,
Sardinia
,
Corsica
and
Sicily
▪
and
all
the
Pirates
that
escap'd
,
flock'd
to
Cilicia
,
as
their
Common
Receptacle
.
He
soon
follow●
d
'em
with
60
Galleys
;
and
tho'
they
had
prepar●
d
themselves
to
give
him
Battel
,
yet
upon
the
sight
of
his
Fleet
,
they
submitted
to
his
Mercy
;
and
so
much
had
the
Greatness
of
his
Name
terrify●
d
them
,
that
in
forty
Days
more
,
he
reduc'd
Cilicia
to
the
Roman
Obedience
.
Such
of
these
Piratesas
remain'd
,
being
above
20000
,
he
was
unwilling
to
kill
,
and
to
let
●em
return
to
their
old
Habitations
was
not
safe
:
Therefore
he
remov●
d
●em
to
Places
farther
distant
from
the
Sea
,
where
he
gave
●em
Land
and
Houses
,
furnishing
their
Seats
with
new
Inhabitants
.
Thus
after
the
taking
of
nigh
400
Ships
,
and
120
Forts
,
and
the
killing
of
10000
Men
,
he
finish'd
the
War
in
three
or
four
Months
,
using
the
Conquer'd
with
more
Glemency
than
Q.
Metellus
did
those
in
Crete
,
which
he
subdu●d
,
and
thereby
obtain'd
besides
a
Triumph
,
the
Sirname
of
Creticus
.
This
Expedition
still
added
much
to
Pompey's
Reputation
;
and
it
was
scarce
at
an
End
,
when
Manlius
the
Tribune
preferr●
d
a
Law
,
That
all
the
Armies
the
Romans
had
in
any
Place
,
together
with
the
Government
of
all
Asia
,
and
the
Management
of
the
War
against
Mithridates
and
Tigranes
,
might
be
committed
to
him
alone
.
This
he
did
to
curry
Favour
with
so
great
a
Man
as
Pompey
,
whom
he
had
displeas'd
not
long
before
by
a
Law
of
his
,
which
gave
equal
Privileges
to
free'd
Slaves
with
their
Masters
that
made
'em
so
.
The
Nobility
were
extreamly
dissatisfied
at
this
new
Law
,
not
only
for
the
manifest
Injury
done
to
Lucullus
and
Glabrio
;
by
removing
them
from
their
Places
but
also
out
of
a
high
jealousie
of
Pompey's
growing
Greatness
,
as
being
in
a
manner
absolute
Monarch
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
by
having
these
Provinces
added
to
,
his
former
,
with
the
same
Power
of
Peace
and
War
;
and
which
was
more
than
all
the
rest
,
a
Jurisdiction
over
all
Armies
whatsoever
;
which
Things
had
never
before
been
conferr'd
up●
any
one
single
Person
.
But
the
Commons
were
●ry
hot
for
the
Law
,
being
much
incited
by
Cicero
〈◊〉
renowned
Orator
,
now
Praetor
,
who
in
a
Publick
A●
.
sembly
made
a
noble
Oration
in
Commendation
of
Pompey
,
shewing
not
only
how
very
convenient
it
was
for
the
Good
of
the
Common-Wealth
to
have
a
General
with
so
large
a
Power
;
but
likewise
how
absolutely
necessary
it
was
to
chuse
him
above
all
other
Men
in
the
World
,
as
being
incomparably
eminent
for
those
four
great
Accomplishments
requir
d
in
an
Absolute
Soldier
,
Conduct
,
Courage
,
Authority
and
Success
,
which
had
all
been
abundantly
apparent
in
those
numerous
and
wonderful
Exploits
he
had
already
perform'd
in
so
many
Parts
of
the
World
.
This
had
so
good
an
Effect
,
that
when
the
Law
came
to
the
Scrutiny
,
it
pass●
d
with
little
Opposition
;
and
C.
Iulius
Caesar
,
lately
Quaestor
,
is
said
to
have
likewise
favour●
d
it
,
chiefly
with
Design
that
afterwards
the
People
might
be
the
more
inclin'd
to
commit
the
like
extraordinary
Power
to
himself
.
Pompey
having
made
what
Preparations
he
thought
convenient
,
He
only
sent
to
make
an
Espial
,
and
evading
the
Articles
by
swearing
,
that
he
would
never
be
reconcil●
d
to
the
Romans
,
because
of
their
insatiable
Avarice
.
Pompey
marching
into
Galatia
,
there
met
with
Lucullus
,
and
a
violent
Contest
was
rais'd
between
'em
.
The
latter
affirm'd
the
War
to
be
already
finish'd
;
and
that
the
Commissioners
from
Rome
were
to
decide
it
;
and
when
Pompey
would
not
harken
to
this
,
he
upbraided
him
with
an
unjust
Ambition
,
Pompey
retorting
the
Charge
of
immoderate
Desire
of
Gain
upon
Lucullus
.
Lucullus
still
gave
out
Commands
in
his
own
Name
,
but
Pompey
,
by
his
Edicts
,
forbad
'em
,
null'd
all
his
Acts
,
and
at
last
drew
away
the
greater
Part
of
his
Army
.
Yet
Lucullus
at
his
Return
was
received
with
great
Honour
by
the
Senate
,
carrying
with
him
among
his
great
Booty
,
many
valuable
Books
;
with
which
he
furnish'd
a
Library
,
that
always
stood
open
,
to
Greeks
especially
.
He
much
advanc'd
the
Roman
Luxury
as
to
Buildings
,
Furniture
of
Houses
and
excessive
Feast
,
and
also
was
the
first
that
brought
the
Cherry-Tree
out
of
Pontus
into
Italy
.
Mitrhidates
had
now
gather'd
together
a
ve●y
considerable
and
numerous
Army
;
and
Pompey
finding
how
he
had
wasted
all
the
Country
to
hinder
the
Subsistance
of
his
Army
,
march'd
into
the
lesser
Arm●nia
,
subject
to
Mithridates
,
who
fearing
he
might
become
Master
of
that
Country
,
follow●
d
him
thither
.
Here
Mithridates
was
in
hopes
to
starve
him
,
but
was
disappointed
with
considerable
Loss
,
and
to
his
great
Surprize
was
surrounded
by
Pompey
with
an
Intrenchment
of
above
eighteen
Miles
Circuit
.
Whereupon
hearing
that
Marcius
was
join'd
Pompey
,
he
betook
himself
to
Flight
,
having
first
killed
all
such
as
were
sick
and
useless
about
him
.
But
Pompey
pursu●
d
him
so
close
,
that
before
he
cou'd
pass
the
River
Euphrates
,
he
forc'd
him
to
an
Engagement
in
the
Night
.
The
Moon
being
very
low
,
and
on
the
Backs
of
the
Romans
,
so
lengthen'd
their
Shadows
,
that
the
Enemies
thinking
●em
nigher
than
really
they
were
,
shot
most
of
their
Arrows
without
doing
Execution
.
Here
Mithridates
lost
many
Thousands
of
Men
;
but
he
himself
broke
through
with
800
Horse
,
of
which
only
300
stay'd
with
him
.
Then
sorrowfully
wandring
through
the
Woods
with
his
Horse
in
his
Hands
,
he
accidentally
met
with
some
Mercenaries
,
and
about
3000
Foot
,
by
whose
Assistance
he
was
convey'd
into
a
Castle
where
he
had
laid
up
much
Treasure
.
From
hence
he
sent
to
Tigranes
,
who
now
refused
to
receive
him
,
alledging
that
his
Son
upon
his
Account
had
rebell●
d
against
him
.
Whereupon
Mithridates
fled
to
Colchis
,
which
he
had
formerly
conquered
,
and
Pompey
followed
him
,
thinking
he
would
not
have
stirr'd
thence
;
but
he
immediately
passed
into
Scythia
,
where
partly
by
Force
,
and
partly
by
Perswasions
,
he
oblig●
d
the
Princes
of
that
County
,
to
be
of
his
Party
,
bestowing
his
Daughters
in
Marriage
upon
some
of
'em
,
having
still
vast
Designs
in
his
Mind
,
even
of
passing
through
Thrace
,
Maced●nia
,
Pannonia
,
and
so
over
the
Alpes
into
Italy
it self
.
Pompey
,
in
a
short
time
left
Colchis
;
and
getting
clear
of
the
Ambuscades
,
laid
for
him
by
the
Albanians
and
Iberians
,
directed
his
March
to
Armenia
against
Tigranes
,
who
now
resolv●
d
not
to
fight
,
upon
the
Account
of
the
Rebellion
of
his
three
Sons
he
had
by
Mithridates's
Daughter
,
two
of
which
he
had
executed
,
and
the
third
after
an
Overthrow
had
fled
to
Pompey
.
Tigranes's
Ambassadors
coming
to
desire
a
Peace
,
this
Son
so
far
prevail'd
,
that
they
cou'd
not
be
heard
shortly
after
Pompey
,
invested
the
City
Artaxata
,
which
Tigranes
immediately
surrender'd
,
and
shortly
after
came
himself
into
Pompey's
Camp
,
making
him
Mediator
between
him
and
his
Son
who
wou'd
not
so
much
as
rise
up
to
his
Father
,
or
shew
him
any
Respect
whatsoever
.
But
Pompey
received
him
with
extraordinary
Civility
,
allowing
him
the
greatest
Part
of
his
former
Dominions
,
and
his
Son
the
rest
;
but
took
away
all
his
Conquests
,
and
fin'd
him
6000
Talents
of
Silver
for
the
Charge
of
the
War
.
Tigranes
was
by
these
Articles
oblig'd
to
quit
many
conquer●d
Territories
,
particularly
all
Syria
and
Phoenicia
and
Euphrates
to
the
Sea
;
but
his
Son
was
still
very
refractory
,
refusing
Obedience
,
and
threatning
the
Death
of
his
Father
,
for
which
he
was
shut
up
in
Prison
by
Pompey
,
and
reserv●d
for
a
Triumph
;
and
not
long
afterwards
he
was
put
to
Death
.
Tigranes
being
now
reconcil'd
to
the
Romans
,
paid
more
than
his
Fine
,
and
made
Presents
to
every
Officer
and
Soldier
,
for
which
he
was
esteem'd
a
Friend
and
Allie
of
the
Romans
.
Pompey
restor'd
Cappadocia
to
Ariobarzanes
,
giving
him
also
Gordiena
and
Sophena
with
Cabala
a
City
of
Cilicia
,
and
other
Places
;
after
which
with
some
Opposition
,
he
constrain'd
the
Albanians
and
Iberians
to
beg
Peace
.
Thus
prosperous
was
this
great
Commander
,
Tigranes
.
Phraates
upon
this
invading
Armenia
,
Tigranes
sent
to
Pompey
for
Succour
,
who
being
unwilling
to
commence
a
War
with
Phraates
without
positive
Orders
from
Rome
,
sent
three
Commissioners
to
make
an
Accommodation
.
But
for
Anti●chus
,
to
whom
Lucullus
had
granted
Syria
for
his
Inheritance
,
he
first
intended
to
betake
himself
to
the
Assistance
of
Phraates
;
but
upon
mature
Deliberation
,
he
resolved
to
yield
himself
to
Pompey
●S
Generosity
.
But
Pompey
having
now
possess'd
himself
of
all
his
Country
without
Resistance
,
refus●d
to
grant
him
what
he
expected
,
and
what
he
knew
he
was
unable
to
keep
from
the
Incursions
of
the
Jews
and
Arabians
on
both
sides
of
him
.
And
the
better
to
excuse
himself
,
told
him
,
That
since
the
Romans
had
been
at
such
Charges
and
Pains
to
conquer
Tigranes
,
it
wou'd
be
unreasonable
that
the
Reward
shou'd
fall
to
another
.
Therefore
he
only
allow'd
him
that
Part
of
Syria
,
call'd
Comagena
;
and
in
a
short
Time
after
,
extending
his
Conquests
farther
over
the
Ituraeans
and
Arabians
,
he
reduc'd
all
Syria
into
a
Roman
Province
.
The
Time
that
Pompey
was
proceeding
in
these
Successfull
Expeditions
,
Mithridates
sent
to
him
to
desire
Peace
;
but
being
order'd
to
come
to
him
himself
he
refus'd
it
,
and
proceeded
in
his
Preparations
for
War
:
After
which
many
of
his
Places
revolted
,
and
many
of
his
Friends
,
with
one
of
his
Sons
,
were
executed
upon
that
Account
.
Yet
still
he
design'd
to
pass
into
Europe
,
there
to
join
with
the
Gauls
,
and
invade
Italy
;
but
the
Unwillingness
of
his
Soldiers
to
this
difficult
Expedition
,
and
the
Rebellious
Designs
of
his
Son
Pharnaces
,
caus●d
his
Army●s
Revolt
,
and
his
Ruine
,
his
Son
being
shortly
after
faulted
King
.
Mithridates
,
now
under
Confinement
,
seeing
this
from
an
Upper-Room
,
sent
to
his
Son
to
ask
leave
to
depart
,
but
in
vain
,
who
bidding
his
Father
Die
,
he
cry'd
out
with
many
bitter
Imprecations
,
That
he
might
one
Day
hear
the
same
.
Words
from
his
own
Children
!
Then
coming
down
to
his
Wives
,
Daughters
,
and
Concubines
,
he
gave
'em
all
Poison
,
and
fearing
to
be
delivered
up
to
the
Romans
,
he
took
some
himself
;
but
having
much
us'd
his
Body
to
Antidotes
,
particularly
to
that
Sort
which
still
goes
by
his
Name
,
the
Poison
wou'd
not
operate
,
whereupon
he
wounded
himself
;
but
that
not
dispatching
him
soon
enough
,
he
call'd
to
one
Bitaeus
a
Gaul
,
who
got
in
through
the
broken
Wall
,
and
by
his
Hands
he
dy'd
.
Thus
fell
Mithridates
,
a
Man
,
who
sometimes
in
Fortune
,
and
at
all
times
in
Courage
was
of
the
highest
Rank
,
in
Direction
a
skilful
Commander
,
in
Execution
a
great
Soldier
,
and
in
Hatred
to
the
Romans
a
second
Hannibal
,
having
made
longer
Opposition
than
he
.
And
thus
ended
the
Mithridatick
War
after
twenty
five
Years
,
and
eleven
since
it
last
broke
out
;
a
War
,
which
in
the
Beginning
happened
to
be
dangerous
to
the
Roman
State
,
as
creating
other
Mischiefs
,
but
in
the
End
prov●d
very
glorious
and
advantageous
to
it
,
by
the
Addition
not
only
of
all
Mithridates's
Dominions
,
but
likewise
of
many
other
rich
Countries
in
Asia
.
Pompey
,
when
the
News
of
Mithridates's
Death
was
brought
to
him
,
was
near
Iericho
,
marching
towards
Ierusalem
against
Aristobulus
King
of
Iudea
,
who
had
depos'd
his
elder
Brother
Hyrcanus
,
and
usurp'd
his
Kingdom
Hyrcanus
complain
d
of
his
Brother
to
Pompey
at
Damascus
,
who
likewise
came
thither
to
vindicate
himself
.
Pompey
treated
'em
both
very
civilly
,
promising
'em
to
come
into
their
Country
,
and
settle
Matters
between
'em
,
after
he
had
dispatched
some
other
necessary
Affairs
.
Having
therefore
in
a
short
Time
settled
the
Affair
of
Syria
,
and
reduc●d
Pont●●
:
into
a
Roman
Province
,
he
return'd
to
Iudea
,
being
much
incens'd
against
Aristobulus
.
He
first
cited
him
to
appear
before
him
,
and
deliver
up
all
his
fortify'd
Places
,
which
he
did
with
much
Regreet
and
Anger
,
withdrawing
himself
to
Ierusalem
,
to
make
Preparations
for
a
War
.
Pompey
suspecting
his
Designs
,
immediately
march●d
after
him
,
which
Aristobulus
understanding
,
went
out
to
meet
him
;
and
tho'
the
City
was
enter●d
without
Opposition
,
his
Soldiers
fortify'd
the
Temple
and
held
it
out
against
Pompey
,
which
caus●d
Aristobulus
to
be
taken
into
Custody
.
The
Temple
being
very
strong
by
Situation
,
made
a
vigorous
Defence
;
but
after
three
Month's
Siege
,
was
with
much
Difficulty
and
Labour
taken
,
and
12000
of
the
Iews
cut
in
Pieces
,
the
Priests
not
neglecting
to
offer
Sacrifices
all
that
Time
.
Pompey
,
without
any
Fear
,
enter'd
the
Holy
of
Holies
with
many
Followers
,
looking
on
these
things
which
were
unlawfull
for
any
but
the
Priests
to
behold
,
however
he
show
,
so
much
Veneration
for
the
Place
,
that
he
forbore
touching
any
Thing
that
was
there
.
He
restor'd
Hyrcanus
to
his
Priesthood
and
Government
,
but
with
a
Command
never
to
wear
a
Diadem
,
and
took
Aristobulus
with
him
,
making
all
Iudea
tributary
to
Rome
.
This
hapned
in
the
third
Year
of
his
Expedition
,
and
61
Years
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
IV.
While
Pompey
thus
proceed
in
his
noble
Exploits
abroad
,
Rome
it self
was
in
great
Hazard
,
and
very
nigh
its
Ruine
,
occasion'd
by
one
of
the
most
dangerous
Conspiracies
that
had
been
ever
known
in
the
City
.
It
was
begun
and
carry'd
on
by
Sergius
Catiline
,
a
Patrician
by
Descent
,
but
of
a
very
pro●●igate
Life
;
a
Person
daring
in
his
Attempts
,
crafty
in
his
Designs
,
greedy
of
other
Men
s
Properties
,
pr●digal
of
his
own
;
one
who
had
been
accus'd
of
debauching
a
Vestal
Virgin
,
and
suspected
of
murdering
his
Son
for
the
Love
of
another
Woman
.
This
Person
having
contracted
vast
.
Debts
by
the
Looseness
of
his
Life
,
grew
desperate
,
and
sought
for
nothing
but
Power
and
Authority
,
and
,
if
it
were
possible
,
the
Soveraignty
over
all
;
but
his
Designs
being
suspected
,
he
twice
receiv'd
a
Repulse
in
standing
for
the
Consulship
.
This
last
time
it
was
carry'd
from
him
by
Cicero
,
whom
he
therefore
scurrilously
abus'd
as
an
Upstart
and
Foreigner
,
as
being
but
of
the
Equestrian
Order
,
and
born
in
Apulia
;
and
offer'd
to
kill
him
in
the
Comitia
.
The
missing
of
his
Designs
,
drove
him
into
the
utmost
Rage
and
Fury
,
and
brought
him
into
that
Plot
,
in
which
he
had
formerly
been
engag●d
with
Piso
,
for
the
Destruction
of
his
Country
.
Aurelius
Cotta
and
Manlius
Torquatus
,
who
before
had
miss'd
of
the
Consulship
for
want
of
competent
Bribes
,
also
join'd
with
him
,
and
afresh
plotted
the
Ruine
of
the
Consuls
and
Senate
,
the
Burning
of
the
City
,
and
the
Overthrow
of
the
State
,
as
likewise
did
Lentulus
,
Cethegus
,
and
many
other
inferior
Persons
of
debauch'd
and
infamous
Lives
.
Cethegus
and
Lentulus
were
both
Praetors
,
and
the
Latter
,
who
formerly
had
been
Consul
,
was
mov'd
to
this
Design
by
a
vain
Confidence
he
had
in
the
Sibylline
Oracles
,
which
he
said
portended
,
That
the
Soveraig●
Power
shou'd
be
in
the
Hands
of
three
Gornel●●
,
namely
,
Sylla
,
Cinna
,
and
Himself
.
This
Conspiracy
was
carry●d
on
with
the
greatest
Secrecy
imaginable
,
their
Numbers
daily
encreasing
,
among
which
were
several
Women
,
who
by
prostituting
themselves
had
been
maintain'd
after
a
prodigious
Rate
;
but
afterwards
,
Decay
of
Beauty
l●miting
their
Gains
.
tho'
not
their
Luxury
,
had
greatly
run
them
in
Debt
,
notwithstanding
all
their
Care
of
concealing
this
horrid
Design
,
it
was
discover'd
by
the
Means
of
Q.
Curius
,
one
of
the
Plotters
,
a
degraded
Senator
,
who
neither
cou'd
contain
the
Secrets
he
had
heard
,
not
the
Crimes
he
had
committed
;
but
imprudently
relating
all
to
one
Fulvia
his
Courtesan
,
she
discover'd
it
to
Cicero
who
was
now
Consul
.
Cicero
by
examining
of
these
two
,
found
out
the
whole
Matter
,
how
often
,
and
where
they
met
,
and
what
Designs
they
had
in
Hand
particularly
his
own
Destruction
to
be
brought
about
by
Vasgunt●ius
a
Senator
,
and
Cornelius
a
Knight
,
under
Pretence
of
a
Friendly
Visit.
Cicero
with
great
Diligence
and
Care
appointed
Guards
in
several
Parts
of
the
City
,
and
immediately
after
call'd
the
Senate
to
the
Temple
of
Concord
to
consult
what
was
best
to
be
done
in
this
Time
of
Danger
.
Great
Rewards
were
promis'd
to
any
who
shou'd
make
any
farther
Discovery
of
this
black
Conspiracy
,
and
the
whole
City
was
in
a
great
Consternation
,
all
in
a
Hurry
,
all
in
a
Fear
,
not
knowing
whom
to
trust
,
or
where
to
be
secure
,
either
in
War
,
or
Peace
;
but
every
one
measuring
his
Danger
by
his
Fears
.
The
Senate
,
being
now
assembled
,
Catiline
,
to
shew
how
well
he
cou'd
dissemble
,
or
to
justifie
himself
,
went
boldly
thither
;
but
none
of
the
Senators
wou'd
come
near
him
,
the
Place
where
he
sat
being
wholly
void
.
Whereupon
Cicero
,
either
dreading
his
Presence
,
or
incens'd
at
his
Boldness
;
stood
up
,
and
made
a
severe
invective
Speech
against
him
,
openly
manifesting
his
Crimes
,
which
were
both
numerous
and
notorious
,
and
saying
,
Did
that
most
honourable
Person
Scipio
Nasica
,
slay
his
own
Kinsman
Tib.
Gracchus
for
a
slight
Disturbance
of
the
City
;
and
shall
we
,
Consuls
,
tamely
suffer
a
Person
endeavouring
to
lay
the
World
desolate
with
Slaughter
and
Destruction
?
He
farther
commanded
him
to
leave
the
Town
,
concluding
with
wishing
Confusion
and
Destruction
to
him
and
all
his
Accomplices
.
Upon
his
sitting
down
,
Catiline
,
well
prepar'd
,
with
all
manner
of
Artifice
and
Dissimulation
,
with
a
dejected
Countenance
,
and
suppliant
Tone
,
besought
the
Fathers
not
●ver-rashly
to
credit●
vain
Reports
concerning
him
;
nor
to
believe
that
a
Person
of
his
Rank
,
whose
own
and
whose
Ancestors
Services
had
been
so
remarkably
beneficial
,
stood
in
need
of
a
ruin'd
Common-wealth
;
concluding
with
many
scurrilous
Reflections
upon
Cicero
;
which
not
being
hearkned
to
by
the
Senate
,
he
left
the
House
in
a
great
Rage
,
breathing
out
Ruine
and
Destruction
to
all
his
Enemies
.
He
left
the
City
late
at
Night
with
●00
Arm'd
Men
,
and
Lictors
with
Axes
and
Fasces
before
him
like
a
Magistrate
,
and
retired
into
Hetruria
,
gathering
together
Soldiers
all
the
Way
,
intending
to
return
to
the
City
,
which
he
had
order'd
Lentulus
and
Cethegus
to
lay
in
Ashes
at
an
appointed
Time
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Ambassadors
of
the
Allobroges
,
now
in
Town
,
were
also
perswaded
to
stir
up
the
Gauls
against
the
Common-wealth
;
but
declaring
their
Designs
to
●abius●
Sanga
their
Patron
,
it
came
shortly
to
Cicero's
Fiar
,
and
so
was
prevented
.
The
Day
after
Catiline's
Departure
,
Cicero
summon'd
the
People
,
and
made
a
second
Oration
to
'em
,
where
he
congratulated
the
People
and
Common-Wealth
for
being
freed
from
so
infamous
a
Person
▪
and
encouraged
'em
,
by
representing
the
Forces
of
that
Rebel
as
both
small
and
inconsiderable
.
Upon
this
the
Senate
judged
Catiline
an
Enemy
to
the
State
,
and
likewise
Manlius
who
had
join'd
him
in
Hetruria
,
Lentulus
also
was
depriv'd
of
his
Office
of
Praetor
,
by
whom
the
Ambassadors
had
been
perswaded
over
,
who
confess'd
that
they
had
often
heard
him
make
his
Conjectures
from
the
Sibyllime
Oracles
.
Cicero
shortly
after
summon●d
the
People
again
,
and
made
another
Oration
to
'em
,
wherein
he
reported
the
Particulars
of
the
Discovery
,
with
the
Arraignment
and
Conviction
of
many
of
the
Conspirators
.
Lentulus
,
Cethegus
,
Statilius
,
Cassius
,
and
several
others
being
now
secur'd
,
Cicero
call'd
the
Senate
,
and
propounded
to
the
Fathers
to
consider
what
was
to
be
done
with
the
Prisoners
▪
But
while
the
Senate
was
sitting
,
great
Disturbances
arose
in
the
City
;
for
the
Slaves
and
Dependent●
of
Lentulus
and
Cethegus
had
gather●d
together
a
great
Number
of
Artificers
and
Rabble
,
who
endeavour●d
to
break
in
upon
the
back-side
of
the
Praetor's
House
and
res●●e
the
Prisoners
.
Upon
Notice
of
this
,
Cicero
left
the
Senate
House
,
and
appointing
a
Watch
and
sufficient
Guards
,
return●d
asking
the
Opinions
of
the
Senators
.
Now
a
great
Debate
arose
concerning
the
Punishment
of
the
Prisoners
▪
Silanus
,
design●d
Consul
for
the
next
Year
,
being
first
ask'd
his
opinion
,
according
to
Custom
,
was
for
putting
'em
to
Death
,
as
were
several
others
,
till
Nero
diswaded
in
,
and
Iulius
Caesar
standing
up
,
in
a
plausible
Speech
pleaded
much
for
Mercy
,
and
disapprov'd
of
Death
as
an
irregular
Way
of
proceeding
,
speaking
to
this
effect
:
If
any
Punishment
might
be
found
to
equalize
their
Faults
,
then
I
shou●d
approve
your
Design
;
but
if
the
Vastness
of
their
Crimes
surpasses
all
our
Inventions
,
we
ought
to
make
use
of
such
〈◊〉
the
Law
provides
▪
Tho'
I
must
confess
that
all
the
Tortures
is
the
Wor'd
are
inferiour
to
their
Offences
▪
yet
most
Men
still
remember
what
comes
last
,
and
in
the
Sufferings
of
the
most
Impious
,
forget
the
Fact
,
and
discourse
of
nothing
but
the
Punishment
,
if
more
severe
than
ordinary
,
and
since
the
Porcian
Caesar's
Advice
was
likely
enough
to
have
,
taken
,
till
P●rcius
Cato
,
Grandson
to
the
great
Moralist
,
stood
up
,
and
with
some
Heat
oppos'd
him
,
saying
,
That
he
had
never
pardon'd
in
himself
the
least
Error
of
his
own
.
Thoughts
,
and
therefore
cou'd
not
easily
forgive
the
Misdemeanors
of
a
turbulent
Passion
and
Ambition
in
others
.
That
among
the
Ancient
Romans
Manlius
Torquatus
had
caus'd
his
own
Son
to
be
put
to
Death
only
for
fighting
the
Enemy
contrary
to
his
Command
;
And
if
that
valiant
Youth
was
so
severely
chastis'd
for
his
over-hasty
Courage
,
shall
the
present
Generation
hesitate
what
to
decree
against
the
most
bloody
of
Parricides
▪
and
the
greater
Monsters
of
Mankind
!
Cicero
after
these
Speeches
,
made
one
himself
,
which
was
his
fourth
upon
this
Occasion
,
wherein
he
with
a
cunning
sort
of
Mildness
and
Ambiguity
inclin'd
to
Cato
'
s
Side
,
telling
them
,
That
his
Earnestness
did
not
proceed
from
any
Malice
or
Anger
but
from
a
singular
Tenderness
and
Compassion
:
That
they
ought
to
consider
that
it
was
not
T.
Grachus
,
who
requir'd
a
second
Tribuneship
,
nor
C.
Gracohus
,
who
claim'd
the
Publick
Lands
,
nor
yet
Saturninus
,
who
shew
Memmius
,
that
was
to
be
call'd
in
Question
;
but
Burners
of
the
City
,
Murderers
of
the
People
,
and
Assistants
of
Catiline
himself
:
and
likewise
that
this
Mischief
was
already
diffus●d
over
all
Italy
,
and
beyond
the
Alpes
,
and
therefore
impossible
be
crush'd
with
Forbearance
and
Delays
.
By
Cicero
'
s
Speech
the
Senate
were
induc●d
to
put
'em
all
to
Death
,
which
the
Consul
saw
Executed
before
the
House
arose
;
but
〈◊〉
Mildness
and
Peculiar
Management
in
this
Affair
,
made
several
suspect
he
himself
had
some
Hand
in
the
Conspiracy
.
As
for
Catiline
himself
,
he
was
shortly
after
overtaken
by
C.
Antonius
,
Cicero
'
s
Collegue
,
nigh
the
Alpes
,
as
he
was
passing
into
Gaul
to
compleat
his
Levies
;
where
engaging
most
obstinately
he
was
slain
,
but
his
Men
desperately
sought
it
out
to
the
last
;
and
scarce
any
of
'em
remain●d
to
be
taken
,
or
were
found
out
of
their
Places
when
dead
.
Thus
was
this
most
dangerous
Conspiracy
quash'd
,
chiefly
by
the
Vigilance
and
Diligence
of
Cicero
the
Consul
.
Publick
Thanks
were
given
him
for
his
great
Care
and
Pains
;
and
,
at
the
Instance
of
Cato
,
he
was
first
of
all
others
stil'd
Father
of
his
Country
,
and
that
with
loud
Acclamations
of
the
People
,
who
said
,
That
tho'
indeed
they
were
indebted
to
several
Commanders
of
that
Age
,
for
Riches
,
Spoils
,
and
Power
;
yet
it
was
to
Cicero
alone
that
they
ow'd
the
Safety
and
Security
of
all
these
Blessings
.
V.
After
these
Disturbances
were
over
,
He
did
not
believe
her
Guilty
,
but
Caesar's
Wife
ought
to
preserve
her self
from
the
Suspicion
,
as
well
as
the
Guilt
of
the
Crime
.
The
Violent
Heats
,
and
the
Parties
,
with
the
Factions
and
Divisions
,
upon
this
and
other
Occasions
,
sufficiently
shew'd
,
that
the
State
was
ready
for
a
Change
,
and
liable
to
become
a
Prey
to
Men
of
the
Greatest
Power
and
Ambition
.
This
Caesar
well
knew
,
and
thought
of
nothing
so
much
as
the
Greatness
of
Pompey
,
and
of
surpassing
,
or
at
least
equalizing
him
in
the
Honour
of
his
Exploits
.
Therefore
upon
the
expiring
of
his
Praetorship
,
he
procur'd
the
Government
of
Spain
;
but
having
contracted
extraordinary
Debts
by
his
too
Bountiful
Way
of
Living
,
he
was
retarded
in
his
Journey
by
the
Prosecution
of
his
Creditors
.
Whereupon
he
was
forc'd
to
apply
himself
to
Crassus
,
a
Person
of
vast
Riches
,
of
Great
Wit
and
Eloquence
,
and
of
no
contemptible
Valour
;
who
being
wrought
upon
by
the
Importunities
of
his
Wife
Tertulla
,
one
who
no
less
Lov'd
Caesar
,
than
Clodius
did
Pompeia
,
became
Security
for
830
Talents
.
It
was
in
this
Government
that
Caesar
viewing
the
Statue
of
Alexander
at
Gades
,
Wept
,
to
think
,
That
he
had
done
none
nothing
Great
and
Memorable
,
at
an
Age
wherein
that
Prince
had
Conquer'd
the
World
.
And
he
gave
indeed
sufficient
Marks
of
his
Bravery
and
Desire
of
Glory
;
for
instead
of
spending
his
Time
in
bare
Administration
of
Justice
,
he
pierc'd
with
his
Arms
farther
into
the
Country
,
subduing
several
Nations
before
untouch'd
,
and
collected
together
so
vast
a
Treasure
to
himself
,
in
the
Name
of
the
Common-Wealth
,
as
enabled
him
afterwards
to
imitate
that
Alexander
,
whom
he
so
justly
admired
.
Shortly
after
Caesar's
Departure
for
Spain
,
Pompey
,
after
a
Five
Years
Expedition
,
return'd
to
Rome
,
cover'd
with
Glories
for
his
mighty
Exploits
,
and
Great
Conquests
:
He
had
,
upon
his
Arrival
in
Italy
,
sent
back
his
Troops
,
to
prevent
such
Suspicions
as
might
arise
from
his
appearing
at
the
Head
of
an
Army
,
so
that
he
obtain'd
the
Honour
of
Triumph
with
a
General
Applause
;
and
with
so
much
more
Splendor
and
Magnificence
,
in
regard
that
he
now
Triumph'd
over
another
Third
Part
of
the
World
,
after
his
receiving
the
same
Honour
for
the
Conquest
of
Two
Part
of
it
before
.
The
Triumph
lasted
Two
Days
,
and
yet
they
were
much
streightned
for
time
,
and
therein
were
expos'd
the
Names
of
15
Conquer'd
Kingdoms
,
and
860
Cities
,
with
the
Re-peopling
of
39
,
and
1000
Castles
.
Among
the
Prisoners
led
in
Triumph
,
appear'd
the
Son
of
Tigranes
King
of
Armenia
,
with
his
Wife
and
Daughter
;
as
also
Zozima
,
the
Wife
of
King
Tigranes
himself
,
and
Aristobulus
K.
of
Judea
;
the●ter
of
King
Mithridates
,
with
her
Five
Sons
,
and
some
Ladies
of
Scythia
.
There
were
likewise
the
Hostages
of
the
Albaniaus
and
Iberians
,
with
those
of
the
King
of
Comagena
;
besides
a
vast
Number
of
Trophies
,
answering
directly
to
each
particular
Battel
wherein
he
was
Conqueror
.
The
Gold
,
Silver
and
Jewels
that
made
up
Part
of
this
Publick
Pomp
,
amounted
to
the
value
of
20000
Talents
,
which
is
3740000
Pounds
of
our
Money
:
He
made
it
appear
by
an
Account
plainly
stated
,
that
he
had
advanc'd
and
improv'd
the
whole
Revenue
of
the
Common-Wealth
12000
Talents
,
being
above
one
Third
Part
,
by
this
Expedition
,
without
mentioning
those
large
Sums
he
had
distributed
among
his
Men
,
whereof
the
meanest
Soldier
's
share
was
nigh
Forty
Pounds
.
Pmpey
,
tho'
he
had
obtain'd
vast
Honour
of
the
Senate
,
yet
was
much
fear'd
and
hated
by
many
,
as
appear'd
by
the
great
Opposition
he
met
with
shortly
after
,
in
his
demanding
a
Confirmation
of
all
that
he
had
transacted
in
Asia
,
and
certain
Lands
for
a
Reward
for
his
Soldiers
:
He
had
already
prevail'd
by
his
Credit
in
the
Election
of
both
the
Consuls
,
Metellus
Certicus
and
Afranius
,
but
in
a
short
Time
found
himself
mistaken
in
his
Choice
:
For
Afranius
,
being
wholly
given
to
his
Pleasure
,
never
acquired
much
Authority
in
the
Senate
;
and
Metellus
cancell●d
all
former
Obligations
,
upon
the
Account
of
the
Disgrace
that
was
done
to
his
Sister
Mutia
,
whom
Pompey
had
put
away
upon
Suspicion
of
her
too
great
Familiarity
with
Caesar.
Cato
,
on
the
other
side
,
set
all
his
Power
against
the
Interests
of
Pompey
,
and
Lucullus
did
the
like
,
desiring
,
and
obtaining
of
the
Senate
,
that
those
Decrees
of
his
which
Pompey
had
formerly
repeal●d
might
be
in
Force
,
and
that
those
made
in
reference
to
the
Conquer●d
Countries
might
be
null'd
,
and
withal
stopp'd
his
intended
Law
for
rewarding
his
Soldiers
.
Pompey
,
upon
this
Usage
,
apply●d
himself
to
the
Tribunes
,
(
which
Office
he
and
Caesar
had
restor'd
after
Sylla
had
put
it
down
)
one
of
which
,
by
Name
Flavius
,
propos'd
the
Law
for
the
Reward
of
the
Soldiers
.
Metellus
the
Consul
oppos'd
it
very
sharply
,
till
the
Contest
rising
even
to
Blows
and
Bloodshed
,
the
Tribune
caus'd
Metellus
to
be
sent
to
Prison
;
and
when
the
whole
Body
of
the
Senate
offer'd
to
make
themselves
Prisoners
with
him
,
Flavius
plac'd
his
Tribunal
at
the
Prison-Door
,
and
forbad
'em
Entrance
.
Upon
which
the
Fathers
caus'd
the
Walls
to
be
broken
down
in
another
Place
;
and
the
Constancy
of
the
Senate
began
to
shake
the
Resolution
of
the
People
,
who
always
Judg●d
of
Things
by
their
Outward
Appearances
.
This
Pompey
quickly
perceiv●d
,
and
desir'd
the
Tribunes
to
Accommodate
the
Matter
,
pretending
Commission
from
Metellus
for
his
so
doing
;
now
,
too
late
Repenting
his
Inconsiderate
leaving
his
Army
,
and
exposing
himself
to
his
Enemy●s
Hatred
.
At
the
same
time
Caesar
return'd
from
Spain
,
the
Election
of
now
Consuls
being
at
Hand
:
Caesar
had
good
Intelligence
of
all
these
Disturbances
,
and
the
Reasons
of
Pompey's
Dissatisfaction
,
so
that
he
now
resolv●d
either
to
Improve
his
own
Authority
with
the
Senate
,
or
find
a
good
Opportunity
of
quitting
their
Interest
:
His
Services
in
Spain
had
sufficiently
deserv●d
a
Triumph
,
wherefore
he
desir'd
it
of
the
Senate
,
declaring
at
the
same
time
his
Design
also
of
standing
for
the
Consulship
.
Now
these
Desires
were
inconsistent
;
for
the
Law
forbad
Entrance
into
the
City
to
any
one
who
desir●d
a
Triumph
;
and
requir●d
also
,
that
whoever
su●d
for
the
Consulship
,
shou'd
do
it
in
his
proper
Person
.
Caesar
therefore
Wrote
to
the
Senate
,
desiring
that
these
Formalities
might
be
dispenc'd
withal
;
but
Cato
stood
up
for
the
Maintaining
the
Laws
to
their
utmost
Rigour
,
and
his
Opinion
prevail●d
,
so
that
Caesar
chose
to
decline
his
Triumph
,
and
went
to
Rome
and
stood
for
the
Consulship
,
which
Honour
he
very
eagerly
pursu'd
.
And
well
understanding
Pompey's
Credit
,
and
his
Quarrel
to
the
Senate
,
this
he
thought
a
fit
Conjucture
to
engage
himself
into
his
Interests
.
Pompey
on
the
other
side
was
no
less
pleas'd
to
gain
a
Man
of
such
extraordinary
Merit
,
especially
when
Caesar
promis'd
him
to
confirm
all
his
Acts
,
if
he
cou●d
procure
him
to
be
elected
,
whereupon
a
close
Agreement
was
made
between
'em
.
After
this
,
Caesar
made
it
his
Business
to
bring
his
Friend
Crassus
into
the
League
,
who
finding
his
own
Interest
was
weak
separately
,
was
easily
perswaded
to
joyn
with
'em
,
and
a
former
Breach
between
him
and
Pompey
was
who●ly
accommodated
.
These
three
made
a
firm
Combination
,
or
Conspiracy
,
That
nothing
shou'd
be
done
in
the
Common-wealth
against
any
of
their
Interests
,
or
Approbations
,
which
they
most
solemnly
confirm'd
with
mutual
Oaths
and
Promises
.
This
was
the
first
Great
Triumvirate
,
which
prov'd
the
Overthrow
of
the
Consuler
and
Popular
State
,
being
a
Combination
of
three
of
the
Greatest
Men
in
Rome
,
either
for
Valour
,
Authority
,
or
Riches
,
Pompey
being
then
about
47
Years
of
Age
,
and
Caesar
40.
Thus
Rome
lost
her
Liberty
,
after
she
had
flourish'd
many
Years
in
a
wonderful
Grandeur
,
occasion'd
wholly
by
the
numerous
Abuses
,
and
notorious
Corruptions
in
her
Government
and
Inhabitants
,
which
shortly
after
plung'd
her
into
greater
Miseries
than
ever
she
felt
before
.
This
Remarkable
Union
happen'd
in
the
694th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
394●
,
in
the
First
Year
of
the
180th
Olympiad
,
449
Years
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
330
since
the
Burning
of
Rome
by
the
Gauls
,
270
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
86
since
the
Destruction
of
Carthage
,
and
●8
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
,
the
Roman
Dominions
containing
now
all
Italy
,
all
Cisalpine-Gaul
,
and
Part
of
the
Other
,
all
Spain
and
Africk
,
all
Greece
and
Illyricum
,
all
the
Kingdoms
in
Asia
Minor
,
with
Armenia
,
Mesopotamia
,
Media
,
Syria
and
Iudaea
,
and
many
Islands
besides
.
The
End
of
the
Second
Book
.
THE
Roman
History
.
BOOK
III.
The
Mix'd
State
of
ROME
,
From
the
Beginning
of
the
First
Triumvirate
,
to
the
perfect
Settlement
of
the
Empire
.
Containing
the
Space
of
33
Years
.
CHAP.
I.
From
the
Beginning
of
the
First
Triumvirate
,
to
the
Death
of
Crassus
,
one
of
the
Combination
;
which
broke
,
and
divided
that
Party
.
Containing
the
Space
of
7
Years
.
I.
THE
State
of
Rome
was
now
arriv'd
to
an
extraordinary
Height
,
Caesar
,
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
which
caus'd
many
to
fear
the
Downfall
of
their
Ancient
Liberties
;
and
that
their
Fears
were
not
groundless
,
sufficiently
appear'd
by
the
Event
.
The
first
Effect
of
this
Triumvirate
was
the
Promoting
of
Caesar
to
the
Consulship
,
Pompey
and
Crassus
employing
all
their
Interest
therein
:
He
had
two
Competitors
,
Lucerius
and
Bibulus
;
the
former
,
a
Covetous
,
tho
Rich
Man
,
was
taken
off
by
large
Promises
,
and
Brib'd
to
procure
what
Voices
he
cou●d
for
Caesar.
The
Senators
,
resolving
to
have
Bibulus
one
of
the
Consuls
,
made
Great
Collections
among
themselves
,
and
gave
as
much
on
their
side
.
Even
Cato
as
rigid
as
he
was
,
was
perswaded
that
the
Law
which
forbad
all
manner
of
Bribery
on
these
Occasions
,
ought
,
in
such
a
case
,
to
be
dispenc●d
withall
,
when
the
Interest
of
the
Common-wealth
so
much
requir'd
it
;
so
by
that
means
Bibulus
was
at
last
chosen
Consul
with
Caesar.
The
first
thing
Caesar
did
in
this
Office
,
That
he
wou'd
do
nothing
without
their
Authority
,
nor
propose
any
of
his
Friends
for
Commissioners
,
or
any
Man
who
might
be
liable
to
Suspicion
;
but
that
they
shou'd
be
all
Persons
of
known
Reputation
and
Abilities
.
This
plausible
and
cautious
Way
of
proceeding
hardly
left
any
room
for
Contradiction
;
but
still
the
Senate
,
that
they
might
hinder
the
Law
,
and
yet
not
seem
to
oppose
it
,
adjourn●d
the
Affair
from
Day
to
Day
:
till
at
last
Cato
plainly
and
publickly
declar'd
,
That
these
Changes
in
State
were
not
to
be
permitted
;
after
whom
all
the
Senate
likewise
declared
themselves
to
be
of
the
same
Opinion
.
Whereupon
Caesar
immediately
had
recourse
to
the
People
,
much
complaining
to
them
of
the
Injustice
and
Stubbornness
of
the
Senate
,
taking
also
Pompey
and
Crassus
along
with
him
,
whose
Opinions
he
publickly
ask'd
concerning
this
Law
.
They
both
approv'd
of
it
;
and
Pompey
further
declar'd
,
That
if
such
as
oppos'd
it
shou'd
come
with
their
Swords
in
their
Hands
,
he
wou'd
meet
their
Swords
,
and
bring
a
Buckler
with
him
besides
:
Whereupon
a
Day
was
appointed
for
the
Publication
of
this
Law
.
At
the
appointed
Day
,
the
People
gather'd
together
in
great
Numbers
,
and
in
spight
of
all
Opposition
,
drove
Cato
and
Bibulus
himself
with
Stones
and
Clubs
from
off
the
Place
;
the
Consuls
Axes
were
broken
in
pieces
,
and
the
People
approving
the
Ordinance
,
declar'd
they
wou'd
have
all
the
Senators
swear
to
the
Observation
of
it
.
Almost
all
took
this
Oath
,
except
Cato
,
Metellus
and
Favonius
,
and
they
too
,
at
last
,
after
much
Opposition
,
took
it
,
to
save
their
Fines
,
and
likewise
their
Lives
:
for
Caesar
had
caus'd
the
People
to
make
it
Capital
for
any
one
to
refuse
it
.
Caesar
made
little
use
of
the
Senate
after
that
,
and
from
that
time
his
Collegue
Bibulus
never
durst
appear
in
Publick
,
but
kept
himself
at
home
for
the
remaining
part
of
the
Year
.
This
forceable
way
of
proceeding
extremely
alarm'd
the
Senate
,
every
Body
laughing
at
their
Idleness
and
Negligence
;
and
at
the
Head
of
those
Acts
,
where
the
Names
of
the
Consuls
us●d
to
be
inscrib'd
,
some
unknown
Person
,
instead
of
Caesar
and
Bibulus
,
Wrote
Caius
Caesar
and
Iulius
Caesar
,
to
shew
that
Caesar
Govern'd
alone
.
Caesar
having
freed
himself
from
his
Collegue
,
began
chiefly
to
apply
himself
to
the
Equites
or
Knights
,
who
much
courted
him
;
and
having
Farm'd
the
Customs
,
desir'd
an
Abatement
of
the
Rent
.
The
Senate
refus'd
to
remit
any
thing
,
but
he
shortly
after
procur'd
the
People
to
abate
a
third
Part.
By
this
and
other
Ways
of
gratifying
the
Common
sort
,
he
perswaded
'em
to
decree
the
Province
of
Gaul
to
him
for
Five
Years
,
with
Four
Legions
,
for
he
desir'd
nothing
so
much
as
performing
Great
Exploits
;
and
the
remaining
part
of
the
Year
he
spent
in
endeavouring
to
establish
his
Interest
for
the
time
to
come
.
Therefore
knowing
how
considerable
a
Person
Pompey
was
,
to
bind
him
the
more
strongly
,
he
gave
him
his
Daughter
Iulia
in
Marriage
,
a
very
vertuous
and
beautiful
Lady
.
He
likewise
took
care
that
his
two
Friends
,
Gabinius
and
Piso
,
shou'd
be
prick'd
for
the
following
Year's
Consuls
;
the
latter
of
which
had
lately
given
him
his
Daughter
Calpurnia
.
Clodius
he
procur'd
to
be
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
notwithstanding
his
former
Affront
,
because
he
knew
him
to
be
an
Enemy
to
Cicero
,
whose
Oration
against
Caesar
,
in
pleading
for
C.
Antonius
,
had
gain'd
him
the
Hatred
of
the
Triumvirate
.
And
having
setled
Affairs
thus
,
and
finish'd
his
Consulship
,
he
departed
for
Gaul
,
with
some
Precipitation
,
in
regard
he
was
threatn'd
to
be
call●d
to
Account
for
his
Conduct
in
his
Consulship
;
and
tho'
some
of
the
Tribunes
prevented
his
publick
Censure
,
they
cou'd
not
secure
his
Quaestor
from
Condemnation
.
In
Caesar's
absence
,
Pompey
and
Crassus
were
not
idle
,
and
the
former
had
fill'd
the
City
with
Soldiers
;
and
since
both
the
Consuls
were
of
that
Party
,
the
Senate's
Authority
was
much
weakn'd
.
But
Clodius
bestirr'd
himself
more
than
any
;
a
Man
so
ambitious
of
the
Tribureship
,
that
he
procur●d
himself
to
be
adopted
by
a
Plebeian
,
because
he
was
uncapable
of
holding
of
it
before
.
Cicero
immediately
perceiv'd
that
his
Ruin
was
aim'd
at
;
and
his
chiefest
Hope
was
in
Pompey
,
who
had
always
shown
himself
his
Friend
;
but
Pompey
had
now
sacrific'd
all
to
the
Interests
of
Caesar
and
Crassus
,
and
had
lately
been
extreamly
offended
with
Cicero
for
his
eternal
Itch
he
had
to
be
Jesting
.
Pompey
nevertheless
assur'd
him
of
his
Protection
,
and
Caesar
had
offer●d
to
make
him
his
Lieutenant
in
his
Gallick
Expedition
,
to
which
Imployment
he
had
a
strong
Inclination
;
but
Pompey
advis'd
him
not
to
leave
Rome
,
and
Clodius
found
some
Artifice
to
delude
him
with
false
Hopes
of
Reconciliation
,
that
he
might
be
confounded
and
born
down
,
before
he
was
sufficiently
sensible
of
his
Danger
.
In
short
,
all
the
World
conspir'd
to
deceive
him
,
and
that
Piercing
Judgment
and
Quickness
of
Apprehension
he
us●d
so
much
to
value
himself
upon
,
which
became
altogether
unserviceable
to
him
now
,
and
he
cou'd
find
no
Way
to
avoid
the
Blow
when
it
came
.
