By
the
Council
of
the
ROYAL
SOCIETY
of
London
for
Improving
of
Natural
Knowledge
.
ORdered
,
That
the
Book
written
by
John
Evelyn
Esq
Fellow
of
this
Society
,
Entituled
SYLVA
;
Or
a
Discourse
of
Forest-Trees
,
and
the
Propagation
of
Timber
in
His
Majesties
Dominions
:
To
which
is
annexed
POMONA
;
Or
an
Appendix
concerning
Fruit-Trees
in
relation
to
Cider
,
the
Making
and
several
ways
of
Ordering
it
,
be
Printed
by
John
Martyn
and
James
Allestry
,
Printers
to
the
said
Society
.
BROVNCKER
,
P.R.S.
SYLVA
,
Or
A
DISCOURSE
Of
FOREST-TREES
,
AND
THE
Propagation
of
Timber
in
His
MAJESTIES
Dominions
.
As
it
was
Deliver'd
in
the
ROYAL
SOCIETY
the
XVth
of
October
,
MDCLXII
.
upon
occasion
of
certain
Quaeries
propounded
to
that
Illustrious
Assembly
,
by
the
Honourable
the
Principal
Officers
,
and
Commissioners
of
the
Navy
.
To
which
is
annexed
POMONA
;
Or
,
An
Appendix
concerning
Fruit-Trees
in
relation
to
CIDER
;
The
Making
,
and
severall
wayes
of
Ordering
it
.
Published
by
expresse
Order
of
the
ROYAL
SOCIETY
.
ALSO
KALENDARIVM
HORTENSE
;
Or
,
the
Gard'ners
Almanae
;
Directing
what
he
is
to
do
Monthly
throughout
the
Year
.
All
which
several
Treatises
are
in
this
SECOND
EDITION
much
Inlarged
and
Improved
BY
JOHN
EVELYN
Esq
Fellow
of
the
ROYAL
SOCIETY
.
—
Tibi
res
antiquae
laudis
&
artis
Ingredior
,
tantos
ausus
recludere
fonteis
.
Virg.
Royal Society coat of arms
LONDON
,
Printed
for
Jo.
Martyn
,
and
Ja.
Allestry
,
Printers
to
the
Royal
Society
.
MDCLXX
.
TO
THE
KING
.
SIR
,
THis
Second
Edition
of
SYLVA
,
after
more
than
a
Thousand
Copies
had
been
Bought
up
,
and
dispers'd
of
the
First
Impression
,
in
much
lesse
time
than
two
Years
space
(
which
Book-sellers
assure
us
is
a
very
extraordinary
thing
in
Volumes
of
this
bulk
)
comes
now
again
to
pay
its
Homage
to
your
Serene
Majesty
,
to
whose
Auspices
alone
it
owes
the
favourable
Acceptance
which
it
has
received
in
the
World
.
But
it
is
not
That
alone
,
which
it
presumes
to
tell
your
Majesty
,
but
to
acquaint
You
,
that
it
has
been
the
sole
Occasion
of
furnishing
your
almost
exhausted
Dominions
,
with
more
(
I
dare
say
)
than
two
Millions
of
Timber-Trees
;
besides
infinite
Others
,
which
have
been
Propagated
within
the
three
Nations
,
at
the
Instigation
,
and
by
the
Direction
of
this
Work
;
and
that
the
Author
of
it
is
able
(
if
need
require
)
to
make
it
out
,
by
a
competent
Volume
of
Letters
,
and
acknowledgments
,
which
are
come
to
his
hands
from
several
Persons
of
the
most
eminent
Quality
;
many
of
them
Illustrious
,
and
divers
of
them
unknown
to
him
,
in
justification
of
what
he
asserts
,
which
he
the
rather
preserves
with
the
more
care
;
because
they
are
Testimonials
from
so
many
honourable
Persons
,
of
the
Benefit
they
have
receiv'd
from
the
Endeavours
of
the
Royal
Society
,
which
,
now
adayes
,
passes
through
so
many
Censures
;
but
,
she
has
yet
your
Majesty
for
her
Founder
and
Patron
,
and
is
therefore
the
less
concern'd
;
since
no
man
of
worth
can
likely
speak
ill
of
an
Assembly
,
which
your
Majesty
has
thought
fit
to
dignifie
,
by
so
signal
a
Relation
to
it
.
It
is
now
about
five
years
past
,
that
your
Majesty
was
pleas'd
to
declare
your
favourable
Acceptance
of
a
Treatise
of
Architecture
which
I
then
presented
to
you
,
with
many
gracious
expressions
,
and
that
it
was
a
most
useful
Piece
.
Sir
,
That
Encouragement
(
together
with
the
success
both
of
the
Book
it self
,
and
of
the
first
Edition
of
this
)
has
animated
me
to
make
a
second
Oblation
to
you
of
these
Improvements
:
Nor
was
it
certainly
,
without
some
Provident
Conduct
,
that
we
have
been
thus
solicitous
to
begin
as
it
were
,
with
Materials
for
Building
,
and
Directions
to
Builders
;
if
due
Reflections
be
made
on
that
deplorable
Calamity
,
the
Conflagration
of
your
Imperial
City
;
which
neverthelesse
by
the
Blessing
of
GOD
,
and
your
Majesties
gracious
Influence
,
we
despair
not
of
seeing
Rise
again
,
a
New
,
and
much
more
Glorious
PHOENIX
.
This
TRIBUTE
,
I
now
once
more
lay
at
the
Feet
of
our
ROYAL
FOVNDER
:
May
your
Majesty
be
pleas'd
,
to
be
Invok'd
by
that
no
Inglorious
TITLE
in
the
profoundest
Submissions
of
Gracious
Sir
,
Your
Majesties
Ever
Loyal
,
most
obedient
,
and
Faithful
Subject
,
and
Servant
,
J.
EVELYN
.
Says-Court
Aug.
24
1669.
TO
THE
READER
.
AFter
what
the
Frontispiece
and
Porch
of
this
Wooden
Edifice
presents
you
,
I
shall
need
no
farther
to
repeat
the
Occasion
of
this
following
Discourse
;
I
am
onely
to
acquaint
you
,
That
as
it
was
delivered
to
the
Royal
Society
by
an
unworthy
Member
thereof
,
in
Obedience
to
their
Commands
;
by
the
same
it
is
now
Re-publish'd
without
any
farther
Prospect
:
And
the
Reader
is
to
know
,
That
if
these
dry
sticks
afford
him
any
Sap
,
it
is
one
of
the
least
and
meanest
of
those
Pieces
which
are
every
day
produc'd
by
that
Illustrious
Assembly
,
and
which
enrich
their
Collections
,
as
so
many
Monuments
of
their
accurate
Experiments
,
and
Publick
endeavours
,
in
order
to
the
production
of
real
and
useful
Theories
,
the
Propagation
and
Improvement
of
Nutural
Science
,
and
the
honour
of
their
Institution
.
If
to
this
there
be
any
thing
subjoyned
here
,
which
may
a
while
bespeak
the
Patience
of
the
Reader
,
it
is
onely
for
the
encouragement
of
an
Industry
,
and
worthy
Labour
,
too
much
in
our
dayes
neglected
,
as
haply
reputed
a
Consideration
of
too
sordid
and
vulgar
a
nature
for
Noble
Persons
,
and
Gentlemen
to
busie
themselves
withal
,
and
who
oftner
find
wayes
to
Fell
down
,
and
Destroy
their
Trees
and
Plantations
,
than
either
to
repair
or
improve
them
.
But
we
are
not
without
hopes
of
taking
off
these
Prejudices
,
and
of
reconciling
them
to
a
Subject
and
an
Industry
which
has
been
consecrated
(
as
I
may
say
)
by
as
good
,
and
as
great
Persons
,
as
any
the
World
has
produced
:
and
whose
Names
we
find
mingl'd
amongst
Kings
,
and
Philosophers
,
grave
Senators
,
and
Patriots
of
their
Countrey
:
For
such
were
of
old
Solomon
,
Cyrus
,
and
Numa
,
Licinius
sirnamed
Stolo
,
Cato
,
and
Cincinnatus
;
the
Piso's
,
Fabii
,
Cicero
,
the
Plinies
,
and
thousands
more
whom
I
might
enumerate
,
that
disdained
not
to
cultivate
these
Rusticities
even
with
their
own
hands
,
and
to
esteem
it
a
great
Accession
,
to
dignifie
their
Persons
,
and
adorn
their
purple
with
these
Rural
Characters
of
their
affections
to
Planting
,
and
love
of
this
part
of
Agriculture
,
which
has
transmitted
to
us
their
venerable
Names
through
so
many
Ages
and
Vicissitudes
of
the
World
.
That
famous
Answer
alone
which
the
Persian
Monarch
gave
to
Lysander
,
will
sufficiently
justifie
that
which
I
have
said
;
besides
what
we
might
add
,
out
of
the
Writings
and
Examples
of
the
rest
:
But
since
these
may
suffice
,
after
due
reproofs
of
the
late
impolitique
Wast
,
and
universal
sloth
amongst
us
;
we
would
now
turn
our
Indignation
into
Prayers
,
See
Petrarch
de
Remed.
utriusque
fortunae
L.
1.
Dial.
57.
and
addresse
our selves
to
our
better
natur'd
Countrymen
;
that
such
Woods
as
do
yet
remain
intire
,
might
be
carefully
Preserved
,
and
such
as
are
Destroy'd
,
sedulously
repaired
:
It
is
what
all
Persons
who
are
Owners
of
Land
may
contribute
to
,
and
with
infinite
delight
,
as
well
as
profit
,
who
are
touch'd
with
that
laudable
Ambition
of
imitating
their
Illustrious
Ancestors
,
and
of
worthily
serving
their
Generation
.
To
these
my
earnest
and
humble
Advice
should
be
,
That
at
their
very
first
coming
to
their
Estates
,
and
as
soon
as
they
get
Children
,
they
would
seriously
think
of
this
Work
of
Propagation
also
:
For
,
I
observe
there
is
no
part
of
Husbandry
,
which
men
commonly
more
Fail
in
,
neglect
,
and
have
cause
to
repent
of
,
than
that
they
did
not
begin
Planting
betimes
,
without
which
,
they
can
expect
neither
Fruit
,
Ornament
,
or
Delight
from
their
Labours
:
Men
seldom
Plant
Trees
till
they
begin
to
be
Wise
,
that
is
,
till
they
grow
Old
,
and
find
by
Experience
the
Prudence
and
Necessity
of
it
.
My
next
Advice
is
,
that
they
do
not
easily
commit
themselves
to
the
Dictates
of
their
ignorant
Hinds
and
Servants
,
Vide
&
Curtium
,
l.
7.
&c.
who
are
(
generally
speaking
)
more
fit
to
Learn
than
to
Instruct
.
Male
agitur
cum
Domino
quem
Villicus
docet
,
was
an
Observation
of
old
Cato's
;
and
't
was
Ischomachus
who
told
Socrates
(
discoursing
one
day
upon
a
like
subject
)
That
it
was
far
easier
to
Make
than
to
Find
a
good
Husband-man
:
I
have
often
prov'd
it
so
in
Gardeners
;
and
I
believe
it
will
hold
in
most
of
our
Countrey
Employments
:
We
are
to
exact
Labour
,
not
Conduct
and
Reason
,
from
the
greatest
part
of
them
;
and
the
business
of
Planting
is
an
Art
or
Science
(
for
so
Varro
has
solemnly
defin'd
it
)
and
that
exceedingly
wide
of
Truth
,
De
R.R.
which
(
it
seems
)
many
in
his
time
accounted
of
it
;
facillimam
esse
,
nec
ullius
acuminis
Rusticationem
,
an
easie
and
insipid
Study
.
It
was
the
simple
Culture
onely
,
with
so
much
difficulty
retriv'd
from
the
late
confusion
of
an
intestine
and
bloody
War
,
like
Ours
,
and
now
put
in
Reputation
again
,
which
made
the
noble
Poet
write
—
How
hard
it
was
Low
Subjects
with
illustrious
words
to
grace
.
—
Verbis
ea
vincere
magnum
Quam
sit
,
&
angustis
hanc
addere
rebus
honorem
.
Georg.
3.
Seeing
,
as
the
Orator
does
himself
expresse
it
,
In
agris
erant
tunc
Senatores
.
Cic.
de
Senect.
Nihil
est
homine
libero
dignius
;
there
is
nothing
more
becoming
and
worthy
of
a
Gentleman
.
Palissy
,
le
Moye●
de
Devenir
Rich.
It
was
indeed
a
plain
man
(
a
Potter
by
Trade
)
but
let
no
body
despise
him
because
a
Potter
(
Agathocles
,
and
a
King
was
of
that
Craft
)
who
in
my
Opinion
has
given
us
the
true
reason
why
Husbandry
,
and
particularly
Planting
,
is
no
more
improv'd
in
this
Age
of
ours
:
especially
,
where
Persons
are
Lords
and
Owners
of
much
Land
.
The
truth
is
,
sayes
he
,
when
men
have
acquired
any
considerable
Fortune
by
their
good
Husbandry
,
and
experience
(
forgetting
that
the
greatest
Patriarchs
,
Princes
,
their
Sons
and
Daughters
,
belong'd
to
the
Plough
,
and
the
Flock
)
they
account
it
a
shame
to
breed
up
their
Children
in
the
same
Calling
in
which
they
themselves
were
educated
,
but
presently
design
them
for
Gentlemen
:
They
must
forsooth
,
have
a
Coat
of
Arms
,
and
live
upon
their
Estates
;
So
as
by
that
time
his
Beard
grows
,
he
begins
to
be
asham'd
of
his
Father
,
and
would
be
ready
to
defie
him
,
that
should
upon
any
occasion
mind
him
of
his
honest
Extraction
:
And
if
it
chance
that
the
good-man
have
other
Children
to
provide
for
;
This
must
be
the
Darling
,
be
bred
at
School
,
and
the
Vniversity
,
whilst
the
rest
must
to
Plow
with
the
Father
,
&c.
This
is
the
Cause
,
says
my
Authour
,
that
our
Lands
are
so
ill
Cultivated
.
Every
body
will
subsist
upon
their
own
Revenue
,
and
take
their
Pleasure
,
whilst
they
Resign
their
Estates
to
be
manag'd
by
the
most
Ignorant
,
(
which
are
the
Children
whom
they
leave
at
home
,
or
the
Hinds
to
whom
they
commit
them
.
)
When
as
in
truth
,
and
in
reason
,
the
more
Learning
the
better
Philosophers
,
and
the
greater
Abilities
they
possesse
,
the
more
,
and
the
better
are
they
qualified
,
to
Cultivate
,
and
improve
their
Estates
:
Methinks
this
is
well
and
rationally
argued
.
And
now
you
have
in
part
what
I
had
to
produce
in
extenuation
of
this
my
Adventure
;
that
Animated
with
a
Command
,
and
Assisted
by
divers
Worthy
Persons
(
whose
Names
I
am
prone
to
celebrate
with
all
just
Respects
)
I
have
presumed
to
cast
in
my
Symbol
;
and
which
,
with
the
rest
that
are
to
follow
,
may
(
I
hope
)
be
in
some
degree
serviceable
to
him
(
who
e're
the
happy
Person
be
)
which
shall
oblige
the
World
with
that
compleat
Systeme
of
Agriculture
,
which
as
yet
seems
a
desiderate
,
and
wanting
to
its
perfection
.
It
is
(
I
assure
you
)
what
is
one
of
the
Principal
Designs
of
the
ROYAL
SOCIETY
,
not
in
this
Particular
only
,
but
through
all
the
Liberal
and
more
useful
Arts
;
and
for
which
(
in
the
estimation
of
all
equal
Judges
)
it
will
merit
the
greatest
of
Encouragements
;
that
so
,
at
last
,
what
the
Learned
Columella
has
wittily
reproach'd
,
and
complain'd
of
,
as
a
defect
in
that
Age
of
his
,
concerning
Agriculture
in
general
,
and
is
applicable
here
,
may
attain
its
desired
Remedy
and
Consummation
in
This
of
Ours
.
Sola
enim
Res
Rustica
,
quae
sine
dubitatione
proxima
,
Praefat.
ad
P.
Sylvium
;
which
I
earnestly
recommend
to
the
serious
perusal
of
our
Gentry
.
Et
mihi
ad
sapientis
vitam
proximè
videtur
accedere
.
Cic.
de
Senectute
.
&
quasi
consanguinea
Sapientiae
est
,
tam
discentibus
eget
,
quam
magistris
:
Adhuc
in
Scholis
Rhetorum
,
&
Geometrarum
,
Musicorumque
,
Vel
quod
magis
mirandum
est
,
contemptissimorum
vitiorum
officinas
,
gulosius
condiendi
cibos
,
&
luxuriosius
sercula
struendi
,
capitumque
&
capillorum
concinnatores
non
solum
esse
audivi
,
sed
&
ipse
vidi
;
Agricolationis
neque
Doctores
qui
se
profiterentur
,
neque
Discipulos
cognovi
.
But
this
I
leave
for
our
Gallants
to
Interpret
,
and
should
now
apply
my self
to
the
Directive
Part
,
which
I
am
all
this
while
bespeaking
,
if
after
what
I
have
said
in
the
several
Paragraphs
of
the
ensuing
Discourse
upon
the
Argument
of
Wood
,
(
and
which
in
this
Second
Edition
coming
Abroad
with
innumerable
Improvements
,
to
at
the
least
,
a
full-half
Augmented
,
and
that
with
such
Advantages
,
as
I
am
not
afraid
,
to
pronounce
it
almost
altogether
a
New-Work
,
so
furnish'd
,
as
I
hope
shall
neither
reproach
the
Author
,
or
repent
the
Reader
)
it
might
not
seem
superfluous
to
have
praemised
any
thing
here
for
the
Encouragement
of
so
becoming
an
Industry
.
There
are
divers
Learned
,
and
judicious
Men
who
have
praeceded
Me
in
this
Argument
;
as
many
,
at
least
,
as
have
undertaken
to
Write
and
Compile
vast
Herbals
,
and
Theaters
of
Plants
;
of
which
we
have
some
of
our
own
Country-men
,
who
have
(
I
dare
boldly
affirm
it
)
surpass'd
any
,
if
not
all
the
Forriners
that
are
extant
:
In
Those
it
is
you
meet
with
the
Description
of
the
several
Plants
,
by
Discourses
,
Figures
,
Names
,
Places
of
Growth
,
time
of
Flourishing
,
and
their
Medicinal
Virtues
;
which
may
supply
any
deficiency
of
mine
as
to
those
Particulars
;
if
the
forbearing
that
Repetition
,
should
by
any
be
imputed
for
a
defect
,
though
it
were
indeed
none
of
my
designe
:
I
say
,
these
things
are
long
since
performed
to
our
hands
:
But
there
is
none
of
these
(
that
I
at
least
know
of
,
and
are
come
to
my
perusal
)
who
have
taken
any
considerable
pains
how
to
Direct
,
and
Encourage
us
in
the
Culture
of
Forest-Trees
(
the
grand
defect
of
this
Nation
)
:
besides
some
small
sprinklings
to
be
met
withal
in
Gervas
Markham
,
Old
Tusser
,
and
the
Country-Farm
long
since
Translated
out
of
French
;
and
by
no
means
suitable
to
our
clime
and
Country
:
Neither
have
any
of
these
proceeded
after
my
Method
,
and
so
particularly
,
in
Raising
,
Planting
,
Dressing
and
Governing
,
&c.
or
so
sedulously
made
it
their
business
,
to
specifie
the
Mechanical
Vses
of
the
several
kinds
,
as
I
have
done
,
which
was
hitherto
a
great
desiderate
:
and
in
which
the
Reader
will
likewise
find
some
things
altogether
New
and
Instructive
;
and
both
Directions
and
Encouragements
for
the
Propagation
of
some
Forain
Curiosities
of
Ornament
and
Vse
,
which
were
hitherto
neglected
.
If
I
have
upon
occasion
presum'd
to
say
any
thing
concerning
their
Medicinal
properties
,
it
has
been
Modestly
and
Frugally
,
and
with
chief
,
if
not
onely
respect
to
the
poor
Wood-man
,
whom
none
I
presume
will
envy
,
that
living
far
from
the
Physitian
,
he
should
in
case
of
Necessity
,
consult
the
reverend
Druid
,
his
[
](A38811-e4940-b)*
*
Nè
Sylvae
quidem
,
horridiorque
naturae
facies
Medicinis
carent
,
Sacra
illa
parente
rerum
omnium
,
nusquam
non
remedia
disponente
homini
,
ni
Medicina
,
sieret
etiam
solitudo
ipsa
,
&c.
Hinc
nata
M●dic●na
,
&c.
Haec
sola
natura
placuerat
esse
remedia
parata
vulgò
,
inventu
facilia
,
ac
sine
impendio
,
ex
quibus
vivimus
,
&c.
Plin.
L.
24.
c.
1.
Okes
,
and
his
Elme
,
Birch
or
Elder
,
for
a
short
Breath
,
a
Green
Wound
,
or
a
sore
Leg
;
Casualties
incident
to
this
hard
Labour
.
These
are
the
chief
Particulars
of
this
ensuing
Work
,
and
what
it
pretends
hitherto
of
Singular
,
in
which
let
me
be
permitted
to
say
,
There
is
sufficient
for
Instruction
,
and
more
than
is
extant
in
any
Collection
whatsoever
(
absit
verbo
invidia
)
in
this
way
,
and
upon
this
Subject
;
abstracting
things
Practicable
,
of
solid
use
,
and
material
,
from
the
Ostentation
and
impertinences
of
divers
Writers
;
who
receiving
all
that
came
to
hand
on
trust
,
to
swell
their
monstrous
Volumes
,
have
hitherto
impos'd
upon
the
credulous
World
,
without
conscience
or
honesty
.
I
will
not
exasperate
the
Adorers
of
our
ancient
and
late
Naturalists
,
by
repeating
of
what
our
Verulam
has
justly
pronounc'd
concerning
their
Rhapsodies
(
because
I
likewise
honour
their
painful
Endeavours
,
and
am
oblig'd
to
them
for
much
of
that
I
know
,
)
nor
will
I
(
with
some
)
reproach
Pliny
,
Porta
,
Cardan
,
Mizaldus
,
Cursius
,
and
many
others
of
great
Names
(
whose
Writings
I
have
diligently
consulted
)
for
the
Knowledge
they
have
imparted
to
me
on
this
Occasion
;
but
I
must
deplore
the
time
which
is
(
for
the
most
part
)
so
miserably
lost
in
pursuit
of
their
Speculations
,
where
they
treat
upon
this
Argument
:
But
the
World
is
now
advis'd
,
and
(
blessed
be
God
)
infinitely
redeem'd
from
that
base
and
servile
submission
of
our
noblest
Faculties
to
their
blind
Traditions
.
This
,
you
will
be
apt
to
say
,
is
a
haughty
Period
;
but
whiles
I
affirm
it
of
the
Past
,
it
justifies
,
and
does
honour
to
the
Present
Industry
of
our
Age
,
and
of
which
there
cannot
be
a
greater
and
more
emulous
Instance
,
than
the
Passion
of
His
Majesty
to
encourage
His
Subjects
,
and
of
the
Royal
Society
,
His
Majesties
Foundation
,
who
receive
and
promote
His
Dictates
,
in
all
that
is
laudable
and
truly
emolumental
of
this
Nature
.
It
is
not
therefore
that
I
here
presume
to
instruct
Him
in
the
management
of
that
great
and
august
Enterprise
of
resolving
to
Plant
and
repair
His
ample
Forests
,
and
other
Magazines
of
Timber
,
for
the
benefit
of
His
Royal
Navy
,
and
the
glory
of
His
Kingdoms
;
but
to
present
to
His
Sacred
Person
,
and
to
the
World
,
what
Advises
I
have
received
from
others
,
observed
my
self
,
and
most
Industriously
Collected
from
a
studious
propensity
to
serve
as
one
of
the
least
Intelligences
in
the
ampler
Orb
of
our
Illustrious
Society
,
and
in
a
Work
so
Important
and
Necessary
.
J.E.
BOOKS
Publish'd
by
the
Author
of
this
Discourse
.
1.
The
French
Gard'ner
,
II.
Edition
:
0/12.
2.
Fumi-fugium
,
or
a
Prophetic
Invective
against
the
Smoke
of
London
:
0/4.
3.
Sylva
,
or
a
Discourse
of
Forest-Trees
,
&c.
the
II.
Edition
,
very
much
Improv'd
,
Fol.
4.
Kalendarium
Hortense
,
both
in
Fol.
and
Octavo
,
the
III.
Edition
,
much
Augmented
.
5.
Sculptura
,
or
the
History
of
Chalcography
and
Engraving
in
Copper
,
the
Original
and
Progresse
of
that
Art
,
&c.
Octavo
.
6.
The
Parallel
of
Architecture
,
being
an
Account
of
Ten
famous
Architects
,
with
a
Discourse
of
the
Tearms
,
and
a
Treatise
of
Statues
:
Fol.
7.
The
Idea
of
the
Perfection
of
Painting
:
Octavo
.
Amico
charissimo
Johanni
Evelyno
Armigero
,
è
Societate
Regali
Londini
.
J.
Beale
,
S.P.D.
In
Sylvam
.
FAre
age
quid
causae
est
quod
tu
Sylvestria
pangis
,
Inter
Sylvanos
,
capripedesque
Deos
?
Inter
Hamadryadas
laetus
,
Dryadasque
pudicas
,
Cum
tua
Cyrrhaeis
sit
Chelys
apta
modis
!
Scilicet
hoc
cecinit
numerosus
Horatius
olim
,
Scriptorum
Sylvam
quod
Chorus
Omnis
a
mat
.
Est
locus
ille
Sacer
Musis
,
&
Apolline
dignus
,
Prima
dedit
Summo
Templa
Sacranda
Jovi
.
Hinc
quoque
nunc
Pontem
Pontus
non
respuit
ingens
,
Stringitur
Oceanus
,
corripiturque
Salum
.
Hinc
novus
Hesperiis
emersit
mundus
in
oris
,
Gen.
1.
c.
2.
Effuditque
auri
flumina
larga
probi
.
Hinc
exundavit
distento
Copia
cornu
,
Qualem
&
Amalthaeae
non
habuere
sinus
.
Sylva
tibi
curae
est
,
grata
&
Pomona
refundit
Auriferum
,
roseum
,
purpureumque
nemus
.
Illa
famemque
sitimque
abigens
expirat
odores
,
Quales
nec
Medus
,
nec
tibi
mittit
Arabs
.
Ambrosiam
praebent
modo
cocta
Cydonia
,
Tantum
Comprime
,
Nectareo
poma
liquore
fluunt
.
Progredere
,
O
Soecli
Cultor
memorande
futuri
,
Felix
Horticolam
sic
imitere
Deum
.
Nobilissimo
Viro
Johanni
Evelyno
Regalis
Soc.
Socio
dignissimo
.
AVsus
laudato
qui
quondam
reddere
versu
,
Aeternum
&
tentare
melos
,
conamine
magno
Lucreti
nomenque
suum
donaverat
aevo
:
Ille
leves
atomos
audaci
pangere
musa
Aggreditur
,
variis
&
semina
caeca
figuris
,
Naturaeque
vias
,
non
quae
Schola
garrula
jactat
,
Non
quae
rixanti
fert
barbara
turba
Lyceo
;
Ingentes
animi
sensus
,
&
pondera
rerum
,
Grandior
expressit
Genius
,
nec
scripta
minora
Ev'linum
decuisse
solent
.
Tuque
per
obscuros
(
victor
Boylaee
)
recessus
,
Naturae
meditaris
opus
,
Libro
de
colcribus
.
qua
luce
colores
Percipimus
,
quali
magnus
ferit
organa
motu
Cartesius
,
quali
volitant
primordia
plexu
Ex
atomis
Gassende
,
tuis
;
simulachraque
rerum
Diffugiunt
subito
vastum
per
inane
meatu
;
Mutato
varios
mentitur
lana
colores
Lumine
;
dum
tales
ardens
habet
ipsa
figuras
Purpura
,
Sidoniaeque
aliae
tinxere
veneno
:
Materiam
assiduo
vatiatam
,
ut
Protea
,
motu
Concipis
,
D●
origine
formarum
.
hinc
formae
patuit
nascentis
origo
,
Hinc
hominum
species
&
vasti
machina
coeli
:
Ipse
creare
Deus
,
solusque
ostendere
mundum
Boylaeus
potuit
;
sed
nunc
favet
aemula
virtus
(
Magne
Eveline
)
tibi
&
generosos
excitat
ignes
;
Pergite
Scipiadae
duo
,
qui
vel
mille
Marones
Vincitis
,
&
meriti
longo
lassatis
honore
.
Tu
vero
dilecte
nimis
!
qui
stemmate
ab
alto
Patricios
deducis
avos
,
cerasque
parentum
Wottonicae
de
stirpe
domus
;
De
Wotton
in
agro
Surrensi
.
virtutibus
aequas
Nunc
generis
monumenta
tui
,
post
taedia
Ponti
Innumerasque
errore
vias
,
quid
Sequana
fallax
,
Quae
Rhenus
malefidus
agit
,
quae
Tibris
,
&
Ister
,
Nota
tibi
:
triplici
quid
perfida
Roma
corona
Gessit
,
&
Adriaca
Venetus
deliberat
arce
,
Qualiaque
Odrysias
vexarunt
praelia
lunas
:
Europae
Mundique
artes
Eveline
,
reducis
,
Dum
Phoebo
comes
ire
paras
,
animamque
,
capacem
Vidit
uterque
polus
,
nec
Grajum
cana
vetustas
Te
latuit
,
veterum
nunc
prisca
numismata
regum
Eruis
,
&
Latias
per
mystica
templa
ruinas
;
Aestimat
ille
Forum
&
vasti
fundamina
Circi
,
Cumque
ruinoso
Capitolia
prisca
Theatro
,
Et
Dominos
colles
altaeque
palatia
Romae
,
Regales
notat
inde
domos
,
ut
mole
superba
Surgat
apex
,
molles
quae
tecta
imitantur
Ionas
Qualia
Romulea
,
Consule
librum
Aut●ris
de
Architectura
.
Gothica
quae
marmora
dextra
Quicquid
Tuscus
habet
,
mira
panduntur
ab
arte
;
O
famae
patriaeque
sacer
!
modo
diruta
chartis
Vivet
Roma
tuis
;
te
vindice
,
laeta
Corinthus
Stabit
adhuc
magno
nequicquam
invisa
Metello
.
Nunc
quoque
Ruris
opes
dulcesque
ante
omnia
curas
Pandis
ovans
,
tristes
maneat
quae
cura
Decembres
,
Pleiades
haec
Hyadesque
jubent
,
ut
laeta
Bootes
Semina
mandet
humi
,
ardenti
quae
Sirius
agro
Coepit
ut
aestiva
segetes
torrere
favilla
Quid
Maij
vernantis
opus
,
cum
florea
serta
Invitant
Dominas
ruris
,
cum
vere
tepenti
Ridet
ager
renovatque
suos
Narcissus
amores
,
Haud
aliter
victrix
divinam
Aeneida
vates
Lusit
opus
;
simul
&
gracili
modulatus
avena
,
Fata
decent
majora
tuos
Eveline
,
triumphos
,
Aeternum
renovatur
honos
,
te
nulla
vetustas
Obruet
,
atque
tua
servanda
volumina
cedro
Durent
,
&
meritam
cingat
tibi
laurea
frontem
Qui
vitam
Sylvis
donasti
&
Floribus
aevum
.
R.
Bohun
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Jo.
Evelyn
,
Jun.
A
TABLE
Of
the
CHAPTERS
.
SYLVA
.
-
Introduction
-
CHAP.
1
Of
the
Soil
and
Seed
.
Pag.
6
-
CHAP.
2
Of
the
Seminary
.
Pag.
9
-
CHAP.
3
Of
the
Oak
.
Pag.
14
-
CHAP.
4
Of
the
Elm.
Pag.
28
-
CHAP.
5
Of
the
Beech.
Pag.
35
-
CHAP.
6
Of
the
Ash
.
Pag.
38
-
CHAP.
7
Of
the
Chess-nut
.
Pag.
41
-
CHAP.
8
Of
the
Wall-nut
.
Pag.
44
-
CHAP.
9
Of
the
Mulbery
.
Pag.
57
-
CHAP.
10
Of
the
Service
.
Pag.
62
-
CHAP.
11
Of
the
Maple
.
Pag.
63
-
CHAP.
12
Of
the
Sycamore
.
Pag.
66
-
CHAP.
13
Of
the
Horn-beam
.
Pag.
67
-
CHAP.
14
Of
the
Lime-tree
.
Pag.
68
-
CHAP.
15
Of
the
Quick
beam
.
Pag.
70
-
CHAP.
16
Of
the
Birch
.
Pag.
71
-
CHAP.
17
Of
the
Hasel
.
Pag.
78
-
CHAP.
18
Of
the
Poplar
,
Aspen
and
Abele
.
Pag.
80
-
CHAP.
19
Of
the
Alder.
Pag.
83
-
CHAP.
20
Of
the
Withy
,
Sallow
,
Ozier
,
and
Willow
.
Pag.
85
-
CHAP.
21
Of
Fences
,
Quick-sets
,
&c.
Pag.
93
-
CHAP.
22
Of
the
Fir
,
Pine
,
Pinaster
,
Pitch-tree
,
&c.
Pag.
103
-
CHAP.
23
Of
the
Larch
,
Platanus
,
Lotus
,
Cornus
,
&c.
Pag.
113
-
CHAP.
24
Of
the
Cypress-tree
,
and
Cedar
.
Pag.
115
-
CHAP.
25
Of
the
Cork
,
Ilex
,
Alaternus
,
Phillyrea
,
Granad
,
Lentise
,
Olive
,
Myrtil
,
Jasmine
,
&c.
Pag.
121
-
CHAP.
26
Of
the
Acacia
,
Arbutus
,
Bays
,
Box
,
Eugh
,
Holly
,
Juniper
,
and
Laurel-trees
.
Pag.
125
-
CHAP.
27
Of
the
Infirmities
of
Trees
.
Pag.
133
-
CHAP.
28
Of
Copses
.
Pag.
138
-
CHAP.
29
Of
Pruning
.
Pag.
141
-
CHAP.
30
Of
the
Age
,
Stature
,
and
Felling
of
Trees
.
Pag.
147
-
CHAP.
31
Of
Timber
,
the
Seasoning
and
Vses
,
and
of
Fuel
.
Pag.
178
-
CHAP.
32
Aphorisms
,
or
certain
general
Praecepts
,
of
use
to
the
foregoing
Chapters
.
Pag.
202
-
CHAP.
33
Of
the
Laws
and
Statutes
for
the
Preservation
and
Improvement
of
Woods
,
&c.
Pag.
205
-
CHAP.
34
The
Paraenesis
and
Conclusion
,
Containing
some
encouragements
and
Proposals
for
the
Planting
,
and
Improvement
of
his
Majesties
Forests
.
Pag.
212
-
CHAP.
35
An
Historical
account
of
the
Sacredness
,
and
use
of
standing
Groves
.
Pag.
225
POMONA
.
-
The
Preface
.
Pag.
1
-
CHAP.
1
Of
the
Seminary
.
Pag.
7
-
CHAP.
2
Of
Stocks
.
Pag.
10
-
CHAP.
3
Of
Graffs
and
Insitions
.
Pag.
11
-
CHAP.
4
Of
Variety
and
Improvements
.
Pag.
13
-
CHAP.
5
Of
the
Place
and
Order
.
Pag.
20
-
CHAP.
6
Of
Transplanting
and
Distance
.
Pag.
21
-
CHAP.
7
Of
Fencing
.
Pag.
22
-
CHAP.
8
Of
Pruning
and
the
use
of
Fruit-trees
.
Pag.
24
CIDER
.
-
General
Advertisements
concerning
Cider
by
Dr.
Beale
.
29
-
Sir
Paul
Niele's
Discourse
of
Cider
.
39
-
Observations
concerning
the
making
and
Preserving
of
Cider
,
by
John
Newburgh
,
Esq.
52
-
Concerning
Cider
,
by
Dr.
Smith
.
58
-
Of
Cider
,
by
Capt.
Taylor
.
59
-
An
Account
of
Perry
and
Cider
imparted
by
Daniel
Collwall
Esq
63
-
Another
Account
of
Cider
,
&c.
65
KALENDARIUM
HORTENSE
.
-
Introduction
.
p.
5
-
January
.
8
,
9
-
February
.
10
,
11
-
March
.
12
,
13
-
April
.
14
,
15
-
May.
16
,
17
-
June
.
18
,
19
-
July
.
20
,
21
-
August
.
22
,
23
-
September
.
24
,
25
-
October
.
26
,
27
-
November
.
28
,
29
-
December
,
30
,
31
-
The
Catalogue
of
Plants
,
&c.
to
to
be
set
into
the
Conserve
,
or
otherwise
defended
in
Winter
.
32
,
33.
The
TABLE
to
SYLVA
.
Note
,
that
the
first
Letter
viz.
(
c.
)
denotes
the
Chapter
;
the
Second
viz.
(
s
.
)
the
Section
.
-
ABeel
Cap.
6
,
Sect.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
5
,
c.
34
,
s
.
20.
-
Ablaqueation
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Abraham
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
5.
vide
Patriarch
.
-
Abuse
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Acacia
c.
26
,
s
.
1.
-
Acorns
c.
1
,
s.
3
,
c.
3.
s
.
1
,
3
,
16
,
17
,
c.
21.
s
.
13
,
c.
25
,
s
.
4
,
c.
28
,
s
.
2.
c.
30
,
s
.
12
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
c.
34
,
s
.
21.
v.
Aesculus
.
-
Aequinox
c.
32
,
s
.
3.
-
Aesculus
c.
25
,
s
.
5.
-
Agaric
c.
33
,
s
.
1.
-
Age
c.
28
,
s
.
2
,
5.
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
c.
30.
s
.
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
7
,
12
,
18
,
19
,
c.
31
,
s
.
12
,
c.
34
,
s
.
15
,
21
,
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
14.
vide
stature
.
-
Alaternus
c.
25
,
s
.
6
,
9.
-
Albumen
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Alburnum
vide
Sap.
-
Alder
c.
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
19
,
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
30.
c
,
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
34
,
s
.
2.
-
Ale
c.
15
,
s.
2.
c.
16
,
s
.
4.
-
Allegories
c.
34
,
s
.
21.
-
Aliment
c.
30
,
s
.
1.
-
Alkermes
c.
25
,
s
.
5.
-
Almonds
c.
17
,
s
.
3.
-
Almugim
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Altar
c.
35
,
s
.
8.
-
Alum
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
Amber
c.
18
,
s
.
7.
-
Amerine
c.
20
,
s
.
1.
-
Anealing
c.
31
,
s
.
31.
-
Angler
c.
22
s
.
5.
-
Anglesey
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Animals
cap.
30
,
sect.
3
,
20.
-
Antidots
c.
8
,
s
.
4
,
-
Antients
c.
29
,
s
.
1.
-
Ants
v.
Pismires
.
-
Aphorismes
c.
32
,
s
.
1.
-
Apothecary
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Apparitions
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Apples
c.
30
,
s
.
2.
v.
Fruit.
-
Approach
c.
25
,
s
.
10.
v.
Graffing
.
-
Aquatical
Introduct.
s
.
5.
v.
Water
.
-
Aquaeducts
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2.
vide
Water-Works
.
-
Arborator
v.
Pruner
.
-
Arbours
c.
13
,
s
.
3.
c.
25
,
s
.
20.
-
Arbutus
c.
26
,
s
.
1.
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Arke
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
30.
s
.
12
,
c.
31.
s
.
15
,
17
,
23.
-
Armes
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
6.
-
Army
c.
34
,
s
.
26.
-
Art
c.
29
,
s
.
5.
c.
31
,
s
.
1.
-
Ash
c.
3
,
s.
8
,
c.
6
,
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
21
,
6
,
9
,
12
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
28
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
20
,
30
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
12
,
15
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
34
,
s
.
23.
-
Ashes
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
8.
s
.
1.
c.
31
,
s
.
25.
-
Ashtaroth
c.
35
,
s
.
6.
-
Aspect
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
7
,
8
,
c.
16
,
s
.
6
,
c.
21
,
s
.
11
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2.
c.
32
,
s
.
5
,
c.
34
,
s
.
9.
v.
Situation
,
Climat
.
-
Aspen
c.
18
,
s
.
4
,
c.
28
,
s
.
3.
-
Assarts
c.
33
,
s
.
9
,
-
Asylum
c.
35
,
s
.
8.
-
Atch
c.
21.
s
.
16.
-
Athenians
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
Avarice
c.
35
,
s
.
18.
-
Avenues
c.
2.
s
.
7
,
c.
,
4
,
s.
6
,
7
,
c.
7
,
s.
4
,
c.
8
,
s.
3
,
c.
9
,
s.
9
,
c.
12
,
s.
1.
c.
23
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
23
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6.
c.
34
,
s
.
9
,
21.
-
Augustin
St.
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Axe
c
29
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
29.
-
Axel-tree
c.
25
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
8.
-
Ayre
,
c.
3
,
s.
8
,
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
c.
14.
s
.
1
,
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
22
,
s
.
5
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6
,
13
,
16
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
35
,
c.
31
,
s
.
13
,
18
,
c.
32
,
s
.
9.
B
-
BAking
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
Bands
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
2
,
17
,
c.
21
,
s
.
19.
-
Banks
c.
19
,
s
.
2
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1.
v.
Mounds
.
-
Bark
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
7
,
16
,
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
5
,
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
17
,
c.
27
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
c.
29
,
s
.
3
,
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
19
,
20
,
32
,
33
,
35
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
30
,
c.
32
,
s
.
17
,
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
Barly
c.
21
,
s
.
22.
-
Barrells
c
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Barrs
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
17.
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
v.
Bolts
,
Dores
.
-
Basilidians
c.
35
,
s
.
6.
-
Basket-maker
.
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
4
,
17.
-
Bavin
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
c.
30
,
s
.
23.
-
Bayes
c.
26
,
s
.
3.
-
Bead-tree
.
c.
26
s
.
22.
-
Beams
c.
7
,
s
.
5
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
22.
s
.
15
,
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
c.
31.
s
.
1
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
15
,
19.
-
Beds
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
,
30
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
v.
Shade
.
-
Beech
c.
5
,
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
12
,
14
,
c.
28
,
s
.
3
,
c.
30
,
s
.
5
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
11
,
c.
32.
s
.
19
,
c.
33.
s
.
14.
-
Bees
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
20
,
s
.
8
,
29
,
30
,
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
25
,
s
.
7
,
c.
26
,
s
.
5.
-
bellows
c.
5
,
s
.
2
,
c.
18.
s
.
8.
-
belly
c.
9
,
s.
9.
-
benches
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
benefits
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
-
berberies
c.
21
,
s
.
11.
-
beere
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
28
,
s
.
10.
-
bermudas
c.
24
,
s
.
16.
-
bernacles
c.
31
,
s
.
25.
-
berrys
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
14
,
s.
1
,
c.
15
,
s
2
,
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
25
,
s
.
14
,
c.
26
,
s
.
3
,
14
,
18
,
21
,
26.
-
beetels
c.
25
,
s
.
5.
-
bests
c.
28.
s
.
3
,
v.
Copse
.
-
billet
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
28
,
s
.
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
24
,
26
,
27.
-
binding
c.
24
,
s
.
6
,
v.
Girding
-
birch
c.
16
,
21
,
s
.
14
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1.
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
34
,
s
.
20.
-
birds
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
34
,
s
.
7.
-
bird-Lime
c.
26
,
s
.
18.
-
birth
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
-
biscay
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
c.
33
,
s
.
15.
-
black
v.
Colour
-
black-Thorn
v.
Thorn
.
-
blanching
c.
8
,
s.
4.
-
blast
c.
27.
s
.
5.
-
blocks
c.
4
,
s
.
15
,
v.
Pullies
,
Shivers
.
-
blossom
c.
14
,
s.
2
,
4
,
c.
15
,
s.
2
,
c.
26
▪
s
21
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21
,
v.
Flower
.
-
blood
c.
7
,
s.
6.
-
bleeding
c.
22
,
s
.
6.
-
boards
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
v.
Planks
.
-
boaring
c.
30
,
s
.
24
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
5.
-
boates
c.
19
,
s
.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
c.
31
,
s
.
6
,
9
,
10.
-
bobbins
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
boggs
c.
18
,
19
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
10
,
26
,
c.
22
,
s
.
13
,
c.
24
,
s
.
14
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
v.
Aquatic
.
-
bolts
c.
20
,
s
.
18
,
v.
barrs
,
dores
.
-
bones
c.
4
,
s
.
15
,
c.
6
,
s.
4.
-
books
c.
5.
s
.
2.
-
bordurers
c.
29
,
s
.
2.
-
bottles
c.
14
,
s
.
4.
-
Boughs
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
6.
-
boundaries
c.
28
,
s
.
7
,
c.
34
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5.
-
bowls
c.
26
,
s
.
8
,
17.
-
bows
c
4
,
s.
5
c.
9
,
s.
1.
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
15
,
s.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
8.
-
box
c
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
5
,
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
15
,
c.
32.
s
.
19.
-
boxes
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
21
,
s
.
10
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
bracmani
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
brambles
c.
21
,
s
.
7
,
c.
31
,
s
.
24
,
37.
-
branches
c.
14
,
s.
1.
-
brasile
c.
31
,
s
.
12.
-
bread
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
7
,
s.
5.
-
bridg
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
broomes
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
21
,
s
.
14
,
15
,
c.
28
,
s
.
10
,
c.
22
,
s
.
19.
-
browse
c.
28.
s
.
5
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
6
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
bruscum
c.
11
,
s
.
2.
-
brush
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
vide
bavin
.
-
budds
c.
27
,
s
.
21
,
c.
29
,
s
.
1
,
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
20
,
c.
32
,
s
.
12.
-
bucklers
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
v.
Targets
.
-
building
c.
3
,
s.
17.
c.
19
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
19
,
c.
35
,
s
.
18.
-
burning
c.
33
,
s
.
5.
-
burying
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
v.
Sepulture
.
-
bushing
c.
3
,
s.
12.
-
button-moulds
c.
31
,
s
.
3.
-
buyer
c.
30
,
s
.
32
,
c.
31
,
s
.
16.
c.
33.
s
.
16.
C.
-
CAbinets
c.
6
,
s
.
3
,
c.
7
,
s.
4
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
11
,
s.
2.
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
35.
-
Cablicia
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
v.
Laws
.
-
Caffè
c.
16
,
s
.
10.
-
Cages
c.
20
,
s
.
17.
-
Calves
c.
28
,
s
.
8.
-
Canaries
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Candles
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
22
,
s
.
11
,
16.
-
Candy
c
24
,
s
.
12.
-
Canker
c.
27
,
s
.
12.
-
Canns
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Canoos
c.
30
,
s
.
●
.
-
Carbuncle
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
Carduns
c.
28
,
s
.
9.
-
Carkass
c.
31
s
19
,
vide
Frame
.
-
Carpenter
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
9
,
s.
1.
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
30
,
s
.
33
,
c
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Cart
Cart-Wright
c.
12
,
s.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
28
,
s
.
4.
-
Carving
.
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
4
,
vide
Graver
,
Sculptor
.
-
Cask
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
19.
-
Cast
c.
31
,
s
26
,
vide
Billet
.
-
Castle
c.
30
,
s
.
7.
-
Cattel
c.
3
,
s.
7
,
12
,
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
11
,
15
,
c.
6
▪
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
9
,
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
21
,
26
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
10
,
22
,
c.
26
,
s
.
9
,
13
,
14
,
20
,
c.
27
,
s
.
7
,
21
,
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
7
,
c.
29
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
c.
33
,
s
.
6
,
7
,
8
,
17
,
11
,
c.
34
,
s
.
18
,
19
,
23
,
26
,
vide
Fodder
,
Cropping
.
-
Caterpillar
c.
27
,
s
.
20.
-
Catholicon
c.
21
,
s
.
16.
-
Cato
c.
24
,
s
.
5.
-
Caesar
c.
35
,
s
.
17.
-
Cedar
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
24
,
s
.
3
,
14
,
c.
26
,
s
.
19
,
c.
30
,
s
.
6
,
12
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Ceiling
c.
31
,
s
.
16
,
vide
Lathes
.
-
Celastrus
.
c.
25
,
s
.
13.
-
Chalk
c.
5
,
s.
1.
c.
8.
s
.
2.
-
Chapell
c.
30
,
s
.
6.
-
Chapman
vide
Buyer
.
-
Chases
vide
Parks
.
-
Chastity
c.
20
,
s
.
8.
-
Chaucer
c.
30
,
s
.
12.
-
Chayres
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
c.
25
,
s
.
5.
-
Chequers
c.
10
,
s
.
1.
-
Cherry-trees
c.
35
,
s
.
12
,
c.
7
,
s.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
24
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
25.
c.
33
,
s
.
14.
-
Chess-Shire
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Chesse-Nutts
c.
5
,
s
.
1.
c.
7.
s
.
4.
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
7
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Chesse
men
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
chests
c.
24
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
-
chezill
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Tools
.
-
chimny
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Fire
,
Fuell
.
-
chipps
c.
4
,
s
.
3
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
c.
28
,
s
.
7.
-
choaking
c.
32
,
s
.
35.
-
choppines
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
-
church
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
35
,
s
.
12
,
vide
Sepulchres
.
-
church-yards
c.
29
,
s
.
6.
-
chymists
c.
31
,
s
.
29.
-
cinnamon
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
circles
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
c.
16
,
s
.
4
,
5.
c.
35
,
s
.
3.
-
citrin
c.
8
,
s.
2
,
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
2
,
vide
Tables
.
-
cities
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
clay
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
3●
s
.
5
,
c.
22
,
s
.
3
,
c.
27
,
s
.
8
,
c.
30
,
s
.
12
,
c.
31
,
s
.
8
,
c.
32
,
s
.
8
,
15.
-
clap-board
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
cleargy
c.
28
,
s
.
2.
-
cleaving
c.
31
,
s
.
2.
-
cleft-wood
c.
31
,
s
.
27.
-
climat
c.
3
,
s.
4
,
c.
22
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
vide
Aspect
,
Situation
.
-
clipping
c.
9
,
s.
11
,
c.
21
,
s
.
8
,
14
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6
,
7
,
c.
25
,
s
.
9.
-
clothes
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
cloves
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
coaches
c.
8
,
s
.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
coales
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
6.
s
.
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
15
,
29
,
c.
22
,
s
.
16
,
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
c.
25
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
2
,
21
,
c.
28
,
s
.
9
,
c.
23
,
s
.
11
,
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
4
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
29
,
30
,
31.
-
coating
c.
31
,
s
.
7
,
vide
Preserving
.
-
cocco
c.
16
,
s
.
7.
-
coffin
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
13
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
-
cold
c.
24
,
s
.
y
,
c.
25
,
s
.
11
,
c.
30
,
s
.
25
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
College
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Collique
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
vide
Stone
.
-
Colts
c.
28
,
s
.
8.
-
Column
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
5
,
15
▪
vide
Posts
.
-
Combs
c.
21
,
s
.
10
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Common
c.
28
,
s
.
8
,
c.
33
,
s
.
7
,
vide
Inclosure
.
-
Compost
c.
1
,
s.
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
1
,
c.
8
,
s.
1.
c.
9
,
s.
8
,
c.
22
,
s
.
4
,
9
,
c.
25
,
s
.
10
,
c.
26
,
s
.
15
,
20.
-
Concretions
c.
31
,
s
.
20.
-
Cones
c.
22
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
c.
24
,
s
.
1
,
vide
Nuts
.
-
Conflagration
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Burning
.
-
Connies
c.
21
,
s
.
1
,
c.
27
,
s
.
7.
-
Consecration
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
-
Conserve
c.
25
,
s
.
11.
-
Consort
c.
29
,
s
.
10.
-
Consul
c.
32
,
s
.
29
,
vide
Officers
.
-
Consumption
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
8.
-
Contemplation
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
20.
-
Contemplores
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
-
Contexture
c.
30
,
s
.
1.
-
Conversion
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Cooming
c.
31
,
s
.
31.
-
Cooper
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
1.
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
18
,
19
,
24.
-
Coorbs
c.
29
,
s
.
5.
-
Copses
c.
3
,
s.
8
,
16
,
c.
7
,
s.
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
1
,
c.
17
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
14
,
26
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
31
,
s
.
31
,
c.
33
,
s
.
14
,
15
,
c.
34
,
s
.
14.
-
Cormiere
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Cord
c.
28
,
s
.
9
,
c.
30
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
29.
vide
Stack
.
-
Cordial
c.
16
,
s
.
8.
-
Corke
c.
25
,
s
.
1.
-
Corne
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
9
,
s.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
24
,
c.
21
,
s
.
2
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
19.
-
Corn-Lands
c.
4
,
s
.
9
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
8
,
s.
2.
-
Cornel
c.
21
,
s
.
11
,
19
,
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Cornwall
c.
22
,
s
.
13
,
c.
34
,
s
.
18.
-
Custom
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
c.
33
,
s
.
14
,
vide
Laws
.
-
cottages
c.
17
,
s
.
5.
-
cotton
c.
20
,
s
.
8.
-
cough
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
couler
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
12
,
34
,
35
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
counter-scarp
c.
31
,
s
.
6.
-
court
c.
31
,
s
.
29
,
30.
-
cow-dung
c.
31
,
s
.
5
,
23.
-
crab-tree
c.
31
,
s
.
7
,
9
,
10.
-
cracks
c.
8
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
vide
clefts
.
-
cranes
c.
30
,
s
.
36.
vide
Engines
.
-
creation
c.
30
,
s
.
4.
-
cropping
c.
20
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
vide
cattel
.
-
crosse
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
cudgels
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Staves
.
-
cumberland
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
cup-board
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
cupps
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
27
,
s
.
9.
-
curiosity
c.
26
,
s
.
12.
-
currier
c.
19
,
s
.
5.
-
cushions
c.
20
,
s
.
8.
-
cutting
c.
3.
s
.
13
,
c.
9
,
s.
5
,
c.
17
,
s
.
3
,
c.
18
,
s
.
6
,
c.
19
,
s
.
3
,
c.
20
,
s
.
18
,
23
,
26
,
c.
21
,
s
.
7
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6
,
c.
25
,
s
.
21
,
c.
26
,
s
.
26
,
c.
28
,
s
.
7
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
6
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
vide
Felling
.
-
cyder
c.
21
,
s
.
22.
-
cyon
c.
29
,
s
.
6.
-
cypresse
c.
22
,
s
.
9
,
15
,
c.
24
,
s
.
1
,
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
20
,
c.
27
,
s
.
15
,
16
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
30
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
35
,
s
.
8.
D
-
DAmasco
,
vide
Plum
.
-
Damasking
,
vide
Grain
.
-
Darts
c.
21
,
s
.
15.
-
Deafnesse
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
vide
Eares
.
-
Dean-Forrest
.
c.
32
,
s
.
6
,
12
,
c.
34
,
s
.
3
,
21
,
28
,
vide
Forest
.
-
Deaw
c.
22
,
s
.
13
,
c.
30
,
s
.
34
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Dottards
.
-
Decay
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
24
,
c.
34
,
s
.
15
,
28.
-
December
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
-
Decortication
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
vide
cork
.
-
Dedication
c.
35
,
s
.
2.
-
Deere
c.
5
,
s.
2.
c.
29
,
s
.
9
,
c.
33
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Game
.
-
Defence
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
c.
35
,
s
.
17.
-
Delphos
c.
35
,
s
7.
-
Deluge
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Depth
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
c.
32
,
s
.
8.
-
Diameter
vide
Dimension
.
-
Dictionary
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Dimension
c
30
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18.
vide
Stature
,
Age.
-
Disbranch
c.
4
,
s.
14
,
c.
6
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c.
22
,
s
.
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
28
,
32
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
vide
Prune
.
-
Dischargers
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Dishes
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Disease
,
vide
Infirmities
.
-
Distance
c.
2
,
s.
7
,
c.
3
,
s.
2
,
3
,
11.
c.
4
,
s.
6
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
7
,
s.
3
,
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
4
,
c.
14
,
s.
2
,
4
,
c.
17
,
s
.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
6
,
c.
19
,
s
.
2
,
6
,
9
,
26
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2.
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
c.
34
,
s
.
2.
-
Distillation
c.
16
,
s
.
5.
-
Distraction
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Distribution
Introd.
Sect.
3.
-
Ditching
c.
21
,
s
.
6
,
9
,
vide
Hedg
.
-
Divination
c.
17
,
s
.
5.
-
Division
c.
28
,
s
.
2
,
c.
33
,
s
.
16.
-
Diüretic
c.
16
,
s
.
10.
-
Docks
c.
21
,
s
.
7.
-
Dodona
c.
35
,
s
.
7
,
15
,
vide
Groves
.
-
Doggs
c.
34
,
s
.
16.
-
Dores
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
26
,
s
.
17
,
c.
31
,
s
.
4
,
8
,
vide
Gates
.
-
Dorsars
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Dotards
c.
4
,
s
.
14
,
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
decay
.
-
Downs
c.
34
,
s
.
23.
-
Dram
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Firr
.
-
draining
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
-
dreams
c.
35
,
s
.
7.
-
dreessars
c.
4
,
s
.
15
,
c.
5
,
s.
2.
-
dressing
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
c.
20
,
s
.
11
,
22
,
24
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5.
-
drink
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c
31
,
s
37.
-
dripping
c.
22
,
s
.
1
,
c.
28
,
s
.
6
,
c.
34
,
s
.
14
,
vide
Shade
.
-
dropsy
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
druids
c.
30
,
s
.
8
,
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
9.
vide
Dryad
.
-
drumms
c.
8
,
s
.
4.
-
dryad
vide
druids
.
-
dry-trees
Introduct.
4.
-
duration
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
15.
vide
Age.
-
dust
c.
32
,
s
.
3.
-
dwarfs
c.
29
,
s
.
6.
-
dyes
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5.
-
dyssenterie
c.
10
,
s.
2.
E.
-
EBony
c.
3
,
s.
14
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
34
,
vide
Polishing
.
-
eares
c.
10
,
s
.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
vide
deafnesse
.
-
eare-wigs
c.
27
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Insects
.
-
earth
Introduct.
§
.
7.
-
east
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
32
,
s
.
13
,
vide
Winds
.
-
eights
c.
20
,
s
.
24.
-
elder
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
15
,
c.
30
,
s
.
20
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
37
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
electuary
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
elme
c.
3
,
s.
5
,
c.
4
,
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
21
,
s
.
6
,
12
,
c.
27
,
s
.
13
,
c.
28
,
s
.
3
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
c.
30
,
s
.
11
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
26
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
34
,
s
.
9
,
15
,
24.
-
elogies
c.
31
,
s
.
36.
-
elisium
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
emulsions
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Enclosures
c.
33
,
s
.
7
,
c.
34
,
s
.
3
,
5.
-
encouragements
c.
34
,
s
.
22.
-
encroachments
c.
34
,
s
.
5.
-
engines
c.
3
,
s
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
22
,
vide
Cranes
.
-
enthusiasme
c.
35
,
s
.
6
,
7.
-
enzina
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
3.
-
eristchthon
c.
35
s
.
15.
-
errors
c.
24
,
s
.
5.
-
espaliers
c.
6
,
s
.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
2
,
c.
25
,
s
.
9.
-
essex
c.
31
,
s
.
29.
-
estovers
c.
33
,
s
.
14
,
vide
Laws
.
-
eternity
c.
24
,
s
.
17
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4.
-
eugh
.
-
evonymus
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
excrements
c.
30
,
s
.
3.
-
excrescences
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
27
,
s
.
9.
-
exotics
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
experiment
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
c.
31
,
s
.
20.
-
extirpation
c.
31
▪
s.
22
,
vide
Roots
.
-
extravagance
c.
31
,
s
.
28.
-
eyes
c.
18
,
s
.
8.
F
-
FAggots
c.
21
,
s
.
19
,
c.
28
,
s
.
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
27
,
28
,
31
,
vide
Bavin
.
-
famine
c.
6
,
s.
4.
-
farcy
c.
16
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Horse
.
-
farmer
c.
34
,
s
.
23.
-
father
c.
30
,
s
.
20.
-
faunus
c.
35
,
s
.
6.
-
feasts
c.
30
,
s
.
7.
-
feavor
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
21
,
s
.
16.
-
february
c.
27
,
s
.
20
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4.
-
felling
c.
3
,
s.
13
,
15
,
c.
4
,
s.
14
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
17
,
s
.
4
,
c.
19
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
c.
28
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
4
,
7
,
8
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
31
,
34
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
23
,
c.
32
,
s
.
7
,
c.
33
,
s
.
7
,
8
,
9
,
14
,
16
,
17
,
c.
34
,
s
.
23
,
c.
35
,
s
.
4
,
15
,
vide
Cutting
.
-
femal
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
vide
Sex
.
-
fences
c.
4
,
s
.
12
,
c.
6
,
s.
2.
c.
20
,
s
.
6
,
7
,
c.
21
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
6
,
10
,
13
,
16
,
20
,
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
7
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
10
,
c.
32
,
s
.
13
,
c.
33
,
s
.
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
3
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
24.
-
fermentation
c.
16
,
s
.
4.
-
fern
c.
27
,
s
.
3.
-
feet
c.
20
,
s
.
16
,
c.
24
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
5
,
7.
-
fibers
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
c.
24
,
s
.
2.
-
figues
c.
20
,
s
.
16
,
c.
24
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
5
,
7.
-
filberts
c.
17
,
s
.
3.
-
fire
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
c.
31
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
4
,
7
,
-
fire-boot
c.
31
,
s
.
33.
-
firr
c.
2
,
s.
8
,
c.
12
,
s.
2
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
33
,
s
.
1
,
c.
24
,
s
.
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
27
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
9
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
34
,
c.
34
,
s
.
7.
-
firsts
c.
28
,
s
.
3
,
vide
Copses
.
-
fishers
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
-
flanders
c.
34
,
s
.
17.
-
flayle
c.
26
,
s
.
17.
-
flecher
c.
15
,
s.
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2.
-
flexures
c.
29
s
.
10
,
vide
Crooks
,
Knee-Timber
.
-
flints
c.
34
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Stones
.
-
floating
c.
31
,
s
.
9.
-
floores
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
4.
-
flowers
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
18
,
29
,
c.
25
,
s
.
10
,
c.
31
,
s
.
35
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
vide
Inlayer
.
-
fluviari
Arborem
,
c.
30
,
s
.
11.
-
flux
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
18.
-
flys
c.
21
,
s
.
16.
-
foggs
c.
3
,
s.
8.
-
food
c.
8
,
s.
4.
-
forests
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
9
,
c.
34
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
12
,
c.
24
,
s
.
3
,
28.
-
forges
vide
Iron-mills
.
-
forks
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
fortifications
c.
11
,
s
.
6.
-
foundations
c.
33
,
s
.
2.
-
fountains
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
fowle
c.
34
,
s
.
23.
-
fracture
c.
4
,
s
15.
-
frames
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
35.
-
framing
c.
31
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Carkasses
.
-
france
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
c.
34
,
s
.
16.
-
french-Pox
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
fretters
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
vide
Galling
.
-
friction
c.
27
s
.
9.
-
fritters
c.
7
,
s
.
5.
-
frondation
c.
29
,
s
.
8
,
vide
Leaves
.
-
frost
c.
2
,
s.
3
,
c.
6.
s
.
2
,
c.
17
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
18
,
c.
32
,
s
.
9
,
15.
-
fruit-trees
c.
3
,
s.
3
,
c.
9
,
s.
9
,
c.
21
,
s
.
12
,
21
,
22
,
c.
26
,
s
.
9
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
14
,
c.
24
,
s
.
24
,
25.
-
fruit
c.
30
,
s
.
25
,
30
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
▪
18
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
fruiterer
c.
20
,
s
.
24
,
29.
-
fuel
c.
3
,
s.
13
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
9
,
c.
11
,
s
1
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
15
,
s
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
13
,
26
,
c.
21
,
s
.
14
,
15
,
c.
22
,
s
.
3
,
c.
25
,
s
.
5
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
c.
29.
s
.
5
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
32.
-
fungus
c.
27
,
s
.
3.
-
furniture
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
videVtensils
.
-
furrz
c.
21
,
s
.
13
,
14.
G
-
GAlling
c.
27.
s
.
12
,
vide
Fretters
.
-
Galls
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
Game
c.
35
,
s
.
2.
-
Gangreen
c.
27
,
s
12.
-
Gapps
c.
20
,
s
.
9
,
c.
29
,
s
.
9
,
vide
Hedges
.
-
Garden
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
10
,
c.
12
,
s.
1
,
c.
20
,
s
.
15
,
18
,
24
,
●8
,
c.
21.
s
.
8
,
c.
26
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
35
,
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
13.
-
Gargle
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
Garlick
c.
27
,
s
.
17
,
20
,
-
Gates
c.
30
,
s
.
7
,
vide
Dores
.
-
Gathering
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
11.
c.
22
,
s
.
4
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Gelster
c.
20
,
s
.
19.
-
Generation
c.
30
,
s
.
30.
-
Genius
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
-
Germany
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
c
33
,
s
.
9
,
16
,
-
Ghosts
c.
35
,
s
.
13
,
-
Girding
c.
22
,
s
.
16
,
c.
30
,
s
.
33
,
vide
Binding
,
Measure
.
-
Glass
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
34
,
s
.
12.
Glass-Work
.
-
Glue
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Gnatts
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
-
Goates
c.
21
,
s
.
1
,
c.
27
,
s
.
12.
-
Gold
c.
31
,
s
.
1.
-
Golden-Age
c.
25
,
s
.
5.
-
Gold-Smith
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
26
,
s
.
2.
-
Gold-Stone
c.
20
,
s
.
19.
-
Gopher
c.
24
,
s
.
13.
-
Gowt
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Graffing
Intr.
7
,
c.
3
,
s.
5
,
c.
4
,
s.
13
,
c.
6
,
s.
2
,
c.
7
,
s.
4
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
6
,
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
17
,
s
.
3
,
c.
20
,
s
.
16
,
21
,
26
,
c.
21
,
s
.
7
,
22
,
c.
26
,
s
.
2
,
25
,
c.
30
,
s
.
30
,
c.
34
,
s
.
9
,
23.
-
Grain
c.
3
,
s.
4
,
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Damasking
.
-
Granad
c.
25
,
s
.
10.
-
Grasse
c.
19
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Grazing
,
Pasture
.
-
Gravel
c.
3
,
s.
5
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
8
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
4
,
14
,
21
,
c.
30
,
s
.
12
,
vide
Stone
.
-
Grazing
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
8.
-
Grease
c.
31
,
s
.
5.
-
Green
vide
Couler
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34.
-
Green-sicknesse
c.
20
,
s
.
2.
-
Green-timber
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
5
,
vide
Timber
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-
Green-Wich
c.
35
,
s
.
16.
-
Grove
c.
17
,
s
.
2
,
c.
27
,
s
.
21
,
c.
30
,
s
.
35
,
c.
35
,
s
.
3
,
5
,
10
,
14
,
17
,
vide
Lucus
,
Nemus
.
-
Ground
sille
c.
31
,
s
.
8.
-
Growth
c.
28
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
8
,
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
c.
34
,
s
.
10
,
13
,
28
,
vide
Age
,
Stature
.
-
Grubbing
c.
3
,
s.
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
21.
-
Guaicum
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
22.
-
Guilding
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Gumm
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
6
,
10
,
15
,
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
25
,
s
.
12
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
c.
35
,
s
.
23.
-
Gun-powder
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
31
,
s
.
30.
-
Gun-smith
c
8
s
4
,
c.
10
,
s.
2.
-
Gunters-line
c.
30
,
s
.
33
,
vide
Girding
,
Measure
.
-
Gymnosophists
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
H.
-
HAfts
c.
23
,
s
.
4.
-
Haggs
c.
29
,
s
.
5.
-
Haires
c.
7
,
s
.
5
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3.
-
Halimus
c.
25
,
s
.
13.
-
Hamadryads
c.
35
▪
s.
14.
-
Hand-bill
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
vide
Bill
.
-
Hangings
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Hardning
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Hard-wood
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Hares
c.
27
,
s
.
7.
-
Harps
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Musical
Instruments
.
-
Harrows
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
35
,
s
.
15.
-
Hasel
c.
17
,
28
,
s
.
1.
-
Hatchets
c.
29
,
s
.
2.
-
Haw
c.
21
,
s
.
4.
-
Head
c.
8
,
s.
3
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4.
-
Heading
c.
18
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
Heart
c.
3
,
s.
8
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
c.
31
,
s
.
6
,
15.
-
Heat
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Heath
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
28
,
s
.
10
,
c.
32
,
s
.
15
,
c.
34
,
s
.
23.
-
Hedg
c.
12
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
6
,
8
,
9
,
14
,
18
,
22
,
c.
25.
s
.
7
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
2
,
10
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
16
,
20
,
23
,
24
,
c.
33
,
s
.
14.
-
Hedg-row
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
3
,
s.
16
,
c.
4
,
s.
4
,
8
,
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
c.
17
,
s
.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
21
,
c.
30
,
s
.
11
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
c.
34
,
s
.
14
,
18.
-
Hei-boot
c.
31
,
s
.
33.
-
Height
vide
Stature
.
-
Hei-thorn
c.
21
,
s
.
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
vide
Quick
Setts
.
-
Heraulds
c.
26
,
s
.
26.
-
Hercynian
Forest
c
30
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Forest
.
-
Hewing
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
33
,
c.
31
,
s
.
5
,
6
,
11
,
vide
Converting
,
squaring
.
-
High-waies
c.
8
,
s
.
3
,
c.
9
,
s.
4
,
10
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2.
-
Hills
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
22
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
5
,
8
,
11
,
c.
34
,
s
.
6.
-
Hinges
c.
26
,
s
.
17.
-
Hipps
c.
31
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Carkass
.
-
History
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Hives
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Bees
.
-
Hollanders
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
Hollownesse
c.
27
,
s
.
13
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
c.
30
,
s
.
24.
-
Holly
c.
20
,
s
.
14
,
c.
26
,
s
.
12
,
c.
30
,
s
.
5
,
30
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
15
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Hoopes
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Cooper
.
-
Hops
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
29
,
s
.
29
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
28
,
s
.
10
,
c.
33
,
s
.
14.
c.
34
,
s
.
11.
-
Horn-beam
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
13
,
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Hornets
c.
27
,
s
.
14.
-
Horse
c.
20
,
s
.
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
16.
-
Horse-Chess
nuts
,
vide
Chess-nut
.
-
Hovills
c.
3●
,
s
.
24.
-
House-boot
c.
31
,
s
.
33.
-
Hunters
c.
21
,
s
.
2.
-
Hurdles
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
17.
-
Husks
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
4.
-
Husbandman
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
17
,
s
.
4
,
c.
34
,
s
.
28
,
vide
Tooles
.
-
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
vide
Material
.
J
-
JAmaica
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
St.
Jame's
Park
,
vide
Park
.
-
January
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4.
-
Jasmine
c.
25
,
s
.
15.
-
Jaundies
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Idoles
c.
35
,
s
.
8.
-
Ilex
c.
25
,
s
.
3
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
5.
-
Images
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Imbibition
c.
1
,
s
1
,
4
,
c.
22
,
s
.
4.
-
Impostumes
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Inclosure
c.
28
,
s
8
,
vide
Commons
.
-
Incorporation
c.
29
,
s
.
10.
-
Incrustation
vide
Coating
.
-
Indies
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Industry
c.
24
,
s
.
14
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
30
,
s
.
8.
-
Infirmity
c.
27
,
28
,
s
.
4.
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Diseases
.
-
Inflamation
c.
21.
s
.
16.
-
Ingraver
c.
10
,
s.
2.
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
17
,
21
,
vide
Carver
,
Sculptor
.
-
Inke
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
19.
s
.
5
,
c.
26.
s
.
21.
-
Inlaying
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
17
,
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Inoculation
Intro
.
7
,
vide
Graffing
.
-
Inscription
c.
30
,
s
.
9
,
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
Interlucation
c.
27
,
s
.
9
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
vide
Pruning
.
-
Inundation
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Joyner
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
8
,
s.
4.
c.
9
,
s.
1
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Joyn-stools
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
vide
Stools
.
-
Joysts
c.
8
,
s
.
4
,
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Ireland
25
,
s
.
2.
-
Iron
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Iron-Works
Intro
.
1.
c.
33
,
s
.
11.12
,
15.
-
Iron-Mills
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
18
,
c.
31
,
s
.
29
,
c.
34
,
s
.
12.
-
Italy
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
c.
24
,
s
.
17.
-
Juice
c.
16
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
11
,
vide
Sap.
-
July
c.
28
,
s
.
8
,
c.
30
,
s
.
34.
-
June
c.
31
,
s
.
32.
-
Juniper
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
19
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Ivy
c.
27
,
s
.
9
▪
K.
-
KEele
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Shipping
.
-
Kent
c.
30
,
s
.
14
,
c.
33
,
s
.
11.
-
Kernel
c.
1
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
4
,
10
,
c.
22
,
s
.
1
,
15.
-
Keyes
c.
6
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
11
,
s.
1.
-
Keyle-Pinns
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Kidding
vide
Bavines
.
-
Kidnies
c.
7.
s
.
5.
-
Kind
vide
Species
.
-
Kirfe
c.
30
,
s
.
29
,
31
,
vide
Cutting
.
-
Knee-Timber
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Courbs
,
Flexures
.
-
Knife
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2.
-
Knotts
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
27
,
s
.
1
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
c.
30
,
s
.
20
,
c.
31
,
s
.
9
,
10
,
15
,
vide
Damasking
,
Grain
.
L.
-
LAcq
.
c.
25
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Gumm
.
-
Ladder
c.
6
,
s.
4.
-
Lamp-black1
c.
22
,
s
.
16.
-
Lancaster
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Larch
c.
22
,
s
.
10
,
15
,
c.
23
,
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Laserpitium
c.
22
,
s
.
5.
-
Lasts
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
vide
Shoomaker
.
-
Lathes
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
16.
-
Lattices
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
29.
-
Lantona
c.
26
,
s
.
18.
-
Laurell
c.
26
,
s
.
23
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
c.
35
,
s
.
5
,
7.
-
Laurus-Tinus
c.
25
,
s
.
13.
-
Laws
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
27
,
s
.
3
,
8
,
c.
31
,
s
.
26
,
c.
33
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
c.
34
,
s
.
29.
-
Lawson
c.
29
,
s
.
5.
-
Layers
c.
9
,
s
.
5
,
c.
18
,
s
.
6
,
c.
22
,
s
.
12
,
c.
23
,
s
.
3
,
c.
25
,
s
.
10
,
11
,
12
,
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
2
,
26.
-
Leaves
c.
3
,
s.
2
,
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
1
,
5
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
9
,
10
,
c.
11
,
s.
11
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
26
,
c.
26
,
s
.
18
,
c.
29
,
s
.
8
,
c.
31
,
s
.
28
,
c.
32
,
s
.
7
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
Lentiscus
c.
25
,
s
.
12.
-
Levity
c.
31
,
s
.
18
,
20.
-
Libanus
c.
24
,
s
.
3.
-
Lieutenants
c.
34
,
s
.
16
,
vide
Officers
.
-
Lightning
c.
27
,
s
.
11
,
c.
35
,
s
.
15.
-
Lights
c.
35
,
s
.
8.
-
Lignum
fossile
c.
31
,
s
.
20.
-
Lignum
vitae
.
c.
25
,
s
.
13.
-
Lime-tree
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
14
,
29
,
s
.
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
10
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
30.
-
Lime
c.
31
,
s
.
8
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Linnen
c.
7
,
s.
5.
-
Lincolne
shire
c.
34
,
s
.
18.
-
Liquors
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
11
,
c.
35
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Juice
,
Sap
,
Tapping
,
Imbibition
.
-
Load
c.
30
,
s
.
34
,
c.
31
,
s
.
18
,
vide
Timber
.
-
Loame
c.
31
,
s
.
8
,
24
,
vide
Soile
.
-
Loggs
c.
31
,
s
.
28.
-
London
c.
24
,
s
.
16
,
c.
30
,
s
.
35
,
c.
31
,
s
.
27
,
29
,
31.
-
Lopping
c.
4
,
s.
12
,
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
c.
27
,
s
.
13
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
5
,
c.
33
,
s
.
14
,
15
,
vide
Pruning
.
-
Lotus
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Love
c.
30
,
s
.
5
,
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
Lucus
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Groves
.
-
Lungs
c.
24
,
s
.
13.
-
Luxury
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
M.
-
MAce
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Mad-dog
c.
8
,
s.
4.
-
Magnetisme
c.
30
,
s
.
21.
-
Male
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
vide
Sex
.
-
Mall-balls
c.
25
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Malefactors
c.
35
,
s
.
13.
-
Mallet
c.
29
,
s
.
2.
-
Mambre
c.
30
,
s
.
18
,
vide
Oak
.
-
Man
c.
30
,
s
.
3.
-
Manufacture
c.
9
,
s.
10
,
c
,
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Manure
c.
31
,
s
.
25.
-
Maple
c.
16
,
s
.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
13
,
19.
-
March
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4.
-
Marking
.
c.
33
,
s
.
17.
-
Marle
c.
8
,
s.
2
,
vide
Soile
.
-
Marriage
c.
8
,
s.
2.
-
Marrons
c.
7
,
s.
2
,
5
,
-
Marshes
c.
3
,
s.
8
,
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
c.
32
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Boggs
.
-
Marrubium
c.
28
,
s
.
10.
-
Mast
c.
3
,
s.
1
,
13
,
17
,
c.
5
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
9
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
23
,
25.
-
Masts
of
Ships
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
15
,
c.
27
,
s
.
23
,
c.
30
,
s
.
7
,
13
,
c.
33
,
s
.
4.
-
Mastricht
c.
31
,
s
.
24.
-
Material
c.
31
,
s
.
33.
-
Mathematical
Instruments
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
22
,
c.
34
,
s
.
21.
-
May
c.
28
,
s
.
8
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
May-Poles
c.
33
,
s
.
17.
-
Meade
c.
16
,
s
.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
1.
-
Meadow
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
vide
Pasture
.
-
Measuring
c.
28
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
10.
-
Meat
c.
21
,
s
.
22.
-
Medicine
c.
31
,
s
.
37
,
c.
35
,
s
.
24.
-
Meditation
c.
35
,
s
.
2.
-
Medlar
c.
24
,
s
.
2.
-
Mechanies
c.
35
,
s
.
24
,
videVses
.
-
Melancholy
c.
8
,
s.
3.
-
Mensa-nucina
c.
8
,
s.
2.
-
Metamorphosis
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
-
Mice
c.
27
,
s
.
18.
-
Mills
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
17
,
c.
26
,
s
.
8
,
17.
-
Mill
Wright
,
vide
Mills
,
Saw-mill
.
-
Mineral
c.
17
,
s
.
5.
-
Miracle
c.
27
,
s
.
22.
-
Missle
to
c.
27
,
s
.
9.
-
Mists
c.
32
,
s
.
9.
-
Moisture
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
29
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
26
,
24
,
c.
31
,
s
.
4.
-
Mole
in
Surrey
c.
26
,
s
.
10.
-
Molluscum
c.
11
,
s.
2.
-
Moone
c.
3
,
s.
13
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
26
,
27
,
vide
Season
.
-
Mopps
c.
20
,
s
.
15.
-
Mortality
c.
24
,
s
.
6.
-
Mortar
c.
31
,
s
.
8.
-
Mosse
c.
3
,
s.
7
,
17
,
c.
22
,
s
.
13
,
14
,
c.
27
,
s
.
8
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5.
-
Mothes
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
16
,
c.
30
,
s
.
30.
-
Mouldiness
c.
31
,
s
.
2
,
c.
32
,
s
.
9.
-
Moulding
c.
24
,
s
.
16
,
c.
29
,
s
.
10.
-
Mould
c.
3
,
s.
4
,
5
,
8
,
vide
Soile
.
-
Moules
c.
27
,
s
.
17.
-
Mounds
c.
21
,
s
.
13
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
6
,
7
,
8
,
vide
Banks
,
Fences
.
-
Mountain
c.
30
,
s
.
2
,
c.
35
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Hills
.
-
Mulbery
c.
9
,
20
,
s
.
16
,
c.
33
,
s
.
19.
-
Mushrums
c.
18
,
s
.
2.
-
Musical-Instruments
c.
11
,
s
.
1
,
c.
21
,
s
.
19
,
22
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
c.
31
,
s
.
13.
-
Myrtils
c.
24
,
s
.
5
,
c.
25
,
s
.
11
,
14
,
c.
30
,
s
.
5.
-
Mysterie
vide
Art
,
Trade
.
N.
-
NAiles
c.
24
,
s
.
16.
-
Names
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
-
Nature
c.
22
,
s
.
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
18
,
36.
-
Naumachia
c.
23
,
s
.
1.
-
Navy
c.
33
,
s
.
11
,
-
Neasts
c.
31
,
s
.
25.
-
Negligence
c.
24
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
c.
29
,
s
.
9.
-
Nemus
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Lucus
.
-
Netts
c.
27
,
s
.
23.
-
Net-work
c.
20
,
s
.
25.
-
New
England
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
16
,
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
c.
34
,
s
.
12.
-
Nitellina
c.
20
,
s
.
3.
-
Noah
c.
30
,
s
.
12
,
vide
Arke
.
-
Norfolk
c.
30
,
s
.
10
,
11.
-
North
c.
31
,
s
.
14
,
c.
32
,
s
.
13
,
vide
Wind.
-
Northampton-shire
c.
34
,
s
.
18.
-
Northumberland
c.
22
,
s
.
3.
-
Norway
c.
22
,
s
.
16
,
c.
30
,
s
.
36.
-
Nose-gaies
c.
25
,
s
.
15.
-
Notching
c.
31
,
s
.
26
,
28.
-
Novelty
c.
35
,
s
.
24.
-
November
c.
28
,
s
.
4.
-
Nursery
Intr.
8
,
c.
3
,
s.
3
,
c.
4
,
s.
4
,
c.
6
,
s.
2
,
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
c.
18
,
s
.
6
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Seminary
.
-
Nut-Crackers
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
8.
-
Nutmegs
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Nutts
c.
17
,
s
.
1
,
c.
22
,
s
1
,
4
,
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
7.
-
Nutriment
c.
31
,
s
.
9
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
Nux
Vescicaria
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Nymph
c.
35
,
s
.
14.
O.
-
OAres
c.
5
,
s
.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
4.
-
Oates
c.
4
,
s.
6
,
c.
9
,
s.
5
,
c.
22.
s
.
4.
-
October
c.
30
,
s
.
28
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3.
-
Odoriferous
Wood
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Offal
c.
28
,
s
.
9.
-
Officers
c.
3
,
s.
1
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
21
,
s
.
6
,
9
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
28
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
5
,
c.
29
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5
,
10.
-
Oak
c.
30
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
5
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
31
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
12
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
23
,
28
,
37
,
c.
32
,
s
.
7
,
19
,
c.
34
,
s
.
1
,
9
,
11
,
15
,
c.
35
,
s
.
6
,
9.
-
Olive
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
25
,
s
.
12
,
c.
27
,
s
.
21
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
5.
-
Oracles
c.
35
,
s
.
6
,
7.
-
Orange-tree
c.
2
,
s.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
23.
-
Orators
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
13.
-
Orchard
c.
20
,
s
.
1
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6.
-
Organ
c.
31
,
s
.
13
,
vide
Musical
Instruments
.
-
Ornament
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
Ovens
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
Oyle
c.
3
,
s.
12
,
17
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
c.
27
,
s
.
23
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
34.
-
Oziers
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
22
,
c.
33
,
s
.
3.
P.
-
PAles
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
21
,
s
.
8
,
c.
22
▪
s.
15.
-
Palmes
,
Palmeto
c.
16
,
s
.
7
,
c.
20
,
s
.
8
,
c.
30
,
s
.
30.
-
Pailes
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Painter
,
Painting
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
15.
c.
31
,
s
.
34.
-
Palisade
c.
21
,
s
.
20
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
c.
26
,
s
.
4.
-
Palsie
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Paliurus
c.
21
,
s
.
11
,
-
Panacea
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Pantherine
c.
11
,
s.
2.
-
Paper
c.
31
,
s
.
35
,
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
Paradise
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Parlysis
vide
Palsie
.
-
Paris
c.
25
,
s
.
15.
-
Parke
c.
26
,
s
.
14
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
c.
33
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
10
,
c.
24
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
23
,
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
10
,
16
,
vide
St.
James
'
s.
-
Parts
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Pastorals
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Scenes
.
-
Pasture
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
4
,
s.
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
2
,
c.
32
,
s
.
15
,
c.
33
,
s
.
9
,
c.
34
,
s
.
18
,
19
,
21
,
23.
-
Patriarchs
c.
35
,
s
.
2.
-
Pattens
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Peach
c.
24
,
s
.
2.
-
Pea-Cocks
Tayle
c.
11
,
s.
1.
-
Pear-tree
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
30
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
30
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
12
,
13
,
15
,
34.
vide
Peares
.
-
Peate
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Turfe
.
-
Pecten
c.
31
,
s
.
11
,
vide
Veines
.
-
Pedegre
c.
34
,
s
.
17.
-
Peelings
c.
20
,
s
.
18.
-
Pembrok-shire
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Penitence
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Pepper
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
25
,
s
.
14
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
22.
-
Perches
c.
20
,
s
,
8
,
26
,
29
,
c.
28
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Poles
.
-
Percolation
c.
16
,
s
.
7.
-
Perfume
c.
26
,
s
.
19
,
23.
-
Pestles
c.
21
,
s
.
19
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Petrification
c.
31
,
s
.
21
,
vide
Stones
.
-
Phanatics
c.
35
,
s
.
6.
-
Philistines
c.
33
,
s
.
6.
-
Philosopy
c.
34
,
s
.
21
,
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
20.
-
Phillyrea
c.
25
,
s
.
8.
-
Phlegme
c.
26
,
s
.
18.
-
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
c.
29
,
s
.
8
,
vide
Leaves
.
-
Physical-uses
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Medicine
.
-
Pictures
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Pikes
,
Pike-Staves
c.
6
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
c.
20
,
s
.
4
,
9
,
15
,
19.
-
Piles
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
4.
-
Pillows
c.
20
,
s
.
8.
-
Piceaster
c.
22
,
s
.
10.
-
Pinaster
c.
22
,
s
.
1
,
7.
-
Pine
Int.
8
,
c.
2
,
s.
8
,
c.
22
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
4
,
5
,
7
,
8
,
12
,
13
,
15
,
16
,
c.
24
,
s
.
4.
-
Pinns
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
24
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
8
,
17
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Pipes
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
13.
-
Pismires
c.
27
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Ants.
-
Pitch
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
16
,
c.
31
,
s
.
7
,
8
,
15.
-
Pith
c.
30
,
s
.
20
,
29
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Pitts
c.
3
,
s.
6.
-
pitty
c.
29
,
s
.
1.
-
place
c.
14
,
s.
1
,
c.
24
,
s
.
14
,
c.
31
,
s
.
14.
vide
Situation
,
Place
.
-
plague
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
-
plank
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
7
,
35
,
vide
Boards
.
-
planting
,
plantation
Inter.
2
,
8
,
c.
18
,
s
.
4
,
c.
19
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
c.
20
,
s
.
5
,
6
,
26
,
c.
24
,
s
.
3
,
c.
26
,
s
.
16
,
22
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
29
,
s
.
1
,
9
,
c.
30
,
s
.
23
,
c.
32
,
s
.
8
,
10
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
12
,
c.
34
,
s
.
6
,
21
,
23
,
29
,
c.
35
,
s
.
19.
-
plants
c.
32
,
s
.
4.
-
plash-poles
c.
28
,
s
.
7.
-
plashing
c.
4
,
s.
12
,
c.
21
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
vide
pruning
.
-
plaster
c.
27
,
s
.
12
,
c.
31
,
s
.
19
,
15
,
vide
Ceiling
,
Lathes
.
-
platanus
c.
23
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
6
,
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Xerxes
.
-
plough
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
8
,
s.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
4
,
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
c.
34
,
s
.
1
,
2.
-
plough
boote
c.
31
,
s
.
33.
-
plum-tree
c.
24
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
30
,
c.
31
,
s
.
12.
-
poets
c.
26
,
s
.
26
,
c.
35
,
s
.
7
,
10.
-
pollard
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
c.
29
,
s
.
3
,
6.
-
poles
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
2
,
3
,
5
,
c.
17
,
s
.
3
,
5
,
c.
19
,
s
.
1
,
5
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
24
▪
s.
12
,
c.
28
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Hops
,
Perches
.
-
policy
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
politicians
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
polling
c.
9
,
s.
7
,
vide
Heading
.
-
polishing
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
8
,
s.
2
,
c.
11
,
s.
2.
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
34
,
35.
-
poore
c.
21
,
s
.
22.
-
pores
c.
30
,
s
.
20
,
21.
-
poplar
c.
16
,
s
.
10
,
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
7
,
8
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
10
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
portcullis
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
portion
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
c.
34
,
s
.
17.
-
posterity
c.
24
,
s
.
3.
-
posts
c.
26
,
s
.
8
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Columns
.
-
pot-ashes
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
pots
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
poultry
c.
3
▪
s
.
17
,
c.
9
,
s.
9.
-
powder
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2.
-
prayer
c.
35
,
s
.
2.
-
presages
c.
10
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
26
,
c.
31
,
s
.
28
,
vide
Prophets
.
-
preserving
c.
8
,
s.
4
▪
-
prices
c.
30
,
s
.
28
,
vide
Sale
.
-
priming
vide
Painting
▪
-
principal-Timber
c.
31
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Timber
.
-
probleme
c.
31
,
s
.
18.
-
prophets
c.
35
,
s
.
7.
-
proportion
c.
33
,
s
.
17
,
vide
Scantling
.
-
protection
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
providence
c.
34
,
s
.
17
,
c.
35
,
s
.
20
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24.
-
prow
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Shipping
.
-
pruner
pruning
c.
3
,
s.
13
,
c.
7
,
s.
3
,
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
7
,
11
,
c.
18
,
s
.
6
,
c.
20
,
s
.
22
,
c.
22
,
s
.
6
,
c.
25
,
s
.
10
,
c.
26
,
s
.
20
,
23
,
24
,
c.
38
,
s
.
6
,
7
,
c.
29
,
s
.
1
,
6
,
10
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
c.
35
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Arborator
,
Polling
.
-
psalteries
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Musical
Instruments
.
-
ptisic
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
16
,
s
.
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
pullies
c.
6
,
s
.
4
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
8
,
vide
Blocks
,
Shivers
.
-
pumps
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Aquaeducts
.
-
purlins
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
puttie
c.
31
,
s
.
5
,
34
,
vide
Painting
.
-
pyracanth
c.
21
,
s
.
11.
-
pyes
c.
7
,
s
.
5
▪
Q.
-
QVakers
c.
35
,
s
.
7.
-
Quality
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
36.
-
Quarter-clift
c.
30
,
s
.
15.
-
Quartering
c.
31
,
s
.
6
,
vide
Hewing
.
-
Quercus
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
25
,
vide
Oak
.
-
Quick
beam
c.
15
,
s.
1
,
vide
Whitchen
.
-
Quick-Set
c.
20
,
s
.
4
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
16
,
c.
31
,
s
.
7
,
vide
Hey-thorn
.
-
Quince
c.
24
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
30.
-
Quincunx
c.
20
,
s
.
6
,
26
,
c
,
34
,
s
.
11.
R.
-
RAfters
c.
26
,
s
.
21
,
c.
31
,
s
.
16
,
19.
-
Raine
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
6
,
c.
27
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
7
,
8
,
13
,
15
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
5
,
7
,
vide
Water
,
Wet
,
Dripping
.
-
Rakes
,
Raking
c.
20
,
s
.
15
,
24
,
c.
28
,
s
.
7.
-
Raising
Int.
6.
-
Rangers
c.
34
,
s
.
16.
-
Recess
c.
35
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Solitude
.
-
Recreation
c.
34
,
s
.
16.
-
Regarders
c.
33
,
s
.
9
,
vide
Officers
.
-
Reines
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Religion
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Superstition
.
-
Removing
Int.
7
,
c.
2
,
s.
6
,
c.
3
,
s.
10
,
c.
14
,
s.
3
,
c.
22
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
vide
Transplanting
.
-
Rent
c.
34
,
s
.
5.
-
Revailing
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
vide
Painting
.
-
Rhetorick
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Resurrection
c.
35
,
s
.
13.
-
Rind
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
vide
Bark
.
-
Rings
c.
30
,
s
.
19
,
20
,
21
,
vide
Circles
.
-
Ripening
c.
8
,
s
4.
-
Rivelin
,
vide
Park
c.
30
,
s
.
15.
-
Rivers
c.
33
,
s
.
2.
-
Robur
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Quercus
.
-
Rocks
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
2
,
s.
5
,
c.
3
,
s.
5
,
c.
22
,
s
.
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
34
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Flints
,
Stones
.
-
Rodds
c.
16
,
s
.
2.
-
Rolling-pins
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Romans
c.
23
,
s
.
2.
-
Ropes
c.
4
,
s.
5
,
c.
9
,
s.
9
,
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
5
,
c.
27
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Cables
.
-
Rosen
c.
22
,
s
.
16.
-
Roses
c.
24
,
s
.
2.
-
Rose
mary
c.
30
,
s
.
3.
-
Roofes
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Rookes
c.
27
,
s
.
21.
-
Rootes
Int.
7
,
8
,
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
3.
s
.
5
,
6
,
10
,
14
,
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
6
,
10
,
15
,
c.
5
,
s,
1
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c.
16
,
s
.
6
,
c.
22
,
s
.
6
,
9
,
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
25
,
s
.
10
,
11
,
c.
26
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
6
,
15
,
20
,
c.
27
,
s
.
1
,
4
,
5
,
9
,
12
,
22
,
c.
28
,
s
.
6
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
20
,
24
,
31
,
c.
31
,
s
.
22
,
24
,
29
,
c.
32
,
s
.
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
16
,
17
,
c
33
,
s
.
2
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
rotting
c.
27
,
s
.
1
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
c.
32
,
s
.
16.
-
royal-Society
vide
Society
.
-
rubbing
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
7.
-
rulers
c.
30
,
s
.
33.
-
rupture
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
10
,
s.
2.
-
rust
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Rye
c.
1
,
s.
1.
S.
-
SAcks
c.
31
,
s
.
29
,
31
,
vide
Coales
.
-
Sacraments
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Sacrifices
c.
35
s
.
6
,
15
,
19.
-
Sadlers
c.
12
,
s.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Saffron
c.
9
,
s.
10.
-
Salads
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
23
,
s
.
4.
-
Sallies
c.
20
,
s
.
3
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
33
,
s
.
3
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
20.
-
Salt
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3.
-
Samera
c.
4
,
s.
2.
-
Sand
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
9
,
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
Sap
c.
3
,
s.
5
,
13
,
c.
8
,
s.
3
,
c.
16
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
8
,
11
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9.
c.
27
,
s
.
22
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
6
,
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
21
,
25
,
c.
31
,
s
.
2
,
9
,
23
,
c.
32
,
s
.
12.
-
Savine
c.
24
,
s
.
9.
-
Saw-dust
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
c.
31
,
s
.
4
,
5.
-
Sawing
c.
30
,
s
.
37
,
vide
Mill.
-
Saw-mill
c.
34
,
s
.
12
,
vide
Mill.
-
Scabbs
c.
5
,
s
.
2
,
c.
27
,
s
.
1.
-
Scaffolds
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Poles
.
-
Scales
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
Scantlings
c.
28
,
s
3
,
c
30
,
s
.
28
,
32
,
36
,
c.
33
,
s
.
17
,
c.
34
,
s
.
18
,
Proportion
.
-
Scarrifying
c.
29
,
s
.
8.
-
Sceanes
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Scholes
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Scotland
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
14
,
16
,
c.
31
,
s
.
25.
-
Scraping
c.
27
,
s
.
9.
-
Screw
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Scurvey
c.
15
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Sea
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Shipps
.
-
Season
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
4
,
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
15
,
s.
1
,
c.
17
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
c.
18
,
s
.
5
,
c.
19
,
s
.
1
,
c.
20
,
s
.
13
,
18
,
21
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6
,
c.
26
,
s
.
3
,
5
,
14
,
c.
27
,
s
.
5
,
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
25
,
c.
32
,
s
.
7
,
9
,
16
,
19.
-
Seasoning
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
7
,
c.
30
,
s
.
25
,
34
,
c.
31
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
34.
-
Sebestins
c.
26
,
s
.
18.
-
Seconds
c.
28
,
s
.
3.
-
Seedes
Int.
7
,
8
,
c.
1
,
s.
2
,
3
,
4
,
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
8
,
c.
4
,
s.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
24
,
c.
22
,
s
.
5
,
c.
23
,
s
.
3
,
c.
24
,
s
.
11
,
14
,
c.
25
,
s
.
7
,
9
,
11
,
c.
26
,
s
.
9
,
10
,
20
,
26
,
c.
32
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
c.
34
,
s
.
9
,
10
,
c.
35
,
s
.
20
,
22.
-
Seedling
Int.
8
,
c.
5
,
s.
1
,
c.
27
,
s
.
1
,
c.
28
,
s
.
4.
-
Seminary
vide
Sowing
c.
1
,
s.
3
,
c.
2
,
s.
1
,
vide
Nursery
,
Sowing
,
Seed
.
-
September
c.
28
▪
s.
4.
-
Sepulcher
c.
35
,
s
.
5
,
13
,
15
,
vide
Burying
.
-
Serpent
c.
6
,
s.
4.
-
Service
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
28
,
s
.
6
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19.
-
Seseli
c.
25
,
s
.
13.
-
Setts
c.
13
,
s.
1
,
c.
15
,
s.
1
,
c.
20
,
s
.
10
,
13
,
c.
21
,
s
.
5
,
6
,
12
,
c.
26
,
s
.
14.
-
Sex
c.
30
,
s
.
29
,
30
,
vide
Male
,
Female
.
-
Shade
c.
3
,
s.
13
,
17
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
4
,
c.
7
,
s.
3
,
c.
8
,
s.
3
,
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
12
,
s.
1
,
c.
13
,
s.
3
,
c.
16
,
s
.
6
,
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
6
,
8
,
c.
19
,
s
.
2
,
c.
2●
.
s
.
29
,
c.
22
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
c.
23
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
4
,
9
,
20
,
26
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
7
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
c.
33
,
s
.
2
,
c.
34
,
s
.
14
,
24
,
c.
35
,
s
.
14
,
19.
-
Shape
c.
29
▪
s.
5.
-
Sheathing
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Shefield-Park
c.
30
,
s
.
15
,
18
,
vide
Forest
.
-
Sheep
c.
9
,
s
9
,
c.
21
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
3
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
13
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
23
,
c.
35
,
s
.
7.
-
Shell
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
Shelter
c.
3
,
s.
7
,
c.
21
,
s
.
10
,
c.
25
,
s
.
11
,
c.
27
,
s
11
,
22
,
c.
34
,
s
.
18
,
vide
Shade
.
-
Shelves
c.
24
,
s
.
16.
-
Sherewood
vide
Forest
.
-
Shingles
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Ships
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
c.
23
,
s
.
3
,
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
13
,
14
,
c.
31
,
s
.
6
,
15
,
c.
33
,
s
.
4
,
c.
34
,
s
.
2
,
29
,
vide
Masts
.
-
Ship-boot
c.
31
,
s
.
33.
-
Shivers
c.
26
,
s
.
17
,
vide
Blocks
,
Pullies
.
-
Shootes
c.
17
,
s
.
3.
-
Shovells
vide
Spades
.
-
Shoo-maker
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
vide
Soles
.
-
Shrinking
c.
31
,
s
.
4.
-
Shuttles
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Sickness
vide
Infirmity
.
-
Signes
c.
30
,
s
.
26
,
vide
Moon
-
Silk
worm
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
9
,
10
,
12
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Single
c.
31
,
s
.
26.
-
Sinking
c.
31
,
s
.
18
,
vide
Weight
.
-
Sinnues
c.
21
,
s
.
16.
-
Sittim
c.
24
,
s
.
17.
-
Situation
c.
2
,
s.
7
,
c.
7
,
s▪
1
,
c.
8
,
s.
2.
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
vide
Aspect
,
Climate
.
-
Skreenes
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Slabbs
c.
31
,
s
.
6
,
vide
Plank
,
Board
.
-
Sleepers
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Sleeping
c.
8
,
s.
1.
-
Slips
c.
18
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Cyons
.
-
Sloes
c.
21
,
s
.
4.
-
Sluces
c.
31
,
s
.
7
,
vide
Water-works
.
-
Small-Coale
vide
Coale
.
-
Smilax
c.
26
,
s
.
9.
-
Smoke
c.
20.
s
26
,
c.
30
,
s
.
35
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3.
-
Snailes
c.
27
,
s
.
15.
-
Snow
c.
24
,
s
.
14
,
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Cold
,
Frost
.
-
Sobriety
c.
31
,
s
.
14.
-
Society
vide
Royal
S.
c.
25
,
s
.
22
,
c.
31
,
s
.
20.
-
Socrates
c.
35
,
s
.
9
,
19.
-
Soft-Wood
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Soile
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
4
,
s.
8
,
c.
5
,
s.
1
,
c.
6
,
s.
3
,
c.
7
,
s.
1
,
c.
8
,
s.
2
,
c.
9
,
s.
4
,
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
13
,
s.
1
,
c.
14
,
s.
2
,
c.
15
,
s.
1
,
c.
16
,
s
.
1
,
c.
17
,
s
.
4
,
c.
18
,
s
.
6
,
c.
20
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
8
,
17
,
20
,
26
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
9
,
10
,
c.
23
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
c.
24
,
s
.
11
,
c.
25
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
32
,
s
.
1
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
10
,
22
,
vide
Mould
.
-
Soles
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
-
Solitude
c.
35
,
s
.
6.
-
Solomon
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
24
,
s
.
3.
-
Soules
vide
Spirits
.
-
Sounds
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
10
,
13.
-
Soundness
c.
32
,
s
.
10.
-
South
c.
3
,
s.
7.
-
Sowing
Int.
2
,
c.
1
,
s.
3
,
5
,
c.
2
,
s.
1
,
c.
7
,
s.
1
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
17
,
s
.
1
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
4
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6.
c.
26
,
s
.
10
,
c.
34
,
s
.
9
,
23.
-
Spades
c.
20
,
s
.
15.
-
Spaine
,
Spaniard
c.
33
,
s
.
6.
-
Sparrs
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
Speares
c.
21
,
s
,
15
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
25
,
s
.
14.
-
Species
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Kind
.
-
Spice
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Spindle-tree
c.
21
,
s
.
19.
-
Spirits
c.
31
,
s
.
37
,
c.
35
,
s
.
8.
-
Spitts
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Spleen
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
15
,
s.
2.
-
Splicing
c.
29
,
s
.
3.
-
Splitting
c.
30
,
s
.
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
5
,
23
,
24.
vide
Cleaving
,
Chinks
,
&c.
-
Spoile
c.
35
,
s
.
17
,
vide
Wast
.
-
Spontaneous
Productions
,
Int.
7.
c.
22
,
s
.
5.
-
Spoones
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
21.
-
Spray
c.
28
,
s
.
7
,
c.
31
,
s
.
31
,
vide
Bavine
,
Brush
.
-
Spreading
c.
29
,
s
.
6.
-
Spring
c.
28
,
s
.
4
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
7
,
c.
30
,
s
.
25
,
c.
32
,
s
.
12.
-
Spring-Wood
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
vide
Copps
.
-
Springes
c.
17
,
s
.
5.
-
Spruce
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Firr
.
-
Square
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Stacks
c.
28
,
s
.
9
,
vide
Cord.
-
Stafford-shire
c.
22
,
s
.
13.
-
Stacking
c.
2
,
s.
8
,
c.
3
,
s.
7
,
c.
4
,
s.
4
,
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
6
,
9
,
c.
27
,
s
.
22
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
28
,
29.
-
Standards
c.
6
,
s
.
2
,
c.
9
,
s.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
6
,
c.
24
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
13
,
23
,
25
,
c.
27
,
s
.
9
,
c.
3●
,
s
.
13
,
14.
-
Standells
c.
28
,
s
.
3.
-
State
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
c.
35
,
s
.
14
,
vide
Age
,
Stature
.
-
States-men
c.
35
,
s
.
12.
-
Statutes
c.
8
,
s.
3
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Lawes
.
-
Staves
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
14
,
s.
4.
c.
21
,
s
.
10
,
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
vide
Cudgels
.
-
Stayre-Cases
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Stem
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
c.
29
,
s
.
7.
-
Sterne
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Ships
.
-
Steward
c.
30
,
s
.
33.
-
Stitch
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
8
,
s.
4.
-
Stock
c.
3
,
s.
7
,
12
,
c.
34
,
s
.
7
,
23.
-
Stomack
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8.
c.
19
,
s
.
5.
-
Stones
c.
1
,
s.
1
,
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
26
,
s
.
18
,
c.
31
,
s
.
20
,
c.
32
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Flint
,
Rock
.
-
Stooles
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Stopping
vide
Putty
,
Timber
.
-
Stoves
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Fuell
.
-
Strangurie
c.
16
,
s
.
10.
-
Strength
c.
31
,
s
.
17.
-
Stripping
c.
29
,
s
.
4
▪
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Pruning
.
-
Stroke
c.
29
,
s
.
3
,
vide
Cutting
.
-
Study
c.
35
,
s
.
10.
-
Stumps
c.
3
,
s.
14
,
c.
4
,
s.
4
,
c
,
29
,
s
.
2.
-
Styrax
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Subterranean-Trees
c.
22
,
s
.
13
,
14
,
c.
30
,
s
.
20
,
22
,
23.
-
Suckers
c.
3
,
s.
14
,
c.
4
,
s.
7
,
c.
5
,
s.
3
,
4
,
c.
6
,
s.
2
,
c.
9
,
s.
5
,
c.
10
,
s.
1
,
c.
14
,
s.
1
,
c
,
16
,
s
.
1
,
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
c.
22
,
s
.
12
,
c.
25
,
s
.
12
,
c.
26
,
s
.
3
,
16
,
c.
27
,
s
.
2
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
c.
35
,
s
.
22.
-
Sudorifique
c.
16
,
s
.
10.
-
Suffolk
c.
30
,
s
.
13.
-
Sun
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
5
,
c.
31
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
5
,
7
,
14
,
c.
32
,
s
.
13.
-
Summer
c.
30
,
s
.
25
,
26
,
c
,
31
,
s
.
3
,
vide
Season
.
-
Superstition
c.
35
,
s
.
5
,
6
,
vide
Religion
.
-
Surrey
c.
26
,
s
.
10
,
c.
33
,
s
.
11.
-
Surveying
c.
30
,
s
.
28
,
c.
30
,
4
,
s.
26
,
vide
Officers
.
-
Sussex
c.
26
,
s
.
14
,
c.
33
,
s
.
11
,
c.
34
,
s
.
12.
-
Sweating
c.
31
,
s
.
2.
-
Swine
c.
5
,
s,
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
34
,
s
.
26.
-
Swisser-Land
c.
30
,
s
.
36.
-
Switches
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
Cudgels
,
Staves
,
Wands
.
-
Sycomor
c.
12
,
16
,
s
.
4
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
c.
34
,
s
.
20.
-
Sylva
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
35
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Copps
,
Wood
,
&c.
T.
-
TAbles
c.
11
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
24
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
21
,
c.
27
,
s
.
9
,
c
,
31
,
s
.
4
,
7
,
13
,
35.
-
Tabernacles
c.
35
,
s
.
3.
-
Talishides
c.
31
,
s
.
27
,
vide
Lawes
.
-
Talisman
c.
35
,
s
.
6.
-
Tamarisk
c.
28
,
s
.
10.
-
Tankard
c.
26
,
s
.
8.
-
Tanner
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
5
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
25.
-
Tapping
c.
16
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
5
,
7
,
8
,
11
,
c.
31
,
s
.
37
,
vide
Sap.
-
Tar
c.
22
,
s
.
16
,
c.
27
,
s
.
12
,
14
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
7.
-
Targets
c.
18
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Bucklers
.
-
Teda
c.
22
,
s
.
11
,
vide
Pine
.
-
Temples
c.
35
,
s
.
3
,
4
,
8.
-
Teeth
c.
5
,
s
.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
21
,
s
.
19
,
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
25
,
s
.
12.
-
Tettars
c.
5
,
s
.
2.
-
Texture
c.
30
,
s
.
18
,
19.
-
Thames
c.
19
,
s
.
2.
-
Thatcher
c.
6
,
s.
4
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
▪
s
▪
3.
-
Theater
c.
31
,
s
.
19.
-
Theriacle
c.
21
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
21.
-
Thinning
c.
22
,
s
.
4.
-
Thistle
c.
21
,
s
.
7.
-
Thorn
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
10
,
12
,
20
,
c.
31
,
s
.
24.
-
Throat
c
9
,
s.
9.
-
Tigrin
c.
11
,
s
.
2.
-
Tilia
vide
Lime-tree
.
-
Timber
c.
3
,
s.
4
,
5
,
13
,
c.
6
,
s.
2
,
3
▪
c.
7
,
s.
1
,
5
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c.
9
,
s.
1
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
c.
14
,
s.
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
5
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
20
,
s
.
3
,
6
,
c.
21
,
s
.
14
,
21
,
c.
22
,
s
.
3
,
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
24
,
s
.
3
,
13
,
c.
26
,
s
.
17
,
22
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
10
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
5
,
c.
30
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
7
,
8
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
21
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
31
,
34
,
c.
31
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
14
,
15
,
17
,
19
,
23
,
24
,
c.
33
,
s
.
3
,
10
,
17
,
c.
34
,
s
.
22
,
25
,
28.
-
Time
c.
26
,
s
.
15.
-
Tinder
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
Tithe
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
33
,
s
.
3
,
14.
-
Toddy
c.
16
,
s
.
7.
-
Tooles
c.
5
,
s
.
2
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
20
,
s
.
4
,
c.
25
,
s
.
5
,
c.
26
,
s
.
17
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Husbandry
.
-
Topiary-work
c.
20
,
s
.
2.
-
Topps
c.
26
,
s
.
6.
-
Torches
c.
22
,
s
.
15.
-
Torulus
c.
22
,
s
.
15
,
c.
31
,
s
.
9.
-
Trade
vide
Art
,
Mysterie
.
-
Transplanting
c.
3
,
s.
4
,
6
,
7
,
9
,
12.
c.
4
,
s.
2
,
6
,
7
,
c.
5
,
s.
1
,
c.
6
,
s.
2
,
c.
7
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c
9
,
s.
3
,
4
,
c.
16
,
s
.
6
,
c.
17
,
s
.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
5
,
6
,
c.
20
,
s
.
16.
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
4
,
6
,
c.
24
,
s
.
6
;
c.
25
,
s
.
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
10
,
14
,
c.
27
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
13
,
vide
Removing
.
-
Transporting
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
vide
Carriage
.
-
Trayes
c
20
,
s
.
29.
-
Treason
c.
35
,
s
.
15.
-
Trees
c.
26
,
s
.
8
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
c.
31
,
s
.
36.
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
c.
33
,
s
.
1
,
c.
34
,
s
.
16.
-
Trenchers
c.
12
,
s
.
2
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5.
-
Trenching
c.
3
,
s.
6
,
c.
21
,
s
.
9
,
vide
Ditching
.
-
Tripos
c.
35
,
s
.
7.
-
Trojan-Horse
.
c.
22.
s
.
15.
-
Tryumphs
c.
26
,
s
.
26.
-
Tulip-tree
c.
18
,
s
.
3.
-
Tunn
c.
30
,
s
.
34
,
vide
Measure
.
-
Turfe
c.
31
,
s
.
23.
-
Turner
c.
11
,
s.
1
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
19
,
s
.
5
,
c.
20
,
s
.
29
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
17
,
22
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
4.
-
Turpentine
c.
22
,
s
.
16.
-
Twiggs
c.
29
,
s
.
2.
-
Tyling
c.
31
,
s
.
16.
V.
-
VAllies
c.
34
,
s
.
6.
-
Vanns
c.
26
,
s
.
2.
-
Veines
c.
31
,
s
.
9
,
11
,
12
,
22
,
vide
Grain
.
-
Venice
,
Venetians
c.
23
,
s
.
1
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
29.
-
Venturine
c.
31
,
s
.
35.
-
Verdure
c.
25
,
s
.
7
,
9
,
10
,
12
,
13
,
c.
26
,
s
.
10
,
11
,
12.
-
Vermine
c.
7
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
c.
9
,
s.
9.
c.
17
,
s
.
2
,
c.
22
,
s
.
6
,
c.
32
,
s
.
17.
-
Vernish
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
26.
s
.
21
,
c.
27
,
s
.
23
,
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
35.
-
Vines
,
Vine-yard
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
22
,
s
.
12
,
24
,
29
,
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22
,
c.
30
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
37.
-
Violes
c.
31
,
s
.
13.
-
Virginia
c.
22
,
s
.
16
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Viscus
c.
21
,
s
.
4.
-
Visions
c.
21
,
s
.
4
,
c.
35
,
s
.
7
,
15
,
vide
Apparitions
.
-
Vlcers
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
9.
-
Vnder-wood
c.
28
,
s
.
3
,
c.
31
,
s
.
23
,
vide
Coppse
.
-
Vniversities
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
-
Vpholster
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
4.
-
Vrine
c.
3
,
s.
17.
-
Vtensils
c.
5
,
s
.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
22.
W.
-
WAgon
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
c.
30.
s
.
16
,
vide
Carts
.
-
Wain-Scot
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
8
,
s.
4
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
15
,
c.
24
,
s
.
16
,
c.
31
,
s
.
2
,
34
,
vide
Clap-board
.
-
Waires
c.
20
,
s
.
17
,
c.
30
,
s
.
16.
-
Wales
c.
22
,
s
.
9.
-
Walkes
c.
9
,
s
.
4
,
c.
10
,
s.
2
,
c.
12
,
s.
1
,
2
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
18
,
s
.
8
,
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
c.
22
,
s
.
7
,
c.
23
,
s
.
2
,
4
,
c.
26
,
s
.
1
,
10
,
23
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
c.
34
,
s
.
9.
-
Wall-nut
Int.
8
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
27
,
s
.
22
,
23
,
c.
30.
s
.
7
,
c.
31
,
s
.
4
,
12
,
15
,
c.
32
,
s
.
11
,
19
,
c.
34
,
s
.
2.
-
Walls
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
21
,
s
.
10
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2
,
c.
26
,
s
.
23.
-
Wands
c.
31
,
s
.
34
,
vide
Staves
.
-
Warders
c.
33
,
s
.
10
,
vide
Officers
.
-
Warrens
c.
21
,
s
.
8.
-
Wasps
c.
27
,
s
.
14.
-
Wasts
c.
20
,
s
.
30
,
c.
29
,
s
.
10
,
c.
30
,
s
.
28
,
c.
31
,
s
.
6
,
c.
35
,
s
.
17
,
18
,
vide
Commons
.
-
Water
c.
7
,
s.
5
,
c.
9
,
s.
3
,
5
,
c.
16
,
s
.
3
,
4
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5
,
6
,
8
,
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
c.
22
,
s
.
2
,
9
,
c.
23.
s
.
2
,
c.
24
,
s
.
11
,
c.
30
,
s
.
27
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
18
,
c.
32
,
s
.
16
,
vide
Wet
.
-
Water-boughs
c.
28
,
s
.
7
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4
,
6
,
vide
Boughs
.
-
Water-works
c.
4
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Aquaeducts
.
-
Wavers
c.
28
,
s
.
3
,
6
,
vide
Copses
.
-
Wax
c.
31
,
s
.
5.
-
Way-faring-tree
.
c.
21
,
s
.
19.
-
Wedges
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15.
-
Weeding
,
Weeders
c.
9
,
s
.
3
,
c.
18
,
s
.
1
,
c.
20
,
s
.
24
,
c.
21
,
s
.
5
,
7
,
14
,
c.
24
,
s
.
11
,
c.
27
,
s
.
1
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28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
3
,
c.
33
,
s
.
3.
-
Weight
c.
31
,
s
.
9
,
17
,
18
,
vide
Sinking
.
-
West
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
vide
Winds.
-
Westphalia
c.
30
,
s
.
7
,
c.
34
,
s
.
25
,
26.
-
Wett
c.
32
,
s
.
19
,
vide
Rain
,
Moisture
,
Water
.
-
Wheat
c.
21
,
s
.
22
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
vide
Corn.
-
Wheeler
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
4
,
s.
15
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
6
,
s.
4
,
c.
9
,
s.
1
,
c.
15
,
s.
2
,
c.
23
,
s
.
4
,
c.
26
,
s
.
6
,
8.
-
Wheeles
c.
29
,
s
.
5
,
10
,
c.
31
,
s
.
3.
-
Whitchen
c.
3
,
s.
5
,
c.
4
,
s.
5
,
c.
15
,
s.
1
,
vide
Wich
hasel
.
-
White
vide
Colour
.
-
White-work
c.
20
,
s
.
18
,
vide
Oziers
,
Baskets
.
-
Wildernesse
c.
35
,
s
.
5.
-
Wild-Fowle
c.
21
,
s
.
14.
-
Willow
c.
20
,
s
.
26
,
27
,
28
,
c.
28
,
s
.
1
,
c.
30
,
s
.
1
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
15
,
c.
33
,
s
.
3
,
14
,
c.
34
,
s
.
20.
-
Wind
c.
2
,
s.
8
,
c.
3
,
s.
8
,
9
,
12
,
c.
4
,
s.
11
,
c.
13
,
s.
2
,
c.
21
,
s
.
10
,
c.
22
,
s
.
1
,
c.
24
,
s
.
7
,
c.
25
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
c.
26
,
s
.
1
,
3
,
14
,
c.
27
,
s
.
11
,
22
,
c.
29
,
s
.
6
,
c.
30
,
s
.
26
,
27
,
34
,
36
,
c.
31
,
s
.
2
,
3
,
5
,
23
,
c.
32
,
s
.
8
,
9
,
10
,
13
,
c.
35
,
s
.
21.
-
Wind-stock
c.
31
,
s
.
5.
-
Window
c.
31
,
s
.
4
,
8.
-
Wine
c.
3
,
s.
17
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
16
,
s
.
7
,
8
,
9
,
c.
17
,
s
.
5
,
c.
24
,
s
.
13
,
c.
25
,
s
.
2.
-
Winter
c.
31
,
s
.
3
,
9
,
23
,
vide
Season
.
-
Withy
c.
20
,
s
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
11.
-
Wood
c.
31
,
s
.
1
,
13
,
18
,
22
,
35.
-
Woods
c.
21
,
s
.
3
,
c.
22
,
s
.
5
,
8
,
c.
2
,
s.
15
,
c.
26
,
s
.
14
▪
c.
27
,
s
.
1
,
8
,
c.
29
,
s
.
5
▪
9
,
c.
32
,
s
.
10
,
c.
33
,
s
.
6
,
8.
-
Wood
monger
c.
31
,
s
.
28.
-
Wood-stealers
c.
33
,
s
.
4
,
vide
Statutes
.
-
Wood-wards
c.
21
,
s
.
2
,
c.
29
,
s
.
2
,
9
,
c.
30
,
s
.
28
,
33
,
vide
Forester
.
-
Wood-pecker
c.
27
,
s
6.
-
Working
c
31
,
s
11
,
vide
Hewing
.
-
Work-Sop
,
vide
Park
c.
30
,
s
.
15
,
18.
-
Wormes
c.
3
,
s.
13
,
c.
5
,
s.
2
,
c.
8
,
s.
1
,
4
,
c.
14
,
s.
1
,
c.
24
,
s
.
12
,
13
,
16
,
c.
27
,
s
.
6
,
22
,
23
,
c.
29
,
s
.
7
,
c.
30
,
s
.
25.
-
Wounds
c.
4
,
s
.
15
,
c.
29
,
s
.
4.
-
Wrack
c.
31
,
s
.
25
,
vide
Fuell
.
-
Wythes
vide
Bands
.
X.
-
XErxes
c.
23
,
s
.
2
,
c.
30
,
s
.
5
,
vide
Platanus
.
Y.
-
YEw
c.
21
,
s
.
4.
-
Yoakes
c.
13
,
s
2
,
c.
14
,
s
.
4.
-
Youth
c.
19
,
s
.
4
,
c.
31
,
s
.
12.
-
Yucca
c.
21
,
s
.
20
The
TABLE
to
POMONA
.
A
-
ABoundance
pag.
20.
-
Abricot
15.
-
Age
59
,
65.
-
Agriculture
5.
-
Aire
3
,
8.
-
Ale
1.
-
Alteration
vide
Species
,
Mixture
15
,
16.
-
Antidote
37.
-
Antients
14
,
15.
-
Apples
7
,
10
,
11
,
14
,
16
,
31
,
35
,
39
,
52.
Hard
40
,
41
,
42
,
48.
Sweet
57.
Arier-Apple
65.
Baking-Apple
65.
Bitter-Sweet
56.
Bromsberry-Crab
.
8
,
14
,
18
,
19
,
40
,
58
,
65.
Codling
19
,
Coleing
Ap.
65.
Crab
and
Wilding
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
24
,
31
,
32
,
36
,
58.
Deane
57.
Eliot
16.
Fillets
59.
Fox-Whelp
18
,
58
,
65.
Genet-Moyle
12
,
18
,
19
,
30
,
40
,
59
,
65.
Gilly-Flower
57.
Greening
16.
Harley
65.
Harvy
16
,
18
,
58.
Heming
64.
Musts
8
,
18
,
34
,
35
,
58
,
64
,
65.
Olive
65.
Peare-main
16
,
18
,
30
,
34
,
40
,
57
,
58
,
60
,
65.
Pepin
Kentish
Golden
16
,
18
,
19
,
30
,
34
,
39
,
40
,
50
,
57
,
58
,
60.
Pleascentine
57.
Purling
56.
Red-Strake
2
,
4
,
8
,
10
,
14
,
18
,
19
,
29
,
32
,
33
,
35
,
38
,
40
,
58
,
59
,
65
,
Rousseting
16.
Stoking
16.
Under-Leaf
65.
Wood-cock
64.
-
Aprill
47.
-
Approach
vide
Graffing
.
-
Arrable
20
,
22.
-
Aspect
22.
B.
-
BAking
vide
Apple
.
-
Bark
15.
-
Beere
1.
-
Berberies
9
-
Birch
16.
-
Birds
12.
-
Blasts
33
,
34
,
-
Blossomes
p.
3
,
66.
-
Boiling
56
,
57
,
62
,
-
Bottling
32
,
38
,
44
,
45
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
49.55
,
58
,
62
,
66.
-
Broching
32
,
45
,
58
-
Budds
11
C.
-
CAbinets
25.
-
Canary
vide
Wine
.
-
Cask
vide
Vessel
.
-
Cellar
38
,
47
,
62
,
66.
-
Challenge
3
,
4.
-
Chance
8.
-
Chayree
25.
-
Cherries
15
,
25.
Cherry-Wine
,
vide
Wine
.
-
Cider
2
,
3
,
4
,
8
,
14
,
18.
By
Dr.
Beale
,
29.
Sir
P.
Neile
,
39.
Mr.
Newbery
,
52.
Dr.
Smith
,
58.
Mr.
Taylor
,
59.
Mr.
Callwal
,
63
,
&c.
-
Cion
11
,
17.
-
Clay
9
,
10
,
20
,
33.
-
Clarifying
vide
Fining
.
-
Clary
38.
-
Clove-Gilly-flowers
,
vide
Wine
.
-
Clownes
14.
-
Codlin
vide
Apple
.
-
Colour
35
,
57.
-
Columella
17.
-
Coffee
3.
-
Commons
2
,
20
,
21.
-
Compost
7.
-
Cold
58.
vide
Cellar
.
-
Cordial
37.
-
Corn
67.
-
Curiosity
20.
D.
-
DIet
3.
-
Diluting
vide
Water
.
-
Distance
2
,
21
,
22
,
34.
-
Distillation
38
,
57
,
58.
-
Dorcet-shire
65.
-
Drawing
vide
Broaching
.
-
Drink
3.
-
Dwarfes
10.
E.
-
EAst
vide
Wind.
-
Ebony
pag.
25.
-
Elm
pag.
14
,
16.
-
Encouragement
pag.
20.
-
English
pag.
3.
-
Experiments
pag.
14.
F.
-
FEavor
16.
-
Fencing
22
,
23.
-
Fermentation
19
,
32
,
37
,
38
,
40
,
41
ad
49
,
53
,
55
,
58
,
61
,
62
,
64
,
66.
-
Fining
55
,
58
,
65
,
66.
-
Fountain
38.
-
Fragrancy
66.
-
Fret
47
,
49.
-
Frosts
33.
-
Fruit
1
,
2
,
12
,
13
,
33
,
34
,
65
,
vide
Table
.
-
Fruit-trees
1
,
2
,
12
,
13
,
33
,
34
,
65
,
vide
Table
.
-
Fruiterer
2
,
52.
G.
-
GArden
33
,
-
Gathering
46
,
60
,
63
,
65.
-
Ginger
37.
-
Glocester-shire
18
,
58
,
63.
-
Graffs
8
,
10
,
ad
p.
16.
-
Graffing
11
,
19
,
34
,
36
,
63.
-
Grapes
40
,
43
,
47.
-
Gravell
9
,
20.
-
Green-Fruit
vide
Fruit.
-
Ground
19.
-
Gun-stock
25.
-
Grinding
vide
Pressing
.
H.
-
HAm-lacy
29.
-
Head-lands
2.
-
Health
3.
-
Heat
58.
-
Hedg
rowes
2
,
23.
-
Hereford
shire
2
,
29
,
38
,
40
,
59
,
60.
-
Hills
20.
-
Hoarding
32
,
52
,
54
,
58
,
60
,
63
,
65.
-
Hollowness
12.
-
Hopps
1
,
2.
-
Hypochondria
3
,
30.
J.
-
JArsey
56
,
57.
-
Imposture
14.
-
Improvement
1
,
13
,
16
,
36.
-
Inclosure
vide
Common
.
-
India
3.
-
Infirmity
16.
-
Infusion
9.
-
Inoculation
vide
Graffing
▪
-
Instrument-maker
25.
-
Juniper
Berries
37
,
36.
K.
-
KEnt
pag.
2.
-
Keeping
pag.
58.
-
Kernell
pag.
7
,
8
,
9
,
13
,
14.
-
Kings-Chapell
pag.
29.
L.
-
LEaking
54.
-
Leaven
vide
Fermentation
32.
-
Lee
41
,
42
,
43
,
44
,
46
,
47
,
50.
-
Levelling
20.
-
Lopping
24.
-
Lungs
37.
M.
-
MEliorating
vide
Improvement
.
-
Mellowing
60
,
vide
Ripeness
.
-
Mixture
38
,
56
,
64.
-
Moisture
58.
-
Moon
13.
-
Mustard
32
,
37
,
42
,
55.
-
Musts
vide
Apples
.
-
Mustiness
55
,
56
,
N.
-
NAme
35.
-
Nature
16.
-
November
46.
O.
-
ORder
20.
-
Ortyard
10
,
20
,
33
,
34.
P.
-
PAlladius
36.
-
Palat
16
-
Pasture
63
-
Peares
12
,
7
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
16
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
35
,
36
,
58
,
60
,
63.
Barland
and
Bosbury
p.
14
,
19
,
36
,
60.
Bery
8.
Drake
Pear
64.
Harpary
64.
John
Pear
64.
Lullam
64.
Mary
64.
Oken-Pin
14.
Pigstaile
24.
Squash
63
,
64.
Tergovian
13.
-
Peare-trees
19
,
20.
-
Perrie
13
,
19
,
24
,
34
,
36
,
40
,
49
,
63.
-
Piercing
vide
Broching
,
-
Pith
9.
-
Place
20
,
52.
-
Planting
2.
-
Plow
10
,
34.
-
Plowing
10
,
34.
-
Plums
37.
-
Poor
2.
-
Press
30
,
31
,
43
,
48
,
55
,
57.58
,
60
,
61
,
63
,
66.
-
Pressing
30
,
31
,
43
,
48
,
55
,
57.58
,
60
,
61
,
63
,
66.
-
Pruning
24.
-
Purising
vide
Fining
Q
-
QUantity
60
,
61
,
65.
-
Quick-sets
24.
-
Quince
17
-
Quincunx
20.
R
-
RAin
12.
-
Raisins
32.
-
Raspis
vide
Wine
-
Refrigeratorie
vide
Cellar
-
Rhamnus
16.
-
Rheumes
66.
-
Ripeness
31
,
60.
-
Rock
9.
-
Royal
Society
1
,
4
,
5.
-
Root
16
,
17
,
21.
-
Rotteness
52
,
53
,
55
,
58
,
66.
S
-
SAp
11.
-
Salt
9
,
30.
-
Sand
vide
Cellar
.
-
Sculpture
25.
-
Season
12
,
13
,
32
,
46
,
47
,
58
,
63.
-
Sharpness
55
,
65.
-
Shoot
12.
-
Soil
4
,
8
,
10
,
29
,
33
,
60
,
63.
-
Sophistication
4.
-
Sowreness
54.
-
Species
15
,
16.
-
Spices
11.
-
Spirits
3
,
18
,
38
,
53
,
56
,
57
,
58
,
61
,
62.
-
Spleen
vide
Hypochondria
.
-
Stocks
7
,
8
,
10
,
11
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
21
,
22
,
24
,
-
Stomack
30
,
31
,
33
,
40.
-
Stones
9
,
16
,
21.
-
Stools
24.
-
Stopping
61
,
64
,
vide
Vent
:
-
Straining
48
,
61
,
64.
-
Straw
47
,
-
Suggar
32
,
-
Sulphur
32.
-
Summer-fruit
46.
-
Surfeit
40.
-
Sweating
vide
Hording
.
46
,
60.
-
Swine
20
,
36
,
60
,
63.
T
-
TAble-Fruit
8
,
13.
-
Tables
25.
-
Taste
48.
-
Tenant
2.
-
Teeth
66.
-
Timber
24.
-
Toughness
57.
-
Trade
3.
-
Transplanting
10
,
12
,
21
,
22.
-
Transporting
12
,
13.
-
Tunning
45
,
48
,
61
,
64.
V
-
VAriety
3
,
vide
Mixture
.
-
Vent
53
,
64
,
vide
Stopping
-
Vertues
16.
-
Vessel
54
,
58
,
61
,
66.
-
Vines
11
,
15.
-
Vinous
Liquors
41.
-
Vintners
3.
-
Virgil
17
,
-
Usefulness
20
,
24
,
25.
W
-
WAter
30
,
56
,
64
,
66.
-
Wages
20.
-
Wine
3
,
4
,
8
,
30
,
39
,
43
,
47
,
49
,
58
,
59.
Canary
38
,
40.
Cherry
37.
Gilly
.
flo.
37.
Raspis
17.
Rhenish
65.
Verdea
40.
Zerres
,
vide
Vinous
Liquors
.
-
Windfalls
54.
-
Windiness
37
,
62.
-
Winds
11
,
12
,
47.
-
Wonders
14
,
17.
-
Worcester-shire
60.
-
Working
vide
Fermenting
.
-
Wringing
vide
Press
.
The
Table
to
the
Kalender
.
It
might
seem
impertinent
to
have
added
a
Table
to
a
Book
of
so
small
a
Volume
,
and
which
seems
to
be
of
it self
but
a
Table
:
But
since
it
may
prove
advantageous
for
the
saving
of
time
,
at
once
to
learn
the
whole
Culture
of
any
Plant
,
as
the
Particulars
are
sprinckled
the
several
Pages
;
the
Authour
has
thought
fit
to
Collect
,
and
annex
it
.
-
ABlaqueation
Page
8
,
26.
-
Abricots
18
,
20
,
26.
-
Acacia
25.
-
Aethiopic
Apples
13.
-
African
flower
13.
-
Age
26.
-
Agriculture
7.
-
Alaternus
11
,
13
,
15
,
23
,
25
,
27.
-
Alesanders
12.
-
Aloes
13
,
24
,
29.
-
Althaea
29.
-
Amaranthus
13
,
17
,
21.
-
Amomum
Plinii
13
,
21
,
25.
-
Angelica
22
,
-
Anemonies
9
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
25.27
,
31.
-
Aniseeds
10.
-
Antirrhinum
17.
-
Annuals
15
,
25.
-
Apples
18
,
24.
-
April
14
,
15.
-
Arbutus
23
,
25.
-
Artichocks
14
,
24
,
28.
