Musæum regalis societatis, or, A catalogue and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge made by Nehemiah Grew ; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts by the same author.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE RARITIES Belonging to the ROYAL SOCIETY , And preserved at Gresham Colledge .

PART I. OF ANIMALS .

SECT. I. Of Humane Rarities .

AN AEGYPTIAN MUMMY given by the Illustrious Prince Henry Duke of Norfolk . It is an entire one taken out of the Royal Pyramids . In length five feet and ½ , defended with several linnen Covers , all woven like ordinary Flaxen Cloth . But by the spinning , distinguished into three kinds . The utmost , is like Flaxen Cloth of two shillings an Ell : the inmost , of half a Crown : the middlemost , of three shillings , or thereabout .

The utmost Cover is divided into several pieces , each of doubled Linnen , and adapted in figure to the part it covers , as one on the Breast , another on the Belly , and so on all the principal Parts . On each of these pieces is laid a white Paint , of a kind of chalky or limy substance , of the thickness of a Hen-Egg-shell . Upon this chalky ground are drawn the Hieroglyphick Figures of Men , Women and Birds ; in Gold , yellow , red and blew . But with very rude shapes , and the Colours no where mixed together . So very mean was the Art of Painting amongst the Aegyptians heretofore . For we have reason to believe , that what was done for one of their Kings or Nobles , was done with their best skill .

The middlemost Cover consisteth of one single and entire piece of Linnen , almost like a Winding-sheet . It is also tinged with some kind of Paint , but very lightly , and without any Figures .

The inmost Covering is wrapped round about the Head , Trunk , each Arm , and each Leg apart , about thirty or forty times , like so many swathing Bands . About twenty of the utmost of these folds are lightly tinged , all the other inmost more fully , with a blackish and gummous substance . But the Flesh so fully , as it seems to be converted into a black Rosin ; which being held to the flame of a Candle , is a little odorous and inflamable . The Bones also , are not only outwardly , but also quite through of a black colour , as if they were burnt .

From hence it is very probable , That the way of Embalming amongst the Aegyptians , was by boiling the Body ( in a long Cauldron like a Fish-kettle ) in some kind of liquid Balsome ; so long , till the aqueous parts of the flesh being evaporated , the oily and gummous parts of the Balsome did by degrees soak into it , and intimately incorporate therewith . Much after the same manner , as the Sugar doth , in the conditing of Pears , Quinces , and the like .

'T is also likely , that a better way might be taken , than this used by the Aegyptians . And that is , by boyling , or rather soaking the Body in some white sort of Oyl , and such as will dry , ( as that of Walnuts ) made and kept so hot , as to evaporate the watery parts by degrees , and to keep the flesh white , and not brittle , but limber and plient . Which , especially in the business of Anatomy , would be of good use : because , that all the Muscules of the Body , being first parted one from another , might hereby be preserved sound , clean , and limber upon the Bones ; and so all the motions of the parts be explicated with the greatest ease , and without any offensiveness .

'T is equally probable , that the whole Compages of the Muscules , as they lie upon the Bones , might with little trouble , and less charge than by the former way , be truly Tanned , or reduced to a limber sort of Leather ; whereby also the westage of the fibers , or other mechanisme of the Muscules might more easily and leisurely be observed . For the skins of Beasts , whereof Leather is daily made , are Muscular ; and in mans body consisteth , for the most part , of the same carneous fibers , as the Muscules , but more closely woven or matted together .

Mummy , saith Wormius a a Musaeum Wormianum . ( and so most Writers hereof ) is of great use against Contusions , clodded Blood , Hard Labour , &c. But let them see to it , that dare trust to old Gums , which have long since lost their virtue .

By some Chymists are also prepared Mummiae Tinctura Quercetani ; Mummiae Extractum Crolly ; Oleum Olivarum Mummiatum . b b Schrod . Pharm . But the prudent Reader will take heed of words .

A MALE HUMANE FOETUS . Given by Thomas Cox Esq An Abortive of about the 4th Month. In length five inches . The Head , from the hinder part to the face , an Inch and ½ . The Face , an Inch and ¼ . The Back , from shoulder to shoulder , an Inch and ¾ broad . The Buttocks an Inch. The Arms and Thighs ½ Inch over . The Wrist and small of the Leg , ¼ of an Inch. The Navel-string 1/● of an Inch ; twisted like a Rope ; and cut off five Inches long . The Eyes shut . But the Mouth open . It hath neither Nails , nor Hair . The Skin white and smooth , almost as in Children newly born . See Dr. W. Needham's curious Book de Foetu Formato . c c And Hobokenus's Anatomia Secundinae Humanae .

The largeness of the Head and Chest , with respect to the other parts , is observable . The mouth being open , shews that the Foetus , even in the 4th Month , may that way take part of its Aliment . d d See Harvey de Generat . Animalium . The Skin hath been kept white and smooth for so long a time , scil. above fifteen years , by being included with rectified spirit of Wine in a Cylindrical Glass ; to the middle of which the Foetus is poised , by means of a Glass Buble of an Inch diametre , the Neck whereof is fastned to the Anus of the Foetus by a wyer .

The entire SKIN of a MOOR . 'T is tanned with the Hair of the Head , and even the smallest in all the other parts remaining on it .

Herein are observable , the Fibers in the skin of the Penis , which are very white , and exquisitely small , like the thread of a Spiders Web. Likewise the thinness of the true Cutis in the sole of the Foot ; and on the contrary , the extraordinary thickness of the Cuticula , especially in the Heel , exceeding the sixth part of an Inch : which is about fifty times the thickness of that in the ball of the Hand . Bartholine a a Historiar . Cent. 5. mentions a Farrier who had several Callosities on his Right-Hand Fingers , as big as Walnuts .

The same Author b b Historiar . Cent. 3. shews the way of tanning a Humane Skin . I believe it may be tann'd by all the ways which are us'd upon other Skins .

He saith , c c Ibid. That a Thong hereof ty'd about the middle , is of good use for facilitating the Birth ; and especially against Mother-Fits . Whether any other way , if so , than by raising and fortifying the phancy ( which will sometimes produce strange effects ) I leave to the Reader to judge .

All the Principal VEINS , ARTERIES , and NERVES , both of the Limbs and Viscera . The generous Gift of John Evelyn Esquire . He bought them at Padoa , where he saw them with great industry and exactness ( according to the best method then used ) taken out of the body of a Man , and very curiously spread upon four large TABLES , whereon they are now preserved . The Work of Fabritius Bartoletus then Vestingius's Assistant there , and afterwards Physician to the King of Poland .

The Veins and Arteries are so exceedingly well done , as to shew the most curious Schemes which Laurentius and other Physitians have given us of them , are real and not fictitious . But the Nerves have been much more truly and fully represented to us of late by Dr. Richard Lower , in Dr. Willis . d d De Nervorum Descript. & usu . Especially as to their Plexus and Inosculations , and their admirable Distributions to the Organs of the Senses , and the Viscera .

Aristotle e e Histor. Anim. lib. 3. c. 3. by the account he gives of the Doctrine of the Naturalists of his Time , and before him , seems to have been the first , who to any purpose , observed the Distribution of the Sanguineous Vessels . Yet he describes them only from the Heart upward . Nor makes he any distinction betwixt the Vena Portae , and the Vena Cava . So that even here he comes far short of that exactness which Anatomists have since arrived at ; as appears , upon inspection , by the TABLES above mention'd .

The SCELETON of a Man . Wherein the number of Bones ( about two hundred and fifty ) together with their dimensions , figures , and articulations are all easily observable . Given by Thomas Povey Esquire .

The History of the Bones , as finished , is well perform'd by most Anatomists . But the manner , and order of their beginning and perfection , hath been given us , so far as I know , by the diligent Observations of Kirckringius a a Kirckringii Osteologia . only .

Of all Humane Bones indifferently , as well as of the Skull , are prepared , Spiritus simplicior , Spiritus oleosus , Oleum rectificatum , & Magisterium . Amongst which , the spiritus oleosus , if well prepared , is of undoubted use against Hysterical Passions ; and in some other Cases , where the Nerves especially are affected .

The SCELETON of a Woman ; of equal height with the former . By comparing these two together , it may be noted , That the Os Ilium is larger and more outward in the Female Sceleton , than in the Male ; sc. for the more easie Labour , as Bartholine and others have also observed by the like comparison . I add , That the same Bone is also broader by ½ an Inch in the Female Sceleton , than in the Male : sc. for the better sustentation of the Foetus in the Womb. Again , That the Os Sacrum is half an Inch longer in the Female : both for the forementioned reason , and also the better proportion of the Parts . On the contrary , That the Vertebrae , especially of the Loyns , are much broader , thicker , and stronger in the Male Sceleton , than in the Female ; being hereby better fitted for the bearing of burthens . And , that as in the Male Sceleton there are 32 Teeth , as is usual , and in the Female but 28 ; So the nether Chap in the Male Sceleton is half an Inch broader than in the Female , as being made to accommodate a bigger Muscule for the motion of those Teeth . And for the same reason , the Angles subjected to the Os Jugale are above ½ an Inch more distant ; For that a Man being fitted , in other respects , to undergo more labour ; his Chaps also should be the better made to eat the more . Once more , That the Skull of the Male Sceleton , is much bigger , than of the Female ; and so capable of more Brains . Although a little House may be well furnished , and look better than a great one that stands empty .

The SCELETON of an Abortive Humane Foetus . 'T is not above two Inches long . The parts of the Head , Chest , and Limbs are all entire , but not perfect . For the extremities of the Bones of the Arms and Leggs , are at both ends plainly cartilagineous . They are in thickness like a Taylors stitching Thread . Given by Thomas Povey Esq. See Kirckringius de Foetûs Ossibus .

It may possibly be conceived by some , That the Bones , at least some of them , are hard at the first ; as Salts and other like Crystallizing Bodies are as hard upon the very first instant of their shooting , as they are when grown into great Crystals . But it is so far evident , that all the Bones are soft at the first , that I am of opinion , That originally they are a Congeries of Fibers or fibrous Vessels , as true as any other in the Body ; which by degrees harden into Bones : even as the inmost Vessels in a Plant , do in time harden into Wood. a a See the Authors Anatomy of Plants . And that as in a Plant , there are successive additions of Rings or Tubes of Wood , made out of Vessels : So in an Animal , it seems plain , That there are additions successively made to the Bones out of the Fibrous parts of the Muscules ; especially , those whitest Fibers which run transversly , and make the stamen or warp of every Muscule . So that as in the Barque of a Plant , part of the Vessels are successively derived outward to the Rind , and part inward to the Sap , which afterwards becomes hard wood . b b See the Authors Comparative Anatomy of Trunks . So in the Flesh of an Animal , part of the white transverse Fibers are successively derived to the Skin ( of which this chiefly consists ) and part of them inwardly , making still new Periosteum's one after another , as the old ones become so many additions to the Bones .

A HUMANE SKULL that was never buried . Whereof there are several Medicines prepar'd , c c See Schrod . Pharm . and others . as Cranium Humanum praeparatum , Cranium Humanum Calcinatum . Cranii Humani Magisterium , Spiritus Essentificatus , Oleum , Sal Volatile , Tinctura , Galreda , i. e. Extractum Cranii Theophrasti . But the Cranium praeparatum , and the spirit are most , and most deservedly , in use .

A HUMANE SKULL cover'd all over with Moss , by the Paracelsians call'd Usnea . This Moss is by them commended for its peculiar Virtue in stopping of bleeding at the Nose .

Upon comparison it appears to me , to be the same , in specie , with that described by Johannes Bauhinus under the Title of Muscus facie Abietis . So that we may probably expect the same advantage from the use of this , as of that which grows upon Skulls . For a Skull can have no further influence , than hath the alteration of the soil : which although it may produce some differences , yet is seldom or never known to alter the specifick Virtue of a Plant.

A HUMANE SKULL cover'd all over with the Skin . Having been buried , as is probable , in some Limy , or other like soil , by which it was tann'd or turn'd into a kind of Leather .

The GALL BLADDER , together with the VASA BILARIA , taken out of the Liver , and filled with soft red Wax . Performed , and given by Dr. Swammerdam .

The SPLEEN most curiously EXCARNATED , and the Vessels filled with wax : whereby its Fibers and Vessels are very well seen . Performed , and given by the same Hand .

A Portion of the PENIS and Urethra : wherein the Corpora Nervosa are most conspicuous . By the same Hand .

A Portion of the INTESTINUM JEJUNUM : wherein the Valvulae conniventes observed by Rhuysserius , delineated by Kirckringius , are well seen .

It is observed a a Philosoph . Trans . N. 125. by Dr. William Cole , That not only these Valves , but the Fibers of the inner Muscular Membrane of the Guts are admirably continu'd in a spiral Line , all along from the Stomach to the very Anus .

The PROPER VESSELS of a HUMANE TESTICLE , separated and expanded , from their most close and numerous into wider folds , for the space of a foot in length , and half a foot in breadth . Performed by Dr. Edmund King .

It is taken for granted , I think almost by every body , That Van Horne and de Graaf were the first Observers of these Vessels . But that every one may have his due , it is worth the Readers notice , That ten years before de Graaf's Book concerning the same , a Description with Figures thereof , in the Testicles both of a Boar and of a Man , were first published by Vauclius Dathirius Bonglarus , sc. in the Year 1658. Whereof also Mr. Oldenburgh hath given an account in the Philosophical Transactions . N. 42.

The WOMB of a WOMAN , blown up and dried . Together with the Spermatick Vessels annexed ; and the Arteries in the bottom of the Uterus , undulated like the Claspers of a Vine ; all filled up with soft Wax . Also the Membranous and Round Ligaments of the Womb , the Ureters , Bladder , Clitoris , Nymphae , Hymen , Fallopian Tube , and the Ovarys , commonly called the Testicles ; all made most curiously visibly , and given by Dr. Swammerdam . The Descriptions and Figures hereof may be seen in the same Authors Book , printed at Leyden , 1672. and presented to the Royal Society .

Of the Organs appropriated to Generation in both Sexes , see also Van Hornes Prodromus , and Regnerus de Graaf .

Of the manner and use of filling the Vessels with Wax , or other like substance , see the Honourable Mr. Boyle , in his First Part , Of the Usefulness of Natural Philosophy ; who , I think , was the first that made mention of managing and representing them this way .

A TOOTH taken out of the Testicle or Ovary of a Woman , and given by Dr. Edward Tyson . 'T is near ½ an Inch long , pointed like the Eye-Tooth of a Man , but more slender . As hard and white as any in the Head .

Here is also the Draught of another TOOTH , taken also out of the Ovary of a Woman , by the same Hand , being shaped pretty like one of the Grinders or great Teeth , and as big . It is as white and as hard as the former . The Womans Husband keeps the Tooth it self by him .

HAIR taken out of the Ovary of a Woman , and given by the same Hand . It is fine , and most of it grey . The length of one Hair ( longer than the rest ) ¼ of a yard .

HAIR found by the same Person in the Ovary , and Hornes of the Womb of a Bitch : as also in the Omentum , Veins , and Heart . 'T is all short , answerable in length to the Hair of a Dog ; and of a brown colour .

The BONES of a Humane LEG and FOOT grown together , and in some places rarified like a Sponge or Pumice-Stone . 'T is very probable , it was a Disease in the Bones somewhat like to that which Chirurgions call an Exostωsis ; and that they became such , by some malignant and strumous Ulcer .

A piece of a BONE voided by Sir W. Throgmorton with his Urine . Given by Thomas Cox Esq. 'T is about the 3d. of an Inch over , and almost square . Smooth on one side , and spongy on the other , on the edges rugged . About the bigness of a little green Peas .

In the Philosophical Transactions ( Num. 41. ) there is a Relation of a BULLET that was voided by the Penis with the Urine . Communicated by Dr. Nath. Fairfax .