Clodius
,
by
his
Distributions
of
Com
among
the
Poor
,
daily
grew
higher
in
the
Favour
of
the
People
,
and
afterwards
preferr'd
a
Law
to
forbid
Water
and
Fire
to
any
who
had
put
to
Death
any
Roman
Citizen
unheard
,
which
amounted
to
as
much
as
Banishment
.
Now
all
Persons
saw
the
Danger
which
threatned
Cicero
;
all
his
former
Constancy
forsook
him
,
and
he
went
up
and
down
the
City
,
soliciting
his
Cause
,
in
Mourning
Robes
,
long
Beard
,
and
unregarded
Hair
,
attended
by
20000
Equites
,
supplicating
in
his
behalf
;
besides
many
young
Noblemen
,
whom
he
had
taught
the
Rules
of
Eloquence
,
among
which
were
the
very
Sons
of
Crassus
.
But
Clodius
still
follow'd
with
a
Party
of
Soldiers
,
insulting
and
jearing
him
with
the
Poorness
of
his
Spirit
,
till
they
almost
came
to
throwing
of
Stones
at
each
other
.
But
the
Respect
to
the
Sacrosanct-Office
hinder●d
Cicero's
Side
from
returning
the
Injuries
;
yet
nevertheless
the
Senators
design●d
to
order
a
General
Mourning
,
but
the
Consuls
stopp●d
that
Debate
,
and
Clodius
summon'd
'em
all
to
appear
before
the
People
,
where
Piso
only
said
,
He
took
no
delight
in
Cruelty
,
but
Gabinius
immediately
condemn'd
what
Cicero
had
done
as
to
Catiline's
Conspiracy
.
Cicero's
last
Retreat
was
Pompey's
Favour
who
was
able
enough
to
have
done
him
Service
,
but
he
wou'd
have
nothing
to
do
in
the
Matter
;
and
when
Cicero
came
to
preferr
his
Cause
to
him
,
he
slipt
out
at
a
Back-door
to
avoid
seeing
him
.
He
found
himself
now
reduc●d
to
the
last
Necessity
of
taking
up
Arms
for
his
Defence
,
which
he
might
have
done
successfully
enough
;
but
not
being
able
to
bear
the
Bloodshed
of
his
Country-men
,
he
resolv'd
,
upon
the
Advice
of
Cato
and
the
rest
of
his
Friends
,
to
withdraw
himself
:
So
he
left
Rome
in
the
Night-time
,
and
went
to
Sicily
.
After
his
Retreat
,
Clodius
caus'd
him
to
be
banish'd
by
the
Votes
of
the
People
400
Miles
from
Italy
,
demolishing
his
Villages
and
his
House
,
on
the
Plot
whereof
he
built
a
Temple
to
Liberty
,
and
set
his
Goods
to
Sale
.
Cato
was
shortly
after
by
Clodius's
Means
sent
away
,
under
Pretence
of
doing
him
Honour
,
against
Ptolemy
,
King
of
Cyprus
;
Lucullus
had
retir'd
himself
from
the
City
,
and
Crassus
minded
only
his
private
Affairs
;
So
that
now
the
greatest
part
of
the
Government
of
the
City
seem'd
to
lie
between
Pompey
and
Clodius
.
II.
During
these
Transactions
in
the
City
,
Cisalpine
Gaul
allotted
him
,
but
the
other
also
,
which
comprehended
all
that
Space
of
Land
which
is
now
call'd
France
,
with
a
great
Part
of
the
Low-Countries
,
and
some
of
Germany
.
His
first
Enterprize
was
against
the
Helv●tians
,
who
had
wholly
abandon'd
their
Country
,
burnt
down
their
Towns
and
Houses
,
destroy'd
their
Provisions
,
and
were
marching
into
Gaul
through
his
Province
,
to
the
number
of
above
300000
of
all
sorts
.
Caesar
upon
Intelligence
of
this
,
hastned
to
Geneva
,
and
broke
down
the
Bridge
there
;
which
caus'd
'em
to
send
to
him
,
and
desire
to
pass
that
way
without
Molestation
.
But
Caesar
resolving
not
to
grant
'em
Passage
,
delay●d
Answering
till
he
cou'd
gather
all
his
Troops
together
,
in
which
Space
he
threw
up
a
large
Intrenchment
from
the
Lake
of
Geneva
,
to
Mount
Iura
,
19
Miles
long
,
which
forc'd
'em
to
turn
aside
,
and
enter
Gaul
by
the
Way
of
Sequania
.
Caesar
follow'd
'em
with
great
Diligence
,
and
defeating
a
considerable
Party
of
'em
,
they
sent
a
second
time
to
desire
a
Treaty
;
but
that
breaking
off
,
upon
the
account
of
great
Demands
on
both
Sides
,
4000
of
Caesar's
Cavalry
were
repuls'd
by
pressing
too
forward
upon
'em
.
But
they
dearly
paid
for
this
Advantage
,
for
Caesar
,
after
observing
their
Motions
a-while
,
easily
drew
'em
to
a
general
Battel
,
wherein
they
were
intirely
defeated
,
and
not
above
110000
remain'd
of
their
whole
Number
,
their
Wives
and
Children
desperately
fighting
among
the
Carriages
till
they
were
cut
in
pieces
.
Caesar
crown'd
his
Victory
with
a
more
glorious
Action
,
by
gathering
all
who
had
escap'd
,
and
sending
of
'em
all
in
safety
into
their
own
Countries
.
Caesar
resolving
not
to
continue
without
Action
while
the
Season
permitted
,
immediately
turn'd
his
Forces
against
Ariovistus
,
King
of
the
Germans
,
who
had
seiz'd
on
the
best
Part
of
Sequania
,
and
used
the
Inhabitants
with
intolerable
Severities
and
Oppressions
.
The
Sequanians
being
Roman
Allies
,
humbly
begg●d
Assistance
of
Caesar
as
a
Man
of
undoubted
Renown
and
Valour
,
who
first
sent
to
Ariovistus
without
Success
,
and
at
last
came
to
a
personal
Enterview
,
where
Ariovistus's
haughty
Language
,
and
the
Treachery
of
some
of
his
Troops
,
brought
both
Armies
to
a
Battel
shortly
after
.
Upon
the
nigh
Approach
of
Caesar
,
Ariovistus
,
was
much
dishearten'd
;
for
seeing
the
Romans
come
fearlesly
to
engage
the
Germans
,
whom
he
imagen'd
they
cou●d
never
withstand
,
it
was
so
unexpected
a
thing
,
that
he
admir'd
at
Caesar's
Courage
,
and
found
his
own
Army
seiz'd
with
a
kind
of
Consternation
.
But
what
added
most
to
their
Fears
,
was
a
superstitious
Fancy
rais'd
by
their
Augurs
;
which
when
Caesar
understood
,
he
immediately
attack'd
'em
even
in
their
Trenches
,
and
upon
the
Hill
where
they
were
posted
,
till
he
so
provok'd
'em
,
that
they
came
down
with
great
Fury
to
the
Engagement
.
But
they
were
all
put
to
the
Rout
,
and
he
closely
pursu●d
'em
for
several
Miles
together
,
as
far
as
the
River
Rhine
,
covering
all
the
way
with
Spoils
and
dead
Bodies
,
to
the
number
of
80000
,
as
some
relate
it
.
Ariovistus
himself
escap'd
in
a
little
Boat
with
a
small
Retinue
,
two
of
his
Wives
and
as
many
Daughters
being
taken
Prisoners
by
Caesars
.
These
two
great
Wars
were
dispatch'd
by
Caesar
in
his
first
Year●s
Expedition
,
which
he
manag'd
with
extraordinary
Skill
and
Dexterity
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
next
Spring
,
Caesar
was
alarm'd
by
a
great
Confederacy
against
the
Romans
of
all
the
Belgae
,
who
inhabited
a
third
Part
of
Gaul
,
and
were
esteem'd
the
most
powerfull
People
in
the
whole
Country
.
He
hearing
that
they
had
rais●d
above
280000
Men
,
directed
his
March
to●em
with
all
Speed
;
and
bravely
attacking
'em
,
just
as
they
were
plundering
his
Allies
,
the
Gauls
,
he
defeated
and
put
to
slight
a
mighty
Number
of
em
;
insomuch
that
the
Marshes
and
deep
Rivers
became
passable
to
the
Romans
,
by
the
prodigious
Number
of
the
Dead
Bodies
,
as
Plutarch
relates
it
.
But
among
Several
Reveral
Revolters
,
all
that
liv'd
nigh
the
Ocean
,
yielded
without
Fighting
;
Wherefore
he
led
his
Army
against
the
Nervians
,
the
most
savage
and
war-like
People
in
those
Parts
.
These
inhabited
a
thick
woody
Country
,
where
bestowing
their
Children
and
all
their
Goods
,
in
some
close
and
convenient
Place
in
their
Forest
,
they
set
upon
Caesar
with
60000
Men
,
before
he
thought
of
engaging
,
or
had
time
to
encamp
himself
.
They
fell
on
with
such
uncommon
Fury
,
that
they
broke
the
Roman
Cavalry
,
then
surrounding
the
twelfth
and
seventh
Legions
,
they
kill●d
all
the
Officers
;
and
if
Caesar
himself
had
not
hastily
catch'd
up
a
Buckler
and
rush'd
through
his
Men
into
the
midst
of
the
Enemy
,
and
his
tenth
Legion
run
in
to
his
Assistance
and
broke
the
Enemies
Ranks
,
they
had
all
been
cut
off
.
But
tho'
by
the
Encouragement
of
Caesar's
extraordinary
Valour
,
they
fought
beyond
their
Strength
,
yet
all
they
cou'd
do
was
not
sufficient
to
make
the
Nervians
,
fly
,
who
obstinately
stood
their
Ground
till
they
were
all
cut
in
pieces
,
not
in
of
'em
being
sav●d
.
This
was
Caesar's
second
Years
Expedition
,
and
the
Renown
of
his
Victories
made
him
formidable
even
in
Germany
,
so
that
several
Nations
,
beyond
the
Rhine
sent
and
submitted
themselves
to
him
.
Upon
the
News
of
Caesar's
last
Exploits
at
Rome
,
the
Senate
decreed
a
solemn
Festival
for
15
Days
,
which
was
a
greater
Honour
than
any
had
received
before
him
.
Not
long
before
which
,
violent
Stirs
and
and
Commotions
had
been
rais●d
in
the
City
upon
the
account
of
Clodius
,
who
,
after
he
had
freed
himself
from
his
Enemies
,
began
to
prove
an
intolerable
Plague
and
Vexation
to
many
of
the
Nobility
;
and
even
to
Pompey
himself
;
so
that
now
he
found
it
very
much
for
his
Interest
to
get
Cicero
reall'd
from
his
Banishment
.
Whereupon
he
employ●d
Milo
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
and
of
great
Courage
,
for
that
purpose
;
and
using
his
Interest
with
many
others
,
the
Matter
was
at
last
propounded
to
the
Senate
,
where
it
was
generally
agreed
to
.
But
Clodius
oppos'd
it
with
the
utmost
Violence
;
and
when
the
Matter
was
propos●d
to
the
Body
of
the
People
,
and
promoted
as
much
as
possible
by
Milo
and
his
Collegue
Sextius
Clodius
,
assisted
by
a
Party
of
Gladiators
,
suddenly
set
upon
the
Multitude
,
raising
the
greatest
Disorders
imaginable
:
Many
of
the
People
were
kill'd
,
the
Tribunes
were
wounded
,
and
Quintus
,
Cicero's
Brother
,
was
almost
overwhelm'd
with
Dead
Bodies
,
and
the
rest
all
fled
.
After
a
day
or
two
,
Milo
seiz'd
upon
Clodius
,
and
carry'd
him
before
the
Praetor
:
Whereupon
a
great
Contest
arose
,
and
Clodius's
Party
by
the
Assistance
of
Pompey's
Gladiators
,
after
some
Blood-shed
were
beaten
off
.
Pompey
immediately
mediately
possessing
himself
of
the
Forum
,
put
the
people
upon
giving
their
Suffrages
,
who
with
universal
Consent
and
Applause
voted
Cicero's
Restitution
.
The
Senate
likewise
decreed
Honours
to
such
Cities
as
had
entertain'd
him
,
and
that
his
House
and
Villages
shou'd
be
re-built
at
the
Publick
Charge
.
So
Cicero
,
after
16
Months
Banishment
,
return'd
in
great
Pomp
and
Glory
,
sufficiently
revenging
himself
upon
Piso
,
Gabinius
and
others
,
by
his
Writings
afterwards
.
He
return'd
in
the
second
Year
of
Caesar's
Wars
in
Gaul
.
The
following
Year
,
Caesar
designing
for
Italy
himself
,
sent
out
Servius
Galba
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
with
the
twelfth
Legion
and
part
of
the
Cavalry
,
against
the
Antuates
,
Veragres
,
and
Seduni
,
Nations
seated
from
the
River
Rhosine
,
as
high
as
the
Alps
,
in
order
to
clear
a
Passage
,
and
secure
all
manner
of
Traffick
in
those
Parts
.
Galba
in
a
short
time
defeated
a
very
great
Party
,
who
had
been
so
bold
as
to
attack
him
in
his
Camp
.
Caesar
not
long
after
returning
,
found
that
the
Ven●ti
and
several
other
Nations
of
that
part
of
Gaul
call'd
Celtica
,
had
revolted
,
he
turn●d
a
great
Part
of
his
Forces
against
them
:
And
these
caus●d
him
extraordinary
Trouble
and
many
Difficulties
,
by
reason
of
their
Naval
Strength
,
by
which
means
they
continually
shifted
themselves
and
remov'd
from
Place
to
Place
.
But
at
last
Caesar
having
procur'd
a
Fleet
▪
attack'd
the
Veneti
at
Sea
,
and
there
overthrew
'em
;
Crassus
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
the
mean
time
subdu'd
the
Sontiates
with
the
greatest
part
of
Aquitain
,
as
Sabinus
,
another
of
●em
,
did
the
Unelli
,
and
all
the
Maritime
Parts
.
Towards
the
latter
End
of
the
Campaign
,
Caesar
march'd
against
the
Morini
,
a
People
nigh
Calais
,
and
the
Mcnapii
also
which
two
Nations
were
still
up
in
Arms.
But
the
Season
being
too
far
advanc'd
▪
the
Rains
and
foul
Weather
secur●d
'em
in
the
Forests
and
Marshes
,
and
caus'd
Caesar
to
put
his
Men
all
into
their
Winter-Quarters
,
which
ended
his
third
Years
Expedition
in
Gaul
.
III.
As
Caesar's
Conquests
establish'd
his
Reputation
in
Rome
,
Aediles
,
Praetors
and
Consuls
themselves
.
In
this
Winter
,
he
pass'd
into
Italy
to
Luca
,
where
he
took
up
his
Head
.
Quarters
,
where
there
was
so
great
a
Concourse
of
People
to
pay
him
their
Respects
,
that
200
Senators
were
present
together
,
and
so
many
Praetors
and
Pro-consuls
,
that
120
Bundles
of
Rods
were
seen
there
at
a
time
.
Here
the
Triumvirate
took
new
Measures
,
and
Caesar
fearing
he
might
be
recall'd
from
Gaul
,
procur'd
Pompey
and
Crassus
to
endeavour
at
the
Consulship
the
following
Year
,
and
so
continue
him
in
his
Imployment
for
five
Years
longer
.
This
Design
was
so
displeasing
to
the
Senate
and
the
Dissentions
so
violent
concerning
it
,
that
they
went
into
Mourning
as
in
publick
Calamities
;
saying
,
That
the
Proceedings
of
the
Triumvirate
were
dangerous
to
the
Quiet
and
Liberty
of
Rome
.
Cato
with
great
Eagerness
set
up
Domitius
to
stand
against
'em
;
but
Pompey
,
resolving
to
remove
all
Obstacles
,
sent
some
Armed
Men
against
Domitius
as
he
was
going
to
the
Election
,
who
kill'd
the
Slave
that
carry'd
the
Light
before
'em
,
and
dispers'd
all
their
Company
,
Cato
himself
receiving
a
Wound
on
the
Arm
,
and
Domitius
hardly
escaping
:
And
thus
by
Force
and
Violence
both
Pompey
and
Crassus
obtain●d
the
Consulship
.
The
People
shortly
after
being
ready
to
give
Cato
the
Praetor-ship
,
Pompey
pretended
strange
Prodigies
in
Heaven
,
and
dismiss'd
the
Assembly
:
Then
corrupting
the
Tribes
with
Money
,
he
procur●d
'em
to
chuse
Antias
and
Vatinius
,
Praetors
.
Then
by
the
Assistance
of
Trebonius
the
Tribune
,
the
Cons●●●
procur'd
Laws
which
continu'd
Caesar
in
his
Government
in
Gaul
for
five
Years
longer
,
and
assign'd
Syria
and
the
Parthian
War
to
Crassus
,
and
Africk
and
Spain
to
Pompey
,
with
four
Legions
,
whereof
he
lent
two
to
Caesar
for
the
Gallick
Wars
.
Caesar
was
now
proceeding
in
his
Fourth
Year's
Expedition
,
which
was
employ●d
against
several
Nations
of
Germany
,
Caesar
finding
he
had
time
this
Year
to
undertake
a
new
Expedition
,
and
led
on
by
the
Greatness
of
his
Courage
,
and
his
Desire
of
Glory
,
resolv'd
to
cross
Seas
into
Britain
;
an
Enterprize
so
very
hazardous
,
that
few
but
Caesar
wou'd
have
ventur'd
upon
it
.
His
Pretence
was
the
Britains
sending
continual
Supplies
into
Gaul
against
the
Romans
;
and
in
order
to
his
Design
,
he
made
strict
Enquiries
of
the
Merchants
that
Traded
thither
,
what
kind
of
People
they
were
,
how
they
made
War
,
under
what
Laws
they
liv'd
,
and
which
were
their
best
Ports
.
After
which
he
sent
Voluseus
to
view
the
Coasts
,
in
the
mean
time
sending
for
the
Ships
he
had
employ'd
against
the
Veneti
,
and
making
all
other
necessary
Preparations
.
Upon
the
News
of
which
,
several
of
the
British
People
sent
their
Ambassadors
with
Tokens
of
Submission
,
whom
he
sent
back
with
good
Words
,
and
with
them
Cornio
,
the
better
to
discover
the
Country
under
that
Pretence
.
But
Cornio
,
not
daring
to
trust
the
Inhabitants
,
continu'd
but
five
Days
upon
the
Coast
,
and
then
return'd
to
make
Report
of
what
he
had
discover'd
.
Caesar
leaving
all
things
in
Gaul
in
a
peaceable
Posture
,
and
Sulpicius
Rufus
to
guard
the
Ports
,
put
to
Sea
with
two
Legions
and
part
of
his
Cavalry
after
Mid-night
,
and
made
the
British
Coasts
the
next
Morning
,
where
he
found
the
Shores
cover'd
with
Men
to
oppose
his
Landing
;
and
finding
it
impracticable
there
,
he
fail'd
eight
Miles
further
.
There
the
Romans
met
with
great
Opposition
,
and
were
in
danger
of
being
driven
back
,
till
the
Standard-Bearer
of
the
tenth
Legion
bold●y
leap'd
a-shore
;
and
being
well
supported
by
Caesar's
Diligence
,
all
the
Army
landed
,
and
the
Britains
fled
.
The
Britains
were
so
terrify'd
at
the
Romans
Success
,
that
they
sent
to
desire
a
Peace
,
which
was
granted
'em
,
and
some
Hostages
deliver'd
.
But
a
great
Storm
arising
at
that
time
,
miserably
shatter'd
the
Transport-Ships
lying
at
Anchor
;
and
this
,
with
Caesar's
want
of
Provisions
,
so
incourag●d
the
Britains
,
that
instead
of
sending
him
the
rest
of
their
Hostages
,
they
march'd
with
a
powerfull
Army
against
him
;
who
meeting
with
one
of
the
Legions
abroad
,
had
almost
defeated
'em
,
but
Caesar
came
in
with
timely
Assistance
,
and
brought
'em
off
safely
.
In
these
Extremities
Caesar
lost
no
time
in
re●itting
his
Ships
,
procuring
of
Provisions
,
and
securing
his
Camp
;
and
being
afresh
attack'd
by
the
Britains
,
he
overthrew
'em
,
and
burnt
many
of
their
Towns
,
which
oblig'd
'em
again
to
desire
a
Peace
.
Upon
which
he
requir'd
a
double
number
of
Hostages
,
and
finding
the
Season
far
advanc'd
,
he
again
put
to
Sea
,
and
return'd
to
Gaul
,
where
he
safely
landed
,
only
two
Ships
that
had
on
board
300
Men
landing
a
little
lower
,
were
set
upon
by
the
Morini
,
who
not
long
before
had
been
reconcil'd
to
Caesar.
They
were
soon
reliev'd
,
and
Labietnus
was
sent
to
chastise
the
Revolters
;
who
being
reduc'd
,
he
and
Cotta
harrass'd
the
Country
of
the
Menapians
,
who
had
hid
themselves
in
the
Woods
.
After
which
the
Roman
Army
was
sent
to
their
Winter-Quarters
in
B●lgium
,
which
finish●d
Caesar's
fourth
Years
Expedition
.
Caesar
being
very
ambitious
of
enlarging
the
Roman
Dominions
as
well
as
encreasing
his
own
Reputation
,
resolv●d
upon
a
second
Expedition
into
Britain
the
next
Spring
,
and
made
all
necessary
Preparations
for
it
,
the
Natives
having
given
him
a
fair
Pretence
by
breaking
their
Articles
with
him
.
At
the
appointed
Time
he
embark●d
with
five
Legions
and
2000
Horse
at
l●cius
or
Calais
,
and
landed
in
Britain
without
Opposition
,
where
he
shortly
after
forc'd
one
of
their
Camps
with
good
success
.
About
which
time
News
was
brought
him
that
his
whole
Navy
was
extreamly
indamag'd
with
a
Storm
,
and
some
of
his
Ships
lost
;
which
made
him
retire
back
towards
the
Sea-coast
,
where
with
vast
Labour
and
Industry
he
repair●d
most
of
'em
in
ten
Days
time
,
and
wrote
to
Labienus
to
build
more
.
After
that
he
march'd
against
Cassivelaun
the
General
of
all
the
British
Forces
,
and
after
several
Motions
,
and
a
bloody
Battel
,
defeated
him
,
which
so
terrify'd
the
Enemy
,
that
they
dared
not
appear
in
any
Body
against
him
after
that
.
Whereupon
Caesar
advanc●d
still
further
,
and
pass●d
the
Thames
in
spight
of
all
Opposition
,
his
Men
wading
up
to
the
Neck
in
the
Water
.
Cassivelaun
,
notwithstanding
his
reputed
Valour
kept
himself
to
the
Woods
and
Forests
;
and
finding
that
several
Towns
were
surrender'd
to
Caesar
,
and
particularly
his
own
;
he
also
sent
to
him
for
a
Treaty
,
who
receiv'd
his
Submission
,
took
Hostages
,
and
impos●d
a
certain
Tribute
upon
Britain
:
Then
finding
the
Season
far
advanc●d
,
and
apprehending
the
Danger
of
some
Tumults
in
Gaul
,
he
cross'd
the
Sea
again
,
bringing
back
his
Army
with
much
Glory
and
Renown
;
where
with
appeasing
some
Disturbances
in
those
Parts
,
and
relieving
●
.
Cicero
,
Brother
to
the
Orator
and
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
who
was
besieg'd
by
the
Eburones
,
he
finish'd
his
fifth
Year's
Expedition
.
The
next
Year
Caesar
perceiv'd
that
many
of
the
States
of
Gaul
were
dispos'd
to
a
general
Insurrection
,
in
a
great
measure
upon
the
account
of
an
imperfect
Settlement
of
Affairs
the
last
Year
;
whereupon
he
re-inforc'd
his
Army
with
three
Roman
Legions
,
and
as
many
Auxiliaries
as
he
cou'd
well
procure
.
He
pursu'd
his
Business
with
great
Vigour
,
and
open●d
the
Campaign
sooner
than
ordinary
,
thereby
to
break
,
or
at
least
to
weaken
their
Union
.
He
soon
subdu'd
and
reduc'd
several
Nations
of
the
Gauls
,
as
the
Nervii
first
,
and
shortly
after
the
Senones
,
Carnutes
,
and
the
Menapians
;
while
his
Lieutenant
Labienus
reduc'd
all
the
People
about
Triers
.
After
this
he
built
a
Bridge
and
pass'd
the
Rhine
a
second
time
,
by
reason
that
several
of
the
Germans
had
enter'd
into
a
Confederacy
with
the
Gauls
;
where
after
he
had
made
some
Attempts
upon
the
Su●vi
with
little
Success
,
upon
the
account
of
their
flying
into
Woods
and
impassable
Places
,
he
turn'd
his
Arms
against
the
Eburones
.
But
while
he
was
ravaging
their
Territories
,
the
Sigambri
crossing
the
Rhine
suddenly
,
set
upon
Cicero's
Camp
,
kill'd
many
,
and
caus'd
a
great
Consternation
among
his
Men
,
but
at
last
were
forc'd
to
retire
at
the
News
of
Caesar's
Approach
,
who
after
that
fell
a-fresh
upon
the
Country
of
the
Eburones
;
then
call'd
a
Council
in
Gaul
for
the
Punishment
of
all
Revolters
,
and
providing
his
Army
with
all
Necessaries
,
drew
it
into
their
Winter-Quarters
;
and
so
ended
Caesar's
sixth
Year's
Expedition
,
in
the
701st
Year
of
the
City
.
IV.
Gaul
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
upon
the
expiring
of
the
Time
of
their
Consulships
,
began
to
take
care
about
their
several
Governments
that
were
allotted
'em
.
Crassus
was
extremely
elevated
with
the
Thoughts
of
his
Expedition
into
Syria
and
Parthia
,
promising
himself
greater
Success
and
Glory
that
even
Pompey
himself
:
Therefore
he
was
very
forward
and
diligent
in
his
Preparations
.
The
Tribunes
hinder'd
the
raising
of
Men
as
much
as
they
cou'd
,
and
labour'd
to
repeal
the
Laws
made
for
their
Expeditions
.
Pompey
,
was
well
enough
satisfy'd
sending
his
Lieutenants
into
his
Provinces
,
being
unwilling
to
leave
the
City
,
as
he
pretended
,
because
of
the
general
Charge
of
Provisions
committed
to
him
;
an
Honour
which
Cicero
,
in
Recompence
for
his
Ressitution
,
had
procur'd
him
from
the
Senate
,
that
so
he
might
have
Authority
all
over
the
Roman
Empire
.
But
Crassus
betook
himself
to
Force
;
which
when
the
Tribunes
saw
themselves
unable
to
withstand
,
they
desisted
,
but
loaded
him
with
horrible
and
unheard-of
Curses
and
Imprecations
;
and
many
exclaim●d
against
it
as
an
unworthy
Thing
to
injure
the
Parthians
who
deserv'd
no
Ill
at
the
Romans
Hands
,
but
were
now
in
Peace
with
'em
.
But
Crassus
heeding
no
Reproaches
in
this
case
,
after
he
had
got
all
things
in
a
Readiness
,
set
forward
to
his
Province
.
Pompey
the
mean
time
kept
himself
wholly
to
the
City
,
still
contriving
how
to
make
himself
more
great
and
powerfull
in
his
Country
:
But
the
Fame
of
Ceasars
Conquests
,
which
daily
fill●d
the
City
,
began
to
prove
very
ungratefull
to
him
,
who
feared
nothing
so
much
as
a
Rival
in
point
of
Glory
;
and
therefore
he
set
himself
to
do
all
that
was
in
his
power
to
diminish
the
Reputation
of
Caesar
,
obliging
the
Magistrates
not
to
publish
any
Letters
they
receiv'd
,
till
he
had
forestall'd
the
Credit
of
'em
,
by
spreading
selfe
and
disadvantageous
Reports
.
This
gave
great
cause
of
Trouble
to
many
discreet
and
wise
Persons
,
who
foresaw
the
Miseries
that
wou'd
follow
from
a
Rupture
between
two
such
Extraordinary
Persons
;
and
what
still
augmented
their
Fears
was
the
Death
of
Pompey's
Wife
Iulia
,
Daughter
to
Caesar
,
which
hapned
at
the
same
time
.
Pompey
most
passionately
lov'd
her
,
and
her
Wit
and
Vertue
had
always
a
great
Ascendant
over
the
Dispositions
both
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
:
The
people
of
Rome
gave
sufficient
Testimony
of
the
Respect
they
bore
her
by
publick
Demonstrations
of
their
Sorrow
;
and
when
Pompey
wou'd
have
carry'd
her
Body
to
one
of
his
Houses
nigh
Alba
,
the
people
wou'd
not
suffer
it
,
but
bore
it
into
the
Field
of
Mars
,
where
they
bury'd
it
with
the
greatest
Magnificence
imaginable
.
From
this
Moment
Pompey
resolv'd
to
pursue
nothing
but
his
own
particular
Advancement
;
and
,
for
the
restoring
himself
to
the
Favour
of
the
People
,
he
caus'd
a
stately
Theatre
to
be
built
which
he
dedicated
by
Plays
and
other
magnificent
Shews
,
which
were
no
ways
pleasing
to
Cicero
,
as
appears
from
one
of
his
Epistles
.
While
Pompey
was
managing
his
Affairs
at
home
,
and
Caesar
in
the
midst
of
Gaul
,
Crassus
was
pursuing
his
Expedition
with
all
Vigour
.
In
his
Journey
he
march'd
through
Ierusalem
,
where
he
ri●led
the
Temple
of
a
great
Treasure
,
to
the
value
of
10000
Talents
,
which
Pompey
to
his
great
Reputation
had
spar'd
.
He
spent
many
Days
in
weighing
the
Treasure
of
the
Idol
Goddess
in
Hierapolis
or
Ed●sia
,
in
Syria
;
and
in
his
whole
Passage
he
shew'd
more
of
Covetousness
than
Valour
,
listing
many
Men
,
and
then
discharging
'em
again
for
Money
.
He
likewise
neglected
his
Opportunities
of
falling
upon
the
Parthians
unprovided
,
despiss●d
the
Friendship
of
the
Armenian
King
,
who
gave
him
leave
to
pass
through
his
Country
to
Parbia
,
and
took
no
care
about
the
refreshing
of
his
Men
some
City
till
he
had
certain
News
of
the
Enemy
,
and
neglected
to
pass
down
the
River
Selucia
,
as
he
was
advi●'d
,
where
he
might
have
been
supply●d
with
Provisions
by
Water
.
This
latter
Counsel
he
rejected
by
means
of
the
cunning
Insinuations
of
Abgarus
the
Osroenian
,
who
having
formerly
been
a
Friend
and
Alley
of
the
Romans
,
was
now
in
the
Interests
of
the
Parthians
,
and
feeding
Crassus
with
Money
to
gild
over
his
Treachery
,
gave
'em
Notice
of
all
that
pass'd
in
the
Roman
Camp
.
He
likewise
persuaded
Crassus
to
lay
aside
all
Thoughts
of
Selucias
and
C●esiphon
,
and
march
directly
against
Surenas
,
the
Parthian
General
.
This
Advice
he
follow'd
,
and
thereby
first
losing
his
Son
,
a
very
hopefull
Youth
,
he
himself
was
circumvented
by
Surenas
,
under
Pretence
of
a
Treaty
,
and
either
slain
by
his
Enemies
,
or
kill●d
by
some
of
his
own
Men
,
to
prevent
his
falling
into
their
Hands
.
His
Men
were
miserably
slaughter●d
to
the
Number
of
10000
besides
10000
taken
,
and
his
Head
carry●d
to
Orodes
,
King
of
Parthia
,
who
caus'd
melted
Gold
to
be
poured
into
his
Month
,
crying
,
Now
satisfy
thy self
with
Gold
,
of
which
thou
always
hast
been
so
insatiably
greedy
.
Thus
fell
Crassus
in
the
second
Year
after
his
setting
out
,
one
of
the
richest
Men
in
all
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
by
this
,
one
of
the
Heads
of
the
Triumvirate
was
cut
off
.
This
laid
the
foundation
of
the
following
Civil
War
between
the
other
two
;
for
while
he
liv'd
,
he
was
a
Check
to
●em
both
and
ballanc'd
their
Interests
;
but
after
this
,
an
open
Field
was
left
for
their
Ambition
and
Emulation
to
work
in
.
This
happen●d
in
the
701●●ear
of
the
City
,
nigh
seven
Years
after
the
beginning
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
51
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
,
A.
M.
3952
▪
CHAP.
II.
From
the
Death
of
Crassus
,
to
the
Death
of
Pompey
;
which
made
way
for
Caesar's
Absolute
Authority
,
and
was
the
second
step
to
the
Imperial
State
.
Containing
above
Five
Years
Space
.
I.
THE
same
Year
that
Crassus
was
slain
,
These
fatal
Mischiefs
turn'd
all
Mens
Eyes
upon
Pompey
,
as
the
fittest
Person
to
redress
all
;
but
while
they
were
consulting
about
creating
him
Dictator
,
Cat●
by
many
Perswasions
,
procur'd
the
Senate
to
make
him
Consul
alone
,
that
so
,
if
occasion
were
,
he
might
be
afterwards
accountable
for
any
Male
Administration
.
This
was
soon
after
done
,
having
the
Authority
of
a
Dictator
conferr'd
on
him
under
a
Gentler
Name
;
a
thing
never
known
in
Rome
before
,
but
upon
some
extraordinary
Occasion
,
and
for
some
few
Days
,
when
Commission
was
sometimes
given
to
the
Consuls
,
to
take
care
that
the
Common-wealth
receive
no
Damage
.
New
Troops
were
allotted
to
Pompey
,
1000
Talents
allow'd
yearly
for
their
Pay
,
and
the
Government
of
Spain
was
continu●d
to
him
for
Four
Years
longer
,
which
he
Administred
by
his
Deputies
.
Milo
was
shortly
after
Accus'd
by
Appius
,
Clodius's
Brother
,
and
tho'
Cicero
himself
undertook
to
defend
him
,
yet
it
happen'd
,
that
by
his
Fear
of
Pompey's
Souldiers
,
who
surrounded
him
as
he
was
Pleading
,
he
was
put
out
in
his
Speech
;
and
so
M●lo
,
for
his
Insolence
,
was
Banish'd
:
And
when
Cic●ro
afterwards
sent
him
his
Oration
in
Writing
,
the
Excellency
of
it
made
him
Answer
,
That
it
was
happy
for
him
that
Cicero
was
out
in
his
Harangue
,
for
otherwise
he
shou'd
not
have
liv'd
so
well
at
Marseilles
as
now
be
did
;
for
that
was
the
Place
of
his
Exile
.
Pompey
having
hitherto
executed
the
Office
of
a
Dictator
,
took
Scipio
Metellus
for
his
Collegue
,
whose
Daughter
Cornelia
he
had
lately
Marry'd
,
a
Lady
of
no
less
Accomplishments
than
Beauty
.
This
considerably
strengthen'd
Pompey's
Interests
,
who
therefore
now
thought
it
no
ways
difficult
to
overthrow
the
Fortunes
of
Caesar
,
waiting
only
till
Affairs
were
somewhat
more
ripe
for
Execution
:
But
Caesar
,
by
his
Great
Policy
and
Inudstry
,
by
his
noble
Exploits
abroad
,
and
his
bountiful
Presents
at
home
,
still
secur'd
himself
a
sufficient
Party
in
the
City
.
He
caus'd
a
New
Forum
to
be
set
up
at
Rome
,
the
Place
whereof
cost
him
100000
Sesterces
:
He
gave
also
to
the
People
certain
Plays
,
and
a
Publick
Feast
,
in
Acknowledgement
of
the
Honours
done
to
his
Daughter
Iulia
,
being
likewise
a
particular
Incourager
of
Learning
.
At
this
time
,
among
many
other
Learn'd
Men
flourish●d
Salust
,
a
most
excellent
Historian
,
both
for
matter
and
stile
.
Caesar
had
now
almost
compleated
his
Conquests
in
Gaul
,
The
Gauls
,
notwithstanding
their
Great
Losses
,
and
the
irresistible
Power
of
Caesar's
Arms
,
resolv'd
to
try
their
Fortune
once
more
,
and
many
of
their
Nations
joyn'd
again
in
Confederacy
.
Caesar
having
Intelligence
of
their
Designs
,
began
his
March
from
Bibracte
,
and
made
great
Devastations
throughout
the
Territories
of
the
Bituriges
in
Aquitain
,
and
subdu'd
several
of
the
People
about
those
Parts
.
C.
Fabius
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
also
reduc'd
some
Parties
of
'em
in
the
mean
time
,
and
Caninius
,
another
of
his
Lieutenants
,
defeated
likewise
several
other
Parties
;
after
which
Caesar
joyn'd
him
,
and
invested
Uxellodunum
a
City
of
the
Cadurci
,
a
Place
very
strong
by
Situation
;
yet
he
obtain●d
it
with
little
or
no
Bloodshed
,
by
turning
the
course
of
the
Springs
that
supply●d
the
Place
with
Water
.
After
this
,
the
rest
of
the
Places
in
Aquitain
submitted
,
and
going
to
Narbone
,
he
then
dispos●d
his
Men
into
their
Winter-Quarters
,
in
such
a
Manner
,
that
they
prov'd
very
useful
to
him
afterwards
in
the
Civil
Wars
.
And
this
finish'd
Caesar's
Eighth
and
last
Years
Expedition
in
Gaul
,
and
all
the
Parts
thereabouts
,
after
a
long
,
and
almost
uninterupted
Course
of
many
▪
Glorious
Conquests
and
noble
Victories
,
to
the
mighty
Encrease
of
his
own
Honour
and
Renown
,
and
the
great
Inlargement
of
the
Roman
Dominions
and
Riches
,
as
well
as
the
Terrour
of
their
Name
and
Authority
.
II.
Now
the
Jealousies
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
began
to
be
more
conspicuous
than
ever
,
and
well
might
a
Rupture
be
expected
,
when
two
Persons
,
the
Greatest
that
ever
Rome
produc'd
,
were
become
Rivals
in
Glory
;
especially
when
their
Tempers
were
such
,
that
the
latter
cou'd
not
endure
an
Equal
,
nor
the
former
a
Superiour
.
Caesar
had
now
rais'd
himself
to
an
extraordinary
Height
both
as
to
Riches
and
Reputation
;
then
the
Grandeur
of
his
Mein
,
his
unbounded
Generosity
,
and
his
Noble
Actions
,
had
entirely
engag'd
the
Affections
of
his
Soldiers
to
him
,
who
all
lov'd
him
almost
to
Adoration
.
Again
,
a
great
many
of
the
Senators
stood
oblig●d
to
him
for
considerable
Summs
of
Money
,
which
he
had
lent
'em
without
Interest
;
he
entertain●d
,
with
Magnificence
,
all
such
as
serv'd
under
him
,
even
to
the
very
Slaves
;
and
his
Army
was
a
Refuge
to
all
manner
of
Criminals
,
and
such
as
were
much
in
Debt
,
a
great
many
of
which
he
discharg'd
at
his
own
Expence
;
but
for
some
whose
Debts
were
larger
than
ordinary
,
he
us'd
to
say
,
That
one
Civil
War
would
make
all
even
.
All
this
was
done
at
Gaul's
Expence
,
which
might
occasion
this
Observation
,
That
Caesar
Conquer'd
the
Gauls
with
the
Romans
Steel
,
and
the
Romans
with
the
Gallick
Gold
.
Pompey
had
observ'd
,
that
Caesar
in
his
Consulship
had
rendred
himself
very
distastful
to
the
Senate
,
therefore
he
made
it
his
Business
by
his
outward
Carriage
and
fair
Demeanor
to
gain
their
Favour
,
which
he
did
with
good
success
.
Caesar
was
aware
of
this
,
and
for
that
reason
endeavour'd
vigorously
for
the
Consulship
in
his
Absence
,
and
likewise
to
procure
his
Government
to
be
prolong●d
,
trying
all
Ways
and
Methods
to
keep
his
Army
till
he
cou'd
get
to
be
chosen
Consul
.
But
he
soon
found
that
this
Affair
did
not
succeed
according
to
his
Wish
,
being
chiefly
hinder'd
by
Marcus
Marcellus
,
one
of
the
present
Consuls
and
his
Great
Enemy
.
Tho
he
was
sufficiently
sensible
of
Pompey's
Jealousy
,
he
resolv'd
to
endeavour
once
more
to
preserve
his
Friendship
,
therefore
offer●d
him
his
Niece
Octavia
,
and
demanded
Pompey's
Daughter
for
himself
;
but
Pompey
thought
fit
to
make
choice
of
an
Alliance
with
Scipio
,
whom
he
joyn'd
with
him
in
the
Consular
Dignity
for
the
last
Five
Months
.
The
first
Publick
Appearance
of
the
Division
began
from
Pompey's
two
Laws
,
publish'd
in
his
Consulship
,
the
first
being
to
enquire
into
the
Miscarriages
of
Officers
for
Twenty
Years
last
past
,
and
the
latter
to
forbid
all
Absent
Persons
to
demand
any
Publick
Employment
;
both
which
were
design●d
against
Caesar.
But
still
no
great
Violence
was
us'd
,
but
all
was
manag'd
with
extream
Artifice
and
Cunning
till
the
Election
of
the
New
Consuls
,
who
were
Aemilius
Paulus
and
Calidius
Marcellus
,
a
Kinsman
of
Marcus
.
Now
every
one
with
great
Impatience
expected
to
find
how
the
Consuls
wou'd
declare
themselves
;
the
first
had
been
well
secur'd
by
a
large
Present
of
1500
Talents
from
Caesar
,
but
Calidius
was
Caesar's
Enemy
,
and
being
carry'd
on
by
the
same
Spirit
with
his
Kinsman
Marcus
,
follow'd
also
his
Methods
.
Curio
was
likewise
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
a
Person
of
the
highest
Fame
for
his
Eloquence
and
Pleadings
,
and
of
great
Parts
and
Resolution
,
but
now
much
burthen●d
with
Debts
both
for
himself
and
others
,
and
particularly
for
Marcus
Antonius
,
one
of
his
Collegues
.
Curio
had
been
one
of
the
most
violent
against
Caesar's
Interest
;
but
Caesar
,
who
well
knew
all
his
unhappy
Circumstances
,
quickly
found
a
Way
to
bring
him
over
,
by
furnishing
him
with
Means
to
quit
himself
of
those
Incumbrances
.
Curio
,
after
this
,
made
use
of
Practices
very
refin●d
,
forbearing
to
declare
himself
of
Caesar
●s
Party
,
the
better
to
penetrate
the
Designs
of
the
other
Party
,
and
after
that
,
sought
an
Opportunity
to
break
with
Pompey
.
In
order
to
which
,
he
demanded
to
have
the
Charge
of
the
High-ways
conferr●d
upon
him
,
altho'
he
knew
it
wou●d
be
deny●d
him
;
and
upon
refusal
,
he
shew'd
his
Resentment
;
and
soon
after
,
when
Marcellus
the
Consul
propos●d
with
great
Earnestness
,
the
recalling
Caesar
from
his
Government
,
Curio
applauded
his
Wisdom
,
adding
withall
,
That
it
was
but
Iustice
that
Pompey
and
Caesar
should
be
both
call'd
from
their
Governments
together
.
All
apprehended
the
Meaning
of
this
Proposal
,
and
Pompey's
Friends
began
to
be
very
troublesome
to
Curio
,
particularly
Appius
,
one
of
the
Censors
,
who
threatn'd
to
expel
him
the
Senate
,
and
propos●d
it
in
one
of
the
Assemblies
.
Curio
submitted
to
any
Thing
decreed
against
himself
in
particular
,
but
wou●d
yield
to
nothing
where
Caesar's
Interest
was
struck
at
,
and
the
Consul
Aemilius
secur●d
him
from
the
Affront
offer'd
him
by
Appius
.
Curio
resolving
not
to
be
discourag'd
,
made
the
same
Proposal
to
the
People
as
he
had
done
to
the
Senate
,
which
was
receiv'd
with
the
greatest
Applause
imaginable
;
and
as
a
further
Testimony
of
their
Satisfaction
,
they
gave
Power
to
Caesar
to
demand
the
Consulship
without
removing
out
of
his
Province
.
This
caus'd
Pompey
to
leave
the
City
,
under
pretence
of
going
to
his
Government
,
but
he
really
went
no
further
than
a
Country-House
of
his
,
where
falling
sick
,
he
Wrote
to
the
Senate
,
That
he
was
ready
to
resign
all
his
Employments
when
Caesar
did
the
like
,
which
he
wou'd
confirm
upon
his
Return
to
Rome
.
Curio
immediately
took
this
Advantage
,
and
told
him
,
It
was
his
Duty
to
begin
what
he
propos'd
,
and
he
wou'd
engage
that
his
Example
shou'd
be
follow'd
by
Caesar.
The
Matter
was
then
publickly
debated
,
but
ended
only
in
an
Order
,
that
two
Legions
shou●d
be
drawn
out
of
Caesar's
and
Pompey's
Army
to
be
sent
against
the
Parthians
;
and
this
was
only
to
weaken
Caesar's
Army
,
for
Pompey
likewise
demanded
the
Legion
which
he
had
formerly
lent
him
.
Caesar
immediately
apprehended
the
Reason
of
this
Order
,
and
Pompey's
Designs
,
nevertheless
he
made
no
Opposition
,
but
surrender●d
two
Legions
,
Generously
Giving
each
Man
Five
and
twenty
Crowns
.
Cic●ro
at
this
time
return●d
to
Rome
from
his
Government
of
Cilicia
,
where
he
pretended
,
for
his
Great
Exploits
,
to
have
Merited
the
Honour
of
a
Triumph
.
His
Absence
had
hinder'd
him
from
joyning
with
either
Party
,
and
his
present
Pretensions
oblig'd
him
to
be
a
Mediator
between
both
,
but
no
Proposals
of
Accommodation
wou'd
be
hearken'd
to
;
for
Appius
returning
from
Caesar's
Army
,
publish'd
abroad
,
That
,
his
Soldiers
had
no
Esteem
for
him
,
and
that
they
wou'd
certainly
come
over
to
the
Senates
Party
,
whenever
they
recover'd
this
side
of
the
Alps.
This
Relation
gave
Pompey
great
Confidence
,
so
that
Cicero
cou'd
not
be
heard
:
And
when
he
afterwards
ask'd
Pompey
what
Forces
he
had
to
oppose
Caesar
,
his
Answer
was
,
That
he
need
but
stamp
with
his
Foot
,
and
an
Army
wou'd
start
out
of
the
Earth
.
Many
of
the
Senators
began
to
talk
very
meanly
of
Caesar
,
and
Cato
himself
scornfully
declar'd
,
That
he
wou'd
bring
him
to
an
Account
for
his
Actions
,
and
that
he
shou'd
be
treated
as
Milo
had
been
before
him
.
Caesar
often
Writ
to
the
Senate
,
to
desire
to
be
continu'd
in
his
Government
as
Pompey
had
been
,
or
be
recall'd
both
at
the
same
time
,
or
else
be
permitted
to
stand
for
the
Consulship
by
Proxy
.
These
Proposals
being
rejected
,
he
re-pass'd
the
Alps
with
his
third
Legion
,
and
March'd
to
Ravenna
,
from
whence
he
Writ
a
Letter
to
the
New
Consuls
,
Cornelius
Lentulus
and
Cl●dius
Marcellus
,
wherein
,
after
an
honourable
Mention
made
of
his
own
Exploits
,
he
signify'd
,
That
he
was
ready
to
resign
all
his
Power
,
in
case
Pompey
did
the
like
;
otherwise
they
might
reasonably
expect
,
that
he
cou'd
not
be
wholly
insensible
of
the
Injury
that
would
be
done
him
,
as
well
as
his
Country
.
Great
Debates
and
violent
Dissentions
were
rais'd
about
this
Letter
;
but
after
a
long
time
spent
,
a
Decree
was
at
last
issu'd
out
,
That
Caesar
shou'd
disband
his
Forces
within
such
a
time
,
and
if
he
refus'd
Obedience
,
he
shou'd
be
declar●d
an
Enemy
to
the
Common-wealth
.
And
tho'
this
Decree
was
much
oppos'd
by
many
,
yet
immediately
after
follow'd
another
,
publish'd
only
in
cases
of
Extremity
,
That
the
Consuls
and
other
Magistrates
shou'd
take
care
that
the
Common-wealth
receiv'd
no
Damage
;
and
Pompey
was
order'd
to
Command
what
Troops
were
in
a
Readiness
.
From
that
Moment
a
Successor
was
order'd
to
Caesar
,
which
was
Domit●●
,
and
all
were
up
in
Arms
in
Rome
.
Caesar
receiv'd
a
speedy
Account
of
this
from
Curio
Anthony
and
Longinus
,
who
fled
to
him
in
Slaves
Habits
,
in
which
Condition
he
shew'd
'em
to
his
Army
,
telling
his
Men
,
That
the
Senate
had
dealt
basely
and
ungratefully
by
him
,
who
had
done
'em
so
many
eminent
Services
,
as
well
as
unjustly
and
inhumanely
by
his
Friends
,
whose
Persons
were
sacred
by
their
Office
,
but
were
now
forc'd
to
conceal
themselves
under
the
mean
Habits
of
Slavery
,
to
shun
the
Fury
of
his
Enemies
;
and
all
for
maintaining
those
undoubted
Rights
,
which
even
raging
Sylla
durst
never
violate
.
In
fine
,
tearing
his
Robes
,
and
falling
into
Tears
,
he
conjur●d
all
his
Soldiers
,
That
they
wou'd
defend
his
Honour
and
Reputation
,
after
their
serving
nine
Years
under
him
with
so
much
Glory
and
Renown
.
The
Soldiers
all
with
loud
Acclamations
answer'd
him
,
That
they
were
ready
to
rev●nge
all
Injuries
done
to
their
General
;
and
Thus
began
the
famous
Civil
War
,
about
four
Years
after
the
Death
of
Crassus
.
III.