-
Aspargus
12
,
13
,
25
,
28.
-
August
pag.
22
,
23.
-
Aviaries
11
,
13
,
19.
-
Auricula
9
,
13
,
15
,
19
,
23
,
25
,
29.
-
Autumnals
25.
B
-
BAlsamina
13
,
23.
-
Barba
Jovis
15
,
25
,
1.
-
Basil
12
,
14
,
16.
-
Bayes
13
,
31.
-
Beans
10
,
14
,
16
,
28
,
30.
-
Bees
8
,
10
,
12
,
14
,
16
,
18
,
20
,
22
,
24
,
30.
vide
Hives
-
Beetes
12
,
22.
-
Birds
11
,
13.
-
Blanching
13.
-
Box
13
,
15
,
21.
-
Budding
vide
Inoculating
.
-
Buds
22
,
24.
-
Bugloss
12.
-
Bulbs
21
,
23
,
25
,
31.
C
-
CAbbages
10
,
12
,
16
,
20
,
22
,
24
,
28.
-
Camomile
13
,
25.
-
Candy-Tufts
15
,
25.
-
Canna●●nd
.
13
,
21.
-
Cankers
10.
-
Capillaries
25
-
Capsicum
13
,
21.
-
Carnations
9
,
11
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
27
,
29.
-
Carpet
vide
Walks
.
-
Carrob
13.
-
Carrots
10
,
12
,
22
,
28.
-
Cases
15
,
25
,
29.
-
Caterpillars
10.
-
Cats
25.
-
Cauly-flower
8
,
10
,
22
,
24
,
28.
-
Chamae
Iris
13.
-
Chamaelaea
25.
-
Cherries
8
,
18
,
19.
-
Chervile
8
,
12
,
18
,
22.
-
Cistus
24.
-
Climate
7.
-
Clipping
15
,
21.
-
Cloves
vide
Carnations
.
-
Colchicum
21
,
23.
-
Columbines
-
Compost
vide
Stercoration
,
Dung
,
Soil
,
28.
-
Conservatory
13
,
15
,
17
,
25
,
29
,
31
,
32
,
33.
-
Contemplation
5.
-
Convolvulus
13.
-
Corn-sallet
10
,
22.
-
Cressus
12.
-
Crocus
21
,
23
,
25
,
31.
-
Crown
Imperial
19
,
21
,
25.
-
Cucumbers
12
,
14.
-
Cutting
pag.
6
▪
-
Cyanus
15.
-
Cyons
8.
-
Cypresse
13.27
.
-
Cyclamen
13
,
15
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
25.
-
Cyder
22
,
24
,
26
,
30.
-
Cytisus
19
,
25
,
29.
D
-
DActyls
13
,
25.
-
Daffodils
vide
Narcissus
.
-
Dates
vide
Dactyle
.
-
Datura
13.
-
December
30
,
31.
-
Dens
Caninus
19
,
21
,
23.
-
Delphinium
11
,
15
,
23
,
25.
-
Digging
8.
vide
Trenching
.
-
Digitalis
15
,
23
,
25.
vide
Fox-glove
.
-
Distilling
vide
Laboratory
.
-
Dressing
5.
-
Drones
20
-
Dung
vide
Compost
,
Soil
,
Stercoration
-
Dwarfs
26
E
-
EArthing-up
24.
-
Endive
12
,
22.
-
Exotics
13
,
15.
-
Experience
5
,
6
,
7
,
F
-
FEbruary
10
,
11.
-
Felicity
5.
-
Fennel
12.
-
Fibrous
Plants
15
,
25
,
29
,
-
Firr
13
,
15
,
25.
-
Flos-Cardinalis
15
,
25.
-
Flowers
6
,
7.
-
Foggs
25.
-
Forest-Trees
29.
-
Fountain
Pipes
31.
-
Fox-gloves
vide
Digitalis
.
-
Fraxinella
23.
-
Fritillaria
19
,
21
;
23.
-
Frost
9
,
13
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
-
Fruit
and
Fruit-trees
6
,
7
,
8
,
10
,
12
,
24.26
,
30.
vide
Gathering
.
G
-
GAard'ner
5
,
6
,
7.
-
Gardine
5
,
6
,
7.
-
Garlick
10
,
22.
-
Garnsey-Lilly
15.
-
Gathering
24
,
26
,
28.
-
Gentianella
13.
-
Geranium
13
,
25.
-
Gilly-flowers
vide
Carnations
.
-
Gladiolus
21.
-
Gourds
12.
-
Granads
vide
Pome-Granade
.
-
Graffing
pag.
8
,
10
,
12.15
,
21
,
26.
-
Graffs
pag.
8
,
10
,
12.15
,
21
,
26.
-
Green
house
vide
Conservatory
.
-
Greens
13
,
15
,
21
,
23
,
25.29
.
-
Groves
29.
H.
-
HEalth
5.
-
Hedysarum
13.
-
Helleborus
13
,
15
,
25.
-
Hepatica
13
,
15
,
23
,
25.
-
Herbs-dry
18.
-
Hives
vide
Bees
.
8.
-
Holy-hoc
15
,
23
,
27.
-
Hops
10.
-
Hot-bed
9
,
10
,
12
,
13
,
15.
-
Howsing
29.
-
Humble
plant
13.
-
Hyacinth
vide
Jacynth
.
13
,
23.
-
Hyssop
14.
I.
-
JAcynth
vide
Hyacinthus
.
13
,
19
,
23.
-
January
8
,
9.
-
Jasmine
13
,
15
,
19
,
23
,
25
,
29.
-
Inoculating
vide
Budding
.
13
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
25.
-
Insects
18
,
20
,
21
,
24.
-
July
22
,
21.
-
June
18
,
19
,
23.
-
Iris
19
,
21
,
25
,
27.
K.
-
KEri
13
-
Kernels
9
,
10
,
12
,
26
,
30.
-
Kitchin-Garden
26.
-
Knots
21.
L.
-
LAbour
5
,
-
Laboratory
vide
Distilling
.
16
,
18.
-
Larks-spur
vide
Delphinium
.
11.
-
Lavander
12
,
14.
-
Laurel
21.
-
Layers
10
,
13
,
20.21
,
23
,
25.
-
Laying
10
,
13
,
20.21
,
23
,
25.
-
Leaves
27
,
29.
-
Leeks
13.
-
Lemmons
13
,
15
,
23
,
25.
-
Lentiscus
13.
-
Lettuce
8
,
12
,
16
,
18
,
20
,
22
,
24
,
26.
-
Leucoium
13
,
15
,
21.
-
Lilie
23.
-
Lilac
29.
-
Lupines
13
,
15.
-
Lychnis
25.
M.
-
MAjoran
12.14
,
16.
-
March
12
,
13.
-
Marcoc
13
,
25.
-
Marum-syriacum
pag.
15
,
25.
-
Martagon
19
,
23.
-
Mary-gold
10
,
15
,
22.
-
Matricaria
13
,
15.
-
May
16
,
17.
-
Medica
15.
-
Medicinal
Plants
12
,
24.
-
Melons
10
,
12
,
14
,
16
,
28.
-
Memory
7.
-
Method
6
,
7.
-
Mirabile
Peru
13
,
21.
-
Moon
6.
-
Month
5
,
6
,
7.
-
Mok
8
,
10
,
25.
-
Mowing
15.
-
Murals
vide
Walls
.
-
Muscaris
19.
-
Muscipula
15.
-
Myrrhe
13.
-
Myrtil
13
,
15
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
25.
N.
-
NAiling
vide
Pruning
.
8
,
10
,
30.
-
Narcissus
vide
Tuberose
.
15
,
19
,
23
,
25.
-
Nasturtium
13
,
21
,
20.
-
Nectarine
10
,
13.
-
Neglect
6.
-
Nigella
25.
-
Nights
13.
-
November
28
,
29.
-
Nursery
8
,
9
▪
28
,
30.
O.
-
OCcasion
6.
-
October
26
,
27.
-
Oleander
13
,
15
,
23
,
25.
-
Onions
10
,
12
,
22
,
24.
-
Oranges
13
,
15
,
16
,
21
,
23
,
25
,
31.
-
Orchard
26.
P
-
PAlisades
10.
-
Paradise
5.
-
Parsley
10
,
12.
-
Parterr
vide
Knots
.
-
Parsnips
10
,
12
,
22
,
24
,
28.
-
Passion-flower
vide
Maracoc
.
-
Peach
12
,
18
,
20.
-
Pear
8
,
12
,
18
,
24
,
26.
-
Pease
12
,
20
,
28
,
30.
-
Peneroyal
14.
-
Peonies
29.
-
Perennial
vide
Green
.
-
Perry
22
,
26.
-
Phaseoli
13.
-
Phillyrea
13
,
15
,
23
,
25
,
27.
-
Pinus
13
,
15
,
25.
-
Pinks
13
,
15.
-
Pipes
vide
Fountains
.
pag.
-
Planting
6
,
12
,
26.
-
Plashing
10
,
26.
-
Plums
8
,
18
,
24.
-
Pomace
vide
Cider
.
30.
-
Pomum-Amoris
13.
-
Pome-Granad
.
15
,
21
,
23.
-
Poppy
25.
-
Potatos
10
,
28.
-
Pot-herbs
10.
-
Pots
9
,
13
,
25.
-
Prime-rose
13
,
15
,
23
,
25.
-
Pruning
6
,
8
,
10
,
13
,
15
,
20
,
22
,
25
,
26
,
30.
-
Purslain
12
,
14
,
16
,
22.
Q
-
QUick-sets
8
,
10.
R
-
RAin
9
,
21
,
25
,
27
,
31.
-
Ranunculus
9
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
25
,
27
,
29
,
31.
-
Raddish
8
,
10
,
12
,
18
,
20
,
24
,
26.
-
Removing
vide
Transplanting
.
23.
-
Rosemary
12
,
14.
-
Roses
12
,
19
,
22
,
23
,
26.
-
Roots
10.
S.
-
SAffron
vide
Crocus
.
23.
-
Sage
12.14
.
-
Salleting
8.
-
Savoury
14.
-
Scabious
15
,
19.
-
Scorpoides
15.
-
Scorzonera
12.
-
Scurvy-grass
22
,
24.
-
Sellery
12.
-
Seacrests
6.
-
Season
5
,
6.
-
Seeds
19
,
22
,
23
,
26.28
,
29.
-
Seedlings
19
,
22
,
23
,
26.28
,
29.
-
Senses
7.
-
Sedum
25
,
29.
-
Sensitive-Plant
13.
-
September
24
,
25.
-
Shade
13.
-
Shelter
29
,
13.
-
Shrubs
26.
-
Signes
5.
-
Skirrets
12
,
24.
-
Slips
pag.
21
,
23.
-
Smalege
12.
-
Snailes
14
,
20.
-
Snow
9
,
13
,
29.
-
Soil
8.
-
Sorel
12.
-
Sowing
25
,
27.
-
Spinach
10
,
22
,
24.
-
Stalks
17.
-
Standards
26
,
28
,
30.
-
Stercoration
vide
Compost
.
12
,
30.
-
Stock
gilly-flowers
vide
Leucöium
.
-
Stocks
8
,
13
,
22
,
26
,
28
,
30.
-
Stones
9
,
29
,
30.
-
Stove
29
,
31.
-
Strawberries
12
,
24.
-
Suckers
22.
-
Sun
13
,
22.
-
Swarmes
vide
Bees
.
16.
-
Sweeping
29.
-
Sweet-Williams
13.
-
Syringa
29.
T
-
TObacco
12.
-
Thyme
12
,
14
,
16.
-
Time
6.
-
Tools
8.
-
Tuberose
vide
Narcissus
.
13
,
15
,
25
,
27.
-
Tulips
13
,
15
,
17
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
25
,
27
,
29.
-
Turneps
12
,
14
,
22
,
28.
-
Transplanting
vide
Removing
.
8
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
24
,
28.
-
Trenching
vide
Digging
.
8
,
26
,
28
,
30.
V
-
VAriegation
27.
-
Vermine
9
,
31.
-
Vines
8
,
10
,
18
,
22
,
26
,
30.7
,
20.
-
Vineyard
8
,
10
,
18
,
22
,
26
,
30.7
,
20.
-
Violets
15
,
25.
-
Volubilis
13.
W
-
WAlks
21
,
27
,
29.
-
Walls
8
,
10
,
22
,
26
,
28
,
30.
-
Water
17
,
18
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
29.
-
Weeding
15
,
16
,
21
,
27.
-
Wither'd
Flowers
21.
-
Winds
13
,
21
,
24
,
25
,
29.
-
Worms
10
,
14
,
27.
SYLVA
:
OR
,
A
DISCOURSE
OF
Forest-Trees
,
AND
The
Propagation
of
Timber
in
His
MAJESTIES
Dominions
,
&c.
Tuque
ades
,
inceptumque
una
decurre
laborem
,
O
decus
,
ô
famae
merito
pars
maxima
nostrae
,
CAROLIDE
,
pelagoque
volans
da
vela
petenti
:
Da
facilem
cursum
,
atque
audacibus
annue
coeptis
:
Ignarosque
viae
mecum
miseratus
agrestes
Ingredere
,
&
votis
jam
nunc
assuesce
vocari
.
The
Introduction
.
1.
Introduction
.
SInce
there
is
nothing
which
seems
more
fatally
to
threaten
a
Weakning
,
if
not
a
Dissolution
of
the
strength
of
this
famous
and
flourishing
Nation
,
then
the
sensible
and
notorious
decay
of
her
Wooden
walls
,
when
either
through
time
,
negligence
,
or
other
accident
,
the
present
Navy
shall
be
worn
out
and
impair'd
;
it
has
been
a
very
worthy
and
seasonable
Advertisement
in
the
Honourable
the
principal
Officers
and
Commissioners
,
what
they
have
lately
suggested
to
this
Illustrious
Society
,
for
the
timely
prevention
and
redress
of
this
intollerable
defect
.
For
it
has
not
been
the
late
increase
of
Shipping
alone
,
the
multiplication
of
Glass-works
,
Iron-Furnaces
,
and
the
like
,
from
whence
this
impolitick
diminution
of
our
Timber
has
proceeded
;
but
from
the
disproportionate
spreading
of
Tillage
,
caused
through
that
prodigious
havock
made
by
such
as
lately
professing
themselves
against
Root
and
Branch
(
either
to
be
re-imburs'd
of
their
Holy
purchases
,
or
for
some
other
sordid
respect
)
were
tempted
,
not
only
to
fell
and
cut
down
,
but
utterly
to
grub
up
,
demolish
,
and
raze
,
as
it
were
,
all
those
many
goodly
Woods
,
and
Forests
,
which
our
more
prudent
Ancestors
left
standing
,
for
the
Ornament
,
and
service
of
their
Country
.
And
this
devastation
is
now
become
so
Epidemical
,
that
unless
some
favourable
expedient
offer
it self
,
and
a
way
be
seriously
,
and
speedily
resolv'd
upon
,
for
the
future
repair
of
this
intollerable
defect
,
one
of
the
most
glorious
,
and
considerable
Bulwarks
of
this
Nation
,
will
,
within
a
short
time
,
be
totally
wanting
to
it
.
2.
To
attend
now
a
spontaneous
supply
of
these
decay'd
Materials
(
which
is
the
vulgar
,
and
natural
way
)
would
cost
(
besides
the
Inclosure
)
some
entire
Ages
repose
of
the
Plow
:
Therefore
,
the
most
expeditious
,
and
obvious
Method
,
would
(
doubtless
)
be
by
one
of
these
two
ways
,
Sowing
,
or
Planting
.
But
,
first
,
it
will
be
requisite
to
agree
upon
the
Species
;
as
what
Trees
are
likely
to
be
of
greatest
Vse
,
and
the
fittest
to
be
cultivated
;
and
then
,
to
consider
of
the
Manner
how
it
may
best
be
effected
.
Truly
,
the
waste
,
and
destruction
of
our
Woods
,
has
been
so
universal
,
that
I
conceive
nothing
less
then
an
universal
Plantation
of
all
the
sorts
of
Trees
will
supply
,
and
well
encounter
the
defect
;
and
therefore
,
I
shall
here
adventure
to
speak
something
in
general
of
them
all
;
though
I
chiefly
insist
upon
the
propagation
of
such
only
as
seem
to
be
the
most
wanting
,
and
serviceable
.
3.
And
first
by
Trees
here
,
I
consider
principally
for
the
Genus
generalissimum
,
such
Lignous
and
woody
Plants
,
as
are
hard
of
substance
,
procere
of
stature
;
that
are
thick
and
solid
,
and
stifly
adhere
to
the
Ground
on
which
they
stand
:
These
we
shall
divide
into
the
Greater
and
more
Ceduous
,
Fruticant
and
Shrubby
;
Feras
and
wild
;
or
more
Civiliz'd
and
domestique
;
and
such
as
are
Sative
and
Hortensial
subalternate
to
the
other
;
But
of
which
I
give
only
a
touch
,
distributing
the
rest
into
these
two
Classes
,
the
Dry
,
and
the
Aquatic
;
both
of
them
applicable
to
the
same
civil
uses
of
Building
,
Vtensils
,
Ornament
,
and
Fuel
;
for
to
dip
into
their
Medicinal
virtues
is
none
of
my
Province
,
though
I
sometimes
glance
at
them
with
due
submission
,
and
in
few
Instances
.
4.
Among
the
dry
,
I
esteem
the
more
principal
,
and
solid
,
to
be
the
Oak
,
Elme
,
Beech
,
Ash
,
Chess-nut
,
Wall-nut
,
&c.
The
less
principal
,
the
Service
,
Maple
,
Lime-tree
,
Horn-beam
,
Quick-beam
,
Birch
,
Hasel
,
&c.
together
with
all
their
sub-alternate
,
and
several
kinds
.
—
Which
of
how
many
sorts
they
are
,
We
can't
at
present
here
stand
to
declare
.
Sed
neque
quàm
multa
species
,
nec
nomina
quae
sint
,
Est
numerus
,
Geor.
2.
5.
Of
the
Aquatical
,
I
reckon
the
Poplars
,
Asp
,
Alder
,
Willow
,
Sallow
,
Osier
,
&c.
Then
I
shall
add
a
word
or
two
,
for
the
encouragement
of
the
planting
of
Fruit-trees
,
together
with
some
less
vulgar
,
but
no
less
useful
Trees
,
which
,
as
yet
are
not
endenizon'd
amongst
us
,
or
(
at
least
)
not
much
taken
notice
of
:
And
in
pursuance
hereof
,
I
shall
observe
this
order
:
First
,
to
shew
how
they
are
to
be
Raised
,
and
then
to
be
Cultivated
;
By
raising
,
I
understand
the
Seed
and
the
Soil
;
by
Culture
the
Planting
,
Fencing
,
Watering
,
Dressing
,
Pruning
and
Cutting
;
of
all
which
briefly
.
6.
And
first
for
their
Raising
,
some
there
are
,
Spring
of
themselves
unforc't
by
human
eare
,
—
Nullis
hominum
cogentibus
,
ipsae
Sponte
sua
veniunt
—
Specifying
according
to
the
various
disposition
of
the
Air
and
Soil
;
Some
from
their
Seeds
arise
.
Pars
autem
posito
surgunt
de
semine
▪
As
the
Oak
,
Chess-nut
,
Ash
,
&c.
Some
to
th●●
Groves
from
their
own
Roots
do
spring
,
Pullulat
ab
radico
ali●s
deusissima
Sylva
▪
As
the
Elme
,
Alder
,
&c.
and
there
are
others
,
Grow
without
Root
Mil
radicit
egeut
—
as
Willows
,
and
all
the
Vimineous
kinds
,
which
are
raised
of
Sets
only
.
These
wayes
first
Nature
gave
,
Hos
natura
modos
primùm
dedit
—
For
thus
we
see
there
are
more
ways
to
the
Wood
than
one
;
and
she
has
furnish'd
us
with
variety
of
expedients
.
7.
And
here
we
might
fall
into
a
deep
Philosophical
Research
,
whether
the
Earth
it self
in
some
place
thereof
or
other
,
even
without
Seed
,
Branch
or
Root
,
&c.
would
produce
every
kind
of
Vegetable
,
as
it
manifestly
does
,
divers
sorts
of
Grasse
and
Plants
?
(
viz.
)
the
Tre-fole
or
Clover
in
succulent
land
;
In
dry
ground
May
and
Ra●-weeds
;
In
the
very
moyst
,
Argentina
,
Flaggs
,
&c.
And
the
very
barren
Ferne
,
Broome
,
and
Heath
,
&c.
So
Virgil
notes
sterile
places
for
the
Pitch-tree
;
we
our
wett
and
Vligi●ous
for
Birch
,
Alder
,
&c.
The
more
lofty
,
poor
and
perflatile
for
Eugh
,
Guiniper
,
Box
,
and
the
like
;
and
we
read
in
the
Natural
Histories
of
divers
Countries
,
that
the
Cedar
,
Palmetos
Queen-Pines
,
Ebony
,
Nutmeg
,
Cinnamon
,
&c.
For
Trees
;
the
Tulip
,
Hyacinth
,
Crocus
,
&c.
For
Flowers
,
are
sometimes
,
and
in
some
regions
Aborigines
,
descended
immediately
from
the
Genius
of
the
Soyls
,
Climate
,
Sun
,
Shade
,
Air
,
Winds
,
Water
,
Niterous-Salts
,
Rocks
,
Bankes
,
Shores
,
and
(
as
the
Negros-Heads
in
the
Bachados
)
even
without
Seed
,
or
any
perceptible
rudiment
.
But
with
all
this
we
are
not
satisfied
without
supposing
some
previous
seminal
disposition
lurking
,
and
dispers'd
in
every
part
of
the
Earth
,
in
what
Moleculae
or
subtile
contextures
we
shall
not
enquire
,
but
though
happly
not
at
first
so
perfect
as
the
maturer
Seeds
of
their
after
peculiar
Plants
;
yet
such
as
are
fit
for
the
Sun
and
Influences
to
operate
on
,
'til
they
have
prepar'd
,
discuss'd
,
and
excited
their
Seminal
and
Prolifique
vertue
to
exert
it self
and
awake
out
of
sleep
,
in
which
they
lay
as
in
their
causes
;
And
free
themselves
from
those
impediments
which
hindred
their
Specification
and
Nativity
:
This
Conception
the
learned
Gassendus
would
illustrate
by
the
latent
fire
in
Flints
,
which
never
betrays
it self
'
til
it
be
forced
out
by
Collision
;
but
which
yet
methinks
,
does
not
so
fully
inlighten
this
Hypothesis
,
which
we
only
hint
for
Method
and
Introduction
onely
:
For
the
design
of
this
Discourse
is
not
to
perswade
Men
to
sit
still
,
and
let
Nature
work
alone
,
but
to
ayd
and
assist
her
as
much
as
they
are
able
from
Seeds
and
Plants
already
perfected
,
and
qualified
for
more
speedy
Propagation
.
Most
Ingenious
,
in
the
mean
time
is
what
some
upon
an
accurate
and
narrow
guesse
,
have
not
feared
to
pronounce
;
namely
,
that
all
planting
by
Seed
,
was
but
a
kind
of
Inoculation
;
and
propagation
by
Cyons
and
Sprouts
,
but
a
Subterranean
Graffing
:
And
upon
this
account
I
am
the
more
willing
to
assent
,
that
in
Removing
of
wild
Trees
,
taken
out
of
incumber'd
places
,
(
so
it
be
perform'd
with
all
due
circumstances
)
there
may
happen
considerable
Improvements
;
since
,
as
there
is
something
in
Super
graffing
,
or
the
repetition
of
Graffing
for
the
inlargement
,
and
melioration
of
Fruit
;
so
there
may
be
also
in
a
carefull
Removal
;
especially
the
Tree
being
of
a
kind
apt
to
dilate
its
Roots
,
and
taken
whilest
those
Roots
may
be
safely
,
and
intirely
transferr'd
;
and
likewise
,
because
it
is
presum'd
that
most
Trees
propagated
by
Seeds
,
emitt
a
principal
Root
,
very
deep
into
the
Earth
,
which
frequently
extracting
but
a
courser
Nutriment
(
though
it
may
happly
yield
a
close
,
and
firmer
Timber
)
yet
is
not
so
apt
to
Shoot
and
spread
,
as
what
are
by
Removal
deprived
of
that
Root
,
and
by
being
more
impregnate
with
the
Sun
,
Dews
and
heavenly
Influences
neer
the
surface
,
inabled
to
produce
larger
,
more
delicate
and
better
tasted
Fruit
;
supposing
Nutts
,
Mast
,
or
Berries
,
for
we
would
not
go
out
of
our
Forest
for
instances
.
And
yet
even
in
these
desents
of
the
Top-Root
,
it
sometimes
penetrating
to
a
Veine
of
some
rich
Marle
or
other
Mould
,
the
extraordinary
flourishing
and
expedition
of
growth
,
will
soon
give
notice
of
it
.
But
to
make
some
Trial
of
this
,
't
were
no
difficult
matter
,
when
one
plants
a
Nursery
or
Grove
,
to
experiment
what
the
Earth
,
as
far
as
the
Roots
are
like
to
reach
,
will
advance
and
discover
to
us
.
8.
In
the
mean
time
,
it
has
been
stifly
controverted
by
some
,
whether
were
better
to
raise
Trees
for
Timber
,
and
the
like
uses
,
from
their
Seeds
and
first
Rudiments
;
or
to
Transplant
such
as
we
find
have
either
rais'd
themselves
from
their
Seeds
,
or
spring
from
the
Mother
roots
.
Now
,
that
to
produce
them
immediately
of
the
Seed
is
the
better
way
,
these
Reasons
may
seem
to
evince
.
First
.
because
they
take
soonest
.
Secondly
,
because
they
make
the
straightest
,
and
most
uniform
shoot
.
Thirdly
,
because
they
will
neither
require
staking
,
nor
watering
(
which
are
two
very
considerable
Articles
)
and
lastly
,
for
that
all
transplanting
(
though
it
much
improve
Fruit
trees
)
unless
they
are
taken
up
the
first
Year
,
or
two
,
is
a
considerable
impediment
to
the
growth
of
Forest-trees
.
And
,
though
it
be
true
,
that
divers
of
those
which
are
found
in
Woods
,
especially
Oaklings
,
young
Beeches
,
Ash
,
and
some
others
,
spring
from
the
self-sown
mast
and
keys
;
yet
,
being
for
the
most
part
dropp'd
,
and
disseminated
amongst
the
half
rotten
sticks
,
musty
leaves
,
and
perplexities
of
the
mother-roots
,
they
grow
scraggy
;
and
being
over-dripp'd
become
squalid
and
mossie
,
Which
checks
their
growth
,
and
makes
their
bodies
pine
.
Crescentique
adimunt
foetus
,
uruntque
ferentem
.
Geo.
2.
Nor
can
their
roots
expand
,
and
spread
themselves
as
they
would
do
if
they
were
sown
,
or
had
been
planted
in
a
more
open
,
free
,
and
ingenuous
Soil
.
And
that
this
is
so
,
I
do
affirm
upon
Experience
,
that
an
Acorn
sown
by
hand
in
a
Nursery
,
or
ground
where
it
may
be
free
from
these
encumbrances
,
shall
in
two
or
three
Years
out-strip
a
Plant
of
twice
that
age
,
which
has
either
been
self-sown
in
the
Woods
,
or
removed
;
unless
it
fortune
,
by
some
favourable
accident
,
to
have
been
scattered
into
a
more
natural
,
penetrable
,
and
better
qualified
place
:
But
this
disproportion
is
yet
infinitely
more
remarkable
in
the
Pine
,
and
the
Wall-nut
tree
,
where
the
Nut
set
into
the
ground
does
usually
overtake
a
Tree
of
ten
years
growth
which
was
planted
at
the
same
instant
;
and
this
is
a
Secret
so
generally
mis-represented
by
most
of
those
who
have
treated
of
these
sort
of
Trees
,
that
I
could
not
suffer
it
to
pass
over
without
a
particular
remark
;
so
as
the
noble
Poet
(
with
pardon
for
receding
from
so
venerable
Authority
)
might
be
mistaken
,
when
he
delivers
this
observation
as
universal
,
to
the
prejudice
of
Sowing
,
and
raising
Woods
from
their
Rudiments
:
Trees
which
from
scattered
Seeds
to
spring
are
made
Come
slowly
on
;
for
our
Grand-childrens
shade
.
Nam
quae
seminibus
jactis
se
sustulit
arbos
Tarda
venit
;
seris
factura
nepotibus
umbram
.
Geor.
l.
2.
And
indeed
I
know
divers
are
of
this
opinion
;
and
possibly
in
some
luckier
Soils
,
and
where
extraordinary
care
is
had
in
Transplanting
,
and
removing
cumbrances
,
&c.
There
may
be
reason
for
it
;
But
I
affirm
it
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
for
the
most
part
,
and
find
I
have
the
suffrage
of
another
no
inelegant
Poet
,
if
not
in
a
full
assent
to
my
Assertion
,
yet
in
the
choyce
of
my
procedure
for
their
perfection
.
—
Though
Suckers
which
the
Stock
repaire
,
Will
with
th●ck
Branches
crowd
the
empty
Aire
,
Or
the
Ground-Oak
transplanted
,
boughs
may
shoot
;
Yet
no
such
Grov's
do's
with
my
fancy
suit
As
what
from
Acorns
set
on
even
rows
In
open
fields
at
their
due
distance
grows
.
What
though
your
Ground
long
time
must
fallow
ly
,
And
Se●dling-Oakes
yield
but
a
slow
supply
?
No
walks
else
can
be
for
like
beauty
prais'd
For
,
certain
't
is
,
that
Plants
from
Acorns
rais'd
,
As
to
the
Center
deeper
fivers
spread
,
So
to
the
Zenith
more
advance
their
head
:
Be
it
that
Plants
for
natural
moysture
pine
,
And
as
expos'd
at
Change
of
Soile
decline
;
Or
that
the
Acorn
with
its
native
mould
Do's
thrive
,
and
spread
,
and
firme
alliance
hold
.
—
Quamvis
ipsa
de
stirpe
parentis
Pullulet
,
&
tenues
tollat
se
quercus
in
auras
,
Aut
mutata
solo
,
ramis
exultet
opacis
;
Forma
tamen
nemoris
non
sit
mihi
gratior
ulla
,
Quam
quod
per
campos
,
posito
de
semine
,
crevit
Et
quamquam
sit
agro
praelongum
tempus
inerti
Durcendum
,
ac
tardae
surgant
de
semine
quercus
:
His
tamen
,
his
longe
veniunt
felicius
umbrae
.
Nam
certum
est
de
glande
satas
radicibus
imis
Altius
in
terram
per
se
descendere
plantas
:
Majoresque
adeo
in
coelum
profundere
ramos
.
Seu
quod
dediscant
mutatam
semina
matrem
,
Dgen
remque
ferant
alieno
ex
ubere
prolem
:
Sive
quod
ipsa
●bi
cognatae
inolescere
terrae
Glans
primo
melius
paulatim
assuevit
ab
ortu
.
Rapinus
Hort.
l.
2.
CHAP.
I.
Of
the
Soile
,
and
of
Seed
.
Soile
.
1.
HEre
,
for
Methods
sake
,
something
it
were
expedient
to
premise
concerning
the
Soile
;
and
indeed
I
do
acknowledge
to
have
observ'd
so
vast
a
difference
in
the
Improvement
of
Woods
,
by
that
of
the
Ground
,
that
it
is
at
no
hand
to
be
neglected
:
But
this
being
more
than
Transitorily
touch'd
in
each
Chapter
of
the
ensuing
Discourse
,
I
shall
not
need
to
assign
it
any
apart
,
when
I
have
affirm'd
in
General
,
that
most
Timber-Trees
grow
and
prosper
well
in
any
tollerable
Land
which
will
produce
Corn
or
Rye
,
and
which
is
not
in
excesse
Stony
;
in
which
neverthelesse
there
are
some
Trees
delight
;
or
altogether
Clay
,
which
few
,
or
none
do
naturally
affect
;
And
yet
the
Oak
is
seen
to
prosper
in
it
,
for
its
toughnesse
preferr'd
before
any
other
by
many
Workmen
,
though
of
all
Soyls
the
Cow-pasture
do
certainly
exceed
,
be
it
for
what
purpose
soever
of
planting
Wood.
Rather
therefore
we
should
take
notice
how
many
great
Witts
and
ingenious
Persons
,
who
have
leasure
and
faculty
are
in
pain
for
Improvements
of
their
Heaths
and
barren
Hills
,
cold
and
starving
places
,
which
causes
them
to
be
neglected
and
despair'd
of
;
whilest
they
flatter
their
hopes
and
vain
expectations
with
fructifying
liquors
,
Chymical
Menstrues
and
such
vast
conceptions
;
in
the
mean
time
that
one
may
shew
them
as
Heathy
and
Hope-less
grounds
,
and
barren
Hills
as
any
in
England
,
that
do
now
bear
,
or
lately
have
born
Woods
,
Groves
and
Copses
which
yield
the
Owners
more
wealth
,
than
the
richest
and
most
opulent
Wheat-Lands
:
And
if
it
be
objected
that
't
is
so
long
a
day
before
these
Plantations
can
afford
that
gain
;
The
Brabant
Nurseries
,
and
divers
home-plantations
of
Industrious
Persons
are
sufficient
to
convince
the
gain-sayer
.
And
when
by
this
Husbandry
a
few
Acorns
shall
have
peopl'd
the
Neighboring
Regions
with
young
Stocks
and
Trees
;
the
residue
will
become
Groves
and
Copses
of
infinite
delight
and
satisfaction
to
the
Planters
.
Besides
,
we
daily
see
what
Course
Lands
will
bear
these
Stocks
(
suppose
them
Oaks
,
Wall-nutts
,
Chess-nutts
,
Pines
,
Firr
,
Ash
,
Wild-Pears
,
Crabbs
,
&c.
)
and
some
of
them
,
as
for
instance
the
Peare
and
the
Firr
or
Pine
,
strike
their
Roots
through
the
roughest
and
most
impenetrable
Rocks
and
clefts
of
Stone
it self
;
and
others
require
not
any
rich
or
pingued
,
but
very
moderate
Soile
;
especially
,
if
committed
to
it
in
Seeds
,
which
allyes
them
to
their
Mother
and
Nurse
without
renitency
or
regrett
:
And
then
considering
what
assistances
a
little
Care
in
easing
and
stirring
of
the
ground
about
them
for
a
few
years
does
afford
them
:
What
cannot
a
strong
Plow
,
a
Winter
mellowing
,
and
summer
heats
,
incorporated
with
the
pregnant
Turfe
,
or
a
slight
assistance
of
Lime
performe
even
in
the
most
unnatural
and
obstinate
Soile
?
And
in
such
places
where
anciently
Woods
have
grown
,
but
are
now
unkind
to
them
,
the
fault
is
to
be
reformed
by
this
Care
;
and
chiefly
,
by
a
Sedulous
extirpation
of
the
old
remainders
of
Roots
,
and
latent
Stumps
,
which
by
their
mustiness
,
and
other
pernicious
qualities
,
sowre
the
ground
,
and
poyson
the
Conception
;
And
herewith
let
me
put
in
this
note
,
that
even
the
Soile
it self
does
frequently
discover
and
point
best
to
the
particular
Species
,
though
some
are
for
all
places
alike
:
but
I
shall
say
no
more
of
these
particulars
at
this
time
,
because
,
the
rest
is
sprinkl'd
over
this
whole
Work
in
their
due
places
;
Wherefore
we
hasten
to
the
following
Title
,
namely
,
the
choyce
and
ordering
of
the
Seeds
.
2.
Chuse
your
Seed
of
that
which
is
perfectly
mature
,
Seed
.
ponderous
and
sound
;
commonly
that
which
is
easily
shaken
from
the
boughs
,
or
gathered
about
November
,
immediately
upon
its
spontaneous
fall
,
or
taken
from
the
tops
and
summities
of
the
fairest
and
soundest
Trees
,
is
best
,
and
does
(
for
the
most
part
)
direct
to
the
proper
season
of
interring
,
&c.
According
to
Institution
.
For
,
Nature
her self
who
all
created
first
,
Invented
sowing
,
and
the
wild
Plants
nurs't
:
When
Mast
and
Berries
from
the
Trees
did
drop
,
Succeeded
under
by
a
numerous
Crop
.
Nam
specimen
sationis
,
&
insitionis
origo
Ipsa
fuit
rerum
primum
natura
creatrix
:
Arboribus
quoniam
baccae
,
glandesque
caducae
Tempestiva
dabant
pullorum
examina
subter
,
&c.
Lucret.
l.
5.
Yet
this
is
to
be
consider'd
,
that
if
the
place
you
sow
in
be
too
cold
for
an
Autumnal
semination
,
your
Acorns
,
Mast
,
and
other
Seeds
may
be
prepared
for
the
Vernal
by
being
barrel'd
,
or
potted
up
in
moist
Sand
or
Earth
stratum
S.S.
during
the
Winter
;
at
the
expiration
whereof
you
will
find
them
sprouted
;
and
being
committed
to
the
Earth
,
with
a
tender
hand
,
as
apt
to
take
as
if
they
had
been
sown
with
the
most
early
,
nay
with
great
advantage
:
by
this
means
,
too
,
they
have
escaped
the
Vermine
(
which
are
prodigious
devourers
of
Winter
sowing
)
and
will
not
be
much
concern'd
with
the
increasing
heat
of
the
Season
,
as
such
as
being
crude
,
and
unfermented
are
newly
sown
in
the
beginning
of
the
Spring
;
especially
in
hot
and
loose
Grounds
;
being
already
in
so
fair
a
progress
by
this
artificial
preparation
;
and
which
(
if
the
provision
to
be
made
be
very
great
)
may
be
thus
manag'd
.
Chuse
a
fit
piece
of
Ground
,
and
with
boards
(
if
it
have
not
that
position
of
it self
)
design
it
three
foot
high
;
lay
the
first
foot
in
fine
Earth
,
another
of
Seeds
,
Acorns
,
Mast
,
Keys
,
Nuts
,
Haws
,
Holly-beries
,
&c.
Promiscuously
,
or
separate
,
with
(
now
,
and
then
)
a
little
Mould
sprinkled
amongst
them
:
The
third
foot
wholly
Earth
:
Of
these
preparatory
Magazines
make
as
many
,
and
as
much
larger-ones
as
will
serve
your
turn
,
continuing
it
from
time
to
time
as
your
store
is
brought
in
.
The
same
for
ruder
handlings
,
may
you
also
do
by
burying
your
Seeds
in
dry
Sand
,
or
pulveriz'd
Earth
,
Barrelling
them
(
as
I
said
)
in
Tubs
,
or
laid
in
heaps
in
some
deep
Cellar
where
the
rigour
of
the
Winter
may
least
prejudice
them
;
and
I
have
fill'd
old
Hampers
,
Bee-hives
,
and
Boxes
with
them
,
and
found
the
like
advantage
,
which
is
to
have
them
ready
for
your
Seminary
,
as
before
hath
been
shew'd
,
and
exceedingly
prevent
the
season
.
There
be
also
who
affirm
,
that
the
carefull
cracking
and
opening
of
Stones
which
include
the
Kernels
,
as
soon
as
ripe
,
precipitate
Growth
and
gain
a
years
advance
.
3.
But
to
pursue
this
to
some
farther
Advantage
;
as
to
what
concerns
the
election
of
your
Seed
,
It
is
to
be
consider'd
,
that
there
is
vast
difference
,
(
what
if
I
should
affirm
more
than
an
hundred
years
)
in
Trees
even
of
the
same
growth
and
Bed
,
which
I
judge
to
proceed
from
the
variety
and
quality
of
the
Seed
:
This
,
for
instance
,
is
evidently
seen
in
the
heart
,
procerity
and
stature
of
Timber
;
and
therefore
chuse
not
your
Seeds
alwaies
from
the
most
Fruitful-trees
,
which
are
commonly
the
most
Aged
,
and
decayed
;
but
from
such
as
are
found
most
solid
and
fair
:
Nor
,
for
this
reason
,
covet
the
largest
Acorns
,
&c.
(
but
as
Husband
men
do
their
Wheat
)
the
most
weighty
,
clean
and
bright
:
This
Observation
we
deduce
from
Fruit-trees
,
which
we
seldom
find
to
bear
so
kindly
,
and
plentifully
,
from
a
sound
stock
,
smooth
Rind
,
and
firm
Wood
,
as
from
a
rough
,
lax
,
and
untoward
Tree
,
which
is
rather
prone
to
spend
it self
in
Fruit
,
(
the
ultimate
effort
,
and
final
endeavour
of
its
most
delicate
Sap
,
)
than
in
solid
and
close
substance
to
encrease
the
Timber
.
And
this
shall
suffice
,
though
some
haply
might
here
recommend
to
us
a
more
accurate
Microscopical
examen
,
to
interpret
their
most
secret
Schematismes
,
which
were
an
over
nicity
for
these
great
Plantations
.
4.
As
concerning
the
medicating
,
and
insuccation
of
Seeds
,
or
enforcing
the
Earth
by
rich
and
generous
Composts
,
&c.
for
Trees
of
these
kinds
,
I
am
no
great
favourer
of
it
;
not
only
,
because
the
charge
would
much
discourage
the
Work
;
but
for
that
we
find
it
unnecessary
,
and
for
most
of
our
Forest-trees
,
noxious
;
since
even
where
the
ground
is
too
fertile
,
they
thrive
not
so
well
;
and
if
a
Mould
be
not
proper
for
one
sort
it
may
be
fit
for
another
:
Yet
I
would
not
(
by
this
)
hinder
any
from
the
trial
,
what
advance
such
Experiments
will
produce
:
In
the
mean
time
,
for
the
simple
Imbibition
of
some
Seeds
and
Kernels
,
when
they
prove
extraordinary
dry
,
and
,
as
the
Season
may
fall
out
,
it
might
not
be
amiss
to
macerate
them
in
Milk
,
or
Water
only
,
a
little
impregnated
with
Cow-dung
,
&c.
during
the
space
of
twenty
four
hours
,
to
give
them
a
spirit
to
sprout
,
and
chet
the
sooner
;
especially
,
if
you
have
been
retarded
in
your
sowing
without
our
former
preparation
.
5.
Being
thus
provided
with
Seeds
of
all
kinds
,
I
would
advise
to
raise
Woods
by
sowing
them
apart
,
in
several
places
destin'd
for
their
growth
,
where
the
Mould
being
prepar'd
(
as
I
shall
shew
hereafter
)
and
so
qualified
(
if
election
be
made
)
as
best
to
suit
with
the
nature
of
the
Species
,
they
may
be
sown
promiscuously
,
which
is
the
most
natural
and
Rural
;
or
in
streight
and
even
lines
,
for
Hedg-rows
,
Avenues
,
and
Walks
,
which
is
the
more
Ornamental
:
But
,
because
some
may
chuse
rather
to
draw
them
out
of
Nurseries
;
that
the
Culture
is
not
much
different
,
nor
the
hinderance
considerable
(
provided
they
be
early
,
and
carefully
Removed
)
I
will
finish
what
I
have
to
say
concerning
these
Trees
in
the
Seminary
,
and
shew
how
they
are
there
to
be
Raised
,
Transplanted
,
and
Govern'd
till
they
can
shift
for
themselves
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
the
Seminary
.
1.
QVi
Vineam
,
vel
Arbustum
constituere
volet
,
Seminary
.
Seminaria
priùs
facere
debebit
,
was
the
precept
of
Columella
,
l.
3.
c.
5.
speaking
of
Vineyards
and
Fruit-trees
:
and
,
doubtlesse
,
we
cannot
pursue
a
better
Course
for
the
Propagation
of
Timber-trees
:
For
though
it
seem
but
a
trivial
design
that
one
should
make
a
Nursery
of
Foresters
;
yet
it
is
not
to
be
imagin'd
,
without
the
experience
of
it
,
what
prodigious
Numbers
a
very
small
spot
of
Ground
well
Cultivated
,
and
destin'd
for
this
purpose
,
would
be
able
to
furnish
towards
the
sending
forth
of
yearly
Colonies
into
all
the
naked
quarters
of
a
Lordship
,
or
Demeasnes
;
Being
with
a
pleasant
Industry
liberally
distributed
amongst
the
Tenants
,
and
dispos'd
of
about
the
Hedge-rows
,
and
other
Waste
,
and
uncultivated
places
,
for
Timber
,
Shelter
,
Fuel
,
and
Ornament
,
to
an
incredible
Advantage
.
This
being
a
cheap
,
and
laudable
Work
,
of
so
much
pleasure
in
the
execution
,
and
so
certain
a
profit
in
the
event
;
to
be
but
once
well
done
(
for
,
as
I
affirm'd
,
a
very
small
Nursery
will
in
a
few
years
people
a
vast
extent
of
Ground
)
hath
made
me
sometimes
in
admiration
at
the
universal
negligence
.
2.
Having
therefore
made
choice
of
some
fit
place
of
Ground
,
well
Fenced
,
respecting
the
South-east
,
rather
than
the
full
South
,
and
well
protected
from
the
North
and
West
;
He
that
for
wood
his
Field
would
sow
,
Must
clear
it
of
the
Shrubbs
that
grow
;
Cut
Brambles
up
,
and
the
Ferne
mow
.
Qui
serere
ingenuum
volet
agrum
,
Liberat
prius
arva
fruticibus
;
Falce
rubos
,
filicemque
resecat
.
Boeth
.
l.
2.
Me●
▪
This
done
,
let
it
be
Broken
up
the
Winter
before
you
sow
,
to
mellow
it
;
especially
if
it
be
a
Clay
,
and
then
the
furrow
would
be
made
deeper
;
or
so
,
at
least
;
as
you
would
prepare
it
for
Wheat
:
Or
you
may
Trench
it
with
the
Spade
,
by
which
means
it
will
the
easier
be
cleansed
of
whatsoever
may
obstruct
the
putting
forth
,
and
insinuating
of
the
tender
Roots
:
Then
having
given
it
a
second
stirring
,
immediately
before
you
sow
,
cast
,
and
dispose
it
into
Rills
,
or
small
narrow
Trenches
of
four
,
or
five
inches
deep
,
and
in
even
lines
,
at
two
foot
interval
,
for
the
more
commodious
Runcation
,
Hawing
,
and
dressing
the
Trees
:
Into
these
Furrows
(
for
a
Conseminea
Sylva
)
throw
your
Oak
,
Beech
,
Ash
,
Nuts
,
all
the
Glandiferous
Seeds
,
Mast
,
and
Key-bearing
kinds
,
so
as
they
lie
not
too
thick
,
and
then
cover
them
very
well
with
a
Rake
,
or
fine-tooth'd
Harrow
,
as
they
do
for
Pease
:
Or
,
to
be
more
accurate
,
you
may
set
them
as
they
do
Beans
(
especially
,
the
Nuts
and
Acorns
)
and
that
every
Species
by
themselves
,
for
the
Roboraria
,
Glandaria
,
Vlmaria
,
&c.
which
is
the
better
way
:
This
is
to
be
done
at
the
latter
end
of
October
,
for
the
Autumnal
sowing
;
and
in
the
lighter
ground
about
February
for
the
Vernal
.
Then
see
your
hopefull
Grove
with
Acorns
sown
,
But
e're
your
Seed
into
the
Field
be
thrown
With
crooked
Plough
first
let
the
lusty
Swain
Break-up
,
and
stubborn
Clodds
with
Harrow
plain
.
Then
when
the
Stemm
appears
,
to
make
it
bare
And
lighten
the
hard
Earth
with
Hough
,
prepare
.
Hough
in
the
Spring
:
nor
frequent
Culture
fail
,
Lest
noxious
Weeds
'ore
the
young
Wood
prevail
:
To
barren
ground
with
toyle
large
meanour
add
,
Good-husbandry
will
force
a
Ground
that
's
bad
.
Proinde
nemus
sparsa
cures
de
glande
parandum
:
Sed
tamen
ante
tuo
mandes
quam
semina
campo
;
Ipse
tibi
duro
robustus
vomere
fossor
Omne
solum
subigat
late
,
explanetque
subactum
.
Cumque
novus
fisso
primum
de
germine
ramus
Findit
humum
,
rursus
ferro
versanda
bicorni
Consita
vere
novo
tellus
,
cultuque
frequenti
Exercenda
,
herbae
circum
ne
forte
nocentes
Proveniant
,
germenque
ipsum
radicibus
urant
.
Nec
cultu
campum
cunctantem
urgere
frequenti
,
Et
saturare
fimo
pudeat
,
si
forte
resistat
.
Culturae
:
nam
tristis
humus
superanda
colendo
est
.
Rapinus
l.
2.
Note
that
6
Bushells
of
Acorns
will
sow
or
plant
an
Aker
,
at
one
foots
distance
.
3.
Your
Plants
beginning
now
to
peep
should
be
earthed
up
,
and
comforted
a
little
;
especially
,
after
breaking
of
the
greater
Frosts
,
and
when
the
swelling
mould
is
apt
to
spue
them
forth
;
but
when
they
are
about
an
inch
above
ground
you
may
in
a
moist
season
,
draw
them
up
where
they
are
too
thick
,
and
set
them
immediately
in
other
lines
,
or
Beds
prepar'd
for
them
;
or
you
may
plant
them
in
double
fosses
,
where
they
may
abide
for
good
and
all
,
and
to
remain
till
they
are
of
a
competent
stature
to
be
Transplanted
;
where
they
should
be
set
at
such
distances
as
their
several
kinds
require
;
but
if
you
draw
them
only
for
the
thinning
of
your
Seminary
,
prick
them
into
some
empty
Beds
(
or
a
Plantarium
purposely
design'd
)
at
one
foot
interval
,
leaving
the
rest
at
two
or
three
.
4.
When
your
Seedlings
have
stood
thus
till
June
,
bestow
a
slight
digging
upon
them
,
and
scatter
a
little
mungy
,
half
rotten
Litter
,
Fearn
,
Bean-hame
,
or
old
Leaves
among
them
,
to
preserve
the
Roots
from
scorching
,
and
to
entertain
the
moisture
;
and
then
in
March
following
(
by
which
time
it
will
be
quite
consum'd
and
very
mellow
)
you
shall
chop
it
all
into
the
earth
,
and
mingle
it
together
:
Continue
this
process
for
two
or
three
years
successively
;
For
till
then
,
the
substance
of
the
Kernell
will
hardly
be
spent
in
the
plant
,
which
is
of
maine
import
;
but
then
(
and
that
the
stature
of
your
young
Impes
invite
)
you
may
plant
them
forth
,
carefully
taking
up
their
Roots
,
and
cutting
the
Stem
within
an
inch
of
the
ground
(
if
the
kind
,
of
which
hereafter
,
suffer
the
knife
)
set
them
where
they
are
to
continue
:
If
thus
you
reduce
them
to
the
distance
of
forty
foot
;
the
Intervals
may
be
planted
with
Ash
,
which
may
be
fell'd
either
for
Poles
,
or
Timber
without
the
least
prejudice
of
the
Oak
,
some
repeat
the
cutting
we
spake
of
the
second
Year
,
and
after
March
(
the
Moon
decreasing
)
re-cut
them
at
half
a
foot
from
the
surface
;
and
then
meddle
with
them
no
more
:
but
this
(
if
the
process
be
not
more
severe
than
needs
)
must
be
done
with
a
very
sharp
Instrument
,
and
with
care
,
least
you
violate
,
and
unsettle
the
Root
;
which
is
likewise
to
be
practis'd
upon
all
those
which
you
did
not
Transplant
,
unless
you
find
them
very
thriving
Trees
;
and
then
it
shall
suffice
to
prune
off
the
Branches
,
and
spare
the
Tops
;
for
this
does
not
only
greatly
establish
your
Plants
by
diverting
the
Sap
to
the
Roots
;
but
likewise
frees
them
from
the
injury
and
concussions
of
the
Winds
,
and
makes
them
to
produce
handsom
,
streight
shoots
,
infinitely
preferable
to
such
as
are
abandon'd
to
Nature
,
and
Accident
,
without
this
discipline
:
By
this
means
the
Oak
will
become
excellent
Timber
,
shooting
into
streight
and
single
Stems
,
:
The
Chess-nut
,
Ash
,
&c.
multiply
into
Poles
,
which
you
may
reduce
to
standards
at
pleasure
:
To
this
I
add
,
that
as
oft
as
you
make
your
annual
Transplanting
,
out
of
the
Nursery
,
by
drawing
forth
the
choycest
Stocks
,
the
remainder
will
be
improved
by
a
due
stirring
and
turning
of
the
mould
about
their
Roots
.
5.
Theophrastus
in
his
third
Book
de
Causes
c.
7.
gives
us
great
caution
in
planting
to
preserve
the
Roots
,
and
especially
the
Earth
,
adhering
to
the
smallest
Fibers
,
which
should
by
no
means
be
shaken
off
,
as
most
of
our
Gardners
do
to
trim
and
quicken
them
as
they
pretend
,
which
is
to
cut
them
shorter
,
&c.
not
at
all
considering
,
that
those
tender
Hairs
are
the
very
mouths
and
Vehicles
which
suck
in
the
nutriment
,
and
transfuse
into
all
the
parts
of
the
Tree
,
and
that
these
once
perishing
,
the
thicker
and
larger
Roots
,
hard
and
less
spungie
,
signifie
little
but
to
establish
the
Stem
;
as
I
have
frequently
experimented
in
Orange-Trees
,
whose
Fibers
are
so
very
obnoxious
to
rot
,
if
they
take
in
the
least
excess
of
wet
:
And
therefore
Cato
advises
us
to
take
care
that
we
bind
the
mould
about
them
,
or
transfer
the
Roots
in
Baskets
,
to
preserve
it
from
forsaking
them
;
For
this
Earth
being
already
applied
and
fitted
to
the
overtures
and
mouths
of
the
Fibers
,
it
will
require
some
time
to
bring
them
in
appetite
again
to
a
new
mould
,
by
which
to
repair
their
loss
,
furnish
their
stock
,
and
proceed
in
their
wonted
Oeconomy
without
manifest
danger
and
interruption
:
Nor
less
ought
our
care
to
be
in
the
making
and
dressing
of
the
pits
and
fosses
into
which
we
design
our
Transplantation
,
which
should
be
prepar'd
and
left
some
time
open
to
macerating
Rains
,
Frosts
and
Sun
,
that
may
resolve
the
compacted
Salt
,
render
the
Earth
friable
,
mix
and
qualifie
it
for
aliment
,
and
to
be
more
easily
drawn
in
and
digested
by
the
Roots
and
analogus
Stomack
of
the
Trees
:
This
to
some
degree
may
be
artificially
done
,
by
burning
of
straw
in
the
newly
opened
Pits
,
and
drenching
the
mould
with
Water
;
especially
in
over
dry
seasons
,
and
by
meliorating
barren-ground
with
sweet
,
and
comminuted
letations
.
6.
The
Author
of
the
Natural
History
,
Pliny
,
tells
us
it
was
a
vulgar
Tradition
,
in
his
time
,
that
no
Tree
,
should
be
Removed
under
two
years
old
,
or
above
three
:
Cato
would
have
none
Transplanted
less
than
five
fingers
in
diametre
;
But
I
have
shew'd
why
we
are
not
to
attend
so
long
for
such
as
we
raise
of
Seedlings
:
In
the
interim
,
if
these
directions
appear
too
busie
,
or
operose
,
or
that
the
Plantation
you
intend
be
very
ample
,
a
more
compendious
Method
will
be
the
confused
sowing
of
Acorns
,
&c.
in
Furrows
,
two
foot
asunder
,
covered
at
three
fingers
depth
,
and
so
for
three
years
cleansed
,
and
the
first
Winter
cover'd
with
fearn
,
without
any
farther
culture
,
unless
you
Transplant
them
;
but
,
as
I
shewed
before
,
in
Nurseries
they
would
be
cut
an
inch
from
the
Ground
,
and
then
let
stand
till
March
the
second
year
,
when
it
shall
be
sufficient
to
disbranch
them
to
one
only
shoot
,
whether
you
suffer
them
to
stand
,
or
remove
them
elsewhere
.
But
to
make
an
Essay
what
Seed
is
most
agreeable
to
the
Soil
,
you
may
by
the
thriving
of
a
promiscuous
Semination
make
a
judgement
of
,
What
each
Soil
bears
,
and
what
it
does
refuse
.
Quid
quaque
ferat
regio
,
&
quid
quaque
recuset
.
Transplanting
those
which
you
find
least
agreeing
with
the
place
;
or
else
,
by
Copsing
the
starvlings
in
the
places
where
they
are
new
sown
,
cause
them
sometimes
to
overtake
even
their
untouch'd
contemporaries
.
7.
But
here
some
may
inquire
what
distances
I
would
generally
assign
to
Transplanted
Trees
?
To
this
somewhat
is
said
in
the
ensuing
Periods
,
and
as
occasion
offers
;
though
the
promiscuous
rising
of
them
in
Forest-Work
,
wild
,
and
natural
is
to
us
I
acknowledge
more
pleasing
,
than
all
the
studied
accuracy
in
ranging
of
them
;
unless
it
be
,
where
they
conduct
and
lead
us
to
Avenues
,
and
are
planted
for
Vistas
(
as
the
Italians
term
is
)
in
which
case
,
the
proportion
of
the
Breadth
and
Length
of
the
Walks
,
&c.
should
govern
,
as
well
as
the
Nature
of
the
Tree
,
with
this
only
note
;
That
such
Trees
as
are
rather
apt
to
spread
,
than
mount
,
as
the
Oak
,
Beech
,
Wall-nutt
,
&c.
be
dispos'd
at
wider
intervals
,
than
the
other
,
and
such
as
grow
best
in
Consort
,
as
the
Elm
,
Ash
,
Lime-tree
,
Sycomore
,
Firr
,
Pine
,
&c.
Regard
is
likewise
to
be
had
to
the
quality
of
the
Soil
,
for
this
work
:
V.G.
If
Trees
that
affect
cold
and
moist
grounds
,
be
planted
in
hot
and
dry
places
,
then
set
them
at
closer
Order
;
but
Trees
which
love
scorching
and
dry
Grounds
at
farther
distance
:
The
like
rule
may
also
guide
in
situations
expos'd
to
impetuous
Winds
and
other
accidents
which
may
serve
for
general
Rules
in
this
piece
of
Tacties
.
8.
To
leave
nothing
omitted
which
may
contribute
to
the
stability
of
our
Transplanted
Trees
,
something
is
to
be
premis'd
concerning
their
staking
,
and
securing
from
external
injuries
,
especially
from
Winds
and
Cattel
,
against
both
which
,
such
as
are
planted
in
Copses
,
and
for
ample
Woods
,
are
sufficiently
defended
by
the
Mounds
and
their
closer
order
;
especially
,
if
they
rise
of
Seed
:
But
where
they
are
expos'd
in
single
rows
,
as
in
Walks
and
Avenues
,
the
most
effectual
course
is
to
empale
them
with
three
good
quarter
stakes
of
competent
length
set
in
triangle
and
made
fast
to
one
another
by
short
pieces
above
and
beneath
;
in
which
a
few
Brambles
being
stuck
,
secure
it
abundantly
without
that
choking
or
fretting
,
to
which
Trees
are
obnoxious
that
are
only
single
Staked
and
Bushed
as
the
vulgar
manner
is
;
Nor
is
the
charge
of
this
so
considerable
,
as
the
great
advantage
,
accounting
for
the
frequent
reparations
which
the
other
will
require
.
Where
Cattel
do
not
come
,
I
find
a
good
piece
of
Rope
,
tyed
fast
about
the
neck
of
Trees
upon
a
wisp
of
straw
to
preserve
it
from
galing
;
and
the
other
end
tightly
strein'd
to
a
hook
or
peg
in
the
ground
(
as
the
Shrouds
in
Ships
are
fastned
to
the
Masts
)
sufficiently
stablishes
my
Trees
against
the
Western
blasts
without
more
trouble
;
for
the
Winds
of
other
quarters
seldom
infest
us
.
But
these
Cords
had
need
be
well
pitch't
to
preserve
them
from
wett
,
and
so
they
will
last
many
Years
:
I
cannot
in
the
mean
time
conceal
what
a
noble
Person
has
assur'd
me
,
that
in
his
goodly
Plantations
of
Trees
in
Scotland
,
where
they
are
continually
expos'd
to
much
greater
,
and
more
impetuous
Winds
than
we
are
usually
acquainted
with
;
he
never
stakes
any
of
his
Trees
;
but
upon
all
disasters
of
this
kind
,
causes
only
his
Servants
to
redress
,
and
set
them
up
again
as
oft
as
they
happen
to
be
overthrown
;
which
he
has
affirm'd
to
me
,
thrives
better
with
them
,
than
with
those
which
he
has
staked
;
and
that
at
last
they
strike
root
so
fast
,
as
nothing
but
the
Axe
is
able
to
prostrate
them
;
and
there
is
good
reason
for
it
in
my
opinion
,
whilst
these
concussions
of
the
Roots
,
loosning
the
mould
,
not
only
make
room
for
their
more
easie
insinuations
,
but
likewise
opens
,
and
prepares
it
to
receive
,
and
impart
the
better
nourishment
:
It
is
in
another
place
I
suggest
that
Transplanted
Pines
and
Firrs
,
for
want
of
their
penetrating
Tap
roots
,
are
hardly
consistent
against
these
Gusts
after
they
are
grown
high
;
especially
where
they
are
set
close
,
and
in
Tufts
,
which
betraies
them
to
the
greater
disadvantage
;
And
therefore
such
Trees
do
best
in
Walks
,
and
at
competent
distances
,
where
they
escape
tolerably
well
:
Such
therefore
as
we
design
for
Woods
of
them
,
should
be
sow'd
,
and
never
remov'd
;
but
of
this
hereafter
.
I
now
proceed
to
particulars
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
the
Oak
.
Oak
.
1.
RObur
,
the
Oak
,
I
have
sometimes
consider'd
it
very
seriously
,
what
should
move
Pliny
to
make
a
whole
Chapter
of
one
only
Line
,
which
is
less
then
the
Argument
alone
of
most
of
the
rest
in
his
huge
Volumn
:
but
the
weightiness
of
the
Matter
does
worthily
excuse
him
,
who
is
not
wont
to
spare
his
Words
,
or
his
Reader
.
Glandiferi
maximè
generis
omnes
,
quibus
honos
apud
Romanos
perpetuus
.
Mast-bearing-trees
were
principally
those
which
the
Romans
held
in
chiefest
repute
,
lib.
6.
cap.
3.
And
in
the
following
where
he
treats
of
Chaplets
,
and
the
dignity
of
the
Civic
Coronet
,
it
might
be
compos'd
of
the
Leaves
or
Branches
of
any
Oak
,
provided
it
were
a
bearing
Tree
,
and
had
Acorns
upon
it
.
It
is
for
the
esteem
which
these
wise
,
and
glorious
people
had
of
this
Tree
above
all
others
,
that
I
will
first
begin
with
the
Oak
.
2.
The
Oak
is
of
four
kinds
;
two
of
which
are
most
common
with
us
;
(
for
we
shall
say
little
of
the
Cerris
,
goodly
to
look
on
,
but
for
little
else
)
the
Quercus
urbana
,
which
grows
more
up-right
,
and
being
clean
,
and
lighter
is
fittest
for
Timber
:
And
the
Robur
or
Quercus
Sylvestris
,
(
taking
Robur
for
the
general
name
,
at
least
,
as
contradistinct
from
the
rest
)
which
is
of
an
hard
,
black
grain
,
bearing
a
smaller
Acorn
,
and
affecting
to
spread
in
branches
,
and
to
put
forth
his
Roots
more
above
ground
;
and
therefore
in
the
planting
,
to
be
allow'd
a
greater
distance
;
viz.
from
twenty
five
,
to
forty
foot
;
(
nay
sometimes
as
many
yards
)
whereas
the
other
shooting
up
more
erect
will
be
contented
with
fifteen
:
This
kind
is
farther
to
be
distinguish'd
by
his
fullness
of
leaves
,
which
tarnish
,
and
becoming
yellow
at
the
fall
,
do
commonly
clothe
it
all
the
Winter
,
the
Roots
growing
very
deep
and
stragling
.
The
Author
of
Britannia
Baconica
speaks
of
an
Oak
,
in
Lanhadron
Park
in
Cornwall
,
which
bears
constantly
leaves
speckl'd
with
White
;
and
of
another
call'd
the
Painted-Oak
,
which
I
only
mention
here
,
that
the
variety
may
be
compar'd
by
some
ingenious
person
thereabouts
,
as
well
as
the
truth
of
the
fatal
prae-admonition
of
Oaks
bearing
strange
leaves
.
3.
It
is
in
the
mean
time
the
propagation
of
this
large
spreading
Oak
,
which
is
especially
recommended
for
the
excellency
of
the
Timber
,
and
that
his
Majesties
Forests
were
well
and
plentifully
stor'd
with
them
;
because
they
require
room
,
and
space
to
amplifie
and
expand
themselves
,
and
would
therefore
be
planted
at
more
remote
distances
,
and
free
from
all
encumbrances
:
And
this
upon
consideration
how
slowly
a
full-grown
Oak
mounts
upwards
,
and
how
speedily
they
spread
,
and
dilate
themselves
to
all
quarters
,
by
dressing
and
due
culture
;
so
as
above
forty
years
advance
is
to
be
gain'd
by
this
only
Industry
:
And
,
if
thus
his
Majesties
Forests
,
and
Chases
were
stor'd
;
viz.
with
this
spreading
Tree
at
handsom
Intervals
,
by
which
Grazing
might
be
improv'd
for
the
feeding
of
Deer
and
Cattel
under
them
,
(
for
such
was
the
old
Saltus
)
benignly
visited
with
the
gleams
of
the
Sun
,
and
adorn'd
with
the
distant
Landskips
appearing
through
the
glades
,
and
frequent
Vallies
.
—
betwixt
Whose
rows
the
azure
Skie
is
seen
immix'd
,
With
Hillocks
,
Vales
,
and
Fields
,
as
now
wee
see
Distinguish'd
in
a
sweet
variety
;
Such
places
which
wild
Apple-trees
throughout
Adorn
,
and
happy
Shrubs
grow
all
about
.
Caerula
disting●ens
inter
plaga
currere
posset
Per
tumulos
,
&
convalles
,
camposque
profusa
:
Vt
nunc
esse
vides
vario
distincta
lepôre
Omnia
,
quae
pomis
intersita
dulcibus
ornant
Arbustisque
tenent
felicibus
obsita
circum
.
Lucret.
l.
5.
As
the
Poet
describes
his
Olive-groves
.
Nothing
could
be
more
ravishing
;
for
so
we
might
also
sprinkle
Fruit-trees
amongst
them
(
of
which
hereafter
)
for
Sider
,
and
many
singular
uses
,
and
should
find
such
goodly
Plantations
the
boast
of
our
Rangers
,
and
Forests
infinitely
preferrable
to
any
thing
we
have
yet
beheld
,
rude
,
and
neglected
as
they
are
:
I
say
,
when
his
Majesty
shall
proceed
(
as
he
hath
design'd
)
to
animate
this
laudable
pride
into
fashon
,
Forests
and
Woods
(
as
well
as
Fields
and
Inclosures
)
will
present
us
with
another
face
than
now
they
do
.
And
here
I
cannot
but
applaud
the
worthy
Industry
of
old
Sir
Harbotle
Grimstone
,
who
(
I
am
told
)
from
a
very
small
Nursery
of
Acorns
,
which
he
sow'd
in
the
neglected
corners
of
his
ground
,
did
draw
forth
such
numbers
of
Oaks
of
competent
growth
;
as
being
planted
about
his
Fields
in
even
,
and
uniform
rows
,
about
one
hundred
foot
from
the
Hedges
;
bush'd
,
and
well
water'd
till
they
had
sufficiently
fix'd
themselves
,
did
wonderfully
improve
both
the
beauty
,
and
the
value
of
his
Demeasnes
.
But
I
proceed
.
4.
Both
these
kinds
would
be
taken
up
very
young
,
and
Transplanted
about
October
;
some
yet
for
these
hardy
,
and
late
springing
Trees
,
defer
it
till
the
Winter
be
well
over
;
but
the
Earth
had
need
be
moyst
;
and
though
they
will
grow
tolerably
in
most
grounds
;
yet
do
they
generally
affect
the
sound
,
black
,
deep
and
fast
mould
,
rather
warm
than
over
wet
and
cold
,
and
a
little
rising
;
for
this
produces
the
firmest
Timber
;
though
my
L.
Bacon
prefer
that
which
grows
in
the
moister
grounds
for
Ship
timber
,
as
the
most
tough
,
and
less
subject
to
rift
:
but
let
us
hear
Pliny
.
This
is
a
general
Rule
,
saith
he
;
What
Trees
soever
they
be
which
grow
tolerably
either
on
Hills
,
or
Vallies
,
arise
to
greater
stature
,
and
spread
more
amply
in
the
lower
ground
:
But
the
Timber
is
far
better
,
and
of
a
finer
grain
,
which
grows
upon
the
Mountains
;
excepting
only
Apple
,
and
Pear
trees
.
And
in
the
39
cap.
lib.
16.
The
Timber
of
those
Trees
which
grow
in
moist
and
shady
places
is
not
so
good
as
that
which
comes
from
a
more
expos'd
situation
,
nor
is
it
so
close
,
substantial
and
durable
;
upon
which
he
much
prefers
the
Timber
growing
in
Tuscany
,
before
that
towards
the
Venetian
side
,
and
upper
part
of
the
Gulph
:
And
that
Timber
so
growing
was
in
greatest
esteem
long
before
Pliny
,
we
have
the
spear
of
Agamemnon
—
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
from
a
Tree
so
expos'd
;
and
Dydimus
gives
the
reason
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
says
he
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
For
that
being
continually
weather-beaten
they
become
hardier
and
tougher
.
The
result
of
all
is
,
that
upon
occasion
of
special
Timber
,
there
is
a
very
great
and
considerable
difference
;
so
as
some
Oaken
Timber
proves
manifestly
weaker
,
more
spungie
,
and
sooner
decaying
than
other
:
The
like
may
be
affirm'd
of
Ash
,
and
other
kinds
;
and
generally
speaking
,
the
close-grain'd
is
the
stoutest
,
and
most
permanent
:
But
of
this
let
the
industrious
consult
that
whole
tenth
Chapter
in
the
second
Book
of
Vitruvius
,
where
he
expresly
treats
of
this
Argument
,
De
Abiete
supernate
&
infernate
,
cum
Apennini
descriptione
:
Where
we
note
concerning
Oak
,
that
it
neither
prospers
in
very
hot
,
nor
excessive
cold
Countries
;
and
therefore
there
is
little
good
of
it
to
be
found
in
Africa
,
or
indeed
,
the
lower
,
and
most
southern
parts
of
Italy
(
for
the
Venetians
have
excellent
Timber
)
nor
in
Denmark
or
Norway
comparable
to
ours
;
it
chiefly
affecting
a
temperate
Climate
,
and
where
they
grow
naturally
in
abundance
,
't
is
a
promising
marke
of
it
;
If
I
were
to
make
choice
of
the
place
,
or
the
Tree
,
it
should
be
such
as
grows
in
the
best
Cow-pasture
,
or
,
up-land
Meadow
,
where
the
mould
is
rich
and
sweet
(
Suffolk
affords
an
admirable
instance
)
and
in
such
places
you
may
also
Transplant
large
Trees
with
extraordinary
success
;
And
therefore
it
were
not
amiss
to
bore
,
and
search
the
ground
where
you
intend
to
plant
or
sow
before
you
fall
to
work
;
since
Earth
too
shallow
or
rockie
is
not
so
proper
for
this
Timber
;
the
Roots
fix
not
kindly
,
and
though
for
a
time
they
may
seem
to
flourish
,
yet
they
will
dwindle
.
5.
But
to
discourage
none
,
Oaks
prosper
exceedingly
even
in
gravel
,
and
moist
Clays
,
which
most
other
Trees
abhor
;
yea
,
even
the
coldest
Clay
grounds
that
will
hardly
graze
:
But
these
Trees
will
frequently
make
Stands
,
as
they
encounter
variety
of
footing
;
and
sometimes
proceed
again
vigorously
,
as
they
either
penetrate
beyond
,
or
out-grow
their
obstructions
,
and
meet
better
Earth
,
;
which
is
of
that
consequence
,
that
I
dare
boldly
affirm
,
more
than
an
hundred
years
advance
is
clearly
gain'd
by
Soil
and
Husbandry
.
I
have
yet
read
,
that
there
grow
Oaks
(
some
of
which
have
contain'd
ten
loads
apiece
)
out
of
the
very
Walls
of
Silcester
in
Hantshire
,
which
seem
to
strike
root
in
the
very
Stones
;
and
even
in
our
renouned
Forest
of
Dean
it self
,
some
goodly
Oaks
have
been
noted
to
grow
upon
Ground
,
which
has
been
as
it
were
a
Rock
of
antient
Cinders
,
buried
there
many
ages
since
.
It
is
indeed
observ'd
,
that
Oaks
which
grow
in
rough
stony
grounds
,
and
obstinate
clays
,
are
long
before
they
come
to
any
considerable
stature
;
for
such
places
,
and
all
sort
of
Clay
,
is
held
but
a
step-mother
to
Trees
;
but
in
time
they
afford
the
most
excellent
Timber
,
having
stood
long
,
and
got
good
rooting
:
The
same
may
we
affirm
of
the
lightest
sands
,
which
produces
a
smoother-grain'd
Timber
,
of
all
other
the
most
useful
for
the
Joyner
;
but
that
which
grows
in
Gravell
is
subject
to
be
Frow
(
as
they
term
it
)
and
brittle
.
What
improvement
the
stirring
of
the
ground
about
the
roots
of
Oaks
is
to
the
Trees
I
have
already
hinted
;
and
yet
in
Copses
where
they
stand
warm
,
and
so
thickn'd
with
the
under
wood
,
as
this
culture
cannot
be
practis'd
,
they
prove
in
time
to
be
goodly
Trees
.
I
have
of
late
tried
the
Graffing
of
Oaks
,
but
as
yet
with
slender
successe
;
Ruellius
indeed
affirms
it
will
take
the
Pears
and
other
Fruit
,
and
if
we
may
credit
the
Poet
,
The
sturdy
Oak
do's
Golden
Apples
bear
.
—
Aurea
durae
Mala
feraut
quercus
.
Ecl.
8.
And
under
Elmes
swine
do
the
Mast
devour
.
Glandemque
sues
fregere
sub
Vlmo
.
Geor.
Which
I
conceive
to
be
the
more
probable
,
for
that
the
Sap
of
the
Oak
is
of
an
unkind
tincture
to
most
Trees
.
But
for
this
Improvement
,
I
would
rather
advise
Inoculation
,
as
the
ordinary
Elm
upon
the
Witch-Hasel
,
for
those
large
leaves
we
shall
anon
mention
,
and
which
are
so
familiar
in
France
.
6.
That
the
Transplanting
of
young
Oaks
gains
them
ten
years
Advance
some
happy
persons
have
affirmed
:
from
this
belief
,
if
in
a
former
Impression
I
have
desir'd
to
be
excused
,
and
produc't
my
Reasons
for
it
,
I
shall
not
persist
against
any
sober
mans
Experience
;
and
therefore
leave
this
Article
to
their
choice
;
since
(
as
the
Butchers
phrase
is
)
change
of
Pasture
makes
fat
Calves
;
and
so
Transplantations
of
these
hard
wood-trees
,
when
young
,
may
possibly
,
by
an
happy
hand
,
in
fit
season
,
and
other
circumstances
of
Soil
,
Sun
,
and
Room
for
growth
,
be
an
improvement
:
But
as
for
those
who
advise
us
to
plant
Oaks
of
too
great
a
stature
,
they
hardly
make
any
considerable
progresse
in
an
Age
,
and
therefore
I
cannot
encourage
it
unlesse
the
ground
be
extraordinarily
qualified
:
Yet
if
any
be
desirous
to
make
trial
of
it
let
their
Stems
be
of
the
smoothest
,
and
tenderest
Bark
;
for
that
is
ever
an
indication
of
youth
,
as
well
as
the
paucity
of
their
Circles
,
which
in
disbranching
,
and
cutting
the
head
off
,
at
five
or
six
foot
height
(
a
thing
,
by
the
way
,
which
the
French
usually
spare
when
they
Transplant
this
Tree
)
may
(
before
you
stir
their
Roots
)
serve
for
the
more
certain
Guide
;
and
then
plant
them
immediately
,
with
as
much
Earth
as
will
adhere
to
them
,
in
the
place
destin'd
for
their
station
;
abating
only
the
tap
roots
,
which
is
that
down
right
,
and
stubby
part
of
the
Roots
(
which
all
Trees
rais'd
of
Seeds
do
universally
produce
)
and
quickning
some
of
the
rest
with
a
sharp
knife
(
but
sparing
the
Fibrous
,
which
are
the
main
Suckers
and
Mouths
of
all
Trees
)
spread
them
in
the
foss
,
or
pit
which
hath
been
prepar'd
to
receive
them
.
I
say
in
the
foss
,
unlesse
you
will
rather
trench
the
whole
Field
,
which
is
incomparably
the
best
;
and
infinitely
to
be
preferr'd
before
narrow
pits
and
holes
(
as
the
manner
is
)
in
case
you
plant
any
number
considerable
,
the
Earth
being
hereby
made
loose
,
easier
and
penetrable
for
the
Roots
,
about
which
you
are
to
cast
that
Mould
which
(
in
opening
of
the
Trench
)
you
took
from
the
Surface
,
and
purposely
laid
apart
;
because
it
is
sweet
,
mellow
,
and
better
impregnated
:
But
in
this
Work
,
be
circumspect
never
to
inter
your
Stem
deeper
than
you
found
it
standing
;
for
profound
buryings
very
frequently
destroys
a
Tree
;
though
an
Errour
seldom
observed
:
If
therefore
the
Roots
be
sufficiently
cover'd
to
keep
the
Body
steady
and
erect
,
it
is
enough
;
and
the
not
minding
of
this
trifling
Circumstance
does
very
much
deceive
our
ordinary
Wood-men
:
For
most
Roots
covet
the
Air
(
though
that
of
the
Quercus
urbana
least
of
any
,
for
like
the
Aesculus
How
much
to
heaven
her
towring
head
ascends
,
So
much
towards
hell
her
piercing
root
extends
.
—
Quòd
quantum
vertice
ad
auras
(
Aethereas
,
tantum
radicem
Tartara
tendit
)
Geo.
2.
And
the
perfection
of
that
does
almost
as
much
concern
the
prosperity
of
a
Tree
,
as
of
Man
himself
;
since
Homo
is
but
Arbor
inversa
;
which
prompts
me
to
this
curious
,
but
important
Advertisement
;
That
the
Position
be
likewise
sedulously
observed
.
7.
For
,
the
Southern
parts
being
more
dilated
,
and
the
pores
expos'd
(
as
evidently
appears
in
their
Horizontal
Sections
)
by
the
constant
Excentricity
of
their
Hyperbolical
Circles
,
being
now
on
the
sudden
,
and
at
such
a
season
converted
to
the
North
,
does
sterve
,
and
destroy
more
Trees
(
how
carefull
soever
men
have
been
in
ordering
the
Roots
,
and
preparing
the
Ground
)
than
any
other
Accident
whatsoever
(
neglect
of
staking
,
and
defending
from
Cattle
excepted
)
the
importance
whereof
caused
the
best
of
Poets
,
and
most
experienc'd
in
this
Argument
,
giving
advice
concerning
this
Article
,
to
add
.
The
Card'nal
poynts
upon
the
Bark
they
signe
,
And
as
before
it
stood
,
in
the
same
line
Place
to
warm
south
,
or
the
obverted
polo
;
Such
force
has
custome
,
in
each
tender
soule
.
Quinetiam
Coeli
regionem
in
cortice
signant
,
Vt
quo
quaeque
modo
steterit
,
quâ
parte
calores
Austrinos
tulerit
,
quae
terga
obverterit
axi
;
Restituant
:
Adeo
in
teneris
consuescero
multum
est
.
Geor.
li.
1.
Which
Monition
,
though
Pliny
,
and
some
others
think
good
to
neglect
,
or
esteem
indifferent
,
I
can
confirm
from
frequent
losses
of
my
own
,
and
by
particular
trials
;
having
sometimes
Transplanted
great
trees
at
Mid-somer
with
successe
(
the
Earth
adhearing
to
the
Roots
)
and
miscarried
in
others
where
this
Circumstance
only
was
omitted
.
To
observe
therefore
the
Coast
,
and
side
of
the
stock
(
especially
of
Fruit-trees
)
is
not
such
a
trifle
as
by
some
pretended
:
For
if
the
Air
be
as
much
the
Mother
or
Nurse
,
as
Water
and
Earth
,
(
as
more
than
probable
it
is
)
such
blossoming
Plants
as
court
the
motion
of
the
Meridian
Sun
,
do
as
't
were
evidently
point
out
the
advantage
they
receive
by
their
position
by
the
clearnesse
,
politure
,
and
comparative
splendor
of
the
South
side
:
And
the
frequent
mossinesse
of
most
Trees
on
the
opposite
side
,
does
sufficiently
note
the
unkindnesse
of
that
Aspect
;
and
which
is
most
evident
in
the
bark
of
Oaks
white
and
smooth
;
The
Trees
growing
more
kindly
on
the
South
side
of
an
Hill
,
than
those
which
are
expos'd
to
the
North
,
with
an
hard
,
dark
,
rougher
,
and
more
mossie
Integument
,
as
I
can
now
demonstrate
in
a
prodigious
coat
of
it
,
investing
some
Pyracanths
which
I
have
removed
to
a
Northern
dripping
shade
.
I
have
seen
(
writes
a
worthy
Friend
to
me
on
this
occasion
)
whole
Hedge-rows
of
Apples
and
Pears
that
quite
perished
after
that
shelter
was
removed
:
The
good
Husbands
expected
the
contrary
,
and
that
the
Fruit
should
improve
,
as
freed
from
the
predations
of
the
Hedge
;
but
use
and
custom
made
that
shelter
necessary
;
and
therefore
(
saith
he
)
a
stock
for
a
time
is
the
weaker
,
taken
out
of
a
Thicket
,
if
it
be
not
well
protected
from
all
sudden
and
fierce
invasions
either
of
crude
Air
or
Winds
:
Nor
let
any
be
deterr'd
,
if
being
to
remove
many
Trees
,
he
shall
esteem
it
too
consumptive
of
time
;
for
with
a
Brush
dipped
in
any
white
colour
,
or
Oaker
,
a
thousand
may
be
marked
as
they
stand
,
in
a
moment
;
and
that
once
done
,
the
difficulty
is
over
.
I
have
been
the
larger
upon
these
two
Remarks
,
because
I
find
them
so
material
,
and
yet
so
much
neglected
.
8.
There
are
other
Rules
concerning
the
situation
of
Trees
;
the
former
Authour
commending
the
North-east-wind
both
for
the
flourishing
of
the
Tree
,
and
advantage
of
the
Timber
;
but
to
my
observation
in
our
Climates
,
where
those
sharp
winds
do
rather
flanker
than
blow
fully
opposite
upon
our
Plantations
,
they
thrive
best
;
and
there
are
as
well
other
Circumstances
to
be
considered
,
as
they
respect
Rivers
and
Marshes
obnoxious
to
unwholsom
and
poysonous
Fogs
;
Hills
,
and
Seas
,
which
expose
them
to
the
weather
;
and
those
sylvifragi
venti
,
our
cruel
,
and
tedious
Western-winds
;
all
which
I
leave
to
Observation
,
because
these
Accidents
do
so
universally
govern
,
that
it
is
not
easie
to
determine
farther
than
that
the
Timber
is
commonly
better
qualified
which
hath
endur'd
the
colder
Aspects
without
these
prejudices
:
And
hence
it
is
,
that
Seneca
observes
Wood
most
expos'd
to
the
Winds
to
be
the
most
strong
and
solid
,
and
that
therefore
Chiron
made
Achilles's
Spear
of
a
Mountain-tree
;
and
of
those
the
best
which
grow
thin
,
not
much
shelter'd
from
the
North.
Again
,
Theophrastus
seems
to
have
special
regard
to
places
;
exemplifying
in
many
of
Greece
,
which
exceeded
others
for
good
Timber
,
as
doubtlesse
do
our
Oaks
in
the
Forest
of
Dean
all
others
of
England
:
and
much
certainly
there
may
reasonably
be
attributed
to
these
advantages
for
the
growth
of
Timber
,
and
of
almost
all
other
Trees
,
as
we
daily
see
by
their
general
improsperity
where
the
ground
is
a
hot
gravel
,
and
a
loose
earth
:
An
Oak
or
Elme
in
such
a
place
shall
not
in
an
hundred
years
overtake
one
of
fifty
planted
in
its
proper
Soil
;
though
next
to
this
and
(
haply
)
before
it
,
I
prefer
the
good
Air
:
But
thus
have
they
such
vast
Junipers
in
Spain
;
and
the
Ashes
in
some
parts
of
the
Levant
(
as
of
old
n●er
Troy
)
so
excellent
,
as
it
was
after
mistaken
for
Cedar
,
so
great
was
the
difference
;
as
now
the
Cantabrian
or
Spanish
exceeds
any
we
have
else
where
in
Europe
.
And
we
shall
sometimes
in
our
own
Country
see
Woods
within
a
little
of
each
other
,
and
to
all
appearance
,
growing
on
the
same
Soil
,
that
Oaks
of
twenty
years
growth
,
or
forty
,
will
in
the
same
bulke
of
Timber
,
contain
their
double
in
Heart
and
Timber
;
and
that
in
one
the
Heart
will
not
be
so
big
as
a
mans
Arm
,
when
the
trunke
exceeds
a
mans
body
:
This
ought
therefore
to
be
weighed
in
the
first
plantation
of
Copses
,
and
a
good
Eye
may
discern
it
in
the
first
Shoot
;
the
difference
proceeding
doubtlesse
from
the
variety
of
the
Seed
,
and
therefore
great
care
should
be
had
of
its
goodness
,
and
that
it
be
gather'd
from
the
best
sort
of
Trees
,
as
was
formerly
hinted
,
c.
1.
9.
Veterem
Arborem
Transplantare
was
say'd
of
a
difficult
enterprise
;
Yet
before
we
take
leave
of
this
Paragraph
,
concerning
the
Transplanting
of
great
Trees
,
and
to
shew
what
is
possible
to
be
effected
in
this
kind
,
with
cost
,
and
industry
;
Count
Maurice
(
the
late
Governour
of
Brasil
for
the
Hollanders
)
planted
a
Grove
neer
his
delicious
Paradise
of
Friburge
,
containing
six
hundred
Coco-trees
of
eighty
years
growth
,
and
fifty
foot
high
to
the
neerest
bough
:
these
he
wafted
upon
Floats
,
and
Engines
,
four
long
miles
,
and
planted
them
so
luckily
,
that
they
bare
abundantly
the
very
first
year
;
as
Gasper
Barlaeus
hath
related
in
his
elegant
Description
of
that
Princes
expedition
:
Nor
hath
this
only
succeeded
in
the
Indies
alone
;
Monsieur
de
Fiat
(
one
of
the
Marshals
of
France
)
hath
with
huge
Oaks
done
the
like
at
de
Fiat
:
shall
I
yet
bring
you
neerer
home
?
A
great
person
in
Devon
,
planted
Oaks
as
big
as
twelve
Oxen
could
draw
,
to
supply
some
defect
in
an
Avenue
to
one
of
his
houses
;
as
the
Right
Honourable
the
Lord
Fits-Harding
,
late
Treasurer
of
his
Majesties
houshold
,
assur'd
me
;
who
had
himself
likewise
practis'd
the
Removing
of
great
Oaks
by
a
particular
address
extreamly
ingenious
,
and
worthy
the
communication
.
10.
Chuse
a
Tree
as
big
as
your
thigh
,
remove
the
earth
from
about
him
;
cut
through
all
the
collateral
Roots
,
till
with
a
competent
strength
you
can
enforce
him
down
upon
one
side
,
so
as
to
come
with
your
Ax
at
the
Tap-root
;
cut
that
off
,
redress
your
Tree
,
and
so
let
it
stand
cover'd
about
with
the
Mould
you
loosen'd
from
it
,
till
the
next
year
,
or
longer
if
you
think
good
;
then
take
it
up
at
a
fit
season
;
it
will
likely
have
drawn
new
tender
Roots
apt
to
take
,
and
sufficient
for
the
Tree
,
wheresoever
you
shall
Transplant
him
:
Pliny
notes
it
as
a
common
thing
,
to
re-establish
huge
Trees
which
have
been
blown
down
,
part
of
their
Roots
torn
up
,
and
the
body
prostrate
;
and
,
in
particular
,
of
a
Firr
,
that
when
it
was
to
be
Transplanted
had
a
tap-root
which
went
no
less
than
eight
cubits
perpendicular
;
and
to
these
I
could
superadd
,
but
I
proceed
.
To
facilitate
the
Removal
of
such
monstrous
Trees
,
for
the
Adornment
of
some
particular
place
,
or
the
rarity
of
the
Plant
,
there
is
this
expedient
.
A
little
before
the
hardest
Frosts
surprize
you
,
make
a
square
Trench
about
your
Tree
,
at
such
distance
from
the
Stem
as
you
judge
sufficient
for
the
Root
;
dig
this
of
competent
depth
,
so
as
almost
quite
to
undermine
it
;
by
placing
blocks
,
and
quarters
of
wood
,
to
sustain
the
Earth
;
this
done
,
cast
in
as
much
Water
as
may
fill
the
Trench
,
or
at
least
sufficiently
wet
it
,
unless
the
ground
were
very
moist
before
.
Thus
let
it
stand
,
till
some
very
hard
Frost
do
bind
it
firmly
to
the
Roots
,
and
then
convey
it
to
the
pit
prepar'd
for
its
new
station
;
but
in
case
the
mould
about
it
be
so
ponderous
as
not
to
be
remov'd
by
an
ordinary
force
;
you
may
then
raise
it
with
a
Crane
or
Pully
hanging
between
a
Triangle
,
which
is
made
of
three
strong
and
tall
Limbs
united
at
the
top
,
where
a
Pully
is
fastned
,
as
the
Cables
are
to
be
under
the
quarters
which
bear
the
earth
about
the
Roots
:
For
by
this
means
you
may
weigh
up
,
and
place
the
whole
weighty
Clod
upon
a
Trundle
to
be
convey'd
,
and
Replanted
where
you
please
,
being
let
down
prependicularly
into
the
place
by
the
help
of
the
foresaid
Engine
.
And
by
this
addresse
you
may
Transplant
Trees
of
a
wonderfull
stature
,
without
the
least
disorder
;
and
many
times
without
topping
,
or
diminution
of
the
head
,
which
is
of
great
importance
where
this
is
practis'd
to
supply
a
Defect
,
or
remove
a
Curiosity
.
11.
Some
advise
,
that
in
planting
of
Oaks
,
&c.
four
,
or
five
,
be
suffer'd
to
stand
very
neer
to
one
another
,
and
then
to
leave
the
most
prosperous
,
when
they
find
the
rest
to
disturb
his
growth
;
but
I
conceive
it
were
better
to
plant
them
at
such
distances
,
as
they
may
least
incommode
one
another
:
For
Timber-trees
,
I
would
have
none
neerer
then
forty
foot
where
they
stand
closest
;
especially
of
the
spreading
kind
.
12.
Lastly
,
Trees
of
ordinary
stature
Transplanted
(
being
first
well
water'd
)
must
be
sufficiently
staked
,
and
Bush'd
about
with
thorns
,
or
with
some
thing
better
,
to
protect
them
from
the
concussions
of
the
Winds
,
and
from
the
casual
rubbing
,
and
poysonous
brutting
of
Cattle
and
Sheep
,
the
oylinesse
of
whose
Wooll
is
also
very
noxious
to
them
;
till
being
well
grown
,
and
fixed
(
which
by
seven
years
will
be
to
some
competent
degree
)
they
shall
be
able
to
withstand
all
accidental
invasions
,
but
the
Axe
;
for
I
am
now
come
to
their
Pruning
and
Cutting
,
in
which
work
the
Seasons
are
of
main
importance
.
13.
Therefore
,
if
you
would
propagate
Trees
for
Timber
,
cut
not
off
their
heads
at
all
,
nor
be
too
busie
with
lopping
:
but
if
you
desire
Shade
,
and
Fuel
,
or
bearing
of
Mast
alone
,
lop
off
their
tops
,
sear
,
and
unthriving
Branches
only
;
If
you
intend
an
out-right
felling
,
expect
till
November
;
for
this
praemature
cutting
down
of
Trees
before
the
Sap
is
perfectly
at
rest
will
be
to
your
exceeding
prejudice
,
by
reason
of
the
Worm
,
which
will
certainly
breed
in
the
Timber
which
is
felled
before
that
period
:
But
in
case
you
cut
only
for
the
Chimney
,
you
need
not
be
so
punctual
as
to
the
time
;
yet
for
the
benefit
of
what
you
let
stand
observe
the
Moons
increase
.
The
Reason
of
these
differences
,
is
;
because
this
is
the
best
reason
for
the
growth
of
the
Tree
which
you
do
not
fell
,
the
other
for
the
durablenesse
of
the
Timber
which
you
do
:
Now
that
which
is
to
be
burnt
is
not
so
material
for
lasting
,
as
the
growth
of
the
Tree
is
considerable
for
the
Timber
:
But
of
these
particulars
more
at
large
in
Cap.
30.
14.
The
very
stumps
of
Oak
,
especially
that
part
which
is
dry
,
and
above
ground
being
well
grubb'd
,
is
many
times
worth
the
pains
and
charge
,
for
sundry
rare
,
and
hard
works
;
and
where
Timber
is
dear
.
I
could
name
some
who
abandoning
this
to
workmen
for
their
pains
only
,
when
they
perceiv'd
the
great
advantage
,
repented
of
their
Bargain
,
and
undertaking
it
themselves
,
were
gainers
above
half
:
I
wish
only
for
the
expedition
of
this
knotty
work
,
some
effectual
Engine
were
devised
;
such
as
I
have
been
told
a
worthy
Person
of
this
Nation
made
use
of
,
by
which
he
was
able
with
one
man
to
perform
more
than
with
twelve
Oxen
;
and
surely
,
there
might
be
much
done
by
fastning
of
Iron
hooks
and
fangs
about
one
Root
to
extract
another
;
the
hoock
chayn'd
to
some
portable
Screw
or
Winch
:
I
say
such
an
invention
might
effect
wonders
not
only
for
the
extirpation
of
Roots
,
but
the
prostrating
of
huge
Trees
:
That
small
Engine
,
which
by
some
is
cal'd
the
German-devil
,
reform'd
,
after
this
manner
,
and
duely
applied
,
might
be
very
expedient
for
this
purpose
,
and
therefore
we
have
exhibited
the
following
figure
and
submit
it
to
improvement
.
A
The
hand
that
keeps
the
Rope
,
b
close
upon
the
Cylinder
c
which
is
moved
by
a
Pinnion
of
three
or
four
teeth
:
d
which
moves
a
larger
Iron
Wheel
f.
e
the
Handle
put
upon
the
Spindle
of
the
Pinnion
,
to
turne
it
withall
.
The
whole
Frame
is
let
into
a
bigger
piece
of
Wood
,
viz.
h
being
about
four
foot
in
length
,
and
one
in
breadth
,
and
the
other
end
of
the
Roller
or
Cylinder
,
is
sustein'd
by
a
lesser
block
of
Wood
(i)
g
the
Plate
which
holds
the
Wheel
and
Pinnion
in
the
larger
block
.
Note
,
That
the
Cylinder
may
be
made
of
good
tough
Iron
,
about
four
inches
in
diameter
,
and
fourteen
or
sixteen
inches
in
length
,
and
the
tooth'd
Wheel
f
of
the
like
stuff
,
and
of
a
thicknesse
proportionable
.
But
this
is
to
be
practis'd
only
where
you
design
a
final
extirpation
;
for
some
have
drawn
suckers
even
from
an
old
stub
root
;
but
they
certainly
perish
by
the
Moss
which
invades
them
,
and
are
very
subject
to
grow
rotten
.
Pliny
speaks
of
one
Root
which
took
up
an
intire
Acre
of
Ground
,
and
Theophrastus
describes
the
Lycean
Platanus
to
have
spread
an
hundred
foot
;
if
so
,
the
Argument
may
hold
good
for
their
growth
after
the
Tree
is
come
to
its
period
.
They
made
Cups
of
the
Roots
of
Oak
heretofore
,
and
such
a
curiosity
Athenaeus
tells
us
was
carv'd
by
Thericleus
himself
;
and
there
is
a
way
so
to
tinge
Oak
after
long
burying
and
soaking
in
Water
,
which
gives
it
a
wonderfull
politure
,
as
that
it
has
frequently
been
taken
for
a
course
Ebony
.
15.
There
is
not
in
nature
a
thing
more
obnoxious
to
deceit
,
then
the
buying
of
Trees
standing
,
upon
the
reputation
of
their
Appearance
to
the
eye
,
unlesse
the
Chapman
be
extraordinarily
judicious
;
so
various
are
their
hidden
,
and
conceal'd
Infirmities
,
till
they
be
fell'd
,
and
sawn
out
:
so
as
if
to
any
thing
applicable
,
certainly
there
is
nothing
which
does
more
perfectly
confirm
it
then
the
most
flourishing
out-side
of
Trees
,
Fonti
nulla
fides
.
A
Timber-tree
is
a
Merchant
Adventurer
,
you
shall
never
know
what
he
is
worth
,
till
he
be
dead
.
16.
Oaks
are
in
some
places
(
where
the
soil
is
specially
qualified
)
ready
to
be
cut
for
Cops
in
fourteen
years
and
sooner
;
I
compute
from
the
first
semination
;
though
it
be
told
as
an
instance
of
high
encouragement
(
and
as
indeed
it
merits
)
that
a
Lady
in
Northamptonshire
sowed
Acorns
,
and
liv'd
to
cut
the
Trees
produc'd
from
them
,
twice
in
two
and
twenty
years
;
and
both
as
well
grown
as
most
are
in
sixteen
or
eighteen
.
This
yet
is
certain
,
that
Acorns
set
in
Hedg-rows
have
in
thirty
years
born
a
stem
of
a
foot
diametre
.
Generally
,
Copps-wood
should
be
cut
close
,
and
at
such
Intervals
as
the
growth
requires
;
which
being
seldom
constant
,
depends
much
on
the
places
,
and
the
kinds
,
the
mould
and
the
air
,
and
for
which
there
are
extant
particular
Statutes
to
direct
us
,
of
all
which
more
at
large
hereafter
.
Oak
for
Tan-bark
may
be
fell'd
from
April
to
the
last
of
June
,
by
a
Statute
in
the
1
Jacobi
.
17.
To
enumerate
now
the
incomparable
Vses
of
this
Wood
,
were
needlesse
:
But
so
precious
was
the
esteem
of
it
,
that
of
Old
there
was
an
express
Law
amongst
the
Twelve
Tables
concerning
the
very
gathering
of
the
Acorns
,
though
they
should
be
found
fall●n
into
another
mans
Ground
:
The
Land
and
the
Sea
do
sufficiently
speak
for
the
improvement
of
this
excellent
material
;
Houses
,
and
Ships
,
Cities
,
and
Navies
are
built
with
it
;
and
there
is
a
kind
of
it
so
tough
,
and
extreamly
compact
,
that
our
sharpest
Tools
will
hardly
enter
it
,
and
scarcely
the
very
Fire
it self
,
in
which
it
consumes
but
slowly
,
as
seeming
to
partake
of
a
ferruginous
,
and
mettallin
shining
nature
,
proper
for
sundry
robust
Uses
;
It
is
doubtlesse
of
all
Timber
hitherto
known
,
the
most
universally
usefull
and
strong
;
for
though
some
Trees
be
harder
,
as
Box
,
Cornus
,
Ebony
,
and
divers
of
the
Indian
Woods
;
yet
we
find
them
more
fragil
,
and
not
so
well
qualified
to
support
great
incumbencies
and
weights
,
nor
is
there
any
Timber
more
lasting
which
way
soever
us'd
:
There
has
(
we
know
)
been
no
little
stir
amongst
Learned
men
of
what
material
the
Cross
was
made
,
on
which
our
blessed
Saviour
suffer'd
:
The
contentions
about
it
are
very
great
:
but
,
besides
Lipsius
,
Angelus
Rocca
,
Alphonsus
Ciaconus
,
and
divers
others
,
writing
on
this
subject
,
and
upon
accurate
examination
of
the
many
fragments
pretended
to
be
parcells
of
it
;
't
is
generally
concluded
to
have
been
the
Oak
,
and
I
do
verily
believe
it
;
since
those
who
have
described
those
Countries
,
assure
us
there
is
no
Tree
more
frequent
,
which
with
relation
to
severall
celebrations
and
Mysteries
under
Oaks
in
the
Old
Testament
,
has
been
the
subject
of
many
fine
discourses
.
That
which
is
twin'd
,
and
a
little
wreathed
(
easily
to
be
discern'd
by
the
texture
of
the
Bark
)
is
best
to
support
Burthens
,
for
Posts
,
Columns
,
Summers
,
&c.
for
all
which
our
English
Oak
is
infinitely
preferrable
to
the
French
,
which
is
nothing
so
usefull
,
nor
comparably
so
strong
;
insomuch
as
I
have
frequently
admir'd
at
the
sudden
failing
of
most
goodly
Timber
to
the
Eye
,
which
being
imploy'd
to
these
Vses
does
many
times
most
dangerously
flie
in
sunder
,
as
wanting
that
native
spring
,
and
toughness
,
which
our
English
Oak
is
indu'd
withall
.
And
here
we
forget
not
the
stresse
which
Sir
H.
Wotton
and
other
Architects
put
even
in
the
very
position
of
their
growth
,
their
native
streightnesse
and
loftinesse
,
for
Columns
,
Supporters
,
Cross-beams
,
&c.
and
't
is
found
that
the
rough
grain'd
body
of
a
stubbed
Oak
,
is
the
fittest
Timber
for
the
Case
of
a
Sider-Mill
,
and
such
like
Engines
,
as
best
enduring
the
unquietnesse
of
a
ponderous
Rolling-stone
.
For
Shingles
,
Pales
,
Lathes
,
Coopers
ware
,
Clap-board
for
Wainscot
,
and
some
pannells
,
are
curiously
vein'd
,
of
much
esteem
in
former
times
,
till
the
finer
grain'd
Norway
Timber
came
amongst
us
,
which
is
likewise
of
a
whiter
colour
:
It
is
observ'd
that
Oak
will
not
easily
glue
to
other
Wood
;
no
not
very
well
with
its
own
kind
;
and
some
sorts
will
never
cohere
tolerably
,
as
the
Box
and
Horn-beam
,
though
both
hard
woods
;
so
nor
Service
with
Cornell
,
&c.
Oak
is
excellent
for
Wheel-spokes
,
Pinns
and
Peggs
for
Tyling
,
&c.
Mr.
Blith
makes
Sparrs
and
small
building
-
Timber
of
Oaks
of
eleven
years
growth
,
which
is
a
prodigious
advance
,
&c.
the
smallest
and
streightest
is
best
;
discover'd
by
the
upright
tenor
of
the
Bark
,
as
being
the
most
proper
for
cleaving
:
The
knottiest
for
Water-works
,
Piles
and
the
like
;
because
't
will
drive
best
,
and
last
longest
,
the
crooked
,
yet
firm
,
for
knee-timber
in
Shipping
,
Mill-wheels
,
&c.
Were
planting
of
these
Woods
more
in
use
,
we
should
banish
our
hoops
of
Hasel
,
&c.
for
those
of
good
coppet
Oak
,
which
being
made
of
the
younger
shoots
,
are
exceeding
tough
and
strong
:
One
of
them
being
of
Ground-Oak
will
out-last
six
of
the
best
Ash
;
but
this
our
Coopers
love
not
to
hear
of
,
who
work
by
the
great
for
Sale
,
and
for
others
.
The
smaller
trunchions
,
and
spray
,
make
Billet
,
Bavine
and
Coals
;
and
the
Bark
is
of
price
with
the
Tanner
and
Dyer
,
to
whom
the
very
Saw-dust
is
of
use
,
as
are
the
Ashes
and
Lee
to
cure
the
roapishness
of
Wine
:
And
't
is
probable
the
Cups
of
our
Acorns
would
tan
Leather
as
well
as
the
Bark
.
The
Ground-Oak
while
young
is
us'd
for
Poles
,
Cudgels
and
walking-staffs
,
much
come
into
mode
of
late
,
but
to
the
wast
of
many
a
hopefull
Plant
which
might
have
prov'd
good
Timber
;
and
I
the
rather
declaime
against
the
Custom
,
because
I
suspect
they
are
such
as
are
for
the
most
part
cut
and
stolen
by
idle
Persons
,
and
brought
up
to
London
in
great
bundles
,
without
the
knowledg
or
leave
of
the
Owners
,
who
would
never
have
glean'd
their
Copses
for
such
trifling
uses
:
Here
I
am
again
to
give
a
general
notice
of
the
peculiar
excellency
of
the
Roots
of
most
Trees
,
for
fair
,
beautifull
,
chamleted
,
and
lasting
Timber
,
applicable
to
many
purposes
;
such
as
formerly
made
Hafts
for
Daggers
,
Hangers
,
Knives
,
Handles
for
staves
,
Tobacco-Boxes
,
and
elegant
Joyners-work
,
and
even
for
some
Mathematical
Instruments
of
the
larger
size
,
to
be
had
either
in
,
or
neer
the
Roots
of
many
Trees
;
however
't
is
a
kindnesse
to
premonish
Stewards
and
Surveyors
,
that
they
do
not
negligently
wast
those
materials
:
Nor
may
we
here
omit
to
mention
the
Galls
,
Missletoe
,
Polypod
,
Agaric
(
us'd
in
Antidots
)
Vuae
,
Fungus's
to
make
Tinder
,
and
many
other
usefull
Excrescencies
,
to
the
number
of
above
twenty
,
which
doubtlesse
discovers
the
variety
of
transudations
,
percolations
and
contextures
of
this
admirable
Tree
.
Pliny
affirms
that
the
Galls
break
out
altogether
in
one
night
about
the
beginning
of
June
,
and
arrive
to
their
full
growth
in
one
day
;
this
I
recommend
to
the
experience
of
some
extraordinary
vigilant
Wood-man
.
Galls
are
of
several
kinds
,
but
grow
upon
a
different
species
of
Robur
from
any
of
ours
,
which
never
arive
to
any
maturity
;
the
white
and
imperforated
are
the
best
.
What
benefit
the
Mast
does
universally
yield
for
the
fatting
of
Hogs
and
Deer
I
shall
shew
upon
another
occasion
,
before
the
conclusion
of
this
Discourse
.
A
Peck
of
Acorns
a
day
,
with
a
little
Bran
,
will
make
an
Hog
(
't
is
said
)
increase
a
pound-weight
per
diem
for
two
moneths
together
.
They
give
them
also
to
Oxen
mingled
with
Bran
,
chop'd
or
broken
;
otherwise
they
are
apt
to
sprout
and
grow
in
their
bellies
.
Others
say
,
they
should
first
be
macerated
in
water
,
to
extract
their
malignity
;
cattel
many
times
perishing
without
this
preparation
.
Cato
advises
the
Husband-man
to
reserve
●40
bushels
of
Acorns
for
his
Oxen
,
mingled
with
a
like
quantity
of
Beans
and
Lupines
,
and
to
drench
them
well
.
But
in
truth
they
are
more
proper
for
Swine
,
and
being
so
made
small
will
fatten
Pigeons
,
Peacocks
,
Turkies
,
Pheasants
,
and
Poultry
:
nay
't
is
reported
,
that
some
Fishes
feed
on
them
,
especially
the
Tunny
,
in
such
places
of
the
coast
where
trees
hang
over
Arms
of
the
Sea
.
Acorns
were
heretofore
the
food
of
Men
,
nay
of
Jupiter
himself
,
(
as
well
as
other
productions
of
the
Earth
)
till
their
luxurious
palats
were
debauched
:
and
even
in
the
Romans
time
,
the
custom
was
in
Spain
to
make
a
second
service
of
Acorns
and
Mast
,
(
as
the
French
now
do
of
Marrons
and
Chesnuts
)
which
they
likewise
used
to
rost
under
the
embers
.
—
Fed
with
the
Oaken
Mast
The
aged
Trees
themselves
in
years
surpass'd
.
—
Et
quernâ
glande
repasta
Aequâsse
annosas
vivendo
corpora
Quercus
.
And
men
had
indeed
hearts
of
Oak
;
I
mean
,
not
so
hard
,
but
health
,
and
strength
,
and
liv'd
naturally
,
and
with
things
easily
parable
and
plain
.
Blest
Age
o'
th'
World
,
just
Nymph
,
when
Man
did
dwell
Under
thy
shade
,
whence
his
provision
fell
;
Sallads
the
meal
:
Wildings
were
the
Dissert
,
No
Tree
yet
learn'd
by
ill-exampled
Art
With
in●ititious
fruit
to
symbolize
,
As
in
an
Emblem
,
our
Adulteries
.
Foelix
illa
aetas
mundi
justissima
Nymphe
,
Cùm
dabat
umbra
domum
vivam
tua
,
cùm
domus
ipsa
Deciduâ
Dominos
pascebat
fruge
quietos
,
Soláque
praebebaut
Sylvestria
poma
secundas
Gramineis
epulas
mensis
;
nondum
arte
magistrâ
Arbor
Adulteriis
praeluserat
iusita
nostris
,
&c.
Couleii
Pl.
L.
6.
as
the
sweet
Poet
bespeaks
the
Dryad
;
But
't
is
in
another
place
where
I
shew
you
what
this
Acorn
was
;
and
even
now
I
am
told
,
that
those
small
young
Acorns
which
we
find
in
the
Stock-doves
Craws
,
are
a
delicious
fare
,
as
well
as
those
incomparable
Salads
of
young
herbs
taken
out
of
the
maws
of
Partridges
at
a
certain
season
of
the
year
,
which
gives
them
a
preparation
far
exceeding
all
the
art
of
Cookery
.
Oaks
bear
also
a
knur
,
full
of
a
cottony
matter
,
of
which
they
anciently
made
Wick
for
their
Lamps
and
Candles
;
and
among
the
Selectiora
Remedia
of
Jo.
Praevotius
there
is
mention
of
an
Oil
è
querna
glande
Chymically
extracted
,
which
he
affirms
to
be
of
the
longest
continuance
,
and
least
consumptive
of
any
other
whatsoever
,
for
such
lights
,
ita
ut
uncia
singulis
mensibus
vix
absumatur
continuo
igne
.
The
leaves
of
Oaks
abundantly
congested
on
Snow
,
preserves
it
as
well
for
wine
,
as
a
deep
pit
,
or
the
most
artificial
Refrigeratory
.
Varro
affirms
,
they
made
Salt
of
Oak
ashes
,
with
which
they
sometimes
seasoned
meat
,
but
more
frequently
made
use
of
it
to
sprinkle
among
and
fertilize
their
seed-corn
:
which
minds
me
of
a
certain
Oak
found
buried
somewhere
in
Transilvania
,
near
the
Salt-pits
,
that
was
intirely
converted
into
an
hard
salt
,
when
they
came
to
examine
it
by
cutting
.
This
experiment
(
if
true
)
may
possibly
encourage
some
other
attempts
for
the
multiplying
of
Salt
.
Of
the
Galls
is
made
the
ground
and
basis
of
Inks
and
several
Dies
,
especially
sadder
colours
,
and
are
a
great
revenue
to
those
who
have
quantities
of
them
.
The
very
Mosse
of
the
Oak
,
viz.
that
which
is
white
,
composes
the
choicest
Cypresse-powder
,
which
is
esteemed
good
for
the
head
:
but
Impostors
familiarly
vend
other
Mosses
under
that
name
,
as
they
do
the
Fungi
for
the
true
Agaric
,
to
the
great
scandal
of
Physick
.
Young
red
Oaken
leaves
decocted
in
wine
,
make
an
excellent
gargle
for
a
sore
mouth
:
and
almost
every
part
of
this
Tree
is
soveraign
against
Fluxes
in
general
.
The
dew
that
impearls
the
leaves
in
May
,
insolated
,
meteorizes
and
sends
up
a
liquor
,
which
is
of
admirable
effect
in
Ruptures
:
And
a
water
distill'd
from
the
Acorns
are
good
against
the
Phthisick
,
Stitch
in
the
side
,
and
heals
inward
Vlcers
,
breaks
the
Stone
,
and
refrigerates
Inflammations
,
being
applied
with
Linnen
dip'd
therein
:
nay
,
the
Acorns
themselves
eaten
fasting
kill
the
worms
,
provoke
urine
,
and
(
some
affirm
)
break
even
the
Stone
it self
.
The
Coals
of
Oak
beaten
and
mingled
with
honey
,
cures
the
Carbuncle
;
to
say
nothing
of
the
Viscous's
,
Polypods
,
and
other
Exerescences
,
of
which
innumerable
Remedies
are
composed
,
noble
Antidotes
,
Syrups
,
&c.
Nay
,
't
is
reported
,
that
the
very
shade
of
this
tree
is
so
wholesom
,
that
the
sleeping
or
lying
under
it
becomes
a
present
remedy
to
Paralyticks
,
and
recovers
those
whom
the
mistaken
malign
influence
of
the
Walnut-tree
has
smitten
.
To
conclude
,
and
upon
serious
meditation
of
the
various
uses
of
this
and
other
trees
,
we
cannot
but
take
notice
of
the
admirable
Mechanism
of
Vegetables
in
general
;
as
in
particular
in
this
species
;
that
by
the
diversity
of
Percolations
and
Strainers
,
and
by
mixtures
as
it
were
of
divine
Chymistry
,
various
concoctions
,
&c.
the
sap
should
be
so
green
on
the
indented
leaves
,
so
lustily
esculent
for
our
hardier
and
rustick
Constitutions
in
the
fruit
;
so
flat
and
palid
in
the
Atramental
Galls
;
and
haply
so
prognostick
in
the
Apple
;
so
Suberous
in
the
Bark
(
for
even
the
Cork
tree
is
but
a
courser
Oak
)
so
Oozie
in
the
Tanners
pit
;
and
in
that
subduction
so
wonderfully
specifick
in
corroborating
the
Entrails
,
and
Bladder
,
Reins
,
Loins
,
Back
,
&c.
which
are
all
but
the
gifts
and
qualities
,
with
many
more
,
that
these
robust
sons
of
the
Earth
afford
us
;
and
that
in
other
specific's
,
even
the
most
despicable
and
vulgar
Elder
imparts
to
us
in
its
rind
,
leaves
,
buds
,
blossoms
,
berries
,
ears
,
pith
,
bark
,
&c.
Which
hint
may
also
carry
our
remarks
upon
all
the
varieties
of
Shape
,
Leaf
,
Seed
,
Fruit
,
Timber
,
Grain
,
Colour
,
and
all
those
other
forms
that
Philosophers
have
enumerated
;
but
which
were
here
too
injurious
for
us
to
repeat
.
Let
us
end
with
the
Poet
:
When
Ships
for
bloudy
combat
we
prepare
,
Oak
affords
plank
,
and
arms
our
Men
of
War
;
Maintains
our
fires
,
makes
plows
to
till
the
ground
,
For
use
no
Timber
like
the
Oak
is
found
.
Si
quando
armandae
naves
,
&
bella
paranda
,
Det
quercus
nautis
tabulata
,
det
arma
furorè
Bellantum
;
det
ligna
foco
,
det
aratra
colono
,
Aut
aliis
alios
porro
sumatur
in
usus
.
Rapinus
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
the
Elm.
Elm.
1.
ULmus
the
Elm
,
There
are
four
,
or
five
sorts
,
and
from
the
difference
of
the
Soil
and
Air
divers
spurious
:
Two
of
these
kinds
are
most
worthy
our
culture
,
the
vulgar
,
viz.
the
Mountain
Elm
,
which
is
taken
to
be
the
Oriptelea
of
Theophrastus
;
being
of
a
lesse
jagged
and
smaller
leaf
;
and
the
Vernacula
or
French
Elm
,
whose
leaves
are
thicker
,
and
more
florid
,
glabrous
and
smooth
,
delighting
in
the
lower
and
moister
grounds
,
where
they
will
sometimes
rise
to
above
an
hundred
foot
in
height
;
and
a
prodigious
growth
,
in
lesse
than
an
Age
;
my self
having
seen
one
planted
by
the
hand
of
a
Countesse
yet
living
,
which
is
neer
twelve
foot
in
compass
,
and
of
an
height
proportionable
;
notwithstanding
the
numerous
progeny
which
grows
under
the
shade
of
it
,
some
whereof
are
at
least
a
foot
in
Diameter
,
that
for
want
of
being
seasonably
transplanted
,
must
needs
have
hindered
the
procerity
of
their
ample
and
indulgent
Mother
:
I
am
persuaded
some
of
these
are
Viviradices
&
Traduces
produc't
of
the
falling
seeds
.
2.
For
though
both
these
sorts
are
rais'd
of
Appendices
or
Suckers
(
as
anon
we
shall
describe
)
yet
this
latter
comes
well
from
the
Samera
or
Seeds
,
and
therefore
I
suppose
it
to
be
the
antient
Attinea
,
for
such
an
Elm
they
acknowledge
to
be
rais'd
of
Seeds
,
which
being
ripe
about
the
beginning
of
March
(
though
frequently
not
till
the
following
Month
)
will
produce
them
;
as
we
see
abundantly
in
the
Gardens
of
the
Thuylleries
,
and
that
of
Luxembourg
,
at
Paris
,
where
they
usually
sow
themselves
and
come
up
very
thick
;
and
so
do
they
in
many
places
of
our
Countrey
,
though
so
seldom
taken
notice
of
,
as
that
it
is
esteemed
a
fable
,
by
the
lesse
observant
and
ignorant
vulgar
;
let
it
be
tryed
in
season
,
by
turning
and
raking
some
fine
earth
,
often
refreshed
under
some
amply
spreading
Tree
,
or
to
raise
them
of
their
Seeds
(
being
well
dryed
a
day
or
two
before
)
sprinkled
in
Beds
prepar'd
of
good
earth
,
and
siefting
some
of
the
finest
mould
thinly
over
them
,
and
watering
them
when
need
requires
.
Being
risen
an
inch
above
ground
(
refreshed
and
preserved
from
the
scraping
of
Birds
and
Poultry
)
comfort
the
tender
seedlings
by
a
second
siefting
of
more
fine
earth
,
to
establish
them
;
thus
keep
them
clean
weeded
for
the
first
two
years
;
or
till
being
of
fitting
stature
to
remove
,
you
may
thin
,
and
Transplant
them
in
the
same
manner
as
you
were
directed
for
young
Oaks
;
only
they
shall
n●t
need
above
one
cutting
,
where
they
grow
lesse
regular
and
hopeful
.
But
because
this
is
an
Experiment
of
some
curiosity
,
obnoxious
to
many
casualties
,
and
that
the
producing
them
from
the
Mother-roots
of
greater
Trees
is
very
facile
and
expeditious
(
besides
the
numbers
which
are
to
be
found
in
the
Hedge-rows
,
and
Woods
,
of
all
plantable
sizes
)
I
rather
advise
our
Forester
to
furnish
himself
from
those
places
.
3.
The
Suckers
which
I
speak
of
are
produced
in
abundance
from
the
Roots
,
whence
,
being
dextrously
separated
,
after
the
Earth
has
been
well
loosned
,
and
planted
about
the
end
of
October
,
they
will
grow
very
well
:
Nay
,
the
stubs
onely
,
which
are
left
in
the
ground
after
a
felling
(
being
fenced
in
as
far
as
the
Roots
extend
)
will
furnish
you
with
plenty
,
which
may
be
transplanted
from
the
first
year
or
two
,
successively
,
by
slipping
them
from
the
Roots
,
which
will
continually
supply
you
for
many
years
after
that
the
body
of
the
Mother-tree
has
been
cut
down
:
And
from
hence
probably
is
sprung
that
(
I
fear
)
mistake
of
Salmasius
and
others
,
where
they
write
of
the
growing
of
their
Chips
(
I
suppose
having
some
of
the
Bark
on
)
scattered
in
hewing
of
their
Timber
;
the
Errour
proceeding
from
this
,
that
after
an
Elm-tree
has
been
fell'd
,
the
numerous
Suckers
which
shoot
from
the
remainders
of
the
latent
Roots
,
seem
to
be
produced
from
this
dispersion
of
the
Chips
:
Let
this
yet
be
more
accurately
examined
;
for
I
pronounce
nothing
Magisterially
,
since
it
is
so
confidently
reported
.
4.
I
have
known
Stakes
sharpned
at
the
ends
for
other
purposes
,
take
root
familiarly
in
moist
grounds
,
and
become
Trees
;
and
divers
have
essay'd
with
extraordinary
success
the
trunchions
of
the
Boughs
and
Arms
of
Elms
cut
to
the
scantling
of
a
mans
arm
,
about
an
ell
in
length
.
These
must
be
chopp'd
on
each
side
opposite
,
and
laid
into
trenches
about
half
a
foot
deep
,
covered
about
two
or
three
fingers
deep
with
good
mould
.
The
season
for
this
work
is
towards
the
exit
of
January
,
or
early
in
February
if
the
Frosts
impede
not
,
and
after
the
first
year
,
you
may
cut
or
saw
the
trunchions
off
in
as
many
places
as
you
find
cause
,
and
as
the
shoots
and
rooted
Sprouts
will
direct
you
for
transplantation
.
Another
expedient
for
the
propagation
of
Elms
is
this
;
let
trenches
be
sunk
at
a
good
distance
(
viz.
twenty
or
thirty
yards
)
from
such
Trees
as
stand
in
Hedge-rows
,
and
in
such
order
as
you
desire
your
Elms
should
grow
;
where
these
gutters
are
,
many
young
Elms
will
spring
from
the
small
roots
of
the
adjoyning
Trees
,
divide
(
after
one
year
)
the
shoots
from
their
Mother-roots
,
which
you
may
dextrously
do
with
a
sharp
spade
:
These
transplanted
,
will
prove
good
Trees
without
any
damage
to
their
Progenitors
.
Or
do
thus
,
Lop
a
young
Elm
,
the
lop
being
about
three
years
growth
,
do
it
in
the
latter
end
of
March
,
when
the
Sap
begins
to
creep
up
into
the
Boughs
,
and
the
Buds
ready
to
break
out
;
cut
the
Boughs
into
lengths
of
four
foot
slanting
,
leaving
the
knot
where
the
bud
seems
to
put
forth
in
the
middle
:
Interr
these
short
pieces
in
trenches
of
three
or
four
inches
deep
,
and
in
good
mou●d
well
trodden
,
and
they
will
infallibly
produce
you
a
Crop
,
for
even
the
smallest
Suckers
of
Elms
will
grow
being
set
when
the
Sap
is
newly
stirring
in
them
:
There
is
yet
a
fourth
way
no
lesse
expeditious
,
and
frequently
confirmed
with
excellent
successe
:
Bare
some
of
the
Master-roots
of
a
vigorous
Tree
within
a
foot
of
the
Trunk
,
or
thereabouts
,
and
with
your
Ax
make
several
Chops
,
putting
a
small
stone
into
every
clest
,
to
hinder
their
closure
,
and
give
accesse
to
the
wet
;
then
cover
them
with
three
,
or
four
inch
thick
of
Earth
;
and
thus
they
will
send
forth
Suckers
in
abundance
(
I
assure
you
one
single
Elm
thus
well
ordered
,
is
a
fair
Nursery
)
which
after
two
or
three
years
,
you
may
separate
,
and
plant
in
the
Vlmarium
,
or
place
designed
for
them
;
and
which
if
it
be
in
Plumps
(
as
they
call
them
)
within
ten
or
twelve
foot
of
each
other
,
or
in
Hedge-rows
,
it
will
be
the
better
:
For
the
Elm
is
a
Tree
of
Consort
,
Sociable
,
and
so
affecting
to
grow
in
Company
,
that
the
very
best
which
I
have
ever
seen
do
almost
touch
one
another
:
This
also
protects
them
from
the
Winds
,
and
causes
them
to
shoot
of
an
extraordinary
height
;
so
as
in
little
more
than
forty
years
,
they
even
arrive
to
a
load
of
Timber
;
provided
they
be
sedulously
and
carefully
cultivated
,
and
the
Soil
propitious
.
For
an
Elm
does
not
thrive
so
well
in
the
Forest
,
as
where
it
may
enjoy
scope
for
the
Roots
to
dilate
and
spread
at
the
sides
,
as
in
Hedge-rows
and
Avenues
,
where
they
have
the
Air
likewise
free
.
5.
There
is
besides
these
sorts
we
have
named
,
one
of
a
more
Scabrous
harsh
leaf
,
but
very
large
,
which
becomes
an
huge
Tree
,
and
is
distinguished
by
the
name
of
the
Witch-hazel
in
our
Statute
Books
,
as
serving
formerly
to
make
long
Bowes
of
;
but
the
Timber
is
not
so
good
as
the
first
more
vulgar
;
but
the
Bark
at
time
of
year
,
will
serve
to
make
a
course
bast-rope
with
.
6.
Of
all
the
Trees
which
grow
in
our
Woods
,
there
is
none
which
does
better
suffer
the
Transplantation
then
the
Elm
;
for
you
may
remove
a
tree
of
twenty
years
growth
with
undoubted
successe
:
It
is
an
Experiment
I
have
made
in
a
Tree
almost
as
big
more
as
my
waste
;
but
then
you
must
totally
disbranch
him
,
leaving
onely
the
Summit
intire
;
and
being
careful
to
take
him
up
with
as
much
Earth
as
you
can
,
refresh
him
with
abundance
of
water
.
This
is
an
excellent
,
and
expeditious
way
for
great
Persons
to
plant
the
Accesses
of
their
Houses
with
;
for
being
disposed
at
sixteen
,
or
eighteen
foot
interval
,
they
will
in
a
few
years
bear
goodly
heads
,
and
thrive
to
admiration
.
Some
that
are
very
cautious
,
emplaster
the
wounded
head
of
such
over-grown
Elms
with
a
mixture
of
clay
and
horse-dung
,
bound
about
them
with
a
wisp
of
Hay
or
fine
Moss
,
and
I
do
not
reprove
it
,
provided
they
take
care
to
temper
it
well
,
so
as
the
Vermine
nestle
not
in
it
.
But
for
more
ordinary
plantations
,
younger
Trees
,
which
have
their
bark
smooth
and
tender
,
about
the
scantling
of
your
leg
,
and
their
heads
trimm'd
at
five
or
six
foot
height
,
are
to
be
preferr'd
before
all
other
.
Cato
would
have
none
of
these
sorts
of
Trees
to
be
removed
till
they
are
five
or
six
fingers
in
diameter
;
others
think
they
cannot
take
them
too
young
;
but
experience
(
the
best
Mistriss
)
tells
us
,
that
you
can
hardly
plant
an
Elm
too
big
.
There
are
who
pare
away
the
Root
within
two
fingers
of
the
stem
,
and
quite
cut
off
the
Head
;
but
I
cannot
commend
this
extream
severity
,
no
more
than
I
do
the
strewing
of
Oats
in
the
pit
;
which
fermenting
with
the
moisture
,
and
frequent
watering●
,
is
believed
much
to
accelerate
the
putting
forth
of
the
Roots
;
not
considering
,
that
for
want
of
air
they
corrupt
,
and
grow
musty
,
which
more
frequently
suffocates
the
Roots
,
and
endangers
the
whole
Tree
.
7.
I
have
affirmed
how
patient
this
Tree
is
of
Transplantation
;
not
onely
for
that
I
observe
so
few
of
them
to
grow
wild
in
England
,
and
where
it
may
not
be
suspected
;
but
they
,
or
their
predecessors
have
been
planted
by
some
industrious
hand
;
but
for
that
those
incomparable
Walkes
and
Vistas
of
them
both
at
Aranivez
,
Casa
del
Campo
,
Madrid
,
the
Escurial
,
and
other
places
of
delight
belonging
to
the
King
and
Grandees
of
Spain
,
are
planted
with
such
as
they
report
Philip
the
second
caused
to
be
brought
out
of
England
;
before
which
(
as
that
most
Honourable
Person
the
Earl
of
Sandwich
now
his
Majesties
Ambassador
Extraordinary
,
at
that
Court
writes
to
me
)
it
does
not
appear
there
were
any
of
those
Trees
in
all
Spain
.
In
that
Princely
Seat
it
is
,
that
double
rowes
of
them
are
planted
in
many
places
for
a
league
together
in
length
,
and
some
of
them
fourty
yards
high
,
which
are
kept
stript
up
to
the
very
top
branch
,
which
must
needs
render
a
most
glorious
,
and
agreeable
effect
;
no
Tree
whatsoever
,
becoming
long
Walks
and
Avenues
,
comparably
to
this
Majestick
plant
:
But
hear
it
as
sweetly
advised
as
described
;
An
Elm
for
graceful
verdure
,
bushy
bough
,
A
lofty
top
,
and
a
firm
rind
allow
.
Plant
Elm
in
borders
,
on
the
Grasse-plots
list
,
Branches
of
Elm
into
thick
Arbours
twist
;
A
Gallery
of
Elm
draw
to
the
end
That
Eyes
can
reach
,
or
a
breath'd
race
extend
.
Vt
viror
est
ulmo
laetus
,
ramique
comantes
,
Arduus
,
alta
petens
&
levi
cortice
truncus
.
Vlmum
adhibe
ordinibus
,
quoties
fundenda
per
hortum
,
Sunt
serie
spatia
ingenti
,
texendaque
totis
,
Aestivos
contra
soles
umbracula
campis
:
Vna
alias
inter
texendis
aptior
ulmus
Marginibus
spatiorum
,
exornandoque
vireto
.
Seque
adeo
series
,
plano
super
aequore
,
tendat
Vlmorum
tractu
longo
;
quantum
ipsa
tuentum
Lumina
,
vel
gressus
valeant
lustrare
sequentum
.
Rapinus
.
8.
The
Elm
delights
in
a
sound
,
sweet
,
and
fertile
Land
,
something
more
inclined
to
moisture
,
and
where
good
pasture
is
produced
;
though
it
will
also
prosper
in
the
gravelly
,
provided
there
be
a
competent
depth
of
mould
,
and
be
refreshed
with
Springs
;
in
defect
of
which
,
being
planted
on
the
very
surface
of
the
ground
(
the
swarth
par'd
first
away
,
and
the
earth
stirred
a
foot
deep
or
more
)
they
will
undoubtedly
succeed
;
but
in
this
trial
,
let
the
Roots
be
handsomly
spread
,
and
covered
a
foot
,
or
more
in
height
,
and
above
all
,
firmly
staked
.
This
is
practicable
also
for
other
Trees
,
where
the
Soil
is
over
moist
,
or
unkind
:
For
as
the
Elm
does
not
thrive
in
too
dry
,
sandy
,
or
hot
grounds
,
no
more
will
it
abide
the
cold
and
spungy
;
but
in
places
that
are
competently
fertile
,
or
a
little
elevated
from
these
annoyances
;
as
we
see
in
the
Mounds
,
and
castings
up
of
Ditches
,
upon
whose
banks
the
Female
sort
does
more
naturally
delight
;
though
it
seems
to
be
so
much
more
addicted
to
some
places
than
to
others
,
that
I
have
frequently
doubted
,
whether
it
be
a
pure
Indigene
or
translatitious
;
and
not
onely
because
I
have
hardly
ever
known
any
considerable
Woods
of
them
(
besides
some
few
Nurseries
neer
Cambridge
,
planted
I
suppose
for
store
)
but
almost
continually
in
Tufts
,
Hedg-rowes
,
and
Mounds
;
and
that
Shropshire
,
and
several
other
Counties
,
have
rarely
,
any
growing
in
many
miles
together
.
9.
The
Elm
is
by
reason
of
its
aspiring
,
and
tapering
growth
(
unlesse
it
be
topped
to
enlarge
the
Branches
,
and
make
them
spread
low
)
the
least
offensive
to
Corn
and
Pasture
grounds
,
to
both
which
,
and
the
Cattel
,
they
afford
a
benign
shade
,
defence
,
and
agreeable
Ornament
.
10.
It
would
be
planted
as
shallow
as
might
be
;
for
,
as
we
noted
,
deep
interring
of
Roots
is
amongst
the
Catholick
mistakes
;
and
of
this
,
the
greatest
to
which
Trees
are
obnoxious
.
Let
new
planted
Elms
be
kept
moist
by
frequent
refreshings
upon
some
half-rotten
Fern
,
or
Litter
laid
about
the
foot
of
the
stem
;
the
earth
a
little
stirred
and
depressed
for
the
better
reception
,
and
retention
of
the
Water
.