A STONE voided from the Penis or Urethra of a Man who lived at Exeter . Given by Dr. Cotton . It is of a whitish colour , and soft substance , almost like Chalk . In length two Inches and a quarter . Of a Pyramidal figure ; with an obtuse Cone . Near the Base an Inch over . Where it hath a little Hole or Canale tending towards the Cone . When it first slipped out of the Bladder into the Penis , it was neither so thick or big , nor so hard , but that , as it seems , the Urine pressing forward , forced a hole for its passage through the middle of it . Which being opened , the Stone continued fixed in the same place , viz. about an Inch behind the Glans Penis , for the space of Thirteen Years . In which time , it gradually grew bigger , till it came to the bulk above mention'd . And the said Hole or Canale being by the continual accretion of new matter , at last stop'd up , the Stone was then forced out of the end of the Penis .

This Man , in all this time , scarce felt any great Pains ; neither did he omit his usual Recreations or his business . And once he took a Journey ( on Horseback ) from Exeter to London , is about an hundred and thirty eight miles , without any trouble .

Bartholine a a Histor. Cent. 5. mentions a Stone as big as a Walnut , of an Ounce weight , which was voided at the upper end of the Urethra , through which it there forced its way .

Of Humane Stones bred either in the Kidneys or Bladder , are prepared , The Crystalline Salt , and the Elyxir . Medicines hardly to be got , and at last , to little purpose .

Of the Nature of the Stone , and of those Medicines which are most effectual to prevent the Generation of it , see some experiments of the Authors in his Book of the Luctation arising from the mixture of Bodies .

SECT. II. Of Quadrupede's .

CHAP. I. Of Viviparous Quadruped's ; particularly , such as are Multifidous .

A MONKEY . Cercopithecus : qu. Simia caudata . See the Descriptions and Figures of several kinds in Aldrovandus , Marggravius , and others . Aldrovandus speaks of some as big as a Mastiff , having Tails five Cubits long . In Brasile there is a sort of yellowish Monkey , which smell like Musk. b b Barl. Rerum gest . in Bras . Hist. p. 223. In which place they are numerous , and in great variety . c c Joh. de Laet. As also in all the Mountanious places of the East Indies . d d Aldrovandus a Monfet de Re Cibariâ . As they climb the Trees , if in danger of falling , they save themselves not only with their Feet , but their Tails , by wraping them round about the next Bough . The Zygantes in Africa esteem them good meat .

The SCELETON of a MONKEY . Wherein the distance betwixt the Os sacrum and the Ischia , as it is much greater , than in the Sceleton of a Woman , is observable . Likely so , in other Viviparous Quadrupede's : for which cause , partly , they have all more easie Labour than a Woman .

The THROTTLE BONE of a Male AQUIQUI ; which the People of Brasile call the King-Monkey ; being far bigger than all the other kinds ; described by J. de Laet , a a Lib. 15. c. 5. out of Lerius . 'T is a Bone , so called by the English , with the help of which he makes a very great noise . For 't is hollow , and very hard . Exceeding thin , and so half transparent . In length two Inches and ½ . In height an Inch and ¼ . In breadth almost two Inches . At one end , hath an Aperture an Inch wide every way . On the top furrow'd , so as to resemble a Puppies Skull ▪

I suppose it is placed in the Throat , or at the upper end of the Larynx , near the Epiglottis . Joh. Lerius describing of it , b b J. de Laet. lib. 15. c. 5. falsly calls it a Membrane .

The SLOATH . Ignavus sive Pigritia . An Animal of so slow a motion , that he will be three or four days , at least , in climbing up and coming down a Tree . c c Bartaeus de Reb. Bras . p. 222. And to go the length of fifty Paces on plain ground , requires a whole day . d d Clusius . The Natives of Brasile call him Haii , from his voice of a like sound : which he commonly repeats about six times together , descending , as if one should sing , La , sol , fa , mi , re , ut . e e Id. Whatsoever he takes hold of , he doth it so strongly ( or , rather stifly ) as sometimes to sleep securely while he hangs at it . f f Guliel . Piso. See his Description in Clusius , Marggravius , Piso , and others . They all seem to omit the length of his fore feet , which is almost double to that of his hinder .

From the shag of his Body , the shape of his Legs , his having little or no Tail , the slowness of his gate , and his climbing up of Trees , as little Bears are us'd to do , he seems to come near the Bear-kind : from which he chiefly differs , In having but three Claws upon a foot . He breedeth principally in Florida and Brasile .

Two BLACK-BEAR CUBS . The Description of the Bear , see in Aldrovandus , Gesner , &c. The Anatomy , in the Philosophical Transactions , N. 49. They breed most in Nova Zembla , and other of the more Northerly Countries . In Norway they hunt him , and so in Helvetia and Muscovy , and if he be fat , they account him a delicate Dish . g g Moufet , de Re Cibaria , & Musaeum Worm ,

'T is observed by Aldrovandus , That a Bear hath Hair on both the Eye-lids , as a Man , which other Quadrupedes have not . Natalis Comes ( cited by the same Author ) comparing his parts with those of a Man , reckons his Claws among them , which are much more like to those of a Lion . So easie it is , to drive on the comparison too far , to make it good .

The FOOT of a white Groenland BEAR , which is half a foot broad . Vadianus a a Quoted by Gesner . saw a Bear-skin five feet long , and broader than a Bulls Hide . The Bear to which this Foot did belong , might be as big .

A LEOPARDS SKIN . 'T is a yard broad . From the Snout to the hinder end of the Tail near three yards . The Tail a yard . See the Description of the Animal in Aldrovandus , &c.

If they are well compar'd , he is every way , in shape , like a Cat : his Head , Teeth , Tongue , Feet , Claws , Tail , all like a Cats . His actions also like a Cats ; he boxes with his fore-feet , as a Cat doth her Kitlins ; Leaps at the Prey , as a Cat at a Mouse ; and will also spit much after the same manner . So that they seem to differ , just as a Kite doth from an Eagle .

The Leopard ( and all of this kind ) as he goes , always keeps the Claws of his fore-feet turned up from the ground , and sheath'd as it were in the Skin of his Toes , whereby he preserves them sharp for Rapine , extending them only , when he leaps at the Prey . See somewhat to this purpose in Gesner , out of Pliny .

He is begotten by a Lion , upon a Panther , b b Aldrovandus . which hath her name from her being so fierce . Yet in Tartary they keep Leopards tame , and breed them up for hunting of Deer , and other Beasts ; especially for the Great Cham's use . c c Gesner out of Paulus Venetus . They are most numerous in Africa and Syria .

The SKULL of a young TIGER . Both as to the Teeth , and otherwise it well resembles that of a Cat. Except that in the room of the Transvers Suture in a Cat , there is one in the figure of a great Y ; so wonderfully close and firm , as the Bones seem to be continuous . Except also the outward Sinus's of the lower Jaw , where the Musculi Temporales and the Mansorii primi are inserted : as being , rateably , much deeper than in a Cats ; and so better fitted to receive those Muscules which are here also much more robust .

Two CLAVICULAR Teeth or Tusks of a Tiger . A little crooked like those of a Dog or Cat. Their exerted part very white . By the bow , almost five Inches long . From the top of their Root , or from the seat of the Gooms , to their apex near two Inches . An Inch over , and two and ½ about . The Animal to which they belonged , was kill'd in Java major , and weighed 435 pounds . A great weight , considering , that not feeding on Grass , but Flesh only , they have no great Belly . Aldrovandus saith , He saw the Skin of one above five foot long , and therefore guesses the Animal was almost as big as a Horse . Which this also may well be thought to have match'd .

One of the fore-CLAWS of the same TIGER . 'T is somewhat white and half transparant , very flat , sharp pointed , and extreamly hooked ; every way in colour and shape like the Claw of a Cat. At the Basis , 't is an Inch broad , and measur'd by the bow , 't is two Inches and ½ long . Note , That as the Bone , whereon the Claw is set , receives it into a little Fovea or Groove ; so is the Bone , again , by a double Epiphysis , inserted into the Claw : by which means it is more strongly and immovably contained in its place , for the surer grasping of the Prey .

Two other lesser CLAWS of a TIGER .

The Tiger excels in swiftness ; from whence he hath his Arabick Name , as well as the River call'd Tigris . As also in Fierceness : and yet in fondness and love to her Cubs ; of which see divers instances in Gesner . An Impression which Nature hath stampt upon all Creatures , to secure the succession of Generation . They abound in Mexico , Brasile , and in the East Indies .

A Great STONE taken out of a Dogs Bladder . Given by the most Reverend Seth Lord Bishop of Sarum . The figure hereof is Oval , but flat on both sides . 'T is above an Inch and ½ thick , two Inches and ½ over , and above three Inches long . Of a limy or chalky colour , and all over rough .

Note , that nitrous spirits dropped here upon , scarce produce any ebullition ; although dropped on the redish Stones , bred in a mans bladder , it produceth a great one . Of a like Stone bred in a Dogs bladder , see a Relation in the Phil. Trans . N. 84. Taken out of the Roman Journal de Letterati .

The GREAT TAMANDUA ; by the People of Brasile , Tamandua-guacu ; by the English , the Great Ant-Bear ; Because he feeds upon Ants , and is shagg'd , and hinderfooted almost like a Bear . He hath also a very long and sharp Snout , a slender Tongue , and extensible to a great length , also a long and brushy Tail : which are his principal Characters . See him described in John . de Laet , out of Lerius , in Guliel . Piso , Marggravius , and others . Abbaevillanus , quoted also by Joh. de Laet , a a Lib. 16. c. 15. hath given a different Description ; and probably a false one .

He catcheth Ant 's by scratching open their subterraneal Hives , and then thrusting his Tongue into them ; which after a while , he draws back into his mouth laden with the Prey . b b Barlaei Res Brasil . p. 223. He useth his Tail for a Cover , which , like a Squirrel , he sometimes spreads over his whole body . c c Ibid.

The SKULL of the RIVER-HORSE or HIPPOPOTAMUS . If we respect his Figure , he were more properly called BUPOTAMUS , or RIVER-OXE . And accordingly the Germans rightly call him Wasser-Ocks ; and the Italians at Constantinople BOMARIN . The same Animal , which in the Book of Job is called BEHEMOTH ; as is solidly proved by Bochart , in his Hierozoicon . He is almost every where described very falsly . Aristotle falsly gives him a Maine , like that of a Horse : deluded , 't is likely , by the Name . Kircher d d Chin. Illustr. falsly gives him all Horse Teeth . In the Musaeum Romanum , he is described with double Hoofs like an Ox , and pictured with four or five Claws like a Bear ; neither truly . Bellonius , who saw one alive , but yet very young , was the first that hath given any tollerable Description of him . Yet as to the Teeth , he is mistaken , comparing them all to those of a Horse : probably because they were not yet grown . e e Fab. Colum . lib. de Aquat. & Terrest . But Columna , who also saw one , and that full grown , hath given a most accurate Description hereof , his principal Characters being these ; Four yards and half long , about two yards high , a yard and half broad . Short leg'd . Cloven-hoofed ; yet not with two , but four Hoofs . Tailed like a Tortoise . ( Or like a Hog , f f Solinus and others quoted by Bochart . which he also twists in the same manner ) Head almost like an Ox. His Chaps wide . His Eyes small . His fore Teeth prodigiously great , being some of them ½ a foot round about , above ¼ of a foot long ; as is evident in the Skull here preserved ; and other particulars mention'd by Columna in his copious Description hereof .

The great prominency of the Os Jug●le is also observable ; as being thereby fitted for the reception of marvelous great and strong Muscules for the drawing of his Chaps together .

Rings made of his Teeth , are believed to be very effectual against the Cramp . a a Charl. On. Zoci . Those that sell Artificial Teeth , usually make them of the long Teeth of this Animal , as being supposed the best for this purpose .

His Teeth , says Columna , are so hard , that being struck against Steel , produce sparks of fire . And thence concludes it probable , That this Animal , by striking his Teeth one against another , in the night time , might produce the like , and so seem , as it were , to vomit or breath out fire ; a thing attributed to him by the Ancients . But the error of this Conjecture is double : First in his not considering , That the fire ( could any be produced by striking Steel against these Teeth ) would be struck not out of the Teeth , but out of the Steel . And next , In that , in truth , no fire can be produced by either striking of these Teeth one against another , or against Steel it self ; as I have try'd .

He is found in the Rivers Nile and Bamboth ; b b Fab. Colum . out of Strabo and Solinus . as also near the Indian ; and in Zaire , the great River of Congo . c c Mus. Septal . c. 29. & Linschot . 204.

Several Teeth , both of the upper and nether Jaw of the Hipopotamus . Some so big , that they seem to have belonged to a much bigger Skull , than this here .

A PISLE said to be that of the HIPPOPOTAMUS . It seems to be only that part of the Pisle which he exerts . 'T is in length , above a foot . The Glans even now it is dry , above seven Inches about . The other end very slender .

The fore-TOOTH of a BEVIR , so called from FIBER by a transposition of Letters . 'T is three Inches and half long , with the Root , or that part which is fixed in the Chap. Near half Inch broad . A little crooked , and distorted or writhen . Triangular , the inner Angle more obtuse . It s end sharpen'd very obliquely , after the manner of a Chizel . So that these Teeth may properly be called DENTES SCALPRARII : wherewith this Animal , as with so many strong Chizels , pairs off the Barques of Trees for his use .

The TAIL of a CASTOR or BEVIR . Of a peculiar shape , being very broad and flat , like an Apothecaries Spatula , but much bigger , being ten Inches long , and five broad . Almost bald , though the Beast very hairy ; and cancellated with some resemblance to the Scales of Fishes . Nature having hereby , as well as in other respects , marked him for an Amphibious Animal . The Scythians a a Gesner out of Pomponius Sabinus . eat the Tail of a Castor , as a dainty , being sometimes as fat as bacon .

The PISLE-BONE of a CASTOR . So I find it inscrib'd . 'T is very smooth and solid . In length four Inches and ●/● . Chonical , about 1/● Inch over at one end , ¼ Inch at the other . At both ends inflected like the letter S.

See the Description of the Animal in Gesner , and others . His parts most remarkable , are those now described , and the Castor-Bag . His Anatomy see in the Philosophical Transactions , N. 49. Many strange Stories of his Ingenuity in Aldrovandus , Wormius , and others . He breeds in Italy , France , and other places : but our best Castor is from those of Russia . The great and principal use whereof inwardly , is in Hysterical and Comatose Cases .

An OTTER . Lutra . See him describ'd in Aldrovandus , &c. The Toes of his hinder feet , for the better swimming , are joyn'd together with a Membrane , as in the Bevir . From which he differs principally in his Teeth , which are canine ; and in his Tail , which is feline , or a long Taper . So that he may not be unfitly called Putoreus aquaticus , or the Water Polecat . He makes himself burrows on the water side , as a Bevir . Is sometimes tamed , b b Gesner out of Olaus Magnus . and taught , by nimbly surrounding the Fishes , to drive them into the Net . In Scandinaria they will bring the Fishes into the very Kitchen to the Cook . See some Observations of this Animal in the Philos. Trans . N. 124. He breeds every where .

The QUILLS of a PORCUPINE . Tela Histricis . The Animal is described by Aldrovandus , and others ; but the Quills not so fully . They are very smooth , and thick as a Goose-quill . With black and whitish portions alternately from end to end . Their Root ●/● of an Inch long . Their Point not round , but flat and two-edg'd , like that of a Sword , or of some Needles . So that they both bore with their Point , and cut with their edges at the same instant , whereby they wound the more surely .

The Porcupine erects his Quills , at his pleasure , as a Peacock doth his Tail . And , partly by stretching his Skin , a a Gesner out of Solinus . shoots them at his pursuing Enemy . It may also be noted , That being rooted so little a way in the Skin ( nothing near so deeply as the Quills of Fowls ) they are the more easily ejaculated . They breed in India , Africa , and Ethiopia .

An HEDGHOG , or Urchan . Echinus , Herinaceus . See him describ'd in Aldrovandus . Anatomiz'd in Bartholine's Acta Medica . The Urchan , though a Viviparous Animal , yet hath his Testicles lying within his Body , as in the Oviparous kind . b b Arist. H. Anim. l. 3c . 1. In the Island Maraguan , in the North of Brasile , are some Urchans very great , almost as big as Boars . c c Joh. de Laet. ( out of Abbaevilanus ) lib. 16. c. 15. He makes his Bury with two Entries , to the North and South ; and according to the weather and season , keeps the one stopt up , the other open . d d Gesner , out of Plutarch . The Liver , Stomach , and fat of this Animal are sometimes medically used .