Among
the
many
Warlike
Qualities
of
Caesar
,
to
make
themselves
Welcome
,
and
he
wou'd
be
with
'em
in
a
moment
;
but
he
had
secretly
order'd
some
Mules
to
be
put
into
his
Chariot
,
in
which
Equipage
he
set
forwards
towards
Ariminum
,
with
some
few
of
his
particular
Friends
he
had
order●d
to
follow
him
several
Ways
,
and
one
Legion
,
which
was
all
he
had
there
.
It
was
a
troublesome
Journey
,
but
they
resolv'd
to
undergo
it
;
so
sometimes
on
Foot
,
and
sometimes
in
his
Chariot
;
Caesar
arriv●d
upon
the
Banks
of
the
Rubicon
,
a
little
River
which
parted
Cisalpine
Gaul
from
the
rest
of
Italy
.
Here
he
began
to
have
some
Remorse
,
and
all
the
Misfortunes
of
the
succeeding
War
presented
themselves
to
his
melancholy
Mind
,
which
put
him
upon
considering
,
what
Posterity
wou'd
think
of
this
Passage
.
Sometimes
he
had
thoughts
of
going
back
,
and
turning
himself
to
Asinius
Pollio
,
T
is
now
in
our
Power
,
says
he
,
to
return
,
but
if
we
pass
this
fatal
River
,
our
only
Retreat
must
be
to
our
Arms.
Some
Authors
say
,
That
just
by
the
Place
where
he
stood
,
of
a
sudden
there
appear'd
a
Man
of
extraordinary
Stature
,
who
made
excellent
Musick
with
a
Reed
he
play'd
upon
;
which
uncommon
Sight
drew
many
of
the
Soldiers
to
him
,
among
the
rest
,
a
Trumpeter
,
from
whom
this
Man
snatch'd
his
Trumpet
,
and
sounding
a
Charge
with
a
more
violent
Blast
than
ordinary
,
threw
himself
into
the
Water
,
and
pass'd
over
to
the
other
side
.
Caesar
,
without
Further
Consideration
pass'd
the
River
,
crying
,
Let
us
go
where
the
Gods
so
loudly
call
,
and
the
Fury
of
our
Enemies
drive
us
!
From
thence
he
march'd
directly
to
Ariminum
,
and
possess●d
himself
of
it
without
Resistance
:
so
,
with
6000
Men
only
he
began
that
famous
War
,
sending
orders
to
the
rest
of
his
Troops
to
follow
with
all
possible
Diligence
.
This
unexpected
Enterprize
gave
most
dreadfull
Apprehensions
to
the
City
of
Rome
,
every
one
imagining
Caesar
at
the
Gates
with
all
his
Army
;
and
it
was
an
odd
Confusion
to
see
the
Country
People
running
to
the
City
for
Safety
,
and
the
Citizens
flying
into
▪
the
Country
for
Security
.
Pompey
himself
was
amaz●d
,
and
Cicero
under
great
Difficulties
,
as
appear'd
by
his
Epistles
upon
this
Occasion
;
but
what
was
the
greatest
Trouble
to
Pompey
,
was
the
biting
and
reflecting
Words
of
many
of
his
own
Party
,
some
laying
Indiscretion
to
his
charge
,
others
Injustice
;
and
Favonius
,
a
crack-brain●d
Philosopher
,
and
a
pretended
Imitator
of
Cato
,
bad
him
stamp
with
his
Foot
and
produce
his
Armies
as
he
had
promis●d
.
At
last
Pompey
told
'em
,
That
they
shou'd
n●t
want
an
Army
if
they
wou'd
follow
him
;
That
it
was
neither
their
Houses
nor
their
Provinces
that
cou'd
inspire
'em
with
the
Love
of
Vertue
and
of
Liberty
,
but
Men
of
Honour
might
find
it
in
all
Retreats
;
and
that
their
following
him
wou'd
be
the
only
Way
to
put
'em
in
a
Condition
of
returning
to
their
Houses
with
Glory
.
The
consideration
of
the
present
Danger
,
made
'em
resolve
to
quit
the
City
;
so
the
Consuls
,
and
almost
all
the
Senate
with
great
Precipitation
follow'd
him
to
Capua
,
where
were
the
two
Legions
which
Caesar
had
sent
from
Gaul
,
Pompey
with
all
Diligence
put
his
Affairs
in
order
,
and
resolv'd
to
retire
towards
Brundusium
.
He
left
L.
Domitius
in
Corfinium
,
and
Cicero
to
Command
in
Capua
.
who
receiv'd
his
commission
with
some
Reluctancy
,
Pompey
●s
Affairs
seem'd
to
be
in
a
better
Posture
by
Labienus's
leaving
Caesar
,
and
coming
over
to
him
,
which
he
did
upon
some
Discontent
,
expecting
to
have
been
made
equal
with
Caesar.
Caesar
seem'd
little
to
value
that
,
but
either
through
Policy
or
Generosity
,
sent
all
his
Money
and
Equipage
after
him
.
Still
Pompey
thought
it
most
convenient
to
send
to
Caesar
with
Proposals
of
Accommodation
,
which
he
did
by
Lucius
Caesar
his
Kinsman
,
and
Roscius
the
Praetor
.
But
the
Demands
on
both
sides
cou'd
not
be
agreed
upon
,
for
Pompey's
Business
was
only
to
gain
Time
,
having
his
chief
Reliance
upon
the
Forces
of
the
East
,
which
were
absolutely
in
his
Interest
,
Caesar
too
,
depending
upon
the
Valour
and
Affections
of
his
Soldiers
,
had
no
Design
of
quitting
his
Arms
,
but
only
to
make
it
appear
as
fairly
as
he
cou'd
,
that
he
had
taken
'em
up
with
Justice
.
Caesar
now
,
without
losing
any
further
Time
,
seiz'd
upon
the
Towns
of
Picenum
,
which
lay
in
his
Way
,
and
in
a
very
short
time
became
Master
of
all
that
Province
.
This
Progress
redoubled
the
Fears
at
Rome
,
and
Lentulus
,
who
was
come
back
to
seize
the
publick
Treasure
,
was
oblig●d
to
betake
himself
to
Flight
.
In
the
mean
time
the
twelfth
Legion
came
to
joyn
Caesar
,
who
marched
to
Asculum
,
which
Lentulus
had
possess'd
himself
of
with
ten
Cohorts
;
but
upon
Caesar's
Approach
,
retreated
in
Confusion
,
a
great
part
of
his
Soldiers
deserting
him
,
as
they
had
done
Curio
not
long
before
.
Caesar
march'd
directly
after
Pompey
,
not
offering
to
attack
Rome
,
as
knowing
it
wou'd
fall
of
Course
to
the
Conqueror
;
and
the
first
Place
that
made
any
Resistance
was
Corfinium
,
the
Metropolis
of
the
Country
of
the
Peligni
,
which
was
possess'd
by
Domitius
,
who
had
lately
rais●d
20
Cohorts
out
of
those
Parts
.
Now
as
this
was
the
first
Town
that
durst
make
head
against
Caesar
,
all
Persons
with
great
impatience
expected
the
Success
of
the
Enterprize
.
Caesar
made
his
Approaches
with
two
Legions
,
and
was
engag'd
by
five
Cohorts
,
who
defended
a
Bridge
about
three
Miles
from
the
City
;
but
were
soon
driven
back
to
the
Gates
of
Corfinium
,
which
thereupon
was
immediately
invested
.
Domitius
prepar●d
himself
for
a
vigorous
Defence
,
and
wrote
to
Pompey
,
That
now
he
had
a
fair
Opportunity
to
hem
in
Caesar
,
Pompey's
Answer
was
,
That
he
was
not
then
in
a
Condition
to
hazard
all
in
a
Battle
;
what
Domitius
had
engag'd
himself
in
Corfinium
contrary
to
his
Opinion
,
and
theref●re
he
ought
to
think
of
making
as
fair
and
speedy
a
Retreat
as
was
possible
.
Upon
this
Refusal
it
was
that
Cicero
,
became
so
angry
with
Pompey
,
as
appears
from
one
of
his
Epistles
to
Atti●us
.
Domitius
conceal'd
Pompey's
Answer
,
giving
out
that
Pompey
wou'd
bring
speedy
Relief
:
but
at
the
same
time
consulted
with
his
Friends
how
to
make
a
private
Retreat
;
which
being
at
last
discover'd
,
his
Men
seiz'd
on
him
,
and
sent
to
Caesar
,
offering
to
deliver
him
up
,
and
surrender
the
Place
.
Caesar
,
concluded
the
Offer
ought
not
to
be
rejected
,
but
however
kept
his
Men
from
entering
that
Night
,
to
prevent
all
Violences
.
Lentulus
being
in
the
Town
,
came
out
to
him
,
and
humbly
begg●d
Pardon
,
putting
him
in
mind
of
their
Ancient
Friendship
,
and
acknowledging
the
many
Favours
he
had
formerly
receiv'd
at
his
Hands
.
Caesar
interrupting
him
,
told
him
,
That
he
came
not
from
his
Province
to
injure
any
Man
,
but
for
his
own
Security
,
and
the
Restoration
of
the
Tribunes
Office
,
and
the
Liberty
of
Rome
.
Lentulus
sufficiently
incourag'd
by
this
Answer
,
desir'd
leave
to
return
into
the
Town
to
give
the
like
Encouragement
to
others
who
were
now
desperate
as
to
their
Fortunes
;
and
the
next
day
Caesar
sent
to
the
Senators
and
Knights
who
were
in
Town
,
with
their
Children
,
and
the
Officers
of
the
Garrison
to
come
forth
.
All
these
he
protected
from
the
Insolence
of
the
Soldiers
,
and
having
a
little
insisted
upon
the
Point
of
Ingratitude
,
he
gave
'em
all
their
Liberty
to
go
where
they
pleas'd
;
and
to
shew
that
he
as
little
sought
after
Money
as
the
Lives
of
his
Enemies
,
he
restor●d
to
Domitius
6000
Sesterces
,
which
he
had
deposited
in
the
Bank
at
Corfinium
,
tho'
he
was
satisfy●d
that
it
was
publick
Money
,
and
given
out
by
Pompey
to
pay
Soldiers
.
He
caus'd
Domitius's
Men
to
take
the
Military
Oath
to
himself
,
and
after
seven
Days
respite
at
Corfinium
,
he
march'd
through
the
Confines
of
the
Marrucini
,
Tarentini
,
and
Larinates
,
and
then
enter●d
Apuli●
.
Pompey
having
Intelligence
of
what
pass'd
at
Corfinium
,
immediately
retreated
to
Brundusium
,
where
the
Consuls
strait
embark●d
for
Dyrrachium
in
Epirus
with
thirty
Cohorts
,
Pompey
continuing
in
the
Town
with
twenty
others
.
Caesar
shortly
after
arriv'd
before
the
Place
,
and
having
taken
Magius
an
Engineer
of
Pompey's
,
freely
set
him
at
Liberty
,
with
Orders
to
tell
his
General
,
That
it
might
be
for
the
Common
Interest
of
'em
both
,
as
well
as
the
Good
of
the
Republick
,
for
them
two
have
an
Enterview
,
and
not
to
trust
Matters
to
a
third
Person
.
Magius
brought
him
no
Answer
back
,
which
caus●d
Caesar
to
endeavour
the
Blocking
up
the
Entry
of
the
Port.
To
this
purpose
he
order'd
a
Bank
or
Dam
to
be
rais'd
on
each
Side
the
Haven
,
where
it
was
narrowest
,
and
the
Water
shallow
enough
;
but
where
it
was
too
deep
,
he
caus'd
several
Vessels
to
be
fastn'd
together
thirty
Footsquare
,
moor'd
with
Anchors
at
each
corner
,
and
placed
them
over
against
the
Entry
of
the
Haven
,
with
Design
to
Form
a
sort
of
a
Stacade
or
Chain
:
The
first
,
Bridge
of
these
Vessels
was
cover●d
with
Earth
and
green
Turf
,
that
the
Defendents
might
have
firm
Footing
to
sight
upon
,
and
the
two
Sides
were
furnish'd
with
Hurdles
in
the
nature
of
Parapets
,
and
every
fourth
Float
carry'd
a
Tower
two
Stories
high
,
to
defend
the
Works
from
Attacks
and
from
Fire
.
It
was
easie
to
judge
for
what
Design
all
this
great
Labour
and
Pains
was
undertaken
,
therefore
Pompey
endeavour●d
to
ruin
the
Works
and
to
that
purpose
made
use
of
several
Merchant-Ships
that
were
then
in
the
Haven
;
upon
which
he
rais●d
Towers
of
three
Stories
high
,
furnish'd
with
Engines
and
all
sorts
of
Darts
.
These
he
sent
against
Caesar's
Vessels
,
hoping
to
separate
em
,
and
hinder
the
Continuation
of
the
Work
,
which
occasion'd
daily
some
little
Skirmishes
with
Darts
and
Arrows
.
Caesar
was
still
forward
enough
to
come
to
an
Accommodation
,
and
sent
to
have
an
Enterview
with
Pompey
,
but
Answer
was
return●d
,
That
the
Consuls
being
absent
no
Prop●sitions
of
that
kind
cou'd
be
receiv'd
.
From
this
time
he
set
his
Thoughts
wholly
upon
the
War
,
half
his
Business
being
already
compleated
,
by
reasons
the
Vessels
which
transported
the
Consuls
were
return'd
from
Dyrrachium
,
which
Opportunity
Pompey
thought
fit
to
make
use
of
for
withdrawing
himself
;
and
to
secure
his
Retreat
,
he
caus●d
all
the
Gates
of
the
City
to
be
wall'd
up
,
and
several
Houses
to
be
demolish'd
in
the
cross
Streets
.
The
Avenues
of
the
Port
were
cut
off
by
certain
Pits
,
fill●d
with
Stakes
,
and
cover'd
with
Hurdles
and
Earth
,
two
only
being
left
free
,
and
those
strongly
defended
with
Palisado●s
and
Joysts
,
planted
after
the
manner
of
Fraize
.
After
these
Precautions
,
he
caus●d
his
Soldiers
to
embark
with
all
imaginable
Silence
,
leaving
only
some
Archers
and
Slingers
upon
the
Walls
,
who
were
order'd
to
make
their
Retreat
in
small
Boats
on
purpose
,
as
Soon
as
his
Soldiers
were
got
on
Board
.
The
Inhabitants
of
the
Town
,
provok●d
by
the
Ruin
of
their
Houses
,
advis●d
Caesar
of
their
Retreat
,
who
immediately
put
his
Troops
into
Order
,
and
order●d
Ladders
to
be
planted
at
the
same
Moment
that
Pompey
shou'd
give
the
Signal
to
his
Archers
,
who
,
notwithstanding
,
secur'd
their
Retreat
by
certain
private
Paths
which
they
were
acquainted
with
:
So
that
Pompey
got
all
his
Troops
on
Board
,
&
immediately
weigh●d
Anchor
:
Caesar's
Men
got
over
the
Walls
,
and
had
fallen
into
the
Pits
prepar'd
for
'em
,
had
not
timely
Warning
from
the
Inhabitants
prevented
it
.
This
was
a
considerable
stop
to
'em
,
but
not
so
great
but
they
had
time
enough
,
with
some
small
Vessels
,
to
seize
upon
two
of
Pompey's
Ships
,
which
through
hast
,
had
run
themselves
a-ground
,
while
the
rest
made
what
Sail
they
cou'd
,
and
fav●d
themselves
.
Thus
did
Pompey
with
great
Skill
and
Diligence
make
his
escape
;
and
thus
did
Caesar
in
sixty
Days
time
,
become
Master
of
all
Italy
with-little
or
no
Bloodshed
.
IV.
Caesar
finding
he
cou●d
not
follow
Pompey
for
want
of
Shipping
,
resolv'd
to
pass
over
into
Spain
,
to
drive
out
Pompey's
Troops
,
all
old
Soldiers
,
under
the
Command
of
Afranius
and
Petreius
;
but
first
he
design'd
for
Rome
,
to
settle
there
some
Sort
of
Government
.
He
likewise
sent
a
considerable
Force
into
Sicily
and
Sardinia
.
the
one
kept
by
Cato
,
and
the
other
by
Aurelius
Cotta
,
but
both
were
abandon●d
by
them
upon
the
Arrival
of
Caesar's
Troops
.
Caesar
in
his
Journey
to
Rome
,
gave
Cicero
a
Visit
but
cou'd
not
perswade
him
to
go
thither
with
him
,
tho'
much
Civility
pass'd
between
em
.
Upon
his
arrival
at
Rome
,
he
compos'd
a
Body
of
such
Senators
as
he
found
there
,
and
call'd
them
the
Senate
;
and
when
they
were
assembled
,
made
'em
a
plausible
Speech
in
Justification
of
all
his
Actions
;
then
he
propos●d
the
sending
of
Ambassadours
to
Pompey
,
but
finding
none
to
undertake
that
Office
,
he
began
to
consider
about
furnishing
himself
with
Money
,
and
his
Recourse
was
to
the
publick
Treasury
which
,
he
wou●d
have
had
open'd
;
but
Metellus
the
Tribune
boldly
oppos'd
him
in
that
alledging
,
That
the
Money
was
Sacred
,
that
the
Laws
forbad
it
,
and
horrible
Imprecations
had
been
denounced
against
such
as
touch'd
it
upon
any
Occasion
but
the
Gallick
War
.
To
which
Caesar
reply●d
,
That
Arms
and
Laws
seldom
agreed
well
together
,
and
that
he
had
remov'd
the
former
Reasons
by
reducing
all
Gaul
to
the
Roman
Obedience
;
and
immediately
went
to
the
Doors
of
the
Treasury
,
but
the
Keys
cou'd
not
be
found
,
whereupon
Caesar
sent
to
the
People
to
break
open
the
Locks
;
and
when
Metellus
had
still
the
Boldness
to
dispute
it
with
him
,
in
a
great
Rage
he
laid
his
Hand
upon
his
Sword
,
threatning
to
kill
him
,
with
these
words
;
Know
,
young
Man
,
that
it
is
harder
for
me
to
say
this
than
to
do
it
:
Which
so
terrify'd
Metellus
,
that
he
retir'd
.
Caesar
took
out
3000
pound
weight
of
Gold
out
of
the
Treasury
,
and
ever
after
that
,
had
the
Treasury
at
his
Command
in
all
his
Wars
.
After
this
Caesar
departed
from
Rome
upon
his
Spanish
Expedition
,
and
knowing
all
Pompey's
Circumstances
,
said
with
his
usual
Confidence
,
That
he
went
to
find
an
Army
without
a
General
,
and
then
he
wou'd
come
back
to
find
a
General
without
an
Army
.
He
receiv'd
News
in
Provence
,
that
the
People
of
Marseilles
had
resolv'd
to
refuse
him
Entrance
,
that
Domitius
had
got
thither
with
seven
Gallies
fill●d
with
Slaves
,
Libertines
,
and
Peasants
that
belonged
to
his
Lands
,
and
that
the
Marsiillians
had
call'd
down
all
the
Inhabitants
of
the
neighbouring
Mountains
to
their
Assistance
.
When
Caesar
sent
to
'em
to
submit
,
they
return'd
for
Answer
,
That
they
resolv'd
to
take
part
with
neither
Casar
nor
Pompey
,
to
both
whom
they
had
equal
Obligations
.
Caesar
incensed
at
their
Proceedings
,
immediately
besieg'd
the
Town
with
three
Legions
,
and
order'd
twelve
Ships
of
War
to
be
bu●lt
at
Arles
,
which
were
compleated
in
a
Month
,
and
brought
before
Marseilles
.
Caesar
finding
the
Siege
,
like
to
be
very
tedious
,
left
D.
Brutus
to
command
the
Ships
,
and
C.
Trebonius
to
carry
on
the
Siege
,
and
so
departed
for
Spain
with
all
speed
,
where
Fabius
,
whom
he
had
sent
before
,
joyn'd
him
with
three
Legions
,
which
,
together
with
his
own
Forces
,
made
a
noble
Army
.
Upon
a
Report
in
that
Country
,
That
Pompey
was
coming
by
Way
of
Mauritania
to
Command
his
Troops
in
Person
,
Caesar
us'd
extream
Diligence
;
and
to
assure
himself
of
his
Men
,
he
Borrow'd
Money
of
all
his
Officers
,
which
he
Distributed
among
his
Soldiers
,
by
that
means
engaging
his
Officers
by
their
own
Interests
,
and
his
Soldiers
by
his
Liberality
.
Afranius
and
Petreius
were
then
posted
nigh
the
City
Ilerda
in
Catalonia
,
with
sufficient
Forces
.
Caesar
advanc'd
towards
'em
,
and
Encamp'd
along
the
River
Segre
,
over
which
Fabius
had
laid
two
Bridges
;
but
endeavouring
to
get
between
the
River
Herde
and
the
Enemies
Camp
,
a
Bloody
Contest
ensu'd
,
which
continu'd
for
many
Hours
,
in
which
Caesar's
Men
were
much
surpriz●d
with
the
Enemies
irregular
Way
of
Fighting
,
fearing
to
be
hemm'd
in
;
till
by
Caesar's
Incouraging
'em
,
they
press'd
forward
into
a
dangerous
Place
,
which
they
still
Maintain'd
for
Five
Hours
,
and
then
retreated
in
Good
Order
.
Both
Parties
attributed
to
themselves
the
Honour
of
the
Victory
;
Caesar
for
driving
the
Enemy
before
him
,
and
Afranius
for
keeping
the
Post
for
which
they
Fought
.
Afranius
had
Greater
Appearance
of
Advantage
shortly
after
;
for
the
continual
Rains
carry'd
away
Caesar's
two
Bridges
,
and
hinder'd
the
River
from
being
fordable
any
where
;
Which
reduc'd
him
to
Great
Streights
,
not
being
able
to
get
Provisions
,
nor
to
joyn
a
Supply
of
Forces
that
came
to
him
from
Gaul
,
nor
yet
to
rebuild
his
Bridges
,
by
reason
of
the
Violence
of
the
Stream
,
and
the
Opposition
he
met
with
from
the
Enemy
,
who
lay
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
.
The
News
of
this
gave
such
great
Hopes
to
Pompey's
Party
at
Rome
,
that
they
went
in
Great
Numbers
to
Afranius's
Wife
,
to
Congratulate
her
Husbands
Good
Fortune
;
and
several
of
the
Senators
,
who
were
Neuters
before
,
went
over
to
Pompey
,
and
among
them
,
Cicero
himself
,
though
he
took
an
Opportunity
of
leaving
him
again
shortly
after
.
But
all
these
Great
Hopes
vanish●d
by
means
of
Caesar's
extraordinary
Diligence
,
who
caus●d
slight
Boats
,
cover'd
with
Leather
,
to
be
made
,
and
while
the
Enemy
were
diverted
,
by
endeavouring
to
Intercept
some
Gauls
who
were
coming
to
joyn
him
,
he
carried
the
Boats
in
Wagons
twenty
Miles
distant
from
his
Camp
,
put
'em
upon
the
River
,
and
with
a
wonderful
Quickness
and
Dexterity
caus'd
his
Legions
to
pass
the
River
;
by
which
means
he
re-built
the
Bridges
.
Thus
he
re-establish'd
his
Passage
▪
got
Provisions
,
joyn'd
the
Forces
which
came
to
his
Assistance
,
by
his
Great
Skill
astonish'd
the
Enemy
,
and
Gain'd
so
much
Reputation
,
as
,
together
with
the
News
of
Brutus's
Beating
the
Marseillians
by
Sea
,
gain'd
him
five
considerable
Towns
,
and
made
several
others
Capitulate
.
Caesar
,
who
spared
no
Pains
to
distress
his
Enemies
,
threw
up
divers
Intrenchments
and
Ditches
in
order
to
cut
off
the
Water
from
their
Camp
,
and
to
make
the
Segre
Fordable
.
Afranius
and
Petreius
dreading
the
success
of
this
Enterprize
,
after
several
Motions
of
both
Armies
,
resolv'd
to
reach
Octog●sa
,
situated
on
the
Iberus
,
where
they
had
sent
a
Party
before
to
lay
a
Bridge
over
.
In
order
to
this
Design
they
Decamped
at
Midnight
;
but
Caesar
sent
his
Cavalry
after
'em
,
and
oblig'd
'em
to
Ford
the
River
before
they
cou'd
come
at
their
Bridge
;
then
leaving
his
Baggage
in
his
Camp
,
he
suddenly
cross●d
the
River
with
his
Infantry
,
and
pursu'd
em
so
close
,
that
they
cou●d
neither
reach
their
intended
Place
,
nor
return
to
their
former
Camp
.
By
which
means
he
reduc'd
'em
to
such
extremities
of
Hunger
and
Drought
,
that
they
were
all
oblig'd
to
yield
to
his
Mercy
without
any
Bloodshed
.
Caesar
,
to
shew
his
kind
and
Generous
Temper
,
dismiss'd
'em
all
,
and
satisfy'd
'em
with
incredible
Courtesies
,
such
as
were
never
practis'd
elsewere
towards
Enemies
.
And
in
a
short
time
after
he
became
Master
of
all
Spain
,
sending
back
his
Enemies
loaden
with
Shame
and
Obligations
to
publish
his
extraordinary
Clemency
and
Valour
,
while
he
himself
departed
for
Marseilles
,
which
was
then
just
upon
the
point
of
yielding
.
Upon
Caesar's
arrival
they
capitulated
:
During
which
time
Domitius
made
his
escape
by
Sea
;
Caesar
pardon'd
the
Inhabitants
,
more
upon
the
account
of
their
Name
and
Antiquity
,
as
he
told
'em
,
than
for
any
other
Merit
,
and
leaving
two
Legions
in
Garrison
,
he
departed
for
Rome
.
Upon
his
arrival
there
,
he
was
receiv'd
with
Great
Satisfaction
by
most
People
,
M.
Lepidus
the
Praetor
;
but
finding
this
Office
not
well
lik'd
of
,
he
laid
it
down
after
holding
of
it
11
Days
,
and
caus'd
himself
to
be
chosen
Consul
with
Servilius
Isauricus
.
His
Design
was
now
to
procure
himself
as
many
Friends
as
possible
;
in
pursuance
of
which
Purpose
he
preferr'd
several
favourable
Laws
;
the
first
was
concerning
the
Borrowing
of
Money
for
the
War
,
which
,
as
it
usually
happens
,
having
ruin'd
almost
all
Credit
,
and
render'd
a
great
many
Men
incapable
of
Payment
,
Caesar
order'd
,
that
an
Estimate
should
be
made
of
Inheritances
,
at
the
same
Value
they
bore
before
the
War
,
and
that
Creditors
should
take
them
according
to
his
Estimation
;
by
which
means
he
took
away
the
Fears
of
a
General
Bankrupcy
,
and
supported
the
Credit
of
the
Debtors
.
Besides
,
he
brought
over
to
his
Party
all
such
as
expected
to
be
favour'd
in
this
General
Valuation
,
which
was
the
principal
Design
of
the
Law
.
The
other
Law
was
,
for
the
calling
home
those
who
had
been
condemn'd
during
Pompey's
presiding
in
the
passing
Sentences
of
Justice
.
Caesar
likewise
made
several
other
Ordinances
,
and
after
having
quitted
the
Name
and
Dignity
of
Dictator
,
departed
for
Brundusium
to
go
against
Pompey
,
before
which
time
he
receiv'd
the
bad
News
of
the
Defeat
and
Death
of
Curio
,
whom
he
had
sent
against
Va●us
,
Pompey's
Lieutenant
in
Africk
.
V.
Pompey
,
after
his
Departure
from
Italy
into
Epirus
and
Greece
,
had
made
all
possible
Preparations
for
Resistance
,
drawing
over
all
the
East
to
his
Interest
;
and
during
the
time
of
Caesar's
being
at
Rome
,
and
in
Spain
,
had
gather'd
together
very
powerful
Armies
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
His
Land
Forces
consisted
of
9
Italian
Legions
effective
,
besides
the
two
which
Scipio
his
Brother-in-law
brought
him
;
and
the
Auxiliaries
from
the
Eastern
Countries
of
7000
Horse
,
●000
Archers
,
and
8
Cohorts
of
Slingers
:
These
Troops
were
distributed
into
Dyrrachium
and
Apollonia
,
and
over
all
that
Coast
,
to
oppose
the
coming
down
of
Caesar.
And
more
than
this
,
he
had
prepar'd
a
noble
Fleet
of
500
large
Ships
,
besides
Gallies
,
Brigantines
,
and
other
lesser
Vessels
;
all
which
were
commanded
in
chief
by
Bibulus
,
who
executed
the
Office
of
Admiral
:
Besides
these
Forces
,
Pompey
had
drawn
great
Summs
of
Money
out
of
Asia
and
Greece
;
and
to
recompence
himself
in
some
measure
for
the
loss
of
Spain
,
had
caus'd
Dalabella
and
Caius
Antonius
,
who
Commanded
for
Caesar
on
the
Coast
of
Illyricum
,
to
be
attack'd
,
and
with
that
Success
,
that
the
former
was
driven
out
,
and
the
latter
taken
.
These
Advantages
,
which
daily
kept
up
the
Reputation
of
Pompey
●s
Party
,
still
engag●d
more
Persons
of
Consideration
to
come
and
joyn
themselves
with
him
,
so
that
he
found
he
had
in
his
Camp
above
200
Senators
,
whereof
he
compos'd
a
Body
,
and
they
Assembled
themselves
in
the
Form
of
a
Senate
.
With
these
M.
Brutus
had
joyn●d
himself
,
not
for
any
Respect
to
Pompey
,
whom
he
hated
;
but
that
severe
Vertue
,
of
which
he
made
Profession
,
and
the
Example
of
his
Uncle
,
and
Father-in-Law
Cato
,
had
ingag●d
him
in
that
Party
,
which
he
thought
had
the
most
Justice
on
its
side
.
In
one
of
their
Assemblies
,
by
the
Politick
Advice
of
Cato
,
it
was
determin'd
,
That
no
Roman
Citizen
should
,
be
put
to
Death
out
of
Battel
,
and
that
no
Town
subject
to
the
Roman
Empire
shou●d
be
Plunder'd
.
In
effect
,
this
Laudable
Decree
drew
the
Good
Wishes
of
the
People
upon
the
Honourable
Authors
of
it
,
and
gain'd
the
Reputation
of
great
Justice
and
Humanity
to
their
Designs
,
and
likewise
was
the
Occasion
that
the
Fortune
of
Caesar
hung
,
for
a
long
time
,
doubtful
,
and
was
afterwards
made
use
of
to
justifie
his
Death
.
Notwithstanding
these
Disadvantages
on
Caesar's
side
,
he
proceeded
with
an
uncommon
Vigour
,
and
undaunted
Courage
,
and
rendezvouzing
at
Brundusium
,
he
,
without
any
Delay
,
shipp'd
off
5
of
his
12
Legions
,
which
amounted
to
no
more
than
20000
Foot
and
6000
Horse
at
this
time
;
the
rest
were
oblig'd
to
stay
behind
for
want
of
Shipping
.
Caesar
very
much
incourag'd
his
Men
,
telling
'em
what
glorious
Actions
they
were
going
to
undertake
;
and
in
spight
of
the
Rigour
of
the
Season
,
upon
the
4th
of
Ianuary
he
weigh'd
Anchor
.
This
much
surpris'd
the
Officers
of
Pompey's
Fleet
,
to
find
him
venture
so
boldly
through
the
Dangers
both
of
the
Weather
and
their
Navies
.
But
Caesar
tim'd
it
so
well
,
that
he
made
his
Passage
in
one
Day
,
and
landed
his
Men
at
a
place
call'd
Pharsalus
,
not
daring
to
venture
into
any
known
Port
,
which
he
believ'd
to
be
possess'd
by
the
Enemy
.
Having
once
got
to
Land
,
he
sent
back
all
the
Ships
to
transport
the
rest
of
his
Legions
under
the
Command
of
Calenus
,
but
in
their
Passage
,
30
of
'em
fell
into
the
hands
of
Bibulus
,
Pompey's
Admiral
,
who
,
sensible
of
his
former
Neglect
,
in
a
great
Passion
,
set
'em
all
on
Fire
,
destroying
both
Owners
and
Seamen
,
hoping
by
this
Example
to
terrifie
the
rest
;
and
for
the
future
he
took
more
than
ordinary
Care
in
guarding
the
Coasts
.
In
the
mean
time
Caesar
took
possession
of
Oricum
and
Apollonia
,
which
,
at
the
sight
of
his
Troops
,
surrender'd
themselves
;
by
which
means
he
cut
off
all
Communication
of
Land
from
Bibulus
as
long
as
he
staid
to
intercept
his
Fleet.
Caesar
still
took
care
to
justify
his
Actions
,
and
for
that
reason
he
sent
Rufus
,
whom
he
had
twice
taken
Prisoner
,
to
Pompey
,
once
more
to
offer
a
Treaty
,
and
to
refer
all
to
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
;
which
prov'd
of
no
effect
,
for
the
People
of
Rome
were
too
much
of
Caepom
Pompey
was
now
in
Macedonia
,
where
Rufus
joyn'd
him
,
and
fearing
least
Ceasar
shou'd
become
Master
of
Dyrrachium
,
where
all
his
Ammunition
lay
,
he
March'd
with
his
whole
Army
to
save
that
Place
Upon
his
arrival
at
the
City
,
the
Laziness
and
Desertion
of
many
of
his
new-rais'd
Troops
,
made
him
cause
all
his
Soldiers
to
Swear
,
That
they
wou'd
never
abandon
their
General
,
but
follow
him
through
all
his
Fortunes
;
which
Oath
was
likewise
taken
by
all
the
Officers
.
He
encamp'd
by
the
River
Apsus
,
and
Caesar
had
posted
his
Army
not
far
of
,
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
,
to
cover
Apollonia
;
and
both
remain'd
in
this
manner
for
some
time
,
impatiently
expecting
the
Succours
that
were
to
come
up
.
But
the
Absence
of
Caesar's
Legions
at
Brundusium
was
a
severe
Vexation
to
him
,
whose
Passage
was
chiefly
obstructed
by
Bibul●s
at
Sea
;
and
Bibul●s
himself
was
in
as
ill
a
Condition
,
by
being
hinder'd
of
the
Conveniencies
of
Land
by
Caesar's
Troops
.
At
last
Bibulus
dying
of
a
Sickness
at
Sea
,
and
leaving
no
Commander
in
Chief
to
succeed
him
,
much
less
Care
was
taken
than
before
.
Caesar
was
sensible
of
this
favourable
Opportunity
,
but
was
almost
despairing
that
his
Troops
were
not
arriv'd
as
soon
as
he
expected
'em
,
for
he
had
written
several
times
.
At
last
,
his
great
Impatience
drove
him
upon
an
Action
which
nothing
cou'd
excuse
but
the
extraordinary
Confidence
he
always
had
in
his
good
Fortune
,
which
was
this
:
He
disguis'd
himself
in
the
Habit
of
a
Slave
,
and
with
all
imaginable
Secrecy
,
put
himself
on
Board
a
Fisher-man's
Bark
,
at
the
Mouth
of
the
River
Apsus
,
with
a
Design
to
pass
to
Brundusium
,
where
his
Forces
lay
.
They
row'd
off
in
the
beginning
of
the
Night
,
but
a
stiff
Gale
〈◊〉
Wind
,
at
the
Mouth
of
the
River
,
made
the
Water
●●ry
rough
,
and
the
Master
and
Rowers
made
several
Attempts
to
get
out
to
Sea
,
but
the
Winds
encreasing
,
he
order'd
'em
to
desist
.
Caesar
finding
his
Design
like
to
be
fruitless
,
on
a
sudden
discover'd
himself
,
Fear
nothing
said
he
,
for
thou
carriest
Caesar
and
all
his
Fortune
:
th●
Mariners
,
encourag'd
by
the
Presence
of
so
Great
a
Man
,
made
fresh
Endeavours
,
and
got
into
the
Sea
,
but
the
Waves
ran
so
high
,
that
they
were
at
last
forc'd
to
return
to
Land
.
Caesar's
Soldiers
,
at
his
Arrival
,
ran
to
him
in
great
Multitudes
,
and
told
him
with
a
great
Tenderness
and
Affection
,
That
he
had
reflected
upon
their
Courages
,
by
going
to
seek
out
New
Forces
,
when
they
were
sure
to
Conquer
without
,
whilst
he
was
pleas'd
to
head
'em
.
In
a
short
time
after
,
Caesar
receiv'd
the
good
News
of
the
safe
Arrival
of
most
of
his
Troops
under
the
Command
of
Mark
Anthony
and
Calenus
,
at
Apollonia
,
which
consisted
of
3
Veteran
Legions
,
one
new-rais'd
,
and
800
Horse
.
They
were
closely
pursu'd
by
Caponius
,
Admiral
of
the
Rhodian
Squadron
,
16
of
whose
Vessels
perish'd
by
the
sudden
Turning
of
the
Wind
,
and
the
Badness
of
the
Weather
.
But
2
of
Caesar's
Ships
behind
there
,
were
taken
by
the
Enemy
,
and
the
Soldiers
of
one
put
to
the
Sword
;
but
those
of
the
other
,
being
old
Soldiers
,
by
bravely
defending
themselves
,
escaped
.
The
nigh
Distance
of
Caesar's
and
Pompey's
Armies
,
had
occasion'd
several
Parlies
as
well
as
Skirmishes
;
and
here
the
last
Propositions
of
Accommodation
were
made
.
Pompey
protested
,
That
be
wou'd
never
endure
that
the
World
shou'd
say
,
that
his
Life
and
Return
was
a
Favour
bestow'd
upon
him
by
Caesar
;
and
Labienus
cry'd
out
,
That
nothing
cou'd
make
a
Composition
but
Caesar's
Head
.
These
Treaties
therefore
being
successless
,
Caesar
decamp'd
to
joyn
Anthony
,
and
Pompey
did
the
like
to
hinder
his
Design
.
He
had
no
River
to
pass
as
Caesar
had
,
but
went
and
posted
himself
in
a
Place
which
he
thought
most
convenient
for
an
Ambuscade
,
which
he
had
laid
for
Anthony
;
but
he
being
advis●d
of
it
by
the
Greeks
of
the
Country
,
entrench'd
himself
in
an
advantageous
Post
,
where
he
staid
for
Caesar
,
who
soon
after
arriv'd
;
and
Pompey
fearing
to
be
hemm'd
in
between
the
two
Armies
,
retreated
to
Asparagus
nigh
Dyrrachium
,
leaving
Anthony
the
liberty
of
joyning
Caesar
,
which
he
did
the
same
day
.
Thus
these
two
great
Men
,
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
at
the
Head
of
all
their
Troops
,
were
in
a
Readiness
to
dispute
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
and
,
what
was
still
more
valuable
to
them
,
the
Pre-eminence
of
all
that
Glory
and
Renown
which
they
had
gain'd
by
their
Arms
,
one
in
the
West
,
and
the
other
in
the
East
:
And
as
these
Actions
were
perhaps
more
Remarkable
than
any
before
'em
in
the
Roman
Story
,
especially
as
to
matter
of
Conduct
,
so
it
may
be
convenient
to
be
somewhat
more
particular
in
relating
of
'em
.
VI.
Great
Skill
and
excellent
Management
was
us'd
by
both
Generals
;
and
Caesar
resolving
not
to
be
out-brav'd
by
the
Rival
of
his
Honour
,
March'd
directly
towards
Pompey
at
Asparagus
;
and
after
three
Days
March
he
came
in
●ight
of
the
Enemy's
Camp
,
and
fortify'd
his
own
,
from
whence
the
next
Day
he
drew
out
his
Troops
to
offer
him
Battel
.
Pompey
stirr'd
not
,
and
from
that
Moment
,
Caesar
perceiv'd
he
must
take
other
Measures
.
And
the
next
day
he
decamp'd
to
go
towards
Dyrrachium
,
with
design
either
of
reducing
Pompey
to
shut
himself
up
in
the
Town
,
or
to
cut
off
his
Passage
to
such
a
very
useful
Place
,
which
last
in
part
succeeded
.
Pompey
at
first
believ'd
that
Caesar
was
oblig'd
to
draw
off
for
want
of
Provisions
,
but
understanding
his
Design
by
Spies
and
others
,
the
next
Day
began
to
March
,
hoping
to
prevent
Caesar
by
a
shorter
Way
than
he
was
forc'd
to
take
.
Which
Caesar
being
aware
of
,
incourag'd
his
Soldiers
what
he
cou'd
,
and
left
'em
but
a
small
Part
of
the
Night
for
Rest
,
and
arriv'd
the
next
Morning
under
the
Walls
of
Dyrrachium
,
when
they
began
to
discover
the
Van
of
Pompey's
Army
,
who
immediately
secur'd
a
Hill
call'd
Petra
,
which
commanded
the
Sea
,
under
which
was
a
small
shelter
for
Ships
,
where
few
Winds
cou'd
annoy
'em
.
Both
Parties
intrenched
themselves
in
the
Posts
they
had
taken
;
and
Pompey
caus'd
part
of
his
Ships
to
come
under
his
Camp
and
immediately
sent
into
Asia
and
other
Parts
for
Provisions
and
Ammunition
.
Caesar
perceiving
then
tha●
the
War
was
like
to
continue
long
,
and
finding
the
Want
of
Corn
,
caus'd
Magazines
to
be
made
in
all
Parts
not
in
the
Enemy's
Hands
;
and
notwithstanding
all
his
Diligence
and
Care
,
the
Disadvantages
he
labour'd
under
caus'd
his
Army
to
be
but
ill
furnish'd
at
last
.
The
Inconveniencies
that
were
like
to
follow
from
hence
,
put
Caesar
upon
a
new
Design
:
All
round
Pompey's
Camp
were
certain
little
Hills
high
and
steep
,
of
which
Caesar
possess'd
himself
,
and
built
Towers
upon
'em
in
the
nature
of
Redoubts
;
then
causing
Lines
of
Communication
to
be
drawn
from
Hill
to
Hill
,
and
other
Works
,
he
endeavour'd
to
block
up
Pompey
by
that
Circumvallation
.
This
was
done
chiefly
to
diminish
the
mighty
Reputation
that
Pompey
had
gain'd
among
Foreign
Nations
,
when
all
the
World
shou'd
know
that
he
was
invested
by
Caesar
,
and
dared
not
hazard
a
Battel
.
But
Pompey
resolv'd
to
run
the
hazard
of
any
Scandal
rather
than
a
Battel
at
this
time
,
or
to
quit
either
Dyrrachium
or
the
Sea
;
so
that
both
Parties
at
present
were
employ'd
in
Designs
and
Stratagems
.
Caesar's
Men
daily
carry'd
on
their
Works
to
straighten
the
Enemy
,
and
those
of
Pompey
did
the
same
to
enlarge
themselves
,
they
having
the
Advantage
as
to
Numbers
;
besides
,
theirs
being
the
innermost
Circumvallation
,
was
not
extended
so
far
as
Caesar's
.
Tho'
Pompey
declin'd
coming
to
a
Battel
,
yet
he
severely
gall'd
Caesar's
Men
with
his
Archers
and
Slingers
,
which
oblig
d
'em
to
make
certain
Blinds
with
Clothes
and
Skins
for
their
Defence
against
the
Arrows
;
and
no
Day
pass'd
without
some
Encounter
or
other
,
particularly
when
Caesar's
ninth
Legion
was
too
far
advanc'd
,
Caesar
brought
it
off
safely
when
Pompey
before
believ'd
it
impossible
.
It
was
very
remarkable
to
find
Caesar
besieging
an
Enemy
stronger
than
himself
,
and
supply'd
with
all
Provisions
by
Sea
,
while
he
himself
was
reduc'd
to
extream
Necessity
for
want
of
Corn.
Yet
his
Soldiers
bore
all
with
admirable
Constancy
,
remembring
what
great
Honours
they
had
often
gain'd
after
such
Miseries
as
these
.
They
made
use
of
Beans
and
Barley
,
and
a
Root
call'd
Chara
,
which
they
mingled
with
Milk
,
some
of
which
they
often
threw
among
Pompey's
Soldiers
,
telling
'em
,
That
they
wou'd
rather
eat
the
Barks
of
Trees
,
than
let
Pompey
escape
,
now
they
had
got
him
in
their
Power
.
Pompey
was
extreamly
surpriz'd
at
this
,
and
said
,
That
●e
did
not
expect
to
have
had
Wild
Beasts
to
deal
withal
.
But
afterwards
when
Summer
came
on
,
there
was
a
great
Change
;
for
Pompey's
Army
cou'd
hardly
be
kept
alive
,
being
most
distress'd
for
want
of
Water
,
which
Caesar
by
Dams
and
other
Methods
had
turn'd
another
Way
.
On
the
contrary
,
Caesar's
Army
was
in
very
good
Health
,
well
furnish'd
with
Water
and
all
Provisions
,
except
Wheat
;
of
which
also
they
had
fair
hopes
,
Harvest
being
so
nigh
.
After
this
,
follow'd
several
Skirmishes
,
and
one
Night
Pompey
,
understanding
Caesar
was
absent
a
little
way
,
attack'd
his
Works
,
but
was
beaten
off
with
considerable
loss
,
and
forc'd
to
retreat
into
his
old
Trenches
.
In
this
Encounter
one
Sceva
a
Centurion
behav'd
himself
with
a
wonderful
Bravery
,
killing
two
Officers
after
he
had
been
wounded
in
the
Eye
,
Shoulder
and
Thigh
,
as
Appian
relates
it
,
and
receiving
230
Shots
upon
his
Buckler
.
Caesar
greatly
rewarded
him
and
many
others
,
and
encourag'd
by
this
good
Success
,
drew
out
his
Men
every
day
and
offer'd
Battel
to
Pompey
within
view
of
his
Lines
;
and
tho'
Pompey
drew
out
also
in
Battalia
,
yet
he
always
kept
his
Troops
under
Defence
of
his
Ramparts
,
where
Caesar
did
not
think
fit
to
attack
kim
.
Caesar
had
now
by
means
of
his
Officers
drawn
several
Provinces
of
Greece
to
his
Party
,
and
understanding
that
Scipio
was
come
into
Macedonia
,
he
sent
to
him
to
procure
an
Accommodation
between
him
and
Pompey
,
which
he
might
easily
bring
about
,
as
having
the
command
of
an
Army
.
But
Caesar
finding
this
not
to
succeed
,
apply'd
himself
more
closely
to
block
up
Pompey
,
and
with
the
utmost
Art
and
Diligence
,
which
brought
him
to
a
more
dangerous
Condition
than
ever
;
for
his
Horses
had
consum'd
all
their
Barley
,
and
likewise
all
the
Leaves
of
the
Trees
,
so
that
there
remain'd
no
more
Subsistence
for
'em
,
and
they
were
now
scarce
able
to
go
on
their
Legs
for
want
of
Forage
;
all
which
gave
very
great
Hopes
to
Caesar
and
his
Soldiers
.
These
Troubles
and
Inconveniencies
which
incompass'd
Pompey
,
made
him
resolve
to
break
through
,
especially
after
he
had
been
inform'd
of
the
Condition
of
Caesar's
Fortifications
by
Roscillus
and
Aegus
,
two
Brothers
of
considerable
Note
,
who
deserted
Caesar
,
and
came
over
to
him
.
To
carry
on
this
Design
,
he
gave
Orders
to
his
light
Harnass'd
Men
and
Archers
to
defend
themselves
with
Bavins
and
Faggots
of
Osiers
;
then
drawing
out
60
Cohorts
,
he
put
'em
on
Board
his
Ships
,
and
attack'd
Caesar's
Works
by
the
Sea
,
which
had
been
too
little
regarded
,
and
not
well
compleated
.
This
was
done
with
such
Effect
,
that
all
the
Centurions
of
the
first
Cohort
were
cut
off
except
one
;
and
tho'
Caesar
and
his
Officers
us'd
the
utmost
Endeavour
to
hinder
Pompey's
Designs
,
yet
by
means
of
his
great
Conduct
and
Forecast
,
he
got
out
of
his
Fortifications
,
and
incamp'd
in
another
Place
by
the
Sea
,
where
he
had
both
the
Conveniency
of
all
Forage
,
and
of
his
Shipping
besides
.
Caesar
perceiving
the
Loss
he
had
sustain'd
,
and
that
the
Course
of
the
War
had
not
succeeded
according
to
his
Expectation
,
resolv'd
to
change
it
,
and
sit
down
close
by
Pompey
.
In
that
Enterprize
he
design'd
to
cut
off
a
Legion
of
the
Enemy
which
was
posted
by
a
Wood
;
but
this
Action
brought
on
a
general
Battel
,
where
his
Men
were
all
entangled
within
the
Intrenchments
of
the
old
Camps
lately
abandon'd
;
and
likewise
so
surpriz'd
and
over-power'd
by
Pompey's
Forces
,
that
in
spight
of
all
Caesar's
Endeavours
,
they
fled
with
great
Precipitation
and
Loss
.
The
greatest
part
perish'd
in
the
Trenches
,
and
on
the
River
Banks
,
press'd
to
Death
by
their
Fellows
.
Pompey
pursu'd
his
Victory
to
the
very
Camp
of
Caesar
,
but
durst
not
attack
it
,
being
both
surpriz'd
with
the
Suddenness
of
the
Victory
,
and
the
Fear
of
Ambuscades
:
And
this
was
his
great
Error
in
this
Case
;
for
Caesar
himself
confess'd
,
That
he
had
been
lost
without
Redress
,
cou'd
Pompey
have
known
how
to
make
use
of
the
Victory
.
This
Advantage
gain'd
by
Pompey
,
caus'd
him
to
be
saluted
Imperator
;
Labienus
begging
the
Prisoners
,
caus'd
'em
all
to
be
slain
;
and
Pompey's
Party
had
such
Assurance
,
that
not
thinking
any
more
of
further
Engagements
and
Dangers
,
they
carry'd
themselves
as
undoubted
Conquerors
,
which
they
reported
in
all
Places
,
not
considering
the
many
Circumstances
that
occasion'd
this
Success
.
But
Caesar
being
driven
from
his
former
Purposes
,
resolv'd
to
change
the
whole
Course
of
the
War
;
and
assembling
his
Men
together
,
with
a
fearless
Mind
spake
to
'em
after
this
manner
:
We
have
no
reason
to
be
dejected
or
discourag'd
at
our
late
Insuccess
,
but
have
much
more
to
be
thankful
to
Fortune
for
the
long
and
uninterrupted
Course
of
her
Favours
,
in
those
many
and
glorious
Conquests
in
Gaul
and
Britain
,
and
those
happy
and
more
successful
Victories
in
Italy
and
Spain
.