11.
Lastly
,
your
Plantation
must
above
all
things
be
carefully
preserved
from
Cattel
,
and
the
concussions
of
impetuous
Winds
,
till
they
are
out
of
reach
of
the
one
,
and
sturdy
enough
to
encounter
the
other
.
12.
When
you
lop
the
side-boughs
of
an
Elm
(
which
may
be
about
January
for
the
Fire
,
and
more
frequently
,
if
you
desire
to
have
them
tall
;
or
that
you
would
form
them
into
Hedges
(
for
so
they
may
be
kept
plashed
,
and
thickned
to
the
highest
twig
;
affording
both
a
magnificent
,
and
august
defence
against
the
Winds
and
Sun
)
I
say
,
when
you
trim
them
,
be
careful
to
indulge
the
tops
;
for
they
protect
the
body
of
your
Trees
from
the
wet
,
which
alwayes
invades
those
parts
first
,
and
will
in
time
perish
them
to
the
very
heart
;
so
as
Elms
beginning
thus
to
decay
,
are
not
long
prosperous
.
Sir
Hugh
Plat
relates
(
as
from
an
expert
Carpenter
)
that
the
boughs
and
branches
of
an
Elm
should
be
left
a
foot
long
next
the
trunk
when
they
are
lop'd
;
but
this
is
to
my
certain
observation
a
very
great
mistake
either
in
the
Relator
,
or
Authour
;
for
I
have
noted
many
Elms
so
disbranched
,
that
the
remaining
stubs
grew
immediately
hollow
,
and
were
as
so
many
Conduits
or
Pipes
,
to
hold
,
and
convey
the
Rain
to
the
very
body
and
heart
of
the
Tree
.
13.
There
is
a
Cloyster
of
the
right
French
Elm
in
the
little
Garden
neer
to
her
Majesties
the
Queen
Mothers
Chappel
at
Somerset-house
,
which
were
(
I
suppose
)
planted
there
,
by
the
industry
of
the
F.F.
Capuchines
,
that
will
perfectly
direct
you
to
the
incomparable
use
of
this
noble
Tree
for
shade
and
delight
,
into
whatever
figure
you
will
accustom
them
.
I
have
my self
procured
some
of
them
from
Paris
,
but
they
were
so
abused
in
the
Transportation
,
that
they
all
perished
save
one
,
which
now
flourishes
with
me
:
I
have
also
heard
of
graffing
Elms
to
a
great
improvement
of
their
heads
:
Virgil
tells
us
they
will
joyn
in
Marriage
with
the
Oak
,
and
they
would
both
be
tryed
;
and
that
with
the
more
probable
successe
,
for
such
lignous
kinds
,
if
you
graff
under
the
Earth
,
upon
,
or
neer
the
very
Root
it self
,
which
is
likely
to
entertain
the
Cyon
better
than
when
more
exposed
,
till
it
be
well
fixt
,
and
have
made
some
considerable
progresse
.
14.
When
you
would
Fell
,
let
the
Sap
be
perfectly
in
repose
;
as
't
is
commonly
about
November
or
December
,
after
the
frost
hath
well
nipp'd
them
:
I
have
already
alleadged
my
reason
for
it
;
and
I
am
told
,
that
both
Oak
and
Elm
so
cut
,
the
very
Saplings
(
whereof
Rafters
,
Spars
,
&c.
are
made
)
will
continue
as
long
as
the
very
heart
of
the
Tree
,
without
decay
.
In
this
work
,
cut
your
kerse
neer
to
the
ground
;
but
have
a
care
that
it
suffer
not
in
the
fall
,
and
be
ruined
with
its
own
weight
:
This
depends
upon
your
Wood-mans
judgment
in
disbranching
,
and
is
a
necessary
caution
to
the
Felling
of
all
other
Timber-trees
.
If
any
begin
to
doat
,
pick
out
such
for
the
Ax
,
and
rather
trust
to
its
Successor
.
15.
Elm
is
a
Timber
of
most
singular
use
;
especially
where
it
may
lie
continually
dry
,
or
wet
in
extreames
;
therefore
proper
for
Water-works
,
Mills
,
Pipes
,
Pumps
,
Aquae-ducts
,
Ship-planks
beneath
the
Waterline
;
and
some
that
has
been
found
buried
in
Bogs
has
turned
like
the
most
polish'd
,
and
hardest
Ebony
,
onely
discerned
by
the
grain
:
Also
for
Wheel-wrights
,
Handles
for
the
single
Hand-saw
,
the
knotty
for
Naves
,
the
straight
and
smooth
for
Axel-trees
,
and
the
very
Roots
for
curiously
dappled
works
,
scarce
has
any
superior
for
Kerbs
of
Coppers
,
Featheridge
,
and
Weather-boards
,
Chopping-blocks
,
Blocks
for
the
Hatmaker
,
Trunks
,
and
Boxes
to
be
covered
with
leather
;
for
Dressers
,
and
Shovel-board-Tables
of
great
length
,
and
a
lustrous
Colour
if
rightly
seasoned
;
also
for
the
Carver
,
by
reason
of
the
tenor
of
the
grain
,
and
toughnesse
which
fits
it
for
all
those
curious
works
of
Frutages
,
Foleage
,
Shields
,
Statues
,
and
most
of
the
Ornaments
appertaining
to
the
Orders
of
Architecture
;
and
for
not
being
much
subject
to
warping
;
I
find
that
of
old
they
used
it
even
for
hinges
and
hooks
of
Doors
;
but
then
,
that
part
of
the
Plank
,
which
grew
towards
the
top
of
the
Tree
,
was
in
work
to
be
alwayes
reversed
:
But
besides
these
and
sundry
other
employments
,
it
makes
also
the
second
sort
of
Charcoal
;
and
finally
(
which
I
must
not
omit
)
the
use
of
the
very
leaves
of
this
Tree
,
especially
of
the
female
,
is
not
to
be
despis'd
;
for
being
suffered
to
dry
in
the
Sun
upon
the
Branches
,
and
the
spray
strip'd
off
about
the
decrease
in
August
(
as
also
where
the
suckers
and
stolones
are
super-numerary
,
and
hinder
the
thriving
of
their
Nurses
)
they
will
prove
a
great
relief
to
Cattel
in
Winter
,
and
scorching
Summers
,
when
Hay
and
fodder
is
dear
;
they
will
eat
them
before
Oates
,
and
thrive
exceedingly
well
with
them
;
remember
onely
to
lay
your
Boughs
up
in
some
dry
and
sweet
corner
of
your
Barn
:
It
was
for
this
the
Poet
prais'd
them
,
and
the
Epithite
was
advis'd
,
Fruitful
in
leaves
the
Elm.
—
foecundae
frondibus
Vlmi
.
Georg.
2.
In
some
parts
of
Herefordshire
they
gather
them
in
Sacks
for
their
Swine
,
and
other
Cattel
according
to
this
Husbandry
.
But
I
hear
an
ill
report
of
them
for
Bees
,
that
surfeiting
of
the
blooming
Seeds
,
they
are
obnoxious
to
the
Lask
,
at
their
first
going
abroad
in
Spring
,
which
endangers
whole
Stock●
,
if
Remedies
be
not
timely
adhibited
;
therefore
't
is
said
in
great
Elm
Countries
they
do
not
thrive
,
but
the
truth
of
which
I
am
yet
to
learn
.
The
Green
leaf
of
the
Elms
contused
,
heales
a
green
wound
or
Cut
,
and
boyled
with
the
Bark
consolidates
fractur'd
bones
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
the
Beech.
1.
THe
Beech
,
[
Fagus
]
(
of
two
or
three
kinds
)
and
numbred
amongst
the
glandiferous
Trees
,
Beech
▪
I
rank
here
before
the
martial
Ash
,
because
it
commonly
grows
to
a
greater
stature
.
But
here
I
may
not
omit
a
Note
of
the
accurate
Critis
Palmerius
,
Exercit.
in
Theophrast
.
l.
3.
c.
9.
upon
a
passage
in
Theophrastus
,
where
he
Animadverts
upon
his
Interpreter
,
and
shews
that
the
antient
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
by
no
means
the
Beech
,
but
a
kind
of
Oak
;
for
that
the
figure
of
the
fruit
is
so
widely
unlike
it
;
that
being
round
,
this
triangular
;
and
both
Theophrastus
and
Pausanias
make
it
indeed
a
Species
of
Oak
,
In
Arcad.
wholly
differing
in
Trunk
,
as
well
as
Fruit
and
Leaf
,
to
which
he
adds
(
what
determines
the
Controversie
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
That
it
is
of
a
firm
Timber
,
not
obnoxious
to
the
Worm
,
neither
of
which
can
so
confidently
be
said
of
the
Beech.
Yet
La
Cerda
too
seems
guilty
of
the
same
mistake
:
But
leaving
this
,
there
are
of
our
Fagi
,
too
or
three
kinds
with
us
;
the
Mountain
(
where
it
most
affects
to
grow
)
which
is
the
whitest
,
and
most
sought
after
by
the
Turner
;
and
the
Campestral
or
wild
,
which
is
of
a
blacker
colour
,
and
more
durable
.
They
are
both
to
be
rais'd
from
the
Mast
,
and
govern'd
like
the
Oak
(
of
which
amply
)
and
that
is
absolutely
the
best
way
of
furnishing
a
Wood
:
But
they
are
likewise
to
be
planted
of
young
seedlings
to
be
drawn
out
of
the
places
where
the
fruitful
Trees
abound
.
In
transplanting
them
cut
off
onely
the
boughs
and
bruised
parts
,
two
Inches
from
the
stem
,
to
within
a
yard
of
the
top
;
but
be
very
sparing
of
the
Root
:
This
,
for
such
as
are
of
pretty
stature
.
They
make
spreading
Trees
,
and
noble
Shades
with
their
well-furnished
and
glistering
leaves
,
being
set
at
forty
foot
distance
;
but
they
grow
taller
,
and
more
upright
in
the
Forests
,
where
I
have
beheld
them
at
eight
and
ten
foot
,
shoot
into
very
long
Poles
;
but
neither
so
apt
for
Timber
,
nor
Fuel
:
In
the
Vallies
(
where
they
stand
warm
and
in
Consort
)
they
will
grow
to
a
stupendious
procerity
,
though
the
soyl
be
stony
and
very
barren
:
Also
upon
the
declivities
,
sides
,
and
tops
of
high
Hills
,
and
Chalkie
Mountains
especially
;
for
they
will
strangely
insinuate
their
roots
into
the
bowels
of
those
seemingly
impenetrable
places
,
not
much
unlike
the
Firr
it self
,
which
,
with
this
so
common
Tree
,
the
great
Caesar
denies
to
be
found
in
Britanny
,
Materia
cujusque
generis
,
ut
in
Gallia
,
praeter
Fagum
&
abietem
:
But
certainly
from
a
grand
mistake
,
or
rather
,
for
that
he
had
not
travelled
much
up
into
the
Countrey
.
Virgil
reports
it
will
graff
with
the
Chesnut
.
2.
The
Beech
serves
for
various
Vses
of
the
Housewife
;
Hence
in
the
Worlds
best
years
the
humble
Shed
,
Was
happily
,
and
fully
furnished
:
Beech
made
their
Chests
,
their
Beds
and
the
Joyn'd-stools
,
Beech
made
the
Board
,
the
Platters
,
and
the
Bowles
.
Hinc
olim
juvenis
Mundi
melioribus
annis
Fortunatarum
domuum
non
magna
Supeliex
Tota
petebatur
;
Sellas
,
Armaria
,
Lectos
.
Et
Mensas
dabat
,
&
Lances
,
&
pocula
Fagus
,
&c.
Couleij
Pl.
l.
6.
with
it
the
Turner
makes
Dishes
,
Trays
,
Rimbs
,
for
Buckets
,
and
other
Utensils
,
Trenchers
,
Dresser-boards
,
&c.
likewise
for
the
Wheeler
,
Joyner
,
and
Vpholster
for
Sellyes
,
Chairs
,
Stools
,
Bedsteads
,
&c.
for
the
Bellows-maker
,
and
Husbandman
his
Shovel
and
Spade-graffs
;
Floates
for
Fishers
Nets
instead
of
Corks
,
is
made
of
its
Bark
;
for
Fuel
,
Billet
,
Bavin
and
Coal
though
one
of
the
least
lasting
:
Not
to
omit
even
the
very
Shavings
for
the
fining
of
Wines
.
Peter
Cresentius
writes
,
that
the
Ashes
of
Beech
with
proper
mixture
,
is
excellent
to
make
Glasse
with
.
If
the
Timber
lye
altogether
under
water
,
't
is
little
inferior
to
Elm
,
as
I
find
it
practised
and
asserted
by
Shipwrights
:
Of
old
they
made
their
Vasa
Vindimiatoria
and
Corbes
Messoriae
(
as
we
our
pots
for
Strawberries
)
with
the
Rind
of
this
Beech
,
nay
,
and
Vessels
to
preserve
Wine
in
,
and
that
curiously
wrought
Cup
which
the
Shepherd
in
the
Buchollicks
wagers
with
all
,
was
engraven
by
Alcimedon
upon
the
Bark
of
this
tree
:
And
an
happy
age
it
seems
:
—
No
Wars
did
men
molest
,
When
onely
Beechen-Bowles
were
in
request
.
—
nec
bella
fuerunt
,
Faginus
astabat
dum
Scyphus
ante
dapes
.
Tibul.
Of
the
thin
Lamina
or
Scale
of
this
wood
(
as
our
Cutlers
call
it
)
are
made
Scabards
for
Swords
and
Bandboxes
,
superinduc'd
with
thin
leather
or
Paper
,
Boxes
for
Writings
,
Hat-cases
,
and
formerly
Book-covers
.
I
wonder
we
cannot
split
it
our selves
but
send
into
other
Countreys
for
such
trifles
.
In
the
Cavities
of
these
Trees
,
Bees
much
delight
to
Hive
themselves
:
Yet
for
all
this
,
you
would
not
wonder
to
hear
me
deplore
the
so
frequent
use
of
this
Wood
,
if
you
did
consider
that
the
industry
of
France
furnishes
that
Country
for
all
domestic
Vtensils
with
excellent
Wallnut
;
a
material
infinitely
preferrable
to
the
best
Beech
,
which
is
indeed
good
only
for
shade
and
for
fire
,
as
being
brittle
,
and
exceedingly
obnoxious
to
the
Worm
,
where
it
lyes
either
dry
,
or
wet
and
dry
,
as
has
been
noted
;
but
being
put
ten
dayes
in
water
,
it
will
exceedingly
resist
the
worm
.
Ricciolus
much
commends
it
for
Oars
,
and
some
say
that
the
vast
Argo
was
built
of
the
Fagus
,
a
good
part
of
it
at
least
,
as
we
learn
out
of
Apolonius
;
this
will
admit
of
Interpretation
.
But
whilst
we
thus
condemn
the
Timber
,
we
must
not
omit
to
praise
the
Mast
,
which
fats
our
Swine
and
Deer
,
and
hath
in
some
Families
even
supported
men
with
bread
:
Chios
indured
a
memorable
Siege
by
the
benefit
of
this
Mast
;
and
in
some
parts
of
France
they
now
grind
the
Buck
in
Mills
:
It
affords
a
sweet
Oyl
,
which
the
poor
People
eat
most
willingly
:
But
there
is
yet
another
benefit
which
this
Tree
presents
us
;
that
its
very
leaves
which
make
a
natural
,
and
most
agreeable
Canopy
all
the
Summer
;
being
gathered
about
●●e
Fall
,
and
somewhat
before
they
are
much
frost-bitten
,
afford
the
best
and
easiest
Mattrasses
in
the
world
to
lay
under
our
Quilts
instead
of
straw
;
because
,
besides
their
tendernesse
and
loose
lying
together
,
they
continue
sweet
for
seven
or
eight
years
long
;
before
which
time
straw
becomes
musty
and
hard
;
they
are
thus
used
by
divers
persons
of
quality
in
Dauphine
;
and
in
Swizzerland
I
have
sometimes
lain
on
them
to
my
great
refreshment
;
so
as
of
this
Tree
it
may
properly
be
said
,
The
Wood's
an
House
,
the
leaves
a
Bed
.
—
Sylva
domus
,
cubilia
froudes
.
Juvenal
.
The
stagnant
water
in
the
hollow
Trees
cure
the
most
obstinate
Tettars
,
Scabs
,
and
Scurfs
,
in
Man
or
Beast
,
fomenting
the
part
with
it
;
and
the
Leaves
chew'd
,
are
wholesome
for
the
Gums
and
Teeth
,
for
which
the
very
Buds
,
as
they
are
in
Winter
hardned
and
dryed
upon
the
twiggs
,
make
good
Tooth
pickers
.
Swine
may
be
driven
to
Mast
about
the
end
of
August
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
the
Ash
.
Ash
.
1.
FRaxinus
the
Ash
,
is
with
us
Male
and
Female
,
the
one
affecting
the
higher
grounds
:
The
other
the
plains
,
of
a
whiter
wood
,
and
rising
many
times
to
a
prodigious
stature
;
so
as
in
forty
years
from
the
Key
,
an
Ash
hath
been
sold
for
thirty
pound
sterling
:
And
I
have
been
credibly
inform'd
,
that
one
Person
hath
planted
so
much
of
this
one
sort
of
Timber
in
his
life
time
,
as
hath
been
valued
worth
fifty
thousand
pounds
to
be
bought
.
These
are
pretty
encouragements
,
for
a
small
,
and
pleasant
industry
.
That
there
is
a
lower
,
and
more
knotty
sort
,
every
Husbandman
can
distinguish
.
2.
The
Keys
being
gathered
when
they
begin
to
fall
(
which
is
about
the
end
of
October
,
and
the
ensuing
Month
)
are
to
be
sowed
;
but
not
altogether
so
deep
as
your
former
Masts
:
Thus
they
do
in
Spain
:
from
whence
it
were
good
to
procure
some
of
the
keyes
from
their
best
trees
:
A
very
narrow
Seminary
will
be
sufficient
to
store
an
whole
Country
:
They
will
lye
a
full
year
in
the
ground
before
they
appear
;
therefore
you
must
carefully
Fence
them
all
that
time
and
have
patience
:
But
if
you
would
make
a
considerable
Wood
of
them
at
once
,
Dig
,
or
Plow
a
parcel
of
ground
,
as
you
would
prepare
it
for
Corn
and
with
the
Corn
(
or
what
other
Grain
you
think
fittest
)
sow
also
good
store
of
Keys
,
some
Crab-kernels
,
&c.
amongst
them
:
Take
off
your
Crop
of
Corn
,
or
Seed
in
its
Season
,
and
the
next
year
following
it
will
be
cover'd
with
young
Ashes
,
which
will
be
fit
either
to
stand
(
which
I
prefer
)
or
be
transplanted
for
divers
years
after
;
and
these
you
will
find
to
be
far
better
then
any
you
can
gather
out
of
the
Woods
(
especially
Suckers
,
which
are
worth
nothing
)
being
removed
at
one
foot
stature
(
the
sooner
the
better
)
provided
you
defend
them
well
from
Cattel
:
The
reason
of
this
hasty
transplanting
,
is
to
prevent
their
obstnate
,
and
deep
rooting
;
tantus
amor
terrae
—
which
makes
them
hard
to
be
taken
up
when
they
grow
older
,
and
that
being
removed
they
take
no
great
hold
till
the
second
year
,
after
which
,
they
come
away
amain
:
Yet
I
have
planted
them
of
five
and
six
inches
diametre
,
which
have
thriven
as
well
as
the
smaller
wands
.
Cut
not
his
head
at
all
(
which
being
young
is
pithy
)
nor
,
by
any
means
,
the
fibrous
part
of
the
Roots
;
onely
,
that
down-right
,
or
Tap-root
(
which
gives
our
Husbandmen
so
much
trouble
in
drawing
)
is
to
be
totally
abated
:
But
this
work
ought
to
be
in
the
increase
of
October
,
or
November
,
and
not
in
the
Spring
.
We
are
(
as
I
told
you
)
willing
to
spare
his
head
;
because
being
yet
young
,
it
is
but
of
a
spongie
substance
;
but
being
once
well
fixed
,
you
may
cut
him
as
close
to
the
earth
as
you
please
;
it
will
cause
him
to
shoot
prodigiously
;
so
as
in
a
few
years
to
be
fit
for
Pike-staves
.
Young
Ashes
are
sometimes
in
Winter
frost-burnt
,
black
as
Coals
,
and
then
to
use
the
knife
is
seasonable
,
though
they
do
commonly
recover
of
themselves
slowly
.
In
South-Spain
(
where
as
we
said
are
the
best
)
after
the
first
dressing
,
they
let
them
grow
till
they
are
so
big
,
as
being
cleft
into
four
parts
,
each
part
is
sufficient
to
make
a
Pike-staff
:
I
am
told
there
is
a
Flemish
Ash
planted
by
the
Dutchmen
in
Lincolnshire
,
which
in
six
years
grows
to
be
worth
twenty
shillings
the
Tree
;
but
I
am
not
assur'd
whether
it
be
the
Ash
or
Abeele
;
either
of
them
were
,
upon
this
account
,
a
worthy
encouragement
.
From
these
low
Cuttings
come
our
Ground-Ashes
,
so
much
sought
after
for
Arbours
,
Espaliers
,
and
other
Pole-works
:
They
will
spring
in
abundance
,
and
may
be
reduced
to
one
for
a
Standard-tree
,
or
for
Timber
,
if
you
design
it
;
for
thus
Hydra
like
,
a
Ground-cut-Ash
,
By
havock
,
Wounds
,
and
Blows
,
More
lively
and
luxuriant
grows
.
Per
damna
,
per
caedes
,
ab
ipso
Ducit
opes
auimúmque
ferro
.
Ho●
.
Ash
will
be
propagated
from
a
Bough
slipt
off
with
some
of
the
old-wood
,
a
little
before
the
Bud
swells
.
Such
as
they
reserve
for
Spears
in
Spain
,
they
keep
shrip'd
up
close
to
the
stem
,
and
plant
them
in
close
order
,
and
moyster
places
.
These
they
cut
above
the
knot
(
for
the
least
nodosity
spoils
all
)
in
the
decrease
of
January
,
which
were
of
the
latest
for
us
:
It
is
reported
that
the
Ash
will
not
onely
receive
its
own
kind
,
but
graff
,
or
be
inoculated
with
the
Pear
and
Apple
,
but
to
what
improvement
I
know
not
.
3.
It
is
by
no
means
convenient
to
plant
Ash
in
Plow-lands
;
for
the
Roots
will
be
obnoxious
to
the
Coulter
;
and
the
shade
of
the
Tree
is
malignant
to
Corn
when
the
head
and
branches
over-drip
it
;
but
in
Hedge-rowes
,
and
Plumps
,
they
will
thrive
exceedingly
,
where
they
may
be
dispos'd
at
nine
or
ten
foot
distance
,
and
sometimes
neerer
:
But
in
planting
of
a
whole
Wood
of
several
kinds
of
Trees
for
Timber
,
every
third
set
at
least
,
would
be
an
Ash
.
The
best
Ash
delights
in
the
best
Land
(
which
it
will
soon
impoverish
)
yet
grows
in
any
;
so
it
be
not
over-wet
,
and
approaching
to
the
Ma●shy
,
unlesse
it
be
first
well
drain'd
:
By
the
Banks
of
sweet
and
crystal
Rivers
and
Streams
,
I
have
observ'd
them
to
thrive
infinitely
.
One
may
observe
as
manifest
a
difference
in
the
Timber
of
Ashes
,
as
of
the
Oak
;
much
more
than
is
found
in
any
one
kind
of
Elm
,
caeteris
paribus
:
For
so
the
ground-Ash
(
like
the
Oak
)
much
excells
a
bough
,
or
branch
of
the
same
bulk
,
for
strength
and
toughnesse
;
and
in
yet
farther
emulation
of
the
Oak
,
it
has
been
known
to
prove
as
good
,
and
lasting
Timber
for
Building
,
nay
,
preferr'd
before
it
,
where
there
has
been
plenty
of
Oake
;
vast
difference
there
is
also
in
the
strength
of
Ground
,
and
quarter'd
Ash
:
'T
is
likewise
remarkable
that
the
Ash
,
like
the
Cork
tree
,
grows
when
the
Bark
is
quite
peel'd
off
,
as
has
been
observ'd
in
several
Forests
,
where
the
Deer
have
bared
them
as
far
as
they
could
climb
:
Some
Ash
is
curiously
camleted
and
vein'd
,
I
say
,
so
differently
from
other
Timber
;
that
our
skilful
Cabinet-makers
prize
it
equal
with
Ebony
,
and
give
it
the
name
of
green
Ebony
,
which
the
Customer
payes
well
for
;
and
when
our
Woodmen
light
upon
it
,
they
may
make
what
mony
they
will
of
it
:
But
to
bring
it
to
that
curious
lustre
,
so
as
't
is
hardly
to
be
distinguished
from
the
most
curiously
diaper'd
Olive
,
they
Varnish
their
Work
with
the
China-varnish
(
hereafter
described
)
which
infinitely
excells
I●ynseed-oyl
,
that
Cardan
so
commends
,
speaking
of
this
Root
.
4.
The
use
of
Ash
is
(
next
to
that
of
the
Oak
it self
)
one
of
the
most
universal
:
It
serves
the
Souldier
—
&
Fraxinus
utilis
hastis
▪
Ovid.
The
Carpenter
,
Wheel-wright
,
Cart-wright
,
for
Ploughs
,
Axel
trees
,
Wheelrings
,
Harrows
,
Bulls
,
Oares
,
the
best
blocks
for
Pullys
and
Sheffs
,
as
Seamen
name
them
;
Also
for
the
Cooper
,
Turner
,
and
Thatcher
:
Nothing
like
it
for
our
Garden
Palisad-hedges
,
Hop-yards
,
Poles
,
and
Spars
,
Handles
,
Stocks
for
Tools
,
Spade-trees
,
&c.
In
sum
,
the
Husbandman
cannot
be
without
the
Ash
for
his
Carts
,
Ladders
,
and
other
tackling
:
From
the
Pike
,
to
the
Plow
;
Spear
,
and
Bow
,
for
of
Ash
were
they
formerly
made
,
and
therefore
reckon'd
amongst
those
woods
,
which
after
long
tension
has
a
natural
Spring
,
and
recovers
its
position
;
so
as
in
Peace
and
War
it
is
a
Wood
in
highest
request
:
There
is
extracted
an
Oyl
from
the
Ash
,
by
the
processe
on
other
Woods
,
which
is
excellent
to
recover
the
Hearing
;
some
drops
of
it
being
distill'd
warm
into
the
Ears
,
and
for
the
Caries
or
rot
of
the
Bones
,
Tooth-ach
,
pains
in
the
Kidneys
,
and
Spleen
,
the
anointing
therewith
is
most
soveraign
.
Lastly
,
the
white
,
and
rotten
dottard
part
composes
a
ground
for
our
Gallants
Sweet-powder
,
and
the
Truncheons
make
the
third
sort
of
the
most
durable
Coal
,
and
is
(
of
all
other
)
the
sweetest
of
our
Forest-fuelling
,
and
the
fittest
for
Ladies
Chambers
:
To
conclude
,
the
very
dead
leaves
afford
(
like
those
of
the
Elm
)
relief
to
our
Cattel
in
Winter
;
and
there
is
a
dwarfe
sort
in
France
(
if
in
truth
it
be
not
,
as
I
suspect
,
our
Witchen-tree
)
whose
Berries
feed
the
poor
People
,
in
scarce
years
,
but
it
bears
no
Keys
,
like
to
ours
,
which
being
pickled
tender
,
afford
a
delicate
Salading
.
But
the
Shade
of
the
Ash
is
not
to
be
endur'd
,
because
it
produces
a
noxious
Insect
;
and
for
displaying
themselves
so
very
late
,
and
falling
very
early
,
not
to
be
planted
for
Vmbrage
,
or
Ornament
;
especially
neer
the
Garden
,
since
(
besides
their
predatitious
Roots
)
the
deciduous
leaves
descending
with
so
long
a
Stalk
,
are
drawn
by
clusters
into
the
Worm
holes
,
which
foul
the
Allies
with
their
falling
Keys
,
and
suddenly
infect
the
ground
.
Note
,
that
the
Season
for
felling
of
this
Tree
must
be
when
the
Sap
is
fully
at
rest
;
for
if
you
cut
it
down
too
early
,
or
over
late
in
the
year
,
it
will
be
so
obnoxious
to
the
Worm
,
as
greatly
to
prejudice
the
timber
;
therefore
to
be
sure
,
fell
not
till
the
three
Mid-winter
Months
,
beginning
about
November
.
I
am
astonish'd
at
the
universal
Confidence
of
all
our
Botanists
,
that
a
Serpent
will
rather
creep
into
the
Fire
,
than
over
a
twig
of
Ash
;
this
is
an
old
Imposture
of
Plinys
,
who
either
took
it
up
upon
trust
,
or
we
mistake
the
Tree
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
the
Chesnut
.
1.
THe
next
is
the
Chesnut
,
Chess-nut
.
[
Castanea
]
of
which
Pliny
reckons
many
kinds
,
especially
about
Tarentum
and
Naples
;
but
we
commend
those
of
Portugal
or
Bayone
,
choosing
the
largest
brown
and
most
ponderous
for
fruit
,
such
as
Pliny
calls
Coctivae
,
but
the
lesser
ones
to
raise
for
Timber
.
They
are
produc'd
best
by
sowing
;
previous
to
which
,
let
the
Nuts
be
first
spread
to
sweat
,
then
cover
them
in
sand
,
a
Month
being
past
,
plunge
them
in
Water
,
reject
the
swimmers
;
being
dry'd
for
thirty
dayes
more
,
sand
them
again
,
and
to
the
water-ordeal
as
before
.
Being
thus
treated
till
the
beginning
of
Spring
,
or
in
November
,
set
them
as
you
would
do
Beans
;
and
as
some
practise
it
,
drench'd
for
a
night
or
more
,
in
new
Milk
:
They
should
be
put
into
the
holes
with
the
poynt
upmost
as
you
plant
Tulips
;
Pliny
will
tell
you
they
come
not
up
,
unless
four
,
or
five
be
pil'd
together
in
a
hole
;
but
that
is
false
,
if
they
be
good
,
as
you
may
presume
all
those
to
be
which
passe
this
examination
;
nor
will
any
of
them
fail
:
But
being
come
up
they
thrive
best
unremoved
,
making
a
great
stand
for
at
least
two
years
,
upon
every
transplanting
;
yet
if
needs
you
must
alter
their
station
,
let
it
be
done
about
November
,
and
that
into
a
light
friable
ground
,
or
moist
Gravel
,
however
,
they
will
grow
even
in
Clay
,
Sand
,
and
all
mixed
Soils
,
upon
exposed
,
and
bleak
places
,
and
the
pendent
declivities
of
Hills
to
the
North
,
in
dry
airy
places
,
and
sometimes
neer
Marshes
and
Waters
;
but
they
affect
no
other
compost
,
save
what
their
own
leaves
afford
them
,
and
are
more
patient
of
cold
than
heat
.
2.
If
you
desire
to
set
them
in
Winter
,
or
Autumn
,
I
counsel
you
to
inter
them
within
their
Husks
,
which
being
every
way
arm'd
are
a
good
protection
against
the
Mouse
,
and
a
providential
integument
.
Pliny
l.
15.
c.
23.
from
this
natural
Guard
,
concludes
them
to
be
excellent
food
,
and
doubtlesse
Caesar
thought
so
,
when
he
transported
them
from
Sardis
first
into
Italy
,
whence
they
were
propagated
into
France
,
and
thence
among
us
;
another
encouragement
to
make
such
Experiments
out
of
forain
Countreys
.
Some
sow
them
confusedly
in
the
Furrow
like
the
Acorn
,
and
govern
them
as
the
Oak
;
but
then
would
the
ground
be
broken
up
'twixt
November
and
February
;
and
when
they
spring
,
be
cleansed
at
two
foot
asunder
,
after
two
years
growth
:
Likewise
may
Copses
of
Chesnuts
be
wonderfully
increased
,
and
thickned
,
by
laying
the
tender
and
young
branches
;
but
such
as
spring
from
the
Nuts
and
Marrons
are
best
of
all
,
and
will
thrive
exceedingly
,
if
being
let
stand
without
removing
,
the
ground
be
stirr'd
and
loosned
about
their
Roots
,
for
two
or
three
of
the
first
years
,
and
the
superfluous
wood
prun'd
away
;
and
indeed
for
good
Trees
,
they
should
be
shrip'd
up
after
the
first
years
removal
:
Thus
will
you
have
a
Copse
ready
for
a
felling
,
within
eight
years
,
which
(
besides
many
other
uses
)
will
yield
you
incomparable
Poles
for
any
work
of
the
Garden
,
Vineyard
,
or
Hopyard
,
till
the
next
cutting
:
And
if
the
Tree
like
the
ground
,
will
in
ten
or
twelve
years
grow
to
a
kind
of
Timber
,
and
bear
plentiful
fruit
.
3.
I
have
seen
many
Chess-nut-trees
transplanted
as
big
as
my
arm
,
their
heads
cut
off
at
five
and
six
foot
height
;
but
they
came
on
at
leisure
:
In
such
Plantations
,
and
all
others
for
Avenues
,
you
may
set
them
from
thirty
,
to
ten
foot
distance
,
though
they
will
grow
much
neerer
,
and
shoot
into
Poles
,
if
(
being
tender
)
you
cultivate
them
like
the
Ash
,
the
nature
of
whose
shade
it
resembles
,
since
nothing
affects
much
to
grow
under
it
:
Some
Husbands
tell
me
,
that
the
young
Chess-nut-trees
should
not
be
pruned
or
touched
with
any
knife
or
edgetool
,
for
the
first
three
or
four
years
,
but
rather
crop'd
or
broken
off
,
which
I
leave
to
farther
Experience
.
4.
The
Chessnut
being
graffed
in
the
Wall-nut
,
Oak
,
or
Beech
(
I
have
been
told
)
will
come
exceeding
fair
,
and
produce
incomparabl●
Fruit
;
for
the
Wall-nut
,
and
Chessnut
in
each
other
,
it
is
probable
;
but
I
have
not
as
yet
made
a
full
attempt
;
they
also
speak
of
Inoculating
Cherrys
in
the
Chessnut-stock
for
a
later
fruit
.
In
the
mean
time
,
I
wish
we
did
more
universally
propagate
the
Horse-Chessnut
,
which
being
easily
increas'd
from
layers
,
grows
into
a
goodly
Standard
,
and
bears
a
most
glorious
flower
,
even
in
our
cold
Countrey
:
This
Tree
is
now
all
the
mode
for
the
Avenues
to
their
Countrey
Palaces
in
France
,
as
appears
by
the
late
superintendents
Plantation
at
Vaux
.
It
was
first
brought
from
Constantinople
to
Vienna
,
thence
into
Italy
,
and
so
France
;
but
to
Vs
from
the
Levant
more
immediately
,
and
flourishes
so
well
,
and
grows
so
goodly
a
Tree
in
compent
time
,
that
by
this
alone
,
we
might
have
ample
encouragement
to
Denizen
other
strangers
amongst
us
.
5.
The
Chess-nut
is
(
next
the
Oak
)
one
of
the
most
sought
after
by
the
Carpenter
and
Joyner
:
It
hath
formerly
built
a
good
part
of
our
ancient
Houses
in
the
City
of
London
,
as
does
yet
appear
.
I
had
once
a
very
large
Barn
neer
the
City
fram'd
intirely
of
this
Timber
:
And
certainly
they
grew
not
far
off
;
probably
in
some
Woods
neer
the
Town
:
For
in
that
description
of
London
written
by
Fitz-Stephens
,
in
the
Reign
of
Hen.
2.
he
speaks
of
a
very
noble
and
large
Forest
which
grew
on
the
Boreal
part
of
it
:
Proxime
(
sayes
he
)
patet
foresta
ingens
,
saltus
nemorosi
ferarum
,
latebrae
cervorum
,
damarum
,
aprorum
,
&
taurorum
Sylvestrium
,
&c.
A
very
goodly
thing
it
seems
,
and
as
well
stor'd
with
all
sorts
of
good
Timber
,
as
with
Venison
and
all
kind
of
Chase
.
The
Chess-nut
affords
the
best
Stakes
and
Poles
for
Palisades
,
Pedaments
for
Vine-props
,
and
Hops
,
as
I
said
before
:
Also
for
Mill-timber
and
Water-works
,
or
when
it
may
lie
buried
;
but
if
water
touch
the
Roots
of
the
growing
Trees
,
it
spoils
both
Fruit
and
Timber
:
'T
is
likewise
observed
,
that
this
Tree
is
so
prevalent
against
cold
,
that
where
they
stand
,
they
defend
other
Plantations
from
the
injuries
of
the
severest
frosts
:
I
am
sure
being
planted
in
Hedge-rowes
,
&
circa
agrorum
itinera
,
or
for
Avenues
to
our
Countrey-houses
,
they
are
a
magnificent
,
and
royal
Ornament
:
This
Timber
also
does
well
for
Columns
,
Tables
,
Chests
,
Chairs
,
Stools
,
Bedsteads
;
for
Tubs
,
and
Wine-Cask
,
which
it
preserves
with
the
least
tincture
of
the
wood
of
any
whatsoever
:
If
the
Timber
be
dip'd
in
scalding
Oyl
,
and
well
Pitch'd
,
it
becomes
extreamly
durable
:
Beams
made
of
Chessnut
tree
have
this
property
,
that
being
somewhat
brittle
,
they
give
warning
,
and
premonish
the
danger
by
a
certain
crackling
which
it
makes
:
Formerly
they
made
Consultatory
Staves
of
this
Tree
;
and
the
Variegated
Rods
which
Jacob
peel'd
to
lay
in
the
Troughs
,
and
impresse
a
fancy
in
his
Father-in-law's
conceiving
Ewes
,
were
of
this
material
.
The
Coales
are
excellent
for
the
Smith
,
being
soon
kindled
,
and
as
soon
extinguisht
;
but
the
Ashes
of
Chessnut-wood
are
not
convenient
for
to
make
a
Lee
with
,
because
it
is
observ'd
to
stain
the
Linnen
.
As
for
the
Fruit
,
't
is
better
to
beat
it
down
from
the
Tree
,
some
little
time
before
they
fall
off
themselves
;
thus
,
they
will
the
better
keep
,
or
else
you
must
smoke-dry
them
.
But
we
give
that
fruit
to
our
Swine
in
England
,
which
is
amongst
the
delicacies
of
Princes
in
other
Countries
;
and
being
of
the
larger
Nut
,
is
a
lusty
,
and
masculine
food
for
Rustics
at
all
times
;
and
of
better
nourishment
for
Husbandmen
than
Cole
and
rusty
Bacon
,
yea
,
or
Beans
to
boote
,
instead
of
which
,
they
boyle
them
in
Italy
with
their
Bacon
;
and
in
Virgil's
time
,
they
ate
them
with
Milk
and
Cheese
.
The
best
Tables
in
France
and
Italy
make
them
a
Service
,
eating
them
with
Salt
,
in
Wine
,
or
juice
of
Lemon
and
Sugar
;
being
first
rosted
in
Embers
on
the
Chaplet
;
and
doubtlesse
we
might
propagate
their
use
,
amongst
our
common
people
,
(
as
of
old
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
being
a
food
so
cheap
,
and
so
lasting
.
In
Italy
they
also
boyl
them
in
Wine
,
and
then
smoke
them
a
little
,
these
they
call
Anseri
or
Geese
,
I
know
not
why
:
Those
of
Piemont
add
Fennel
,
Cinnamon
and
Nutmeg
to
their
Wine
,
but
first
they
peele
them
.
Others
macerate
them
in
Rose-water
;
the
Bread
of
the
flower
is
exceeding
nutritive
;
't
is
a
robust
food
and
makes
Women
well
complexion'd
,
as
I
have
read
in
a
good
Authour
:
They
also
make
Fritters
of
Chessnut
flower
,
which
they
wet
with
Rosewater
,
and
sprinkle
with
grated
Parmegiano
,
and
so
fry
them
in
fresh
Butter
,
a
delicate
:
How
we
here
use
them
in
stew'd-meats
,
and
Beatille-Pyes
,
our
French
Cooks
teach
us
;
and
this
is
in
truth
the
very
best
use
of
their
Fruit
,
and
very
commendable
;
for
it
is
found
that
the
eating
of
them
raw
or
in
Bread
(
as
they
do
much
about
Limosin
)
is
apt
to
swell
the
belly
,
though
without
any
other
inconvenience
that
I
can
learn
,
and
yet
some
condemn
them
as
dangerous
for
such
as
are
subject
to
the
Gravel
in
the
Kidnies
.
The
best
way
to
preserve
them
,
is
to
keep
them
in
Earthen
vessels
in
a
cold
place
;
some
lay
them
in
a
Smoke-loft
,
others
,
in
dry
Barly-straw
,
others
,
in
Sand
,
&c.
The
leaves
of
the
Chess-nut
tree
makes
very
wholsome
Mattrasses
to
lye
on
,
and
they
are
good
Litter
for
Cattel
:
But
those
leafie-beds
,
for
the
crackling
noyse
they
make
when
one
turns
upon
them
,
the
French
call
Licts
de
Parliament
:
Lastly
,
the
flower
of
Chessnuts
made
into
an
Electuary
with
Hony
,
is
an
approved
Remedy
against
spitting
blood
,
and
the
Cough
;
and
a
decoction
of
the
Rind
of
the
Tree
,
tinctures
hair
of
a
golden
Colour
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
the
Wall-nut
.
Wall-nut
.
1.
JVglans
,
quasi
Jovis
glans
,
the
Wall-nut
,
is
of
several
sorts
;
the
soft
shell
,
and
the
hard
,
the
whiter
,
and
the
blacker
grain
:
This
black
bears
the
worst
Nut
,
but
the
Timber
much
to
be
preferred
,
and
we
might
propagate
more
of
them
if
we
were
careful
to
procure
them
out
of
Virginia
,
where
they
abound
,
or
from
Grenoble
,
which
our
Cabinet-makers
so
prize
.
It
is
said
that
the
Wallnut
kernel
wrap'd
in
its
own
leaf
,
being
carefully
taken
out
of
its
shell
,
brings
a
Nut
without
shell
;
but
this
is
a
trifle
;
the
best
way
to
elevate
them
is
,
to
set
them
as
you
do
the
Chess-nut
,
being
planted
of
the
Nut
,
or
set
at
the
distance
you
would
have
him
stand
;
for
which
they
may
be
prepared
by
beating
them
off
the
Tree
(
as
was
prescribed
of
the
Chessnut
)
some
dayes
before
they
quit
the
Branches
of
themselves
,
and
kept
in
their
husks
,
or
without
them
,
till
Spring
,
or
by
bedding
them
(
being
dry
)
in
sand
,
or
good
Earth
,
till
March
,
from
the
time
they
fell
,
or
were
beaten
off
the
Tree
:
Or
if
before
,
they
be
set
with
husk
and
all
upon
them
;
for
the
extream
bitternesse
thereof
is
most
exitial
,
and
deadly
to
Worms
;
or
it
were
good
to
strew
some
Furzes
(
broken
or
chopp'd
small
)
under
the
ground
amongst
them
,
to
preserve
them
from
Mice
and
Rats
,
when
their
shells
begin
to
wax
tender
;
especially
if
as
some
,
you
supple
them
a
little
in
warm
Cows
milk
;
but
being
treated
as
before
,
you
will
find
them
already
sprouted
,
and
have
need
onely
to
be
planted
where
they
are
to
abide
;
because
(
as
we
said
long
since
)
they
are
most
impatient
of
transplanting
:
But
if
there
be
an
absolute
necessity
of
removing
,
let
your
Tree
be
about
four
years
old
,
and
then
by
no
means
touch
the
head
with
your
Knife
,
nor
cut
away
so
much
as
the
very
Tap-root
,
if
you
can
well
dispose
of
it
,
since
being
of
a
pithy
and
hollow
substance
,
the
least
diminution
,
or
bruise
,
will
greatly
endanger
the
killing
:
But
see
here
what
we
have
said
of
the
Chess-nut
;
I
have
been
told
,
that
the
very
Tops
,
and
palish
Buds
of
this
Tree
,
when
it
first
sprouts
,
though
as
late
as
April
,
will
take
hold
of
the
ground
,
and
grow
to
an
incredible
improvement
;
but
first
they
steep
them
in
Milk
and
Saffron
;
but
this
attempt
did
not
succeed
with
us
,
yet
it
will
be
propagated
by
a
Branch
slipp'd
off
with
some
of
the
old
wood
,
and
set
in
February
:
An
industrious
and
very
experienc'd
Husbandman
told
me
,
that
if
they
be
transplanted
as
big
as
ones
Middle
,
it
may
be
done
safer
than
when
younger
;
I
do
onely
report
it
:
What
they
hint
of
putting
a
Tile-shard
under
the
Nuts
when
first
set
,
to
divaricate
and
spread
the
Roots
(
which
are
otherwise
apt
to
penetrate
very
deep
)
I
like
well
enough
;
't
is
said
they
will
receive
their
own
Cyons
being
Graffed
,
but
that
it
does
not
at
all
improve
their
Fruit
:
The
best
compost
is
the
strewing
of
Ashes
at
the
foot
of
the
Trees
,
the
Salt
whereof
being
washed
into
the
Earth
,
is
the
best
dressing
,
whilst
the
juice
of
the
fallen
leaves
,
though
it
kill
the
Worm
,
is
noxious
to
the
Root
.
2.
The
Wallnut
delights
in
a
dry
,
sound
,
and
rich
land
;
especially
if
it
incline
to
a
feeding
Chalk
,
or
Marle
;
and
where
it
may
be
protected
from
the
cold
(
though
it
affect
cold
rather
then
extream
heat
)
as
in
great
Pits
,
Vallies
,
and
Highway
sides
;
also
in
Stonie-grounds
,
and
on
Hills
,
especially
Chalkie
:
likewise
in
Cornfields
:
Thus
Burgundy
abounds
with
them
,
where
they
stand
in
the
midst
of
goodly
Wheat-lands
,
at
sixty
,
and
an
hundred
foot
distance
;
and
it
is
so
far
from
hurting
the
crop
,
that
they
look
on
them
as
a
great
Preserver
,
by
keeping
the
grounds
warm
;
nor
do
the
roots
hinder
the
Plow
.
When
ever
they
fell
a
Tree
(
which
is
onely
the
the
old
,
and
decayed
)
they
alwayes
plant
a
young
one
near
him
;
and
in
several
places
'twixt
Hanaw
,
and
Francfort
in
Germany
,
no
young
Farmer
whatsoever
is
permitted
to
Marry
a
Wife
,
till
he
bring
proof
that
he
hath
planted
,
and
is
a
Father
of
such
a
stated
number
of
Walnut-trees
,
as
the
Law
is
inviolably
observed
to
this
day
,
for
the
extraordinary
benefit
which
this
Tree
affords
the
Inhabitants
:
And
in
truth
,
were
this
Timber
in
greater
plenty
amongst
us
,
we
should
have
far
better
Vtensils
of
all
sorts
for
our
Houses
,
as
Chairs
,
Stools
,
Bedsteads
,
Tables
,
Wainscot
,
Cabinets
,
&c.
in
stead
of
the
more
vulgar
Beech
,
subject
to
the
worm
,
weak
,
and
unsightly
;
but
which
to
counterfeit
and
deceive
the
unwary
,
they
wash
over
with
a
decoction
made
of
the
Green
husks
of
Walnuts
,
&c.
I
say
,
had
we
store
of
this
material
,
we
should
find
an
incredible
improvement
in
the
more
stable
Furniture
of
our
Houses
,
as
in
the
first
frugal
,
and
better
dayes
of
Rome
,
when
Tables
made
here
at
home
,
those
times
beheld
,
Of
our
own
Wood
,
for
that
same
purpose
fell'd
,
Old
Walnut
blown
down
,
when
the
Wind
set
East
.
Sr.
R.
Stapylton
.
Illa
domi
natas
,
nostraque
ex
arbore
mensas
Tempora
viderunt
:
hos
lignum
stabat
in
usus
,
Annosam
si
fortè
nucem
dejecerat
Enrus
.
Juv.
l.
4.
Sat.
11.
for
if
it
had
been
cut
in
that
season
,
it
would
not
have
prov'd
so
sound
,
as
we
shew
in
our
Chapter
of
Felling
.
It
is
certain
,
that
the
Mensae
nucinae
,
were
once
in
price
even
before
the
Citrin
,
as
Strabo
notes
;
and
nothing
can
be
more
beautiful
,
than
some
Planks
,
and
Works
which
I
have
beheld
of
it
,
especially
that
which
comes
from
Grenoble
,
of
all
other
the
most
beautiful
and
esteemed
.
3.
They
render
most
graceful
Avenues
to
our
Country
dwellings
,
and
do
excellently
neer
Hedge-rows
;
but
had
need
be
planted
at
forty
,
or
fifty
foot
interval
,
for
they
affect
to
spread
both
their
Roots
and
Branches
.
The
Bergstras
(
which
extends
from
Heidelberg
to
Darmstadt
)
is
all
planted
with
Walnuts
;
for
so
by
another
antient
Law
,
the
Bordurers
were
obliged
to
nurse
up
,
and
take
care
of
them
;
and
that
chiefly
,
for
their
ornament
and
shade
;
so
as
a
man
may
ride
for
many
miles
about
that
Countrey
,
under
a
continued
Arbour
,
or
Close-walk
;
The
Traveller
both
refreshed
with
the
Fruit
,
and
the
shade
,
which
some
have
causlesly
defam'd
for
its
ill
effects
on
the
head
,
for
which
the
Fruit
is
a
specifique
and
a
notable
signature
;
although
I
deny
not
,
but
the
sent
of
the
fallen
leaves
,
when
they
begin
to
be
damp'd
with
lying
,
may
emit
somewhat
a
heady
steam
,
which
to
some
has
prov'd
noxious
;
but
not
whilst
they
were
fresh
,
and
lively
upon
the
Trees
.
How
would
such
publick
Plantations
improve
the
Glory
and
Wealth
of
a
Nation
!
but
where
shall
we
find
the
spirits
among
our
Countrymen
?
Yes
,
I
will
adventure
to
instance
in
those
Plantations
of
Sir
Richard
Stidolph
,
upon
the
Downs
neer
Lether-head
in
Surry
;
and
so
about
Cassaulton
,
where
many
thousands
of
these
Trees
do
celebrate
the
industry
of
the
Owners
;
and
will
certainly
reward
it
with
infinite
improvement
,
as
I
am
assur'd
they
do
in
part
already
,
and
that
very
considerably
;
besides
the
Ornament
which
they
afford
to
those
pleasant
tracts
,
for
some
Miles
in
circumference
.
I
remember
Monsieur
Sorbiere
,
in
a
Sceptical
discourse
to
Monsieur
de
Martel
,
speaking
of
the
readinesse
of
the
People
in
Holland
to
furnish
and
maintain
whatsoever
may
conduce
to
the
publick
Ornament
,
as
well
as
convenience
;
tells
us
,
that
their
Plantations
of
these
,
and
the
like
Trees
,
even
in
their
very
Roads
,
and
common
High-wayes
,
are
better
preserv'd
,
and
entertain'd
(
as
I
my self
have
likewise
been
often
an
eye-witness
)
then
those
about
the
Houses
,
and
Gardens
of
pleasure
belonging
to
the
Nobles
and
Gentry
of
most
other
Countries
:
And
in
effect
it
is
a
most
ravishing
object
,
to
behold
their
amenities
in
this
particular
:
With
us
sayes
he
(
speaking
of
France
)
they
make
a
jest
at
such
political
Ordinances
,
by
ruining
these
publick
and
useful
Ornaments
,
if
haply
some
more
prudent
Magistrate
,
do
at
any
time
introduce
them
.
Thus
in
the
Reign
of
Henry
the
fourth
,
during
the
Superintendency
of
Monsieur
de
Sulli
,
there
was
resolution
of
adorning
all
the
High-wayes
of
France
with
Elms
,
&c.
but
the
rude
and
mischievous
Paysans
,
did
so
hack
,
steal
,
and
destroy
what
they
had
begun
,
that
they
were
forced
to
desist
from
the
thorough
prosecution
of
the
design
;
so
as
there
is
nothing
more
expos'd
,
wild
,
and
lesse
pleasant
then
the
Common
Roads
of
France
for
want
of
shade
,
and
the
decent
limits
which
these
sweet
,
and
divertissant
Plantations
would
have
afforded
;
not
to
omit
that
Political
use
,
as
my
Lord
Bacon
hints
it
,
where
he
speaks
of
the
Statues
and
Monuments
of
brave
men
,
and
such
as
had
well
deserv'd
of
the
Publick
,
erected
by
the
Romans
even
in
their
High-wayes
,
since
doubtlesse
,
such
noble
,
and
agreeable
objects
,
would
exceedingly
divert
,
entertain
,
and
take
off
the
Minds
and
Discourses
of
Melancholy
people
,
and
pensive
Travellers
,
who
having
nothing
but
the
dull
and
enclosed
Wayes
to
cast
their
eyes
on
,
are
but
ill
Conversation
to
themselves
,
and
others
,
and
instead
of
Celebrating
,
Censure
their
Superiours
.
It
is
by
a
curious
Person
,
and
industrious
Friend
of
mine
,
observ'd
,
that
the
Sap
of
this
Tree
rises
,
and
descends
with
the
Suns
diurnal
course
(
which
it
visibly
slackens
in
the
Night
)
and
more
plentifully
at
the
Root
on
the
South-side
,
though
those
on
the
North
were
larger
,
and
lesse
distant
from
the
Body
of
the
Tree
;
and
not
onely
distill'd
from
the
ends
,
which
were
next
the
Stem
,
but
from
those
which
were
cut
off
and
separated
;
which
was
never
observed
to
happen
in
the
Birch
,
or
other
Sap-yielding
Trees
.
4.
What
universal
use
the
French
make
of
the
Timber
of
this
sole
Tree
,
for
domestic
affairs
,
may
be
seen
in
every
Room
both
of
Poor
and
Rich:
It
is
of
singular
account
with
the
Joyner
,
for
the
best
grain'd
and
colour'd
Wainscot
,
with
the
Gunsmith
for
Stocks
,
for
Coach
wheels
excellent
,
and
the
Bodies
of
Coaches
,
the
Drum-maker
for
Rimbs
,
the
Cabinet-maker
for
Inlayings
,
especially
the
firm
and
close
Timber
about
the
Roots
,
which
is
admirable
for
fleck'd
and
chambletted
works
,
some
wood
especially
,
as
that
which
we
have
from
Bologne
very
black
of
Colour
,
and
so
admirably
streaked
,
as
to
represent
natural
flowers
,
Landskips
,
and
other
Fancys
:
To
render
this
the
better
coloured
,
Joyners
put
the
boards
into
an
Oven
after
the
batch
is
forth
,
or
lay
them
in
a
warm
Stable
,
and
when
they
work
it
,
polish
it
over
with
its
own
Oyl
very
hot
,
which
makes
it
look
black
and
sleek
,
and
the
older
it
is
the
more
esteemable
;
but
then
it
should
not
be
put
in
work
till
thoroughly
seasoned
,
because
it
will
shrink
beyond
expectation
.
It
is
only
not
good
to
confide
in
it
much
for
beams
,
or
Joysts
,
because
of
its
brittleness
,
of
which
yet
,
it
has
been
observed
to
give
timely
notice
,
by
the
crackling
before
it
breaks
.
Besides
the
uses
of
the
Wood
,
the
fruit
with
husk
and
all
when
tender
and
very
young
,
is
for
preserves
,
for
food
,
and
Oyl
,
of
extraordinary
use
with
the
Painter
,
in
whites
,
and
other
delicate
Colours
,
also
for
Gold-size
,
and
Vernish
;
and
with
this
they
polish
Walking-staves
,
and
other
works
which
are
wrought
in
with
burning
:
For
Food
they
Fry
with
it
in
some
places
,
and
use
it
to
burn
in
Lamps
;
the
younger
Timber
is
held
to
make
the
better
coloured
work
(
and
so
the
Oak
)
but
the
older
more
firm
and
close
,
is
finer
Chambleted
for
Ornament
;
and
the
very
husks
and
leaves
being
macerated
in
warm
Water
,
and
that
Liquor
poured
on
the
Carpet
of
Walks
,
and
Bowling-greens
,
does
infallibly
kill
the
Worms
without
endangering
the
grasse
;
not
to
mention
the
Dye
which
is
made
of
this
Lixive
,
to
Colour
Wooll
,
Woods
,
and
Hair
,
as
of
old
they
us'd
it
.
The
water
of
the
Husks
is
soveraign
against
all
pestilential
infections
,
and
that
of
the
leaves
to
mundifie
,
and
heal
inveterate
Vlcers
.
That
which
is
produc'd
of
the
thick-shell
,
becomes
best
Timber
,
that
of
the
thinner
better
Fruit
,
Columella
has
sundry
excellent
Rules
how
to
ascertain
,
and
accelerate
the
growth
of
this
Tree
,
and
to
improve
its
qualities
,
and
I
am
assur'd
,
that
having
been
Graffed
on
the
Ash
(
though
others
say
no
Insition
improves
it
)
they
thrive
exceedingly
,
become
handsome
Trees
,
and
what
is
most
estimable
,
bears
its
fruit
within
four
years
;
all
which
I
recommend
to
the
farther
Industrious
.
The
green
husk
dry'd
,
or
the
first
peeping
red
Buds
and
leaves
reduc'd
to
powder
,
serves
in
stead
of
Pepper
,
to
condite
meats
and
sauces
.
'T
is
better
to
cudgel
off
the
Fruit
,
than
to
gather
it
by
hand
;
and
in
Italy
they
arm
the
tops
of
long
Poles
with
nails
and
iron
for
the
purpose
,
and
believe
the
beating
improves
the
Tree
:
Those
Nuts
which
come
not
easily
out
of
their
husks
,
should
be
laid
to
mellow
in
heaps
,
and
the
rest
expos'd
in
the
Sun
,
till
the
Shells
dry
,
else
they
will
be
apt
to
perish
the
Kernel
:
Some
again
preserve
them
in
their
own
leaves
,
or
in
a
Chest
made
of
Walnut-tree
wood
;
others
in
Sand
:
Old
Nuts
are
not
wholesome
till
macerated
in
warm
and
almost
boyling
water
;
but
if
you
lay
them
in
a
Leaden
pot
,
and
bury
them
in
the
Earth
,
so
as
no
Vermine
can
attaque
them
,
they
will
keep
mervellously
plump
the
whole
year
about
,
and
may
easily
be
blanched
:
In
Spain
they
use
to
strew
the
gratings
of
old
and
hard
Nuts
(
first
peeld
)
into
their
Tarts
and
other
Meats
.
For
the
Oyl
,
one
Bushel
of
Nuts
will
yield
fifteen
pounds
of
peeld
and
cleer
Kernels
,
and
that
half
as
much
Oyl
,
which
the
sooner
't
is
drawn
,
is
the
more
in
quantity
,
though
the
dryer
the
Nut
the
better
in
quality
;
the
Lees
,
or
Marc
of
the
Pressing
,
is
excellent
to
fatten
Hogs
with
.
After
the
Nuts
are
beaten
down
,
the
leaves
would
be
swep'd
into
heaps
,
and
carried
away
,
because
their
extream
Bitternesse
impairs
the
ground
,
and
as
I
am
assured
,
prejudices
the
Trees
:
The
Green
husks
boyled
,
make
a
good
Colour
to
dye
a
dark
Yellow
,
without
any
mixture
;
and
the
distillation
of
its
leaves
with
Hony
and
Vrine
,
makes
Hair
spring
in
bald-heads
:
Besides
its
use
in
the
Famous
Salernitan
Antidote
;
if
the
Kernel
a
little
masticated
,
be
applied
to
the
biting
of
a
suspected
Mad-dog
,
and
when
it
has
lain
three
hours
,
be
cast
to
Poultrey
,
they
will
dye
if
they
eat
of
it
.
In
Italy
,
when
a
Countrey
man
finds
any
pain
in
his
Side
,
he
drinks
a
Pint
of
the
fresh
Oyl
of
this
Nut
,
and
finds
immediate
ease
:
The
Kernel
being
rub'd
upon
any
crack
or
chink
of
a
Leaking
or
crasy
Vessel
,
stops
it
better
than
either
Clay
,
Pitch
,
or
Wax
:
In
France
they
eat
them
blanch'd
and
fresh
with
Wine
and
Salt
,
having
first
cut
them
out
of
the
shells
before
they
are
hardned
,
with
a
short
broad
brasse-knife
,
because
Iron
rusts
,
and
these
they
call
Cernois
,
from
their
manner
of
scooping
them
out
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
the
Mulberry
.
1.
MOrus
,
the
Mulberry
:
Mulberry
.
It
may
possibly
be
wonder'd
by
some
,
why
we
should
insert
this
Tree
amongst
our
Forest
Inhabitants
;
but
we
shall
soon
reconcile
our
industrious
Planter
,
when
he
comes
to
understand
the
incomparable
benefit
of
it
,
and
that
for
its
Timber
,
durablenesse
,
and
use
for
the
Joyner
and
Carpenter
,
and
to
make
Hoops
,
Bows
,
Wheels
,
and
even
Ribs
for
small
Vessels
in
stead
of
Oak
,
&c.
though
the
Fruit
and
the
leaves
had
not
the
due
value
with
us
,
which
they
diservedly
enjoy
in
other
places
of
the
World
.
2.
But
it
is
not
here
I
would
recommend
our
ordinary
black
fruit
bearers
,
though
that
be
likewise
worth
the
propagation
;
but
that
kind
which
is
call'd
the
White
Mulberry
,
one
of
them
of
a
broad
leaf
,
found
in
Province
,
whose
Seeds
being
procured
from
Paris
,
where
they
have
it
from
Avignion
,
should
be
thus
treated
in
the
Seminary
.
3.
In
Countreys
where
they
cultivate
them
for
the
Silk-worm
,
and
other
uses
,
they
sow
the
perfectly
mature
berrys
of
a
Tree
whose
Leaves
have
not
been
gather'd
;
these
they
shake
down
upon
an
old
Sheet
,
spread
under
the
Tree
,
to
protect
them
from
Gravel
and
Ordure
,
which
will
hinder
you
from
discerning
the
Seed
:
If
they
be
not
ripe
,
lay
them
to
mature
upon
Shelves
,
but
by
no
means
till
they
corrupt
;
to
prevent
which
,
turn
them
daily
;
then
put
them
in
a
fine
Siev
,
and
plunging
it
in
Water
,
bruise
them
with
your
hand
;
do
this
in
several
Waters
,
then
change
them
in
other
clear
Water
,
and
the
Seed
will
sink
to
the
bottom
,
whilst
the
pulp
swims
,
and
must
be
taken
off
carefully
:
This
done
,
lay
them
to
dry
in
the
Sun
upon
a
linnen
Cloth
,
for
which
,
one
hour
is
sufficient
,
then
Van
and
sieft
it
from
the
husks
,
and
reserve
it
till
the
season
.
This
is
the
processe
of
curious
persons
,
but
the
sowing
of
ripe
Mulberries
themselves
is
altogether
as
good
,
and
from
the
excrement
of
Hogs
,
and
even
Dogs
(
that
will
frequently
eat
them
)
they
will
rise
abundantly
:
Note
,
that
in
sowing
the
Berry
't
is
good
to
squash
and
bruise
them
with
fine
siefted
Mould
,
and
if
it
be
rich
,
and
of
the
old
bed
,
so
much
the
better
:
They
would
be
interr'd
,
well
moystned
and
cover'd
with
straw
,
and
then
rarely
water'd
till
they
peep
;
Or
you
may
squeeze
the
ripe
Berrys
in
Ropes
of
Hair
or
Bast
,
and
bury
them
as
is
prescrib'd
for
Hipps
and
Haws
;
the
Earth
in
which
you
sow
them
,
should
be
fine
Mould
,
and
as
rich
as
for
Melons
,
rais'd
a
little
higher
then
the
Area
,
as
they
make
the
Beds
for
ordinary
Pot-herbs
,
to
keep
them
loose
and
warm
,
and
in
such
beds
you
may
sow
Seeds
as
you
do
Purslane
,
mingled
with
some
fine
Earth
,
and
thinly
cover'd
,
and
then
for
a
fortnight
strew'd
over
with
straw
,
to
protect
them
both
from
sudden
heat
,
and
from
birds
:
The
Season
is
April
or
May
,
though
some
forbear
even
till
July
and
August
,
and
in
the
second
quarter
of
the
Moon
,
the
Weather
calm
and
serene
;
at
the
beginning
,
keep
them
moderately
fresh
(
not
over
wet
)
and
clean
weeded
,
secured
from
the
rigor
of
Frosts
;
the
second
year
of
their
growth
about
the
beginning
of
October
,
or
early
Spring
,
draw
them
gently
out
,
prune
the
Roots
,
and
dipping
them
a
little
in
Pond-water
,
transplant
them
in
a
warm
place
or
Nursery
;
't
is
best
ranging
them
in
Drills
,
two
foot
large
,
and
one
in
depth
,
each
rill
three
foot
distance
,
and
each
Plant
two
.
And
if
thus
the
new
Earth
be
somewhat
lower
then
the
Surface
of
the
rest
,
't
will
the
better
receive
the
Rain
:
Being
Planted
,
cut
them
all
within
three
Inches
of
the
ground
.
Water
them
not
in
Winter
,
but
in
extream
necessity
,
and
when
the
weather
is
warm
,
and
then
do
it
in
the
Morning
.
In
this
cold
Season
you
shall
do
well
to
cover
the
ground
with
the
Leaves
of
Trees
,
Straw
,
or
short
Littier
,
to
keep
them
warm
;
and
every
year
you
shall
give
them
three
Dressings
or
half
diggings
;
viz.
in
April
,
June
,
and
in
August
;
this
,
for
the
first
year
,
still
after
Rain
:
The
second
Spring
after
Transplanting
,
purge
them
of
all
superfluous
shoots
and
Scions
,
reserving
only
the
most
towardly
for
the
future
Stem
;
this
to
be
done
yearly
,
as
long
as
they
continue
in
the
Nursery
;
and
if
of
the
principal
Stem
so
left
,
the
frost
mortifie
any
part
,
cut
it
off
,
and
continue
this
government
till
they
are
neer
six
foot
high
,
after
which
suffer
them
to
spread
into
head
by
discreetly
pruning
,
and
fashioning
them
:
But
if
you
plant
where
Cattel
may
endanger
them
,
the
stem
had
need
be
taller
,
for
they
are
extreamly
liquorish
of
the
leaves
.
4.
When
now
they
are
about
five
years
growth
,
you
may
transplant
them
without
cutting
the
Root
(
provided
you
irradicate
them
with
care
)
onely
trimming
the
head
a
little
;
the
Season
is
from
September
to
November
in
the
New
Moon
,
and
if
the
holes
or
pits
you
set
them
in
were
dug
and
prepar'd
some
months
before
,
it
would
much
secure
their
taking
;
some
cast
hornes
,
bones
,
Shells
,
&c.
into
them
the
better
to
loosen
the
earth
about
them
,
which
should
be
rich
,
and
well
refresh'd
all
Summer
.
A
light
,
and
dry
Mould
is
best
,
well
expos'd
to
the
Sun
and
Air
,
which
above
all
things
this
Tree
affects
,
and
hates
watery
low
grounds
:
In
sum
,
they
thrive
best
where
Vines
prosper
most
,
whose
society
they
exceedingly
cherish
;
nor
do
they
lesse
delight
to
be
amongst
Corn
,
no
way
prejudicing
it
with
its
shade
.
The
Distance
for
these
Standards
would
be
twenty
,
or
twenty
four
foot
every
way
,
if
you
would
design
Walks
or
Groves
of
them
;
if
the
environs
of
Fields
,
Banks
of
Rivers
,
High-wayes
,
&c.
twelve
or
fourteen
foot
may
suffice
,
but
the
farther
distant
,
the
better
.
5.
Another
Expedient
to
increase
Mulberries
is
,
by
Layers
from
the
Suckers
at
the
foot
,
this
done
in
Spring
,
leaving
not
above
two
Buds
out
of
the
Earth
,
which
you
must
diligently
water
,
and
the
second
year
they
will
be
rooted
:
They
will
also
take
by
passing
any
branch
or
Arm
slit
,
and
kept
a
little
open
with
a
wedge
,
or
stone
,
through
a
basket
of
Earth
,
which
is
a
very
sure
way
:
Nay
,
the
very
Cuttings
will
strike
in
Spring
,
but
let
them
be
from
Shoots
of
two
years
growth
,
with
some
of
the
old
Wood
,
though
of
seven
or
eight
years
;
these
set
in
Rills
like
Vines
,
having
two
or
three
Buds
at
the
top
,
will
root
infallibly
,
especially
if
you
twist
the
old
Wood
a
little
,
or
at
least
hack
it
,
though
some
slit
the
foot
,
inserting
a
stone
,
or
grain
of
an
Oate
,
to
suckle
and
entertain
the
Plant
with
moysture
.
6.
They
may
also
be
propagated
by
Graffing
them
on
the
black
Mulberry
in
Spring
,
or
inoculated
in
July
,
taking
the
cyons
from
some
old
tree
,
that
has
broad
,
even
,
and
round
leaves
,
which
causes
it
to
produce
very
ample
and
tender
leaves
,
of
great
emolument
to
the
Silk-master
.
7.
Some
experienc'd
Husbandmen
advise
to
poll
our
Mulberries
every
three
or
four
years
,
as
we
do
our
Willows
:
others
not
till
8
years
:
both
erroneously
.
The
best
way
is
yearly
to
prune
them
of
their
dry
and
superfluous
branches
,
and
to
form
their
heads
round
and
natural
.
The
first
year
of
removal
where
they
are
to
abide
,
cut
off
all
the
shoots
to
five
or
six
of
the
most
promising
:
the
next
year
leave
not
above
three
of
these
,
which
dispose
in
triangle
as
near
as
may
be
,
and
then
disturb
them
no
more
,
unless
it
be
to
purge
them
(
as
we
taught
)
of
dead
Scare-wood
,
and
extravagant
parts
,
which
may
impeach
the
rest
;
and
if
afterward
any
prun'd
branch
shoot
above
three
or
four
Cyons
,
reduce
them
to
that
number
.
One
of
the
best
ways
of
Pruning
is
,
what
they
practise
in
Sicily
and
Province
,
to
make
the
head
hollow
and
like
a
bell
,
by
cleansing
them
of
their
inmost
branches
;
and
this
may
be
done
,
either
before
they
bud
,
viz.
in
the
New
Moon
of
March
,
or
when
they
are
full
of
leaves
in
June
or
July
,
if
the
season
prove
any
thing
fresh
.
Here
I
must
not
omit
what
I
read
of
the
Chinese
culture
,
and
which
they
now
also
imitate
in
Virginia
,
where
they
have
found
a
way
to
raise
these
Plants
of
the
Seeds
,
which
they
mow
and
cut
like
a
crop
of
grasse
which
sprout
and
bear
leaves
again
in
a
few
moneths
.
8.
The
Mulberry
is
much
improv'd
by
stirring
the
Mould
at
root
,
and
Lestulion
.
9.
We
have
already
mentioned
some
of
the
Vses
of
this
excellent
tree
,
especially
of
the
white
,
so
called
because
the
fruit
is
of
a
paler
colour
,
which
is
also
of
a
more
luscious
taste
,
and
lesser
than
the
black
;
The
rind
likewise
is
whiter
,
and
the
leaves
of
a
mealy
clear
green
colour
,
and
far
tenderer
,
and
sooner
produc'd
by
at
least
a
fortnight
,
which
is
a
marvellous
advantage
to
the
newly
disclos'd
Silk-worm
;
Also
they
arrive
sooner
to
their
maturity
,
and
the
food
produces
a
finer
web
.
Nor
is
this
tree
less
beautiful
to
the
eye
then
the
fairest
Elm
,
very
proper
for
Walks
and
Avenues
:
The
timber
(
amongst
other
properties
)
will
last
in
the
water
as
well
as
the
most
solid
Oak
,
and
the
bark
makes
good
and
tough
Bast-ropes
.
It
suffers
no
kind
of
Vermin
to
breed
on
it
,
whether
standing
or
fell'd
,
nor
dares
any
Caterpillar
attaque
it
save
the
Silk-worm
only
.
The
Loppings
are
excellent
fuel
:
but
that
for
which
this
tree
is
in
greatest
and
most
worthy
esteem
,
is
for
the
Leaves
,
which
(
besides
the
Silk-worm
)
nourishes
Cows
,
Sheep
,
and
other
cattel
;
especially
young
Porkers
,
being
boil'd
with
a
little
bran
:
and
the
fruit
excellent
to
feed
Poultry
.
In
summe
,
what
ever
eats
of
them
,
will
with
difficulty
be
reduc'd
to
endure
any
thing
else
,
as
long
as
they
can
come
by
them
;
to
say
nothing
of
their
other
soveraign
qualities
,
as
relaxing
of
the
belly
being
eaten
in
the
morning
,
and
curing
Inflammations
and
Ulcers
of
the
mouth
and
throat
,
mix'd
with
Mel
Rosarum
,
in
which
Receipt
they
do
best
,
being
taken
before
they
are
over-ripe
.
10.
To
proceed
with
the
Leaf
(
for
which
they
are
chiefly
cherish'd
)
the
benefit
of
it
is
so
great
,
that
they
are
frequently
let
to
farm
for
vast
summes
;
so
as
some
one
sole
tree
has
yielded
the
proprietor
a
rent
of
twenty
Shillings
per
Annum
,
for
the
Leaves
onely
;
and
six
or
seven
pounds
of
Silk
,
worth
as
many
pounds
Sterling
,
in
five
or
six
weeks
,
to
those
who
keep
the
worms
.
We
know
that
till
after
Italy
had
made
Silk
above
a
thousand
years
,
they
receiv'd
it
not
in
France
;
it
being
hardly
yet
an
hundred
since
they
betook
themselves
to
this
manufacture
in
Province
,
●anguedoc
,
Dauphine
,
Lionnois
,
&c.
and
not
in
Tourain
and
Orleans
till
Hen.
the
fourth's
time
;
but
it
is
incredible
what
a
Revenue
it
amounts
to
in
that
Kingdom
.
About
the
same
time
,
or
a
little
after
,
it
was
that
King
James
did
with
extraordinary
care
recommend
it
to
this
Nation
,
by
a
Book
of
Directions
,
Acts
of
Councel
,
and
all
other
Princely
assistance
.
But
this
did
not
take
no
more
then
that
of
Hen.
the
fourth's
Proposal
about
the
Invirons
of
Paris
,
who
filled
the
High-ways
,
Parks
,
and
Gardens
of
France
with
the
trees
,
beginning
in
his
own
Gardens
for
encouragement
:
Yet
,
I
say
,
this
would
not
be
brought
into
example
,
till
this
present
great
Monarch
,
by
the
indefatigable
diligence
of
Monsieur
Colbert
(
Superintendent
of
His
Majesties
manufactures
)
who
has
so
successfully
reviv'd
it
,
that
't
is
prodigious
to
consider
what
an
happy
progress
they
have
made
in
it
,
to
our
shame
be
it
spoken
;
who
have
no
other
discouragements
from
any
insuperable
difficulty
whatever
,
but
our
sloth
and
want
of
industry
:
since
where
ever
these
trees
will
grow
and
prosper
,
the
Silk-worms
will
do
so
also
;
and
they
were
alike
averse
,
and
from
the
very
same
suggestions
where
now
that
manufacture
flourishes
in
our
neighbour
Countries
.
It
is
demonstrable
,
that
Mulberries
in
four
or
five
years
may
be
made
to
spread
all
over
this
Land
,
and
when
the
indigent
and
young
daughters
in
proud
Families
are
as
willing
to
gain
three
or
four
Shillings
a
day
for
gathering
Silk
,
and
busying
themselves
in
this
sweet
and
easie
imployment
,
as
some
do
to
get
four
pence
a
day
for
hard
work
at
Hemp
,
Flax
,
and
Wool
;
the
reputation
of
Mulberries
would
spread
in
England
and
other
Plantations
.
I
might
say
something
like
this
of
Saffron
,
which
we
yet
too
much
neglect
the
culture
of
;
but
,
which
for
all
this
I
do
not
despair
of
seeing
reassum'd
when
that
good
Genius
returns
.
In
order
to
this
hopeful
Prognostick
we
will
add
a
few
Directions
about
the
gathering
of
their
Leaves
,
to
render
this
chapter
one
of
the
most
accomplish'd
;
for
certainly
one
of
the
most
accomplish'd
and
agreeable
works
in
the
world
.
11.
The
Leaves
of
the
Mulberry
should
be
collected
from
trees
of
seven
or
eight
years
old
;
if
of
such
as
are
very
young
,
it
impairs
their
growth
,
neither
are
they
so
healthful
for
the
worms
,
making
them
hydropical
and
apt
to
burst
:
As
do
also
the
Leaves
of
such
trees
as
be
planted
in
a
too
waterish
or
over-rich
soil
,
or
where
no
Sun
comes
;
and
all
sick
and
yellow
leaves
are
hurtful
.
It
is
better
to
clip
,
and
let
the
leaves
fall
upon
a
subtended
sheet
or
blanket
,
than
to
gather
them
by
hand
;
and
to
gather
them
,
than
to
strip
them
,
which
marrs
and
gauls
the
branches
,
and
bruises
the
leaves
that
should
hardly
be
touched
.
Some
there
are
who
lop
off
the
boughs
,
and
make
it
their
pruning
,
and
it
is
a
tolerable
way
,
so
it
be
discreetly
done
in
the
over-thick
parts
of
the
tree
;
but
these
leaves
gather'd
from
a
separated
branch
will
die
,
and
wither
much
sooner
than
those
which
are
taken
from
the
tree
immediately
,
unless
you
set
the
stem
in
water
.
Leaves
gathered
from
boughs
cut
off
will
shrink
in
three
hours
;
whereas
those
you
take
from
the
living
tree
will
last
as
many
days
;
and
being
thus
a
while
kept
are
better
than
over-fresh
ones
.
It
is
a
Rule
,
Never
to
gather
in
a
rainy
season
,
nor
cut
any
branch
whilst
the
wet
is
upon
it
;
and
therefore
against
such
suspected
times
you
are
to
provide
before
hand
,
and
to
reserve
them
in
some
fresh
but
dry
place
:
the
same
caution
you
must
observe
for
the
dew
,
though
it
do
not
rain
,
for
wet-food
kills
the
worms
.
But
if
this
cannot
be
altogether
prevented
,
put
the
leaves
between
a
pair
of
sheets
well
dried
by
the
fire
,
and
shake
them
up
and
down
'till
the
moisture
be
drunk
up
in
the
Linen
,
and
then
spreading
them
to
the
air
a
little
,
on
another
dry
cloth
,
you
may
feed
with
them
boldly
.
The
top-leaves
and
oldest
would
be
gathered
last
of
all
,
as
being
most
proper
to
repast
the
worms
with
towards
their
last
change
.
The
gatherer
must
be
neat
,
and
have
his
hands
clean
,
and
his
breath
sweet
,
and
not
poison'd
with
Onions
or
Tobacco
,
and
be
careful
not
to
press
the
leaves
by
crouding
them
into
the
Bags
or
Baskets
.
Lastly
,
that
they
gather
onely
(
unless
in
case
of
necessity
)
leaves
from
the
present
,
not
from
the
former
years
sprigs
,
or
old
wood
,
which
are
not
onely
rude
and
harsh
,
but
are
annex'd
to
stubb'd
Stalks
,
which
injure
the
worms
,
and
spoil
the
denudated
branches
.
12.
This
is
what
I
thought
fit
to
premonish
concerning
the
gathering
of
the
Leaves
of
this
tree
for
Silk-worms
,
as
I
newly
find
it
in
Monsieur
Isnard's
Instructions
,
in
that
exact
Discourse
of
his
published
some
three
years
since
,
and
dedicated
to
Monsieur
Colbert
,
who
has
,
it
seems
,
constituted
this
industrious
and
experienc'd
person
,
Surveyor
of
this
Princely
manufacture
about
Paris
;
and
because
the
book
it self
is
rare
,
and
known
of
by
very
few
.
I
have
no
more
to
adde
,
but
this
for
our
encouragement
,
and
to
encounter
the
Objections
which
may
be
suggested
about
the
coldness
and
moisture
of
our
Country
;
That
the
Spring
is
in
Province
no
less
inconstant
than
is
ours
in
England
;
that
the
colds
at
Paris
are
altogether
as
sharp
;
and
that
when
in
May
it
has
continued
raining
for
nine
and
twenty
days
successively
,
Monsieur
Isnard
assures
us
,
he
proceeded
in
his
work
without
the
least
disaster
;
and
in
the
year
1664
he
presented
the
French
King
his
Master
with
a
considerable
quantity
of
better
Silks
,
than
any
Messina
or
Boulonia
could
produce
,
which
he
sold
raw
at
Lions
,
for
a
Pistol
the
pound
;
when
that
of
Avignion
,
Province
,
and
Dauphine
produc'd
little
above
half
that
price
.
But
you
are
to
expect
the
compleat
History
of
the
Silk-worm
from
that
incomparable
Treatise
,
which
the
learned
Malpighius
has
lately
sent
out
of
Italy
,
and
dedicated
to
the
Royal
Society
(
now
ready
to
be
publish'd
)
as
a
specimen
,
and
noble
effect
of
its
universal
correspondence
and
concernments
for
the
improvement
of
useful
knowledge
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
the
Service
.
Service
.
1.
SOrbus
,
the
Service
tree
(
of
which
there
are
four
sorts
)
is
rais'd
of
the
Chequers
or
Berries
,
which
being
ripe
(
that
is
)
rotten
,
about
September
,
may
be
sown
like
Beech-Mast
:
It
is
reported
that
the
Sower
never
sees
the
fruit
of
his
labour
;
either
for
that
it
bears
only
being
very
old
,
or
that
Men
are
commonly
so
,
before
they
think
of
planting
Trees
:
But
this
is
an
egregious
mistake
;
for
these
come
very
soon
to
be
Trees
,
and
being
planted
young
,
thrive
exceedingly
;
I
have
likewise
planted
them
as
big
as
my
arm
successfully
:
The
best
way
is
therefore
to
propagate
them
of
Suckers
or
Sets
;
they
delight
in
reasonable
good
ground
,
rather
inclining
to
cold
,
then
over
hot
;
for
in
places
which
are
too
dry
,
they
never
bear
kindly
.
The
Torminalis
is
the
kind
most
frequent
with
us
;
for
those
of
the
narrower
and
lesse
indented
Leaf
,
is
not
so
common
in
England
as
in
France
,
bearing
a
sort
of
Berry
of
the
Pear
shape
,
and
is
there
call'd
the
Cormier
;
this
Tree
may
be
Graffed
either
with
it self
,
or
on
the
White-thorn
,
and
Quince
.
2.
The
Timber
is
useful
for
the
Joyner
,
for
the
Engraver
of
Woodcuts
,
Bows
,
Pulleys
,
Skrews
,
Mill-Spindles
and
other
,
Goads
to
drive
Oxen
with
,
&c.
Pistol
,
and
Gun-stocks
,
and
for
most
that
the
Wild-Pear-tree
serves
;
and
being
of
a
very
delicate
Grain
,
for
the
Turner
,
and
divers
curiosities
,
and
looks
delicately
,
and
is
almost
everlasting
,
being
rub'd
over
with
Oyl
of
Linseed
,
well
boyl'd
,
and
may
be
made
to
counterfeit
Ebony
,
or
almost
any
Indian
Wood
,
colour'd
according
to
Art
:
Also
it
is
taken
to
Build
with
,
yielding
Beams
of
considerable
substance
:
The
shade
is
beautiful
for
Walks
,
and
the
Fruit
not
unpleasant
,
especially
the
second
kind
,
of
which
with
new
Wine
and
Honey
,
they
make
a
Condilum
of
admirable
effect
to
corroborate
the
Stomach
;
and
the
Fruit
alone
is
good
in
Dysenteria
and
Lasks
.
The
water
distill'd
from
the
Stalks
of
the
Flowers
and
Leaves
on
M.B.
and
twice
Rectified
upon
fresh
matter
,
is
incomparable
for
Consumptive
and
Tabed
Bodies
,
taking
an
Ounce
daily
at
several
times
:
Likewise
it
cures
the
Green-sicknesse
in
Virgins
,
and
is
prevalent
in
all
Fluxes
;
distill'd
warm
into
the
Ears
it
abates
the
pain
:
The
Wood
,
or
Bark
contus'd
and
applied
to
any
green
Wound
,
heals
it
;
and
the
Powder
thereof
drank
in
Oyl
Olive
,
consolidates
inward
Ruptures
:
Lastly
,
the
Salt
of
the
Wood
taken
in
decoction
of
Althaea
to
three
Grains
,
is
an
incomparable
Remedy
to
break
and
expel
Gravel
.
The
Service
gives
the
Husbandman
an
early
presage
of
the
approching
Spring
,
by
extending
his
adorned
Buds
for
a
peculiar
entertainment
,
and
dares
peep
out
in
the
severest
Winters
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
the
Maple
.
1.
Maple
.
THe
Maple
[
Acer
minus
]
(
of
which
Authors
(
see
Salmasius
upon
Solinus
.
c.
33.
)
reckon
very
many
kinds
)
was
of
old
held
in
equal
estimation
almost
with
the
Citron
;
especially
the
Bruseum
,
the
French-Maple
,
and
the
Peacocks-tail
Maple
,
which
is
that
sort
so
elegantly
undulated
,
and
crisped
into
variety
of
curles
.
It
were
a
most
laudable
attempt
,
if
some
would
enquire
out
,
and
try
the
planting
of
such
sorts
as
are
not
Indigenes
amongst
us
;
such
as
is
especially
the
German
Aire
,
and
that
of
Virginia
,
not
yet
cultivated
here
,
but
an
excellent
Tree
:
And
if
this
were
extended
to
other
Timber
and
exotic
Trees
,
likewise
it
would
prove
of
extraordinary
benefit
and
Ornament
to
the
Publick
,
and
were
worthy
even
of
the
Royal
Care
.
They
are
all
produced
of
the
Keys
,
like
the
Ash
;
and
like
to
it
,
affect
a
sound
,
and
a
dry
,
mould
;
growing
both
in
Woods
and
Hedge-rows
,
especially
in
the
latter
;
which
if
rather
hilly
then
low
,
affords
the
fairest
Timber
.
By
shreding
up
the
boughs
to
a
head
,
I
have
caused
it
to
shoot
to
a
wonderful
height
in
a
little
time
;
but
if
you
would
lop
it
for
the
fire
,
let
it
be
done
in
January
.
The
timber
is
far
superiour
to
Beech
for
all
uses
of
the
Turner
,
who
seeks
it
for
Dishes
,
Cups
,
Trays
,
Trenchers
,
&c.
as
the
Joyner
for
Tables
,
Inlayings
,
and
for
the
delicateness
of
the
grain
,
when
the
knurs
and
nodosities
are
rarely
diapred
,
which
does
much
advance
its
price
.
Also
for
the
lightness
(
under
the
name
Ayer
)
imploy'd
often
by
those
who
make
Musical
Instruments
.
But
there
is
a
larger
sort
,
which
we
call
the
Sycomor
.
2.
But
the
description
of
this
lesser
Maple
,
and
the
ancient
value
of
it
,
is
worth
the
citing
.
Acer
operum
elegantiâ
&
subtilitate
Cedro
secundum
;
plura
ejus
genera
:
Album
,
quod
praecipui
candoris
vocatur
Gallicum
:
In
Transpadana
Italia
,
tránsque
Alpes
nascens
.
Alterum
genus
crispo
macularum
discursu
,
qui
cùm
excellentior
fuit
,
à
similitudine
caudae
pavonum
nomen
accepit
.
The
Maple
(
says
Pliny
)
for
the
elegancy
and
fineness
of
the
wood
is
next
to
the
very
Cedar
it self
:
There
are
several
kinds
of
it
,
especially
the
White
,
which
is
wonderfully
beautiful
;
this
is
call'd
the
French
Maple
,
and
grows
on
that
part
of
Italy
,
that
is
on
the
other
side
of
Po
beyond
the
Alpes
:
The
other
has
a
curl'd
grain
,
so
curiously
maculated
,
that
from
a
neer
resemblance
,
it
was
usually
cal'd
the
Peacocks-tayl
,
&c.
He
goes
on
to
commend
that
of
Istria
,
and
that
growing
on
the
Mountains
for
the
best
:
But
in
the
next
chapter
;
Pulcherrimum
vero
est
Bruscum
,
multóque
excellentius
,
etiamnum
Mollusculum
tuber
utrumque
arboris
ejus
Bruscum
intortiùs
crispum
,
Mollusculum
simplicius
sparsum
;
Et
si
magnitudinem
mensarum
caperet
,
haud
dubiè
praeferretur
Cedro
,
nunc
intrà
pugillares
,
lectorúmque
silicios
aut
laminas
,
&c.
è
Brusco
fiunt
mensae
nigrescentes
,
&c.
Plin.
l.
16.
c.
15
,
16.
The
Bruscum
,
or
Knur
is
wonderfully
fair
,
but
the
Molluscum
is
counted
most
precious
;
both
of
them
Knobs
and
swellings
out
of
the
Tree
.
The
Bruscum
is
more
intricately
crisp'd
;
the
Molluscum
not
so
much
;
and
had
we
Trees
large
enough
to
saw
into
Planks
for
Tables
,
't
would
be
preferr'd
before
Cedar
(
or
Citron
,
for
so
some
Copies
read
it
)
but
now
they
use
it
onely
for
small
Table-books
,
and
with
its
thin
boards
to
Wainscot
Bed-Testers
with
,
&c.
The
Bruscum
is
of
a
blackish
kind
,
with
which
they
make
Tables
.
Thus
far
Pliny
.
And
such
spotted
Tables
were
the
famous
Tigrin
,
and
Pantherine
Curiosities
of
,
not
so
call'd
from
being
supported
with
figures
carved
like
those
Beasts
,
as
some
conceive
,
and
was
in
use
even
in
our
Grandfathers
dayes
,
but
from
its
natural
Spots
and
maculations
;
such
a
Table
was
that
of
Cicero's
,
which
cost
him
10000.
Sesterces
;
that
of
King
Juba
,
sold
for
15000.
and
another
which
I
read
of
,
valu'd
at
140000
H.S.
which
at
about
3
d.
sterling
,
arives
to
a
pretty
Summ
;
and
yet
that
of
the
Mauritanian
Ptolomie
,
was
far
richer
,
containing
four
Foot
and
an
half
diameter
,
three
Inches
thick
,
which
is
reported
to
have
been
sold
for
its
weight
in
Gold
:
Of
that
value
they
were
,
and
so
madly
luxurious
the
age
,
that
when
they
at
any
time
reproach'd
their
Wives
for
their
wanton
Expensivenesse
in
Pearl
and
other
rich
trifles
,
they
were
wont
to
retort
,
and
turn
the
Tables
upon
their
Husbands
.
The
Knot
of
the
Timber
was
the
most
esteem'd
,
and
is
said
to
be
much
resembled
by
the
Female
Cypress
;
we
have
now
,
I
am
almost
perswaded
,
as
beautiful
Planks
of
some
Wallnut-trees
,
neer
the
Root
;
and
of
Eugh
,
Ivy
,
Rose-wood
,
and
Olive
,
I
have
seen
incomparable
pieces
;
but
the
great
Art
was
in
the
Seasoning
,
and
Politure
,
for
which
last
,
the
rubbing
with
a
Mans
hand
who
came
warm
out
of
the
Bath
,
was
accounted
better
then
any
Cloth
,
as
Pliny
reports
.
Some
there
be
who
contend
,
this
Citern
was
a
part
neer
the
Root
of
the
Cedar
,
which
,
as
they
describe
that
,
is
very
Oriental
and
Oderiferous
,
but
most
of
the
Learned
favour
the
Citern
,
and
that
it
grew
not
far
from
our
Tangier
,
about
the
foot
of
Mount
Atlas
,
when
haply
some
industrious
Person
might
procure
of
it
from
the
Moors
;
and
I
have
not
forgotten
to
put
his
Excellency
my
Lord
H.
Howard
in
mind
of
it
,
who
will
have
all
the
opportunities
of
satisfying
our
Curiosity
,
that
by
comparing
it
with
those
elegant
Woods
,
both
our
own
Countreys
,
and
the
Indies
furnish
,
we
might
pronounce
something
in
the
Controversie
.
Here
I
think
good
to
add
what
honest
Palissy
Philosophises
after
his
plain
manner
,
about
the
reason
of
those
pretty
undulations
and
chamfers
,
which
we
so
frequently
find
in
diverse
Woods
;
which
he
takes
to
be
the
descent
as
well
as
ascent
of
Moisture
:
For
what
else
(
sayes
he
)
becomes
of
that
water
which
we
often
encounter
in
the
Cavities
,
when
many
branches
divaricate
and
spread
themselves
at
the
tops
of
great
Trees
(
especially
Pollards
)
unlesse
(
according
to
its
natural
appetite
)
it
sink
into
the
very
Body
of
the
Stem
through
the
Pores
?
For
example
,
in
the
Wall-nut
,
you
shall
find
,
when
't
is
old
,
that
the
Wood
is
admirably
figur'd
,
and
as
it
were
marbl'd
,
and
therefore
much
more
esteemed
by
the
Joyners
,
Cabinet-makers
,
&c.
then
the
Young
,
which
is
paler
of
Colour
,
and
without
any
notable
Grain
,
as
they
call
it
.
For
the
Rain
distilling
along
the
Branches
,
when
many
of
them
break
out
into
clusters
from
the
stem
,
sinks
in
,
and
is
the
Cause
of
these
marks
;
since
we
find
it
exceedingly
full
of
pores
:
Do
but
Plane
off
a
thin
chip
,
or
sliver
from
one
of
these
old
Trees
,
and
interposing
it
'twixt
your
Eye
and
the
Light
,
you
shall
observe
it
to
be
full
of
innumerable
holes
(
much
more
perspicuous
and
ample
,
by
the
application
of
a
good
Microscope
)
But
above
all
,
notable
for
these
extravagant
Damaskings
and
Characters
,
is
the
Maple
;
and
't
is
notorious
,
that
this
Tree
is
very
full
of
Branches
from
the
Root
to
its
very
Summit
,
by
reason
that
it
produces
no
considerable
Fruit
:
These
Arms
being
frequently
cut
,
the
Head
is
more
surcharged
with
them
,
which
spreading
like
so
many
Raies
from
a
Center
,
form
that
hollownesse
at
the
top
of
the
Stem
whence
they
shoot
,
capable
of
containing
a
good
quantity
of
Water
every
time
it
Raines
:
This
sinking
into
the
pores
,
as
was
before
hinted
,
is
compell'd
to
divert
its
course
as
it
passes
through
the
Body
of
the
Tree
,
where-ever
it
encounters
the
knot
of
any
of
those
Branches
which
were
cut
off
from
the
stem
;
because
their
Roots
not
onely
deeply
penetrate
towards
the
heart
,
but
are
likewise
of
themselves
very
hard
and
impervious
;
and
the
frequent
obliquity
of
this
Course
of
the
subsiding
moisture
by
reason
of
these
obstructions
,
is
,
as
may
be
conceived
,
the
cause
of
those
curious
works
,
which
we
find
remarkable
in
this
,
and
other
woods
,
whose
Branches
grow
thick
from
the
Stem
.
We
have
shewed
how
by
Culture
and
stripping
up
,
it
arrives
to
a
goodly
Tree
;
and
surely
,
there
were
some
of
them
of
large
bulk
,
and
noble
Shades
,
that
Virgil
should
choose
it
for
the
Court
of
his
Evander
,
one
of
his
Worthiest
Princes
in
his
best
of
Poems
sitting
in
his
Maple-Throne
;
and
when
he
brings
Aeneas
into
the
Royal
Cottage
,
he
makes
him
this
memorable
Complement
;
Greater
,
sayes
great
Cowley
,
than
ever
was
yet
spoken
at
the
Escurial
,
the
Louvre
,
or
Whitehall
.
This
humble
Roof
,
this
Rustique
Court
,
said
he
,
Receiv'd
Alcides
crown'd
with
Victorie
:
Scorn
not
(
great
Guest
)
the
steps
where
he
has
trod
,
But
contemn
Wealth
,
and
imitate
a
God
.
—
Haec
(
inquit
)
limina
Victor
Alcides
—
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
the
Sycomor
.
Sycomor
.
1.
THE
Sycomor
,
falsely
so
called
,
is
,
our
Acer
majus
,
one
of
the
Maples
,
and
is
much
more
in
reputation
for
its
shade
than
it
deserves
;
for
the
leaves
which
fall
early
(
like
those
of
the
Ash
)
turn
to
Mucilage
,
and
putrefie
with
the
first
moisture
of
the
season
;
so
as
they
contaminate
and
mar
our
Walks
,
and
are
therefore
by
my
consent
to
be
banish'd
from
all
curious
Gardens
and
Avenues
.
2.
There
is
in
Germany
a
better
sort
of
Sycomor
then
ours
,
wherewith
they
make
Saddle
trees
,
and
divers
other
things
of
use
;
our
own
is
excellent
for
Trenchers
,
Cart
,
and
Plow-timber
,
being
light
,
tough
,
and
not
much
inferiour
to
Ash
it self
;
and
if
the
trees
be
very
tall
and
handsome
,
are
the
more
tolerable
for
distant
Walks
,
especially
where
other
better
trees
prosper
not
so
well
,
or
where
a
sudden
shade
is
expected
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
the
Horn-beam
.
1.
OStrys
the
Horn-beam
,
in
Latine
ignorantly
the
Carpinus
,
Horn-beam
.
is
planted
of
Sets
;
though
it
may
likewise
be
raised
from
the
Seeds
,
which
being
mature
in
August
,
should
be
sown
in
October
;
but
the
more
expeditious
way
is
by
Sets
,
of
about
an
inch
diametre
,
and
cut
within
half
a
foot
of
the
earth
:
thus
it
will
advance
to
a
considerable
Tree
.
The
places
it
chiefly
desires
to
grow
in
are
in
cold
hills
,
and
in
the
barren
and
most
expos'd
parts
of
woods
.
2.
Amongst
other
uses
which
it
serves
for
,
as
Mill-cogs
,
&c.
(
for
which
it
excells
either
Yew
or
Crab
)
Yoak-timber
(
whence
of
old
't
was
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
Heads
of
Beetles
,
Stocks
and
Handles
of
Tools
;
It
is
likewise
for
the
Turners
use
excellent
:
Good
Fire-wood
,
where
it
burns
like
a
candle
,
and
was
of
old
so
employ'd
;
Carpinus
taedas
fissa
facésque
dabit
.
(
For
all
which
purposes
its
extreme
toughness
and
whiteness
commends
it
to
the
Husbandman
.
)
Being
planted
in
small
Fosses
or
Trenches
,
at
half
a
foot
intervall
,
and
in
the
single
row
it
makes
the
noblest
,
and
the
stateliest
Hedges
for
long
Walks
in
Gardens
,
or
Parks
,
of
any
Tree
whatsoever
whose
leaves
are
deciduos
,
and
forsake
their
Branches
in
Winter
;
because
it
grows
tall
,
and
so
sturdy
,
as
not
to
be
wronged
by
the
Winds
:
Besides
,
it
will
furnish
to
the
very
foot
of
the
Stem
,
and
flourishes
with
a
glossie
and
polish'd
verdure
which
is
exceeding
delightful
,
of
long
continuance
,
and
of
all
other
the
harder
Woods
,
the
speediest
Grower
;
maintaining
a
slender
,
upright
-
stem
,
which
does
not
come
to
be
bare
and
sticky
in
many
years
.
That
admirable
Espalier-hedge
in
the
long
middle-walk
of
Luxembourg
Garden
at
Paris
(
than
which
there
is
nothing
more
graceful
)
is
planted
of
this
Tree
;
and
so
is
that
Cradle
,
or
Close
walk
,
with
that
perplext
Canopy
,
which
covers
the
seat
in
his
Majesties
Garden
at
Hampton-Court
.
These
Hedges
are
tonsile
;
but
where
they
are
maintain'd
to
fifteen
,
or
twenty
foot
height
(
which
is
very
frequent
in
the
places
before
mention'd
)
they
are
to
be
cut
,
and
kept
in
order
with
a
Sythe
of
four
foot
long
,
and
very
little
falcated
;
this
is
fix'd
on
a
long
sneed
or
streight
handle
,
and
does
wonderfully
expedite
the
trimming
of
these
,
and
the
like
Hedges
.
3.
They
very
frequently
plant
a
Clump
of
these
Trees
before
the
Entries
of
most
of
the
great
Towns
in
Germany
,
to
which
they
apply
Timber-Frames
for
convenience
,
and
the
People
to
sit
and
solace
in
.
Scamozzi
the
Architect
,
sayes
,
that
in
his
time
he
found
one
whose
Branches
extended
seventy
foot
in
breadth
:
This
was
at
Vuimfen
neer
the
Necker
,
belonging
to
the
Duke
of
Witemberg
:
But
that
which
I
find
planted
before
the
Gates
of
Strasburgh
,
is
a
Platanus
and
a
Lime
tree
growing
hard
by
one
another
,
in
which
is
erected
a
Pergolo
eight
foot
from
the
ground
,
of
fifty
foot
wide
,
having
ten
Arches
of
twelve
foot
height
,
all
shaded
with
their
folige
;
and
there
is
besides
this
,
an
Over-grown
Oak
,
which
has
an
Arbour
in
it
of
60
foot
diameter
:
hear
we
Rapinus
describe
the
use
of
our
Horn-beam
for
these
and
other
Elegancies
.
In
Walkes
the
Horn-beam
stands
,
or
in
a
Maze
Through
thousand
self-entangling
Labyrinths
strays
:
So
clasp
the
Branches
lopp'd
on
either
side
,
As
though
an
Alley
did
two
Walls
divide
:
This
Beauty
found
,
Order
did
next
adorne
The
Boughs
into
a
thousand
figures
shorne
,
Which
pleasing
Objects
wearinesse
betray'd
,
Your
feet
into
a
Wildernesse
convey'd
.
Nor
better
Leaf
on
twining
Arbor
spread
,
Against
the
scorching
Sun
to
shield
your
head
.
In
tractus
longos
facilis
tibi
Carpinus
ibit
,
Mille
per
errores
,
indeprehensosque
recessus
,
Et
molles
tendens
secto
seu
pariete
ramos
,
Praebebit
viridem
diverso
e
margine
scenam
.
Primus
honos
illi
quondam
,
post
aditus
ord●
est
,
Attonsaeque
coma
,
&
formis
quaesita
voluptas
Innumeris
,
fartoque
viae
,
obliquoque
recessu
:
In
tractus
acta
est
longos
&
opaca
vireta
.
Quinetiam
egregiae
tendens
umbracula
frondis
Temperat
ardentes
ramis
ingentibus
aestus
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
the
Lime-Tree
.
Lime-Tree
.
TIlia
the
Lime-Tree
,
or
[
Linden
]
is
of
two
kinds
;
the
Male
(
which
some
allow
to
be
but
a
finer
sort
of
Elm
)
is
harder
,
fuller
of
knots
,
and
of
a
redder
colour
;
but
producing
neither
Flower
,
nor
Seed
,
as
does
the
Female
,
whose
Blossom
is
very
odoriferous
,
perfuming
the
Air
:
The
Wood
is
likewise
thicker
,
of
small
pith
,
and
not
obnoxious
to
the
Worm
,
so
as
it
seems
Theophrastus
,
de
Pl.
l.
3.
c.
10.
said
true
,
that
though
they
were
of
both
Sexes
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
&c.
yet
they
totally
differ'd
as
to
their
form
.
We
send
commonly
for
this
Tree
into
Flanders
and
Holland
,
to
our
excessive
cost
,
whiles
our
own
Woods
do
in
some
places
spontaneously
produce
them
,
and
though
of
somewhat
a
smaller
leaf
,
yet
altogether
as
good
,
apt
to
be
civiliz'd
,
and
made
more
florid
.
From
thence
I
have
received
many
of
their
Berries
;
so
as
it
is
a
shameful
negligence
,
that
we
are
no
better
provided
of
Nurseries
,
of
a
Tree
so
choice
,
and
universally
acceptable
.
For
so
they
may
be
rais'd
either
of
the
Seeds
in
October
,
or
(
with
better
successe
)
by
the
Suckers
,
and
Plants
,
after
the
same
method
,
and
in
as
great
abundance
as
the
Elm
,
like
to
which
it
should
be
cultivated
.
But
not
onely
by
the
Suckers
,
at
the
Roots
,
but
even
by
Branches
lop'd
from
the
head
,
may
this
Tree
be
propagated
;
and
peeling
off
a
little
of
the
Bark
,
at
a
competent
distance
from
the
Stem
or
Arms
,
and
covering
it
with
Lome
mingled
with
rich
Earth
,
they
will
shoot
their
fibers
,
and
may
be
seasonably
separated
:
But
to
facilitate
this
and
the
like
attempts
,
it
is
advisable
to
apply
a
ligature
above
the
place
,
when
the
Sap
is
ascending
,
or
beneath
it
,
when
it
descends
.
2.
The
Lime-tree
affects
a
rich
feeding
Soil
;
in
such
Ground
their
growth
will
be
almost
incredible
for
speed
and
spreading
.
They
may
be
Planted
as
big
as
ones
Leg
;
their
Heads
topp'd
at
about
six
foot
bole
;
thus
it
will
become
(
of
all
other
)
the
most
proper
and
beautiful
for
Walks
,
as
producing
an
upright
Body
,
smooth
and
even
Bark
,
ample
Leaf
,
sweet
Blossom
,
and
a
goodly
Shade
at
distance
of
eighteen
or
twenty
foot
.
3.
The
Prince
Elector
did
lately
remove
very
great
Lime-trees
out
of
one
of
his
Forests
,
to
a
steep
Hill
exceedingly
expos'd
to
the
heat
of
the
Sun
at
Hidelbourg
;
and
that
in
the
midst
of
Summer
:
They
grow
behind
that
strong
Tower
on
the
South-west
,
and
most
torrid
part
of
the
eminence
;
being
of
a
dry
reddish
barren
Earth
;
yet
do
they
prosper
rarely
well
:
But
the
Heads
were
cut
off
,
and
the
Pits
into
which
they
were
transplanted
,
were
(
by
the
industry
and
direction
of
Monsieur
de
Son
,
a
Frenchman
,
that
admirable
Mechanicean
,
who
himself
related
it
to
me
)
fill'd
with
a
composition
of
Earth
and
Cow-dung
,
which
was
exceedingly
beaten
,
and
so
diluted
with
Water
,
as
it
became
almost
a
liquid
pap
:
It
was
in
this
that
he
plunged
the
Roots
,
covering
the
surface
with
the
Turf
:
A
singular
example
of
removing
so
great
Trees
at
such
a
season
,
and
therefore
by
me
taken
notice
of
here
expresly
.
4.
The
Timber
of
a
well-grown
Lime
is
convenient
for
any
use
that
the
Willow
is
;
but
much
to
be
preferr'd
,
as
being
both
stronger
,
and
yet
lighter
;
whence
Virgil
calls
them
tilias
leves
;
and
therefore
fit
for
Yokes
,
and
to
be
turn'd
into
Boxes
for
the
Apothecaries
;
and
Columella
commends
Arculas
tiliaceas
.
And
because
of
its
Colour
and
easie
working
,
Architects
make
with
it
Modells
for
their
designed
Buildings
;
and
small
Statues
,
and
little
curious
Figures
have
been
Carved
of
this
wood
.
With
the
twigs
they
made
Baskets
,
and
Cradles
,
and
of
the
smoother
side
of
the
Bark
,
Tablets
for
Writing
;
for
the
antient
Philyra
is
but
our
Tilia
.
Bellonius
sayes
,
that
the
Grecians
made
Bottles
of
it
,
which
they
finely
Rozin'd
within
side
,
also
Lattices
for
Windows
.
The
Gravers
in
Wood
do
sometimes
make
use
of
this
fine
material
;
and
even
the
coursest
membrane
,
or
slivers
of
the
Tree
growing
'twixt
the
Bark
and
the
main
Body
,
they
now
twist
into
Bass-ropes
;
Besides
the
Truncheons
make
a
far
better
Coal
for
Gun-powder
than
that
of
Alder
it self
:
And
the
extraordinary
candor
and
lightnesse
,
has
dignifi'd
it
above
all
the
Woods
of
our
Forest
,
in
the
hands
of
the
Right
Honourable
the
White-stave
Officers
of
His
Majesties
Imperial
Court
.
Those
royal
Plantations
of
these
Trees
in
the
Parks
of
Hampton
Court
,
and
St.
James's
,
will
sufficiently
instruct
any
man
how
these
(
and
indeed
all
other
Trees
which
stand
single
)
are
to
be
govern'd
,
and
defended
from
the
injuries
of
Beasts
,
and
sometimes
more
unreasonable
Creatures
,
till
they
are
able
to
protect
themselves
.
In
Holland
(
where
the
very
High
wayes
are
adorn'd
with
them
)
they
frequently
clap
three
,
or
four
Deal-boards
(
in
manner
of
a
close
trunk
)
about
them
;
but
it
is
not
so
well
;
because
it
keeps
out
the
Air
,
which
should
have
free
accesse
,
and
intercourse
to
the
bole
,
and
by
no
means
be
excluded
from
flowing
freely
about
them
,
or
indeed
any
other
Trees
;
provided
they
are
secur'd
from
the
violence
of
impetuous
winds
,
&c.
as
his
Majesties
are
,
without
those
close
Coffins
,
in
which
the
Dutch-men
seem
rather
to
bury
them
alive
:
In
the
mean
time
,
is
there
a
more
ravishing
,
or
delightful
object
then
to
behold
some
intire
streets
,
and
whole
Towns
planted
with
these
Trees
,
in
even
lines
before
their
doors
,
so
as
they
seem
like
Cities
in
a
Wood
?
this
is
extreamly
fresh
,
of
admirable
effect
against
the
Epilepsie
,
for
which
the
delicately
sented
blossoms
are
held
prevalent
;
and
skreens
the
Houses
both
from
Winds
,
Sun
,
and
Dust
;
then
which
there
can
be
nothing
more
desirable
where
Streets
are
much
frequented
.
The
stately
Lime
,
smooth
,
gentle
,
streight
,
and
fair
,
(
With
which
no
other
Dryad
may
compare
)
With
verdant
locks
,
and
fragrant
Blossoms
deckt
,
Does
a
large
,
ev'n
,
odorate
Shade
project
.
Stat
Philyra
;
haud
omnes
formos●or
altera
surgit
Inter
Hamadryades
;
mollissima
,
candida
,
lavis
,
Et
viridante
comâ
,
&
beneolenti
flore
superba
,
Spargit
odoratam
latè
,
atque
aequaliter
umbram
.
Coulei
l.
6.
Pl.
The
distance
for
Walks
may
in
rich
ground
be
eighteen
foot
,
in
more
ordinary
Soil
,
fifteen
,
or
sixteen
.
CHAP.
XV.
Of
the
Quick-Beam
.
Quick-beam
.
1.
THe
Quick-beam
[
Ornus
,
or
as
the
Pinax
more
peculiarly
,
Fraxinus
bubula
,
others
,
the
Wild
Sorb
]
or
(
as
some
term
it
)
the
Witchen
,
is
a
species
of
wild-Ash
.
The
berries
which
it
produces
in
October
,
may
then
be
sown
;
or
rather
the
Sets
planted
:
It
rises
to
a
reasonable
stature
,
shoots
upright
,
and
slender
;
and
consists
of
a
fine
smooth
bark
.
It
delights
to
be
both
in
Mountains
and
Woods
,
and
to
fix
it self
in
good
light
ground
;
Virgil
affirms
,
't
will
unite
with
the
Peare
.
2.
Besides
the
use
of
it
for
the
Husbandmans
Tools
,
the
Wheel-wright
commends
it
for
being
all
heart
;
and
our
Fletchers
for
Bowes
next
to
Eugh
,
which
we
ought
not
to
passe
over
,
for
the
glory
of
right
English
Ancestors
:
In
a
Statute
of
Hen.
8.
you
have
it
mention'd
:
It
is
excellent
Fuel
;
but
I
have
not
yet
observed
any
other
use
,
save
that
the
Blossoms
are
of
an
agreeable
scent
,
and
the
Berries
such
a
tempting
Bait
for
the
Thrushes
,
that
as
long
as
they
last
,
you
shall
be
sure
of
their
Company
.
Some
highly
commend
the
Juice
of
the
berries
,
which
(
fermenting
of
it self
)
if
well
preserv'd
,
makes
an
excellent
Drink
,
against
the
Spleen
and
Scorbut
:
Ale
and
Beer
Brew'd
with
these
Berries
,
being
ripe
,
is
an
incomparable
Drink
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
the
Birch
.
1.
THe
Birch
[
Betula
]
is
altogether
produc'd
of
Suckers
,
Birch
.
(
though
it
sheds
a
kind
of
Samera
about
the
Spring
)
which
being
planted
at
four
or
five
foot
interval
,
in
small
Twigs
,
will
suddenly
rise
to
Trees
;
provided
they
affect
the
ground
,
which
cannot
well
be
too
Barren
;
for
it
will
thrive
both
in
the
dry
,
and
the
Wet
,
Sand
,
and
Stony
,
Marshes
,
and
Bogs
;
the
Water-galls
,
and
uliginous
parts
of
Forests
that
hardly
bear
any
Grasse
,
do
many
times
spontaneously
produce
it
in
abundance
,
whether
the
place
be
high
,
or
low
,
and
nothing
comes
amisse
to
it
.
Plant
the
small
Twigs
,
or
Suckers
having
Roots
,
and
after
the
first
year
,
cut
them
within
an
inch
of
the
surface
;
this
will
cause
them
to
sprout
in
strong
and
lusty
tufts
,
fit
for
Coppse
,
and
Spring-woods
;
or
,
by
reducing
them
to
one
stem
,
render
them
in
a
very
few
years
fit
for
the
Turner
.
For
2.
Though
Birch
be
of
all
other
the
worst
of
Timber
,
yet
has
it
its
various
uses
,
as
for
the
Husbandmans
Ox-yokes
;
also
for
Hoops
,
Paniers
,
Brooms
,
Wands
,
bavin
bands
,
and
Wythes
for
Fagots
;
and
claims
a
memory
for
Arrows
,
bolts
,
Shafts
,
our
old
English
Artillery
;
also
for
Dishes
,
Boules
,
Ladles
,
and
other
domestic
Utensils
,
in
the
good
old
dayes
of
more
simplicity
,
yet
of
better
and
truer
Hospitality
:
Also
for
Fuel
,
great
and
small-Coal
,
which
last
is
made
by
charring
the
slenderest
brush
,
and
summities
of
the
twigs
;
as
of
the
Tops
and
loppings
M.
Howards
new
Tanne
.
The
inner
silken-bark
was
antiently
us'd
for
Writing-Tables
,
even
before
the
Invention
of
Paper
;
and
of
the
out-ward
thicker
,
and
courser
part
,
are
divers
Houses
in
Russia
,
and
those
poor
Northern
Tracts
cover'd
,
in
stead
of
Slates
,
and
Tyle
:
'T
is
affirm'd
by
Cardan
,
that
some
Birch-roots
are
so
very
extravagantly
rein'd
,
as
to
represent
the
Shapes
and
Images
of
Beasts
,
Birds
,
Trees
,
and
many
other
pretty
resemblances
.
Lastly
,
of
the
whitest
part
of
the
old
Wood
,
found
commonly
in
doating
Birches
,
is
made
the
grounds
of
our
Gallants
sweet-Powder
;
and
of
the
quite
consum'd
and
rotten
,
such
as
we
find
reduc'd
to
a
kind
of
reddish
Earth
in
superexannuated
hollow-trees
,
is
gotten
the
best
Mould
for
the
raising
of
divers
Seedlings
of
the
rarest
Plants
and
Flowers
;
to
say
nothing
here
of
the
Magisterial
Fasces
,
for
which
antiently
the
Gudgels
were
us'd
by
the
Lictor
;
as
now
the
gentler
Rods
by
our
tyrannical
Paedagogues
.
3.
I
should
here
add
the
uses
of
the
Water
too
,
had
I
full
permission
to
tamper
with
all
the
Medicinal
virtues
of
Trees
:
But
if
the
sovereign
effects
of
the
Juice
of
this
despicable
Tree
supply
its
other
defects
(
which
makes
some
judge
it
unworthy
to
be
brought
into
the
Catalogue
of
Woods
to
be
propagated
)
I
may
for
once
be
permitted
to
play
the
Empiric
,
and
to
gratifie
our
laborious
Woodman
with
a
Draught
of
his
own
Liquor
:
And
the
rather
,
because
these
kind
of
Secrets
are
not
yet
sufficiently
cultivated
;
and
ingenious
Planters
would
by
all
means
be
encourag'd
to
make
more
trials
of
this
nature
,
as
the
Indians
,
and
other
Nations
have
done
on
their
Palmes
,
and
Trees
of
several
kinds
,
to
their
great
emolument
.
The
Mystery
is
no
more
than
this
:
About
the
beginning
of
March
(
when
the
Buds
begin
to
be
proud
and
turgid
)
with
a
Chizel
and
a
Mallet
,
cut
a
slit
almost
as
deep
as
the
very
Pith
,
under
some
bough
,
or
branch
of
a
well
spreading
Birch
;
cut
it
oblique
,
and
not
long-wayes
(
as
a
good
Chirurgion
would
make
his
orifice
in
a
Vein
)
inserting
a
small
stone
or
chip
,
to
keep
the
Lips
of
the
wound
a
little
open
:
Sir
Hugh
Plat
,
giving
a
general
Rule
for
the
gathering
of
Sap
,
and
Tapping
of
Trees
,
would
have
it
done
within
one
foot
of
the
ground
,
the
first
rind
taken
off
,
and
then
the
white
Bark
slit
overthwart
,
no
farther
then
to
the
Body
of
the
Tree
:
Moreover
,
that
this
wound
be
made
onely
in
that
part
of
the
bark
which
respects
the
South
west
,
or
between
those
quarters
;
because
(
says
he
)
little
,
or
no
Sap
riseth
from
the
Northern
.
In
this
slit
,
by
the
help
of
your
knife
to
open
it
,
he
directs
that
a
leaf
of
the
Tree
be
inserted
,
first
fitted
to
the
dimensions
of
the
slit
,
from
which
the
Sap
will
distil
in
manner
of
filtration
:
Take
away
the
leaf
,
and
the
bark
will
close
again
,
a
little
Earth
being
clapped
to
the
slit
:
Thus
the
Knight
for
any
Tree
:
But
we
have
already
shew'd
how
the
Birch
is
to
be
treated
:
Fasten
therefore
a
Bottle
,
or
some
such
convenient
Vessel
appendant
:
This
does
the
effect
as
well
as
perforation
or
tapping
:
Out
of
this
aperture
will
extil
a
limpid
and
clear
Water
,
retaining
an
obscure
smack
both
of
the
tast
and
odor
of
the
Tree
;
and
which
(
as
I
am
credibly
inform'd
)
will
in
the
space
of
twelve
,
or
fourteen
dayes
preponderate
,
and
out-weigh
the
whole
Tree
it self
,
Body
,
and
Roots
;
which
if
it
be
constant
,
and
so
happen
likewise
in
other
trees
,
is
not
onely
stupendious
,
but
an
experiment
worthy
the
Consideration
of
our
profoundest
Philosophers
:
an
ex
sola
aqua
fiunt
Arbores
?
whether
Water
only
be
the
Principle
of
Vegetables
,
and
consequently
of
trees
:
For
evident
it
is
,
that
we
know
of
no
tree
which
does
more
copiously
attract
,
be
it
that
so
much
celebrated
Spirit
of
the
World
(
as
they
call
it
)
in
Form
of
Water
(
as
some
)
or
a
certain
specifique
liquor
richly
impregnated
with
this
Balsamical
property
:
That
there
is
such
a
Magnes
in
this
simple
tree
as
does
manifestly
draw
to
it self
some
occult
and
wonderful
virtue
,
is
notorious
;
nor
is
it
conceivable
,
indeed
,
the
difference
between
the
efficacy
of
that
Liquor
which
distills
from
the
bole
,
or
parts
of
the
tree
neerer
to
the
Root
(
where
Sir
Hugh
would
celebrate
the
Incision
)
and
that
which
weeps
out
from
the
more
sublime
Branches
,
more
impregnated
with
this
Astral
Vertue
,
as
not
so
near
the
Root
,
which
seems
to
attract
rather
a
cruder
and
more
common
water
,
through
fewer
strainers
,
and
neither
so
pure
and
Aërial
as
in
those
refined
percolations
,
the
nature
of
the
places
where
these
trees
delight
to
grow
(
for
the
most
part
lofty
,
dry
,
and
barren
)
consider'd
.
But
I
refer
these
Disquisitions
to
the
Learned
;
especially
,
as
mention'd
by
that
incomparable
Philosopher
,
and
my
most
noble
Friend
,
the
honourable
Mr.
Boyle
,
in
his
Second
part
of
the
usefulnesse
of
Natural
Philosophy
Sect.
1.
Essay
3d.
where
he
speaks
of
the
Manna
del
Corpo
,
or
Trunk-Manna
,
as
well
as
of
that
Liquor
from
the
bough
;
so
of
the
Sura
which
the
Coco-trees
afford
;
and
that
Polonian
secret
of
the
Liquor
of
the
Wallnut-tree
Root
;
with
an
encouragement
of
more
frequent
Experiments
to
educe
Saccharine
substances
upon
these
occasions
:
But
the
Book
being
publish'd
so
long
since
this
Discourse
was
first
ready
,
I
have
onely
here
the
liberty
to
refer
the
Reader
to
one
of
the
best
Entertainments
in
the
world
.
4.
But
whilst
this
Second
Edition
is
now
under
my
hand
,
there
comes
to
me
divers
Papers
upon
this
subject
experimentally
made
by
a
worthy
Friend
of
mine
,
a
Learned
and
most
industrious
Person
,
which
I
had
here
once
resolv'd
to
have
publish'd
,
according
to
the
generous
liberty
granted
me
for
so
doing
;
but
understanding
he
was
still
in
pursuit
of
that
usefull
,
and
curious
Secret
,
I
chang'd
my
resolution
into
an
earnest
addresse
,
that
he
would
communicate
it
to
the
World
himself
,
together
with
those
other
excellent
Enquiries
,
and
observations
which
he
is
adorning
for
the
benefit
of
Planters
,
and
such
as
delight
themselves
in
those
innocent
Rusticities
.
I
will
onely
by
way
of
Corolarie
,
hint
some
particulars
for
satisfaction
of
the
Curious
;
and
especially
that
we
may
in
some
sort
gratifie
those
earnest
suggestions
and
Queries
of
the
most
obliging
Publisher
of
the
Philosophical
Transactions
,
to
whose
indefatigable
pains
the
Learned
World
is
infinitely
engag'd
.
In
compliance
therefore
to
his
Queries
,
Monday
Octob.
19.
1668.
Numb.
40.
p.
797
,
821
,
&c.
these
Generals
are
submitted
:
That
in
such
Trials
as
my
Friend
essai'd
,
he
has
not
yet
encountred
with
any
Sap
but
what
is
very
clear
and
sweet
;
especially
that
of
the
Sycomor
,
which
has
a
dulcoration
as
if
mixed
with
Sugar
,
and
that
it
runs
one
of
the
earliest
:
That
the
Maple
distill'd
when
quite
reseinded
from
the
Body
,
and
even
whilst
he
yet
held
it
in
his
hand
:
That
the
Sycomor
ran
at
the
Root
,
which
some
dayes
before
yielded
no
Sap
,
from
his
branches
;
the
Experiment
made
at
the
end
of
March
:
But
the
accurate
knowledge
of
the
nature
of
Sap
,
and
its
periodic
Motions
and
properties
in
several
Trees
,
should
be
observed
by
some
at
entire
leisure
to
attend
it
daily
,
and
almost
continually
,
and
will
require
more
than
any
one
persons
industry
can
afford
:
For
it
must
be
enquir'd
concerning
every
tree
,
its
age
,
soyl
,
scituation
,
&c.
the
variety
of
its
ascending
Sap
depending
on
it
;
and
then
of
its
Sap
ascending
in
the
branches
and
Roots
;
descending
in
cut
branches
;
descending
from
Root
and
not
from
branches
;
the
Seasons
and
difference
of
time
in
which
those
Accidents
happen
,
&c.
He
likewise
thinks
the
best
expedient
to
procure
store
of
Liquor
,
is
,
to
cut
the
Trees
almost
quite
through
all
the
Circles
on
both
sides
the
Pith
,
leaving
only
the
outmost
Circle
and
the
barks
on
the
North
,
or
North-East
side
unpierced
;
and
this
hole
the
larger
it
is
bored
,
the
more
plentifully
't
will
distill
;
which
if
it
be
under
,
and
through
a
large
Arm
,
neer
the
Ground
,
it
is
effected
with
greatest
advantage
,
and
will
need
neither
stone
nor
Chip
to
keep
it
open
,
nor
Spigot
to
direct
it
to
the
Recipient
.
Thus
it
will
in
a
short
time
,
afford
Liquor
sufficient
to
Brew
with
;
and
in
some
of
these
sweet
Saps
,
one
Bushel
of
Mault
will
afford
as
good
Ale
as
four
in
ordinary
Waters
,
even
in
March
it self
;
in
others
,
as
good
as
two
Bushels
;
for
this
,
prefering
the
Sycomor
before
any
other
:
But
to
preserve
it
in
best
condition
for
brewing
,
till
you
are
stor'd
with
a
sufficient
quantity
,
it
is
advis'd
that
what
first
runs
,
be
insolated
,
till
the
remainder
be
prepar'd
to
prevent
its
growing
sowre
:
But
it
may
also
be
fermented
alone
by
such
as
have
the
Secret
:
To
the
Curious
these
Essayes
are
recommended
.
That
it
be
immediately
stopp'd
up
in
bottles
in
which
it
is
gathered
,
the
Corks
well
wax'd
and
expos'd
to
the
Sun
,
till
(
as
was
said
)
sufficient
quantity
be
run
;
then
let
so
much
Rye-bread
(
toasted
very
dry
,
but
not
burnt
)
be
put
into
it
as
will
serve
to
set
it
a
working
;
and
when
it
begins
to
ferment
,
take
it
out
,
and
Bottle
it
immediately
.
If
you
add
a
few
Cloves
,
&c.
to
steep
in
it
,
't
will
certainly
keep
the
year
about
:
'T
is
a
wonder
how
speedily
it
extracts
the
tast
,
and
tincture
of
the
spice
:
Mr.
Boyle
proposes
a
sulphurous
fume
to
the
bottles
:
Spirit
of
Wine
may
haply
not
onely
preserve
,
but
advance
the
Vertues
of
Saps
;
and
Infusions
of
Raisins
are
obvious
,
and
without
decoction
best
,
which
does
but
spend
the
more
delicate
parts
.
Note
that
the
Sap
of
the
Birch
will
make
excellent
Meade
.
5.
To
these
Observations
,
that
of
the
Weight
,
and
Vertue
of
the
several
Juices
would
be
both
useful
and
Curious
:
As
whether
that
which
proceeds
from
the
bark
,
or
between
that
and
the
Wood
be
of
the
same
nature
with
that
which
is
suppos'd
to
spring
from
the
pores
of
the
woody
Circles
?
and
whether
it
rise
in
like
quantity
upon
comparing
the
incisures
?
All
which
may
be
try'd
,
first
attempting
through
the
bark
,
and
saving
that
apart
,
and
then
perforating
into
the
Wood
to
the
thicknesse
of
the
bark
or
more
,
with
a
like
separation
of
what
distills
.
The
period
also
of
its
current
would
be
calculated
;
as
how
much
proceeds
from
the
bark
,
in
one
hour
,
how
much
from
the
Wood
or
Body
of
the
Tree
,
and
thus
every
hour
,
still
a
deeper
incision
with
a
good
large
Augre
,
till
the
Tree
be
quite
perforated
:
Then
by
making
a
second
hole
within
the
first
,
fitted
with
a
lesser
pipe
,
the
interior
heart-sap
may
be
drawn
apart
,
and
examin'd
by
Weight
,
Quantity
,
Colour
,
Distillation
,
&c.
And
if
no
difference
perceptible
be
detected
,
the
presumption
will
be
greater
,
that
the
difference
of
heart
and
Sap
in
Timber
,
is
not
from
the
Saps
plenty
or
penury
,
but
the
Season
;
and
then
possibly
,
the
very
season
of
squaring
,
as
well
as
Felling
of
Timber
,
may
be
considerable
to
the
preservation
of
it
.
6.
The
notice
likewise
of
the
Saps
rising
more
plentifully
,
and
constantly
in
the
Sun
,
than
Shade
;
more
in
the
Day
than
Night
,
more
in
the
Roots
than
Branch
,
more
Southward
than
Northward
,
&c.
may
yield
many
useful
Observations
:
As
for
Planting
,
to
set
thicker
,
or
thinner
(
si
coetera
sint
paria
)
namely
the
nature
of
the
Tree
,
Soyl
,
&c.
)
and
not
to
shade
over
much
the
Roots
of
those
Trees
whose
stems
we
desire
should
mount
,
&c.
That
in
transplanting
Trees
we
turn
the
best
,
and
largest
Roots
towards
the
South
,
and
consequently
the
most
ample
and
spreading
part
of
the
head
correspondent
to
the
Roots
:
For
if
there
be
a
strong
Root
on
that
Quarter
,
and
but
a
feeble
attraction
in
the
Branches
,
this
may
not
alwayes
counterpoise
the
weak
Roots
on
the
North-side
,
damnified
by
the
too
puissant
attraction
of
over
large
Branches
:
this
may
also
suggest
a
cause
why
Trees
flourish
more
on
the
South-side
,
and
have
their
Integument
and
Coates
thicker
on
those
aspects
annually
,
with
divers
other
useful
speculations
,
if
in
the
mean
time
they
seem
not
rather
to
be
puntillos
,
over
nice
for
a
plain
Forester
.
7.
To
shew
our
Reader
yet
,
that
these
are
no
novel
Experiments
,
we
are
to
know
,
that
a
large
Tract
of
the
World
almost
altogether
subsist
on
these
Treen
Liquors
;
Especially
,
that
of
the
Date
,
which
being
grown
to
about
seven
or
eight
foot
in
height
,
they
wound
,
as
we
have
taught
,
for
the
Sap
,
which
they
call
Toddy
,
a
very
famous
Drink
in
the
East-Indias
.
This
Tree
increasing
every
year
about
a
foot
,
near
the
opposite
part
of
the
first
Incisure
,
they
pierce
again
,
changing
the
Receiver
;
and
so
still
by
opposite
wounds
and
Notches
,
they
yearly
draw
forth
the
Liquor
,
till
it
arrive
to
near
thirty
foot
upward
,
and
of
these
they
have
ample
Groves
and
Plantations
which
they
set
at
seven
or
eight
foot
distance
:
But
then
they
use
to
percolate
what
they
extract
,
through
a
Stratum
made
of
the
Rind
of
the
Tree
,
well
contus'd
and
beaten
,
before
which
preparation
it
is
not
safe
to
Drink
it
;
and
't
is
observ'd
,
that
some
Trees
afford
a
much
more
generous
Wine
,
than
others
of
the
same
kind
.
In
the
Coco
and
Palmeto
Trees
,
they
Chop
a
Bough
as
we
do
the
Betula
;
but
in
the
Date
,
make
the
Incision
with
a
Chisel
in
the
Body
very
neatly
,
in
which
they
stitch
a
Leaf
of
the
Tree
as
a
lingula
to
direct
it
into
the
appendent
Vessel
,
which
the
subjoyn'd
Figure
represents
,
and
illustrates
with
its
improvement
to
our
former
Discourse
:
Note
,
If
there
be
no
fitting
Arms
,
the
hole
thus
obliquely
perforated
,
and
a
Faucet
or
pipe
inserted
,
will
lead
the
Sap
into
the
Recipient
.
(
a.
b.
)
the
body
of
the
Tree
(
g.
)
boar'd
at
that
part
of
the
Arm
(
f.
)
joyn'd
to
the
Stem
,
with
an
Augre
of
an
inch
or
more
diameter
,
according
to
the
bignesse
of
the
Tree
.
(
c.
)
a
part
of
the
Bark
bent
down
into
the
mouth
of
the
Bottle
(
e.