The GREAT SHELL'D HEDGHOG . By the Natives of Brasile , called TATU ; By the Spaniards , ARMADILLO ; as Names common to the several species . And by Latin Authors , Echinus Brasiliensis . This once belonged to the Duke of Holstein . See the Description of this Species in Clusius , and others .

Those Creatures which are cover'd with Feathers , Scales , or Shell , saith Aristotle , e e Histor. Anim. lib. 1. c. 11. have no Auricula or outward Ear. So that he never saw this Animal ; nor many others now known , and some which he ventures to describe ; as appears by those general Assertions , whereof he is too often guilty .

He gathers himself up , Head , Feet and Tail , within his Shell , as round as a ball : as Piso hath also pictur'd him . f f Hist. l. 3. 8. 3. And this he doth , not only when pursued , but also when he sleeps . Unless he be ty'd , he will dig out his way under the very walls of a house . g g Mus. Septal. For it is his nature to dig himself Buries , as the Coney doth ; which he doth with very great celerity . h h Clusius .

For the tenderness , whiteness and delicacy of his Flesh , he is reserved for Feasts ; i i Barlaeus de Rebus Bras . p. 222. and therein prefer'd before either Conies or sucking-Pigs . a a Guil. Piso. The Plates of his Shell being powder'd and given in a draught of the Decoction of Sage in the quantity of 3j , provoketh sweat ; and are a singular remedy against the Lues Venerea , saith Barlaeus . b b P. 369. out of Franc. Ximines . If it provoketh sweat , it may be used to good purposes , whether it cureth that Disease , or no.

The PIGHEADED ARMADILLO . Tatu Porcinus . Nierembergius hath described this Species , but yet imperfectly . The best of any Wormius ; who also omiteth some particulars , and in others is mistaken .

From his Snout-end to his Tail , about ten Inches and ½ ; being younger and lesser than that of Wormius . His Body four Inches over . His Head an Inch and ¼ , and three Inches long . The end of his Nose scarce half an Inch over , shaped like that of a Pig ; from whence I have taken leave to name it . His Ears not above ¼ of an Inch distant one from the other . His fore-foot two Inches and ½ long , above ½ Inch over . On which he hath four Toes ; the two foremost of which are an Inch long , the other two ½ an Inch. The hinder-foot of equal length , but thicker . On which there are five Toes ; the three foremost , and thickest whereof are an Inch long , the other two ½ an Inch. His Tail about 11 Inches long , at the Buttocks an Inch and ¼ over , at the end as small as a Shoomakers waxed Thread .

His Head , Back , Sides , Legs , and Tail , are all cover'd with a shelly Armour . His Head , with Shells , Scales for the most part , five and six angled . His Shoulders , with round ones , and lesser , about ¼ of an Inch over ; betwixt which other lesser ones are interjected . The Back-piece consisteth of about ten shell Plates , joyned together by the mediation of as many parallel Skins . Every Plate is about ½ Inch broad , curiously composed of small triangular or wedge-like pieces , indented one against another , and pounced or pricked all along their edges . His Buttocks adorned in the same manner as his Shoulders . His Shell ending next his Tail , with an Elipsis . The fore-part of his Tail is encompass'd with shelly Rings , in number eleven ; composed not of triangular , but sixangl'd and square pieces . The other half with Scales set together , as on his Head . His nether Buttocks , Belly , Breast , Neck , and Ears are all naked . His Eyes black , round , and very little ; resembling a black Bead of the bigness of a Vetch . His Grinders in each Chap about twelve . More properly Tunsores ; because they are level and smooth on the top . No thicker than a great Needle . Besides these Teeth , I find none .

By the help of the aforesaid Plates , and parallel Skins together with the Muscules that lie under them , this Animal is able , like the Hedge-Hog , to gether up himself into a round ball . For the better performance of which action , Nature hath also left his Throath , Neck , Breast and Belly naked . As also his Ears , that he may turn them more expeditely for the reception of sounds from every quarter . His Eyes , like those of a Mole , very little , as most suitable to a Creature living for the most part in the dark , and under ground . His hinder feet , like a Conies , more strong , for the better working of his Buries .

Piso a a Hist. l. 3. S. 3. maketh the action of conglobation peculiar to this species , but very falsly , as will appear by the following Description .

The WEESLE-HEADED ARMADILLO . Tatu Mustelinus . I find this species no where describ'd . For that Description of a third species in Clusius , was taken only from some Picture , no way answering to the Animal before us .

His Head in figure almost like a Weesles , whence I take leave for his Name . 'T is three Inches and ½ long ; his Forehead two Inches and ½ broad , and very flat ; the end of his Nose ½ Inch. His Eyes small , ¼ of an Inch long . His Ears two Inches distant one from another ; an Inch long . His Body or Trunk 11 Inches long , about six broad . His Tail 5 ½ long ; near the Buttocks an Inch and ¼ over , the extremity ●/● of an Inch. His fore-Leg two Inches and ½ long , ¼ broad . On which there are five Toes ; whereof the three foremost are an Inch long , the other two half an Inch : all with Claws the ●/● of an Inch. On his hinder foot ( which is somewhat bigger ) he hath also five Toes , as in the foremost .

His Head , Back , Sides , Legs , and Tail are cover'd with a shelly Armour . His Head-piece , as also the shells on his Legs , are composed of roundish Scals , a ¼ of an Inch over . His Neck-piece is a single Plate , composed of little pieces , a ¼ of an Inch square . His Shoulder-piece consisteth of several Ranks or Rows of such like square pieces , but not set together by any Articulation , or movable Conjunction . His Back-piece , reaching also over his Buttocks to his Tail , is composed of several Plates , in number eighteen , moveably joyned together by as many intermediate Skins . The foremost and greatest of these Plates , consist of square pieces ½ Inch long , and a ¼ broad . The hindermost , of square and round ones together . The extream part of the Shell next the Tail , is Parabolick . The fore part of the Tail is surrounded with six Rings ; consisting of little square pieces . The other half with Scals . His Breast , Belly ▪ and Ears all naked ; for the same purposes , as in the former .

This Species , by the greater number of Plates , seemeth able to draw , especially his hinder parts , more roundly inward , than the other .

The FLYING SQUIREL , qu. Sciurel , from Sciurus . Not described , unless by Scaliger . The colour of his Body a dark grey . Of his Tail , almost that of straw . Lesser than the common Squirel , not above five Inches and ½ from his Nose end to his Buttocks . His Skin , from his Sides , Thighs and Legs ( almost as the wings of a Bat ) is stretched out about an Inch in breadth , or more or less at his pleasure : by means whereof he leaps further , and alights the more safely ; and is therefore called The flying Squirel . In other respects , like the Europaean kind . It was sent from Virginia , its breeding place .

He seems to be the same Animal which Scaliger describes under the Name of the Flying Cat. Exercit. 217. S. 9.

The Squirel , when he hath a mind to cross any water for a good Nut-Tree , picks out , and sits on some light piece of Barque for a Boat , and erecting his Tail for a Sail , he makes his Voyage . a a Gesner , out of the Author of the Book , de Naturâ Rerum ; out of Vincentius , Beluacensis , and Olaus Magnus .

CHAP. II. Of VIVIPAROUS QUADRUPED'S , Particularly such as are BIFIDOUS , and SOLIDIPEDOUS .

THe LEG of a GREENLAND STAG . It is scarce four Inches long . Nor above ⅓d of an Inch over . Cover'd all over with very short hair , of the ordinary russet or reddish brown colour . The hoofs somewhat black , ½ inch long , ⅓ broad , and ¼ high . Given by Mr. Palmer .

The BONES of a STAGS heart . About an inch and ¼ long , and ¼ broad . Very thin , but yet hard and solid . They seem to be a help for the stronger and more steady motion of the Muscules of the heart . Butchers often find the like in the heart of an Ox ; which are easily substituted for the former : and I would as soon trust the one , as the other .

A STAGS TEARS . A thicken'd Excretion from the inward Angle of his Eye . In colour and consistence almost like to Mirrh ; or Ear-wax that has been long harden'd in the Ear. Of a strong stinking smell , like that of the Animal's sweat . They are generally affirmed to be sudorifick , and of an Alexipharmick nature . And if they were as easie to be had , as some Womens , it were worth the trying .

They are quite a different thing from that little round and hard Bone , which Scaliger describes a a Exerc. 112. by the Name of Lachryma Cervina , and which he affirms to grow in the great Corner of a Stags Eye to the Bone , after an hundred years old . I doubt a stranger sight , than the Ludus Secularis ; such as no man ( but himself ) ever saw , or shall see .

The MUSK DEER . Capreolus Moschi . Gesner reckoning up the Names , tells us , That the English call him a Musk Cat. But is better at other Languages . He breeds in China , and the East Indies . Not ill pictur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum . That in Kircher's China Illustrata faulty as to the Snout and Feet . That of Johnston absurd . Almost every where worse describ'd . That he is a two-horn'd Animal , says Aldrovandus , all agree , except Simeon Sethi , who saith he hath but one . Neither of which is true . The Description likewise given by Scaliger , and out of him by Chiocco in Calceolarius's Musaeum is false , and very defective . The best I find is amongst the German Transactions . To which I would have refer'd the Reader , but that comparing it with That I had drawn up before I met with it , I see some differences .

From his Nose end to his Tail , a yard and ½ a foot long . His Head above ½ a foot . His Neck ¼ of a yard . His Forehead three inches broad . His Nose end scarce ¾ of an inch , being very sharp , like that of a Grey-Hound . His Ears like a Coneys , about three inches long , and erect . As also his Tail or Scut , which exceeds not two inches . His fore-Leg a foot and two inches long , taking in Foot and Thigh . Near an inch over : the Foot deeply cloven ; with two fore-Hoofs , an inch and ¼ long , each ¼ of an inch over ; and two Heels , almost as big , and therefore conspicuous . His hinder feet are here wanting .

His hair on his Head and Legs about ½ inch long , and rateably small . On his Belly an inch and ½ long , and somewhat thicker . On his Back and Buttocks three inches long : thicker in proportion , than in any other Animal , except perhaps some of the Deer kind , sc. three or four times as thick as Hogs Bristles : consisting of brown and white portions alternately from the Root to the top . On the Head and Legs , brown ; On the Belly and under the Skut , whitish . As it were frizled , especially on the Back and Belly , by a kind of undulation . Softer than in most Animals , and exceeding light and rare . For being split , and view'd with a Glass , they appear to be made up of little Bladders , like those in the Plume or Stalk of a Quill : so that it is a thing betwixt a common Hair and a Quill . On each side his lower Chap , almost under the corners of his mouth , there is a peculiar Tuft ( about ¾ of an inch long ) of short , thick and hard hairs , or rather Bristles , of equal length , as in a scrubing-Brush .

The Musk Bladder or Bag is about three inches long , two over , and swelling out from his Belly one and ½ . Standing before his Groin about as much . I find it cut open , whereby the observation of its natural Aperture ( which I suppose it hath as the Castor-Bag ) is prevented .

He hath 26 Teeth . In his lower Chap , sixteen ; of which there are eight little Cuters before ; behind , four Grinders on each side , rugged and continuous . As many like Grinders in the upper Jaw . About an inch and ½ from the Nose end , in the same Jaw , on each side a Tusk , two inches and ½ long , hooked downward , and backward , and ending in a point . Not round , but flat , the breadth of ½ an inch ; thin , and having a sharp edge behind : so as it may not unfitly be liken'd to a Sithe . There are no Horns .

The Hair of this Animal , by its softness and rarity , are a singular contrivance of Nature to keep him warm . For all Garments , the softer and rarer they are , ( caet . par . ) they are the warmer . For the same cause , the Hair on his Back , is also the longest ; sc. for the better protection of the Spinalis Medulla , His two Tusks , by the Figure , appear to serve for fighting partly , and partly for feeding ; by the help whereof he is able either to stub up edible Roots out of the ground , or to tear off the Barques , or break down the Boughs of Trees . By the help of his great Ears , he hears his approaching enemy the further off , to make his flight . So also the Hare , being a fearful Animal , hath the like . Nature hath furnished him with great heels , both to enable him to make the greater leaps , and to light also upon his Feet the more safely , for by their means , the force of his weight is gradually broken .

Scaliger's mistakes a a Exercitat . 21. about this Animal , are principally these two ; In saying his Tusks grow out of his nether Jaw ; and in calling the Musk , A postemated Blood . For he might as well call Civet and Castor the Blood of those Animals that yield them . And if it were apostemated , it would not be separated from the Flesh , but contiguous to it : whereas it is plain , that the Musk was here inclosed on all sides , in an entire Cystis or Bag made by nature for that purpose .

The VELVET HORNES of a Greenland Roe-Buck . They are a yard high , with numerous , and round Branches . Covered all over with an ashcolour'd hair , a ¼ of an inch long , and standing upright , as the Pile of Velvet .

The HORNES of an Indian Roe-Buck ; which the people of Brasile call Cuguacu-apara . See the Description of the Animal in Marggrarius . His Picture in Johnston ; but under the name of the Capreolus Marinus .

The HORNES of a Roe-Deer of Greenland . They are very little more than an inch long , and half an inch over . They are pointed at the top , and knobed or tuberous at the bottom .

Deer in New Mexico so big , a a Joh. de Laet. from the Observation of Alfonsus de Benavides . that they breed them up to draw with , as we do with Oxen and Horses . So strangely does the Climat alter the Bulk of some Animals . Dear , and they only , may be suppos'd to cast their horns , because they have neither a long Tail , as Oxen ; nor so long hair as a Goat or a Ram ; by either of which is made a continual consumption of the same matter , which in Deer goes into the horns . The horns of Deer , are of all other the fullest of Volatile Salt . Which may lead us to conjecture of the like nature of his flesh , and blood ; and the cause of his great salacity .

The ROCK-DOE . Ibex foemina . A kind of wild Goat . See the Description of Pliny , and Bellonius . She breeds chiefly upon the Alps. A Creature of admirable swiftness . And may probably be that very Species mention'd in the Book of Job . b b Chap. 39. Her horns grow sometimes so far backward , as to reach over her Buttocks .

The HORNES of the WREATHED-Horn-Goat , or Antilope of Barbary , called Capra Strepsicerotes , and Gazella . See the Description of the Animal in Wormius . These Hornes are about a foot and ¼ long . But in Septalius's Musaeum there is one pair said to be above a yard in length . They are twisted into a kind of spiral shape , but the Rings which seem to be spiral , are really circular .

The BONE of the ANTILOPES HORN ; which is solid , and also spiral or twisted , but without Rings . Given by Henry Whistler Esq .

The HORNES of the SYRIAN GOAT ; called Capra Mambrina 1. Syriaca being . Mambre , a Mountain near Hebron ; where about , chiefly , this Goat breeds . a a Gesner in his Paralypom . See Gesner's Description of him . And compare it with the Picture he gives , which seemeth to be the truer , as to the hornes . His Ears are so long , b b Gesnet ibid. as to reach almost to the ground . A sufficient supplement for the shortness of his hornes : being not above two inches and ½ long , and a little crooked backward , almost like a Dogs Tooth .

The HORNES of a DOG-GOAT . I find them inscribed , The hornes of a Dog . Johnston giveth the figure of the Animal , without any Description . According to that figure , he is headed like a Dog , and of the bigness of a Tumbler . But footed , and horned like a Goat . To whose also the hornes here preserved are like in colour , and somewhat near in shape : but nothing near so big ; being not much above two inches long . Not only the hornes themselves , but also the bones whereon they stand , are hollow to the top . They were sent from a certain Kingdom near China .

The HORNES of a HARE ; so I find them inscribed . Although it is probable , that they are the hornes of a small kind of German Deer . Yet Wormius saith , There are horned-Hares in Saxony . See also Gesner of the same . Johnston gives the Picture , without a Descripton . This pair , once belonged to the Prince Elector of Saxony .

A pair of very great English Rams HORNES .

The HORNES of a Spanish-Ram . In length , ¼ of a yard . The Tips a yard distant . Somewhat flat , wrinkled , and twisted , as those of an ordinary Ram.