If
after
all
these
renown'd
Exploits
and
noble
Acts
,
one
little
Disorder
,
one
Error
of
Inadvertency
,
or
indeed
of
Destiny
it self
,
has
depriv'd
us
of
the
Success
we
might
reasonably
have
expected
,
we
ought
to
correct
all
by
the
Greatness
of
our
Souls
,
and
the
Magnanimity
of
our
Courages
.
After
his
Speech
he
cashier
d
some
Ensigns
,
but
he
needed
to
make
no
other
Examples
,
for
his
Soldiers
offer'd
to
punish
themselves
by
any
Labour
or
Danger
,
crying
out
with
great
Impatience
,
To
Arms
,
let
us
be
reveng'd
or
die
!
But
Caesar
thought
it
not
convenient
to
put
'em
to
the
Tryal
,
till
their
Minds
were
setled
,
therefore
resolved
to
make
a
fair
Retreat
to
Apollonia
,
which
he
did
with
that
Diligence
,
that
Pompey
cou'd
not
overtake
him
,
only
some
of
his
Cavalry
came
up
with
Caesar's
Reer
,
but
were
repuls'd
with
Loss
.
Caesar
caus'd
his
Baggage
to
march
before
,
and
his
Advantage
of
being
eight
Hours
before
Pompey
,
oblig
d
Pompey
in
four
Days
to
give
over
his
Pursuit
,
and
betake
himself
to
other
Resolutions
.
Caesar
was
constrain'd
to
go
to
Apollonia
to
dispose
of
his
sick
and
wounded
Men
,
and
to
muster
his
Army
;
but
fearing
lest
Pompey
should
surprize
Domitius
,
one
of
his
Lieutenants
now
in
Macedonia
,
with
three
Legions
,
he
hastned
with
his
utmost
Diligence
to
joyn
him
.
Pompey
,
perceiving
which
way
he
directed
his
March
,
was
in
as
great
a
Fear
for
Scipio
,
now
in
Thessaly
with
the
Syrian
Legions
,
and
immediately
set
forward
.
So
each
General
march'd
with
all
the
Diligence
imaginable
,
both
to
secure
their
Friends
and
surprize
their
Enemies
.
Pompey
had
the
Advantage
of
the
Shortness
of
the
Way
,
and
Domitius
very
narrowly
escap'd
him
,
who
coming
to
Aeginium
upon
the
Frontiers
of
Thessaly
,
there
happily
joyn'd
Caesar.
Caesar
seeing
all
his
Forces
together
,
march'd
directly
to
Gomphi
,
the
first
Town
in
the
Way
from
Epirus
to
Thessaly
.
The
Inhabitants
,
who
before
had
promis'd
Caesar
Obedience
,
now
chang'd
their
Minds
,
as
many
others
had
done
,
upon
the
Report
of
his
being
beaten
,
being
perswaded
to
it
by
the
Praetors
of
Thessaly
then
in
the
City
;
and
after
having
sent
to
Scipio
and
Pompey
for
Succour
,
caus'd
the
Gates
to
be
shut
against
Caesar.
Scipio
was
now
at
Larissa
in
Thessaly
,
and
Pompey
was
not
arriv'd
in
this
Province
,
which
caus'd
Caesar
to
Attack
Gomphi
;
he
order'd
Ladders
,
great
Baskets
fill'd
with
Earth
,
and
Hurdles
to
be
got
ready
with
all
Speed
;
and
after
having
represented
to
his
Soldiers
the
great
Advantages
of
forcing
a
Place
so
very
rich
and
well
furnish'd
,
he
caus'd
an
Assault
to
be
made
,
which
was
carry'd
on
and
supported
with
such
Fury
and
Bravery
,
that
notwithstanding
the
extraordinary
Height
of
the
Walls
,
the
Town
was
taken
in
few
Hours
time
.
Caesar
lest
it
to
be
plunder'd
,
and
,
without
stopping
,
march'd
his
Army
to
Metropolis
,
which
yielded
to
him
upon
the
sight
of
the
Prisoners
of
Gomphi
:
This
Conduct
of
his
brought
over
all
the
Towns
in
Thessaly
to
his
Subjection
,
except
Larissa
,
which
Scipio
had
possess'd
himself
of
.
Pompey
arriv'd
at
Thessaly
within
a
few
Days
after
the
Taking
of
Gomphi
,
and
advanc'd
near
Pharsalia
,
whither
Scipio
went
and
joyn'd
him
with
his
Troops
.
He
was
receiv'd
by
his
Son-in-Law
Pompey
with
great
Magnificence
,
making
him
Partaker
both
of
his
Honour
and
Authority
,
and
ordering
the
Trumpets
to
sound
every
Morning
at
Scipio's
Tent
as
well
as
his
own
.
Caesar
was
all
the
time
giving
Orders
for
the
Subsistence
of
his
Army
,
and
with
great
Skill
making
Remarks
upon
the
Inclinations
of
his
Soldiers
;
and
finding
them
hearty
and
vigorous
,
caus'd
'em
to
advance
as
far
as
the
Plains
of
Pharsalia
where
Pompey
was
now
encamp'd
.
The
Approach
of
these
two
noble
Armies
,
in
which
were
all
the
chosen
Roman
Legions
,
whose
Valour
was
to
decide
the
Fate
of
that
great
Empire
;
the
Hatred
and
Ambition
of
the
Generals
,
animated
by
the
Prize
as
well
as
the
Glory
of
such
a
Conquest
;
together
with
the
small
Appearance
of
an
Accommodation
,
made
it
out
of
doubt
that
nothing
but
a
general
Battel
cou'd
determine
this
famous
Quarrel
.
Pompey
being
the
stronger
of
the
two
,
his
Party
did
not
question
the
Victory
,
and
fell
into
great
Controversies
who
shou'd
be
successively
Consuls
,
who
shou'd
have
Caesar's
Priesthood
,
and
who
shou'd
have
his
Lands
,
Goods
,
and
Moneys
,
and
likewise
how
all
Dignities
and
Magistracies
shou'd
be
dispos'd
of
,
with
a
great
many
Things
of
the
like
Nature
:
In
short
,
every
one
set
his
Thoughts
upon
sharing
the
Fruits
of
the
Victory
,
without
considering
how
to
gain
it
.
But
Caesar
was
far
otherwise
employ'd
,
using
all
the
Care
and
Skill
imaginable
to
encourage
and
perfect
his
Men
:
He
every
day
sent
out
Parties
,
and
exercis'd
the
lusty
young
Men
of
his
Legions
to
mingle
themselves
among
the
Cavalry
,
and
contend
even
with
the
Horses
for
Swiftness
;
so
tho'
Pompey
much
surpass'd
in
the
Number
of
Horse
,
yet
Caesars
being
so
well
and
skilfully
assisted
by
these
light-arm'd
Foot
,
were
not
at
all
afraid
of
'em
,
and
in
one
Rencounter
they
defeated
a
great
Number
of
'em
.
Caesar
,
now
finding
his
Soldiers
vigorous
and
desirous
of
Action
,
drew
out
of
his
Camp
,
and
offer'd
Pompey
Battel
.
But
that
General
had
no
such
Design
at
present
,
either
suspecting
his
Troops
,
or
dreading
the
Loss
of
his
Reputation
;
and
therefore
endeavoured
to
waste
Caesar's
Army
with
Fatigue
and
want
of
Provisions
.
He
drew
indeed
sometimes
out
of
his
Camp
,
but
always
kept
himself
under
his
Trenches
,
at
the
Foot
of
the
advanc'd
Ground
where
he
was
posted
.
Caesar
cou'd
not
attack
him
in
that
Place
without
great
Disadvantage
,
so
that
he
resolv'd
to
decamp
the
next
Day
,
that
by
frequent
Motions
he
might
weary
out
Pompey's
Men
,
who
were
not
so
hardned
to
Toil
and
Labour
as
his
.
Upon
the
taking
down
of
the
Tents
,
Advice
came
that
Pompey's
Army
was
in
Battalia
,
and
far
enough
from
his
Trenches
;
whereupon
Caesar
caus'd
all
his
Troops
to
halt
,
and
with
extream
Joy
told
'em
,
That
now
was
the
happy
and
long-wish'd-for
Moment
,
in
which
they
might
gain
themselves
immortal
Honour
.
After
which
he
drew
up
his
Troops
in
order
,
and
advanc'd
with
'em
towards
the
Place
of
Battel
.
Pompey
on
the
other
side
was
extreamly
troubled
with
melancholy
thoughts
and
presaging
dreams
,
but
now
was
no
longer
able
to
hold
out
against
the
Importunities
and
Murmurings
of
his
Officers
,
and
therefore
at
present
did
what
he
cou'd
to
incourage
'em
,
particularly
by
telling
'em
,
That
the
Strength
of
his
Cavalry
,
who
had
promis'd
him
to
Attack
the
Enemy's
Flanks
before
they
cou'd
discharge
one
Dart
,
was
alone
sufficient
to
gain
the
Victory
.
Labienus
seconded
his
Speech
,
adding
withal
,
That
this
was
not
the
Army
that
Caesar
perform'd
such
Exploits
in
Gaul
and
Germany
with
,
which
were
all
gone
home
,
kill'd
with
Diseases
,
or
destroy'd
at
the
last
Battel
at
Dyrrachium
.
After
which
Labienus
took
a
solemn
Oath
not
to
return
into
his
Camp
but
with
Victory
;
which
Oath
Pompey
himself
took
,
and
the
rest
after
him
,
not
imagining
that
any
thing
cou'd
be
spoken
vainly
by
so
skillful
a
Commander
.
Pompey's
Army
consisted
of
45000
Foot
,
according
to
Plutarch
,
and
7000
Horse
;
Caesar's
but
of
22000
Foot
,
and
not
much
above
1000
Horse
;
but
Appian
with
some
reason
excepts
the
Auxiliaries
,
which
he
supposes
to
have
been
great
on
both
Sides
;
tho'
all
agree
that
Pompey's
Forces
were
double
the
Number
to
Caesar's
.
Pompey
left
seven
Cohorts
to
guard
his
Camp
,
and
drew
up
all
his
Men
in
three
Lines
,
every
Legion
making
three
Battalions
,
and
each
Battalion
was
drawn
up
in
half
Cohorts
,
that
is
,
200
Men
in
Rank
,
and
eight
in
File
.
The
Syrian
Legions
were
plac'd
in
the
middle
,
under
the
command
of
Scipio
;
the
Spaniards
,
whom
Pompey
most
rely'd
upon
,
on
the
Right
,
under
Domitius
Aenobarbus
;
and
on
the
Left
was
Pompey
himself
,
with
the
two
Legions
Caesar
had
restor'd
at
the
beginning
of
the
War
,
under
Lentulus
.
The
rest
were
in
the
same
Order
between
Scipio's
Legions
and
the
Wings
;
only
the
Auxiliary
Troops
,
at
least
such
as
fought
in
Order
,
compos'd
the
Body
of
Reserve
;
for
the
others
,
they
were
drawn
out
without
Order
upon
the
Left
,
with
the
Archers
,
Slingers
,
and
all
the
Cavalry
,
the
Right
being
fortify'd
by
a
River
.
Caesar
left
two
Cohorts
to
guard
his
Camp
,
and
drew
up
in
three
Lines
also
,
in
the
same
Order
with
Pompey
;
the
tenth
Legion
was
upon
the
Right
,
and
the
ninth
upon
the
Left
,
almost
joyn'd
to
the
eighth
.
The
rest
of
the
Cohorts
being
drawn
up
between
these
Legions
,
were
on
the
Centre
,
where
Domitius
Calvinus
commanded
,
Sylla
having
the
Right
Wing
,
and
Anthony
the
Left
.
Caesar
put
himself
at
the
Head
of
the
tenth
Legion
,
whose
Valour
he
had
often
experienc'd
,
and
with
design
to
be
opposite
to
Pompey
,
who
intended
to
fall
suddenly
upon
the
Flanks
of
Caesar's
Troops
;
but
he
soon
perceiv'd
it
by
the
Order
of
his
Battel
,
and
thereupon
he
drew
six
Cohorts
out
of
all
his
Troops
,
of
which
he
compos'd
a
Body
of
Reserve
.
He
exactly
instructed
them
in
their
Duty
;
and
above
all
,
gave
them
to
understand
,
That
all
the
Hopes
of
Victory
depended
upon
their
Valour
and
Conduct
alone
.
Lastly
,
he
plac'd
his
Cavalry
so
as
to
cover
the
Right
of
the
tenth
Legion
,
ordering
over
and
above
his
third
Line
not
to
march
,
till
they
receiv'd
a
Signal
from
him
.
Now
it
was
that
the
Fate
of
the
vast
Empire
of
Rome
was
to
be
decided
by
the
greatest
Generals
,
the
bravest
Officers
,
and
the
stoutest
Soldiers
in
the
World
,
each
Man
almost
being
inspir'd
with
the
Desire
of
conquering
Gloriously
or
dying
Honourably
.
As
the
Armies
approach'd
,
the
two
Generals
went
from
Rank
to
Rank
encouraging
their
Soldiers
:
Pompey
represented
to
his
Men
,
The
Iustice
and
Merit
of
his
Cause
;
the
Advantage
of
their
Numbers
,
strengthen'd
by
the
Assistance
of
so
many
Illustrious
Senators
;
and
the
Glory
lately
obtain'd
at
the
Battel
of
Dyrrachium
.
Caesar
was
contented
only
to
demonstrate
,
That
he
had
endeavour'd
by
all
possible
Means
to
obtain
an
honourable
Peace
;
and
if
his
Enemies
had
pleas'd
,
they
might
have
spar'd
the
Blood
of
so
many
brave
Men.
So
seeing
the
Impatience
of
his
Soldiers
to
fall
on
,
he
gave
the
Signal
of
Battel
;
the
Word
on
Pompey's
side
was
,
Hercules
the
Invincible
;
that
on
Caesar's
,
Venus
the
Victorious
.
There
was
now
only
so
much
Space
between
the
two
Armies
as
was
just
sufficient
for
the
Place
of
Battel
;
but
Pompey
order'd
his
Men
to
receive
the
first
Shock
without
moving
from
their
Places
.
Caesar's
Soldiers
seeing
that
,
like
Men
of
Skill
,
of
their
own
accord
made
a
Halt
in
the
midst
of
their
Carrier
;
and
after
taking
a
little
Breath
,
ran
furiously
upon
the
Enemy
,
first
discharging
their
Javelins
,
then
drawing
their
Swords
,
as
Caesar
had
given
'em
Orders
.
Pompey's
Men
receiv'd
the
Charge
without
the
least
Disorder
,
and
falling
on
with
their
Javelins
and
Swords
,
a
cruel
and
bloody
Battel
ensu'd
,
which
for
some
time
seem'd
equal
.
Then
Pompey
order'd
his
Cavalry
to
charge
,
which
with
the
multitude
of
Archers
and
Slingers
,
soon
oblig'd
Caesar's
Men
to
give
ground
,
and
got
themselves
upon
the
Flank
of
his
Army
,
as
they
first
design'd
.
Whereupon
Caesar
immediately
order'd
the
six
Cohorts
to
advance
,
which
were
his
Body
of
Reserve
,
to
charge
upon
the
Faces
of
the
Enemy
with
their
Pikes
ported
.
This
Contrivance
disorder'd
those
nice
and
esseminate
Knights
;
and
the
fear
of
spoiling
their
Faces
,
put
'em
into
such
Confusion
,
that
upon
the
Rallying
of
Caesar's
Cavalry
,
they
were
all
broke
in
a
Moment
,
and
the
Slingers
and
Archers
being
thus
abandon'd
,
were
all
cut
to
pieces
.
Caesar
industriously
following
that
Advantage
,
advanc'd
and
charg'd
Pompey's
Troops
upon
the
Flank
,
which
Charge
they
stood
with
great
Resolution
,
and
the
Allies
bravely
defended
themselves
,
when
Caesar
gave
the
Signal
for
his
third
Line
to
advance
,
which
fresh
Troops
pouring
in
upon
Pompey's
,
weary'd
out
,
and
attack'd
on
all
Sides
,
easily
broke
'em
.
The
Flight
began
among
the
Strangers
,
tho'
Pompey's
Right
Wing
still
valiantly
maintain'd
their
Ground
;
but
Caesar
causing
his
Men
to
cry
out
,
Kill
the
Strangers
,
but
save
the
Romans
,
the
Romans
laid
down
their
Arms
,
and
receiv'd
Quarter
,
but
a
miserable
Slaughter
was
made
among
the
Strangers
,
who
fled
with
all
speed
.
Caesar
,
now
finding
the
Victory
certain
,
and
Pompey
retreated
to
his
Trenches
,
cry'd
out
to
his
Men
,
That
they
ought
to
pursue
the
Victory
,
and
take
the
Enemies
Camp
.
It
was
now
Noon-day
,
and
tho'
they
were
wearied
out
with
the
Extremity
of
the
Heat
,
yet
upon
seeing
their
General
march
a-foot
at
the
Head
of
'em
,
they
follow'd
him
with
great
Resolution
,
and
falling
on
with
fresh
Courage
,
the
Enemy
all
fled
to
the
Mountains
not
far
off
.
Pompey
himself
was
so
extreamly
dishearten'd
and
confounded
,
that
here
he
cou'd
perform
nothing
worthy
of
his
great
Courage
or
Reputation
,
but
getting
on
Horse-back
,
he
fled
to
Larissa
,
and
from
thence
to
the
Sea
.
Caesar
found
throughout
the
Camp
much
rich
Furniture
in
the
Tents
,
Tables
spread
with
fine
Linen
,
and
Cubbords
cover'd
with
Plate
,
which
sufficiently
shew'd
the
Luxury
and
Assurance
of
the
Enemy
.
Caesar
earnestly
desir'd
his
Soldiers
,
Not
to
amuse
themselves
with
Plunder
,
but
to
compleat
this
glorious
Victory
;
and
by
means
of
the
great
Respect
they
bore
him
,
he
prevail'd
.
So
a
Trench
was
immediately
thrown
up
about
the
Mountain
where
the
Enemy
was
retreated
,
who
,
wanting
Water
,
were
forc'd
to
quit
it
,
and
retire
to
Larissa
.
Caesar
immediately
follow'd
'em
with
four
Legions
,
and
after
six
Miles
March
,
drew
up
in
Battalia
,
which
caus'd
the
Enemy
to
betake
themselves
to
a
high
Hill
,
at
the
Foot
of
which
ran
a
River
.
Now
,
Night
approaching
,
Caesar's
Men
were
almost
spent
,
and
ready
to
faint
with
the
incessant
▪
Toil
of
the
whole
Day
;
yet
still
by
his
obliging
Persuasions
,
he
prevail'd
with
'em
to
cut
off
the
Conveniency
of
Water
from
the
Enemy
by
a
Trench
.
This
immediately
forc'd
'em
to
a
Capitulation
,
only
some
Senators
made
their
Escape
in
the
Dark
.
The
next
Morning
Caesar
order'd
all
the
Enemy
to
come
down
into
the
Plain
and
lay
down
their
Arms
,
which
they
obey'd
,
and
falling
upon
their
Knees
before
him
,
in
the
most
suppliant
Posture
,
begg'd
for
Mercy
,
which
he
granted
'em
with
all
the
Clemency
and
Kindness
imaginable
,
and
commanded
his
Soldiers
not
to
offer
'em
the
least
Incivility
,
nor
plunder
their
Baggage
.
Thus
Caesar
,
by
his
wonderful
Skill
and
Courage
,
and
by
the
indefatigable
Industry
of
his
Soldiers
,
obtain'd
the
most
compleat
,
tho'
not
the
most
bloody
,
Victory
that
ever
General
in
the
World
did
,
15000
of
the
Enemy
being
slain
in
Battel
,
and
24000
surrender'd
,
he
himself
losing
a
very
inconsiderable
Number
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
great
Pompey
,
who
just
before
had
been
the
glorious
Commander
of
Kings
,
and
all
the
Greatness
and
Magnificence
of
Rome
,
now
found
himself
reduc'd
to
seek
Retreat
with
some
few
of
his
Friends
in
a
poor
Fisherman's
Cabbin
:
From
whence
he
went
aboard
another
Vessel
,
and
made
forward
every
Day
as
much
as
he
cou'd
;
but
the
ungrateful
Sound
of
his
Defeat
still
flew
before
him
,
which
so
dejected
and
confounded
him
,
that
he
cou'd
not
think
of
any
thing
that
might
be
serviceable
to
him
.
His
Assurance
of
Victory
made
his
Defeat
most
intolerable
,
leaving
him
naked
and
disarm'd
of
all
Relief
:
And
his
Misfortunes
had
so
infaturated
his
Mind
,
that
he
could
not
so
much
as
use
those
Advantages
he
had
still
by
Sea
,
where
he
had
a
powerful
and
victorious
Fleet.
He
sail'd
first
to
Amphipolis
,
then
to
Lesbos
,
where
he
took
his
Wife
,
who
bitterly
complain'd
of
the
ill
Destiny
which
allid
her
to
Crassus
first
,
and
afterwards
to
Pompey
,
only
to
cause
the
Ruine
of
two
such
Illustrious
Families
.
Pompey
from
thence
directed
his
Course
to
Aegypt
,
where
King
Ptolemy
,
a
Minor
,
was
in
War
with
his
Sister
Cleopatra
,
whose
Father
Pompey
had
setled
in
his
Kingdom
.
Pompey
sent
to
him
,
That
in
regard
of
the
ancient
Hospitality
and
Amity
between
him
and
his
Father
,
he
desir'd
a
Retreat
of
him
in
Alexandria
,
and
that
by
his
Wealth
and
Power
he
wou'd
support
him
,
now
fallen
into
the
utmost
Misery
and
Calamity
.
The
Message
was
well
enough
receiv'd
,
but
such
as
were
Protectors
of
the
King
,
and
Guardians
of
the
Kingdom
now
in
his
Minority
,
either
induc'd
by
the
Fear
of
the
Armies
being
gain'd
by
Pompey
,
many
of
'em
having
been
his
Soldiers
,
or
else
despising
the
lowness
of
his
Fortune
,
gave
a
civil
Answer
openly
to
the
Messengers
,
and
desir'd
him
to
come
to
the
King
:
But
secretly
plotting
among
themselves
,
sent
Achillas
,
a
principal
Commander
and
of
great
Boldness
,
together
with
Septimius
a
Roman
Tribune
,
to
kill
him
.
They
met
him
with
much
Civility
,
and
Pompey
knowing
Septimius
to
have
led
a
Company
under
him
in
his
War
against
the
Pirates
,
went
aboard
a
little
Bark
,
with
a
few
of
his
Soldiers
,
and
there
was
barbarously
and
treacherously
murther'd
by
Achillas
and
Septimius
,
his
Wife
and
Friends
flying
with
what
sail
they
cou'd
make
.
His
Head
being
cut
off
,
they
left
the
Body
on
the
Shoar
,
which
was
carefully
taken
up
by
Philip
his
Freed-Man
,
who
gathering
up
some
Pieces
of
a
Broken
Boat
for
a
Pile
,
was
surpiz'd
by
an
old
Roman
Soldier
of
Pompey's
,
residing
in
Aegypt
:
Who
art
thou
,
said
he
,
that
art
making
these
sad
Preparations
for
the
great
Pompey'
s
Funeral
?
Philip
answer'd
him
,
One
of
his
Freed-Men
.
Ab
,
reply'd
he
,
thou
shalt
not
have
all
this
Honour
to
thy self
,
but
suffer
me
to
partake
in
an
Action
so
Iust
and
Sacred
;
that
among
all
the
Miseries
of
my
Exile
,
I
may
please
my self
in
having
the
Honour
to
touch
the
Body
,
and
assist
at
the
Funeral
of
the
greatest
and
noblest
Soldier
that
Rome
ever
produc'd
.
After
which
they
gave
him
the
last
Rites
,
the
Sadness
of
which
Ceremony
was
very
peculiar
.
Such
was
the
End
,
and
such
the
Funeral
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
who
after
his
escaping
so
many
memorable
and
eminent
Dangers
,
where
he
might
have
fall'n
with
the
Honour
agreeable
to
the
Greatness
of
his
Character
,
came
at
last
to
lose
his
Life
miserably
by
the
Hands
of
three
or
four
Villains
;
he
being
now
in
the
58th
Year
of
his
Age.
This
happened
near
two
Years
after
his
Breach
with
Caesar
,
and
this
cut
off
the
second
Head
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
made
way
for
Caesar's
Absolute
Power
soon
after
;
and
this
hapned
in
the
706th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3957
,
about
12
Years
after
the
beginning
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
46
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
III.
From
the
Death
of
Pompey
,
to
the
Death
of
Caesar
;
which
finish'd
the
Power
of
the
first
Triumvirate
,
but
still
kept
down
the
Consular
State
.
Containing
the
space
of
nigh
four
Years
.
I.
THUS
Successful
was
Caesar
in
all
his
Actions
,
The
Temple
of
Wrath.
Caesar
upon
his
entry
into
Alexandria
,
having
his
Axes
and
Fasces
carry'd
before
him
as
Consul
,
the
Multitude
were
much
offended
,
as
they
were
at
his
Landing
,
crying
out
,
That
the
King's
Authority
was
diminish'd
;
which
occasion'd
Caesar
to
give
Orders
for
other
Legions
,
which
were
enroll'd
for
Pompey's
Service
,
to
be
brought
to
him
out
of
Asia
.
In
the
mean
time
,
as
an
Argument
of
his
Confidence
,
he
made
great
Entertainments
,
and
assisted
at
the
Conferences
of
Philosophers
,
who
were
in
great
Numbers
within
that
City
.
But
Photinus
the
Eunuch
,
who
came
to
Alexandria
with
the
young
King
,
daily
gave
him
fresh
Marks
of
his
Dissatisfaction
and
Intention
of
making
use
of
Arms
;
till
at
length
the
Insolence
of
this
Person
,
and
probably
the
Reputation
of
the
admirable
Beauty
of
Cleopatra
,
caus'd
him
to
declare
publickly
,
That
the
Controversie
between
the
King
and
his
Sister
belong'd
to
the
Cognisance
of
the
People
of
Rome
,
and
consequently
to
himself
as
Consul
,
and
the
rather
,
because
old
Problemy
by
his
Will
had
left
his
eldest
Son
and
Daughter
Heirs
,
and
the
People
of
Rome
Executors
.
Upon
this
Account
he
intended
to
make
up
all
Differences
between
'em
,
and
sent
to
'em
to
have
'em
rather
to
plead
their
Causes
before
him
than
to
decide
the
Controversie
by
the
Sword
.
At
this
time
Photinus
had
the
Administration
of
the
Kindgdom
,
and
he
disdain'd
to
come
to
Caesar's
Proposals
,
but
thereupon
procur'd
Acbillas
to
march
directly
to
Alexandria
at
the
Head
of
22000
stout
Men
,
many
of
'em
being
Romans
.
This
forc'd
Caesar
to
take
great
Care
,
after
he
had
secur'd
the
King's
Person
,
to
secure
himself
in
the
Town
,
not
being
strong
enough
to
stand
'em
in
the
Field
,
and
to
cause
his
own
Quarters
to
be
strongly
fortify'd
,
where
,
nevertheless
,
he
was
shortly
after
attack'd
by
Achillas
.
Caesar's
Soldiers
bravely
repuls'd
the
Enemy
,
whose
chief
Design
was
to
get
Possession
of
the
50
Ships
and
22
Galleys
which
were
in
the
Haven
,
which
oblig'd
Caesar
,
after
a
long
and
doubtful
Fight
,
to
possess
himself
of
the
Pharos
,
a
Tower
of
wonderful
Structure
in
an
Islet
just
by
,
and
to
set
Fire
to
those
Vessels
;
the
Flames
whereof
being
driven
by
the
Wind
upon
some
Houses
nigh
the
Port
,
burnt
'em
down
,
and
among
'em
unhappily
consum'd
one
of
the
best
Libraries
in
the
World
,
belonging
to
the
Kings
of
Aegypt
,
and
consisting
,
as
some
Authors
report
,
of
700000
Volumes
.
The
Port
made
Caesar
Master
by
Sea
,
tho'
he
was
close
shut
up
by
Land
,
and
the
People
of
the
Town
were
generally
against
him
.
In
the
mean
time
the
young
Princess
Cleopatra
came
to
Caesar
with
much
Danger
and
Difficulty
;
she
embark'd
in
a
Shallp
with
only
Apollodorus
,
one
of
her
Domesticks
,
with
whom
she
arriv'd
that
Night
under
the
Castle
of
Alexandria
,
and
there
Appollodorus
binding
her
up
in
a
Packet
of
those
Necessaries
which
he
brought
along
with
him
,
took
her
upon
his
Back
,
and
by
that
means
deceiving
the
Aegyptian
Guards
,
carry'd
her
to
Caesar.
Caesar
was
too
sensible
of
the
Charms
of
Beauty
,
not
to
be
touch'd
with
those
of
Cleopatra
,
who
was
now
in
the
Prime
of
her
Youth
,
and
one
of
those
sprightly
Beauties
whereof
every
Feature
had
its
particular
Grace
:
All
which
,
join'd
with
an
admirable
Wit
,
and
a
Voice
so
soft
and
bewitching
,
that
even
that
Perfection
alone
,
without
the
help
of
her
Eyes
,
which
were
the
finest
in
the
World
,
inslav'd
the
Hearts
of
all
who
heard
her
;
nor
cou'd
Caesar
refuse
her
his
,
but
at
first
sight
shew'd
himself
of
her
Interest
.
Ptolemy
her
Brother
quickly
found
it
,
and
Caesar's
Uneasiness
in
his
Love
,
made
the
Inhabitants
more
Turbulent
;
but
he
soon
quell'd
all
,
and
as
Consul
and
Tutor
to
the
young
Princess
,
in
a
general
Assembly
he
read
the
Will
of
Ptolemy
their
Father
,
and
promis'd
to
put
it
in
Execution
.
In
the
mean
time
Photinus
was
slain
in
the
City
by
a
Tumult
,
and
Ganymedes
the
Eunuch
,
under
pretence
of
assisting
Arsione
,
King
Ptolemy's
youngest
Sister
,
and
by
declaring
her
Queen
,
had
caus'd
Achilles
to
be
slain
,
and
procur'd
himself
to
be
made
General
of
the
Army
,
who
assuming
the
said
Authority
,
continu'd
the
Siege
with
much
Vigour
,
reduc'd
Caesar
to
great
Extremities
by
spoiling
all
his
fresh
Water
,
which
he
soon
remedy'd
by
his
extraordinary
Diligence
,
and
digging
abundance
of
Wells
.
Caesar
began
now
to
expect
his
Succours
with
Impatience
,
and
being
inform'd
that
the
24th
Legion
was
arriv'd
on
the
Confines
of
Africk
,
but
cou'd
not
come
up
by
reason
of
the
Winds
,
he
embark●d
with
his
whole
Fleet
,
but
with
only
his
Mariners
,
and
set
forward
to
meet
it
.
The
Enemy
knowing
that
he
was
without
Soldiers
,
atrack'd
him
;
but
he
soon
worsted
'em
,
join'd
his
Legion
,
and
return'd
to
Alexandria
.
This
first
Fight
astonish'd
the
Alexandrians
,
nevertheless
they
resitted
,
and
came
against
Caesar
with
a
stronger
Fleet
than
before
,
but
were
again
routed
,
and
forc●d
to
fly
under
the
Peer
of
Pharos
.
Caesar
was
only
Master
of
the
Tower
,
and
making
an
Attack
upon
the
Peer
with
some
little
Success
,
was
nevertheless
at
last
repuls●d
with
so
much
Disorder
,
that
not
being
able
to
hinder
his
Soldiers
from
throwing
themselves
on
Board
his
Ship
,
he
sav●d
himself
by
swimming
,
but
with
so
much
Presence
of
Mind
,
that
he
lost
none
of
his
Papers
,
which
he
held
out
of
the
Water
with
one
Hand
,
to
preserve
'em
from
wetting
,
nor
yet
his
Coat
Armour
,
which
he
carried
in
his
Teeth
.
The
Alexandrians
,
finding
they
were
not
able
by
Force
to
drive
out
Caesar
,
had
recourse
to
their
old
Arts
of
Dissimulation
,
demanding
their
King
from
him
,
pretending
,
That
they
were
weary
of
the
Command
of
Ganymedes
and
a
Girl
,
and
that
were
desirous
of
making
Peace
with
the
Romans
under
the
Authority
of
their
lawful
Prince
.
Caesar
was
sensible
of
their
perfidious
Temper
,
but
finding
the
War
might
be
more
honourable
,
and
not
much
more
dangerous
,
presently
deliver●d
him
,
who
,
as
he
expected
,
employ'd
all
his
Forces
against
him
.
But
at
this
time
Mithridates
of
Pergamus
,
a
Man
of
noble
Birth
,
of
brave
Spirit
,
and
great
Fidelity
to
Caesar
,
came
with
an
Army
to
Caesar's
Assistance
.
He
first
took
Pelusium
by
the
Way
,
and
went
to
pass
the
River
Nile
at
a
Place
call●d
Delta
.
Which
Ptolemy
being
inform'd
of
,
went
in
Person
to
oppose
him
,
and
Caesar
did
the
same
to
assist
Mithridates
,
who
before
the
Arrival
of
either
,
had
already
beaten
Ptolemy's
Men
in
one
Rencounter
.
Caesar
also
defeated
others
before
he
cou'd
join
Mithridates
;
after
which
he
attack●d
a
small
Fort
between
his
Camp
and
that
of
Ptolemy
,
which
he
took
,
and
the
next
day
attack●d
their
very
Camp
,
which
he
forc●d
,
and
the
King
endeavouring
to
save
himself
by
Water
,
was
drown'd
.
After
this
Victory
,
Caesar
met
with
no
Opposition
in
all
Aegypt
,
and
the
City
of
Alexandria
was
the
first
that
submitted
;
so
he
made
his
Entry
as
Conqueror
,
and
pardon'd
the
Citizens
in
favour
of
Cleopatra
,
whom
he
establish'd
Queen
with
her
younger
Brother
Ptolemy
,
according
to
the
Intent
of
their
Father's
Will
,
driving
out
Arsione
and
Ganymedes
.
The
rest
of
the
Days
he
staid
in
Aegypt
,
he
dedicated
to
the
Love
he
had
for
this
beautiful
Princess
,
and
the
Rejoycings
for
his
Victory
.
He
spent
much
of
his
time
in
her
Company
,
and
some
Authors
report
that
he
went
up
the
Nile
with
her
in
a
magnificent
Galley
,
and
that
he
had
gone
as
far
as
A●thiopia
,
if
his
Army
had
not
refus'd
to
follow
him
;
but
however
,
he
afterwards
gave
such
publick
as
well
as
private
Testimonies
of
his
A●●ection
,
that
he
left
her
with
Child
of
a
Son
,
whom
he
call●d
Caesario
.
II.
About
the
beginning
of
the
Alexandrian
War
,
Caesar
had
great
Honours
voted
him
by
the
Senate
at
Rome
,
who
were
now
most
of
●em
gather●d
together
:
He
was
made
Consul
for
five
Years
together
;
Dictator
for
a
whole
Year
,
and
had
the
Power
of
Tribune
for
his
Life
;
and
tho●
he
was
out
of
Italy
,
he
took
the
Dictatorship
,
Marc
Anthony
his
Master
of
the
Horse
,
who
as
yet
had
not
been
Praetor●
Anthony
at
his
six
Months
end
,
was
forc●d
to
lay
down
his
Office
,
and
was
made
Consul
,
the
Augurs
crying
it
was
unlawful
for
any
Master
of
the
Hor●e
to
hold
that
Office
above
six
Months
.
But
the
principal
Cause
was
his
exercising
too
great
an
Authority
in
that
Place
;
which
with
the
outrageous
Carriage
of
Trebellius
and
Dolabella
,
both
Tribunes
,
rais●d
great
Commotions
and
Disturbances
in
the
City
.
Caesar's
Presence
was
now
much
wanted
,
and
he
might
have
been
far
sooner
at
Rome
,
if
Cleopa●ra
had
not
held
him
fast
by
her
Charms
in
Aegypt
,
which
Hold
she
was
at
last
forc●d
to
let
go
after
nine
Months
,
and
give
way
to
a
greater
Violence
,
which
hurry●d
him
out
of
her
Embraces
.
This
proceeded
from
Pharnaces
,
the
Son
of
the
great
Mithridates
,
who
had
formerly
been
left
King
of
●osphorus
,
and
being
ambitious
of
Recovering
of
his
Father's
Dominions
,
he
seiz'd
Colchis
with
little
trouble
,
and
all
Armenia
in
the
Absence
of
Deict●●us
the
Tetrarch
of
that
Kingdom
,
besides
some
other
Places
.
Caesar
being
then
employ●d
in
Aegypt
,
and
hoping
to
reduce
him
by
others
,
had
sent
〈◊〉
Calvinius
against
him
,
with
orders
to
receive
all
the
Forces
that
were
in
Asia
.
Domitius
joyn'd
with
Deiotarus
and
Ariobarzanes
,
march'd
strait
against
Pharnaces
,
then
at
Nicopolis
,
which
Place
he
had
lately
taken
.
Pharnaces
affrighted
at
his
Enemy
,
desir'd
a
Truce
,
which
Domitius
contemn'd
,
and
resolving
to
fight
,
was
considerably
worsted
in
the
Engagement
.
Pharnaces
,
elevated
with
this
Success
,
took
in
the
rest
of
the
Cities
of
Pon●us
,
and
march'd
into
Bithynia
,
hoping
to
meet
with
his
Father's
Fortune
,
but
was
stop'd
in
his
Career
by
the
Revolt
of
Asander
,
whom
he
had
left
in
his
Kingdom
in
Chief
.
He
design'd
to
march
against
him
,
but
was
diverted
by
the
News
of
Caesar●
s
coming
,
who
upon
these
Occasions
thought
it
not
honourable
to
make
any
longer
Stay
in
Aegypt
.
Pharnaces
was
much
more
terrify'd
at
the
Name
of
Caesar
than
his
Army
,
and
as
he
approach'd
,
sent
often
to
him
about
a
Peace
,
labouring
by
all
Ways
to
evade
the
present
Danger
,
alledging
Caesar's
pardoning
of
Deiotarus
,
who
had
been
a
greater
Enemy
to
him
than
he
,
not
doubting
,
but
early
to
renew
the
War
after
his
Departure
.
Caesar
,
sufficiently
apprehensive
of
his
Designs
,
gave
good
Words
to
the
Messengers
,
the
first
and
second
time
,
but
at
the
third
time
,
he
objected
,
among
other
Crimes
,
His
Ingratitude
to
Pompey
his
Benefactor
;
adding
,
That
be
receiv'd
no
less
Satisfaction
in
pardoning
of
all
private
Injuries
,
than
in
revenging
such
as
had
been
offer'd
to
the
Republick
.
And
thereupon
using
all
Expedition
,
on
one
and
the
same
Day
he
went
and
fought
the
Enemy
,
who
〈◊〉
distress'd
him
with
their
Horses
and
Charious
that
bore
Scythes
,
but
the
Veteran
Troops
obtain●d
the
Victory
in
a
few
Hours
;
and
Pharnaces
himself
flying
,
and
endeavouring
to
break
into
Bosphorus
,
was
repuls●d
and
slain
by
Asander
;
the
just
End
of
a
Person
so
rebellious
to
his
Father
,
and
so
ungrateful
to
his
Friends
.
This
Victory
being
so
sudden
and
effectual
,
made
Caesar
say
,
That
Pompey
was
very
happy
in
gaining
so
much
Glory
against
this
Enemy
at
so
easie
a
Rate
.
And
in
writing
to
Anicius
at
Rome
,
he
express'd
the
Celerity
of
this
Expedition
in
three
Words
,
Veni
,
Vidi
,
Vici
:
I
came
,
I
view'd
,
I
vanquish'd
.
Caesar
settled
Affairs
in
these
Parts
as
well
as
his
time
wou'd
permit
him
;
and
after
his
bestowing
the
Government
of
Armenia
upon
Ariobarzanes
,
that
of
Iudaea
upon
Hyrcanus
and
Antipater
,
and
that
of
Bosphorus
upon
Mithridates
,
he
embark'd
and
went
into
Italy
with
a
Diligence
which
put
all
the
World
into
Admiration
.
III.
Upon
Caesar's
Arrival
in
Italy
,
Aemilius
Lepidus
.
He
cou'd
not
find
time
to
make
any
long
stay
at
Rome
,
for
the
Remains
of
Pompey's
Party
had
rally'd
themselves
in
Africk
under
Scipio
and
Cato
,
and
Iuba
King
of
Mauritania
,
which
made
him
hasten
thither
,
after
he
had
appeas'd
some
Mutinies
among
his
own
Soldiers
,
who
insolently
demanded
their
Rewards
and
their
Discharge
;
but
upon
Caesar's
Presence
,
and
his
telling
'em
,
They
shou'd
not
partake
of
the
Honour
of
the
African
Expedition
,
they
submitted
,
so
as
to
offer
themselves
to
be
decimated
.
Caesar
,
after
his
usual
Diligence
,
landed
in
Africk
with
a
small
Party
,
but
the
re●●
soon
after
follow●d
;
he
was
in
some
Distress
for
want
of
Necessaries
for
a
little
time
,
but
that
he
conquer●d
with
great
Constancy
.
After
many
Movements
,
and
several
Skirmishes
and
smaller
Battels
between
both
Parties
,
in
which
Caesar
was
sometimes
in
great
Danger
,
Caesar
resolv'd
to
come
to
a
decisive
Ba●tel
if
it
were
possible
.
In
order
to
this
Design
,
he
invested
the
City
Tapsus
,
supposing
that
Scipio
wou'd
attempt
to
relieve
it
,
in
which
he
was
not
mistaken
;
for
Scipio
joyning
with
King
Iuba
,
and
encamping
near
Caesar
,
they
shortly
after
came
to
a
gen●●●l
Battel
,
in
which
Caesar
gave
a
final
Defeat
to
all
the
Enemy's
Forces
,
with
little
or
no
loss
on
his
side
,
and
became
Master
of
all
their
Bag
and
Baggage
.
Taplus
,
Adrumentum
and
Zama
immediately
surrender●d
,
Cato
fled
to
Utica
,
and
Iuba
and
Petreius
kill'd
one
another
in
Despair
,
and
all
Iuba's
Kingdom
submitted
to
the
Government
of
Rome
.
Sitius
,
one
of
Caesar's
Lieutenants
,
shortly
after
encounter'd
Afranius
and
Sylla
,
as
they
were
going
for
Spain
,
defeated
their
Forces
and
took
'em
Prisoners
,
after
which
they
were
both
kill●d
in
a
Mutiny
.
Scipio
himself
and
several
Senators
being
embark●d
for
Spain
,
were
driven
upon
Sitius's
Fleet
,
where
they
all
were
slain
by
their
Enemies
,
or
by
themselves
.
Of
the
Generals
of
P●mpey's
Party
,
Cato
was
only
remaining
,
who
had
retreated
to
Utica
,
where
he
had
establish●d
a
kind
of
Senate
,
compos'd
of
300
Romans
.
He
was
at
first
resolv'd
to
hold
out
the
Town
,
but
finding
the
Minds
of
the
Inhabi●ants
much
divided
,
he
quitted
that
Design
for
another
more
agreeable
to
his
Character
and
Philosophical
Opinions
.
He
desir'd
his
Friends
,
some
to
save
themselves
by
Sea
,
and
others
to
relie
upon
Caesar's
Goodness
,
and
embracing
them
with
a
more
than
ordinary
Tenderness
that
Night
,
his
Discourses
to
'em
being
about
Morality
,
where
he
defended
that
Maxim
,
That
the
Vertuous
were
only
happy
and
free
,
but
wicked
Men
were
always
miserable
and
Slaves
.
His
Sons
,
suspecting
his
Intentions
,
at
Supper
took
his
Sword
from
him
,
which
he
miss'd
not
when
he
arose
,
but
lying
down
in
his
Bed
read
Plato's
Dialogue
call'd
Phaedo
,
concerning
the
Immortality
of
the
Soul
.
Then
missing
his
Sword
,
he
was
very
angry
and
dissatisfy'd
till
it
was
brought
him
;
then
feeling
the
Point
,
he
laid
it
by
him
,
saying
,
I
am
Master
of
my self
.
He
then
took
his
Book
again
,
which
he
had
read
twice
over
,
and
fell
into
a
sound
Sleep
;
but
just
as
Day
began
to
appear
,
he
took
his
Sword
,
and
thrust
himself
through
the
Breast
,
which
not
despatching
him
,
he
staggering
fell
upon
his
Bed
,
and
at
the
same
time
threw
down
a
Table
upon
which
he
had
drawn
some
Geometrical
Figures
.
At
the
Noise
of
this
his
Slaves
came
in
,
and
with
their
Cries
also
brought
his
Sons
and
Friends
,
who
found
him
weltring
in
his
Blood
,
and
his
Bowels
out
of
his
Body
:
His
Eyes
were
yet
open
,
which
caus'd
his
Physician
to
ease
him
upon
his
Bed
;
then
putting
up
his
Bowels
,
which
were
yet
unhurt
,
he
clos'd
up
the
Wound
.
Upon
this
,
Cato
recover●d
his
Spirits
,
and
being
transported
with
Fury
,
thrust
back
the
Physician
,
rent
open
his
Wound
again
,
and
tearing
his
Bowels
,
expir'd
before
their
Eyes
.
Thus
dy'd
Cato
,
a
Person
of
singular
Justice
,
Severity
,
and
Magnanimity
;
upon
the
hearing
of
whose
Death
,
Caesar
said
,
Cato
has
e●vy●d
me
the
Glory
of
saving
his
Life
,
and
therefore
do
I
envy
his
Death
;
designing
,
as
was
thought
,
to
have
conquer●d
him
by
his
Kindness
and
Generosity
:
His
Death
compleatly
finish'd
Caesar's
War
in
Africk
.
Africk
being
entirely
reduc'd
to
Subjection
,
Caesar
return'd
to
Rome
to
triumph
for
all
his
Victories
;
and
first
to
obtain
the
Favour
of
the
People
,
he
gave
'em
to
understand
,
That
his
last
Victory
had
gain●d
the
Commonwealth
of
Rome
a
Country
so
large
and
rich
,
that
it
cou'd
yearly
furnish
the
City
with
200000
▪
Bushels
of
Corn
,
and
3000000
Pounds
of
Oil.
After
this
,
he
order'd
the
Preparations
for
his
Triumph
upon
four
successive
Days
;
the
first
design'd
for
the
Triumph
over
Gaul
,
shew'd
in
a
great
many
Tables
the
Names
of
300
Nations
and
800
Cities
,
conquer'd
by
the
Death
of
a
Million
of
Foes
,
whom
he
had
defeated
in
several
Battels
.
The
second
Triumph
was
over
Aegypt
.
The
third
shew'd
the
Defeat
of
Pharnaces
in
Asia
.
And
the
fourth
that
of
King
Iuba
in
Africk
;
which
Triumphs
were
over
Foreigners
,
not
Romans
.
Here
was
the
utmost
Shew
of
Magnificence
,
and
all
the
Roman
Soldiers
follow'd
their
great
General
crown'd
with
Laurels
,
and
in
that
Equipage
he
went
to
the
Capitol
,
the
Steps
whereof
he
mounted
upon
his
Knees
,
forty
Elephants
being
rang'd
on
each
Side
,
carrying
great
Candlesticks
,
fill'd
with
Flambeaus
.
The
Silver
Vessels
,
and
Statues
of
Goldsmith's
Work
,
which
were
us'd
in
these
Triumphs
,
amounted
to
65000
Talents
,
which
is
above
twelve
Millions
of
our
Money
,
besides
1822
Crowns
of
Gold
,
weighing●
15033
l.
which
were
Presents
that
the
Princes
and
Cities
had
made
him
after
his
Victories
,
according
to
the
Customs
of
those
Times
.
Out
of
these
Summs
he
paid
his
Soldiers
,
besides
what
he
had
promis●d
them
in
the
beginning
of
the
Civil
Wars
.
To
every
one
150
Pounds
of
our
Money
,
as
much
more
to
the
Centurions
,
and
twice
as
much
as
that
to
the
Tribunes
and
Commanders
of
the
Cavalry
;
and
for
their
Retreat
after
the
Wars
,
he
gave
them
Inheritances
in
several
Places
separated
from
Italy
.
The
People
also
were
sensible
of
his
Bounty
,
for
he
distributed
to
each
particular
Person
ten
Bushels
of
Corn
,
and
ten
Pounds
of
Oil
,
and
added
100
Denarii
to
the
300
he
had
promis'd
'em
before
.
Atfer
this
he
nobly
entertain'd
the
whole
People
at
22000
several
Tables
,
and
that
nothing
might
be
wanting
to
the
Pomp
and
Magnificence
of
these
Feasts
,
he
caus'd
2000
Gladiators
to
fight
before
the
People
,
and
made
Representations
of
Sea
and
Land-Fights
of
four
or
five
Thousand
Men
of
a
side
,
besides
all
sorts
of
Plays
and
Shows
.
These
Entertainments
drew
so
many
People
to
Rome
,
that
the
greatest
part
of
'em
were
forc'd
to
lie
in
the
open
Air
,
and
a
great
many
were
stif●ed
in
the
Press
;
among
the
rest
,
two
Senators
.
Many
great
Honours
were
after
this
conferr'd
upon
Caesar
,
among
which
,
was
that
of
Master
of
Manners
;
as
if
the
Name
of
Censor
was
too
mean
,
for
three
Years
;
all
joyning
to
shew
their
great
Forwardness
in
preferring
him
,
some
out
of
Love
and
Respect
,
others
out
of
Fear
and
Flattery
:
And
indeed
many
began
to
dread
the
Severities
of
Marius
and
Sylla
;
but
Caesar's
extraordinary
Civility
to
both
Parties
,
and
the
Greatness
of
his
Nature
,
in
a
great
measure
freed
'em
from
any
such
Fears
.
He
began
now
to
settle
the
Common-wealth
,
and
make
many
new
Laws
:
He
committed
the
Power
of
Judicature
to
the
Senators
and
Equites
alone
;
and
both
by
Laws
,
and
his
own
Care
,
he
restrain'd
the
profuse
Way
of
Living
of
rich
Persons
.