)
to
conduct
the
Liquor
into
it
.
(
d.
)
the
String
about
the
Arm
(
f.
)
by
which
the
Bottle
hangs
.
8.
The
Liquor
of
the
Birch
is
esteem'd
to
have
all
the
Virtues
of
the
Spirit
of
Salt
,
De
Lithias●
c.
8.
n.
24.25
.
&c.
without
the
danger
of
its
acrimony
;
most
powerful
for
the
dissolving
of
the
Stone
in
the
Bladder
:
Helmont
shews
how
to
make
a
Beer
of
the
Water
;
but
the
Wine
is
a
most
rich
Cordial
,
curing
(
as
I
am
told
)
Consumptions
,
and
such
interior
Diseases
as
accompany
the
Stone
in
the
Bladder
or
Reins
:
This
Wine
,
exquisitely
made
,
is
so
strong
,
that
the
common
sort
of
stone-bottles
cannot
preserve
the
spirits
,
so
subtile
they
are
and
volatile
;
and
yet
it
is
gentle
,
and
very
harmlesse
in
operation
within
the
body
,
and
exceedingly
sharpens
the
Appetite
,
being
drank
ante
pastum
:
I
will
present
you
a
Receipt
,
as
it
was
sent
me
by
a
fair
Lady
.
9.
To
every
Gallon
of
Birch-water
put
a
quart
of
Hony
well
stirr'd
together
;
then
boyl
it
almost
an
hour
with
a
few
Cloves
,
and
a
little
Limon-peel
,
keeping
it
well
scumm'd
:
When
it
is
sufficiently
boil'd
,
and
become
cold
,
add
to
it
three
,
or
four
spoonfulls
of
good
Ale
to
make
it
work
(
which
it
will
do
like
new
Ale
)
and
when
the
Yest
begins
to
settle
,
bottle
it
up
as
you
do
other
winy
Liquors
.
It
will
in
a
competent
time
become
a
most
brisk
,
and
spiritous
Drink
,
which
(
besides
the
former
virtues
)
is
a
very
powerful
opener
,
and
doing
wonders
for
cure
of
the
Ptisick
:
This
Wine
may
(
if
you
please
)
be
made
as
successfully
with
Sugar
in
stead
of
Hony
,
lbj
.
to
each
Gallon
of
Water
;
or
you
may
dulcifie
it
with
Raisins
,
and
compose
a
Raisin-wine
of
it
.
I
know
not
whether
the
quantity
of
the
sweet
Ingredients
might
not
be
somewhat
reduc'd
,
and
the
operation
improv'd
:
But
I
give
it
as
receiv'd
.
10.
But
besides
these
,
Beech
,
Alder
,
Ash
,
Elder
,
&c.
would
be
attempted
for
Liquors
:
Thus
Crabs
,
and
even
our
very
brambles
,
may
possibly
yield
us
medical
and
useful
Wines
.
The
Poplar
was
heretofore
esteem'd
more
Physical
than
the
Betula
.
The
Sap
of
the
Oak
,
juice
,
or
decoction
of
the
inner
bark
cures
the
Fashions
,
or
Farcy
,
a
virulent
and
dangerous
infirmity
in
Horses
,
and
which
(
like
Cancers
)
were
reputed
incurable
by
any
other
Topic
,
then
some
actual
,
or
potential
cautery
:
But
,
what
is
more
noble
;
a
dear
Friend
of
mine
assur'd
me
,
that
a
Country
Neighbour
of
his
(
at
least
fourscore
years
of
age
)
who
had
lain
sick
of
a
bloody
Strangury
(
which
by
cruel
torments
reduc'd
him
to
the
very
article
of
Death
)
was
,
under
God
,
recover'd
to
perfect
,
and
almost
miraculous
health
,
and
strength
(
so
as
to
be
able
to
fall
stoutly
to
his
labour
)
by
one
sole
Draught
of
Beer
,
wherein
was
the
decoction
of
the
internal
bark
of
the
Oak-tree
;
And
I
have
seen
a
Composition
of
an
admirable
sudorific
,
and
diuretic
for
all
affections
of
the
Liver
,
out
of
the
like
of
the
Elm
,
which
might
yet
be
drank
daily
as
our
Cophee
is
,
and
with
no
lesse
delight
;
but
Quacking
is
not
my
Trade
:
I
speak
onely
here
as
a
plain
Husband
man
,
and
a
simple
Forester
,
out
of
the
limits
whereof
I
hope
I
have
not
unpardonably
transgress'd
.
Pan
was
a
Physician
,
and
he
(
you
know
)
was
President
of
the
Woods
.
But
I
proceed
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
the
Hasel
.
Hasel
.
1.
NVx
Sylvestris
,
or
Corylus
,
the
Hasel
,
is
best
rais'd
from
the
Nuts
,
which
you
shall
sow
like
Mast
in
a
pretty
deep
furrow
toward
the
end
of
February
:
Light
ground
may
immediately
be
sown
and
harrow'd
in
very
accurately
;
but
in
case
the
mould
be
clay
,
plow
it
earlier
,
and
let
it
be
sufficiently
mellow'd
with
the
Frosts
;
and
then
the
third
year
,
cut
your
Trees
near
to
the
ground
with
a
sharp
bill
,
the
Moon
decreasing
.
2.
But
if
you
would
make
a
Grove
for
Pleasure
,
Plant
them
in
Fosses
at
a
yard
distance
,
and
cut
them
within
half
a
foot
of
the
earth
,
dressing
them
for
three
or
four
Springs
and
Autumns
,
by
onely
loosning
the
Mould
a
little
about
their
roots
.
Others
there
are
,
who
set
the
Nuts
by
hand
at
one
foot
distance
,
to
be
transplanted
the
third
year
at
a
yard
asunder
:
But
this
work
is
not
to
be
taken
in
hand
so
soon
as
the
Nuts
fall
,
till
Winter
be
well
advanc'd
;
because
they
are
exceedingly
obnoxious
to
the
Frosts
;
nor
will
they
sprout
till
the
Spring
;
besides
,
Vermine
are
great
devourers
of
them
:
Preserve
them
therefore
moist
,
not
mouldy
;
by
laying
them
in
their
own
dry
leaves
,
or
in
Sand
,
till
January
.
Hasels
from
Sets
and
Suckers
take
.
Plantis
&
durae
Coryli
nascuntur
—
Georg
2.
3.
From
whence
they
thrive
very
well
,
the
shoots
being
of
the
scantlings
of
small
wands
,
and
switches
,
or
somewhat
bigger
,
and
such
as
have
drawn
divers
hairy
twiggs
,
which
are
by
no
means
to
be
disbranch'd
no
more
than
their
Roots
,
unless
by
a
very
sparing
and
discreet
hand
.
Thus
your
Coryletum
or
Copse
of
Hasels
being
Planted
about
Autumn
,
may
(
as
some
practise
it
)
be
cut
within
three
or
four
inches
of
the
ground
the
Spring
following
,
which
the
new
Cyon
will
suddenly
repair
,
in
clusters
and
tufts
of
fair
poles
of
twenty
,
and
sometimes
thirty
foot
long
:
But
I
rather
should
spare
them
till
two
,
or
three
years
after
,
when
they
shall
have
taken
strong
hold
,
and
may
be
cut
close
to
the
very
Earth
;
the
improsperous
,
and
feeble
ones
especially
.
Thus
,
are
likewise
Filberts
to
be
treated
,
both
of
them
improv'd
much
by
transplanting
,
but
chiefly
by
Graffing
,
and
it
would
be
try'd
with
Filberts
,
and
even
with
Almonds
themselves
,
for
more
elegant
Experiments
.
4.
For
the
Place
,
they
above
all
affect
cold
,
barren
,
dry
,
and
Sandy
grounds
;
also
Mountains
,
and
even
Rockie
Soils
produce
them
;
but
more
plentifully
,
if
somewhat
moist
,
dankish
,
and
Mossie
,
as
in
the
fresher
bottoms
,
and
sides
of
Hills
,
and
in
Hedge-rowes
.
Such
as
are
maintain'd
for
Coppses
,
may
after
Twelve
years
be
fell'd
the
first
time
;
the
next
at
seven
or
eight
,
&c.
for
by
this
period
their
Roots
will
be
compleatly
vigorous
.
You
may
Plant
them
from
October
to
January
,
provided
you
keep
them
carefully
Weeded
till
they
have
taken
fast
hold
.
5.
The
use
of
the
Hasel
is
for
Poles
,
Spars
;
Hoops
,
Forks
,
Angling
rods
,
Faggots
,
Cudgels
,
Coals
,
and
Springes
to
catch
birds
;
and
it
makes
one
of
the
best
Coals
,
once
us'd
for
Gun-powder
,
being
very
fine
and
Light
,
till
they
found
Alder
to
be
more
fit
:
There
is
no
Wood
which
purifies
Wine
sooner
,
than
the
Chipps
of
Hasel
:
Also
for
With's
and
Bands
,
upon
which
I
remember
Pliny
thinks
it
a
pretty
Speculation
,
that
a
Wood
should
be
stronger
to
bind
withal
being
bruis'd
and
divided
,
then
when
whole
and
entire
;
lastly
,
for
Riding
Switches
and
Divinatory
Rods
for
the
detecting
and
finding
out
of
Minerals
;
at
least
,
if
that
Tradition
be
no
imposture
.
But
the
most
signal
Honour
it
was
ever
employ'd
in
,
and
which
might
deservedly
exalt
this
humble
,
and
common
Plant
above
all
the
Trees
of
the
Wood
,
is
that
of
Hurdles
;
not
for
that
it
is
generally
us'd
for
the
Folding
of
our
Innocent
Sheep
,
an
Emblem
of
the
Church
;
but
for
making
the
Walks
of
one
of
the
first
Christian
Oratories
in
the
World
;
and
particularly
in
this
Island
,
that
venerable
and
Sacred
Fabric
at
Glastenbury
,
founded
by
S.
Joseph
of
Arimathea
,
which
is
storied
to
have
been
first
compos'd
but
of
a
few
small
Hasel-Rods
interwoven
about
certain
Stakes
driven
into
the
ground
;
and
Walls
of
this
kind
,
in
stead
of
Laths
and
Punchions
,
superinduc'd
with
a
course
Mortar
made
of
Loam
and
Straw
,
does
to
this
day
,
inclose
divers
humble
Cottages
,
Sheads
,
and
Out-Houses
in
the
Countrey
;
and
't
is
strong
and
lasting
for
such
purposes
,
whole
,
or
Cleft
,
and
I
have
seen
ample
enclosures
of
Courts
and
Gardens
so
secur'd
.
6.
There
is
a
compendious
expedient
for
the
thickning
of
Copses
which
are
too
transparant
,
by
laying
of
a
Sampler
,
or
Pole
of
an
Hasel
,
Ash
,
Poplar
,
&c.
of
twenty
,
or
thirty
foot
in
length
(
the
head
a
little
lopp'd
)
into
the
ground
,
giving
it
a
Chop
near
the
foot
,
to
make
it
succumb
;
this
fastned
to
the
earth
with
a
hook
or
two
,
and
cover'd
with
some
fresh
mould
at
a
competent
depth
(
as
Gardeners
lay
their
Carnations
)
will
produce
a
world
of
Suckers
,
thicken
,
and
furnish
a
Copse
speedily
.
But
I
am
now
come
to
the
Water-side
;
let
us
next
consider
the
Aquatic
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
the
Poplar
,
Aspen
,
and
Abele
.
Poplar
.
1.
POpulus
.
I
begin
this
second
Class
(
according
to
our
former
distribution
)
with
the
Poplar
,
of
which
there
are
several
kinds
;
White
,
Black
,
&c.
(
which
in
Candy
't
is
reported
bears
seed
)
besides
the
Aspen
.
The
white
is
the
most
ordinary
with
us
,
to
be
rais'd
in
abundance
by
every
set
or
slip
.
Fence
the
ground
as
far
as
any
old
Poplar
roots
extend
,
they
will
furnish
you
with
suckers
innumerable
,
to
be
slipp'd
from
their
mothers
,
and
transplanted
the
very
first
year
.
You
shall
need
no
other
Nursery
.
When
they
are
young
,
their
leaves
are
somewhat
broader
and
rounder
then
when
they
grow
aged
.
In
moist
and
boggie
places
they
will
flourish
wonderfully
,
so
the
ground
be
not
spewing
;
but
especially
near
the
margins
and
banks
of
Rivers
,
Populus
in
fluviis
—
and
in
low
,
sweet
and
fertile
grounds
.
Also
trunchions
of
seven
or
eight
foot
long
,
thrust
two
foot
into
the
earth
,
(
a
hole
being
made
with
a
sharp
hard
stake
,
fill'd
with
water
,
and
then
with
fine
earth
pressed
in
and
close
about
them
)
when
once
rooted
,
may
be
cut
at
six
inches
above
ground
;
and
thus
placed
at
a
yard
distant
,
they
will
immediately
furnish
a
kind
of
Copse
.
But
in
case
you
plant
them
of
rooted
trees
,
or
smaller
sets
,
fix
them
not
so
deep
;
for
though
we
bury
the
trunchions
thus
profound
,
yet
is
the
root
which
they
strike
commonly
but
shallow
.
They
will
make
prodigious
shoots
in
15
or
16
years
;
but
then
the
heads
must
by
no
means
be
diminish'd
,
but
the
lower
branches
may
,
yet
not
too
far
up
:
the
foot
would
also
be
cleansed
every
second
year
.
This
for
the
White
.
The
Black
Poplar
is
frequently
pollar'd
when
as
big
as
ones
arm
,
eight
or
nine
foot
from
the
ground
,
as
they
trim
them
in
Italy
for
their
Vines
to
serpent
on
,
and
those
they
poll
or
head
every
second
year
,
sparing
the
middle
,
streight
and
thrivingest
shoot
,
and
at
the
third
year
cut
him
also
.
2.
The
shade
of
this
tree
is
esteemed
very
wholesome
in
Summer
,
and
the
leaves
good
for
cattel
,
which
must
be
stripp'd
from
the
cut
boughs
before
they
are
faggotted
.
This
to
be
done
in
the
decrease
of
October
,
and
reserv'd
in
bundles
for
the
winter
fodder
.
The
wood
of
white
Poplar
is
sought
of
the
Sculptor
,
and
they
saw
both
sorts
into
boards
,
which
,
where
they
lie
dry
,
continue
a
long
time
.
Of
this
material
they
also
made
Shields
of
defence
in
Sword
and
Buckler
days
.
Dioscorides
writes
,
that
the
bark
chopt
small
,
and
sow'd
in
rills
,
well
and
richly
manur'd
and
watered
,
will
produce
a
plentiful
crop
of
Mushrums
.
It
is
to
be
noted
,
that
those
Fungi
,
which
spring
from
the
putrid
stumps
of
this
tree
,
are
not
venomous
(
as
of
all
or
most
other
trees
they
are
)
being
gathered
after
the
first
Autumnal
rains
.
3.
They
have
a
Poplar
in
Virginia
of
a
very
peculiar
shap'd
leaf
,
as
if
the
point
of
it
were
cut
off
,
which
grows
very
well
with
the
curious
amongst
us
to
a
considerable
stature
.
I
conceive
it
was
first
brought
over
by
John
Tradescant
under
the
name
of
the
Tulip-tree
,
but
is
not
that
I
find
taken
notice
of
in
any
of
our
Herbals
;
I
wish
we
had
more
of
them
.
4.
The
Aspen
onely
(
which
is
that
kind
of
Libica
or
white
Poplar
,
Aspen
.
bearing
a
smaller
and
more
tremulous
leaf
)
thrusts
down
a
more
searching
foot
,
and
in
this
likewise
differs
,
that
he
takes
it
ill
to
have
his
head
cut
off
:
Pliny
would
have
short
trunchions
couched
two
foot
in
the
ground
(
but
first
two
days
dried
)
at
one
foot
and
half
distance
,
and
then
moulded
over
.
5.
There
is
something
a
finer
sort
of
white
Poplar
,
Abele
.
which
the
Dutch
call
Abele
,
and
we
have
much
transported
out
of
Holland
:
these
are
also
best
propagated
of
slips
from
the
roots
,
the
least
of
which
will
take
,
and
may
in
March
,
at
three
or
four
years
growth
be
transplanted
.
6.
In
Flanders
(
not
in
France
,
as
a
late
Author
pretends
)
they
have
large
Nurseries
of
them
,
which
first
they
plant
at
one
foot
distance
,
the
mould
light
and
moist
,
by
no
means
clayie
,
in
which
though
they
may
shoot
up
tall
,
yet
for
want
of
root
they
never
spread
;
for
,
as
I
said
,
they
must
be
interr'd
pretty
deep
,
not
above
three
inches
above
ground
;
and
kept
clean
by
pruning
them
to
the
middle
shoot
for
the
first
two
years
,
and
so
till
the
third
or
fourth
.
When
you
transplant
,
place
them
at
eight
,
ten
,
or
twelve
foot
intervall
:
They
will
likewise
grow
of
layers
,
and
even
of
cuttings
in
very
moist
places
.
In
three
years
they
will
come
to
an
incredible
altitude
;
in
twelve
,
be
as
big
as
your
middle
;
and
in
eighteen
or
twenty
,
arrive
to
full
perfection
.
A
specimen
of
this
advance
we
have
had
of
an
Abele
tree
at
Sion
,
which
being
lopp'd
in
Febr.
1651
,
did
by
the
end
of
October
52
produce
branches
as
big
as
a
mans
wrist
,
and
17
foot
in
length
:
for
which
celerity
we
may
recommend
them
to
such
late
builders
,
as
seat
their
houses
in
naked
and
unsheltered
places
,
and
that
would
put
a
guise
of
Antiquity
upon
any
new
Inclosure
;
since
by
these
,
whilest
a
man
is
in
a
voyage
of
no
long
continuance
,
his
house
and
lands
may
be
so
covered
,
as
to
be
hardly
known
at
his
return
.
But
as
they
thus
increase
in
bulk
,
their
value
(
as
the
Italian
Poplar
has
taught
us
)
advances
likewise
;
which
after
the
first
seven
years
is
annually
worth
twelve
pence
more
;
So
as
the
Dutch
look
upon
a
plantation
of
these
trees
as
an
ample
portion
for
a
daughter
,
and
none
of
the
least
effects
of
their
good
Husbandry
;
which
truly
may
very
well
be
allow'd
if
that
calculation
hold
,
which
the
Knight
has
asserted
,
who
began
his
plantation
not
long
since
about
Richmond
,
that
30
lib.
being
laid
out
in
these
plants
,
would
render
at
the
least
ten
thousand
pounds
in
eighteen
years
;
every
tree
affording
thirty
plants
,
and
every
of
them
thirty
more
,
after
each
seven
years
improving
twelve
pence
in
growth
,
till
they
arrived
to
their
acme
.
7.
The
Black
Poplar
grows
rarely
with
us
;
it
is
a
stronger
and
taller
tree
then
the
White
,
the
leaves
more
dark
,
and
not
so
ample
.
Divers
stately
ones
of
these
I
remember
about
the
banks
of
Po
in
Italy
;
which
river
being
the
old
Eridanus
,
so
celebrated
by
the
Poets
,
in
which
the
temerarious
Phaeton
is
said
to
have
been
precipitated
,
doubtless
gave
argument
to
that
fiction
of
his
sad
Sisters
Metamorphosis
into
these
trees
;
but
for
the
Amber
of
their
pretious
tears
I
could
hear
of
no
such
matter
,
whiles
passing
down
that
River
towards
Ferrara
,
I
diverted
my self
with
this
story
of
the
ingenious
Poet.
I
am
told
there
is
a
Mountain
Poplar
much
propagated
in
Germany
about
Vienna
,
and
in
Bohemia
,
of
which
some
trees
have
yielded
Planks
of
a
yard
in
breadth
.
8.
The
best
use
of
the
Poplar
and
Abele
(
which
are
all
of
them
hospitable
trees
,
for
any
thing
thrives
under
their
shades
)
is
for
Walks
and
Avenues
about
Grounds
which
are
situated
low
,
and
near
the
water
,
till
coming
to
be
very
old
,
they
are
apt
to
grow
knurry
,
and
out
of
proportion
.
The
timber
is
incomparable
for
all
sorts
of
white
wooden
vessels
,
as
Trays
,
Bowls
,
and
other
Turners
ware
;
and
of
especial
use
for
the
Bellows-maker
,
because
it
is
almost
of
the
nature
of
Cork
,
though
not
very
solid
,
yet
very
close
:
also
for
wooden
heels
,
&c.
Vitruvius
l.
2.
de
materia
caedenda
reckons
it
among
the
Building
Timbers
,
quae
maximè
in
aedificiis
sunt
idoneae
.
Likewise
to
make
Carts
,
because
it
is
exceeding
light
;
for
Vine
,
and
Hop-props
,
and
divers
viminious
works
.
The
loppings
in
January
are
for
the
fire
;
and
therefore
such
as
have
proper
Grounds
,
may
with
ease
and
in
short
time
store
themselves
for
a
considerable
family
,
where
fuel
is
dear
:
but
the
truth
is
,
it
burns
untowardly
,
and
rather
moulders
away
than
maintains
any
solid
heat
.
Of
the
twigs
(
with
the
leaves
on
)
are
made
Brooms
.
The
Brya
or
Catkins
attract
the
Bees
,
as
do
also
the
leaves
(
especially
of
the
black
)
more
tenacious
of
the
Mel●dews
then
most
other
Forest-trees
,
the
Oak
excepted
.
Of
the
Aspen
our
Wood-men
make
Hoops
,
Fire-wood
,
and
Coals
,
&c.
The
juice
of
Poplar
leaves
drop'd
into
the
ears
asswages
the
pain
;
and
the
buds
contus'd
and
mix'd
with
Hony
,
is
a
good
Collyrium
for
the
eyes
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Of
the
Alder.
1.
ALnus
,
Alder.
the
Alder
is
of
all
other
the
most
faithful
lover
of
watery
and
boggie
places
,
and
those
most
despis'd
weeping
parts
or
water-galls
of
Forests
;
—
crassisque
paludibus
Alni
.
They
are
propagated
of
Trunchions
,
and
will
come
of
seeds
(
for
so
they
raise
them
in
Flanders
,
and
make
wonderful
profit
of
the
plantations
)
like
the
Poplar
;
or
of
Roots
,
which
I
prefer
,
being
set
as
big
as
the
small
of
ones
leg
,
and
in
length
about
two
foot
;
whereof
one
would
be
plunged
in
the
mud
.
This
profound
fixing
of
Aquatick
trees
being
to
preserve
them
steddy
,
and
from
the
concussions
of
the
winds
,
and
violence
of
waters
in
their
liquid
and
slippery
foundations
.
They
may
be
placed
at
four
or
five
foot
distance
,
and
when
they
have
struck
root
you
may
cut
them
,
which
will
cause
them
to
spring
in
clumps
,
and
to
shoot
out
into
many
useful
Poles
.
But
if
you
plant
smaller
Sets
,
cut
them
not
till
they
are
arriv'd
to
some
competent
bigness
;
and
that
in
a
proper
season
:
which
is
,
for
all
the
Aquatics
not
till
Winter
be
well
advanc'd
,
in
regard
of
their
pithy
substance
.
Therefore
,
such
as
you
shall
have
occasion
to
make
use
of
before
that
period
,
ought
to
be
well-grown
,
and
fell●d
with
the
earliest
,
and
in
the
first
quarter
of
the
increasing
Moon
;
that
so
the
successive
shoot
receive
no
prejudice
.
But
there
is
yet
another
way
of
planting
Alders
after
the
Jersey
manner
,
and
as
I
receiv'd
it
from
a
most
ingenious
Gentleman
of
that
Country
,
which
is
,
by
taking
trunchions
of
two
or
three
foot
long
,
at
the
beginning
of
Winter
,
and
to
bind
them
in
faggots
,
and
place
the
ends
of
them
in
water
'till
towards
the
Spring
,
by
which
season
they
will
have
contracted
a
swelling
spire
or
knurr
about
that
part
,
which
being
set
,
does
(
like
the
Gennet-moil
Apple
)
never
fail
of
growing
and
striking
root
.
There
is
a
black
sort
more
affected
to
Woods
and
drier
grounds
.
2.
There
are
a
sort
of
Husbands
who
take
excessive
pains
in
stubbing
up
their
Alders
,
where
ever
they
meet
them
in
the
boggie
places
of
their
grounds
,
with
the
same
indignation
as
one
would
exstirpate
the
most
pernicious
of
Weeds
;
and
when
they
have
finished
,
know
not
how
to
convert
their
best
lands
to
more
profit
then
this
(
●eeming
despicable
plant
might
lead
them
to
,
were
it
rightly
understood
.
Besides
,
the
shadow
of
this
tree
does
feed
and
nourish
the
very
grass
which
grows
under
it
;
and
being
set
and
well
plashed
,
is
an
excellent
defence
to
the
banks
of
Rivers
;
so
as
I
wonder
it
is
not
more
practis'd
about
the
Thames
,
to
fortifie
and
prevent
the
mouldring
of
the
walls
,
and
the
violent
weather
they
are
exposed
to
.
3.
You
may
cut
Aquatic-trees
every
third
or
fourth
year
,
and
some
more
frequently
,
as
I
shall
shew
you
hereafter
.
They
should
also
be
abated
within
half
a
foot
of
the
principal
head
,
to
prevent
the
perishing
of
the
main
Stock
;
and
besides
,
to
accelerate
their
sprouting
.
In
setting
the
Trunchions
it
were
not
amisse
to
prepare
them
a
little
after
they
are
fitted
to
the
size
,
by
laying
them
a
while
in
water
;
this
is
also
practicable
in
Willows
,
&c.
4.
Of
old
they
made
Boats
of
the
greater
parts
of
this
Tree
,
and
excepting
Noah's
Ark
;
the
first
Vessels
we
read
of
,
were
made
of
this
Wood.
When
hollow
Alders
first
the
Waters
tri'd
,
Tunc
alnos
primum
fluvii
sensêre
cavatas
.
Georg.
1.
And
down
the
rapid
Poe
light
Aldars
glide
.
Nec
non
&
torrentem
undam
levis
innatat
alnus
Missa
Pado
—
2.
And
as
then
,
so
now
,
are
over-grown
Alders
frequently
sought
after
,
for
such
Buildings
as
lye
continually
under
water
,
where
it
will
harden
like
a
very
stone
;
whereas
being
kept
in
any
unconstant
temper
it
Rots
immediately
,
because
its
natural
humidity
is
of
so
near
affinity
with
its
adventitious
;
as
Scaliger
assigns
the
cause
.
Vitruvius
tells
us
,
that
the
Morasses
about
Ravenna
in
Italy
,
were
pil'd
with
this
Timber
,
to
superstruct
upon
,
and
highly
commends
it
.
I
find
also
they
us'd
it
under
that
famous
Bridge
at
Venice
,
the
Rialto
which
passes
over
the
Gran-Canal
bearing
a
vast
weight
.
5.
The
Poles
of
Alder
are
as
useful
as
those
of
Willows
;
but
the
Coals
far
exceed
them
;
especially
for
Gun-powder
:
The
wood
is
likewise
useful
for
Piles
,
Pumps
,
Hop-poles
,
Water-pipes
,
Troughs
,
Sluces
,
small
Trays
,
and
Trenchers
,
Wooden-heels
;
the
bark
is
precious
to
Dyers
,
and
some
Tanners
and
Leather-dressers
make
use
of
it
;
and
with
it
,
and
the
Fruits
(
in
stead
of
Galls
)
they
make
Ink.
The
fresh
Leaves
alone
applied
to
the
naked
soal
of
the
Foot
,
infinitely
refresh
the
surbated
Traveller
;
and
the
swelling
bunches
which
are
now
and
then
found
in
the
old
Trees
,
afford
the
Inlayer
pieces
curiously
chambletted
and
very
hard
,
&c.
but
the
Fagots
better
for
the
Fire
than
for
the
draining
of
Grounds
,
by
placing
them
(
as
the
guise
is
)
in
the
Trenches
;
which
old
rubbish
of
Flints
,
Stones
,
and
the
like
grosse
materials
,
does
infinitely
exceed
,
because
it
is
for
ever
,
preserves
the
Drains
hollow
,
and
being
a
little
moulded
over
will
produce
good
grass
,
without
any
detriment
to
the
ground
;
but
this
is
a
secret
,
not
yet
well
understood
,
and
would
merit
an
expresse
Paragraph
,
were
it
here
seasonable
,
—
&
jam
nos
inter
opacas
Musa
vocat
Salices
—
CHAP.
XX.
Of
the
Withy
,
Sally
,
Ozier
,
and
Willow
.
1.
SAlix
,
W●t●
▪
since
Cato
has
attributed
the
third
place
to
the
Salictum
,
preferring
it
even
next
to
the
very
Ortyard
;
and
(
what
one
would
wonder
at
)
before
even
the
Olive
,
Meadow
,
or
Corn-field
it self
(
for
Salictum
tertio
loco
,
nempe
post
vineam
,
&c.
)
and
that
we
find
it
so
easily
rais'd
,
of
so
great
and
universal
Vse
,
I
have
thought
good
to
be
the
more
particular
in
my
Discourse
upon
them
;
especially
,
since
so
much
of
that
which
shall
Publish
concerning
them
,
is
deriv'd
from
the
long
Experience
of
a
most
Learned
and
ingenious
Person
,
from
whom
I
acknowledge
to
have
receiv'd
many
of
these
hints
.
Not
to
perplex
the
Reader
with
the
various
names
,
Greek
,
Gallic
,
Sabinic
,
Amerine
,
Vitex
,
&c.
better
distinguish'd
by
their
growth
,
and
bark
;
and
by
Latine
Authors
all
comprehended
under
that
of
Salices
;
and
our
English
Books
reckon
them
promiscuously
thus
;
The
Common-white
Willow
,
the
Black
,
and
the
Hard-black
,
the
Rose
of
Cambridge
,
the
Black-Withy
,
the
Round-long
Sallow
;
the
longest
Sallow
,
the
Lesser-broad-leav'd
Willow
,
Silver
Sallow
,
Vpright
broad-Willow
,
Repent
broad-leaf'd
,
the
Red-stone
,
the
Lesser
Willow
,
the
Strait-Dwarf
,
the
Creeper
,
the
Black-low-Willow
,
the
Willow-bay
,
and
the
Ozier
.
I
begin
with
the
Withy
.
2.
The
Withy
is
a
reasonable
large
Tree
,
and
fit
to
be
planted
on
high
Banks
;
because
they
extend
their
Roots
deeper
then
either
Salleys
or
Willows
.
For
this
reason
you
shall
Plant
them
at
ten
,
or
twenty
foot
distance
;
and
though
they
grow
the
slowest
of
all
the
Twiggie
Trees
;
yet
do
they
recompence
it
with
the
larger
crop
;
the
wood
being
tough
,
and
the
Twigs
fit
to
bind
strongly
;
the
very
peelings
of
the
branches
being
useful
to
bind
Arbor-poling
,
and
in
Topiary
works
,
Vineyards
,
Espalier-fruit
,
and
the
like
.
There
are
two
principal
sorts
of
these
Withies
,
the
hoary
,
and
the
red
Withy
which
is
the
Greek
;
toughest
,
and
fittest
to
bind
,
whiles
the
Twigs
are
flexible
and
tender
.
Sally
.
3.
Sallyes
grow
much
faster
,
if
they
are
Planted
within
reach
of
water
,
or
in
a
very
Moorish
ground
,
or
flat
plain
;
and
where
the
Soil
is
(
by
reason
of
extraordinary
moisture
)
unfit
for
Arable
,
or
Meadow
;
for
in
these
cases
it
is
an
extraordinary
improvement
:
In
a
word
,
where
Birch
,
and
Alder
will
thrive
.
Before
you
Plant
them
,
it
is
found
best
to
turn
the
ground
with
a
Spade
;
especially
,
if
you
design
them
for
a
flat
.
We
have
three
sorts
of
Sallyes
amongst
us
(
which
is
one
more
than
the
Antients
challeng'd
,
who
name
onely
the
Black
,
and
White
which
was
their
Nitellina
)
the
vulgar
,
which
proves
best
in
dryer
Banks
,
and
the
hopping-Sallyes
which
require
a
moister
Soil
,
growing
with
incredible
celerity
:
And
a
third
kind
,
of
a
different
colour
from
the
other
two
,
having
the
twigs
reddish
,
the
Leaf
not
so
long
,
and
of
a
more
dusky
green
;
more
brittle
whilst
it
is
growing
in
twigs
,
and
more
tough
when
arriv'd
to
a
competent
size
:
All
of
them
useful
for
the
Thatcher
.
4.
Of
these
,
the
hopping-Sallyes
are
in
greatest
esteem
,
being
of
a
clearer
terse
grain
,
and
requiring
a
more
succulent
Soil
;
best
planted
a
foot
deep
,
and
a
foot
and
half
above
ground
(
though
some
will
allow
but
a
foot
)
for
then
every
branch
will
prove
excellent
for
future
setlings
.
After
three
years
growth
(
being
cropped
the
second
and
third
)
the
first
years
increase
will
be
'twixt
eight
and
twelve
foot
long
generally
;
the
third
years
growth
strong
enough
to
make
Rakes
,
and
Pike-staves
;
and
the
fourth
for
M.
Blithes's
tren●hing
Plow
,
and
other
like
Vtensils
of
the
Husbandman
.
5.
If
ye
Plant
them
at
full
height
(
as
some
do
,
at
four
years
growth
,
setting
them
five
,
or
six
foot
length
,
to
avoid
the
biting
of
Cattel
)
they
will
be
lesse
useful
for
streight
staves
,
and
for
setlings
,
and
make
lesse
speed
in
their
growth
;
yet
this
also
is
a
considerable
improvement
.
6.
These
would
require
to
be
Planted
at
least
five
foot
distance
,
(
some
set
them
as
much
more
)
and
in
the
Quincunx
order
:
If
they
affect
the
Soil
,
the
Leaf
will
come
large
,
half
as
broad
as
a
Man's
hand
,
and
of
a
more
vivid
green
,
alwayes
larger
the
first
year
than
afterwards
:
Some
Plant
them
sloping
,
and
cross-wise
like
a
Hedge
,
but
this
impedes
their
wonderful
growth
;
and
(
though
Pliny
seems
to
commend
it
,
teaching
us
how
to
excorticate
some
places
of
each
set
,
for
the
sooner
production
of
shoots
)
it
is
but
a
deceitful
Fence
,
neither
fit
to
keep
out
Swine
,
nor
Sheep
;
and
being
set
too
near
,
inclining
to
one
another
,
they
soon
destroy
each
other
.
7.
The
worst
Sallyes
may
be
planted
so
neer
yet
,
as
to
be
instead
of
Stakes
in
a
Hedge
,
and
then
their
Tops
will
supply
their
dwarfishnesse
;
and
to
prevent
Hedge-breakers
many
do
thus
Plant
them
;
because
,
they
cannot
easily
be
pull'd
up
,
after
once
they
have
struck
root
.
8.
If
some
be
permitted
to
wear
their
Tops
five
or
six
years
,
their
Palms
will
be
very
ample
,
and
yield
the
first
,
and
most
plentiful
relief
to
Bees
,
even
before
our
Abricots
Blossom
.
The
hopping-Sallys
open
,
and
yield
their
Palms
before
other
Sallys
,
and
when
they
are
blown
(
which
is
about
the
exit
of
May
,
or
sometimes
June
)
the
Palms
(
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
frugiperdae
as
Homer
terms
them
for
their
extream
levity
)
are
four
inches
long
,
and
full
of
a
fine
lanuginous
Cotton
:
A
poor
Body
might
in
an
hours
space
,
gather
a
pound
or
two
of
it
,
which
resembling
the
finest
Silk
,
might
doubtlesse
be
converted
to
some
profitable
use
by
an
ingenious
House-wife
,
if
gather'd
in
calm
Evenings
,
before
the
Wind
,
Rain
and
Dew
impair
them
;
I
am
of
opinion
,
if
it
were
dri'd
with
care
,
it
might
be
fit
for
Cushions
,
and
Pillows
of
Chastity
,
for
such
of
old
was
the
reputation
of
those
Trees
.
9.
Of
these
hopping
Sallys
,
after
three
years
Rooting
,
each
Plant
will
yield
about
a
score
of
Staves
of
full
eight
foot
in
length
,
and
so
following
,
for
use
,
as
we
noted
above
:
Compute
then
how
many
fair
Pike-staves
,
Perches
,
and
other
useful
Materials
,
that
will
amount
to
in
an
Acre
,
if
Planted
at
five
foot
interval
:
But
a
fat
,
and
moist
Soil
,
requires
indeed
more
space
than
a
lean
or
dryer
;
namely
six
,
or
eight
foot
distance
.
10.
You
may
Plant
setlings
of
the
very
first
years
growth
;
but
the
second
year
they
are
better
,
and
the
third
year
better
then
the
second
;
and
the
fourth
as
good
as
the
third
;
especially
,
if
they
approach
the
Water
.
A
bank
at
a
foot
distance
from
the
water
,
is
kinder
for
them
then
a
Bog
,
or
to
be
altogether
immers'd
in
the
water
.
11.
'T
is
good
to
new
-
mould
them
about
the
Roots
every
second
or
third
year
;
but
Men
seldom
take
the
pains
.
It
seems
that
Sa●lys
are
more
hardy
then
even
Willows
and
Oziers
,
of
which
Columella
takes
as
much
care
as
of
Vines
themselves
.
But
●is
cheaper
to
supply
the
vacuity
of
such
accidental
decays
by
a
new
Plantation
,
then
to
be
at
the
charge
of
digging
about
them
three
times
a
year
,
as
that
Author
advises
;
seeing
some
of
them
will
decay
,
whatever
care
be
used
.
12.
Sallys
may
also
be
propagated
like
Vines
,
by
courbing
,
and
bowing
them
in
Arches
,
and
covering
some
of
their
parts
with
mould
,
&c.
13.
For
Setlings
,
those
are
to
be
preferr'd
which
grow
neerest
to
the
Stock
,
and
so
(
consequently
)
those
worst
,
which
most
approach
the
Top.
They
should
be
Planted
in
the
first
fair
,
and
pleasant
Weather
in
February
,
before
they
begin
to
bud
;
we
about
London
begin
at
the
latter
end
of
December
.
They
may
be
cut
in
Spring
for
Fuel
,
but
best
in
Autumn
for
use
;
but
in
this
work
(
as
of
Poplar
)
leave
a
twig
or
two
;
which
being
twisted
Arch-wise
,
will
produce
plentiful
sprouts
,
and
suddenly
furnish
a
head
.
14.
If
in
our
Coppses
one
in
four
were
a
Sally
set
,
amongst
the
rest
of
varieties
,
the
profit
would
recompence
the
care
.
15.
The
swift
growing
Sally
is
not
so
tough
,
and
hardy
for
some
uses
as
the
slower
,
which
makes
Stocks
for
Gard'ners
Spades
;
but
the
other
are
proper
for
Rakes
,
Pikes
,
Mops
,
&c.
Sally-Coal
is
the
soonest
consum'd
;
but
of
all
others
the
most
accommodate
for
Painters
to
design
their
Work
,
and
first
draught
on
Paper
with
,
&c.
as
being
fine
,
and
apt
to
slit
into
Pencils
.
16.
To
conclude
,
there
is
a
way
of
Graffing
a
Sally
trunchion
;
take
it
of
two
foot
and
half
long
as
big
as
your
wrist
;
Graff
at
both
ends
a
Figure
,
and
Mulberry
Cyon
of
a
foot
long
,
and
so
,
without
claying
,
set
the
Stock
so
far
into
the
ground
as
the
Plant
may
be
three
or
four
inches
above
the
Earth
:
This
will
thrive
exceedingly
the
first
year
,
and
in
three
,
be
fit
to
transplant
.
The
Season
for
this
Curiosity
is
February
.
Oziers
.
17.
Oziers
or
the
Aquatic
Salix
,
are
of
innumerable
kinds
,
commonly
distinguish'd
from
Sallyes
,
as
Sallyes
are
from
Withies
;
being
so
much
smaller
then
the
Sallyes
,
and
shorter
liv'd
,
and
requiring
more
constant
moisture
,
yet
would
be
Planted
in
rather
a
dryish
ground
,
than
over
moist
and
spewing
,
which
we
frequently
cut
Trenches
to
avert
:
It
likewise
yields
more
limber
,
and
flexible
twigs
for
Baskets
,
Flaskets
,
Hampers
,
Cages
,
Lattices
,
Cradles
,
the
Bodies
of
Coaches
,
and
Wagons
,
for
which
't
is
of
excellent
use
,
light
,
durable
,
and
neat
,
as
it
may
be
wrought
and
cover'd
:
For
Chairs
,
Hurdles
,
Stayes
,
Bands
,
&c.
likewise
for
Fish
Wairs
,
and
to
support
the
Banks
of
impetuous
Rivers
:
In
fine
,
for
all
Wicker
and
Twiggie
Works
:
Viminibus
Salices
—
18.
But
these
sort
of
Oziers
would
be
cut
in
the
new
shoot
;
for
if
they
stand
longer
they
become
more
inflexible
;
cut
them
close
to
the
head
(
a
foot
or
so
above
earth
)
about
the
beginning
of
October
;
unlesse
you
will
attend
till
the
Cold
be
past
,
which
is
better
;
and
yet
we
about
London
,
Cut
them
in
the
most
piercing
Seasons
,
and
Plant
them
also
till
Candlemass
,
which
those
who
do
not
observe
,
we
Judge
ill
Husbands
,
as
I
learn
from
a
very
Experienc'd
Basket-maker
;
and
in
the
decrease
,
for
the
benefit
of
the
Workman
,
though
not
altogether
for
that
of
the
Stock
,
and
succeeding
Shoot
:
When
they
are
cut
,
make
them
up
into
bundles
,
and
give
them
shelter
;
but
such
as
are
for
White-work
(
as
they
call
it
)
being
thus
fagotted
,
and
made
up
in
Bolts
,
as
the
tearm
is
,
severing
each
sort
by
themselves
,
should
be
set
in
water
,
the
ends
dipped
;
but
for
black
,
and
unpeel'd
preserv'd
under
Covert
only
,
or
in
some
Vault
or
Cellar
,
to
keep
them
fresh
,
sprinkling
them
now
and
then
in
excessive
hot
Weather
:
The
peelings
of
the
former
are
for
the
use
of
the
Gard'ner
,
and
Cooper
;
or
rather
the
splicings
.
19.
We
have
in
England
these
three
vulgar
sorts
;
one
of
little
worth
,
being
brittle
,
and
very
much
resembling
the
fore-mention'd
Sally
,
with
reddish
twigs
,
and
more
greenish
,
and
rounder
Leaves
:
Another
kind
there
is
,
call'd
Perch
,
of
limber
and
green
twigs
,
having
a
very
slender
leaf
;
the
third
sort
is
totally
like
the
second
,
onely
the
twigs
are
not
altogether
so
green
,
but
yellowish
,
and
near
the
Popinjay
:
This
is
the
very
best
for
Vse
,
tough
,
and
hardy
.
But
the
most
usual
names
by
which
Basket
makers
call
them
about
London
,
and
which
are
all
of
different
species
,
therefore
to
be
Planted
separately
,
are
,
the
hard
Gelster
,
the
Horse
Gelster
,
Whyning
,
or
shrivell'd
Gelster
,
the
Black
Gelster
,
in
which
Suffolk
abounds
.
Then
follow
the
Golstones
,
the
Hard
and
the
Soft
Golston
(
brittle
,
and
worst
of
all
the
Golstones
)
the
sharp
,
and
slender
top'd
yellow
Golston
;
the
fine
Golston
:
Then
is
there
the
Yellow
Ozier
,
the
Green-Ozier
,
the
Snake
or
speckled
Ozier
,
Swallow-tayl
,
and
the
Spaniard
:
To
these
we
may
add
amongst
the
number
of
Oziers
(
for
they
are
both
govern'd
and
us'd
alike
)
the
Flanders
Willow
,
which
will
arrive
to
be
a
large
Tree
as
big
as
ones
middle
,
the
oftner
cut
the
better
:
With
these
our
Coopers
tie
their
Hoops
,
to
keep
them
bent
.
Lastly
,
the
white-Sallow
,
which
being
of
a
Year
or
two
growth
,
is
us'd
for
Green-work
;
and
if
of
the
toughest
sort
,
to
make
quarter-Can-hoops
,
of
which
our
Seamen
provide
great
quantities
,
&c.
20.
These
choicer
sorts
of
Oziers
,
which
are
ever
the
smallest
;
also
the
golden-yellow
,
and
white
,
which
is
preferr'd
for
propagation
,
and
to
breed
of
,
should
be
Planted
of
slips
of
two
,
or
three
years
growth
a
foot
deep
,
and
half
a
yard
length
,
in
Moorish
ground
,
or
banks
,
or
else
in
furrows
;
so
that
(
as
some
direct
)
the
Roots
may
frequently
reach
the
water
;
for
Fulminibus
Salices
—
though
we
commonly
find
it
rots
them
,
and
therefore
never
choose
to
set
them
so
deep
as
to
sent
it
,
and
at
three
,
or
four
foot
distance
.
21.
The
Season
for
Planting
is
January
,
and
all
February
,
though
some
not
till
mid
-
February
,
at
two
foot
square
;
but
Cattel
being
excessively
liquorish
of
their
leaves
and
tender
buds
,
some
talk
of
a
graffing
them
out
of
reach
upon
Sallys
,
and
by
this
,
to
advance
their
sprouting
;
but
as
the
work
would
consume
time
,
so
have
I
never
seen
it
succeed
.
22.
Some
do
also
Plant
Oziers
in
their
Eights
like
Quick-sets
,
thick
,
and
(
neer
the
water
)
keep
them
not
more
than
half
a
foot
above
ground
;
but
then
they
must
be
diligently
cleans'd
from
Moss
,
Slab
,
and
Ouze
,
and
frequently
prun'd
(
especially
the
smaller
spires
)
to
form
single
shoots
;
at
least
,
that
few
,
or
none
grow
double
:
These
,
they
head
every
second
year
about
September
,
the
Autumnal
cuttings
being
best
for
use
:
But
generally
23.
You
may
cut
Withies
,
Sallys
,
and
Willows
,
at
any
mild
and
gentle
season
between
leaf
and
leaf
,
even
in
Winter
;
but
the
most
congruous
time
both
to
Plant
,
and
to
cut
them
is
Crescente
Lunâ
Vere
,
circa
calendas
Martias
;
that
is
,
about
the
new
Moon
,
and
first
open
weather
of
the
early
Spring
.
24.
It
is
in
France
,
upon
the
Loire
,
where
these
Eights
(
as
we
call
them
)
and
Plantations
of
Oziers
and
Withies
are
perfectly
understood
;
and
both
there
,
and
in
divers
other
Countries
beyond
Seas
,
they
raise
them
of
the
Seeds
,
contain'd
in
their
Juli
or
Catkins
,
which
they
sow
in
Furrows
or
shallow
Trenches
,
and
it
springs
up
like
Corn
in
the
blade
,
and
come
to
be
so
tender
and
delicate
,
that
they
frequently
mow
them
with
a
Scyth
:
This
we
have
attempted
in
England
too
,
even
in
the
place
where
I
live
,
but
the
obstinate
,
and
unmerciful
Weed
did
so
confound
them
,
that
it
was
impossible
to
keep
them
clean
with
any
ordinary
Industry
,
and
so
they
were
given
over
:
It
seems
either
weeds
grow
not
so
fast
in
other
Countries
,
or
that
the
People
(
which
I
rather
think
)
are
more
patient
and
laborious
.
The
Ozier
is
of
that
Emolument
,
that
in
some
places
I
have
heard
twenty-pounds
has
been
given
for
one
Acre
;
ten
is
in
this
part
an
usual
price
;
and
doubtlesse
,
it
is
far
preferrable
to
the
best
Corn-land
;
not
onely
for
that
it
needs
but
once
Planting
,
but
because
it
yields
a
constant
Crop
and
revenue
to
the
Worlds
end
;
and
is
therefore
in
esteem
of
knowing
Persons
,
valu'd
in
Purchase
accordingly
;
consider'd
likewise
,
how
easily
't
is
renew'd
,
when
a
Plant
now
and
then
fails
,
by
but
pricking
in
a
twig
of
the
next
at
hand
,
when
you
visie
to
cut
them
:
We
have
in
this
Parish
where
I
dwell
,
improv'd
Land
from
lesse
than
one
pound
,
to
neer
ten
pounds
the
Acre
:
And
when
we
shall
reflect
upon
the
infinite
quantities
of
them
we
yearly
bring
out
of
France
and
Flanders
,
to
supply
the
extraordinary
expence
of
Basket-work
,
&c.
for
the
Fruiterers
,
Lime-burners
,
Gardners
,
Coopers
,
Packers
up
of
all
sorts
of
Ware
,
and
for
general
Carriage
,
which
seldom
last
above
a
Journey
or
two
;
I
greatly
admire
Gentlemen
do
no
more
think
of
employing
their
moist
grounds
(
especially
,
where
Tides
near
fresh
Rivers
are
reciprocal
)
in
Planting
and
propagating
Oziers
.
To
omit
nothing
of
the
Culture
of
this
useful
Ozier
,
Pliny
would
have
the
place
to
be
prepar'd
by
trenching
it
a
foot
and
half
deep
,
and
in
that
,
to
fix
the
sets
or
cuttings
of
the
same
length
at
six
foot
interval
.
These
(
if
the
sets
be
large
)
will
come
immediately
to
be
Trees
;
which
after
the
first
three
years
,
are
to
be
abated
within
two
foot
of
the
ground
.
Then
,
in
April
,
he
advises
to
dig
about
them
:
Of
these
they
formerly
made
Vine-props
,
and
one
Acre
hath
been
known
to
yield
Props
sufficient
to
serve
a
Vineyard
of
twenty
five
Acres
.
25.
John
Tradescant
brought
a
small
Ozier
from
S.
Omers
in
Flanders
,
which
makes
incomparable
Net-work●
,
not
much
inferiour
to
the
Indian
twig
or
bent-work●
which
we
have
seen
;
but
if
we
had
them
in
greater
abundance
,
we
should
haply
want
the
Artificers
who
could
imploy
them
.
Willow
.
26.
Our
common
Salix
or
Willow
,
is
of
two
kinds
,
the
white
and
the
black
:
The
white
is
also
of
two
sorts
,
the
one
of
a
yellowish
,
the
other
of
a
browner
Bark
:
The
black
Willow
is
Planted
of
stakes
of
three
years
growth
,
taken
from
the
head
of
an
old
Tree
,
before
it
begins
to
sprout
:
Set
them
of
six
foot
high
,
and
ten
distant
.
Those
Woody
sorts
of
Willow
delight
in
Meads
and
Ditch-sides
,
rather
dry
,
then
over
wet
(
for
so
they
last
longest
)
yet
the
black
sort
,
and
the
reddish
do
sometimes
well
in
more
boggie
grounds
,
and
would
be
Planted
of
Stakes
as
big
as
on
's
Leg
,
cut
as
the
other
,
at
the
length
of
five
or
six
foot
,
and
fix'd
a
foot
or
more
into
the
earth
;
the
hole
made
with
an
Oken-stake
and
beetle
,
or
with
an
Iron
crow
(
some
use
a
long
Augur
)
so
as
not
to
be
forced
in
with
too
great
violence
:
But
first
,
the
Trunchions
should
be
a
little
slop'd
at
both
extreams
,
and
the
biggest
planted
downwards
:
To
this
,
if
they
are
soak'd
in
water
two
or
three
dayes
(
after
they
have
been
siz'd
for
length
,
and
the
twigs
cut
off
ere
you
plant
them
)
it
will
be
the
better
.
Let
this
be
done
in
February
;
the
mould
as
well
clos'd
to
them
as
possible
,
and
treated
as
was
taught
in
the
Poplar
.
If
you
Plant
for
a
kind
of
Wood
or
Coppse
(
for
such
I
have
seen
)
set
them
at
six
foot
distance
,
or
nearer
,
in
the
Quincunx
,
and
be
careful
to
take
away
all
Suckers
from
them
at
three
years
end
:
You
may
abate
the
head
half
a
foot
from
the
Trunk
,
viz.
three
,
or
four
of
the
lustiest
Shoots
,
and
the
rest
cut
close
,
and
bare
them
yearly
,
that
the
three
or
four
you
left
,
may
enjoy
all
the
Sap
,
and
so
those
which
were
spared
,
will
be
gallant
Pearches
within
two
years
.
Arms
of
four
years
growth
will
yield
substantial
sets
to
be
Planted
at
eight
,
or
ten
foot
distance
;
and
for
the
first
three
years
well
defended
from
the
Cattel
,
who
infinitely
delight
in
their
leaves
,
green
or
wither'd
.
Thus
,
a
Willow
may
continue
twenty
,
or
five
and
twenty
years
,
with
good
profit
to
the
industrious
Planter
,
being
headed
every
four
or
five
years
;
some
have
been
known
to
shoot
no
lesse
then
twelve
foot
in
one
year
,
after
which
the
old
,
rotten
Dotards
may
be
fell'd
,
and
easily
suppli'd
.
But
if
you
have
ground
fit
for
whole
Coppses
of
this
wood
,
cast
it
into
double
Dikes
,
making
every
foss
near
three
foot
wide
;
two
and
half
in
depth
;
then
leaving
four
foot
at
least
of
ground
for
the
earth
(
because
in
such
Plantations
the
moisture
should
be
below
the
Roots
,
that
they
may
rather
see
than
feel
the
Water
)
and
two
Tables
of
Sets
on
each
side
,
plant
the
Ridges
of
these
Banks
with
but
one
single
Table
,
longer
,
and
bigger
than
the
Collateral
,
viz.
three
,
four
,
five
or
six
foot
high
,
and
distant
from
each
other
about
two
yards
.
These
banks
being
carefully
kept
weeded
for
the
first
two
years
,
till
the
Plants
have
vanquish'd
the
Grasse
,
and
not
cut
till
the
third
;
then
lop
them
traverse
,
and
not
obliquely
,
at
one
foot
from
the
ground
,
or
somewhat
more
,
and
he
will
head
to
admiration
:
But
such
which
are
cut
at
three
foot
height
,
are
most
durable
,
as
least
soft
and
aquatic
:
They
may
also
be
Graffed
'twixt
the
Bark
,
or
budded
;
and
then
they
become
so
beautifull
,
as
to
be
fit
for
some
kind
of
delightful
Walks
;
and
this
I
wish
were
practis'd
among
such
as
are
seated
in
low
,
and
Marshy
places
,
not
so
friendly
to
other
Trees
.
Every
Acre
at
eleven
,
or
twelve
years
growth
,
may
yield
you
near
an
hundred
Load
of
Wood
:
Cut
them
in
the
Spring
for
dressing
;
but
in
the
Fall
for
Timber
and
Fuel
:
I
have
been
inform'd
,
that
a
Gentleman
in
Essex
,
has
lopp'd
no
lesse
than
2000
yearly
,
all
of
his
own
planting
.
It
is
far
the
sweetest
of
all
our
English
Fuel
,
provided
it
be
sound
and
dry
,
and
emitting
little
Smoke
is
the
fittest
for
Ladies
Chambers
;
and
all
those
Woods
and
Twiggs
would
be
cut
either
to
Plant
,
Work
with
,
or
Burn
in
the
dryest
time
of
the
day
.
27.
There
is
a
sort
of
Willow
of
a
slender
and
long
Leaf
,
resembling
the
smaller
Ozier
;
but
rising
to
a
Tree
as
big
as
the
Sally
,
full
of
knots
,
and
of
a
very
brittle
spray
,
onely
here
rehears'd
to
acknowledge
the
variety
.
28.
There
is
likewise
the
Garden-willow
,
which
produces
a
sweet
and
beautiful
flower
,
fit
to
be
admitted
into
our
Hortulan
ornaments
,
and
may
be
set
for
partitions
of
squares
;
but
they
have
no
affinity
with
other
.
There
is
also
in
Shropshire
another
very
odoriferous
kind
.
29.
What
most
of
the
former
enumerated
kinds
differ
from
the
Sallys
,
is
indeed
not
much
considerable
,
they
being
generally
u●eful
for
the
same
purposes
;
as
Boxes
,
such
as
Apothecaries
and
Goldsmiths
use
;
for
Cart-Saddle-trees
,
yea
,
Gun-stocks
,
and
Half-Pikes
,
Harrows
,
Shooe-makers
Lasts
,
Heels
,
Clogs
for
Pattens
,
Forks
,
Rakes
,
especially
the
Tooths
,
which
should
be
wedg'd
with
Oak
,
but
let
them
not
be
cut
for
this
when
the
Sap
is
stirring
,
because
they
will
shrink
,
Pearches
,
Hop-poles
,
Ricing
of
Kidny-beans
,
and
for
Supporters
to
Vines
,
when
our
English
Vineyards
come
more
in
request
:
Also
for
Hurdles
,
Sieves
,
Lattices
;
for
the
Turner
,
Kyele-pins
,
great
Town-Topps
;
for
Platters
,
little
Cashes
and
Vessels
;
especially
to
preserve
Verjuices
in
the
best
of
any
:
Pailes
are
also
made
of
cleft
Willow
,
Dorsers
,
Fruit-baskets
,
Canns
,
Hives
for
Bees
,
Trenchers
,
Trays
,
and
for
polishing
and
whetting
Table-Knives
,
the
Butler
will
find
it
above
any
Wood
or
Whet-stone
;
also
for
Coals
and
Bavin
,
not
forgetting
the
fresh
boughs
,
which
of
all
the
Trees
in
nature
,
yield
the
most
chast
and
coolest
Shade
in
the
hottest
season
of
the
day
;
and
this
Umbrage
so
wholesome
,
that
Physicians
prescribe
it
to
Feaverish
persons
,
permitting
them
to
be
plac'd
even
about
their
Beds
,
as
a
safe
and
comfortable
refrigerium
.
The
wood
being
preserv'd
dry
will
dure
a
very
long
time
;
but
that
which
is
found
wholly
putrifi'd
,
and
reduc'd
to
a
loamy
earth
in
the
hollow
trunks
of
superannuated
Trees
,
is
,
of
all
other
,
the
fittest
to
be
mingl'd
with
fine
mould
,
for
the
raising
our
choicest
Flowers
,
such
as
Anemonies
,
Ranunculus's
,
Auriculas
,
and
the
like
.
What
would
we
more
?
low
Broom
,
and
Sallys
wild
,
Or
feed
the
Flock
,
or
Shepheards
shade
,
or
Field
Hedges
about
,
or
do
us
Hony
yield
.
Quid
majora
sequ●r
?
Salices
,
humilesque
genista
.
Aut
illae
pecori
frondem
,
aut
pastoribus
umbram
Sufficiunt
,
sepemque
satis
,
&
pabula
melli
.
Georg.
2.
30.
Now
by
all
these
Plantations
of
the
Aquatic
Trees
,
it
is
evident
,
the
Lords
of
Moorish
Commons
,
and
unprofitable
Wasts
,
may
learn
some
Improvement
,
and
the
neighbour
Bees
be
gratified
;
and
many
Tools
of
Husbandry
become
much
cheaper
.
I
conclude
,
with
the
Learned
Stephanus's
note
upon
these
kind
of
Trees
,
after
he
has
enumerated
the
universal
benefit
of
the
Salictum
:
Nullius
enim
tutior
reditus
,
minorisve
impendii
,
aut
tempestatis
securior
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Of
Fences
,
Quick-sets
,
&c.
1.
OUr
main
Plantation
is
now
finish'd
,
Fences
.
and
our
Forest
adorn'd
with
a
just
variety
:
But
what
is
yet
all
this
labour
,
but
losse
of
time
,
and
irreparable
expence
,
unlesse
our
young
,
and
(
as
yet
)
tender
Plants
be
sufficiently
guarded
from
all
external
injuries
for
,
as
old
Tusser
,
If
Cattel
,
or
Cony
may
enter
to
Crop
,
Young
Oak
is
in
danger
of
losing
his
Cop.
But
with
something
a
more
polish'd
stile
,
though
to
the
same
purpose
,
the
best
of
Poets
,
Plash
Fences
thy
Plantation
round
about
,
And
whilst
yet
Young
,
be
sure
keep
Cattell
out
;
Severest
Winters
,
scorching
Sun
infest
,
And
Sheep
,
Goats
,
Bullocks
,
all
young
Plants
molest
;
Yet
neither
Cold
,
nor
the
hoar
rigid
Frost
,
Nor
Heat
reflecting
from
the
Rocky
Coast
,
Like
Cattel
Trees
,
and
tender
Shoots
consound
,
When
with
invenom'd
Teeth
the
twigs
they
wound
.
Texendae
sepes
etiam
,
&
pecus
omne
tenendum
est
:
Praecipuè
,
dum
frons
tenera
,
imprudensque
laborum
Cui
,
super
indignas
hyemes
,
solemque
potentem
,
Sylvestres
Vri
assiduè
,
capreaeque
sequaces
Illudunt
:
Pascuntur
Oves
,
avidaeque
juven●ae
.
Frigora
nec
tantum
cana
concreta
pruina
,
Aut
gravis
incumbens
scopulis
arentibus
astas
,
Quantum
illi
nocuere
greges
,
durique
venenum
Dentis
,
&
admorso
signata
in
stirpe
cicatrix
.
Georg.
2.
2.
For
the
reason
that
so
many
complain
of
the
improsperous
condition
of
their
Wood-lands
,
and
Plantations
of
this
kind
,
proceeds
from
this
neglect
;
though
(
Sheep
excepted
)
there
is
no
employment
whatsoever
incident
to
the
Farmer
,
which
requires
less
expence
to
gratifie
their
expectations
:
One
diligent
,
and
skilful
Man
will
govern
five
hundred
Acres
:
But
if
through
any
accident
a
Beast
shall
break
into
his
Masters
Field
;
or
the
wicked
Hunters
make
a
Gap
for
his
Dogs
and
Horses
,
what
a
clamor
is
there
made
for
the
disturbance
of
a
years
Crop
at
most
in
a
little
Corn
?
whiles
abandoning
his
young
Woods
all
this
time
,
and
perhaps
many
years
,
to
the
venomous
bitings
and
treading
of
Cattel
,
and
other
like
injuries
(
for
want
of
due
care
)
the
detriment
is
many
times
irreparable
:
Young
Trees
once
cropp'd
hardly
ever
recovering
:
It
is
the
bane
of
all
our
most
hopeful
Timber
.
3.
But
shall
I
provoke
you
by
an
instance
?
A
Kins-man
of
mine
has
a
Wood
of
more
than
60
years
standing
;
it
was
,
before
he
purchas'd
it
,
expos'd
and
abandon'd
to
the
Cattel
for
divers
years
:
some
of
the
outward
skirts
were
nothing
save
shrubs
and
miserable
starvlings
;
yet
still
the
place
had
a
disposition
to
grow
woody
;
but
by
this
neglect
continually
suppress'd
.
The
industrious
Gentleman
has
Fenced
in
some
Acres
of
this
,
and
cut
all
close
to
the
ground
;
it
is
come
in
eight
or
nine
years
,
to
be
better
worth
than
the
Wood
of
sixty
;
and
will
(
in
time
)
prove
most
incomparable
Timber
,
whiles
the
other
part
so
many
years
advanc'd
,
shall
never
recover
;
and
all
this
from
no
other
cause
,
than
preserving
it
fenc'd
:
Judge
then
by
this
,
how
our
Woods
come
to
be
so
decried
:
Are
five
hundred
Sheep
worthy
the
care
of
a
Shepherd
?
and
are
not
five
thousand
Oaks
worth
the
fencing
,
and
the
inspection
of
a
Hayward
?
And
shall
men
doubt
to
Plant
,
and
careful
be
?
Et
dabitant
homines
serere
,
atque
impendere
curam
?
Georg.
2.
Let
us
therefore
shut
up
what
we
have
thus
laboriously
Planted
,
with
some
good
Quick-set
hedge
.
Which
,
—
All
Countreys
bear
,
in
every
ground
As
Denizen
,
or
Enter-loper
found
:
From
Gardens
and
till'd
fields
expell'd
,
yet
there
On
the
extreams
stands
up
,
and
claims
a
share
.
Nor
Mastiff-dog
,
nor
Pike-man
can
be
found
A
better
Fence
to
the
enclosed
Ground
.
Such
breed
the
rough
and
hardy
Cantons
rear
,
And
into
all
adjacent
Lands
prefer
,
Tough
rugged
Churles
;
and
for
the
Battel
fit
,
Who
Courts
and
States
with
Complement
or
Wit
To
civilize
nor
to
instruct
pretend
;
But
with
stout
faithful
service
to
defend
.
This
Tyrants
know
full
well
,
nor
more
confide
On
Guards
that
serve
lesse
for
Defence
than
Pride
:
Their
Persons
safe
they
do
not
judge
amisse
,
And
Realms
committed
to
their
Guard
of
Swisse
.
—
Omne
solum
natale
est
,
intrat
ubique
Ardelio
;
illa
quidem
culiis
excluditur
agris
Plerumque
,
atque
hortis
;
sed
circumsepit
utrosque
Atque
omnes
adytus
servat
fidissima
custos
,
Vtilior
latrante
Cane
,
armatoque
Priapo
.
Aspera
frigoribus
saxisque
Helvetia
tales
Educat
,
&
peregis
terras
emittit
in
omnes
Enormes
durósque
viros
,
sed
fortia
bell●
Pectora
;
non
illi
cultu
,
non
moribus
Aulas
,
Atque
Vrbes
decorare
valent
,
sed
utrasque
fideli
Defendunt
opera
;
nec
iis
,
gens
cauta
,
Tyranni
,
Praeponunt
speciosa
magis
,
multúmque
sonora
Praefidia
;
his
certi
vitam
tutantur
opesque
,
&c.
Couleii
pl.
l.
6.
For
so
the
ingenious
Poet
has
metamorphos'd
him
,
and
I
could
not
withstand
him
.
Quick-sets
.
4.
The
Hei-thorne
,
and
indeed
the
very
best
of
common
hedges
,
is
either
rais'd
of
Seeds
or
Plants
;
but
then
it
must
not
be
with
despair
,
because
sometimes
you
do
not
see
them
peep
the
first
year
;
for
the
Haw
,
and
many
other
Seeds
,
being
invested
with
a
very
hard
Integument
,
will
now
and
then
suffer
imprisonment
two
whole
years
under
the
earth
;
and
impatience
of
this
does
often
frustrate
the
expectation
of
the
resurrection
of
divers
seeds
of
this
nature
;
so
as
we
frequently
dig
up
,
and
disturb
the
beds
where
they
have
been
sown
,
in
despair
,
before
they
have
gone
their
full
time
;
which
is
also
the
reason
of
a
very
popular
mistake
in
other
Seeds
:
Especially
,
that
of
the
Holly
,
concerning
which
there
goes
a
tradition
;
that
they
will
not
sprout
till
they
be
pass'd
through
the
Maw
of
a
Thrush
;
whence
the
saying
,
Turdus
exitium
suum
cacat
(
alluding
to
the
Viscus
made
thereof
,
not
the
Missleto
of
Oak
)
but
this
is
an
errour
,
as
I
am
able
to
testifie
on
experience
;
they
come
up
very
well
of
the
Berries
,
and
with
patience
;
for
(
as
I
affirm'd
)
they
will
sleep
sometimes
two
entire
years
in
their
Graves
;
as
will
also
the
seeds
of
Yew
,
Sloes
,
Phillyrea
angustifolia
,
and
sundry
others
,
whose
shells
are
very
hard
about
the
small
kernels
;
but
which
is
wonderfully
facilitated
,
by
being
(
as
we
directed
)
prepar'd
in
beds
,
and
Magazines
of
Earth
or
Sand
for
a
competent
time
,
and
then
committed
to
the
ground
before
the
full
in
March
,
by
which
season
they
will
be
chitting
,
and
speedily
take
Root
:
Others
bury
them
deep
in
the
ground
all
Winter
,
and
sow
them
in
February
:
And
thus
I
have
been
told
of
a
Gentleman
who
has
considerably
improv'd
his
Revenue
,
by
sowing
Haws
only
,
and
raising
Nurseries
of
Quick-sets
,
which
he
sells
by
the
hundred
far
and
neer
:
This
is
a
commendable
industry
;
any
neglected
corners
of
ground
will
fit
this
Plantation
.
5.
But
Columella
has
another
expedient
for
the
raising
of
our
spinetum
,
by
rubbing
the
now
mature
Hips
and
Haws
into
the
crevices
of
Bass
ropes
,
and
then
burying
them
in
a
Trench
:
Whether
way
you
attempt
it
,
they
must
(
so
soon
as
they
peep
,
and
as
long
as
they
require
it
)
be
sedulously
cleans'd
of
the
weeds
,
which
,
if
in
beds
for
transplantation
,
had
need
be
at
the
least
three
or
four
year
;
by
which
time
even
your
seedlings
will
be
of
stature
fit
to
remove
;
for
I
do
by
no
means
approve
of
the
vulgar
praemature
Planting
of
Sets
,
as
is
generally
us'd
throughout
England
;
which
is
to
take
such
onely
as
are
the
very
smallest
,
and
so
to
crowd
them
into
three
or
four
files
,
which
are
both
egregious
mistakes
.
6.
Whereas
it
is
found
by
constant
experience
,
that
Plants
as
big
as
ones
thumb
,
set
in
the
posture
,
and
at
the
distance
which
we
spake
of
in
the
Horn-beam
;
that
is
,
almost
perpendicular
(
not
altogether
,
because
the
Rain
should
not
get
in
'twixt
the
Rind
and
wood
)
and
single
,
or
at
most
not
exceeding
a
double
row
,
do
prosper
infinitely
,
and
much
out-strip
the
densest
,
and
closest
ranges
of
our
trifling
Sets
,
which
make
but
weak
shoots
,
and
whose
roots
do
but
hinder
each
other
,
and
for
being
couch'd
in
that
posture
on
the
sides
of
Banks
and
Fences
(
especially
where
the
earth
is
not
very
tenacious
)
are
bared
of
the
mould
which
should
entertain
them
,
by
that
time
the
Rains
and
Storms
of
one
Winter
,
have
passed
over
them
.
In
Holland
,
and
Flanders
(
where
they
have
the
goodliest
Hedges
of
this
kind
about
the
Counter-scarps
of
their
invincible
fortifications
,
to
the
great
security
of
their
Musketiers
upon
occasion
)
they
Plant
them
according
to
my
description
,
and
raise
Fences
so
speedily
,
and
so
impenetrable
,
that
our
best
are
not
to
enter
into
the
comparison
.
Yet
,
that
I
may
not
be
wanting
to
direct
such
as
either
affect
the
other
way
,
or
whose
Grounds
may
require
some
Bank
of
Earth
,
as
ordinarily
the
verges
of
Coppses
,
and
other
Inclosures
do
:
You
shall
by
line
cast
up
your
fosse
of
about
three
foot
broad
,
and
about
the
same
depth
,
provided
your
mould
hold
it
;
beginning
first
to
turn
the
turf
,
upon
which
,
be
careful
to
lay
some
of
the
best
Earth
to
bed
your
Quick
in
,
and
there
lay
,
or
set
the
Plants
;
two
in
a
foot
space
is
sufficient
;
being
diligent
to
procure
such
as
are
fresh
gathered
,
streight
,
smooth
,
and
well
rooted
;
adding
now
and
then
,
at
equal
spaces
of
twenty
or
thirty
foot
,
a
young
Oakling
or
Elme-sucker
,
Ash
or
the
like
,
which
will
come
in
time
to
be
ornamental
Standards
,
and
good
Timber
:
If
you
will
needs
multiply
your
rowes
,
a
foot
or
somewhat
lesse
:
Above
that
,
upon
more
congested
mould
,
plant
another
ranke
of
sets
,
so
as
to
point
just
in
the
middle
of
the
vacuities
of
the
first
,
which
I
conceive
enough
:
This
is
but
for
the
single
Fosse
;
but
if
you
would
fortifie
it
to
the
purpose
,
do
as
much
on
the
other
side
,
of
the
same
depth
,
height
,
and
planting
;
and
then
last
of
all
,
cap
the
top
in
Pyramis
with
the
worst
,
or
bottom
of
the
Ditch
:
Some
,
if
the
mould
be
good
,
plant
a
row
or
two
on
the
Edge
,
or
very
crest
of
the
mound
,
which
ought
to
be
a
little
flatned
:
Here
also
many
set
their
dry-Hedge
,
to
defend
,
and
shade
their
under-plantation
,
and
I
cannot
reprove
it
:
But
great
care
is
to
be
had
in
this
work
,
that
the
main
bank
be
well
footed
,
and
not
made
with
too
suddain
a
declivity
,
which
is
subject
to
fall-in
after
frosts
and
wet
weather
;
and
this
is
good
husbandry
for
moyst
grounds
;
but
where
the
Land
lyes
high
,
and
is
hot
and
gravelly
,
I
prefer
the
lower
fencing
;
which
,
though
even
with
the
arëa
it self
,
may
be
protected
with
stakes
and
a
dry
hedge
,
the
distance
competent
,
and
to
very
good
purposes
of
educating
more
frequent
Timber
amongst
the
rowes
.
8.
Your
Hedge
being
yet
Young
,
should
be
constantly
weeded
,
(
of
Brambles
especially
,
the
great
Dock
,
and
Thistle
,
&c.
)
though
some
admit
not
of
this
work
after
Michaelmas
,
for
Reasons
that
I
approve
not
:
It
has
been
the
practice
of
Herefordshire
,
in
the
plantation
of
Quick-set-hedges
,
to
plant
a
Crab-stock
at
every
twenty-foot
distance
;
and
this
they
observe
so
Religiously
,
as
if
they
had
been
under
some
rigorous
Statute
requiring
it
:
But
by
this
means
,
they
were
provided
in
a
short
time
with
all
advantages
for
the
graffing
of
Fruit
amongst
them
,
which
does
highly
recompense
their
industry
.
Some
cut
their
Sets
at
three
years
growth
even
to
the
very
ground
,
and
find
that
in
a
year
or
two
,
it
will
have
shot
,
as
much
as
in
seven
,
had
it
been
let
alone
.
9.
When
your
Hedge
is
now
neer
six
years
stature
,
plash
it
about
February
or
October
;
but
this
is
the
work
of
a
very
dextrous
and
skilful
Husbandman
;
and
for
which
our
honest
Country-man
M.
Markam
gives
excellent
directions
;
only
I
approve
not
so
well
of
his
deep
cutting
,
if
it
be
possible
to
bend
it
,
having
suffered
in
some
thing
of
that
kind
:
It
is
almost
incredible
to
what
perfection
some
have
laid
these
Hedges
,
by
the
rural
way
of
plashing
,
better
than
by
clipping
;
yet
may
both
be
used
for
ornament
,
as
where
they
are
planted
about
our
Garden-fences
,
and
fields
neer
the
Mansion
.
In
Scotland
,
by
tying
the
young
shoots
with
bands
of
hay
,
they
make
the
stems
grow
so
very
close
together
,
as
that
it
encloseth
Rabbets
in
Warrens
instead
of
pales
.
10.
And
now
since
I
did
mention
it
,
and
that
most
I
find
do
greatly
affect
the
vulgar
way
of
Quicking
(
that
this
our
Discourse
be
in
nothing
deficient
)
we
will
in
brief
give
it
you
again
after
Geo.
Markams
description
,
because
it
is
the
best
and
most
accurate
,
although
much
resembling
our
former
direction
,
of
which
it
seems
but
a
Repetition
,
'till
he
comes
to
the
plashing
.
In
a
Ground
which
is
more
dry
then
wet
(
for
watry
places
it
abhors
)
plant
your
Quick
thus
:
Let
the
first
row
of
Sets
be
placed
in
a
trench
of
about
half
a
foot
deep
,
even
with
the
top
of
your
ditch
,
in
somewhat
a
sloping
,
or
inclining
posture
:
Then
,
having
rais'd
your
bank
neer
a
foot
upon
them
,
plant
another
row
,
so
as
their
tops
may
just
peep
out
over
the
middle
of
the
spaces
of
your
first
row
:
These
cover'd
again
to
the
height
or
thickness
of
the
other
,
place
a
third
rank
opposite
to
the
first
,
and
then
finish
your
bank
to
its
intended
height
.
The
distances
of
the
plants
would
not
be
above
one
foot
;
and
the
season
to
do
the
work
in
,
may
be
from
the
entry
of
February
,
till
the
end
of
March
;
or
else
in
September
,
to
the
beginning
of
December
.
When
this
is
finish'd
,
you
must
guard
both
the
top
of
your
Bank
,
and
outmost
verge
of
your
Ditch
,
with
a
sufficient
dry-hedge
interwoven
from
stake
to
stake
into
the
earth
(
which
commonly
they
do
on
the
bank
)
to
secure
your
Quick
from
the
spoil
of
Cattle
.
And
then
being
careful
to
repair
such
as
decay
,
or
do
not
spring
,
by
suppling
the
dead
,
and
trimming
the
rest
;
you
shall
after
three
years
growth
,
sprinkle
some
Timber-trees
amongst
them
;
such
as
Oak
,
Beech
,
Ash
,
Maple
,
Fruit
,
or
the
like
;
which
being
drawn
young
out
of
your
Nurseries
,
may
be
very
easily
inserted
.
But
that
which
we
affirm'd
to
require
the
greatest
dexterity
in
this
work
,
is
,
the
artificial
plashing
of
our
Hedge
when
it
is
now
arriv'd
to
a
six
or
seven
years
head
;
though
some
stay
till
the
tenth
or
longer
.
In
February
therefore
,
or
October
,
with
a
very
sharp
hand-bill
cut
away
all
superfluous
sprays
and
straglers
which
may
hinder
your
progress
,
and
are
useless
.
Then
,
searching
out
the
principal
stems
,
with
a
keen
and
light
Hatchet
,
cut
them
slant-wise
close
to
the
Ground
,
about
three
quarters
through
,
or
rather
,
so
far
onely
,
as
till
you
can
make
them
comply
handsomely
,
which
is
your
best
direction
,
and
so
lay
it
from
you
sloping
as
you
go
,
folding
in
the
lesser
branches
which
spring
from
them
;
and
ever
within
a
five
,
or
six
foot
distance
,
where
you
find
an
upright
set
(
cutting
off
only
the
top
to
the
height
of
your
intended
hedge
)
let
it
stand
as
a
stake
to
fortifie
your
work
,
and
to
receive
the
twinings
of
those
branches
about
it
.
Lastly
,
at
the
top
(
which
would
be
about
five
foot
above
ground
)
take
the
longest
,
most
slender
and
flexible
twigs
which
you
reserved
(
and
being
cut
as
the
former
where
need
requires
)
bind
in
the
extremities
of
all
the
rest
,
and
thus
your
work
is
finish'd
:
This
being
done
very
close
,
and
thick
,
makes
an
impregnable
Hedge
,
in
few
years
;
for
it
may
be
repeated
as
you
see
occasion
;
and
what
you
so
cut
away
,
will
help
to
make
your
dry-hedges
for
your
young
Plantations
,
or
be
profitable
for
the
Oven
,
and
make
good
Bavin
.
For
stakes
in
this
work
,
Oake
is
to
be
preferr'd
,
though
some
will
use
Elder
,
or
the
Black-Thorn
droven
well
in
at
every
yard
of
interval
;
and
even
your
plash'd-hedges
need
some
small
thorns
to
be
lay'd
over
to
protect
the
Spring
from
Cattel
and
Sheep
,
'till
they
are
somewhat
fortified
;
and
the
doubler
the
winding
is
lodg'd
,
the
better
;
which
should
be
beaten
,
and
forced
down
together
with
the
stakes
,
as
equally
as
may
be
.
Note
,
that
in
sloping
your
Windings
,
if
it
be
too
low
done
(
as
very
usually
)
it
frequently
mortifies
the
tops
;
therefore
,
it
ought
to
be
so
bent
,
as
it
may
not
impead
the
mounting
of
the
Sap:
If
the
plash
be
of
a
great
,
and
extraordinary
age
,
wind
it
at
the
neather
boughs
all
together
,
and
cutting
the
sets
as
directed
,
permit
it
rather
to
hang
downwards
a
little
,
than
rise
too
forwards
;
and
then
twist
the
branches
into
the
work
,
leaving
a
set
free
and
unconstrain'd
at
every
yard
space
;
besides
such
as
will
serve
for
stakes
,
abated
to
about
five-foot-length
(
which
is
a
competent
stature
for
an
Hedge
)
and
so
let
it
stand
.
One
shall
often
find
in
this
work
,
especially
in
Old
neglected
Hedges
,
some
great
Trees
,
or
stubs
,
that
commonly
make
gaps
for
Cattel
:
Such
,
should
be
cut
so
neer
the
Earth
,
as
'till
you
can
lay
them
thwart
,
that
the
top
of
one
,
may
rest
on
the
root
,
or
stub
of
the
other
,
as
far
as
they
extend
,
stopping
the
cavities
with
its
boughs
and
branches
;
and
thus
Hedges
which
seem
to
consist
but
onely
of
Scrubby-Trees
and
stumps
,
may
be
reduc'd
to
a
tollerable
Fence
.
We
have
been
the
longer
on
these
descriptions
,
because
it
is
of
main
importance
,
and
that
so
few
Husband-men
are
perfectly
skil'd
in
it
.
10.
The
Roots
of
an
Old
Thorne
is
excellent
both
for
Boxes
and
Combs
,
and
is
curiously
and
naturally
wrought
:
I
have
read
,
that
they
made
ribs
to
some
small
Boates
or
Vessels
with
the
White-Thorn
.
The
Black-Crab
rightly
season'd
and
treated
,
is
famous
for
Walking-staves
▪
and
if
over-grown
us'd
in
Mill-work
.
Here
we
owe
due
Elogy
to
the
Industry
of
that
honourable
Person
my
Lord
Ashley
,
who
has
taught
us
to
make
such
Enclosures
of
Crab-stocks
onely
,
planted
close
to
one
another
,
as
there
is
nothing
more
impregnable
and
becoming
;
or
you
may
sowe
Sider-kernels
in
a
rill
,
and
fence
it
for
a
while
with
a
double
dry
Hedge
,
not
onely
for
a
suddain
and
beautiful
,
but
a
very
profitable
Inclosure
;
because
,
amongst
other
benefits
,
they
will
yield
you
Sider-fruit
in
abundance
:
But
in
Devonshire
,
they
build
two
walls
with
their
stones
,
setting
them
edge-ways
,
two
,
and
then
one
between
;
and
so
as
it
rises
,
fill
the
intervall
or
Cofer
with
Earth
(
the
breadth
and
height
as
you
please
)
and
continuing
the
stone-work
,
and
filling
,
and
as
you
work
beating
in
the
stones
flat
to
the
sides
,
which
causes
them
to
stick
everlastingly
:
This
is
absolutely
the
neatest
,
most
saving
,
and
profitable
Fencing
imaginable
,
where
slaty
stones
are
in
any
abundance
;
and
it
becomes
not
onely
the
most
secure
to
the
Lands
,
but
the
best
for
Cattel
to
lye
warme
under
the
Walls
;
when
other
Hedges
,
(
be
they
never
so
thick
)
admit
of
some
cold
winds
in
Winter
time
that
the
leaves
are
of
:
Upon
these
Banks
they
plant
not
onely
Quick
sets
,
but
even
Timber-Trees
which
exceedingly
thrive
,
being
out
of
all
danger
.
11.
The
Pyracanth
,
Paliurus
,
and
like
pretioser
sorts
of
Thorne
might
easily
be
propagated
into
plenty
sufficient
to
store
even
these
vulgar
Vses
were
Men
industrious
;
and
then
how
beautiful
,
and
sweet
would
the
environs
of
our
Fields
be
?
for
there
are
none
of
the
spinous
shrubs
more
hardy
,
nor
fitter
for
our
defence
.
Thus
might
Berberies
now
and
then
be
also
inserted
among
our
hedges
,
which
,
with
the
Hips
,
Haws
,
and
Cornel-berries
,
do
well
in
light
lands
,
and
would
rather
be
planted
to
the
South
than
North
or
West
,
as
usually
we
observe
them
.
13.
Some
(
as
we
noted
)
mingle
their
very
hedges
with
Oaklings
,
Ash
,
and
Fruit
trees
sown
,
or
planted
,
and
't
is
a
laudable
improvement
;
though
others
do
rather
recommend
to
us
Sets
of
all
one
sort
,
and
will
not
so
much
as
admit
of
the
Black-Thorne
to
be
mingled
with
the
White
,
because
of
their
unequal
progress
;
and
indeed
,
Timber-trees
set
in
the
Hedge
(
though
contemporaries
with
it
)
do
frequently
wear
it
out
;
and
therefore
I
should
rather
incourage
such
Plantations
to
be
at
some
Yards
neer
the
Verges
,
than
perpendicularly
in
them
.
14.
In
Cornwall
they
secure
their
Lands
and
Woods
with
high
Mounds
,
and
on
them
they
plant
Acorns
,
whose
roots
bind
in
the
looser
mould
,
and
so
form
a
double
,
and
most
durable
Fence
,
incircling
the
Fields
with
a
Coronet
of
Trees
.
They
do
likewise
(
and
that
with
great
commendation
)
make
hedges
of
our
Genista
Spinosa
,
prickly
Furzes
,
of
which
they
have
a
taller
sort
,
Furzes
.
such
as
the
French
imploy
for
the
same
purpose
in
Bretaigne
,
where
they
are
incomparable
husbands
.
15.
It
is
to
be
sown
(
which
is
best
)
or
planted
of
the
roots
in
a
furrow
:
If
sown
,
weeded
till
it
be
strong
:
both
Tonsile
,
and
to
be
diligently
clip'd
,
which
will
render
it
very
thick
,
an
excellent
and
beautiful
hedge
:
Otherwise
permitted
to
grow
at
large
,
't
will
yield
very
good
Fagot
:
It
is
likewise
admirable
Covert
for
wilde-fowle
,
and
will
be
made
to
grow
even
in
moyst
,
as
well
as
dry
places
:
The
young
,
and
tender
tops
of
Furzes
,
being
a
little
bruis'd
,
and
given
to
a
lean
sickly
Horse
,
will
strangely
recover
and
plump
him
.
Thus
,
in
some
places
,
they
sow
in
barren
grounds
(
when
they
lay
them
down
)
the
last
crop
with
this
seed
,
and
so
let
them
remain
till
they
break
them
up
again
,
and
during
that
interim
,
reap
considerable
advantage
:
Would
you
believe
(
writes
a
worthy
Correspondent
of
mine
)
that
in
Herefordshire
(
famous
for
plenty
of
wood
)
their
Thickets
of
Furzes
(
viz.
the
vulgar
)
should
yield
them
more
profit
,
then
a
like
quantity
of
the
best
Wheat
land
of
England
?
for
such
is
theirs
,
if
this
be
question'd
,
the
Scene
is
within
a
mile
of
Hereford
,
and
proved
by
anniversary
experience
,
in
the
Lands
,
as
I
take
it
,
of
a
Gentleman
who
is
now
one
of
the
Burgesses
for
that
City
.
And
in
Devonshire
(
the
seat
of
the
best
Husbands
in
the
World
)
they
sow
on
their
worst
Land
(
well
plow'd
)
the
seeds
of
the
rankest
Furzes
,
which
in
four
or
five
years
becomes
a
rich
Wood
:
no
provender
(
as
we
say
)
makes
Horses
so
hardy
,
as
the
young
tops
of
these
Furzes
;
no
other
Wood
so
thick
,
nor
more
excellent
Fuel
;
and
for
some
purposes
also
,
yielding
them
a
kind
of
Timber
to
their
more
humble
buildings
,
and
a
great
refuge
for
Fowl
and
other
Game
:
I
am
assur'd
,
in
Bretaigne
't
is
sometimes
sown
no
lesse
then
twelve
yards
thick
,
for
a
speedy
,
profitable
,
and
impenetrable
Mound
:
If
we
imitated
this
husbandry
in
the
barren
places
of
Surrey
,
and
other
parts
of
this
Nation
,
we
might
exceedingly
spare
our
woods
;
and
I
have
bought
the
best
sort
of
French
seed
at
the
shops
in
London
.
It
seems
that
in
the
more
Eastern
parts
of
Germany
,
and
especially
in
Poland
,
this
vulgar
trifle
,
and
even
our
common
Broom
is
so
rare
,
that
they
have
desired
the
seeds
of
them
out
of
England
,
and
preserve
them
with
extraordinary
care
in
their
best
Gardens
;
this
I
learn
out
of
our
Johnsons
Herbal
;
by
which
we
may
consider
,
that
what
is
reputed
a
curse
and
a
cumber
in
some
places
,
is
esteem'd
the
ornament
and
blessing
of
another
:
But
we
shall
not
need
go
so
far
for
this
,
since
both
Beech
and
Birch
are
almost
as
great
strangers
in
many
parts
of
this
Nation
,
particularly
Northampton
and
Oxfordshire
.
Broom
.
15.
This
puts
me
in
mind
of
the
Broom
;
another
improvement
for
Barren
grounds
,
and
saver
of
more
substantial
Fuel
:
It
may
be
sown
English
,
or
(
what
is
more
sweet
,
and
beautiful
)
the
Spanish
,
with
equal
success
.
In
the
Western
parts
of
France
,
and
Cornwall
,
it
grows
with
us
to
an
incredible
height
(
however
our
Poet
give
it
the
epithete
of
humilis
)
and
so
it
seems
they
had
it
of
old
,
as
appears
by
Gratius
his
Genistae
Altinates
,
with
which
(
as
he
affirms
)
they
us'd
to
make
staves
for
their
Spears
,
and
hunting
Darts
.
Elder
.
16.
Lastly
,
a
considerable
Fence
may
be
made
of
the
Elder
,
set
of
reasonable
lusty
trunchions
;
much
like
the
Willow
,
and
(
as
I
have
seen
them
maintain'd
)
laid
with
great
curiosity
,
and
far
excelling
those
extravagant
plantations
of
them
about
London
,
where
the
lops
are
permitted
to
grow
without
due
and
skilful
laying
.
There
is
a
sort
of
Elder
which
has
hardly
any
Pith
;
this
makes
exceeding
stout
Fences
,
and
the
Timber
very
useful
for
Cogs
of
Mills
,
Butchers
Skewers
,
and
such
tough
employments
.
Old
trees
do
in
time
become
firm
,
and
close
up
the
hollowness
to
an
almost
invisible
pith
.
But
if
the
Medicinal
properties
of
the
Leaves
,
Bark
,
Berries
,
&c.
were
throughly
known
,
I
cannot
tell
what
our
Country-man
could
aile
for
which
he
might
not
fetch
a
Remedy
from
every
Hedge
,
either
for
Sicknesse
or
Wound
:
The
inner
Barke
of
Elder
,
or
,
in
season
,
the
Buds
,
boyld
in
Water-grewel
for
a
Break-fast
,
has
effected
wonders
in
the
Feaver
;
and
the
decoction
is
admirable
to
asswage
Inflammations
and
tetrous
humors
,
and
especially
the
Scorbut
:
But
an
Extract
or
Therica
may
be
compos'd
of
the
Berries
,
which
is
not
onely
efficacious
to
erradicate
this
Epidemical
inconvenience
,
and
greatly
to
assist
Longaevity
(
for
famous
is
the
story
of
Naeander
)
but
is
a
kind
of
Catholicon
against
all
Infirmities
whatever
:
The
Water
of
the
leaves
and
Berries
are
approved
in
the
Dropsy
,
every
part
of
the
Tree
is
useful
:
The
Oyntment
made
with
the
young
buds
and
leaves
in
May
with
Butter
,
is
most
soveraine
for
Aches
,
shrunk
sinnues
,
&c.
And
lesse
than
this
could
I
not
say
(
with
the
leave
of
the
charitable
Physitian
)
to
gratifie
our
poor
Wood-man
;
and
yet
when
I
have
say'd
all
this
,
I
do
by
no
means
commend
the
sent
of
it
,
which
is
very
noxious
to
the
Ayre
,
and
therefore
,
though
I
do
not
undertake
that
all
things
which
sweeten
the
Ayre
are
salubrious
,
nor
all
ill
savors
pernicious
;
yet
,
as
not
for
its
beauty
,
so
neither
for
its
smell
,
would
I
plant
Elder
or
much
Box
neer
my
Habitation
:
The
Elder
does
likewise
produce
a
certain
green
Fly
,
almost
invisible
,
which
is
exceedingly
troublesome
,
and
whose
sting
is
plainly
venomous
,
smarts
vehemently
,
and
gathers
a
fiery
rednesse
where
it
ataques
.
19.
There
is
a
Shrub
call'd
the
Spindle-Tree
,
Evonymus
or
Fusanum
,
Evonymus
.
commonly
growing
in
our
Hedges
,
which
bears
a
very
hard
wood
,
of
which
they
sometimes
made
Bowes
for
Viols
,
and
the
Inlayer
us'd
it
for
its
colour
,
and
Instrument-makers
for
Toothing
of
Organs
and
Virginal-keys
,
Tooth-pickers
,
&c.
What
we
else
do
with
it
I
know
not
,
save
that
,
according
with
its
name
abroad
,
they
make
spindles
with
it
.
Here
might
come
in
(
or
be
nam'd
at
least
)
the
Wild-Cornel
,
good
to
make
Mill-Cogs
,
Pestles
,
Bobins
for
Bonelace
,
Cornel.
&c.
Lastly
,
the
Viburnum
,
or
Way-faring
tree
,
growing
also
plentifully
in
every
corner
,
makes
the
most
plyant
and
best
bands
to
Fagot
with
.
20.
Yucca
.
The
American
Yucca
is
a
hardier
plant
then
we
take
it
to
be
;
for
it
will
suffer
our
sharpest
Winter
,
as
I
have
seen
by
experience
,
without
that
trouble
,
and
care
of
setting
it
in
Cases
in
our
Conservatories
for
hyemation
;
such
as
have
beheld
it
in
Flower
(
which
is
not
indeed
till
it
be
of
some
age
)
must
needs
admire
the
beauty
of
it
;
and
it
being
easily
multiplied
,
why
should
it
not
make
one
of
the
best
,
and
most
ornamental
Fences
in
the
world
for
our
Gardens
,
with
its
natural
palisados
,
as
well
as
the
more
tender
,
and
impatient
of
moisture
the
Aloes
does
for
their
Vineyards
in
Languedoc
,
&c.
but
We
believe
nothing
improvable
,
save
what
our
Grand
fathers
taught
us
.
Finally
,
let
trial
likewise
be
made
of
that
Thorn
mention'd
by
Cap.
Liggon
in
his
History
of
Barbados
;
whether
it
would
not
be
made
grow
amongst
us
,
and
prove
as
convenient
for
fences
as
there
;
the
Seeds
or
Sets
transported
to
us
with
due
care
.
And
thus
,
having
accomplish'd
what
(
by
your
Commands
)
I
had
to
offer
concerning
the
propagation
of
the
more
Solid
,
Material
,
and
useful
Trees
,
as
well
the
Dry
,
as
Aquatical
;
and
to
the
best
of
my
talent
fenc'd
our
Plantation
in
,
I
should
here
conclude
,
and
set
a
bound
likewise
to
my
Discourse
,
by
making
an
Apologie
for
the
many
errours
and
impertinencies
of
it
;
did
not
the
zeal
,
and
ambition
of
this
Illustrious
Society
to
promote
and
improve
all
Attempts
which
may
concern
the
Publick
utility
or
Ornament
,
perswade
Me
,
that
what
I
am
adding
for
the
farther
encouragement
to
the
planting
of
some
other
useful
(
though
less
Vulgar
)
Trees
,
will
at
least
obtain
your
pardon
,
if
it
miss
of
your
Approbation
.
21.
To
discourse
in
this
stile
of
all
such
Fruit-trees
as
would
prove
of
greatest
emolument
to
the
whole
Nation
,
Fruit-Trees
.
were
to
design
a
just
Volume
;
and
there
are
directions
already
so
many
,
and
so
accurately
deliver'd
and
publish'd
(
but
which
cannot
be
affirm'd
of
any
of
the
former
Classes
of
Forest-trees
and
other
remarkes
,
at
the
least
to
my
poor
knowledge
and
research
)
that
it
would
be
needless
to
Repeat
.
22.
I
do
only
wish
(
upon
the
prospect
,
and
meditation
of
the
universal
Benefit
)
that
every
person
whatsoever
,
worth
ten
pounds
per
annum
,
within
his
Majesties
Dominions
,
were
by
some
indispensable
Statute
oblig'd
to
plant
his
Hedg-rows
with
the
best
,
and
most
useful
kinds
of
them
;
especially
,
in
such
places
of
the
Nation
,
as
being
the
more
in-land
Counties
,
and
remote
from
the
Seas
and
Navigable
Rivers
,
might
the
better
be
excus'd
from
the
planting
of
Timber
,
to
the
proportion
of
those
who
are
more
happily
and
commodiously
situated
for
the
transportation
of
it
.
22.
Undoubtedly
,
if
this
course
were
taken
effectually
,
a
very
considerable
part
both
of
the
Meat
and
Drink
which
is
spent
to
our
prejudice
,
might
be
saved
by
the
Country-people
,
even
out
of
the
Hedges
and
Mounds
,
which
would
afford
them
not
only
the
pleasure
and
profit
of
their
delicious
Fruit
,
but
such
abundance
of
Sider
and
Perry
,
as
should
suffice
them
to
drink
of
one
of
the
most
wholesom
and
excellent
Beverages
in
the
World
.
Old
Gerard
did
long
since
alledg
us
an
example
worthy
to
be
pursu'd
;
I
have
seen
(
saith
he
,
speaking
of
Apple-Trees
,
lib.
3.
cap.
101.
)
in
the
Pastures
and
Hedg-rows
about
the
Grounds
of
a
Worshipful
Gentleman
dwelling
two
miles
from
Hereford
,
call'd
Mr.
Roger
Bodnome
,
so
many
Trees
of
all
sorts
,
that
the
Servants
drink
for
the
most
part
no
other
drink
but
that
which
is
made
of
Apples
:
The
quantity
is
such
,
that
by
the
report
of
the
Gentleman
himself
,
the
Parson
hath
for
Tythe
many
Hogs-heads
of
Sider
:
The
Hogs
are
fed
with
the
fallings
of
them
,
which
are
so
many
,
that
they
make
choice
of
those
Apples
they
do
eat
,
who
will
not
taste
of
any
but
of
the
best
.
An
Example
doubtless
to
be
followed
of
Gentlemen
that
have
Land
and
Living
;
but
Envy
saith
,
The
Poor
will
break
down
our
Hedges
,
and
we
shall
have
the
least
part
of
the
Fruit
;
but
forward
in
the
Name
of
God
,
Graff
,
Set
,
Plant
,
and
nourish
up
Trees
in
every
corner
of
your
Ground
;
the
labour
is
small
,
the
cost
is
nothing
,
the
commodity
is
great
;
your selves
shall
have
plenty
,
the
poor
shall
have
somewhat
in
time
of
want
to
relieve
their
necessity
,
and
God
shall
reward
your
good
minds
and
diligence
.
Thus
far
honest
Gerard.
And
in
truth
,
with
how
small
a
charge
,
and
infinite
pleasure
this
were
to
be
effected
,
every
one
that
is
Patron
of
a
little
Nursery
can
easily
calculate
:
But
by
this
Expedient
,
many
thousands
of
Acres
,
sow'd
now
yearly
with
Barley
,
might
be
cultivated
for
Wheat
,
or
converted
into
Pasture
to
the
increase
of
Corn
,
and
Cattel
:
Besides
,
the
Timber
which
the
Pear-tree
,
Black-Cherry
afford
,
and
many
thorny
plums
(
which
are
best
for
grain
,
colour
and
glosse
)
afford
,
comparable
(
for
divers
curious
Vses
)
with
any
we
have
enumerated
.
The
Black-Cherry-Wood
grows
sometimes
to
that
bulke
,
as
is
fit
to
make
stooles
with
,
Cabinets
,
Tables
,
especially
the
redder
sort
,
which
will
polish
well
;
also
Pipes
,
and
Musical
Instruments
,
the
very
bark
employ'd
for
Bee-Hyves
:
But
of
this
I
am
to
render
a
more
ample
Accompt
in
the
Appendix
to
this
Discourse
.
I
would
farther
recommend
the
more
frequent
planting
,
and
propagation
of
Fir
,
Pine-trees
,
and
some
other
beneficial
Materials
both
for
Ornament
and
profit
;
especially
,
since
we
find
by
experience
,
they
thrive
so
well
,
where
they
are
cultivated
for
Curiosity
only
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Of
the
Fir
,
Pine
,
Pinaster
,
Pitch-tree
,
&c.
1.
ABies
,
Pinus
,
Pinaster
,
Picea
,
&c.
Fir.
are
all
of
them
easily
rais'd
of
the
Kernels
,
and
Nuts
,
which
may
be
gotten
out
of
their
Cones
and
Clogs
,
by
exposing
them
a
little
before
the
fire
,
or
in
warm
water
,
till
they
begin
to
gape
,
and
are
ready
to
deliver
themselves
of
their
numerous
burthen
.
2.
There
are
of
the
Fir
two
principal
species
;
the
Male
which
is
the
bigger
Tree
most
beautiful
and
tapering
,
and
of
a
harder
wood
;
the
Female
,
which
is
much
the
softer
,
and
whiter
.
Though
Whitenesse
be
not
the
best
character
;
that
which
knowing
Workemen
call
the
Dram
,
and
that
comes
to
us
from
Bergen
,
Swinsound
,
Mosse
,
Longlound
,
Dranton
,
&c.
long
,
strait
,
clear
,
and
of
a
yellow
more
Cedrie
colour
,
is
esteemed
much
before
the
White
for
flooring
and
wainscot
;
For
Masts
,
&c.
Those
of
Prusia
,
which
we
call
Spruse
,
and
Norway
(
especially
from
Gottenberg
)
are
the
best
;
unlesse
we
had
more
commerce
of
them
from
our
Plantations
in
New-England
,
which
are
preferrable
to
any
of
them
.
In
the
Scottish
High-lands
are
Trees
of
wonderful
altitude
(
though
not
altogether
so
tall
,
thick
and
fine
as
the
former
)
which
grow
upon
places
so
unaccessable
,
and
far
from
the
Sea
,
that
(
as
one
says
)
they
seem
to
be
planted
of
God
on
purpose
for
Nurseries
of
Seed
,
and
monitors
to
our
Industry
,
reserved
with
other
Blessings
,
to
be
discover'd
in
our
days
amongst
the
new-invented
Improvements
of
Husbandry
,
not
known
to
our
Southern
people
of
this
Nation
,
&c.
Did
we
consider
the
pains
they
take
to
bring
them
out
of
the
Alps
,
we
should
lesse
stick
at
the
difficulty
of
transporting
them
from
the
utmost
parts
of
Scotland
.
To
the
former
sorts
we
may
add
the
Esterund
Firs
,
Tonsberry
,
Fredrick-stad
,
Hellerone
,
Holmstrand
,
Landifer
,
Stavenger
,
Lawrwat
,
&c.
They
may
be
sown
in
beds
,
or
cases
,
at
any
time
during
March
;
and
when
they
peep
,
carefully
defended
with
Furzes
,
or
the
like
fence
,
from
the
rapacious
birds
,
which
are
very
apt
to
pull
them
up
,
by
taking
hold
of
that
little
infecund
part
of
the
seed
,
which
they
commonly
bear
upon
their
tops
:
The
Beds
wherein
you
sow
them
had
need
be
shelter'd
from
the
Southern
Aspects
with
some
skreen
of
Reed
,
or
thick
hedge
:
Sow
them
in
shallow
rills
,
not
above
half-inch-deep
,
and
cover
them
with
fine
light
mould
:
Being
risen
a
finger
in
height
,
establish
their
weak
stalks
,
by
siefting
some
more
earth
about
them
;
especially
the
Pines
,
which
being
more
top-heavy
,
are
more
apt
to
swag
.
When
they
are
of
two
,
or
three
years
growth
,
you
may
transplant
them
where
you
please
;
and
when
they
have
gotten
good
root
,
they
will
make
prodigious
shoots
;
but
not
for
the
three
,
or
four
first
years
comparatively
.
They
will
grow
both
in
moyst
,
or
barren
Gravel
,
and
poor
ground
,
so
it
be
not
over
sandy
and
light
;
but
before
sowing
(
I
mean
here
for
large
designes
)
turn
it
up
a
foot
deep
,
sowing
or
setting
your
Seeds
an
hand
distance
,
and
riddle
Earth
upon
them
;
In
five
or
six
weeks
they
will
peep
:
When
you
transplant
,
water
them
well
before
,
and
cut
the
clod
out
about
the
root
as
you
do
Melons
out
of
the
Hot-bed
,
which
knead
close
to
them
like
an
Egg
:
Thus
they
may
be
sent
safely
many
miles
,
but
the
top
must
neither
be
bruised
,
much
lesse
cut
,
which
would
dwarfe
it
for
ever
.
3.
The
best
time
to
transplant
,
were
in
the
beginning
of
April
;
they
would
thrive
mainly
in
a
stiff
hungry
Clay
;
but
by
no
means
in
over
light
,
or
rich
Soyle
:
Fill
the
holes
therefore
with
such
barren
Earth
,
if
your
ground
be
improper
of
it self
;
and
if
the
Clay
be
too
stiff
and
untractable
,
with
a
little
sand
,
removing
with
as
much
Earth
about
the
roots
as
is
possible
,
though
the
Fir
will
better
endure
a
naked
transplantation
,
than
the
Pine
:
You
may
likewise
sow
in
such
earth
about
February
,
they
will
make
a
shoot
the
very
first
year
of
an
Inch
;
next
an
handful
,
the
third
year
three
foot
,
and
thence
forward
,
above
a
yard
annually
.
A
Northern
Gentleman
,
who
has
oblig'd
me
with
this
processe
upon
his
great
Experience
,
assures
me
,
that
there
are
trees
planted
in
Northumberland
,
which
are
in
few
years
grown
to
the
magnitude
of
Ship-masts
;
and
from
all
has
been
sayd
,
deduces
these
Incouragements
;
1.
The
facility
of
their
propagation
,
2.
The
nature
of
their
growth
,
which
is
to
affect
places
where
nothing
else
will
thrive
:
3.
Their
uniformity
and
beauty
,
4.
Their
perpetual
Verdure
;
5.
Their
sweetnesse
,
6.
Their
Fruitfulness
,
affording
seed
,
gum
,
fuel
,
and
timber
of
all
other
woods
the
most
useful
and
easy
to
work
,
&c.
All
which
highly
recommend
it
as
an
excellent
Improvement
of
Husbandry
,
fit
to
be
enjoyn'd
by
some
solemn
Edict
to
the
Inhabitants
of
this
our
Island
,
that
we
may
have
masts
,
and
those
other
materials
of
our
own
growth
.
4.
The
Pine
(
of
which
are
reckon'd
no
lesse
then
ten
several
sorts
,
preferring
the
Domestic
or
Sative
for
the
fuller
growth
)
is
likewise
of
both
Sexes
,
whereof
the
Male
growing
lower
,
hath
its
wood
more
knotty
and
rude
than
the
Female
.
They
would
be
gather'd
in
June
,
before
they
gape
,
yet
having
hung
two
years
(
for
there
will
be
always
some
ripe
,
and
some
green
on
the
same
Tree
)
preserve
them
in
their
nuts
,
in
Sand
,
as
you
treat
Akorns
,
&c.
'till
the
season
invite
,
and
then
set
,
or
sow
them
in
Ground
which
is
cultivated
like
the
Fir
,
in
most
respects
;
only
you
may
bury
the
Nuts
a
little
deeper
.
By
a
friend
of
mine
they
were
rolled
in
a
fine
compost
made
of
Sheeps-dung
,
and
scatter'd
in
February
,
and
this
way
never
fail'd
Fir
and
Pine
;
they
came
to
be
above
Inch
high
by
May
;
and
a
Spanish
Author
tels
us
,
that
macerated
five
days
in
a
childs
urine
,
and
three
days
in
water
,
is
of
wonderful
effect
;
This
were
an
expeditious
processe
for
great
Plantations
;
unless
you
would
rather
set
the
Pine
as
they
do
Pease
;
but
at
wider
distances
,
that
when
there
is
occasion
of
removal
,
they
might
be
taken
up
with
earth
and
all
,
I
say
,
taken
up
,
and
not
remov'd
by
Evulsion
;
because
they
are
(
of
all
other
Trees
)
the
most
obnoxious
to
miscarry
without
this
caution
;
and
therefore
it
were
much
better
(
where
the
Nuts
might
be
commodiously
set
,
and
defended
)
never
to
remove
them
at
all
,
it
gives
this
Tree
so
considerable
a
check
.
The
safest
course
of
all
,
were
to
set
the
Nuts
in
an
Earthen-pot
,
and
in
frosty
weather
,
shewing
it
a
little
to
the
fire
,
the
intire
Clod
will
come
out
with
them
,
which
are
to
be
reserved
,
and
set
in
the
naked
Earth
,
in
convenient
and
fit
holes
,
so
soon
as
the
thaw
is
universal
:
Some
commend
the
strewing
a
few
Oats
at
the
bottom
of
the
fosses
or
pits
in
which
you
transplant
the
naked
roots
,
for
a
great
promotement
of
their
taking
;
and
that
it
will
cause
them
to
shoot
more
in
one
year
than
in
three
;
but
to
this
I
have
already
spoken
.
5.
I
am
assur'd
(
by
a
person
most
worthy
of
credit
)
that
in
the
Territory
of
Alzey
(
a
Country
in
Germany
,
where
they
were
miserably
distressed
for
Wood
,
which
they
had
so
destroy'd
as
that
they
were
reduced
to
make
use
of
Straw
for
their
best
Fuel
)
a
very
large
Tract
being
newly
plowed
,
but
the
Warrs
surprizing
them
,
not
suffer'd
to
sow
,
there
sprung
up
the
next
year
a
whole
Forest
of
Pine-trees
,
of
which
sort
of
Wood
there
was
none
at
all
within
lesse
then
fourscore
miles
;
so
as
't
is
verily
conjectur'd
by
some
,
they
might
be
wafted
thither
from
the
Country
of
Westrasia
,
which
is
the
neerest
part
to
that
where
they
grow
:
If
this
be
true
,
we
are
no
more
to
wonder
,
how
,
when
our
Oak-woods
are
grubb'd
up
,
Beech
,
and
Trees
of
other
kinds
,
have
frequently
succeeded
them
:
What
some
impetuous
Winds
have
done
in
this
nature
,
I
could
produce
instances
almost
miraculous
:
I
shall
say
nothing
of
the
opinion
of
our
Master
Varro
,
and
the
learned
Theophrastus
,
who
were
both
of
a
faith
,
that
the
seeds
of
Plants
drop'd
out
of
the
Air
:
Pliny
in
his
16.
Book
,
Chap.
33.
upon
discourse
of
the
Cretan
Cypress
,
attributes
much
to
the
indoles
and
nature
of
the
soil
,
virtue
of
the
Climate
,
and
Impressions
of
the
Air
:
And
indeed
it
is
very
strange
,
what
is
affirm'd
of
that
Pitchy-rain
,
reported
to
have
fallen
about
Cyrene
,
the
year
430.
U.
C.
after
which
,
in
a
short
time
,
sprung
up
a
whole
wood
of
the
Trees
of
Laserpitium
,
producing
a
precious
Gum
not
much
inferiour
to
Benzoin
,
if
at
least
the
story
be
warrantable
:
But
of
these
Aerial
irradiations
,
various
conceptions
,
and
aequivocal
productions
without
seed
,
&c.
upon
another
occasion
,
if
life
and
leisure
permit
me
to
finish
what
has
been
long
under
the
hand
and
file
,
to
gratifie
our
Horticultores
;
this
present
Treatise
being
but
an
imperfect
limb
of
that
more
ample
Work
.
6.
In
transplanting
of
these
Coniferous
Trees
,
which
are
generally
Resinaceous
,
viz.
Fir
,
Pine
,
Larix
,
Cedar
,
and
which
have
but
thin
and
single
Roots
,
you
must
never
diminish
their
heads
,
nor
be
at
all
busie
with
their
roots
,
which
pierce
deep
,
and
is
all
their
foundation
,
unless
you
find
any
of
them
bruised
,
or
much
broken
,
therefore
such
down-right
Roots
as
you
may
be
forc'd
to
cut
off
,
it
were
safe
to
sear
with
an
hot
Iron
,
and
prevent
the
danger
of
bleeding
,
to
which
they
are
obnoxious
even
to
destruction
,
though
unseen
and
unheeded
:
Neither
may
you
disbranch
them
,
but
with
great
caution
,
as
about
March
,
or
before
,
or
else
in
September
,
and
then
't
is
best
,
to
prune
up
the
side
-
branches
close
to
the
Trunk
,
cutting
off
all
that
are
above
a
year
old
;
if
you
suffer
them
too
long
,
they
grow
too
big
,
and
the
cicatrice
will
be
more
apt
to
spend
the
Tree
in
gumme
;
upon
which
accident
I
advise
you
to
rub
over
their
wounds
with
a
mixture
of
Cow-dung
;
the
neglect
of
this
cost
me
dear
,
so
apt
are
they
to
spend
their
Gum.
Some
advise
us
to
break
the
shells
of
Pines
to
facilitate
their
delivery
,
and
I
have
essay'd
it
,
but
to
my
losse
;
Nature
does
obstetricate
,
and
do
that
office
of
her self
,
when
it
is
the
proper
season
;
neither
does
this
preparation
at
all
prevent
those
which
are
so
buried
,
whiles
their
hard
Integuments
,
protect
them
both
from
rotting
,
and
the
Vermine
.
7.
The
domestic
Pine
grows
very
well
with
us
both
in
Mountains
and
Plains
;
but
the
Pinaster
or
wilder
(
of
which
are
four
sorts
)
best
for
Walks
,
because
it
grows
tall
,
and
proud
,
maintaining
their
Branches
at
the
sides
,
which
the
Pine
does
lesse
frequently
.
8.
The
Fir
grows
tallest
,
being
planted
reasonable
close
together
;
but
suffers
nothing
to
thrive
under
them
.
The
Pine
not
so
Inhospitable
;
for
(
by
Plinies
good
leave
)
it
may
be
sown
with
any
Tree
,
all
things
growing
well
under
its
shade
,
and
excellent
in
Woods
;
hence
Claudian
,
The
friendly
Pine
the
mighty
Oke
invites
.
Et
comitem
quercum
Pinus
amica
trahit
.
9.
They
both
affect
the
cold
,
high
,
and
rockie
grounds
,
Abies
in
montibus
altis
;
yet
will
grow
in
better
,
but
not
in
over
rich
,
and
pinguid
.
The
worst
Land
in
Wales
bears
(
as
I
am
told
)
large
Pine
;
and
the
Fir
according
to
his
aspiring
nature
,
loves
also
the
Mountain
more
than
the
Valley
;
but
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
It
cannot
endure
the
Shade
,
as
Theophrastus
observes
,
de
Pl.
l.
4.
c.
1.
But
this
is
not
rigidly
true
;
for
they
will
grow
in
Consort
,
till
they
even
shade
,
and
darken
one
another
,
and
will
also
descend
from
the
Hills
,
and
succeed
very
well
,
being
desirous
of
plentiful
waterings
,
till
they
arrive
to
some
competent
stature
;
and
therefore
they
do
not
prosper
so
well
in
an
over
sandy
,
and
hungry
Soil
,
or
gravel
,
as
in
the
very
entrails
of
the
Rocks
,
which
afford
more
drink
to
the
Roots
,
that
penetrate
into
their
meanders
,
and
winding
recesses
.
But
though
they
require
this
refreshing
at
first
,
yet
do
they
perfectly
abhor
all
stercoration
;
nor
will
they
much
endure
to
have
the
earth
open'd
about
their
Roots
for
Ablaqueation
,
or
be
disturb'd
.
This
is
also
to
be
understood
of
Cypress
.
A
Fir
for
the
first
half
dozen
years
seems
to
stand
,
or
at
least
make
no
considerable
advance
;
but
it
is
when
throughly
rooted
,
that
it
comes
away
miraculously
.
That
Honourable
Knight
Sir
Norton
Knatchbull
(
whose
delicious
Plantation
of
Pines
,
and
Firs
I
beheld
with
great
satisfaction
)
having
assur'd
me
that
a
Fir-tree
of
his
raising
,
did
shoot
no
lesse
than
sixty
foot
in
height
,
in
little
more
than
twenty
years
,
is
a
pregnant
instance
,
as
of
the
speedy
growing
of
that
material
;
so
of
all
the
encouragement
I
have
already
given
for
the
more
frequent
cultivating
this
ornamental
,
useful
,
and
profitable
Tree
.
10.
The
Picea
is
another
sort
of
Pine
,
Pitch
.
and
to
be
cultivated
like
it
,
the
cold
grounds
which
these
Plants
most
affect
,
though
it
be
hard
to
discover
,
Yet
sometimes
Pitch-trees
and
the
noxious
Yew
,
Or
the
dark
Ivy
will
dire
Symptomes
shew
.
—
Piceae
tantum
,
taxique
nocentes
Interdum
,
aut
ederae
pandunt
Vestigia
nigrae
.
Georg.
2.
And
therefore
I
am
not
satisfied
why
it
might
not
prosper
in
some
tollerable
degree
in
England
,
as
well
as
in
Germany
,
Russia
,
the
Colder
Tracts
,
and
abundantly
in
France
:
It
grows
on
the
Alpes
among
the
Pine
,
but
neither
so
tall
nor
so
upright
,
and
produces
a
Gum
almost
as
white
and
firm
as
Frankincense
:
But
it
is
the
Larix
(
another
sort
of
Pine
)
that
yields
the
Venetian
Turpentine
.
11.
There
is
also
the
Piceaster
(
a
wilder
sort
)
out
of
which
the
greatest
store
of
Pitch
is
boyl'd
.
The
Teda
likewise
,
which
is
a
sort
abounding
in
Dalmatia
,
more
unctious
,
and
more
patient
of
the
warmer
situations
,
and
so
inflamable
,
that
it
will
slit
into
Candles
,
and
therefore
some
will
by
no
means
admit
it
to
be
of
a
different
Species
,
but
a
metamorphosis
of
over-grown
fattinesse
,
to
which
the
most
Judicious
incline
.
12.
The
Bodies
of
these
being
cut
,
or
burnt
down
to
the
ground
,
will
emit
frequent
Suckers
from
the
Roots
;
but
so
will
neither
the
Pine
nor
Fir
:
But
the
Fir
may
be
propagated
of
Layers
,
which
I
divulge
,
as
a
considerable
Secret
that
has
been
essay'd
with
successe
.
13.
That
all
these
,
especially
the
Fir
,
and
Pine
,
will
prosper
well
with
us
is
more
than
probable
,
because
it
is
a
kind
of
Demonstration
that
they
did
heretofore
grow
plentifully
in
Cumberland
,
Cheshire
,
Stafford
,
and
Lancashire
,
if
the
multitudes
of
these
Trees
to
this
day
found
intire
,
and
buried
under
the
Earth
,
though
suppos'd
to
have
been
or'ethrown
and
cover'd
so
ever
since
the
universal
Deluge
,
be
indeed
of
this
Species
:
That
incomparable
Naturalist
,
the
Learned
Dr.
Merre●t
,
in
his
Pinax
,
speaks
of
several
places
of
this
Nation
,
where
subterraneous
Trees
are
found
;
as
namely
,
in
Cornwal
,
ad
finem
terrae
,
in
agris
Flints
;
in
Penbrok-shire
towards
the
shore
,
where
they
so
abound
,
ut
totum
littus
(
says
the
Doctor
)
tanquam
Sylva
caedua
apparet
;
in
Cheshire
also
,
as
we
said
,
Cumberland
,
and
Anglesey
,
and
several
of
our
Euro-boreal
tracts
,
and
are
called
Noahs-Ark
.
By
Chatnesse
in
Lancashire
(
says
Cambden
)
the
low
Mossie
ground
was
no
very
long
time
since
,
carried
away
by
an
impetuous
flood
,
and
in
that
place
now
lies
a
low
irriguous
Vale
,
where
many
prostrate
Trees
have
been
digged
out
:
These
Trees
were
(
some
think
)
carried
away
in
times
past
by
some
accident
of
Innundation
,
or
by
Waters
undermining
the
ground
,
till
their
own
weight
,
and
the
Winds
bow'd
them
down
and
overwhelm'd
in
the
Mud
:
For
't
is
observ'd
,
that
these
Trees
are
no
where
found
but
in
Boggie
places
;
but
that
the
burning
of
these
Trees
so
very
bright
,
should
be
an
Argument
they
were
Fir
,
is
not
necessary
,
since
the
Bitumineous
quality
of
such
Earth
may
have
imparted
it
to
them
;
and
Cambden
denies
them
to
be
fir-trees
,
suggesting
the
Querie
;
Whether
there
may
not
possibly
grow
Trees
even
under
the
Ground
,
as
well
as
other
things
?
There
are
in
Cumberland
,
on
the
Sea-shore
,
Trees
sometimes
discover'd
at
Low-water
,
and
at
other
times
that
lye
buried
in
the
Sand
;
and
in
other
Mossie
places
of
that
Shire
't
is
reported
,
the
People
frequently
dig
up
the
Bodies
of
vast
Trees
without
Boughs
,
and
that
by
direction
of
the
Deaw
alone
in
Summer
;
for
they
observe
it
never
lyes
upon
that
part
,
under
which
those
Trees
are
interr'd
.
These
particulars
I
find
noted
by
the
Ingenious
Authour
of
the
Britannia
Baconica
:
But
we
shall
enquire
farther
concerning
these
Subterranean
Productions
anon
,
and
whether
the
Earth
,
as
well
as
the
Water
,
have
not
the
vertue
of
strange
Transmutations
:
These
Trees
are
found
in
Moors
by
poking
with
Staves
of
three
or
four
foot
length
,
shod
with
Iron
.
14.
In
Scotland
(
as
we
noted
)
there
is
a
most
beautiful
sort
of
Fir
growing
upon
the
Mountains
;
of
which
from
the
late
Marquiss
of
Argyle
,
I
had
sent
me
some
seeds
,
which
I
have
sown
with
tolerable
successe
;
and
I
preferr
them
before
any
other
,
because
they
grow
both
very
erect
,
and
fixing
themselves
stoutly
,
need
little
or
no
support
.
And
there
neer
Loughbrun
,
'twixt
the
Lough
and
an
Hill
,
they
grow
in
such
quantity
;
that
from
the
spontaneous
Fall
,
Ruine
,
and
Decay
of
the
Trees
lying
crosse
one
another
to
a
Man's
height
,
partly
cover'd
with
Mosse
,
and
partly
Earth
and
Grasse
,
which
rots
,
fills
up
,
and
grows
again
,
a
considerable
Hill
has
in
processe
of
time
been
raised
to
almost
their
very
tops
,
which
being
an
Accident
of
singular
remark
,
I
thought
fit
to
mention
.
15.
For
the
many
,
and
almost
universal
use
of
these
Trees
,
both
Sea
and
Land
will
plead
,
The
useful
Pine
for
Ships
—
—
dant
utile
Lignum
Navigiis
Pines
—
Georg.
2.
Hence
Papinius
6.
Thebaid
.
calls
it
audax
abies
.
They
make
our
best
Mast
,
Sheathing
,
Scaffold-poles
,
&c.
heretofore
the
whole
Vessel
.
It
is
pretty
(
saith
Pliny
)
to
consider
,
that
those
Trees
which
are
so
much
sought
after
for
Shipping
,
should
most
delight
in
the
highest
of
Mountains
,
as
if
it
fled
from
the
Sea
on
purpose
,
and
were
afraid
to
descend
into
the
Waters
.
With
Fir
we
likewise
make
all
intestine
works
,
as
Wainscot
,
Floors
,
Pales
,
Balks
,
Laths
,
Boxes
,
Bellies
for
all
Musical
Instruments
in
general
,
nay
the
Ribs
and
Sides
of
that
enormous
Stratagem
,
the
so
famous
Trojan
Horse
,
may
be
thought
to
be
built
of
this
Material
,
and
if
the
Poet
mistake
not
.
—
The
Ribs
with
Deal
they
fit
:
—
Sectáque
intexunt
Abiete
costas
.
Aen.
2.
It
is
exceeding
smooth
to
polish
on
,
and
therefore
does
well
under
Gilding
work
,
and
takes
black
equal
with
the
Pear-tree
:
Both
Fir
,
and
especially
Pine
,
succeed
well
in
Carving
,
as
for
Capitols
,
Festoons
,
nay
Statues
,
especially
being
Gilded
,
because
of
the
easinesse
of
the
Grain
,
to
work
and
take
the
Tool
every
way
;
and
he
that
shall
examine
it
nearly
,
will
find
that
famous
Image
of
the
B.
Virgin
at
Loretto
(
reported
to
be
Carved
by
the
hands
of
S.
Luke
)
to
be
made
of
Fir
,
as
the
grain
easily
discovers
it
.
The
Torulus
(
as
Vitruvius
calls
it
)
and
heart
of
Deal
,
kept
dry
,
rejecting
the
Albumen
and
white
is
everlasting
;
nor
does
there
any
Wood
so
well
agree
with
the
glew
,
as
it
,
or
so
easie
to
be
wrought
:
It
is
also
excellent
for
Beams
,
and
other
Timber-work
in
Houses
,
being
both
light
,
and
exceedingly
strong
,
and
therefore
of
very
good
use
for
Barrs
and
bolts
of
Doors
,
as
well
as
for
Doors
themselves
,
by
reason
of
a
natural
Spring
which
it
has
,
not
easily
violated
:
You
shall
find
,
that
of
old
they
made
Carts
,
and
Coaches
of
it
:
For
Scaffolding
also
there
is
none
comparable
to
it
;
and
I
am
sure
we
find
it
an
extraordinary
saver
of
Oak
where
it
may
be
had
at
reasonable
price
.
I
will
not
complain
what
an
incredible
mass
of
ready
Money
is
yearly
exported
into
the
Northern
Countreys
for
this
sole
Commodity
,
which
might
all
be
saved
were
we
industrious
at
home
.
Likewise
from
Fir
we
have
the
most
of
our
Pot-Ashes
:
Of
Fir
are
made
our
Torch
or
Funebral-staves
;
nay
,
and
of
old
,
Spears
of
it
,
if
we
may
credit
Virgil's
Amazonian
Combate
,
—
She
prest
A
long
Fir
Spear
through
his
exposed
Breast
.
—
Cujus
apertum
Adversi
longâ
transverberat
abiete
pectus
.
Aen.
11.
Lastly
,
the
very
Chips
,
or
Shavings
of
Deal-boards
,
are
of
other
use
than
to
kindle
Fires
alone
:
Thomas
Bartholinus
in
his
Medicina
Danorum
Dissert.
7.
&c.
where
he
disclaims
the
use
of
Hops
in
Beer
,
as
pernicious
and
malignant
,
and
from
several
instances
how
apt
it
is
to
produce
and
usher
in
Infections
,
nay
,
Plagues
,
&c.
would
substitute
in
its
place
,
the
Shavings
of
Deal-boards
,
as
he
affirms
,
to
give
a
grateful
odor
to
the
Drink
;
and
how
soverain
those
resinous
woods
,
the
Tops
of
Fir
and
Pines
,
are
against
the
Scorbut
,
we
generally
find
:
It
is
in
the
same
Chapter
that
he
commends
also
Wormwood
,
Marrubium
,
Chamelaeagnum
,
Sage
,
Tamarisc
,
and
almost
any
thing
rather
than
Hopps
.
The
Pine
,
or
Picea
buried
in
the
Earth
never
decay
:
From
the
latter
transudes
a
very
bright
and
pellucid
Gum
;
hence
we
have
likewise
Rosin
;
also
of
the
Pine
are
made
Boxes
,
and
Barrels
for
dry
Goods
;
yea
,
and
it
is
cloven
into
Shingles
for
the
covering
of
Houses
in
some
places
;
also
Hoops
for
Wine-Vessels
,
especially
,
of
the
easily
flexible
Wild-Pine
;
not
to
forget
the
Kernels
(
this
Tree
being
alwayes
furnish'd
with
Cones
,
some
ripe
,
others
green
)
of
such
admirable
use
in
Emulsion
,
and
the
Tooth-pickers
for
which
even
the
very
leaves
are
commended
:
In
sum
,
they
are
Plantations
which
exceedingly
improve
the
Air
by
their
oderiferous
,
and
balsamical
emissions
,
and
for
ornament
,
create
a
perpetual
Spring
where
they
are
plentifully
propagated
.
And
if
it
could
be
proved
that
the
Almugim-trees
,
Recorded
1
Reg.
10.12
.
and
whereof
Pillars
for
that
famous
Temple
,
and
the
Royal
Palace
,
Harps
,
and
Psalteries
,
&c.
were
made
,
were
of
this
sort
of
Wood
(
as
some
doubt
not
to
assert
)
we
should
esteem
it
at
another
rate
;
yet
we
know
Josephus
affirms
they
were
a
kind
of
Pine-tree
,
though
somewhat
resembling
the
Fig-tree
wood
to
appearance
,
as
of
a
most
lustrious
Candor
.
In
the
2
Chron.
2.8
.
there
is
mention
of
Almug-trees
to
grow
in
Lebanon
;
and
if
so
,
methinks
it
should
rather
be
a
kind
of
Cedar
;
(
yet
we
find
Firr
also
in
the
same
period
)
for
we
have
seen
a
whiter
sort
of
it
,
even
very
white
as
well
as
red
;
though
some
affirm
it
to
be
but
the
Sap
of
it
(
so
our
Cabinet-makers
call
it
)
I
say
,
their
were
both
Fir
and
Pine-trees
also
growing
upon
those
Mountains
.
Mr.
Purchas
informs
us
,
that
Dr.
Dee
Writ
a
laborious
Treatise
almost
wholly
of
this
Subject
(
but
I
could
never
have
the
good
hap
to
see
it
)
wherein
,
as
Commissioner
for
Solomon's
Timber
,
and
like
a
Learned
Architect
,
and
Planter
,
he
has
summon'd
a
Jury
of
twelve
sorts
of
Trees
.
namely
,
1.
the
Fir
,
2.
Box
,
3.
Cedar
,
4.
Cypresse
,
5.
Ebony
,
6.
Ash
,
7.
Juniper
,
8.
Larch
,
9.
Olive
,
10.
Pine
,
11.
Oke
,
and
12.
Sandal-trees
,
to
examine
which
of
them
were
this
Almugim
,
and
at
last
seems
to
concur
with
Josephus
,
in
favour
of
Pine
or
Fir
;
who
possibly
from
some
antient
Record
,
or
fragment
of
the
Wood
it self
,
might
learn
something
of
it
;
and
't
is
believ'd
,
that
it
was
some
material
both
odoriferous
to
the
Sent
,
and
beautiful
to
the
Eye
,
and
of
fittest
temper
to
refract
Sounds
;
besides
its
serviceablenesse
for
Building
,
all
which
Properties
are
in
the
best
sort
of
Pine
or
Thyina
,
as
Pliny
calls
it
;
or
perhaps
some
other
rare
Wood
,
of
which
the
Eastern
Indias
are
doubtlesse
the
best
provided
;
and
yet
I
find
,
that
these
vast
beams
which
sustain'd
the
Roof
of
S.
Peter's
Church
at
Rome
,
laid
(
as
reported
)
by
Constantine
the
Great
,
were
made
of
the
Pitch
tree
,
and
have
lasted
from
Anno
336.
down
to
our
dayes
,
above
1300.
years
.
16.
But
now
whiles
I
am
reciting
the
Vses
of
these
beneficial
Trees
,
Mr.
Winthorp
presents
the
Royal
Society
with
the
Process
of
making
the
Tar
and
Pitch
in
New-England
,
which
we
thus
abbreviate
.
Tar
is
made
out
of
that
sort
of
Pine-tree
from
which
natually
Turpentine
extilleth
;
and
which
at
its
first
flowing
out
is
liquid
and
clear
;
but
being
hardned
by
the
Air
,
either
on
the
Tree
,
or
where-ever
it
falls
,
is
not
much
unlike
the
Burgundy
Pitch
;
and
we
call
them
Pitch
pines
out
of
which
this
gummy
substance
transudes
:
They
grow
upon
the
most
barren
Plains
,
on
Rocks
also
and
Hills
rising
amongst
those
Plains
,
where
several
are
found
blown
down
,
that
have
lain
so
many
Ages
,
as
that
the
whole
Bodies
,
Branches
and
Roots
of
the
Trees
being
perished
,
some
certain
knots
onely
of
the
Boughs
have
been
left
remaining
intire
(
these
knots
are
that
part
where
the
bough
is
joyn'd
to
the
body
of
the
Tree
)
lying
at
the
same
distance
and
posture
as
they
grew
upon
the
Tree
for
its
whole
length
.