The HORNES of a MUSCOVY-Ram . I meet no where with the Description of the Animal , or these Hornes . He seemeth to be of kin to the Hircus Cotilardicus , which Johnston hath pictur'd . These hornes are black : and somewhat wrinkled . Consist of four Branches : The two greater whereof are a foot long , and as thick as an ordinary Rams , very strait , standing in the form of the letter V , or like the legs of a pair of Compasses , and a little writhen . The two lesser are seven inches long , not so thick , winding downward , and inward one towards another , in the form of two half Moons . The points of all four very blunt .

A very great HORN of the ROCK-BUCK , or of the Ibexmas . In shape almost like a bended Cross-bow . By the string , ¼ of a yard long ; but by the bow , about an Eln. It was formerly tipp'd with silver , and kept in a Gentlemans house , and shew'd ( to some special Friends ) for the Claw of a Griffin . See the figure hereof in Moscardus's Musaeum .

The HORNES of a WILD BULL ; called Bubalus sive Buffalus . They are broad at the Roots , but grow very sharp of a sudden ; and bended inwards about the middle ; so that the Tips are not above two inches distant . See the Animal describ'd in Bellonius , and others . He is much bigger than the Europaean Bull. This kind breeds most in Asia . But they are also kept in Italy , in their Cities . In India they sell the Milk of the Female about the streets , as they do Cows Milk here . The Leather call'd Buff , is made of the Hyde . These Hornes were brought from Africa .

The HORNES of the BUNCH-BAK'D BULL . Cornua Bisontis . This pair belongeth to that Species , which hath a great Maine . These , contrary to the former , stand wide , and especial upwards , their Tips being ½ an Eln distant . See the Description of the Animal in Aldrovandus , his Picture in Johnston . He is swifter than any other Bull , and untameable . He breeds in Lithuania . To the hornes is joyn'd the fore-part of the skull , together with the skin , which is very thick and tough . The skin of any Bulls Forehead , either for its toughness , or other cause , is the only part of the Hyde made use of by Horners , whereupon they shave their Hornes ( which they take out of a Tub of warm water by them ) to fit them for Lamphorns .

The TAIL of an Indian COW . The Male is call'd Bonasus . The hairs hereof are greyish . Above a yard and ●/● long . Yet almost as soft and fine as a Womans . The Cow is said to be worshipped by the people that live near the River Ganges .

A little STONE out of an Oxes Liver . Inscribed Tetraedrum inventum in Hepate Bovis . But I find it broken into several pieces . It is just of a liver-colour . And is compos'd , as the Bezoar Stone , of several crusts or soft shells one over or within another .

A MONSTROUS CALF with two heads . Each head is a little less than usual ; the rest of the parts according to Nature .

The SKIN of a CALF with two heads , tann'd with the hair on . There is a very strange story of a Monstrous Calf in the Philos. Trans . N. 1. & N. 2. compar'd together : communicated by the Honourable Mr. Boyle .

The TUSK of a Wild BOAR. It winds about almost into a perfect Ring or Hoop ; only is a little writhen . In measuring by the ambit , 't is long or round about a foot and two inches . It s basis an inch over . Almost all the way triangular , especially towards the point .

Another BOAR-TUSK , somewhat slenderer , and of a semiannular Figure .

The wild Boar breeds in Helvetia , especially near the Alps. In Barbados very great . Ligon a a History of Barbado● . saith , he saw there one so big , that when his head was off , and his entrails taken out , weighed 400 l. It was well observed by Aristotle ( as to those Beasts which he had seen ) that no one was horned and tusked too : b b Histor. Animal . lib. 2. c. 1. the superfluous parts of the blood proper for their production , not being sufficient to feed them both .

The SKULL of the HORNED HOG . By the people of the Island Bouro , not far from Amboina , he is called Baby Roussa . c c Barthol . Hist. Cent. 2. See the Picture hereof in Bartholine , d d Ibid. 2. taken in Java , from whence he received it . As also the Description , though but imperfect . See likewise Guilielmus Piso , e e In Boutius's Hist. N. Ind. Orient . l. 5. c. 9. who gives a figure somewhat different , making him slenderer and shaped in Body like to a Deer . But his Description seems to be taken out of Bartholine . His principal Characters are these , About as big as a Stag , shouted and tailed like a Boar , footed like a Goat : besides what is observable in the skull , which I shall now particularly describe .

It is a foot long , seven Inches high , and about five over . The Snout scarce two . The Teeth are 32. In the upper Jaw , four Cuters ; in the nether , six . In each Jaw , ten Grinders . In the lower Jaw , two Tusks , one on each side , like those of a Boar , standing outerly , an inch behind the Cuters ; near their Root , ¾ of an inch over , sharp-pointed , hooked very much backward ; by the bow , four inches long .

On his upper Jaw , he hath two Horns , of the same hardness and substance with the two great Teeth now describ'd : and Bartholine a a Histor. Cent. 2. calls them Teeth . Yet are they not Teeth , but Horns ; because they are not , as all Teeth , even the Tusks of an Elephant , fixed in the Jaw with their Roots upward , but downward : and so their Alveoli are not open downward within the Mouth , but upward upon the top of the snout : where these Horns bore or pierce the flesh and skin , as the Teeth do the Gooms . Yet being two , they stand not in the middle , as in the Rhinoceros , but on the sides of the snout , sc. behind the Cuters about two inches . Near their Roots about half inch over , ending in a sharp point , bended upward and backward like a fish-hook , by the bow about ½ a foot long .

Piso b b In Bont . Hist. N. Ind. Orient . l. 5. c. 9. describing of it , saith , That in his nether Jaw ( his upper Jaw he describes after ) there are two great Tusks which stand upright , and bore through his snout ( Rostrúmque perforantes ) : which is a senseless mistake . Bartholine indeed saith of the Horns ( which he calls the Teeth ) of the upper Jaw , — prodeunt ex superiori Maxilla carnem Rostri perforantes : which Piso transcribing , mistakes , and feigns as great an absurdity , as if Nature had put a Padlock or Bolt upon the Creatures Mouth .

Aristotle , as was before noted , said well , as to the Animals he had seen , That no one hath both Tusks and Horns . But of his fault in affirming too generally , this Animal is not the only instance , by many . The reason why this hath both , may be , because neither of them are very great , and his Horns , proportionably to what they are in others , are very little . Besides that he is cover'd with hair , and not , as the Boar , with Bristles , which probably spend more upon the same matter , which in other Creatures makes the Horns . For Bristles seem to be nothing else but a Horn split into a multitude of little ones .

This Creature is said c c Piso in Bont . to breed only in the Island Bouro . Yet that which the Brasilians call the Tajacuguitas , d d Joh. de Laet , out of Lerius . may be the same . As also Pigafeta's Porcus Quadricornis . There are Swine , saith he , e e Cited by Aldrovandus . in the Philippick Islands , with two , three , and four Horns . He might mistake the two Tusks for Horns ; and from those which he saith had but two or three , they might be violently broken off .

Another SKULL of the BABY ROUSSA . It is altogether like the former , saving that the Tusks and Horns are not so crooked . So that one seems to be of the elder , or the Male , the other of the younger , or else the Female . Both the Natives , and others that live amongst them , esteem this Animal a delicate sort of Venison . a a Piso in Bontius .

The SKIN of a young RHINOCEROS , composed indifferently to the shape of the Animal . In the Description whereof Jacobus Bontius b b Histor. Nat. Ind. Orient . comes the nearest to the truth . Yet is he very short and defective . To whose therefore , as far as may be by this Skin , I shall add a better .

'T is a yard long , and almost a foot over ; his head nine inches long , almost eight over at the top . His Snout broadish , as in a Calf . His Eyes little , as those of a Hog , about ¼ of an inch long . They stand low , not much more than three inches above his Nose end . His Ears also like a Hogs . His Legs , as of the Hippopotamus , rateably short ; about ten inches long . His Tail , five and ½ ; flat , as that of the Castor ; but not so broad , near the Buttocks an inch and ½ , at the end ½ an inch .

The said Skin is every where thick , and very hard ; excepting only his Ears which are softer , and extream thin . It hath about ten Plicae or Folds ; two under the nether Jaw , one on the Breast , in the figure of the letter V , on the Neck one on each side , one between the Shoulders semicircular , on the Back two transversly extended to the bottom of the sides , with two more strait ones , carry'd obliquely on the Buttocks .

The lower part of the Forehead and Snout cover'd with a kind of hard Crust . His Ears naked and smooth . All the other parts rough with round scaly Crusts ; on the Back , Sides , and Belly , lesser , near a ¼ of an inch over ; on the nether Chap and Shoulders , bigger ; on his Buttocks and Legs , the biggest , about ½ an inch over . His Hair is black , short , and fine . So few , that there are not many more than scales or shells ; growing for the most part , out of the centre of the shell ; so that he is almost naked . His Dock is also naked on both sides , but on the edges there grows a considerable quantity of longer and thicker Hair . The Animal being very young , had no Horn , nor so much as any sign of it .

The Rhinoceros , says Bontius , a a Histor. Nat. is near as big as an Elephant , saving that he is not so tall . He will lick a Man to death , b b Ibid. by raking away the flesh to the Bone with his rough and sharp Tongue .

In Piso's Figure , which he hath added to Bontius's Description , and which , he saith , was taken from the life , the Eyes are placed very low , as they are also in this Skin . But the Cloven-Feet , in the same Picture , I find not here : peradventure , the Skin not being well taken off the Feet .

In the time of Domitian the Emperour , there was one so big , as to toss not only a Bear , but a Bull upon his Horn. c c Mart. Epigr. 22. & Epigr. 9. lib. 1. But what Martial means , speaking of the Rhinoceros ,

Namque gravem gemino Cornu sic extulis Ursum , &c.

I do not well understand . The Figure given by Piso , as above , represents but one Horn only . Neither doth Bontius ( who saith he hath seen great numbers of them both in houses and in the woods ) describe or mention any more than one Horn , And those who do speak of another , yet make it a very small one , and not over against the other , but on the forepart of his back , and so in a place where it is immoveable , and can no way be made use of for the tossing up of any thing , as the other on his Nose .

The Rhinoceros breeds not in India , d d Linschot p. 88. but in Bengala and Patane , where they much frequent the River Ganges .

A piece of a great RHINOCEROS-SKIN , tann'd . 'T is wonderful hard , and thick , about ½ inch ; exceeding that of any Land Animal which I have seen .

The HORN of a RHINOCEROS . It once belonged to the Duke of Holsteine . Although Bontius describes the Animal the best of any before him , yet neither he , nor others describe the Horn to any purpose . 'T is in colour and smoothness like those of a Bull. Almost a yard long . At the base , above half a foot over ; and there surrounded with a Garland of black and stubby Bristles . Sharp-pointed . A little crooked backwards , like a Cocks Spur. Quite through solid . An instance contrary to that Assertion of Aristotle , a a De Partib . Animal . l. 3. c. 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

Another HORN of a RHINOCEROS , as big as that now describ'd . Given by Sir Robert Southwell , present Embassador to the Prince Elector of Brandenburge .

A THIRD , almost as big as the former .

A FOURTH , a little one , about a foot long .

The Rhinoceros fights the Elephant with his Horn , and sometimes overcomes him . In Septalius's Musaeum there are several Vessels mention'd to be made out of this Horn , as well as divers others . The Rhinocerous Horn , in India , as also his Teeth , Claws , Flesh , Skin , Blood , yea Dung and Piss , are much esteemed , and us'd against Poison , and many Diseases ; and sold at great rates . b b Linsch . p. 88. Yet some for an hundred times as much , as others of the same colour and bigness ; for some difference which the Indians ( only ) discern betwixt them . c c Ibid.

The TAIL of a great RHINOCEROS . Not well described by Bontius . The Dock is about ½ inch thick , and two inches broad , like an Apothecaries Spatule . Of what length the whole , is uncertain , this being only part of it , though it looks as if cut off near the Buttock ; 't is about nine inches , black , and very rough . On the two edges , and there only , grow also very black and shining hairs , a foot long , stubborn , and of the thickness of a smaller Shoomakers Thread . Yet not round , as other hair , but rather flatish ; like so many little pieces of Whale-Bone .

A SPIRAL or WREATHED TUSK of an ELEPHANT . Presented from the Royal African-Company by Thomas Crispe Esq. 'T is about an Ell long . At the base , a foot about . From the thin edges whereof , it is chonically hollow to the depth ( or height ) of near ½ a yard . It is twisted or wreathed from the bottom to the top with three Circumvolutions , standing between two strait lines . 'T is also furrow'd by the length . Yet the furrows surround it not , as in the horn of the Sea-Unicorn ; but run parallel therewith . Neither is it round , as the said Horn , but somewhat flat . The Top very blunt .

Pausanias ( cited by Gesner ) affirms , and seems to speak it as a thing well known , That the Tusks of Elephants , which he calls , and useth arguments to prove them Horns , may , by the help of fire , like Cows horns , be reduced to any shape . Whether this be naturally twisted , or by art , I will not determine . Terzagi in Septalius's Musaeum mentions though not a Spiral , yet strait Tusk of an Elephant , two yards high , and 160 pounds in weight .

The LEG BONE of an ELEPHANT . It was brought out of Syria for the Thigh-Bone of a Giant . But the proportion which the thickness bears to the length of the Bone , shews it to be the Bone not of a Man , but an Elephant . For the Leg-Bone is usually about ●/● of an inch over : and so its traverse Area contains about ( 49 ) square eighths of an inch . But this Bone is above four inches over , in the transverse Area whereof therefore , are contained about ( 1088 ) square eighths of an inch . Which number ( 1088 ) being divided by ( 49 ) gives ( 22 ) for the Quotient . So that it is two and twenty times as thick as the Leg-Bone of a Man : I mean , the transverse Area of the one containeth that of the other 22 times . Yet is it but three times as long ; and therefore should contain the same but about nine times , were it the Leg-Bone of a Man . 'T is about a yard and ●/● foot long , and above a foot about in the slenderest part . And the shape of it , shews it to have belonged to the Leg , and not the Thigh . The Elephant to which it did belong , might be about five yards high .

Another LEG-BONE of an ELEPHANT , scarce so long , but of equal thickness . Given by Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich .

Elephants are brought into Europe out of Ceylan , Sumatra , Cochin , Siam , Bontam , Melinda , &c. But they breed most in the Kingdoms of Aracan and Pegu. a a Linchol . p. 29. &c. In the Island of Ceylon , most docile . The Aethiopians behind Mosambique eat them , and sell their Teeth . The Indians use them to draw , and ship their Goods . In Winter , when it begins to rain , they are altogether mad and ungovernable , and so continue from April to September , chain'd to some Tree ; after that , they become tame and serviceable again . b b Ibid. See more of the nature , and ingenuity ; and of the way of hunting and taming them , in Linschotus and Tavernere . c c East . Ind. Voyage .

One of the GRINDERS of an ELEPHANT . He hath four of these Teeth in each Jaw , wherewith he grinds his meat . This here is above a foot long . But the exerted part , or that part which stands above the Goomes , is but seven inches in length , and three in breadth . 'T is not above ½ an inch above the Goomes , but fasten'd within the Jaw ½ a foot , where deepest . The said exerted part looks like eight or nine Rows of Teeth , three , four , and five in a Row , all coalescent . The sides all along waved . The furthermost Roots like the folds of an old set Ruff. It weighs above eleven pounds and ½ Haver-dupoyse .

ANOTHER of the same Teeth , somewhat lesser .

A THIRD , having part of it broken off .

The Elephant , in my mind , hath some affinity with the Boar. Both are Taper-Tail'd , hunch-back'd , little-Ey'd , arm'd with Tusks , have the nether Chap sharp before , and a moveable Snout ; the Elephants Proboscis being but a long Snout , and the Boars Snout a short Proboscis .

The HOOF of a Solidungulous Animal . It was brought from Angola . Perhaps of a kind of Zebra there , answering to the Indian described by Pigafeta . 'T is much about the shape of a Horse's , but not so big ; two inches and ½ broad , two inches long , and as much in height . Somewhat thick and strong . For the greatest part , blackish ; but just before yellowish , and half transparent . Within this is contained another young one ( together with its inclosed Bone ) all over of a yellowish colour . The Zebra , Indica , a a Aldrovandus . is in all his parts like a Mule , saving that it is not barren .