And
because
the
City
was
manifestly
exhausted
,
by
reason
of
Multitudes
quitting
it
,
he
propos'd
Rewards
to
all
such
as
had
many
Children
.
Then
considering
that
by
his
long
Command
in
Gaul
,
he
himself
had
Opportunity
of
establishing
an
extraordinary
Power
,
by
a
Law
he
ordain'd
,
That
no
Praetor
shou'd
Command
above
a
Year
in
his
Province
,
nor
a
Consul
above
two
Years
after
the
Expiring
of
his
Office
.
Moreover
,
to
shew
that
nothing
shou'd
escape
his
Care
,
he
undertook
to
regulate
the
Roman
Year
,
which
was
at
this
time
very
much
confounded
;
and
tho'
Numa
,
the
second
King
of
Rome
,
had
bestow'd
much
Pains
about
it
,
yet
still
the
Reckoning
according
to
Lunar
Months
,
and
the
odd
eleven
Days
and
a
quarter
,
caus'd
a
great
many
Inconveniencies
.
Whereupon
Caesar
,
after
his
consulting
the
most
able
Astronomers
,
being
also
himself
very
well
instructed
in
that
Science
,
whereof
he
had
written
,
regulated
the
Year
according
to
the
Course
of
the
Sun
,
allotting
to
each
Year
365
Days
,
and
adding
one
Day
more
every
fourth
Year
,
which
was
call'd
the
Bissextile
;
and
this
is
the
Method
which
we
to
this
Day
follow
,
and
goes
still
by
the
Name
of
the
Iulian
Account
and
the
Old
Stile
,
whereas
the
New
Stile
is
call'd
the
Gregorian
Account
.
In
this
same
Year
flourish'd
Catullus
the
Poet
,
one
of
the
principal
Epigrammatists
of
all
the
Romans
.
IV.
While
Caesar
was
thus
employ'd
in
the
Affairs
of
the
Common-wealth
,
the
two
Sons
of
Pompey
had
fortify'd
themselves
in
Spain
;
and
as
the
People
still
passionately
affected
the
Memory
of
their
Father
,
they
soon
gather'd
together
a
powerful
Army
;
they
also
had
very
good
Officers
,
and
among
the
rest
Labienus
,
which
oblig'd
Caesar
to
go
in
Person
to
oppose
their
Proceedings
;
tho'
not
without
some
Unwillingness
,
by
reason
that
his
beloved
Mistress
Cleopatra
was
now
at
Rome
.
He
was
now
just
made
Consul
again
,
U.
C.
709.
and
likewise
Dictator
for
another
Year
;
and
Lepidus
,
who
was
Consul
with
him
,
he
chose
for
his
Master
of
the
Horse
.
Caesar
proceeded
in
his
Expedition
with
his
wonted
Vigour
and
Celerity
,
and
arriv'd
in
Spain
before
the
Enemy
so
much
as
imagin'd
it
.
Cneius
,
the
eldest
of
the
two
Pompey's
,
had
laid
Siege
to
the
City
of
Ulla
,
and
Sextus
the
younger
Brother
was
in
Corduba
with
a
strong
Garrison
.
Caesar
,
to
raise
the
Siege
,
and
to
give
some
Jealousie
to
Cneius
,
advanc'd
towards
Corduba
,
which
occasion'd
him
to
raise
the
Siege
before
Ulla
,
and
come
and
oppose
Caesar
;
but
Caesar
finding
he
cou'd
not
draw
him
to
a
Battel
,
went
and
invested
Attegna
,
a
Place
of
great
Importance
,
and
full
of
Provisions
.
This
Siege
lasted
some
considerable
time
,
and
the
Pompeys
endeavour'd
to
throw
in
Succours
into
the
Town
,
but
in
vain
,
till
at
last
it
was
constrain'd
to
eapitulate
.
Caesar
being
Master
of
this
,
several
other
Places
submitted
to
him
;
and
the
Pompeys
marching
up
and
down
,
and
fearing
the
rest
shou'd
revolt
,
were
resolv'd
to
come
to
a
general
Battel
,
their
Army
being
now
encamp'd
in
the
Plains
of
Munda
,
and
Caesar's
not
far
distant
.
Both
Generals
were
equally
impatient
to
come
to
an
Ingagement
,
so
that
Cneius
drew
up
his
Men
by
Break
of
Day
,
well
posting
himself
upon
a
Hill
,
and
the
Exactness
of
their
Order
shew'd
his
Troops
to
great
Advantage
,
especially
his
Cavalry
,
who
were
very
well
arm'd
.
Caesar
with
great
Art
drew
up
his
Troops
likewise
,
and
after
he
had
advanc'd
a
little
Distance
from
his
Trenches
,
made
a
Halt
,
expecting
the
Enemy
to
come
down
from
the
Hill
.
This
Delay
made
Caesar's
Soldiers
begin
to
murmur
,
and
so
incourag'd
those
of
Cneius
,
that
they
advanc'd
upon
the
declining
part
of
the
Hill
;
so
both
sides
gave
a
Shout
,
and
the
Battel
began
.
This
was
extraordinary
Sharp
and
Dreadful
on
both
sides
,
those
on
Caesar's
side
were
extreamly
incited
by
the
Hopes
of
putting
an
End
to
all
their
Labours
by
this
Battel
,
and
those
on
Pompey's
side
fought
out
of
Necessity
and
Desperation
,
most
of
'em
expecting
no
Pardon
,
as
having
their
Lives
formerly
given
'em
,
when
they
had
been
overthrown
with
Afranius
and
Petreius
.
The
first
Shock
was
manag'd
on
both
sides
with
so
much
Courage
,
that
Caesar's
Men
,
who
had
been
almost
always
us'd
to
Conquer
,
found
here
a
Stop
put
to
their
Fierceness
;
the
Battel
continu'd
for
many
Hours
very
obstinate
,
and
Caesar
was
never
in
so
great
Danger
as
now
;
he
threw
himself
several
times
with
great
Rage
and
Fury
amongst
the
midst
of
the
Enemy
,
crying
out
to
his
Men
,
and
asking
'em
,
If
they
were
not
asham'd
to
deliver
him
into
the
Hands
of
Boys
?
So
well
did
he
encourage
them
by
his
Speeches
,
but
much
more
by
a
thousand
brave
and
noble
Actions
which
he
perform'd
himself
;
that
at
last
with
much
Difficulty
and
a
long
Time
,
he
overthrew
the
Enemy
,
and
kill'd
30000
upon
the
Spot
.
This
Battel
was
so
fierce
and
dangerous
,
that
Caesar
often
said
,
That
all
other
Places
he
fought
for
his
Glory
,
but
at
Munda
for
his
Life
.
All
his
Ensigns
were
taken
,
and
Varus
and
Labienius
slain
in
the
Battel
.
Cneius
with
150
Horse
escap'd
to
Carteia
,
from
whence
,
thinking
to
save
himself
by
Sea
,
he
was
forc'd
by
Didius
,
Caesar's
Lieutenant
,
to
return
to
Land
,
and
being
besieg'd
within
a
Tower
,
was
attack'd
so
vigorously
,
that
he
was
forsaken
by
his
People
,
and
slain
in
a
Cave
where
he
had
hid
himself
.
But
his
Brother
Sextus
escaping
from
Corduba
,
so
well
conceal'd
himself
,
that
Caesar
cou'd
not
find
him
.
All
Spain
immediately
submitted
to
Caesar
,
and
he
exacted
great
Contributions
from
all
the
Enemies
Cities
,
under
Pretence
of
punishing
their
Rebellion
.
After
which
he
return'd
to
Rome
with
great
Joy
and
Satisfaction
,
that
he
had
at
last
brought
under
Submission
that
Common-wealth
which
gave
Laws
to
the
greatest
part
of
the
World
.
He
enter'd
Rome
in
Triumph
,
but
this
Triumph
was
by
no
means
attended
with
any
joyful
Acclamations
of
the
People
,
who
were
much
concern'd
to
see
the
Memory
of
their
belov'd
Pompey
insulted
over
,
and
the
Race
almost
extirpated
of
one
of
the
greatest
Men
in
Rome
.
But
Caesar
did
it
the
rather
upon
the
Account
of
bringing
the
Roman
Dominions
into
Peace
and
Subjection
,
and
the
perfect
finishing
the
Civil
War
;
which
,
tho'
it
continu'd
not
much
above
four
Years
,
had
been
so
destructive
to
the
Roman
People
,
that
at
a
Census
just
before
Caesar's
last
Expedition
,
there
were
found
but
one
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Heads
of
Families
in
Rome
,
whereas
in
that
Lustrum
before
,
there
were
three
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
.
V.
Caesar
had
now
rais'd
himself
far
above
all
Romans
,
and
above
all
Mortals
in
that
Age
,
by
his
wonderful
Acts
,
having
subdu'd
and
conquer'd
the
best
Parts
of
the
World
,
in
almost
as
short
a
time
as
others
cou'd
reasonably
travel
those
Countries
.
And
now
the
Senate
again
began
to
conferr
new
Honours
upon
him
,
and
those
greater
than
ever
:
They
made
him
Dictator
in
perpetuum
,
U.
C.
709.
Consul
for
Ten
Years
,
subjected
all
Magistrates
,
even
Plebeian
,
to
his
Power
;
and
ordain'd
that
he
alone
shou'd
command
the
Armies
,
and
raise
Money
,
which
made
him
Sovereign
Prince
or
King
in
effect
.
Among
other
Titles
he
had
that
of
Deliverer
given
him
,
and
so
was
enter'd
in
the
Fasti
,
and
a
Temple
erected
to
Liberty
;
but
above
all
,
That
during
the
Consulship
of
Canivius
,
not
a
Man
din'd
;
yet
no
Harm
was
committed
in
that
time
,
for
he
was
wonderfully
vigilant
,
and
ne'er
slept
throughout
his
whole
Consulship
.
From
this
time
forward
the
Consulship
grewcheaper
,
and
few
held
it
a
whole
Year
,
especially
,
when
all
its
Authority
and
ancient
Dignity
,
was
,
in
a
manner
,
swallow'd
up
by
the
Imperial
Power
soon
after
.
Thus
Caesar
had
order'd
the
Consulship
,
but
for
other
Magistrates
he
pretended
he
wou'd
not
concern
himself
with
'em
but
leave
'em
to
the
People
to
be
nam'd
,
according
to
the
ancient
Custom
;
but
it
prov'd
only
a
Pretence
,
for
he
made
them
himself
,
and
sent
'em
into
the
Provinces
without
the
ancient
Way
of
Sortition
.
In
other
Magistrates
the
same
Number
was
observ'd
;
only
the
Praetors
upon
the
account
of
the
Largeness
of
the
Roman
Dominions
were
encreas'd
to
sixteen
,
Patritians
,
Consulares
,
and
of
those
who
had
born
other
Offices
;
which
became
a
Custom
to
those
who
were
afterwards
Emperours
.
To
his
Friends
he
gave
much
away
both
in
Money
and
Lands
,
which
was
very
pleasing
to
them
who
made
their
Designs
;
but
others
took
it
very
hainously
,
and
testify●d
their
Resentments
,
either
by
Words
or
Libels
.
The
Management
of
publick
Money
was
now
translated
from
the
Quaestors
to
the
Aediles
,
and
afterwards
return'd
no
more
to
'em
,
but
at
length
was
committed
to
Persons
of
Praetorian
Dignity
.
For
the
following
Year
Caesar
enter'd
upon
the
Consulship
again
with
Anthony
,
Master
of
the
Horse
;
and
now
he
more
closely
apply'd
himself
to
the
Business
of
the
Common-wealth
than
ever
.
He
first
took
care
to
pardon
all
such
as
had
been
in
Arms
against
him
,
and
greatly
tax'd
the
Cruelty
of
Sylla
,
and
thereby
obtain'd
as
great
a
Name
for
Clemency
,
as
before
he
had
for
Valour
.
Then
,
to
shew
his
generous
Temper
,
he
caus'd
Pompey's
Statues
to
be
set
up
again
,
to
shew
that
he
esteem'd
a
great
Soul
and
a
magnanimous
Spirit
even
in
his
greatest
Enemy
;
which
occasion'd
Cicero
to
observe
in
his
Writing
,
That
Caesar
by
restoring
Pompey's
Statues
secur'd
his
own
.
In
this
second
Iulian
Year
,
his
Collegue
Anthony
procur'd
by
a
Law
,
that
the
Month
Quintilis
shou'd
in
honour
of
his
Name
,
be
afterwards
call'd
Iuly
;
and
many
other
Laws
were
made
.
In
the
mean
time
,
as
he
was
no
ways
belov'd
by
those
who
were
greatest
in
the
Senate
;
tho'
his
Ordinances
had
no
other
Design
than
the
publick
Good
,
they
forbore
not
to
vili●ie
him
by
their
Raileries
.
Now
,
tho'
Caesar
had
Information
of
their
several
Discourses
,
he
bore
it
all
with
so
great
a
Moderation
,
that
when
some
other
People
had
yet
the
Boldness
to
violate
his
Reputation
by
Libels
,
he
never
so
much
as
enquir'd
after
them
.
All
his
Designs
shew'd
the
Greatness
of
his
Soul
;
he
made
a
Proposition
for
adorning
of
the
City
of
Rome
with
a
magnificent
Temple
consecrated
to
Mars
,
and
with
a
Theatre
,
and
likewise
the
building
of
a
new
Curia
or
Parish
to
be
call'd
Iulia.
He
rebuilt
Carthage
and
Corinth
,
sending
Colonies
to
both
Cities
:
He
undertook
to
level
several
Mountains
in
Italy
,
to
drein
the
Pontine
Marshes
near
Rome
,
and
to
empty
the
Lakes
,
Works
of
prodigious
Charge
;
and
likewise
design'd
to
dig
through
the
Isthmus
of
Peloponnesus
by
Corinth
.
After
these
,
he
design'd
an
Expedition
against
the
Parthians
,
to
revenge
the
death
of
Crassus
,
and
they
being
conquer'd
,
to
enter
thro'
Hircania
,
along
the
Banks
of
the
Caspian
Sea
into
Scythia
,
to
open
himself
a
Way
through
Germany
into
Gaul
,
and
so
return
to
Rome
:
But
all
these
vast
Designs
soon
came
to
an
End
,
enjoying
his
Sovereign
Authority
but
five
Months
.
Caesar's
good
Fortune
,
which
had
appear'd
by
so
many
Victories
,
his
Merit
and
great
Abilities
,
supported
by
the
Affection
of
the
People
,
and
the
Love
of
his
Soldiers
,
had
now
rais'd
him
to
a
Degree
above
all
other
Romans
.
But
as
it
usually
happens
in
Common-wealths
,
where
overy
one
valuing
himself
upon
his
own
Merit
,
looks
upon
absolute
Command
as
a
Right
which
he
one
Day
in
his
Turn
may
pretend
to
;
so
it
was
now
,
for
that
his
extraordinary
Advancement
daily
brought
upon
him
the
Jealousie
of
the
Senators
.
In
the
mean
time
,
in
an
extravagant
manner
they
continually
flatter'd
his
Vanity
with
new
Honours
,
preferring
him
in
his
Life
time
in
some
sort
among
the
Gods
,
and
declaring
his
Person
Sacred
and
Inviolable
.
They
gave
him
the
Title
of
Father
of
his
Country
,
stamp'd
Money
with
his
Image
,
order'd
publick
Sacrifices
on
his
Birth-day
,
and
his
Statue
to
be
set
up
in
all
Cities
and
in
all
the
Temples
at
Rome
.
Some
Authors
have
reported
,
that
he
procur'd
these
Honours
by
his
Authority
,
others
,
that
they
were
freely
bestow'd
upon
him
.
However
his
accepting
of
all
that
was
offer'd
him
,
caus'd
him
much
Hatred
from
many
,
which
was
discover'd
more
plainly
one
Day
when
the
Senate
had
decreed
him
some
new
Honours
,
and
came
all
in
a
Body
to
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
where
he
was
,
to
acquaint
him
with
their
Decree
;
and
he
,
whether
out
of
a
Mistake
or
Design
,
rose
not
up
,
but
receiv'd
'em
sitting
;
which
Neglect
much
offended
the
Senators
,
and
caus'd
'em
to
talk
very
freely
and
publickly
about
it
,
particularly
saying
,
That
he
plainly
affected
the
Title
of
King
:
He
had
indeed
the
Power
in
effect
,
but
only
wanted
the
Name
,
which
was
odious
to
the
Romans
.
Caesar
,
who
well
knew
the
Effects
of
that
Aversion
,
very
cautiously
defended
himself
from
that
Odium
;
and
one
Day
,
when
some
People
call'd
him
Lord
and
King
,
he
made
Answer
,
That
he
was
Caesar.
Nevertheless
,
he
often
let
some
Discourses
fall
,
which
much
promoted
the
Belief
People
had
of
his
Ambition
;
particularly
,
That
a
Republick
was
nothing
but
a
meer
Name
and
Notion
,
and
that
Sylla
had
discovered
great
Ignorance
in
laying
down
the
Office
of
Dictator
.
Caesar
shortly
after
gave
a
fresh
Occasion
of
Suspicion
to
the
People
,
by
his
displacing
the
Tribunes
for
imprisoning
some
Persons
who
had
put
Diadems
upon
his
Statues
.
And
by
another
Instance
soon
after
he
still
more
plainly
perceiv'd
the
Affections
of
the
People
,
at
the
Celebration
of
the
Feasts
call'd
Lupercalia
,
where
he
himself
assisted
at
the
Show
,
seated
upon
a
Tribunal
in
a
Chair
of
Gold
,
and
his
Triumphal
Ornaments
.
Anthony
passing
through
the
People
,
who
open'd
to
make
him
way
,
went
up
to
the
Tribunal
,
and
presented
a
Crown
to
Caesar
;
some
clapp'd
their
Hands
as
if
they
approv'd
of
it
,
but
when
Caesar
put
the
Crown
back
,
there
was
a
general
Applause
:
Anthony
offer'd
it
a
second
time
,
but
still
with
as
little
Marks
of
Satisfaction
from
the
People
;
Caesar
again
refus'd
it
,
which
was
follow'd
with
loud
Acclamations
on
all
sides
.
Caesar
,
who
had
laid
this
Design
before
,
now
plainly
understood
their
Sentiments
,
and
thereupon
rising
,
commanded
the
Crown
to
be
carry'd
to
the
Capitol
;
nevertheless
he
was
so
concern'd
,
and
so
little
Master
of
his
Disorder
,
that
he
said
that
Night
to
his
Friends
,
That
he
wou'd
freely
offer
his
Throat
to
any
Man
that
wou'd
cut
it
.
And
tho'
he
had
a
thousand
Testimonies
of
the
Hatred
he
lay
under
,
he
so
abandon'd
himself
to
his
Designs
,
that
from
this
Moment
he
neglected
all
manner
of
Means
of
securing
himself
against
his
Enemies
.
When
he
was
advis'd
by
some
not
to
trust
Brutus
too
far
,
he
open'd
his
Breast
,
saying
,
Do
you
believe
that
Brutus
cares
for
such
poor
Pillage
as
this
?
He
was
sometimes
heard
to
say
,
That
he
had
rather
die
once
by
Treason
,
that
to
be
so
miserable
as
always
to
live
in
fear
of
it
.
And
at
another
time
,
That
the
Republick
had
more
Interest
in
his
Preservation
than
himself
;
that
he
had
gain'd
Glory
and
Power
enough
,
but
after
his
Death
,
the
Common-wealth
wou'd
be
more
harass'd
with
Civil
Wars
then
ever
it
had
been
.
And
one
Day
being
at
Supper
with
Lepidus
,
as
his
Friends
disputed
among
themselves
what
Death
was
easiest
,
he
reply'd
to
'em
,
That
which
is
most
sudden
and
least
foreseen
.
He
disbanded
his
Company
of
Spanish
Guards
,
and
contented
himself
with
the
Protection
of
his
Friends
,
which
Proceeding
of
his
much
facilitated
an
Enterprize
upon
his
Life
soon
after
.
The
Design
upon
Caesar's
Life
was
carry'd
on
with
extraordinary
Caution
and
Secrecy
,
tho'
above
threescore
Senators
enter'd
into
this
Conspiracy
,
the
Principal
whereof
was
Brutus
,
whose
Life
Caesar
had
sav'd
after
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
,
and
Cassius
,
both
Praetors
at
this
time
:
The
Name
of
Brutus
had
been
famous
in
Rome
ever
since
.
Brutus
the
first
Consul
,
under
the
Foot
of
whose
Statue
was
found
written
,
Wou'd
to
Heaven
thou
wert
alive
,
and
certain
Billets
were
thrown
into
the
Praetor's
Tribunal
,
in
these
Words
,
Brutus
,
thou
art
asleep
,
and
not
a
true
Brutus
.
Cassius
was
Author
of
most
of
these
things
,
and
he
hated
Caesar
upon
several
Accounts
,
particularly
for
his
naming
Brutus
the
eldest
Praetor
,
when
he
was
above
him
in
Age
,
and
for
his
hindring
him
from
giving
a
Publick
Show
to
the
People
.
His
Behaviour
towards
Caesar
gave
him
sufficient
Reasons
to
suspect
him
;
and
when
his
Friends
advis'd
him
to
beware
of
Anthony
and
Dolabella
,
he
told
'em
,
That
it
was
not
those
persum'd
and
plump
Sparks
that
〈◊〉
distrusted
,
but
those
pale
and
meagre
Gentlemen
.
Nevertheless
he
still
prepar'd
for
his
Expedition
against
the
Parthians
,
and
caus'd
sixteen
Legions
to
march
,
and
10000
Horse
for
his
Passage
into
Asia
.
He
design'd
to
depart
four
Days
after
,
when
the
Conspirators
spread
a
Report
,
That
according
to
the
Sybill's
Oracles
,
the
Parthians
cou'd
not
be
overcome
but
by
a
King
;
and
upon
this
Pretence
Cotta
was
to
propose
the
giving
him
that
Title
to
the
Senate
.
Cassius
took
this
Occasion
to
go
and
visit
Brutus
,
demanding
of
him
,
If
be
wou'd
be
at
the
Senate-House
when
Caesar's
Friends
were
to
propose
the
declaring
of
him
King
?
Brutus
told
him
,
that
he
wou'd
be
absent
at
that
time
.
But
,
reply'd
Cassius
,
suppose
you
are
call'd
thither
?
Then
,
answer'd
Brutus
,
I
shou'd
think
it
my
Duty
to
speak
,
oppose
,
yea
and
die
too
,
rather
than
part
with
the
Liberty
of
Rome
.
Ah
,
reply'd
Cassius
,
what
generous
Roman
wou'd
suffer
you
to
die
for
his
Liberty
?
You
are
ignorant
,
Brutus
,
who
you
are
,
if
you
imagine
that
those
Billets
thrown
into
the
Tribunal
came
from
less
than
the
most
Illustrious
and
Bravest
Men
of
Rome
.
From
other
Praetors
they
demand
Games
,
Shows
,
and
Plays
,
but
from
you
,
whose
very
Name
is
a
Terror
to
Tyrants
,
they
cry
for
the
Ruine
and
Downfal
of
Arbitrary
Power
,
being
ready
to
expose
themselves
to
the
utmost
Hazards
,
in
expectation
of
your
auspicious
Aid
.
After
this
Conversation
they
parted
;
and
Brutus
for
some
time
after
appear'd
much
discompos'd
in
his
Thoughts
,
which
occasion'd
his
Wife
Porcia
,
being
in
Bed
with
him
,
earnestly
to
enquire
the
Reason
of
his
Trouble
.
Brutus
fearing
she
wou'd
disclose
the
Secret
if
urg'd
to
it
by
Torture
,
Porcia
immediately
wounded
her self
on
the
Thigh
,
and
with
a
Masculine
Courage
let
him
see
,
That
she
fear'd
no
Torments
,
nor
cou'd
act
any
Thing
below
Cato
'
s
Daughter
;
by
which
means
she
learn'd
the
whole
Design
,
and
became
one
of
the
Conspiracy
.
The
Name
of
Brutus
,
whose
Person
was
much
esteem'd
,
ingag'd
a
great
many
in
the
Conspiracy
;
so
they
resolv'd
to
put
their
Design
in
Execution
upon
the
very
Ides
of
March
,
and
in
the
Hall
of
the
Senate
.
A
great
many
Prodigies
and
Dreams
foretold
this
Misfortune
to
Caesar
,
and
Spurina
,
a
famous
Augur
,
told
him
,
That
great
Dangers
threaten'd
him
upon
the
Ides
of
March
.
He
dreamt
the
same
Night
,
that
he
was
carry'd
above
the
Clouds
,
and
that
he
shook
Hands
with
Iove
;
and
his
Wife
Calpurnia
also
dreamt
,
that
her
Husband
was
assassinated
in
her
Arms
,
the
Doors
of
the
Chamber
opening
at
the
same
time
of
their
own
Accord
with
much
Noise
.
This
last
Accident
somewhat
confounded
him
,
and
his
Wife
by
her
Prayers
and
Tears
,
prevail'd
so
,
that
he
wou'd
not
go
abroad
that
Day
.
But
another
Brutus
,
call'd
Decimus
,
who
was
one
of
the
Conspirators
,
tho'
of
the
Number
of
his
intimate
Friends
,
caus'd
him
to
change
his
Resolution
,
telling
him
,
He
was
much
expected
at
the
Senate
,
and
it
wou'd
be
a
great
Shame
for
him
not
to
venture
out
of
Doors
,
but
when
it
shou'd
please
Calpurnia
to
dream
favourably
:
So
Decimus
carry'd
him
almost
by
Force
out
of
his
Lodgings
,
and
as
if
every
thing
seem'd
to
contribute
to
his
Destruction
,
a
Slave
,
who
came
to
give
him
Advice
of
the
Conspiracy
,
cou'd
not
get
up
to
him
by
reason
of
the
Croud
of
People
that
surrounded
him
.
Artimedorus
his
Host
and
Friend
,
having
given
him
a
Letter
to
the
same
purpose
,
he
mingl'd
it
without
reading
of
it
,
among
other
Papers
that
were
given
him
:
And
Lena
,
who
was
one
of
the
Conspirators
,
entertaining
him
a
considerable
time
in
private
as
he
came
out
of
his
Litter
;
the
others
,
who
believ'd
themselves
discover'd
,
thought
already
of
killing
themselves
with
the
Daggers
which
they
had
under
their
Robes
,
when
Lena
quitting
Caesar
,
and
kissing
his
Hand
,
gave
them
to
understand
,
that
he
thank'd
him
for
some
Favour
which
he
came
to
obtain
.
The
Assembly
of
the
Senate
was
at
this
time
held
in
a
Place
which
Pompey
had
built
for
that
Purpose
,
and
from
thence
was
call'd
the
Court
or
Hall
of
Pompey
,
where
was
to
be
seen
his
Statue
in
Marble
,
rais'd
upon
a
Pedestal
.
Caesar
,
as
he
was
entring
,
met
Spurina
,
and
smiling
told
him
,
The
Ides
of
March
were
come
;
Yes
,
reply'd
the
Augur
,
but
they
are
not
past
.
As
soon
as
he
had
taken
his
Place
,
the
Conspirators
mov'd
towards
him
under
Pretence
of
saluting
him
,
and
Tullius
Cymber
approach'd
to
ask
Pardon
for
his
Brother
who
was
then
in
Exile
:
Caesar
deferr'd
the
Matter
,
and
put
back
Cymber
,
who
press'd
upon
him
so
far
as
to
take
hold
on
both
sides
of
his
Robe
;
and
when
Caesar
cry'd
out
,
That
this
was
Violence
,
Casca
,
who
stood
behind
him
,
gave
him
the
first
Stab
with
a
Poniard
nigh
the
Shoulder
,
but
the
Weapon
glancing
,
the
Wound
was
not
Mortal
.
Caesar
struck
Casca
through
the
Arm
with
his
Dagger
,
crying
out
,
Vile
Traitor
,
what
do
you
mean
?
Casca
,
on
the
other
side
,
call'd
his
Brother
,
and
Caesar
wou'd
have
rais'd
himself
,
but
he
receiv'd
a
mortal
Wound
in
his
Breast
;
and
all
the
Conspirators
charg'd
upon
him
together
with
so
much
Fury
,
that
many
of
'em
were
wounded
themselves
.
He
nevertheless
made
great
Resistance
,
rushing
and
leaping
among
'em
like
a
Lion
,
till
perceiving
Brutus
with
his
Dagger
in
his
Hand
,
he
struggled
no
more
,
but
cry'd
,
What
,
my
Son
Brutus
,
and
thou
too
?
Then
covering
his
Face
with
his
Robe
,
and
drawing
his
Skirts
down
to
his
Knees
,
that
he
might
fall
decently
,
he
sunk
down
at
the
Foot
of
Pompey's
Statue
,
having
receiv'd
three
and
twenty
Wounds
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Senate
looking
on
with
Wonder
and
Amazement
,
not
being
able
to
assist
him
.
Thus
fell
the
great
Iulius
Caesur
in
the
56th
Year
of
his
Age
,
in
the
Court
of
Pompey
,
and
at
the
Feet
of
Pompey's
Statue
;
a
Person
of
the
greatest
Soul
,
the
most
magnanimous
Spirit
,
and
of
the
most
wonderful
Accomplishments
and
Abilities
,
that
Rome
,
or
perhaps
,
the
World
ever
saw
;
whether
we
consider
him
in
his
Care
and
Vigilance
,
in
his
Valour
and
Conduct
,
or
in
his
Knowledge
and
Learning
;
all
which
noble
Qualities
made
him
belov'd
and
reverenc'd
by
the
People
,
honour'd
and
ador'd
by
his
Friends
,
and
esteem'd
and
admir'd
even
by
his
Enemies
.
And
setting
aside
his
Ambition
,
which
was
the
Fault
of
the
Times
as
well
as
his
Temper
,
he
was
never
much
or
justly
tax'd
with
any
great
Vice
but
that
of
Women
.
His
Death
put
an
end
to
the
first
Triumvirate
,
or
rather
the
Power
occasion'd
by
the
first
Triumvirate
,
but
did
not
re-establish
the
Consular
Authority
,
nor
restore
the
Liberty
of
the
Common-wealth
,
but
occasion●d
its
Ruine
shortly
after
,
with
as
great
Miseries
as
Rome
ever
suffer'd
.
It
hapned
in
the
710th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3961
,
about
16
Years
after
the
beginning
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
42
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
IV.
From
the
Death
of
Caesar
,
to
the
Defeats
and
Deaths
of
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
by
the
second
Triumvirate
,
Octavius
,
Anthony
,
and
Lepidus
;
which
ruin'd
all
the
Remains
of
the
Common-wealth
.
Containing
the
space
of
above
two
Years
.
I.
UPon
the
Death
of
Caesar
,
Decimus
Brutus
:
What
they
gave
out
to
justifie
themselves
to
the
People
was
Liberty
;
but
that
Pretence
was
not
much
regarded
by
them
,
for
they
had
been
so
us'd
to
submit
of
late
,
and
were
so
chang'd
from
their
ancient
jealous
and
vigorous
Temper
,
that
they
much
more
dreaded
the
Effects
of
Poverty
than
Subjection
.
Anthony
now
Consul
,
and
Lepidus
,
were
extreamly
enrag'd
at
Caesar's
Death
,
and
were
resolv'd
to
revenge
it
to
the
utmost
;
therefore
the
latter
immediately
got
to
a
Legion
of
his
just
by
,
and
led
'em
into
the
Campus
Martius
,
where
Anthony
,
as
Consul
,
commanded
'em
.
This
much
surpriz'd
the
Conspirators
,
and
put
'em
upon
sending
Deputies
to
Anthony
and
Lepidus
,
desiring
'em
,
Caesar's
Person
had
put
them
upon
that
Design
,
but
only
their
hearty
Loves
to
their
Country
,
which
had
already
been
so
drain'd
by
Civil
Wars
,
that
any
new
Disunion
must
carry
off
the
miserable
Remainder
;
that
they
believ'd
them
also
too
generous
to
let
any
particular
Hatred
transport
them
to
the
Prejudice
of
the
Publick
.
Anthony
began
to
consider
,
that
Decimus
,
who
was
now
Governour
of
the
Hith●r
Gaul
,
might
fall
upon
him
with
a
powerful
Army
,
therefore
he
resolv'd
to
gain
what
Time
he
cou●d
,
and
endeavour
to
get
over
Decimus's
Soldiers
;
and
for
that
reason
return'd
Answer
,
That
tho'
their
Honours
and
their
Oaths
had
engag'd
'em
to
revenge
Caesar's
Death
,
and
tho'
they
thought
it
more
honourable
to
live
without
Reproach
among
a
few
good
Men
,
than
to
draw
upon
themselves
the
Miseries
due
to
Falshood
;
yet
they
were
not
obstinate
,
but
were
content
to
have
the
Senate
assembl'd
,
that
they
might
be
govern'd
by
so
many
illustrious
and
discerning
Persons
:
Which
Answer
was
receiv'd
with
much
Satisfaction
.
The
Senate
was
immediately
call'd
,
where
a
great
many
Debates
arose
,
and
several
Opinions
were
urg'd
,
which
at
last
terminated
in
this
,
That
they
had
but
two
things
to
chuse
,
either
to
declare
Caesar
a
Tyrant
,
or
that
his
Murderers
stood
in
need
of
Pardon
.
Anthony
industriously
oppos'd
the
former
,
urging
,
That
if
the
Memory
of
Caesar
were
condemn'd
,
all
his
Orders
ought
to
be
cancell'd
;
and
that
wou'd
be
in
Effect
to
proclaim
so
many
Illustrious
Men
as
he
had
rais'd
,
unworthy
of
their
Honours
;
which
,
besides
drawing
upon
themselves
the
Contempt
of
other
Nations
,
wou'd
infallibly
turn
to
the
Confusion
of
the
Common-wealth
.
After
many
violent
Heats
and
Disturbances
in
the
House
,
and
great
Tumults
at
the
Doors
,
the
Senate
at
last
pass'd
an
Act
of
Oblivion
for
all
what
was
past
,
and
ratify'd
Caesar's
Ordinances
;
with
this
Reason
enter'd
,
Because
it
was
requisite
for
the
Good
of
the
Common-wealth
.
This
Act
of
Oblivion
brought
Matters
to
a
more
peaceable
Posture
;
but
Anthony
finding
the
People
much
discontented
,
resolv'd
to
pursue
his
Revenge
upon
the
Conspirators
,
tho'
he
was
seemingly
reconcil●d
to
'em
.
The
next
Day
therefore
he
order'd
Caesar's
Will
to
be
publickly
read
before
the
Body
of
the
People
,
which
he
knew
wou'd
have
a
considerable
Influence
upon
'em
;
which
Danger
the
Conspirators
had
been
so
sensible
of
,
that
they
us'd
their
utmost
Endeavours
to
hinder
its
being
read
.
In
the
Will
it
appear'd
that
Octavius
the
Grandson
of
Iulia
,
Caesar's
Sister
,
was
adopted
to
take
upon
him
his
Name
,
and
constituted
Heir
of
three
parts
in
four
of
all
his
Estate
,
and
Pinarius
and
Pedius
of
the
other
fourth
Part.
To
the
Roman
People
he
left
the
Gardens
which
he
had
on
the
other
side
of
the
Tiber
,
and
to
every
Citizen
,
in
particular
,
a
certain
Summ
of
Money
.
Among
his
second
Heirs
,
who
were
to
inherit
in
case
of
Mortality
he
substituted
Decimus
Brutus
,
one
of
the
Conspirators
.
Several
others
also
who
had
dipp'd
their
hands
in
his
Blood
,
were
nam'd
for
Guardians
for
his
Son
,
in
case
he
had
left
one
.
These
Tokens
of
Caesar's
Goodness
,
and
his
great
Affection
for
the
People
,
began
to
move
the
Multitude
extreamly
;
but
Brutus's
being
an
Heir
provok'd
the
Indignation
of
the
whole
Assembly
.
Immediately
after
this
,
Caesar's
Body
was
brought
forth
with
extraordinary
Pomp
and
Solemnity
,
being
born
by
some
of
the
most
.
Illustrious
of
the
Senate
:
It
was
set
down
in
the
middle
of
the
Forum
,
with
a
Guard
of
Soldiers
;
in
which
Place
was
erected
a
little
Temple
of
gilded
Wood
according
to
the
Model
of
that
of
Venus
;
and
in
this
Temple
was
a
Bed
of
Ivory
,
magnificently
adorn'd
with
Curtains
of
Gold
and
Purple
Trophies
,
and
the
Robe
that
he
wore
when
he
was
assassinated
.
All
the
People
ran
hastily
to
see
this
Sight
,
weeping
and
lamenting
afresh
,
and
those
who
bore
Arms
made
deep
Complaints
,
as
if
they
demanded
Vengeance
.
Anthony
ascending
the
Place
,
began
Caesar's
Funeral
Oration
in
this
manner
;
Romans
,
tho'
I
alone
present
myself
to
celebrate
the
Memory
of
this
great
Man
,
whose
Body
you
see
thus
mangled
here
before
ye
,
yet
I
can
read
in
each
Man's
Look
the
Affections
of
his
Mind
,
and
the
Thoughts
of
his
Heart
,
which
give
nobler
Praises
than
my
Tongue
can
express
:
So
that
when
I
shall
recount
to
you
the
Extent
of
his
glorious
Actions
,
the
Variety
of
his
noble
Vertues
,
and
the
Number
of
the
deserv'd
Honours
which
the
Senate
and
you
have
conferr'd
upon
him
,
I
shall
not
be
so
much
the
Publisher
of
my
own
Sentiments
,
as
the
Interpreter
of
Yours
.
Then
he
mention'd
all
his
Titles
of
Honour
,
his
Dictatorship
,
his
several
Consulships
,
with
the
most
deserving
Name
of
Father
of
his
Country
;
from
whence
he
proceeded
to
his
Vertues
,
praising
his
generous
Courage
,
his
exquisite
Learning
,
his
free
Spirit
,
and
above
all
,
his
unbounded
Clemency
.
After
which
he
repeated
the
Oath
which
the
People
of
Rome
had
made
to
Caesar
,
by
which
they
swore
,
That
his
Person
shou'd
be
sacred
and
Inviolable
,
and
call'd
the
Gods
to
witness
that
they
wou'd
defend
it
with
the
hazard
of
their
Lives
.
But
observing
some
Alteration
in
several
of
the
Senators
,
he
concluded
with
saying
,
That
what
had
been
done
ought
rather
to
be
forgotten
,
since
it
was
the
Crime
of
some
Infernal
Spirits
,
Enemies
to
Rome
,
rather
then
Men
;
and
nothing
ought
further
to
be
thought
of
,
than
the
honouring
the
Memory
of
this
illustrious
Hero
,
and
placing
him
among
the
Immortal
Gods
.
At
the
End
of
this
Oration
,
one
of
the
principal
Attendants
,
as
if
some
Fury
had
possess'd
him
,
tore
off
Caesar's
Robe
from
the
Trophy
,
and
shew'd
it
to
the
People
,
crying
out
,
That
it
was
the
Spoil
of
a
Person
belov'd
of
the
Gods
,
and
reverenc'd
by
the
World
even
to
Adoration
.
This
and
several
other
things
he
spoke
in
a
most
moving
Tone
,
using
many
great
Outcries
and
strange
Postures
of
Sorrow
,
which
extreamly
stirr●d
up
the
People's
Compassion
.
At
the
same
time
was
expos'd
Caesar's
Image
in
Wax
,
which
mov'd
it self
by
Springs
,
and
shew'd
the
several
Wounds
which
he
had
receiv'd
upon
his
Face
and
in
his
Body
,
and
this
Sight
transported
the
People
even
to
Madness
,
and
made
'em
cry
out
,
That
they
wou'd
inflect
the
most
cruel
Punishments
,
and
execute
the
most
dreadful
Revenges
upon
the
Heads
of
all
his
Murtherers
.
Upon
the
lighting
of
the
Pile
,
all
the
old
Soldiers
who
had
serv'd
under
him
,
with
an
unexpressible
Grief
,
threw
into
the
Fire
all
their
Coronets
,
Pikes
,
Bracelets
,
and
other
Tokens
of
Honours
which
he
had
given
'em
.
A
great
many
Ladies
of
Quality
also
threw
in
their
Children's
Robes
and
Ornaments
,
with
every
thing
they
had
of
Value
about
'em
.
The
People
ran
and
tore
up
the
Benches
and
Seats
of
the
Magistrates
just
by
,
and
after
that
with
flaming
Brands
from
the
Pile
,
ran
desperately
to
set
Fire
to
the
Conspirators
Houses
;
and
meeting
with
one
Cinna
,
whom
they
mistook
for
another
of
that
Name
,
they
immediately
tore
him
in
a
thousand
Pieces
.
The
Conspirators
themselves
being
of
the
greatest
Families
,
and
well
guarded
,
with
no
great
Trouble
repuls'd
the
People
;
but
nevertheless
so
great
was
the
Rage
and
Threats
of
the
People
,
that
they
thought
it
much
more
safe
to
retire
from
the
City
.
All
the
Strangers
in
Rome
mourn'd
after
their
Customs
,
and
more
particularly
the
Iews
,
who
watch'd
several
Nights
at
Caesar's
Pile
.
At
last
Divine
Honours
were
given
him
,
and
an
Altar
erected
in
the
Place
of
his
Burning
,
where
Octavius
Caesar
,
afterwards
call'd
Augustus
,
caus'd
a
Temple
to
be
built
,
and
a
Pillar
of
Jasper
,
twenty
Foot
high
,
with
this
Inscription
,
To
the
Father
of
his
Country
.
At
the
same
time
that
Caesar
was
kill'd
,
his
Heir
and
Adopted
Son
Octavius
,
afterwards
call'd
Augustus
,
was
at
Apollonia
in
Greece
,
who
upon
the
first
News
of
the
Murther
,
notwithstanding
the
earnest
Advice
of
his
Friends
to
secure
himself
there
,
return'd
to
Rome
with
all
speed
,
with
a
full
Resolution
to
revenge
his
Death
;
not
questioning
but
to
find
Anthony
both
a
Friend
and
Assistant
in
this
Design
.
But
Anthony
now
was
so
much
chang'd
,
and
so
busily
employ'd
in
his
Projects
of
raising
and
advancing
himself
,
that
he
cou'd
hearken
but
little
to
such
a
Proposal
;
and
when
Octavius
publickly
declar'd
himself
Caesar's
Heir
,
and
demanded
his
Money
of
Anthony
,
or
at
least
some
part
of
it
,
he
receiv'd
him
with
great
Coldness
,
and
Contempt
of
his
Youth
,
refusing
to
give
him
any
upon
several
Pretences
.
Yet
neither
Anthony's
Repulses
,
nor
his
Friends
Advices
to
the
contrary
,
cou'd
stop
Octavius
from
pursuing
his
Designs
,
who
was
now
about
eighteen
Years
old
,
of
a
great
Wit
,
a
lofty
Mind
,
and
of
a
most
insinuating
Conversation
,
and
had
a
Face
so
Comely
and
Graceful
,
that
it
acquir'd
him
a
Veneration
from
all
Men.
That
he
might
be
certain
to
gain
the
People's
Hearts
,
he
sold
all
his
Inheritance
to
pay
off
the
Legacies
given
'em
by
his
Uncle
Caesar's
Will
,
which
procur'd
him
much
Love
,
and
Caesar's
old
Soldiers
flock'd
to
him
in
considerable
Numbers
,
whom
he
accepted
of
out
of
Fear
to
Anthony
,
who
daily
became
more
Suspicious
both
to
the
Senate
and
People
.
Octavius
manag'd
his
Affairs
with
so
much
Skill
and
Dexterity
,
that
those
who
before
admir'd
at
his
Boldness
of
opposing
Anthony
,
were
now
as
much
surpriz'd
at
his
extraordinary
Address
and
Authority
.
Anthony
,
on
the
other
side
,
being
sensible
of
the
passionate
Affection
the
People
had
for
Pompey
,
to
curry
Favour
,
propos'd
the
promoting
Sextus
his
only
surviving
Son
;
that
in
requital
of
his
Father's
Estate
confiscated
,
he
might
have
an
Allowance
out
of
the
Publick
,
and
the
same
Command
of
the
Seas
and
Navy
that
his
Father
formerly
had
.
This
was
receiv'd
with
great
Applause
,
and
strait
enacted
;
so
Pompey
was
call'd
back
into
Sicily
,
where
he
afterwards
manag'd
a
sharp
War
against
Octavius
.
Anthony
was
still
Restless
,
and
resolv'd
,
if
it
were
possible
,
to
procure
some
Province
to
be
assign'd
him
,
that
he
might
get
the
greater
Authority
;
and
the
Difference
daily
increasing
between
him
and
Octavius
,
he
desir'd
to
command
the
six
Legions
which
lay
in
Macedonia
,
and
obtain'd
them
by
deceiving
the
Senate
with
a
false
Rumour
,
that
the
Getae
hearing
of
Caesar's
Death
,
had
invaded
that
Province
:
And
because
the
Senate
shew'd
great
Unwillingness
to
this
Demand
,
and
more
Jealousie
of
his
Power
,
he
endeavour
d
to
satisfie
'em
,
by
preferring
a
Law
against
any
Man's
being
Dictator
for
the
future
,
and
making
it
Death
for
any
to
offer
at
it
.
These
Legions
he
design'd
to
bring
over
into
Italy
to
awe
and
command
all
;
and
the
better
to
effect
this
,
he
preferr'd
another
Law
for
changing
of
Provinces
,
and
by
that
procur'd
Macedonia
for
his
Brother
C.
Antonius
,
which
had
been
assign'd
to
M.
Brutus
,
and
the
Hither
Gaul
for
himself
,
which
had
been
allotted
to
Decimus
Brutus
.
The
Senate
wou'd
by
no
means
admit
of
this
Demand
,
but
sent
to
D.
Brutus
to
strengthen
himself
against
the
Pretensions
of
Anthony
;
which
caus'd
Anthony
to
betake
himself
to
the
People
,
where
partly
by
Force
,
and
partly
by
Bribes
,
he
obtain'd
it
.
But
still
he
was
not
altogether
so
Successful
as
he
expected
;
for
his
daily
Quarrels
with
Octavius
,
and
his
little
Care
of
revenging
Caesar's
Death
,
gain'd
him
the
Hatred
of
his
Soldiers
;
so
that
when
he
had
brought
over
his
Legions
,
two
of
'em
went
over
to
Octavius
,
who
now
was
very
busie
in
going
through
all
Italy
,
and
gathering
together
Soldiers
out
of
the
Colonies
which
his
Uncle
had
planted
.
At
length
Anthony
with
a
considerable
Army
march'd
into
Gaul
,
from
whence
he
commanded
Decimus
Brutus
to
depart
,
who
gave
Way
to
him
for
some
time
;
but
at
last
retreated
to
Mutina
,
where
Anthony
soon
after
streightly
besieg'd
him
:
And
thus
a
new
War
broke
out
in
about
three
quarters
of
a
Year
after
Caesar's
Death
.
II.
About
this
time
new
Consuls
were
made
,
Iulius
Caesar
,
as
well
as
Intimates
of
Cicero
,
the
former
of
which
serv'd
under
Caesar
,
and
gave
the
Relation
of
the
Wars
of
Aegypt
and
Africk
,
which
is
annex'd
to
his
Commentaries
.
Upon
their
Assembling
the
Senate
,
Anthony
was
declar'd
Enemy
to
the
State
,
but
especially
by
Cicero's
Means
,
who
now
had
made
many
ingenious
and
severe
Invectives
against
him
,
which
,
in
Imitation
of
Demosthenes
,
he
publish'd
under
the
Name
of
Philippicks
.
This
prov'd
of
great
Advantage
towards
the
Bringing
in
,
and
Preferring
young
Octavius
;
for
tho'
the
Senate
,
as
being
generally
of
Pompey's
Faction
,
had
little
or
no
Esteem
for
him
,
yet
they
resolv'd
to
make
Use
of
him
for
his
Army's
sake
,
and
upon
that
Account
erected
him
a
Statue
,
made
him
a
Senator
,
tho'
at
this
Age
,
decreed
that
he
shou'd
be
consider'd
as
ten
Years
older
in
respect
of
Publick
Preferment
,
and
likewise
gave
him
equal
Power
and
Authority
with
the
Consuls
themselves
,
whom
they
sent
with
all
speed
to
relieve
Decimus
now
besieg'd
by
Anthony
.
Tho'
the
Senate
had
oblig'd
Octavius
by
these
Honours
,
yet
their
promoting
and
giving
Provinces
to
all
the
Conspirators
,
much
more
displeas'd
him
;
and
a
Letter
from
Anthony
,
upbraiding
him
with
advancing
and
assisting
Caesar's
Murderers
,
gave
him
great
Scruples
;
but
concealing
his
Designs
with
a
Prudence
surpassing
his
Age
,
he
march'd
with
the
Consuls
.
The
Consuls
in
a
short
time
took
Bononia
,
and
Anthony
shortly
after
meeting
Pansa
,
overthrew
him
;
but
returning
carelesly
to
his
Camp
,
was
worsted
by
Hirtius
.
Not
many
Days
after
,
a
general
Battel
was
fought
nigh
Mutina
,
wherein
Anthony
with
much
Difficulty
,
and
great
Bloodshed
,
was
defeated
,
and
fled
to
Lepidus
,
who
then
commanded
in
the
further
Gaul
.
Both
the
Consuls
dy'd
of
their
Wounds
,
Pansa
first
advising
Octavius
to
join
with
Anthony
;
and
Decimus
being
at
this
time
spar'd
,
tho'
not
pardon'd
,
by
Octavius
,
thought
of
getting
to
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
now
in
Greece
;
but
his
Soldiers
,
not
pleas'd
with
the
Journey
,
went
over
part
to
Octavius
,
and
part
to
Anthony
;
and
himself
,
endeavouring
with
a
few
Attendants
to
pass
through
Gaul
,
was
taken
and
betray'd
at
Aquileia
by
Sequanus
Governour
of
the
Country
,
who
sent
his
Head
to
Anthony
.