The
Bodies
of
some
of
these
Trees
are
not
corrupted
through
age
,
but
quite
consum'd
and
reduc'd
to
ashes
,
by
the
annual
burnings
of
the
Indians
,
when
they
set
their
grounds
on
fire
;
which
yet
has
,
it
seems
,
no
power
over
these
hard
knots
,
beyond
a
black
scorching
;
although
being
laid
on
heaps
,
they
are
apt
enough
to
burn
.
It
is
of
these
knots
they
make
their
Tar
in
New-England
and
the
Countrey
adjacent
,
whiles
they
are
well
impregnated
with
that
Terebinthine
,
and
Resinous
●atter
,
which
like
a
Balsam
preserves
them
so
long
from
putrifaction
.
The
rest
of
the
Tree
does
indeed
contain
the
like
Terebinthine
Sap
,
as
appears
(
upon
any
slight
incision
of
bark
on
the
stem
,
or
boughs
)
by
a
small
crystaline
pearl
which
will
sweat
out
;
but
this
,
for
being
more
watery
,
and
undigested
by
reason
of
the
porosity
of
the
Wood
,
which
exposes
it
to
the
impressions
of
the
Air
and
Wet
,
renders
the
Tree
more
obnoxious
;
especially
,
if
it
lye
prostrate
with
the
bark
on
,
which
is
a
receptacle
for
a
certain
Intercutaneous
Worm
,
that
accelerates
its
decay
.
They
are
the
knots
then
alone
which
the
Tar-makers
amass
in
heaps
,
carrying
them
in
Carts
to
some
convenient
place
not
far
off
,
where
finding
Clay
,
or
Loam
fit
for
their
turn
,
they
lay
an
Hearth
of
such
ordinary
stone
as
they
have
at
hand
:
This
they
build
to
such
an
height
from
the
level
of
the
ground
,
that
a
Vessel
may
stand
a
little
lower
then
the
Hearth
,
to
receive
the
Tar
as
it
runs
out
:
But
first
,
the
Hearth
is
made
wide
according
to
the
quantity
of
knots
to
be
set
at
once
,
and
that
with
a
very
smooth
floor
of
Clay
,
yet
somewhat
descending
,
or
dripping
from
the
extream
parts
to
the
middle
,
and
thence
towards
one
of
the
sides
,
where
a
gullet
is
left
for
the
Tar
to
run
out
at
.
The
Hearth
thus
finish'd
,
they
pile
the
knots
one
upon
another
,
after
the
very
same
manner
as
our
Colliers
do
their
wood
for
Char-coal
;
and
of
a
height
proportionable
to
the
breadth
of
the
Hearth
;
and
then
cover
them
over
with
a
coat
of
loam
or
clay
(
which
is
best
)
or
in
defect
of
those
,
with
the
best
,
and
most
tenacious
Earth
the
place
will
afford
;
leaving
onely
a
small
spiracle
at
the
top
,
whereat
to
put
the
fire
in
;
and
making
some
little
holes
round
about
at
several
heights
,
for
the
admission
of
so
much
air
as
is
requisite
to
keep
it
burning
,
and
to
regulate
the
fire
by
opening
,
and
stopping
them
at
pleasure
.
The
processe
is
almost
the
the
same
with
that
of
making
Char●coal
,
as
will
appear
in
due
place
;
for
when
it
is
well
on
fire
,
that
middle
hole
is
also
stopp'd
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Registers
so
govern'd
,
as
the
knots
may
keep
burning
and
not
be
suffocated
with
too
much
smoak
,
whiles
all
being
now
through
heated
,
the
Tar
runs
down
to
the
Hearth
,
together
with
some
of
the
more
watry
Sap
,
which
hasting
from
all
parts
towards
the
middle
,
is
convey'd
by
the
fore-mention'd
gutter
into
the
Barrel
,
or
Vessel
placed
to
receive
it
:
Thus
,
the
whole
Art
of
Tarmaking
is
no
other
,
than
a
kind
of
rude
distillation
per
descensum
,
and
might
therefore
be
as
well
done
in
Furnaces
of
large
capacity
,
were
it
worth
the
expence
.
When
the
Tar
is
now
all
melted
out
,
and
run
,
they
stop
up
all
the
vents
very
close
;
and
afterwards
find
the
knots
made
into
excellent
Char-coal
,
preferr'd
by
the
Smiths
before
any
other
whatsoever
which
is
made
of
wood
;
and
nothing
so
apt
to
burn
out
when
their
blast
ceaseth
;
neither
do
they
sparkle
in
the
fire
,
as
many
other
sorts
of
Coal
do
;
so
as
,
in
defect
of
Sea-coal
,
they
make
choice
of
this
as
best
for
their
use
,
and
give
greater
prices
for
it
.
Of
these
knots
likewise
do
the
Planters
split
out
small
slivers
about
the
thickness
of
one's
finger
,
or
somewhat
thinner
,
which
serve
them
to
burn
in
stead
of
Candles
;
giving
a
very
good
light
.
This
they
call
Candle-wood
,
and
it
is
in
muc●
use
both
in
New-England
,
Virginia
,
and
amongst
the
Dutch
planters
in
their
Villages
;
but
for
that
it
is
something
offensive
,
by
reason
of
the
much
fuliginous
smoak
which
comes
from
it
,
they
commonly
burn
it
in
the
chimney-corner
upon
a
flat
stone
or
Iron
;
except
,
occasionally
,
they
carry
a
single
stick
in
their
hand
,
as
there
is
need
of
light
to
go
about
the
house
.
It
must
not
be
conceiv'd
,
by
what
we
have
mention'd
in
the
former
description
of
the
knots
,
that
they
are
only
to
be
separated
from
the
bodies
of
the
trees
by
devouring
time
,
or
that
they
are
the
only
materials
out
of
which
Tar
can
be
extracted
:
For
there
are
in
these
Tracts
millions
of
Trees
which
abound
with
the
same
sort
of
knots
,
and
full
of
Turpentine
fit
to
make
Tar
:
But
the
labour
of
felling
these
Trees
,
and
of
cutting
out
their
knots
,
would
far
exceed
the
value
of
the
Tar
;
especially
in
Countries
where
Workmen
are
so
very
dear
:
But
those
knots
above
mention'd
,
are
provided
to
hand
,
without
any
other
labour
then
the
gathering
only
.
There
are
sometimes
found
of
those
sort
of
Pine-trees
the
lowest
part
of
whose
stems
towards
the
root
is
as
full
of
Turpentine
as
the
knots
;
and
of
these
also
may
Tar
be
made
:
but
such
Trees
being
rarely
found
,
are
commonly
preserved
to
split
into
Candle-wood
;
because
they
will
be
easily
riven
out
into
any
lengths
,
and
scantlings
desir'd
,
much
better
then
the
knots
.
There
be
who
pretend
an
art
of
as
fully
impregnating
the
body
of
any
living
Pine-tree
for
six
or
eight
foot
high
;
and
some
have
reported
that
such
an
art
is
practis'd
in
Norway
:
But
upon
several
experiments
,
by
girdling
the
Tree
(
as
they
call
it
)
and
cutting
some
of
the
bark
round
,
and
a
little
into
the
wood
of
the
Tree
,
six
or
eight
foot
distant
from
the
ground
,
it
has
yet
never
succeeded
;
whether
the
just
season
of
the
year
were
not
observ'd
,
or
what
else
omitted
,
were
worth
the
disquisition
;
if
at
least
there
be
any
such
secret
amongst
the
Norwegians
,
Swedes
,
or
any
other
Nation
.
Of
Tar
,
by
boiling
it
to
a
sufficient
height
,
is
Pitch
made
:
and
in
some
places
where
Rosin
is
plentiful
,
a
fit
proportion
of
that
may
be
dissolved
in
the
Tar
whiles
it
is
boiling
,
and
this
mixture
is
soonest
converted
to
Pitch
;
but
it
is
of
somewhat
a
differing
kind
from
that
which
is
made
of
Tar
only
,
without
other
composition
.
There
is
a
way
which
some
Ship-Carpenters
in
those
Countries
have
us'd
,
to
bring
their
Tar
into
Pitch
for
any
sudden
use
;
by
making
the
Tar
so
very
hot
in
an
Iron-kettle
,
that
it
will
easily
take
fire
,
which
when
blazing
,
and
set
in
an
airy
place
,
they
let
burn
so
long
,
till
,
by
taking
out
some
small
quantity
for
trial
,
being
cold
,
it
appears
of
a
sufficient
consistence
:
Then
by
covering
the
Kettle
close
,
the
fire
is
extinguish'd
,
and
the
Pitch
is
made
without
more
ceremony
.
There
is
a
process
of
making
Rosin
also
out
of
the
same
knots
,
by
splitting
them
out
into
thin
pieces
,
and
then
boiling
them
in
water
,
which
will
educe
all
the
Resinous
matter
,
and
gather
it
into
a
body
which
(
when
cold
)
will
harden
into
pure
Rosin
.
It
is
moreover
to
be
understood
,
that
the
Fir
and
most
Coniferous
Trees
,
yield
the
same
Concretes
,
Lachrymae
,
Turpentines
,
Rosins
,
Hard
,
Naval
or
stone
and
liquid
Pitch
and
Tar
for
innumerable
uses
;
and
from
the
burning
,
and
fuliginous
vapour
of
these
,
especially
,
the
Rosin
,
we
have
our
Lamp
and
Printers
black
,
&c.
I
am
perswaded
the
Pine
,
and
Fir
trees
in
Scotland
,
might
yield
his
Majesty
plenty
of
excellent
Tar
,
were
some
industrious
Person
employ'd
about
the
work
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Of
the
Larch
,
Platanus
,
Lotus
,
Cornus
,
&c.
1.
LArix
,
though
of
the
Coniferous
family
,
looses
its
leaf
,
Larch
.
and
therefore
we
separate
him
from
the
Firs
and
Pines
;
but
why
we
might
not
hope
as
well
of
the
Larch
as
from
any
of
them
I
know
not
:
I
read
of
Beams
of
no
less
then
120.
foot
in
length
made
out
of
this
goodly
Tree
,
which
is
of
so
strange
a
composition
,
that
't
will
hardly
burn
,
as
Caesar
found
in
a
Castle
he
besieg'd
built
of
it
;
(
the
story
is
recited
at
large
by
Vitruvius
l.
2.
c.
9.
)
but
see
what
Philander
says
upon
the
place
,
on
his
own
experience
:
yet
the
Coals
thereof
were
held
far
better
then
any
other
for
the
melting
of
Iron
.
There
is
abundance
of
this
Larch
timber
in
the
Buildings
at
Venice
,
especially
about
the
Palaces
in
Piazza
San
Marco
,
where
I
remember
Scmozzi
says
he
himself
us'd
much
of
it
,
and
infinitely
commends
it
:
Tiberius
we
find
built
that
famous
Bridg
to
his
Naumachia
with
it
;
and
it
seems
to
excel
for
Beams
,
Dores
,
Windoes
,
and
will
support
an
incredible
Weight
;
which
(
and
for
its
property
of
long
refecting
fire
)
makes
Vitruvius
wish
they
had
greater
plenty
of
it
at
Rome
to
make
Goists
of
.
From
this
Tree
it
is
that
useful
Drug
Agaric
is
gathered
;
and
the
timber
of
it
is
so
exceedingly
transparant
,
that
Cabanes
made
of
the
thin
boards
,
when
in
the
dark
night
,
they
have
lighted
candles
,
people
,
who
are
at
a
distance
without
dores
,
would
imagine
the
whole
room
to
be
on
fire
,
which
is
pretty
odd
,
considering
there
is
no
material
so
unapt
to
kindle
.
That
which
now
grows
some
where
about
Chelnsford
in
Essex
,
arriv'd
to
a
flourishing
,
and
ample
Tree
,
does
sufficiently
reproach
our
negligence
and
want
of
industry
,
as
well
as
the
incomparable
and
shady
.
Platanus
▪
2.
Platanus
,
that
so
beautiful
and
precious
Tree
,
so
doated
on
by
Xerxes
,
that
Aelian
and
other
Authours
tell
us
he
made
halt
,
and
stop'd
his
prodigious
Army
of
seventeen
hundred
thousand
souldiers
which
even
cover'd
the
Sea
,
exhausted
Rivers
,
and
thrust
Mount
Athos
from
the
Continent
,
to
admire
the
pulchritude
and
procerity
of
one
of
these
goodly
Trees
,
and
became
so
fond
of
it
,
that
spoiling
both
himself
,
his
Concubines
,
and
great
Persons
of
all
their
jewels
,
he
cover'd
it
with
Gold
,
Gems
,
Neck-laces
,
Scarfs
and
Bracelets
,
and
infinite
riches
;
In
sum
,
was
so
enamor'd
of
it
,
that
for
some
days
neither
the
concernment
of
his
grand
Expedition
,
nor
interest
of
honor
,
nor
the
necessary
motion
of
his
portentous
Army
,
could
perswade
him
from
it
:
He
styl'd
it
his
Mistris
,
his
Minion
,
his
Goddesse
;
and
when
he
was
forc'd
to
part
from
it
,
he
caus'd
the
figure
of
it
to
be
stampt
in
a
Medail
of
Gold
,
which
he
continually
wore
about
him
.
These
Trees
the
Romans
first
brought
out
of
the
Levant
,
and
cultivated
with
so
much
industry
and
cost
,
for
its
stately
and
proud
head
only
;
Mac●ob
.
Saturnal
.
3.
that
great
Orators
and
States-men
,
Cicero
and
Hortensius
would
exchange
now
and
then
a
turn
at
the
Bar
,
that
they
might
have
the
pleasure
●o
step
to
their
Villas
,
and
refresh
their
Platans
,
which
they
would
often
irrigate
with
Wine
instead
of
Water
;
and
so
priz'd
the
very
shadow
of
it
,
that
when
afterwards
they
transplanted
them
into
France
,
they
exacted
a
Tribute
of
any
of
the
Natives
who
should
presume
but
to
put
his
head
under
it
.
Pliny
tells
us
there
is
no
Tree
whatsoever
which
so
well
defends
us
from
the
heat
of
the
Sun
in
Summer
;
nor
that
admits
it
more
kindly
in
Winter
.
And
for
our
encouragement
,
I
do
upon
experience
assure
you
,
that
they
will
flourish
and
abide
with
us
,
without
any
more
trouble
than
frequent
,
and
plentiful
Watering
,
which
from
their
youth
they
excessively
delight
in
,
and
gratefully
acknowledge
by
their
growth
accordingly
;
so
as
I
am
perswaded
,
that
with
very
ordinary
Industry
,
they
might
be
propagated
to
the
incredible
Ornament
of
the
Walks
and
Avenues
to
Great-mens
houses
.
The
Introduction
of
this
true
Plane
amongst
us
,
is
due
to
that
honorable
Gentleman
Sir
Geo.
Crook
of
Oxfordshire
,
from
whose
bounty
I
received
an
hopefull
plant
now
growing
in
my
Villa
.
3.
There
was
lately
at
Basil
in
Switzerland
an
ancient
goodly
Platanetum
,
and
now
in
France
they
are
come
again
in
vogue
:
I
know
it
was
antiently
accounted
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
but
they
may
with
us
be
rais'd
of
their
seeds
with
care
,
in
a
moist
soil
,
as
here
I
have
known
them
:
But
the
reason
of
our
little
success
,
is
,
that
we
very
rarely
have
them
sent
us
ripe
;
which
should
be
gather'd
late
in
Autumn
,
and
brought
us
from
some
more
Levantine
parts
than
Italy
.
They
come
also
of
Layers
abundantly
;
affecting
a
fresh
and
feeding
ground
;
for
so
they
plant
them
about
their
Rivulets
,
and
Fountains
.
The
West-Indian
Plane
is
not
altogether
so
rare
,
but
it
rises
to
a
goodly
Tree
,
and
bears
a
very
ample
,
and
lesse
jaged
leaf
:
That
the
Turks
use
their
Platanus
for
the
building
of
Ships
,
I
learn
out
of
Ricciolus
Hydrog
.
l.
10.
c.
37.
Lotus
.
4.
The
same
opinion
have
I
of
the
noble
Lotus
,
(
another
lover
of
the
Water
)
which
in
Italy
yields
both
an
admirable
shade
,
and
Timber
immortal
.
Of
this
Wood
are
made
Pipes
and
Wind-Instruments
,
and
of
its
Root
,
Hafts
for
knives
,
and
other
Tools
,
&c.
The
offer
of
Crassus
to
Domitius
for
half
a
dozen
of
these
Trees
growing
about
an
house
of
his
in
Rome
,
testifies
in
what
esteem
they
were
had
for
their
incomparable
beauty
and
use
.
The
Cornel-tree
,
Cor●u●
.
though
not
mention'd
by
Plinie
for
its
Timber
,
is
exceedingly
commended
for
its
durablenesse
,
and
use
in
Wheel-work
,
Pinns
,
and
Wedges
,
in
which
it
lasts
like
the
hardest
Iron
;
and
it
will
grow
with
us
to
good
bulk
and
stature
;
and
the
preserv'd
,
and
pickl'd
berries
,
are
most
refreshing
,
and
an
excellent
condiment
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
Of
the
Cypress-tree
and
Cedar
.
CVpressus
,
the
Cypresse-Tree
,
is
either
the
Sative
or
Garden
tree
,
Cypresse
.
the
most
pyramidal
and
beautiful
;
or
that
which
is
call'd
the
Male
,
(
though
somewhat
prepostrously
)
which
bears
the
Cones
,
but
is
of
a
more
extravagant
shape
:
should
we
reason
only
from
our
common
experience
,
even
the
Cypresse-tree
was
,
but
within
a
few
years
past
,
reputed
so
tender
,
and
nice
a
Plant
,
that
it
was
cultivated
with
the
greatest
care
,
and
to
be
found
only
amongst
the
Curious
;
whereas
we
see
it
now
,
in
every
Garden
,
rising
to
as
goodly
a
bulk
and
stature
,
as
most
which
you
shall
find
even
in
Italy
it self
;
for
such
I
remember
to
have
once
seen
in
his
late
Majesties
Gardens
at
Theobalds
,
before
that
Princely
seat
was
demolish'd
.
I
say
,
if
we
did
argue
from
this
Topic
:
Methinks
it
should
rather
encourage
our
Country-men
to
add
yet
to
their
Plantations
other
Forreign
and
useful
Trees
,
and
not
in
the
least
deter
them
,
because
many
of
them
are
not
as
yet
become
endenizon'd
amongst
us
.
2.
We
may
read
that
the
Peach
was
at
first
accounted
so
tender
and
delicate
a
Tree
,
as
that
it
was
believ'd
to
thrive
only
in
Persia
;
and
even
in
the
days
of
Galen
,
it
grew
no
nearer
then
Egypt
,
of
all
the
Roman
Provinces
,
but
was
not
seen
in
the
City
till
more
then
thirty
years
before
Pliny's
time
;
whereas
there
is
now
hardly
a
more
common
and
universal
in
Europe
:
Thus
likewise
,
the
Avellana
from
Pontus
in
Asia
;
Thence
into
Greece
,
and
so
Italy
,
to
the
City
of
Abellino
in
Campania
.
Vna
tantùm
litera
immutata
,
Avellina
dici
,
quae
prius
Abellina
.
I
might
affirm
the
same
of
our
Damasco
Plum
,
Quince
,
Medlar
,
Figue
,
and
most
ordinary
Pears
,
as
well
as
of
several
other
Peregrine
Trees
,
Fruit-bearers
,
and
others
;
For
even
the
very
Damask-rose
it self
,
(
as
my
Lord
Bacon
tels
us
Cent.
2.
Exp.
659.
)
is
little
more
than
an
hundred
years
old
in
England
:
Methinks
this
should
be
of
wonderful
incitement
.
It
was
680
years
after
the
foundation
of
Rome
,
ere
Italy
had
tasted
a
Cherry
of
their
own
,
which
being
then
brought
thither
out
of
Pontus
(
as
the
above-mention'd
Filberts
were
)
did
afterwards
travel
ad
ultimos
Britannos
.
3.
Josephus
tels
us
,
That
the
Cedar
in
Judea
was
first
planted
there
by
Solomon
,
who
doubtless
try'd
many
rare
Experiments
of
this
nature
;
and
none
more
Kingly
then
that
of
Planting
to
Posterity
.
I
do
not
speak
of
those
which
grow
on
the
Mountains
of
Libanus
,
In
Itinerario
.
in
the
colder
and
Northern
tracts
of
Syria
:
But
as
I
am
inform'd
by
that
curious
Traveller
,
Ranwolfius
.
i.
Since
also
confirm'd
by
that
Virtuoso
Monsieur
Monconys
,
there
remaining
now
not
above
twenty
four
of
those
stately
Trees
in
all
those
goodly
Forests
,
where
that
mighty
Prince
set
fourscore
thousand
Hewers
at
work
for
the
Materials
of
one
onely
Temple
and
a
Palace
,
't
is
a
pregnant
Example
what
Time
,
and
Neglect
will
bring
to
ruine
,
if
due
,
and
continual
care
be
not
taken
to
propagate
Timber
.
4.
Nor
is
it
any
wonder
if
we
find
the
whole
Species
of
some
Trees
so
totally
lost
in
a
Countrey
,
as
if
there
had
never
been
any
such
planted
in
it
:
Be
this
therefore
applied
to
Fir
,
Pine
,
and
many
others
with
us
;
since
it
was
so
long
ere
Rome
was
acquainted
with
them
,
or
indeed
with
any
of
the
Pitch-bearers
.
5.
We
had
our
first
Myrtils
out
of
Greece
,
and
Cypress
from
Creete
,
which
was
yet
a
meer
stranger
in
Italy
,
as
Pliny
reports
,
and
most
difficult
to
be
raised
;
which
made
Cato
to
write
more
concerning
the
culture
of
it
then
of
any
other
Tree
:
Notwithstanding
we
have
in
this
Countrey
of
ours
,
no
less
then
three
sorts
,
which
are
all
of
them
easily
propagated
,
and
prosper
very
well
if
they
are
rightly
ordered
;
and
therefore
I
shall
not
omit
to
disclose
one
secret
,
as
well
to
confute
a
popular
Errour
,
as
for
the
Instruction
of
our
Gard'ners
.
6.
The
Tradition
is
,
That
the
Cypress
(
being
a
Symbol
of
Mortality
,
they
should
say
of
the
contrary
)
is
never
to
be
cut
for
fear
of
killing
it
.
This
makes
them
to
impale
,
and
wind
them
about
like
so
many
Aegyptian
Mummies
;
by
which
means
the
inward
parts
of
the
Tree
being
heated
,
for
want
of
Air
and
Refreshment
,
it
never
arrives
to
any
perfection
,
but
is
exceedingly
troublesome
,
and
chargeable
to
maintain
;
whereas
indeed
,
there
is
not
a
more
tonsile
and
governable
Plant
in
nature
;
For
the
Cypress
may
be
cut
to
the
very
Roots
,
and
yet
spring
afresh
:
And
this
we
find
was
the
husbandry
in
the
Isle
of
Aenaria
,
where
they
us'd
to
fell
it
for
Copse
:
For
the
Cypress
being
rais'd
from
the
Nursery
of
Seeds
sown
in
September
(
or
rather
March
,
)
and
within
two
years
after
transplanted
,
should
at
two
years
standing
more
,
have
the
master
stem
of
the
middle
shaft
cut
off
some
hand-breadth
below
the
summit
,
the
sides
,
and
smaller
sprigs
shorn
into
a
conique
or
pyramidal
form
,
and
so
kept
clipp'd
from
April
to
September
,
as
oft
as
there
is
occasion
;
and
by
this
Regiment
they
will
grow
furnish'd
to
the
foot
,
and
become
the
most
beautiful
Trees
in
the
world
,
without
binding
or
stake
;
still
remembring
to
abate
the
middle
stem
,
and
to
bring
up
the
collateral
branches
in
its
stead
to
what
altitude
you
please
;
but
when
I
speak
of
shortning
the
middle
shoot
,
I
do
not
intend
the
dwarfing
of
it
,
and
therefore
it
must
be
done
discreetly
,
so
as
it
may
not
over-hastily
advance
,
till
the
foot
thereof
be
perfectly
furnished
:
But
there
is
likewise
another
,
no
lesse
commendable
expedient
,
to
dresse
this
Tree
with
all
the
former
advantages
;
if
sparing
the
shaft
altogether
,
you
diligently
cut
away
all
the
forked
branches
,
reserving
onely
such
as
radiate
directly
from
the
body
,
which
being
shorn
,
and
clipt
in
due
season
,
will
render
the
Tree
very
beautiful
;
and
though
more
subject
to
obey
the
shaking
winds
,
yet
the
natural
spring
of
it
,
does
immediately
redress
it
,
without
the
least
discomposure
;
and
this
is
a
secret
worth
the
learning
of
Gard'ners
,
who
subject
themselves
to
the
trouble
of
stakes
and
binding
,
which
is
very
inconvenient
.
Thus
likewise
may
you
form
them
into
Hedges
and
Topiary
works
,
or
by
sowing
the
Seeds
in
a
shallow
furrow
,
and
plucking
up
the
Supernumeraries
where
they
come
too
close
and
thick
:
For
in
this
work
it
shall
suffice
to
leave
them
within
a
foot
of
each
other
;
and
when
they
are
risen
about
a
yard
in
height
(
which
may
be
to
the
half
of
your
Palisado
)
cut
off
their
tops
,
as
you
are
taught
,
and
keep
the
sides
clipp●d
,
that
they
ascend
but
by
degrees
,
and
thicken
at
the
bottom
as
they
climbe
.
Thus
,
they
will
present
you
in
half
a
dozen
or
eight
years
,
with
incomparable
hedges
,
preferable
to
all
others
whatsoever
,
because
they
are
perpetually
green
and
able
to
resist
the
Winds
better
then
any
which
I
know
,
the
Holly
only
excepted
,
which
indeed
has
no
peer
.
7.
When
I
say
Winds
,
I
mean
their
fiercest
gusts
,
not
their
cold
:
For
though
it
be
said
,
Brumáque
illaesa
Cupressus
,
and
that
indeed
no
frost
impeaches
them
(
for
they
grow
even
on
the
snowy
tops
of
Ida
,
)
yet
our
cruel
Eastern
winds
do
sometimes
mortally
invade
them
which
have
been
late
clipp'd
,
seldom
the
untouch'd
,
or
that
were
dressed
in
the
Spring
only
:
The
effects
of
the
late
March
and
April
Winds
(
in
the
years
1663.
and
1665.
)
accompanied
with
cruel
Frosts
and
cold
blasts
,
for
the
space
of
more
then
two
months
night
and
day
,
did
not
amongst
neer
a
thousand
Cypresses
(
growing
in
my
Garden
)
kill
above
three
or
four
,
which
for
being
very
late
cut
to
the
quick
(
that
is
,
the
latter
end
of
October
)
were
raw
of
their
wounds
,
took
cold
,
and
gangreen'd
;
some
few
others
which
were
a
little
smitten
towards
the
tops
,
might
have
escaped
all
their
blemishes
,
had
my
Gard'ner
capp'd
them
but
with
a
wisp
of
hay
or
straw
,
as
in
my
absence
,
I
commanded
.
As
for
the
frost
of
those
Winters
(
then
which
I
believe
there
was
never
known
a
more
cruel
and
deadly
piercing
since
England
had
a
name
)
it
did
not
touch
a
Cypress
of
mine
till
it
joyn'd
forces
with
that
destructive
Wind
:
Therefore
for
caution
,
clip
not
your
Cypresses
late
in
Autumn
,
and
cloath
them
(
if
young
)
against
these
winds
;
for
the
frosts
they
only
discolour
them
,
but
seldom
,
or
never
hurt
them
,
as
by
long
experience
I
have
found
.
8.
If
you
affect
to
see
your
Cypress
in
Standard
,
and
grow
wild
(
which
may
in
time
come
to
be
of
a
large
substance
,
fit
for
the
most
immortal
of
Timber
)
plant
of
the
reputed
Male
sort
;
it
is
a
Tree
which
will
prosper
wonderfully
;
and
where
the
ground
is
hot
,
and
gravelly
,
though
(
as
we
say'd
)
he
be
nothing
so
beautiful
;
and
it
is
of
this
,
that
the
Venetians
make
their
greatest
profit
.
9.
There
is
likewise
the
Tarentine
Cypress
,
so
much
celebrated
by
Cato
;
I
do
not
mean
our
Savine
,
(
which
some
erroneously
take
for
it
,
though
there
be
a
Berry-bearing
Savine
,
much
resembling
the
Cypress
,
which
comes
to
prove
a
gallant
,
upright
Tree
,
fit
for
the
Standard
.
)
Both
that
,
and
the
Milesian
,
are
worthy
our
culture
.
10.
I
have
already
shew'd
how
this
Tree
is
to
be
rais'd
from
the
seed
;
but
there
was
another
Method
amongst
the
Ancients
,
who
(
as
I
told
you
)
were
wont
to
make
great
Plantations
of
them
for
their
Timber
:
I
have
practis'd
it
my self
,
and
therefore
describe
it
.
11.
If
you
receive
your
seed
in
the
Nuts
which
uses
to
be
gather'd
thrise
a
year
,
(
but
seldom
ripening
with
us
)
expose
them
to
the
Sun
till
they
gape
,
or
neer
a
gentle
fire
,
or
put
them
in
warme
water
,
by
which
means
the
seeds
will
be
easily
shaken
out
;
for
if
you
have
them
open
before
,
they
do
not
yield
you
half
their
crop
.
About
the
beginning
of
April
(
or
before
,
if
the
weather
be
showery
)
prepare
an
even
Bed
,
which
being
made
of
fine
earth
,
clap
down
with
your
Spade
,
as
Gard'ners
do
for
Purselain-seed
:
of
old
they
roll'd
it
with
some
Stone
or
Cylinder
)
Upon
this
strew
your
seeds
pretty
thick
;
then
sieft
over
them
some
more
mould
somewhat
better
than
half
an
inch
in
height
:
keep
them
duly
watered
after
Sun-set
,
unless
the
season
do
it
for
you
;
and
after
one
years
growth
(
for
they
will
be
an
inch
high
in
little
more
than
a
Moneth
)
you
may
transplant
them
where
you
please
.
In
watering
them
,
I
give
you
this
caution
(
which
may
also
serve
you
for
most
tender
and
delicate
seeds
)
that
you
deaw
them
rather
with
a
broom
or
spergatory
,
then
hazard
the
beating
them
out
with
the
common
watering-pot
;
and
when
they
are
well
come
up
,
be
but
sparing
of
water
:
Be
sure
likewise
that
you
clense
them
when
the
weeds
are
very
young
and
tender
,
least
in
stead
of
purging
,
you
quite
erradicate
your
Cypress
:
We
have
spoken
of
Watering
,
and
indeed
whilst
young
,
if
well
follow'd
,
they
will
make
a
prodigious
advance
:
when
that
long
,
and
incomparable
walke
of
Cypress
at
Frascati
neer
Rome
was
first
planted
,
they
drew
a
small
stream
(
and
indeed
Irrigare
is
properly
thus
,
aquam
inducere
riguis
(
i.e.
)
in
small
gutters
and
rills
)
by
the
foot
of
it
,
(
as
the
Water
there
is
in
abundance
tractable
)
and
made
it
arrive
to
seven
or
eight
foot
height
in
one
year
;
but
with
us
,
we
may
not
be
too
prodigal
;
since
,
being
once
well
taken
,
they
thrive
best
in
our
sandy
,
light
,
and
warmest
grounds
,
whence
Cardan
says
,
juxta
aquas
arescit
,
meaning
in
low
and
moorish
places
,
stiff
and
cold
earth
,
&c.
where
they
never
thrive
.
12.
What
the
Vses
of
this
Timber
are
,
for
Chests
and
other
Vtensils
,
Harps
,
and
divers
other
Musical
Instruments
(
it
being
a
very
sonorous
wood
,
and
therefore
employ'd
for
Organ-pipes
,
as
heretofore
for
supporters
of
Vines
,
Poles
,
Rails
,
and
Planks
,
(
resisting
the
Worm
,
Moth
,
and
all
putrefaction
to
eternity
)
the
Venetians
sufficiently
understand
;
who
did
every
twenty
year
,
and
oftner
(
the
Romans
every
thirteen
)
make
a
considerable
Revenue
of
it
out
of
Candy
:
And
certainly
a
very
gainful
commodity
it
was
,
when
the
Fell
of
a
Cupressetum
was
heretofore
reputed
a
good
Daughters
Portion
,
and
the
Plantation
it self
call'd
Dotem
filiae
.
But
there
was
in
Candy
a
vast
Wood
of
these
Trees
belonging
to
the
Republique
,
by
malice
or
accident
set
on
Fire
,
which
Anno
1400.
burnt
for
seven
years
continually
,
before
it
could
be
quite
extinguish'd
;
fed
so
long
a
space
by
the
unctuous
nature
of
the
Timber
,
of
which
there
were
to
be
seen
at
Venice
planks
of
above
foure
foot
in
bredth
;
and
formerly
the
Valves
of
Saint
Peters
Church
at
Rome
were
framed
of
this
Material
,
which
lasted
from
the
great
Constantine
to
Pope
Eugenius
the
Fourths
time
,
almost
six
hundred
years
;
and
then
were
found
as
fresh
and
intire
as
if
they
had
been
new
:
But
this
Pope
would
needs
change
them
for
Gates
of
Brasse
,
which
were
cast
by
the
famous
Antonio
Philarete
;
not
in
my
opinion
so
venerable
as
those
other
of
Cypresse
.
It
was
in
Coffins
of
this
material
,
that
Thycidides
tells
us
,
the
Athenians
us'd
to
bury
their
Heros
.
13.
The
Timber
of
this
wood
was
of
infinite
esteem
with
the
Antients
:
That
lasting
Bridge
built
over
the
Euphrates
by
Semiramis
was
made
of
this
wood
;
and
it
is
reported
,
Plato
chose
it
to
Write
his
Laws
in
before
Brasse
it self
,
for
the
diuturnity
of
the
matter
:
It
is
certain
,
that
it
never
rifts
or
cleaves
,
but
with
great
violence
;
and
the
bitternesse
of
its
juice
preserves
it
from
all
Worms
,
and
putrifaction
.
To
this
day
those
of
Creet
,
and
Malta
make
use
of
it
for
their
Buildings
;
because
they
have
it
in
plenty
,
and
there
is
nothing
out-lasts
it
,
or
can
be
more
beautifull
,
especially
than
the
Root
of
the
wilder
sort
,
incomparable
for
its
crisped
undulations
.
Divers
Learned
Persons
have
conceiv'd
the
Gopher
mention'd
in
holy
Writ
,
Gen.
6.14
.
and
of
which
the
Ark
was
built
,
to
have
been
no
other
than
this
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Cupar
or
Cuper
,
by
the
easie
mutation
of
Letters
;
and
beside
,
't
is
known
that
in
Creet
they
employ'd
it
for
the
same
use
in
the
largest
contignations
,
and
did
formerly
build
Ships
of
it
:
And
Epiphanius
Haeres
.
l.
1.
tells
us
,
some
Reliques
of
that
Ark
lasted
even
to
his
dayes
,
and
was
judged
to
have
been
of
Cypresse
.
Some
indeed
suppose
that
Copher
was
the
Name
of
a
Place
a
Cupressis
,
as
Elon
a
Quercubus
;
and
might
possibly
be
that
which
Strabo
calls
Cupressetum
neer
Adiabens
in
Assyria
:
But
for
the
reason
of
its
long
lasting
,
Coffins
,
as
noted
,
for
the
dead
were
made
of
it
,
and
thence
it
first
became
to
be
Diti
Sacra
;
and
the
Valves
or
Doors
of
the
Ephesine
Temple
were
likewise
of
it
,
as
we
observ'd
but
now
were
those
of
St.
Peters
at
Rome
:
Works
of
Cypresse
wood
,
permanent
ad
diuturnitatem
,
sayes
Vitruvius
l.
2.
and
the
Poet
—
perpetuâ
nunquam
moritura
Cupresso
.
Mart.
E.
6.6
.
But
to
resume
the
disquisition
,
whether
it
be
truly
so
proper
for
Shipping
is
controverted
,
though
we
also
find
in
Cassiodorus
Vor.
l.
5.
Ep.
16.
that
Theodoric
caused
store
of
it
to
be
provided
for
that
purpose
;
and
Plato
(
who
we
told
you
made
Laws
and
Titles
to
be
Engraven
in
it
)
nominates
it
inter
Arbores
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
utilis
.
l.
4.
leg
.
and
so
does
Diodorus
l.
19.
And
as
Travellers
observe
,
there
is
no
other
sort
of
Timber
fit
for
Shipping
,
so
frequent
as
this
Tree
about
those
parts
of
Assyria
,
where
the
Ark
is
conjectur'd
to
have
been
built
;
so
as
those
vast
Armadas
that
Alexander
the
Great
caus'd
to
be
Equipp'd
and
set
out
from
Babylon
,
consisted
onely
of
Cypresse
,
as
we
learn
out
of
Arrian
in
Alex.
l.
7.
and
Strabo
l.
16.
Paulus
Colamenus
in
his
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
literaria
cap.
24.
perstringes
the
most
Learned
Is
.
Vossius
,
that
in
his
Vindiciae
pro
LXX
.
Interp.
he
affirms
Cypresse
not
fit
for
Ships
:
But
besides
what
we
have
produc'd
,
Fuller
,
Bochartus
,
&c.
Lilius
Gyraldus
(
lib.
de
Navig
.
c.
4.
)
and
divers
others
,
sufficiently
evince
it
,
and
that
the
Vessel
built
by
Trajan
was
of
that
material
;
lasting
uncorrupt
near
1400
years
,
when
it
was
afterwards
found
in
a
certain
Lake
;
if
it
were
not
rather
(
as
I
suspect
)
that
which
Aeneas
Silvius
reports
to
have
been
discovered
in
his
time
,
lying
under
Water
in
the
Numician
Lake
,
crusted
over
with
a
certain
feruginous
mixture
of
Earth
and
Scales
,
as
if
it
had
been
of
Iron
;
but
it
was
pronounc'd
to
be
Larix
,
and
not
Cypress
,
employ'd
by
Tiberius
.
Finally
(
not
to
forget
even
the
very
chips
of
this
precious
wood
,
which
gives
that
flavour
to
Muscadines
and
other
rich
Wines
)
I
commend
it
for
the
improvement
of
the
Air
,
and
a
specific
for
the
Lungs
,
as
sending
forth
most
sweet
,
and
aromatick
emissions
,
when
ever
it
is
either
clipp'd
,
or
handled
,
and
the
chips
,
or
cones
being
burnt
,
extinguishes
Moths
,
and
expells
the
Gnats
and
Flies
,
&c.
not
omitting
the
Gum
which
it
yields
,
not
much
inferiour
to
the
Terbintine
or
Lentisc
.
But
,
Quid
tibi
odorato
referam
sudantia
ligno
,
if
I
forget
14.
The
Cedar
?
which
grows
in
all
extreams
:
In
the
moist
Barbados
,
the
hot
Bermudas
,
the
cold
New-England
;
even
where
the
Snow
lyes
as
(
I
am
assur'd
)
almost
half
the
year
:
Why
then
it
should
not
thrive
in
Old
England
,
I
conceive
is
from
our
want
of
industry
:
It
grows
in
the
Bogs
of
America
,
and
in
the
Mountains
of
Asia
;
it
seems
there
is
no
place
affrights
it
;
I
have
frequently
rais'd
it
of
the
Seeds
,
which
I
set
like
the
Bay-berries
;
and
we
might
have
of
the
very
best
kind
in
the
World
from
the
Summer
Islands
,
though
now
almost
utterly
exhausted
there
also
,
and
so
the
most
incomparable
of
that
sacred
wood
like
to
be
quite
destroy'd
by
our
negligence
,
which
is
by
nature
almost
eternal
.
15.
Thus
I
read
that
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Vtica
,
there
was
found
Timber
of
near
two
thousand
years
old
;
and
in
Sagunti
of
Spain
a
Beam
in
a
certain
Oratory
consecrated
to
Diana
,
which
had
been
brought
from
Zant
two
hundred
years
before
the
Destruction
of
Troy
.
16.
And
here
I
cannot
omit
my
Wishes
,
that
since
this
precious
material
may
be
had
at
such
tollerable
rates
,
as
certainly
it
might
from
Cape
Florida
,
the
Bermudas
,
and
other
parts
of
the
West
Indias
:
I
say
,
I
cannot
but
suggest
,
that
our
more
Wealthy
Citizens
of
London
,
now
Building
,
might
be
encourag'd
to
use
of
it
in
their
Shops
;
at
least
for
Shelves
,
Comptoires
,
Chests
,
Tables
,
Wainscot
,
&c.
It
might
be
done
with
moderate
Expense
,
especially
,
in
some
small
proportions
,
and
in
Faneering
,
as
they
term
it
,
and
mouldings
,
since
beside
the
everlastingnesse
of
the
wood
not
obnoxious
to
the
Worms
,
and
which
would
also
be
a
means
to
preserve
cloth
,
and
other
Ware
from
Moths
and
corruption
;
it
would
likewise
be
a
Cure
to
reform
the
Malignity
and
corrosivenesse
of
the
Air
,
and
even
preserve
the
whole
City
as
if
it
stood
amongst
the
Spices
of
the
happy
Arabia
,
or
the
prospects
of
Mount
Libanus
.
Note
,
that
the
Cedar
is
of
so
dry
a
nature
,
that
it
will
not
well
endure
to
be
fastned
with
Nails
,
from
which
it
usually
shrinks
,
and
therefore
pinns
of
the
same
wood
,
are
better
.
17.
The
Sittim
mention'd
in
holy
Writ
,
is
believ'd
to
have
been
a
kind
of
Cedar
,
of
which
the
most
precious
Vtensils
were
formed
;
so
that
when
they
said
a
thing
was
cedro
digna
,
the
meaning
was
,
worthy
of
eternity
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
Of
the
Cork
,
Ilex
,
Alaternus
,
Phyllyrea
,
Granad
,
Lentisc
,
Myrtle
,
Jasmine
,
&c.
Cork
.
1.
THe
Cork
[
Suber
]
of
which
there
are
two
sorts
(
and
divers
more
in
the
Indias
)
one
of
a
narrower
lesse
jagged
leaf
and
perenneal
;
the
other
of
a
broader
,
falling
in
Winter
;
grows
in
the
coldest
parts
of
Biscany
,
in
the
North
of
New-England
,
in
the
South-West
of
France
,
especially
the
second
Species
,
fittest
for
our
Climate
;
and
in
all
sorts
of
ground
,
dry
Heaths
,
Stony
,
and
Rockie-Mountains
,
so
as
the
Roots
will
run
even
above
the
Earth
where
they
have
little
to
cover
them
;
all
which
considered
,
methinks
we
should
not
despair
:
We
have
said
where
they
grow
plentifully
in
France
;
but
by
Pliny
,
Nat.
Hist.
l.
16.
c.
8.
it
should
seem
they
were
since
transplanted
thither
;
for
he
affirms
there
were
none
either
there
or
in
Italy
,
in
his
time
:
But
I
exceedingly
wonder
that
Carolus
Stephanus
,
and
Crusius
should
write
so
peremptorily
,
that
there
were
none
in
Italy
,
where
I
my self
have
travell'd
through
vast
Woods
of
them
about
Pisa
,
Aquin
,
and
in
divers
tracts
between
Rome
and
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
The
Spanish
Cork
is
a
species
of
the
Enzina
,
differing
chiefly
in
the
Leaf
,
which
is
not
so
prickly
;
and
in
the
bark
,
which
is
frequently
,
four
or
five
inches
thick
:
The
manner
of
decortication
whereof
is
once
in
two
,
or
three
years
to
strip
it
in
a
dry
season
;
otherwise
,
the
intercutaneous
moisture
indangers
the
Tree
;
when
the
bark
is
off
,
they
unwarp
it
before
the
fire
,
and
presse
it
even
,
and
that
with
weights
upon
the
convex
part
,
and
so
it
continues
being
cold
.
2.
The
uses
of
Cork
is
well
known
amongst
us
both
at
Sea
and
Land
for
its
resisting
both
Water
and
Air
:
The
Fisher-men
who
deal
in
Nets
,
and
all
who
deal
with
Liquors
cannot
be
without
it
:
Antient
Persons
prefer
it
before
Leather
for
the
soles
of
their
Shooes
,
being
light
,
dry
,
and
resisting
moisture
,
whence
the
Germans
name
it
Pantoffel-holts
(
Slipper-wood
)
perhaps
from
the
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
&
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
for
I
find
it
first
applied
to
that
purpose
by
the
Grecian
Ladies
,
whence
they
were
call'd
light-footed
;
I
know
not
whether
the
Epithite
do
still
belong
to
that
Sex
;
but
from
them
its
likely
the
Venetian
Dames
took
it
up
for
their
monstrous
Choppines
;
affecting
,
or
usurping
an
artificial
eminency
above
Men
,
which
Nature
has
denied
them
.
Of
one
of
the
sorts
of
Cork
are
made
pretty
Cups
,
and
other
Vessels
,
esteem'd
good
to
drink
out
of
for
Hectical
persons
:
The
Aegyptians
made
their
Coffins
of
it
,
which
being
lin'd
with
a
r●sinous
composition
,
preserv'd
their
Dead
incorrupt
:
The
poor
People
in
Spain
lay
broad
Planks
of
it
by
their
Beds-side
,
to
tread
on
(
as
great
Persons
use
Turkie
and
Persian
Carpets
)
to
defend
them
from
the
floor
,
and
sometimes
they
line
,
or
Wainscot
the
Walls
,
and
inside
of
their
Houses
built
of
Stone
,
with
this
Bark
,
which
renders
them
very
warm
,
and
corrects
the
moisture
of
the
Air
:
Also
they
employ
it
for
Bee-Hives
,
and
to
double
the
insides
of
their
Contemplores
,
and
leather
Cases
wherein
they
put
Flasquera's
with
Snow
to
refrigerate
their
Wine
.
This
Tree
has
beneath
the
Cortex
or
Cork
,
two
other
Coats
,
or
Libri
,
of
which
one
is
reddish
,
which
they
strip
from
the
bole
when
't
is
fell'd
onely
;
and
this
bears
good
price
with
the
Tanner
:
The
rest
of
the
wood
is
very
good
firing
,
and
applicable
to
many
other
uses
of
Building
;
Palisade
work
,
&c.
Ilex
.
3.
Ilex
major
glandifera
or
great
Scarlet
Oak
,
thrives
manifestly
with
us
;
witnesse
His
Majesties
Privy
Garden
at
White-Hall
,
where
once
flourish'd
a
goodly
Tree
of
more
than
fourscore
years
growth
,
though
there
be
now
but
a
sickly
Impe
of
it
remaining
.
4.
By
what
I
have
touch'd
in
the
Chapter
of
the
Elms
,
concerning
the
peregrination
of
that
Tree
into
Spain
(
where
even
in
Plinie's
time
there
were
none
,
and
where
now
they
are
in
great
abundance
)
why
should
we
not
more
generally
endeavour
to
propagate
the
Ilex
amongst
us
;
I
mean
,
that
Baccifera
,
which
the
Spaniards
call
the
Enzina
,
and
of
which
they
have
such
Woods
,
and
profitable
Plantations
?
They
are
an
hardy
sort
of
Tree
,
and
familiarly
rais'd
from
the
Acorn
,
if
we
could
have
them
sound
and
well
put
up
in
Earth
or
Sand
,
as
I
have
found
by
experience
.
5.
The
wood
of
these
Ilex's
is
serviceable
for
many
uses
,
as
stocks
of
Tools
,
Mallet-heads
,
Mall-balls
,
Chairs
,
Axeltrees
,
Wedges
Beetles
,
Pins
,
and
above
all
for
Palisadoes
us'd
in
Fortifications
.
Besides
,
it
affords
so
good
fuel
,
that
it
supplies
all
Spain
almost
with
the
best
and
most
lasting
of
Charcoales
,
in
vast
abundance
.
Of
the
first
kind
is
made
the
Paynten
Lac
extracted
from
the
berries
;
to
speak
nothing
of
that
noble
Confection
Alkermes
:
The
Acorns
of
the
first
yield
excellent
nourishment
for
Rustics
,
sweet
,
and
little
,
if
at
all
,
inferiour
to
the
Chesse-nut
;
and
this
,
and
not
the
Fagus
,
was
doubtlesse
the
true
Esculas
of
the
Antients
,
the
Food
of
the
Golden
Age.
The
wood
of
the
Enzina
when
old
,
is
curiously
chambletted
,
and
embroidered
with
Natural
vermiculations
as
if
it
were
painted
.
6.
The
Alaternus
,
Alaternus
.
which
we
have
lately
receiv'd
from
the
hottest
parts
of
Languedoc
(
and
that
is
equal
with
the
heat
of
almost
any
Countrey
in
Europe
)
thrives
with
us
in
England
,
as
if
it
were
an
Indigene
and
Natural
.
7.
I
have
had
the
honour
to
be
the
first
who
brought
it
into
Vse
and
reputation
in
this
Kingdom
for
the
most
beautiful
,
and
useful
of
Hedges
,
and
Verdure
in
the
world
(
the
swiftnesse
of
the
growth
consider'd
)
and
propagated
it
from
Cornwall
even
to
Cumberland
:
The
seed
grows
ripe
with
us
in
August
;
and
the
hony-breathing
blossomes
,
afford
an
early
,
and
mervellous
relief
to
the
Bees
.
8.
All
the
Phillyrea's
are
yet
more
hardy
;
Phillyrea
.
which
makes
me
wonder
to
find
the
Angustifolia
planted
in
Cases
,
and
so
char●ly
set
into
the
Stoves
,
amongst
the
Oranges
and
Lemmons
;
when
by
long
experience
,
I
have
found
it
equal
our
Holly
in
suffering
the
extreamest
rigours
of
our
cruellest
Frosts
,
and
Winds
,
which
is
doubtlesse
(
of
all
our
English
Trees
)
the
most
insensible
and
stout
.
9.
They
are
(
both
Alaternus
and
this
)
raised
of
the
Seeds
(
though
those
of
the
Phillyrea
will
be
long
under
ground
)
and
being
transplanted
for
Espalier
hedges
,
or
Standards
,
are
to
be
govern'd
by
the
Shears
,
as
oft
as
there
is
occasion
:
The
Alaternus
will
be
up
in
one
Month
after
it
is
sown
:
Plant
it
out
at
two
years
growth
,
and
clip
it
after
rain
in
the
Spring
,
before
it
grows
sticky
,
and
whiles
the
shoots
are
tender
;
thus
will
it
form
an
hedge
(
though
planted
but
in
single
rows
,
and
at
two
foot
distance
)
of
a
yard
in
thicknesse
,
twenty
foot
high
(
if
you
desire
it
)
and
furnish'd
to
the
bottom
:
But
for
an
hedge
of
this
altitude
,
it
would
require
the
friendship
of
some
Wall
,
or
a
Frame
of
lusty
Poles
,
to
secure
against
the
Winds
one
of
the
most
delicious
objects
in
nature
:
But
if
we
could
have
store
of
the
Phillyrea
folio
leviter
serrato
(
of
which
I
have
rais'd
some
very
fine
Plants
from
the
Seeds
)
we
might
fear
no
weather
,
and
the
verdure
is
incomparable
.
10.
Granad●
▪
The
Culture
of
the
Granade
(
of
which
are
three
sorts
)
does
little
differ
from
that
of
the
Alaternus
,
of
which
we
might
raise
considerable
Hedges
on
all
our
Southern
Aspects
:
They
have
supported
that
most
unmerciful
Winter
in
sixty
three
,
without
any
artifice
;
and
if
they
yield
us
their
flowers
for
our
pains
of
well
pruning
and
Recision
(
for
they
must
diligently
be
purged
of
their
wood
)
it
is
a
glorious
recompence
:
I
plant
them
in
my
Hedge-rows
even
amongst
the
Quick
;
but
to
have
them
thrive
,
you
must
loosen
the
Earth
at
Roots
,
and
inrich
it
both
Spring
and
Autumn
,
leaving
but
a
few
woody
branches
:
There
is
no
Tree
so
Adulterous
as
this
Shrub
,
and
best
by
Layers
Approach
and
Inarching
,
as
they
call
it
;
and
thence
't
is
said
to
marry
with
Lawrells
,
Damson
,
Ash
,
Almond
,
Mulberry
,
Citron
,
&c.
too
many
(
I
fear
)
to
hold
:
If
you
will
plant
them
in
Gardens
to
best
advantage
,
keep
them
to
one
Stem
,
and
inrich
the
mould
with
Hogs
dung
well
consum'd
,
which
they
greatly
delight
in
.
Myrtil
.
11.
The
vulgar
Italian
wild
Myrtil
(
though
not
indeed
the
most
fragrant
)
grows
high
,
and
supports
all
weathers
.
I
know
of
one
near
fifty
years
old
,
which
has
been
continually
expos'd
;
unlesse
it
be
,
that
in
some
exceeding
sharp
Seasons
,
a
little
dry
straw
has
been
thrown
upon
it
;
and
where
they
are
smitten
,
being
cut
down
near
the
ground
,
they
put
forth
and
recover
again
;
which
many
times
they
do
not
in
Pots
,
and
Cases
,
where
the
Roots
are
very
obnoxious
to
perish
with
mouldiness
.
The
shelter
of
a
few
Mats
,
and
Straw
,
secur'd
very
great
Trees
(
both
leaf
and
colour
in
perfection
)
this
last
Winter
also
,
which
were
planted
abroad
;
whiles
those
that
were
carried
into
the
Conserve
,
were
most
of
them
lost
.
Myrtils
may
be
rais'd
of
Seeds
,
but
with
great
caution
;
and
they
seldom
prove
hardy
,
nor
is
it
worth
the
time
,
being
so
abundantly
encreased
of
Layers
.
Lentisc
.
12.
Lentiscus
,
the
Lentisc
,
a
very
beautiful
ever-green
,
will
thrive
abroad
with
us
,
with
a
little
care
and
shelter
,
amongst
other
expos'd
Shrubs
,
and
may
be
propagated
of
Suckers
and
Layers
;
and
the
like
may
be
done
by
the
Olive
,
though
it
bear
no
other
Fruit
than
the
perennial
verdure
of
the
leaves
:
Of
the
Lentisc
are
made
the
best
Tooth-pickers
in
the
world
,
and
the
Mastic
,
or
Gum
is
of
excellent
use
,
especially
for
the
Teeth
and
Gums
.
13.
I
might
to
these
add
Lignum
vitae
,
the
Aethiopic
Seseli
,
Halimus
Latifolius
,
Laurus
Tinus
,
Celast●us
,
&c.
fittest
for
the
Shrubby
part
and
under-furniture
of
our
ever
green
Groves
,
and
near
our
Gardens
of
Pleasure
.
But
14.
I
produce
not
these
particulars
,
and
other
amoena
vireta
already
mention'd
,
as
signifying
any
thing
to
Timber
,
the
main
design
of
this
Treatise
(
though
I
read
of
some
Myrtils
so
tall
,
as
to
make
Spear
shafts
)
but
to
exemplifie
in
what
may
be
farther
added
to
Ornament
and
Pleasure
,
by
a
cheap
,
and
most
agreeable
industry
.
The
Berries
of
Myrtil
were
us'd
of
old
in
stead
of
Peper
.
Jasmine
.
15.
The
common
white
and
yellow
Jasmine
would
flower
plentifully
in
our
Woods
,
and
as
hardy
as
any
of
the
Periclimena
:
How
it
is
propagated
by
submersion
,
or
layers
,
every
Gard'ner
skills
;
and
if
it
were
as
much
imploy'd
for
Nose
gays
,
&c.
with
us
,
as
it
is
in
France
and
Italy
,
they
might
make
money
enough
of
the
Flowers
:
One
sorry
Tree
in
Paris
,
where
they
abound
,
has
been
worth
to
a
poor
Woman
near
twenty
shillings
in
a
year
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
Of
the
Acacia
,
Arbutus
,
Bays
,
Box
,
Yew
,
Holly
,
Juniper
,
and
Laurel-trees
.
1.
THe
French
have
lately
brought
in
the
Virginian
Acacia
,
Acacia
.
which
exceedingly
adorns
their
Walks
:
The
Tree
is
hardy
against
all
the
invasions
of
our
sharpest
seasons
,
but
our
high
Winds
;
which
by
reason
of
its
brittle
nature
it
does
not
so
well
resist
;
and
the
Roots
(
which
insinuate
and
run
like
liquorize
under
ground
)
are
apt
to
emaciate
the
Soil
,
and
therefore
haply
not
so
commendable
in
our
Gardens
,
as
they
would
be
agreeable
for
variety
of
Walks
and
shade
:
They
thrive
well
in
his
Majesties
new
Plantation
in
St.
James's
Park
.
2.
But
why
do
we
thus
neglect
the
Arbutus
,
Arbutus
▪
and
make
that
such
a
rarity
,
which
grows
so
common
,
and
so
naturally
in
Ireland
?
It
is
indeed
with
some
difficulty
rais'd
from
the
Seeds
;
but
it
may
be
propagated
from
the
Layers
,
grows
to
a
goodly
Tree
;
is
patient
of
our
severest
Weather
,
and
may
be
contriv'd
into
most
beautiful
Hedges
:
Virgil
reports
it
will
inoculate
with
the
Nut
;
and
I
find
Bauhinus
commends
the
Coals
for
Gold-smiths
works
,
and
the
Poet
Arbutean
Harrows
and
the
mystic
Van.
Arbuteae
crates
,
&
mystica
Vannus
Jacchi
.
Georg.
1.
3.
Bays
are
encreas'd
both
of
their
Suckers
,
and
Seeds
,
Bays
.
which
should
be
dropping-ripe
ere
gather'd
:
Pliny
has
a
particular
process
for
the
ordering
of
the
Seeds
,
and
it
is
not
to
be
rejected
:
Which
is
,
the
gathering
the
Berries
,
in
January
,
and
spreading
them
till
their
sweat
be
over
;
then
he
puts
them
in
dung
and
sows
them
:
As
for
the
steeping
in
Wine
,
Water
does
altogether
as
well
;
others
wash
the
seeds
,
from
their
mucilage
,
by
breaking
and
bruising
the
glutinous
berries
;
then
sow
them
in
March
by
scores
in
a
heap
;
and
indeed
so
they
will
come
up
in
clusters
,
but
nothing
so
well
,
nor
fit
for
transplantation
,
as
where
they
are
interr'd
with
a
competent
scattering
,
so
as
you
would
furrow
Pease
:
Both
this
way
,
and
by
setting
them
apart
(
which
I
most
commend
)
I
have
rais'd
multitudes
,
and
that
in
the
Berries
without
any
farther
preparation
;
onely
for
the
first
two
years
they
would
be
defended
from
the
piercing
winds
which
frequently
destroy
them
;
and
yet
the
scorching
of
their
tender
leaves
ought
not
make
you
despair
,
for
many
of
them
will
recover
beyond
expectation
.
4.
This
aromatic
Tree
greatly
loves
the
Shade
,
yet
thrives
best
in
our
hottest
gravel
,
having
once
pass'd
those
first
difficulties
:
Age
and
Culture
about
the
Roots
wonderfully
augment
its
growth
;
so
as
I
have
seen
Trees
near
thirty
foot
high
of
them
;
and
almost
two
foot
diameter
.
They
are
fit
also
both
for
Arbour
and
Palisade-work
,
so
the
Gard'ner
understand
when
to
prune
,
and
keep
it
from
growing
two
woody
.
Box.
5.
The
Box
which
we
begin
to
proscribe
our
Gardens
(
and
indeed
Bees
are
no
friend
to
it
)
should
not
yet
be
banish'd
from
our
care
;
because
the
excellency
of
the
wood
does
commute
for
the
unagreeablenesse
of
its
smell
:
therefore
let
us
furnish
our
cold
,
and
barren
Hills
,
and
declivities
with
this
useful
Shrub
,
I
mean
the
taller
sort
,
for
I
meddle
not
here
with
the
dwarf
and
more
tonsile
;
It
will
increase
abundantly
of
slips
set
in
March
.
6.
The
Turner
,
Ingraver
,
Carver
,
Mathematical-Instrument
,
Comb
and
Pipe-makers
(
Si
buxos
inflare
juvat
—
Virg.
)
give
great
prizes
for
it
by
weight
,
as
well
as
measure
;
and
by
the
seasoning
,
and
divers
manner
of
cutting
,
vigorous
insolations
,
politure
and
grinding
,
the
Roots
of
this
Tree
(
as
of
even
our
common
and
neglected
Thorne
)
do
furnish
the
Inlayer
and
Cabinet-makers
with
pieces
rarely
undulated
,
and
full
of
variety
.
Also
of
Box
are
made
Wheels
or
Shivers
(
as
our
Ship-Carpenters
call
them
)
and
Pinns
for
Blocks
and
Pullies
;
Pegs
for
Musical
Instruments
,
Nut-crackers
,
Weavers
Shuttles
,
Hollar-sticks
,
Bump-sticks
,
and
Dressers
for
the
Shooe-maker
,
Rulers
,
Rolling-pins
,
Pestles
,
Mall-balls
,
Beetles
,
Topps
,
Tables
,
Chess-men
,
Skrews
male
and
female
,
Bobins
for
Bone-lace
,
Spoons
,
nay
the
stoutest
Axle-trees
;
but
above
all
,
—
Box-Combs
bear
no
small
part
In
the
Militia
of
the
Female
Art
;
They
tye
the
Links
which
hold
our
Gallants
fast
,
And
spread
the
Nets
to
which
fond
Lovers
hast
.
—
Non
ultima
belli
Arma
Puellaris
;
Laqu●os
haec
nectit
Amantûm
,
Et
venatricis
disponit
retia
Formae
.
Couleii
Pl.
l.
6
7.
The
Chymical
oyl
of
this
wood
has
done
the
feats
of
the
best
Guajacum
(
though
in
greater
quantity
)
for
the
Cure
of
Venereal
Diseases
,
as
one
of
the
most
expert
Physicians
in
Europe
has
confess'd
.
Eugh
.
8.
Since
the
use
of
Bows
is
laid
aside
amongst
us
,
the
propagation
of
the
Eugh-tree
(
of
which
we
have
two
sorts
,
and
other
places
reckon
more
,
as
the
Arcadian
black
,
and
red
;
the
yellow
of
Ida
,
infinitely
esteem'd
of
old
)
is
likewise
quite
forborn
;
but
the
neglect
of
it
is
to
be
deplor'd
;
seeing
that
(
besides
the
rarity
of
it
in
Italy
,
and
France
,
where
but
little
of
it
grows
)
the
barrenest
grounds
,
and
coldest
of
our
Mountains
(
for
—
Aquilonem
&
frigora
taxi
)
might
be
profitably
replenish'd
with
them
:
I
say
,
profitably
,
for
,
besides
the
use
of
the
wood
for
Bows
—
Ityraeos
taxi
torquentur
in
arcus
.
(
for
which
the
close
,
and
more
deeply
dy'd
is
best
.
)
The
foremention'd
Artists
in
Box
most
gladly
imploy
it
:
And
for
the
Cogs
of
Mills
,
Posts
to
be
set
in
moist
grounds
,
and
everlasting
Axle-trees
,
there
is
none
to
be
compar'd
with
it
;
likewise
for
the
bodies
of
Lutes
,
Theorbas
,
Bowles
,
Wheels
,
and
Pinns
for
Pullys
;
yea
,
and
for
Tankards
to
drink
out
of
;
whatever
Pliny
report
concerning
its
Shade
,
and
the
stories
of
the
Air
about
Thasus
,
the
Fate
of
Cativulcus
mention'd
by
Caesar
,
and
the
ill
report
which
the
Fruit
has
vulgarly
obtain'd
in
France
,
Spain
,
and
Arcadia
;
But
,
How
are
poor
Trees
abus'd
!
Quàm
multa
Arborihus
tribuuntur
crimina
falsa
!
9.
The
Toxic
quality
was
certainly
in
the
Liquor
which
those
good
Fellows
tippl'd
out
of
those
Bottles
,
not
in
the
nature
of
the
wood
;
which
yet
he
affirms
is
cur'd
of
that
Venenous
quality
,
by
driving
a
brazen-wedge
into
the
Body
of
it
:
This
I
have
never
tri'd
,
but
that
of
the
Shade
and
Fruit
I
have
frequently
,
without
any
deadly
,
or
noxious
effects
:
so
that
I
am
of
opinion
that
Tree
which
Sestius
calls
Smilax
,
and
our
Historian
thinks
to
be
our
Eugh
,
was
some
other
wood
;
and
yet
I
acknowledge
that
it
is
esteem'd
noxious
to
Cattel
,
when
't
is
in
the
Seeds
,
or
newly
sprouting
.
10.
This
Tree
is
easily
produc'd
of
the
Seeds
,
wash'd
and
cleans'd
from
their
mucilage
;
and
buried
in
the
ground
like
Haws
;
It
will
commonly
be
the
second
Winter
ere
they
peep
,
and
then
they
rise
with
their
caps
on
their
heads
:
Being
three
years
old
you
may
transplant
them
,
and
form
them
into
Standards
,
Knobs
,
Walks
,
Hedges
,
&c.
in
all
which
works
they
succeed
marvellous
well
,
and
are
worth
our
patience
for
their
perennial
verdure
,
and
durablenesse
.
11.
He
that
in
winter
should
behold
some
of
our
highest
Hills
in
Surrey
clad
with
whole
Woods
of
these
two
last
sort
of
Trees
,
for
divers
Miles
in
circuit
(
as
in
those
delicious
Groves
of
them
,
belonging
to
the
Honourable
,
my
noble
Friend
Sir
Adam
Brown
of
Bech-worth-Castle
,
from
Box-hill
,
and
neer
our
famous
Mole
or
Swallow
)
might
without
the
least
violence
to
his
Imagination
,
easily
phansie
himself
transported
into
some
new
or
enchanted
Country
;
for
,
if
any
spot
of
England
,
—
'T
is
here
Eternall
Spring
,
and
Summer
all
the
year
.
Hîc
ver
perpetuum
,
atque
alienis
mensibus
aestas
.
12.
But
,
Holly
.
above
all
the
natural
Greens
which
inrich
our
home-born
store
,
there
is
none
certainly
to
be
compar'd
to
the
Agrifolium
,
or
Acuifolium
rather
,
our
Holly
,
insomuch
as
I
have
often
wonder'd
at
our
curiosity
after
forreign
Plants
,
and
expensive
difficulties
,
to
the
neglect
of
the
culture
of
this
vulgar
,
but
incomparable
tree
;
whether
we
will
propagate
it
for
Vse
,
and
Defence
,
or
for
sight
and
Ornament
.
A
Hedge
of
Holly
,
Thieves
that
would
invade
,
Repulses
like
a
growing
Palizade
;
Whose
numerous
leaves
such
Orient
Greens
invest
As
in
deep
Winter
do
the
Spring
a
rest
.
—
Mala
furta
hominum
densis
mucronibus
axcens
Securum
defendit
in
expugnabilis
Hortûm
▪
Exornátque
simul
,
toto
spectabilis
anno
,
Et
numero
&
viridifoliorum
luce
nitentum
.
Couleii
Pl.
l.
6.
13.
Is
there
under
Heaven
a
more
glorious
and
refreshing
object
of
the
kind
,
than
an
impregnable
Hedge
of
one
hundred
and
sixty
foot
in
length
,
seven
foot
high
,
and
five
in
diameter
,
which
I
can
shew
in
my
poor
Gardens
at
any
time
of
the
year
,
glitt'ring
with
its
arm'd
and
vernish'd
leaves
?
the
taller
Standards
at
orderly
distances
blushing
with
their
natural
Coral
:
It
mocks
at
the
rudest
assaults
of
the
Weather
,
Beasts
,
or
Hedge-breakers
,
Et
illum
nemo
impunè
lacessit
.
It
is
with
us
of
two
eminent
kinds
,
the
prickly
,
and
smoother
leav'd
,
or
as
some
term
it
,
the
Free-holly
,
not
unwelcome
when
tender
,
to
Sheep
,
and
other
Cattel
.
14.
I
have
already
shew'd
how
it
is
to
be
rais'd
of
the
Berries
(
of
which
there
is
a
sort
bears
them
yellow
)
when
they
are
ready
to
drop
,
this
onely
omitted
,
that
they
would
first
be
freed
from
their
tenacious
and
glutinous
Mucilage
by
being
wash'd
,
and
a
little
bruised
,
then
dry'd
with
a
Cloth
;
or
else
bury
them
as
you
do
Hipps
;
and
let
our
Forester
receive
this
for
no
common
secret
,
and
take
notice
of
the
effect
:
Remove
them
also
after
three
or
four
years
;
but
if
you
plant
the
Sets
(
which
is
likewise
a
commendable
way
,
and
the
Woods
will
furnish
enough
)
place
'em
Northwards
,
as
they
do
Quick
.
Of
this
might
there
living
Pales
and
Enclosures
be
made
(
such
as
the
Right
Honourable
my
Lord
Dacres
,
somewhere
in
Sussex
,
has
a
Park
almost
environ'd
with
,
able
to
keep
in
any
Game
,
as
I
am
credibly
inform'd
)
and
cut
into
square
Hedges
,
it
becomes
impenetrable
,
and
will
thrive
in
hottest
as
well
as
the
coldest
places
.
I
take
thousands
of
them
four
inches
long
out
of
the
Woods
(
amongst
the
fall'n
leaves
whereof
,
they
sow
themselves
)
and
so
Plant
them
;
but
this
should
be
before
the
Cattel
begin
to
crop
them
,
especially
Sheep
,
who
are
greedy
of
them
when
tender
:
Stick
them
into
the
ground
in
a
moist
season
,
Spring
,
or
Autumn
;
especially
the
Spring
,
shaded
(
if
it
prove
too
hot
and
scorching
)
till
they
begin
to
shoot
of
themselves
,
and
in
very
sharp
Weather
,
and
during
our
Eastern
Etesians
,
cover'd
with
dry
straw
or
Haume
;
and
if
any
of
them
seem
to
perish
,
cut
it
close
,
and
you
shall
soon
see
it
revive
.
The
lustyer
and
bigger
the
Sets
are
,
the
better
,
and
if
you
can
procure
such
as
are
a
Thumbs-breadth
thick
,
they
will
soon
furnish
into
an
Hedge
.
At
Denge-nesse
in
Kent
they
grow
naturally
amongst
the
very
beach
and
pibbles
:
And
this
rare
Hedge
,
the
boast
of
my
Villa
,
was
planted
upon
a
burning
Gravel
,
expos'd
to
the
meridian
Sun
.
15.
True
it
is
,
that
time
must
bring
this
Tree
to
perfection
;
it
does
so
to
all
things
else
,
&
posteritati
pangimus
.
But
what
if
a
little
culture
about
the
Roots
(
not
dunging
,
which
it
abhors
)
and
frequent
stirring
of
the
mould
doubles
its
growth
?
We
stay
seven
years
for
a
tolerable
Quick
,
it
is
worth
staying
it
thrice
for
this
,
which
has
no
Competitor
.
16.
And
yet
there
is
an
expedient
to
effect
it
more
insensibly
,
by
planting
it
with
the
Quick
:
Let
every
fift
or
sixt
be
an
Holly-set
,
they
will
grow
up
infallibly
with
your
Quick
,
and
as
they
begin
to
spread
,
make
way
for
them
,
by
extirpating
the
White-thorn
,
till
they
quite
domineer
:
Thus
was
my
Hedge
first
Planted
,
without
the
least
interruption
to
the
Fence
,
by
a
most
pleasant
Metamorphosis
.
But
there
is
also
another
,
not
lesse
applauded
,
by
laying
along
of
well
rooted
Sets
(
a
yard
or
more
in
length
)
and
stripping
off
the
leaves
and
branches
:
these
cover'd
with
a
competent
depth
of
earth
,
will
send
forth
innumerable
Suckers
,
which
will
suddenly
advance
into
an
Hedge
.
17.
The
Timber
of
the
Holly
(
besides
that
it
is
the
Whitest
of
all
hard
woods
,
and
therefore
us'd
by
the
In-layer
,
especially
,
under
thin
plates
of
Ivory
to
render
it
more
conspicuous
)
is
for
all
sturdy
uses
;
the
Mill-Wright
,
Turner
and
Engraver
prefer
it
to
any
other
:
It
makes
the
best
handles
,
and
stocks
for
Tools
,
Flayles
,
Riding-rods
the
best
,
and
Carters
whips
;
Bowles
,
Shivers
,
and
pins
for
Blocks
;
Also
it
excels
for
Dore-bars
and
bolts
;
and
as
of
the
Elme
,
so
of
this
especially
,
they
made
even
hinges
and
hooks
to
serve
instead
of
Iron
,
and
of
the
Bark
is
compos'd
our
Bird-lime
.
18.
Pill
a
good
quantity
of
the
Bark
about
Midsommer
,
fill
a
Vessel
with
it
,
and
put
to
it
Spring-water
;
then
boyle
it
,
'till
the
grey
and
white
bark
rise
from
the
green
,
which
will
require
neer
12
hours
boyling
;
then
taking
it
off
the
fire
,
separate
the
barks
,
the
water
first
well
drained
from
it
:
Then
lay
the
green
bark
on
the
Earth
in
some
coole
Vault
or
Cellar
,
covering
it
with
any
sort
of
green
and
rank
weeds
,
such
as
Dock
,
Thistles
,
Hemlock
,
&c.
to
a
good
thickness
:
Thus
let
it
continue
neer
a
fort-night
,
by
which
time
't
will
become
a
perfect
mucilage
:
then
pound
it
all
exceedingly
in
a
stone
mortar
'till
it
be
a
tough
past
,
and
so
very
fine
,
as
no
part
of
the
bark
be
discernable
:
This
done
,
wash
it
accurately
well
in
some
running
stream
of
Water
,
as
long
as
you
perceive
the
least
ordure
or
motes
in
it
,
and
so
reserve
it
in
some
earthen
pot
to
purge
and
ferment
,
scuming
it
as
often
as
any
thing
arises
for
four
or
five
days
,
and
when
no
more
filth
comes
,
change
it
into
a
fresh
Vessel
of
earth
,
and
reserve
it
for
use
,
Thus
:
Take
what
quantity
you
please
of
it
,
and
in
an
earthen
pipkin
add
a
third
part
of
Capons
or
Goose-grease
to
it
,
well
clarified
;
or
Oyle
of
Walnuts
which
is
better
:
Incorporate
these
on
a
gentle
fire
,
continually
stirring
it
'till
it
be
cold
,
and
thus
your
Composition
is
finish'd
.
But
to
prevent
Frosts
(
which
in
severe
weather
will
sometimes
invade
it
on
the
Rods
)
take
a
quarter
of
as
much
Oyle
of
Petrolium
as
you
do
of
Grease
,
and
no
cold
whatever
will
congeale
it
.
The
Italians
make
their
Vischio
of
the
Berries
of
the
Misselto
of
Trees
,
treated
much
after
the
same
manner
,
but
then
they
mix
it
with
Nut-Oyle
an
ounce
to
a
pound
of
Lime
,
and
taking
it
from
the
fire
,
add
half
an
ounce
of
Terpentine
which
qualifies
it
also
for
the
Water
.
Great
quantities
of
Bird-lime
is
brought
to
us
out
of
Turky
,
and
from
Damascus
,
which
some
conceive
to
be
made
of
Sebestens
,
finding
sometimes
the
kernels
:
This
lime
is
of
a
greener
colour
,
subject
to
Frosts
,
and
impatient
of
Wet
,
nor
will
last
above
a
year
or
two
good
:
Another
sort
comes
also
out
of
Syria
of
a
yellow
hue
;
Likewise
from
Spain
,
whiter
than
the
rest
,
will
resist
the
water
,
but
is
of
an
ill
sent
.
I
have
been
told
that
the
Cortex
of
our
Lantona
or
Wayfaring
shrub
,
will
make
as
good
Bird-lime
as
the
best
.
But
,
let
these
suffice
,
being
more
than
as
yet
,
any
one
has
publish'd
.
The
superiour
Leaves
of
Holly
Trees
dry'd
to
a
fine
powder
,
and
drunk
in
White-wine
is
prevalent
against
the
Stone
,
and
cures
Fluxes
;
and
a
dozen
of
the
mature
Berries
being
swallow'd
,
purge
Phlegme
without
danger
.
Juniper
.
19.
Of
Juniper
we
have
three
sorts
,
(
Male
,
Female
,
Dwarf
)
whereof
one
is
much
taller
,
and
more
fit
for
Improvement
:
The
wood
is
yellow
,
and
sweet
as
Cedar
,
whereof
it
is
accounted
a
spurious
kind
.
20.
I
have
rais'd
them
abundantly
of
their
seeds
(
neither
watring
nor
dunging
the
soile
)
which
in
two
moneths
will
peep
,
and
being
govern'd
like
the
Cypress
,
apt
for
all
the
employments
of
that
beautiful
Tree
:
To
make
it
grow
tall
,
prune
and
clense
it
to
the
very
stem
,
the
male
best
.
The
discreet
loosening
of
the
Earth
about
the
Roots
also
makes
it
strangely
to
prevent
your
expectations
by
suddenly
spreading
into
a
bush
fit
for
a
thousand
pretty
Employments
;
for
coming
to
be
much
unlike
that
which
grows
wild
,
and
is
subject
to
the
treading
and
cropping
of
Cattle
,
&c.
it
may
be
form'd
into
most
beautiful
and
useful
Hedges
:
My
Brother
having
cut
out
of
one
onely
Tree
an
Arbour
capable
for
three
to
sit
in
:
It
was
at
my
last
measuring
seven
foot
square
,
and
eleven
in
height
;
and
would
certainly
have
been
of
a
much
greater
altitude
and
farther
spreading
,
were
it
not
continually
kept
shorn
:
But
what
is
most
considerable
is
the
little
time
since
it
was
planted
,
being
yet
hardly
ten
years
,
and
then
it
was
brought
out
of
the
Common
a
slender
Bush
of
about
two
foot
high
:
But
I
have
experimented
a
proportionable
improvement
in
my
own
Garden
,
where
I
do
mingle
them
with
Cypresse
,
and
they
perfectly
become
their
stations
.
I
wonder
Virgil
should
condemn
its
shadow
,
I
suspect
him
mis-reported
:
For
,
21.
The
Berries
afford
(
besides
a
tolerable
Pepper
)
one
of
the
most
universal
Remedies
in
the
world
to
our
crazy
Forrester
;
The
Berry
swallow'd
onely
,
instantly
appeaseth
the
Wind-Collique
,
and
in
decoction
most
soveraign
against
an
inveterate
Cough
:
They
are
of
rare
effect
being
steeped
in
Beer
.
The
Water
is
a
most
singular
specifique
against
the
Gravel
in
the
Reins
;
But
all
is
comprehended
in
the
virtue
of
the
Theriacle
or
Electuary
,
which
I
have
often
made
for
my
poor
Neighbours
,
and
may
well
be
term'd
the
Forresters
Panaäea
against
the
Stone
,
Rheume
,
Ptisic
,
Dropsie
,
Jaundies
,
inward
Impostumes
,
nay
,
Palsie
,
Goute
and
Plague
it self
taken
like
Venice-Treacle
.
Of
the
extracted
Oyle
(
with
that
of
Nuts
)
is
made
an
excellent
good
Vernish
for
Pictures
,
for
Wood-work
and
to
preserve
polish'd
Iron
from
the
rust
.
The
Gum
is
good
to
rub
on
parchment
to
make
it
bear
Ink
,
and
the
Coals
,
which
are
made
of
the
Wood
,
endure
the
longest
of
any
.
See
Saint
Hierom.
ad
Fabiolam
upon
that
expression
Psal.
120.
v.
4.
If
it
arrive
to
full
growth
it
is
Timber
for
many
curious
works
;
for
Tables
,
Chests
,
small
Carvings
and
Images
,
spoons
,
wholesome
to
the
mouth
;
spits
to
rost
meat
on
,
to
which
it
gives
a
rare
taste
,
but
it
should
be
old
and
dry
wood
;
nay
,
I
read
of
some
large
enough
for
beams
and
rafters
.
The
very
Chips
render
a
wholesom
perfume
within
doors
,
as
well
as
the
dusty
blossoms
in
Spring
without
.
22.
And
since
we
now
mention'd
Pepper
,
it
is
by
the
most
prudent
,
and
princely
care
of
his
Majesty
that
I
am
assur'd
of
a
late
solemn
Act
of
Councel
,
enjoyning
the
preserving
of
that
incomparable
Spice
which
comes
to
us
from
Jamaica
under
that
denomination
;
though
in
truth
it
be
a
mixture
of
so
many
Aromatics
in
one
,
that
it
might
as
well
have
been
call'd
Cinnamon
,
Nutmeg
or
Mace
,
to
every
of
which
it
seems
something
alied
:
And
that
there
is
not
onely
prohibited
the
destruction
of
these
Trees
(
for
it
seems
some
Prodigals
us'd
to
cut
them
down
for
the
more
easie
gathering
)
but
order
taken
likewise
for
their
propagation
,
and
that
Assays
and
Samples
be
from
time
to
time
sent
over
,
what
other
Fruits
,
Trees
,
Gums
and
Vegetables
may
there
be
found
,
and
which
I
prognostick
will
at
last
also
incite
his
Majesty
,
and
the
Planters
there
to
think
of
procuring
Cinnamon
,
Cloves
and
Nutmeg-trees
indeed
from
the
East-Indias
,
and
what
other
useful
Curiosities
will
not
approach
our
Northern
Beare
(
and
that
are
incicurabiles
amongst
us
)
and
to
plant
them
in
Jamaica
,
and
other
of
his
Majesties
Western
Islands
,
a
more
safe
and
frugal
expedient
to
humble
our
emulous
Neighbours
;
since
there
is
nothing
in
their
Situation
,
or
defect
of
Natures
benignity
,
which
ought
in
the
least
to
discourage
us
:
And
what
if
some
of
the
Trees
of
those
Countrys
(
especially
such
as
aspire
to
be
Timber
,
and
may
be
of
improvement
amongst
us
)
were
more
frequently
brought
to
us
likewise
here
in
England
;
since
we
daily
find
how
many
rare
Exotics
and
strangers
with
little
care
,
become
endenizon'd
,
and
so
contented
to
live
amongst
us
,
as
may
be
seen
in
the
Platanus
,
Constantinople-Chess-nut
,
the
greater
Glandiferos
Ilex
,
Cork
,
Nux
Vesicaria
(
which
is
an
hard
Wood
fit
for
the
Turner
,
&c.
)
the
Styrax
,
Bead
tree
,
the
famous
Lotus
,
Virginian
Acatia
,
Guaicum
Patavinum
,
Paliurus
,
Cypress
,
Pines
,
Fir
,
and
sundry
others
,
which
grow
already
in
our
Gardens
expos'd
to
the
Weather
;
and
so
doubtless
would
many
more
:
So
judiciously
observ'd
is
that
of
the
learned
Author
of
the
History
of
the
Royal
Society
,
Part.
3.
Sect.
28.
That
whatever
attempts
of
this
nature
have
succeeded
,
they
have
redounded
to
the
great
advantage
of
the
Vndertakers
.
The
Orange
of
China
being
of
late
brought
into
Portugal
,
has
drawn
a
great
Revenew
every
year
from
London
alone
.
The
Vine
of
the
Rhene
taking
root
in
the
Canaries
,
has
produc'd
a
far
more
delicious
juyce
,
and
has
made
the
Rocks
and
Sun-burnt
Ashes
of
those
Islands
,
one
of
the
richest
spots
of
Ground
in
the
World
.
And
I
will
also
instance
in
that
which
is
now
in
a
good
forwardnesse
:
Virginia
has
already
given
Silk
for
the
cloathing
of
our
King
;
and
it
may
happen
hereafter
to
give
Cloathes
to
a
great
part
of
Europe
,
and
a
vast
Treasure
to
our
Kings
:
If
the
Silk-worms
shall
thrive
there
(
of
which
there
seems
to
be
no
doubt
)
the
profit
will
be
inexpressible
.
We
may
guess
at
it
,
by
considering
what
numbers
of
Caravans
,
and
how
many
great
Cities
in
Persia
are
maintain'd
by
that
Manufacture
alone
,
and
what
mighty
Customs
it
yearly
brings
unto
the
Sophi's
Revenew
.
Thus
He
;
And
to
return
to
that
of
Trees
and
Plants
,
the
Industry
we
have
recommended
,
would
questionless
in
lesse
than
halfe
an
Age
produce
us
wonders
,
by
introduction
,
if
not
of
quite
different
;
yet
of
better
kinds
,
and
such
variety
for
pulchritude
and
sweetnesse
;
that
when
by
some
Princely
Example
,
our
late
Pride
,
Effeminacy
and
Luxurie
(
which
has
to
our
vast
charges
excluded
all
the
Ornaments
of
Timber
,
&c.
to
give
place
to
Hangings
,
Embroderies
and
forrain
Leather
)
shall
be
put
out
of
Countenance
,
we
may
hope
to
see
a
new
face
of
things
for
the
encouragement
of
Planters
,
the
more
immediate
Work
of
Gods
hands
;
and
the
natural
,
wholesome
,
and
ancient
use
of
Timber
,
for
the
more
lasting
occasions
and
furniture
of
our
Dwellings
:
And
though
I
do
not
speak
all
this
for
the
sake
of
Joyne-stools
,
Benches
,
Cup-boards
,
Massy
Tables
and
Gygantic
Bed-steds
,
the
hospitable
Vtensils
of
our
fore
-
Fathers
;
Yet
I
would
be
glad
to
encourage
the
Carpenter
and
the
Joyner
,
and
rejoyce
to
see
,
that
their
Work
and
Skil
do
dayly
improve
;
and
that
by
the
Example
and
application
of
his
Majesties
Vniversities
,
and
Royal
Society
the
Restauration
and
Improvement
of
Shiping
,
Mathematical
and
Mechanical
Arts
,
the
use
of
Timber
grows
dayly
in
more
reputation
:
And
it
were
well
if
Great
Persons
might
only
be
indulg'd
to
inrich
and
adorn
their
Palaces
with
Tapistry
,
Damasc
,
Velvet
,
and
Persian
furniture
,
whilst
by
some
wholesom
Sumptuary
Laws
,
the
universal
excess
of
those
Costly
and
Luxurious
Moveables
were
prohibited
meaner
Men
,
for
divers
politic
Considerations
and
Reasons
which
it
were
easie
to
produce
;
but
by
a
lesse
influence
than
severer
Laws
,
it
will
be
very
difficult
,
if
not
altogether
impossible
,
to
recover
our selves
from
a
softnesse
and
vanity
which
will
in
time
not
onely
effeminate
,
but
undo
the
Nation
.
23.
Laurel
.
But
to
Crown
all
,
I
will
conclude
with
the
Laurel
,
which
by
the
Vse
we
commonly
put
it
to
,
seems
as
if
it
had
been
only
destin'd
for
Hedges
,
and
to
cover
bare
Walls
;
whereas
,
being
planted
upright
,
and
kept
to
the
Standard
,
by
cutting
away
the
collateral
Branches
,
and
maintaining
one
stem
,
it
will
rise
to
a
very
considerable
Tree
;
and
(
for
the
first
twenty
years
)
resembling
the
most
beautiful
headed
Orange
in
shape
and
verdure
,
arrive
in
time
to
emulate
even
some
of
our
lusty
Timber-trees
;
so
as
I
dare
pronounce
the
Laurel
to
be
one
of
the
most
proper
,
and
ornamental
Trees
for
Walks
and
Avenues
of
any
growing
.
24.
Pity
it
is
they
are
so
abus'd
in
the
Hedges
,
where
the
lower
Branches
growing
stickie
and
dry
,
by
reason
of
their
frequent
and
unseasonable
cutting
(
with
the
genius
of
the
Tree
,
which
is
to
spend
much
in
wood
)
they
never
succeed
after
the
first
six
or
seven
years
;
but
are
to
be
new
planted
again
,
or
abated
to
the
very
Roots
for
a
fresh
shote
.
25.
But
would
you
yet
improve
the
Standard
which
I
celebrate
,
to
greater
and
more
speedy
exaltation
?
bud
your
Laurel
on
the
Black-Cherry
stock
to
what
height
you
please
;
if
at
least
the
report
be
true
,
which
I
had
from
an
ocular
testimony
,
and
am
now
making
an
essay
of
,
because
I
am
more
then
somewhat
doubtful
of
such
Allyances
,
though
something
like
it
in
Palladius
speaks
it
not
so
impossible
;
A
Cherry
Grast
on
Laurel-stock
does
stain
The
Virgin
Fruit
in
a
deep
double
grain
.
Inseritur
lauro
Cerasus
,
partúque
coacto
Tingit
adoptivus
virginis
ora
pudor
26.
They
are
rais'd
of
the
Seeds
or
Berries
with
extraordinary
facility
,
or
propagated
by
Layers
Taleae
,
and
cuttings
where-ever
there
is
shade
and
moisture
.
I
find
little
concerning
the
Mechanical
uses
of
the
Laurel
;
but
than
its
Attributes
of
old
there
was
nothing
more
glorious
and
magnificent
;
For
,
From
Laurel
chew'd
the
Pythian
Priestess
rose
,
Events
of
future
Actions
to
disclose
.
Laurel
Triumphant
Generals
did
wear
,
And
Laurel
Heralds
in
their
hands
did
bear
:
Poets
ambitious
of
unfading
praise
,
Phoebus
,
the
Muses
all
are
crown'd
with
Bays
.
And
Vertue
to
her
sons
the
Prize
does
name
Symbol
of
Glory
,
and
immortal
Fame
.
Tu
sacros
Phoebi
tripodas
,
ta
Sidera
sentis
,
Et
casus
aperis
rerum
praesaga
futuros
.
Te
ju●at
armorum
strepitus
,
clangorque
Tubarum
:
Perque
acies
medias
,
saevique
periculà
belli
,
Accendis
bellantum
animos
;
te
Cynthius
ipse
,
Te
Musae
,
Vatesque
sacri
optav●re
Coronam
:
Ipsa
suis
Virtus
te
spem
proponit
alumnis
,
Tantùm
servatus
valuit
pudor
,
&
bona
famu
▪
Rapinus
.
I
have
now
finish'd
my
Planting
:
A
word
or
two
concerning
their
Preservation
,
and
the
Cure
of
their
Infirmities
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
Of
the
Infirmities
of
Trees
.
THe
Diseases
of
Trees
are
various
,
Infirmities
▪
according
to
the
Rustick
Rhyme
,
The
Calf
,
the
Wind-shoc
and
the
Knot
,
The
Canker
,
Scab
,
Scurf
,
Sap
and
Rot.
Affecting
the
several
parts
:
These
invade
the
Roots
;
Weeds
,
Suckers
,
Fern
,
Wet
,
Mice
,
Moles
,
Winds
,
&c.
to
these
may
be
added
Siderations
and
even
Plagues
,
Tumors
,
Distortions
,
Lacrimations
,
Tophi
,
Goutes
,
Carbuncles
,
Vlcers
,
Crudities
,
Fungosities
,
Gangreens
,
and
an
Army
more
,
whereof
some
are
hardly
discernable
;
yet
Enemies
,
which
not
foreseen
,
makes
many
a
bargain
of
standing-wood
(
though
seemingly
fair
)
very
costly
ware
.
1.
Weeds
are
to
be
diligently
pull'd
up
by
hand
after
Rain
,
whiles
your
Seedlings
are
very
young
,
and
till
they
come
to
be
able
to
kill
them
with
shade
and
over-dripping
:
And
then
are
you
for
the
obstinate
to
use
the
Haw
,
Fork
,
and
Spade
,
to
extirpate
Dog-grass
,
Bear-bind
,
&c.
2.
Suckers
shall
be
duly
eradicated
,
and
with
a
sharp
spade
dexterously
separated
from
the
Mother-roots
,
and
Transplanted
in
convenient
places
for
propagation
,
as
the
Season
requires
.
3.
Fern
is
best
destroy'd
by
striking
off
the
Tops
,
as
Tarquin
did
the
heads
of
the
Poppies
:
This
done
with
a
good
wand
or
cudgel
,
at
the
decrease
in
the
Spring
,
and
now
and
then
in
Summer
,
kills
it
in
a
year
or
two
beyond
the
vulgar
way
of
Mowing
,
or
burning
,
which
rather
encreases
than
diminishes
it
.
4.
Over-much
Wet
is
to
be
drain'd
by
Trenches
,
where
it
infests
the
Roots
of
such
kinds
as
require
drier
ground
:
But
if
a
drip
do
fret
into
the
body
of
a
Tree
by
the
head
(
which
will
certainly
decay
it
)
cutting
first
the
place
smooth
,
stop
and
cover
it
with
loam
and
hay
till
a
new
bark
succeed
.
These
infest
the
Bark
;
Bark-bound
,
Teredo
,
or
Worm
,
Conys
,
Moss
,
Ivy
,
&c.
5.
The
Bark-bound
are
to
be
released
by
drawing
your
knife
rind-deep
from
the
Root
,
as
far
as
you
can
conveniently
;
and
if
the
gaping
be
much
,
filling
the
rift
with
a
little
Cow-dung
;
do
this
on
each
side
,
and
at
Spring
,
February
or
March
;
also
cutting
off
some
branches
is
profitable
;
especially
such
as
are
blasted
or
lightning-struck
.
6.
The
Teredo
,
Cossi
,
and
other
Worms
,
lying
between
the
Body
and
the
Bark
,
poyson
that
passage
to
the
great
prejudice
of
some
Trees
;
but
the
holes
being
once
found
,
they
are
to
be
taken
out
with
a
light
Incision
;
and
the
Wood-pecker
,
and
other
Birds
often
pitching
upon
the
stem
,
as
you
may
observe
them
,
and
knocking
with
their
bils
,
is
a
mark
that
the
Tree
is
infected
,
at
least
,
between
the
Bark
.
7.
Conies
and
Hares
by
barking
the
Trees
in
hard
Winters
,
spoil
very
many
tender
Plantations
:
Next
to
the
utter
destroying
them
,
there
is
nothing
better
then
to
anoint
that
part
which
is
within
their
reach
,
with
stercus
humanum
,
tempered
with
a
little
Water
or
Vrine
,
and
lightly
brushed
on
;
this
renewed
after
every
great
Rain
:
But
a
cleanlier
than
this
,
and
yet
which
Conies
,
and
even
Cattel
most
abhor
,
is
to
water
,
or
sprinkle
them
with
Tanners
Liquor
,
viz.
That
,
which
they
use
for
dressing
their
hides
.
8.
Moss
is
to
be
rubb'd
and
scrap'd
off
with
some
fit
instrument
of
Wood
,
which
may
not
excorticate
the
Tree
,
or
with
a
piece
of
Hair-cloth
after
a
sobbing
Rain
:
But
the
most
infallible
Art
of
Emuscation
is
taking
away
the
cause
,
which
is
superfluous
moisture
in
clayie
and
spewing
grounds
.
9.
Ivy
is
destroy'd
by
diging
up
the
Roots
,
and
loosning
its
hold
:
And
yet
even
Ivy
it self
,
the
destruction
of
many
fair
Trees
,
if
very
old
,
and
where
it
has
long
invested
its
support
,
if
taken
off
,
does
frequently
kill
the
Tree
,
by
a
too
suddain
exposure
to
the
un-accustom'd
cold
:
Of
the
Roots
of
Ivy
(
which
with
small
Industry
,
may
be
made
a
beautiful
Standard
)
are
made
curiously
polish'd
and
fleck'd
cups
and
boxes
,
and
even
Tables
of
great
value
.
Missleto
and
other
Excrescences
to
be
cut
and
broken
off
.
But
the
Fungi
(
which
prognosticate
a
fault
in
the
Liver
and
Entrails
of
Trees
as
we
may
call
it
)
is
remedied
by
Abrasion
,
Friction
,
Interlucation
and
exposure
to
the
Sun
.
10.
The
Bodies
of
Trees
are
visited
with
Canker
,
Hollowness
,
Hornets
,
Earwigs
,
Snails
,
&c.
11.
The
Wind-shock
is
a
bruise
and
shiver
throughout
the
Tree
,
though
not
constantly
visible
,
yet
leading
the
Warp
from
smooth
renting
;
caused
by
over-powerful
Winds
,
when
young
,
and
perhaps
,
by
subtil
Lightnings
:
The
best
prevention
is
shelter
,
choyce
of
place
for
the
Plantation
,
frequent
shreading
whilst
they
are
yet
in
their
youth
.
12.
Cankers
(
caused
by
some
stroak
or
galling
)
are
to
be
cut
out
to
the
quick
,
the
scars
emplaistred
with
Tar
mingled
with
Oil
,
and
over
that
a
thin
spreading
of
loam
;
or
else
with
clay
and
Horse-dung
;
but
best
with
hogs-dung
alone
,
bound
to
it
in
a
rag
:
or
by
laying
Wood-ashes
,
Nettles
,
or
Fern
to
the
roots
,
&c.
But
if
the
Gangreen
be
within
,
it
must
be
cured
by
nitrous
,
sulphureous
and
drying
applications
,
and
by
no
means
,
by
any
thing
of
an
unctious
nature
,
which
is
exitial
to
Trees
.
Tar
as
was
said
,
onely
excepted
,
which
I
have
experimentally
known
to
preserve
Trees
from
the
envenom'd
teeth
of
Goats
,
and
other
injuries
;
the
intire
stem
smar'd
over
,
without
the
least
prejudice
to
my
no
small
admiration
.
13.
Hollowness
is
contracted
,
when
by
reason
of
the
ignorant
or
careless
lopping
of
a
Tree
the
wet
is
suffer'd
to
fall
perpendicularly
upon
a
part
,
especially
the
Head
:
In
this
case
if
there
be
sufficient
sound
wood
,
cut
it
to
the
quick
and
close
to
the
body
,
and
cap
the
hollow
part
with
a
Tarpaulin
,
or
fill
it
with
good
stiff
loam
,
and
fine
hay
mingled
.
This
is
one
of
the
worst
of
Evils
,
and
to
which
the
Elm
is
most
obnoxious
.
14.
Hornets
and
Wasps
,
&c.
by
breeding
in
the
hollowness
of
Trees
infect
them
,
and
are
therefore
to
be
destroy'd
by
stopping
up
their
entrances
with
Tar
and
Goos-dung
,
or
by
conveying
the
fumes
of
brimstone
into
their
Cells
.
15.
Earwigs
and
Snails
do
seldom
infest
Forest-trees
,
but
those
which
are
Fruit-bearers
,
and
are
destroy'd
by
enticing
them
into
sweet
waters
,
and
by
picking
the
Snails
off
betimes
in
the
Morning
,
and
rainy
Evenings
:
I
advise
you
to
visite
your
Cypresse-Trees
on
the
first
Rains
in
April
;
you
shall
sometimes
find
them
cover'd
with
young
snailes
no
bigger
than
small
pease
:
Lastly
,
Branches
,
Buds
,
and
Leaves
extreamly
suffer
from
the
Blasts
,
Jaundies
,
and
Caterpillars
,
Rooks
,
&c.
16.
The
blasted
parts
of
Trees
are
to
be
cut
away
to
the
quick
;
and
to
prevent
it
,
smoak
them
in
suspicious
weather
,
by
burning
moist
straw
with
the
wind
,
or
rather
the
dry
and
superfluous
cuttings
of
Aromatic
plants
,
such
as
Rosemary
,
Lavender
,
Juniper
,
Bays
,
&c.
I
use
to
whip
,
and
chastise
my
Cypresses
with
a
wand
,
after
their
Winter-burnings
,
'till
all
the
mortified
and
scorch'd
parts
flie
off
in
dust
,
as
long
almost
as
any
will
fall
,
and
observe
that
they
recover
and
spring
the
better
.
Mice
,
Moles
,
and
Pismires
cause
the
Jaundies
in
Trees
,
known
by
the
discolour
of
the
Leaves
and
Buds
.
17.
The
Moles
may
be
taken
in
Traps
,
and
kill'd
,
as
every
Wood-man
knows
:
It
is
certain
that
they
are
driven
from
their
haunts
by
Garlick
for
a
time
,
and
other
heady
smels
buried
in
their
passages
.
18.
Mice
with
Traps
,
or
by
sinking
some
Vessel
almost
level
with
the
surface
of
the
ground
,
the
Vessel
half
full
of
Water
,
upon
which
,
let
there
be
strew'd
some
hulls
or
chaff
of
Oates
;
also
with
Bane
.
19.
Destroy
Pismires
with
scalding
water
,
and
disturbing
their
hills
,
or
rubbing
the
stem
with
Cow-dung
,
or
a
decoction
of
Tithy-male
,
washing
the
infested
parts
;
and
this
will
insinuate
,
and
chase
them
quite
out
of
the
chinks
and
crevices
,
without
prejudice
to
the
Tree
,
and
is
a
good
prevention
of
other
Infirmities
.
20.
Caterpillars
,
by
cutting
off
their
webs
from
the
twigs
before
the
end
of
February
,
and
burning
them
;
the
sooner
the
better
:
If
they
be
already
hatched
wash
them
off
with
Water
,
in
which
some
of
the
Caterpillars
themselves
,
and
Garlick
have
been
bruised
,
or
the
juyce
of
Rue
,
or
choak
and
dry
them
with
smoak
of
Galbanum
,
Shooe-soles
,
Hair
,
and
some
affirm
that
planting
the
Pionie
neer
them
is
a
certain
remedy
;
but
there
is
no
remedy
so
facile
as
the
burning
them
oft
with
small
wisps
of
dry
straw
,
which
in
a
moment
rids
you
.
21.
Rooks
do
in
time
,
by
pinching
off
the
buds
and
tops
of
Trees
for
their
Nests
,
cause
many
Trees
and
Groves
to
decay
:
But
if
Cattel
break
in
before
the
time
,
conclamatum
est
,
especially
Goats
,
whose
mouths
and
breath
is
poyson
to
Trees
;
they
never
thrive
well
after
,
and
Varro
affirms
,
if
they
but
lick
the
Olive
tree
,
they
become
immediately
barren
.
22.
Another
touch
at
the
Winds
;
For
though
they
cannot
properly
be
said
to
be
Infirmities
of
Trees
;
yet
they
are
amongst
the
principal
causes
that
render
Trees
infirme
.
I
know
no
surer
protection
against
them
,
than
(
as
we
said
)
to
shelter
and
stake
them
whilst
they
are
young
,
'till
they
have
well
establish'd
Roots
;
And
with
this
caution
,
that
in
case
any
goodly
Trees
(
which
you
would
desire
especially
to
preserve
and
redress
)
chance
to
be
prostrated
by
some
impetuous
and
extraordinary
storme
;
you
be
not
over
hasty
to
carry
him
away
,
or
despair
of
him
;
but
first
let
me
perswade
you
to
poll
him
close
,
and
so
let
him
lye
some
time
;
for
by
this
means
many
vast
Trees
have
rais'd
themselves
by
the
vigour
onely
of
the
remaining
Roots
,
without
any
other
assistance
;
so
as
people
have
pronounc'd
it
Miraculous
,
as
I
could
tell
you
by
several
Instances
;
besides
what
Theophrastus
relates
c.
19.
of
that
huge
Platanus
,
which
rise
in
one
Night
in
his
observation
;
and
the
like
I
find
hapn'd
in
more
than
one
Tree
neer
Bononia
in
Italy
,
An.
1657.
when
of
late
a
turbulent
Gust
had
almost
quite
irradicated
a
very
large
Tract
of
huge
Poplars
,
belonging
to
the
Marchioness
Elephantucca
Spada
,
that
universally
erected
themselves
again
after
they
were
beheaded
as
they
lay
even
prostrate
:
What
says
the
Naturalist
?
Prostratas
restitui
plerunque
,
&
quadam
terrae
cicatrice
reviviscere
vulgare
est
:
'T
is
familiar
(
says
Plinie
)
in
the
Platanus
,
which
are
very
obnoxious
to
the
Winds
,
by
reason
of
the
thicknesse
of
their
branches
,
which
being
cut
off
,
and
discharged
,
restore
themselves
.
This
also
frequently
happens
in
Wall-nuts
,
Olive-trees
,
and
several
others
,
as
he
affirms
;
l.
16.
c.
31.
These
(
amongst
many
others
)
are
the
Infirmities
to
which
Forest-Trees
are
subject
whilst
they
are
standing
;
and
when
they
are
fell'd
,
to
the
Worm
;
especially
if
cut
before
the
Sap
be
perfectly
at
rest
:
But
to
prevent
or
cure
it
in
the
Timber
,
I
recommend
this
Secret
as
the
most
approv'd
.
23.
Let
common
yellow
Sulphur
be
put
into
a
cucurbit-glasse
,
upon
which
pour
so
much
of
the
strongest
Aqua
fortis
as
may
cover
it
three
fingers
deep
:
Distil
this
to
dryness
,
which
is
done
by
two
or
three
Rectifications
:
Let
the
Sulphur
remaining
in
the
bottom
(
being
of
a
blackish
or
sad
red
colour
)
be
laid
on
a
Marble
,
or
put
into
a
Glass
,
where
it
will
easily
dissolve
into
Oil
:
With
this
anoint
what
is
either
infected
or
to
be
preserved
of
Timber
.
It
is
a
great
and
excellent
Arcanum
for
tinging
the
Wood
with
no
unpleasant
colour
,
by
no
Art
to
be
washed
out
;
and
such
a
preservative
of
all
manner
of
Woods
,
nay
,
of
many
other
things
;
as
Ropes
,
Cables
,
Fishing-Nets
,
Masts
of
Ships
,
&c.
that
it
defends
them
from
putrefaction
,
ether
in
Waters
,
under
,
or
above
the
earth
,
in
the
Snow
,
Ice
,
Air
,
Winter
or
Summer
,
&c.
It
were
superfluous
to
describe
the
process
of
the
Aqua-fortis
;
It
shall
be
sufficient
to
let
you
know
,
That
our
common
Coperas
makes
this
Aqua-fortis
well
enough
for
our
purpose
,
being
drawn
over
by
a
Retort
:
And
for
Sulphur
the
Island
of
Saint
Christophers
yields
enough
,
(
which
hardly
needs
any
Refining
)
to
furnish
the
whole
world
.
This
Secret
(
for
the
Curious
)
I
thought
fit
not
to
omit
;
though
a
more
compendious
,
three
or
four
anointings
with
Linseed
Oil
,
has
prov'd
very
effectual
:
It
was
experimented
in
a
Wall-nut
Table
,
where
it
destroy'd
millions
of
Worms
immediately
,
and
is
to
be
practis'd
for
Tables
,
Tubes
,
Mathematical
Instruments
,
Boxes
,
Bed-steads
,
Chairs
,
Rarities
,
&c.
Oyl
of
Wall-nuts
will
doubtless
do
the
same
,
is
sweeter
,
and
a
better
Vernish
;
but
above
all
is
commended
Oyl
of
Cedar
,
or
that
of
Juniper
.
24.
Hitherto
I
have
spoken
of
Trees
,
their
kinds
,
and
propagation
in
particular
:
Now
a
word
or
two
concerning
their
ordering
in
general
,
as
it
relates
to
Copses
,
Lopping
,
Felling
,
&c.
Then
I
shall
add
something
more
concerning
their
Vses
,
as
to
Fewel
,
&c.
and
cast
such
accidental
Lessons
into
a
few
Aphorisms
,
as
could
not
well
be
more
regularly
inserted
.
Lastly
,
I
shall
conclude
with
some
more
serious
Observations
in
reference
to
the
main
Design
and
project
of
this
Discourse
,
as
it
concerns
the
Improvement
of
his
Majesties
Forests
,
for
the
honour
and
security
of
the
whole
Kingdom
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
Of
Copses
.
Copses
.
1.
SYlva
Caedua
is
(
as
Varro
defines
it
)
as
well
Copse
to
cut
for
fuel
as
for
use
of
Timber
;
and
we
have
already
shew'd
how
it
is
to
be
rais'd
,
both
by
Sowing
and
Planting
.
I
shall
onely
here
add
,
that
if
in
their
first
Designation
,
they
be
so
laid
out
,
as
to
grow
for
several
Falls
;
they
will
both
prove
more
profitable
,
and
most
delightful
:
Most
profitable
,
because
of
their
annual
Succession
;
and
most
pleasant
,
because
there
will
alwayes
remain
some
of
them
standing
;
and
if
they
be
so
cast
out
,
as
that
you
leave
strait
,
and
even
Intervals
of
eighteen
,
or
twenty
foot
for
grasse
,
between
Spring-wood
and
Spring-wood
,
securely
Fenc'd
,
and
preserv'd
;
the
Pastures
will
lye
both
warm
,
and
prove
of
exceeding
delight
to
the
Owner
.
These
Spaces
likewise
useful
and
necessary
for
Cart-way
,
to
fetch
out
the
wood
at
every
Fall
.
There
is
not
a
more
noble
,
and
worthy
Husbandry
,
than
is
this
,
which
rejects
no
sort
of
Ground
,
as
we
have
abundantly
shew'd
;
since
even
the
most
boggy
places
,
may
so
be
drein'd
and
cast
,
as
to
yield
its
increase
,
by
Planting
the
dryer
sorts
upon
the
Ridges
and
banks
which
you
cast
up
,
where
they
will
thrive
exceedingly
:
And
then
Willow
,
Sallow
,
Alder
,
Poplar
,
Sycomor
,
&c.
will
shoot
tollerably
well
on
the
lower
and
more
Vliginous
;
with
this
caution
,
that
for
the
first
two
years
,
they
be
kept
diligently
weeded
and
clensed
,
which
is
as
necessary
as
fencing
and
guarding
from
Cattel
.
Our
ordinary
Copses
are
chiefly
upon
Hasel
,
or
the
Birch
;
but
if
amongst
the
other
kinds
store
of
Ash
,
Chessnut
,
and
Sallow
(
at
least
one
in
four
)
were
sprinkled
in
the
Planting
,
the
profit
would
soon
discover
a
difference
,
and
well
recompence
the
industry
.
Others
advise
us
to
Plant
shoots
of
Sallow
,
Willow
,
Alder
,
and
of
all
the
swift
growing
Trees
,
being
of
seven
years
growth
,
sloping
off
both
the
ends
towards
the
ground
,
to
the
length
of
a
Billet
,
and
burying
them
a
reasonable
depth
in
the
earth
.
This
will
cause
them
to
put
forth
seven
or
eight
branches
,
each
of
which
will
become
a
Tree
in
a
short
time
,
especially
,
if
the
soil
be
moist
.
The
neerest
distance
for
these
Plantations
ought
never
to
be
lesse
than
five
foot
at
first
,
since
every
felling
renders
them
wider
for
the
benefit
of
the
Timber
,
even
to
thirty
and
fourty
foot
in
five
or
six
fellings
.
2.
Though
it
be
almost
impossible
for
us
to
prescribe
at
what
Age
it
were
best
Husbandry
to
fell
Coppses
(
as
we
at
least
call
best
Husbandry
)
that
is
,
for
most
,
and
greatest
gain
;
since
the
Mercats
,
and
the
kinds
of
Wood
,
and
emergent
uses
do
so
much
govern
;
yet
Copses
are
sometimes
of
a
competent
stature
after
eight
or
nine
years
from
the
Acorn
,
and
so
every
eight
or
ten
years
successively
,
will
rise
better
and
better
:
But
this
had
need
be
in
extraordinary
ground
,
otherwise
you
may
do
well
to
allow
them
twelve
or
fifteen
to
fit
them
for
the
Ax
;
but
those
of
twenty
years
standing
are
better
,
and
far
advance
the
price
;
especially
if
Oke
,
and
Ash
,
and
Chessnut
be
the
chief
furniture
.
Some
of
our
old
Clergy
spring-Woods
heretofore
have
been
let
rest
till
twenty
five
or
thirty
years
,
and
have
prov'd
highly
worth
the
attendance
;
for
by
that
time
even
a
Seminary
of
Acorns
will
render
a
consideble
advance
,
as
I
have
already
exemplified
in
the
Northamptonshire
Lady
.
And
if
Copses
were
so
divided
as
that
every
year
there
might
be
some
fell'd
,
it
were
a
continual
,
and
a
present
Profit
:
Seventeen
years
growth
affords
a
tolerable
Fell
;
supposing
the
Copse
of
seventeen
Acres
,
one
Acre
might
be
yearly
fell●d
for
ever
;
and
so
more
,
according
to
proportion
;
but
the
seldom
Fall
,
yields
the
more
Timber
.
3.
As
to
what
Numbers
and
Scantlings
you
are
to
leave
on
every
Acre
,
the
Statutes
are
our
general
guides
,
at
least
the
legal
.
It
is
a
very
ordinary
Copse
which
will
not
afford
three
or
four
Firsts
,
that
is
,
Bests
;
fourteen
Seconds
,
twelve
Thirds
,
eight
Wavers
,
&c.
according
to
which
proportions
the
sizes
of
young
Trees
in
Copsing
are
to
succeed
one
another
.
By
the
Statute
of
35
Hen.
8.
in
Copses
or
Vnder-woods
fell'd
at
twenty
four
years
growth
,
there
were
to
be
left
twelve
Standils
,
or
stores
of
Oak
,
upon
each
Acre
;
in
defect
of
so
many
Oaks
,
the
same
number
of
Elms
,
Ash
,
Asp
,
or
Beech
;
and
they
to
be
such
as
are
of
likely
Trees
for
Timber
,
and
of
such
as
have
been
spar'd
at
some
former
Felling
,
unlesse
there
were
none
,
in
which
case
they
are
to
be
then
left
,
and
so
to
continue
without
Felling
till
they
are
ten
inch
square
within
a
yard
of
ground
.
Copses
above
this
growth
fell'd
,
to
leave
twelve
great
Oaks
;
or
in
defect
of
them
other
Timber-trees
(
as
above
)
and
so
to
be
left
for
twenty
years
longer
,
and
to
be
enclosed
seven
years
.
4.
In
summe
,
you
are
to
spare
as
many
likely
Trees
for
Timber
as
with
discretion
you
can
.
And
as
to
the
felling
(
beginning
at
one
side
,
that
the
Carts
may
enter
without
detriment
to
what
you
leave
standing
)
the
Vnder-wood
may
be
cut
from
January
at
the
latest
,
till
mid
-
March
,
or
April
;
or
from
mid
-
September
,
till
neer
the
end
of
November
;
so
as
all
be
avoided
by
Midsummer
at
the
latest
,
and
then
fenced
(
where
the
Rows
and
brush
lye
longer
unbound
or
made
up
,
you
endanger
the
losse
of
a
second
Spring
)
and
not
to
stay
so
long
as
usually
they
are
a
clearing
,
that
the
young
,
and
the
Seedlings
may
suffer
the
least
interruption
:
And
if
the
Winter
previous
to
your
felling
Copses
,
you
preserve
them
well
from
Cattel
,
it
will
recompense
your
care
.
5.
It
is
advis'd
not
to
cut
off
the
browse-wood
of
Oaks
in
Copses
,
but
to
suffer
it
to
fall
off
,
as
where
Trees
stand
very
close
it
usually
does
:
I
do
not
well
comprehend
why
yet
it
should
be
spar'd
so
long
.
6.
When
you
espy
a
cluster
of
Plants
growing
as
it
were
all
in
a
bunch
,
it
shall
suffice
that
you
preserve
the
fairest
Sapling
,
cutting
all
the
rest
away
.
And
if
it
chance
to
be
a
Ches-nut
,
Service
,
or
like
profitable
Tree
,
clear
it
from
the
droppings
and
incumbrances
of
other
Trees
,
that
it
may
thrive
the
better
:
Then
as
you
passe
along
,
prune
,
and
trim
up
all
the
young
Wavers
,
covering
such
Roots
as
lye
bare
and
expos'd
,
with
fresh
mould
.
7.
Cut
not
above
half
a
foot
from
the
Ground
,
and
that
to
the
South
slopewise
;
stripping
up
such
as
you
spare
from
their
extravagant
branches
,
water-boughs
,
&c.
that
hinder
the
growth
of
others
:
Alwayes
remembring
(
before
you
so
much
as
enter
upon
this
work
)
to
preserve
sufficient
Plash-pole
about
the
verge
and
bounds
of
the
Copse
for
fence
,
and
security
of
what
you
leave
;
and
for
this
something
lesse
than
a
Rod
may
suffice
:
Then
raking
your
Wood
clear
of
Spray
,
Chips
,
and
all
incumbrances
,
shut
it
up
from
the
Cattel
;
the
longer
the
better
.
8.
By
the
Statute
Men
were
bound
to
enclose
Copses
after
Felling
,
of
or
under
fourteen
years
growth
for
four
years
:
Those
above
fourteen
years
growth
to
be
sixteen
years
Enclos'd
;
And
for
Woods
in
common
,
a
fourth
part
to
be
shut
up
;
and
at
Felling
the
like
proportion
of
great
Trees
to
be
left
,
and
seven
years
Enclos'd
:
This
was
enlarg'd
by
13
Eliz.
Your
elder
Vnder-woods
may
be
graz'd
about
July
:
But
for
a
general
Rule
,
newly-weaned
Calves
are
the
least
noxious
to
newly-cut
Spring-woods
,
where
there
is
abundance
of
Grasse
;
and
some
say
,
Colts
of
a
year
old
;
but
then
the
Calves
must
be
driven
out
at
May
at
farthest
,
though
the
Colts
be
permitted
to
stay
a
while
longer
:
But
of
this
every
mans
experience
will
direct
him
;
and
surely
the
later
you
admit
Beasts
to
graze
,
the
better
.
For
the
Measure
of
Fuel
these
proportions
were
to
be
observ'd
.
9.
Statutable
Billet
should
hold
three
foot
in
length
,
and
seven
inch
and
half
compasse
;
ten
;
or
fourteen
as
they
are
counted
for
one
,
two
,
or
three
,
&c.
A
Stack
of
Wood
(
which
is
the
boughs
and
offal
of
the
Trees
to
be
converted
to
Char-coal
)
is
four
yards
long
,
three
foot
and
half
high
(
in
some
places
but
a
yard
)
and
as
much
over
:
In
other
places
the
Cord
is
four
foot
in
height
,
and
four
foot
over
;
or
(
to
speak
more
Geometrically
)
a
Solid
made
up
of
three
dimensions
,
four
foot
high
,
four
foot
broad
,
and
eight
foot
long
;
the
content
128
cubique
feet
.
Fagots
ought
to
be
a
full
yard
in
length
,
and
two
foot
in
circumference
,
made
round
,
and
not
flat
;
for
so
they
contain
lesse
Fuel
,
though
equal
in
the
bulk
appearing
.
But
of
these
particulars
when
we
come
to
speak
expresly
of
Fuel
.
10.
In
the
mean
time
it
were
to
be
wish'd
,
that
some
approv'd
Experiments
were
sedulously
try'd
(
with
the
advice
of
skillful
and
ingenious
Physicians
)
for
the
making
of
Beer
without
Hopps
;
as
possibly
with
the
white
Marrubium
(
a
Plant
of
singular
virtue
)
or
with
dry'd
Heath-tops
(
viz.
that
sort
which
bears
no
berries
)
or
the
like
far
more
wholesom
,
and
lesse
bitter
than
either
,
Tamarisk
,
Carduus
,
or
Broom
,
which
divers
have
essay'd
;
it
might
prove
a
means
to
save
a
world
of
Fuel
,
and
in
divers
places
young
Timber
and
Copse-wood
,
which
is
yearly
spent
for
Poles
;
especially
in
Countries
where
Wood
is
very
precious
.
Note
,
that
the
Wood-land-measure
by
Statute
,
is
computed
after
eighteen
foot
the
Perch
.
CHAP.
XXIX
.
Of
Pruning
.
1.
PRuning
I
call
all
purgation
of
Trees
from
what
is
superfluous
.
Pruning
.
The
Ancients
found
such
benefit
in
Pruning
,
that
they
feigned
a
Goddesse
praesided
over
it
,
as
Arnobius
tells
us
:
And
in
truth
,
it
is
in
the
discreet
performance
of
this
work
,
that
the
improvement
of
our
Timber
and
Woods
does
as
much
consist
as
in
any
thing
whatsoever
.
A
skillful
Planter
should
therefore
be
early
at
this
Work
:
Shall
old
Gratius
give
you
Reason
and
Direction
?
And
his
incomparable
Interpreter
thus
in
English
.
Twigs
of
themselves
never
rise
strait
and
high
,
And
Under-woods
are
bow'd
as
first
they
shoot
.
Then
prune
the
Boughs
;
and
Suckers
from
the
root
Discharge
.
The
leavy
wood
fond
pity
tires
,
After
,
when
with
tall
rods
the
Tree
aspires
,
And
the
round
staves
to
Heaven
advance
their
twigs
,
Pluck
all
the
buds
,
and
strip
off
all
the
sprigs
;
These
issues
vent
what
moisture
still
abound
,
And
the
veins
unimploy'd
grow
hard
and
sound
.
Wase
.
Nunquam
sponte
sua
procerus
ad
aera
termes
Exiit
,
inque
ipsa
curvantur
stirpe
genistae
.
Ergo
●ge
luxuriam
primo
foetusque
uocenteis
Detrahe
:
frondosas
graevat
indulgentia
silva●
.
Post
ubi
proceris
generosa
stirpibus
arbor
Se
dederit
,
teretésque
ferent
ad
sidera
virgae
,
Stringe
notas
circum
,
&
gemmanteis
exige
versus
.
His
,
si
quis
vitium
nociturus
sufficit
humor
,
Visceribus
fluit
,
&
venas
durabit
i●ertes
.
Gra.
fal
.
Cynaeget
.
2.
For
't
is
a
misery
to
see
how
our
fairest
Trees
are
defac'd
,
and
mangl'd
by
unskilful
Wood-men
,
and
mischievous
Bordurers
,
who
go
alwayes
arm'd
with
short
Hand-bills
,
hacking
and
chopping
off
all
that
comes
in
their
way
;
by
which
our
Trees
are
made
full
of
knots
,
boils
,
cankers
,
and
deform'd
bunches
,
to
their
utter
destruction
:
Good
Husbands
should
be
asham'd
of
it
;
though
I
would
have
no
Wood-man
pretend
to
be
without
all
his
necessary
Furniture
,
when
he
goes
about
this
work
;
which
I
(
once
for
all
)
reckon
to
be
the
Hand
bill
,
Hatchet
,
Hook
,
Hand
saw
,
an
excellent
Pruning
-
Knife
,
broad
Chizel
and
Mallet
,
all
made
of
the
best
steel
and
kept
sharp
;
And
thus
he
is
provided
for
greater
,
or
more
gentle
Executions
,
Purgations
,
Recisions
,
and
Coersions
;
and
it
is
of
main
concern
,
that
the
proper
and
effectual
Tool
be
app●ied
to
every
work
;
since
heavy
and
rude
Instruments
do
but
mangle
and
bruise
tender
Plants
;
and
if
they
be
too
small
,
they
cannot
make
cleer
and
even
work
upon
great
arms
and
branches
:
The
Knife
is
for
Twigs
and
Spray
;
The
Chizel
for
larger
Armes
,
and
such
Amputations
as
the
Ax
,
and
Bill
cannot
well
operate
upon
.
As
much
to
be
reprehended
are
those
who
either
begin
this
work
at
unseasonable
times
,
or
so
maim
the
poor
branches
,
that
either
out
of
lazinesse
,
or
want
of
skill
,
they
leave
most
of
them
stubs
,
and
instead
of
cutting
the
Arms
and
Branches
close
to
the
boal
,
hack
them
off
a
foot
or
two
from
the
body
of
the
Tree
,
by
which
means
they
become
hollow
and
rotten
,
and
are
as
so
many
Conduits
to
receive
the
Rain
and
the
Weather
,
which
perishes
them
to
the
very
Matrix
and
Heart
,
deforming
the
whole
Tree
with
many
ugly
botches
,
which
shorten
its
life
,
and
utterly
marre
the
Timber
:
I
know
Sir
H.
Platt
tells
us
,
the
Elm
should
be
so
lopp'd
,
but
he
says
it
not
of
his
own
Experience
as
I
do
.
3.
By
this
Animadversion
alone
it
were
easie
for
an
ingenious
man
to
understand
how
Trees
are
to
be
govern'd
;
which
is
in
a
word
,
by
cutting
clean
,
smooth
,
and
close
,
making
the
stroke
upward
,
and
with
a
sharp
Bill
,
so
as
the
weight
of
an
untractable
bough
do
not
splice
,
and
carry
the
bark
with
it
,
which
is
both
dangerous
and
unsightly
.
The
Oak
will
suffer
it self
to
be
made
a
Pollard
,
that
is
,
to
have
its
Head
quite
cut
off
;
but
the
Elm
so
treated
,
will
perish
to
the
foot
,
and
certainly
become
hollow
at
last
,
if
it
scape
with
life
.
4.
The
proper
Season
for
this
work
is
for
old
Trees
earlier
,
for
young
later
,
as
a
little
after
the
change
in
January
or
February
,
some
say
in
December
:
Then
shave
their
locks
,
and
cut
their
branchy
tresse
Severely
now
,
luxuriant
boughs
represse
.
—
Tunc
stringe
comas
,
tunc
brachia
tonde
:
—
Tunc
de●ique
dura
Exerce
Imperia
,
&
ramos
compesce
fluenteis
.
Georg.
2.
But
this
ought
not
to
be
too
much
in
young
Fruit-tres
,
after
they
once
come
to
form
a
handsom
head
;
in
which
period
you
should
but
onely
pare
them
over
about
March
,
to
cover
the
stock
the
sooner
,
if
the
Tree
be
very
choice
:
To
the
aged
,
this
is
plainly
a
renewing
of
their
Youth
,
and
an
extraordinary
refreshment
,
if
taken
in
time
,
and
that
their
Armes
be
not
suffer'd
to
grow
too
great
and
large
:
Besides
,
for
Interlucation
,
exuberant
branches
,
&
spissae
nemorum
comae
,
where
the
boughs
grow
too
thick
and
are
cumbersome
,
to
let
in
the
Sun
and
Air
,
this
is
of
great
importance
;
and
so
is
the
sedulous
taking
away
of
Suckers
,
Water-boughs
,
Fretters
,
&c.
And
for
the
benefit
of
tall
Timber
,
the
due
stripping
up
the
branches
,
and
rubbing
of
the
buds
to
the
heights
you
require
:
Yet
some
do
totally
forbear
the
Oak
,
especially
if
aged
,
observing
that
they
much
exceed
in
growth
such
as
are
prun'd
;
and
in
truth
such
Trees
as
we
would
leave
for
shade
,
and
ornament
,
should
be
seldom
cut
;
but
the
browse-wood
cherish'd
,
and
preserv'd
as
low
towards
the
Ground
as
may
be
,
for
a
more
venerable
and
solemn
shade
:
and
therefore
I
did
much
prefer
the
walk
of
Elms
at
S.
James's
Park
,
as
it
lately
grew
branchy
,
intermingling
their
reverend
tresses
,
before
the
present
trimming
them
up
so
high
;
especially
,
since
I
fear
,
the
remedy
comes
too
late
to
save
their
decay
,
if
the
amputations
of
such
over-grown
parts
as
have
been
cut
off
,
should
not
rather
accelerate
it
,
by
exposing
their
large
and
many
wounds
to
the
injuries
of
the
weather
,
which
will
indanger
the
rotting
of
them
,
beyond
all
that
can
be
apply'd
by
Tar
,
or
otherwise
to
protect
them
:
I
do
rather
conceive
their
Infirmities
to
proceed
from
what
has
not
long
since
been
abated
of
their
large
spreading
Branches
,
to
accommodate
with
the
Mall
;
as
any
one
may
conjecture
by
the
great
impression
which
the
wet
has
already
made
in
those
incurable
scarrs
,
that
being
now
multiplied
,
must
needs
the
sooner
impair
them
:
The
roots
having
likewise
infinitely
suffer'd
,
by
many
disturbances
about
them
.
In
all
events
this
Walk
might
have
enjoy'd
its
goodly
Canopy
with
all
their
branchy
furniture
for
some
Ages
to
come
;
since
't
is
hardly
one
,
that
first
they
were
planted
:
But
his
Majestie
will
have
providently
,
and
nobly
supplied
this
defect
,
by
their
successors
of
Lime-trees
,
which
will
sooner
accomplish
their
perfection
.
5.
Divers
other
precepts
of
this
nature
I
could
here
enumerate
,
had
not
the
great
experience
,
faithful
,
and
accurate
description
how
this
necessary
work
is
to
be
perform'd
,
set
down
by
our
Country-man
honest
Lawson
(
Orchard
,
cap.
11.
)
prevented
all
that
the
most
Inquisitive
can
suggest
:
The
particulars
are
so
ingenious
,
and
highly
material
,
that
you
will
not
be
displeas'd
to
read
them
in
his
own
style
.
All
ages
(
saith
he
)
by
Rules
and
experience
do
consent
to
a
pruning
,
and
lopping
of
Trees
:
Yet
have
not
any
that
I
know
described
unto
us
(
except
in
dark
,
and
general
words
)
what
,
or
which
are
those
superfluous
boughs
,
which
we
must
take
away
;
and
that
is
the
most
chief
,
and
most
needful
point
to
be
known
in
lopping
.
And
we
may
well
assure
our selves
(
as
in
all
other
Arts
,
so
in
this
)
there
is
a
vantage
and
dexterity
by
skill
;
an
habit
by
practice
out
of
experience
,
in
the
performance
hereof
,
for
the
profit
of
mankind
:
Yet
do
I
not
know
(
let
me
speak
it
with
patience
of
our
cunning
Arborists
)
any
thing
within
the
compasse
of
humane
affairs
so
necessary
,
and
so
little
regarded
;
not
onely
in
Orchards
,
but
also
in
all
other
Timber-trees
,
where
,
or
whatsoever
.
Now
to
our
purpose
:
How
many
Forests
,
and
Woods
,
wherein
you
shall
have
for
one
lively
thriving
Tree
,
four
(
nay
sometimes
twenty
four
)
evil
thriving
,
rotten
and
dying
Trees
,
even
whiles
they
live
;
and
instead
of
Trees
,
thousands
of
bushes
and
shrubs
?
what
rottennesse
?
what
hollownesse
?
what
dead
arms
?
wither'd
tops
?
curtail'd
trunks
?
what
loads
of
Mosse
?
drouping
boughs
:
and
dying
branches
shall
you
see
every
where
?
and
those
that
in
this
sort
are
in
a
manner
all
unprofitable
boughs
,
canker'd
armes
,
crooked
,
little
and
short
boals
.
What
an
infinite
number
of
Bushes
,
Shrubs
,
and
Skrags
of
Hasels
,
Thornes
,
and
other
unprofitable
wood
,
which
might
be
brought
by
dressing
to
become
great
,
and
goodly
Trees
?
Consider
now
the
Cause
.
The
lesser
Wood
hath
been
spoil'd
with
careless
,
unskilfull
,
and
untimely
slowing
;
and
much
also
of
the
great
Wood.
The
greater
Trees
at
the
first
rising
have
fill'd
and
overladen
themselves
with
a
number
of
wasteful
boughs
and
suckers
,
which
have
not
onely
drawn
the
sap
from
the
boal
,
but
also
have
made
it
knotty
,
and
themselves
,
and
the
boal
mossie
,
for
want
of
dressing
;
whereas
,
if
in
the
prime
of
growth
,
they
had
been
taken
away
close
,
all
but
one
top
,
and
clean
by
the
bulk
,
the
strength
of
all
the
sap
should
have
gone
to
the
bulk
,
and
so
he
would
have
recovered
,
and
cover'd
his
knots
,
and
have
put
forth
a
fair
,
long
,
and
streight
body
,
for
Timber
profitable
,
huge
great
of
bulk
,
and
of
infinite
last
.
If
all
Timber-trees
were
such
(
will
some
say
)
how
should
we
have
crooked
wood
for
Wheels
,
Coorbs
,
&
c
?
Answ.
Dresse
all
you
can
,
and
there
will
be
enough
crooked
for
those
uses
.
More
than
this
;
in
most
places
they
grow
so
thick
,
that
neither
themselves
,
nor
earth
,
nor
any
thing
under
or
neer
them
can
thrive
;
nor
Sun
,
nor
Rain
,
nor
Air
can
do
them
,
nor
any
thing
neer
,
or
under
them
,
any
profit
or
comfort
.
I
see
a
number
of
Hags
,
where
out
of
one
root
you
shall
see
three
or
four
(
nay
more
,
such
is
mens
unskillful
greedinesse
,
who
desiring
many
,
have
none
good
)
pretty
Oaks
,
or
Ashes
streight
and
tall
;
because
the
root
at
the
first
shoot
gives
sap
amain
:
But
if
one
onely
of
them
might
be
suffer'd
to
grow
,
and
that
well
,
and
cleanly
prun'd
,
all
to
his
very
top
,
what
a
Tree
should
we
have
in
time
?