Another strange HOOF of a Solidungulous Animal . It is of a blackish brown and opacous colour . Very thin , like that of a Calf . But rateably much broader than in other Animals , being not much above an Inch over foreward , yet expanded side-ways two inches and a ¼ .

Another HOOF of the former kind , a little less , blacker , and altogether opacous .

APPENDIX . Of certain BALLS found in the Stomachs of divers Beasts .

A NAKED and round HAIRY BALL ; almost three Inches over , taken out of the Stomach of a Calf .

Another somewhat Oval , and more compact .

Several other lesser ones , and with the hairs more loosely composed .

Another , with the outward parts of the hair not complicated , as in the former , but standing parallel , and somewhat winding , as in the Crown of a Mans head .

Two HAIRY BALLS , SPHAERICAL , and INCRUSTATED . About two inches Diametre , cover'd with a smooth and very thin Crust , of the colour of Occidental Bezoar , having neither tast or smell , nor stirring at all , upon the effusion of Acids .

A HAIRY BALL , incrustated , and FLAT . Taken out of the stomach of a Bull in Brasile . 'T is very smooth , and of the colour of Oriental Bezoar . Figur'd just like a Bowl . Somewhat above two inches thick , and three , over . Ferranti Imperato a a Lib. ult. hath another like it . If you scrape a little of the Crust off , and pour spirit of Nitre upon it , it makes a conspicuous bullition , as it doth upon Bezoar . b b See the Author's Discourse of the Luctation arising from the mixture of Bodies .

Another BALL , in figure , colour , and substance , like the former ; but bigger , being above three inches Diametre . It was taken out of the stomach of a Cow .

Another with the like Incrustation , but of an Oval Figure .

A FIBROUS BALL . Consisting , not of Hair , but for the most part of the fibers of Plants . Perfectly Sphaerical . An inch and ½ Diametre . Cover'd with a brown , and very rough Crust . The like substance being also mixed with the most intimate parts of the Ball.

Another like Ball , but somewhat less .

Half a FIBROUS BALL taken out of the stomach of a Sheep . Two inches over , and a little flat . It consisteth of most fine herby Threads or Fibers , short , and very closely compacted . Cover'd with a black , shining , and most thin Cuticle . A piece hereof fired , burns like Match-cord , all away to ashes .

These Balls , especially those of Hair , we may suppose to be made by the motion of the stomach , which in these Creatures is very strong , and frequent : by which motion the Hair is wrought and compacted together , as Wooll is , by the Workmans hand , in the making of a Hat .

CHAP. III. Of OVIPAROUS QUADRUPED'S .

A Femal LAND-TORTOIS . Testudo terrestris foemina . Usually described , but no where fully , nor without errors . This here is eight inches long , and five broad . The Head an inch and ½ long , almost as broad ; in shape somewhat like a Toads . The Orbits of the Eyes very large , almost ½ inch over ; a ¼ of an inch behind the Snout . The lower Chap is received by a groove into the upper . The Tail three inches long , and sharp-pointed . The Feet two inches and ¼ , and above ½ inch over . The fore-Feet have five very short Toes , with Claws about ¼ inch long . The hinder feet have but four Toes , with somewhat bigger Claws .

The Head , Back and Belly , have all bony Covers , faced or over-laid with shells . The head and back-pieces blackish , with citrine or straw-colour'd specks sprinkled up and down upon them . The back-piece convex , and almost Oval . On the sides , for the length of two inches as it were doubled inwards , and joyned to the Belly-piece . 'T is cancellated with little squares on the Margin ; on the top of the back , sexangularly ; and with the largest Area's between . The Belly-piece is party-colour'd black and citrine , almost flat ; but turned up a little at the ends . Cancellated in the middle with squares , with triangles before , and behind with Hyperbolick lines . The Feet are cover'd with small round Scales , the Tail with square ones . He breeds in the Deserts of Africa .

Three little LAND-TORTOISES of the same kind .

Another little LAND-TORTOISE , of kin to the former . 'T is somewhat rounder .

A lesser LAND-TORTOISE , almost circular and ridged on the back .

A great CHEQUERD TORTOISE-SHELL . Testa Testellata major . It was sent from Madagascar . I find the Animal no where describ'd or figur'd . It is above half oval ; being of all that I ever saw , the most concave ; a foot long , eight inches over , and almost six inches high .

The Convex is curiously wrought with black and whitish pieces , alternately wedged in , one against another , and notched , as it were , with transvers Incisions . Those near the Margines and on the sides are composed into several Pyramidal Area's , or great Triangles , whose Bases are about two inches broad . On the Back , into sexangular ones , each of them convex . On the sides , and quite behind , the Shell is carry'd somewhat inward . Before , and hinderly , the edges are toothed , and bended outward and upward . The inward edges are cover'd with shelly Plates above an inch and ½ broad .

The Concave is composed of six and forty Bones . Along the middle of the Back , are twelve , all , except the foremost and the four last , almost square . Next to these , are eight on each side , like to so many contiguous Ribs ; together with two lesser square Bones before : Next to these , eight more , as it were , under-Ribs , on each side . To the twelve middlemost Bones , the Ribs are joyned by an alternate commissure , so as one of them answers to the halfs of two Ribs , & vice versa . To these , the under-Ribs , in a wonderful manner , scil. by a branched Suture or Indenture . For the great Teeth of the under-Ribs , being first inserted into those of the upper-Ribs ; the Indenture is afterwards repeated , by lesser Teeth , out of the sides of the great ones . The Belly-piece is here wanting .

Besides the most elegant ordering of the Work in the Convex , there are three-things chiefly observable , which serve for the greater strength of the Shell . That is to say , The Convexity of the several Area's on the Back , the branched Sutures , and the Alternate commissures of the Bones . Answerable to the Rule of Nature , in a Humane Skull : and of Art , in the laying of Stones in Buildings ; and in covering of broader Vaults , not with one Arch , but several lesser ones , for the greater strength .

A lesser CHEQUER'D SHELL . Perhaps Stellata Wormii , a a See his Musaeum . or a kin to it . The Convex work is composed of black and citrine pieces , cancellated , and transversly notched ; ten , eleven , or twelve of them meeting in a square , and rugged centre ; each looking like a Star surrounded with Rays . The several Area's rise up into a convexity somewhat greater , than in the Shell above describ'd . Just before the Tail , the edges are bended a little upward ; over the Tail , downward . The Belly-piece is joyned to the Back-piece for the length of two inches and ½ , with the edges turned upward . The middle of it flat , streak'd , and cancellated ; the hinder part endeth in a double broad point .

Two more CHEQUER'D SHELLS of the same Species ; saving , That here are not so great a number of Rays to each Star .

Another of the same ; excepting , that the several arched pieces are not so high , as in the former .

A CHEQUER'D-SHELL , from Suranam . I think no where describ'd , or figur'd , unless perhaps by Moschardus . The convex work is composed of black and citrine pieces , in the Margin , of a Pyramidal or wedged Figure , oppositely set , and with transverse Notches : amongst which there are also little square , rugged , and citrine pieces intermixed . All the rest , which are also black and citrine , are six times as big , adorned not with transverse but paralell Notches . Neither are they Radiated , but several of the same kind contiguous side to side . They are compos'd into Area's almost flat : the centres whereof are also rugged , but much bigger than in the Shell last described . The Belly-piece is also less convex .

Another of the same Species .

Another CHEQUER'D SHELL from Suranam , of kin to the last describ'd . The edges of this are round about , excepting before , turn'd up outward . The Back also is less convex ; the Belly , more deep .

Another of the same Species .

A CHEQUER'D SHELL from Virginia . 'T is in figure somewhat like the femal Tortoise first describ'd . Saving that it is more convex , and divided into Area's also somewhat convex , and with transvers Furrows or Notches . 'T is also near the Tail , turned up outward ; but the hindermost part bended inward .

Another Shell of the same Species .

Another , like the first describ'd , excepting also , That it is more convex ; and instead of specks , hath long streaks , and great blotches .

A SCALY TORTOISE SHELL . It seems to be of the Lutarious kind . I find it not describ'd , or figur'd . Above a foot long , ten inches broad , convex to the height of 3 ½ . The convex , all along the middle , high ridg'd . Composed of Scales , very smooth , particolour'd , of a brownish red and citrine ; in the utmost edge lesser , and almost square , but with acute Angles prolonged towards the Tail , and towards the Head doubled downwards . The rest are five , six , and eight times bigger , set alternately , as the Scales in Fishes , or Slate-work upon a house . The Concave is strengthened with a Back-Bone , and eight Ribs , obliquely appendent , on each side . The Belly-piece is here wanting .

A SEA-TORTOISE . Curiously figur'd by Besler . a a Fascicul . Rariorum . Described by Aldrovandus and others . He differs from the Land - Tortoise , chiefly , in having a more rude , and softer shell , and Feet rather like the Finns of a Fish , as proper to swim with . As also in Bulk . In the Brasilian shore , said to be big enough , for one sometimes to dine fourscore men . b b Mus. Roman . In the Indian-Sea so big , c c Ibid. that the shells serve the Natives for Boats . In the Island Cuba so great , that they will creep along with five men upon their Backs . d d Joh. de Laet.

He squirts the water out at his Nostrils , in the same manner as the Dolphin doth at his Spout . e e Rondelet In Generation , the embraces of the Male and Female continue for a whole Lunary month . f f Trapham's Disc. of Jam. Cap. 4. They take them , by turning them on their Backs with staves , in which posture they lie , till they are fetch'd away . g g Lig. Hist. of Barbados . As they lie on their Backs , they will sometimes fetch deep sighs , and shed abundance of Tears . a a Trapham , ut sup. They kill them , by laying them on their backs , and so ripping them up round about where the Back and Belly-pieces meet . b b Lig. Hist. They abound in the Caribdy and Lucayick Islands , and in Jamaica , As also in the Red-Sea .

Of their Nature , Generation , and inward Parts , see some Observations in the Philos. Transactions . c c N. 27. & N. 36. The flesh hereof maketh a most pleasant jelly . d d Trapham's Disc. of Jam. The Callapee , i. e. the Belly-part so called , baked , is an excellent Dish . e e Ibid.

The Legs , saith Schroder out of Solenander , applied to the part affected , are a most experienced Remedy in the Gout . In Turky , the Shells are used for Bucklers . In Tabrobana , to cover their houses . f f Aelianus . In China , g g Mus. Rom. to make Girdles for Noble men .

A LITTLE SEA-TORTOISE , taken out of the Egg.

The SHELL of a Sea - Tortoise .

The HEAD of a SEA-TORTOISE . 'T is large , and so shews the make of the Mouth the better : where the sharp and toothed edge of the nether Chap , strikes into a Canale cut into the Bone of the upper ; and the toothed protuberance of the upper , into a Canale in the nether : by which means he easily sheers the Grass , or other Plants , whereon he feeds . Given by Mr. John Short .

The SKULL of a SEA-TORTOISE , Nine inches long . The head of a Sea - Tortoise a foot long , is but about two inches . Therefore the Tortoise to which this skull belong'd , was a yard and half in length .

Three other SKULS about the same bigness . One whereof , given by Henry Whistler Esq .

Two pieces of the SHELL of a very great TORTOISE , each with a Rib fixed in it . Given by Sir Robert Southwell .

The HEART of a SEA-TORTOISE . It is about as big as a Lambs . Herein both the single Ventricle , and two Auricles , are all plainly visible . The Hearts of all great Animals , saith Aristotle , h h De Part. Anim. lib. 2. c. 4. have three Ventricles ; of lesser , two ; of all , at least one . One would a little wonder , how so observing a man , should discover so many mistakes , in so few words .

The PISLE of a SEA-TORTOISE . 'T is fourteen inches long , and two and ½ round about . In substance like a Bulls . There are three more about the same bigness . See the great efficacy attributed hereto by Ligon , a a Hist. of Barbad . p. 118. in curing him of two Fits of the Stone .

An EGG of a SEA-TORTOISE . 'T is very white , and Sphaerical , which I find no Author distinctly to say , but only to be like the Eggs of Fowls . About the bigness of an Hand-Ball . The shell rather thinner and softer than of a Hen's . She lays them in the sand , where they lie till they are hatch'd . Sometimes above a hundred at a breed .

The CHAMAELEON . By Wormius well described . Johnston's Figure , especially as to the feet , very false . A most curious one in Calceolarius . As also in Besler , saving that his eyes are drawn somewhat too little . Of the skin it may be noted , that 't is every where rough , as it were , with little round blisters or knobs ; on his Head and Back , greater ; on his Legs , Sides and Belly , lesser ; of the bigness of Silk-worms Eggs. As also , that his hinder Feet are thicker than the fore-Feet : and the Heels or hinder Toes as long again , as the other ; whereas in the fore-Feet , they are all of a length . The shape of his hinder Feet is therefore the better fitted to assist him in the climbing of Trees ; the Heels being like strong Leavers to hoist him up . And the make of his Skin , for the changeableness of his Colours ; which seems to depend on the falling or swelling of the said Knobs ; whereby the light , receiving different Reflections , produceth different Colours . Of his Colours , saith Scaliger , b b Exercit. 196. Sect. 4. from the Observation of Joh. Landius , it is not so properly said , that they are chang'd , but only the several Species highten'd or deepen'd . He hath a long Tail , as a Lizard , but slenderer : which , c c Panarolus . as he descends from a Tree , he laps round about the Boughs , to keep himself from falling . His Feet also are all made where with to take fast hold .

Of the inward Parts , see the Philos. Trans . N. 49. But especially Dominicus Panarolus , who together with his Medicinal Observations , hath published the Description and Anatomy hereof . Amongst other particulars , the Muscular Membrane of the Eye , by which singly all those motions are perform'd , which in other Animals require six , and in some seven Muscules , is remarkable . As also the distinct continuation of the Optique Nerves from their Original to each Eye ; whereby the uniform or conjunct motion of both his Eyes is not necessary , as in other Creatures ; but he is able to move one upward or backward , and the other downward or forward , or any other way , at the same time . No less the fabrick of his Tongue ; which being hollow from end to end , with a string running through the hollow , fasten'd behind to the Os hyoides , before to its extremity , it darts out and contracts it self in an instant : and with a Viscous substance at the end , catches the Prey , which are Flys and other Infects , as we use to do Birds with Limetwigs . Thus far Panarolus .

In the High-hoe , and other Birds of this kind , there is a peculiar Cystis , wherein a Viscous matter , like that above mention'd , is stored , and a Pipe deriving it thence into the Mouth ; the Description whereof I may hereafter publish . I suppose therefore , that upon further examination , the like Contrivance will be found in a Chamaeleon .

It may be noted , That Panarolus , about the beginning of his Description , calls the Chamaeleon a slow Creature : Yet saith afterwards , ( towards the end ) that he climbs Trees so wonderfully swift , as if he flew . He is not therefore so properly slow , as perhaps sullen and humerous .

Bartholine a a Hist. Cent. 2. hath also the Anatomy of this Animal , but transcribes it all out of Panarolus . In one particular much forgets himself , saying about the beginning of his Discourse , that the Chamaeleon hath very great Lungs ; and in the end , that they are but little .

A young brown CHAMAELEON .

A third , with black , yellow , and ash-colour mixed together .

A CROCODILE , about two yards and ½ long . He differs not much from a Lizard ; chiefly in his Bulk , and the hardness of his Skin , which on his Back hath Scales proportionably hard and thick . In Paname there are some an hundred feet long ; as is affirmed both by Joh. de Lopez , b b Hist. Ind. l. 6. c. 1. and Joh. de Leri . c c Cap. 10. In the Musaeum Romanum , there is a Tragical Relation of a very great one that devoured a Virgin , Cap. 6. The same Animal which in the Book of Job is called the Leviathan , and hath been commonly taken to be the Whale ; but falsly , as Bochart hath demonstrated . He is tolerably well described by most ; and curiously figur'd by Besler . He breeds in divers places in both the Indies , as well as in Egypt .

Nature , saith Aristotle , hath denied a Tongue to this Animal . Which Sir Thomas Brown takes notice of as a Vulgar Error . On the hinder half of his Tail he hath firm leathern upright Finns , wherewith he governs himself , as a Fish , in swimming .