This
was
the
End
of
one
of
the
chief
Conspirators
,
which
was
attended
with
the
Deaths
of
Trebonius
and
Basilius
much
about
the
same
time
;
the
former
,
excluding
Dolabella
from
Pergamus
and
Smyrna
,
by
reason
the
Senate
had
declar'd
him
an
Enemy
,
was
taken
by
him
,
and
after
grievous
Torments
,
had
his
Head
cut
off
,
which
the
Soldiers
kick'd
about
after
a
most
contemptuous
manner
;
and
the
latter
was
murder'd
by
his
own
Slaves
,
whom
before
he
had
us'd
very
severely
.
Octavius
gain'd
much
reputation
in
these
Wars
,
but
the
Senate
now
finding
little
or
no
Occasion
for
him
,
slighted
him
extreamly
,
and
decreed
all
the
Honour
that
he
had
gain'd
,
to
Decimus
,
whom
he
had
reliev'd
;
besides
,
they
gave
him
many
detracting
and
reproachful
Words
,
and
deny'd
him
a
Triumph
when
he
demanded
it
.
From
this
Moment
he
resolv'd
to
join
with
Anthony
and
Lepidus
,
sending
back
all
the
Prisoners
taken
at
the
Battel
of
Mutina
without
Ransom
;
for
since
the
Senators
were
most
against
his
Uncle
,
he
cou'd
not
revenge
his
Death
without
some
new
Assistance
;
and
at
the
same
time
that
he
wrote
to
these
two
,
he
sent
400
of
his
Soldiers
into
the
City
,
in
the
Name
of
his
Army
,
to
demand
the
Consulship
for
him
.
The
Senate
was
as
ready
to
deny
him
as
the
other
two
were
to
joyn
with
him
,
which
caus'd
Octavius
to
send
for
Anthony
and
Lepidus
into
Italy
.
The
News
of
their
Approach
,
and
at
the
Head
of
seventeen
Legions
,
so
terrify'd
and
startl'd
the
Senate
,
that
they
immediately
declar'd
Octavius
Consul
with
Pedius
;
but
upon
the
sudden
Arrival
of
some
new
Troops
,
they
as
soon
repeal'd
their
Decree
again
;
and
never
was
the
Senate
of
Rome
so
distracted
between
different
Interests
,
and
so
guilty
of
Irresolution
as
at
this
time
.
These
new
Troops
not
answering
their
Expectations
,
the
Senate
again
decreed
him
Consul
,
and
moreover
advanc●d
him
above
all
Example
:
They
decreed
that
after
his
Consulship
he
shou'd
take
Place
of
all
Consuls
,
and
tho'
formerly
they
were
displeas'd
with
his
levying
Forces
,
as
being
a
private
Man
,
now
they
desir●d
him
to
encrease
his
Army
,
and
order'd
him
the
Legions
of
Decimus
.
The
City
was
likewise
committed
to
his
Care
,
and
Power
given
him
to
act
what
he
pleas'd
,
tho'
without
the
Prescript
of
the
Laws
,
which
he
retain'd
to
his
Death
.
So
that
Octavius
now
with
no
great
Difficulty
procur'd
Laws
to
condemn
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
with
their
several
Accomplices
,
and
likewise
to
cancel
those
Decrees
made
against
Dolabella
,
and
other
of
his
Friends
.
In
a
short
time
after
Octavius's
Consulship
,
Anthony
and
Lepidus
arriv'd
in
Italy
,
where
Octavius
met
'em
nigh
Mutina
,
and
after
three
Day
Conference
,
enter'd
into
a
strict
Combination
with
them
;
in
which
it
was
agreed
,
That
Octavius
should
quit
his
Consulship
,
and
leave
the
Title
to
Ventidius
,
Anthony
'
s
great
Friend
:
That
the
Supreme
Authority
should
be
divided
between
these
three
,
which
they
should
keep
for
the
space
of
five
Years
under
the
Name
of
Triumviri
,
and
in
Quality
of
the
Reformers
of
the
Common-wealth
:
That
they
should
cause
that
Authority
to
be
confirm'd
by
the
Roman
People
:
That
Anthony
should
have
all
Gaul
,
except
Narbon
,
which
Lepidus
was
to
have
with
Spain
;
and
Octavius
should
have
Africk
with
Sicily
and
Sardinia
:
Italy
and
the
Eastern
Provinces
were
for
a
while
to
remain
in
Common
.
In
this
manner
did
these
Men
divide
the
World
between
'em
,
as
if
it
had
been
their
Inheritance
.
They
further
agreed
,
That
all
their
Enemies
should
be
destroy'd
;
and
in
this
the
Case
of
Cicero
caus'd
the
greatest
Controversie
;
for
Anthony
,
his
implacable
Enemy
,
wou'd
consent
to
nothing
till
his
Death
was
determin'd
:
Lepidus
was
content
with
it
,
but
Octavius
would
willingly
have
preserv'd
him
,
upon
the
Account
of
former
Friendship
;
yet
at
last
he
consented
,
and
for
that
Reason
Lepidus
permitted
his
Brother
Paulus
,
and
Anthony
his
Uncle
Lucius
,
to
be
likewise
proscrib'd
.
Lastly
,
it
was
agreed
,
That
Lepidus
should
be
made
Consul
for
the
following
Year
,
and
guard
Rome
and
Italy
,
while
the
other
two
manag'd
the
War
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
who
now
were
strongly
posses'd
of
Greece
and
Syria
,
and
had
lately
taken
Dolabella
in
Laodicea
,
and
beheaded
him
.
In
this
manner
was
concluded
the
Second
Triumvirate
,
the
Consequences
whereof
were
so
dreadful
,
and
which
in
effect
gave
the
last
Blow
to
the
Liberty
of
the
Roman
Common-wealth
.
It
was
concluded
on
above
a
Year
and
a
half
after
Iulius
Caesar's
Death
,
and
was
introduc'd
,
as
some
Authors
report
,
with
many
strange
Presages
and
frightful
Prodigies
.
III.
Now
was
the
City
of
Rome
in
a
very
miserable
and
deplorable
Condition
,
That
he
would
die
in
his
own
Country
which
he
had
so
often
preserv'd
.
Being
weary
both
of
his
Flight
and
his
Life
,
he
came
to
a
small
Village
a
little
above
a
Mile
from
the
Sea
.
Here
his
Servants
terrify'd
by
several
Prodigies
,
partly
by
Persuasion
,
and
partly
by
Force
,
put
him
again
into
his
Litter
,
and
were
carrying
him
back
to
the
Sea
.
But
Cicero
perceiving
those
that
came
to
apprehend
him
,
order'd
his
Litter
to
be
set
down
,
and
quietly
laid
out
his
Neck
to
Popilius
Lena
,
the
Tribune
,
whom
formerly
by
his
Eloquence
he
had
sav'd
from
Condemnation
.
Lena
cut
off
his
Head
and
Hands
,
which
he
presented
to
Anthony
,
who
cou'd
not
forbear
insulting
over
those
poor
Members
,
and
crying
out
,
That
his
Revenge
was
compleated
,
and
he
had
no
further
Occasion
for
the
Proscription
.
But
his
Wife
Fulvia's
Hatred
cou'd
not
be
confin'd
to
Words
,
for
she
pierc'd
his
Tongue
several
times
with
a
golden
Bodkin
after
a
most
spiteful
Manner
;
and
Anthony
order'd
his
Head
and
Hands
to
be
set
up
upon
the
Rostrum
,
where
the
People
cou'd
not
without
Horror
behold
those
sad
Remains
of
a
Man
who
had
so
often
Triumph'd
there
by
the
Force
and
Charms
of
his
Eloquence
.
Thus
fell
the
great
Cicero
in
the
sixty
third
Year
of
his
Age
,
A
Man
,
as
Iulius
Caesar
observes
,
that
obtain'd
a
Laurel
as
much
above
all
Triumphs
,
as
the
Enlargement
of
the
Bounds
of
the
Roman
Wit
,
was
above
that
of
the
Bounds
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
About
the
same
time
,
Quintus
,
Cicero's
Brother
,
was
slain
,
together
with
all
his
Sons
;
but
Cicero's
Sons
escap'd
,
for
he
had
some
time
before
sent
'em
to
Athens
to
be
there
educated
.
Still
the
City
was
fill'd
with
Slaughters
,
and
the
ordinary
Price
of
the
Head
of
a
Proscrib●d
Person
brought
to
the
Triumviri
,
was
100000
Sesterces
,
if
done
by
a
Free
man
,
and
haif
as
much
if
done
by
a
Slave
,
with
the
Freedom
of
the
City
.
This
corrupted
a
great
many
,
who
forgetting
both
Duty
and
Natural
Affection
,
betray'd
those
whose
Preservation
they
ought
principally
to
have
endeavour'd
.
Tho'
many
rare
and
admirable
Examples
of
the
Love
of
Wives
to
their
Husbands
,
and
of
Slaves
to
their
Masters
,
appear'd
,
yet
those
of
Children
to
their
Parents
were
less
common
.
However
,
Oppius's
Act
may
stand
for
many
,
who
,
Aeneas-like
,
carry'd
out
his
old
and
decrepid
Father
upon
his
Back
,
and
convey'd
him
to
the
Sea
,
sometimes
leading
,
and
other
times
carrying
him
,
till
they
both
escap'd
into
Sicily
;
from
whence
afterwards
upon
his
Return
,
the
People
out
of
a
just
sense
of
his
Piety
,
made
him
Aedile
,
in
which
Office
wanting
Money
to
set
out
the
usual
Games
,
the
Work-men
did
all
without
Wages
,
and
the
Spectators
inrich'd
him
by
their
Voluntary
Contributions
.
As
many
as
cou'd
escape
the
Cruelty
of
the
Proscription
,
fled
either
into
Macedonia
to
Brutus
,
or
into
Africk
to
Cornificius
,
but
the
greatest
Number
went
to
young
Pompey
in
Sicily
,
who
was
now
very
Powerful
,
especially
by
Sea
.
His
Generosity
was
at
this
time
a
very
great
Succour
to
many
Illustrious
Persons
;
he
sent
Brigantines
and
other
small
Vessels
to
all
the
Coasts
of
Italy
,
to
receive
such
as
made
their
Escape
,
and
treated
them
with
much
Kindness
and
Civility
.
The
Triumviri
having
almost
satisfy'd
their
Revenge
,
began
now
to
think
of
Money
,
which
they
very
much
wanted
to
carry
on
the
War
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
:
For
this
reason
they
drew
up
a
List
of
1400
of
the
richest
Ladies
of
Rome
,
Mothers
,
Daughters
,
or
any
Relations
of
their
Enemies
;
these
Alliances
were
far
enough
fetch'd
,
for
Riches
alone
was
sufficient
to
make
'em
guilty
in
this
Case
.
These
Ladies
assembling
themselves
,
first
went
to
the
Female
Relations
of
the
Triumviri
,
and
after
that
to
the
Palace
of
these
Magistrates
,
where
,
after
several
Repulses
,
one
of
'em
was
permitted
to
speak
,
upon
Condition
that
the
rest
wou'd
be
silent
:
This
was
Hortensia
,
the
Daughter
of
Hortensius
,
who
alone
had
been
able
to
dispute
with
Cicero
for
Eloquence
,
My
Lords
,
said
she
,
these
unhappy
Ladies
,
which
you
see
here
imploring
your
Iustice
and
Bounty
,
would
never
have
presum'd
to
appear
in
this
Place
,
had
they
not
first
made
use
of
all
possible
Means
,
which
either
their
native
Modesty
might
allow
,
or
their
best
Understandings
cou'd
inform
'em
.
Tho'
it
be
contrary
to
the
Rules
of
Decency
prescrib'd
to
our
Sex
,
which
we
have
hitherto
most
strictly
observ'd
;
yet
the
Loss
of
our
Fathers
,
of
our
Children
,
of
our
Brothers
,
and
of
our
Husbands
,
is
sufficient
to
excuse
us
;
nay
,
and
to
vindicate
●s
too
,
when
their
unhappy
Deaths
are
made
a
Pretence
for
our
further
Misfortunes
.
You
pretend
ye
have
been
affrented
,
but
what
have
the
Women
done
that
they
must
be
impoverish'd
?
if
they
are
as
blameable
as
the
rest
,
why
do
you
not
proscribe
'em
too
?
In
the
mean
time
none
of
our
Sex
have
ever
declar'd
you
your
Country's
Enemies
:
We
have
neither
plunder'd
your
Goods
,
nor
suborn'd
your
Soldiers
:
We
have
rais'd
no
Troops
against
you
,
nor
oppose
those
Honours
and
Offices
to
which
you
pretend
.
We
pretend
not
to
govern
the
Republick
,
nor
is
it
our
Ambition
which
has
drawn
the
present
Miseries
and
Misfortunes
on
our
Heads
;
Empire
,
Dignities
and
Honours
were
never
design'd
for
our
Sex
.
We
,
alas
,
have
done
nothing
to
affront
you
,
nothing
to
offend
you
,
or
so
much
as
move
you
to
this
sever●
Treatment
;
a
Treatment
which
neither
Caesar
nor
Pompey
ever
propos'd
in
their
Wars
,
nor
Marius
nor
Cinna
ever
thought
of
in
their
Cruelties
;
no
,
not
Sylla
himself
▪
who
first
set
up
Tyranny
in
Rome
;
yet
,
after
all
,
you
a●dorn
your selves
with
the
glorious
Title
of
Reformers
o●
the
State
.
This
Discourse
appear'd
so
Bold
and
Dangerous
to
the
Triumviri
,
that
they
immediately
sent
their
Ushers
to
cause
the
Ladies
to
retire
;
bu●
perceiving
the
Multitude
began
to
cry
out
agains●
such
Violence
,
they
adjourn'd
the
Affair
till
the
nex●
Day
,
and
for
the
Satisfaction
of
the
People
,
re●trench'd
the
Number
of
the
Ladies
to
400
,
but
a●
the
same
time
tax'd
above
100000
Men
,
as
well
Ci●tizens
as
Strangers
.
At
last
the
Triumviri
went
into
the
Senate
to
declare
that
the
Proscription
was
at
an
end
.
Lepidus
excus'd
himself
for
what
had
pass'd
,
assuring
the
Senators
of
a
more
moderate
Conduct
:
But
Octavius
more
politickly
said
,
He
wou'd
still
reserve
to
himself
the
Liberty
of
Punishing
such
as
were
guilty
.
After
this
,
Anthony
and
Octavius
with
all
Diligence
march'd
against
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
IV.
The
Conspirators
had
now
made
a
considerable
Progress
in
the
East
,
Ionian
Sea
.
Brutus
in
his
Letter
told
him
,
That
their
powerful
Armies
were
not
design'd
for
their
particular
Advancement
,
but
the
Liberty
of
their
Country
;
therefore
they
ought
not
so
much
to
aim
at
the
Glory
of
new
Conquests
,
as
the
Destroying
those
who
sought
the
Ruin
of
that
Liberty
.
Cassius
therefore
leaving
Syria
to
his
Brother's
Son
with
one
single
Legion
,
he
sent
a
considerable
Party
into
Cappadocia
,
which
slew
Ariobar●●nes
as
one
who
had
conspir'd
against
him
,
and
there
rais'd
vast
Summs
of
Money
.
After
many
se●ere
Exactions
,
he
came
himself
into
the
Lesser
Asia
,
and
meeting
Brutus
at
Smyrna
,
they
there
consulted
about
the
present
War
.
Brutus
mov'd
to
have
the
Armies
pass
over
into
Greece
and
Macedonia
,
and
there
meet
Octavius
and
Anthony
;
but
Cassius
so
far
prevail'd
,
as
to
have
the
Rhodians
and
Lycians
first
reduc'd
,
who
had
refus'd
to
pay
any
Contributions
,
and
were
very
powerful
at
Sea
.
Both
were
sensible
●ow
Dangerous
it
was
to
have
any
Enemies
behind
〈◊〉
,
therefore
this
Expedition
was
immediately
put
●n
Execution
,
and
in
a
short
time
compleated
,
and
extraordinary
Contributions
were
rais'd
by
that
Means
.
The
Rhodians
were
severely
plunder●d
,
and
scarce
any
thing
but
their
Lives
left
'em
;
but
the
Inhabitants
of
Xanthus
made
such
an
obstinate
Resistance
,
that
scarce
any
were
left
alive
,
for
they
burnt
their
City
and
destroy'd
themselves
with
it
.
After
the
reducing
of
these
Places
,
Brutus
and
Cassius
met
at
Sardis
,
from
whence
,
after
several
Consultations
,
they
resolv'd
to
march
against
Anthony
and
Octavius
.
Here
it
was
that
Brutus
is
reported
to
have
seen
a
Ghost
in
his
Tent
after
Midnight
.
He
ever
employ'd
the
greatest
part
of
the
Night
in
dispatching
of
Affairs
,
and
in
Reading
;
and
one
Night
being
thus
employ'd
according
to
his
Custom
,
there
was
a
general
Silence
through
all
the
Camp
,
especially
about
his
Tent
,
when
of
a
sudden
he
heard
an
unusual
Noise
at
the
Door
,
which
open'd
of
it self
at
the
same
time
.
Brutus
casting
his
Eye
towards
the
Place
,
perceiv'd
the
frightful
Figure
of
a
hideous
Spectre
,
of
a
proportion
much
more
than
Natural
,
which
presented
it self
before
him
:
He
had
notwithstanding
the
Courage
to
speak
to
it
,
demanding
,
Art
thou
a
God
,
or
art
thou
Man
,
and
for
what
Reason
camest
thou
hither
?
I
am
,
reply'd
the
Spirit
,
thy
Evil
Genius
,
Brutus
,
and
thou
shalt
see
me
again
near
Philippi
.
Brutus
very
boldly
answer'd
,
Well
I
will
see
thee
;
and
immediately
it
disappear'd
.
He
presently
call'd
up
his
Slaves
,
who
all
told
him
,
That
they
had
neither
seen
nor
heard
any
thing
.
He
continu●d
walking
all
the
rest
of
the
Night
,
and
early
in
the
Morning
went
to
give
an
Account
of
what
hapened
to
Cassius
,
who
,
being
an
Epicurean
,
told
him
,
That
all
this
proceeded
from
the
Weakness
of
his
Senses
,
and
the
Strength
of
his
Imagination
at
that
time
.
As
for
the
rest
,
continu'd
he
,
Let
us
not
believe
that
there
are
any
such
Spirits
here
,
that
have
either
Voice
,
humane
Shape
,
or
Power
over
us
;
tho'
I
could
wish
there
were
,
that
we
might
not
only
relie
upon
the
Greatness
of
our
Forces
,
but
likewise
upon
the
Assistance
of
those
Immortal
Beings
,
who
cou'd
not
but
be
favourable
to
a
Cause
so
Iust
and
Sacred
as
ours
is
.
This
Discourse
satisfy'd
Brutus
,
and
soon
after
they
pass'd
over
into
Thrace
,
and
so
to
Philippi
,
a
City
between
that
Country
and
Macedonia
,
nigh
which
the
Forces
of
the
Triumviri
were
posted
.
It
was
with
extraordinary
Fear
and
Terrour
that
all
Persons
stood
waiting
the
Success
of
these
two
powerful
Armies
,
which
were
to
decide
the
Fate
and
Fortune
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
The
Conspirators
Forces
consisted
of
19
Legions
,
and
20000
Horse
,
and
the
Triumviri
of
the
same
Number
of
Legions
,
but
much
better
compleated
,
and
of
13000
Horse
.
Brutus
and
Cassius
encamp'd
on
a
high
and
convenient
Ground
nigh
the
Sea
,
where
they
were
supply'd
with
Provisions
in
abundance
.
The
other
Party
was
much
streightned
for
want
of
Necessaries
,
having
only
Macedonia
and
Thessaly
open
to
'em
,
for
Pompey
had
cut
off
all
Communication
from
Africk
,
and
Marcus
and
Aenobarbus
from
Italy
,
by
their
several
Navies
.
This
made
Anthony
extreamly
desirous
of
coming
to
a
Battel
,
which
Cassius
being
sensible
of
,
refus'd
to
engage
,
tho'
Brutus
was
very
forward
,
saying
,
That
he
was
impatient
to
put
an
End
to
the
Miseries
of
Mankind
by
a
glorious
Victory
,
or
a
noble
Death
.
At
last
Anthony
with
great
Labour
and
Industry
,
made
a
Way
through
a
large
Fen
,
and
Cassius
threw
up
Works
against
him
,
which
with
the
Soldiers
Forwardness
,
caus'd
a
general
Battel
,
tho'
much
against
Cassius's
Will
,
who
declar'd
,
That
he
was
forc'd
,
in
the
same
manner
as
Pompey
was
,
to
expose
the
Liberty
of
the
Roman
People
to
the
Hazard
of
a
Battel
.
In
the
Morning
just
before
the
Battel
,
Cassius
ask'd
Brutus's
Opinion
of
what
they
ought
to
do
if
they
were
unsuccessful
,
and
Brutus
reply'd
,
That
he
had
formerly
in
his
Writings
condemn'd
the
Death
of
Cato
,
and
maintain'd
that
such
a
manner
of
avoiding
Disgraces
,
was
an
insolent
Attempt
against
Heaven
that
sent
'em
;
but
he
had
now
alter●d
his
Opinion
,
since
he
was
not
Master
of
his
Life
,
having
already
sacrific'd
it
to
his
Country
,
he
was
resolv'd
to
change
it
for
a
Happier
,
if
Fortune
prov'd
his
Enemy
.
Cassius
imbracing
him
,
told
him
,
Now
we
may
venture
against
the
Enemy
;
for
either
we
will
be
Conquerors
our selves
,
or
will
have
no
Cause
to
fear
those
that
are
so
.
The
Forces
of
the
Triumviri
were
commanded
by
Anthony
alone
,
Octavius
being
now
sick
;
and
both
Armies
being
drawn
up
,
Brutus's
Party
in
a
short
time
attack'd
that
of
Octavius
with
little
Order
,
but
with
so
much
Fury
,
that
at
the
first
Onset
they
overthrew
all
that
oppos'd
,
and
pressing
forward
with
great
Slaughter
,
they
enter'd
the
very
Camp
of
Octavius
,
who
had
just
retreated
to
Anthony's
.
Anthony
was
very
hotly
engag'd
with
Cassius
,
but
in
a
short
time
found
means
to
open
a
Passage
through
the
Lines
,
and
charging
Cassius's
Troops
upon
the
Flank
,
overthrew
'em
with
great
Slaughter
;
then
pursuing
the
Victory
,
he
soon
became
Master
of
his
Camp
,
which
Skill
and
Diligence
he
had
learnt
from
Iulius
Caesar.
Cassius
retir'd
to
a
Hill
not
far
off
,
expecting
the
Event
of
the
Battel
on
his
Partner's
side
,
and
by
reason
of
the
greatness
of
the
Dust
he
cou'd
not
discern
whose
Cavalry
it
was
that
made
towards
him
at
a
distance
:
He
therefore
sent
Titinius
to
make
the
Discovery
.
Titinius
was
receiv'd
with
great
Joy
by
'em
,
who
were
bringing
Tidings
of
Victory
,
but
stay'd
so
long
,
that
Cassius
fearing
Brutus
had
been
routed
,
and
his
Friend
taken
Prisoner
,
cry'd
out
,
Alas
,
to
preserve
the
Remainders
of
a
miserable
Life
,
I
have
ruin'd
my
best
Friend
:
At
these
Words
he
retir'd
into
his
Tent
,
and
kill'd
himself
,
or
caus'd
his
freed
Man
to
do
it
.
Titinius
arriv'd
immediately
after
with
the
Cavalry
,
all
rejoycing
,
but
their
Joy
was
suddenly
dash'd
,
and
Titinius
first
accusing
himself
of
Folly
and
Laziness
,
in
a
great
Rage
,
slew
himself
upon
the
Body
of
his
Friend
.
Brutus
was
extreamly
sorrowful
for
the
Death
of
his
Companion
,
whom
he
call'd
the
last
of
the
Romans
,
causing
his
Body
privately
to
be
remov'd
and
bury'd
out
of
Sight
,
lest
his
Army
shou'd
be
too
much
dejected
.
In
the
mean
time
he
told
his
Friends
,
That
he
thought
Cassius
very
happy
in
being
beyond
the
reach
of
those
Misfortunes
which
remain'd
for
them
to
suffer
.
He
for
some
little
time
kept
from
Fighting
,
epxecting
to
starve
his
Enemies
,
who
were
now
in
extream
want
of
Provisions
,
their
Fleet
being
lately
defeated
;
but
at
last
,
being
forc'd
to
it
by
the
Fear
of
a
general
Desertion
,
and
the
Eagerness
of
his
Soldiers
,
he
drew
'em
up
in
Battalia
.
It
is
reported
,
that
the
Spectre
which
he
had
seen
before
,
appear'd
to
him
again
the
Night
before
his
great
Battel
,
but
now
said
nothing
.
Whatever
melancholy
Apprehensions
he
had
upon
him
,
he
encourag'd
his
Men
as
much
as
possible
,
promising
'em
the
Liberty
of
Plundering
the
two
Cities
of
Lacedemon
and
Thessalonica
;
and
when
the
Battel
began
,
the
Eagerness
of
both
Parties
,
made
'em
throw
aside
their
missive
Weapons
,
and
betake
themselves
immediately
to
their
Swords
,
fighting
with
great
Fury
,
till
after
much
time
,
and
more
Bloodshed
,
Brutus's
Party
was
born
down
by
main
Force
,
and
intirely
defeated
.
Brutus
himself
fled
to
a
Hill
hard
by
,
and
there
remain'd
all
Night
,
and
when
in
the
Morning
he
saw
no
Way
of
escaping
,
he
began
to
cry
out
,
O
unhappy
Vertue
,
I
follow
thee
as
a
solid
Good
,
but
thou
art
only
a
meer
Notion
,
a
vain
empty
Name
,
or
at
best
a
Slave
of
Fortune
.
Yet
shortly
after
he
told
some
of
his
Friends
,
That
he
look'd
upon
himself
much
Happier
than
any
of
his
Conquerors
,
since
he
shou'd
enjoy
that
Reputation
which
always
follows
Vertue
,
and
which
Tyranny
and
Injustice
cou'd
never
deserve
.
Then
going
aside
with
a
particular
Friend
call'd
Strato
,
he
with
all
Earnestness
begg'd
of
him
,
To
shew
him
the
last
Office
of
his
Friendship
;
and
seeing
him
very
unwilling
to
perform
so
hard
a
Duty
,
he
call'd
for
a
Slave
.
Ah!
then
cry'd
Strato
,
It
shall
never
be
said
,
that
the
great
Brutus
,
in
his
last
Extremity
,
stood
in
need
of
a
Slave
for
want
of
a
Friend
;
so
turning
away
his
Head
,
he
presented
the
Sword
's
Point
to
Brutus
,
who
threw
himself
upon
it
,
and
immediately
expir'd
.
This
was
the
End
of
these
two
memorable
Persons
,
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
and
as
some
write
,
they
themselves
died
by
the
same
Weapons
with
which
they
kill'd
Caesar
,
who
had
given
'em
their
Lives
after
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
,
and
after
that
,
had
loaden
'em
with
his
greatest
Favours
;
which
Favours
some
make
use
of
to
aggravate
the
Ingratitude
,
and
others
to
magnifie
the
Justice
of
the
Act.
All
such
as
knew
themselves
guilty
of
Iulius
Caesar's
Death
,
slew
themselves
with
their
own
Hands
;
but
the
rest
rallying
themselves
,
sent
Deputies
to
Caesar
and
Anthony
for
an
honourable
Composition
,
which
the
two
Generals
frankly
allow'd
of
.
By
this
famous
Overthrow
the
Triumviri
establish'd
their
Authority
so
far
as
to
give
the
last
Blow
to
the
Liberty
of
the
Common-wealth
;
for
the
Opposition
they
met
from
Pompey
was
inconsiderable
in
respect
of
this
,
in
which
they
were
to
dispute
for
one
Half
of
the
Roman
Dominions
.
This
hapned
above
two
Years
after
Iulius
Caesar's
Death
,
and
about
half
a
Year
after
the
second
Triumvirate
,
in
the
712th
Year
of
the
City
,
and
40
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
V.
From
the
Deaths
of
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
to
the
Banishment
of
Lepidus
;
which
vary'd
the
Course
of
the
second
Triumvirate's
Power
.
Containing
the
space
of
six
Years
.
I.
As
the
last
Efforts
and
Struggles
of
a
dying
Commonwealth
are
generally
the
most
violent
,
Sylla
,
Rome
and
Italy
were
only
Sufferers
;
and
tho'
in
the
Dissentions
of
Caesar
and
Pompey
the
Troubles
were
more
General
,
yet
several
of
the
Senators
and
People
thought
they
might
well
enough
stand
Neuters
out
of
their
Respect
to
the
Common-wealth
,
which
Name
in
Appearance
was
still
reverenc'd
:
Whereas
in
these
last
Wars
the
Mask
was
wholly
laid
aside
,
and
all
things
were
carry'd
on
in
such
an
open
Manner
,
that
there
was
an
absolute
Necessity
of
Declaring
for
Liberty
or
against
it
.
But
now
all
Pretence
of
Liberty
was
utterly
ruin'd
by
the
Defeats
of
Brutus
and
Cassius
;
and
from
that
Moment
the
Triumviri
began
to
act
as
Sovereigns
,
and
to
divide
the
Roman
Dominions
between
'em
as
their
own
by
Right
of
Conquest
,
though
Lepidus
was
not
much
consider'd
by
the
other
two
,
as
either
having
no
Share
in
this
last
Battel
,
or
little
Interest
among
the
Soldiers
.
The
following
Days
after
the
Victory
,
were
employ'd
by
the
Triumviri
in
punishing
their
Enemies
;
Anthony
sacrific●d
Hortensius
to
the
Memory
of
his
Brother
Caius
;
Livius
Brutus
,
the
Father
of
that
Livia
who
was
afterwards
marryed
to
Octavius
,
kill●d
himself
in
his
Tent
;
and
Quintilius
Varus
,
adorn'd
with
all
the
Marks
of
those
Honours
he
had
born
,
caus'd
himself
to
be
slain
by
his
freed
Man
.
Octavius
upon
this
Occasion
,
appear'd
more
Cruel
than
was
agreeable
to
his
natural
Temper
;
he
sent
the
Head
of
Brutus
to
Rome
to
be
thrown
at
the
Feet
of
his
Uncle's
Statue
;
his
Ashes
were
sent
to
his
Wife
Porcia
,
Cato's
Daughter
,
who
according
to
her
Father's
and
Husband's
Example
,
it
is
said
,
kill'd
her self
,
by
swallowing
down
hot
Coals
and
Ashes
.
Octavius
forc'd
a
Senator
and
his
Son
to
draw
Lots
for
their
Lives
,
but
they
both
refus'd
it
;
the
Father
voluntarily
gave
up
himself
to
Execution
,
and
the
Son
stabb'd
himself
before
his
Face
.
To
another
that
begg'd
of
him
to
have
the
Rites
of
Burial
,
he
said
,
That
that
wou'd
s●on
be
at
the
Disposal
of
the
Ravens
.
These
bitter
Words
and
rigorous
Punishments
render'd
him
both
odious
as
well
as
terrible
to
all
the
Prisoners
who
were
brought
before
him
.
After
the
Triumviri
had
satisfy'd
their
Revenge
,
they
thought
upon
establishing
their
Authority
.
Anthony
undertook
to
go
into
Asia
to
raise
Money
for
the
Soldiers
Rewards
in
those
Provinces
that
were
Tributary
to
the
Romans
;
and
Octavius
took
upon
him
to
lead
the
old
Troops
into
Italy
,
to
put
them
in
Possession
of
the
Lands
that
were
promis'd
'em
.
Anthony
first
visited
Greece
,
as
being
the
Country
where
Flattery
was
manag'd
with
the
greatest
Delicacy
in
the
World
,
was
familiarly
present
at
the
Conferences
of
the
Philosophers
at
Athens
,
and
made
great
Presents
to
that
City
.
Then
leaving
Marcus
Censorius
to
command
in
Greece
,
he
pass'd
over
into
Asia
with
all
his
Troops
.
There
all
the
Princes
of
the
East
who
acknowledg'd
the
Roman
Power
,
came
to
make
their
Court
to
him
,
and
the
fairest
Princesses
strove
to
gain
his
Favour
,
either
by
the
Charms
of
their
Beauty
,
or
the
Magnificence
of
their
Presents
.
This
Crowd
of
Soveraigns
that
daily
waited
in
his
Anti-Chamber
,
with
their
Praises
and
Submissions
,
did
most
agreeably
sooth
his
voluptous
and
ambitious
Temper
.
He
pardon'd
all
those
of
Brutus's
Party
that
surrender'd
themselves
to
him
,
except
Petronius
and
Quintus
;
the
first
was
charg'd
with
being
one
of
the
Conspirators
,
and
the
other
with
betraying
Dolabella
in
Laodicea
.
But
then
he
took
away
the
Estates
of
several
wealthy
Citizens
to
inrich
his
Flatterers
and
Buffoons
;
and
assembling
the
Deputies
of
all
the
Subjects
and
Allies
of
the
Romans
in
those
Parts
,
in
a
set
Speech
he
insisted
upon
his
Necessities
and
their
Duties
,
and
so
squeez'd
out
of
the
Inhabitants
almost
all
that
Money
which
had
been
left
'em
by
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
After
which
he
went
a
Progress
all
over
the
Country
,
where
he
frequently
gave
extraordinary
Demonstrations
of
Generosity
and
Good-nature
.
He
pardon'd
Lucius
,
Brother
to
Cassius
,
and
several
other
of
his
Enemies
in
those
Parts
;
but
he
spar'd
none
that
had
a
Hand
in
Caesar's
Death
,
or
were
of
the
Number
of
the
Conspirators
,
so
that
never
any
Man's
Death
was
more
severely
reveng'd
than
his
.
Anthony
then
made
himself
Soveraign
Judge
of
the
Differences
between
the
Kings
of
those
Countries
,
as
in
Cappadocia
between
Ariarathes
and
Sysenes
,
for
whom
the
Beauty
of
his
Mother
Glaphyra
was
so
powerful
as
to
carry
the
Crown
from
his
Competitor
.
But
among
all
those
Soveraigns
in
the
East
which
depended
upon
the
Romans
,
none
were
of
such
Note
as
Cleopatra
Queen
of
A●gypt
,
whose
Conduct
in
these
last
Wars
had
given
her
good
Reason
to
fear
Anthony
:
For
tho'
●he
had
assisted
Dolabella
,
yet
at
the
same
time
S●rapion
her
Lieutenant
in
Cyprus
,
fought
for
Cassius
.
This
she
knew
had
not
at
all
been
pleasing
to
the
Triumviri
,
considering
what
she
ow'd
to
the
Memory
of
Iulius
Caesar
;
especially
since
the
Love
of
that
great
Man
had
been
sufficiently
known
to
all
the
World
.
Upon
which
she
resolv'd
to
meet
Anthony
,
and
try
how
much
her
Wit
and
Beauty
cou'd
plead
for
her
,
since
Reason
cou'd
do
so
little
;
as
if
she
had
been
resolv'd
to
conquer
and
triumph
over
the
Romans
in
the
Persons
of
their
Generals
.
For
besides
the
Addresses
of
Iulius
Caesar
,
she
had
receiv'd
those
of
Pompey's
eldest
Son
;
so
that
never
Beauty
was
ever
signaliz'd
with
more
illustrious
Conquests
.
She
had
such
a
high
Opinion
of
her
Charms
,
that
she
question'd
not
but
to
revive
that
Flame
in
Anthony's
Heart
,
of
which
formerly
he
had
given
her
a
Testimony
in
Aegypt
,
when
he
had
some
Command
there
.
But
above
all
,
it
was
her
Wit
that
most
supported
this
Assurance
;
for
tho'
her
Person
was
admirable
,
and
the
Brightness
of
her
Eyes
not
to
be
withstood
,
yet
there
were
some
at
Rome
that
did
not
yield
to
her
in
the
least
for
Beauty
;
but
none
cou'd
compare
with
her
for
her
agreeable
Wit
and
her
charming
Conversation
,
which
never
fail'd
both
to
please
and
to
persuade
.
These
Perfections
,
besides
her
wonderful
Accomplishments
in
Tongues
and
Learning
,
made
her
resolve
to
go
in
Person
to
Anthony
in
Cilicia
,
who
had
sent
Dellius
to
cite
her
to
give
an
Account
of
her
late
Conduct
.
Never
did
any
Princess
appear
in
a
more
singular
and
magnificent
Manner
than
Cleopatra
;
arriving
at
the
Mouth
of
the
River
Cydnus
,
she
embark'd
in
a
Vessel
whose
Stern
was
of
Gold
,
the
Sails
of
purple
Silk
,
the
Oars
of
Silver
,
which
gently
kept
time
to
a
Consort
of
excellent
Musick
.
The
Queen
was
laid
under
a
Canopy
of
rich
Cloth
of
Gold
,
adorn'd
like
Venus
rising
out
of
the
Sea
,
with
lovely
Children
about
her
like
Cupids
,
fanning
her
,
and
her
Women
habited
like
Nereids
and
Graces
,
leaning
negligently
on
the
Sides
and
Shrouds
of
the
Vessel
:
The
Sweets
that
were
burning
perfum'd
the
Banks
of
the
River
,
which
were
cover'd
with
an
infinite
Number
of
People
,
who
ran
thither
with
such
Eagerness
,
that
Anthony
,
who
was
mounted
on
a
Throne
to
make
a
Shew
of
Majesty
,
was
left
alone
,
while
the
Multitude
flock'd
to
the
River
with
extraordinary
Delight
and
Wonder
.
Anthony
in
civility
desir'd
her
to
Land
and
sup
with
him
,
but
she
immediately
desir'd
his
Company
first
,
which
he
wou'd
not
deny
for
fear
of
appearing
ill
bred
.
He
was
extreamly
surpriz'd
at
the
Neatness
and
Magnificence
of
the
Entertainment
,
and
with
the
ingenious
Placing
of
the
Lights
,
and
many
other
peculiar
Contrivances
.
The
next
Day
he
in
his
Turn
wou'd
Treat
her
,
an
endeavour'd
to
out-go
her
in
Sumptuousness
,
but
he
soon
perceiv'd
he
was
far
short
of
it
;
whereupon
he
turn'd
all
into
Mirth
and
Railery
,
which
she
joyn'd
with
,
and
carry'd
on
with
all
the
Delicacy
and
Dexterity
imaginable
;
till
at
last
,
taking
a
more
serious
Air
in
her
Discourses
,
she
told
him
,
That
she
came
not
thither
to
clear
her self
,
but
to
be
recompenc'd
for
the
great
Services
she
had
done
to
him
and
Caesar
in
assisting
Dolabella
,
in
Commanding
a
Fleet
in
Person
in
spite
of
Cassius
and
his
Commanders
,
with
many
other
things
,
which
she
related
with
that
Artifice
and
Cunning
,
and
that
Wit
and
Pleasantry
,
that
Anthony
cou'd
no
longer
defend
his
Heart
;
but
from
that
Moment
entertain'd
a
Passion
for
her
,
which
was
the
Cause
of
all
the
future
Misfortunes
of
his
Life
.
He
was
so
strucken
with
her
,
that
he
left
all
his
former
Business
and
Honourable
Employments
,
and
presently
follow'd
her
into
Aegypt
,
where
,
first
sacrificing
to
her
her
Sister
Arsione
,
he
liv'd
with
her
all
the
following
Year
in
all
the
Ease
and
Softness
to
which
his
vicious
Temper
cou'd
prompt
him
,
and
all
the
Delights
and
Pleasures
sures
with
which
that
luxurious
Nation
cou'd
furnish
him
.
II.
While
Anthony
remain'd
thus
idle
in
Aegypt
,
The
many
Disorders
rais'd
upon
these
Occasions
,
and
the
frequent
Dangers
in
which
Octavius
was
involv'd
,
gave
Anthony's
Wife
Fulvia
a
fair
Occasion
of
endeavouring
to
bring
about
her
Designs
.
Her
principal
Concern
was
the
bringing
back
of
her
Husband
,
which
she
believ'd
nothing
but
a
War
cou'd
effect
;
and
therefore
she
resolv'd
to
prosecute
those
Methods
to
which
her
Rage
and
Jealousie
did
then
prompt
her
.
Lucius
the
Brother
of
Anthony
was
then
Consul
,
and
to
him
she
principlally
apply'd
her self
,
who
out
of
Respect
to
her
who
had
been
so
great
a
Friend
to
him
,
and
out
of
a
Distaste
to
many
of
Octavius's
Proceedings
,
readily
comply'd
with
her
.
Many
plausible
Pretences
were
made
use
of
to
make
a
Breaéh
with
Octavius
,
and
such
cou'd
never
be
wanting
in
such
unsettl'd
and
troublesome
Times
as
those
.
Rome
was
now
in
great
Misery
,
and
Italy
no
less
;
Provisions
were
extream
Dear
by
reason
of
Pompey's
stopping
all
the
Passages
by
Sea
from
Abroad
,
and
at
Home
the
Troops
consum'd
all
the
Increase
of
the
Land
,
and
besides
committed
a
thousand
Disorders
in
the
Cities
,
so
that
all
Trading
was
ruin'd
,
and
the
Shops
of
most
People
shut
up
.
Lucius
made
great
use
of
these
Mischiefs
,
and
Octavius
us'd
all
means
to
quiet
the
Soldiers
,
and
pacifie
the
Country-People
,
who
were
driven
from
their
Possessions
:
He
heard
their
Complaints
,
and
promis'd
to
do
'em
Justice
,
which
much
incens'd
Anthony's
Soldiers
,
who
were
also
still
more
and
more
stirr'd
up
by
the
Arti●ices
of
Fulvia
.
Caesar
openly
complain'd
of
her
,
declaring
,
She
wholly
acted
against
the
true
Interest
and
Sentiments
of
her
Husband
;
but
she
hearken'd
to
none
but
her
Friend
Manius
,
who
persuaded
her
,
That
nothing
but
a
War
cou'd
force
Anthony
from
Cleopatra
'
s
Arms
,
and
bring
him
into
Italy
;
and
for
Lucius
,
he
had
no
other
Sentiments
but
what
were
influenc'd
by
these
two
.
These
Disturbances
began
in
Words
,
Declarations
,
Manifesto's
,
and
such
like
;
but
soon
came
to
an
open
Breach
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Care
and
Caution
of
the
most
Prudent
of
both
Parties
.
Many
ominent
Persons
were
engag'd
in
this
War
;
and
in
regard
that
Lucius
had
declar'd
against
the
Triumvirate
,
most
of
the
ancient
Owners
of
the
Lands
repair'd
to
him
,
and
the
new
Possessors
to
Octavius
and
to
Salvidienus
,
then
coming
out
of
Gaul
with
a
great
Power
.
Lucius
march'd
to
oppose
him
,
but
was
diverted
by
Agrippa
,
one
of
Octavius's
great
Friends
,
and
a
valiant
Soldier
.
Notwithstanding
the
great
Caution
of
Ventidius
and
Asinius
,
two
of
Anthony's
Commanders
,
Lucius
was
so
hemm'd
in
,
and
reduc'd
to
such
Straits
between
Caesar
and
Agrippa
,
that
he
was
constrain'd
to
retreat
to
Perusia
,
a
strong
City
of
Hetruria
,
where
he
was
closely
besieg'd
by
Octavius
and
his
Party
.
Ventidius
and
Asinius
attempted
to
relieve
the
Town
,
but
Octavius
was
so
well
posted
that
they
cou'd
not
effect
it
,
so
that
Lucius
was
in
a
short
time
reduc'd
to
great
Extremities
for
want
of
Provisions
for
so
numerous
a
Garison
.
He
made
several
bold
and
desperate
Sallies
,
but
with
no
proportionable
Success
;
till
finding
his
Soldiers
reduc'd
to
the
utmost
Miseries
of
Famine
,
he
at
last
came
out
in
Person
,
and
giving
himself
up
into
Octavius's
Hands
,
with
great
Earnes●ness
interceded
for
his
poor
Soldiers
,
and
begg'd
,
That
his
Punishment
might
atone
for
their
Crimes
.
Octavius
receiv'd
him
very
Honourably
and
with
much
Generosity
,
and
all
Lucius's
Soldiers
were
pardon'd
at
the
Desire
of
Octavius's
own
Men
,
who
cou'd
but
pity
the
Miseries
of
their
old
Companions
and
Country-men
.
The
Town
was
design'd
to
be
plunder'd
,
but
one
of
the
chief
Inhabitants
call'd
Macedonicus
,
in
a
great
Rage
set
Fire
to
his
House
,
which
consum'd
both
himself
and
the
whole
City
.
Ventidius
and
the
rest
made
no
Resistance
;
so
that
this
dangerous
War
was
ended
in
a
few
Months
time
,
Pompey
making
but
small
Advantage
of
it
;
and
Octavius
return'd
to
Rome
,
where
he
enter'd
in
Triumphant
Robes
,
and
crown'd
with
Laurel
.
Publick
Feasts
were
also
celebrated
,
and
it
was
ordain'd
,
That
whenever
any
General
hereafter
shou'd
merit
the
Honour
of
Triumph
,
and
be
crown'd
,
Caesar
shou'd
have
a
Share
in
his
Honour
.
III.
During
this
last
War
,
and
while
Octavius
was
settling
his
own
Affairs
with
all
the
Skill
and
Wisdom
of
a
most
able
Politician
,
Anthony
was
ingloriously
passing
away
his
Time
at
Alexandria
in
the
bewitching
Company
of
Cleopatra
,
and
there
fix'd
by
the
Charms
of
that
Queen
;
regarding
nothing
but
the
Enjoyment
of
those
Pleasures
she
every
Day
presented
him
with
,
in
some
new
and
delightful
Shape
.
Never
had
Woman
that
exquisite
Art
of
refining
and
heightning
of
Pleasures
by
the
Charms
of
Novelty
,
that
she
had
;
she
introduc'd
'em
in
the
most
serious
Business
,
and
even
the
most
inconsiderable
Trifles
when
manag'd
by
her
Skill
,
receiv'd
such
an
Air
as
made
'em
the
most
agreeable
Diversions
:
So
that
whether
they
play'd
,
or
treated
,
or
hunted
,
the
Queen
still
made
one
,
and
was
the
Soul
of
all
,
by
her
ingenious
intermingling
some
lively
Piece
of
Wit
,
or
by
her
unparall'd
Grace
in
relating
some
pleasant
Adventure
.
Among
the
several
sorts
of
Diversions
,
Cleopatra
had
invented
a
Society
,
which
she
call'd
,
The
inimitable
Life
,
and
those
who
made
the
most
sumptuons
Entertainments
,
carry'd
away
the
Prize
;
which
Treats
were
prodigiously
Expensive
,
as
appears
by
several
Examples
out
of
Plutarch
and
others
.
By
all
this
Variety
of
Pleasures
and
Delights
did
Cleopatra
charm
this
great
Man
,
insensibly
carrying
him
from
one
Diversion
to
another
,
and
intirely
gaining
the
Affections
of
his
Soul
;
so
that
Anthony
had
almost
forgot
the
great
Reputation
and
Glory
he
had
formerly
gain'd
by
his
Arms
,
neglected
the
Toils
and
Fatigues
of
War
,
and
was
just
ready
to
let
his
former
Glory
be
swallow'd
and
lost
in
the
more
softer
Delights
of
Love
.
In
these
Circumstances
was
Anthony
when
he
receiv'd
News
that
his
Brother
had
been
overthrown
by
Octavius
;
that
his
Wife
and
all
his
Friends
had
quitted
Italy
;
that
Octavius
had
made
himself
Master
of
Gaul
,
which
belong'd
to
him
,
and
had
got
all
the
Legions
into
his
Hands
which
quarter'd
there
.
From
another
Part
he
receiv'd
Advice
,
That
the
Parthians
,
under
Command
of
Pacorus
their
King's
Son
,
assisted
by
Labienus
and
Barzapharnes
,
had
made
themselves
Masters
of
Syria
:
That
they
had
likewise
march'd
as
far
as
Ierusulem
,
which
they
sack'd
,
and
carry'd
away
Hir●anus
the
High-Priest
and
Herod's
Brother
,
Prisoners
,
Herod
himself
having
fled
to
the
Mountains
of
Iudaea
.
These
Successes
,
so
highly
disadvantageous
to
Anthony's
Affairs
,
now
began
to
rouze
him
from
the
Lethargy
of
his
Softness
,
and
to
make
him
consider
how
much
his
Actions
were
like
to
disgrace
the
glorious
Name
of
Conquerour
;
whereupon
he
gather'd
together
200
Ships
,
and
a
considerable
Army
,
which
he
had
ready
in
those
Parts
.
His
Design
was
immediately
to
march
against
the
Parthians
,
but
the
earnest
Instances
of
his
Wife
Fulvia
,
and
his
Friends
,
oblig'd
him
to
turn
towards
Italy
.
He
went
from
Alexandria
to
Tyre
,
from
whence
passing
by
the
Isles
of
Cyprus
and
Rhod●●
,
he
arriv'd
at
Ath●ns
,
where
he
met
Fulvia
.
He
much
blam'd
her
and
his
Brother
Lucius
for
occasioning
the
late
Disorders
,
and
here
he
understood
that
Octavius
had
lately
marry'd
Scribonia
the
Sister
of
Libo
,
Pompey's
Father-in-Law
.
This
Octavius
did
to
gain
an
Alliance
with
Pompey
,
for
the
Sake
of
his
Shipping
,
not
forgetting
the
least
thing
that
might
make
for
his
Advantage
;
and
he
manag'd
all
things
with
that
Secresfie
,
Skill
,
and
Industry
,
that
the
most
piercing
Judgments
cou'd
by
no
means
penetrate
into
the
Bottom
of
this
exquisite
Politician's
Designs
.
Anthony
suspecting
Octavius's
Conduct
,
advanc'd
towards
Italy
,
without
shewing
the
least
Concern
for
Fulvia
,
whom
he
left
Sick
at
Sycion
;
which
last
Neglect
and
Scorn
finish'd
what
his
I●fidelity
had
begun
,
she
dying
soon
after
.
Anthony
crossing
the
Ionian
Sea
,
was
there
met
by
Domitius
,
who
deliver'd
up
all
his
Fleet
and
Force
to
him
;
from
whence
they
sail'd
to
Brundusium
,
where
they
were
forbidden
Entrance
by
a
Carison
plac'd
there
by
Octavius
.