And
we
see
by
those
roots
continually
,
and
plentifully
springing
,
notwithstanding
so
deadly
wounded
,
what
a
Commodity
should
arise
to
the
Owner
,
and
the
Commonwealth
if
wood
were
cherished
,
and
orderly
dress'd
.
The
waste
boughs
closely
,
and
skillfully
taken
away
,
would
give
us
store
of
Fences
and
Fuel
;
and
the
bulk
of
the
Tree
in
time
would
grow
of
huge
length
and
bignesse
:
But
here
(
methinks
)
I
hear
an
unskilful
Arborist
say
,
that
Trees
have
their
several
forms
,
even
by
Nature
;
the
Pear
,
the
Holly
,
the
Aspe
,
&c.
grow
long
in
bulk
,
with
few
and
little
Arms.
The
Oak
by
nature
broad
,
and
such
like
.
All
this
I
grant
:
But
grant
me
also
,
that
there
is
a
profitable
end
and
use
of
every
Tree
,
from
which
if
it
decline
(
though
by
nature
)
yet
Man
by
Art
may
(
nay
must
)
correct
it
.
Now
other
end
of
Trees
I
never
could
learn
,
than
good
Timber
,
Fruit
much
and
good
,
and
pleasure
:
Vses
Physical
hinder
nothing
a
good
form
.
Neither
let
any
Man
ever
so
much
as
think
,
that
it
is
unprofitable
,
much
lesse
unpossible
,
to
reform
any
Tree
of
what
kind
soever
:
For
(
believe
me
)
I
have
tried
it
:
I
can
bring
any
Tree
(
beginning
betime
)
to
any
form
.
The
Pear
,
and
Holly
may
be
made
spread
,
and
the
Oak
to
close
.
Thus
far
the
good
Man
out
of
his
eight
and
forty
years
experience
concerning
Timber-trees
:
He
descends
then
to
the
Orchards
;
which
because
it
may
likewise
be
acceptable
to
our
industrious
Planter
,
I
thus
contract
.
6.
Such
as
stand
for
Fruits
should
be
parted
from
within
two
foot
(
or
thereabouts
)
of
the
earth
;
so
high
,
as
to
give
liberty
to
dress
the
Root
,
and
no
higher
;
because
of
exhausting
the
sap
that
should
feed
his
Fruit
:
For
the
boal
will
be
first
,
and
best
served
and
fed
,
being
next
to
the
root
,
and
of
greatest
substance
.
These
should
be
parted
into
two
,
three
,
or
four
Arms
,
as
your
graffs
yield
twigs
;
and
every
Arm
into
two
,
or
more
Branches
,
every
Branch
into
his
several
Cyons
:
still
spreading
by
equal
degrees
;
so
as
his
lowest
spray
be
hardly
without
the
reach
of
a
mans
hand
,
and
his
highest
not
past
two
yards
higher
:
That
no
twig
(
especially
in
the
middest
)
touch
his
fellow
;
let
him
spread
as
far
as
his
list
without
any
master-bough
,
or
top
,
equally
;
and
when
any
fall
lower
then
his
fellows
(
as
they
will
with
weight
of
Fruit
)
ease
him
the
next
spring
of
his
superfluous
twigs
,
and
he
will
rise
:
When
any
mount
above
the
rest
,
top
him
with
a
nip
between
your
fingers
,
or
with
a
knife
:
Thus
reform
any
Cyon
;
and
,
as
your
Tree
grows
in
stature
,
and
strength
,
so
let
him
rise
with
his
tops
,
but
slowly
,
and
easily
;
especially
in
the
middest
,
and
equally
in
breadth
also
;
following
him
upward
,
with
lopping
his
under-growth
,
and
water-boughs
,
keeping
the
same
distance
of
two
yards
,
not
above
three
,
in
any
wise
,
betwixt
the
lowest
and
highest
twigs
.
1.
Thus
shall
you
have
handsome
,
clear
,
healthful
,
great
and
lasting
Trees
.
2.
Thus
will
they
grow
safe
from
Winds
,
yet
the
top
spreading
.
3.
Thus
shall
they
bear
much
Fruit
;
I
dare
say
,
one
as
much
as
five
of
your
common
Trees
,
all
his
branches
loaden
.
4.
Thus
shall
your
Boal
being
low
,
defraud
the
branches
but
little
of
their
sap
.
5.
Thus
shall
your
Trees
be
easie
to
dresse
,
and
as
easie
to
gather
the
Fruit
from
,
without
bruising
the
Cyons
,
&c.
6.
The
fittest
time
of
the
Moon
for
the
Pruning
is
(
as
of
Graffing
)
when
the
sap
is
ready
to
stir
(
not
proudly
stirring
)
and
so
to
cover
the
wound
;
and
here
,
for
the
time
of
day
,
we
may
take
Columella
,
Frondem
medio
die
arborator
ne
caedito
.
l.
11.
Old
Trees
would
be
prun'd
before
young
Plants
:
And
note
,
that
wheresoever
you
take
any
thing
away
,
the
sap
the
next
Summer
will
be
putting
;
be
sure
therefore
when
he
puts
to
bud
in
any
unfit
place
,
you
rub
it
off
with
your
finger
:
Thus
begin
timely
with
your
Trees
,
and
you
may
bring
them
to
what
form
you
please
.
If
you
desire
any
Tree
should
be
taller
,
let
him
break
,
or
divide
higher
:
This
for
young
Trees
:
The
old
are
reformed
by
curing
of
their
diseases
,
of
which
we
have
already
discours'd
.
There
is
this
only
to
be
consider'd
,
in
reference
to
Foresters
,
out
of
what
he
has
spoken
concerning
Fruit-trees
;
(
that
as
has
been
touch'd
)
where
Trees
are
planted
for
shadow
,
and
meer
ornament
,
as
in
Walks
,
and
Avenues
,
the
Browse-wood
(
as
they
call
it
)
should
most
of
it
be
cherished
;
whereas
in
Fruit
,
and
Timber-trees
(
Oak
excepted
)
it
is
best
to
free
them
of
it
:
As
for
Pollards
(
to
which
I
am
no
great
friend
,
because
it
makes
so
many
scrags
and
dwarfes
of
many
Trees
which
would
else
be
good
Timber
,
endangering
them
with
drips
and
the
like
injuries
)
they
should
not
be
headed
above
once
in
ten
or
twelve
years
,
at
the
beginning
of
the
Spring
;
or
end
of
the
Fall
.
And
note
,
that
all
Copsing
,
and
cutting
close
,
invigorates
the
Roots
,
and
the
stem
of
whatsoever
grows
weak
and
unkindly
;
but
you
must
then
take
care
it
be
not
overgrown
with
Weeds
or
Grasse
:
Nothing
(
says
my
Lord
Bacon
Exp.
586.
and
truly
)
causes
Trees
to
last
so
long
,
as
the
frequent
Cutting
;
every
such
diminution
being
a
re●invigoration
of
the
Plants
juyce
,
that
it
neither
goes
too
far
,
nor
rises
too
faintly
,
as
when
't
is
not
timely
refresh'd
with
this
Remedy
;
and
therefore
we
see
,
that
the
most
ancient
Trees
in
Church-Yards
,
and
about
Old
Buildings
,
are
either
Pollards
or
Dottards
,
seldom
arising
to
their
full
altitude
.
7.
For
the
improvement
of
the
speedy
growth
of
Trees
,
there
is
not
a
more
excellent
thing
then
the
frequent
rubbing
of
the
Boal
or
Stem
,
with
some
piece
of
hair-cloth
,
or
ruder
stuff
,
at
the
beginning
of
Spring
:
some
I
have
known
done
with
Seals-skin
;
the
more
rugged
bark
with
a
piece
of
Coat
of
Maile
,
which
is
made
of
small
wyres
;
this
done
,
when
the
body
of
the
Trees
are
wet
,
as
after
a
soaking
Rain
;
yet
so
,
as
not
to
excorticate
,
or
gall
the
Tree
,
has
exceedingly
accelerated
its
growth
,
(
I
am
assured
,
to
a
wonderful
and
incredible
improvement
)
by
opening
the
pores
,
freeing
them
of
moss
,
and
killing
the
worm
.
8.
Lastly
,
Frondation
or
the
taking
off
some
of
the
luxuriant
branches
,
and
sprays
,
of
such
Trees
,
especially
whose
leaves
are
profitable
for
Cattel
(
whereof
already
)
is
a
kind
of
pruning
:
and
so
is
the
scarifying
,
and
cross
hatching
of
some
Fruit-bearers
,
and
others
,
to
abate
that
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
which
spends
all
the
juyce
in
the
leaves
,
to
the
prejudice
of
the
rest
of
the
parts
.
9.
This
,
and
the
like
,
belonging
to
the
care
of
the
Wood-ward
,
will
mind
him
of
his
continual
duty
;
which
is
to
walk
about
,
and
survey
his
young
Plantations
dayly
;
and
to
see
that
all
Gaps
be
immediately
stopp'd
;
trespassing
Cattle
impounded
;
and
(
where
they
are
infested
)
the
Deer
chased
out
,
&c.
It
is
most
certain
,
that
Trees
preserv'd
,
and
govern'd
by
this
discipline
,
and
according
to
the
Rules
mention'd
,
would
increase
the
beauty
of
Forests
,
and
value
of
Timber
,
more
in
ten
,
or
twelve
years
,
than
all
other
imaginable
Plantations
(
accompanied
with
our
usual
neglect
)
can
do
in
forty
or
fifty
.
10.
To
conclude
,
in
the
time
of
this
Work
would
our
ingenious
Arborator
frequently
incorporate
,
mingle
,
and
unite
the
Arms
and
Branches
of
some
young
,
and
flexible
Trees
which
grow
in
consort
,
and
neer
to
one
another
;
by
entring
them
into
their
mutual
barks
with
a
convenient
insition
:
This
,
especially
,
about
Fields
,
and
Hedge-rows
for
Fence
and
Ornament
;
also
by
bowing
,
and
bending
of
others
,
especially
Oak
and
Ash
,
into
various
flexures
,
curbs
and
postures
,
oblig'd
to
ply
themselves
into
different
Modes
,
which
may
be
done
by
humbling
and
binding
them
down
with
tough
bands
and
wit
hs
,
or
hooks
rather
,
cut
Skrew-wise
,
or
slightly
hagled
and
indented
with
a
knife
,
and
so
skrewed
into
the
ground
,
till
the
tenor
of
the
sap
,
and
custom
of
being
so
constrain'd
,
did
render
them
apt
to
grow
so
of
themselves
,
without
power
of
redressing
;
This
course
would
wonderfully
accommodate
Materials
for
Knee-timber
and
Shipping
,
the
Wheel-wright
and
other
uses
;
conform
it
to
their
Moulds
,
and
save
infinite
labour
,
and
abbreviate
the
work
of
hewing
and
waste
,
—
adeo
in
teneris
consuescere
multum
est
.
the
Poet
,
it
seems
,
knew
it
well
,
and
for
what
purposes
,
When
in
the
woods
with
mighty
force
they
bow
The
Elme
,
and
shape
it
to
a
crooked
plow
.
Continuò
in
Sylvis
magna
vi
flexa
domatur
In
burim
,
&
curvi
formam
accipit
Vlmus
aratri
:
Geo.
1.
so
as
it
even
half
made
it
to
their
hands
.
CHAP.
XXX
.
Of
the
Age
,
Stature
,
and
Felling
of
Trees
.
1.
IT
is
not
till
a
Tree
is
arriv'd
to
his
perfect
Age
,
and
full
vigor
,
Felling
.
that
the
Lord
of
the
Forest
should
consult
,
or
determine
concerning
a
Felling
.
For
there
is
certainly
in
Trees
(
as
in
all
things
else
)
a
time
of
Increment
,
or
growth
;
a
Status
or
season
when
they
are
at
best
(
which
is
also
that
of
Felling
)
and
a
decrement
or
period
when
they
decay
.
To
the
first
of
these
they
proceed
with
more
,
or
less
velocity
,
as
they
consist
of
more
strict
and
compacted
particles
,
or
are
of
a
slighter
,
and
more
laxed
contexture
;
by
which
they
receive
a
speedier
,
or
slower
defluction
of
Aliment
:
This
is
apparent
in
Box
,
and
Willow
;
the
one
of
a
harder
,
the
other
of
a
more
tender
substance
:
But
as
they
proceed
,
so
they
likewise
continue
.
By
the
state
of
Trees
I
would
signifie
their
utmost
effort
,
growth
,
and
maturity
,
which
are
all
of
them
different
as
to
time
,
and
kind
;
yet
do
not
I
intend
by
this
any
period
or
instant
in
which
they
do
not
continually
either
Improve
or
Decay
(
the
end
of
one
being
still
the
beginning
of
the
other
)
but
farther
than
which
,
their
Natures
do
not
extend
;
but
immediately
(
though
to
our
senses
imperceptibly
)
through
some
infirmity
(
to
which
all
things
sublunary
be
obnoxious
)
dwindle
and
impair
,
either
through
Age
,
defect
of
Nourishment
,
by
sicknesse
,
and
decay
of
principal
parts
;
but
especially
,
and
more
inevitably
,
when
violently
invaded
by
mortal
and
incurable
Infirmities
,
or
by
what
other
extinction
of
their
native
heat
,
substraction
,
or
obstruction
of
Air
and
Moisture
,
which
making
all
motions
whatsoever
to
cease
and
determine
,
is
the
cause
of
their
final
destruction
.
2.
Our
honest
Countrey-man
,
to
whose
Experience
we
have
been
obliged
for
something
I
have
lately
Animadverted
concerning
the
Pruning
of
Trees
,
does
in
another
Chapter
of
the
same
Treatise
,
speak
of
the
Age
of
Trees
.
The
Discourse
is
both
learned
,
rational
,
and
full
of
encouragement
:
For
he
does
not
scruple
to
affirm
,
That
even
some
Fruit-Trees
may
possibly
arrive
to
a
thousand
years
of
Age
;
and
if
so
Fruit-Trees
,
whose
continual
bearing
does
so
much
impair
and
shorten
their
lives
,
as
we
see
it
does
their
form
and
beauty
;
How
much
longer
might
we
reasonably
imagine
some
hardy
and
slow-growing
Forest-trees
may
probably
last
;
I
remember
Pliny
tells
us
of
some
Oaks
growing
in
his
time
in
the
Hercynian
Forest
,
which
were
thought
co●evous
with
the
World
it self
;
their
roots
had
even
raised
Mountains
,
and
where
they
encounter'd
,
swell'd
into
goodly
Arches
like
the
Gates
of
a
City
:
But
our
more
modern
Author's
calculation
for
Fruit-trees
(
I
suppose
he
means
Pears
,
Apples
.
&c.
his
allowance
is
three
hundred
years
for
growth
,
as
much
for
their
stand
(
as
he
terms
it
,
)
and
three
hundred
for
their
Decay
,
which
does
in
the
total
amount
to
no
lesse
than
nine
hundred
years
.
This
conjecture
is
deduc'd
from
Apple-Trees
growing
in
his
Orchard
,
which
having
known
for
fourty
years
,
and
upon
diligent
enquiry
of
sundry
aged
Persons
of
eighty
years
and
more
,
who
remembred
them
Trees
all
their
time
,
he
finds
by
comparing
their
growth
with
others
of
that
kind
,
to
be
far
short
in
bigness
and
perfection
,
(
viz.
by
more
then
two
parts
of
three
)
yea
albeit
those
other
Trees
have
been
much
hindered
in
their
stature
,
through
ill
government
and
mis-ordering
.
3.
To
establish
this
,
he
assembles
many
Arguments
from
the
age
of
Animals
,
whose
state
and
decay
double
the
time
of
their
increase
by
the
same
proportion
:
If
then
(
saith
he
)
those
fraile
Creatures
,
whose
bodies
are
nothing
(
in
a
manner
)
but
a
tender
rottennesse
,
may
live
to
that
age
;
I
see
not
but
a
Tree
of
a
solid
substance
,
not
damnified
by
heat
or
cold
,
capable
of
,
and
subject
to
any
kind
of
ordering
or
dressing
,
feeding
naturally
,
and
from
the
beginning
disburthen'd
of
all
superfluities
,
eased
of
,
and
of
his
own
accord
avoiding
the
causes
that
may
annoy
him
,
should
double
the
life
of
other
Creatures
by
very
many
years
.
He
proceeds
,
What
else
are
Trees
in
comparison
with
the
Earth
,
but
as
hairs
to
the
body
of
Man
?
And
it
is
certain
,
that
(
without
some
distemper
,
or
forcible
cause
)
the
hairs
dure
with
the
body
,
and
are
esteem'd
excrements
but
from
their
superfluous
growth
:
So
as
he
resolves
upon
good
Reason
,
that
Fruit-trees
well
ordered
,
may
live
a
thousand
years
,
and
bear
Fruit
;
and
the
longer
the
more
,
the
greater
,
and
the
better
(
for
which
an
Instance
also
in
Dr.
Beale's
Herefordshire
Orchards
,
pag.
21
,
22.
)
because
his
vigour
is
proud
and
stronger
,
when
his
years
are
many
.
Thus
shall
you
see
old
Trees
put
forth
their
Buds
and
Blossoms
both
sooner
,
and
more
plentifully
than
young
Trees
by
much
;
And
I
sensibly
perceive
(
saith
he
)
my
young
Trees
to
enlarge
their
Fruit
as
they
grow
greater
,
&c.
And
if
Fruit-Trees
continue
to
this
Age
,
how
many
Ages
is
it
to
be
supposed
strong
and
huge
Timber-Trees
will
last
?
whose
massie
bodies
require
the
years
of
divers
Methusela's
before
they
determine
their
days
;
whose
Sap
is
strong
and
bitter
;
whose
Bark
is
hard
and
thick
,
and
their
substance
solid
and
stiff
;
all
which
are
defences
of
health
and
long
life
.
Their
strength
withstands
all
forceable
Winds
;
their
Sap
of
that
quality
is
not
subject
to
Worms
and
tainting
;
their
Bark
receives
seldom
or
never
by
casualty
any
wound
;
and
not
only
so
,
but
he
is
free
from
Removals
,
which
are
the
death
of
millions
of
Trees
;
whereas
the
Fruit-tree
(
in
comparison
)
is
little
,
and
frequently
blown
down
;
his
Sap
sweet
,
easily
and
soon
tainted
;
his
Bark
tender
,
and
soon
wounded
;
and
himself
used
by
Man
,
as
Man
uses
himself
;
that
is
,
either
unskilfully
,
or
carelesly
.
Thus
he
.
But
Vossius
de
Theolog.
Gent.
l.
5.
c.
5.
gives
too
little
age
to
Ashes
,
when
he
speaks
but
of
one
hundred
years
;
and
to
the
Medica
,
Pyrus
,
Prunus
,
Cornus
but
sixty
:
he
had
as
good
have
held
his
peace
:
Even
Rosemary
has
lasted
amongst
us
a
hundred
years
.
4.
I
might
to
this
add
much
more
,
and
truly
with
sufficient
probability
,
that
the
Age
of
Timber-trees
,
especially
of
such
as
be
of
a
compact
,
resinous
,
or
balsamical
nature
(
for
of
this
kind
are
the
Eugh
,
Box
,
Horn-beam
,
White-thorn
,
Oak
,
Walnut
,
Cedar
,
Juniper
,
&c.
)
are
capable
of
very
long
duration
and
continuance
:
Those
of
largest
Roots
(
a
sign
of
Age
)
longer
liv'd
than
the
shorter
;
the
dry
than
the
wet
;
and
the
gummy
,
than
the
watery
,
sterile
,
than
the
fruitful
:
For
not
to
conclude
from
Pliny's
Hercynian
Oaks
,
or
the
Terpentine
Tree
of
Idumaea
,
(
which
Josephus
ranks
also
with
the
Creation
:
)
I
mention'd
a
Cypress
yet
remaining
somewhere
in
Persia
neer
an
old
Sepulchre
,
whose
stem
is
as
large
as
five
men
can
encompass
,
the
boughs
extending
fifteen
paces
every
way
;
this
must
needs
be
a
very
old
Tree
,
believ'd
by
my
Author
little
lesse
then
2500.
years
of
age
:
The
particulars
were
too
long
to
recount
.
The
old
Platanus
set
by
Agamemnon
,
mention'd
by
Theophrastus
,
and
the
Herculean
Oaks
;
the
Laurel
neer
Hippocren
,
the
Vatican
Ilex
,
the
Vine
which
was
grown
to
that
bulk
and
Woodinesse
,
as
to
make
Columns
in
Juno's
Temple
:
Pliny
mentions
one
of
six
hundred
years
old
in
his
time
;
and
at
Eguan
the
late
Duke
of
Montmoramys
house
,
is
a
Table
of
a
very
large
dimention
made
of
the
same
plant
.
And
the
old
Lotus
Trees
,
recorded
by
Valerius
Maximus
,
and
the
Quercus
Mariana
celebrated
by
that
Prince
of
Orators
:
Plinies
huge
Larix
,
and
what
grew
in
the
Fortunate
Islands
,
with
that
enormous
Tree
Scaliger
reports
was
growing
in
the
Troglodyfic
India
,
&c.
were
famous
for
their
age
:
Saint
Hierome
affirms
he
saw
the
Sycomor
that
Zaccheus
climb'd
up
,
to
behold
our
LORD
ride
in
Triumph
to
Jerusalem
:
And
now
in
the
Aventine
Mount
they
shew
us
the
Malus
,
Medica
,
planted
by
the
hand
of
Saint
Dominic
:
In
Congo
they
speak
of
Trees
capable
to
be
excavated
in
Vessels
that
would
contain
two
hundred
men
a
piece
.
To
which
add
those
superannuated
Tilia's
now
at
Basil
,
and
that
of
Auspurg
,
under
whose
prodigious
shade
they
so
often
feast
,
and
celebrate
their
Weddings
;
because
they
are
all
of
them
noted
for
their
reverend
Antiquity
;
for
to
such
Trees
it
seems
they
paid
Divine
honours
,
as
the
nearest
Emblems
of
Eternity
,
&
tanquam
sacros
ex
vetustate
,
as
Quintilian
speaks
:
And
like
to
these
might
that
Cypresse
be
,
which
is
celebrated
by
Virgil
,
neer
to
another
Monument
.
5.
But
we
will
spare
our
Reader
,
and
refer
him
that
has
a
desire
to
multiply
examples
of
this
kind
,
to
those
undoubted
Records
our
Naturalist
mentions
in
his
44.
Chap.
Lib.
16.
where
he
shall
read
of
Scipio
Africanus's
Olive-Trees
;
Dianus
Lotus
,
the
Ruminal
Fig-tree
lasting
(
as
Tacitus
calculated
840
years
:
The
Ilix
of
prodigious
antiquity
,
as
the
Hetruscian
Inscription
remaining
on
it
imported
;
But
Pausanias
in
his
Arcadics
,
thinks
the
Samian
Vitex
(
of
which
already
)
to
be
one
of
the
oldest
Trees
growing
,
and
the
Platan
set
by
Menelaus
;
to
these
he
adds
the
Delian
Palme
,
co●evous
with
Apollo
himself
;
and
the
Olive
planted
by
Minerva
according
to
their
tradition
;
the
over-grown
Myrtil
;
the
Vatican
Holm
,
those
of
Tyburtine
,
and
especially
,
that
neer
to
Tusculum
,
whose
body
was
thirty
five
foot
about
;
besides
divers
others
which
he
there
enumerates
in
a
large
Chapter
:
And
what
shall
we
conjecture
of
the
age
of
Xerxes's
huge
Platanus
,
in
admiration
whereof
he
staid
the
march
of
so
many
hundred
thousand
men
for
so
many
days
;
by
which
the
wise
Socrates
was
us'd
to
swear
?
And
certainly
a
goodly
Tree
was
a
powerful
attractive
,
when
that
prudent
Consul
,
Passienus
Crispus
fell
in
love
with
a
prodigious
Beech
of
a
wonderful
age
and
stature
,
and
that
wise
Prince
Francis
the
First
,
with
an
huge
Oak
,
which
he
caus'd
to
be
so
curiously
immur'd
at
Bituriges
.
6.
We
have
already
made
mention
of
Tiberius's
Larch
,
employ'd
about
the
Naumachiaria
,
which
being
of
one
hundred
and
twenty
foot
in
length
,
bare
two
foot
diameter
all
that
space
,
not
counting
the
top
:
To
this
might
be
added
the
Mast
of
Demetrius's
Galeasse
,
which
consisted
of
one
Cedar
.
And
that
of
the
Float
which
wasted
Caligulas
Obelisks
out
of
Aegypt
,
four
fathoms
in
circumference
:
We
read
also
of
a
Cedar
growing
in
the
Island
of
Cyprus
,
which
was
130
foot
long
,
and
18
in
diameter
;
of
the
Plane
in
Athens
,
whose
roots
extended
36
Cubits
farther
then
the
boughs
,
which
were
yet
exceedingly
large
;
and
such
another
was
that
most
famous
Tree
at
Veliternus
,
whose
arms
stretch'd
out
80
foot
from
the
stem
:
But
these
were
solid
:
Now
if
we
will
calculate
from
the
hollow
besides
those
mention'd
by
Pliny
,
in
the
Hercynian
Forest
;
the
Germans
(
as
now
the
Indians
)
had
of
old
some
Punti
or
Canoes
of
excavated
Oak
,
which
would
well
contain
thirty
,
some
fourty
persons
:
And
the
Lician
Platanus
recorded
by
the
Naturalist
,
and
remaining
long
after
his
days
,
had
a
room
in
it
of
eighty
one
feet
in
compass
,
adorn'd
with
Fountains
,
stately
Seats
and
Tables
of
stone
;
for
it
seems
it
was
so
glorious
a
Tree
both
in
body
,
and
head
,
that
Licinius
Mutianus
(
three
times
Consul
,
and
Governour
of
that
Province
)
us'd
to
feast
his
whole
Retinue
in
it
,
chusing
rather
to
lodge
in
it
,
then
in
his
golden-roofed
Palace
;
And
of
later
date
,
that
vast
Cerrus
in
which
an
Eremite
built
his
Cell
and
Chappel
,
so
celebrated
by
the
noble
Fracastorius
in
his
Poem
Malteide
.
Cant.
8.
Stro.
30.
7.
Compare
me
then
with
these
,
that
nine-fathom'd-deep
Tree
spoken
of
by
Josephus
à
Costa
;
the
Mastick-tree
seen
,
and
measur'd
by
Sir
Francis
Drake
,
which
was
four
and
thirty
yards
in
circuit
;
Those
of
Nicaragua
and
Gambra
,
which
17
persons
could
hardly
embrace
.
In
India
,
(
says
Pliny
)
Arbores
tantae
proceritatis
traduntur
,
ut
sagittis
superari
nequeant
(
and
adds
,
which
I
think
material
,
and
therefore
add
also
)
Haec
facit
ubertas
soli
,
temperies
caeli
,
&
Aquarum
abundantia
.
Such
were
those
Trees
in
Corsica
,
and
neer
Memphis
,
&c.
recorded
by
Theophrastus
,
&c
,
and
for
prodigious
height
,
the
two
and
three
hundred
foot
unparallel'd
Palms-royal
describ'd
by
Captain
Ligon
,
growing
in
our
Plantations
of
the
Barbados
;
or
those
goodly
Masts
of
Fir
,
which
I
have
seen
,
and
measur'd
,
brought
from
New-England
:
and
what
Bembus
relates
of
those
twenty-fathom'd
Antartic-Trees
;
or
those
of
which
Cardan
writes
,
call'd
Ciba
,
which
rising
in
their
several
Stems
each
of
twenty
foot
,
in
compass
,
and
as
far
distant
each
from
other
,
unite
in
the
bole
at
fifteen
foot
height
from
the
ground
,
composing
three
stately
Arches
,
and
thence
ascending
in
a
shaft
of
prodigious
bulk
and
altitude
;
Such
Trees
of
37
foot
diameter
(
an
incredible
thing
)
Scaliger
(
his
Antagonist
)
speaks
of
ad
Gambrae
fluvium
.
Mathiolus
speaks
of
a
Tree
growing
in
the
Island
of
Cyprus
,
which
contain'd
130
foot
high
sound
Timber
:
And
upon
Mount
Aetna
in
Sicily
is
a
place
call'd
by
them
,
the
Ire
Castayne
from
three
Chesnut-Trees
there
standing
,
where
in
the
cavity
of
one
yet
remaining
,
a
considerable
Flock
of
Sheep
is
commonly
folded
:
Kerchers
words
are
these
,
as
seen
by
himself
,
Et
quod
forsan
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
videri
possit
,
ostendit
mihi
viae
dux
,
unius
Castaneae
Corticem
tantae
amplitudinis
,
ut
inta
eam
integer
pecorum
grex
à
pastoribus
,
tanquam
in
Caula
,
commodissima
noctu
includeretur
.
China
Illust.
p.
185.
And
what
may
we
conceive
of
those
Trees
in
the
Indias
,
one
of
whose
Nuts
hardly
one
man
is
able
to
carry
;
and
which
are
so
vast
,
as
they
depend
not
like
other
Fruit
,
by
a
Stalke
from
the
boughs
,
but
are
produc'd
out
of
the
very
body
and
stem
of
the
Tree
,
and
are
sufficient
to
feed
twenty
persons
at
a
meale
.
We
read
of
a
certain
Fig
in
the
Caribby
Islands
,
which
emits
such
large
buttresses
,
that
great
Planks
for
Tables
and
Flooring
are
cleft
out
of
them
,
without
the
least
prejudice
to
the
Tree
;
and
that
one
of
these
do
easily
shelter
200
men
under
them
:
Strabo
,
I
remember
,
Geog.
l.
15.
talkes
of
fifty
Horsmen
under
a
Tree
in
India
;
his
words
are
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
of
another
that
shaded
five
stadia
at
once
;
and
in
another
place
of
a
Pine
about
Ida
,
which
held
24
foot
diameter
,
and
of
a
monstrous
height
:
But
this
,
and
all
we
have
hitherto
produc'd
,
is
nothing
to
what
I
find
mention'd
in
the
late
Chineze
History
(
as
't
is
set
forth
upon
occasion
of
the
Dutch
Embassy
)
where
they
tell
us
of
a
certain
Tree
call'd
Ciennich
(
or
the
Tree
of
a
thousand
years
)
in
the
Province
of
Suchu
neer
the
City
Kien
,
which
is
so
prodigiously
large
,
as
to
shrow'd
200
Sheep
under
one
onely
branch
of
it
,
without
being
so
much
as
perceiv'd
by
those
who
approch
it
.
And
to
conclude
with
yet
a
greater
wonder
,
of
another
in
the
Province
of
Chekiang
,
whose
amplitude
is
so
stupendiously
vast
,
as
fourescore
persons
can
hardly
embrace
:
not
to
omit
the
strange
,
and
incredible
bulk
of
some
Oaks
standing
lately
in
Westphalia
,
whereof
one
serv'd
both
for
a
Castle
and
Fort
,
and
another
there
which
contain'd
in
height
130
foot
,
and
(
as
some
report
)
30
foot
diameter
:
I
have
read
of
a
Table
of
Walnut-tree
to
be
seen
at
Saint
Nicholas's
in
Lorraine
,
which
held
25
foot
broad
,
all
of
a
piece
,
and
of
competent
length
and
thicknesse
,
rarely
flek'd
and
watered
;
Scamozzi
the
Architect
reports
he
saw
it
:
Such
a
monster
,
that
might
be
,
under
which
the
Emperor
Fred.
the
third
held
his
magnificent
Feast
1472.
For
in
this
resention
we
will
endeavour
to
give
a
taste
of
more
fresh
observations
,
and
to
compare
our
modern
Timber
with
the
Ancient
,
and
that
,
not
only
abroad
,
but
without
travelling
into
forreign
Countries
for
these
wonders
.
8.
What
goodly
Trees
were
of
old
ador'd
,
and
consecrated
by
the
Dryads
I
leave
to
conjecture
from
the
stories
of
our
ancient
Britains
,
who
had
they
left
Records
of
their
prodigies
in
this
kind
,
would
doubtlesse
have
furnish'd
us
with
examples
as
remarkable
for
the
growth
and
stature
of
Trees
,
as
any
which
we
have
deduc'd
from
the
Writers
of
forreign
places
,
since
the
remains
of
what
are
yet
in
being
(
notwithstanding
the
havock
which
has
universally
been
made
,
and
the
little
care
to
improve
our
woods
)
may
stand
in
fair
competition
with
any
thing
that
Antiquity
can
produce
.
9.
There
is
somewhere
in
Wales
an
Inscription
extant
,
cut
into
the
wood
of
an
old
Beam
,
thus
,
SEXAGINTA
PEDES
FVERANT
IN
STIPITE
NOSTRO
,
EXCEPTA
COMA
QVAE
SPECIOSA
FVIT
.
This
must
needs
have
been
a
noble
Tree
,
but
not
without
later
parallels
;
for
to
instance
in
the
several
species
,
and
speak
first
of
the
bulks
of
some
immense
Trees
;
there
was
standing
an
old
and
decay'd
Chessnut
at
Fraiting
in
Essex
,
whose
very
stump
did
yield
thirty
sizable
load
of
Logs
;
I
could
produce
you
another
of
the
same
kind
in
Glocestershire
which
contains
within
the
bowels
of
it
a
pretty
wain-scotted
Room
inlighten'd
with
windows
,
and
furnish'd
with
seats
,
&c.
to
answer
the
Lician
Platanus
lately
mention'd
.
10.
But
whilest
I
am
on
this
period
;
see
what
a
Tilia
that
most
learn'd
,
and
obliging
person
,
D.
Brown
of
Norwich
,
describes
to
me
in
a
Letter
just
now
receiv'd
.
An
extraordinary
large
,
and
stately
Tilia
,
Linden
or
Lime-tree
,
there
groweth
at
Depeham
in
Norfolk
,
ten
miles
from
Norwich
,
whose
measure
is
this
.
The
compass
in
the
least
part
of
the
Trunk
or
body
about
two
yards
from
the
ground
is
at
least
eight
yards
and
half
:
about
the
root
nigh
the
earth
,
sixteen
yards
,
about
half
a
yard
above
that
,
neer
twelve
yards
in
circuit
:
The
height
to
the
uppermost
boughs
about
thirty
yards
,
which
surmounts
the
famous
Tilia
of
Zurich
in
Switzerland
;
and
uncertain
it
is
whether
in
any
Tilicetum
,
or
Lime-walk
abroad
it
be
considerably
exceeded
:
Yet
was
the
first
motive
I
had
to
view
it
not
so
much
the
largenesse
of
the
Tree
,
as
the
general
opinion
that
no
man
could
ever
name
it
;
but
I
found
it
to
be
a
Tilia
faemina
;
and
(
if
the
distinction
of
Bauhinus
be
admitted
from
the
greater
,
and
lesser
leaf
)
a
Tilia
Platyphyllos
or
Latifolia
;
some
leaves
being
three
inches
broad
;
but
to
distinguish
it
from
others
in
the
Country
,
I
call'd
it
Tilia
Colossaea
Depehamensis
.
Thus
the
Doctor
.
A
Poplar-tree
not
much
inferior
to
this
he
informs
me
grew
lately
at
Harlingly
Thetford
,
at
Sir
William
Gawdies
gate
,
blown
down
by
that
terrible
Hurrocan
about
four
years
since
.
11.
I
am
told
of
a
very
Withy-tree
to
be
seen
somewhere
in
Barkshire
,
which
is
increased
to
a
most
stupendious
bulk
:
But
these
for
arriving
hastily
to
their
Acme
,
and
period
,
and
generally
not
so
considerable
for
their
use
;
I
pass
to
the
Ash
,
Elm
,
Oak
,
&c.
There
were
of
the
first
of
these
divers
which
measur'd
in
length
one
hundred
and
thirty
two
foot
,
sold
lately
in
Essex
:
and
in
the
Manor
of
Horton
(
to
go
no
farther
than
the
Parish
of
Ebsham
in
Surrey
,
belonging
to
my
Brother
Richard
Evelyn
Esq
)
there
are
Elms
now
standing
in
good
numbers
,
which
will
bear
almost
three
foot
square
for
more
then
forty
foot
in
height
,
which
is
(
in
my
judgement
)
a
very
extraordinary
matter
.
They
grow
in
a
moist
Gravel
,
and
in
the
Hedge-rows
.
Not
to
insist
upon
Beech
,
which
are
frequently
very
large
;
there
are
Oaks
of
forty
foot
high
;
and
five
foot
diameter
yet
flourishing
in
divers
old
Parks
of
our
Nobility
and
Gentry
.
A
large
and
goodly
Oak
there
is
at
Reedham
in
Sir
Richard
Berneys
Park
of
Norfolk
,
which
I
am
inform'd
was
valu'd
at
forty
pounds
the
Timber
,
and
twelve
pounds
the
lopping
wood
.
12.
Nor
are
we
to
over-pass
those
memorable
Trees
which
so
lately
flourished
in
Dennington
Park
neer
Newberry
;
amongst
which
,
three
were
most
remarkable
from
the
ingenious
Planter
,
and
dedication
(
if
Tradition
hold
)
of
the
famous
English
Bard
,
Jeofry
Chaucer
;
of
which
one
was
call'd
the
Kings
,
another
the
Queens
,
and
a
third
Chaucers
Oak
.
The
first
of
these
was
fifty
foot
in
height
before
any
bough
or
knot
appear'd
,
and
cut
five
foot
square
at
the
butt-end
,
all
clear
Timber
.
The
Queens
was
fell'd
since
the
Wars
,
and
held
forty
foot
excellent
Timber
,
straight
as
an
arrow
in
growth
and
grain
,
and
cutting
four
foot
at
the
stub
,
and
neer
a
yard
at
the
top
;
besides
a
fork
of
almost
ten
foot
clear
timber
above
the
shaft
,
which
was
crown'd
with
a
shady
tuft
of
boughs
,
amongst
which
,
some
were
on
each
side
curved
like
Rams-horns
,
as
if
they
had
been
so
industriously
bent
by
hand
.
This
Oak
was
of
a
kind
so
excellent
,
cutting
a
grain
clear
as
any
Clap-board
(
as
appear'd
in
the
Wainscot
which
was
made
thereof
)
that
a
thousand
pities
it
is
some
seminary
of
the
Acorns
had
not
been
propagated
,
to
preserve
the
species
.
Chaucers
Oak
,
though
it
were
not
of
these
dimensions
,
yet
was
it
a
very
goodly
Tree
:
And
this
account
I
receiv'd
from
my
most
honour'd
friend
Phil.
Packer
Esq
whose
Father
(
as
now
the
Gentleman
his
Brother
)
was
proprietor
of
this
Park
:
But
that
which
I
would
farther
remark
,
upon
this
occasion
is
,
the
bulk
,
and
stature
to
which
an
Oak
may
possibly
arrive
within
lesse
then
three
hundred
years
;
since
it
is
not
so
long
that
our
Poet
flourish'd
(
being
in
the
Reign
of
King
Edward
the
fourth
)
if
at
least
he
were
indeed
the
Planter
of
those
Trees
,
as
't
is
confidently
affirm'd
.
I
will
not
labour
much
in
this
enquiry
;
because
an
implicit
faith
is
here
of
great
encouragement
;
and
it
is
not
to
be
conceiv'd
what
Trees
of
a
good
kind
,
and
in
apt
soil
,
will
perform
in
a
few
years
;
and
this
(
I
am
inform'd
)
is
a
sort
of
gravelly
clay
,
moistn'd
with
small
and
frequent
springs
.
In
the
mean
while
,
I
have
often
wish'd
,
that
Gentlemen
were
more
curious
of
transmitting
to
Posterity
,
such
Records
,
by
noting
the
years
when
they
begin
any
considerable
Plantation
;
that
the
Ages
to
come
,
may
have
both
the
satisfaction
,
and
encouragement
by
more
accurate
and
certain
Calculations
.
I
find
a
Jewish
tradition
,
cited
by
the
learned
Bochart
,
That
Noah
planted
the
Trees
(
he
supposes
Cedars
)
of
which
he
afterwards
built
the
Ark
that
preserv'd
him
.
But
to
proceed
.
13.
There
was
in
Cuns-burrow
(
sometimes
belonging
to
my
Lord
of
Dover
)
several
Trees
bought
by
a
Couper
,
of
which
he
made
ten
pound
per
yard
for
three
or
four
yards
,
as
I
have
been
credibly
assur'd
:
But
where
shall
we
parallel
that
mighty
Tree
which
furnish'd
the
Main-mast
to
the
Sovereign
of
our
Seas
,
which
being
one
hundred
foot
long
save
one
,
bare
thirty
five
inches
diameter
.
Yet
was
this
exceeded
in
proportion
,
and
use
,
by
that
Oak
which
afforded
those
prodigious
beams
that
lye
thwart
her
.
The
diameter
of
this
Tree
was
four
foot
nine
inches
,
which
yielded
four-square
beams
of
four
and
forty
foot
long
each
of
them
.
The
Oak
grew
about
Framingam
in
Suffolk
;
and
indeed
it
would
be
thought
fabulous
,
but
to
recount
only
the
extraordinary
dimensions
of
some
Timber-trees
growing
in
that
County
;
and
of
the
excessive
sizes
of
these
materials
,
had
not
mine
own
hands
measur'd
a
Table
(
more
then
once
)
of
above
five
foot
in
breadth
,
nine
and
an
half
in
length
,
and
six
inches
thick
,
all
intire
and
clear
:
This
plank
cut
out
of
a
Tree
fell'd
down
by
my
Fathers
order
,
was
made
a
Pastry
board
,
and
lyes
now
on
a
frame
of
solid
Brick
work
at
Wotton
in
Surrey
,
where
it
was
so
placed
before
the
room
was
finish'd
about
it
,
or
wall
built
,
and
yet
abated
by
one
foot
shorter
,
to
confine
it
to
the
intended
dimensions
of
the
place
;
for
at
first
,
it
held
this
breadth
,
full
ten
foot
and
an
half
in
length
.
Mersennus
tells
us
that
the
Great
Ship
call'd
the
Crown
,
which
the
late
French
King
caus'd
to
be
built
,
has
its
keel-timber
120
foot
long
;
and
the
Main-mast
12
foot
diameter
at
the
bottom
,
and
85
in
height
.
14.
To
these
I
might
add
that
superannuated
Eugh
tree
growing
now
in
Braburne
Church-yard
,
not
far
from
Scots
hall
in
Kent
,
which
being
58
foot
11
inches
in
the
circumference
,
will
bear
neer
twenty
foot
diameter
,
as
it
was
measur'd
first
by
my self
imperfectly
,
and
then
more
exactly
for
me
,
by
order
of
the
Right
Honourable
Sir
George
Carteret
,
Vice-Chamberlain
to
his
Majesty
,
and
late
Treasurer
of
the
Navy
:
not
to
mention
the
goodly
planks
,
and
other
considerable
pieces
of
squar'd
,
and
clear
Timber
,
which
I
observ'd
to
lye
about
it
,
that
had
been
hew'd
,
and
sawn
out
of
some
of
the
Arms
only
,
torn
from
it
by
impetuous
winds
.
Such
another
Monster
I
am
inform'd
is
also
to
be
seen
in
Sutton
Church
yard
,
neer
Winchester
:
But
these
(
with
infinite
others
,
which
I
am
ready
to
produce
)
might
fairly
suffice
to
vindicate
,
and
assert
our
Proposition
,
as
it
relates
to
modern
examples
,
and
sizes
of
Timber-trees
,
comparable
to
any
of
the
Ancients
,
remaining
upon
laudable
and
unsuspected
Record
;
were
it
not
great
ingratitude
to
conceal
a
most
industrious
,
and
no
less
accurate
Accompt
,
which
comes
just
now
to
my
hands
from
Mr.
Halton
,
Auditor
to
the
Right
Honourable
,
the
most
Illustrious
,
and
Noble
,
Henry
Lord
Howard
of
Norfolk
.
In
Sheffield
Lordship
.
15.
In
the
Hall
Park
,
neer
unto
Rivelin
,
The
names
of
the
persons
who
gave
intelligence
of
the
particulars
.
Edw.
Rawson
.
stood
an
Oak
which
had
eighteen
yards
without
bough
,
or
knot
;
and
carryed
a
yard
and
six
inches
square
at
the
said
height
,
or
length
,
and
not
much
bigger
neer
the
root
:
Sold
twelve
years
ago
for
11
li.
Consider
the
distance
of
the
place
,
and
Country
,
and
what
so
prodigious
a
Tree
would
have
been
worth
neer
London
.
In
Firth's
Farme
within
Sheffield
Lordship
,
about
twenty
years
since
,
a
Tree
blown
down
by
the
wind
,
made
,
or
would
have
made
two
Forge-hammer-beams
,
and
in
those
,
and
the
other
wood
of
that
Tree
,
there
was
of
worth
,
or
made
50
li.
and
Godfrey
Frogat
(
who
is
now
living
)
did
oft
say
,
he
lost
30
li.
by
the
not
buying
of
it
.
Cap.
Bullock
.
A
Hammer-beam
is
not
less
then
7½
yards
long
,
and
4
foot
square
at
the
barrel
.
In
Sheffield
Park
,
below
the
Manor
,
a
Tree
was
standing
which
was
sold
by
one
Giffard
(
servant
to
the
then
Countess
of
Kent
)
for
2
li.
10
s.
to
one
Nich.
Hicks
;
which
yielded
of
sawn
Wair
fourteen
hundred
,
and
by
estimation
,
twenty
Chords
of
wood
.
A
Wair
is
two
yards
long
,
and
one
foot
broad
,
Ed.
Morphy
,
Wood-ward
.
sixscore
to
the
hundred
:
so
that
,
in
the
said
Tree
was
10080
foot
of
Boards
;
which
,
if
any
of
the
said
Boards
were
more
then
half-inch
thick
,
renders
the
thing
yet
more
admirable
.
In
the
upper
end
of
Rivelin
stood
a
Tree
,
call'd
the
Lords-Oak
,
of
twelve
yards
about
,
and
the
top
yielded
twenty
one
Chord
,
cut
down
about
thirteen
years
since
.
In
Sheffield
Park
,
An.
1646.
stood
above
100
Trees
worth
1000
li.
and
there
are
yet
two
worth
above
20
l.
still
note
the
place
,
and
market
.
In
the
same
Park
,
about
eight
years
ago
,
Ralph
Archdall
cut
a
Tree
that
was
thirteen
foot
diameter
at
the
Kerf
,
or
cutting
place
neer
the
Root
.
In
the
same
Park
two
years
since
,
Mr.
Sittwell
,
with
Jo.
Magson
did
chuse
a
Tree
,
which
after
it
was
cut
,
and
said
aside
flat
upon
a
level
ground
,
Sam.
Staniforth
a
Keeper
,
and
Ed.
Morphy
,
both
on
horse-back
,
could
not
see
over
the
Tree
one
anothers
Hat-crowns
.
This
Tree
was
afterwards
sold
for
20
li.
In
the
same
Park
,
neer
the
old
foord
,
is
an
Oak-tree
yet
standing
,
of
ten
yards
circumference
.
Jo.
Halton
.
In
the
same
Park
,
below
the
Conduit
Plain
,
is
an
Oak-tree
which
bears
a
top
,
whose
boughs
shoot
from
the
boal
some
fifteen
,
and
some
sixteen
yards
.
-
Then
admitting
15½
yards
for
the
common
,
or
mean
extent
of
the
boughs
from
the
boal
,
which
being
doubled
is
31
yards
;
and
if
it
be
imagin'd
for
a
diameter
,
because
the
Ratio
of
the
diameter
to
the
circumference
is
113/355
it
follows
113.355
.
∷
31.97
44/113
yards
which
is
the
circumference
belonging
to
this
diameter
.
-
Then
farther
it
is
demonstrable
in
Geometry
,
that
half
the
diameter
multiplied
into
half
the
circumference
produces
the
Area
or
quantity
of
the
Circle
,
and
that
will
be
found
to
be
754347/452
which
is
755
square
yards
ferè
.
-
Then
lastly
,
if
a
Horse
can
be
limited
to
three
square
yards
of
ground
to
stand
on
(
which
may
seem
a
competent
proportion
of
three
yards
long
,
and
one
yard
broad
)
then
may
251
Horse
be
well
said
to
stand
under
the
shade
of
this
Tree
.
But
of
the
more
Northern
Cattle
certainly
,
above
twice
that
number
.
Worksopp-Park
.
16.
In
this
Park
,
at
the
corner
of
the
Bradshaw-rail
,
lyeth
the
boal
of
an
Oak-tree
which
is
twenty
nine
foot
about
,
and
would
be
found
thirty
,
if
it
could
be
justly
measur'd
;
because
it
lyeth
upon
the
ground
;
Kenhelm
Homer
.
and
the
length
of
this
boal
is
ten
foot
,
and
no
arm
,
nor
branch
upon
it
.
In
the
same
Park
,
at
the
white
gate
,
a
Tree
did
stand
that
was
from
bough
end
to
bough
end
(
that
is
,
Jo.
Magson
.
Geo.
Hall
.
from
the
extream
ends
of
two
opposite
boughs
)
180
foot
;
which
is
witness'd
by
Jo.
Magson
and
Geo.
Hall
,
and
measur'd
by
them
both
.
Then
because
180
foot
,
or
60
yards
is
the
diameter
;
30
yards
will
be
the
semidiameter
:
And
by
the
former
Analogies
113.355
∷
60
.
188½
and
1.30
∷
94¼
.
2827½
That
is
,
the
Content
of
ground
upon
which
this
Tree
perpendicularly
drops
,
is
above
2827
square
yards
,
which
is
above
half
an
Acre
of
ground
:
And
the
assigning
three
square
yards
(
as
above
)
for
an
Horse
,
there
may
942
be
well
said
to
stand
in
this
compass
.
In
the
same
Park
(
after
many
hundreds
sold
,
and
carryed
away
)
there
is
a
Tree
which
did
yield
quarter-cliff
bottoms
that
were
a
yard
square
:
and
there
is
of
them
to
be
seen
in
Worksopp
at
this
day
,
Jo.
Magson
.
and
some
Tables
made
of
the
said
quarter-cliff
likewise
.
In
the
same
Park
,
in
the
place
there
call'd
the
Hawks-nest
,
are
Trees
forty
foot
long
of
Timber
,
which
will
bear
two
foot
square
at
the
top-end
or
height
of
forty
foot
.
If
then
a
square
whose
side
is
two
foot
,
be
inscribed
in
a
Circle
,
the
proportions
at
that
Circle
are
feet
-
Diameter
2
:
8284
-
Circumference
8
:
8858
-
Area
6
:
2831
And
because
a
Tun
of
Timber
is
said
to
contain
forty
solid
feet
:
one
of
these
Columns
of
Oak
will
contain
above
six
Tun
of
Timber
and
a
quarter
:
in
this
computation
taking
them
to
be
Cylinders
,
and
not
tapering
like
the
segment
of
a
Cone
.
Welbeek-Lane
.
17.
The
Oak
which
stands
in
this
Lane
call'd
Grindal
Oak
,
hath
at
these
several
distances
from
the
ground
these
Circumferences
,
|
foot
|
foot
|
|
inch
|
at
|
1
|
33
|
:
|
01
|
at
|
2
|
28
|
:
|
05
|
at
|
6
|
25
|
:
|
07
|
The
breadth
is
from
bough-end
to
bough-end
(
i.
)
diametrically
88
foot
;
the
height
from
the
ground
to
the
top-most
bough
81
foot
[
this
dimension
taken
from
the
proportion
that
a
Gnomon
bears
to
the
shadow
]
there
are
three
Arms
broken
off
and
〈◊〉
and
eight
very
large
ones
yet
remaining
,
which
are
very
〈◊〉
good
Timber
.
88
foot
is
29⅓
yards
,
which
being
in
this
case
admitted
for
the
diameter
of
a
circle
,
the
square
yards
in
that
circumference
will
be
676
ferè
;
and
then
allowing
three
yards
(
as
before
)
for
a
beast
,
leaves
225
beasts
,
which
may
possibly
stand
under
this
Tree
.
But
the
Lords-Oak
,
that
stood
in
Rivelin
,
was
in
diameter
three
yards
,
and
twenty
eight
inches
;
and
exceeded
this
in
circumference
three
feet
,
at
one
foot
from
the
ground
.
Shire-Oak
.
Shire-Oak
is
a
Tree
standing
in
the
ground
late
Sir
Tho.
Hewets
,
Hen.
Home●
▪
about
a
mile
from
Worksopp-Park
,
which
drops
into
three
Shires
,
viz.
York
,
Nottingham
,
and
Derby
,
and
the
distance
from
bough-end
to
bough-end
,
is
ninety
foot
,
or
thirty
yards
.
This
circumference
will
contain
neer
707
square
yards
,
sufficient
to
shade
235
horse
.
Thus
far
the
accurate
Mr.
Halton
.
18.
Being
inform'd
by
a
person
of
credit
,
that
an
Oak
in
Sheffield-Park
,
call'd
the
Ladies-Oak
,
fell'd
,
contain'd
forty
two
Tun
of
Timber
,
which
had
Arms
that
held
at
least
four
foot
square
for
ten
yards
in
length
;
the
Body
six
foot
of
clear
Timber
:
That
in
the
same
Park
one
might
have
chosen
above
1000
Trees
worth
above
6000
li.
another
1000
worth
4000
li.
&
sic
de
caeteris
:
To
this
M.
Halton
replies
,
That
it
might
possibly
be
meant
of
the
Lords-Oak
already
mention'd
to
have
grown
in
Rivelin
:
For
now
Rivelin
it self
is
totally
destitute
of
that
issue
she
once
might
have
gloried
in
of
Oaks
;
there
being
only
the
Hall-Park
adjoyning
,
which
keeps
up
with
its
number
of
Oaks
.
And
as
to
the
computation
of
1000
Trees
formerly
in
Sheffield-Park
worth
6000
li.
it
is
believ'd
there
were
a
thousand
much
above
that
value
;
since
in
what
is
now
inclos'd
,
it
is
evident
touching
100
worth
a
thousand
pounds
.
I
am
inform'd
that
an
Oak
(
I
think
in
Shropshire
)
growing
lately
in
a
Coppse
of
my
Lord
Cravens
,
yielded
19
Tun
and
half
of
Timber
,
2●
Cord
of
Fire-wood
,
2
load
of
Brush
,
and
2
load
of
Bark
.
And
my
worthy
friend
Leonard
Pinckney
Esq
late
first
Clerk
of
his
Majesties
Kitchin
(
from
whom
I
receiv'd
the
first
hints
of
many
of
these
particulars
)
did
assure
me
,
that
one
John
Garland
built
a
very
handsome
Barne
,
containing
five
Baies
,
with
Pan
,
Posts
,
Beams
,
Spars
,
&c.
of
one
sole
Tree
,
growing
in
Worksopp-Park
.
I
will
close
This
with
an
Instance
which
I
greatly
value
,
because
it
is
transmitted
to
me
from
that
honourable
and
noble
Person
Sir
Ed.
Harley
:
I
am
(
says
he
)
assur'd
by
an
Inquisition
taken
about
300
years
since
,
that
a
Park
of
mine
,
and
some
adjacent
Woods
,
had
not
then
a
Tree
capable
to
bear
Acorns
;
Yet
,
that
very
Park
I
have
seen
full
of
great
Oaks
,
and
most
of
them
in
the
extreamest
Wane
of
decay
.
The
Trunk
of
one
of
these
Oaks
afforded
so
much
Timber
,
as
upon
the
place
would
have
yielded
15
li.
and
did
compleatly
seat
with
Waine-scot
Pues
a
whole
Church
:
You
may
please
(
says
he
,
writing
to
Sir
Rob.
Morray
)
to
remember
when
you
were
here
,
you
took
notice
of
a
large
Tree
,
newly
fallen
;
When
it
was
wrought
up
,
it
proved
very
hollow
and
unsound
:
One
of
its
cavities
contayn'd
two
Hogs-heads
of
Water
,
Another
was
filled
with
better
stuff
,
Wax
and
Hony
;
Notwithstanding
all
defects
,
it
yielded
,
besides
three
Tun
of
Timber
,
23
Cords
of
Wood
:
But
my
own
Trees
are
but
Chips
in
comparison
of
a
Tree
in
the
Neighbourhood
,
in
which
every
foot
forward
one
with
another
,
was
half
a
Tun
of
Timber
,
It
bore
5
foot
square
,
40
foot
long
;
It
contein'd
20
Tun
of
Timber
,
most
of
it
sold
for
20
s.
per
Tun
;
besides
that
the
Boughs
afforded
25
Cords
of
Fuel-wood
;
This
was
call'd
the
Lady-Oak
:
Is
't
not
pitty
such
goodly
creatures
should
be
devoted
to
Vulcane
?
&c.
So
far
this
noble
Gent.
to
which
I
would
add
Dirae
,
a
deep
Execration
of
Iron-Mills
,
and
I
had
almost
sayd
Iron-Masters
too
Quos
ego
;
sed
motos
praestat
componere
—
for
I
should
never
finish
to
pursue
these
Instances
through
our
once
goodly
Magazines
of
Timber
for
all
uses
,
growing
in
this
our
native
Country
,
comparable
(
as
I
said
)
to
any
we
can
produce
of
elder
times
;
and
that
not
only
(
though
chiefly
)
for
the
encouragement
of
Planters
,
and
Preservers
of
one
of
the
most
excellent
,
and
necessary
Materials
in
the
World
for
the
benefit
of
Man
;
but
to
evince
the
continu'd
vigor
of
Nature
,
and
to
reproach
the
want
of
Industry
in
this
Age
of
ours
;
and
(
that
we
may
return
to
the
Argument
of
this
large
Chapter
)
to
assert
the
procerity
,
and
stature
of
Trees
from
their
very
great
Antiquity
:
For
certainly
,
if
that
be
true
,
which
is
by
divers
affirmed
concerning
the
Quercetum
of
Mambre
(
where
the
Patriarch
entertain'd
his
Angelical
Guests
)
recorded
by
Eusebius
to
have
continued
till
the
time
of
Constantine
the
Great
,
we
are
not
too
prejudicately
,
to
censure
what
has
been
produc'd
for
the
proofs
of
their
Antiquity
;
nor
for
my
part
,
do
I
much
question
the
Authorities
:
But
let
this
suffice
;
what
has
been
produc'd
being
only
an
historical
speculation
,
of
more
encouragement
haply
then
other
use
,
but
such
as
was
pertinent
to
the
subject
under
consideration
,
as
well
as
what
I
am
about
to
add
concerning
the
Texture
,
and
similar
parts
of
the
body
of
Trees
,
which
may
also
hold
in
shrubs
,
and
other
lignous
plants
;
because
it
is
both
a
curious
,
and
Rational
account
of
their
Anatomization
,
and
worthy
of
the
sagacious
Inquiry
of
that
incomparably
learned
Person
,
Dr.
Goddard
,
as
I
find
it
entered
amongst
other
of
those
precious
Collections
of
this
Illustrious
Society
.
19.
The
Trunk
or
bough
of
a
Tree
being
cut
transversely
plain
and
smooth
sheweth
several
Circles
or
Rings
more
or
less
Orbicular
,
according
to
the
external
figure
,
in
some
parallel
proportion
,
one
without
the
other
,
from
the
centre
of
the
Wood
to
the
inside
of
the
Bark
,
dividing
the
whole
into
so
many
circular
spaces
.
These
Rings
are
more
large
,
gross
,
and
distinct
in
colour
and
substance
in
some
kind
of
Trees
,
generally
in
such
as
grow
to
a
great
bulk
in
a
short
time
,
as
Fir
,
Ash
,
&c
,
smaller
or
less
distinct
in
those
that
either
not
all
,
or
in
a
longer
time
grow
great
;
as
Quince
,
Holly
,
Box
,
Lignum-vitae
,
Ebony
,
and
the
like
sad
colour'd
and
hard
woods
;
so
that
by
the
largeness
,
or
smallnesse
of
the
Rings
,
the
quickness
,
or
slowness
of
the
growth
of
any
Tree
may
perhaps
at
certainty
be
estimated
.
These
spaces
are
manifestly
broader
on
the
one
side
,
then
on
the
other
,
especially
the
more
outer
,
to
a
double
proportion
,
or
more
;
the
inner
being
neer
an
equality
.
It
is
asserted
,
that
the
larger
parts
of
these
Rings
are
on
the
South
and
sunny
side
of
the
Tree
(
which
is
very
rational
and
probable
)
insomuch
,
that
by
cutting
a
Tree
transverse
,
and
drawing
a
diametre
through
the
broadest
and
narrowest
parts
of
the
Rings
,
a
Meridian
line
may
be
described
.
The
outer
spaces
are
generally
narrower
then
the
inner
,
not
onely
in
their
narrower
sides
,
but
also
on
their
broader
,
compared
with
the
same
sides
of
the
inner
:
Notwithstanding
which
,
they
are
for
the
most
part
,
if
not
altogether
,
bigger
upon
the
whole
account
.
Of
these
spaces
,
the
outer
extremities
in
Fir
,
and
the
like
woods
,
that
have
them
larger
and
grosser
,
are
more
dense
,
hard
,
and
compact
;
the
inner
more
soft
and
spungy
;
by
which
difference
of
substance
it
is
,
that
the
Rings
themselves
come
to
be
distinguished
.
According
as
the
bodies
and
boughs
of
trees
,
or
several
parts
of
the
same
,
are
bigger
,
or
lesser
,
so
is
the
number
,
as
well
as
the
breadth
of
the
circular
spaces
greater
or
lesse
;
and
the
like
,
according
to
the
age
,
especially
the
number
.
It
is
commonly
,
and
very
probably
asserted
,
that
a
Tree
gains
a
new
one
every
year
.
In
the
body
of
a
great
Oak
in
the
New-Forest
,
cut
transversly
even
(
where
many
of
the
Trees
are
accounted
to
be
some
hundreds
of
years
old
)
three
,
and
four
hundred
have
been
distinguish'd
.
In
a
Fir-tree
,
which
is
said
to
have
just
so
many
rows
of
boughs
about
it
,
as
it
is
of
years
growth
,
there
has
been
observed
just
one
lesse
,
immediately
above
one
row
,
then
immediately
below
:
Hence
some
probable
account
may
be
given
of
the
difference
between
the
outer
,
and
the
inner
parts
of
the
Rings
,
that
the
outermost
being
newly
produced
in
the
Summer
,
the
exterior
superficies
is
condens'd
in
the
Winter
.
20.
In
the
young
branches
and
twigs
of
Trees
there
is
a
pith
in
the
middle
,
which
in
some
,
as
Ash
,
and
especially
Elder
,
equals
,
or
exceeds
in
dimensions
the
rest
of
the
substance
,
but
waxes
lesse
as
they
grow
bigger
,
and
in
the
great
boughs
and
trunk
scarce
is
to
be
found
:
This
gives
way
for
the
growth
of
the
inward
Rings
,
which
at
first
were
lesse
than
the
outer
(
as
may
be
seen
in
any
shoot
of
the
first
year
)
and
after
grow
thicker
,
being
it self
absum'd
,
or
perhaps
converted
into
Wood
;
as
it
is
certain
Cartilages
or
Gristles
are
into
bones
(
in
the
bodies
of
Animals
)
from
which
to
sense
they
differ
even
as
much
as
pith
from
Wood.
These
Rings
or
spaces
appearing
upon
transverse
Section
(
as
they
appear
eliptical
upon
oblique
,
and
strait
lines
upon
direct
Section
)
are
no
other
than
the
extremities
of
so
many
Integuments
,
investing
the
whole
Tree
,
and
(
perhaps
)
all
the
boughs
that
are
of
the
same
age
with
any
of
them
,
or
older
.
The
growth
of
Trees
Augmentation
in
all
dimensions
is
acquired
,
not
onely
by
accession
of
a
new
Integument
yearly
,
but
also
by
the
Reception
of
nourishment
into
the
Pores
,
and
substance
of
the
rest
,
upon
which
they
also
become
thicker
;
not
only
those
towards
the
middle
,
but
also
the
rest
,
in
a
thriving
Tree
:
Yet
the
principal
growth
is
between
the
bark
and
body
,
by
accession
of
a
new
Integument
yearly
,
as
hath
been
mentioned
:
Whence
the
cutting
of
the
bark
of
any
tree
or
bough
round
about
,
will
certainly
kill
it
.
The
bark
of
a
Tree
is
distinguished
into
Rings
,
or
Integuments
no
lesse
than
the
Wood
,
though
much
smaller
or
thinner
,
and
therefore
not
distinguishable
,
except
in
the
thick
barks
of
great
old
Trees
,
and
toward
the
inside
next
the
wood
;
the
outer
parts
drying
and
breaking
with
innumerable
fissures
,
growing
wider
and
deeper
,
as
the
body
of
the
Tree
grows
bigger
,
and
mouldering
away
on
the
out
side
.
Though
it
cannot
appear
by
reason
of
the
continual
decay
of
it
upon
the
account
aforesaid
;
yet
it
is
probable
,
the
bark
of
a
Tree
hath
had
successively
as
many
Integuments
as
the
wood
;
and
that
it
doth
grow
by
acquisition
of
a
new
one
yearly
on
the
inside
,
as
the
wood
doth
on
the
out-side
;
so
that
the
chief
way
,
and
conveyance
of
nourishment
to
both
the
wood
and
the
bark
,
is
between
them
both
.
The
least
bud
appearing
on
the
body
of
a
Tree
,
doth
as
it
were
make
perforation
through
the
several
Integuments
to
the
middle
,
or
very
neer
;
which
part
is
as
it
were
,
a
Root
of
the
bough
into
the
body
of
the
Tree
;
and
after
becomes
a
knot
,
more
hard
then
the
other
wood
:
And
when
it
is
larger
,
manifestly
shewing
it self
also
to
consist
of
several
Integuments
,
by
the
circles
appearing
in
it
,
as
in
the
body
:
more
hard
,
probably
;
because
streightned
in
room
for
growth
;
as
appears
by
its
distending
,
buckling
,
as
it
were
,
the
Integuments
of
the
wood
about
it
;
so
implicating
them
the
more
;
whence
a
knotty
piece
of
wood
is
so
much
harder
to
cleave
.
It
is
probable
,
that
a
Cience
or
Bud
upon
Graffing
,
or
Inoculating
,
doth
,
as
it
were
,
Root
it self
into
the
stock
in
the
same
manner
as
the
branches
,
by
producing
a
kind
of
knot
.
Thus
far
the
accurate
Doctor
.
21.
To
which
permit
me
to
add
onely
(
in
reference
to
the
Circles
we
have
been
speaking
of
)
what
another
curious
Inquirer
suggests
to
us
;
namely
,
That
they
are
caus'd
by
the
Pores
of
the
wood
,
through
which
the
Sap
ascends
in
the
same
manner
as
betwen
the
Wood
and
the
Bark
;
and
that
in
some
Trees
,
the
bark
adheres
to
the
wood
,
as
the
Integuments
of
Wood
cleave
to
one
another
,
and
may
be
separated
from
each
other
as
the
bark
from
the
outward-most
;
and
being
thus
parted
,
will
be
found
on
their
out-sides
to
represent
the
Colour
of
the
outer-most
,
contiguous
to
the
bark
;
and
on
the
inner
sides
,
to
hold
the
Colour
of
the
inner
side
of
the
bark
,
and
all
to
have
a
deeper
,
or
lighter
hue
on
their
inner-side
,
as
the
Bark
is
on
that
part
more
or
less
tinged
;
which
tincture
is
suppos'd
to
proceed
from
the
ascendent
Sap.
Moreover
,
by
cutting
the
branch
,
the
ascending
Sap
may
be
examin'd
as
well
as
the
Circles
:
It
is
probable
,
the
more
frequent
the
Circles
,
the
larger
,
and
more
copiously
the
liquor
will
ascend
into
it
;
the
fewer
,
the
sooner
descend
from
it
.
That
a
Branch
of
three
Circles
cut
off
at
Spring
,
the
Sap
ascending
will
be
found
at
Michaelmasse
ensuing
;
cut
again
in
the
same
branch
,
or
another
of
equal
bignesse
,
to
have
one
more
than
it
had
at
Spring
;
and
either
at
Spring
or
Fall
to
carry
a
Circle
of
Pricks
next
the
bark
,
at
other
seasons
a
circle
of
wood
onely
next
it
.
But
here
the
Comparison
must
be
made
with
distinction
;
for
some
Trees
do
probably
shoot
new
tops
yearly
till
a
certain
period
,
and
not
after
;
and
some
have
perhaps
their
Circles
in
their
branches
decreased
from
their
Bodies
to
the
extreamity
of
the
branch
,
in
such
Oeconomy
and
Order
;
that
(
for
instance
)
an
Apple-tree
shoot
of
this
year
has
one
Circle
of
Pricks
or
wood
less
,
than
the
Graft
of
two
years
growth
;
and
that
of
two
years
growth
,
may
the
next
year
have
one
Circle
more
than
it
had
the
last
year
;
but
this
onely
till
that
Branch
shoot
no
more
Grafts
,
and
then
't
is
doubtful
whether
the
outmost
twig
obtain
any
more
Circles
,
or
remain
at
a
stay
,
onely
nourished
,
not
augmented
in
the
Circles
.
It
would
also
be
inquir'd
,
whether
the
Circles
of
Pricks
increase
not
till
Midsummer
and
after
,
and
the
Circles
of
Wood
from
thence
,
to
the
following
Spring
?
But
this
may
suffice
,
unlesse
I
should
subjoyn
.
22.
The
vegetative
motion
of
Plants
,
with
the
diagrams
of
the
Jesuite
Kercher
,
where
he
discourses
of
their
stupendious
Magnetisms
,
&c.
could
there
any
thing
material
be
added
to
what
has
already
been
so
ingeniously
inquir'd
into
:
therefore
let
us
proceed
to
their
Felling
.
Felling
.
23.
It
should
be
in
this
status
,
vigour
and
perfection
of
Trees
,
that
a
Felling
should
be
celebrated
;
since
whiles
our
Woods
are
growing
it
is
pity
,
and
indeed
too
soon
;
and
when
they
are
decaying
,
too
late
:
I
do
not
pretend
that
a
man
(
who
has
occasion
for
Timber
)
is
obliged
to
attend
so
many
ages
ere
he
fell
his
Trees
;
but
I
do
by
this
infer
,
how
highly
necessary
it
were
,
that
men
should
perpetually
be
Planting
;
that
so
posterity
might
have
Trees
fit
for
their
service
of
competent
,
that
is
,
of
a
middle
growth
and
age
,
which
it
is
impossible
they
should
have
,
if
we
thus
continue
to
destroy
our
Woods
,
without
this
providential
Planting
in
their
stead
,
and
felling
what
we
do
cut
down
,
with
great
discretion
,
and
regard
of
the
future
.
24.
Such
therefore
as
we
shall
perceive
to
decay
are
first
to
be
pick'd
out
for
the
Ax
;
and
then
those
which
are
in
their
state
,
or
approaching
to
it
;
but
the
very
thriving
,
and
manifestly
improving
,
indulg'd
as
much
as
possible
.
But
to
explore
the
goodness
and
sincerity
of
a
standing-Tree
,
is
not
the
easiest
thing
in
the
world
;
we
shall
anon
have
occasion
to
mention
my
L.
Bacon's
Experiment
to
detect
the
hollownesse
of
Timber
:
But
there
is
doubtlesse
none
more
infallible
,
than
the
boring
it
with
a
middling
Piercer
made
Auger
fashion
,
and
by
frequent
pulling
out
,
and
examining
what
substance
comes
along
with
it
,
as
those
who
bore
the
Earth
to
explore
what
Minerals
the
place
is
impregn'd
with
,
and
as
sound
Cheeses
are
tasted
:
Some
again
there
are
who
by
digging
a
little
about
the
Roots
will
pronounce
shrewdly
concerning
the
state
of
a
Tree
;
and
if
they
find
him
perish'd
at
the
top
(
for
Trees
dye
upward
as
Men
do
from
the
feet
)
be
sure
the
cause
lies
deep
,
for
't
is
ever
a
mark
of
great
decay
in
the
Roots
.
There
is
also
a
swelling
Vein
which
discovers
it self
eminently
above
the
rest
of
the
stem
,
though
like
the
rest
,
invested
with
barks
,
and
which
frequently
circles
about
and
embraces
the
tree
,
like
a
branch
of
Ivy
,
which
is
an
infallible
indication
of
Hollownesse
and
hypocrisie
within
.
25.
The
time
of
the
year
for
this
destructive
work
is
not
usually
till
about
the
end
of
April
(
at
which
season
the
bark
does
commonly
rise
freely
)
though
the
opinions
and
practise
of
men
have
been
very
different
:
Vitruvius
is
for
an
Autumnal
fall
;
others
advise
December
and
January
:
Cato
was
of
opinion
trees
should
have
first
born
their
fruit
,
or
,
at
least
,
not
till
full
ripe
,
which
agrees
with
that
of
the
Architect
:
And
though
Timber
unbarked
be
indeed
more
obnoxious
to
the
Worm
,
and
to
contract
somewhat
a
darker
hue
(
which
is
the
reason
so
many
have
commended
the
season
when
it
will
most
freely
strip
)
yet
were
this
to
be
rather
consider'd
for
such
trees
as
one
would
leave
round
,
and
unsquar'd
;
since
we
find
the
wild
Oak
,
and
many
other
sorts
,
fell'd
over
late
,
and
when
the
sap
begins
to
grow
proud
,
to
be
very
subject
to
the
worm
;
whereas
,
being
cut
about
mid-Winter
,
it
neither
casts
,
rifts
,
nor
twines
;
because
the
cold
of
the
Winter
does
both
dry
,
and
consolidate
;
whiles
in
spring
,
and
when
pregnant
,
so
much
of
the
virtue
goes
into
the
leaves
and
branches
:
Happy
therefore
were
it
for
our
Timber
,
some
real
Invention
of
Tanning
without
so
much
Bark
(
as
the
Honourable
Mr.
Charles
Howard
has
most
ingeniously
offer'd
)
were
become
universal
,
that
Trees
being
more
early
felled
,
the
Timber
might
be
better
season'd
and
condition'd
for
its
various
Vses
.
But
as
the
custom
is
,
men
have
now
time
to
fell
their
Woods
,
even
from
Mid-winter
to
the
spring
;
but
never
any
after
the
Summer
Solstice
.
26.
Then
for
the
Age
of
the
Moon
,
it
has
religiously
been
observ'd
;
and
that
Dianas
presidency
in
Sylvis
was
not
so
much
celebrated
to
credit
the
fictions
of
the
Poets
,
as
for
the
Dominion
of
that
moist
Planet
,
and
her
influence
over
Timber
:
For
my
part
,
I
am
not
so
much
inclin'd
to
these
Criticisms
,
that
I
should
altogether
govern
a
Felling
at
the
pleasure
of
this
mutable
Lady
;
however
there
is
doubtlesse
some
regard
to
be
had
,
Nor
is
't
in
vain
Sigus
fall
and
rise
to
note
.
Nec
frustra
fignorum
obitus
speculamur
,
&
ortus
▪
The
Old
Rules
are
these
:
Fell
in
the
decrease
,
or
four
dayes
after
conjunction
of
the
two
great
Luminaries
;
some
the
last
quarter
of
it
;
or
(
as
Pliny
)
in
the
very
article
of
the
change
,
if
possible
;
which
hapning
(
saith
he
)
in
the
last
day
of
the
Winter
Solstice
,
that
Timber
will
prove
immortal
:
At
least
should
it
be
from
the
twentieth
to
the
thirtieth
day
,
according
to
Columella
:
Cato
four
dayes
after
the
Full
,
as
far
better
for
the
growth
:
But
all
viminious
Trees
silente
Lunâ
;
such
as
Sallies
,
Birch
,
Poplar
,
&c.
Vegetius
for
Ship
timber
,
from
the
fifteenth
to
the
twenty-fifth
,
the
Moon
as
before
;
but
never
during
the
Increase
,
Trees
being
then
most
abounding
with
moisture
,
which
is
the
onely
source
of
putrefaction
:
And
yet
't
is
affirm'd
upon
unquestionable
Experience
,
that
Timber
cut
at
any
season
of
the
year
,
in
the
Old
Moon
,
or
last
Quarter
,
when
the
Wind
blows
Westerly
;
proves
as
sound
,
and
good
as
at
any
other
period
whatsoever
;
nay
,
all
the
whole
Summer
long
,
as
in
any
Month
of
the
Year
;
which
for
that
it
may
be
of
great
use
on
some
publike
emergencies
,
I
thought
fit
to
communicate
.
27.
Then
for
the
temper
,
and
time
of
day
:
The
Wind
low
,
neither
East
nor
West
(
but
West
of
the
two
)
the
East
being
most
pernicious
,
and
exposing
it
to
the
worms
;
and
for
which
the
best
cure
is
,
the
plentiful
sobbing
it
in
water
;
neither
in
frosty
,
wet
,
or
dewy
weather
;
and
therefore
never
in
a
Fore-noon
.
Lastly
,
touching
the
species
;
Fell
Fir
when
it
begins
to
spring
;
not
only
because
it
will
then
best
quit
its
coat
and
strip
;
but
for
that
they
hold
it
will
never
decay
in
water
;
which
howsoever
Theophrastus
deduce
from
the
old
Bridge
made
of
this
material
over
a
certain
River
in
Arcadia
,
cut
in
this
season
,
is
hardly
sufficient
to
satisfie
our
inquiry
.
28.
Previous
to
this
work
of
Felling
is
the
advice
of
our
Countryman
Markham
,
and
it
is
not
to
be
rejected
:
Survey
(
saith
he
)
your
Woods
as
they
stand
,
immediately
after
Christmas
,
and
then
divide
the
species
in
your
mind
;
(
I
add
rather
in
some
Note-Book
,
or
Tablets
)
and
consider
for
what
purposes
every
several
kind
is
most
useful
,
which
you
may
find
in
the
several
Chapters
of
this
Discourse
under
every
Head
.
After
this
,
reckon
the
bad
and
good
together
,
so
as
one
may
put
off
the
other
,
without
being
forc'd
to
glean
your
Woods
of
all
your
best
Timber
.
This
done
(
or
before
)
you
shall
acquaint
your self
with
the
marketable
prices
of
the
Countrey
where
your
Fell
is
made
,
and
that
of
the
several
sorts
;
as
what
so
many
inches
or
foot
square
and
long
is
worth
for
the
several
imployments
:
What
Planks
,
what
other
scantlings
,
for
so
many
Spoaks
,
Naves
,
Rings
,
Pales
,
Spars
,
&c.
as
suppose
it
were
Ash
,
to
set
apart
the
largest
for
the
Wheel-wright
,
the
smallest
for
the
Cooper
,
and
that
of
ordinary
scantling
for
the
Ploughs
,
and
the
brush
to
be
kidded
,
and
sold
by
the
hundred
,
or
thousand
,
and
so
all
other
sorts
of
Timber
,
viz.
large
,
middling
stuff
,
and
Poles
,
&c.
allowing
the
waste
for
the
charges
of
Felling
,
&c.
all
which
you
shall
compute
with
greater
certainty
,
if
you
have
leisure
,
and
will
take
the
pains
to
examine
some
of
the
trees
either
by
your
own
Fathom
;
or
(
more
accurately
)
by
girting
it
about
with
a
string
,
and
so
reducing
it
to
the
square
,
&c.
by
which
means
you
may
give
a
neer
guess
:
or
,
you
may
mark
such
as
you
intend
to
Fell
;
and
then
begin
your
sale
about
Candlemas
till
the
Spring
;
before
which
you
must
not
(
according
as
our
Custom
is
)
lay
the
Ax
to
the
Root
;
though
some
for
particular
imployments
,
as
for
Timber
to
make
Plows
,
Carts
,
Axel-trees
,
Naves
,
Harrows
,
and
the
like
Husbandry-tools
,
do
frequently
cut
in
October
.
Being
now
entering
with
your
Workmen
,
one
of
the
first
,
and
most
principal
things
,
is
,
the
skilful
disbranching
of
the
Boal
of
all
such
Arms
and
Limbs
as
may
endanger
it
in
the
Fall
,
wherein
much
forecast
and
skill
is
requir'd
of
the
Wood-man
;
so
many
excellent
trees
being
utterly
spoiled
for
want
of
this
onely
consideration
:
And
therefore
in
arms
of
Timber
,
which
are
very
great
,
chop
a
nick
under
it
close
to
the
Boal
,
so
meeting
it
with
the
downright
strokes
,
it
will
be
sever'd
without
splicing
.
29.
Some
there
are
who
cut
a
kerf
round
the
body
,
almost
to
the
very
pitch
,
or
heart
,
and
so
let
it
remain
a
while
;
by
this
means
to
drain
away
the
moisture
,
which
will
distill
out
of
the
wounded
Veins
,
and
is
chiefly
proper
for
the
moister
sort
of
Trees
:
And
in
this
work
the
very
Ax
will
well
tell
you
the
difference
of
the
Sex
;
the
Male
being
so
much
harder
,
and
browner
than
the
Female
:
But
here
(
and
wherever
we
speak
thus
of
Plants
)
you
are
to
understand
the
analogical
,
not
proper
distinction
.
30.
But
that
none
may
wonder
why
in
many
Authours
of
good
note
,
we
find
the
Fruit-bearers
of
some
Trees
call'd
Males
,
and
not
rather
Females
,
as
particularly
the
Cypresse
,
&c.
This
prepostrous
denomination
had
I
read
it
sourse
from
very
antient
Custom
,
and
was
first
begun
in
Aegypt
(
Diodorus
sayes
in
Greece
)
where
we
are
told
,
that
the
Father
onely
was
esteem'd
the
sole
Authour
of
Generation
;
the
Mother
contributing
only
Receptacle
and
Nutrition
to
the
Off-spring
,
which
legitimated
their
mixtures
as
well
with
their
Slaves
as
Free-women
:
And
upon
this
account
it
was
,
that
even
Trees
bearing
Fruit
,
were
amongst
them
reputed
Males
,
and
the
sterile
and
barren
ones
,
for
Females
;
and
we
are
not
ignorant
,
how
learnedly
this
doctrine
has
been
lately
reviv'd
by
some
of
our
most
celebrated
Physicians
:
But
since
the
same
Arguments
do
not
altogether
quadrate
in
Trees
,
where
the
Coition
is
not
so
sensible
(
whatever
they
pretend
of
the
Palms
,
&c.
and
other
amorous
intertwining
of
Roots
)
in
my
opinion
we
might
with
more
reason
call
that
the
Female
which
bears
any
eminent
Fruit
or
Seed
,
and
them
Males
who
produce
none
:
But
sometimes
too
the
rudenesse
,
or
lesse
asperity
of
the
leaves
,
bark
,
and
grain
,
nay
their
Medical
operations
,
may
deserve
the
distinction
;
to
which
Aristotle
adds
Branchinesse
,
lesse
moisture
,
quick
maturity
,
&c.
l.
1.
de
Pl.
c.
3.
All
which
seems
to
be
most
conspicuous
in
Plum-trees
,
Hollys
,
Ashes
,
Quince
,
Pears
,
and
many
other
sorts
;
not
to
insist
on
such
as
may
be
compell'd
even
to
change
,
as
it
were
,
their
Sex
by
Graffing
and
artificial
Improvements
:
But
I
onely
hint
it
,
and
return
to
31.
Felling
,
which
should
be
as
close
to
the
ground
as
possible
may
be
,
if
you
design
a
renascency
from
the
Roots
;
unlesse
you
will
grub
for
a
total
destruction
,
or
the
use
of
that
part
we
have
already
mention'd
,
so
far
superiour
in
goodnesse
to
what
is
more
remote
from
the
Root
,
and
besides
the
longer
you
cut
and
convert
the
Timber
,
the
better
for
many
uses
.
Some
are
of
opinion
,
that
the
seedling
Oak
should
never
be
cut
to
improve
his
boal
;
because
,
say
they
,
it
produces
a
reddish
wood
not
so
acceptable
to
the
Workman
;
and
that
the
Tree
which
grows
on
the
head
of
his
Mother
does
seldom
prove
good
Timber
:
It
is
observ'd
,
indeed
,
that
one
foot
of
Timber
near
the
Root
(
though
divers
I
know
who
otherwise
opine
)
and
(
which
is
the
proper
kerfe
,
or
cutting
place
)
is
worth
three
farther
off
:
And
haply
,
the
successor
is
more
apt
to
be
tender
,
then
what
was
cut
off
to
give
it
place
;
but
let
this
be
enquir'd
into
at
leisure
.
32.
When
your
Tree
is
thus
prostrate
,
strip
off
the
bark
;
and
set
it
so
as
it
may
best
dry
;
then
cleanse
the
Boal
of
the
branches
which
were
left
,
and
saw
it
into
lengths
for
the
squaring
,
to
which
belongs
the
Measure
,
and
Girth
(
as
our
Workmen
call
it
)
which
I
refer
to
the
Buyer
,
and
to
many
subsidiary
Books
lately
Printed
,
wherein
it
is
taught
by
a
very
familiar
Calcule
Mechanical
and
easie
Method
.
33.
But
by
none
in
my
apprehension
set
forth
,
in
a
more
facile
and
accurate
way
than
what
that
Industrious
Mathematician
Mr.
Leybourn
has
Publish'd
,
in
his
late
Line
of
Proportion
made
Easie
,
and
other
his
Labours
;
where
he
treats
as
well
of
the
Square
as
the
Round
,
as
't
is
applicable
to
Boards
and
Superficials
,
and
to
Timber
which
is
hew'd
or
lesse
rough
,
in
so
Easie
a
Method
,
as
nothing
can
be
more
desired
.
I
know
our
ordinary
Carpenters
,
&c.
have
generally
upon
their
Rulers
a
Line
,
which
they
usually
call
Gunters-Line
;
but
they
few
of
them
,
understand
how
to
Work
from
it
:
And
divers
Countrey
Gentlemen
,
Stewards
,
and
Wood-men
,
when
they
are
to
Measure
Rough
Timber
upon
the
Ground
,
confide
much
to
the
Girt
,
which
they
do
with
a
string
at
about
four
,
or
five
foot
distance
from
the
Root
or
Great
Extream
:
Of
the
Strings
length
,
they
take
a
quarter
for
the
true
Square
,
which
is
so
manifestly
erroneous
,
that
thereby
they
make
every
tree
so
measur'd
,
more
than
a
fift
part
lesse
than
really
it
is
.
This
mistake
would
therefore
be
reformed
;
and
it
were
(
I
conceive
)
worth
the
Seller's
while
to
inspect
it
accordingly
:
Their
Argument
is
,
That
when
the
Bark
of
a
Tree
is
stripp'd
,
and
the
Body
hew'd
to
a
Square
,
it
will
then
hold
out
no
more
measure
;
that
which
is
cut
off
being
onely
fit
for
Fuel
,
and
the
Expense
of
Squaring
costs
more
than
the
Chips
are
worth
.
But
let
us
however
Convince
them
of
this
Errour
by
confronting
Mr.
Leybourns
Tables
.
PROB.
I.
A
Tree
being
68
Inches
about
,
to
find
how
much
thereof
in
Length
will
make
one
foot
square
.
SOL.
A
fourth
part
of
60
Inches
,
is
15
,
which
they
take
for
the
due
Square
;
wherefore
look
for
15
Inches
(
viz.
one
foot
three
Inches
)
in
the
first
Column
of
the
first
Table
,
and
opposite
to
it
in
the
second
Column
,
you
shall
find
7
Inches
,
6
tenth
parts
of
an
Inch
(
which
is
somewhat
above
half
an
Inch
)
will
make
one
foot
square
.
Again
,
PROB.
II.
A
Tree
being
136
Inches
about
,
and
9
Foot
in
length
,
to
know
how
many
solid
Feet
the
Tree
contains
?
SOL.
The
fourth
part
of
136
is
34
inches
in
the
first
Column
of
the
second
Table
,
and
9
foot
in
the
head
of
it
;
and
opposite
to
the
34
inches
,
and
under
9
foot
,
you
shall
find
72.25
.
(
viz.
72
foot
¼
)
and
for
so
much
you
may
sell
it
,
and
no
more
,
which
is
yet
less
than
the
true
content
by
above
a
fifth
part
.
But
supposing
(
as
they
ought
to
do
)
there
were
no
such
Waste
as
is
pretended
;
you
will
find
by
the
third
Table
,
how
much
in
length
of
any
Cylendrical
Timber
,
whose
Girt
is
known
,
will
make
a
foot
solid
,
and
consequently
,
detect
the
Error
of
the
former
customary
practise
.
PROB.
III.
A
Tree
being
60
Inches
circumference
,
to
know
how
much
thereof
will
make
a
cubical
foot
.
SOL.
Find
60
inches
in
the
first
Column
;
and
opposite
to
it
in
the
second
Column
,
you
shall
find
0-6-0
which
is
to
say
,
6
inches
onely
:
The
Consectarie
is
,
that
6
inches
in
length
of
a
Tree
60
inches
circumference
,
will
make
a
foot
solid
:
Whereas
by
the
other
usual
procedure
,
you
found
there
must
be
7
inches
and
above
half
an
inch
,
to
make
so
much
;
which
is
above
an
inch
and
half
too
much
in
every
foots
length
,
and
what
that
amounts
to
in
many
feet
't
is
easy
to
imagine
.
So
suppose
a
Tree
be
but
29
inches
in
circumference
,
the
same
Table
will
in
like
manner
shew
,
that
it
requires
but
1
foot
2
inches
and
3
tenth
parts
of
an
inch
in
length
,
to
make
it
a
foot
solid
of
Timber
;
and
thus
of
any
number
as
far
as
you
will
inlarge
your
Table
.
But
then
imagine
that
the
sides
of
the
square
at
the
extremities
of
squar'd
Timber
are
unequal
,
as
frequently
it
happens
,
by
sometimes
5
,
6
,
10
,
or
more
inches
difference
:
Some
Artificers
think
they
encounter
this
well
enough
by
adding
the
two
sides
together
,
and
taking
the
moitie
of
the
side
for
the
true
square
:
But
this
is
as
erroneous
as
the
other
;
especially
,
if
the
sides
differ
considerably
.
v.
g.
Let
one
side
be
30
inches
,
and
the
other
138
,
these
added
,
make
213
,
the
half
whereof
is
106½
,
which
they
estimate
for
the
true
square
;
whereas
in
truth
,
the
right
square
is
74
inches
,
and
one
tenth
part
;
which
demonstrates
the
error
to
be
32
inches
and
4
tenths
.
To
reforme
therefore
this
egregious
mistake
,
the
fourth
Table
may
be
calculated
to
what
number
of
inches
you
desire
:
Example
,
PROB.
IV.
One
side
of
a
square
of
Timber
containing
16
inches
,
and
the
other
25
:
to
find
the
side
of
a
square
equal
unto
it
.
SOL.
First
,
find
16
inches
in
the
fourth
Table
,
opposite
to
it
you
have
this
number
120411.
Then
find
out
25
inches
,
and
opposite
to
that
occurs
139794
which
added
,
produces
260205
,
and
the
half
of
it
130102½
.
Find
in
the
Table
this
Number
(
or
the
neerest
you
can
to
it
)
and
you
will
see
it
to
stand
against
20
inches
;
which
is
the
true
square
of
such
an
unequal'd-sided
piece
of
Timber
.
-
16
—
120411
-
25
—
139794
-
sum
—
260205
-
20
—
130102½
Note
,
In
these
Instances
't
is
suppos'd
the
Tree
measur'd
to
carry
the
same
Proportion
of
square
throughout
the
Piece
,
which
in
almost
all
Trees
that
are
considerably
long
,
does
not
hold
,
by
reason
of
its
continual
tapering
,
which
must
needs
cause
a
great
difference
in
the
squares
at
either
extream
.
Our
common
Workemen
do
,
to
adjust
this
,
for
the
most
part
,
choose
the
most
likely
place
about
the
middle
of
the
Tree
,
and
take
its
square
there
;
But
this
is
also
an
Error
:
Therefore
in
such
Trees
,
measure
the
square
at
both
ends
,
and
add
the
sides
of
the
two
squares
together
,
and
half
that
length
shall
be
the
true
square
which
the
Tree
does
carry
throughout
.
E.
g.
Suppose
a
Tree
have
that
side
of
the
square
at
the
But-end
32
inches
,
and
at
the
smaller
end
22
onely
;
Those
added
,
will
make
55
inches
,
and
the
moitie
of
that
27½
,
which
is
the
true
side
of
the
square
,
with
which
,
and
the
length
,
you
may
find
by
the
second
Table
the
just
content
.
And
,
in
case
your
Tree
be
longer
than
the
Table
provides
for
(
as
for
example
in
this
second
Table
it
proceeds
but
to
10
foot
)
take
the
half
,
or
so
many
times
10
foot
,
as
its
length
contains
,
and
the
odd
feet
,
if
they
happen
,
by
themselves
.
V.
g.
Suppose
a
Tree
being
31
inches
square
,
is
47
foot
long
;
have
recourse
to
10
foot
in
the
second
Table
,
and
opposite
to
31
in
the
inch
Column
,
you
'l
find
64
foot
,
60
parts
under
the
Column
10
:
put
this
down
as
many
times
as
any
tens
occur
in
your
47
foot
(
which
was
the
length
of
that
Tree
,
and
by
the
same
Table
the
odd
7
will
give
you
45
feet
22
parts
,
which
sum'd
together
,
amount
to
303
feet
,
62
parts
,
viz.
half
a
foot
and
half
a
quarter
of
a
foot
.
By
this
Method
proceed
for
any
length
whatsoever
.
There
remains
but
one
operation
more
,
which
our
Timber
man
can
much
stand
in
need
of
direction
in
;
and
that
is
,
for
the
Measure
of
Planks
;
because
we
have
occasion
sometimes
to
saw
them
in
the
Wood
:
We
will
therefore
add
one
Table
more
of
that
,
and
so
dismiss
him
.
PROB.
V.
A
Plank
or
Board
being
9
inches
broad
:
to
find
how
much
in
length
will
make
one
foot
.
SOL.
First
find
out
9
inches
in
the
first
Column
;
opposite
to
that
,
in
the
second
Column
,
you
shall
meet
1.4.0
.
which
imports
1
foot
,
4
inches
:
so
much
then
in
length
of
a
Plank
or
Board
9
inches
broad
,
must
go
to
make
a
foot
:
So
as
every
16
inches
in
length
,
is
a
foot
of
Plank
,
and
consequently
,
every
8
inches
,
half
a
foot
;
every
4
inches
a
quarter
,
&c.
Thus
again
,
if
a
Board
hold
2
foot
and
3
inches
in
breadth
;
5
inches
and
3
tenth
parts
of
an
inch
in
length
will
make
a
square
superficial
foot
of
Plank
,
&
sic
de
caeteris
.
TABLE
I.
The
Square
of
the
End
of
Timber
in
Feet
and
Inches
.
|
The
length
of
a
Foot
solid
in
Feet
,
Inches
and
parts
of
Inches
.
|
F.
|
In.
|
F.
|
In.
|
Pts.
|
0.
|
6
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
7
|
2
|
11
|
2
|
8
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
9
|
1
|
9
|
3
|
10
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
11
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
I.
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
10
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
8
|
8
|
3
|
0
|
7
|
6
|
4
|
0
|
6
|
7
|
5
|
0
|
5
|
9
|
6
|
0
|
5
|
3
|
7
|
0
|
4
|
8
|
8
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
9
|
0
|
3
|
9
|
10
|
0
|
3
|
5
|
11
|
0
|
3
|
3
|
II.
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
5
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
6
|
0
|
1
|
9
|
7
|
0
|
1
|
8
|
8
|
0
|
1
|
7
|
9
|
0
|
1
|
6
|
10
|
0
|
1
|
5
|
11
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
III.
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
TABLE
II.
Square
of
Timber
in
Inches
,
and
half-Inches
.
|
The
length
of
the
Timber
.
|
Inch.
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
F.
|
Pr.
|
F.
|
Pr.
|
F.
|
Pr.
|
F.
|
Pr.
|
F.
|
Pr.
|
-
|
0
|
00
|
0
|
00
|
0
|
00
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
01
|
1
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
02
|
0
|
03
|
0
|
03
|
-
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
03
|
0
|
05
|
0
|
06
|
0
|
08
|
2
|
0
|
03
|
0
|
05
|
0
|
08
|
0
|
11
|
0
|
14
|
-
|
0
|
04
|
0
|
08
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
17
|
0
|
21
|
3
|
0
|
06
|
0
|
12
|
0
|
18
|
0
|
25
|
0
|
31
|
-
|
0
|
08
|
0
|
17
|
0
|
25
|
0
|
34
|
0
|
42
|
4
|
0
|
11
|
0
|
22
|
0
|
33
|
0
|
44
|
0
|
55
|
-
|
0
|
14
|
0
|
28
|
0
|
42
|
0
|
56
|
0
|
70
|
5
|
0
|
17
|
0
|
25
|
0
|
52
|
0
|
69
|
0
|
81
|
-
|
0
|
21
|
0
|
42
|
0
|
63
|
0
|
84
|
1
|
05
|
6
|
0
|
25
|
0
|
50
|
0
|
75
|
1
|
00
|
1
|
25
|
-
|
0
|
29
|
0
|
58
|
0
|
88
|
1
|
17
|
1
|
46
|
7
|
0
|
34
|
0
|
68
|
1
|
02
|
1
|
36
|
1
|
70
|
-
|
0
|
39
|
0
|
78
|
1
|
17
|
1
|
56
|
1
|
95
|
8
|
0
|
44
|
0
|
89
|
1
|
33
|
1
|
77
|
2
|
22
|
-
|
0
|
50
|
1
|
90
|
1
|
50
|
1
|
01
|
2
|
51
|
9
|
0
|
56
|
1
|
12
|
1
|
68
|
2
|
25
|
2
|
81
|
-
|
1
|
63
|
1
|
25
|
1
|
88
|
2
|
51
|
3
|
13
|
10
|
1
|
69
|
1
|
39
|
2
|
08
|
2
|
47
|
3
|
47
|
-
|
1
|
76
|
1
|
53
|
2
|
29
|
3
|
06
|
3
|
82
|
11
|
1
|
84
|
1
|
68
|
2
|
52
|
3
|
36
|
4
|
20
|
-
|
0
|
92
|
1
|
84
|
2
|
76
|
3
|
67
|
4
|
59
|
12
|
1
|
00
|
2
|
90
|
3
|
00
|
4
|
00
|
5
|
00
|
-
|
1
|
08
|
2
|
17
|
3
|
25
|
4
|
34
|
5
|
42
|
13
|
1
|
17
|
2
|
35
|
3
|
51
|
4
|
69
|
5
|
87
|
-
|
1
|
26
|
2
|
53
|
3
|
80
|
5
|
06
|
6
|
33
|
14
|
1
|
36
|
2
|
72
|
4
|
08
|
5
|
44
|
6
|
80
|
-
|
1
|
46
|
2
|
92
|
4
|
38
|
5
|
80
|
7
|
30
|
15
|
1
|
55
|
3
|
12
|
4
|
68
|
6
|
25
|
7
|
81
|
-
|
1
|
67
|
3
|
33
|
5
|
00
|
6
|
67
|
8
|
34
|
16
|
1
|
78
|
3
|
55
|
5
|
33
|
7
|
11
|
8
|
89
|
-
|
1
|
89
|
3
|
78
|
5
|
67
|
7
|
56
|
9
|
45
|
17
|
2
|
01
|
4
|
01
|
6
|
02
|
8
|
03
|
10
|
03
|
-
|
2
|
13
|
4
|
25
|
6
|
38
|
8
|
51
|
10
|
63
|
18
|
2
|
25
|
4
|
50
|
6
|
25
|
9
|
00
|
11
|
25
|
TABLE
III.
The
Circumference
of
the
Tree
in
Inches
.
|
Cir.
|
F.
|
In.
|
Pt.
|
10
|
18
|
11
|
2
|
11
|
14
|
11
|
5
|
12
|
12
|
6
|
8
|
13
|
10
|
8
|
5
|
14
|
9
|
2
|
7
|
15
|
7
|
10
|
3
|
16
|
7
|
0
|
8
|
17
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
18
|
5
|
7
|
0
|
19
|
5
|
0
|
2
|
20
|
4
|
6
|
3
|
21
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
22
|
3
|
8
|
9
|
23
|
3
|
4
|
9
|
24
|
3
|
1
|
7
|
25
|
2
|
10
|
7
|
26
|
2
|
8
|
1
|
27
|
2
|
5
|
8
|
28
|
2
|
3
|
7
|
29
|
2
|
1
|
8
|
30
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
31
|
1
|
10
|
6
|
32
|
1
|
9
|
2
|
33
|
1
|
7
|
9
|
34
|
1
|
6
|
8
|
35
|
1
|
5
|
7
|
36
|
1
|
4
|
7
|
37
|
1
|
3
|
8
|
38
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
39
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
40
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
41
|
1
|
0
|
9
|
42
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
43
|
0
|
11
|
7
|
44
|
0
|
11
|
1
|
45
|
0
|
10
|
7
|
46
|
0
|
10
|
2
|
47
|
0
|
9
|
9
|
48
|
0
|
9
|
4
|
49
|
0
|
9
|
0
|
50
|
0
|
8
|
7
|
51
|
0
|
8
|
3
|
52
|
0
|
8
|
0
|
53
|
0
|
7
|
8
|
54
|
0
|
7
|
4
|
55
|
0
|
7
|
2
|
56
|
0
|
6
|
9
|
57
|
0
|
6
|
7
|
58
|
0
|
6
|
4
|
59
|
0
|
6
|
2
|
60
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
61
|
0
|
5
|
8
|
62
|
0
|
5
|
6
|
63
|
0
|
5
|
5
|
64
|
0
|
5
|
2
|
65
|
0
|
5
|
1
|
66
|
0
|
4
|
9
|
67
|
0
|
4
|
8
|
68
|
0
|
4
|
7
|
69
|
0
|
4
|
6
|
70
|
0
|
4
|
4
|
71
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
72
|
0
|
4
|
2
|
73
|
0
|
4
|
1
|
74
|
0
|
3
|
9
|
75
|
0
|
3
|
8
|
76
|
0
|
3
|
7
|
77
|
0
|
3
|
7
|
78
|
0
|
3
|
6
|
79
|
0
|
3
|
5
|
80
|
0
|
3
|
4
|
81
|
0
|
3
|
3
|
82
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
83
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
84
|
0
|
3
|
1
|
85
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
86
|
0
|
2
|
9
|
87
|
0
|
2
|
9
|
88
|
0
|
2
|
8
|
89
|
0
|
2
|
7
|
90
|
0
|
2
|
7
|
91
|
0
|
2
|
6
|
92
|
0
|
2
|
6
|
93
|
0
|
2
|
5
|
94
|
0
|
2
|
5
|
95
|
0
|
2
|
4
|
96
|
0
|
2
|
4
|
97
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
98
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
99
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
100
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
TABLE
IV.
In.
|
|
1
|
000000
|
2
|
030103
|
3
|
047712
|
4
|
062206
|
5
|
069897
|
6
|
077815
|
7
|
084509
|
8
|
090308
|
9
|
095424
|
10
|
100000
|
11
|
104139
|
12
|
107918
|
13
|
111394
|
14
|
114612
|
15
|
117609
|
16
|
120411
|
17
|
123044
|
18
|
125527
|
19
|
127875
|
20
|
130102
|
21
|
132221
|
22
|
134242
|
23
|
136172
|
24
|
138021
|
25
|
139794
|
26
|
141497
|
27
|
143136
|
28
|
144715
|
29
|
146239
|
30
|
147712
|
31
|
149136
|
32
|
150525
|
33
|
151851
|
34
|
153147
|
35
|
154406
|
36
|
155630
|
37
|
156820
|
38
|
157978
|
39
|
159106
|
40
|
160205
|
41
|
161278
|
42
|
162325
|
43
|
163346
|
44
|
164345
|
45
|
165321
|
46
|
166275
|
47
|
167209
|
48
|
168124
|
49
|
169019
|
50
|
169807
|
51
|
170757
|
52
|
171600
|
53
|
172427
|
54
|
173239
|
55
|
174036
|
56
|
174818
|
57
|
175587
|
58
|
176342
|
59
|
177085
|
60
|
177815
|
61
|
178532
|
62
|
179239
|
63
|
179934
|
64
|
180618
|
65
|
181291
|
66
|
181954
|
67
|
182607
|
68
|
183250
|
69
|
183885
|
70
|
184509
|
71
|
185125
|
72
|
185735
|
73
|
186832
|
74
|
186923
|
75
|
187506
|
76
|
188081
|
77
|
188649
|
78
|
189209
|
79
|
189762
|
80
|
190309
|
81
|
190848
|
82
|
191381
|
83
|
191907
|
84
|
192428
|
85
|
192941
|
86
|
193449
|
87
|
193952
|
88
|
194448
|
89
|
194939
|
90
|
195624
|
91
|
195904
|
92
|
196378
|
93
|
196848
|
94
|
197312
|
95
|
197772
|
96
|
198217
|
97
|
198677
|
98
|
199122
|
99
|
129563
|
100
|
200000
|
TABLE
II.
Square
of
the
Timber
in
Inches
and
half-Inches
.
|
The
length
of
the
Timber
.
|
Inch.
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
-
[
](A38811-e223900-b)*
*
Note
that
the
short
lines
of
the
Inch
Column
,
between
the
Figures
1-2-3
&c.
do
signifie
half-Inches
.
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
01
|
0
|
02
|
0
|
02
|
1
|
0
|
04
|
0
|
05
|
0
|
05
|
0
|
06
|
0
|
07
|
-
[
](A38811-e224160-b)*
*
Note
that
the
short
lines
of
the
Inch
Column
,
between
the
Figures
1-2-3
&c.
do
signifie
half-Inches
.
|
0
|
09
|
0
|
11
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
11
|
0
|
16
|
2
|
0
|
17
|
0
|
19
|
0
|
2●
|
0
|
25
|
0
|
28
|
-
[
](A38811-e224420-b)*
*
Note
that
the
short
lines
of
the
Inch
Column
,
between
the
Figures
1-2-3
&c.
do
signifie
half-Inches
.
|
0
|
26
|
0
|
30
|
0
|
34
|
0
|
39
|
0
|
43
|
3
|
0
|
37
|
0
|
43
|
0
|
49
|
0
|
56
|
0
|
62
|
-
|
0
|
51
|
0
|
59
|
0
|
68
|
0
|
76
|
0
|
85
|
4
|
0
|
66
|
0
|
78
|
0
|
89
|
0
|
99
|
1
|
11
|
-
|
0
|
84
|
0
|
98
|
1
|
12
|
1
|
26
|
1
|
40
|
5
|
1
|
04
|
1
|
22
|
1
|
39
|
1
|
56
|
1
|
74
|
-
|
1
|
26
|
1
|
47
|
1
|
68
|
1
|
89
|
2
|
10
|
6
|
1
|
50
|
1
|
55
|
2
|
00
|
2
|
25
|
2
|
50
|
-
|
1
|
76
|
2
|
05
|
2
|
34
|
2
|
64
|
2
|
93
|
7
|
2
|
04
|
2
|
38
|
2
|
72
|
3
|
06
|
●
|
40
|
-
|
2
|
34
|
2
|
73
|
3
|
12
|
3
|
51
|
3
|
90
|
8
|
2
|
66
|
3
|
11
|
3
|
55
|
3
|
99
|
4
|
44
|
-
|
3
|
01
|
3
|
51
|
4
|
01
|
4
|
52
|
5
|
02
|
9
|
3
|
37
|
3
|
93
|
4
|
49
|
5
|
06
|
5
|
62
|
-
|
3
|
76
|
4
|
29
|
5
|
01
|
5
|
64
|
6
|
27
|
10
|
4
|
16
|
4
|
86
|
5
|
55
|
6
|
24
|
6
|
94
|
-
|
4
|
59
|
5
|
35
|
6
|
12
|
6
|
88
|
7
|
65
|
11
|
5
|
04
|
5
|
88
|
6
|
72
|
7
|
56
|
8
|
40
|
-
|
5
|
51
|
6
|
43
|
7
|
35
|
8
|
27
|
9
|
19
|
12
|
6
|
00
|
7
|
00
|
8
|
00
|
9
|
00
|
10
|
00
|
-
|
6
|
51
|
7
|
51
|
8
|
68
|
9
|
76
|
10
|
85
|
13
|
7
|
04
|
8
|
22
|
9
|
39
|
10
|
56
|
11
|
74
|
-
|
7
|
59
|
8
|
86
|
10
|
13
|
11
|
39
|
12
|
66
|
14
|
8
|
16
|
9
|
53
|
10
|
89
|
12
|
25
|
13
|
61
|
-
|
8
|
76
|
10
|
22
|
11
|
68
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
60
|
15
|
9
|
37
|
10
|
93
|
12
|
49
|
14
|
06
|
15
|
62
|
-
|
10
|
01
|
11
|
67
|
13
|
34
|
15
|
01
|
16
|
68
|
16
|
10
|
67
|
12
|
44
|
14
|
22
|
16
|
00
|
17
|
78
|
-
|
11
|
34
|
13
|
24
|
15
|
13
|
17
|
02
|
18
|
91
|
17
|
12
|
04
|
14
|
05
|
16
|
05
|
18
|
06
|
20
|
07
|
-
|
12
|
76
|
14
|
89
|
17
|
01
|
19
|
14
|
21
|
27
|
18
|
13
|
50
|
15
|
75
|
19
|
00
|
20
|
25
|
22
|
50
|
TABLE
II.
Square
of
the
Timber
in
Inches
and
half-Inches
.
|
The
length
of
the
Timber
.
|
In.
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
-
|
2
|
38
|
4
|
75
|
7
|
13
|
9
|
51
|
11
|
88
|
19
|
2
|
51
|
5
|
01
|
7
|
52
|
10
|
03
|
12
|
53
|
-
|
2
|
64
|
5
|
28
|
7
|
82
|
10
|
56
|
13
|
20
|
20
|
2
|
78
|
5
|
55
|
8
|
33
|
11
|
11
|
13
|
89
|
-
|
2
|
92
|
5
|
83
|
8
|
75
|
11
|
67
|
14
|
59
|
21
|
3
|
06
|
6
|
12
|
9
|
18
|
12
|
25
|
15
|
31
|
-
|
3
|
11
|
6
|
42
|
9
|
63
|
12
|
84
|
16
|
05
|
22
|
3
|
36
|
6
|
72
|
10
|
08
|
13
|
44
|
16
|
80
|
-
|
3
|
51
|
7
|
03
|
10
|
55
|
14
|
06
|
17
|
58
|
23
|
3
|
67
|
7
|
34
|
11
|
02
|
14
|
69
|
18
|
36
|
-
|
3
|
33
|
7
|
67
|
11
|
50
|
15
|
34
|
19
|
12
|
24
|
4
|
00
|
8
|
00
|
12
|
00
|
16
|
00
|
20
|
00
|
-
|
4
|
16
|
8
|
33
|
12
|
50
|
16
|
66
|
20
|
83
|
25
|
4
|
34
|
8
|
68
|
13
|
02
|
17
|
36
|
21
|
70
|
-
|
4
|
51
|
9
|
02
|
13
|
54
|
18
|
05
|
22
|
56
|
26
|
4
|
69
|
9
|
39
|
14
|
08
|
18
|
77
|
23
|
47
|
-
|
4
|
88
|
9
|
75
|
14
|
63
|
19
|
51
|
24
|
38
|
27
|
5
|
06
|
10
|
12
|
15
|
19
|
20
|
25
|
25
|
31
|
-
|
5
|
25
|
10
|
50
|
15
|
75
|
21
|
0●
|
26
|
25
|
28
|
5
|
44
|
10
|
89
|
16
|
33
|
21
|
78
|
27
|
22
|
-
|
5
|
67
|
11
|
34
|
17
|
01
|
22
|
68
|
28
|
35
|
29
|
5
|
84
|
11
|
68
|
17
|
52
|
23
|
36
|
29
|
20
|
-
|
6
|
04
|
12
|
08
|
18
|
13
|
24
|
17
|
30
|
21
|
30
|
6
|
25
|
12
|
50
|
18
|
75
|
25
|
00
|
31
|
25
|
-
|
6
|
46
|
12
|
92
|
19
|
38
|
25
|
84
|
32
|
30
|
31
|
6
|
67
|
13
|
34
|
20
|
02
|
26
|
69
|
33
|
36
|
-
|
6
|
89
|
13
|
78
|
20
|
67
|
17
|
56
|
34
|
45
|
32
|
7
|
11
|
14
|
●2
|
21
|
33
|
28
|
44
|
35
|
55
|
-
|
7
|
33
|
14
|
66
|
21
|
99
|
29
|
33
|
36
|
66
|
32
|
7
|
56
|
15
|
12
|
32
|
68
|
30
|
24
|
37
|
81
|
-
|
7
|
78
|
15
|
56
|
23
|
34
|
31
|
12
|
38
|
90
|
34
|
8
|
03
|
16
|
05
|
24
|
0●
|
32
|
11
|
40
|
14
|
-
|
8
|
26
|
16
|
52
|
24
|
79
|
33
|
05
|
41
|
31
|
35
|
8
|
54
|
17
|
01
|
25
|
52
|
34
|
03
|
42
|
53
|
-
|
8
|
70
|
17
|
50
|
26
|
25
|
35
|
00
|
43
|
75
|
36
|
9
|
00
|
18
|
00
|
27
|
00
|
36
|
00
|
49
|
00
|
Square
of
the
Timber
in
Inches
and
half-Inches
.
|
The
length
of
the
Timber
.
|
In.
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
F.
|
Pt.
|
-
|
14
|
26
|
16
|
64
|
19
|
01
|
21
|
39
|
23
|
77
|
19
|
15
|
04
|
17
|
55
|
20
|
05
|
22
|
56
|
25
|
07
|
-
|
15
|
64
|
18
|
49
|
21
|
13
|
23
|
77
|
26
|
41
|
20
|
16
|
67
|
19
|
40
|
22
|
22
|
25
|
00
|
27
|
78
|
-
|
17
|
51
|
20
|
42
|
23
|
34
|
26
|
26
|
29
|
18
|
21
|
18
|
37
|
21
|
43
|
24
|
49
|
27
|
56
|
30
|
62
|
-
|
19
|
26
|
22
|
47
|
25
|
68
|
28
|
89
|
32
|
10
|
22
|
20
|
16
|
23
|
53
|
26
|
89
|
30
|
25
|
33
|
61
|
-
|
21
|
09
|
24
|
61
|
28
|
13
|
31
|
64
|
35
|
16
|
23
|
22
|
04
|
25
|
71
|
29
|
38
|
33
|
06
|
36
|
73
|
-
|
23
|
01
|
26
|
84
|
30
|
68
|
34
|
51
|
38
|
35
|
24
|
24
|
00
|
28
|
00
|
32
|
00
|
36
|
00
|
40
|
00
|
-
|
24
|
99
|
29
|
16
|
33
|
33
|
37
|
49
|
41
|
66
|
25
|
26
|
04
|
30
|
38
|
34
|
7●
|
39
|
06
|
43
|
40
|
-
|
27
|
08
|
31
|
59
|
36
|
10
|
40
|
62
|
45
|
13
|
26
|
28
|
16
|
32
|
86
|
37
|
55
|
42
|
24
|
46
|
94
|
-
|
29
|
26
|
34
|
14
|
39
|
01
|
43
|
89
|
48
|
77
|
27
|
30
|
38
|
35
|
44
|
40
|
50
|
45
|
57
|
50
|
63
|
-
|
31
|
50
|
36
|
75
|
42
|
00
|
47
|
25
|
52
|
50
|
28
|
32
|
67
|
38
|
11
|
43
|
56
|
49
|
00
|
54
|
45
|
-
|
34
|
02
|
39
|
69
|
45
|
36
|
51
|
03
|
56
|
70
|
29
|
35
|
04
|
40
|
88
|
46
|
72
|
52
|
56
|
58
|
40
|
-
|
36
|
26
|
42
|
30
|
48
|
34
|
54
|
39
|
60
|
43
|
30
|
37
|
50
|
43
|
75
|
5
|
00
|
56
|
25
|
62
|
50
|
-
|
38
|
76
|
45
|
22
|
51
|
68
|
58
|
14
|
64
|
60
|
31
|
40
|
04
|
46
|
71
|
53
|
36
|
60
|
06
|
66
|
|
-
|
41
|
3●
|
48
|
23
|
55
|
1●
|
62
|
01
|
68
|
|
32
|
42
|
6●
|
49
|
78
|
56
|
89
|
63
|
99
|
71
|
11
|
-
|
43
|
99
|
51
|
33
|
58
|
66
|
65
|
99
|
73
|
33
|
33
|
45
|
37
|
52
|
93
|
60
|
49
|
68
|
06
|
75
|
62
|
-
|
46
|
68
|
54
|
46
|
62
|
24
|
70
|
02
|
78
|
80
|
34
|
48
|
17
|
56
|
19
|
64
|
22
|
72
|
25
|
80
|
28
|
-
|
49
|
58
|
57
|
84
|
66
|
10
|
74
|
37
|
82
|
63
|
35
|
51
|
04
|
59
|
55
|
68
|
05
|
76
|
56
|
85
|
07
|
-
|
52
|
50
|
61
|
25
|
70
|
00
|
78
|
75
|
87
|
50
|
36
|
45
|
00
|
63
|
00
|
72
|
00
|
S1
|
00
|
90
|
00
|
TABLE
V.
The
Breadth
of
Plank
in
Feet
and
Inches
.
|
The
length
of
a
Foot
square
,
in
Feet
and
10th
.
part
of
Inches
.
|
F.
|
In.
|
F.
|
In.
|
Pts.
|
0
|
1
|
12
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
2
|
4
|
8
|
6
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
7
|
1
|
8
|
6
|
8
|
1
|
6
|
0
|
9
|
1
|
4
|
0
|
10
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
11
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
I
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
11
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
10
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
9
|
6
|
4
|
0
|
9
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
8
|
5
|
6
|
0
|
8
|
0
|
7
|
0
|
7
|
6
|
8
|
0
|
7
|
2
|
9
|
0
|
6
|
8
|
10
|
0
|
6
|
5
|
11
|
0
|
6
|
2
|
II
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
5
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
5
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
5
|
3
|
4
|
0
|
5
|
1
|
5
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
4
|
8
|
7
|
0
|
4
|
7
|
8
|
0
|
4
|
5
|
9
|
0
|
4
|
4
|
10
|
0
|
4
|
2
|
11
|
0
|
4
|
1
|
III
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
34.
If
you
are
to
remove
your
Timber
,
let
the
Dew
be
first
off
,
and
the
South-wind
blow
before
you
draw
it
:
neither
should
you
by
any
means
put
it
to
use
for
three
,
or
four
months
after
,
unless
great
necessity
urge
you
,
as
it
did
Duilius
,
who
in
the
Punic
War
built
his
Fleet
of
Timber
before
it
was
season'd
,
being
not
above
two
months
from
the
very
Felling
to
the
Launching
:
and
as
were
also
those
Navies
of
Hiero
after
forty
days
;
and
that
of
Scipio
,
in
the
third
Carthaginean
War
,
from
the
very
Forest
to
the
Sea
.
July
is
a
good
time
for
bringing
home
your
fell'd
Timber
:
But
concerning
the
Time
and
Season
of
Felling
,
a
just
Treatise
might
be
written
:
Let
the
Learned
therefore
consult
Vitruvius
particularly
on
this
subject
.
l.
2.
c.
19.
Also
M.
Cato
c.
17.
Plin.
l.
16.
c.
31.
Constantinus
and
Heron.
l.
3.
de
RR.
Veget.
l.
4.
c.
35.
Columella
l.
3.
c.
2.
but
especially
the
most
ample
Theophrastus
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
l.
5.
Note
,
that
a
Tun
of
Timber
is
forty
solid
Feet
,
a
Load
fifty
.
35.
To
make
excellent
Boards
and
Planks
,
't
is
the
advice
of
some
,
you
should
Bark
your
Trees
in
a
fit
season
,
and
so
let
them
stand
naked
a
full
year
before
the
felling
;
and
in
some
cases
,
and
grounds
,
it
may
be
profitable
:
But
let
these
,
with
what
has
been
already
said
in
the
foregoing
Chapters
of
the
several
kinds
,
suffice
for
this
Article
:
I
shall
add
one
Advertisement
of
Caution
to
those
Noble
persons
,
and
others
who
have
Groves
and
Trees
of
ornament
neer
their
houses
,
and
in
their
Gardens
in
London
,
and
the
Circle
of
it
;
especially
,
if
they
be
of
great
stature
,
and
well
grown
;
such
as
are
the
Groves
in
the
several
Inns
of
Court
;
nay
,
even
that
(
comparatively
,
new
Plantation
)
in
my
Lord
of
Bedfords
Garden
,
&c.
and
wherever
they
stand
in
the
more
interiour
parts
of
the
City
;
that
they
be
not
over
hasty
,
or
by
any
means
perswaded
to
cut
down
any
of
their
old
Trees
,
upon
hope
of
new
more
flourishing
Plantations
;
thickning
,
or
repairing
deformities
;
because
they
grew
so
well
when
first
they
were
set
:
It
is
to
be
consider'd
how
exceedingly
that
pernicious
smoak
of
the
Sea-coal
is
increas'd
in
,
and
about
London
since
they
were
first
planted
,
and
the
buildings
environing
them
,
and
inclosing
it
in
amongst
them
,
which
does
so
universally
contaminate
the
Air
,
that
what
Plantations
of
Trees
shall
be
now
begun
in
any
of
those
places
,
will
have
much
ado
,
great
difficulty
,
and
require
a
long
time
,
to
be
brought
to
any
tolerable
perfection
:
Therefore
let
them
make
much
of
what
they
have
;
and
though
I
discourage
none
,
yet
I
can
animate
none
to
cut
down
the
old
.
36.
And
here
might
now
come
in
a
pretty
speculation
,
what
should
be
the
Reason
after
generall
Fellings
and
Extirpations
of
vast
Woods
of
one
species
,
the
next
spontaneous
succession
should
be
of
quite
a
different
sort
?
We
see
indeed
something
of
this
in
our
Gardens
and
Corne
fields
(
as
the
best
of
Poets
witnesses
)
but
that
may
be
much
imputed
to
the
alteration
,
by
improvement
,
or
detriment
of
the
Soyle
and
other
Accidents
:
whatever
the
Cause
may
be
,
since
it
appears
not
in
any
universal
decay
of
Nature
(
sufficiently
exploded
)
I
shall
onely
here
produce
matter
of
Fact
,
and
that
it
ordinarily
happens
.
As
in
some
goodly
Woods
formerly
belonging
to
my
Grandfather
that
were
all
of
Oak
;
after
felling
,
they
universally
sprung
up
Beech
;
and
't
is
affirm'd
by
general
Experience
,
that
after
Beech
,
Birch
succeeds
;
as
in
that
famous
Wood
at
Darnway
on
the
River
Tindarne
in
the
Province
of
Moray
in
Scotland
,
where
nothing
had
grown
but
Oak
in
a
Wood
three
miles
in
length
,
and
happily
more
Southerly
,
it
might
have
been
Beech
,
and
not
Birch
'till
the
third
degradation
.
Birches
familiarly
grow
out
of
old
and
decay'd
Oaks
;
but
whence
this
Sympathy
and
affection
should
proceed
,
is
more
difficult
to
resolve
,
in
as
much
as
we
do
not
detect
any
so
prolifical
,
and
eminent
Seed
in
that
Tree
.
Some
Accidents
of
this
nature
may
be
imputed
to
the
Winds
,
and
the
Birds
who
frequently
have
been
known
to
waste
and
convey
Seeds
to
places
widely
distant
,
as
we
have
touch'd
in
the
Chapter
of
Firs
,
&c.
Sect.
4.
Holly
has
been
seen
to
grow
out
of
Ash
,
as
Ash
out
of
severall
Trees
,
especially
Hei-Thorn
;
nay
,
in
an
old
rotten
Ash-stump
,
in
a
place
where
no
Ashes
at
all
grew
by
many
miles
in
the
whole
County
:
And
I
have
had
it
confidently
asserted
by
Persons
of
undoubted
truth
,
that
they
have
seen
a
Tree
cut
in
the
middle
,
whose
heart
was
Ash-wood
,
and
the
exteriour
part
Oak
,
and
this
in
Northampton-shire
:
And
why
not
as
well
(
though
with
something
more
difficulty
?
)
as
through
a
Willow
,
whose
Body
it
has
been
observed
to
penetrate
even
to
the
Earth
?
obtruding
the
Willow
quite
out
of
its
place
,
of
which
a
pretty
Emblem
might
be
conceiv'd
:
But
I
pursue
these
Instances
no
farther
,
concluding
this
Chapter
with
the
Norway
Engine
,
or
Saw-Mill
,
to
be
either
moved
with
the
force
of
Water
,
or
Wind
,
&c.
for
the
more
expedite
cuting
and
converting
of
Timber
,
to
which
we
will
add
another
,
for
the
more
facile
perforation
and
boring
of
Elms
,
or
other
Timber
to
make
Pipes
and
Aquaeducts
,
and
the
excavating
of
Columns
to
preserve
their
Shafts
from
splitting
,
to
which
otherwise
they
are
obnoxious
.
The
Frames
of
both
these
Instruments
discover
themselves
sufficiently
to
the
eye
,
and
therefore
will
need
the
less
description
;
There
is
yet
this
reformation
from
those
which
they
use
both
in
Norway
and
Switzerland
;
That
whereas
they
make
the
Timber
approach
the
Sawes
,
by
certain
indented
Wheels
with
a
Rochet
(
which
is
frequently
out
of
order
)
there
is
in
the
first
Figure
a
substitution
of
two
Counterpoises
of
about
three
hundred
pound
weight
,
each
,
as
you
may
see
at
A.A.
fastning
the
Cords
to
which
they
append
,
at
the
extreams
of
two
movable
pieces
of
Timber
,
which
slide
on
two
other
pieces
of
fixed
Wood
,
by
the
ayd
of
certain
small
Pullys
,
which
you
may
imagine
to
be
within
an
Hinge
in
the
House
or
Mill
,
by
which
means
the
Weights
continually
draw
,
and
advance
the
moving
pieces
of
Wood
,
and
consequently
the
Timber
to
be
slit
,
fastned
'twixt
the
said
Pieces
,
towards
the
Teeth
of
the
Saws
,
rising
,
and
falling
as
the
motion
of
the
Wheele
directs
;
And
on
this
Frame
you
may
put
four
or
five
Saws
,
or
more
if
you
please
,
and
place
them
at
what
intervals
you
think
fit
,
according
to
the
dimensions
which
you
designe
in
cutting
the
Timber
for
your
use
;
and
when
the
piece
is
sawn
,
then
one
or
two
men
with
a
Lever
,
must
turn
a
Roller
,
to
which
there
is
annext
a
strong
Cord
,
which
will
draw
back
the
Piece
,
and
lift
up
the
Counter-poise
;
and
so
the
piece
put
a
little
towards
one
side
,
direct
the
Saws
against
another
.
The
second
Figure
for
Boring
,
consists
of
an
Ax-tree
,
to
which
is
fastned
a
Wheel
of
six
and
thirty
Teeth
,
or
more
,
as
the
velocity
of
the
Water-motion
requires
;
for
if
it
be
slow
,
more
Teeth
are
requisite
;
There
must
also
be
a
Pinion
of
six
,
turn'd
by
the
said
indented
Wheel
:
Then
to
the
Ax-tree
of
the
Pinion
is
to
be
fixt
a
long
Auger
,
as
in
letter
A
,
which
must
passe
through
the
hole
B
,
to
be
opened
and
clos'd
as
occasion
requires
,
somewhat
like
a
Turners
Lathe
:
The
Tree
or
piece
of
Timber
to
be
Bored
,
is
to
be
plac'd
on
the
Frame
CD
,
so
as
the
Frame
may
easily
slide
by
the
help
of
certain
small
Wheels
,
which
are
in
the
hollow
of
it
,
and
turn
upon
strong
Pins
,
so
as
the
Work-man
may
shove
forwards
,
or
draw
the
Tree
back
,
after
't
is
fastned
to
the
Frame
;
that
so
the
Auger
turning
,
the
end
of
the
Tree
may
be
applied
to
it
;
still
remembring
to
draw
it
back
at
every
progresse
of
three
or
four
inches
which
the
Auger
makes
for
the
clensing
it
from
the
Chips
,
least
the
Auger
break
:
Continue
this
work
till
the
Tree
,
or
piece
of
Timber
be
bored
as
far
as
you
think
convenient
,
and
when
you
desire
to
inlarge
the
hole
,
change
your
Auger
Bits
as
the
Figure
represents
them
.
To
these
we
might
add
severall
more
,
as
they
are
described
by
Besson
,
Ramelli
,
Cause
,
and
others
;
as
likewise
Cranes
and
Machines
for
the
easier
Elevation
,
Moving
,
and
Transporting
of
Timber
,
but
they
are
now
become
familiar
,
and
therefore
I
omit
them
.
CHAP.
XXXI
.
Of
Timber
the
Seasoning
and
Uses
,
and
of
Fuel
.
Seasoning
.
SInce
it
is
certain
and
Demonstrable
that
all
Arts
and
Artisans
whatsoever
,
must
faile
and
cease
,
if
there
were
no
Timber
and
Wood
in
a
Nation
(
for
he
that
shall
take
his
Pen
,
and
begin
to
set
down
what
Art
,
Mysterie
,
or
Trade
belonging
any
way
to
human
life
,
could
be
maintain'd
and
exercis'd
without
Wood
,
will
quickly
find
that
I
speak
no
Paradox
)
I
say
,
when
this
shall
be
well
consider'd
,
it
will
appear
,
that
we
had
better
be
without
Gold
,
than
without
Timber
:
This
contemplation
,
and
the
universal
use
of
that
precious
Material
(
which
yet
is
not
of
universal
use
'till
it
be
duly
prepar'd
)
has
mov'd
me
to
design
a
solemn
Chapter
for
the
seasoning
,
as
well
as
to
mention
some
farther
particular
Applications
of
it
.
We
have
before
spoken
concerning
some
preparations
of
standing
Trees
design'd
for
Timber
,
by
a
half-cutting
,
disbarking
,
and
the
seasons
of
drawing
,
and
using
it
.
2.
Lay
up
your
Timber
very
dry
,
in
an
airy
place
(
yet
out
of
the
Wind
or
Sun
)
and
not
standing
upright
,
but
lying
along
one
piece
upon
another
,
interposing
some
short
blocks
between
them
,
to
preserve
them
from
a
certain
mouldinesse
which
they
usually
contract
while
they
sweat
,
and
which
frequently
produces
a
kind
of
fungus
,
especially
if
there
be
any
sappy
parts
remaining
.
3.
Some
there
are
yet
,
who
keep
their
Timber
as
moist
as
they
can
,
by
submerging
it
in
Water
,
where
they
let
it
imbibe
to
hinder
the
cleaving
;
and
this
is
good
in
Fir
,
both
for
the
better
stripping
and
seasoning
;
yea
,
and
not
onely
in
Fir
,
but
other
Timber
:
lay
therefore
your
Boards
a
Fortnight
in
the
Water
,
and
then
setting
them
upright
in
the
Sun
and
Wind
,
so
as
it
may
freely
passe
through
them
,
(
especially
during
the
heats
of
Summer
,
which
is
the
time
of
finishing
Buildings
)
turn
them
daily
;
and
thus
treated
,
even
newly
sawn
Boards
,
will
Floor
far
better
than
a
many
years
dry
Seasoning
,
as
they
call
it
.
But
to
prevent
all
possible
accidents
,
when
you
lay
your
Floors
,
let
the
joynts
be
shot
,
fitted
,
and
tack'd
down
only
for
the
first
year
,
nailing
them
for
good
and
all
the
next
;
and
by
this
means
they
will
lye
Stanch
,
close
,
and
without
Shrinking
in
the
least
,
as
if
it
were
all
of
one
piece
.
Amongst
Wheele-Wrights
the
Water
-
seasoning
is
of
especial
regard
,
and
in
such
esteem
amongst
some
,
that
I
am
assur'd
the
Venetians
for
their
Provision
in
the
Arsenal
,
lay
their
Oak
some
years
in
it
,
before
they
employ
it
.
Elm
fell'd
never
so
green
for
suddain
use
,
if
plung'd
four
or
five
dayes
in
water
(
especially
Salt
,
which
is
best
)
obtains
an
admirable
seasoning
,
and
may
immediately
be
us'd
.