He is esteemed good meat , not only by the Natives in Brasile , but also by the Hollanders there . a a Gulielmus Piso. He is taken thus ; They fasten a thick long Rope to some Tree by the Water-side , and to the other end , a strong iron Hook , which they bait with a Weather . b b Scal. Exer. 196. Sect. 5.

In Brasile , they hunt them much for the sake of their Fat , which they commonly and successively apply to their Wounds , when bitten by him . c c Gul. Piso. As also for his Testicles , which smell like Oyntment , and which they sell very dear . d d Ibid. In New Spain , the Kernels under their Throat , smell like Musk , and are a present Remedy against burning Fevers . e e Joh. de Laet. l. 5. c. 4. out of Franc. Ximenex . The Stomach dry'd in the Sun , powder'd , and taken to the quantity of ʒj , is an admirable Diuretick , and brings away Stones from the Reins and Bladder . f f Ibid. The same taken to the quantity of a spoonful in the Morning , after Dinner , and before Supper , or as often as the Patient can bear it , is an excellent Remedy for the Dropsie . g g Ibid.

A CROCODILE , which , with part of the Tail that is broken off , is about a yard long . Perhaps that lesser sort which breeds in Brasile , whereof Linschoten saith , That they will come into the Houses , and let the Children play with them harmlesly .

Another young CROCODILE not a foot long .

The SKELETON of a CROCODILE . Given by Sir Robert Southwell ; to whom it was sent from the East-Indies . 'T is about four yards and three quarters long . The Head about two feet . The Neck , from the hinder part of the Head , almost a foot and ½ . The Trunk , from the fore-Ribs to the Tail , four feet . The Tail , seven . From the top of the Back to the Breast , a foot and 1/● high .

The Orbites of the Eyes proportionably little ; what ever Piso saith of his great Eyes .

The Articulations of the lower Jaw with the upper ; and of the Occiput with the foremost Vertebra of the Neck ; are here both made in the same manner , as in other Quadrupeds : notwithstanding the Tradition of his moving the upper Jaw .

The Teeth are about threescore , thirty in each Jaw . All of them Claviculares , or Peg-Teeth , not much unlike the Tusks of a Mastiff ; and scarce bigger : notwithstanding that Aristotle calls them great Teeth , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . a a Hist. An. l. 2. c. 10. And yet , whereas a Dog hath but four Tusks , or exerted Teeth , in this Animal being all of that figure , their smallness , with respect to so great a Head , is fully compensated by their number . For the most part , those that are new and not worn , are toothed , like a small Saw , on their sides .

The Vertebrae , in all , sixty . Those of the Neck , are seven , as in a Man . The first whereof , in a Man called the Atlas , hath a Processus in the figure of the Epiglottis . The other six , have each one Processus or Prominent Part , which is long , broad , sharp , and upright : and two that are transverse , and short ; to which are joyned , by a Cartilage , so many Ossa mucronata , one shorter than another from the Head toward the Trunk . But the Vertebrae , one lesser than another , from the Trunk towards the Head .

The Vertebrae of the Back , nineteen ; that is , three sevens running one into another . Each of which hath three Prominent Parts , which are sharp , broad , and long ; one perpendicular , and two that are transverse , or at right angles .

The Ribs 24 , twelve on each side . Seven of which , have each of them double Cartilages , that is , one after another , appendent to them .

The fore part of the Sternum is plainly bony . The hinder part , cartilaginous ; shaped like the Os Hyoides in a Man .

The Vertebrae of the Tail , are 34 ; or ( if you add the last of the Trunk as common to both ) 35 ; that is seven times seven . The first fourteen , have each three Prominent Parts , like those of the Vertebrae in the Back . The next nineteen , have only an upright Processus . The last of all , hath none . The first 14 , are double , in number to those of the Neck , the next 19 , are equal to those of the Back ; the last answers to the Head . To all the Vertebrae of the Tail , except the last , are also subjoyned so many Ossa Mucronata , directly opposite to the upright Processus .

The Shoulder-Blades are two on each side ; each ½ foot long .

The Bones of the fore-Foot , 27. The Thigh-Bone near a foot long ; an inch and ¼ over . The Leg-Bones , two ; each a little above ½ a foot long ; and of equal thickness , sc. about ¼ of an inch over . The Foot strictly so call'd , the length of the Thigh . The Bones of the Pedium , four . The Fingers or Toes , five . The inmost , the thickest , like a Thumb . From thence , the third , the longest . The Bones of the Thumb , three ; of the next Finger , four ; of the next , five ; of the two outmost , four ; in all 20. All armed with black Claws , a little crooked , and not much above an inch long .

The Hip-Bones are three ; each of them ½ a foot long .

The Bones of the hinder Foot , 24. The Thigh-Bone above a foot long , and an inch and ½ over . The Leg Bones almost eight inches long . The inmost , above an inch over ; the other , but ½ an inch . The Foot , so called , the length of the Thigh . The Bones of the Pedium , four . The Toes , four ; whereof the inmost , the greatest ; the third , the longest . The Bones of the great Toe , three ; of the next , four ; of the third and fourth , five . The Claws somewhat bigger than in the fore-Foot .

Amongst other things worthy of note , the senselesness of the tradition of the Crocodiles moving his upper Jaw , is plain from the structure of the Bones , that is , the Articulation only of the Occiput with the Neck , and of the nether Jaw with the upper , as above said .

The first Author of it was Aristotle , in his Fourth Book de Partibus Animalium , Cap. 11. And thus much is true , not only of this Creature , but of all others , which have a long Head , and a wide Rictus , that when they open their Mouths , they seem to move both Jaws ; as both the Viper , and the Lizard . And for the same reason , Columna a a Lib. de Aquatil . might say as much of the Hippopotamus , that he moves the upper Jaw , as the Crocodile . So all Birds , especially with long Bills , shew the contemporary motion of both the Mandibulae ; the Musculi splenii pulling back the Occiput , and so a little raising the upper , while the Musculi Digastrici pull the other down . But that this motion was not meant by Aristotle , appears in his First Book de Hist. Anim , c. 11. & lib. 3. c. 7. where he saith more plainly , That of all other Animals , only the Crocodile moveth the upper Jaw . So that he speaks of it , as a motion strange and peculiar ; as if the upper Mandible did make an Articulation with the Cranium : contrary to what is here seen . And if we will hear Piso , who probably speaks Aristotle's meaning , as plainly as he doth his own , he goes further , and saith , a a Hist. N. lib. 5. That the Crocodile doth not only move his upper Jaw , but that his nether Jaw is immoveable . Than which Assertion , to one that hath any competent knowledge in Anatomy , and seeth the Head and lower Jaw of this Animal articulated in the same way , as in other Animals , nothing can appear more ridiculous .

The WINDPIPE of a CROCODILE . It is almost an inch and ½ over . Composed of Cartilaginous Rings , not broken off , with a Membrane betwixt their ends , as in most Quadrupedes , but entire .

The GREEN LIZARD . It was brought from the West-Indies . See the Description hereof in Gesner , and others .

The SENEMBI , a Lizard so called in Brasile . Also called Igvana . Curiously figur'd by Besler . Well describ'd by Marggrarius , and after him , Wormius . Saving as to the odd structure of the hinder Foot . The inmost Toe is joyned to the next , by a Membrane , for the length of an inch and ½ . This to the third , by a like Membrane for the length of an inch . This again to the fourth , for the length of an inch and ½ . The fourth , almost loose from the last . The Picture also , commonly given , falsly represents the fore-Leg equal to the hinder , which is far longer and thicker .

Another SENEMBI lesser than the former .

The SWIFT , or SPOTTED LIZARD . Commonly called STELLIO , or the STARRY-LIZARD ; but not properly , the Stars , in the Figure given by Aldrovandus and others , being feigned . For the Animal is not marked with Starry , but with round Spots . The lesser are sprinkled up and down . The greater composed into about 13 half Rings or Girdles . On the Back the spots are also more distinct , than on the Tail . They breed in Thracia , Syria , and Sicily . The Powder hereof being taken , is believed by some plurimum stimulare Venerem .

The SWAPTAIL LIZARD . Uromastix , vel Caudiverbera . Called also CORDILUS . In Calceolarius's Musaeum there is a curious Picture hereof , under the Name of CROCODILUS TERRESTRIS . As also in Besler . Gesner , from Thomas Erastus , hath very copiously describ'd him , especially his Tail .

The BUGELUGEY . Of kin to the former . Aldrovandus and Johnston give only his Figure , with the Name of Lacertus Indicus . He is distinguished from other Lizards , chiefly , by the Scales on his Belly , which , like those of a Crocodile , are very great ; sc. five or six times bigger than those on his back . It was brought from Africa . This Lizard , saith Wormius , moveth his upper Jaw , as the Crocodile . Which , in what sense it is false and absurd , I have above shew'd .

The SCALY-LIZARD . He is well pictur'd in Besler . As also in the Musaeum of Olearius . Aldrovandus gives only a rude half draught , and without any Description , as well as the former . Clusius only saith , He remembers that he had seen one of them . Bontius a a Hist. N. l. 5. c. 8. hath his Picture , but a very bad one . Else-where I find it not . He hath also described him , but very defectively , and with several mistakes .

He is a yard and ½ long . His Head from his Nose-end to his fore-Feet not above three inches . He hath no Neck . His Trunk , from the fore-Legs to the hinder , not above ten inches and ½ . His Tail exceeding long , sc. a yard and half a quarter . His Head above two inches over . His Nose near an Inch. His Trunk almost four . His Tail moderately taper'd , and ending obtusely . The under part of the Tail is plain or flat ; the upper part , hyperbolick . His fore-Legs , contrary to what they are in other Lizards , are longer than the hinder ; these , not above three inches and ½ ; those , above four . The Claws also of the fore-Feet are longer ; the longest about an inch ; those of the hinder , but ½ an inch . He hath only four Toes and a Heel , both before and behind .

He is all over , except his Throat , Belly , the lower part of his fore-Leg , and the inward part of his hinder , cover'd with Scales , very thick , and in hardness answering to the most solid Bone . The basis of each Scale ( perhaps through age ) of a blackish yellow , the Cone betwixt yellow and straw-colour , or like old Ivory . Adorned with Striae proceeding from the base to the Cone . Set together , with an alternate respect , as the Scales of Fishes . In the Trunk , there are 10 or 11 filed to each Rank . Towards the end of the Tail , but five . The greatest , near two inches broad ; the least , a quarter of an inch . On his Forehead , Back , and fore part of his Tail , they are flat . But on the edges of the Tail , they are doubled into an acute Angle , the one half of each standing on the Convex , the other on the flat of the Tail .

He is said to be a most tame and innocent Creature . Which is very likely ; according to the way of Nature , which usually leaveth dangerous Animals , as Serpents , and other hurtful Lizards , naked : but defendeth the Bodies of fearful and innocent Creatures , as the Tortoise , the Tatu , and the like , with Armor .

Johannes Lerus , quoted by Linschoten , mentions a white scaly Lizard in Brasile , as thick as a Mans middle , and five or six feet long . Perhaps a bigger of the same kind with this above described .

There is a sort of little Lizard , a a Ligon's Hist. of Barbad . p. 62. which when he swelleth with anger , like the Chamaeleon , changeth his colour , from green to a kind of Hair-colour or Russet . The Eggs of some , if not of most Lizards , eat very pleasantly . And in b b Linschot . Lib. 2. 248. Brasile there are a sort of Water - Lizards five feet long , which being flay'd and sodden , for whiteness , sweetness , and tenderness , surpass all other meats .

A LAND-SALAMANDER . Described by Aldrovandus , and others . Much like a Lizard ; but his Mouth is shorter , and broader , more like a Toads : and seldom exceedeth a foot in length .

Bartholine tells of one that was kept alive in a Glass nine Months without food . c c Hist. 50. Cent. 2.

The LITTLE COMMON EFT. He hath a thicker Trunk , a blunt Oval Snout , his hinder feet are very distant from the foremost .

The SLENDER EFT. His Head is rateably very great ; his Snout also longer and sharper than in the former . His Trunk slenderer and much less belly'd . His hinder Legs also stand nearer to the foremost .

The THICK-TAIL'D EFT. His Head is here wanting . His Tail is not so slender or tapering as in both the former , but ends more obtusely . And his hinder feet stand yet nearer to his foremost .

The SCINK . Described by Wormius , and others . Curiously pictur'd by Besler . Like a Lizard ; saving that he hath a shorter Neck and Tail , short Legs , a flat and broad Foot like a Hand , with very short Toes , and without any Claws . The Powder hereof is said , Potenter Venerem stimulare .

SECT. III. OF SERPENTS .

A SNAKE preserved in Spirit of Wine . In Barbados there are some about a yard and half long , that a a Ligon's Hist. of Barbad . p. 61. will slide up the perpendicular Wall of a House out of one Room into another . A greater agility without feet , than we see in most Creatures that have four . Much helped , as it should seem , by their great length ; whereby they can , in an instant , reduce themselves into so many more undulations for their better assent . In Brasile , saith Joh. de Laet , b b Lib. 15. c. 14. there are Snakes found sometimes 25 or 30 feet long . The Indians , in some places , eat Snakes very greedily .

The greater SLOW-WORM ; Caecilia . Called also the BLIND-WORM ; so commonly thought to be , because of the littleness of his Eyes . His Skin also is very smooth and glistering . His Teeth very small . Of a lighter colour than the Adder ; which are his principal Notes . See the Descriptions of Gesner and Aldrovandus . The Female is Viviparous , as well as the Viper . Bellonius saith , that out of one , he hath taken above forty young ones .

The VIPER . Vipera , qu. Vivipera ; because she only among Serpents hath been thought to bring forth her young Ones . All Animals , saith Aristotle , a a Hist. Anim. l. 1. c. 11. that bring forth their young , have also external Ears : yet knew that an Adder which hath no Auricle is Viviparous . And this , indeed , he observes with a good Remark , which is , That she first lays her Eggs within her Womb ; b b Histor. Anim. l. 6. c. 34. wherein they are afterwards hatched . Which had been a fair Introduction to him , to have observed , That all other Viviparous Animals are Oviparous within themselves . And 't is much , that the hint hath not been long since taken from the Raya , and some other Fishes . The Viper , saith Sir Thomas c c Pseudod . Epidem . Brown , from the experience of credible Persons , in case of fear , receiveth her young Ones into her Mouth ; which being over , they return thence again .

The chief use of Vipers is for the Medicine called Theriaca Andromachi . But there are also divers Medicines made out of them : as Oleum per Infusionem , Sal Viperarum Spiritus , Oleum Stillatitium , Volatile , Essentia , Vinum Viperinum , Fixum , Alcohol Burgravii , d d Schroderi . Pharmac . Theriacale , Pulvis Viper ' : Germanus . e e Praevotius .

Of the nature of the Viper , see the Observations of Bourdelot , Redi , & Charas . See also the Phil. Trans . N. 87.

The SLOUGH of an ENGLISH VIPER . That is , the Cuticula . They cast it off twice every year , sc. at Spring and Fall . The separation begins at the Head ; and is finish'd in the space of 24 hours . From all parts so entire , that the very Tunica Adnata , or outward Skin of the Eye it self is here plainly to be seen .

A Gelly made hereof , is order'd to be used for the making up of the compounded Powder of Crabs Claws into Balls . Which way of preservation , were no less proper for divers other Cordial Powders ; especially such as are Aromatick , and whose Virtue lies in parts that are of themselves volatile and easily evaporable . Of which kind , there are none in this Powder .

The SKIN of a BOIGUACU ; a Serpent so called , by the Natives of Brasile . As far as can now be seen , 't is mixed of ash-colour with cancellated work of brown ; somewhat after the manner , as in divers other Indian Serpents . Towards the Head it is somewhat slenderer , than about the middle ; where it is in compass , half a yard . 'T is almost seven yards long . See the Description of the Serpent in Piso. He is of all other kinds the greatest . But not so venimous , as are many others . I have now at home , saith Bontius , the Skin of a Serpent ( of this kind ) twelve yards long , which I kill'd in a Wood in Java . And , that in that Kindgom , was one taken thirteen yards and ½ long , with a Boar in her Belly ; of which , being boyl'd , the general D. Petrus , and others did eat a part . a a Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 3. And Joh. de Laet. reports , b b Lib. 14. c. 1. That in Rio de la Plata , a Province of the West-Indies , there are some quatuor Orgyas longi , and so big , as to swallow a Stagg whole , horns and all . Of such kind of Serpents , see also Marcus Paulus Venetus , and Athan. Kircher . c c China Illustrata .