This
made
such
a
Breach
between
'em
,
that
Anthony
immediately
block'd
up
the
Place
,
and
likewise
procur'd
Pompey
from
Sicily
to
invade
Italy
.
Octavius
march'd
directly
to
Brundus●●m
,
where
the
old
Soldiers
being
unwilling
to
fight
against
Anthony
,
the
Army
endeavour'd
all
Ways
to
reconcile
these
two
great
Men
,
which
Cocceius
,
Friend
to
both
,
at
length
with
much
Labour
effected
;
and
Pollio
on
Anthony's
side
,
and
Mec●●nas
on
Octavius's
,
both
eminent
Persons
,
as
Delegates
,
made
up
this
dangerous
Breach
.
All
Offences
and
Affronts
were
mutually
to
be
forgiven
,
and
a
Marriage
was
propos'd
between
Anthony
and
Octavius's
half-Sister
Octavia
,
and
Widow
of
Marcellus
,
a
Lady
of
most
extraordinary
Beauty
,
and
as
extraordinary
Vertues
and
Accomplishments
.
Tho'
Cleopatra
had
so
large
a
Share
in
Anthony's
Heart
,
yet
he
cou'd
not
without
Baseness
refuse
a
Lady
of
Octavia's
admirable
Qualities
;
and
to
avoid
all
present
Inconveniencies
,
he
marry'd
her
.
Then
a
new
Division
of
the
Roman
Empire
was
made
between
these
Commanders
,
the
Bounds
of
their
Dominions
being
Codropolis
,
a
Town
of
Illyricum
,
all
from
that
place
Westward
being
to
obey
Octavius
,
and
all
Eastward
,
Anthony
.
Africk
was
left
to
Lepidus
,
whose
Authority
declin'd
daily
,
and
who
having
offended
Octavius
,
had
been
confin'd
by
him
to
that
Province
.
According
to
this
Division
,
Anthony
sent
Ventidius
into
Asia
against
the
Parthians
;
but
the
Troubles
at
Home
seem'd
much
greater
to
both
Anthony
and
Octavius
,
who
were
now
entertain'd
with
the
sad
and
lamentable
Complaints
of
poor
People
,
ready
to
starve
for
want
of
Provisions
,
which
Pompey
hinder'd
from
coming
either
from
the
East
or
West
,
by
means
of
Sicily
,
Sardinia
,
and
Corsica
,
which
he
had
in
his
Power
,
and
from
Africk
by
his
navy
also
,
which
was
then
most
powerful
at
Sea
.
Octavius
,
by
reason
of
some
former
Affronts
,
wou'd
not
be
brought
to
any
Accommodation
with
Pompey
,
notwithstanding
the
continual
Cries
and
Prayers
of
the
Multitude
,
whose
Rage
and
Fury
at
last
came
to
that
height
,
that
he
was
nigh
being
ston'd
by
'em
,
and
Anthony
too
,
by
coming
in
to
his
Assistance
.
At
last
both
he
and
Pompey
were
so
far
persuaded
as
to
come
to
an
Enterview
;
but
the
latter
demanding
large
Privileges
for
the
proscrib'd
Persons
,
and
to
be
admitted
into
the
Power
and
Place
of
Lepidus
,
the
Treaty
was
ineffectual
.
Yet
the
pressing
Necessities
and
frequent
Mutinies
of
the
People
brought
'em
together
a
second
Time
,
where
,
among
some
other
Articles
it
was
concluded
,
That
Pompey
shou'd
retain
all
the
Islands
he
had
already
,
and
Peloponnesus
over
and
above
;
that
he
shou'd
have
the
Privilege
of
demanding
the
Consulship
in
his
Absence
,
and
of
discharging
that
Office
by
any
of
his
Friends
:
That
he
shou'd
leave
the
Sea
open
,
and
pay
the
People
what
Corn
was
due
out
of
Sicily
;
And
that
the
Proscrib'd
Persons
,
except
such
as
were
guilty
of
Caesar's
Death
,
shou'd
have
all
their
Liberty
to
return
.
And
so
a
Peace
was
concluded
to
the
great
Joy
and
Satisfaction
of
all
People
,
which
they
testify'd
by
many
publick
Games
and
Pastimes
.
IV.
Pontus
,
Pharnaces
in
Idumaea
,
Herod
in
Iudaea
,
Amintas
in
Pisidia
,
and
Polemon
in
Cilicia
.
The
City
of
Athens
he
chose
to
pass
the
Winter
in
with
Octavia
,
in
which
place
he
intirely
gave
himself
over
to
his
Pleasures
and
Diversions
,
quitting
all
the
Tokens
and
Marks
of
his
Authority
to
live
like
a
private
Person
;
and
in
his
Court
there
was
no
Business
discours'd
of
but
only
Learning
and
Philosophy
.
As
for
Pompey
,
he
seem'd
for
a
while
to
be
satisfy'd
;
but
as
the
Treaty
between
him
and
Octavius
only
regulated
their
Pretensions
,
not
their
Ambitions
,
a
Breach
was
soon
made
again
;
the
Pretences
of
which
was
,
That
Anthony
,
who
was
oblig'd
by
Articles
to
quit
Peloponnesus
,
wou'd
not
do
it
till
Pompey
had
satisfy'd
him
for
such
Moneys
as
were
due
to
him
from
the
Inhabitants
.
Pompey
wou'd
by
no
Means
hearken
to
this
,
but
immediately
fitted
out
a
new
Fleet
,
and
provided
himself
of
Forces
,
perhaps
giving
Credit
to
Menodorus
,
who
told
him
,
That
the
present
Settlement
of
Affairs
was
no
true
Peace
,
but
rather
a
Cessation
of
Arms.
He
then
renew'd
his
Cruisings
and
Pyracies
,
which
likewise
renew'd
the
former
Miseries
and
Grievances
,
and
made
the
People
cry
out
,
That
the
Matter
was
only
chang'd
from
three
Tyrants
to
four
.
But
Metrodorus
in
a
short
time
revolted
to
Caesar
,
bringing
in
with
him
Corsica
,
Sardinia
,
and
three
Legions
;
and
soon
after
Octavius
put
to
Sea
to
invade
Sicily
,
but
was
beaten
back
by
Pompey
,
and
was
in
great
Danger
of
his
Life
;
and
afterwards
his
Ships
lying
at
Anchor
,
were
extreamly
shatter'd
,
and
most
of
his
Men
cast
away
.
These
Misfortunes
oblig'd
Octavius
to
forti●y
the
Coasts
of
Italy
,
lest
Pompey
shou'd
attempt
an
Invasion
,
and
sent
to
Anthony
for
his
Assistance
:
Tho'
he
seem'd
intirely
taken
up
with
such
important
Affairs
,
he
found
some
more
agreeable
in
another
place
;
and
Livia
the
Wife
of
Tiberius
was
the
Subject
of
'em
.
The
Beauty
of
this
Woman
,
join'd
with
her
refin'd
and
dextrous
Wit
,
made
a
great
Impression
upon
his
Heart
,
which
was
much
alienated
from
Scribonia
,
whom
he
divorc'd
for
her
insupportable
Temper
;
and
either
by
his
Entreaties
or
Authority
,
he
oblig'd
Tiberius
to
yield
him
Livia
,
whom
he
marry'd
,
tho'
then
big
with
Child
,
the
Priests
all
allowing
of
it
.
Anthony
was
now
arriv'd
at
Brundusium
with
300
Sail
,
My
Lords
,
said
she
,
you
see
here
Octavia
,
a
Woman
of
the
greatest
Quality
of
the
World
,
now
ready
to
be
made
the
most
miserable
of
all
her
Sex
,
if
your
great
Care
and
Wisdom
prevent
not
these
Misfortunes
.
The
whole
Roman
People
have
fix'd
their
Eyes
on
me
,
me
the
Sister
of
Caesar
and
Wife
of
Anthony
;
if
my
ill
Destiny
shou'd
bring
these
two
to
Arms
,
you
have
the
Chance
of
Fortune
on
your
side
,
but
I
must
fall
whoever
gains
,
and
be
reduc'd
to
the
fatal
Necessity
of
losing
a
Husband
or
a
Brother
.
This
moving
Argument
,
join'd
with
the
Affection
Octavius
had
for
his
Sister
,
brought
him
to
an
Enterview
with
Anthony
,
where
extraordinary
Civility
was
shewn
to
each
other
,
all
little
Differences
were
accommodated
,
and
an
Exchange
made
as
Anthony
desir'd
;
and
because
the
time
of
the
Triumvirate
set
by
the
Senate
was
almost
expir'd
,
they
prolong'd
their
Power
for
five
Years
more
,
without
ever
regarding
the
Suffrages
of
the
Senate
or
People
.
After
this
,
Anthony
departed
once
more
for
Syria
,
leaving
Octavius
in
Italy
,
Octavius
deferring
his
Expedition
into
Sicily
till
the
following
Year
.
Octavius
determin'd
to
invade
Sicily
from
three
several
Quarters
;
Lepidus
,
who
had
now
join'd
him
,
was
to
make
a
Descent
from
Africk
,
Taurus
from
Tarentum
,
and
he
himself
from
Puteoli
.
Pompey
was
resolv'd
to
oppose
each
of
these
Commanders
,
but
at
this
time
there
needed
not
that
Care
;
for
Octavius's
Fleet
was
a
second
time
shatter'd
and
disabl'd
by
a
Storm
,
which
so
swell'd
Pompey
with
Vanity
,
that
he
styl'd
himself
Neptune's
Son
.
However
Octavius
wou'd
not
give
over
his
Enterprize
;
for
the
same
Summer
having
recruited
his
Forces
,
and
refitted
his
Navy
,
he
sent
it
out
under
the
command
of
Agrippa
,
who
first
overthrew
Pompey's
Fleet
,
then
was
again
worsted
himself
;
yet
after
that
landed
21
Legions
,
and
2000
Horse
,
besides
5000
Light-arm'd
Men.
No
great
or
memorable
Action
hapned
on
Land
;
but
Pompey
sent
to
his
Enemy
to
know
if
he
wou'd
fight
by
Sea
,
much
fearing
the
Land-Forces
.
Octavius
accepted
of
his
Offer
,
and
in
a
general
Battel
,
in
which
Agrippa
perform'd
great
Acts
,
finally
defeated
him
,
having
sunk
28
of
his
Vessels
.
The
rest
were
either
taken
or
broken
,
seventeen
only
escap'd
;
and
at
the
sight
of
this
great
Overthrow
,
all
Pompey's
Land-Forces
surrender'd
themselves
to
Octavius
,
so
that
with
his
seventeen
Vessels
,
he
fled
to
Anthony
in
Syria
,
from
whom
he
expected
Protection
,
in
requital
of
what
he
had
formerly
given
to
his
Mother
Iulia.
Messana
still
held
out
for
Pompey
,
but
the
Garison
at
last
yielded
to
Lepidus
,
and
that
brought
all
Sicily
into
subjection
.
This
Victory
,
tho'
so
advantageous
to
Octavius
,
prov'd
the
Ruine
of
Lepidus
,
who
now
having
got
22
Legions
under
his
Command
,
and
a
strong
Body
of
Cavalry
,
pleas'd
himself
with
the
ambitious
Thoughts
of
getting
all
Sicily
into
his
Hands
,
to
which
he
pretended
a
Right
,
as
first
invaded
by
him
.
Whereupon
Octavius
sent
to
him
to
complain
of
his
Proceedings
;
to
whom
Lepidus
fiercely
reply'd
,
That
Caesar
had
taken
upon
him
all
the
Authority
of
the
Triumvirate
,
when
he
had
as
much
Right
to
it
as
himself
.
At
this
Octavius
with
great
Boldness
went
alone
to
Lepidus's
Camp
,
with
no
other
Assistance
than
that
of
his
own
Merit
,
and
the
Authority
he
had
gain'd
by
his
Victories
.
The
Soldiers
of
Pompey
look'd
upon
him
with
great
Respect
,
and
drew
round
about
him
;
which
Lepidus
perceiving
,
he
hastned
thither
and
made
some
of
his
Men
charge
Octavius
,
who
presently
receiv'd
a
Hurt
by
a
Dart.
Yet
Octavius
with
a
great
Presence
of
Mind
,
went
directly
to
the
Place
where
the
Eagles
of
the
Legions
were
planted
,
and
taking
one
of
'em
,
he
advanc'd
it
in
the
Air
;
whereupon
all
the
Legionary
Soldiers
ran
in
Crouds
,
and
saluted
him
as
their
General
.
Lepidus
being
thus
abandon'd
by
his
Soldiers
,
quitted
all
the
Marks
of
his
Authority
which
he
cou'd
no
longer
keep
,
took
deep
Mourning
and
came
and
threw
himself
at
Octavius's
Feet
.
Octavius
was
much
mov'd
at
this
mortifying
Spectacle
,
to
see
a
Triumvir
,
who
had
dispos'd
of
the
Lives
of
many
noble
Persons
,
reduc'd
to
beg
his
own
;
but
he
despis'd
him
too
much
to
take
his
Life
;
and
tho'
his
Soldiers
wou'd
have
kill'd
him
,
he
sav'd
him
,
but
turn'd
him
out
of
all
his
Authority
and
Power
,
except
that
of
Pontifex
Maximus
,
and
banish'd
him
to
Cyrcaeum
.
Thus
fell
one
Head
of
the
Triumvirate
,
and
their
Authority
without
any
Competitor
,
came
wholly
into
the
Hands
of
Octavius
and
Anthony
;
which
Authority
became
almost
indisputable
by
the
Death
of
Pompey
,
who
was
shortly
after
slain
by
Anthony's
Order
in
Phrygia
,
having
first
made
several
Commotions
in
those
Parts
.
So
that
all
Civil
Wars
were
for
a
while
ended
in
the
Roman
State
,
which
fell
out
in
the
718th
Year
of
the
City
,
and
the
7th
of
the
Second
Triumvirate
,
about
8
Years
after
Iulius
Caesar's
Death
,
and
34
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
VI.
From
the
Banishment
of
Lepidus
,
to
the
Death
of
Anthony
;
which
made
Way
for
Octavius's
Absolute
Authority
,
and
was
the
last
Step
to
the
Imperial
State
.
Containing
the
space
of
six
Years
.
I.
ROME
now
began
to
take
Breath
after
so
many
Domestick
Broils
,
That
he
there
sacrific'd
all
his
private
Resentments
to
the
Good
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
design'd
to
give
up
his
Authority
as
soon
as
Anthony
shou'd
return
from
the
Parthian
Expedition
.
The
People
applauded
him
beyond
Example
,
and
to
shew
that
they
ever
desir'd
to
obey
him
,
they
chose
him
Tribune
for
his
Life
;
and
by
this
they
likewise
thought
to
oblige
him
to
quit
the
odious
Dignity
of
Triumvir
.
Octavius
willingly
accepted
of
the
perpetual
Tribuneship
,
but
deferred
the
Suppression
of
the
Triumvirate
till
Anthony's
Return
,
and
sent
Bibulus
to
communicate
his
Design
to
him
;
and
after
he
had
dispos'd
of
the
Government
of
the
Provinces
,
he
march'd
against
the
Illyrians
.
It
was
believ'd
,
that
the
Death
of
Pompey
wou'd
have
establish'd
a
Peace
through
all
the
World
;
Phoenicia
,
Coelo-Syria
,
and
Cyprus
,
with
a
great
part
of
Cilicia
,
Arabia
,
and
Iudaea
;
which
much
displeas'd
the
Roman
People
,
who
daily
publish'd
scurrilous
Discourses
of
Anthony's
Prodigality
.
Anthony
being
inform'd
of
these
Libels
by
his
Friends
from
Rome
,
immediately
publish'd
an
Apology
,
wherein
he
affirm'd
,
That
the
Grandeur
of
the
Roman
Empire
was
never
so
conspicuous
for
the
Conquests
made
,
as
for
the
Liberality
practis'd
in
bestowing
the
conquer'd
Provinces
:
That
true
Nobility
was
inlarg'd
and
multiply'd
by
the
numerous
Posterity
that
Soveraign
Princes
left
in
several
Parts
of
the
World
;
and
that
was
the
Motive
that
induc'd
Hercules
,
from
whom
he
deriv'd
his
Birth
,
not
to
subject
himself
to
the
single
Tye
of
one
Wife
,
but
to
leave
the
Foundation
of
several
illustrious
Races
in
all
Parts
,
where
he
extended
his
glorious
Conquests
.
These
false
Reasonings
which
were
design'd
to
justifie
his
Passion
,
prov'd
more
injurious
to
him
,
and
made
him
appear
odious
to
the
Romans
,
who
made
Profession
of
a
much
stricter
Morality
.
Anthony
besides
had
march'd
against
the
Parthians
with
a
mighty
Power
,
which
made
the
East
tremble
,
but
with
very
ill
Success
;
for
at
the
Beginning
the
Enemy
slew
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
and
entirely
defeated
two
Legions
,
and
even
he
himself
was
reduc'd
to
such
Extremities
,
that
he
often
despair'd
of
his
own
Safety
.
At
last
after
the
Loss
of
the
fourth
Part
of
his
Troops
,
and
all
his
Baggage
,
he
sav'd
himself
in
Armenia
,
by
the
Advice
of
a
Roman
who
had
been
Prisoner
among
the
Part●ians
ever
since
the
Death
of
Crassus
.
Tho'
Anthony
in
this
War
behav'd
himself
with
his
usual
Bravery
,
yet
the
great
Loss
and
shameful
Retreat
of
such
a
General
as
he
,
who
in
all
probability
was
once
able
to
have
conquer'd
his
Enemies
,
extreamly
diminish'd
his
former
Reputation
:
And
what
was
still
more
disadvantageous
to
him
,
was
the
general
Belief
that
these
Misfortunes
were
owing
to
his
Passion
for
Cleopatra
,
which
had
caus'd
him
to
take
no
Measures
aright
,
but
such
as
shou'd
hasten
his
Return
to
her
.
But
what
principally
enrag'd
the
Romans
was
,
the
taking
Artabazus
,
King
of
Armenia
,
whom
Anthony
led
in
Triumph
into
Alexandria
.
This
Rome
cou'd
by
no
means
bear
,
that
a
Roman
General
shou'd
impart
such
a
peculiar
Honour
to
a
Foreign
Nation
,
and
that
she
shou'd
be
depriv'd
of
the
Glory
of
insulting
over
vanquish'd
Kings
,
which
for
so
many
Years
she
had
enjoy'd
.
All
these
Faults
of
Anthony
,
Caesar
made
Advantage
of
,
and
above
all
exaggerated
the
little
Value
he
had
for
his
Country
:
And
when
he
found
the
People
sufficiently
exasperated
against
him
,
he
resolv'd
to
send
Octavia
to
her
Husband
,
that
he
might
have
a
plausible
Pretence
to
declare
War
against
him
,
if
he
shou'd
Offer
her
the
Affront
of
sending
her
back
without
seeing
her
.
Anthony
was
now
at
Leucopolis
,
between
Tyre
and
Sidon
,
where
he
stay'd
with
an
Impatience
he
was
not
able
to
conceal
,
frequently
leaving
the
Table
to
run
to
the
Sea-side
himself
,
to
see
if
the
Queen
were
coming
.
At
last
she
came
with
great
Quantity
of
Cloathing
for
her
Soldiers
,
and
a
vast
Summ
of
Money
;
at
least
Anthony
gave
her
the
Honour
of
it
when
he
distributed
it
.
Almost
at
the
same
time
Niger
arriv'd
from
Octavia
,
who
staid
at
Athens
,
from
whence
she
sent
her
Husband
word
that
she
had
brought
him
Clothes
and
Arms
,
Horses
and
Presents
for
his
Officers
,
and
2000
chosen
Soldiers
well
arm'd
.
This
was
very
unwelcom
News
to
Cleopatra
,
who
fearing
she
cou'd
not
prevail
against
so
powerful
a
Rival
when
she
appear'd
,
immediately
feign'd
a
deep
Melancholy
,
abstaining
from
Food
to
make
her self
lean
;
and
when
she
was
near
Anthony
,
she
beheld
him
with
languishing
Eyes
,
and
a
despairing
Countenance
like
one
besides
her self
with
Love
;
She
let
fall
Tears
in
his
Presence
,
and
turn'd
away
her
Face
,
as
if
she
desir'd
to
hide
from
him
those
Marks
of
her
Grief
.
These
Artifices
,
together
with
the
smooth
and
cunning
Flatteries
of
Cleopatra's
Friends
,
prevail'd
so
much
upon
Anthony's
Weakness
,
that
they
quite
turn'd
his
Thoughts
in
favour
of
his
Mistress
.
He
broke
off
his
honourable
Enterprize
against
the
Parthians
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Instances
of
the
King
of
Media
,
who
offer'd
to
join
with
him
,
and
oppose
that
People
with
his
Cavalry
accustom'd
to
their
Way
of
Fighting
.
He
only
contented
himself
to
make
a
Match
between
one
of
his
Sons
he
had
by
Cleopatra
and
a
Daughter
of
that
King
;
and
after
he
had
sent
to
Octavius
to
return
to
Rome
,
he
waited
on
Cleopatra
to
Aegypt
.
Here
Anthony
began
to
show
himself
more
luxurious
and
extravagant
than
ever
,
erecting
a
stately
Throne
of
Silver
in
the
most
publick
Place
in
Alexandria
,
upon
which
were
two
Seats
of
Gold
,
one
for
himself
and
the
other
for
Cleopatra
.
There
Anthony
dress'd
like
Bacchus
,
and
Cleopatra
like
Isis
,
were
seated
;
and
in
the
presence
of
all
the
People
he
declar'd
her
Queen
of
Aegypt
,
Cyprus
,
Lydia
,
and
Lower
Syria
,
associating
with
her
Caesaria
,
the
Son
she
had
by
Iulius
Caesar.
To
the
Children
he
had
by
her
he
gave
the
Title
of
King
of
Kings
;
and
for
their
Dominions
,
to
Alexander
the
eldest
he
allotted
Armenia
,
Media
,
and
Parthia
,
which
he
pretended
he
wou'd
conquer
in
a
little
time
;
and
to
Ptolemy
the
younger
,
Phoenicia
,
Upper
Syria
,
and
Cilicia
;
and
all
things
were
perform'd
with
the
greatest
Pomp●
and
Solemnity
imaginable
.
Anthony
was
still
carry'd
away
with
new
Pleasures
and
Delights
by
Cleopatra
,
and
the
Delicacy
and
Profuseness
of
their
Treats
still
daily
encreas'd
,
till
at
last
the
Queen
promis'd
him
upon
a
Wager
to
give
him
a
Treat
of
60000
Pound
value
of
our
Money
.
In
this
Treat
was
serv'd
up
a
golden
Cup
with
a
very
strong
dissolving
Vinegar
,
in
which
Cleopatra
put
one
of
her
Pendants
,
which
was
a
Pearl
of
an
inestimable
value
,
and
immediately
drank
it
off
.
Plancus
,
who
was
to
judge
of
the
Wager
,
immediately
secur'd
the
other
Pendant
which
she
was
then
taking
off
,
and
gave
judgment
that
she
had
already
won
the
Wager
;
and
Anthony
himself
was
extremely
troubl'd
for
the
Loss
of
such
a
Jewel
.
The
remaining
Pearl
,
after
the
Death
of
Cleopatra
,
came
into
the
Hands
of
Caesar
,
who
caus'd
it
to
be
cut
asunder
,
and
made
it
into
two
Pendants
for
the
Image
of
Venus
,
which
he
thought
gloriously
adorn'd
with
half
of
this
prodigal
Queen's
Supper
.
II.
Octavius
was
now
much
provok'd
by
Anthony's
Actions
,
That
her
Interest
ought
not
to
oblige
Caesar
to
declare
himself
Anthony's
Enemy
,
since
it
wou'd
be
a
shameful
thing
to
have
it
reported
in
future
Ages
,
that
the
Love
of
one
Woman
,
and
the
Iealousie
of
another
,
had
caus'd
the
two
Governours
of
the
greatest
Empire
of
the
World
to
plunge
it
into
the
Miseries
of
a
Civil
War
.
Her
great
Generosity
,
her
mild
Behaviour
,
together
with
the
Love
and
respect
to
her
Husband
,
still
further
incens'd
the
People
against
Anthony
,
for
his
ill
Usage
of
a
Lady
of
that
extraordinary
Merit
.
Octavius
at
last
resolv'd
to
declare
War
against
Anthony
,
but
deferr'd
for
a
while
,
being
employ'd
all
this
Year
against
several
People
of
Illyricum
;
at
which
same
time
Anthony
also
left
Aegypt
and
went
into
Media
,
where
he
enter'd
into
a
League
with
that
King
.
The
following
Year
Octavius
chiefly
employ'd
in
Preparations
against
Anthony
,
who
was
now
so
sensible
of
Octavius's
Designs
,
that
he
sent
to
Rome
to
complain
of
Octavius's
Conduct
;
alledging
,
That
he
had
seiz'd
upon
Sicily
,
without
affording
him
a
Share
;
that
he
had
dispossess'd
Lepidus
,
and
kept
all
his
Governments
to
himself
;
and
that
he
had
divided
all
Italy
among
his
own
Soldiers
,
and
reserv'd
nothing
for
his
in
Asia
.
Octavius
made
Answer
to
these
Accusations
,
That
Lepidus
'
s
Conduct
had
oblig'd
him
to
remove
him
;
that
as
for
the
Conquests
he
had
made
,
Anthony
shou'd
have
a
Share
,
when
he
had
divided
Armenia
which
he
had
conquer'd
;
and
as
for
Anthony
'
s
Soldiers
,
that
it
was
not
likely
that
they
wou'd
value
a
few
pitiful
Lands
in
Italy
,
after
they
had
conquer'd
all
Media
and
the
Empire
of
the
Parthians
by
the
mighty
Exploits
they
had
done
in
following
their
General
.
Anthony
was
so
inrag'd
at
this
Jeer
,
that
he
order'd
Canidius
,
who
commanded
his
Army
,
to
march
without
intermission
with
16
Legions
to
pass
over
into
Europe
,
and
he
himself
with
Cleopatra
came
to
Ephesus
,
where
his
Lieutenants
had
gather'd
together
800
Vessels
,
of
which
Cleopatra
furnish'd
200
with
20000
Talents
,
and
Privisions
for
all
his
Forces
.
Anthony
,
by
the
Advice
of
Domitius
,
resolv'd
to
send
back
Cleopatra
into
Aegypt
till
the
War
was
ended
;
but
she
fearing
lest
Octavia
shou'd
take
an
Advantage
of
her
Absence
,
and
make
her
Peace
,
by
large
Presents
gain'd
Canidius
to
represent
to
Anthony
a
great
Number
of
Inconveniencies
that
her
Departure
wou'd
occasion
;
particularly
,
the
depriving
him
of
the
Assistance
of
the
Aegyptians
,
who
were
the
best
Part
of
his
Navy
.
These
Counsels
,
and
her
own
cunning
Insinuations
,
so
far
prevail'd
upon
Anthony's
deprav●d
Temper
,
that
he
consented
to
her
Stay
.
Anthony
and
Cleopatra
went
both
to
Samos
,
where
,
for
Preparation
for
so
great
an
Enterprize
,
they
began
with
all
the
Diversions
and
Pleasures
that
cou'd
be
invented
.
Never
were
any
Man's
Cares
so
pleasantly
divided
as
Anthony's
;
on
one
side
all
the
Kings
,
Princes
and
Potentates
from
Aegypt
to
the
Euxine
Sea
,
and
from
Armenia
to
Illyricum
,
had
Orders
to
send
Arms
,
Provisions
and
Soldiers
to
Samos
;
on
the
other
,
all
the
Comedians
,
Dancers
,
Musicians
,
and
Buffoons
were
oblig'd
to
repair
to
this
Isle
:
So
that
frequently
when
a
Ship
was
thought
to
come
laden
with
Soldiers
,
Arms
and
Ammunition
,
it
prov'd
to
be
full
of
Players
,
Scenes
and
Machines
;
and
while
all
the
rest
of
the
World
was
in
extream
Misery
and
Desolation
,
Joy
and
all
kind
of
Pleasure
reign'd
here
,
as
if
they
had
all
made
choice
of
this
Place
to
retire
to
.
But
how
Magnificent
soever
their
Entertainments
were
,
Anthony's
Fear
and
Jealousie
had
so
fowr'd
his
Temper
,
that
he
began
to
suspect
Cleopatra
her
helf
,
and
wou'd
eat
nothing
without
a
Taster
.
But
Cleopatra
by
her
dextrous
Management
,
by
several
Instances
soon
let
him
see
,
That
he
cou'd
have
no
Guard
against
her
Address
,
were
not
her
Heart
interess'd
in
his
Preservation
;
which
made
Anthony
leave
off
his
troublesome
Precautions
,
which
he
found
useless
against
the
Arts
of
a
Woman
,
who
cou'd
so
skilfully
mingle
inevitable
Snares
of
Death
among
her
Pleasures
.
Every
City
of
Anthony's
Empire
had
a
Share
in
his
Sacrifices
,
and
sent
an
Ox
thither
to
be
offer'd
,
and
the
Kings
who
accompany'd
him
,
contended
who
shou'd
make
the
noblest
Entertainments
,
so
that
it
gave
Occasion
to
one
to
ask
,
What
Rejoycings
they
would
make
for
a
Victory
,
who
made
such
magnificent
Treats
before
a
dangerous
War
?
The
Stay
Anthony
made
at
Samos
was
very
favourable
to
Octavius
,
who
cou'd
make
but
small
Provision
for
War
,
by
reason
of
the
Discontents
of
all
the
Italian
Cities
,
occasion'd
by
the
severe
Impositions
laid
upon
'em
,
and
augmented
by
the
News
of
Anthony's
Approach
with
such
formidable
Forces
.
But
when
they
saw
that
Anthony's
Preparations
serv'd
chiefly
to
fill
the
Publick
Places
and
Theatres
of
Samos
,
Octavius
found
Means
to
appease
'em
,
and
to
put
himself
in
a
Posture
of
Disputing
the
Empire
with
Forces
equal
to
his
Enemies
.
Still
Anthony
began
to
grow
more
odious
to
the
Roman
People
;
for
having
brought
Cleopatra
to
Athens
,
and
there
honouring
her
beyond
any
Mortal
before
her
,
he
sent
to
Rome
with
Orders
to
Octavia
to
leave
his
House
,
with
all
her
Children
.
Octavia
readily
obey'd
these
unjust
Orders
,
without
Murmuring
,
only
lamenting
her
hard
Fate
,
because
she
was
made
to
serve
for
a
Pretence
to
a
War
,
whose
Consequences
must
needs
be
fatal
to
her
.
Several
of
Anthony's
Friends
not
being
able
any
longer
to
bear
with
his
Disorders
,
abandon'd
him
,
and
Octavius
having
got
Anthony's
Will
into
his
Hands
,
found
new
Matter
to
complain
of
to
the
Senate
and
People
,
which
was
Anthony's
ordering
,
That
if
he
dy'd
in
Rome
,
his
Body
shou'd
be
carry'd
in
funeral
Pomp
through
the
principal
Places
of
the
City
,
and
then
sent
into
Aegypt
to
Cleopatra
.
To
this
a
Report
was
added
,
That
Anthony
design'd
to
give
Rome
to
Cleopatra
,
if
his
Arms
were
prosperous
,
and
to
transferr
the
Seat
of
the
Empire
into
Aegypt
;
so
that
notwithstanding
all
the
Care
of
the
more
prudent
Sort
,
and
all
their
Endeavours
to
reconcile
these
two
great
Men
,
it
plainly
appear'd
,
that
nothing
but
the
Sword
could
decide
the
present
Controversie
.
III.
As
soon
as
Octavius
found
himself
in
a
good
Condition
to
carry
on
the
War
,
was
now
no
longer
Master
of
his
own
Will
,
since
Cleopatra
,
with
her
Philtres
had
taken
away
the
use
of
his
Reason
;
so
that
he
was
not
to
be
esteem'd
as
a
Person
engag'd
in
this
War
,
which
was
only
manag'd
by
Mardion
her
Eunuch
,
and
Iras
and
Charmia
her
Women
,
who
were
all
his
Governours
.
All
Anthony's
Followers
were
invited
over
with
great
Promises
of
Rewards
,
but
not
declar'd
Enemies
,
partly
to
prevent
their
growing
Desperate
,
and
partly
to
render
Anthony
more
inexcusable
in
making
War
against
his
Country
,
only
for
the
sake
of
an
Aegyptian
Woman
.
The
Forces
of
these
two
Generals
were
answerable
to
the
Empire
they
contended
for
,
one
drawing
all
the
East
,
and
the
other
the
West
to
his
Party
.
All
the
several
Kings
of
Asia
that
were
Allies
of
the
Romans
,
follow'd
the
Fortune
of
Anthony
;
some
by
their
Persons
,
and
others
by
their
Troops
alone
;
all
which
,
with
Anthony's
Forces
,
compos'd
an
Army
of
100000
Foot
and
12000
Horse
,
and
his
Fleet
consisted
of
500
Ships
of
War
,
whereof
many
were
of
the
largest
Bulk
.
Octavius
in
his
Party
had
no
Foreign
Princes
,
and
his
Army
amounted
to
no
more
than
80000
Foot
,
but
was
as
strong
in
Cavalry
as
his
Enemy's
:
In
his
Fleet
were
250
Vessels
,
but
all
Light
,
better
Mann'd
,
and
more
convenient
than
Anthony's
.
This
Year
,
by
reason
of
Anthony's
recalling
his
Troops
out
of
Media
from
the
Protection
of
that
Country
,
the
Parthians
became
Masters
of
it
,
and
Armenia
was
likewise
lost
.
The
two
great
Men
being
now
in
readiness
for
Action
,
of
the
famous
Feasts
of
the
twelve
Gods
,
where
he
and
his
other
Guests
represented
the
Deities
they
ador'd
.
To
which
he
added
,
His
prepostrous
Match
with
Livia
,
and
his
infamous
Divorce
of
Scribonia
,
for
not
bearing
the
Insolence
of
that
new
Mistress
;
and
all
the
Roman
Ladies
that
Octavius
had
any
great
Familiarity
with
,
were
brought
upon
the
Stage
.
He
proceeded
likewise
to
tax
Octavius
with
Cowardice
at
the
Battels
of
Mutina
and
Sicily
;
whereupon
Octavius
wrote
to
him
,
That
it
was
childish
to
fight
any
longer
with
the
Pen
,
but
if
he
wou'd
approach
at
the
Head
of
his
Army
,
he
shou'd
have
Ports
in
Italy
to
land
without
Molestation
;
that
he
wou'd
draw
his
Troops
so
far
from
the
Sea
,
that
Anthony
shou'd
want
no
room
for
Encamping
,
and
putting
his
Men
in
Battalia
.
To
make
return
to
this
Bravade
,
Anthony
,
tho'
he
were
much
the
older
,
challeng'd
Octavius
to
fight
a
single
Combat
,
or
if
he
pleas'd
,
he
wou'd
give
him
Battel
in
the
Plains
of
Pharsalia
,
where
the
great
Caesar
and
Pompey
had
formerly
decided
their
famous
Differences
.
Anthony
was
now
at
Actium
,
a
Town
on
the
Coasts
of
Epirus
,
at
the
Entrance
of
the
Gulf
of
Ambracia
;
and
while
he
lay
there
without
Action
,
Octavius
pass'd
over
from
Brundusium
,
and
surpriz'd
Toryne
,
a
City
nigh
Actium
.
This
Exploit
amaz'd
Anthony's
Soldiers
,
because
his
Legions
were
not
yet
arriv●d
;
but
Cleopatra
,
to
re-assure
'em
,
made
slight
of
it
,
and
in
a
jesting
Way
said
,
what
Damage
is
it
for
Octavius
to
take
the
Scummer
?
alluding
to
the
Word
Toryne
,
which
signifies
a
Scummer
;
as
if
the
Danger
had
been
no
greater
than
the
taking
of
a
Dinner
.
Anthony
had
brought
all
his
Ships
into
the
Gulf
,
whither
Octavius
the
next
Day
after
the
taking
of
Toryne
came
forward
,
and
offer'd
him
Battel
.
Anthony's
Vessels
were
very
ill
Mann'd
,
however
he
drew
'em
into
a
fighting
Posture
,
with
their
Oars
a-peek
,
as
if
he
intended
to
bear
down
upon
the
Enemy
;
but
Octavius
durst
not
engage
him
in
that
narrow
Passage
,
and
therefore
stood
off
to
Sea
;
the
other
refus'd
to
follow
,
but
as
he
perfectly
knew
the
Country
thereabouts
,
he
cut
off
the
Water
from
Octavius's
Camp
on
every
side
,
which
much
distress'd
his
Army
.
But
the
Success
of
Agrippa
in
taking
Leucadia
,
Petras
,
and
Corinth
,
about
this
time
,
much
reviv'd
the
Soldiers
,
and
likewise
occasion'd
Amintas
,
Deiotarus
,
and
Demitius
to
go
over
to
Octavius
.
To
the
latter
of
these
,
Anthony
,
according
to
his
natural
Generosity
,
sent
his
People
and
all
his
Equipage
,
which
so
sensibly
touch●d
Domitius
,
who
was
Sick
already
,
that
he
was
not
able
to
outlive
the
Grief
of
abandoning
a
Man
who
thus
by
Kindness
only
had
reveng'd
his
Perfidiousness
.
In
the
mean
time
Canidius
arriv'd
with
the
Legions
,
who
now
began
to
change
his
Mind
concerning
Cleopatra
,
desiring
Anthony
,
To
send
her
back
,
and
go
himself
into
Macedonia
,
where
he
might
fight
by
Land
with
so
much
more
Advantage
,
because
Dicomes
,
King
of
the
Getes
,
had
promis'd
him
a
powerful
Assistance
:
He
farther
told
Anthony
,
That
it
would
be
a
renouncing
both
Sence
and
Reason
to
put
a
Victory
to
the
Hazard
of
the
Seas
and
Winds
,
which
they
were
certain
of
at
Land
,
by
the
Valour
and
Experience
of
their
General
,
who
,
to
this
Day
,
had
kept
up
the
Title
of
Invincible
;
and
by
the
Hearts
and
Courages
of
their
Soldiers
,
who
had
been
try'd
in
so
many
great
Dangers
.
Anthony
was
much
inclin'd
to
follow
this
Advice
,
but
Cleopatra
,
whose
Words
were
Oracles
,
byass'd
him
the
other
Way
,
and
oblig'd
him
against
his
Will
to
hazard
both
his
Empire
and
Life
in
a
Sea-Fight
;
and
this
,
only
that
she
might
escape
with
more
ease
,
if
Anthony
should
lose
the
Day
.
Anthony
had
now
resolv'd
to
fight
by
Sea
,
and
while
he
was
putting
his
Fleet
in
Order
of
Battel
,
a
brave
old
Soldier
,
all
cover'd
with
Scars
,
spoke
thus
to
him
aloud
,
My
noble
General
,
do
you
despise
this
good
Sword
,
and
this
old
Arm
,
which
all
my
Wounds
cou'd
ne'er
yet
weaken
,
that
you
shou'd
put
your
Confidence
in
brittle
Boats
and
rotten
Wood
?
Leave
the
Water
to
the
Aegyptians
and
Phoenicians
,
People
born
and
nurst
up
in
that
Element
,
but
leave
us
Romans
to
the
firm
Land
,
where
we
may
boldly
meet
Death
,
and
fall
like
Men.
Anthony
answer'd
nothing
,
only
by
the
Motion
of
his
Head
seem'd
to
incourage
him
,
tho'
he
himself
was
not
well
satisfy'd
;
for
when
his
Officers
propos'd
taking
away
the
Sails
,
he
oppos'd
it
,
alledging
,
That
he
wou'd
have
none
of
the
Enemy
escape
.
That
Day
,
and
the
three
following
,
the
Sea
was
so
rough
they
cou'd
not
engage
,
but
on
the
fifth
,
the
two
Fleets
advanc'd
towards
each
other
in
good
Order
.
Anthony
in
his
Brigantine
went
about
encouraging
his
Men
with
the
Remembrance
of
the
many
Victories
they
had
gain'd
under
his
Conduct
,
telling
'em
besides
,
That
the
Largeness
of
their
Vessels
gave
'em
Opportunity
of
fighting
as
firmly
,
and
with
as
much
Assurance
as
on
dry
Land
;
and
that
this
Day
as
he
expected
the
Empire
of
the
World
from
their
Valour
,
so
they
might
expect
Rewards
answerable
to
so
noble
a
Conquest
.
Octavius
on
his
Side
gave
no
less
Hopes
to
his
Soldiers
,
especially
since
they
seem'd
fearful
of
the
Enemies
Fleet
;
and
among
other
things
,
said
,
The
Enemies
Vessels
are
laden
indeed
,
but
not
Mann'd
;
and
if
they
exceed
us
in
Multitudes
of
Men
,
we
surpass
them
in
Number
of
Soldiers
.
Be
therefore
now
,
as
ye
,
have
ever
been
,
Conquerors
;
to
speak
more
were
to
detain
you
from
Victory
,
only
call
to
Mind
your
ancient
Valcur
;
and
remember
that
I
am
Caesar
,
and
you
Romans
.
It
was
both
a
noble
and
a
terrible
Sight
,
to
see
the
Shore
on
one
side
o'erspread
with
200000
fighting
Men
,
and
the
Sea
cover'd
on
the
other
with
an
incredible
Number
of
Vessels
fill'd
with
Soldiers
.
Nor
was
the
Battel
less
remarkable
,
which
began
on
both
Sides
with
great
Courage
and
Bravery
,
and
so
continu'd
for
a
considerable
Time
;
when
Cleopatra
,
weary'd
with
Expectation
,
or
overcome
with
Fear
,
unexpectedly
tack'd
about
,
and
fled
toward
Peloponnesus
with
sixty
Sail.
And
what
was
still
more
surprizing
,
Anthony
himself
,
who
had
formerly
shewn
so
many
eminent
Marks
of
his
Valour
,
now
forgot
the
Care
of
his
Honour
and
Safety
,
and
fled
after
her
,
playing
the
Part
of
a
cowardly
Soldier
,
while
each
of
his
Soldiers
perform'd
the
Office
of
a
courageous
General
.
Thus
Anthony
abandon'd
his
Men
that
so
generously
expos'd
their
Lives
for
his
Interest
;
and
getting
into
Cleopatra's
Galley
,
he
sat
for
a
long
Time
by
himself
in
a
confus'd
Melancholly
Posture
,
without
so
much
as
seeing
the
Queen
,
tho'
he
had
follow'd
her
without
any
apparent
Reason
but
the
Thoughts
of
her
Absence
.
The
Battel
,
notwithstanding
,
continu'd
with
great
Obstinacy
till
five
in
the
Evening
,
when
Anthony's
Forces
were
partly
constrain'd
by
the
great
Conduct
of
Agrippa
,
and
partly
persuaded
by
the
obliging
Promises
of
Octavius
,
to
submit
;
and
herein
Octavius's
Clemency
did
much
efface
the
Memorry
of
the
Battel
of
Philippi
,
and
the
cruel
Proscriptions
of
the
Triumvirate
.
The
Consequence
of
this
Victory
was
very
advantageous
to
Octavius
,
for
all
Anthony's
Land-Forces
,
tho'
very
firm
and
resolute
for
some
time
,
were
in
a
little
time
after
very
willing
to
accept
of
such
Conditions
as
Octavius
offer'd
,
and
upon
that
all
yielded
to
him
,
Octavius
generously
sparing
all
but
a
very
small
Number
,
who
in
a
more
particular
Manner
were
his
declar'd
Enemies
.
Anthony
now
was
carry'd
away
with
melancholy
Reflections
and
dispairing
Thoughts
,
and
through
Shame
or
Anger
refus'd
to
see
Cleopatra
for
several
Days
together
;
till
arriving
at
Tenarus
,
her
Women
so
bestirr'd
themselves
,
that
they
brought
'em
to
see
one
another
,
and
to
eat
together
.
Here
News
was
brought
him
by
several
of
his
Friends
of
the
Defeat
of
his
Fleet
;
but
not
suspecting
the
Revolt
of
his
Army
,
he
wrote
to
Canidius
to
retreat
through
Macedonia
,
and
return
to
Asia
,
and
took
what
Care
he
cou'd
for
the
safety
of
his
Friends
that
were
about
him
,
offering
'em
what
Money
he
had
,
and
commanding
'em
to
leave
him
.
After
this
he
retir'd
to
Africk
,
from
whence
he
sent
Cleopatra
into
Aegypt
,
and
remain'd
almost
alone
,
without
any
other
Company
than
Aristocrates
and
Lucilius
;
one
a
Greek
,
and
the
other
a
Roman
,
both
excellent
Orators
.
Here
Anthony
heard
of
the
Revolt
of
his
Land-Forces
,
which
put
him
into
such
a
violent
Rage
and
Despair
,
that
he
attempted
to
kill
himself
;
but
was
hinder'd
from
that
fatal
Resolution
by
the
Prayers
and
Remonstrances
of
his
Friends
,
who
persuaded
him
to
return
to
Alexandria
,
where
he
found
Cleopatra
about
an
Enterprize
that
well
shew'd
the
Greatness
of
her
Spirit
.
This
Queen
had
drawn
her
Galleys
upon
Carriages
for
100
Mile
,
over
that
Neck
of
Land
which
joins
Asia
to
Africa
,
to
the
Red-Sea
;
where
she
design'd
to
embark
her
self
with
all
her
Treasure
,
and
her
choicest
Friends
,
and
plant
her self
in
some
remote
part
of
the
World
.
But
the
Arabians
soon
forc'd
her
to
abandon
that
Design
,
and
thereupon
she
apply'd
her self
to
fortifie
the
Avenues
of
her
Kingdom
,
which
were
of
very
difficult
Access
.
Anthony's
Behaviour
was
very
different
,
shewing
nothing
but
a
shameful
Weakness
:
He
shunn'd
all
Company
,
and
built
a
House
near
the
Pharos
,
where
he
shut
himself
up
without
either
Friends
or
Domesticks
,
to
imitate
Timon
,
as
he
said
,
since
he
had
no
less
Reason
to
hate
Mankind
than
that
Athenian
,
being
betray'd
by
those
whom
he
had
most
oblig'd
.
But
he
cou'd
not
long
force
his
natural
Temper
,
and
therefore
,
as
Debauching
is
a
great
Relief
to
People
of
his
Humour
,
he
quitted
his
Cell
in
a
little
Time
,
and
apply'd
himself
wholly
to
Feasting
and
Luxury
,
and
many
sorts
of
Extravagancies
.
IV.
Octavius
was
now
in
Italy
,
Anthony
and
Cleopatra
seeing
themselves
abandon'd
by
all
their
Allies
,
resolv'd
at
last
to
send
Euphronius
,
their
Children's
Tutor
,
to
make
some
Proposals
to
Octavius
.
Cleopatra
privately
sent
a
Golden
Crown
and
Sceptre
,
with
a
Royal
Seat
,
to
Octavius
,
asking
the
Kingdom
of
Aegypt
for
her
Children
;
and
Anthony
only
desir'd
he
might
live
as
a
Private
Man
at
Athens
,
if
Octavius
was
not
willing
he
shou'd
tarry
still
in
Aegypt
.
He
absolutely
rejected
Anthony's
Propositions
,
but
sent
to
Cleopatra
,
That
there
was
no
manner
of
Favour
which
she
might
not
reasonably
expect
,
if
she
wou'd
either
put
Anthony
to
Death
,
or
Banish
●im
.
With
this
Answer
Euphronius
return'd
,
and
with
him
Thyreus
,
a
Freed-Man
of
Octavius's
,
a
Person
very
Cunning
,
and
fit
to
manage
any
Intrigue
;
who
coming
with
a
Message
from
a
young
Emperor
,
to
an
ambitious
Princess
,
possess'd
with
a
mighty
Opinion
of
her
own
Charms
,
had
no
difficult
Access
to
her
.
But
these
secret
Conferences
between
Cleopatra
and
him
,
and
the
Honours
she
did
him
,
threw
Anthony
into
such
a
furious
Passion
of
Jealousie
,
that
he
immediately
order'd
him
to
be
cruelly
Scourg'd
,
and
in
that
Condition
sent
him
to
Octavius
with
Letters
,
That
he
had
chastis'd
Thyreus
for
insulting
over
him
at
a
Time
when
his
bad
Fortune
had
put
him
into
an
ill
Humour
;
but
if
this
Proceeding
offended
him
,
be
had
his
Freed-Man
Hipparchus
by
him
,
whom
he
might
use
after
the
same
manner
,
and
so
be
upon
equal
Terms
:
Which
was
a
pleasant
Way
of
being
reveng'd
upon
Hipparchus
,
the
first
of
Anthony's
Freed-Men
that
went
over
to
Coesar
.
Cleopatra
omitted
nothing
to
clear
Anthony's
Mind
of
Jealousie
and
Suspicion
;
she
redoubl'd
her
Fondness
and
Caresses
,
and
when
her
Birth-day
came
,
she
kept
it
as
was
suitable
to
their
deplorable
Condition
;
but
Anthony's
was
observ'd
with
great
Splendor
and
Magnificence
,
so
that
all
the
Guests
were
enrich'd
by
the
noble
Presents
she
made
upon
his
Account
.
In
the
mean
time
Octavius
,
having
gather'd
all
his
Forces
together
,
surpriz'd
the
City
of
Pelusium
,
which
was
surrender'd
to
him
by
Seleucus
;
and
it
was
immediately
reported
,
That
this
Governour
had
done
it
by
Cleopatra's
Order
;
but
she
,
to
clear
her self
,
deliver'd
up
his
Wife
and
Children
into
Anthony's
Hands
.
Near
the
Temple
of
Isis
she
had
built
a
stately
Building
,
design'd
for
a
Sepulchre
.
Into
this
Place
she
remov'd
all
her
Treasure
,
as
Gold
,
Silver
,
Jewels
and
other
such
valuable
things
,
and
fill'd
it
besides
with
Torches
,
Faggots
,
Tow
,
and
other
combustible
Matter
;
so
that
Octavius
was
much
afraid
lest
out
of
Despair
she
shou'd
burn
her self
in
it
with
all
those
●ast
Riches
.