Some
again
commend
buryings
in
the
Earth
;
others
in
wheat
;
and
there
be
seasonings
of
the
fire
,
as
for
the
scorching
and
hardning
of
Piles
which
are
to
stand
either
in
the
water
,
or
the
earth
;
—
The
Oke
Explore
,
suspended
in
the
Chimney
smoke
.
Et
suspensa
focis
exploret
robora
fumus
.
Georg.
●
.
For
that
to
most
Timber
it
contributes
much
to
its
duration
.
Thus
do
all
the
Elements
contribute
to
the
Art
of
Seasoning
.
The
Learned
Interpreter
of
Antonio
Neris
Art
of
Glasse
c.
5.
speaking
of
the
Difference
of
Vegetables
,
as
they
are
made
use
of
at
various
seasons
,
observes
from
the
Button-mould-makers
in
those
woods
they
use
,
that
Pear-trees
cut
in
Summer
work
toughest
,
but
Holly
in
the
Winter
,
Box
hardest
about
Easter
,
but
mellow
in
Summer
,
Hawthorn
kindly
about
October
,
and
Service
tree
in
the
Summer
.
4.
And
yet
even
the
greenest
Timber
is
sometimes
desirable
for
such
as
Carve
and
Turn
;
but
it
choaks
the
teeth
of
our
Saws
;
and
for
Doors
,
Windows
,
Floors
,
and
other
close
Works
,
it
is
altogether
to
be
rejected
;
especially
,
where
Wallnut-tree
is
the
material
,
which
will
be
sure
to
shrink
:
Therefore
it
is
best
to
choose
such
as
is
of
two
,
or
three
years
seasoning
,
and
that
is
neither
moist
nor
over-dry
;
the
mean
is
best
.
Sir
Hugh
Plat
informs
us
that
the
Venetians
use
to
burn
,
and
scorch
their
timber
in
a
flaming
fire
,
continually
turning
it
round
with
an
Engine
,
till
they
have
gotten
upon
it
an
hard
,
black
,
coaly
crust
;
and
the
Secret
carries
with
it
great
probability
;
for
that
the
Wood
is
brought
by
it
to
such
a
hardnesse
and
drynesse
,
ut
cùm
omnis
putrifactio
incipiat
ab
humido
,
nor
Earth
,
nor
Water
can
penetrate
it
;
I
my self
remembring
to
have
seen
Charcoals
dug
out
of
the
ground
amongst
the
ruines
of
antient
Buildings
,
which
have
in
all
probability
lain
cover'd
with
earth
above
1500
years
.
5.
Timber
which
is
cleft
,
is
nothing
so
obnoxious
to
rift
and
cleave
as
what
is
hewen
;
nor
that
which
is
squar'd
,
as
what
is
round
;
and
therefore
where
use
is
to
be
made
of
huge
and
massie
Columns
,
let
them
be
boared
through
from
end
to
end
;
it
is
an
excellent
preservative
from
splitting
,
and
not
un-philosophical
;
though
to
cure
this
accident
,
the
rubbing
them
over
with
a
wax-cloth
is
good
,
Painters
Putty
,
&c.
or
before
it
be
converted
,
the
smearing
the
timber
over
with
Cow-dung
,
which
prevents
the
effects
both
of
Sun
and
Air
upon
it
;
if
of
necessity
it
must
lye
expos'd
:
But
besides
the
former
remedies
,
I
find
this
,
for
the
closing
of
the
chops
and
clefts
of
Green-timber
,
to
anoint
and
supple
it
with
the
fat
of
powder'd
beef-broth
,
with
which
it
must
be
well
soak'd
,
the
chasm's
fill'd
with
spunges
dipt
into
it
;
this
,
to
be
twice
done
over
:
Some
Carpenters
make
use
of
grease
and
saw-dust
mingled
;
but
the
first
is
so
good
a
way
(
sayes
my
Authour
)
that
I
have
seen
Wind-shock-timber
so
exquisitely
closed
,
as
not
to
be
discerned
where
the
defects
were
:
This
must
be
us'd
when
the
timber
is
green
.
6.
We
spake
before
of
Squaring
,
and
I
would
now
recommend
the
Quartering
of
such
trees
as
will
allow
useful
and
competent
Scantlings
,
to
be
of
much
more
durablenesse
,
and
effect
for
strength
,
than
where
(
as
custome
is
,
and
for
want
of
observation
)
whole
Beams
and
Timbers
are
apply'd
in
Ships
or
Houses
,
with
slab
and
all
about
them
,
upon
false
suppositions
of
strength
beyond
these
Quarters
:
For
there
is
in
all
trees
an
evident
Interstice
or
separation
between
the
heart
and
the
rest
of
the
body
,
which
renders
it
much
more
obnoxious
to
decay
and
miscarry
,
than
when
they
are
treated
,
and
converted
as
I
have
describ'd
it
;
and
it
would
likewise
save
a
world
of
Materials
in
the
Building
of
great
Ships
,
where
so
much
excellent
timber
is
hew'd
away
to
spoyl
,
were
it
more
in
practise
.
Finally
,
7.
I
must
not
omit
to
take
notice
of
the
coating
of
timber
in
Work
,
us'd
by
the
Hollanders
for
the
preservation
of
their
Gates
,
Port-cullis's
,
Draw-bridges
,
Sluces
,
and
other
huge
beams
and
Contignations
of
timber
expos'd
to
the
Sun
,
and
perpetual
injuries
of
the
Weather
,
by
a
certain
mixture
of
Pitch
and
Tar
,
upon
which
they
strew
small
pieces
of
Cockle
and
other
shells
,
beaten
almost
to
powder
,
and
mingled
with
Sea-sand
,
or
the
Scales
of
Iron
,
beaten
small
and
siefted
,
which
incrusts
,
and
arms
it
after
an
incredible
manner
against
all
these
assaults
and
foreign
invaders
:
But
if
this
should
be
deem'd
more
obnoxious
to
Fireing
,
I
have
heard
that
a
Wash
made
of
Alume
,
has
wonderfully
protected
it
against
the
assaults
even
of
that
devouring
Element
,
and
that
so
a
wooden
Tower
or
Fort
at
the
Piraeum
an
Athenian
Port
,
was
defended
by
Archelaus
a
Commander
of
Mithridates
,
from
the
great
Sylla
.
8.
Timbers
that
you
have
occasion
to
lay
in
Morter
,
or
which
is
in
any
part
contiguous
to
Lime
,
as
Doors
,
Window-Cases
,
Ground-sils
,
and
the
extremities
of
Beams
,
&c.
should
be
cap'd
with
molten
Pitch
,
which
will
be
a
marvellous
preserver
of
it
from
the
burning
,
and
destructive
effects
of
the
Lime
;
and
in
defect
of
Pitch
,
Loam
,
or
Clay
will
prove
a
tollerable
defence
.
9.
For
all
uses
,
that
Timber
is
esteem'd
the
best
,
which
is
the
most
pondrous
,
and
which
lying
long
,
makes
deepest
impression
in
the
Earth
,
or
in
the
Water
being
floated
;
also
what
is
without
knots
,
yet
firm
,
and
free
from
sap
;
which
is
that
fatty
,
whiter
,
and
softer
part
,
call'd
by
the
Antients
Alburnum
,
which
you
are
diligently
to
hew
away
;
here
we
have
much
adoe
about
the
Porulus
of
the
Fir
,
and
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
by
both
Vitruvius
and
Theophrastus
,
which
I
passe
over
.
You
shall
perceive
some
which
has
a
spiral
convolution
of
the
veins
;
but
it
is
a
vice
proceeding
from
the
severity
of
unseasonable
Winters
,
and
defect
of
good
nutriment
.
10.
My
Lord
Bacon
Exp.
658.
recommends
for
tryal
of
a
sound
or
knotty
piece
of
Timber
,
to
cause
one
to
speak
at
one
of
the
Extreams
to
his
Companion
listning
at
the
other
;
for
if
it
be
knotty
,
the
sound
sayes
he
,
will
come
abrupt
.
11.
Moreover
,
it
is
expedient
that
you
know
which
is
the
Grain
,
and
which
are
the
Veins
in
Timber
(
whence
the
term
fluviari
arborem
)
because
of
the
difficulty
of
working
against
it
:
Those
therefore
be
the
veins
which
grow
largest
,
and
are
softer
for
the
benefit
of
Cleaving
,
and
Hewing
;
that
the
Grain
or
Pectines
which
runs
in
waves
,
and
makes
the
divers
and
beautiful
chamfers
which
some
woods
abound
in
to
admiration
.
The
Grain
of
Beech
runs
two
contrary
wayes
,
and
is
therefore
to
be
wrought
accordingly
.
12.
Here
it
may
be
fitly
enquir'd
,
whether
of
all
the
sorts
we
have
enumerated
,
the
old
,
or
the
younger
Trees
do
yield
the
fairest
Colour
,
pleasant
Grain
and
Glosse
for
Wainscot
,
Cabinets
,
Boxes
,
Gun-stocks
,
&c.
and
what
kind
of
Pear
and
Plum-tree
give
the
deepest
Red
,
and
approaches
nearest
in
beauty
to
Brasil
:
'T
is
affirm'd
the
Old-Oake
,
Old
Walnut
,
and
young-Ash
,
are
best
for
most
uses
;
black
,
and
thorny
Plum-tree
is
of
the
deepest
,
Oriency
;
but
whether
these
belong
to
the
Forest
,
I
am
not
yet
satisfied
,
and
therefore
have
assigned
them
no
Chapter
apart
.
13.
I
would
also
add
something
concerning
what
Woods
are
observed
to
be
most
sonorous
for
Musical
Instruments
:
We
as
yet
detect
few
but
the
German
Fir
,
which
is
a
species
of
Maple
,
for
the
Rimms
of
Viols
,
and
the
choicest
and
finest
grain'd
Fir
for
the
Bellyes
:
The
finger-boards
,
Back
,
and
Ribbs
,
I
have
seen
of
Eugh
,
Pear-tree
,
&c.
But
Pipes
,
Recorders
,
and
wind-Instruments
,
are
made
both
of
hard
,
and
soft
woods
;
I
had
lately
an
Organ
with
a
set
of
Oaken-pipes
,
which
were
the
most
sweet
and
mellow
that
were
ever
heard
;
It
was
a
very
old
Instrument
,
and
formerly
,
I
think
,
belonging
to
the
Duke
of
Norfolk
.
14.
For
the
place
of
growth
,
that
Timber
is
esteem'd
best
which
grows
most
in
the
Sun
,
and
on
a
dry
and
hale
ground
;
for
those
trees
which
suck
,
and
drink
little
,
are
most
hard
,
robust
,
and
longest
liv'd
,
instances
of
Sobriety
;
The
Climate
contributes
much
to
its
quality
,
and
the
Northern
situation
is
preferred
to
the
rest
of
the
quarters
;
so
as
that
which
grew
in
Tuscany
was
of
old
thought
better
than
that
of
the
Venetian
side
;
and
trees
of
the
wilder
kind
,
and
barren
,
than
the
over
much
cultivated
,
and
great
bearers
:
but
of
this
already
.
15.
To
omit
nothing
,
Authours
have
sum'd
up
the
natures
of
timber
;
as
the
hardest
Ebeny
,
Box
,
Larch
,
Lotus
,
Terebinth
,
Cornus
,
Eugh
,
&c.
which
are
best
to
receive
politure
;
and
for
this
,
Lin-seed
,
or
the
sweeter
Nut
oyl
does
the
effect
best
:
Pliny
gives
us
the
Receipt
,
with
a
decoction
of
Walnut-shales
,
and
certain
wild
pears
:
Next
to
these
,
Oak
for
Ships
,
and
Houses
(
or
more
minutely
)
the
Oak
for
the
Keel
,
the
Robur
for
the
Prow
,
Walnut
the
Stern
,
Elm
the
Pump
;
Furnerus
l.
1.
c.
22.
conceives
the
Ark
to
have
been
built
of
several
woods
;
Cornel
,
Holly
,
&c.
for
Pins
,
Wedges
,
&c.
Chessnut
,
Horn-beam
Poplar
,
&c.
Then
for
Bucklers
,
and
Targets
,
were
commended
the
more
soft
and
moist
;
because
apt
to
close
,
swell
,
and
make
up
their
wounds
again
;
such
as
Willow
,
Lime
,
Birch
,
Alder
,
Elder
,
Ash
,
Poplar
,
&c.
The
Robur
,
or
Wild-Oak
Timber
,
best
to
stand
in
ground
;
the
Quercus
without
:
The
Cypresse
,
Fir
,
Pines
,
Cedar
,
&c.
for
Posts
,
and
Columns
,
because
of
their
erect
growth
,
natural
and
comely
diminutions
.
Then
again
it
is
noted
,
that
Oriental
Trees
are
hardest
towards
the
Cortex
or
Bark
;
our
Western
towards
the
middle
,
which
we
call
the
Heart
;
and
that
Trees
which
bear
fruit
,
or
but
little
,
are
more
durable
than
the
more
pregnant
.
It
is
noted
,
of
Oak
,
that
the
knots
of
an
inveterate
Tree
,
just
where
a
lusty
arme
joyns
to
the
Stem
,
is
as
curiously
vein'd
as
the
Wall-nut
,
which
omitted
in
the
Chapter
of
the
Oake
,
I
here
observe
.
Pines
,
Pitch
,
Alder
,
and
Elm
,
are
excellent
to
make
Pumps
and
Conduit-pipes
,
and
for
all
Water-works
,
&c.
Fir
for
Beams
,
Bolts
,
Bars
;
being
tough
,
and
not
so
apt
to
break
as
the
hardest
Oak
:
In
sum
,
the
more
odoriferous
Trees
are
the
more
durable
and
lasting
.
16.
Here
farther
for
the
uses
of
timber
,
I
will
observe
to
our
Reader
some
other
Particulars
for
direction
both
of
the
Seller
and
Buyer
,
applicable
to
the
several
Species
:
And
first
of
the
two
sorts
of
Lathes
allow'd
by
Statute
,
one
of
five
,
the
other
of
four
foot
long
,
because
of
the
different
Intervals
of
Rafters
:
That
of
five
has
100
to
the
Bundle
,
those
of
four
120
;
and
to
be
in
breadth
1
Inch
and
½
,
and
half
Inch
thick
;
of
either
of
which
sorts
there
are
three
,
viz.
Heart-oak
,
Sap-Lathes
,
and
Deal-Lathes
,
which
also
differ
in
Price
:
The
Heart-oak
are
fittest
to
lye
under
tyling
,
the
second
sort
,
for
plastring
of
side-walls
,
and
the
third
for
Ceilings
,
because
they
are
streight
and
even
.
17.
Here
we
will
gratifie
our
curious
Reader
with
as
curious
an
Account
of
the
Comparative
strength
and
fortitude
of
the
several
usual
sorts
of
timber
,
as
upon
Suggestions
previous
to
this
Work
,
it
was
several
times
Experimented
by
the
Royal
Society
,
though
omitted
in
the
first
Impression
,
because
the
tryals
were
not
complete
as
they
now
thus
stand
in
our
Register
.
March
23.
1663.
The
Experiment
of
breaking
several
sorts
of
Wood
was
begun
to
be
made
:
And
there
were
taken
three
pieces
of
several
kinds
;
of
Fir
,
Oak
,
and
Ash
,
each
an
Inch
thick
,
and
two
foot
long
,
the
Fir
weighed
81/16
Ounces
,
and
was
broken
with
200
l.
weight
:
The
Oak
weigh'd
12¼
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
broken
with
250
weight
:
the
Ash
weigh'd
10¼
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
broken
with
325
weight
.
Besides
there
were
taken
3
pieces
of
the
same
sorts
of
wood
each
of
½
inch
thick
,
and
1
foot
long
:
the
Fir
weigh'd
j
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
was
broken
with
⅝
of
an
100
:
The
Oak
weigh'd
1⅝
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
broken
with
⅝
of
an
100
:
the
Ash
weigh'd
1⅜
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
broken
with
100
l.
Again
,
there
was
a
piece
of
Fir
½
Inch
square
,
and
two
foot
long
,
broken
with
33
l.
A
piece
of
½
Inch
thick
1
Inch
broad
,
and
7
foots
long
,
broken
with
100
weight
edge-wise
;
And
a
piece
of
½
inch
thick
,
1½
broad
,
2
foot
long
,
broken
with
125
weight
,
also
edge-wise
.
The
Experiment
was
order'd
to
be
repeated
by
the
President
,
to
Sr.
William
Petty
,
and
Mr.
Hook
;
and
it
was
suggested
by
some
of
the
Company
,
that
in
these
tryals
consideration
might
be
had
of
the
age
,
knottinesse
,
solidity
,
several
Soyls
,
and
parts
of
trees
,
&c.
and
Sr.
Robert
Morray
did
particularly
add
,
that
it
might
be
observ'd
how
far
any
kind
of
Wood
bends
before
it
breaks
.
March
—
64.
The
Operator
gave
an
Accompt
of
more
pieces
of
wood
broken
by
weight
,
viz.
a
piece
of
Fir
4
foot
long
2
Inches
,
53
Ounce
weight
,
broken
with
800
l.
weight
,
and
very
little
bending
with
750
;
by
which
the
Hypothesis
seems
to
be
confirm'd
,
that
in
similar
pieces
,
the
Proportion
of
the
breaking-weight
is
according
to
the
basis
of
the
wood-broken
:
Secondly
,
of
a
piece
of
Fir
2
foot
long
,
1
Inch
square
,
cut
away
from
the
middle
both
wayes
to
half
an
Inch
,
which
supported
250
l.
weight
before
it
broke
,
which
is
more
by
50
l.
than
a
piece
of
the
same
thicknesse
every
way
was
formerly
broken
with
;
the
difference
was
guessed
to
proceed
from
the
more
firmnesse
of
this
other
piece
.
His
Lordship
was
desired
to
contribute
to
the
Prosecution
of
this
Experiment
,
and
particularly
,
to
consider
what
line
a
Beam
must
be
cut
in
,
and
how
thick
it
ought
to
be
at
the
Extream
,
to
be
equally
strong
:
Which
was
brought
in
April
13
,
but
I
find
it
not
enter'd
.
April
20.
1664.
The
Experiment
of
breaking
Wood
was
prosecuted
,
and
there
were
taken
two
pieces
of
Fir
,
each
two
foot
long
,
and
1
Inch
square
,
which
were
broken
,
the
one
long-wayes
with
300
l.
weight
,
the
other
transverse-wayes
with
2½
hundred
:
Secondly
,
two
pieces
of
the
same
wood
,
each
of
¾
of
an
Inch
square
,
and
two
foot
long
,
broken
,
the
one
long
wayes
with
1¼
hundred
;
the
other
transverse
with
100
l.
weight
:
Thirdly
,
one
piece
of
2
foot
long
½
Inch
square
,
broken
longwayes
with
81
l.
Fourthly
,
one
piece
cut
out
of
a
crooked
Oken-billet
,
with
an
arching
Grain
,
about
¾
Inch
square
,
two
foot
long
,
broken
with
¼
hundred
.
June
29.
1664.
There
were
made
several
Experiments
more
of
breaking
wood
:
First
,
a
piece
of
Fir
½
Inch
diameter
,
and
3
Inches
long
,
at
which
distance
the
weight
hung
,
broke
in
the
Plane
of
the
Grain
horizontally
,
with
66¾
l.
whereof
15
l.
Troy
;
Vertically
,
with
2
l.
more
.
Also
Fir
of
a
¼
Inch
diameter
,
and
1½
Inch
long
,
broke
vertically
with
20
l.
and
horizontally
,
with
19
l.
Elm
of
½
Inch
diameter
,
and
three
inches
long
,
broke
horizontally
,
with
47
l.
Vertically
with
23
l.
Elm
of
¼
inch
diameter
,
and
1½
Inch
long
,
broke
horizontally
with
12
l.
Vertically
with
10
l.
which
is
Note-worthy
.
July
6.
1664.
The
Experiment
of
breaking
Woods
prosecuted
:
A
piece
of
Oak
of
½
Inch
diameter
and
three
Inches
long
,
at
which
distance
the
weight
hung
,
broke
horizontally
with
48
l.
Vertically
with
40
l.
Ash
of
½
Inch
diameter
,
and
3
Inch
long
,
horizontally
with
77
l.
Vertically
,
with
75
l.
Ash
of
½
Inch
diameter
,
and
1½
Inch
long
,
horizontally
with
19
l.
Vertically
,
with
12
l.
&c.
Thus
far
the
Register
.
18.
Here
might
come
in
the
Problemes
of
Cardinal
Cusa
in
Lib.
4.
Idiotae
dial.
4
to
concerning
the
different
velocity
of
the
Ascent
of
great
pieces
of
Timber
,
before
the
smaller
,
submerged
in
water
;
as
also
of
the
weight
;
as
v.
g.
Why
a
piece
of
Wood
100
l.
weight
,
poising
more
in
the
Air
than
2
l.
of
Lead
,
the
2
l.
of
Lead
should
seem
to
weigh
(
he
should
say
Sink
)
more
in
the
Water
?
Why
Fruits
being
cut
off
from
the
Tree
,
weigh
heavier
,
than
when
they
were
growing
?
with
several
the
like
Paradoxes
,
haply
more
curious
than
useful
,
and
therefore
we
purposely
omit
them
.
19.
Concerning
Squar'd
,
and
Principal
Timber
for
any
usual
Building
,
these
are
the
legal
Proportions
,
and
which
Builders
ought
not
to
vary
from
.
Summers
or
Girders
from
|
F.
-
14
-
18
-
20
-
23
-
26
|
to
|
F.
-
16
-
20
-
23
-
26
-
28
|
In
length
,
must
be
in
their
Square
.
|
In.
-
11
-
13
-
14
-
16
-
17
|
&
|
In.
-
8
-
9
-
10
-
12
-
14
|
Joysts
of
|
Feet
-
11½
-
10½
|
In
length
must
be
in
their
Square
.
|
Inch
-
8
-
7
-
6
|
Inch
-
3
-
3
-
3
|
Binding
Joysts
&
Trimming
from
|
F.
7
to
F.
11½
|
In
length
must
be
in
their
Square
|
-
6
-
7
-
8
|
&
|
-
5
-
5
-
5
|
Wall-plates
and
Beams
of
any
length
,
from
15
foot
,
may
have
in
their
square
—
|
Inch
-
7
-
10
-
8
|
&
|
Inch
-
5
-
6
-
6
|
Purlynes
from
|
F.
-
15
-
18½
|
to
|
F.
-
18½
-
21½
|
In
length
,
must
have
in
their
square
|
-
9
-
12
|
&
|
-
8
-
9
|
Principal
Rafters
cut
Taper
from
|
F.
-
12½
-
14½
-
18½
-
21½
-
24½
|
to
|
F.
-
14½
-
18½
-
21½
-
24½
-
26½
|
In
length
must
have
in
their
square
on
one
side
|
In.
-
8
-
9
-
10
-
12
-
9
|
to
|
In.
-
5
-
7
-
8
-
9
-
9
|
on
the
other
side
|
-
6
-
7
-
8
-
9
|
single
Rafters
in
length
from
6½
to
9½
—
|
F.
-
6½
-
0
-
9½
|
must
have
in
their
squ
.
|
5-3½
&
5
—
4
|
Principal
Dischargers
of
any
length
from
|
Foot
10
upward
|
must
have
in
their
square
|
Inch
-
13
-
16
|
Inch
-
12
-
13
|
But
Carpenters
also
work
by
Square
,
which
is
10
foot
in
Framing
and
Erecting
the
Carcase
(
as
they
call
it
)
of
any
Timber
Edifice
,
which
is
valued
according
to
the
goodnesse
and
choyce
of
the
Materials
,
and
curiosity
in
Framing
;
especially
Roofs
and
Stayre-cases
,
which
are
of
most
charges
.
And
here
might
also
something
be
added
concerning
the
manner
of
framing
the
Carcases
of
Buildings
,
as
of
Floors
,
pitch
of
Roofs
,
the
length
of
Hips
,
and
Sleepers
,
together
with
the
names
of
all
those
several
Timbers
used
in
Fabrics
totally
consisting
of
Wood
;
but
I
find
it
done
to
my
hand
,
and
Publish'd
some
years
since
,
at
the
end
of
a
late
Translation
of
the
first
Book
of
Palladio
,
to
which
I
refer
the
Reader
.
And
to
accomplish
our
Artist
in
Timber
,
with
the
utmost
which
that
material
is
capable
of
;
to
the
Study
and
Contemplation
of
that
stupendious
Roof
,
which
now
lies
over
the
ever
renowned
Sheldonean
Theater
at
the
Vniversity
of
Oxford
;
being
the
sole
Work
and
Contrivement
of
that
my
most
Honoured
Friend
Dr.
Chr.
Wren
,
now
worthily
dignified
with
the
Superintendency
of
his
Majesties
Buildings
.
20.
We
did
,
in
Chap.
21.
mention
certain
Subterranean
Trees
,
which
Mr.
Cambden
supposes
grew
altogether
under
the
ground
:
And
truly
,
it
did
appear
a
very
Paradox
to
me
,
till
I
both
saw
,
and
diligently
examin'd
that
piece
(
Plank
,
Stone
,
or
both
shall
I
name
it
)
of
Lignum
fossile
taken
out
of
a
certain
Quarry
thereof
at
Aqua
Sparta
not
far
from
Rome
,
and
sent
to
the
most
incomparably
learned
Sir
George
Ent
,
by
that
obliging
Virtuoso
Cavalier
dal
Pozzo
.
He
that
shall
examine
the
hardnesse
,
and
feel
the
ponderousnesse
of
it
,
sinking
in
water
,
&c.
will
easily
take
it
for
a
stone
;
but
he
that
shall
behold
its
grain
,
so
exquisitely
undulated
,
and
varied
together
with
its
colour
,
manner
of
hewing
,
chips
,
and
other
most
perfect
resemblances
,
will
never
scruple
to
pronounce
it
arrant
wood
.
Signor
Stelluti
(
an
Italian
)
has
publish'd
a
whole
Treatise
expresly
to
describe
this
great
Curiosity
:
And
there
has
been
brought
to
our
notice
,
a
certain
relation
of
an
Elm
growing
in
Bark-shire
neer
Farringdon
,
which
being
cut
towards
the
Root
,
was
there
plainly
Petrified
;
the
like
,
as
I
once
my self
remember
to
have
seen
in
another
Tree
,
which
grew
quite
through
a
Rock
near
the
Sepulchre
of
Agrippina
(
the
Mother
of
that
Monster
Nero
)
at
the
Baia
by
Naples
,
which
appear'd
to
be
all
Stone
,
and
trickling
down
in
drops
of
Water
,
if
I
forget
not
.
But
,
whiles
others
have
Philosophiz'd
according
to
their
manner
upon
these
extraordinary
Concretions
;
see
what
the
most
industrious
,
and
knowing
Mr.
Hook
,
Curator
of
this
Royal
Society
,
has
with
no
lesse
Reason
,
but
more
succinctnesse
,
observ'd
from
a
late
Microscopical
Examen
of
another
piece
of
petrifid
wood
;
the
Description
,
and
Ingenuity
whereof
cannot
but
gratifie
the
Curious
,
who
will
by
this
Instance
,
not
onely
be
instructed
how
to
make
Inquiries
upon
the
like
occasions
;
but
see
also
with
what
accuratenesse
the
Society
constantly
proceeds
in
all
their
Indagations
,
and
Experiments
;
and
with
what
Candor
they
relate
,
and
communicate
them
.
21.
It
resembl'd
wood
,
in
that
First
,
all
the
parts
of
the
petrifi'd
substance
seem'd
not
at
all
dislocated
,
or
alter'd
from
their
natural
position
whiles
they
were
wood
;
but
the
whole
piece
retain'd
the
exact
shape
of
wood
,
having
many
of
the
conspicuous
pores
of
wood
still
remaining
pores
,
and
shewing
a
manifest
difference
visible
enough
between
the
grain
of
the
wood
and
that
of
the
bark
;
especially
,
when
any
side
of
it
was
cut
smooth
and
polite
;
for
then
it
appeared
to
have
a
very
lovely
grain
,
like
that
of
some
curious
close
wood
.
Next
(
it
resembled
wood
)
in
that
all
the
smaller
and
(
if
so
I
may
call
those
which
are
onely
to
be
seen
by
a
good
glasse
)
microscopical
pores
of
it
,
appear
(
both
when
the
substance
is
cut
and
polish'd
transversly
,
and
parallel
to
the
pores
)
perfectly
like
the
Microscopical
pores
of
several
kinds
of
wood
,
retaining
both
the
shape
,
and
position
of
such
pores
.
It
was
differing
from
wood
.
First
,
in
weight
,
being
to
common
water
,
as
3¼
to
1.
whereas
there
are
few
of
our
English
woods
that
,
when
dry
,
are
found
to
be
full
as
heavy
as
water
.
Secondly
,
in
hardnesse
,
being
very
near
as
hard
as
a
flint
,
and
in
some
places
of
it
also
resembling
the
grain
of
a
flint
:
it
would
very
readily
cut
Glass
,
and
would
not
without
difficulty
(
especially
in
some
parts
of
it
)
be
scratch'd
by
a
black
hard
flint
:
it
would
also
as
readily
strike
fire
against
a
Steel
,
as
also
against
a
flint
.
Thirdly
,
in
the
closenesse
of
it
;
for
,
though
all
the
microscopical
pores
of
the
wood
were
very
conspicuous
in
one
position
,
yet
by
altering
that
position
of
the
polish'd
surface
to
the
light
,
it
also
was
manifest
that
those
pores
appear'd
darker
than
the
rest
of
the
body
,
onely
because
they
were
fill'd
up
with
a
more
dusky
substance
,
and
not
because
they
were
hollow
.
Fourthly
,
in
that
it
would
not
burn
in
the
fire
;
nay
,
though
I
kept
it
a
good
while
red-hot
in
the
flame
of
a
Lamp
,
very
intensly
cast
on
it
by
a
blast
through
a
small
pipe
;
yet
it
seemed
not
at
all
to
have
diminish'd
its
extension
;
but
onely
I
found
it
to
have
chang'd
its
colour
,
and
to
have
put
on
a
more
dark
,
and
dusky
brown
hue
.
Nor
could
I
perceive
that
those
parts
which
seem'd
to
have
been
wood
at
first
,
were
any
thing
wasted
,
but
the
parts
appear'd
as
solid
,
and
close
as
before
.
It
was
farther
observable
also
,
that
as
it
did
not
consume
like
wood
;
so
neither
did
it
crack
and
fly
like
a
flint
,
or
such
like
hard
stone
;
nor
was
it
long
before
it
appeared
red-hot
.
Fiftly
,
in
its
dissolublenesse
;
for
putting
some
drops
of
distilled
Vinegar
upon
the
stone
,
I
found
it
presently
to
yield
very
many
bubbles
,
just
like
those
which
may
be
observed
in
spirit
of
Vinegar
when
it
corrodes
Coral
;
though
I
guess
many
of
those
bubbles
proceeded
from
the
small
parcels
of
Air
,
which
were
driven
out
of
the
pores
of
this
petrifi'd
substance
,
by
the
insmuating
liquid
menstruum
.
Sixtly
,
in
its
Rigidnesse
,
and
friability
;
being
not
at
all
flexible
,
but
brittle
like
a
flint
;
insomuch
that
with
one
knock
of
a
Hammer
I
broke
off
a
small
piece
of
it
,
and
with
the
same
Hammer
quickly
beat
it
to
pretty
fine
powder
upon
an
Anvil
.
Seventhly
,
it
seem'd
also
very
differing
from
wood
to
the
touch
,
feeling
more
cold
then
wood
usually
does
,
and
much
like
other
close
Stones
and
Minerals
.
The
Reasons
of
all
which
Phaenomena
seem
to
be
.
That
this
petrifi'd
wood
having
lain
in
some
place
where
it
was
well
soaked
with
petrifying
water
(
that
is
,
such
a
water
as
is
well
impregnated
with
stony
and
earthy
particles
)
did
by
degrees
separate
,
by
straining
and
filtration
,
or
perhaps
by
praecipitation
,
co-haesion
or
coagulation
,
abundance
of
stony
particles
from
that
permeating
water
,
which
stony
particles
having
,
by
means
of
the
fluid
Vehicle
,
convey'd
themselves
not
onely
into
the
microscopical
pores
,
and
perfectly
stop'd
up
them
;
but
also
into
the
pores
,
which
may
perhaps
be
even
in
that
part
of
the
wood
which
through
the
microscope
appears
most
solid
;
do
thereby
so
augment
the
weight
of
the
wood
,
as
to
make
it
above
three
times
heavier
than
water
,
and
perhaps
six
times
as
heavy
as
it
was
when
wood
:
next
,
they
hereby
so
lock
up
and
fetter
the
parts
,
of
the
wood
,
that
the
fire
cannot
easily
make
them
fly
away
,
but
the
action
of
the
fire
upon
them
is
onely
able
to
char
those
parts
,
as
it
were
,
like
as
a
piece
of
wood
if
it
be
closed
very
fast
up
in
Clay
,
and
kept
a
good
while
red
hot
in
the
fire
,
will
by
the
heat
of
the
fire
be
char'd
,
and
not
consum'd
;
which
may
perhaps
be
the
reason
why
the
petrifi'd
substance
appear'd
of
a
blackish
brown
colour
after
it
had
been
burnt
.
By
this
intrusion
of
the
petrifi●'d
particles
it
also
becomes
hard
,
and
friable
;
for
the
smaller
pores
of
the
wood
being
perfectly
stuffed
up
with
these
stony
particles
,
the
particles
of
the
wood
have
few
,
or
no
pores
in
which
they
can
reside
,
and
consequently
,
no
flexion
or
yielding
can
be
caus'd
in
such
a
substance
.
The
remaining
particles
likewise
of
the
wood
among
the
stony
particles
may
keep
them
from
cracking
and
flying
,
as
they
do
in
a
flint
.
22.
The
casual
finding
of
Subterraneous-Trees
has
been
the
occasion
of
this
curious
Digression
:
Now
it
were
a
strange
Paradox
to
affirm
,
that
the
Timber
under
the
ground
,
should
to
a
great
degree
,
equal
the
value
of
that
which
grows
above
the
Ground
;
seeing
though
it
be
far
lesse
,
yet
it
is
far
Richer
;
the
Roots
of
the
vilest
Shrub
,
being
better
for
its
toughnesse
,
and
for
Ornaments
,
and
delicate
uses
much
more
preferrable
than
the
Heart
of
the
fairest
and
soundest
Tree
:
And
many
Hills
,
and
other
waste-places
,
that
have
in
late
and
former
Ages
been
stately
Groves
and
Woods
,
have
yet
this
Treasure
remaining
,
and
perchance
sound
and
unperish'd
,
and
commonly
(
as
we
observ'd
)
an
hinderance
to
other
Plantations
;
Engines
therefore
,
and
Expedients
for
the
more
easily
extracting
these
Cumbrances
,
and
making
riddance
upon
such
Occasions
,
besides
those
we
have
produc'd
,
would
be
excogitated
,
and
enquir'd
after
,
for
the
dispatch
of
this
difficult
Work
.
Fuel
.
23.
Finally
,
for
the
use
of
our
Chimneys
,
and
maintenance
of
fire
,
the
plenty
of
wood
for
fuel
,
rather
than
the
quality
is
to
be
looked
after
;
and
yet
there
are
some
greatly
to
be
preferr'd
before
others
,
as
harder
,
longer-lasting
,
better
heating
,
and
chearfully
burning
;
for
which
we
have
commended
the
Ash
,
&c.
in
the
foregoing
Paragraphs
,
and
to
which
I
pretend
not
here
to
add
much
,
for
the
avoiding
repetitions
;
though
even
an
History
of
the
best
way
of
Charing
would
not
mis-become
this
Discourse
.
But
something
more
is
to
be
said
sure
,
concerning
the
felling
of
Fuel-wood
:
Note
therefore
,
that
you
first
begin
with
the
under-wood
:
Some
conceive
between
Martle-mas
and
Holy-Rood
;
but
,
generally
with
Oaks
as
soon
as
't
will
strip
,
but
not
after
May
;
and
for
Ashes
,
'twixt
Michael-mas
and
Candle-mas
;
and
so
fell'd
,
as
that
the
Cattel
may
have
the
browsing
of
it
,
for
in
Winter
they
will
not
onely
eat
the
tender
twiggs
,
but
even
the
very
Mosse
;
but
fell
no
more
in
a
day
than
they
can
Eat
for
this
purpose
:
This
done
,
kid
or
bavin
them
,
and
pitch
them
upon
their
ends
to
preserve
them
from
rotting
:
Thus
the
Vnder-wood
being
dispos'd
of
,
the
rest
will
prosper
the
better
,
and
besides
it
otherwise
does
but
rot
upon
the
Earth
,
and
destroy
that
which
would
spring
.
If
you
head
or
top
for
the
fire
,
't
is
not
amiss
to
begin
three
or
four
foot
above
the
Timber
,
if
it
be
considerable
;
but
in
case
they
are
onely
shaken-Trees
and
Hedge-rows
,
strip
them
even
to
thirty
foot
high
,
because
they
are
usually
full
of
boughs
;
and
't
were
good
to
top
such
as
you
perceive
to
wither
at
the
tops
a
competent
way
beneath
,
to
prevent
their
sicknesse
downwards
,
which
will
else
certainly
ensue
;
whereas
by
this
means
even
dying
Trees
may
be
preserved
many
years
to
good
emolument
,
though
they
never
advance
taller
;
and
being
thus
frequently
shred
,
they
will
produce
more
,
than
if
suffered
to
stand
and
decay
:
This
is
a
profitable
note
for
such
as
have
old
,
doating
,
or
any
wayes
infirm
Woods
:
In
other
Fellings
,
some
advise
never
to
commence
the
disbranching
from
the
top
,
for
though
the
incumbency
of
the
very
boughs
upon
the
next
,
cause
them
to
fall
off
the
easier
,
yet
it
endangers
the
splicing
of
the
next
,
which
is
very
prejudicial
,
and
therefore
advise
the
beginng
at
the
nearest
.
And
in
Cutting
for
fuel
you
may
as
at
the
top
,
so
at
the
sides
,
cut
a
foot
,
or
more
from
the
Body
;
but
never
when
you
shred
Timber-Trees
:
We
have
said
how
dangerous
it
is
,
to
cut
for
wood
when
the
Sap
is
up
,
it
is
a
mark
of
improvident
Husbands
;
besides
it
will
never
burn
well
,
though
abundance
be
congested
:
Lastly
,
remember
that
East
and
North-winds
are
unkind
to
the
succeeding
Shoots
.
Now
for
directions
in
Stacking
(
of
which
we
have
said
something
in
Chap.
of
Copses
)
ever
set
the
lowest
course
an
end
,
the
second
that
on
the
sides
and
ends
,
viz.
sides
and
ends
outward
;
the
third
thwart
the
other
on
the
side
,
and
so
the
rest
,
till
all
are
placd
,
spending
the
up-most
first
.
Thus
we
have
endeavoured
to
prescribe
the
best
directions
we
could
learn
concerning
this
necessary
Subject
.
And
in
this
penury
of
that
dear
Commodity
,
and
to
incite
all
ingenious
persons
,
studious
of
the
benefit
of
their
Countrey
,
to
think
of
wayes
how
our
Woods
may
be
preserved
,
by
all
manner
of
Arts
which
may
prolong
the
lasting
of
our
fuel
,
I
would
give
the
best
encouragements
.
Those
that
shall
seriously
consider
the
intollerable
misery
of
the
poor
Cauchi
(
the
then
Inhabitants
of
the
Low
Countries
)
describ'd
by
Pliny
,
lib
16.
cap.
1.
(
how
opulent
soever
their
late
Industry
has
render'd
them
)
for
want
only
of
wood
for
fuel
,
will
have
reason
to
deplore
the
excessive
decay
of
our
former
store
of
that
useful
Commodity
;
and
by
what
shifts
our
Neighbours
the
Hollanders
,
do
yet
repair
that
defect
,
be
invited
to
exercise
their
ingenuity
:
For
besides
the
Dung
of
Beasts
,
and
the
Peat
and
Turf
for
their
Chimneys
,
Cow
sheardes
,
&c.
they
make
use
of
Stoves
both
portable
and
standing
;
and
truly
the
more
frequent
use
of
those
Inventions
in
our
great
,
wasting
Cities
(
as
the
Custom
is
through
all
Germany
)
as
also
of
those
new
,
and
excellent
Ovens
invented
by
Dr.
Keffler
,
for
the
incomparably
baking
of
Bread
,
&c.
would
be
an
extraordinary
expedient
of
husbanding
our
fuel
;
as
well
as
the
right
mingling
,
and
making
up
of
Char-coal-dust
,
and
loam
,
as
't
is
hinted
to
us
by
Sir
Hugh
Plat●
and
is
generally
us'd
in
Mastricht
,
and
the
Countrey
about
it
;
than
which
there
is
not
a
more
sweet
,
lasting
,
and
beautiful
fuel
;
The
manner
of
it
is
thus
:
24.
Take
about
one
third
part
of
the
smallest
of
any
Coal
,
Pit
,
Sea
,
or
Char
coal
,
and
commix
them
very
well
with
loam
(
whereof
there
is
in
some
places
to
be
found
a
sort
somewhat
more
combustible
)
make
these
up
into
balls
(
moistned
with
a
little
Vrine
of
Man
or
Beast
)
as
big
as
an
ordinary
Goose-egge
,
or
somewhat
bigger
;
or
if
you
will
in
any
other
form
,
like
brick-bats
,
&c.
expose
these
in
the
Air
till
they
are
throughly
dry
;
they
will
be
built
into
the
most
orderly
fires
you
can
imagine
,
burn
very
clear
,
give
a
wonderfull
heat
,
and
continue
a
very
long
time
.
But
first
you
must
make
the
fire
of
Char-coal
,
or
Small-coal
,
covering
them
with
your
Eggs
or
Hovilles
(
as
they
are
call'd
)
and
building
them
up
in
Pyramis
,
or
what
shape
you
please
;
they
will
continue
a
glowing
,
solemn
and
constant
fire
for
seven
or
eight
hours
without
being
stirred
,
and
then
they
encourage
and
recruite
the
innermost
with
a
few
fresh
Eggs
,
and
turn
the
rest
,
which
are
yet
quite
reduc'd
to
Cinders
.
Two
or
three
short
Billets
cover'd
with
Char-coal
last
much
longer
,
and
with
more
life
,
than
twice
the
quantity
by
it self
,
whether
Char-coal
alone
,
or
Billet
;
and
the
Billets
under
the
Char-coal
being
undisturb'd
,
will
melt
as
it
were
into
Char-coals
of
such
a
lasting
size
.
If
Small-coals
be
spread
over
the
Char
coal
,
where
you
burn
it
alone
,
't
will
bind
it
to
longer
continuance
;
and
yet
more
,
if
the
Small
coal
be
made
of
the
roots
of
Thorns
,
Briers
,
and
Brambles
.
Consult
L.
Bacon
,
Exp.
775.
25.
The
Quercus
Marina
,
Wrack
,
or
Sea-weed
which
comes
in
our
Oyster
barrels
,
laid
under
New-Castle-coal
to
kindle
it
(
as
the
use
is
in
some
places
)
will
(
as
I
am
inform'd
)
make
it
out-last
two
great
fires
of
simple
Coals
,
and
maintain
a
glowing
luculent
heat
without
wast
:
The
manner
of
gathering
it
is
to
cut
it
in
Summer
time
from
the
Rocks
whereon
it
grows
abundantly
,
and
bringing
it
in
Boats
or
otherwise
to
Land
,
spread
and
dry
it
in
the
Sun
like
hay
,
turning
and
cocking
it
till
it
be
fully
cured
:
It
makes
an
excellent
fire
alone
,
and
roasts
to
admiration
;
and
when
all
is
burnt
,
the
Ashes
are
one
of
the
best
manures
for
Land
in
the
world
,
for
the
time
it
continues
its
vertue
,
which
should
be
frequently
supplied
with
fresh
;
and
as
to
the
Fire
mingled
with
other
Combustibles
,
it
is
evident
that
it
adds
much
life
,
continuance
and
aid
,
to
our
sullen
Sea-coal
Fuel
;
and
if
the
main
Ocean
should
afford
Fuel
(
as
the
Bernacles
and
Soland-Geese
are
said
to
do
in
some
parts
of
Scotland
with
the
very
sticks
of
their
Nests
)
we
in
these
Isles
may
thank
our selves
if
we
be
not
warm
:
These
few
particulars
I
have
but
mention'd
to
animate
Improvements
,
and
ingenious
Attempts
of
detecting
more
cheap
,
and
useful
processes
,
for
wayes
of
Charing-Coals
,
Peat
,
and
the
like
fuliginous
materials
;
as
the
accomplish'd
Mr.
Boyle
has
intimated
to
us
in
the
Fift
of
those
his
precious
Essays
concerning
the
usefulnesse
of
Natural
Philosophy
,
Part
2.
cap.
7.
&c.
to
which
I
refer
the
Curious
.
26.
By
the
Preamble
of
the
Statute
7
Ed.
6.
one
may
perceive
(
the
Measures
compar'd
)
how
plentiful
fuel
was
in
the
time
of
Ed.
the
4
th
,
to
what
it
was
in
the
Reigns
of
his
Successors
:
This
suggested
a
review
of
Sizes
,
and
a
reformation
of
Abuses
;
in
which
it
was
Enacted
,
that
every
Sack
of
Coals
should
contain
four
Bushels
;
Every
Taleshide
to
be
four
foot
long
,
besides
the
carf
;
and
if
nam'd
of
one
,
marked
one
,
to
contain
16
inches
circumference
,
within
a
foot
of
the
middle
;
If
of
two
marks
,
23
inches
;
of
3.28
.
of
4.35
;
of
5.38
.
inches
about
,
and
so
proportionably
.
27.
Billets
were
to
be
of
three
foot
,
and
four
inches
in
length
:
the
single
to
be
17
inches
and
an
half
about
;
and
every
Billet
of
one
cast
(
as
they
term
the
mark
)
to
be
ten
inches
about
:
of
two
cast
,
fourteen
inches
,
and
to
be
marked
(
unlesse
for
the
private
use
of
the
Owner
)
within
six
inches
of
the
middle
:
of
one
cast
within
four
inches
of
the
end
&c.
Every
bound
Fagot
should
be
three
foot
long
;
the
band
twenty
four
inches
circumference
,
besides
the
knot
.
In
the
43.
Eliz.
the
same
Statute
(
which
before
only
concern'd
London
and
its
Suburbs
)
was
made
more
universal
;
and
that
of
Ed.
6.
explain'd
with
this
addition
:
For
such
Taleshides
as
were
of
necessity
to
be
made
of
cleft-wood
,
if
of
one
mark
,
and
half
round
,
to
be
19
inches
about
;
if
quarter-cleft
18
inches
½
:
Marked
two
,
being
round
it
shall
be
23
inches
compass
:
half-round
27
:
quarter-cleft
26
:
marked
three
,
round
28
:
half-round
33
:
quarter-cleft
32
:
marked
four
,
being
round
33
inches
about
:
half-round
39
:
quarter-cleft
38
:
marked
five
round
,
38
inches
about
:
half-round
44
:
quarter-cleft
43
:
the
measure
to
be
taken
within
half
a
foot
of
the
middle
of
the
length
mention'd
in
the
former
Statute
.
Then
for
the
Billet
,
every
one
nam'd
a
single
,
being
round
,
to
have
7
inches
½
circumference
;
but
no
single
to
be
made
of
cleft
wood
:
If
marked
one
,
and
round
,
to
contain
11
inches
compasse
:
if
half-round
13
:
quarter-cleft
12½
.
If
marked
two
,
being
round
,
to
contain
16
inches
:
half-round
19
:
quarter-cleft
18½
:
the
length
as
in
the
Statute
of
King
Edward
6.
28.
Fagots
to
be
every
stick
of
three
foot
in
length
,
excepting
onely
one
stick
of
one
foot
long
,
to
harden
and
wedge
the
binding
of
it
:
This
,
to
prevent
the
abuse
(
too
much
practis'd
)
of
filling
the
middle
part
,
and
ends
with
trash
,
and
short
sticks
,
which
had
been
omitted
in
the
former
Statute
:
concerning
this
and
of
the
dimensions
of
wood
in
the
Stack
,
see
Chap.
28.
to
direct
the
lesse
instructed
Purchaser
:
and
I
have
been
the
more
particular
upon
this
occasion
;
because
,
than
our
Fuel
bought
in
Billet
by
the
Notch
(
as
they
call
it
in
London
)
there
is
nothing
more
deceitful
;
for
by
the
vile
iniquity
of
some
Wretches
,
marking
the
billets
as
they
come
to
the
Wharf
,
Gentlemen
are
egregiously
cheated
.
I
could
produce
an
instance
of
a
Friend
of
mine
(
and
a
Member
of
this
Society
)
for
which
the
Wood-monger
has
little
cause
to
brag
;
since
he
never
durst
come
at
him
,
or
challenge
his
Money
for
the
Commodity
he
bought
;
because
he
durst
not
stand
to
the
measure
.
At
Hall
near
Foy
,
there
is
a
Fagot
,
which
consists
but
of
one
piece
of
Wood
,
naturally
grown
in
that
form
,
with
a
band
wrapped
about
it
,
and
parted
at
the
ends
into
four
sticks
,
one
of
which
is
subdivided
into
two
others
:
It
was
carefully
preserved
many
years
by
an
Earl
of
Devonshire
,
and
looked
on
as
portending
the
fate
of
his
Posterity
,
which
is
since
indeed
come
into
the
hands
of
four
Cornish
Gentlemen
,
one
of
whose
Estates
is
likewise
divided
'twixt
two
Heirs
.
This
we
have
out
of
Cambden
,
and
I
here
note
,
for
the
Extravagancy
of
the
thing
;
though
as
to
the
verity
of
such
Portents
from
Trees
,
&c.
I
do
not
find
(
upon
enquiry
,
which
I
have
diligently
made
of
my
Lord
Brereton
)
that
there
is
any
certainty
of
the
rising
of
those
Logs
in
the
Lake
belonging
to
that
Noble
Person
,
so
as
still
to
premonish
the
Death
of
the
Heir
of
that
Family
,
how
confidently
soever
reported
.
Sometimes
it
has
happn'd
,
but
the
Tradition
is
not
constant
:
To
this
Classe
may
be
referred
what
is
affirmed
concerning
the
fatal
Prediction
of
Oakes
bearing
strange
leaves
,
which
may
be
enquired
of
.
29.
But
I
will
now
describe
to
you
the
Mystery
of
Charing
(
whereof
something
was
but
touch'd
in
the
Processe
of
extracting
Tar
out
of
the
Pines
)
as
I
receiv'd
it
from
a
most
industrious
person
,
and
so
conclude
the
Chapter
.
There
is
made
of
Char
coal
usually
three
sorts
,
viz.
one
for
the
Iron-works
,
a
second
for
Gun-powder
,
and
a
third
for
London
and
the
Court
,
besides
Small-coals
,
of
which
we
shall
also
speak
in
its
due
place
.
We
will
begin
with
that
sort
which
is
us'd
for
the
Iron-works
,
because
the
rest
are
made
much
after
the
same
manner
,
and
with
very
little
difference
.
The
best
Wood
for
this
is
good
Oak
,
cut
into
lengths
of
three
foot
,
as
they
size
it
for
the
Stack
:
This
is
better
than
the
Cord-wood
,
though
of
a
large
measure
,
and
much
us'd
in
Essex
.
The
Wood
cut
,
and
set
in
Stacks
ready
for
the
Coaling
,
chuse
out
some
level
place
in
the
Copse
,
the
most
free
from
stubs
,
&c.
to
make
the
Hearth
on
:
In
the
midst
of
this
area
drive
down
a
stake
for
your
Centre
,
and
with
a
pole
,
having
a
ring
fasten'd
to
one
of
the
extreams
(
or
else
with
a
Cord
put
over
the
Centre
)
describe
a
Circumference
from
twenty
,
or
more
feet
semidiameter
,
according
to
the
quantity
of
your
Wood
design'd
for
Coaling
,
which
being
neer
may
conveniently
be
Chared
in
that
Hearth
;
and
which
at
one
time
may
be
12
,
16
,
20
,
24
,
even
to
30
stack
:
If
12
therefore
be
the
quantity
you
will
Coal
,
a
Circle
whose
diameter
is
24
foot
,
will
suffice
for
the
Hearth
;
If
20
stack
,
a
diameter
of
32
foot
;
If
30
,
40
foot
,
and
so
proportionably
.
Having
thus
marked
out
the
ground
,
with
Mattocks
,
Haws
,
and
fit
Instruments
,
bare
it
of
the
Turf
,
and
of
all
other
combustible
stuff
whatsoever
,
which
you
are
to
rake
up
towards
the
Peripherie
,
or
out-side
of
the
Circumference
,
for
an
use
to
be
afterwards
made
of
it
;
plaining
,
and
levelling
the
ground
within
the
Circle
:
This
done
,
the
Wood
is
to
be
brought
from
the
nearest
parts
where
it
is
stack'd
,
in
Wheel-barrows
;
and
first
the
smallest
of
it
plac'd
at
the
utmost
limit
,
or
very
margin
of
the
Hearth
,
where
it
is
to
be
set
long-wayes
,
as
it
lay
in
the
stack
;
the
biggest
of
the
Wood
pitch
,
or
set
up
on
end
round
about
against
the
small-wood
,
and
all
this
within
the
circle
,
till
you
come
within
five
,
or
six
foot
of
the
Centre
;
at
which
distance
you
shall
begin
to
set
the
Wood
in
a
Triangular
form
(
as
in
the
following
Print
,
a
)
till
it
come
to
be
three
foot
high
:
Against
this
again
,
place
your
greater
Wood
almost
perpendicular
,
reducing
it
from
the
triangular
to
a
circular
form
,
till
being
come
within
a
yard
of
the
Centre
,
you
may
Pile
the
Wood
long-wayes
,
as
it
lay
in
the
Stack
,
being
careful
that
the
ends
of
the
Wood
do
not
touch
the
Pole
,
which
must
now
be
erected
in
the
Centre
,
nine
foot
in
height
,
that
so
there
may
remain
a
round
hole
,
which
is
to
be
form'd
in
working
up
the
Stack
wood
,
for
a
Tunnel
and
the
more
commodious
firing
of
the
pit
,
as
they
call
it
,
though
not
very
properly
.
This
provided
for
,
go
on
to
Pile
,
and
set
your
Wood
upright
to
the
other
,
as
before
;
till
having
gain'd
a
yard
more
,
you
lay
it
long-wayes
again
,
as
was
shew'd
:
And
thus
continue
the
Work
,
still
enterchanging
the
position
of
the
Wood
,
till
the
whole
Area
of
the
Hearth
and
Circle
be
fill'd
,
and
pil'd
up
at
the
least
eight
foot
high
,
and
so
drawn
in
by
degrees
in
Piling
,
that
it
resemble
the
form
of
a
copped
brown
Houshold-loaf
,
filling
all
inequalities
with
the
smaller
Trunchions
,
till
it
lye
very
close
,
and
be
perfectly
,
and
evenly
shaped
.
This
done
,
take
straw
,
haume
,
or
ferne
,
and
lay
it
on
the
out-side
of
the
bottome
of
the
heap
,
or
wood
,
to
keep
the
next
cover
from
falling
amongst
the
sticks
:
Upon
this
,
put
on
the
Turf
,
and
cast
on
the
dust
and
Rubbish
which
was
grubb'd
,
and
raked
up
at
the
making
of
the
Hearth
,
and
reserved
near
the
circle
of
it
;
with
this
cover
the
whole
heap
of
Wood
to
the
very
top
of
the
Pit
,
or
Tunnel
,
to
a
reasonable
,
and
competent
thicknesse
,
beaten
close
and
even
,
that
so
the
fire
may
not
vent
but
in
the
places
where
you
intend
it
;
and
if
in
preparing
the
Hearth
,
at
first
,
there
did
not
rise
sufficient
Turf
and
Rubbish
for
this
Work
,
supply
it
from
some
convenient
place
near
to
your
heap
:
There
be
who
cover
this
again
with
a
sandy
,
or
finer
mould
,
which
if
it
close
well
,
need
not
be
above
an
inch
or
two
thick
:
This
done
,
provide
a
Screene
;
by
making
light
hurdles
with
slit
rods
,
and
straw
of
a
compent
thicknesse
,
to
keep
off
the
Wind
,
and
broad
,
and
high
enough
to
defend
an
opposite
side
to
the
very
top
of
your
Pit
,
being
eight
or
nine
foot
;
and
so
as
to
be
easily
remov'd
as
need
shall
require
for
the
luing
of
your
pit
.
When
now
all
is
in
this
posture
,
and
the
Wood
well
rang'd
,
and
clos'd
,
as
has
been
directed
,
set
fire
to
your
heap
:
But
first
you
must
provide
you
of
a
Ladder
to
ascend
the
top
of
your
Pit
:
this
they
usually
make
of
a
curved
Tiller
fit
to
apply
to
the
convex
shape
of
the
Heap
,
and
cut
it
full
of
notches
for
the
more
commodious
setting
their
Feet
,
whiles
they
govern
the
Fire
above
;
therefore
now
they
pull
up
,
and
take
away
the
Stake
which
was
erected
at
the
centre
to
guid
the
building
of
the
Pile
,
and
cavity
of
the
Tunnel
.
This
done
,
put
in
a
quantity
of
Char-coals
(
about
a
peck
)
and
let
them
fall
to
the
bottom
of
the
Hearth
;
upon
them
cast
in
coals
that
are
fully
kindled
;
and
when
those
which
were
first
put
in
are
beginning
to
sink
,
throw
in
more
fuel
;
and
so
,
from
time
to
time
,
till
the
Coals
have
universally
taken
fire
up
to
the
top
:
Then
cut
an
ample
and
reasonable
thick
Turf
,
and
clap
it
over
the
hole
,
or
mouth
of
the
Tunnel
,
stopping
it
as
close
as
may
be
with
some
of
the
former
dust
and
rubbish
:
Lastly
,
with
the
handles
of
your
Rakers
,
or
the
like
,
you
must
make
Vent-holes
,
or
Registers
(
as
our
Chymists
would
name
them
)
through
the
stuff
which
covers
your
Heap
to
the
very
Wood
,
these
in
ranges
of
two
or
three
foot
distance
quite
round
within
a
foot
(
or
thereabout
)
of
the
top
,
though
some
begin
them
at
the
bottom
:
A
day
after
,
begin
another
row
of
holes
a
foot
and
half
beneath
the
former
;
and
so
more
,
till
they
arrive
to
the
ground
,
as
occasion
requires
.
Note
,
that
as
the
Pit
does
coal
and
sink
towards
the
centre
,
it
is
continually
to
be
fed
with
short
,
and
fitting
Wood
,
that
no
part
remain
unfir'd
;
and
if
it
chars
faster
at
one
part
than
at
another
,
there
close
up
the
vent-holes
,
and
open
them
where
need
is
:
A
Pit
will
in
this
manner
be
burning
off
,
and
charing
,
five
,
or
six
dayes
,
and
as
it
coals
,
the
smoke
from
thick
and
gross
clouds
,
will
grow
more
blew
,
and
livid
,
and
the
whole
mass
sink
accordingly
;
so
as
by
these
indications
you
may
the
better
know
how
to
stop
,
and
govern
your
spiracles
.
Two
or
three
dayes
it
will
onely
require
for
cooling
,
which
(
the
vents
being
stopp'd
)
they
assist
,
by
taking
now
off
the
outward
covering
with
a
Rabil
or
Rubber
;
but
this
,
not
for
above
the
space
of
one
ya●d
breadth
at
a
time
;
and
first
they
remove
the
coursest
,
and
grossest
of
it
,
throwing
the
finer
over
the
heap
again
,
that
so
it
may
neither
cool
too
hastily
,
nor
endanger
the
burning
and
reducing
all
to
Ashes
,
should
the
whole
Pit
be
uncover'd
and
expos'd
to
the
Air
at
once
;
therefore
they
open
it
thus
round
by
degrees
.
When
now
by
all
the
former
Symptoms
you
judge
it
fully
chared
,
you
may
begin
to
draw
;
that
is
,
to
take
out
the
Coals
,
first
round
the
bottom
,
by
which
means
the
Coals
,
Rubbish
and
Dust
sinking
and
falling
in
together
may
choak
,
and
extinguish
the
fire
.
Your
Coals
sufficiently
cool'd
,
with
a
very
long-tooth'd
Rake
,
and
a
Vann
,
you
may
load
them
into
the
Coal-Wains
,
which
are
made
close
with
boards
,
purposely
to
carry
them
to
Market
:
Of
these
Coals
the
grosser
sort
are
commonly
reserv'd
for
the
Forges
,
and
Iron-works
;
the
middling
and
smoother
put
up
in
Sacks
,
and
carried
by
the
Colliers
to
London
and
the
adjacent
Towns
;
those
which
are
char'd
of
the
Roots
,
if
pick'd
out
,
are
accounted
best
for
Chymical
fires
,
and
where
a
lasting
,
and
extraordinary
blast
is
requir'd
.
30.
Coal
for
the
Powder
Mills
is
made
of
Alder-wood
(
but
Lime-tree
were
much
better
had
we
it
in
that
plenty
as
we
easily
might
)
cut
stack'd
,
and
set
on
the
Hearth
like
the
former
:
But
first
,
ought
the
wood
to
be
wholly
disbark'd
(
which
work
is
to
be
done
about
Mid-summer
before
)
and
being
throughly
dry
,
it
may
be
Coaled
in
the
same
method
,
the
Heap
or
Pits
onely
somewhat
smaller
,
by
reason
that
they
seldom
coal
above
five
,
or
six
stacks
at
a
time
,
laying
it
but
two
lengths
of
the
wood
one
above
the
other
,
in
form
somewhat
flatter
on
the
top
than
what
we
have
described
.
Likewise
do
they
fling
all
their
Rubbish
and
Dust
on
the
top
,
and
begin
not
to
cover
at
the
bottom
,
as
in
the
former
example
.
In
like
sort
,
when
they
have
drawn
up
the
fire
in
the
Tunnel
,
and
stopp'd
it
,
they
begin
to
draw
down
their
dust
by
degrees
round
the
heap
;
and
this
proportionably
as
it
fires
,
till
they
come
about
to
the
bottom
;
all
which
is
dispatch'd
in
the
space
of
two
dayes
.
One
of
these
Heaps
will
char
threescore
Sacks
of
Coal
,
which
may
all
be
carried
at
one
time
in
a
Waggon
;
and
some
make
the
Court-coals
after
the
same
manner
.
Lastly
,
31.
Small-coals
are
made
of
the
Spray
,
and
Brush-wood
which
is
shripped
off
from
the
branches
of
Copse-wood
,
and
which
is
sometimes
bound
up
into
Bavins
for
this
use
;
though
also
it
be
as
frequently
chared
without
binding
,
and
then
they
call
it
cooming
it
together
:
This
,
they
place
in
some
near
floor
,
made
level
,
and
freed
of
incumbrances
,
where
setting
one
of
the
Bavins
or
part
of
the
spray
on
fire
,
two
men
stand
ready
to
throw
on
Bavin
upon
Bavin
(
as
fast
as
they
can
take
fire
,
which
makes
a
very
great
and
sudden
blaze
)
till
they
have
burnt
all
that
lyes
near
the
place
,
to
the
number
(
it
may
be
)
of
five
,
or
six
hundred
Bavins
:
But
ere
they
begin
to
set
fire
,
they
fill
great
Tubs
or
Vessels
with
water
,
which
stand
ready
by
them
,
and
this
they
dash
on
with
a
great
dish
or
scoup
,
so
soon
as
ever
they
have
thrown
on
all
their
Bavins
,
continually
plying
the
great
heap
of
glowing
Coals
,
which
gives
a
sudden
stop
to
the
fury
of
the
Fire
,
whiles
with
a
great
Rake
they
lay
,
and
spread
it
abroad
,
and
ply
their
casting
of
Water
still
on
the
Coals
,
which
are
now
perpetually
turn'd
by
two
men
with
great
Shovels
,
a
third
throwing
on
the
water
:
This
they
continue
till
no
more
Fire
appears
,
though
they
cease
not
from
being
very
hot
:
After
this
,
they
shovel
them
up
into
great
heaps
,
and
when
they
are
throughly
cold
,
put
them
up
in
Sacks
for
London
,
where
they
use
them
amongst
divers
Artificers
,
both
to
kindle
greater
Fires
,
and
to
temper
,
and
aneal
their
several
Works
.
32.
The
best
Season
for
the
fetching
home
of
other
Fuel
,
is
from
June
;
the
Ways
being
then
most
dry
,
and
passable
,
yet
I
know
some
good
Husbands
will
begin
rather
in
May
;
because
Fallowing
and
stirring
of
Ground
for
Corn
,
comes
in
the
ensuing
Monthes
,
and
the
Dayes
are
long
enough
,
and
Swaines
have
then
least
to
do
.
-
b
The
Central
Pole
or
place
of
the
Tunnel
with
the
Area
making
ready
.
-
a
The
Wood
plac'd
about
it
in
Triangle
.
-
c
The
Coal
Wood
pil'd
up
before
it
be
covered
with
Earth
.
-
d
The
Coal-pit
or
Pile
fir'd
.
33.
And
thus
we
have
seen
how
for
House-boot
,
and
Ship-boot
,
Plow
boot
,
Hey-boot
,
and
Fire-boot
,
the
Planting
,
and
Propagation
of
Timber
and
Forest
Trees
is
requisite
,
so
as
it
was
not
for
nothing
,
that
the
very
Name
(
which
the
Greeks
generally
apply'd
to
Timber
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
by
Senechdoche
,
was
taken
always
pro
Materia
;
since
we
hardly
find
any
thing
in
Nature
more
universally
useful
;
or
,
in
comparison
with
it
,
deserving
the
name
of
Material
.
34.
Lastly
,
to
complete
this
Chapter
of
the
universal
Vse
of
Trees
,
and
the
Parts
of
them
,
something
I
could
be
tempted
to
say
concerning
Staves
,
Wands
&c.
Their
Antiquity
,
Vse
,
Divine
,
Domestick
,
Civil
,
and
Political
;
the
time
of
Cutting
,
manner
of
Seasoning
,
Forming
,
and
other
curious
particulars
(
how
dry
soever
the
Subject
may
appear
)
both
of
Delight
and
Profit
:
but
we
reserve
it
for
some
more
fit
opportunity
,
and
perhaps
,
it
may
merit
a
peculiar
Treatise
,
as
acceptable
,
as
it
will
prove
divertisant
.
Instead
of
this
,
we
will
therefore
gratifie
our
Reader
with
some
no
inconsiderable
Secrets
:
But
first
we
will
begin
with
a
few
plain
Directions
for
such
Persons
and
Countrey
Gentlemen
,
as
being
far
distant
from
,
or
unhandsomely
impos'd
upon
by
common
Painters
,
may
be
desirous
to
know
how
to
Stop
,
Prime
,
and
Paint
their
Timber-work
at
home
,
and
save
the
Expense
of
Work
by
any
of
their
Servants
indu'd
with
an
ordinary
Capacity
.
Putty
to
stop
the
chaps
and
cracks
of
wrought
Timber
,
is
made
of
White
and
Red-lead
,
and
some
Spannish-white
(
not
much
)
temper'd
,
and
bruised
with
so
much
Lin-seed
Oyl
as
will
bring
it
to
the
Consistence
of
a
Past
.
Then
,
Your
first
Priming
shall
be
of
Oaker
and
Spanish-white
,
very
thinly
ground
:
The
second
with
the
same
,
a
little
Whiter
;
but
it
matters
not
much
.
The
third
and
last
,
with
White-lead
alone
;
some
mingle
a
little
Spanish-white
with
it
,
but
it
is
better
omitted
.
If
you
desire
it
exquisite
,
instead
of
Lin-seed-Oyl
,
use
that
of
Wall-nuts
:
But
the
ordinary
Stone-colour
for
grosse
work
,
expos'd
to
the
Air
,
may
be
of
lesse
Expense
,
with
the
more
ordinary
Oyl
,
to
which
you
may
add
a
little
Char-coal
in
the
Grinding
.
Blew
,
is
made
of
Indigo
,
with
a
small
addition
of
Red-lead
,
or
Verdigreese
for
a
dryer
;
unlesse
you
will
use
drying-Oyl
,
which
is
much
preferrable
,
and
is
made
of
Lin-seed
Oyl
boyl'd
with
a
little
Vmber
bruised
small
:
I
speak
nothing
here
of
Smalt
and
Byce
,
which
is
onely
done
by
Strewing
.
Green
,
with
Verdigreece
ground
with
Lin-seed
Oyl
pretty
thick
,
and
then
temper'd
with
Joyners
Vernish
in
a
glaz'd
Pot
of
Earth
(
the
best
to
preserve
your
Colours
in
)
till
it
run
somewhat
thin
;
and
just
touch
it
with
your
Brush
,
when
you
lay
it
on
,
having
Prim'd
it
the
second
time
with
White
.
Note
,
that
every
Primer
must
be
dry
,
before
you
go
it
over
again
.
If
you
will
Re-vaile
,
as
they
term
it
,
and
shadow
,
or
Vein
your
Stone-colour
,
there
is
a
Colour
call'd
Shadowing-Black
;
or
you
may
now
and
then
lightly
touch
it
with
a
little
Red-lead
;
or
work
with
Vmber
.
It
will
also
behove
you
to
have
a
good
smooth
Slat
,
and
a
Pibble
Muller
well
polish'd
,
which
may
be
bought
at
London
;
as
likewise
a
dozen
of
large
,
and
lesser
Brushes
,
and
Glaz'd
Pots
;
and
to
grind
the
Colours
perfectly
well
.
The
Spanish-white
requires
little
labour
;
the
Shadowing
Black
,
none
at
all
.
When
you
have
finish'd
,
wash
your
Brushes
with
warm-Water
and
a
little
Sope
:
Preserve
your
Oyl
in
Bladders
;
and
what
Colour
you
leave
,
plunge
the
Pots
into
fair
Water
,
so
as
they
may
stand
a
little
cover'd
in
it
,
which
will
keep
them
from
growing
dry
,
till
you
have
occasion
for
them
.
That
you
may
not
be
altogether
ignorant
of
the
charge
,
and
Price
of
the
Ingredients
,
which
seldome
varies
:
-
Cleer
,
and
sweet
Lin-seed
Oyl
is
usually
had
for
4
s.
per
Gallon
.
-
Spruce-Oaker
,
of
all
sorts
to
Prime
with
,
3
s.
per
Pound
.
-
Spanish
white
,
for
half
a
Penny
:
White-lead
3
d.
per
Pound
.
Vert-de-Greece
,
clean
and
bright
,
3
s.
per
Pound
.
Black
to
shadow
with
,
exceeding
cheap
.
Joyners
Vernish
,
6
d.
per
Pound
.
So
as
for
farther
direction
;
of
White-lead
six
pound
,
Span.
white
six
pound
,
Spruce-Oker
three
pounds
,
Vert-de-Greece
half
a
pound
,
Vernish
one
pound
,
Shadowing-black
half
a
pound
,
&c.
will
serve
one
for
a
pretty
deal
of
Work
,
and
easily
inform
what
quantities
you
should
provide
for
a
greater
,
or
lesser
occasion
.
We
will
next
impart
a
Receipt
for
a
cheap
Black-dye
,
such
yet
as
no
Weather
will
fetch
out
,
and
that
may
be
of
use
both
within
and
without
doors
,
upon
Wainscot
,
or
any
fine
Timber
,
as
I
once
apply'd
it
to
a
Coach
with
perfect
successe
.
Take
of
Galls
,
grosly
contus'd
in
a
Stone
Mortar
one
pound
,
boyle
them
in
three
quarts
of
White-wine
Vinegar
to
the
diminution
of
one
part
,
two
remaining
:
With
this
,
rub
the
Wood
twise
over
;
Then
,
take
of
the
Silk
Diers
black
,
liquid
(
cheap
,
and
easie
to
be
had
)
a
convenient
quantity
,
mix
it
at
discretion
with
Lamp-black
and
Aqua-vitae
,
sufficient
to
make
it
thin
enough
to
passe
a
Strainer
:
With
this
,
die
over
your
Work
again
;
and
if
at
any
time
it
be
stain'd
or
spotted
with
dirt
,
&c.
rubbing
it
only
with
a
Wollen-cloth
dip'd
in
Oyl
,
it
will
not
onely
recover
,
but
present
you
with
a
very
fair
and
noble
polish
.
There
is
a
Black
which
Joyners
use
to
tinge
their
Pear-tree
with
,
and
make
it
resemble
Ebony
,
and
likewise
Fir
,
and
other
Woods
for
Cabinets
,
Picture-Frames
,
&c.
which
is
this
.
Take
Log-wood
q.
s.
boyl
it
in
ordinary
Lye
,
and
with
this
paint
them
over
:
when
't
is
dry
,
work
it
over
a
second
time
with
Lamp-black
and
strong
Size
:
That
also
dry
,
rub
off
the
dusty
Sootiness
adhering
to
it
,
with
a
soft
Brush
,
or
Cloth
;
then
melt
some
Bees-wax
,
mixing
it
with
your
Lamp-black
and
Size
,
and
when
this
is
cold
,
make
it
up
into
a
Ball
,
and
rub
over
your
former
Black
:
Lastly
,
with
a
Polishing
brush
(
made
of
short
stiff
Boars
Bristles
,
and
fastned
with
Wyre
)
labour
it
till
the
Lustre
be
to
your
liking
.
But
,
The
black
Putty
,
wherewith
they
stop
,
and
fill
up
cracks
and
fissures
in
Ebony
,
and
other
fine
wood
,
is
compos'd
of
a
part
of
the
purest
Rosin
,
Bees-wax
,
and
Lamp-black
:
This
they
heat
and
drop
into
the
Crannies
;
then
with
an
hot-Iron
,
glaze
it
over
,
and
being
cold
,
scrape
it
even
with
a
sharp
Chisel
,
and
after
all
,
polish
it
with
a
Brush
of
bents
,
a
wollen-cloth
,
Felt
,
and
an
Hogs-hair
Rubber
:
Also
Mastic
alone
,
mingled
with
a
proper
Colour
is
of
no
lesse
effect
.
35.
We
conclude
all
,
with
that
incomparable
Secret
of
the
Japon
or
China-Vernishes
,
which
has
hitherto
been
reserv'd
so
choicely
among
the
Virtuosi
;
with
which
I
shall
suppose
to
have
abundantly
gratified
the
most
curious
employers
of
the
finer
woods
.
Take
a
Pint
of
Spirit
of
Wine
exquisitely
dephlegm'd
,
four
Ounces
of
Gum-Lacq
,
which
thus
clense
:
break
it
first
from
the
sticks
and
rubbish
,
and
roughly
contusing
it
in
a
Mortar
,
put
it
to
steep
in
Fountain
water
,
ti'd
up
in
a
bag
of
course
Linnen
,
together
with
a
very
small
morsel
of
the
best
Castle-Sope
,
for
12
hours
;
then
rub
out
all
the
tincture
from
it
,
to
which
add
a
little
Alum
,
and
reserve
it
apart
:
The
Gum-lacq
remaining
in
the
bag
,
with
one
Ounce
of
Sandrac
(
some
add
as
much
Mastic
and
White-Amber
)
dissolve
in
a
large
Matras
(
well
stopp'd
)
with
the
spirit
of
Wine
by
a
two
dayes
digestion
,
frequently
agitating
it
,
that
it
adhere
not
to
the
Glasse
:
Then
strain
,
and
presse
it
forth
into
a
lesser
Vessel
;
Some
,
after
the
first
Infusion
upon
the
Ashes
,
after
twenty
four
hours
,
augment
the
heat
,
and
transfer
the
Matras
to
the
Sandbach
,
till
the
Liquor
begins
to
simper
;
and
when
the
upper
part
of
the
Matras
grows
a
little
hot
,
and
that
the
Gum-lacq
is
melted
,
which
by
that
time
(
if
the
Operation
be
heeded
)
commonly
it
is
,
strain
it
through
a
Linnen-cloth
,
and
presse
it
'twixt
two
sticks
into
the
glass
,
to
be
kept
for
use
,
which
it
will
eternally
be
,
if
well
stopp'd
.
The
Application
.
The
Wood
which
you
would
Vernish
,
should
be
very
clean
,
smooth
,
and
without
the
least
freckle
or
flaw
;
and
in
case
there
be
any
,
stop
them
with
a
past
made
of
Gum
Tragacanth
,
incorporated
with
what
Colour
you
design
:
Then
cover
it
with
a
layer
of
Vernish
purely
,
till
it
be
sufficiently
drench'd
with
it
:
Then
take
seven
times
the
quantity
of
the
Vernish
,
as
you
do
of
Colour
,
and
bruise
it
in
a
small
earthen
dish
glaz'd
,
with
a
piece
of
some
hard
wood
,
till
they
are
well
mingled
:
Apply
this
with
a
very
fine
and
full
Pencil
;
a
quarter
of
an
hour
after
,
do
it
over
again
,
even
to
three
times
successively
;
and
if
every
time
it
be
permitted
to
dry
,
before
you
put
on
the
next
,
't
will
prove
the
better
:
Within
two
hours
after
these
four
layers
(
or
sooner
if
you
please
)
Polish
it
with
Preslc
(
which
our
Cabinet-makers
call
as
I
think
,
Dutch-Reeds
)
wet
,
or
dry
;
nor
much
imports
it
,
though
in
doing
this
,
you
should
chance
to
discover
any
of
the
wood
;
since
you
are
to
passe
it
over
four
or
five
times
as
above
;
and
if
it
be
not
yet
smooth
enough
,
Preslc
it
again
with
the
Reeds
;
but
now
very
tenderly
:
Then
rub
it
sufficiently
with
Tripoly
,
and
a
little
Oyl-Olive
,
or
Water
:
Lastly
,
cover
it
once
or
twice
again
with
your
Vernish
,
and
two
days
after
,
polish
it
as
before
with
Tripoly
,
and
a
piece
of
Hatters
Felt.
The
Colours
.
To
make
it
of
a
fair
Red
,
Take
Spanish
Vermilion
,
with
a
quarter
part
of
Venice-Lacke
.
For
Black
,
Ivory
calcin'd
(
as
Chymists
speak
)
'twixt
two
well
luted
Crucibles
,
which
being
grown'd
in
water
,
with
the
best
and
greenest
Coppros
,
and
so
let
dry
,
reserve
.
For
Blew
,
take
Vltra-Marin
,
and
onely
twice
as
much
Vernish
,
as
of
Colour
.
The
rest
,
are
to
be
appli'd
like
the
Red
,
except
it
be
the
Green
,
which
is
hard
to
make
fair
and
vivid
,
and
therefore
seldome
used
.
Note
,
The
right
Japon
,
is
done
with
three
or
four
Layers
of
Vernish
with
the
Colours
;
then
two
of
pure
Vernish
un-colour'd
(
which
is
made
by
the
former
Processe
,
without
the
Sandrac
which
is
only
mingled
and
used
for
Reds
)
which
must
be
done
with
a
swift
,
and
even
stroke
,
that
it
may
not
dry
before
the
Aventurin
be
seifted
on
it
;
and
then
you
are
to
cover
it
with
so
many
Layers
of
pure
Vernish
,
as
will
render
it
like
polish'd
Glasse
.
Last
of
all
fourbish
it
with
Tripoly
,
Oyl
,
and
the
Felt
,
as
before
directed
.
Note
,
By
Venturine
is
meant
the
most
delicate
and
slender
Golden-wyre
such
as
Embroiderers
use
,
reduc'd
to
a
kind
of
powder
,
as
small
as
you
can
clipp
it
:
this
strew'd
upon
the
first
Layer
of
pure
Vernish
,
when
dry
,
superinduce
what
Colour
you
please
;
and
this
is
pretily
imitated
with
several
Talkes
.
This
being
the
first
time
that
so
rare
a
Secret
has
been
imparted
,
the
Reader
will
believe
that
I
envy
him
nothing
which
may
be
of
use
to
the
Publique
:
And
though
many
years
since
we
were
Master
of
this
Curiosity
,
Athanasius
Kercher
has
set
down
a
Processe
in
his
late
China
Illustrata
pretty
faithfully
;
yet
,
besides
that
it
onely
speaks
Latine
(
such
as
't
is
)
it
is
nothing
so
perfect
as
ours
.
Howbeit
,
there
we
learn
,
that
the
most
opulent
Province
of
Chekiang
is
for
nothing
more
celebrated
,
than
the
excellent
Paper
which
it
produces
,
and
the
Gumme
call'd
Ciè
(
extilling
from
certain
Trees
)
with
which
they
compose
their
famous
Vernish
,
so
universally
valu'd
over
the
World
;
because
it
is
found
above
all
other
Inventions
of
that
nature
,
to
preserve
,
and
beautifie
wood
,
above
any
thing
which
has
hitherto
been
detected
:
And
it
has
accordingly
so
generally
obtained
with
them
,
that
they
have
whole
Rooms
and
ample
Chambers
,
Wainscotted
therewith
,
and
divers
of
their
most
precious
Furniture
;
as
Cabinets
,
Tables
,
Stools
,
Beds
,
Dishes
,
Skreens
,
Staves
,
Frames
,
Pots
,
and
other
Vtensils
:
But
long
it
was
ere
we
could
for
all
this
,
approach
it
in
Europe
to
any
purpose
,
till
F.
Eustachius
Imart
an
Augustine-Monk
,
obtain'd
the
Secret
,
and
oblig'd
us
with
it
.
I
know
not
whether
it
may
be
any
Service
to
speak
here
of
Colour'd
Woods
,
I
mean
such
as
are
naturally
so
,
because
besides
the
Berbery
for
Yellow
,
and
Holly
for
White
,
we
have
very
few
:
Our
Inlayers
use
Fustic
,
Locust
,
or
Acacia
;
Brasile
,
Prince
and
Rose-wood
for
Yellow
and
Reds
,
with
several
others
brought
from
both
the
Indies
;
but
when
they
would
imitate
the
naturall
turning
of
Leaves
in
their
curious
Compartiments
and
bordures
of
Flower-works
,
they
effect
it
by
dipping
the
pieces
(
first
cut
into
shape
and
ready
to
In-lay
)
so
far
into
hot
Sand
,
as
they
would
have
the
Shadow
,
and
the
heat
of
the
Sand
darkens
it
so
gradually
,
without
detriment
or
burning
the
thin
Chip
,
as
one
would
conceive
it
to
be
natural
:
Note
,
that
the
Sand
is
to
be
heated
in
some
very
thin
Brasse-pan
like
to
the
bottom
of
a
Scale
or
Ballance
:
This
I
mention
because
the
burning
with
Irons
,
or
Aqua-fortis
,
is
not
comparable
to
it
.
I
learn
also
,
that
soft
Woods
attain
little
politure
without
infinite
labour
,
and
the
expedient
is
,
to
Plane
it
often
,
and
every
time
you
do
so
,
to
smeare
it
with
strong
Glew
,
which
easily
penetrating
,
hardens
it
;
and
the
frequenter
you
do
this
,
and
still
Plane
it
,
the
harder
,
and
sleeker
it
will
remain
.
And
now
we
have
spoken
of
Glew
,
't
is
so
common
and
cheap
,
that
I
need
not
tell
you
it
is
made
by
boyling
the
sinnes
,
&c.
of
Sheeps
trotters
,
parings
of
raw
Hides
,
&c.
to
a
Gelly
,
and
straining
it
:
But
the
finer
,
and
more
delicate
Work
is
best
fastned
with
Fish
Glew
,
to
be
had
of
the
Drougist
by
the
name
of
Ichthyocolla
;
and
here
I
conclude
.
36.
Let
us
now
then
sum
up
all
the
good
qualities
,
and
transcendent
perfections
of
Trees
,
in
the
harmonious
Poets
,
Consort
of
Elogies
.
—
Pines
are
for
Masts
an
useful
Wood
,
Cedar
and
Cypresse
,
to
build
Houses
good
:
Hence
covers
for
their
Carts
,
and
spokes
for
Wheels
Swains
make
,
and
Ships
do
form
their
crooked
Keels
:
The
Twiggy
Sallows
,
Elms
with
leaves
are
frait
;
Myrtles
stout
Spears
,
and
Cornel
good
for
fight
:
The
Yews
into
Ityrean
Bows
are
bent
;
Smooth
Limes
,
and
Box
,
the
Turners
Instrument
Shaves
into
form
,
and
hollow
Cups
does
trim
;
And
down
the
rapid
Po
light
Alders
swim
:
In
hollow
Bark
Bees
do
their
hony
stive
,
And
make
the
Trunk
of
an
old
Oak
their
Hive
.
—
dant
utile
lignum
Navigiis
Pinos
,
domibus
cedrosque
cupressosque
;
Hinc
radios
triv
re
rotis
,
hinc
tympana
plaustris
Agricolae
,
&
pandas
ratibus
posuere
carinas
.
Viminibus
salices
,
foecundae
frondibus
Vlmi
:
At
Myrtus
validis
hastilibus
,
&
bona
bello
Cornus
:
Ityreos
Taxi
torquentur
in
arcus
.
Nec
Tiliae
laeves
,
aut
torno
rosile
Buxum
,
Non
formam
accipiunt
ferroque
cavantur
acuto
:
Nec
non
torrentem
undam
levis
innatat
Alnus
Missa
Pado
,
nec
non
&
apes
exam●na
condunt
Cort●cibusque
cavis
,
vitiosaeque
Il●cis
alvo
:
Georg.
2.
and
the
most
ingenious
Ovid
,
where
he
introduces
the
miraculous
Grove
rais'd
by
the
melodious
Song
of
Orpheus
,
—
Nor
Trees
of
Chaony
,
The
Poplar
,
various
Oaks
that
pierce
the
sky
,
Soft
Linden
,
smooth-rind
Beech
,
unmarried
Bays
,
The
brittle
Hasel
,
Ash
,
whose
spears
we
praise
,
Unknotty
Fir
,
the
solace
shading
Planes
,
Rough
Chessnuts
,
Maple
Fleet
with
different
granes
,
Stream-bordering
Willow
,
Lotus
loving
takes
,
Tuffe
Box
,
whom
never
sappy
spring
forsakes
,
The
slender
Tamarisk
,
with
Trees
that
bear
A
purple
Fig
,
nor
Myrtles
absent
were
.
The
wanton
Ivie
wreath'd
in
amorous
twines
,
Vines
bearing
grapes
,
and
Elms
supporting
Vines
,
Straight
Service-Trees
,
Trees
dropping
Pitch
,
fruit-red
Arbutus
,
these
the
rest
accompanied
.
With
limber
Palmes
,
of
Victory
the
prize
:
And
upright
Pine
,
whose
leaves
like
bristles
rise
,
Priz'd
by
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
.
—
Sandys
.
—
non
chaonis
abfuit
arbor
,
Non
nemus
Heliadum
,
non
frondibus
aesculus
altis
▪
Nec
Til●ae
molles
,
nec
Fagus
,
&
innuba
Laurus
,
Et
Coryli
fragiles
,
&
Fraxinus
utilis
hastis
;
Enodisque
Abies
,
curvataque
glandibus
Ilex
,
Et
Platanus
genialis
,
Acerque
coloribus
impar
.
Amnicolaeque
simul
Salices
,
&
aquatica
Lotos
,
Perpetuóque
virens
Buxus
,
tenuesque
Myricae
,
Et
bicolor
Myrtus
,
&
baccis
caerula
Ficus
.
Vos
quoque
flexi-pedes
Hederae
venistis
,
&
un●
Pampineae
Vites
,
&
amictae
Vitibus
Vlmi
,
Orníque
,
&
Piceae
,
Pomoque
onerata
rubeuti
Arbutus
,
&
lentae
victoris
praemia
Palmae
.
Et
succincta
comas
,
h●rsutaqae
vertice
Pinus
Grata
Deum
matri
,
&c.
—
Met.
10.
as
the
incomparable
Poet
goes
on
,
and
is
imitated
by
our
divine
Spencer
,
where
he
brings
his
gentle
Knight
into
a
shady
Grove
,
praising
—
the
Trees
so
straight
,
and
high
,
The
sailing
Pine
,
the
Cedar
proud
,
and
tall
,
The
Vine-prop
Elm
,
the
Poplar
never
dry
,
The
builder
Oak
,
sole
King
of
Forests
all
;
The
Aspine
,
good
for
Staves
;
the
Cypress
funeral
:
The
Laurel
,
meede
of
mighty
Conquerours
And
Poets
sage
;
The
Fir
that
weepeth
still
;
The
Willow
,
worn
of
forlorn
Paramours
;
The
Eugh
,
obedient
to
the
benders
will
;
The
Birch
for
Shafts
;
the
Sallow
for
the
Mill
;
The
Myrrhe
sweet
bleeding
in
the
bitter
wound
;
The
War-like
Beech
;
the
Ash
for
nothing
ill
;
The
fruitful
Olive
;
and
the
Platane
round
;
The
Carver
Holm
;
the
Maple
,
seldom
inward
sound
.
Canto
.
1●
And
in
this
Symphony
might
the
noble
Tasso
bear
likewise
his
part
;
but
that
these
are
sufficient
,
&
tria
sunt
omnia
.
37.
For
we
have
already
spoken
of
that
modern
Art
of
Tapping
Trees
in
the
Spring
,
by
which
doubtlesse
some
excellent
and
specific
Medicines
may
be
attained
;
as
from
the
Birch
for
the
Stone
;
from
Elms
and
Elder
against
Feavers
;
so
from
the
Vine
,
the
Oak
,
and
even
the
very
Bramble
,
&c.
besides
the
wholesom
and
pleasant
Drinks
,
Spirits
,
&c.
that
may
possibly
be
educed
out
of
them
all
,
which
we
leave
to
the
Industrious
,
satisfying
our selves
,
that
we
have
been
among
the
first
who
have
hinted
,
and
Publish'd
the
wayes
of
performing
it
.
What
now
remains
concerns
onely
some
general
Precepts
,
and
Directions
applicable
to
most
of
that
we
have
formerly
touched
;
together
with
a
Brief
of
what
farther
Laws
have
been
enacted
for
the
Improvement
,
and
preservation
of
Woods
;
and
which
having
dispatch'd
,
shall
with
a
short
Paraenesis
touching
the
present
ordering
,
and
disposing
of
his
Majesties
Plantations
for
the
future
benefit
of
the
Nation
,
put
an
end
to
this
rustick
Discourse
.
CHAP.
XXXII
.
Aphorisms
,
or
certain
general
Precepts
of
use
to
the
foregoing
Chapters
.
1.
TRy
all
sorts
of
Seeds
,
and
by
their
thriving
you
shall
best
discern
what
are
the
most
proper
kinds
for
Grounds
,
Quippe
solo
natura
subest
—
and
of
these
design
the
main
of
your
Plantation
.
2.
Keep
your
newly
sown
seeds
continually
fresh
,
and
in
the
shade
(
as
much
as
may
be
)
till
they
peep
.
3.
All
curious
Seeds
,
and
Plants
are
diligently
to
be
weeded
,
till
they
are
strong
enough
to
over-drop
or
suppresse
them
:
And
you
shall
carefully
haw
,
half-dig
,
and
stir
up
the
earth
about
their
Roots
during
the
first
three
years
;
especially
,
in
the
Vernal
,
and
Autumnal
Aequinoxes
:
This
work
to
be
done
in
a
moist
season
for
the
first
year
to
prevent
the
dust
,
and
the
suffocating
of
the
tender
buds
;
but
afterwards
,
in
the
more
dry
weather
.
4.
Plants
,
rais'd
from
seed
,
shall
be
thinn'd
where
they
come
up
too
thick
;
and
none
so
fit
as
you
thus
draw
to
be
transplanted
into
Hedge-rowes
,
especially
,
where
ground
is
precious
.
5.
In
transplanting
,
omit
not
the
placing
of
your
Trees
towards
their
accustom'd
Aspect
.
6.
Remove
the
softest
wood
to
the
moistest
grounds
,
Divisae
arboribus
partiae
—
7.
Begin
to
Transplant
Forest-trees
when
the
leaves
fall
after
Michaelmasse
;
you
may
adventure
when
they
are
tarnish'd
,
and
grow
yellow
:
It
is
lost
time
to
commence
later
,
and
for
the
most
part
of
your
Trees
,
early
Transplanters
seldom
repent
;
for
sometimes
a
tedious
band
of
Frost
prevents
the
whole
season
,
and
the
baldness
of
the
Tree
is
a
note
of
deceipt
;
for
some
Oaks
,
and
most
Beeches
,
preserve
their
dead
leaves
till
new
ones
push
them
off
.
8.
Set
deeper
in
the
lighter
grounds
than
in
the
strong
;
but
shallowest
in
Clay
:
five
inches
is
sufficient
for
the
dryest
,
and
one
or
two
for
the
moist
,
provided
you
establish
them
against
winds
.
9.
Plant
forth
in
warm
,
and
moist
seasons
;
the
Air
tranquil
and
serene
;
the
wind
westerly
;
but
never
whiles
it
actually
freezes
,
Raines
,
or
in
Misty
Weather
;
for
it
moulds
,
and
infects
the
Roots
.
10.
What
you
gather
,
and
draw
out
of
Woods
,
plant
immediately
,
for
their
Roots
are
very
apt
to
be
mortified
by
the
winds
,
and
cold
air
.
11.
Trees
,
produc'd
from
Seeds
must
have
the
Tap-roots
abated
(
the
Wallnut-tree
,
and
some
others
excepted
,
and
yet
if
Planted
meerly
for
the
Fruit
,
some
affirm
it
may
be
adventur'd
on
with
successe
)
and
the
bruised
parts
cut
away
;
but
sparing
the
fibrous
,
for
they
are
the
principal
feeders
;
and
those
who
clense
them
too
much
,
are
punish'd
for
the
mistake
.
12.
In
Spring
,
rub
off
some
of
the
collateral
Buds
,
to
check
the
exuberancy
of
Sap
in
the
branches
,
till
the
Roots
be
well
establish'd
.
13.
Transplant
no
more
then
you
well
Fence
;
for
that
neglected
,
Tree-culture
comes
to
nothing
:
Therefore
all
young
set
Trees
should
be
defended
from
the
winds
,
and
Sun
;
especially
the
East
,
and
North
,
till
their
Roots
are
fixed
;
that
is
,
till
you
perceive
them
shoot
;
and
the
not
exactly
observing
of
this
Article
,
is
cause
of
the
perishing
of
the
most
tender
Plantations
;
for
it
is
the
invasion
of
these
two
assailants
which
does
more
mischief
to
our
new
set
,
and
lesse
hardy
Trees
,
then
the
most
severe
and
durable
Frosts
of
a
whole
Winter
.
14.
The
properest
Soil
,
and
most
natural
,
apply
to
distinct
species
,
Nec
verò
terrae
ferre
omnes
omnia
possunt
.
Yet
we
find
by
experience
,
that
most
of
our
Forest-Trees
grow
well
enough
in
the
coursest
Lands
;
provided
there
be
a
competent
depth
of
mould
:
For
albeit
most
of
our
wild
Plants
covet
to
run
just
under
the
surface
,
yet
where
there
is
not
sufficient
depth
to
cool
them
,
and
entertain
the
Moisture
and
Influences
,
they
are
neither
lasting
,
nor
prosperous
.
15.
Wood
well
Planted
,
will
grow
in
Moorish
,
Boggy
,
Heathy
,
and
the
stoniest
grounds
:
Only
the
white
,
and
blew
clay
(
which
is
commonly
the
best
Pasture
)
is
the
worst
for
wood
;
and
such
good
Timber
as
we
find
in
any
of
these
(
Oak●
excepted
)
is
of
an
excessive
age
,
requiring
thrice
the
time
to
arrive
at
their
stature
.
16.
If
the
season
require
it
,
all
new
Plantations
are
to
be
plied
with
waterings
,
which
is
better
pour'd
into
a
circle
at
some
distance
from
the
Roots
,
which
should
continually
be
bared
of
Grasse
,
and
if
the
water
be
rich
,
or
impregnated
,
the
shoots
will
soon
discover
it
;
for
the
Liquor
being
percolated
through
a
quantity
of
earth
will
carry
the
nitrous
virtue
of
the
soil
with
it
;
by
no
means
therefore
water
at
the
stem
;
because
it
washes
the
mould
from
the
Root
,
comes
too
crude
,
and
endangers
their
rotting
:
But
,
17.
For
the
cooling
and
refreshing
Tree-roots
,
the
congesting
of
Pot-sheards
,
Flints
,
or
Pibb●es
near
the
foot
of
the
stem
,
is
preferable
to
all
other
;
and
so
the
Poet
,
Lime-stones
,
or
squallid
Shells
,
that
may
the
Rain
,
Vapors
,
and
gliding
moisture
entertain
.
Aut
lapidem
bibulum
,
aut
squallenteis
infode
conchas
,
Inter
enim
labentur
aquae
,
tenuísque
subibit
Halitus
—
Georg.
2.
But
remember
you
remove
them
after
a
competent
time
,
else
the
Vermine
,
Snails
,
and
Insects
which
they
produce
and
shelter
,
will
gnaw
,
and
greatly
injure
their
Bark
.
18.
Young
Plants
will
be
strangled
with
Corn
,
Oates
,
Pease
,
or
Hemp
,
or
any
rankly
growing
Grain
,
if
a
competent
circle
and
distance
be
not
left
(
as
of
near
a
yard
,
or
so
)
of
the
Stem
;
this
is
a
useful
remark
.
19.
Cut
no
Trees
(
especially
,
having
an
eminent
Pith
in
them
,
being
young
and
tender
too
)
when
either
heat
,
or
cold
are
in
extreams
;
nor
in
very
wet
,
or
snowy
weather
;
and
in
this
work
it
is
profitable
to
discharge
all
Trees
of
unthriving
,
broken
,
wind-shaken
browse
,
and
such
as
our
Law
terms
Cablicia
,
and
to
take
them
off
to
the
quick
,
—
ne
pars
sincera
trahatur
.
And
for
Ever-greens
,
especially
such
as
are
tender
,
prune
them
not
after
Planting
,
till
they
do
Radicare
,
that
is
,
by
some
little
fresh
shoot
,
discover
that
they
have
taken
.
I
will
Conclude
with
the
Tecnical
names
,
or
dissimiler
parts
of
Trees
,
as
I
find
them
enumerated
by
the
Industrious
and
Learned
Dr.
Merett
.
Scapus
,
Truncus
,
Cortex
,
Liber
,
Malicorium
,
Matrix
,
Medulla
&
Cor
,
Pecten
,
Circuli
,
Surculi
,
Rami
,
Sarmenta
,
Ramusculi
,
Spadix
,
Vimen
,
Virgultum
&
Cremium
,
Vitilia
,
Talea
,
Scobs
,
Termes
,
Turiones
,
Frondes
,
Cachryas
&
Nucamentum
,
Julus
&
Catulus
,
Comae
:
The
Species
Frutex
,
Suffrutex
,
&c.
all
which
I
leave
to
be
put
into
good
and
proper
English
,
by
those
who
shall
once
oblige
our
Nation
with
a
full
,
and
absolutely
compleat
Dictionary
,
as
yet
a
great
desiderate
amongst
us
.
To
this
I
shall
add
,
the
Time
,
and
Season
of
the
flourishing
of
Trees
,
computing
from
the
entrie
of
each
Month
as
the
figures
denote
;
that
is
,
from
March
(
where
the
Doctor
begings
)
inclusively
.
March
,
Acer
3.
(
(i)
from
March
to
May
,
viz.
one
Month
;
&
sic
de
coeteris
)
Populus
2.
Quercus
5.
Sorbus
2.
Vlmus
2.
April
,
Alnus
2.
Betula
2.
Castanea
4.
Euonymus
2.
Fagus
2.
Fraxinus
2.
Nux-Juglans
3.
Salix
2.
Sambucus
2.
May
,
Cornus
2.
Genista
4.
Juniperus
,
Morus
2.
Tilia
4.
June
,
Aquifolium
2.
July
,
Arbutus
2.
Feb.
Buxus
2.
Many
more
usefull
Observations
are
to
be
collected
,
and
added
to
these
,
from
the
diligent
experience
of
Planters
.
CHAP.
XXXIII
.
Of
the
Laws
and
Statutes
for
the
Preservation
,
and
Improvement
of
Woods
,
&c.
1.
'T
Is
not
to
be
passed
by
,
that
the
very
first
Law
we
find
which
was
ever
promulg'd
,
was
concerning
Trees
;
and
that
Laws
themselves
were
first
Written
upon
them
,
or
Tables
compos'd
of
them
;
and
after
that
Establishment
in
Paradise
,
the
next
we
meet
withal
are
as
Antient
as
Moses
;
you
may
find
the
Statute
at
large
in
Deut.
c.
20.
v.
19
,
20.
Which
though
they
chiefly
tended
to
Fruit-Trees
,
even
in
an
Enemies
Countrey
,
yet
you
will
find
a
case
of
necessity
,
onely
alledg'd
for
the
permission
to
destroy
any
other
.
2.
To
Summe
up
briefly
the
Lawes
,
and
Civil
Constitutions
of
great
Antiquity
,
by
which
Servius
informs
us
't
was
no
lesse
than
Capital
,
alienas
arbores
incidere
;
the
Lex
Aquilia
,
and
those
of
the
xii
.
Tabb
.
mention'd
by
Paulus
,
Cajus
,
Julianus
,
and
others
of
that
Robe
,
repeated
divers
more
.
It
was
by
those
Sacred
Constitutions
provided
,
that
none
might
so
much
as
Plant
Trees
on
the
Confines
of
his
Neighbours
Ground
,
but
he
was
to
leave
a
space
of
at
the
least
five
foot
,
for
the
smallest
Tree
,
that
they
might
not
injure
him
with
their
shadow
.
Si
Arbor
in
Vicini
agrum
impenderit
,
eam
sublucato
▪
&c.
and
if
for
all
this
,
any
hung
over
farther
,
't
was
to
be
strip'd
up
fifteen
foot
;
And
this
Law
Baldwinus
,
Olderdorpius
,
and
Hotoman
recites
out
of
Vlpian
L.
1.
F.
de
Arb.
Caedend
.
where
we
have
the
Praetors
Interdict
express'd
,
and
the
impendent
Wood
adjudged
to
appertain
to
him
whose
field
,
or
fence
was
thereby
damnified
:
Nay
,
the
Wise
Solon
prescribed
Ordinances
for
the
very
distances
of
Trees
;
as
the
divine
Plato
did
against
stealing
of
fruit
,
and
violating
of
Plantations
:
And
the
interdiction
de
Glande
legenda
runs
thus
in
Vlpian
,
AIT
PRAETOR
,
GLANDEM
,
QVAE
EX
ILLIVS
AGRO
IN
TVVM
CADIT
,
QVO
MINVS
ILLI
TERTIO
QVOQVE
DIE
LEGERE
AVFERRE
LICEAT
,
VIM
FIERI
VETO
.
And
yet
,
though
by
the
Praetors
permission
he
might
come
every
third
day
to
gather
it
up
without
Trespasse
,
his
Neighbour
was
to
share
of
the
Mast
which
so
fell
into
his
Ground
;
and
this
Chapter
is
well
supplied
by
Pliny
l.
16.
c.
5.
and
Cajus
upon
the
Place
,
interprets
Glandem
to
signifie
not
the
Acorns
of
the
Oak
alone
,
but
all
sorts
of
fruit
whatsoever
,
l.
136.
F.
de
Verb.
Signif
.
L.
Vnis
ff.
de
Glande
leg
.
as
by
usage
of
the
Greeks
,
amongst
whom
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
imports
all
kind
of
Trees
.
Moreover
,
no
Trees
might
be
Planted
neer
Publique
Aquae-ducts
,
least
the
Roots
should
insinuate
into
,
and
displace
the
Stones
:
Nor
on
the
very
margent
of
Navigable
Rivers
,
lest
the
Boats
and
other
Vessels
passing
to
and
fro
,
should
be
hindred
,
and
therefore
such
impediments
were
call'd
Retae
,
quia
Naves
retinent
,
sayes
the
Gloss
;
and
because
the
falling
of
the
leaves
corrupted
the
Water
.
So
nor
within
such
a
distance
of
High
ways
(
which
also
our
own
Laws
prohibit
)
that
they
might
dry
the
better
,
and
lesse
cumber
the
Traveller
.
Trees
that
obstructed
the
Foundation
of
Houses
were
to
be
fell'd
;
Bartol.
L.
1.
doct.
c.
de
Interdict
.
Vlp.
in
L.
priore
ff.
de
Arborum
caedend
.
Trees
spreading
their
Roots
in
neighbour-ground
,
to
be
in
common
;
See
Cujas
and
Paulus
in
L.
Arb.
ff
de
Communi
dividend
.
where
more
of
the
Alienation
of
Trees
fell'd
,
and
not
standing
but
with
the
Funds
,
as
also
of
the
Vse-fruit
of
Trees
and
the
difference
'twixt
Arbores
Grandes
,
and
Cremiales
or
Ceduae
,
of
all
which
Vlpian
,
Ba●dus
,
Alciat
,
with
the
Lawes
to
govern
the
Conlucatores
and
Sublucatores
,
and
Pruners
;
vide
Pan.
s
.
c.
Sent.
l.
5.
Festus
,
&c.
for
we
passe
over
what
concerns
Vines
and
Olive-trees
,
to
be
found
in
Cato
de
R.R.
&c.
Nor
is
it
here
that
we
design
to
enlarge
,
as
those
who
have
philologiz'd
on
this
occasion
de
Sycophantis
,
and
other
curious
criticismes
;
but
passe
now
on
,
and
confine
my self
to
the
prudent
Sanctions
of
our
own
Parliaments
:
for
though
according
to
the
old
and
best
Spirit
of
true
English
,
we
ought
to
be
more
powerfully
led
by
his
Majesties
Example
,
than
to
have
need
of
more
cogent
and
violent
Laws
;
yet
that
our
Discourse
may
be
as
ample
,
and
as
little
defective
as
we
can
render
it
,
something
't
is
fit
should
be
spoken
concerning
such
Lawes
and
Ordinances
as
have
been
from
time
to
time
constituted
amongst
us
for
the
Encouragement
,
and
Direction
of
such
as
do
well
,
as
for
the
Animadversion
and
Punishment
of
those
who
continue
refractory
,
which
I
deduce
in
this
order
.
3.
From
the
time
of
Edward
the
fourth
,
were
enacted
many
excellent
Lawes
for
the
Planting
,
securing
,
cutting
,
and
ordering
of
Woods
,
Copses
,
and
Vnder
woods
,
as
then
they
took
cognizance
of
them
;
together
with
the
several
penalties
upon
the
Infringers
;
especially
from
the
25
of
Hen.
8
17.
&c.
confirm'd
by
the
13
and
27.
of
Q
Eliz.
cap.
25.19
.
&c.
which
are
diligently
to
be
consulted
▪
revived
,
put
in
execution
,
and
enlarg'd
where
any
defect
is
apparent
;
as
in
particular
the
Act
of
exempting
of
Timber
of
22
years
growth
from
Tythe
,
for
a
longer
period
,
to
render
it
compleat
,
and
more
effectual
to
their
Improvement
:
And
that
Law
repealed
,
by
which
Willows
,
Sallows
,
Oziers
,
&c.
which
they
term
Sub-bois
,
are
reputed
but
as
Weeds
.
4.
Severer
punishments
have
lately
been
ordain'd
against
our
Wood-stealers
,
destroyers
of
young
Trees
,
&c.
by
an
antient
Law
of
some
Nation
,
I
read
he
forfeited
his
Hand
,
who
beheaded
a
Tree
without
permission
of
the
Owner
;
and
I
cannot
say
they
are
sharp
ones
,
when
I
compare
the
severity
of
our
Lawes
against
Mare
stealers
;
nor
am
I
by
inclination
the
least
cruel
;
but
I
do
affirm
,
we
might
as
well
live
without
Mares
,
as
without
Masts
and
Ships
,
which
are
our
wooden
,
but
no
lesse
profitable
Horses
.
5.
And
here
we
cannot
but
perstringe
those
Royotous
Assemblies
of
Idle
People
,
who
under
pretence
of
going
a
Maying
(
as
they
term
it
)
do
oftentimes
cut
down
,
and
carry
away
fine
straight
Trees
,
to
set
up
before
some
Ale-house
,
or
Revelling-place
,
where
they
keep
their
drunken
Bacchanalias
:
For
though
this
Custom
was
,
I
read
,
introduc'd
by
the
Emperor
Anastasius
,
to
abolish
the
Gentil
Majana
of
the
Romans
at
Ostia
;
which
was
to
transfer
a
great
Oaken-Tree
out
of
some
Forest
into
the
Town
,
and
erect
it
before
their
Mistris's
Door
;
yet
I
think
it
were
better
to
be
quite
abolish'd
amongst
us
,
for
many
reasons
,
besides
that
of
occasioning
so
much
wast
and
spoyl
as
we
find
is
done
to
Trees
at
that
Season
,
under
this
wanton
pretence
,
by
breaking
,
mangling
,
and
tearing
down
of
branches
,
and
intire
Arms
of
Trees
,
to
adorn
their
Wooden-Idol
.
The
Imperial
Law
against
such
disorders
we
have
in
L.
ob
.
id
.
sl
.
ad
legem
Aquill
.
&
in
ff.
l.
47.
Tit.
7.
Arborem
furtim
caesarum
:
See
also
Triphon
.
L.
ig
.
de
Bon.
off
.
cont.
tab.
vel
in
ligna
focaria
.
L.
Ligni
ff.
de
Lege
3.
&c.
To
these
I
might
add
the
Laws
of
our
King
Inas
or
as
the
Learned
Lambert
calls
them
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
de
priscis
Anglorum
legibus
,
whose
Title
is
,
Be
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
of
Burning
Trees
:
The
Sanction
runs
thus
.
If
any
one
set
fire
of
a
fell'd
Wood
,
he
shall
be
punished
,
and
besides
pay
three
pounds
,
and
for
those
who
clandestinely
cut
Wood
(
of
which
the
very
sound
of
the
Axe
shall
be
sufficient
Conviction
)
for
every
Tree
,
he
shall
be
mulcted
thirty
shillings
.
A
Tree
so
fell'd
under
whose
Shadow
thirty
Hoggs
can
stand
,
shall
be
mulcted
at
three
pounds
,
&c.
6.
I
have
heard
,
that
in
the
great
Expedition
of
88
,
it
was
expresly
enjoyn'd
the
Spanish
Commanders
of
that
signal
Armada
;
that
if
when
landed
they
should
not
be
able
to
subdue
our
Nation
,
and
make
good
their
Conquest
;
they
should
yet
be
sure
not
to
leave
a
Tree
standing
in
the
Forest
of
Dean
:
It
was
like
the
Policy
of
the
Philistines
,
when
the
poor
Israelites
went
down
to
their
Enemies
Smiths
to
sharpen
every
man
his
Tools
;
for
as
they
said
,
lest
the
Hebrews
make
them
Swords
,
or
Spears
;
so
these
,
lest
the
English
build
them
Ships
,
and
Men
of
War
:
Whether
this
were
so
,
or
not
;
certain
it
is
,
we
cannot
be
too
jealous
for
the
preservation
of
our
Woods
;
and
especially
of
those
eminent
,
and
,
with
care
,
inexhaustible
Magazines
:
I
dare
not
suggest
the
encouragement
of
a
yet
farther
restraint
,
that
even
Proprietors
themselves
should
not
presume
to
make
havock
of
some
of
their
own
Woods
,
to
feed
their
prodigality
,
and
heap
fuel
to
their
vices
;
but
it
is
worthy
of
our
observation
,
that
(
in
that
in-imitable
Oration
,
the
second
Philippic
)
Cicero
does
not
so
sharply
reproach
his
great
Antagonist
for
any
other
of
his
Extravagancies
(
which
yet
he
there
enumerates
)
as
for
his
wasteful
disposure
of
certain
Wood-lands
belonging
to
the
Common-wealth
,
amongst
his
jovial
Bravo's
,
and
leud
Companions
:
tua
ista
detrimenta
sunt
(
meaning
his
Debauches
)
illa
nostra
;
speaking
of
the
Timber
.
7.
But
to
the
Laws
:
it
were
to
be
wish'd
that
our
tender
,
and
improvable
Woods
,
should
not
admit
of
Cattle
,
by
any
means
,
till
they
were
quite
grown
out
of
reach
;
the
Statutes
which
connive
at
it
,
in
favour
of
Custom
,
and
for
the
satisfying
of
a
few
clamorous
and
rude
Commoners
,
being
too
indulgent
;
since
it
is
very
evident
,
that
less
then
a
14.
or
15.
years
enclosure
is
,
in
most
places
,
too
soon
;
and
our
most
material
Trees
would
be
of
infinite
more
worth
and
improvement
,
were
the
Standards
suffer'd
to
grow
to
Timber
,
and
not
so
frequently
cut
,
at
the
next
felling
of
the
Wood
,
as
the
general
custom
is
.
In
22
Edw.
4.
the
liberty
arriv'd
but
to
seven
years
after
a
felling
of
a
Forest
or
Purlieu
;
and
but
three
years
before
,
without
special
license
:
This
was
very
narrow
;
but
let
us
then
look
on
England
as
an
over-grown
Country
.
8.
Wood
in
Parks
was
afterwards
to
be
four
years
Fenced
,
upon
felling
:
and
yearling
Colts
,
and
Calves
might
be
put
into
inclosed
Woods
after
two
:
By
the
13
Eliz.
five
years
,
and
no
other
Cattle
till
six
,
if
the
growth
was
under
fourteen
years
;
or
until
eight
,
if
exceeding
that
age
till
the
last
felling
:
All
which
Statutes
being
by
the
Act
of
Hen.
8.
but
temporal
,
this
Parliament
of
Eliz.
thought
fit
to
make
perpetual
.
9.
Then
,
to
prevent
the
destructive
razing
,
and
converting
of
Woods
to
Pasture
:
No
wood
of
two
Acres
,
and
above
two
furlongs
from
the
Mansion
House
,
should
be
indulg'd
:
And
the
prohibitions
are
good
against
Assarts
made
in
forests
,
&c.
without
license
:
The
Penalties
are
indeed
great
;
but
how
seldome
inflicted
?
and
what
is
now
more
easie
,
than
Compounding
for
such
a
license
?
In
some
parts
of
Germany
,
where
a
single
Tree
is
observ'd
to
be
extraordinary
fertile
,
a
constant
,
and
plentiful
Mast-bearer
;
there
are
Laws
to
prohibite
their
felling
without
special
leave
:
And
it
was
well
Enacted
amongst
us
,
that
even
the
Owners
of
woods
within
Chases
,
should
not
cut
down
the
Timber
without
view
of
Officers
;
this
Act
being
in
affirmance
of
the
Common
Law
,
and
not
to
be
violated
without
Prescription
:
See
the
Case
cited
by
my
Lord
Cook
in
his
Comment
on
Littleton
.
Tenure
Burgage
.
L.
2.
Sect.
170.
Or
if
not
within
Chases
,
yet
where
a
Common-person
had
liberty
of
Chase
,
&c.
and
this
would
be
of
much
benefit
,
had
the
Regarders
perform'd
their
duty
,
as
't
is
at
large
described
in
the
Writ
of
the
12
Articles
;
and
that
the
Surcharge
of
the
Forests
had
been
honestly
inspected
with
the
due
Perambulations
,
and
ancient
Metes
:
Thus
should
the
Justices
of
Eire
dispose
of
no
Woods
without
expresse
Commission
,
and
in
convenient
places
:
Minuti
blaterones
quercuum
,
culi
,
&
curbi
,
as
our
Law
terms
wind-falls
,
dotterels
,
scrags
,
&c.
and
no
others
.
10.
Care
is
likewise
by
our
Laws
to
be
taken
that
no
unnecessary
Imbezelment
be
made
by
pretences
of
Repair
of
Paling
,
Lodges
,
Browse
for
Deer
,
&c.
Wind-falls
,
Root-falls
;
dead
,
and
Sear-trees
,
all
which
is
subject
to
the
Inspection
of
the
Warders
,
Justices
,
&c.
and
even
trespasses
done
de
Viridi
on
boughs
of
Trees
,
Thickets
,
and
the
like
;
which
(
as
has
been
shew'd
)
are
very
great
impediments
to
their
growth
and
prosperity
,
and
should
be
duly
looked
after
,
and
punish'd
;
and
the
great
neglect
of
Swainmote-Courts
reformed
,
&c.
See
Consuet
.
&
Assis
.
Forest
.
Pannagium
,
or
Pastura
pecorum
&
de
Glandibus
,
Fleta
,
&c.
Manwoods
Forest-lawes
:
Cook
pla.
fol.
366.
li.
8.
fol.
138.
11.
Finally
,
that
the
exorbitance
,
and
increase
of
devouring
Iron-mills
were
looked
into
,
as
to
their
distance
,
and
number
neer
the
Seas
,
or
Navigable
Rivers
;
And
what
if
some
of
them
were
even
remov'd
▪
into
another
world
?
't
were
better
to
purchase
all
our
Iron
out
of
America
,
than
thus
to
exhaust
our
woods
at
home
,
although
(
I
doubt
not
)
they
might
be
so
order'd
,
as
to
be
rather
a
means
of
conserving
them
.
There
was
a
Statute
made
by
Queen
Eliz.
to
prohibite
the
converting
of
Timber
trees
to
Coal
,
or
other
Fuel
for
the
use
of
Iron-mills
;
if
the
Tree
were
of
one
foot
square
,
and
growing
within
fourteen
Miles
of
the
Sea
,
or
the
greater
Rivers
,
&c.
't
is
pity
some
of
those
places
in
Kent
,
Sussex
,
and
Surrey
were
excepted
in
the
Proviso
,
for
the
reason
express'd
in
a
Statute
made
23
Eliz.
by
which
even
the
imploying
of
any
under-wood
,
as
well
as
great
Trees
,
was
prohibited
within
22
miles
of
London
,
and
many
other
Navigable
Rivers
,
Creeks
,
and
other
lesser
distances
from
some
parts
of
Sussex-Downs
,
Cinque-Ports
,
Havens
,
&c.
There
are
several
Acres
of
wood-land
of
no
mean
circuit
near
Rochester
,
in
the
County
of
Kent
,
extending
as
far
as
Bexley
,
and
indeed
,
for
many
miles
about
Shoters-Hill
,
near
the
River
of
Thames
,
which
,
were
his
Majesty
owner
of
,
might
in
few
years
,
be
of
an
un-valuable
Improvement
and
benefit
,
considering
how
apt
they
are
to
grow
Forest
,
and
how
opportune
they
lye
for
the
use
of
his
Royal
Navy
at
Chatham
.
12.
But
yet
to
prove
what
it
is
to
manage
Woods
discreetly
;
I
read
of
one
Mr.
Christopher
Darell
a
Surrey
Gentleman
of
Nudigate
,
that
had
a
particular
Indulgence
for
the
cutting
of
his
Woods
at
pleasure
,
though
a
great
Iron
:
Master
;
because
he
so
order'd
his
Works
,
that
they
were
a
means
of
preserving
even
his
Woods
;
notwithstanding
those
unsatiable
devourers
:
This
may
appear
a
Paradox
,
but
is
to
be
made
out
;
and
I
have
heard
my
own
Father
(
whose
Estate
was
none
of
the
least
wooded
in
England
)
affirm
,
that
a
Forge
,
and
some
other
Mills
,
to
which
he
furnish'd
much
fuel
,
were
a
means
of
maintaining
,
and
improving
his
woods
;
I
suppose
,
by
increasing
the
Industry
of
Planting
,
and
care
;
as
what
he
has
now
left
standing
of
his
own
Planting
,
enclosing
,
and
cherishing
,
in
the
possession
of
my
most
honoured
Brother
,
George
Evelin
of
Wotton
in
the
same
County
,
does
sufficiently
evince
;
a
most
laudable
Monument
of
his
Industry
,
and
rare
Example
,
for
without
such
an
Example
,
and
such
an
Application
,
I
am
no
Advocate
for
Iron-works
,
but
a
declared
denouncer
:
But
Nature
has
thought
fit
to
produce
this
wasting-Oare
more
plentifully
in
Wood-land
,
than
any
other
Ground
,
and
to
enrich
our
Forests
to
their
own
Destruction
,
O
Poverty
,
still
safe
!
and
therefore
found
Insep'rably
with
Mischiefs
under
ground
!
Woods
tall
,
and
Reverend
from
all
time
appear
Inviolable
,
where
no
Mine
is
near
.
O
semper
bona
pauperies
!
&
conditus
altâ
Thesaurus
tellure
nocens
!
O
semper
ovantes
,
Integra
,
salvaque
solo
non
divite
Sylva
!
Couleii
Pl.
l.
6.
for
so
our
sweet
Poet
deplores
the
Fate
of
the
Forest
of
Dean
.
13.
The
same
Act
we
have
Confirmed
,
and
enlarged
in
the
Seventeenth
of
the
said
Queen
,
for
the
preserving
of
Timber-Trees
,
and
the
Penalties
of
impairing
Woods
much
increased
;
the
Tops
and
offals
onely
permitted
to
be
made
use
of
for
this
imployment
.
14.
As
to
the
Law
of
Tythes
,
I
find
Timber-Trees
pay
none
,
but
others
do
,
both
for
Body
,
Branches
,
Bark
,
Fruit
,
Root
,
and
even
the
Suckers
growing
out
of
them
;
and
the
Tenth
of
the
Body
sold
,
or
kept
:
And
so
of
Willows
,
Sallows
,
and
all
other
Trees
not
apt
for
Timber
:
Also
of
Sylva
caedua
,
as
Coppices
,
and
Vnder-woods
,
pay
the
tenth
when
ever
the
Proprietor
receives
his
nine
Parts
.
But
if
any
of
these
we
have
named
un-exempted
are
cut
onely
for
Mounds
,
Fencing
,
or
Plow-boot
within
the
Parish
in
which
they
grow
,
or
for
the
Fuel
of
the
Owner
,
no
Tythes
are
due
,
though
the
Vicar
have
the
Tyth-wood
,
and
the
Parson
that
of
the
places
so
inclosed
;
nor
are
Vnder-woods
grub'd
up
by
the
Roots
Tythable
,
unlesse
for
this
,
and
any
of
the
former
cases
there
be
Prescription
.
But
for
Timber-trees
,
such
as
Oak
,
Ash
,
Elm
(
which
are
accounted
Timber
in
all
places
after
the
first
twenty
years
)
also
Beech
,
Horn-beam
,
Maple
,
Aspen
,
and
even
Hasel
(
many
of
which
are
in
some
Countries
reputed
Timber
)
they
are
not
to
pay
Tithes
,
unlesse
they
are
fell'd
before
the
said
age
of
twenty
years
from
their
first
Planting
.
Note
here
,
If
the
Owner
fell
a
fruit-tree
(
of
which
the
Parson
has
had
tythe
that
year
)
and
convert
the
wood
into
fuel
,
the
tythe
shall
cease
;
because
he
cannot
receive
the
tythe
of
one
thing
twice
in
one
year
.
Beech
,
in
Countrys
where
it
abounds
,
is
not
tythable
;
because
in
such
places
't
is
not
accounted
Timber
.
16
Jac.
Co.
B.
Pinders
Case
.
Cherry-trees
in
Buckinghamshire
have
been
adjudged
Timber
,
and
Tythe-free
.
Pasch.
17
Jac.
B.R.
If
a
Tree
be
lop'd
under
twenty
years
growth
,
and
afterwards
be
permitted
to
grow
past
twenty
years
,
and
then
be
lop'd
again
,
no
tythe
is
due
for
it
,
though
at
the
first
cutting
it
were
not
so
.
If
wood
be
cut
for
hedges
,
which
is
not
tythable
,
and
any
be
left
of
it
un-employ'd
,
no
tythe
shall
be
paid
for
it
.
If
wood
be
cut
for
Hop-poles
(
where
the
Parson
or
Vicar
has
tythe
Hops
)
in
this
case
he
shall
not
have
tythe
of
Hop-poles
.
If
a
great
wood
consist
chiefly
of
Vnder
wood
Tythable
,
and
some
great
trees
of
Beech
,
or
the
like
grow
dispersedly
amongst
them
;
Tythe
is
due
,
unlesse
the
Custom
be
otherwise
of
all
both
great
and
lesser
together
:
And
in
like
manner
if
a
wood
consist
for
the
most
part
of
Timber
trees
,
with
some
small
scatterings
of
Vnder-wood
amongst
them
,
no
Tythe
shall
be
paid
for
the
Vnder
wood
or
Bushes
.
Trin.
19
Jac.
B.R.
Adjudg
.
16
Jac.
in
C.B.
Leonards
case
.
No
Tythe
is
to
be
paid
of
Common
of
Estovers
,
or
the
wood
burnt
in
ones
House
.
Now
as
to
the
manner
of
Payment
.
To
give
the
Parson
the
Tenth
Acre
of
Wood
in
a
Coppice
,
or
the
tenth
Cord
(
provided
they
are
equal
)
is
a
good
payment
,
and
setting
forth
of
Tythe
,
especially
if
the
Custom
confirm
it
.
The
Tythe
of
Mast
of
Oak
,
or
Beech
,
if
sold
,
must
be
answer'd
by
the
tenth
Penny
:
if
eaten
by
Swine
,
the
worth
of
it
.
And
thus
much
we
thought
sit
to
add
concerning
Predial
Tythes
;
who
has
desire
to
be
farther
informed
may
consult
my
Lord
Cook
's
Rep.
11.48
,
49.81
.
Plow.
470.
Brownlows
Rep.
1
part.
94.
2
part.
150.
D.
&
St.
169.
&c
:
But
let
us
see
what
others
do
.
15.
The
King
of
Spain
has
neer
Bilbao
,
sixteen
times
as
many
Acres
of
Copse-wood
as
are
sit
to
be
cut
for
Coal
in
one
year
;
so
that
when
't
is
ready
to
be
fell'd
,
an
Officer
first
marks
such
as
are
like
to
prove
Ship-timber
,
which
are
let
stand
,
as
so
many
sacred
,
and
dedicate
Trees
:
But
by
this
means
the
Iron
works
are
plentifully
supplied
in
the
same
place
,
without
at
all
diminishing
the
stock
of
Timber
.
Then
in
Biscay
again
,
every
Proprietor
,
and
other
,
Plants
three
for
one
which
he
cuts
down
;
and
the
Law
obliging
them
is
most
severely
executed
.
There
indeed
are
few
,
or
no
Copses
;
but
all
are
Pollards
;
and
the
very
lopping
(
I
am
assur'd
)
does
furnish
the
Iron
works
with
sufficient
to
support
them
.
16.
What
the
practise
is
for
the
maintaining
of
these
kind
of
Plantations
in
Germany
,
and
France
,
has
already
been
observ'd
to
this
Illustrious
Society
by
the
Learned
Dr.
Meret
;
viz
that
the
Lords
and
(
for
the
Crown-lands
)
the
Kings
Commissioners
,
divide
the
Woods
,
and
Forests
,
into
eighty
partitions
;
every
year
felling
one
of
the
divisions
;
so
as
no
wood
is
sell'd
in
less
than
fourscore
years
:
And
when
any
one
partition
is
to
be
cut
down
,
the
Officer
,
or
Lord
contracts
with
the
Buyer
that
he
shall
at
the
distance
of
every
twenty
foot
(
which
is
somewhat
neer
)
leave
a
good
,
fair
,
sound
and
fruitful
Oak
standing
.
Those
of
'twixt
forty
,
and
fifty
years
they
reckon
for
the
best
,
and
then
they
are
to
fence
these
Trees
from
all
sorts
of
Beasts
,
and
injuries
,
for
a
competent
time
;
which
being
done
,
at
the
season
,
downfall
the
Acorns
,
which
(
with
the
Autumnal
rains
beaten
into
the
earth
)
take
root
,
and
in
a
short
time
furnish
all
the
Wood
again
,
where
they
let
them
grow
for
four
,
or
five
years
;
and
then
grub
up
some
of
them
for
Fuel
,
or
Transplantations
,
and
leave
the
most
provable
of
them
,
to
continue
for
Timber
.
17.
The
French
King
permits
none
of
his
Oak
woods
,
though
belonging
(
some
of
them
)
to
Mounsieur
(
his
Royal
Brother
)
in
Appenage
,
to
be
cut
down
;
till
his
own
Surveyors
,
and
Officers
,
have
first
marked
them
out
;
nor
are
any
fell'd
beyond
such
a
Circuit
:
Then
are
they
sufficiently
fenc'd
by
him
who
buys
;
and
no
Cattle
whatsoever
suffer'd
to
be
put
in
,
till
the
very
seedlings
(
which
spring
up
of
the
Acorns
)
are
perfectly
out
of
danger
.
But
these
,
and
many
other
wholsom
Ordinances
,
especially
,
as
they
concern
the
Forest
of
Dean
,
we
have
comprised
in
the
late
Statute
of
the
twentieth
of
his
Majesties
Reign
,
which
I
find
Enacted
five
years
after
the
first
Edition
of
this
Treatise
:
And
these
Lawes
are
worthy
our
perusal
;
as
also
the
Statute
prescribing
a
Scheme
of
Proportions
for
the
several
scantlings
of
Building-Timber
(
besides
what
we
have
already
touched
Chap.
31.
)
which
you
have
19
Car.
2.
intituled
,
An
Act
for
the
Re-building
of
London
;
to
which
I
refer
the
Reader
.
CHAP.
XXXIV
.
The
Paraenesis
and
Conclusion
,
containing
some
Encouragements
and
Proposals
,
for
the
Planting
,
and
Improvement
of
his
Majesties
Forests
.
1.
SInce
our
Forests
are
undoubtedly
the
greatest
Magazines
of
the
Wealth
,
and
Glory
of
this
Nation
;
and
our
Oaks
the
truest
Oracles
of
its
perpetuity
and
happinesse
,
as
being
the
onely
support
of
that
Navigation
which
makes
us
fear'd
abroad
,
and
flourish
at
Home
;
it
has
been
strangely
wonder'd
at
by
some
good
Patriots
,
how
it
comes
to
passe
that
many
Gentlemen
have
frequently
repair'd
,
or
gain'd
a
sudden
Fortune
,
with
Plowing
part
of
their
Parks
,
and
setting
out
their
fat
grounds
to
Gard'ners
,
&c.
and
very
wild
wood-land
parcels
(
as
may
be
instanc'd
in
several
places
)
to
dressers
of
Hop-yards
,
&c.
whiles
the
Royal
portion
lyes
folded
up
in
a
Napkin
,
uncultivated
,
and
neglected
;
especially
,
those
Great
,
and
ample
Forests
;
where
though
plowing
,
and
sowing
has
been
forbidden
,
a
Royal
Command
,
and
Design
,
may
well
dispense
with
it
,
and
the
breaking
up
of
those
Intervals
,
advance
the
growth
of
the
Trees
to
an
incredible
Improvement
.
2.
It
is
therefore
insisted
on
,
that
there
is
not
a
cheaper
,
easier
,
or
more
prompt
expedient
to
advance
Ship
timber
,
than
to
solicit
,
that
in
all
his
Majesties
Forests
,
Woods
,
and
Parks
,
the
spreading
Oak
,
&c.
(
which
we
have
formerly
described
)
be
cherish'd
,
by
Plowing
,
and
sowing
Barley
,
Rye
,
&c.
(
with
due
supply
of
culture
and
Soyl
,
between
them
)
as
far
as
may
(
without
danger
of
the
Plow-share
)
be
broken
up
.
But
this
is
onely
where
these
Trees
are
arriv'd
to
some
magnitude
,
and
stand
at
competent
distances
;
a
hundred
,
or
fifty
yards
(
for
their
Roots
derive
relief
far
beyond
the
reach
of
any
boughs
)
as
do
the
Wallnut-trees
in
Burgundy
,
which
stand
in
their
best
Plow'd
lands
.
3.
But
,
that
we
may
particularize
in
his
Majesties
Forests
of
Dean
,
Sherewood
,
&c.
and
in
some
sort
gratifie
the
Quaeries
of
the
Honourable
,
the
principal
Officers
and
Commissioners
of
the
Navy
,
I
am
advis'd
by
such
as
are
every
way
judicious
,
and
of
long
experience
in
those
parts
;
that
to
enclose
would
be
an
excellent
way
:
But
it
is
to
be
consider'd
,
that
the
People
,
viz.
Foresters
,
and
Bordurers
,
are
not
generally
so
civil
,
and
reasonable
,
as
might
be
wished
;
and
therefore
to
design
a
solid
Improvement
in
such
places
,
his
Majesty
must
assert
his
Power
,
with
a
firm
and
high
Resolution
to
reduce
these
men
to
their
due
Obedience
,
and
to
a
necessity
of
submitting
to
their
own
,
and
the
publick
utility
;
though
they
preserv'd
their
industry
this
way
,
at
a
very
tolerable
rate
upon
that
condition
,
whiles
some
person
of
trust
,
and
integrity
,
did
regulate
,
and
supervise
the
Mounds
and
fences
,
and
destine
some
portions
frequently
set
apart
,
for
the
raising
,
and
propagating
of
Woods
,
till
the
whole
Nation
were
furnish'd
for
posterity
.