This Serpent , says Piso , will thrust his Tail up a Mans Fundament , and gird him about the middle till he kills him . d d Hist. N. Yet is it probable , that they communicate no Venime by their Tail , but only are so cunning as to use that way , whereby to take the faster hold . Not only the Natives , but the Hollanders that live amongst them , make them part of their food . e e Ibid.

The SKIN of the IBIBABOCA . Another Serpent of Brasile , so called by the people there . 'T is a foot round about , and almost three yards and half long . His colours , originally , are white , black , and red . f f Joh. de Laet. from J. Lerius . Of all the kinds of Serpents , his Bite is the most pernicious , yet worketh the slowest . g g Ibid. 'T is healed by a Cataplasme made of the Head of the Serpent . h h Piso.

Two SKINS of the same kind , about eight feet long ; and with their colours elegantly chequer'd , as in the former .

The SKIN of a RATTLE-SNAKE ; a Serpent so called , from the Rattle at the end of his Tail . By the Natives of Brasile , BOICININGA . Well described by Franciscus Ximenez ; and from him by Joh. de Laet. But his Rattle is no where well pictur'd . Neither doth Ximenez , or any other Author observe the true structure of it .

It is composed of about 8 , 10 , or 12 , some times , as this before us , of sixteen white Bones , but very hollow , thin , hard , and dry , and therefore brittle , almost like Glass , and very sonorous . They are also all very near of the same bulk ; and of the self same Figure , almost like the Os Sacrum in a Man . For although the last of all only , seems to have a kind of a Ridged Tail or Epiphysis adjoyned to it , yet have every one of them the like ; so , as the Tail of every uppermost Bone , runs within two of the Bones below it . By which Artifice , they have not only a moveable coherence , but also make a more multiplied sound , each Bone hitting against two others at the same time .

By this Rattle , those that travel through the Fields , or along the High-ways , are warned to avoid coming near so noxious a Creature . For those that are bitten with him , sometimes die miserably in 24 hours ; their whole body cleaving into chops . a a Franc , Ximenez quoted by Joh. de Laet. l. 5. c. 15. They commonly bury the Limb that is bitten , and so keep it , till the pain wears off . b b Bontius . By thrusting the end of his Tail , saith Piso , up into a Mans Fundament , he kills him immediately . But he seems here falsly to attribute that to this Serpent , which he doth much more probably to the BOIGUACU . For this is but a lesser sort , seldom exceeding a yard and ¼ , and therefore cannot do it by girding a Man about . And for there being any Venime in the Rattle , it was , I believe , hardly ever imagin'd by any other man . Their progressive motion , saith Joh. Lerius , is so swift , that they seem to fly . Which makes the Rattle to be so much the more useful , in giving timely notice of their approach . Some of the largest are in Panuco , a Province of Mexico . 'T is said , that the smell of Dittany kills him . c c See the Phil. Trans . N. 3. & N. 4.

It is affirmed by Marggrarius and others , that as many years old as the Serpent is , the Rattle hath so many joynts . Which if it be true , then they will live at least sixteen years , some Rattles ( as this here ) consisting of sixteen joynts . Which makes the Tradition very suspicious .

About fourteen more SKINS of the RATTLE-SNAKE . Some of them are all over of a dark-brown . Others chequer'd with a brown , upon ash-colour .

Several RATTLES of the same Serpent ; most of them composed of above ten joynts .

A POWDER said to be taken out of a Serpents Head . 'T is as white as Starch , and tastless . Makes a noise between the Teeth , like that Mineral called Agaricus Mineralis . Acid , and especially Nitrous Spirits dropped upon it , produceth a considerable effervescence .

The SERPENT-STONE . Said by some , to be factitious , By others , to be a Natural Animal Stone . Particularly by Sir Philiberto Vernatti , an observing Person , to be taken out of the Head of a Serpent in Java , from whence it was sent by him hither . It seems to be that called Bulgolda , which Boetius , out of Ferdinando Lopez , saies is taken out of the Head of an Animal , which the Indians call Bulgoldalf . Whether it be natural or artificial , I shall here describe it .

'T is about ¾ of an inch long , above ½ over , and ¼ thick ; flat and almost orbicular , like a Cowslip-Cake , or other like Confection . All round about very smooth , and shining , for the greater part , black ; but with some ash-colour intermixed ; so as to look like a River-pebble . But of a substance soft and friable , like the Oriental Bezoar . And in like manner , as the same Stone , is easily dissolved with any Nitrous Spirit dropped upon it , but not with other Acids . Which is to me an argument that it grows within some Animal : it being the nature of most Animal-Stones , to be dissoluble only by Nitrous Spirits .

Sir Philiberto a a Philosoph . Trans . N. 6. amongst other passages of this Stone , saith , That if it be laid to a Wound , made by any Venimous Creature , it is said to stick to it , and so to draw away all the Venime . And the like I have heard affirmed of the same Stone by a Physitian of Note in this City .

SECT. IV. OF BIRDS .

CHAP. I. Of Land-Fowls , and of their Parts .

A Great BAT or FLITTER-MOUSE of the WEST-INDIES . Vespertilio Americ . The Bat stands in the Rear of Beasts , and in the Front of Birds . I meet with no full Description of this kind . From his Nose-end to his Anus almost a foot . His Body almost three inches over . His Head two inches and ½ long , one and ½ over . His Nose like a Dogs , the end about ½ inch broad . His Ears extream thin , about ¾ of an inch long , and as broad ; an inch and ½ asunder . His Eyes ⅓ of an inch long . He hath six and thirty Teeth . In each Chap before , are four little ones , roundish , blunt , and almost flat-ended ; rather Tunsores , than Incisores . The next are large , shaped like the Tusks of a Dog , two in each Chap. Next to these , two more of the first kind in each Chap. And last of all twenty Grinders .

The Wings stretched out , are two or three inches above a yard wide from end to end . The upper part of the Arm that governs them , about four inches long , and fleshy , sc. an inch over . The next , or the Cubitus also four inches long , tendinous , and slender , not above ¼ of an inch thick . The Fingers are five , or four and a Thumb . Each hath three Bones . The first Bone of the fore-Finger or Thumb , is above ½ an inch long ; the middlemost , an inch and ½ ; the last very short , sheathed within a sharp and crooked Claw , ¾ of an inch long , almost like that of a Hawk . The first Bone of the next Finger , is above three inches long ; the middlemost , but ¾ of an inch ; the last , about ½ an inch ; having a very little Claw . The first Bone of the third or middle Finger , is four inches long ; the middlemost , three ; the last , three and ½ . The first of the fourth , is also four inches long ; the middlemost , two and ½ ; the last , as much . The first of the fifth or utmost Finger , is also four inches long ; the middlemost , two ; the last , as many .

His Thigh an inch and ½ long , and fleshy , yet not much above ½ inch over . His Leg two inches long , tendinous , and about ¼ of an inch thick . The Pedium , above ½ inch long . The Toes , five ; each of them about an inch and ½ long ; and each having a Claw , like that on his Thumb . The two inmost , have each two Bones ; the other have three .

The Membrane which makes the Wings , excepting only his Head , Neck , two joynts of his Thumb and the bottom of his Feet , is spread from the top of his Back , over all his Parts .

He hath no Tail .

The shape and number of his Teeth , shew him to be a Voracious Creature . The Claws of his Thumb and Feet , that he is also Rapacious . The structure of his Wings is admirable . For were they to be always stretched out , they were ( as to the length of the Bones ) the most irregular and ill contrived of any thing that ever was seen . But being made to open and shut , shew the greater Artifice , in having the Bones of such a length , as might serve for all the Positions betwixt being quite open and quite close . The particular explication whereof , notwithstanding , cannot be made , without examining the several Muscules , by which all the said positions are determin'd .

Another WEST-INDIAN BAT of the same kind . There are many of them in Brasile . The Chineses esteem of them as a delicate sort of meat . a a Kirch . Chin. Illustr. Barlaeus mentions a Water-Bat , which the Natives of Brasile call Guacucua . b b Res Brasil . p. 224. In the same Island , there is a sort of great Bat , that as Men lie asleep with their Legs naked , will suck their blood at a Wound so gently made , as not to awake them : whereby they are oftentimes in danger of bleeding to death . c c Piso's Hist. N.

The HEAD of an OSTRICH . Caput Struthiocameli . He is accurately described in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia . His Head , like that of a Goose ; he hath great thick black Hairs on his upper Eye-lid , as in Quadrupedes ; his Tail standing in a Bunch , and not expanded , as in other Birds ; his Wings very short and little ; and his Foot not divided into three or four Toes , as in other Birds , but into two only ; which are his principal Characters .

The Ostrich is the greatest of Birds ; when he holds up his Head and Neck , near two Ells high . a a Willugh . Orn. In the Kingdom of Abasia , they are as big as Asses . b b Gesner out of Paulus Ven. The American , are lesser than those of Africa . c c Barl. 223.

He flys not , because his Wings are short . But with their help , is able to out-run a Horse . d d Gesner out of Pliny . He is a gregarious Bird. His Feathers are made use of for the adorning of Hats , Caps , &c. for making of Womens Fans , and the like . e e Willugh Ornithol The Stomach of an Ostrich , saith Schroder , taken in power , wonderfully dissolves the Stone .. f f Pharmac ▪ 'T is probable it may bring away Gravel .

The Leg of an OSTRICH . 'T is near half a yard long without the Foot . The Foot , no less than ten inches , as long as of most men . The Leg-Bone in the smallest part four inches about , and in the Joynt nine inches : which is thicker than in most men . It hath but one triangular Claw ; of that substance , as to look liker a little Hoof , and seems rather harder than that of a Horse .

The CASSOWARY . Emen. Accurately described by Clusius , and pictur'd in Willughby's Ornithologia . His Bill , almost like that of a Gooses , but not so broad . Next to the Ostrich , he is the greatest of Birds ; and in Bulk little inferior , but not near so tall . On the top of his Head , hath a horny Crown , which falls off when he moulters , and grows again with the Feathers . His Wings extream small . The plumage of his Feathers so little , that he seems at a distance to be hairy . Hath three Toes without a Heel , as the Bustard . Hath no Tail : which are his chief Marques . He is brought from Tabrobana , the Molucca Islands , and others of the East-Indies .

The HEAD of a CASSOWARY . The Bill is longer , but not so broad , and so the mouth not so wide , as of an Ostrich .

The LEG of a CASSOWARY . 'T is almost as long , and as thick , as that of an Ostrich .

The HEAD of the SEA-EAGLE or OSPREY . Caput Haljaêti .

The CLAWS of the same BIRD . See the full Description of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia .

The Eagle breeds abundantly on the Mountains Taurus and Caucasus . Not only comes into England , a a Willugh . Ornithol . but is said to build yearly on the Rocks of Snowdon in North-Wales . In b b Ibid. the Year 1668. on the Peke in Darbyshire , was found an Eagles Nest , flat or level , and about two Ells square ; together with a young one in it .

The BIRD of PARADISE . By the Natives of the Molucca Islands ( where they breed , and by whom they are worshipped , ) called MANUCODIATA , i. e. The Bird of God . Because they know not from whence they come ; and for their beauty . From his swift flight to and again , the Indians , in their Language , call him a Swallow . Marggravius reckons up several sorts of them , and describes them all . The least kind , Clusius calls the King . Because ( as he saith , from the report of the Dutch Mariners ) as they fly together , about 30 or 40 in a flock , he always keeps higher than the rest . ) Besides the smallness of his Body , in respect to what his copious Plumes shew him ; the long Feathers which grow upon his sides under his Wings , and are extended thence a great way beyond his Tail ; and the two long Strings or Quills which grow upon his Rump , do most remarkably distinguish him from all other Birds . He is elegantly figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum , with the Title of Chamaeleon aereus .

Antonius Pigafeta was the first that brought this Bird , or any certain knowledge of him into Europe . c c Clusius . Before which , he was believed , not only by the Vulgar , but by Naturalists , ( amongst whom Scaliger d d See Exerc . 228. 〈◊〉 . 2. was one ) that they had no Legs , but always flew up and down suspended in the Air , by the help of their Wings and Tail spread all abroad . According to which silly fancy , he is also pictur'd in Gesner .

Agreeable to this conceit , it is likewise commonly thought , and by Georgius de sepibus , who describes the Musaeum Romanum , is affirmed , that those two long Quills that grow upon the top of this Birds Rump , being at his pleasure twined or wrapped round about the boughs of Trees , serve quietly to suspend him . Whereas , as Mr. Wray hath also rightly observed , a a Willoughb . Ornith . not being Muscular , it is impossible they should be of any such use . His hooked Claws shew him to be a Bird of Prey ; and he ordinarily flys at Green-Finches , and other little Birds , and feeds on them . b b Bont . H. N. l. 5. The Tarnacenses shoot them down with Darts . c c Ibid.

Two more MANUCODIATA'S of the same Species .

The GREAT RED and BLEW PARROT . Psittacus Erythrocyaneus . All the great kind called also MACCAW and Cockatoone . It was sent hither from Java . See his Description in Willoughby's Ornithologia . There are of these greater , the middlemost called Popinjayes , and the lesser called Perroqueets , in all above twenty sorts . Their more remarkable Parts , are their hooked Bills , whereby they catch hold of Boughs , and help to raise themselves up in the climbing of Trees . Their broad , thick , and muscular Tongues , for which they are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and by which they are the better enabled to speak , and to rowl their meat from side to side under the edges of their Bills : and their Feet , which , like those of the Woodpecker , have two Toes before and two behind , with which they bring their meat to their mouths ; and that after an odd way , sc. by turning their foot outward . d d Willoughb . Ornith .

The Parret only , saith Scaliger , e e Exercit. 236. S. 1. with the Crocodile , moves the upper Jaw : Yet the same is affirmed of the Hippopotamus , by Columna ; of the Lizard , by Wormius ; and of the Phaenicopter , by Cardan . Which confirms what I have said under the Description of the Skeleton of a Crocodile , and in what sense it is absurdly said of them all . In their Cheeks , saith Piso , f f Hist. N. I. Occid . in each Nostril , and on the top of their Heads , in a certain Tumor , there lies , about August , a thick Worm ; all which , in a little time , fall out of their own accord , without any sign left of their ever being there . They are a gregarious sort of Birds . g g Bart. 118. They breed very numerously in both the Indies . In Barbados , fly in flocks like Clouds . In Calechut they are forced to set people to watch their Rice-Fields , least they should spoil them . h h Gesner out of Ludov. Romanus . The flesh of their Chickens eats just like a Pigeon . i i Piso.

The BILL of a BIRD , by the people of Brasile , called COA . It is of a blackish-brown mixed with ash-colour . In shape , and bigness , very like that of the least sort of Parret called Perroqueets . He is said to feed upon all manner of venimous things : and to be himself a Cordial . Which , if true , yet is it not to be much admir'd . For if by venimous things , be meant Animals that have a venimous bite ; Do we not know that the flesh of such Animals , as of Vipers , is esteemed a Cordial ? Or is it understood of things that are Tota substantiâ Venimous , or at least malignant to humane Bodies , do not Ducks feed on living Toads ? Again , what is a Cordial ? are not many things so call'd meerly from their collateral effect ? Carduus Benedictus it self , and other things given as such , Nature doth certainly abhor : but being able to cast them off , by Vomit or Sweat , and so perhaps something else that offends her together with them , they are therefore called Cordials .

A young LINET which being first embowel'd , hath been preserved sound and entire , in rectified Spirit of Wine , for the space of 17 years . Given by the Honourable Mr. Boyl . Who , so far as I know , was the first that made trial of preserving Animals this way . An Experiment of much use . As for the preserving of all sorts of Worms , Caterpillars , and other soft Insects in their natural bulk and shape , which otherwise shrink up , so as nothing can be observed of their parts after they are dead . So also to keep the Guts , or other soft parts of Animals , fit for often repeated Inspections . And had the Kings or Physitians of Egypt thought on 't , in my Opinion , it had been a much better way of making an everlasting Mummy .