Therefore
while
he
was
marching
towards
Alexandria
he
omitted
no
Occasion
of
giving
her
Assurance
of
his
Respect
and
kind
Usage
.
The
nigh
Approach
of
so
formidable
a
Rival
,
began
once
more
to
rouse
up
Anthony
,
and
reviv'd
all
those
Sparks
of
Greatness
and
Generosity
in
his
Breast
that
seem'd
to
have
been
wholly
extinct
.
Anthony
now
knew
that
he
had
no
Hopes
but
of
dying
like
a
Roman
,
and
this
he
fully
resolv'd
upon
:
So
he
rally'd
all
the
Troops
he
had
,
made
a
brave
Sally
upon
Octavius's
Horse
,
and
beat
'em
into
their
Camp
,
which
he
put
into
Disorder
;
nor
did
Anthony
ever
shew
more
Courage
and
Conduct
than
now
.
Upon
this
Victory
,
Anthony
enter'd
Alexandria
as
in
Triumph
,
and
went
all
Arm'd
to
Cleopatra
,
to
bring
her
the
good
News
of
his
Success
,
presenting
one
of
his
Knights
to
her
,
who
had
behav'd
himself
bravely
in
the
Fight
.
The
Queen
rewarded
his
Valour
with
an
Armour
of
Gold
,
but
that
very
Night
,
this
ungrateful
Wretch
went
over
to
Octavius
,
which
dangerous
Example
much
troubled
Anthony
.
He
try'd
to
provoke
Octavius's
Temper
,
and
challeng'd
him
to
a
single
Combat
;
but
was
coldly
answer'd
,
That
Anthony
had
Ways
enough
to
die
without
seeking
that
.
Anthony
now
finding
his
Affairs
in
a
dangerous
Condition
,
resolv'd
to
make
the
last
Push
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
with
a
full
Design
to
conquer
honourably
or
die
bravely
.
He
order'd
his
People
to
treat
him
chearfully
,
and
fill
him
his
Wine
plentifully
;
Perhaps
,
said
he
,
this
may
be
the
last
Service
you
can
do
,
for
to
Morrow
you
may
have
another
Master
,
while
I
lie
extended
upon
the
Ground
,
despis'd
by
all
Mankind
.
Finding
his
Friends
much
mov'd
at
this
sorrowful
Discourse
,
he
added
,
However
I
will
not
do
you
so
great
an
Injury
as
to
lead
ye
where
Death
is
more
certain
than
Victory
.
At
the
dead
of
Night
,
when
the
whole
City
was
in
a
deep
Silence
,
on
a
sudden
was
heard
a
dreadful
Noise
of
Voices
,
Instruments
and
Cries
,
like
those
of
Bacchanals
,
which
passed
through
Alexandria
,
and
went
out
of
the
Gate
that
looked
towards
the
Enemies
Camp
,
as
Plutarch
relates
it
.
At
break
of
Day
,
Anthony
posted
those
few
Troops
he
had
remaining
,
upon
the
rising
Ground
nigh
the
Town
,
from
whence
he
sent
Orders
to
his
Gallies
to
engage
the
Enemy
.
They
advanc'd
in
Order
of
Battel
;
but
as
soon
as
Anthony's
Ships
approach'd
the
other
,
the
Soldiers
all
held
down
their
Arms
and
saluted
Octavius's
;
who
returning
the
Salute
,
both
Fleets
joyn'd
and
stood
over-against
the
City
.
All
his
Cavalry
seeing
this
,
left
him
,
and
went
over
to
Octavius's
Camp
,
his
Infantry
being
forc'd
presently
to
yield
.
This
unfortunate
General
,
abandon'd
thus
by
his
Men
,
and
finding
he
cou'd
not
die
with
Glory
in
the
Field
,
return'd
back
to
Alexandria
,
overcome
with
a
dreadful
Rage
and
Fury
,
running
and
crying
out
,
That
Cleopatra
had
betray'd
him
,
when
he
had
ruin'd
all
his
Fortunes
for
her
Sake
alone
!
The
Queen
hearing
of
this
,
in
a
great
Fright
retir'd
to
her
Monument
,
secur'd
the
Doors
,
and
let
down
the
Port-cullis
;
and
then
made
a
Report
be
spread
,
that
she
was
dead
,
which
was
soon
brought
to
Anthony
:
This
sad
and
sudden
News
recall'd
all
that
Love
and
Tenderness
he
had
for
this
Princess
;
O
wretched
Anthony
,
cry'd
he
,
What
hast
thou
here
in
this
World
,
when
Fate
has
snatch'd
the
only
Thing
for
which
thou
cou'dst
endure
to
live
?
Then
retiring
to
his
Cabinet
,
he
laid
aside
his
Armour
,
and
renew'd
his
Complaints
;
O
Cleopatra
,
said
he
,
our
Separation
is
not
my
greatest
Grief
,
for
we
shall
meet
again
;
but
what
afflicts
me
most
,
is
,
that
I
,
who
have
commanded
so
many
gallant
Men
,
shou'd
be
out-done
by
a
Woman
in
Courage
.
Immediately
he
call'd
Eros
,
the
most
faithful
of
his
Free'd-Men
,
whom
he
had
engag'd
by
Oath
to
kill
him
when
he
shou'd
think
it
necessary
,
and
now
bad
him
perform
his
Promise
.
Eros
drew
out
his
Sword
,
as
if
he
design'd
to
perform
that
fatal
Duty
;
and
turning
aside
,
gave
himself
a
Wound
,
which
threw
him
dead
at
his
Master's
Feet
.
Dear
Eros
,
cry'd
he
,
I
thank
thee
for
teaching
me
to
do
what
I
ought
my self
;
and
upon
that
he
thrust
himself
into
the
Belly
,
and
fell
backwards
upon
his
Bed
.
Tho'
the
Wound
was
Mortal
,
yet
the
Blood
stopping
,
he
came
to
himself
,
and
most
earnestly
begg'd
of
his
Friends
to
dispatch
him
;
but
they
all
fled
from
him
,
leaving
him
in
a
miserable
Condition
,
tossing
and
struggling
with
the
Anguish
of
his
Pain
,
whilst
Diomedes
came
to
carry
him
to
Cleopatra
.
Anthony
understanding
Cleopatra
yet
liv'd
,
begg'd
and
entreated
in
the
most
moving
Manner
in
the
World
to
be
carry'd
to
her
;
and
with
much
difficulty
and
pain
they
lifted
him
up
to
the
Door
of
the
Monument
.
Cleopatra
,
having
only
her
two
Women
,
durst
not
open
the
Door
,
but
let
down
Cords
from
the
Window
.
All
the
People
of
Alexandria
were
present
at
this
sad
Spectacle
,
and
nothing
appear'd
so
lamentable
as
to
see
this
great
Man
,
renown'd
for
so
many
Conquests
and
Victories
,
bath'd
in
his
Blood
,
and
just
expiring
,
holding
out
his
Hands
to
Cleopatra
,
and
faintly
endeavouring
to
raise
himself
;
and
to
see
this
famous
Queen
striving
,
with
her
Body
just
out
of
the
Window
,
with
the
feeble
Assistance
of
her
Women
,
to
pull
him
up
,
the
People
all
the
time
seeming
to
assist
her
with
their
Cries
and
Tears
.
When
after
much
Pain
she
had
drawn
him
up
,
she
embrac'd
him
,
and
laid
him
gently
upon
her
Bed
,
tearing
all
her
Cloathes
in
a
most
violent
Passion
,
beating
her
Face
and
Breast
,
and
calling
Anthony
her
Lord
,
her
Husband
,
her
Emperour
!
and
tho'
her
own
Misfortunes
were
very
great
and
astonishing
,
yet
she
forgot
them
all
at
the
sight
of
this
deplorable
Object
.
Anthony
begg'd
of
her
to
moderate
her
Grief
and
Transports
,
and
ask'd
for
some
Wine
,
either
because
he
was
thirsty
,
or
because
he
thought
it
wou'd
soon
end
him
.
After
he
had
drank
,
he
exhorted
Cleopatra
to
endeavour
to
save
her
Life
if
she
cou'd
do
it
with
Honour
,
and
for
that
End
Proculus
wou'd
be
her
best
Friend
in
Caesar's
Camp
;
that
she
wou'd
not
too
deeply
reflect
upon
the
cruel
Turn
of
Fortune
which
he
felt
in
his
last
Days
,
but
rather
think
what
Glory
and
Renown
he
had
liv'd
in
,
famous
for
so
many
noble
Victories
;
Triumphs
and
Dignities
;
and
that
after
he
had
been
the
first
Man
of
the
World
,
and
the
most
illustrious
of
all
the
Romans
,
he
was
at
last
overcome
by
a
Roman
.
At
the
finishing
of
this
Discourse
,
Anthony
expired
,
in
the
53d
.
Year
of
his
Age
;
a
Person
of
as
great
Spirit
and
Valour
as
any
among
the
Romans
,
since
the
Death
of
Iulius
Caesar
;
yet
softn'd
,
overcome
,
and
entirely
ruin'd
by
a
Woman
.
His
Death
put
an
End
to
all
the
Civil
Wars
,
and
gave
Octavius
Opportunity
to
make
his
Fortunes
as
he
pleas'd
;
and
from
this
Period
many
Historians
date
his
Reign
;
others
three
Years
after
;
and
some
from
Iulius
Caesar's
Death
.
This
hapned
in
the
724th
Year
of
the
City
,
the
3d
of
the
187th
Olympiad
,
and
the
13th
of
the
Second
Triumvirate
,
about
14
Years
after
Iulius
Caesar's
Death
,
and
28
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
CHAP.
VII
.
From
the
Death
of
Anthony
,
to
the
perfect
Settlement
of
the
Empire
by
Octavius
;
which
finish'd
all
Disturbances
,
and
brought
Rome
to
its
utmost
Glory
.
Containing
the
space
of
about
three
Years
.
I.
OCtavius
shew'd
great
Satisfaction
at
his
Success
and
Fortune
,
That
he
had
contributed
nothing
to
the
Overthrow
of
Anthony
through
any
Hatred
or
Ambition
;
shewing
'em
the
Copies
of
the
Letters
he
had
writ
to
him
,
which
contain'd
nothing
but
just
and
reasonable
Proposals
,
and
Anthony's
Answers
full
of
Passion
and
Disdain
.
After
this
he
sent
Proculus
to
employ
his
utmost
Address
to
seize
upon
Cleopatra
,
extremely
desiring
to
save
her
Treasure
,
but
more
especially
to
grace
his
Triumph
with
this
Queen
,
who
had
so
long
triumph'd
over
the
Roman
Commanders
.
Cleopatra
refus'd
Proculus
Entrance
,
but
through
the
Door
demanded
Aegypt
for
her
Children
;
which
caus'd
Proculus
,
after
observing
the
Avenues
of
the
Monument
,
to
return
to
Octavius
,
who
the
same
Instant
sent
Gallus
with
him
to
make
her
new
Propositions
.
While
Gallus
was
discoursing
with
Cleopatra
below
,
Proculus
with
two
others
enter'd
by
the
Window
at
which
Anthony
had
been
drawn
up
;
which
one
of
her
Women
perceiving
,
presently
shreek'd
out
,
Wretched
Princess
,
thou
art
taken
alive
!
Upon
which
Cleopatra
turn'd
quick
,
and
drew
out
her
Dagger
to
stab
her self
;
but
Proculus
caught
hold
of
her
,
saying
,
Madam
,
will
you
at
once
injure
your self
and
Caesar
,
in
depriving
him
of
the
most
illustrious
Testimony
he
can
give
of
his
Generosity
;
and
make
the
best
and
gentlest
Prince
in
the
World
pass
for
Cruel
and
Barbarous
?
Whereupon
he
disarm'd
her
,
search'd
her
lest
any
Poison
shou'd
be
conceal'd
about
her
;
and
after
he
had
secur'd
her
,
he
return'd
to
Octavius
with
this
joyful
News
.
Octavius
was
extreamly
satisfy'd
to
find
this
haughty
Queen
at
his
Disposal
,
who
before
had
lifted
the
Crown
of
Aegypt
above
the
Empire
of
the
Romans
.
He
first
commanded
Epaphroditus
to
Guard
her
with
the
greatest
Care
,
and
yet
to
serve
her
like
a
Queen
;
after
which
he
made
his
Entrance
into
Alexandria
after
a
solemn
and
pompous
Manner
.
The
Majesty
of
Octavius
follow'd
by
so
many
arm'd
Soldiers
,
who
breath'd
nothing
but
Destruction
,
drove
the
Aegyptians
into
great
Fears
and
Apprehensions
,
imploring
his
Mercy
upon
their
Knees
.
Octavius
told
'em
,
He
pardon'd
'em
for
the
sake
of
their
illustrious
Founder
Alexander
,
for
the
extraordinary
Beauty
of
the
City
,
and
for
his
great
Esteem
he
had
for
Arrius
their
Fellow-Citizen
and
Philosopher
.
Several
Kings
,
Princes
,
and
Roman
Senators
begg'd
of
him
the
Body
of
Anthony
,
to
pay
their
last
Respects
to
him
,
but
he
wou'd
not
deprive
Cleopatra
of
a
Satisfaction
so
dear
to
her
;
and
more
than
that
,
he
took
Care
to
furnish
her
with
what
was
needful
for
the
Pomp
of
the
Funeral
,
which
she
solemniz'd
with
extraordinary
magnificence
.
Octavius
took
further
Care
that
nothing
shou'd
occasion
the
Encrese
of
Cleopatra's
Afflictions
;
but
the
Greatness
of
her
Soul
,
and
the
Nobleness
of
her
Courage
,
made
the
Loss
of
her
Liberty
insupportable
to
her
.
Her
excessive
Melancholy
,
and
the
many
Blows
she
had
given
her
Breasts
,
put
her
into
a
slow
Fever
,
which
gave
her
great
Hopes
of
ending
her
Sorrows
,
and
her
Life
in
a
short
time
.
She
had
besides
resolv'd
to
abstain
from
Eating
,
if
her
Physician
had
not
discover'd
this
Secret
she
had
trusted
him
with
to
Octavius
,
who
immediately
threatned
to
put
her
Children
all
to
Death
,
if
she
persisted
in
her
Obstinacy
:
This
was
the
only
thing
she
cou'd
be
sensible
of
,
and
the
Thoughts
of
this
caus'd
her
to
comply
,
and
receive
whatever
they
prescrib'd
her
.
After
this
,
Octavius
resolv'd
to
visit
Cleopatra
,
and
by
his
Civilities
give
her
fresh
Assurance
of
his
Favour
.
He
found
her
upon
a
plain
Bed
,
and
as
soon
as
she
perceiv'd
him
,
she
rose
in
her
Shift
to
throw
her self
at
his
Feet
,
with
her
Hair
in
disorder
,
her
Face
torn
,
her
Breasts
bruis'd
,
her
Eyes
red
with
weeping
,
and
her
Voice
weak
and
trembling
;
all
which
Accidents
cou'd
not
deface
the
Brightness
of
her
Eyes
,
nor
the
Charming
Air
of
her
Face
.
Octavius
civilly
lifted
her
up
,
and
sat
down
by
her
;
and
immediately
she
enter'd
upon
the
justifying
her
Conduct
;
but
when
her
Art
and
Skill
fail'd
her
against
manifest
Proofs
,
she
turn'd
her
Discourse
into
humble
Supplications
,
and
deliver'd
him
an
Inventory
of
all
her
Treasure
and
Jewels
.
Seleucus
her
Treasurer
accusing
her
of
concealing
several
things
,
Cleopatra
,
in
a
great
Rage
threw
her self
out
of
her
Bed
,
dragg'd
him
by
the
Hair
,
and
beat
him
severely
;
which
some
think
was
only
a
Pretence
of
shewing
▪
Octavius
her
beautiful
Shape
and
Body
,
which
she
had
too
great
a
Confidence
in
.
However
Octavius
only
smil'd
at
this
Action
,
and
led
the
Queen
to
her
Bed
.
O
Caesar
,
cry'd
she
,
after
the
Honour
of
Visiting
me
in
this
miserable
Condition
,
is
it
not
cruel
and
barbarous
,
that
a
vile
Slave
shou'd
accuse
me
of
laying
aside
a
few
Trifles
;
alas
,
not
to
adorn
my self
,
but
to
present
'em
to
Livia
and
Octavia
,
that
their
generous
Intercession
may
in
some
measure
procure
your
Favour
?
This
Discourse
gave
great
Satisfaction
to
Octavius
,
imagining
it
imply'd
a
Desire
she
had
of
living
;
and
thereupon
he
assur'd
her
,
She
might
keep
her
Iewels
,
and
that
he
wou'd
use
her
more
generously
than
she
cou●d
reasonably
hope
for
;
and
so
retir'd
;
much
satisfy'd
with
his
Success
,
having
,
as
he
suppos'd
,
over-reach'd
her
.
Cleopatra
being
soon
after
inform'd
by
Dolabella
,
one
of
Octavius's
Favourites
,
and
her
Admirer
,
that
Octavius
had
resolv'd
within
three
Days
to
send
her
and
her
Children
away
,
earnestly
begg'd
of
Octavius
to
suffer
her
first
to
pay
her
last
Oblations
to
the
Memory
of
Anthony
,
which
he
granted
her
.
Whereupon
she
was
carry'd
to
the
stately
Sepulchre
where
Anthony
was
laid
;
and
only
attended
by
her
two
Women
,
she
fell
upon
her
Knees
,
embrac'd
his
Tomb
with
extream
Grief
and
Passion
;
and
after
a
Flood
of
Tears
,
she
cry'd
,
My
dearest
Lord
,
I
was
a
Queen
and
wore
no
Chains
when
I
first
plac'd
thee
in
this
Monument
,
but
now
I
pay
my
Duties
,
I
'm
Fortune's
Slave
;
my
servile
Body
is
reserv'd
to
grace
the
Triumph
of
thy
Foes
,
on
which
I
dare
not
so
much
as
print
the
Marks
of
my
Grief
.
These
Tears
,
these
Pangs
of
Grief
are
the
last
Tokens
of
the
Love
and
Duty
of
thy
Cleopatra
,
who
now
must
be
forc'd
far
from
thee
:
No
Chance
cou'd
separate
us
while
living
,
but
our
cruel
Destiny
will
part
us
in
our
Deaths
;
and
as
by
a
strange
Turn
of
Fate
Aegypt
has
afforded
thee
a
Tomb
,
so
Rome
will
me
,
the
only
Courtesie
I
shall
receive
from
thy
Country
:
Yet
I
hope
the
Heavenly
Powers
that
guard
your
happy
Abode
,
(
for
ours
have
betray'd
us
)
will
stemm
the
Conqueror's
Pride
,
and
suffer
him
not
to
triumph
over
thee
in
my
Person
.
Hide
me
therefore
here
,
and
receive
me
into
thy
Tomb
;
for
among
all
my
bitter
Griefs
and
heavy
Afflictions
,
none
e'er
press'd
my
Soul
so
hard
as
living
thus
long
without
thee
.
Upon
the
finishing
of
these
sad
Lamentations
,
she
crown'd
the
Tomb
with
Garlands
and
Flowers
,
embracing
it
as
if
she
design'd
to
grow
to
it
,
till
her
Women
took
her
from
thence
to
a
Bath
;
after
which
she
attir'd
her self
after
a
most
gorgeous
Manner
,
and
eat
as
sumptuously
as
she
cou'd
.
After
Dinner
she
clear'd
the
Room
of
all
except
Iras
and
Charmia
;
and
having
procur'd
an
Asp
to
be
secretly
brought
in
among
Figs
,
Grapes
,
and
Flowers
,
she
apply'd
it
to
her
Arm
;
just
before
which
she
sent
a
Letter
to
Octavius
,
wherein
she
most
passionately
complain'd
of
her
hard
Fate
,
and
very
earnestly
beseech'd
him
,
That
it
might
be
permitted
her
to
be
bury'd
in
the
same
Tomb
with
Anthony
.
Octavius
in
all
haste
sent
some
Messengers
,
who
found
her
dead
upon
a
Golden
Bed
,
adorn'd
with
her
Royal
Robes
,
in
Posture
of
one
asleep
,
with
Iras
also
dead
at
her
Feet
,
and
Charmia
just
breathing
,
and
placing
her
Diadem
right
.
One
of
the
Messengers
very
angrily
ask'd
,
Is
this
well
done
,
Charmia
?
Extreamly
well
,
reply'd
she
,
and
becoming
a
Princess
descended
from
so
noble
a
Race
of
Monarchs
;
at
which
she
expir'd
at
her
Mistresses
Feet
.
Octavius
was
extreamly
troubl'd
at
Cleopatra's
Death
,
as
being
depriv'd
of
the
noblest
Ornament
of
his
Triumph
:
However
,
he
cou'd
not
but
admire
the
Greatness
of
her
Courage
,
who
notwithstanding
the
Weakness
of
her
Sex
,
preferr'd
Death
before
the
Loss
of
her
Liberty
,
or
the
Appearing
below
her
Quality
.
He
order'd
her
a
Magnificent
Funeral
,
laying
her
Body
by
Anthony's
,
according
to
her
Desire
;
and
her
Women
were
interr'd
with
considerable
Pomp
in
Memory
of
their
Fidelity
.
She
was
then
thirty
eight
Years
of
Age
,
having
reign'd
twenty
two
,
twelve
whereof
she
pass'd
with
Anthony
;
and
her
Death
put
an
End
to
the
Aegyptian
Kingdom
,
which
had
flourish'd
for
many
Ages
.
Her
Son
Caesario
which
she
had
by
Iulius
Caesar
was
shortly
after
slain
by
Octavius's
Orders
,
who
was
told
by
Arrius
the
Philosopher
,
That
many
Caesar's
were
of
dangerous
Consequence
.
Aegypt
was
now
intirely
reduc'd
into
a
Province
,
and
Octavius
caus'd
his
Soldiers
to
cleanse
the
Chanels
of
the
Nile
,
which
much
improv'd
the
Fertility
of
the
Soil
:
And
since
this
Kingdom
much
enlarg'd
the
Roman
Dominions
,
especially
as
to
Riches
,
and
his
entire
Victories
brought
Peace
to
the
Roman
State
,
at
his
Return
he
was
receiv'd
at
Rome
with
an
universal
Joy
and
Satisfaction
,
as
a
Person
who
had
put
an
End
to
the
Miseries
and
Calamities
in
the
greatest
Part
of
the
World
.
He
triumph'd
three
Days
;
for
Illyrium
,
for
the
Battel
of
Actium
,
and
the
Conquest
of
Aegypt
,
with
extraordinary
Splendor
and
Magnificence
;
all
which
were
attended
with
a
happy
shutting
of
the
Temple
of
Ianus
,
which
had
stood
open
205
Years
.
II.
Octavius
Caesar
now
finding
himself
Lord
and
Governour
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
Octavius
having
establish'd
so
good
an
Order
,
found
himself
extreamly
embarrass'd
with
various
Thoughts
and
Opinions
,
and
long
consider'd
with
himself
,
whether
he
ought
to
retain
the
Government
of
the
Empire
,
or
restore
the
People
to
their
first
Liberty
.
The
eminent
Examples
of
Sylla
and
Iulius
Caesar
,
put
him
to
many
Doubts
and
Scruples
,
when
he
consider'd
that
the
former
,
who
had
voluntarily
quitted
his
Authority
,
dy'd
peaceably
in
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
;
and
the
latter
,
for
retaining
of
it
,
was
assassinated
by
his
most
intimate
Friends
.
But
then
he
consider'd
on
the
other
side
,
that
the
Common-wealth
had
been
so
extreamly
harrass'd
and
broken
by
violent
Factions
and
Civil
Wars
,
that
the
Yoak
wou'd
prove
their
greatest
Relief
,
especially
as
he
wou'd
manage
it
.
He
found
likewise
that
the
People
of
Rome
had
lost
much
of
their
ancient
Vigour
and
Desire
of
Liberty
,
and
the
Senate
as
much
of
its
ancient
Firmness
and
Resolution
;
and
that
there
were
such
numerous
Corruptions
and
such
dangerous
distempers
in
the
State
,
that
nothing
but
a
Change
cou'd
cure
or
correct
'em
.
As
he
consider'd
that
both
Senate
and
People
never
wanted
a
Head
so
much
as
at
present
,
the
Advantage
of
which
they
were
in
this
short
time
sensible
of
,
so
these
Considerations
gave
him
great
Hopes
,
and
almost
as
great
Resolutions
.
However
,
this
most
wary
Prince
thought
it
highly
necessary
for
his
own
Security
to
consult
his
two
intimate
Friends
Agrippa
and
Mecoenas
,
the
former
most
famous
for
his
Courage
and
Valour
,
and
the
latter
for
his
great
natural
Endowments
.
Octavius
taking
these
two
into
his
Closet
,
ask'd
their
Advice
,
telling
'em
among
other
things
,
That
they
were
his
Friends
,
therefore
he
had
made
'em
his
Iudges
,
as
Men
that
were
able
to
speak
Soundly
,
and
willing
to
speak
Freely
:
That
he
knew
'em
to
have
a
greater
Care
of
his
Honour
than
his
Profit
,
but
more
of
the
Common-wealth
than
of
both
.
Agrippa
return'd
the
first
Answer
to
this
purpose
:
You
may
well
admire
,
my
generous
Lord
,
that
I
,
who
am
certain
of
an
uncommon
Promotion
under
your
Empire
,
shou'd
advise
you
to
a
private
Retirement
;
but
since
I
esteem
your
Honour
above
my
own
Profit
,
and
the
Publick
Good
before
my
particular
Preferrment
,
I
am
sure
You
will
pardon
me
.
You
have
now
gloriously
finish'd
the
Civil
Wars
,
and
brought
an
honourable
Peace
to
your
Country
;
but
what
will
the
Advantage
be
,
without
a
Restoration
of
that
Liberty
for
which
those
Wars
were
begun
?
Or
what
Benefit
can
the
People
reap
from
so
noble
a
Victory
,
if
it
be
us'd
only
as
an
Instrument
for
their
greater
Slavery
?
A
Word
so
odious
to
the
Roman
Nation
,
that
whenever
that
has
seem'd
to
have
been
aim'd
at
by
any
Person
,
no
Vertues
could
shield
him
,
no
Merits
protect
him
,
no
Services
secure
him
from
the
Rage
of
the
People
;
no
,
not
those
of
your
great
Father
Julius
:
And
can
you
hope
to
escape
?
But
say
,
That
the
Divine
Power
shou'd
so
protect
you
as
to
out-live
such
Dangers
,
wou'd
you
also
out-live
your
Glories
?
Are
you
willing
that
Posterity
shou'd
brand
you
with
Tyranny
,
and
perhaps
with
Baseness
,
in
curbing
and
putting
a
Stop
to
the
Fame
and
Grandeur
of
your
Country
?
A
Country
which
has
gain'd
all
its
Renown
and
Reputation
,
and
owes
all
its
great
and
glorious
Acts
to
a
Government
quite
contrary
to
what
you
seem
inclin'd
to
;
and
a
Government
under
which
other
Nations
have
generally
been
most
prosperous
and
flourishing
.
Therefore
your
Generosity
shou'd
lead
you
to
set
your
Country
free
,
and
since
you
are
already
Master
of
the
World's
Forces
,
and
without
Rival
in
the
Empire
,
and
have
both
Senate
and
People
at
your
Mercy
;
to
do
it
now
wou'd
strike
all
Detraction
dumb
,
and
make
future
Ages
stand
amaz'd
at
the
Greatness
of
your
Temper
.
Mecoenas
on
the
other
side
declar'd
his
Thoughts
after
this
Manner
:
Be
not
deceiv'd
,
most
noble
Prince
,
with
the
specious
Shew
of
Words
and
Names
;
but
since
just
Heaven
has
ordain'd
you
a
Father
,
as
well
as
a
Master
of
your
Country
,
rather
hearken
to
her
real
Wants
and
Necessities
,
than
to
the
fallacious
Clamours
of
the
Rabble
,
who
like
Children
cry
for
what
wou'd
prove
their
Ruine
.
Our
Republick
is
a
Ship
fraught
with
Multitudes
of
various
Nations
,
and
destitute
of
a
Pilot
,
which
for
many
Years
has
been
miserably
toss'd
and
shatter'd
,
and
is
now
ready
to
be
cast
away
,
without
your
relieving
Hand
to
save
it
.
In
former
times
indeed
this
thriving
Empire
did
not
seem
to
want
a
Monarch
;
but
is
is
now
grown
too
vast
and
unwieldy
,
to
subsist
without
one
.
Formerly
the
Strictness
of
the
Roman
Discipline
and
Morality
,
and
the
Fears
of
rival
Nations
kept
the
Common-wealth
from
sinking
:
Yet
in
those
pure
Times
,
what
Commotions
in
State
,
what
Revolutions
in
Government
,
what
Divisions
and
Distractions
were
occasion'd
by
the
Tribunes
Rage
and
Peoples
Madness
?
Camillus
,
Rome's
second
Founder
,
and
Scipio
,
that
Scourge
of
Carthage
,
were
disgrac'd
,
and
the
great
Coriolanus
banish'd
,
only
because
their
Worth
alone
had
lifted
'em
above
the
ordinary
Pitch
of
Subjects
But
then
to
mention
all
the
numerous
Troubles
and
dreadful
Miseries
of
these
latter
Times
,
were
to
revive
our
Sorrows
,
which
you
in
a
great
Measure
have
allay'd
;
and
since
by
your
Means
your
Country
has
recover'd
some
of
her
Spirits
,
it
is
your
Duty
to
establish
her
in
perfect
Health
,
which
can
be
no
Ways
done
but
by
retaining
the
Empire
.
And
this
Advice
is
not
only
for
the
good
of
your
Country
,
but
also
for
the
Security
of
your
Person
:
for
the
resigning
of
your
Authority
wou'd
be
the
Parting
with
your
Safety
.
Pompey
was
contemn'd
after
the
Disbanding
of
his
Army
at
Brundusium
;
and
tho'
your
Uncle
Julius
fell
,
it
was
not
for
retaining
his
Power
,
but
for
grasping
of
it
too
strongly
,
which
you
know
better
how
to
manage
.
In
the
gaining
of
an
Empire
there
is
no
Medium
between
the
Death
of
an
Enemy
,
and
the
Life
of
a
Prince
;
and
since
you
have
already
gone
so
far
,
you
must
either
resolve
to
be
Greatest
in
the
State
,
or
Least
among
the
People
,
to
be
Caesar
or
Nothing
,
Octavius
thank'd
'em
both
for
their
friendly
Advice
,
and
after
some
dubious
Expressions
,
declar'd
himself
rather
inclin'd
to
Mecoena's
Opinion
;
withal
telling
them
,
That
he
was
but
the
Instrument
of
the
Destinies
,
to
put
their
Wills
in
Execution
;
and
since
they
had
already
shewn
themselves
so
favourable
to
him
,
he
had
all
the
Reason
to
hope
that
his
Friends
wou'd
not
be
backward
in
their
Councels
,
or
any
other
necessary
Assistance
.
Upon
which
Mecoenas
proceeded
to
give
him
many
wise
Instructions
and
Directions
,
how
to
manage
his
Affairs
to
the
best
Advantage
,
both
as
to
his
Countries
Happiness
and
his
own
Security
,
as
may
be
seen
at
large
in
Dion
Cassius
.
Among
a
great
many
other
things
he
told
him
,
That
his
virtuous
Behaviour
wou'd
be
a
greater
Security
to
him
than
all
his
Forces
:
That
if
the
People
found
him
modest
and
unblamable
in
his
Life
,
not
exacting
Money
from
others
while
be
abounded
in
Riches
,
not
pinching
others
while
be
was
luxurious
,
nor
punishing
others
while
he
was
loose
and
licentious
,
they
wou'd
certainly
love
and
honour
him
as
a
true
Father
and
Preserver
of
his
Country
.
But
this
he
told
him
as
his
principal
Rule
by
which
he
ought
to
guide
himself
;
Always
to
preserve
the
Love
of
his
Subjects
,
and
if
he
wou'd
do
exactly
as
he
himself
wou'd
expect
from
his
Prince
,
if
he
were
a
Subject
,
then
he
shou'd
not
fail
of
being
prosperous
in
his
Designs
,
happy
in
his
Life
,
and
famous
in
History
.
He
concluded
all
with
telling
him
,
That
if
in
taking
upon
him
the
Soveraign
Power
,
he
fear'd
the
Name
of
Kingdom
as
odious
,
he
might
omit
that
,
and
manage
all
under
the
Title
of
Caesar
:
If
he
thought
not
that
sufficient
,
they
wou'd
give
him
that
of
Imperator
,
and
wou'd
adorn
him
with
some
other
venerable
Note
of
Honour
;
so
that
he
might
enjoy
all
the
Privileges
of
a
Kingdom
without
the
envious
Name
of
King
,
which
the
Romans
cou'd
not
endure
.
All
these
Things
confirm'd
Caesar
in
his
former
Opinions
;
and
from
this
time
he
began
to
pursue
his
Designs
with
more
Care
and
Diligence
than
ever
.
III.
The
Romans
were
now
arriv'd
to
their
utmost
Height
as
to
polite
Learning
,
and
an
exquisite
Taste
of
Things
,
as
appears
from
their
several
Writings
:
For
besides
Virgil
,
formerly
mention'd
,
at
this
time
flourish'd
the
two
greats
Wits
,
Ovid
and
Horace
,
the
pleasantest
and
perfectest
Poets
in
their
Kinds
;
and
likewise
Livy
,
the
Prince
of
all
the
Roman
Historians
;
all
which
had
a
great
Share
in
Octavius's
Familiarity
,
as
well
as
Mecoenas's
.
Octavius
was
a
great
Promoter
of
all
sorts
of
Learning
,
and
having
brought
a
General
Peace
to
the
Roman
Empire
,
he
had
a
fairer
Opportunity
both
of
incouraging
that
,
and
of
following
his
other
Designs
.
He
had
an
admirable
Faculty
of
discerning
and
penetrating
into
the
Humours
and
Ambitions
of
the
principal
Men
;
in
which
he
was
much
assisted
by
the
Letters
found
in
Anthony's
Coffers
,
which
he
carefully
preserv'd
,
and
secretly
made
use
of
as
he
found
Occasion
.
As
for
Words
and
Libels
,
he
took
little
or
no
Notice
of
,
having
learnt
that
both
from
his
Uncle
Iulius
and
Mecoenas
,
Never
to
be
concern'd
at
what
was
spoken
against
him
.
And
this
Maxim
he
found
much
to
his
Advantage
;
for
by
this
he
not
only
understood
the
Minds
and
Affections
of
the
People
more
easily
,
but
perceiv'd
that
as
long
as
the
common
Sort
retain'd
this
Liberty
of
Speech
,
they
were
the
less
sensible
of
the
Loss
of
Liberty
in
State
.
Octavius
was
now
in
his
fifth
Consulship
,
and
by
the
Advice
of
Mecoenas
,
he
took
upon
him
the
Title
of
Imperator
,
not
in
that
Sense
it
was
anciently
wont
to
be
given
for
Victories
obtain'd
,
but
in
respect
of
the
chief
Command
or
Authority
,
as
it
had
been
decreed
to
his
Uncle
Iulius
.
And
the
great
Industry
of
Agrippa
was
no
less
serviceable
to
him
than
the
wise
Counsels
of
Mecoenas
;
and
notwithstanding
he
had
at
first
advis'd
him
to
contrary
Methods
,
he
now
prov'd
as
useful
an
Assistant
as
the
other
.
Shortly
after
he
was
made
Censor
,
and
Agrippa
with
him
;
and
among
other
things
belonging
to
his
Office
,
he
took
great
Care
to
purge
and
reform
the
Senate
,
into
which
many
Equites
and
unworthy
Plebeians
had
crept
,
during
the
late
Civil
Wars
;
and
then
encreas'd
their
Number
to
a
Thousand
,
Gallia
Narbonensis
,
Provinces
adjoyning
to
the
Continent
of
Italy
,
altogether
unfurnish'd
for
Wars
,
and
by
reason
of
their
Variety
of
Pleasures
,
more
likely
to
weaken
their
Minds
than
to
arm
their
Bodies
.
In
the
following
Year
,
Octavius
having
enter'd
upon
his
sixth
Consulship
,
IV.
Octavius
now
entring
upon
his
seventh
Consulship
,
and
finding
all
Matters
ripe
for
his
Purpose
,
he
went
to
the
Senate-House
,
after
he
had
prepar'd
all
the
Senators
who
were
for
his
Interest
,
and
in
a
studied
Speech
spoke
to
this
Effect
.
When
I
consider
with
my self
the
immense
Greatness
,
and
boundless
extent
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
I
am
strucken
with
Surprize
,
nay
and
Amazement
,
to
imagine
that
any
Mortal
dare
undertake
the
sole
Administration
of
so
vast
a
State
.
What
Nation
have
not
either
begg'd
Peace
at
our
Gates
,
or
felt
the
Fury
of
our
Arms
at
their
own
?
And
what
Countries
have
not
we
conquer'd
and
brought
to
Subjection
;
making
the
Rising
and
Setting
of
the
Sun
,
the
Bounds
of
our
Dominions
?
Therefore
it
must
proceed
from
a
wild
and
extravagant
Opinion
of
their
own
Abilities
,
when
any
pretended
to
bare
that
Burden
which
none
but
the
immortal
Gods
cou'd
sustain
.
As
for
my
own
Part
,
who
may
with
Modesty
affirm
,
that
I
have
put
an
End
to
all
domestick
Wars
,
and
have
brought
Peace
to
the
City
,
I
dare
not
presume
to
attempt
it
.
Tho'
I
am
invited
to
it
by
all
the
powerful
Charms
of
commanding
the
greatest
People
upon
Earth
,
and
the
most
glorious
Empire
next
Heaven
,
and
also
entic'd
by
the
fairest
Opportunity
of
establishing
my self
that
ever
Roman
had
;
yet
I
freely
divest
my self
of
all
that
Power
and
Authority
,
which
my
Arms
have
gain'd
,
and
you
have
given
me
:
An
Action
which
I
presume
is
no
less
glorious
than
just
,
far
exceeding
the
Conquests
of
Gaul
,
of
Britain
,
and
of
Aegypt
;
an
Action
no
less
hardy
than
those
bold
Performances
of
Coecles
,
of
Scaevola
,
of
Curtius
,
of
Regulus
,
and
of
the
Decii
.
And
further
to
shew
you
,
that
the
true
Spirit
of
the
ancient
Romans
is
not
extinct
in
me
;
I
do
not
only
restore
to
you
all
your
former
Laws
and
Privileges
,
and
such
Things
as
I
have
been
entrusted
with
,
but
likewise
all
that
I
have
further
acquir'd
since
my
first
Authority
;
and
may
this
Action
prove
auspicious
and
fortunate
to
my
Country
.
Octavius
enlarg'd
much
upon
the
Particulars
,
and
upon
the
finishing
his
Speech
,
the
Minds
of
the
Senators
were
variously
affected
.
Many
knew
his
Design
,
and
therefore
agreed
with
his
Intentions
;
the
rest
either
suspected
his
Aim
,
or
believ'd
his
Words
.
Of
these
some
admir'd
his
Policy
in
concealing
his
Purposes
;
others
were
concern'd
at
his
Design
,
some
at
his
Cunning
,
and
others
at
his
Refusal
of
the
Government
.
Many
hated
the
popular
Form
of
Government
as
dangerous
in
these
Times
,
and
approv'd
of
the
Change
,
being
well
satisfy'd
with
Octavius's
Administration
.
Most
of
the
rest
being
worn
and
weary'd
out
with
their
many
vain
Strugglings
for
their
Liberty
,
and
very
desirous
of
Ease
and
Rest
,
chose
rather
the
Present
Estate
with
Security
,
than
to
strive
to
recover
the
Old
with
Danger
.
So
that
the
Product
of
their
several
Affections
were
the
same
;
for
those
who
wish'd
he
was
reduc'd
to
a
private
Condition
,
were
very
fearful
of
what
might
follow
;
and
such
as
desir'd
he
might
retain
his
Power
,
were
as
sorry
for
the
Loss
of
their
Hopes
.
Neither
cou'd
they
who
did
not
believe
him
,
reprehend
him
;
for
some
wanted
the
Will
,
and
others
the
Courage
to
do
it
.
No
Man
,
whether
he
bebeliev'd
his
Speech
or
not
,
durst
commend
it
,
because
a
great
many
were
displeas'd
with
it
,
and
as
many
afraid
of
it
.
Wherefore
having
often
interrupted
him
whilst
speaking
,
soon
after
he
had
done
,
they
unanimously
besought
him
with
many
Words
and
Entreaties
,
That
he
alone
wou'd
take
upon
him
the
Administration
of
the
thei
Government
;
and
after
many
Arguments
and
Persuasions
,
they
compell'd
him
,
as
it
were
,
to
accept
of
the
Sovereignty
.
And
that
his
Person
might
be
more
safely
preserv'd
,
they
immediately
decreed
the
Pay
of
his
Guard
to
be
double
to
that
of
all
other
Soldiers
.
Thus
Octavius
Caesar
by
his
Artifice
of
pretending
to
lay
down
all
his
Power
and
Authority
,
got
it
confirm'd
to
him
both
by
Senate
and
People
.
Yet
that
he
might
seem
to
be
Popular
,
he
refus'd
to
govern
all
the
Provinces
,
or
to
have
a
perpetual
Power
over
such
as
he
shou'd
take
care
of
:
Therefore
the
weaker
and
inward
Provinces
,
being
in
a
more
peaceable
Posture
,
he
left
to
the
Senate
;
the
most
powerful
and
outward
Provinces
,
and
those
most
expos'd
to
Enemies
,
he
kept
to
himself
,
saying
,
Than
he
desir'd
that
the
Fathers
might
enjoy
their
Power
with
all
Ease
and
Safety
,
while
●e
himself
shou'd
undergo
all
the
Labour
and
Danger
▪
But
by
this
politick
Contrivance
he
render●d
the
Senate
useless
,
and
of
no
effect
,
and
by
this
he
engross'd
all
the
Soldiers
and
Militia
to
himself
.
To
the
Senate
and
People
were
left
Afri●k
and
Numidia
,
Lybia
call'd
Cyrenai●a
,
Asia
Mi●or
,
Greece
with
Epirus
,
Dalmatia
,
Macedonia
,
Crete
,
Sicily
,
Sardinia
▪
and
that
part
of
Spain
call'd
Boetica
.
Caesar
kept
▪
the
rest
of
Spain
,
all
Gaul
and
Germany
,
as
also
Syria
,
Phoenicia
,
Aegypt
,
&c.
which
were
Frontier
Provinces
.
Over
these
Provinces
he
assum'd
the
Government
but
from
ten
Years
,
well
remembring
how
dangerous
the
Word
Perpetual
had
been
to
his
Uncle
Iulius
;
and
adding
,
That
as
soon
as
●e
cou'd
quiet
them
,
he
wou'd
quit
his
Power
.
After
this
he
set
over
the
Provinces
of
both
sorts
Men
of
Patritian
Dignity
,
but
over
Aegypt
one
of
the
Eq●estrain
Rank
only
,
and
with
the
lowest
Title
of
all
other
Governours
,
fearing
lest
a
Person
of
the
highest
Rank
presuming
upon
the
Wealth
and
Situation
of
that
Country
,
shou'd
prove
dangerous
to
the
Roman
State
.
He
alotted
Africk
and
Asia
to
Senators
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Provinces
to
Praetorians
;
but
forbidding
either
to
take
upon
'em
this
Employment
within
five
Years
after
they
had
born
Offices
in
the
City
.
They
held
their
Government
but
for
a
Year
;
and
as
soon
as
Successors
were
sent
'em
,
they
were
immediately
to
depart
the
Provinces
,
and
not
to
fail
of
being
at
Rome
within
three
Months
.
As
soon
as
Octavius
had
but
made
his
Oration
about
resigning
his
Command
,
and
distributing
the
Provinces
,
many
Honours
were
conferr'd
on
him
,
as
that
Laurel
shou'd
be
planted
before
his
Gates
in
the
Palatium
,
and
upon
those
Trees
Oaken
Garlands
to
be
hung
,
as
for
one
who
was
a
perpetual
Conqueror
of
Enemies
,
and
Preserver
of
Citizens
.
The
House
of
the
Emperor
also
was
for
the
future
call'd
the
Palatium
or
Palace
,
Palatine
Hill
,
and
there
was
his
Praetorium
:
His
House
also
receiv'd
some
Dignity
from
the
Mount
it self
,
because
Romulus
liv'd
there
;
therefore
afterwards
,
if
the
Emperors
were
remov'd
else-where
,
yet
the
House
were
still
call'd
Palatia
or
Palaces
.
Immediately
after
the
Provinces
were
divided
,
and
all
Publick
Affairs
settled
,
it
was
debated
in
the
Senate
,
whether
Octavius
ought
to
have
the
Title
of
Romulus
,
because
he
had
founded
the
Empire
;
but
the
more
venerable
Name
of
AUGUSTUS
,
Munacius
Plan●us
,
at
length
seem'd
most
agreeable
for
sacred
Place●
and
Temples
consecrated
by
Augurs
were
term'd
Augusta
by
the
Romans
.
Caesar
,
tho'
he
much
desir'd
that
of
Romulus
,
yet
perceiving
he
shou'd
be
suspected
of
affecting
the
Title
of
King
,
declin'd
it
,
and
was
sirnam'd
Augustus
,
intimating
something
in
him
more
than
Mortal
;
and
this
he
accepted
of
,
a
Title
expressing
more
Dignity
and
Reverence
,
than
Authority
.
And
Things
are
call'd
Augusta
,
which
are
most
worthy
of
Honour
,
and
most
Sacred
;
wherefore
the
Greeks
express
it
by
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Venerable
.
From
this
Day
forward
began
the
Sovereign
Power
and
Authority
to
be
in
the
Hands
of
one
Man
,
and
by
a
Law
call'd
Lex
Regia
,
all
the
Power
of
the
People
and
Senate
was
transferr'd
upon
Augustus
.
When
his
ten
Years
were
expir'd
,
ten
more
were
added
,
and
after
that
as
many
more
,
so
that
he
had
his
Authority
still
continu'd
for
his
Life
;
for
which
Cause
his
Successors
,
tho'
they
had
the
Power
settled
on
'em
for
the
Term
of
Life
,
yet
at
the
End
of
every
ten
Years
,
solemniz'd
at
it
were
the
Renewing
of
it
.
Thus
Augustus
Caesar
became
Supreme
Governour
of
the
Roman
People
,
neither
by
Inheritance
,
nor
Usurpation
,
nor
Conquest
,
nor
Election
,
yet
by
means
of
'em
all
.
This
great
Change
of
Government
hapned
in
the
727th
Year
of
the
City
,
A.
M.
3978
,
in
the
second
Year
of
the
188th
Olympiad
,
482
Years
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Consular
State
,
303
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
,
33
since
the
Beginning
of
the
Mix'd
State
,
17
since
the
Death
of
Iulius
Caesar
,
and
25
before
our
Saviour's
Nativity
.
Here
ended
the
greatest
Common-wealth
in
the
World
,
and
at
the
same
time
began
the
greatest
Monarchy
;
a
Monarchy
so
well
fix'd
,
and
firmly
settled
,
that
nor
all
the
tyrannical
Carriage
of
those
Monsters
of
Men
that
succeeded
Augustus
,
cou'd
shake
it
;
a
Monarchy
,
which
if
it
be
consider'd
with
others
,
as
to
its
Power
and
Riches
,
together
with
its
Extent
and
Continuance
,
there
is
scarce
any
room
left
for
Comparison
;
and
a
Monarchy
which
the
Romans
,
for
many
Years
,
believ'd
Indissoluble
and
Immortal
.
The
Roman
Dominions
were
now
almost
brought
to
their
utmost
Extent
,
containing
in
Europe
,
Italy
,
both
the
Gauls
,
Spain
,
Greece
,
Illyricum
,
Dacia
,
Panonia
,
with
some
part
of
Britain
and
Germany
;
In
Asia
,
all
those
Provinces
which
went
under
the
Name
of
Asia
Minor
,
Armenia
,
Syria
,
Iudaea
,
with
part
of
Mesopotamia
and
Media
;
and
in
Africa
,
Aegypt
,
Africk
,
Numidia
,
Mauritania
and
Lybia
;
besides
many
Islands
,
and
some
Parts
of
other
Provinces
.
All
which
comprehended
the
greatest
,
and
far
the
best
Part
of
Europe
,
with
very
large
Parts
of
Asia
and
Africa
,
being
no
less
than
between
3
and
4000
Miles
in
length
,
and
about
half
as
much
in
breadth
.
As
to
the
yearly
Revenues
of
the
Empire
,
by
a
moderate
Computation
,
it
has
been
reckon'd
at
●igh
forty
Millions
of
our
Money
,
whereof
Gaul
paid
five
,
and
that
without
being
extremely
burdensom
to
the
People
.
But
what
still
makes
it
seem
greater
,
is
what
Vespasian
told
the
Senate
at
his
coming
to
the
Empire
,
that
he
wanted
40000000
of
Sestercium's
to
settle
the
Common-wealth
,
which
amounts
to
312000000
of
our
Money
.
As
for
the
Romans
themselves
,
they
had
now
nothing
so
elevated
a
Temper
,
either
for
the
Greatness
of
Genius
,
or
the
Force
of
the
Soul
,
as
in
some
Time
in
the
Republick
;
but
had
something
more
Polite
and
Sociable
;
and
never
were
more
glorious
,
or
at
least
,
more
pleasant
Times
than
now
,
all
Wars
and
Contests
ceasing
,
all
Arts
and
Sciences
flourishing
,
and
all
Riches
and
Pleasures
increasing
.
In
short
,
Augustus
made
the
World
happy
,
and
was
happy
in
the
World
;
he
had
nothing
to
desire
of
the
Publick
,
nor
the
Publick
of
him
:
And
considering
the
many
Evils
he
occasion'd
before
he
came
to
the
Empire
,
and
the
great
Good
he
did
after
he
was
Emperor
,
it
was
said
with
good
Reason
,
That
he
shou'd
never
have
been
born
,
or
never
have
dy'd
.
But
for
his
Actions
afterwards
,
and
his
further
settlement
of
the
Empire
,
I
must
leave
to
the
other
Volume
of
this
History
.
FINIS
.