4.
And
which
Work
if
his
Majesty
shall
resolve
to
accomplish
,
he
will
leave
such
an
everlasting
Obligation
on
his
People
,
and
raise
such
a
Monument
to
his
fame
,
as
the
Ages
for
a
thousand
years
to
come
,
shall
have
cause
to
celebrate
his
precious
Memory
,
and
his
Royal
Successors
to
emulate
his
Virtue
.
For
thus
(
besides
the
future
expectations
)
it
would
in
present
,
be
no
deduction
from
his
Majesties
Treasure
,
but
some
increase
;
and
fall
in
time
to
be
a
fair
and
worthy
Accession
to
it
;
whiles
this
kind
of
propriety
would
be
the
most
likely
expedient
to
civilize
those
wild
and
poor
Bordurers
;
and
to
secure
the
vast
and
spreading
heart
of
the
Forest
,
which
with
all
this
Indulgence
,
would
be
ample
enough
for
a
Princely
Demeasnes
:
And
if
the
difficulty
be
to
find
out
who
knows
,
or
acknowledges
what
are
the
Bordures
;
this
Article
were
worthy
,
and
becoming
of
as
serious
an
Inquisition
,
as
the
Legislative
Power
of
the
whole
Nation
can
contrive
.
5.
The
Sum
of
all
,
is
;
get
the
Bordures
well
Tenanted
,
by
long
Terms
,
and
easie
Rents
,
and
this
will
invite
and
encourage
Takers
;
whilst
the
middle
,
most
secure
,
and
interiour
parts
would
be
a
Royal
portion
.
Let
his
Majesty
therefore
admit
of
any
willing
Adventurers
in
this
vast
Circle
for
such
Enclosures
in
the
Precincts
;
and
rather
of
more
,
than
of
few
,
though
an
hundred
or
two
,
should
joyn
together
for
any
Enclosure
of
five
hundred
Acres
more
,
or
lesse
;
that
multitudes
being
thus
engaged
,
the
consideration
might
procure
,
and
facilitate
a
full
discovery
of
latter
Encroachments
,
and
fortifie
the
recovery
by
favourable
Rents
,
Improvements
,
and
Reversions
by
Copy-hold
,
or
what
other
Tenures
and
Services
his
Majesty
shall
please
to
accept
of
.
6.
Now
for
the
Planting
of
Woods
in
such
places
(
which
is
the
main
Design
of
this
whole
Treatise
)
the
Hills
,
and
rough
Grounds
will
do
well
;
but
they
are
the
rich
fat
Vales
,
and
flats
which
do
best
deserve
the
charge
of
walls
;
such
as
that
spot
affords
;
and
the
Haw-thorn
well
plash'd
(
single
or
double
)
is
a
better
,
and
more
natural
fence
,
than
unmorter'd
walls
,
could
our
industry
arrive
to
the
making
of
such
as
we
have
describ'd
:
Besides
,
they
are
lasting
,
and
profitable
;
and
then
one
might
allow
sufficient
Bordure
for
a
Mound
of
any
thicknesse
,
which
may
be
the
first
charge
,
and
well
supported
,
and
rewarded
by
the
culture
of
the
Land
thus
enclosed
.
7.
For
Example
,
suppose
a
man
would
take
in
500
Acres
of
good
Land
,
let
the
Mounds
be
of
the
wildest
ground
,
as
fittest
for
wood
:
Two
hedges
with
their
Vallations
,
and
Trenches
will
be
requisite
in
all
the
Round
;
viz.
one
next
to
the
Enclosure
,
the
other
about
the
Thicket
to
fence
it
from
Cattle
:
This
,
between
the
two
hedges
(
of
whatsoever
breadth
)
is
fittest
for
Plantation
:
In
these
Hedges
might
be
tryed
the
Plantation
of
Stocks
,
in
the
intervals
all
manner
of
wood-seeds
sown
(
after
competent
Plowings
)
as
Acorns
,
Mast
,
Fir
,
Pine
,
Nuts
,
&c.
the
first
year
chasing
away
the
Birds
,
because
of
the
Fir
and
Pine
Seeds
,
for
reasons
given
:
the
second
year
loosning
the
ground
,
and
thinning
the
supernumeraries
,
&c.
this
is
the
most
frugal
way
:
Or
by
another
Method
,
the
waste
places
of
Forests
and
Woods
(
which
by
through
experience
is
known
and
tried
)
might
be
perfectly
clensed
;
and
then
allowing
two
or
three
Plowings
,
well
rooted
stocks
be
set
,
cut
and
trimm'd
as
is
requisite
;
and
that
the
Timber-trees
may
be
excellent
,
those
afterwards
Copsed
,
and
the
choicest
stocks
kept
shreaded
.
If
an
Enclosure
be
sow'd
,
the
Seeds
may
be
(
as
was
directed
)
of
all
the
species
,
not
forgetting
the
best
Pines
,
Fir
,
&c.
whiles
the
yearly
removal
of
very
incumbrances
onely
,
will
repay
the
Workmen
,
who
sell
the
Quick
,
or
reserve
it
to
store
other
Enclosures
,
and
soften
the
circumjacent
grounds
,
to
the
very
great
improvement
of
what
remains
.
8.
And
how
if
in
such
fencing-works
,
we
did
sometimes
imitate
what
Quintus
Curtius
,
lib.
6.
has
Recorded
of
the
Mardorum
gens
,
near
to
the
Confines
of
Hyrcania
,
who
did
by
the
close
Planting
of
Trees
alone
upon
the
Bordures
,
give
so
strange
a
check
to
the
Power
of
that
great
Conqueror
Alexander
?
They
were
a
barbarous
People
indeed
,
but
in
this
worthy
our
imitation
;
and
the
Work
so
handsomly
,
and
particularly
describ'd
,
that
I
shall
not
grieve
to
recite
it
.
Arbores
densae
sunt
de
industria
consitae
,
quarum
teneros
adhuc
ramos
manu
flectunt
,
quos
intortos
rursus
inserunt
terrae
:
Inde
,
velut
ex
alia
radice
,
laetiores
virent
trunci
:
hos
,
qua
natura
fert
,
adolescere
non
sinunt
:
quippe
alium
alii
,
quasi
nexu
conserunt
:
qui
ubi
multa
fronde
vestiti
sunt
,
operiunt
terram
.
Itaque
occulti
ramorum
velut
laquei
perpetuá
sepe
iter
claudunt
,
&c.
The
Trees
(
saith
he
)
were
Planted
so
near
and
thick
together
of
purpose
,
that
when
the
boughs
were
yet
young
and
flexible
,
bent
,
and
wreath'd
within
one
another
,
their
Tops
were
bowed
into
the
earth
(
as
we
submerge
our
Layers
)
whence
taking
fresh
roots
,
they
shot
up
new
stems
,
which
not
being
permitted
to
grow
as
of
themselves
they
would
have
done
,
they
so
knit
,
and
perplex'd
one
within
another
,
that
when
they
were
clad
with
leaves
,
they
even
cover'd
the
ground
,
and
enclosed
the
whole
Country
with
a
kind
of
living
net
,
and
impenetrable
hedge
,
as
the
Historian
continues
the
description
;
and
this
is
not
unlike
what
I
am
told
is
frequently
practis'd
in
divers
places
of
Devon
;
where
the
Oaks
being
planted
very
neer
the
foot
of
those
high
Mounds
by
which
they
separate
their
Lands
;
so
Root
themselves
into
the
Bank
,
that
when
it
fails
and
crumbles
down
,
the
Fense
continues
still
maintain'd
by
them
with
exceeding
profit
.
Such
works
as
these
would
become
a
Cato
,
or
Varro
indeed
,
one
that
were
Pater
Patriae
,
non
sibi
soli
natus
,
born
for
Posterity
;
but
we
are
commonly
of
another
mould
,
—
&
fruges
consumere
nati
.
9.
A
fair
advance
for
speedy
growth
,
and
noble
Trees
(
especially
for
Walks
and
Avenues
)
may
be
assuredly
expected
from
the
Graffing
of
young
Oaks
,
and
Elms
with
the
best
of
their
kinds
;
and
where
the
goodliest
of
these
last
are
growing
,
the
ground
would
be
plow'd
,
and
finely
raked
in
the
season
when
the
Scales
fall
;
that
the
showres
and
dews
fastning
the
Seed
where
the
wind
drives
it
,
it
may
take
Root
,
and
hasten
(
as
it
will
)
to
a
sudden
Tree
;
especially
,
if
seasonable
shreading
be
appli'd
,
which
has
sometimes
made
them
arrive
to
the
height
of
Twelve
foot
by
the
first
three
years
,
after
which
they
grow
a
main
.
And
if
such
were
planted
as
near
to
one
another
as
in
the
Examples
we
have
alledg'd
,
it
is
almost
incredible
,
what
a
paling
they
would
be
to
our
most
expos'd
Plantations
,
mounting
up
their
wooden
walls
to
the
clouds
:
And
indeed
the
shelving
,
and
natural
declivity
of
the
Ground
more
or
lesse
to
our
unkind
Aspects
,
and
bleak
Winds
,
does
best
direct
to
the
thickning
of
these
protections
;
and
the
benefit
of
that
,
soon
appear
,
and
recompence
our
industry
in
the
smoothnesse
and
integrity
of
the
Plantations
so
defended
.
10.
That
great
care
be
had
of
the
Seeds
which
we
intend
to
sow
has
been
already
advised
;
for
it
has
been
seen
,
that
Woods
of
the
same
age
;
planted
in
the
same
soil
,
discover
a
visible
difference
in
the
Timber
and
growth
;
and
where
this
variety
should
happen
,
if
not
from
the
seed
,
will
be
hard
to
interpret
;
therefore
,
let
the
place
,
soil
and
growth
of
such
Trees
from
whence
you
have
your
seeds
,
be
diligently
examin'd
;
and
why
not
this
,
as
well
as
in
our
care
of
Animals
for
our
breed
and
store
?
11.
As
to
the
Form
,
obey
the
natural
site
,
and
submit
to
the
several
guizes
;
but
ever
declining
to
enclose
High
wayes
,
and
Common-Roads
as
much
as
possible
.
For
the
rest
,
be
pleased
to
reflect
on
what
we
have
already
said
,
to
encourage
the
Planting
of
the
large
spreading
Oak
above
all
that
species
;
the
amplitude
of
the
distance
which
they
require
resign'd
to
the
care
of
the
Verderer
for
grazing
Cattle
,
Deer
,
&c.
and
for
the
great
and
masculine
beauty
which
a
wild
Quincunx
,
as
it
were
,
of
such
Trees
would
present
to
your
eye
.
12.
But
to
advance
his
Majesties
Forests
to
this
height
of
perfection
,
I
should
again
urge
the
removal
of
some
of
our
most
mischievously
plac'd
Iron
mills
;
if
that
at
least
be
true
which
some
have
affirm'd
,
that
we
had
better
Iron
,
and
cheaper
from
Forreigners
,
when
those
works
were
strangers
amongst
us
.
I
am
inform'd
,
that
the
New-English
(
who
are
now
become
very
numerous
,
and
hindred
in
their
advance
and
prospect
of
the
Continent
by
their
surfeit
of
the
Woods
which
we
want
)
did
about
twelve
years
since
,
begin
to
clear
their
High
ways
by
two
Iron-mills
:
I
am
sure
their
zeal
has
sufficiently
wasted
our
stately
Woods
,
and
Steel
in
the
bowels
of
their
Mother
old
England
;
and
't
were
now
but
expedient
,
their
Brethren
should
hasten
thither
to
supply
us
with
Iron
for
the
peace
of
our
dayes
;
whilst
his
Majesty
becomes
the
great
Soveraign
of
the
Ocean
,
free
Commerce
,
Nemorum
Vindex
&
Instaurator
magnus
.
This
were
the
onely
way
to
render
both
our
Countries
habitable
indeed
,
and
the
fittest
Sacrifice
for
the
Royal
Oaks
,
and
their
Hamadryad's
to
whom
they
owe
more
than
a
sleight
submission
:
And
he
that
should
deeply
consider
the
prodigious
waste
which
these
voracious
Iron
,
and
Glasse-works
have
formerly
made
but
in
one
County
alone
,
the
County
of
Sussex
,
for
120
Miles
in
length
,
and
thirty
in
breadth
(
for
so
wide
,
and
spacious
was
the
antient
Andradswald
,
of
old
one
intire
Wood
,
but
of
which
there
remains
now
little
,
or
no
sign
)
would
be
touch'd
with
no
mean
Indignation
:
Certainly
,
the
goodly
Rivers
and
Forests
of
the
other
World
,
would
much
better
become
our
Iron
,
and
Saw-mills
,
than
these
exhausted
Countreys
;
and
we
prove
gainers
by
the
timely
removal
:
I
have
said
this
already
,
and
I
cannot
too
often
inculcate
it
for
the
Concerns
of
a
Nation
,
whose
onely
Protection
(
under
God
)
are
her
Wooden
Walls
.
13.
Another
thing
to
be
recommended
(
and
which
would
prove
no
lesse
than
thirty
years
,
in
some
places
forty
,
and
generally
twenty
years
advance
)
were
a
good
(
if
well
executed
)
Act
to
save
our
Standards
,
and
borduring
Trees
from
the
Ax
of
the
Neighbourhood
:
And
who
would
not
preserve
Timber
,
when
within
so
few
years
the
price
is
almost
quadrupl'd
?
I
assure
you
standards
of
twenty
,
thirty
,
or
forty
years
growth
,
are
of
a
long
day
for
the
Concernments
of
a
Nation
.
14.
And
though
we
have
in
our
general
Chapter
of
Copses
,
declar'd
what
by
our
Laws
,
and
common
usage
is
expected
at
every
Fell
(
and
which
is
indeed
most
requisite
,
till
our
store
be
otherwise
suppli'd
)
yet
might
much
even
of
that
rigor
be
abated
,
by
no
unfrugal
permissions
to
take
down
more
of
the
Standards
for
the
benefit
of
the
Vnder-woods
(
especially
where
,
by
over
dropping
,
and
shade
they
interrupt
the
kindly
Dews
,
Rains
,
and
Influences
which
nourish
them
)
provided
that
there
were
a
proportionable
number
of
Timber-trees
duly
,
and
throughly
Planted
,
and
preserved
in
the
Hedge-rows
and
Bordures
of
our
grounds
;
in
which
case
,
even
the
total
clearing
of
some
Copses
would
be
to
their
great
advance
,
as
by
sad
experience
has
been
taught
some
good
Husbands
,
whose
necessities
sometimes
forced
them
to
violate
their
Standards
,
and
more
grown
Trees
during
the
late
Tyranny
.
15.
Nor
will
it
be
here
unseasonable
to
advise
,
that
where
Trees
are
manifestly
perceiv'd
to
decay
,
they
be
marked
out
for
the
Ax
,
that
so
the
younger
may
come
on
for
a
supply
;
especially
,
where
they
are
chiefly
Elms
;
because
their
successors
hasten
to
their
height
and
perfection
in
a
competent
time
;
but
beginning
once
to
grow
sick
of
Age
,
or
other
infirmity
,
suddenly
impair
;
and
lose
much
of
their
value
yearly
:
besides
,
that
the
increase
of
this
,
and
other
speedy
Timber
,
would
spare
the
more
Oak
for
Navigation
,
and
the
sturdier
uses
.
How
goodly
a
sight
were
it
,
if
most
of
the
Demesnes
of
our
Countrey
Gentlemen
were
crown'd
and
incircl'd
with
such
stately
rows
of
Limes
,
Firs
,
Elms
,
and
other
ample
,
shady
and
venerable
Trees
as
adorn
New-Hall
in
Essex
,
the
Seat
of
that
Suffolk
Knight
neer
Yarmouth
,
and
our
neighbouring
Pastures
at
Barnes
?
Yet
were
these
Plantations
but
of
late
years
in
comparison
:
It
were
a
noble
,
and
immortal
providence
to
imitate
these
good
Husbands
in
larger
,
and
more
august
Plantations
of
such
useful
Trees
,
for
Timber
and
Fuel
,
as
well
as
for
Shade
,
and
Ornament
to
our
Dwellings
.
16.
But
these
incomparable
undertakings
will
best
of
all
become
the
Inspection
and
care
of
the
Honourable
Lieutenants
,
and
Rangers
,
when
they
delight
themselves
as
much
in
the
goodlinesse
of
their
Trees
,
as
other
men
generally
do
in
their
Dogs
,
and
Horses
,
for
Races
,
and
Hunting
;
neither
of
which
Recreations
is
comparable
to
that
of
Planting
,
either
for
Virtue
,
or
Pleasure
,
were
things
justly
consider'd
according
to
their
true
estimation
:
Not
yet
that
I
am
of
so
morose
an
humour
,
that
I
reprove
any
of
those
noble
,
and
manly
Diversions
,
seasonably
us'd
;
but
because
I
would
court
the
Industry
of
great
and
opulent
persons
,
to
profitable
,
and
permanent
delights
:
For
,
suppose
that
Ambition
were
chang'd
into
a
laudable
emulation
,
who
should
best
,
and
with
most
artifice
,
raise
a
Plantation
of
Trees
,
that
should
have
all
the
proper
Ornaments
,
and
perfections
their
nature
is
susceptible
of
,
by
their
direction
and
encouragement
;
such
as
Aelian
sums
up
lib.
3.
c.
14.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
kind
,
and
gentle
Limbs
,
plenty
of
large
leaves
,
an
ample
,
and
fair
body
,
profound
,
or
spreading
Roots
,
strong
against
impetuous
Winds
(
for
so
I
affect
to
read
it
)
extensive
,
and
venerable
Shade
,
and
the
like
:
Methinks
there
were
as
much
a
subject
of
Glory
as
could
be
phancied
of
the
kind
;
and
comparable
,
I
durst
pronounce
,
preferrable
,
to
any
of
their
Recreations
;
and
how
goodly
an
Ornament
to
their
Demesnes
and
Dwellings
,
let
their
own
eyes
be
the
judges
.
17.
One
Encouragement
more
,
I
would
reinforce
from
an
History
I
have
read
of
a
certain
frugal
,
and
most
Industrious
Italian
Noble-man
,
who
,
after
his
Lady
was
brought
to
Bed
of
a
Daughter
,
considering
that
Wood
and
Timber
was
a
Revenue
coming
on
whilst
the
Owners
were
asleep
:
commanded
his
Servants
immediately
to
Plant
in
his
Lands
(
which
were
ample
)
Oaks
,
Ashes
,
and
other
profitable
,
and
Marketable
Trees
,
to
the
number
of
an
Hundred
thousand
;
as
undoubtedly
calculating
,
that
each
of
those
Trees
,
might
be
worth
twenty
pence
,
before
his
Daughter
became
Marriageable
,
which
would
amount
to
100000
francs
(
which
is
neer
ten
thousand
pounds
sterling
)
intended
to
be
given
with
his
Daughter
for
a
Portion
.
This
was
good
Philosophy
,
and
such
as
I
am
assur'd
is
frequently
practis'd
in
Flanders
upon
the
very
same
account
:
Let
us
see
it
once
take
effect
amongst
our
many
slothful
Gentry
,
who
have
certainly
as
large
Demesnes
,
and
yet
are
so
deficient
in
that
decent
point
of
timely
providing
for
their
numerous
Children
:
And
those
who
have
none
,
let
them
the
rather
Plant
:
Trees
and
Vegetables
have
perpetuated
some
Names
longer
,
and
better
than
a
Pedigree
of
a
numerous
Off-spring
;
and
it
were
a
pledge
of
a
Noble
Mind
,
to
oblige
the
future
Age
by
our
particular
Industry
,
and
by
a
long
lasting
train
,
with
the
living
work
of
our
own
hands
:
But
I
now
proceed
to
more
general
Concerns
,
in
order
to
the
Quaeries
,
and
first
to
the
proportion
.
18.
It
were
but
just
,
and
infinitely
befitting
the
miserable
needs
of
the
whole
Nation
,
that
every
twenty
Acres
of
Pasture
,
made
an
allowance
for
half
an
Acre
of
Timber
,
the
Ground
dug
about
Christmas
,
casting
the
Grassy-side
downwards
'till
June
,
then
dug
again
,
and
about
November
stir'd
afresh
,
and
sown
with
Mast
,
or
planted
in
a
clump
,
well
preserv'd
,
and
fenc'd
for
14
,
or
15
years
;
unless
that
Sheep
might
haply
Graze
after
4
or
5
years
:
And
where
the
young
Trees
stand
too
thick
,
there
to
draw
,
and
transplant
them
in
the
Hedge-rows
,
which
would
also
prove
excellent
shelter
for
the
Cattel
:
This
Husbandry
would
more
especially
become
Northhamptonshire
,
Lincolnshire
,
Cornwall
,
and
such
other
of
our
Countries
as
are
the
most
naked
of
Timber
,
Fuel
,
&c.
and
unprovided
of
covert
:
For
it
is
rightly
observ'd
,
that
the
most
fruitfull
places
,
least
abound
in
wood
,
and
do
most
stand
in
need
of
it
.
19.
Such
as
are
ready
to
tell
ye
their
Lands
are
so
wet
,
that
their
Woods
do
not
thrive
in
them
;
let
them
be
converted
to
Pasture
;
or
bestow
the
same
industry
on
them
which
good
husbands
do
in
Meadows
by
draining
:
It
is
a
sloathfullnesse
unpardonable
;
as
if
the
pains
would
not
be
as
fully
recompenc'd
in
the
growth
of
their
Timber
,
as
in
that
of
their
grass
:
Where
poor
hungry
Woods
grow
,
rich
Corn
,
and
good
Cattle
would
be
more
plentifully
bred
;
and
it
were
beneficial
to
convert
some
Wood-land
(
where
the
proper
vertue
is
exhausted
)
to
Pasture
and
Tillage
;
provided
,
that
fresh
land
were
improved
also
to
wood
in
recompence
,
and
to
balance
the
other
.
20.
Where
we
find
uliginous
and
starv'd
places
(
which
sometimes
obey
no
Art
or
Industry
to
drain
,
and
of
which
our
pale
and
fading
Corn
is
a
sure
indication
)
we
are
as
it
were
courted
to
obey
Nature
,
and
improve
them
for
the
propagation
of
Sallyes
,
Willows
,
Alders
,
Abele
,
Sycomore
,
Aspine
,
Bircb
,
and
the
like
hasty
and
profitable
growers
,
by
ranging
them
,
casting
of
Ditches
,
Trenches
,
&c.
as
before
has
been
taught
.
21.
In
the
mean
while
,
't
is
a
thing
to
be
deplor'd
,
that
some
persons
bestow
more
in
grubbing
,
and
dressing
a
few
Acres
which
has
been
excellent
wood
,
to
convert
it
into
wretched
pasture
,
not
worth
a
quarter
of
what
the
Trees
would
have
yielded
,
well
order'd
,
and
left
standing
;
since
it
is
certain
,
that
barren
land
planted
with
wood
,
will
trebble
the
expence
in
a
short
time
.
Of
this
,
the
R.
Honourable
the
L.
Vicount
Scudamor
may
give
fair
proof
,
who
having
fell'd
(
as
I
am
credibly
inform'd
)
a
decay'd
Wood
,
intended
to
be
set
to
Tennants
;
but
upon
second
thoughts
(
and
for
that
his
Lordship
saw
it
apt
to
cast
Wood
)
enclos'd
and
preserv'd
;
it
yielded
him
,
before
thirty
years
were
expir'd
,
neer
1000
pound
upon
Wood-Falls
,
whereas
the
utmost
Rent
of
the
whole
price
of
Land
yearly
,
was
not
above
8
pound
10
shillings
.
The
like
I
am
able
to
confirm
by
instancing
a
noble
Person
,
who
(
a
little
before
our
unhappy
Wars
)
having
sown
three
or
four
Acres
with
Acorns
,
the
fourth
year
transplanted
them
which
grew
too
thick
all
about
his
Lord-ship
:
These
Trees
are
now
of
that
stature
,
and
so
likely
to
prove
excellent
Timber
,
that
they
are
already
judg'd
to
be
almost
as
much
worth
as
the
whole
Demesnes
;
and
yet
they
take
off
nothing
from
other
profits
,
having
been
discreetly
dispos'd
of
at
the
first
designment
.
And
supposing
the
Longuaevity
of
Trees
should
not
extend
to
the
Periods
we
have
(
upon
so
good
account
)
produc'd
;
Yet
,
neither
is
their
arrival
to
a
very
competent
perfection
,
so
very
discouraging
;
since
I
am
credibly
inform'd
,
that
several
Persons
have
built
of
Timber
(
and
that
of
Oak
)
which
were
Acorns
within
this
fourty
years
;
and
I
find
it
credibly
reported
,
that
even
our
famous
Forest
of
Dean
,
hath
been
utterly
wasted
no
lesse
than
three
several
times
,
within
the
space
of
Nine-hundred
years
.
The
Prince
Elector
Frederic
IV
,
in
the
year
1606.
sow'd
a
part
of
that
most
barren
Heath
of
Lambertheim
,
with
Acorns
after
plowing
,
as
I
have
been
inform'd
;
it
is
now
likely
to
prove
a
most
goodly
Forest
,
though
all
this
while
miserably
neglected
by
reason
of
the
Wars
.
For
the
care
of
Planting
Trees
,
should
indeed
be
recommended
to
Princes
and
great
Persons
,
who
have
the
Fee
of
the
Estate
;
Tennants
upon
the
Rack
by
reason
of
the
tedious
expectation
,
and
jealousie
of
having
their
Lands
enhanc'd
,
are
for
the
most
part
averse
from
this
Husbandry
;
so
that
unless
the
Land-Lord
will
be
at
the
whole
Charge
of
Planting
,
and
Fencing
(
without
which
as
good
no
Planting
)
little
is
to
be
expected
;
and
whatsoever
is
propos'd
to
them
above
their
usual
course
,
is
look'd
upon
as
the
whim
and
fancy
of
speculative
Persons
,
which
they
turn
into
ridicule
when
they
are
applied
to
Action
;
and
this
,
says
an
ingenious
and
excellent
Husband
(
whose
Observations
have
afforded
me
no
little
treasure
)
might
be
the
reason
,
why
the
prime
Writers
of
all
Ages
,
indeavour'd
to
involve
their
Discourses
with
Allegories
,
and
Aenigmatical
termes
,
to
protect
them
from
the
contempt
,
and
pollution
of
the
Vulgar
,
which
has
been
of
some
ill
Consequence
in
Husbandry
;
for
that
very
few
Writers
of
Worth
,
have
adventured
upon
so
plain
a
Subject
,
though
doubtlesse
to
any
Considering
Person
,
the
most
Delightful
kind
of
Natural
Philosophy
,
and
that
which
employs
the
most
useful
part
of
the
Mathematics
.
The
Right
Honourable
my
Lord
Viscount
Mountague
has
Planted
many
thousands
of
Oaks
,
which
I
am
told
,
he
draws
out
of
Copses
,
big
enough
to
defend
themselves
;
and
that
with
such
success
,
as
has
exceedingly
improv'd
his
Possessions
;
and
it
is
a
worthy
Example
.
To
conclude
,
I
can
shew
an
Avenue
Planted
to
a
House
standing
in
a
barren
Park
,
the
Soil
a
cold
Clay
;
it
consists
totally
of
Oaks
,
one
hundred
in
number
:
The
person
who
first
set
them
(
dying
very
lately
)
lived
to
see
them
spread
their
branches
123
foot
in
compasse
,
which
at
distance
of
24
foot
,
mingling
their
shady
tresses
for
above
1000
in
length
,
form
themselves
into
one
of
the
most
venerable
,
and
stately
Arbor
Walks
,
that
in
my
life
I
ever
beheld
:
This
is
at
Baynards
in
Surrey
,
and
belonging
to
my
most
honour'd
Brother
(
because
a
most
industrious
Planter
of
Wood
)
Richard
Evelyn
Esq
The
Walk
is
broad
56
foot
,
and
one
Tree
with
another
containing
by
estimation
three
quarters
of
a
load
of
Timber
in
each
Tree
,
and
in
their
lops
three
Cord
of
fire-wood
:
Their
Bodies
are
not
of
the
tallest
,
having
been
topped
when
they
were
young
,
to
reduce
them
to
an
uniform
height
;
yet
is
the
Timber
most
excellent
for
its
scantling
,
and
for
their
heads
,
few
in
England
excelling
them
:
where
some
of
their
contemporaries
,
were
planted
single
in
the
Park
without
cumber
,
they
spread
above
fourscore
foot
in
arms
.
22.
I
have
produced
these
Examples
,
because
they
are
conspicuous
,
full
of
encouragement
,
worthy
our
imitation
;
and
that
from
these
,
and
sundry
others
which
I
might
enumerate
,
we
have
made
this
Observation
,
that
almost
any
Soil
is
proper
for
some
profitable
Timber-Trees
or
other
,
which
is
good
for
very
little
else
.
23.
The
bottoms
of
Downs
,
and
like
places
well
Plow'd
,
and
sown
will
bear
lusty
Timber
,
being
broken
up
,
and
let
lye
till
Mid-summer
,
and
then
stirr'd
again
before
sowing
about
November
.
An
old
,
and
judicious
Planter
of
Woods
,
prescribes
us
these
Directions
,
for
improving
of
Sheep-walks
,
Downs
,
Heaths
,
&c.
Suppose
,
on
every
such
Walk
on
which
500
Sheep
might
be
kept
,
there
were
Plow'd
up
twenty
Acres
(
Plow'd
pretty
deep
,
that
the
Roots
might
take
hold
,
and
be
able
to
resist
the
Winds
)
this
should
be
sowed
with
Mast
of
Oak
,
Beech
,
Chats
of
Ash
,
Maple-keys
,
Sloes
,
Service-berries
,
Nuts
,
Bullis
,
&c.
bruis'd
Crabs
,
and
Haws
;
mingled
and
scatter'd
about
the
sides
and
ends
of
the
Ground
,
near
a
yard
in
breadth
.
On
the
rest
sowe
no
Haws
,
but
some
few
Crabkernells
:
Then
begin
at
a
side
,
and
sowe
five
yards
broad
,
Plowing
under
the
Mast
,
&c.
very
shallow
;
then
leave
six
yards
in
breadth
,
and
sowe
,
and
Plow
five
yards
more
,
and
so
from
side
to
side
;
remembring
to
leave
a
yard
and
half
at
the
last
side
;
let
the
rest
of
the
head-lands
lie
,
till
the
Remainder
of
the
Close
be
sown
in
March
with
Oates
,
&c.
to
preserve
it
from
hurt
of
Cattel
,
and
potching
the
Ground
,
when
the
Spring
is
of
two
years
growth
,
draw
part
of
it
for
Quick-sets
;
and
when
the
rest
of
the
Trees
are
of
six
years
shoot
,
exhaust
it
of
more
;
and
leave
not
above
forty
of
either
side
,
each
row
five
yards
distant
;
and
here
,
and
there
a
Crab
stock
to
graff
on
,
and
in
the
invironing
Hedge
(
to
be
left
thick
)
let
each
Tree
stand
four
yards
asunder
;
which
if
forty
four
were
spared
,
will
amount
to
about
4000
Trees
:
At
twenty
years
end
stock
up
2000
of
them
,
lop
a
thousand
more
every
ten
years
,
and
reserve
the
remaining
thousand
for
Timber
:
Judge
what
this
may
be
worth
in
a
short
time
,
besides
the
Grass
,
&c.
which
will
grow
the
first
six
or
seven
years
,
and
the
benefit
of
shelter
for
Sheep
in
ill
Weather
,
when
they
cannot
be
folded
;
and
the
Pasture
which
will
be
had
under
the
Trees
,
now
at
eleven
yards
interval
,
by
reason
of
the
stocking
up
those
2000
we
mention'd
,
excepting
the
Hedges
;
and
if
in
any
of
these
Places
any
considerable
waters
fortune
to
lye
in
their
bottoms
,
Fowl
would
abundantly
both
breed
,
and
harbour
there
.
These
are
admirable
Directions
for
Park-lands
where
shelter
and
Food
is
scarcy
.
But
even
this
Improvement
yet
does
no
way
reach
,
what
I
have
met
withal
in
the
most
accurate
,
and
no
lesse
laborious
Calculation
of
Captain
Smith
upon
this
very
Topic
;
where
he
Demonstratively
asserts
,
that
a
thousand
Acres
of
Land
,
Planted
at
one
foot
interval
,
in
7201
rowes
;
taking
up
51854401
Plants
of
Oak
,
Ash
,
Chessnut
(
or
to
be
sown
)
taking
up
17284800
of
each
sort
,
and
fit
to
be
transplanted
at
three
years
period
(
if
set
in
good
ground
)
are
worth
eighteen
pence
the
hundred
;
and
there
being
345696
hundred
,
it
amounts
to
no
lesse
then
25927
l.
4
s.
besides
the
Chessnuts
,
of
which
there
being
1728480
l.
(
valued
at
,
and
worth
half
a
Crown
the
Hundred
)
they
come
to
21606
l.
and
the
total
of
all
,
to
47533
l.
4
s.
This
being
made
out
,
consider
what
an
immense
sum
,
great
Trees
would
amount
to
,
and
in
a
large
quantity
of
Land
;
such
as
were
worthy
a
Royal
undertaking
:
It
is
computed
,
that
at
three
foot
distance
,
the
first
Felling
(
that
is
,
eight
,
or
nine
years
after
their
Planting
)
would
be
worth
in
Hoops
,
Poles
,
Firing
,
&c.
55015
l.
and
the
second
Fell
,
28657
l.
19
s.
5
d.
And
the
fourth
(
which
may
be
about
thirty
two
years
from
their
Semination
)
90104
l.
17
s.
and
so
forward
.
At
four
foot
interval
,
and
Felling
,
according
to
the
same
proportion
,
you
may
likewise
reckon
;
and
in
11
years
with
three
years
Crop
of
Wheat
(
sow'd
at
first
between
)
it
will
amount
to
34001
l.
9
s.
4
d.
And
the
next
,
very
much
more
;
in
regard
the
Wood
will
spring
up
thicker
:
So
as
at
the
fifth
Fell
,
the
accompt
stands
126
992
l.
10
s.
2
d.
&c.
and
at
the
seventh
(
whoever
lives
to
it
)
200000
:
And
if
planted
at
wider
distance
,
viz.
18
foot
(
according
to
the
Captains
method
)
at
30
,
or
40
years
growth
you
may
compute
them
worth
19296●
l.
6
s.
And
in
seventy
years
,
201001
;
besides
the
three
years
crop
of
Wheat
,
in
all
410312
l.
16
s.
which
at
36
foot
interval
(
accounted
the
utmost
for
Timber
)
takes
up
(
for
1000
Acres
)
40401
Trees
for
the
first
100
years
.
Then
,
To
make
room
,
as
they
grow
larger
,
grubbing
up
every
middle
Tree
,
at
9
l.
per
Tree
,
19800
Trees
amount
to
99000
l.
and
the
remaining
20601
at
220
years
growth
,
at
but
8
l.
per
Tree
,
comes
to
164808
l.
besides
the
inferiour
Crop
of
Meadow
,
or
Corn
in
all
this
time
,
sown
in
the
distances
;
reckoning
for
three
years
product
90000
Bushels
at
5
s.
per
Bushel
,
which
will
amount
to
22500
l.
besides
the
Straw
,
Chaff
,
&c.
which
at
5
s.
a
Load
,
and
3
d.
a
Bush
.
Chaff
,
comes
to
2025
l.
So
as
the
total
Improvement
(
besides
the
217
years
emolument
arising
from
the
Corn
,
Cattel
,
&c.
)
amounts
to
288333.
And
these
Trees
(
as
well
they
may
)
coming
to
be
worth
for
Timber
,
20
l.
an
Oak
;
the
20601
Trees
amount
to
412020
l.
and
the
total
Improvement
of
the
1000
Acres
(
the
Corn
Profits
not
computed
)
ascends
to
675833
l.
So
as
admit
there
were
in
all
England
(
and
which
his
Majesty
might
easily
compasse
,
even
for
his
own
Proportion
,
and
for
Posterity
)
20000
Acres
thus
Planted
,
at
two
foot
diameter
(
and
as
may
be
presum'd
thirty
foot
high
,
which
in
150
years
,
they
might
well
arrive
to
)
they
would
be
worth
13516660
l.
an
immense
and
stupendious
Summe
,
and
an
everlasting
supply
for
all
the
Vses
both
of
Sea
and
Land
:
But
it
is
to
Captain
Smith's
laborious
Works
(
to
which
I
wish
all
encouragement
)
that
we
have
the
total
Charge
of
this
noble
Vndertaking
from
the
first
Semination
,
to
their
maturity
;
by
which
it
will
be
easie
to
compute
what
the
Gains
will
be
for
any
greater
or
lesser
quantity
.
But
now
to
return
to
the
Place
of
Planting
(
from
whence
this
Calculation
has
more
than
a
little
diverted
)
we
shall
find
,
as
we
said
,
that
even
in
the
most
craggie
,
uneven
,
cold
and
exposed
places
,
not
fit
for
Arable
,
as
in
Biscay
,
&c.
and
in
our
very
Peaks
of
Derbyshire
,
and
other
Rockie
places
,
Ashes
grow
about
every
Village
,
and
we
find
that
Oak
,
Beech
,
Elm
,
and
Ash
,
will
prosper
in
the
most
flinty
Soils
.
And
it
is
truly
from
these
Indications
,
more
than
from
any
other
whatsoever
,
that
a
broken
,
and
decaying
Farmer
,
is
to
be
distinguish'd
from
a
substantial
Free-holder
,
the
very
Trees
speaking
the
conditions
of
the
Master
:
Let
not
then
the
Royal
Patrimony
bear
a
Bankrupts
reproach
:
But
to
descend
yet
lower
;
24.
Had
every
Acre
but
three
,
or
four
Trees
,
and
as
many
of
Fruit
in
it
as
would
a
little
adorn
the
Hedge-rows
,
the
Improvement
would
be
of
fair
advantage
in
a
few
years
;
for
it
is
a
shame
that
Turnip-planters
,
should
demolish
,
and
undo
hedge-rows
neer
London
,
where
the
Mounds
and
Fences
are
stripp'd
naked
,
to
give
Sun
to
a
few
miserable
Roots
,
which
would
thrive
altogether
as
well
under
them
,
being
skilfully
prun'd
and
lopp'd
:
Our
Gard'ners
will
not
believe
me
,
but
I
know
it
to
be
true
,
though
Pliny
had
not
affirm'd
it
:
As
for
Elms
(
saith
he
)
their
Shade
is
so
gentle
and
benigne
,
that
it
nourishes
whatsoever
grows
under
it
:
And
(
lib
17.
c.
22.
)
it
is
his
opinion
of
all
other
Trees
(
very
few
excepted
)
provided
their
Branches
be
par'd
away
,
which
being
discreetly
done
,
improves
the
Timber
as
we
have
already
shew'd
.
25.
Now
let
us
calculate
a
little
at
adventure
,
and
much
within
what
is
both
faisible
,
and
very
possible
;
and
we
shall
find
,
that
four
Fruit-trees
in
each
Acre
throughout
England
,
the
product
sold
but
at
six
pence
the
Bushel
(
but
where
do
we
now
buy
them
so
cheap
?
)
will
be
worth
a
Million
yearly
:
What
then
may
we
reasonably
judge
of
Timber
,
admit
but
at
the
growth
of
four
pence
per
Acre
yearly
(
which
is
the
lowest
that
can
be
estimated
)
it
amounting
to
near
two
Millions
?
if
(
as
't
is
suppos'd
)
there
may
be
five
or
six
and
twenty
Millions
of
square
Acres
in
the
Kingdom
(
besides
Fens
,
High-ways
,
Rivers
,
&c.
not
counted
)
and
without
reckoning
in
the
Mast
,
or
loppings
,
which
whosoever
shall
calculate
from
the
annual
Revenue
,
the
Mast
onely
of
Westphalia
,
a
small
and
wretched
Countrey
im
Germany
,
does
yield
to
that
Prince
,
will
conclude
to
be
no
despicable
Improvement
.
26.
In
this
poor
Territory
,
every
Farmer
does
by
antient
custom
,
Plant
so
many
Oaks
about
his
Farm
,
as
may
suffice
to
feed
his
Swine
:
To
effect
this
they
have
been
so
careful
,
that
when
of
late
years
,
the
Armies
infested
the
poor
Countrey
,
both
Imperialists
,
and
Protestants
;
the
onely
Bishoprick
of
Munster
was
able
to
pay
One
hundred
thousand
Crowns
per
mensem
(
which
amounts
of
our
money
to
about
25000
l.
sterling
)
besides
the
ordinary
entertainment
of
their
own
Prince
and
private
families
.
This
being
incredible
to
be
practis'd
in
so
extream
barren
a
Countrey
,
I
thought
fit
to
mention
,
either
to
encourage
,
or
reproach
us
:
General
Melander
was
wont
to
say
,
The
good
Husbandry
of
their
Ancestors
had
left
them
this
Stock
pro
sacra
Anchorâ
;
considering
how
the
People
were
afterward
reduc'd
to
live
even
on
their
Trees
,
when
the
Souldiers
had
devour'd
their
Hogs
;
redeeming
themselves
from
great
extreamities
,
by
the
Timber
which
they
were
at
last
compelled
to
cut
down
,
and
which
,
had
it
continu'd
,
would
have
prov'd
the
utter
desolation
of
that
whole
Countrey
.
I
have
this
Instance
from
my
most
worthy
,
and
honourable
Friend
Sir
William
Curtius
(
his
Majesties
Resident
in
Germany
)
who
receiv'd
this
particular
from
the
mouth
of
Melander
himself
:
In
like
manner
,
the
Princes
,
and
Freedoms
of
Hesse
,
Saxony
,
Thuringia
,
and
divers
other
places
there
,
make
vast
incomes
of
their
Forest-fruit
(
besides
the
Timber
)
for
Swine
onely
.
I
say
then
,
whosoever
shall
duly
consider
this
,
will
find
Planting
of
Wood
to
be
no
contemptible
Addition
;
besides
the
Pasture
much
improv'd
,
the
cooling
of
fat
,
and
heavy
Cattel
,
keeping
them
from
injurious
motions
,
disturbance
,
and
running
as
they
do
in
Summer
to
find
shelter
from
the
heat
,
and
vexation
of
flyes
.
27.
But
I
have
done
,
and
it
is
now
time
for
us
to
get
out
of
the
Wood
,
and
to
recommend
this
,
and
all
that
we
have
propos'd
,
to
His
most
Sacred
Majesty
,
the
Honourable
Parliament
,
and
to
the
Principal
Officers
,
and
Commissioners
of
the
Royal
Navy
;
that
where
such
Improvements
may
be
made
,
it
be
speedily
,
and
vigorously
prosecuted
;
and
where
any
defects
appear
,
they
may
be
duly
reformed
.
28.
And
what
if
for
this
purpose
there
were
yet
some
additional
Office
Constituted
,
which
should
have
a
more
universal
Inspection
,
and
the
charge
of
all
the
Woods
and
Forests
in
His
Majesties
Dominions
?
This
might
easily
be
perform'd
by
Deputies
in
every
County
;
Persons
judicious
,
and
skilful
in
Husbandry
;
and
who
might
be
repair'd
to
for
advice
and
direction
:
And
if
such
there
are
at
present
(
as
indeed
our
Laws
seem
to
provide
)
that
their
Power
be
sufficiently
amplified
where
any
thing
appears
deficient
;
and
as
their
zeal
excited
by
worthy
encouragements
,
so
might
neglects
be
encounter'd
by
a
vigilant
and
industrious
Cheque
.
It
should
belong
to
their
Province
,
to
see
that
such
Proportions
of
Timber
,
&c.
were
Planted
,
and
set
out
upon
every
hundred
,
or
more
of
Acres
,
as
the
Honourable
Commissioners
have
suggested
;
or
,
as
might
be
thought
convenient
,
the
quality
,
and
nature
of
the
places
prudently
consider'd
:
It
should
be
their
Office
also
,
to
take
notice
of
the
growth
,
and
decay
of
Woods
,
and
of
their
fitness
for
publick
uses
and
sale
,
and
of
all
these
to
give
Advertisements
,
that
all
defect
in
their
ill
governing
may
be
speedily
remedied
;
and
the
Superiour
Officer
,
or
Surveyor
,
should
be
accomptable
to
the
Lord
Treasurer
,
and
to
the
principal
Officers
of
his
Majesties
Navy
for
the
time
being
:
And
why
might
not
such
a
Regulation
be
worthy
the
establishing
by
some
Solemn
,
and
publick
Act
of
State
,
becoming
our
glorious
Prince
,
SOVEREIGN
OF
THE
SEAS
,
and
his
prudent
Senate
,
this
present
Parliament
?
29.
We
find
in
Aristotles
Politics
,
the
Constitution
of
Extraurban
Magistrates
to
be
Sylvarum
Custodes
;
and
such
were
the
Consulares
Sylvae
,
which
the
great
Caesar
himself
(
even
in
a
time
when
Italy
did
abound
in
Timber
)
Instituted
;
and
was
one
of
the
very
first
things
which
he
did
,
at
the
setling
of
that
vast
Empire
,
after
the
Civil
Wars
had
exceedingly
wasted
the
Countrey
:
Suetonius
relates
it
in
the
Life
of
Julius
;
and
Peter
Crinitus
in
his
fifth
Book
De
honesta
disciplina
,
c.
3.
gives
this
reason
for
it
,
Vt
materies
(
saith
he
)
non
deesset
,
qua
videlicet
Navigia
publica
possent
à
praefecturis
fabrum
,
confici
:
True
it
is
,
that
this
Office
was
sometimes
call'd
Provincia
minor
;
but
for
the
most
part
,
annex'd
,
and
joyn'd
to
some
of
the
greatest
Consuls
themselves
;
that
facetious
sarcasme
of
the
Comoedian
(
where
Plautus
names
it
Provincia
caudicaria
)
referring
onely
to
some
under
Officer
,
subservient
to
the
other
:
And
such
a
Cha●ge
is
at
this
day
extant
amongst
the
noble
Venetians
,
who
have
near
Trivisi
(
besides
what
they
nourish
in
other
places
)
a
goodly
Forest
of
Oaks
,
preserv'd
as
a
Jewel
,
for
the
onely
use
of
the
Arsenal
,
call'd
the
Montello
,
which
is
in
length
twelve
Miles
,
large
five
,
and
near
twenty
miles
in
compasse
;
carefully
supervised
by
a
certain
Officer
,
whom
they
name
il
Capitano
;
and
we
might
Instance
in
many
other
prudent
States
;
not
to
importune
you
with
the
expresse
Laws
which
Ancus
Martius
the
Nephew
of
Numa
,
and
other
Princes
long
before
Caesar
,
did
ordain
for
this
very
purpose
;
since
indeed
,
the
care
of
so
publick
,
and
honourable
an
Enterprize
as
is
this
of
Planting
,
and
Improving
of
Woods
,
is
a
right
noble
,
and
Royal
undertaking
;
as
that
of
the
Forest
of
Dean
,
&c.
in
particular
(
were
it
bravely
manag'd
)
an
Imperial
design
;
and
I
do
pronounce
it
more
worthy
of
a
Prince
;
who
truly
consults
his
glory
in
the
highest
Interest
of
his
Subjects
,
than
that
of
gaining
Battels
,
or
subduing
a
Province
:
And
if
in
saying
so
,
or
any
thing
else
in
this
rustic
Discourse
,
I
have
us'd
the
freedom
of
a
plain
Forester
;
it
is
the
Person
you
command
me
to
put
on
,
and
my
plea
is
ready
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Praesente
Quercu
,
ligna
quivis
colligit
.
for
who
could
have
spoken
lesse
upon
so
ample
a
Subject
?
and
therefore
I
hope
my
zeal
for
it
in
these
Papers
,
will
(
besides
your
Injunctions
)
excuse
the
prolixity
of
this
Digression
,
and
all
other
the
Imperfections
of
my
Services
.
Si
canimus
Sylvas
,
Sylvae
sunt
Consule
dignae
.
CHAP.
XXXV
.
An
Historical
Account
of
the
Sacrednesse
,
and
Vse
of
standing
Groves
,
&c.
1.
ANd
thus
have
we
finish'd
what
we
esteemed
necessary
for
the
Direction
of
Planting
,
and
the
Culture
of
Trees
and
Woods
in
general
;
whether
for
the
raising
of
new
,
or
preservation
of
the
more
Antient
and
venerable
shades
,
crowning
the
brows
of
lofty
Hills
,
or
furnishing
,
and
adorning
the
more
fruitful
and
humble
Plains
;
Groves
and
Forests
,
such
as
were
never
Prophan'd
by
the
Inhumanity
of
Edge-tools
:
Woods
,
whose
Original
are
as
unknown
as
the
Arcadians
;
like
the
goodly
Cedars
of
Libanus
,
Psal.
104.
Arbores
Dei
according
to
the
Hebrew
,
for
something
doubtlesse
which
they
noted
in
the
Genius
of
those
Venerable
places
besides
their
meer
bulk
and
Stature
:
And
verily
,
I
cannot
think
to
have
well
acquitted
my self
of
this
useful
Subject
,
till
I
shall
have
in
some
sort
vindicated
the
honour
of
Trees
,
and
Woods
,
by
shewing
my
Reader
of
what
Estimation
they
were
of
old
for
their
Divine
,
as
well
as
Civil
Vses
;
at
least
refresh
both
Him
,
and
my
Self
,
with
what
occurs
of
Historical
and
Instructive
amongst
the
Learned
concerning
them
.
2.
Though
Sylva
was
the
more
general
Name
,
denoting
a
large
Tract
of
Wood
,
or
Trees
,
the
inciduae
and
coeduae
;
yet
there
were
several
other
Titles
attributed
to
greater
or
lesser
assemblies
of
them
:
As
when
they
Planted
them
for
Pleasure
,
and
shade
onely
,
they
had
their
Nemora
;
and
as
we
our
Parks
,
for
the
preservation
of
Game
,
and
particularly
Venizon
,
&c.
their
Saltus
,
and
Sylva
invia
,
secluded
for
the
most
part
from
the
rest
,
&c.
But
among
Authours
,
we
meet
with
nothing
more
frequent
,
and
indeed
more
celebrated
,
than
those
Arboreous
amenities
and
Plantations
of
Woods
,
which
they
call'd
Luci
;
and
which
though
sometimes
we
confesse
,
were
restrain'd
to
certain
peculiar
places
:
Yet
were
they
also
promiscuously
both
used
,
and
taken
for
all
that
the
wide
Forest
comprehends
,
or
can
signifie
.
To
dismiss
a
number
of
Critics
,
The
name
Lucus
is
deriv'd
by
Quintilian
and
others
à
minime
Lucendo
because
of
its
densitie
—
nullo
penetrabilis
astro
.
whence
Apuleius
us'd
Lucum
sublucidum
;
and
the
Poets
,
Sublustris
umbra
:
Others
(
on
the
contrary
)
have
taken
it
for
Light
in
the
Masculine
;
because
there
they
kindled
Fires
,
by
what
accident
unknown
—
Whether
it
were
By
Lightning
sent
from
Heaven
,
or
else
there
The
Salvage-men
in
mutual
Wars
and
Fight
,
Had
set
the
Trees
on
Fire
,
their
Foes
t'
affright
.
—
Seu
Coeli
fulmine
misso
Sive
quòd
inter
se
bellum
Sylvestria
gentes
Hostibus
intulerant
ignem
,
formidinis
ergo
,
&c.
Lucret.
l.
5.
Or
whether
the
Trees
set
Fire
on
themselves
When
clashing
boughs
thwarting
,
each
other
fret
.
Mutua
dum
inter
se
rami
stirpesque
teruntur
.
For
such
Accidents
,
and
even
the
very
heat
of
the
Sun
alone
has
kindled
wonderful
conflagrations
:
or
happly
to
consume
their
Sacrifices
,
we
will
not
much
insist
:
The
Poets
it
seems
,
speaking
of
Juno
,
would
give
it
quite
another
original
,
and
tune
it
to
their
Songs
invoking
Lucina
,
whilst
the
main
and
principal
difference
consisted
not
so
much
in
the
Name
,
as
the
Vse
and
Dedication
,
which
was
for
silent
,
awful
and
more
solemn
Religion
,
to
which
purpose
they
were
chiefly
manu
consiti
,
such
as
we
have
been
treating
of
,
intire
,
and
never
violated
with
the
Ax
:
Fabius
calls
them
Sacros
ex
Vetustate
venerable
for
their
Age
;
and
certain
it
is
,
they
had
of
very
great
Antiquity
been
Consecrated
to
Holy
uses
,
not
onely
by
Superstitious
Persons
to
the
Gentile
Deities
and
Heroes
;
but
the
true
God
,
by
the
Patriarchs
themselves
,
who
ab
initio
(
as
is
presum'd
)
did
frequently
retire
to
such
places
to
serve
him
in
,
Compose
their
Meditations
,
and
celebrate
Sacred
Mysteries
,
Prayers
,
and
Oblations
following
the
Tradition
of
the
Gomerites
or
Descendants
of
Noah
who
first
Peopl'd
Galata
after
the
universal
Deluge
.
From
hence
some
presume
that
even
the
antient
Druids
had
their
origin
:
But
that
Abraham
might
imitate
what
the
most
Religious
of
that
Age
had
practis'd
before
him
may
not
be
unlikely
;
for
we
read
he
soon
Planted
himself
and
Family
at
the
Quercetum
of
Mambre
,
Gen.
13.
where
as
Eusebius
,
Ecc.
Hist.
l.
1.
c.
18.
gives
us
the
account
,
He
spread
his
Pavilions
,
erected
an
Altar
,
Offer'd
and
perform'd
all
the
Priestly
Rites
;
and
there
,
to
the
immortal
glory
of
the
Oak
,
or
rather
Arboreous
Temple
,
he
entertained
God
himself
.
Isidor
,
St.
Hierom
,
and
Sozomenus
report
confidently
,
that
one
of
the
most
eminent
of
those
Trees
remained
till
the
Reign
of
the
great
Constantine
,
who
Founded
a
venerable
Chappel
under
it
;
and
that
both
the
Christians
,
Jews
,
and
Arabs
,
held
a
solemn
Anniversarie
or
Station
there
and
believed
that
from
the
very
time
of
Noah
it
had
been
a
Consecrated
place
:
sure
we
are
it
was
about
some
such
assembly
of
Trees
,
that
God
was
pleas'd
first
of
all
to
appear
to
the
Father
of
the
Faithful
when
he
established
the
Covenant
with
him
,
and
more
expressly
,
when
removing
thence
(
upon
confirming
the
League
with
Abimelech
,
Gen.
21.
and
settling
at
Bersheba
)
he
design'd
an
expresse
place
for
Gods
Divine
Service
:
For
there
,
says
the
sacred
Text
,
He
Planted
a
Grove
,
and
called
upon
the
Name
of
the
Lord
.
Such
another
tuft
we
read
of
(
for
we
must
not
alwayes
restrain
it
to
one
single
Tree
)
when
the
Patriarch
came
to
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Elon
Moreh
,
ad
Convallem
illustrium
:
But
whether
that
were
the
same
in
which
the
High-Priest
reposited
the
famous
Stone
after
the
Exhortation
mention'd
Joshua
24.26
.
we
do
not
contend
;
under
an
Oak
sayes
the
Scripture
,
and
it
grew
near
the
Sanctuary
,
and
probably
might
be
that
which
his
Grand
child
Consecrated
with
the
Funeral
of
his
beloved
Rebecca
,
Gen.
35.
For
't
is
apparent
by
the
Context
,
that
There
,
God
appeared
to
him
again
:
So
Grotius
upon
the
words
(
Subter
quercum
)
Illam
ipsam
(
sayes
he
)
cujus
mentio
,
Gen.
35.4
.
in
historia
Jacobi
&
Judae
;
and
adds
,
Is
locus
in
honorem
Jacobi
diù
pro
Templo
fuit
.
That
the
very
spot
was
long
after
us'd
for
a
Temple
in
honour
of
him
.
3.
If
we
would
track
the
Religious
esteem
of
Trees
and
Woods
,
yet
farther
in
Holy
Writ
,
we
have
that
glorious
Vision
of
Moses
in
the
fiery
Thicket
,
and
it
is
not
to
abuse
or
violate
the
Text
,
that
Moncaeus
and
others
,
interpret
it
to
have
been
an
intire
Grove
,
and
not
a
single
Bush
onely
,
which
he
saw
as
burning
,
yet
unconsum'd
.
Puto
égo
(
sayes
my
Authour
)
rubi
vocabulo
non
quidem
rubum
aliquem
unicum
&
solitarium
significari
,
verum
rubetum
totum
,
aut
potius
fruticetum
,
quomodo
de
Quercu
Mambre
pro
Querceto
toto
Docti
intelligunt
.
Now
that
they
Worshipped
in
that
Place
soon
after
their
coming
out
of
Aegypt
,
the
following
story
shews
;
and
the
Feast
of
Tabernacles
had
some
resemblance
of
Patriarchal
Devotion
under
Trees
,
though
but
in
temporary
Groves
and
Shades
in
manner
of
Booths
,
yet
Celebrated
with
all
the
refreshings
of
the
Forest
;
and
from
the
very
Infancy
of
the
World
in
which
Adam
was
entertain'd
in
Paradise
,
and
Abraham
(
as
we
noted
)
receiv'd
his
Divine
Guests
,
not
in
his
Tent
,
but
under
a
Tree
,
an
Oak
,
Triclinium
Angelicum
the
Antients
Dining-Room
;
all
intelligent
persons
have
imbrac'd
the
solace
of
shady
Arbours
,
and
all
devout
Persons
found
how
naturally
they
dispose
our
Spirits
to
Religious
Contemplations
:
For
this
,
as
some
conceive
,
they
much
affected
to
Plant
their
Trees
in
Circles
,
and
gave
that
capacious
Form
to
the
first
Temples
▪
observ'd
not
onely
of
old
,
but
even
at
this
day
by
the
Jews
,
as
the
most
accommodate
for
their
Assemblies
;
or
,
as
others
,
because
that
figure
most
resembl'd
the
Vniverse
,
and
the
Heavens
:
Templum
à
Templando
says
a
knowing
Critic
,
and
another
,
Templum
est
nescio
quid
immane
,
atque
amplum
;
such
as
Arnobius
speaks
of
,
that
had
no
Roof
but
Heaven
,
till
that
sumptuous
Fabric
of
Solomon
was
confin'd
to
Jerusalem
,
and
the
goodliest
Cedars
,
and
most
costly
Woods
were
carried
thither
to
form
the
Columns
,
and
lay
the
Rafters
;
and
then
,
and
not
till
then
,
was
it
so
much
as
Schisme
that
I
can
find
,
to
retire
to
Groves
for
their
Devotion
,
or
even
to
Bethel
it self
.
4.
In
such
Recesses
were
the
antient
Oratories
and
Proseuchae
built
even
amongst
the
Gentiles
,
as
well
as
the
People
of
God
(
nor
is
it
alwaies
the
lesse
authentical
for
having
been
the
guise
of
Nations
)
hence
that
of
Philo
,
speaking
of
one
who
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
that
had
fell'd
all
the
Trees
about
it
;
and
such
a
place
the
Satyrist
means
,
where
he
asks
,
In
qua
te
quaero
proseucha
?
because
it
was
the
Rendezvous
also
,
where
poor
People
us'd
to
frequent
to
beg
the
Alms
of
devout
and
Charitable
Persons
;
and
it
was
esteemed
piacular
for
any
to
cut
down
so
much
as
a
stick
about
them
,
unlesse
it
were
to
build
them
,
when
with
the
Psalmist
,
men
had
honour
according
to
their
forwardnesse
of
repairing
the
Houses
of
God
in
the
Land
,
upon
which
account
it
was
lawful
to
lift
up
Axes
against
the
goodliest
Trees
in
the
Forest
;
but
those
zealous
dayes
are
past
,
Now
Temples
shut
,
and
Groves
desertedly
,
All
Gold
adore
,
and
neglect
Piety
.
Et
nunc
desertis
cessant
sacraria
Lucis
Aurum
omnes
victâ
,
jam
Pietate
colunt
.
Propert.
5.
They
came
afterwards
indeed
to
be
abus'd
to
Superstition
,
but
what
good
,
or
indifferent
thing
has
not
been
subject
to
perversion
?
It
is
said
in
the
end
of
Isaiah
,
Exprobratur
Hebraeis
quod
in
Opisthonais
Idolorum
horti
essent
in
quorum
medio
februabantur
;
but
how
this
is
applicable
to
Groves
does
not
appear
so
fully
;
though
we
find
them
interdicted
,
Deut.
16.21
.
Judg.
6.26
.
2
Chron:
31.3
.
&c.
and
forbidden
to
be
Planted
neer
the
Temple
;
and
an
impure
Grove
on
Mount
Libanus
dedicated
to
Venus
,
was
by
an
Imperial
Edict
of
Constantine
extirpated
;
but
from
the
abuse
of
the
thing
to
the
non-use
,
the
Consequence
is
not
alwayes
valid
,
and
we
may
note
as
to
this
very
particular
,
that
where
in
divers
places
of
Holy
Writ
,
the
denuntiation
against
Groves
is
so
express
,
it
is
frequently
to
be
taken
but
catachrestically
,
from
the
Wooden
Image
or
Statue
call'd
by
that
name
,
as
our
Learned
Selden
makes
out
by
sundry
Instances
in
his
Syntagma
de
Diis
Syris
.
The
Summe
of
all
is
,
Paradise
it self
was
but
a
kind
of
Nemorous
Temple
or
sacred
Grove
,
Planted
by
God
himself
,
and
given
to
Man
,
tanquam
primo
sacerdoti
,
the
Word
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
which
properly
signifies
to
Serve
or
administer
res
divinas
,
a
place
Consecrated
for
sober
Discipline
,
and
to
Contemplate
those
mysterious
and
Sacramental
Trees
which
they
were
not
to
touch
with
their
hands
;
and
in
memory
of
them
,
I
am
inclin'd
to
believe
,
Holy
Men
(
as
we
have
shew'd
in
Abraham
and
others
)
might
Plant
and
cultivate
Groves
,
where
they
traditionally
invok'd
the
Deity
;
and
St.
Hierom
,
Chrysostom
,
Cyprian
,
Augustine
,
and
other
Fathers
of
the
Church
greatly
magnified
these
pious
advantages
;
and
Cajetan
tells
us
,
that
from
Isaac
to
Jacob
and
their
Descendants
they
followed
Abraham
in
this
Custome
:
In
such
places
were
the
Monuments
of
their
Saints
,
and
the
Bones
of
their
Heroes
deposited
;
for
which
David
celebrated
the
Humanity
of
the
Galaadites
,
In
Nemora
Jabes
as
the
most
sacred
and
inviolable
:
In
such
a
place
did
the
Angel
appear
to
Gideon
,
and
in
others
Princes
were
Inaugurated
;
so
Abimelec
,
Judic
.
9.
And
the
Rabbines
add
a
reason
why
they
were
reputed
so
Venerable
;
because
more
remote
from
Men
and
Company
,
more
apt
to
compose
the
Soul
and
fit
it
for
divine
Actions
,
and
sometimes
Apparitions
,
for
which
the
first
enclosures
were
attributed
to
Groves
,
Mountains
,
Fountains
of
Water
,
and
the
like
solemn
objects
;
as
of
peculiar
Sanctity
,
and
as
the
old
sense
of
all
words
denoting
Sanctity
did
import
separatenesse
and
uncommon
propriety
:
See
our
Learned
Meade
.
For
though
since
the
Devils
intrusion
into
Paradise
,
even
the
most
holy
and
devoted
Places
were
not
free
from
his
Tentations
and
ougly
Stratagems
:
Yet
we
find
our
Blessed
Saviour
did
frequently
retire
into
the
Wildernesse
,
as
Elijah
and
St.
John
did
before
him
,
and
divers
other
Holy
men
:
The
reason
is
obvious
,
and
I
shall
shew
when
I
come
to
speak
concerning
the
use
of
Gardens
in
another
Work
(
long
since
attempted
,
and
now
in
some
forwardnesse
)
how
the
Air
of
such
retired
places
may
be
assistant
and
influential
for
the
inciting
of
Penitential
expressions
and
affections
;
especially
where
one
may
have
the
additional
assistances
of
solitary
Grotts
,
murmuring
Streams
,
and
desolate
Prospects
:
I
remember
that
under
a
Tree
was
the
place
of
that
admirable
St.
Augustines
solemn
Conversion
,
after
all
his
importunate
reluctances
:
I
have
often
thought
of
it
,
and
it
is
a
mealting
passage
as
himself
has
recorded
it
,
Con.
l.
8.
c.
8.
and
he
gives
the
reason
,
Solitudo
enim
mihi
ad
negotium
flendi
aptior
suggerebatur
.
And
that
indeed
such
opportunities
were
successful
for
Recollection
,
and
to
the
very
reformation
of
some
ingenious
Spirits
from
secular
Engagements
to
excellent
and
mortifying
Purposes
,
we
may
find
in
that
wonderful
relation
of
Pontianus's
two
Friends
,
great
Courtiers
of
the
time
,
as
the
same
Holy
Father
relates
it
,
previous
to
his
own
Conversion
.
6.
We
shall
now
in
the
next
place
endevour
to
shew
how
this
innocent
veneration
to
Groves
passed
from
the
People
of
God
to
the
Gentiles
,
and
by
what
degrees
it
degenerated
into
dangerous
Superstitions
:
For
the
Devil
was
alwayes
Gods
Ape
,
and
did
so
ply
his
Groves
,
Altars
,
and
Sacrifices
,
and
almost
all
other
Rites
belonging
to
his
Worship
,
that
every
Green
Tree
was
full
of
his
Abominations
,
and
places
devoted
to
his
impure
Service
,
Hi
fuêre
(
says
Pliny
,
speaking
of
Groves
)
quondam
Numinum
templa
,
&c.
These
,
were
of
old
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
,
and
after
that
simple
(
but
antient
Custom
)
men
at
this
day
Consecrate
the
fairest
and
goodliest
Trees
to
some
Deity
or
other
;
nor
do
we
more
adore
our
glittering
Shrines
of
Gold
and
Ivory
,
than
the
Groves
,
in
which
with
a
profound
and
awful
silence
,
we
worship
them
.
For
in
truth
the
very
Tree
it self
was
sometimes
Deified
,
and
that
Celtic
Statue
of
Jupiter
no
better
than
a
prodigious
tall
Oak
,
whence
't
is
said
the
Chaldean
Theologues
deriv'd
their
superstition
towards
it
;
and
the
Persians
we
read
,
us'd
that
Tree
in
all
their
mysterious
Rites
;
so
as
to
some
they
proceeded
to
the
offering
even
of
humane
Sacrifices
,
Each
Tree
besprinckled
was
with
humane
gore
.
Omnis
&
humanis
lustrata
cruoribus
arbos
.
Lucan
l.
3.
Procopius
tells
us
plainly
that
the
Sclavii
worshipped
Trees
and
whole
Forests
of
them
:
See
Jo.
Dubravius
l.
1.
Hist.
Bohem.
and
that
formerly
the
Gandenses
did
the
like
,
Surius
the
Legendary
6.
Feb.
reports
in
the
life
of
S.
Amadus
:
So
did
the
Vandals
says
Albert
Crantz
;
and
even
those
of
Peru
,
as
I
learn
from
Acosta
l.
5.
c.
11.
But
one
of
the
first
Idols
which
procur'd
particular
veneration
in
them
was
the
Sidonian
Ashtaroth
who
took
her
name
à
Lucis
,
as
the
Jupiter
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
amongst
the
Rhodians
,
the
Nemorensis
Diana
or
Arduenna
,
and
others
who
had
peculiar
Worship
in
the
Groves
;
so
soon
had
Men
degenerated
into
this
irrational
and
stupid
Devotion
,
that
Arch
-
Fanatic
Sathan
(
who
began
his
pranks
in
a
Tree
)
debauching
the
Contemplative
use
of
Groves
and
other
Solitudes
.
Nor
were
the
Heathens
alone
in
this
crime
,
the
Basilidians
and
other
Haeretics
even
amongst
the
Christians
,
did
consecrate
to
the
Woods
and
the
Trees
their
Serpent-footed
and
barbarous
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
as
it
is
yet
to
be
seen
in
some
of
their
mysterious
Talismans
and
Periapta's
which
they
carried
about
.
In
opere
Pas●bali
.
But
the
Roman
madnesse
(
like
that
which
the
Prophet
derides
in
the
Jews
)
was
well
perstring'd
by
Sedulius
and
others
for
imploring
these
Stocks
to
be
propitious
to
them
,
as
we
learn
in
Cato
de
R.R.
c.
113.134
.
&c.
And
it
was
not
long
after
,
when
they
were
generally
Consecrated
by
Faunus
,
that
they
boldly
set
up
his
Oracles
and
Responses
in
these
nemorous
places
:
Hence
the
Heathen
Chappels
had
the
name
of
Fana
,
and
from
their
wild
and
extravagant
Religion
,
the
Professors
of
it
Phanatics
;
a
name
well
becoming
some
of
our
late
Enthusiasts
amongst
us
;
who
,
when
their
Quaking
fits
possesse
them
,
resemble
the
giddy
motion
of
Trees
,
whose
heads
are
agitated
with
every
wind
of
Doctrine
.
7.
Here
we
may
not
omit
what
Learned
men
have
observ'd
concerning
the
Custome
of
Prophets
and
Persons
inspir'd
of
old
,
to
sleep
upon
the
Boughs
and
branches
of
Trees
(
I
do
not
mean
on
the
tops
of
them
,
as
the
Salvages
somewhere
do
in
the
Indies
for
fear
of
Wild
Beasts
in
the
night
time
)
but
on
Matrasses
and
Beds
made
of
their
Leaves
,
ad
Consulendum
to
ask
advise
of
God
.
Naturalists
tell
us
,
that
the
Laurus
and
Agnus
Castus
were
Trees
which
greatly
compos'd
the
Phansy
,
and
did
facilitate
true
Visions
;
and
that
the
first
was
specifically
efficacious
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
as
my
Authour
expresses
it
)
to
Inspire
a
Poetical
fury
:
Such
a
Tradition
there
goes
of
Rebecca
the
Wife
of
Isaack
,
See
S.
Hier.
in
Trad.
Heb.
3
Reg.
c.
4.
in
imitation
of
her
Father
in
Law
:
The
Instance
is
recited
out
of
an
ancient
Ecclesiastical
History
by
Abulensis
;
and
(
what
I
drive
at
)
that
from
hence
the
Delphic
Tripos
,
the
Dodonaean
Oracle
in
Epirus
,
and
others
of
that
nature
had
their
Originals
:
At
this
decubation
upon
Boughs
the
Satyrist
seems
to
hint
where
he
introduces
the
Gypsies
.
—
with
fear
The
poor
she
Jew
begs
in
my
Ladies
ear
,
The
Groves
high
Priestesse
,
Heavens
true
messenger
,
Hierusalem's
old
Lawes
expounds
to
her
.
Stapylton
.
Arcanam
Judaea
tremens
mendicat
in
aurem
Interpres
Legum
Solymarum
,
&
magn
Sacerdos
Arboris
,
ac
summi
fida
internuncia
Coeli
.
Juv.
Sat.
6.
For
indeed
the
Delphic
Oracle
(
as
Diodorus
l.
16.
tells
us
)
was
first
made
è
Lauri
ramis
of
the
Branches
of
Laurel
transferr'd
from
Thessaly
,
bended
,
and
arched
over
in
form
of
a
Bower
or
Summer-house
,
a
very
simple
Fabric
you
may
be
sure
:
And
Cardan
I
remember
in
his
Book
de
Fato
,
insists
very
much
on
the
Dreams
of
Trees
for
portents
and
presages
,
and
that
the
use
of
some
of
them
do
dispose
men
to
Visions
.
8.
Vide
Annium
viterb
.
l.
17.
fol.
158.
From
hence
then
began
Temples
to
be
erected
and
sought
to
in
such
Places
,
and
as
there
was
hardly
a
Grove
without
its
Temple
,
so
had
every
Temple
almost
,
a
Grove
belonging
to
it
,
where
they
plac'd
Idols
,
and
Altars
and
Lights
endow'd
with
fair
Revenues
which
the
devotion
of
Superstitious
persons
continually
augmented
;
and
I
remember
to
have
seen
something
very
like
this
in
Italy
,
and
other
Parts
,
namely
,
where
the
Images
of
the
B.
Virgin
and
other
Saints
have
been
enshrin'd
in
hollow
and
umbragious
Trees
frequented
with
much
veneration
,
which
puts
me
in
mind
of
what
that
great
Traveller
Pietro
della
Valla
relates
,
where
he
speaks
of
an
extraordinary
Cypresse
,
yet
extant
,
near
the
Tomb
of
Cyrus
,
to
which
at
this
day
many
Pilgrimages
are
made
,
and
speaks
of
a
Gummy
transudation
which
it
yields
,
that
the
Turks
affirm
to
turn
every
Friday
into
drops
of
Blood
:
The
Tree
is
hollow
within
,
adorn'd
with
many
Lamps
,
and
fitted
for
an
Oratory
,
and
indeed
some
would
derive
the
name
Lucus
a
Grove
,
as
more
particularly
to
signifie
such
enormous
and
cavernous
Trees
quod
ibi
lumina
accenderentur
Religionis
causa
:
But
our
Author
adds
,
The
Ethnics
do
still
repute
all
great
Trees
to
be
divine
,
and
the
habitation
of
Souls
departed
:
These
the
Persians
call
Pir
and
Imàm
.
Perhaps
such
a
hollow
Tree
was
that
Asylum
of
our
Poets
Hero
,
when
he
fled
from
his
burning
Troy
,
—
an
antient
Cypresse
near
Kept
by
Religious
Parents
many
a
year
.
—
ju●●aque
antiqua
Cupressus
Religione
Patrum
multos
servata
per
annos
.
Aen.
2.
For
that
they
were
places
of
Protection
,
and
priviledg'd
like
Churches
,
and
Altars
,
appears
out
of
Livy
and
other
good
Authority
:
Thus
where
they
introduce
Romulus
encouraging
his
new
Colony
,
So
soon
as
ere
the
Grove
he
had
immur'd
Hast
hither
(
says
he
)
here
you
are
secur'd
.
—
ut
saxo
Lucum
circumdedit
alto
Quilibet
,
huc
,
dicit
,
Confuge
,
tutus
eris
.
Such
a
Sanctuary
was
the
Aricina
,
and
Suburban
Diana
,
call'd
the
Nemorale
Templum
,
and
divers
more
which
we
shall
reckon
up
anon
.
9.
The
Mysteries
which
the
famous
Druids
celebrated
in
their
Woods
and
Forests
,
are
at
large
to
be
found
in
Caesar
,
Pliny
,
Strabo
,
Diodorus
,
Mela
,
Apuleius
,
Ammianus
,
Lucan
,
Aventinus
,
and
innumerable
other
Writers
,
where
you
will
see
that
they
chose
the
Woods
and
the
Groves
,
not
onely
for
all
their
Religious
Exercises
,
but
their
Courts
of
Justice
;
as
the
whole
Institution
and
Discipline
is
recorded
by
Caesar
,
l.
6.
and
as
he
it
seems
found
it
in
our
Countrey
of
Britain
,
from
whence
it
was
afterwards
translated
into
Gallia
:
For
he
attributes
the
first
rise
of
it
to
this
once
happy
Island
of
Groves
,
and
Oaks
;
and
affirms
that
the
antient
Gauls
travelled
hither
for
their
initiation
.
To
this
Tacitus
assents
,
14
Annal.
and
our
most
Learned
Critics
who
vindicate
it
both
from
the
Greeks
and
French
,
who
frequently
challenge
it
:
But
the
very
Name
it self
,
which
is
purely
Celtic
,
does
best
decide
the
Controversie
:
For
though
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
be
Quercus
;
yet
Vossius
skilfully
proves
that
the
Druids
were
altogether
strangers
to
the
Greeks
;
but
what
comes
yet
nearer
to
us
,
Dru
,
fides
(
as
one
observes
)
begetting
our
now
antiquated
Trou
,
or
True
,
makes
our
title
the
stronger
:
Add
to
this
,
that
amongst
the
Germans
it
signified
no
lesse
than
God
it self
;
and
we
find
Drutin
or
Trudin
to
import
Divine
or
Faithful
in
the
Othfridian
Gospel
,
both
of
them
Sacerdotal
expressions
.
But
that
in
this
Island
of
ours
men
should
be
so
extreamly
devoted
to
Trees
,
and
especially
to
the
Oak
,
the
strength
and
defence
of
all
our
enjoyments
,
inviron'd
as
we
are
by
the
Seas
,
and
Martial
Neighbours
,
is
lesse
to
be
wonder'd
,
Our
Brittish
Druids
not
with
vain
intent
,
Or
without
Providence
did
the
Oke
frequent
;
That
Albion
did
that
Tree
so
much
advance
Nor
Superstition
was
,
nor
ignorance
Those
Priests
divining
even
then
,
bespoke
The
mighty
Triumphs
of
the
Royal
Oake
.
When
the
Seas
Empire
with
like
boundlesse
fame
Victorious
CHARLES
the
Son
of
CHARLES
shall
claim
,
Non
igitur
Dryadae
nostrates
pectore
vano
Nec
sine
consulto
coluerunt
Numine
Quercum
,
Non
illam
Albionis
jam
tum
celebravit
honore
Stulta
Superstitio
,
venturive
inscia
secli
Angliaci
ingentes
puto
praevidisse
triumphos
Roboris
,
Imperiumque
maris
quod
maximus
olim
,
CAROLIDES
vastâ
Victor
ditione
teneret
.
Couleii
L.
6.
Pl.
as
we
may
find
the
Praediction
gloriously
followed
by
our
ingenious
Poet
,
where
his
Dryad
consignes
that
Sacred
Depositum
to
this
Monarch
of
the
Forest
the
Oak
,
than
which
nothing
can
be
more
sublime
and
rapturous
.
10.
From
those
Sylvan
Philosophers
and
Divines
(
not
to
speak
much
of
the
Indian
Brachmans
descended
of
the
antient
Gymnosophists
)
't
is
believed
that
the
great
Pythagoras
might
Institute
his
silent
Monasterie
;
and
we
read
that
Plato
entertain'd
his
Auditors
amongst
his
Walks
of
Trees
,
which
were
afterward
defac'd
by
the
inhumanity
of
Sylla
,
when
as
Appian
tells
us
,
he
cut
down
those
venerable
shades
to
build
Forts
against
Pyraeus
:
And
another
we
find
he
had
,
Planted
near
Anicerides
with
his
own
hands
,
wherein
grew
that
celebrated
Platanus
under
which
he
introduces
his
Master
Socrates
discoursing
with
Phaedon
de
Pulchro
:
Such
another
place
was
the
Athenian
Cephisia
as
Agellius
describes
it
:
Democritus
also
taught
in
a
Grove
,
as
we
find
in
that
of
Hippocrates
to
Damagetus
,
where
there
is
a
particular
Tree
design'd
ad
Otium
literarum
;
ad
Mart.
and
I
remember
Tertullian
calls
these
places
Studia
opaca
:
I
could
here
tell
you
of
Palaemon
,
Timon
,
Apollonius
,
Theophrastus
,
and
many
more
that
erected
their
Schools
in
such
Colleges
of
Trees
,
but
I
spare
my
Reader
;
I
shall
onely
note
that
't
is
reported
of
Thucydides
that
he
compiled
his
noble
History
in
the
Scaplan
Groves
▪
as
Pliny
writes
;
and
in
that
matchless
piece
de
Oratore
,
we
shall
find
the
Interlocutors
to
be
often
under
the
Platanus
in
his
Tusculan
Villa
,
where
invited
by
the
freshnesse
and
sweetness
of
the
place
Admonuit
(
says
one
of
them
)
me
haec
tua
Platanus
quae
non
minus
ad
opacandum
hunc
locum
patulis
&
diffusa
ramis
quam
illa
,
cujus
umbram
secutus
est
Socrates
,
quae
mihi
videtur
non
tam
ipsa
aquula
,
quae
describitur
,
quàm
Platonis
oratione
crevisse
,
&c.
as
the
Orator
brings
it
in
,
in
the
person
of
one
of
that
meeting
.
I
confesse
Quintilian
seems
much
to
question
whether
such
places
do
not
rather
perturb
and
distract
from
an
Orators
Recollection
,
l.
10.
and
the
depths
of
Contemplation
:
Non
tamen
(
sayes
he
)
protinus
audiendi
,
qui
credunt
aptissima
in
hoc
Nemora
,
sylvasque
,
quod
illa
coeli
libertas
,
locorumque
amaenitas
,
sublimem
animum
,
&
beatiorem
spiritum
parent
:
Mihi
certè
jucundus
hic
magis
;
quàm
studiorum
hortator
videtur
esse
secessus
:
Namque
illa
ipsa
quae
delectant
,
necesse
est
avocent
ab
intentione
operis
destinati
:
He
proceeds
—
Quare
Sylvarum
amoenitas
,
&
praeter
labentia
flumina
,
&
inspirantes
ramis
arborum
aurae
,
volucrúmque
cantus
&
ipsa
latè
circumspiciendi
libertas
,
ad
se
trahunt
;
ut
mihi
remittere
potius
vo●uptas
ista
videatur
cogitationem
quam
intendere
.
But
this
is
onely
his
singular
suffrage
,
which
as
conscious
of
his
Error
,
we
soon
hear
him
retract
,
when
he
is
by
and
by
as
loud
in
its
Praises
,
as
the
Places
in
the
World
,
the
best
fitted
for
the
diviner
Rhetorique
of
Poetry
:
But
let
us
admit
another
to
cast
in
his
Symbol
for
Groves
:
Nemora
(
sayes
he
)
&
Luci
,
&
secretum
ipsum
,
tantam
mihi
afferunt
voluptatem
ut
inter
precipuos
Carminum
fructus
,
majorem
,
quod
nec
in
strepitu
,
nec
sedente
ante
hostium
litigatore
,
nec
inter
Sordes
&
lacrymas
reorum
comprimantur
:
Sed
secedit
animus
in
loca
pura
,
atque
innocentia
,
fruturque
sedibus
Sacris
.
And
indeed
the
Poets
thought
of
no
other
Heaven
upon
Earth
,
or
elsewhere
;
for
when
Anchises
was
setting
forth
the
felicity
of
the
other
life
to
his
Son
,
the
most
lively
description
he
could
make
of
it
was
to
tell
him
,
—
We
dwell
in
shady
Groves
,
—
Lucis
habitamus
opacit
and
that
when
Aeneas
had
travell'd
far
to
find
those
happy
Abodes
,
They
came
to
Groves
,
of
happy
Souls
the
Rest
To
Ever-greens
,
the
dwellings
of
the
Blest
.
Devenere
locos
latos
,
&
amoena
vireta
Fortunatorum
Nemorum
,
Sedesque
beatas
.
Such
a
prospect
he
gives
us
of
his
Elysium
;
and
therefore
wise
and
great
Persons
had
alwayes
these
sweet
opportunities
of
Recesse
,
their
Domos
Sylvae
,
as
we
reed
,
2
Reg.
7.2
.
which
were
thence
called
Houses
of
Royal
Refreshment
,
or
as
the
Septuagint
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
not
much
unlike
the
Lodges
in
divers
of
our
Noble-mens
Parks
,
and
Forest-Walks
;
which
minds
me
of
his
choice
in
another
Poem
,
In
lofty
Towers
let
Pallas
take
her
rest
,
Whilst
shady
Groves
'boue
all
things
please
us
best
.
—
Pallas
quas
condidit
arces
,
Ipsa
colat
,
nobis
placeant
ante
omnia
Sylvae
.
Eclog.
2.
And
for
the
same
reason
Mecoenas
—
Chose
the
broad
Oak
—
Maluit
umbrosam
Quercum
—
and
as
Horace
bespeaks
them
,
Me
the
cool
Woods
above
the
rest
advance
Where
the
rough
Satyrs
with
the
light
Nymphs
dance
.
—
Me
gelidum
nemus
Nympharumque
leves
cum
Satyris
Chori
,
Secernunt
populo
—
and
Virgil
again
,
Our
sweet
Thalia
loves
,
nor
does
she
scorn
To
haunt
umbragious
Groves
—
Nostra
nec
●rubuit
Sylvas
habitare
Thalia
.
or
as
thus
expressed
by
Petrarch
,
—
The
Muse
her self
injoys
Best
in
the
Woods
,
verse
flies
the
City
noyse
.
Sylva
placet
Musis
,
urbs
est
inimica
Poetis
.
So
true
is
that
of
yet
a
better
Poet
of
our
own
;
As
well
might
Corn
,
as
Verse
in
Cities
grow
,
In
vain
the
thanklesse
Glebe
we
Plow
and
Sow
,
Against
th'
unnatural
Soil
in
vain
we
strive
,
'T
is
not
a
ground
in
which
these
Plants
will
thrive
.
Conley
.
When
it
seems
they
will
bear
nothing
but
Nettles
,
and
Thorns
of
Satyrs
,
and
as
Juvenal
sayes
,
by
Indignation
too
;
and
therefore
almost
all
the
Poets
,
except
those
who
were
not
able
to
eat
Bread
without
the
Bounty
of
Great
men
;
that
is
,
without
what
they
could
get
by
flattering
them
(
which
was
Homer's
and
Pindar's
case
)
have
not
onely
withdrawn
themselves
from
the
Vices
and
Vanities
of
the
great
World
,
into
the
innocent
felicities
of
Gardens
,
and
Groves
,
and
Retirednesse
,
but
have
also
commended
and
adorned
nothing
so
much
in
their
never-dying
Poems
.
Here
then
is
the
true
Parnassus
,
Castalia
,
and
the
Muses
,
and
at
every
call
in
a
Grove
of
Venerable
Oaks
,
methinks
I
hear
the
answer
of
an
hundred
old
Druyds
,
and
the
Bards
of
our
inspired
Ancestors
.
Innumerable
are
the
Testimonies
I
might
produce
in
behalf
of
Groves
and
Woods
out
of
the
Poets
,
Virgil
,
Gratius
,
Ovid
,
Horace
,
Claudian
,
Statius
,
Silius
,
and
others
of
latter
times
,
especially
the
divine
Petrarch
;
were
I
minded
to
swell
this
Charming
Subject
,
beyond
the
limits
of
a
Chapter
:
I
think
onely
to
take
notice
,
that
Theatrical
Representations
,
such
as
were
those
of
the
Ionian
call'd
Andria
;
the
Scenes
of
Pastorals
,
and
the
like
innocent
Rural
Entertainments
were
of
old
adorn'd
and
trimm'd
up
è
ramis
&
frondibus
,
cum
racemis
&
corymbis
,
and
frequently
represented
in
Groves
,
as
the
Learned
Scaliger
shews
:
Poetices
l.
1.
●
.
21.
And
here
the
most
beloved
of
Apollo
rooted
his
coy
Mistris
,
and
the
noblest
Raptures
have
been
conceiv'd
in
the
Walks
and
shades
of
Trees
,
and
Poets
have
composed
Verses
which
have
animated
men
to
Heroic
and
glorious
Actions
;
here
Orators
(
as
we
shewed
)
have
made
their
Panegyrics
,
Historians
grave
Relations
,
and
the
Profound
Philosophers
lov'd
here
to
passe
their
lives
in
repose
and
Contemplation
,
and
the
frugal
Repasts
—
mollesque
sub
arbore
somni
were
the
natural
and
chast
delights
of
our
Fore-Fathers
.
12.
Nor
were
Groves
thus
onely
frequented
by
the
great
Scholars
,
and
the
great
Wits
,
but
by
the
greatest
Statesmen
and
Politians
also
;
and
the
Athenians
were
wont
to
Consult
of
their
gravest
matters
and
Publick
Concernments
in
them
.
Famous
for
these
Assemblies
were
the
Ceraunian
,
and
at
Rome
the
Lucus
Petilinus
,
the
Farentinus
,
and
others
,
in
which
there
was
held
that
renowned
Parliament
after
the
Defeat
of
the
Gaules
by
M.
Popilio
:
For
't
was
supposed
that
in
places
so
Sacred
,
they
would
Faithfully
and
Religiously
observe
what
was
Concluded
amongst
them
.
In
such
green
Palaces
the
first
Kings
reign'd
,
Slept
in
their
Shades
,
and
Angels
entertain'd
:
With
such
old
Counsellors
they
did
advise
,
And
by
frequenting
Sacred
Groves
,
grew
Wise
;
Free
from
th'
impediments
of
Light
and
Noyse
,
Man
thus
retir'd
,
his
nobler
thoughts
imploys
.
Mr.
Wallet
.
As
our
excellent
Poet
has
describ'd
it
:
and
amongst
other
weighty
matters
they
treated
of
Matches
for
their
Children
,
and
the
Young
people
made
Love
in
the
cooler
Shades
,
and
ingrav'd
their
Mistris's
Names
upon
the
Bark
,
L.
16.
c.
44.
Arist.
l.
Ep.
10.
tituli
aereis
literis
insculpti
as
Pliny
speaks
of
that
Antient
Vatican
Ilex
,
and
Euripides
in
Hippolyto
,
where
he
shews
us
how
they
made
the
incision
,
whisper
their
soft
Complaints
like
that
of
Aristaenetus
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&c.
and
wish
that
it
had
but
a
Soul
and
a
Voyce
to
tell
Cydippe
,
the
fair
Cydippe
,
how
she
was
belov'd
:
Vide
Symmach.
l.
4.
Ep.
28.
And
doubtlesse
this
Character
was
Antienter
than
that
in
Paper
;
let
us
hear
the
Amorous
Poet
leaving
his
young
Couple
thus
Courting
each
other
.
My
name
on
Bark
engraven
by
your
fair
hand
,
Oenone
,
there
,
cut
by
your
knife
does
stand
;
And
with
the
Stock
my
Name
alike
do's
grow
,
Be
't
so
,
and
my
advancing
honour
show
.
Incisae
servant
a
te
mea
nomina
fagi
Et
Legor
Oenone
falce
notata
tua
,
Et
quantum
trunci
,
tantum
mea
nomina
crescunt
,
Crescite
,
&
in
titulos
surgite
ritè
meos
.
Ovid.
Ep.
which
doubtlesse
he
learnt
of
Maro
describing
the
unfortunate
Gallus
.
There
on
the
tender
bark
to
carve
my
Love
;
And
as
they
grow
,
so
shall
my
hopes
improve
.
Ogilby
.
—
tenerisque
meos
incidere
amores
Arboribus
;
Crescentillae
,
crescetis
amores
.
Eclog.
10.
and
these
pretty
Monuments
of
Courtship
I
find
were
much
used
on
the
Cherry-tree
(
the
Wild
one
I
suppose
)
which
has
a
very
smooth
Rind
,
as
the
witty
Calfurnius
,
Repeat
,
thy
words
on
Cherry-bark
I
'll
take
,
And
that
red
skin
my
Table-book
will
make
.
Dic
age
,
nam
Cerasi
tua
cortice
verba
notab●
Et
decisa
feram
rutilanti
carmina
libro
.
I
omit
Olympius
Nemesianus
,
and
others
,
for
we
have
dwelt
too
long
on
this
trifle
,
but
we
will
now
change
the
Scene
as
the
Aegyptians
did
the
mirth
of
their
Guests
when
they
serv'd
in
a
Scull
to
make
them
more
serious
.
For
,
13.
Amongst
other
Uses
of
Groves
,
I
read
that
some
Nations
were
wont
to
hang
,
not
Malefactors
onely
,
but
their
departed
Friends
,
and
those
whom
they
most
esteemed
upon
Trees
,
as
so
much
nearer
to
Heaven
,
and
dedicated
to
God
;
believing
it
far
more
honourable
than
to
be
buried
in
the
Earth
;
and
that
some
affected
to
repose
rather
in
these
Woody
places
Propertius
seems
to
bespeak
.
The
Gods
forbid
my
Bones
in
the
high-Road
Should
lye
▪
by
every
wandring
vulgar
trod
;
Thus
buried
Lovers
are
to
scorn
expos'd
,
My
Tomb
in
some
by
Arbor
be
inclos'd
.
Di
faciant
mea
ne
terrâ
locet
ossa
frequenti
Quâ
facit
assiduo
tramite
vulgus
iter
,
Post
mortem
tumuli
sic
infamantur
amantum
,
Me
tegat
arboreâ
devia
terra
comâ
.
The
same
is
affirmed
of
other
Septentrional
People
by
Chr.
Cilicus
de
Bello
Dithmarsico
l.
1.
We
have
already
mention'd
Rebeccah
,
and
read
of
Kings
themselves
that
honoured
such
places
with
their
Sepulchres
:
What
else
should
be
the
meaning
of
1
Chro.
10.12
.
when
the
valiant
men
of
Jabesh
interr'd
the
Bones
of
Saul
and
Jonathan
under
the
Oke
.
Famous
was
the
Hyrnethian
Caemeterie
where
Daiphon
lay
;
Ariadnes
Tomb
was
in
the
Amathusian
Grove
in
Crete
,
now
Candie
:
For
they
believed
that
the
Spirits
and
Ghosts
of
Men
delighted
to
expatiate
and
appear
in
such
solemn
places
,
as
the
Learned
Grotius
notes
from
Theophylact
,
speaking
of
the
Daemons
,
upon
Mat.
8
20.
for
which
cause
Plato
gave
permission
,
that
Trees
might
be
Planted
over
Graves
,
to
obumbrate
and
refresh
them
.
Our
Blessed
Saviour
chose
the
Garden
sometimes
for
his
Oratory
,
and
dying
,
for
the
place
of
his
Sepulchre
;
and
we
do
avouch
for
many
weighty
causes
,
that
there
are
none
more
fit
to
bury
our
Dead
in
,
than
in
our
Gardens
and
Groves
,
where
our
Beds
may
be
decked
with
verdant
and
fragrant
Flowers
,
Trees
and
Perennial
Plants
,
the
most
natural
and
instructive
Hieroglyphics
of
our
expected
Resurrection
and
Immortality
,
besides
what
they
might
conduce
to
the
Meditation
of
the
living
,
and
the
taking
off
our
Cogitations
from
dwelling
too
intently
upon
more
vain
and
sensual
Objects
;
that
Custom
of
Burying
in
Churches
,
and
near
about
them
(
especially
in
great
and
populous
Cities
)
being
both
a
Novel
Presumption
,
undecent
,
and
very
unhealthful
.
14.
To
make
this
Discourse
the
more
absolute
,
we
shall
add
a
short
recital
of
the
most
famous
Groves
which
we
find
Celebrated
in
Histories
;
and
those
,
besides
many
already
mention'd
,
were
such
as
being
Consecrated
both
to
Gods
and
Men
,
bore
their
Names
:
Amongst
these
are
reckoned
the
Sacred
to
Minerva
,
Isis
,
Latona
,
Cybele
,
Osiris
,
Aesculapius
,
Diana
,
and
especially
the
Aricinian
,
in
which
there
was
a
goodly
Temple
erected
,
placed
in
the
midst
of
an
Iland
,
with
a
vast
Lake
about
it
,
a
Mount
,
and
a
Grotto
adorn'd
with
Statues
,
and
irrigated
with
plentiful
Streams
:
and
this
was
that
renouned
Recesse
of
Numa
,
where
he
so
frequently
conversed
with
his
Aegeria
,
as
did
Minos
in
the
Cave
of
Jupiter
,
and
by
whose
pretended
Inspirations
they
gain'd
the
deceived
People
,
and
made
them
receive
what
Lawes
he
pleas'd
to
impose
upon
them
.
To
these
we
may
joyn
,
the
Groves
of
Vulcan
,
Venus
,
and
the
little
Cupid
:
Mars
,
Bellona
,
Bacchus
,
Sylvanus
,
the
Muses
,
and
that
neer
Helicon
from
the
same
Numa
,
their
great
Patron
;
and
hence
had
they
their
Name
Camoenae
.
In
this
was
the
noble
Statue
of
Eupheme
Nurse
to
those
Poetical
Ladies
;
but
so
the
Feranian
and
even
Mons
Parnassus
,
were
thick
shaded
with
Trees
.
Nor
may
we
omit
the
more
impure
Lupercal
Groves
Sacred
,
or
Prophan'd
rather
,
yet
most
famous
for
their
affording
shelter
and
foster
to
Romulus
,
and
his
Brother
Rhemus
.
That
of
Vulcan
was
usually
guarded
by
Dogs
,
like
the
Town
of
S.
Malos
in
Bretaigne
:
The
Pinea
Sylva
appertain'd
to
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
,
as
we
find
in
Virgil.
Venus
had
several
Groves
in
Aegypt
,
and
in
the
Gnidian
Island
,
where
once
stood
those
famous
Statues
cut
by
Praxiteles
;
another
in
Pontus
,
where
(
if
you
'll
believe
it
)
hung
up
the
Golden
Fleece
for
the
bold
Adventurer
.
Nor
was
the
Watry-King
Neptune
without
his
Groves
,
the
Helicean
in
Greece
was
his
:
So
Ceres
,
and
Proserpine
,
Pluto
,
Vesta
,
Castor
and
Pollux
had
such
shady
Places
Consecrated
to
them
;
add
to
these
the
Lebadian
,
Arfinoan
,
Paphian
,
Senonian
,
and
such
as
were
in
general
dedicated
to
all
the
Gods
.
—
The
Gods
have
dwelt
in
Groves
.
—
Habitarunt
dii
quoque
Sylva●
.
And
these
were
as
it
were
Pantheons
.
To
the
memory
of
famous
Men
and
Heros
were
Consecrated
the
Achillean
,
Aglauran
,
and
those
to
Bellerophon
,
Hector
,
Alexander
,
and
to
others
who
disdained
not
to
derive
their
Names
from
Trees
and
Forests
;
as
Sylvius
the
Posthumus
of
Aeneas
;
divers
of
the
Albanian
Princes
,
and
great
Persons
;
Stolon
,
Laura
,
Daphnis
,
&c.
And
a
certain
Custom
there
was
for
the
Parents
to
Plant
a
Tree
at
the
Birth
of
an
Heir
or
Son
,
presaging
by
the
growth
and
thriving
of
the
Tree
the
prosperity
of
the
Child
:
Thus
we
read
in
the
life
of
Virgil
,
and
how
far
his
Natalitial
Poplar
had
out-strip'd
the
rest
of
its
Contemporaries
.
And
the
reason
doubtlesse
of
all
this
was
,
the
general
repute
of
the
Sanctity
of
those
Places
;
for
no
sooner
does
the
Poët
speak
of
a
Grove
,
but
immediately
some
Consecration
follows
,
as
believing
that
out
of
those
shady
Profundities
some
Deity
must
needs
emerge
,
Quo
possis
viso
dicere
Numen
inest
.
so
as
Tacitus
(
speaking
of
the
Germans
)
sayes
,
Lucos
&
Nemora
consecrant
,
Deorumque
nominibus
appellant
secretum
illud
,
quod
solâ
reverentiâ
vident
;
and
the
Consecration
of
these
Nemorous
places
we
find
in
Quintus
Curtius
,
and
in
what
Paulus
Diaconus
de
Lege
relates
of
the
Longobards
where
the
Rites
are
expresse
,
allur'd
as
't
is
likely
by
the
gloominesse
of
the
Shade
,
procerity
and
altitude
of
the
Stem
,
floridnesse
of
the
leaves
and
other
accidents
,
not
capable
of
Philosophising
on
the
Physical
Causes
,
which
they
deem'd
supernatural
,
and
plainly
divine
;
so
as
to
use
the
words
of
Prudentius
,
Here
all
Religion
paid
;
whose
dark
Recesse
A
sacred
awe
does
on
their
mind
impresse
,
To
their
Wild
Gods
—
Quos
penes
omne
sacrum
est
,
quicquid
formid●
trem●udu●●
Suaserit
horrificos
,
quos
prodigialia
cogun●
Monstra
Deos
—
L.
2.
Cout
.
Sym.
And
this
deification
of
their
Trees
,
and
amongst
other
things
,
for
their
Age
and
perennial
viridity
,
sayes
Diodorus
,
might
spring
from
the
manifold
use
which
they
afforded
,
and
happly
had
been
taught
them
by
the
Gods
,
or
rather
by
some
God-like
persons
,
whom
for
their
worth
and
the
publick
benefit
they
esteemed
so
;
and
that
divers
of
them
were
voyc'd
to
have
been
Metamorphoz'd
from
Men
into
Trees
,
and
again
out
of
Trees
into
Men
,
as
the
Arcadians
gloried
in
their
Birth
,
when
Out
of
the
teeming
Bark
of
Oakes
men
burst
.
Géusque
virûm
,
truncis
,
&
rupto
robore
nati
,
which
perhaps
they
fancied
,
by
seeing
men
creep
sometimes
out
of
their
Cavities
,
in
which
they
often
lodg'd
and
secur'd
themselves
;
For
in
th'
Earths
non-age
under
Heavens
new
frame
,
They
stricter
liv'd
,
who
from
Oaks
rupture
came
.
Stapylton
.
Quippe
aliter
tunc
orbe
novo
coelòque
recenti
Vivebant
homines
qui
rupto
robore
nati
,
&c.
Juven.
l.
2.
S.
6.
Or
as
the
sweet
Papinius
,
Fame
goes
that
thou
brake
forth
from
the
hard
rind
,
When
the
new
earth
with
the
first
feet
was
sign'd
?
Fields
yet
nor
Houses
doleful
pangs
reliev'd
But
shady
Ash
the
numerous
births
receiv'd
,
And
the
green
Babe
drop'd
from
the
pregnant
Elm
,
Whom
strange
amazement
first
did
over-whelm
At
break
of
day
,
and
when
the
gloomy
night
Ravish'd
the
Sun
from
their
pursuing
sight
,
Gave
it
for
lost
—
—
Nemorum
vos
stirpe
rigen●i
—
Fama
satos
,
cum
prima
pedum
vestigia
tellus
Admirata
tulit
,
nondum
arva
,
domúsque
ferebant
Cruda
puerperia
,
ac
populos
umbrosa
creavit
,
Fraxinus
,
&
foetâ
viridis
puer
excidit
Orno
:
Hi
Lucis
stupuisse
vices
,
noctísque
feruntur
,
Nubila
,
&
occiduum
Longe
Titana
secuti
Desperâsse
diem
—
almost
like
that
which
Rinaldo
saw
in
the
Inchanted
Forest
.
An
aged
Oak
beside
him
cleft
and
rent
,
And
from
his
fertile
hollow
womb
forth
went
(
Clad
in
rare
weeds
,
and
strange
habilement
)
A
full
grown
Nymph
.
—
Quercia
gli
appar
,
che
per
se
ste●●●
incis●
Apre
feconda
il
cavo
ventre
,
è
figlia
:
En
'
esce
fuor
vestita
in
strania
guisa
Ninfa
d'
età
cresciuta
.
—
Canto
18.
And
that
every
great
Tree
included
a
certain
tutelar
Genius
or
Nymph
living
and
dying
with
it
,
the
Poets
are
full
;
a
special
instance
we
have
in
that
prodigious
Oak
which
fell
by
the
fatal
stroke
of
Erisichthon
;
but
the
Hamadryads
it
seems
were
immortal
,
and
had
power
to
remove
,
and
change
their
wooden
habitations
.
15.
We
might
here
produce
wonderful
strange
Apparitions
of
this
nature
,
interceding
for
the
standing
,
and
life
of
Trees
,
when
the
Ax
has
been
ready
for
Execution
,
In
Phoe.
&
Arcad.
as
you
may
see
in
that
Hymn
of
Callimachus
,
Pausanias
,
and
the
famous
story
of
Paraebius
related
by
Apollonius
in
2.
Argonaut
.
with
the
fearful
Catastrophe
of
such
as
causelesly
and
wantonly
violated
those
goodly
Plantations
(
from
which
fables
arose
,
that
of
the
Dodonean
and
vocal
Forests
,
frequent
in
Heathen
Writers
)
but
by
none
so
Elegantly
as
the
witty
Ovid
,
describing
the
Fact
of
the
wicked
Erisichthon
.
—
Who
Gods
despis'd
,
Nor
ever
on
their
Altars
sacrific'd
,
—
Qui
numina
divûm
Sperneret
,
&
nullos
aris
adoleret
honores
&c.
Who
Ceres
Groves
with
steel
prophan'd
:
Where
stood
An
old
huge
Oak
;
even
of
it self
a
Wood.
Wreaths
,
Ribands
,
grateful
Tables
deckt
his
boughs
And
sacred
Stem
;
the
Dues
of
powerful
Vows
.
Full
oft
the
Dryades
,
with
Chaplets
crown'd
,
Danc't
in
the
shade
;
full
oft
they
tript
a
Round
About
his
bole
.
Five
Cubits
three
times
told
His
ample
Circuit
hardly
could
infold
.
Whose
stature
other
Trees
as
far
exceeds
,
As
other
Trees
surmount
the
humble
Weeds
.
Yet
this
his
Fury
rather
did
provoke
:
Who
bids
his
Servants
fell
the
Sacred
Oak
.
And
snatches
,
while
they
paus'd
,
an
Ax
from
one
,
Thus
storming
:
Not
the
Goddesse
lov'd
alone
;
But
,
though
this
were
the
Goddesse
,
she
should
down
,
And
sweep
the
Earth
with
her
aspiring
Crown
.
As
he
advanc'd
his
Arms
to
strike
,
the
Oak
Both
sigh'd
and
trembl'd
at
the
threatning
stroke
.
His
Leaves
and
Acorns
,
pale
together
grew
,
And
colour-changing-branches
sweat
cold
deaw
:
Then
wounded
by
his
impious
hand
,
the
Blood
Gush'd
from
th'
incision
in
a
purple
flood
:
Much
like
a
mighty
Ox
,
that
falls
before
The
Sacred
Altar
,
sprouting
streams
of
gore
.
On
All
amazement
seiz'd
:
When
One
of
all
The
Crime
deters
,
nor
would
his
Ax
let
fall
.
Contracting
his
stern
brows
;
Receive
,
said
he
,
Thy
Pieties
Reward
;
and
from
the
Tree
The
stroke
converting
,
lops
his
Head
;
then
strake
The
Oak
again
;
from
whence
a
Voyce
thus
spake
:
A
Nymph
am
I
,
within
this
Tree
inshrin'd
,
Belov'd
of
Ceres
,
O
prophane
of
mind
,
Vengeance
is
near
thee
:
With
my
parting
breath
,
I
Prophecy
,
a
Comfort
to
my
Death
.
He
still
his
guilt
pursues
;
who
over-throws
With
Cables
,
and
innumerable
blows
The
sturdy
Oak
;
which
nodding
,
long
,
down
rush'd
,
And
in
his
lofty
fall
his
fellows
crush'd
.
Sandys
.
But
a
sad
Revenge
follows
it
,
as
the
Poet
will
tell
you
;
and
one
might
fill
a
just
Volume
with
the
Histories
of
Groves
that
were
violated
by
wicked
Men
,
who
came
to
fatal
periods
.
It
is
reported
that
the
Minturensian
Grove
was
esteem'd
so
venerable
,
that
a
stranger
might
not
be
admitted
into
it
;
and
the
great
Xerxes
himself
when
he
passed
through
Achaia
,
would
not
touch
a
Grove
which
was
dedicated
to
Jupiter
,
Commanding
his
Army
to
do
it
no
Violence
,
and
the
honours
he
did
to
one
single
(
but
a
goodly
)
Platanus
we
have
already
mention'd
.
The
like
to
this
we
find
when
the
Persians
were
put
to
flight
by
Pausanias
;
though
they
might
have
sav'd
their
lives
by
it
,
as
appears
in
the
Story
.
The
same
reverence
made
that
Hercules
would
not
so
much
as
tast
the
Waters
of
the
Aegerian
Groves
after
he
slew
Cacus
,
though
extreamly
thirsty
.
—
The
Priestesse
se'd
(
A
purple
Fillet
binding
her
gray
head
)
Stranger
,
pry
not
,
but
quit
this
shady
Seat
,
Avant
,
and
whiles
thou
safely
may
,
Retreat
,
To
men
forbid
,
and
by
hard
Sanction
bound
▪
Far
better
other
Springs
were
by
you
found
.
Punicco
canas
stamine
vincta
comas
,
Parce
oculis
hospes
,
Lucôque
abscede
verend●
Cede
agedum
,
&
tuta
limina
linque
fuga
,
Interdicta
viris
,
metuenda
lege
piatur
Di
tibi
dent
alios
fontes
—
Propert.
l.
4.
Nor
indeed
in
such
places
was
it
lawful
to
Hunt
,
unlesse
it
were
to
kill
for
Sacrifice
,
as
we
read
in
Arrianus
;
whence
't
is
reported
by
Strabo
,
that
in
the
Aetolian
Groves
Sacred
to
Diana
,
the
Beasts
were
so
tame
,
that
the
very
Wolves
and
Staggs
fed
together
like
Lambs
,
and
would
follow
a
man
licking
his
hands
,
and
fauning
on
him
.
Such
a
Grove
was
the
Crotonian
,
in
which
Livy
writes
,
there
was
a
spacious
Field
stor'd
with
all
sorts
of
Game
.
There
were
many
Forests
consecrated
to
Jupiter
,
Juno
,
and
Apollo
;
especially
the
famous
Epidaphnes
near
the
Syrian
Antioch
,
which
was
most
incomparably
pleasant
,
adorn'd
with
Fountains
and
rare
Statues
.
There
was
to
be
seen
the
Laurel
which
had
been
his
chast
Mistris
,
and
in
the
Center
of
it
his
Temple
and
Asylum
:
Here
it
was
Cosroes
and
Julian
did
Sacrifice
upon
several
occasions
as
Eusebius
relates
,
but
could
not
with
all
their
impious
Arts
obtain
an
Answer
;
because
the
holy
Babylas
had
been
interr'd
near
that
Oracle
,
for
which
it
was
reputed
so
venerable
,
that
there
remained
an
expresse
Title
in
the
Code
de
Cupressis
ex
Luco
Daphnes
non
excidendis
,
vel
venundandis
,
that
none
should
either
fell
,
or
sell
any
of
the
Trees
about
it
,
which
may
serve
for
another
Instance
of
their
Burying
in
such
places
.
The
truth
is
,
so
exceedingly
Superstitious
they
were
and
tender
,
that
there
was
almost
no
medling
with
these
devoted
Trees
,
and
even
before
they
did
but
conlucare
and
prune
one
of
them
,
they
were
first
to
Sacrifice
,
least
they
might
offend
in
something
ignorantly
:
But
to
Cut
down
was
Capital
,
and
never
to
be
done
away
with
any
Offering
whatsoever
;
and
therefore
Conlucare
in
Authours
is
not
(
as
some
pretend
)
Succidere
,
but
to
prune
the
Branches
onely
,
and
yet
even
this
gentle
tonsure
of
superfluities
was
reputed
a
kind
of
Contamination
;
and
hence
Lucus
cöinquinari
dicitur
,
unlesse
in
the
case
of
Lightning
when
Caelo
tacti
,
a
whole
Tree
might
quite
be
fell'd
,
Salmut
.
exer
▪
Plin.
Sol●●
.
as
mark'd
by
Heaven
for
the
Fire
.
But
of
this
sufficient
:
We
could
indeed
fill
many
sheets
with
the
Catastrophe
of
such
as
maliciously
destroy'd
Groves
to
feed
either
their
revenge
or
avarice
:
See
Plutarch
in
Pericles
,
and
the
saying
of
Pompeius
:
Cicero
sharply
reproves
G.
Gabinius
for
his
prodigious
spoil
in
Greece
,
and
it
was
of
late
dayes
held
a
piece
of
Inhumanity
in
Charles
the
French
King
,
when
he
entred
the
Frisons
after
he
had
slain
their
Leader
,
to
cut
down
their
Woods
,
a
punishment
never
inflicted
by
sober
Princes
but
to
prevent
Idolatry
in
the
Old
Law
;
and
to
shew
the
heinousnesse
of
disloyalty
and
Treason
by
latter
Sanctions
,
in
which
case
,
and
for
Terror
,
even
a
Traitors
Woods
have
become
Anathema
,
as
were
easie
to
instance
out
of
Histories
.
16.
But
what
shall
we
say
then
of
our
late
prodigious
Spoilers
,
whose
furious
devastation
of
so
many
goodly
Woods
and
Forests
,
have
bequeath'd
an
Infamy
on
their
Names
and
Memories
not
quickly
to
be
forgotten
!
I
mean
our
unhappy
Vsurpers
,
and
injurious
Sequestrators
;
not
here
to
mention
the
deplorable
necessities
of
a
Gallant
and
Loyal
Gentry
,
who
for
their
Compositions
were
(
many
of
them
)
compell'd
to
add
yet
to
this
Wast
,
by
an
inhumane
and
unparallel'd
Tyrannie
over
them
,
to
preserve
the
poor
remainder
of
their
Fortunes
,
and
to
find
them
Bread
.
Nor
was
it
here
they
desisted
,
when
,
after
the
Fate
of
that
once
beautiful
Grove
under
Greenwich-Castle
,
the
Royal
Walk
of
Elms
in
St.
James's
Park
.
That
living
Galery
of
aged
Trees
,
was
once
propos'd
to
the
late
Council
of
State
(
as
they
call'd
it
)
to
be
cut
down
and
sold
,
that
with
the
rest
of
his
Majesties
Houses
already
demolished
,
and
mark'd
out
for
Destruction
,
his
Trees
might
likewise
undergo
the
same
destiny
,
and
no
footsteps
of
Monarchy
remain
unviolated
.
17.
It
is
from
hence
you
may
calculate
what
were
the
designs
of
those
excellent
Reformers
,
and
the
care
these
great
States-men
took
for
the
preservation
of
their
Country
,
when
being
Parties
in
the
Booty
themselves
,
they
gave
way
to
so
dishonourable
and
impolitic
a
Wast
of
that
Material
,
which
being
left
intire
,
or
husbanded
with
discretion
,
had
prov'd
the
best
support
and
defence
of
it
.
But
this
(
say
they
)
was
the
Effect
of
War
,
and
in
the
height
of
our
Contentions
.
No
,
it
was
a
late
and
cold
deliberation
,
and
long
after
all
had
been
subdu'd
to
them
;
nor
could
the
most
implacable
of
Enemies
have
express'd
a
Resolution
more
barbarous
.
We
have
spoken
of
the
great
Xerxes
,
that
passing
Conquerour
through
Achaia
,
he
would
not
suffer
his
Army
to
violate
so
much
as
a
Tree
of
his
Adversaries
;
and
have
sufficiently
observed
from
the
Antients
,
that
the
Gods
did
never
permit
them
to
escape
unpunish'd
who
were
injurious
to
Groves
.
What
became
of
Agamemnon's
Host
after
his
Spoyl
of
the
Woods
at
Aulis
?
Histories
tell
us
Cleomenes
died
mad
:
The
Temesaean
Genius
became
proverbial
;
and
the
destructive
fact
that
the
inraged
Caesar
perpetrated
on
the
Massilian
Trees
,
went
not
long
unreveng'd
,
thus
related
by
the
Poet
,
and
an
illustrious
Record
of
all
we
have
hitherto
produc'd
,
to
assert
their
Veneration
.
Lucus
erat
longo
nunquam
violatus
ab
aevo
,
&c.
Lucan
.
l.
3.
A
Wood
untouch'd
of
old
was
growing
there
Of
thick-set
Trees
,
whose
boughs
spreading
and
fair
Meeting
,
obscured
the
inclosed
Air
,
And
made
dark
shades
exiling
Phoebus
Rayes
:
There
no
rude
Fawn
,
nor
wanton
Sylvan
playes
;
No
Nymph
disports
,
but
cruel
Deities
Claim
barbarous
Rites
,
and
bloody
Sacrifice
:
Each
Tree
defil'd
with
humane
blood
;
if
we
Believe
Traditions
of
Antiquity
:
No
Bird
dares
light
upon
those
hollowed
boughs
,
No
Beasts
make
there
their
dens
;
no
wind
there
blows
;
No
lightning
falls
:
a
sad
religious
awe
,
The
quiet
Trees
unstirr'd
by
wind
do
draw
.
Black
water
Currents
from
dark
Fountains
flow
:
The
Gods
unpolish'd
Images
do
know
No
art
,
but
plain
,
and
formlesse
trunks
they
are
.
Their
mosse
and
mouldinesse
procures
a
fear
:
The
common
figures
of
known
Deities
Are
not
so
fear'd
:
not
knowing
what
God
't
is
,
Makes
him
more
awfull
:
by
relation
The
shaken
Earths
dark
caverns
oft
did
grone
:
Fall'n
Yew-trees
often
of
themselves
would
rise
:
With
seeming
fire
oft
flam'd
th'
unburned
Trees
:
And
winding
dragons
the
cold
Oaks
embrace
,
None
give
neer
worship
to
that
baleful
place
;
The
People
leave
it
to
the
Gods
alone
.
When
black
night
reigns
,
or
Phoebus
gilds
the
Noon
,
The
Priest
himself
trembles
,
afraid
to
spy
In
th'
awful
Woods
its
Guardian-Deity
.
But
now
Erisichthon-like
,
and
like
him
in
Punishment
;
for
his
was
Hunger
,
Caesars
Thirst
,
and
thirst
of
Humane
Blood
,
reveng'd
soon
after
in
his
Own
.
The
Wood
he
bids
them
fell
,
not
standing
far
From
all
their
Work
:
untoucht
in
former
War
,
Among
the
other
bared
Hills
it
stands
Of
a
thick
growth
;
the
Souldiers
valiant
hands
Trembled
to
strike
,
mov'd
with
the
Majestie
,
And
think
the
Ax
from
off
the
Sacred
Tree
Rebounding
back
,
would
their
own
bodies
wound
:
Th'
amazement
of
his
Men
when
Caesar
found
;
In
his
bold
hand
himself
an
Hatchet
took
,
And
first
of
all
assaults
a
lofty
Oak
,
And
having
wounded
the
Religious
Tree
,
Let
no
man
fear
to
fell
this
Wood
(
quoth
he
)
The
guilt
of
this
Offence
let
Caesar
bear
.
&c.
May
and
so
he
did
soon
after
,
carrying
to
the
Grave
(
't
is
thought
)
the
Maledictions
of
the
incensed
Gauls
to
his
Funeral-pile
,
—
For
who
The
Gods
thus
injur'd
,
unreveng'd
does
go
?
—
Quis
enim
laesos
impunè
putar●●
Esse
Deos
—
18.
But
least
this
be
charg'd
with
Superstition
,
because
the
Instances
are
Heathen
:
It
was
a
more
noble
and
remarkable
,
as
well
as
recent
Example
,
when
at
the
Siege
of
Breda
,
the
late
Famous
General
Spinola
Commanded
his
Army
not
to
violate
a
Tree
of
a
certain
Wood
belonging
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
there
,
though
a
reputed
Traytor
,
and
in
open
defiance
with
his
Master
.
In
sum
,
we
read
,
that
when
Mithridates
but
deliberated
about
the
cutting
down
of
some
stately
Trees
which
grew
near
Patara
,
a
City
of
Lycia
,
though
necessitated
to
it
for
the
building
of
Warlike
Engines
with
them
,
being
terrifi'd
in
a
Vision
,
he
desisted
from
his
purpose
.
It
were
to
be
wish'd
these
,
or
the
like
Examples
,
might
have
wrought
some
Effects
upon
the
Sacrilegious
Purchasers
,
and
disloyal
Invaders
in
this
Iron-Age
amongst
us
,
who
have
lately
made
so
prodigious
a
spoyl
of
those
goodly
Forests
,
Woods
,
and
Trees
(
to
gratifie
an
impious
and
unworthy
Avarice
)
which
being
once
the
Treasure
and
Ornament
of
this
Nation
,
were
doubtlesse
reserved
by
our
more
prudent
Ancestors
for
the
repairs
of
our
floating
Castles
,
the
safeguard
and
boast
of
this
renowned
Island
,
when
Necessity
,
or
some
imminent
Peril
should
threaten
it
,
or
call
for
their
Assistance
;
and
not
to
be
devoured
by
these
improvident
Wretches
,
who
,
to
their
eternal
Reproach
,
did
(
with
the
Royal
Patrimony
)
swallow
likewise
Gods
own
Inheritance
;
Quae
tibi
factorum
poenas
instare
tuorum
Vaticinor
—
but
whose
Sons
and
Nephews
we
have
liv'd
to
see
hastily
disgorge
them
again
;
and
with
it
all
the
rest
of
their
Holy
Purchases
,
which
otherwise
they
might
securely
have
enjoy'd
.
But
this
,
in
terrorem
onely
,
Vide
Met.
l.
8.
Apollon.
l.
2.
Argonaut
.
Prosternit
quercum
fun●stam
quam
sibi
Nympha
pignoribúsque
suis
fecit
—
and
for
Caution
to
Posterity
,
whiles
we
leave
the
Guilty
,
and
those
who
have
done
the
Mischiefs
,
to
their
proper
Scorpions
,
and
to
their
Erisichthonian-fate
,
or
that
of
the
inexorable
Paraebius
,
the
vengeance
of
the
Dryads
,
and
to
their
Tutelar
better
Genius
,
if
any
yet
remain
,
who
love
the
solid
Honour
and
Ornament
of
their
Countrey
:
For
what
could
I
say
lesse
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
[
](A38811-e303660-b)*
*
At
Wooton
in
Surrey
:
For
so
in
all
ages
from
Trees
have
been
denominated
whole
Countreys
,
Regions
,
Cities
and
Towns
;
as
Cyparissa
in
Greece
,
Cerasus
in
Pontus
,
Laurentum
in
Italy
,
Myrrhinûs
in
Attica
.
Ports
,
Mountains
and
eminent
Places
;
as
the
Viminalis
,
Aesculetum
,
&c.
The
reason
is
obvious
,
from
the
spontaneous
growth
and
abounding
of
such
Trees
in
the
respective
Soyles
.
Wood-born
as
I
am
,
in
behalf
of
those
Sacred
Shades
,
which
both
grace
our
Habitations
,
and
Protect
our
Nation
?
19.
But
I
acknowledge
how
easie
it
is
to
be
lost
in
this
Wood
,
and
that
I
have
hardly
power
to
take
off
my
Pen
whilst
I
am
on
this
delightful
Subject
:
For
what
more
august
,
more
charming
and
useful
,
than
the
culture
and
preservation
of
such
goodly
Plantations
.
That
shade
to
our
Grand-Children
give
.
—
Seris
factura
nepotibus
umbram
.
and
afford
so
sweet
,
and
so
agreeable
refreshment
to
our
Industrious
Wood-man
.
When
He
,
his
wearied
Limbs
had
laid
,
Under
a
florid
Plataus
Shade
.
Cùm
post
labores
sub
Platano
cubat
Virentis
umbrae
—
Claud.
Or
some
other
goodly
spreading
Trees
,
such
as
we
told
you
stopt
the
Legions
of
a
proud
Conquerour
,
and
that
the
wise
Socrates
sware
by
:
That
Passenius
Crispus
did
Sacrifice
to
,
and
the
honours
of
his
Gods
.
20.
But
,
whilst
we
condemn
this
Excesse
in
them
;
Christians
,
and
true
Philosophers
may
be
instructed
to
make
use
of
these
Enjoyments
to
better
purposes
,
by
contemplating
the
Miracles
of
their
Production
and
structure
:
And
what
Mortal
is
there
so
perfect
an
Atomist
,
who
will
undertake
to
detect
the
thousandth
part
,
or
poynt
of
so
exile
a
Grain
;
as
that
insensible
rudiment
,
or
rather
halituous
spirit
,
which
brings
forth
the
lofty
Firr-Tree
,
and
the
spreading
Oake
?
That
Trees
of
so
enormous
an
height
and
magnitude
,
as
we
find
some
Elmes
,
Planes
,
and
Cypresses
;
some
hard
as
Iron
,
and
solid
as
Marble
(
for
such
the
Indies
furnish
many
)
should
be
swadl'd
and
involv'd
within
so
small
a
dimension
(
if
a
poynt
may
be
said
to
have
any
)
without
the
least
luxation
,
confusion
or
disorder
of
Parts
,
and
in
so
weak
and
feeble
a
substance
;
being
at
first
but
a
kind
of
tender
mucilage
,
or
rather
rotteness
,
which
so
easily
dissolves
and
corrupts
Substances
so
much
harder
,
when
they
are
buried
in
the
moist
Womb
of
the
Earth
,
whilst
this
tender
,
and
flexible
as
it
is
,
shall
be
able
in
time
to
displace
and
rent
in
sunder
whole
Rocks
of
stones
,
and
sometimes
to
cleave
them
beyond
the
force
of
Iron
Wedges
,
so
as
even
to
remove
Mountains
?
For
thus
no
Weights
are
observ'd
able
to
suppress
the
victorious
Palm
;
And
thus
,
our
Tree
(
like
Man
whose
inverted
Symbol
he
is
)
being
sown
in
corruption
,
rises
in
glory
,
by
little
and
little
ascending
into
an
hard
erect
Stem
of
comely
dimensions
,
into
a
solid
Tower
as
it
were
;
and
that
which
but
lately
a
single
Ant
,
would
easily
have
born
to
his
little
Cavern
,
now
capable
of
resisting
the
fury
,
and
braving
the
Rage
of
the
most
impetuous
storms
,
Magni
mehercle
artificis
,
Epist.
53
clausisse
totum
in
tam
exiguo
(
to
use
Seneca's
expression
)
&
horror
est
consideranti
.
21.
Contemplate
we
again
,
What
it
is
which
begins
this
motion
or
flame
,
causing
it
first
to
radiate
in
the
Earth
,
and
then
to
display
its
Top
in
the
Ayre
,
so
different
Poles
(
as
I
may
call
them
)
in
such
different
Mediums
?
How
it
elects
,
and
then
intro-sumes
its
proper
food
,
and
gives
suck
,
as
it
were
,
to
it
s
yet
tender
Infant
,
till
it
have
strength
and
force
to
prey
on
,
and
digest
the
more
solid
Juices
of
the
Earth
;
for
then
,
and
not
'till
then
,
do
the
Roots
begin
to
harden
:
Consider
how
it
assimilates
,
separates
,
and
distributes
these
several
supplies
;
how
it
concocts
,
transmutes
,
augments
,
produces
and
nourishes
without
separation
of
Excrements
(
at
least
to
us
visible
)
and
generates
its
like
,
without
violation
of
Virginity
:
By
what
exquisite
percolations
,
and
fermentations
it
proceeds
;
for
the
Heart
,
Fibers
,
Veins
,
Rind
,
Branches
,
Leaves
,
Blossoms
,
Fruit
;
for
the
strength
,
Colour
,
Tast
,
Odour
and
other
stupendious
Qualities
,
and
distinct
Faculties
,
some
of
them
so
repugnant
and
contrary
to
others
;
yet
in
so
uniform
,
and
successive
a
Series
,
and
all
this
perform'd
in
the
dark
,
and
those
secret
Recesses
of
Nature
.
Quid
Foliorum
describam
diversitates
?
What
shall
we
say
of
the
Mysterious
forms
,
variety
,
and
variegation
of
the
Leaves
and
Flowers
,
contriv'd
with
such
Art
,
yet
without
Art
;
some
round
,
others
long
,
Oval
,
Multangular
,
indented
,
crisped
,
rough
,
smooth
and
polished
,
soft
and
flexible
at
every
tremulous
blast
,
as
if
it
would
drop
in
a
moment
,
and
yet
so
obstinately
adhering
,
as
to
be
able
to
contest
against
the
fiercest
Winds
,
that
prostrate
mighty
Structures
,
raising
Hurrocanes
,
the
violence
whereof
whole
Fleets
and
Countries
do
often
feel
;
yet
I
say
,
continually
making
War
,
and
sometimes
joyning
Forces
with
steeming
showers
,
against
the
poor
Leaf
,
tyed
on
by
a
slender
stalk
;
there
it
abides
'till
God
bids
it
fall
:
For
so
the
wise
Disposer
of
Things
has
plac't
it
,
not
only
for
Ornament
,
but
use
and
protection
both
of
Body
and
Fruit
,
from
the
excessive
heat
of
Summer
,
and
colds
even
of
the
sharpest
Winters
,
and
their
immediate
impressions
;
as
we
find
it
in
all
such
Places
and
Trees
,
as
like
the
blessed
and
good
man
,
have
alwayes
Fruit
upon
them
,
ripe
,
or
preparing
to
mature
;
such
as
the
Pine
,
Fir
,
Arbutus
,
Orange
and
most
of
those
which
the
Indies
and
more
Southern
Tracts
plentifully
abound
in
;
where
Nature
provides
this
continual
shelter
,
and
clothes
them
with
perennial
Garments
.
22.
Let
us
again
examine
with
what
care
the
Seeds
,
those
little
Souls
of
Plants
,
Quorum
exilitas
(
as
one
sayes
)
vix
locum
inveniat
(
in
which
the
whole
and
compleat
Tree
;
though
invisible
to
our
dull
sense
,
is
yet
perfectly
and
intirely
wrapp'd
up
)
are
preserv'd
from
avolation
,
diminution
and
detriment
;
expos'd
,
as
they
seem
to
be
,
to
all
those
accidents
of
Weather
,
storms
and
rapacious
Birds
,
in
their
spinic
,
arm'd
and
compacted
Receptacles
;
where
they
sleep
as
in
their
Causes
,
'till
their
Prisons
let
them
gently
fall
into
the
embraces
of
the
Earth
,
now
made
pregnant
with
the
Season
,
and
ready
for
another
Burthen
:
For
at
the
time
of
Year
she
fails
not
to
bring
them
forth
;
and
with
what
delight
have
I
beheld
this
tender
and
innumerable
Off-spring
repullulating
at
the
Feet
of
an
aged
Tree
!
from
whence
the
Suckers
are
drawn
,
transplanted
and
educated
by
humane
Industry
;
and
forgetting
the
ferity
of
their
Nature
,
become
civiliz'd
to
all
his
Employments
.
23.
Can
we
look
on
the
prodigious
quantity
of
Liquor
,
which
one
poor
wounded
Birch
will
produce
in
a
few
hours
,
and
not
be
astonish'd
how
some
Trees
should
in
so
short
a
space
,
Weep
more
than
they
weigh
?
and
that
so
dry
,
so
feeble
and
wretched
a
branch
as
that
which
bears
the
Grape
,
should
yield
a
Juice
that
Cheers
both
God
and
Man
?
That
the
Pine
,
Fir
,
Larch
,
and
other
Resinous
Trees
,
Planted
in
such
rude
,
and
uncultivated
places
,
amongst
Rocks
and
dry
Pumices
,
should
transude
into
Terpentine
,
and
pearl
out
into
Gums
,
and
pretious
Balms
?
24.
There
are
ten
Thousand
Considerations
more
,
besides
that
of
their
Medicinal
and
Sanative
properties
,
and
the
Mechanical
Vses
mention'd
in
this
Treatise
,
which
a
Contemplative
Person
may
derive
from
the
Groves
and
the
Woods
;
all
of
them
the
Subject
of
Wonder
;
And
though
he
had
onely
the
Palm
or
the
Cocco
,
which
furnishes
a
great
Part
of
the
World
with
all
that
even
a
Voluptuous
Man
can
need
,
or
almost
desire
,
it
were
sufficient
to
employ
his
Meditations
and
his
Hands
,
as
long
as
he
had
to
live
,
though
his
years
were
as
many
as
the
most
aged
Oak
:
But
a
Wise
,
and
a
Thinking
Man
can
need
none
of
these
Topics
,
in
every
Hedge
,
and
every
Field
they
are
before
him
;
and
yet
we
do
not
admire
them
,
because
they
are
Common
,
and
obvious
:
Thus
we
fall
into
the
just
reproach
given
by
one
of
the
Philosophers
(
introduc'd
by
the
Oratour
)
to
those
who
slighted
what
they
saw
every-day
,
Cic.
d●
Nat.
Deor.
L.
2.
because
they
every-day
saw
them
;
Quasi
Novitas
nos
magis
quàm
magnitudo
rerum
,
debeat
ad
exquirendas
causas
excitare
:
As
if
Novelty
onely
should
be
of
more
force
to
ingage
our
enquiry
into
the
Causes
of
Things
,
than
the
Worth
and
Magnitude
of
the
Things
themselves
.
Resonate
montes
Laudationem
,
SYLVA
,
Isa.
44.23
.
Et
omne
Lignum
ejus
.
FINIS
.