A young CHICKEN emboweled and put into rectified Oil of Turpentine , at the same time , with the Linet , and preserved sound ; Only there is a little sedement at the bottom of the Glass .

The HEAD of the HUMGUM , or Horned-Crow ; called RHINOCEROS Avis . It was brought from the East Indies . 'T is of kin to that described by Bontius . Mr. Willoughby gives the Picture , but no Description . It hath a Crown on the top of the Bill , of the same colour and substance therewith , and prolonged in the shape of a Horn , to the length of ¾ of a foot . Yet not bended upward , as in that of Bontius , but standing horizontal . It is spongy behind , and hollow before ; so that it is very light , although so big . The Bird described by Bontius , and probably this also , breeds in Bantam and Molucca .

The nether BEAK of the RHINOCEROS Bird. If we believe , saith Georg. de Sepibus , a a Musaeum Roman . the Reverend Fathers , which are us'd to go to the Indies ; the Bill of this Bird is a most precious Antidote against all manner of Poisons . For which cause also , the Indian Kings preserve it as a great Treasure , and account it a Royal Present .

The HEAD of the CROWNED CROW Mr. Willughby pictures it . But I meet with the Description hereof no where . 'T is almost a foot long . The Skull not above two inches and ●/● long , above two broad , and as high . The Bill likewise as broad . The nether Beak an inch and ¼ high , one forked Bone , in the shape of the Os Hyoides in a Bird , hooked or bended downward , the edges indented like a Saw ; but with the points of the Teeth directed forward . The upper Beak an inch and ½ high , consisteth of one concamerated Bone , bended downwards , and Toothed as the other . To this and the Skull , grows a square horny-Crown , about six inches long , three and ½ over , and one and ½ high , spongy behind , and hollow before . The Nostrils , which are about ¼ of an inch wide , open between the Eye and the top of the Bill .

The Teeth of the Bill , not being made to point inward , but forward or outward , plainly shews , that they serve not , as they do in some other Birds , to hold fast the Prey ; but rather , for some purpose or other , to perform the use of a Saw .

The HEAD of the TOUCAN , so called by the Indians . From the noise he makes , Aracari . b b Piso. And Pica Brasiliensis , for the likeness of both their Tails . c c Will . Orn. In the Musaeum Romanum , this and the Rhinoceros Avis , are confounded . They breed not only in Brasile , but also in Guajana , and other places . This Bill was sent from Peru. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia . That which is most remarkable of him , is , that his Bill is almost as big as his Body , which is not much bigger than that of a Black-Bird . The Bill and Head I shall describe more fully .

They are in length eight inches . The Skull but a little above an inch and ½ square . The upper Beak , which is prominent above the Skull near 1/● an inch , is almost two inches high , and an inch and ●/● over ; consisting of one not hollow , but very spongy Bone , as the Crown of the Indian Crow , or rather more ; with a ridge all along the top , which is blunt behind , and very sharp before ; the end or point hooked down like that of an Eagle ; and both the edges Toothed , as in the Indian Crow . The nether Beak near an inch and 1/● over , one and ¼ high , hollowed , ridged underneath , and Toothed as the upper .

The Nostrils stand strangely , in a place altogether unusual , sc. on the top of the Head , behind the top of the Bill . The Teeth serve , doubtless , for the same purpose , as in the Humgum , and the Indian Crow .

Within his Bill , saith Piso , a a Lib. 3. Sect. 2. in the place of the Tongue , is contained a moveable Feather or black Quill . Were it really such , it were most absurd to think it any other , than one there by chance . But if a Tongue , or natural Part , it might have some such odd figure , as to have some resemblance to the stump of a Feather .

The BILL of the FLEMING of Suranam . Very like to that of a Toucan , saving , that it is not so sharp-ridged ; neither is it spongy within , but perfectly hollow . So that the Bird seems to be an other Species of the Toucan kind .

The LEG of a DODO . Called Cygnus Cucullatus , by Nierembergius ; by Clusius , Gallus Gallinaceus Peregrinus ; by Bontius called Dronte ; who saith , That by some it is called ( in Dutch ) Dod-aers . Largely described in Mr. Willughby's Ornithol . out of Clusius and others . He is more especially distinguished from other Birds by the Membranous Hood on his Head , the greatness and strength of his Bill , the littleness of his Wings , his bunchy Tail , and the shortness of his Legs . Abating his Head and Legs , he seems to be much like an Ostrich ; to which also he comes near , as to the bigness of his Body . He breeds in Mauris's Island . The Leg here preserved is cover'd with a reddish yellow Scale . Not much above four inches long ; yet above five in thickness , or round about the Joynts : wherein , though it be inferior to that of an Ostrich or a Cassoary , yet joyned with its shortness , may render it of almost equal strength .

The LEG , as it seems , of a certain MONSTROUS BIRD . 'T is half a foot long . Two inches and ●/● about . Hath five Toes . The second from the inmost , the longest . The fourth , the shortest . The fifth or utmost the thickest . It hath a very great black Spur , yet not crooked as a Cocks , but strait , and sharp-pointed , two inches long , and next the Leg an inch and ¼ about .

A KING-FISHER , Ispida . Described by Mr. Willughby and others .

Two HEADS of the GROSSBEAK called Coccothraustes . See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornith . There is a most curious Picture hereof in Dr. Charlton's Onomasticon Zoic. They breed in Germany and Italy : but rarely , and not except in Winter , seen in England . They will crack Cherry-stones , and Olive-stones too ( which are as hard again ) very easily ; a a Willughb . Or nith . his Bill and Temporal Muscules are so strong .

The HUMING BIRD . By the Brasilians , called Guanumbi . By Clusius , Ourissia , i. e. a Sun-beam ; because of his radiant-colours . By the Spaniards , Tomineius ; because b b J. de Laet , l. 15. c. 7. out of J. Lerius , as he from Oviedus . one of them with its Neast , weighs but two Tomino's , a weight so called by the Spaniards , consisting of 12 Grains . Marggravius reckons up and describes nine sorts of them .

Yet whether he hath taken in this amongst them , seems doubtful . It is of the greater kind . From the point of his Bill to the end Tail , above four inches and ●/● long ; His Bill black , almost an inch and ●/● long , as thick as a Shoomakers waxed Thread ; sharp-pointed , and crooked all along like a Sithe , or exactly as the Bill of the Guara or Indian Curlew . His Head the third of an inch long , and as broad . His Neck two thirds . His Trunk an inch . His Tail an inch and ½ . In which there are ten black Rudder-Quills ●/● of an inch broad . Each Wing is two inches and ½ long . Wherein there are sixteen Oar-Quills , of a blackish-brown or Eagle-colour , a little more than ¼ of an inch broad . Of which colour are the rest of the Feathers , and no where radiant , as of the other Species . His Thigh , ½ inch long . His Leg , ¼ . On which are four Toes , above ¼ of an inch long , and thick as a Taylors Stitching-Thread . His Claws near ¼ of an inch long .

The Lesser HUMING BIRD . His Head is lost . From the top of his Breast , to the end of his Tail he is two inches long . But his Trunk or Body alone , is not above ¼ of an inch in length . The other Parts are answerable . His colour various : on his Wings and Tail , a dark-brown ; on his Belly , a yellowish-Red ; on his Breast , White ; on his Back , Green , mixed with glorious golden Rays .

The Huming-Bird is every where ill pictur'd : even in Mr. Willughby , for want of the Bird it self . But all those Birds , at least , whereof he had the sight , are most curiously and exactly represented . He is said to have a loud , or shrill and sweet Note , emulous of that of a Nightingale . a a Thevetus Gallus & Linschot . l. 2. p. 249. He moves his Wings swiftly and continually , whether flying , or sitting on a Flower . b b Lig. Hist. Barb. He feeds , by thrusting his Bill into a Flower , like a Bee . c c Ibid. For which purpose Joh. de Laet , describing this Bird , ( whether out of Oviedus or Lerius is not plain ) saith , That his Tongue is twice as long as his Bill . Which Clusius hath omitted ; because he took his Description from the Picture only . Gulielmus Piso observeth also the same . And it is very likely to be so , as a Part more apt , by its length , and flexibility , to thrust and wind it self to the bottoms of the deepest , and most crooked Flowers : in which , and not the upper and open parts of Flowers , it is , that the Honey - Dew which these Birds , as well as Bees , do suck , is usually lodg'd .

His Feathers are set in Gold by and sold at a great rate . d d Charlt . On. Zoie . The Indians make of them very artificial Images . e e Will . Orn. They take them by mazing them with Sand shot at them out of a Gun . f f Lig. Hist. of Barb.

Piso relates , g g Hist. N. lib. 5. as a thing known to himself , and many curious and credible men with him in Brasile , That there are there a sort both of Caterpillars and of Butterflys , which are transform'd into this Bird : and that in the time of Transformation , there is plainly to be seen half a Caterpillar or half a Butterfly , and half a Bird , both together . Yet the same Author saith , That this Bird buildeth her Nest of Cotton-Wooll , and layeth Eggs. That a Caterpiller should produce a Bird ; and a Butterfly too , the like ; and yet this Bird lay Eggs to produce its own kind , are three greater wonders than any thing that hath been said of the Barnacle . But we will rather suppose these men were themselves deceived , than that they designed to deceive others .

CHAP. II. Of WATER-FOWLES , particularly , of the Cloven-Footed .

THe HEAD of the JABIRU . The Bird is described by Marggravius , Piso , and Willoughby . He is bigger than a Swan . I will take leave to describe the Bill a little more fully .

'T is above a foot and ¼ long ; The Skull about three inches , and two broad . The Bill black , 13 inches long , an inch and 1/● broad underneath . Both the Beaks are bended upwards and crooked all along . The upper , an inch and ½ high , consisting of one triangular Bone , having a sharp Ridge on the top , and is sharp-pointed . It s hinder edges are carved with oblique Furrows or Grooves . The Nostrils ½ an inch long , an inch and ½ before the eyes . The nether Beak an inch high , and concave , but one Bone , or if you please , two joyned together for the length of half a foot from the point .

The oblique Furrows in the Margins of the upper Beak , are a singular Contrivance of Nature , not only here , but in many other Birds , for the more safe reception of the nether Beak ; vidt . least it should go awry either within or without the upper , as often as it is forceably pull'd to it , and so cause a dislocation , or a strain .

Another HEAD of the same kind and bigness .

The HEAD of an INDIAN HERON . I meet neither with the Animal nor with the Head any where described , or figur'd . The Skull is about three inches square . The Bill above ¾ of a foot long . The upper Beak from edge to edge near two inches over . Consists of one Bone , Triangular or Ridged at the top , a little crooked downward , Concave , and sharp-pointed . It s hinder Margins are obliquely furrow'd , as in the Jabiru . The nether Beak underneath two inches and ●/● over . Consisteth of two Bones , joyned together for the length of not above an inch and ½ from the point , which is not above a fourth part of the length of Conjunction in the Jabiru . The edges of both the Beaks run along in a strait line .

Of the use of the oblique Furows , before . According to the length of the said Conjuction of the bones of the nether Beak from the point , the Bird may be conjectur'd more or less voraceous . For by how much this is the shorter , by so much more may the Skin of the Beak be dilated for the comprehending of the greater Prey : as is more remarkable in the Pelecan .

The HEAD of an INDIAN STORK . I find not the Bird , nor the Head ▪ any where describ'd , or figur'd . The Skull is four inches high , and almost square . The Skin of the Neck , as it is stuff'd up and stretched out with Wooll , is a foot about ; standing out with a bunch in the usual place of the Crop . The Bill it self is above a foot long : and three inches and ¼ high . The upper Beak , from edge to edge , two inches over ; is one triangular , and sharp-pointed Bone , ridged at the top , and a little crooked downward ; but with strait Margins , and obliquely furrow'd behind , as in the Jabiru . The Nostrils ¾ of an inch long , and two inches before the Eyes . The nether Beak consisteth of two Bones joyned together for the length of three inches from the point ; the edges whereof are a little crooked upwards . Underneath , above two inches over . The edges of both the Beaks are made rough , like a Saw , with numerous small and oblique Incisions directed backward , or looking towards the Throat .

The same oblique and small Incisions are visible in the Bills of divers other Birds of the Rapacious kind ; in all made for the more secure retention of the Prey .

Of our Europaean Storks , several of the Parts are used in Medicine , at least put into the Materia Medica ; as the Stomach , Gall , Fat , and Dung. Of the same also are prepared Oleum Stillatitium , Sal volatile , Aqua Antepileptica , &c. Vulgus , si decipi vult , decipiatur .

They sometimes ( saith Mr. Willughby a a Ornith● of the Storke ) devour Snakes and other Serpents : which when they begin to creep out at their Breeches , they will presently clap them close to a Wall to keep them in .

A BUNCH of black FEATHERS , of the Crest that grows on the Head of the lesser ash-colour'd or grey Heron. The length of those whereof Mr. Willughby makes mention , was five inches ; but of these , above eight . The Turks value these Feathers at a great Rate . It is reported , saies Wormius , That in England it is death , to kill a Heron. But our Lawyers know of no such Law .

The BALEARICK CRANE . He differs , as to his outward shape , but little from the European : saving that on his Head he hath a Crown of thick Hairs or Bristles very full and spreading . See the Description and Picture of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia .

I once dissected this Bird , but found not the same kind of Windpipe ( with curious flexures ) as is described by Barthol . b b Hist. Cent. 4. and Mr. Willughby , and by them observed in the European Crane . They are therefore so far two different Species .

The HORN of the UNICORNE BIRD ; In Brasile called ANHIMA . Described by Marggravius , and Willughby , out of him . His principal marks are these ; Headed and Footed like the Dunghill Cock , Tail'd like a Goose , Horned on his Forehead ( with some likeness ) as the Unicorne is pictur'd ; Spurd on his Wings ; Bigger than a Swan . The Male , say Marggravius and Piso , as big again .

The HORN was given by Father Hieronymus Lobus . In the Bird which Marggravius describes , the Horn was but a little above two inches long . But this is above three , and about as thick as a Bodkin . The top also of this is not sharp , as figur'd ( and I doubt feigned ) by the same Author , but blunt ; and , contrary to what is seen in Horns , rather thicker than toward the bottom . It is but of a softish and brittle substance , inferior to the softest sort of Horns . Considering which , and the bluntness of it , as well as smallness , compared with the Bird , it cannot be thought to be defensive or offensive , as a true Horn , but must have some other use .

Being taken in any convenient Liquor , saith Piso , to the quantity of about ʒij , it is often successful in Malignant Fevers , and against Poyson , by provoking sweat .

The SPUR of the UNICORNE BIRD . It grows as is above said , on the fore-Joynt of the Wings . Triangular , sharp-pointed , and an inch and ½ long . Said by Marggravius , mistakingly , to be strait ; it being crooked ( a little upwards ) as a Cocks Spur ; and thereby fit more effectually to wound .

The HEAD of the SHOVLER or SPOONBILL . The former Name the more proper , the end of the Bill being broad like a Shovel , but not Concave like a Spoon , but perfectly flat . The extremity of each Beak is a little hooked downward . And they are both made very rough within with numerous and crooked Striae . A device of Nature , for the better holding of the Prey .

This Bird is of affinity with the Heron-kind , from which he scarce differs in any Part , saving the Bill . He feeds on Shell-fish . Wherewith having fill'd his Crop , he lets them lie there , till the heat of it makes them open : whereupon disgorging them , he picks the meat out of the Shells . Related by Gesner out of Aristotle , Aelian , and Cicero . a a Lib. 2. de Nat. Deorum .

The SEA-CURLEW . By the people of Brasile , called Guara . By Clusius and other Latin Authors , Numenius Indicus , and Arcuata Coccinea . Given by Dr. Walter Charlton . See the Description hereof in Willughby's Ornithologia . About as big as a Shoveler , long Leg'd , short Tail'd , with a Bill slender , long , and crooked like a Sithe . But that which is most remarkable , is the alteration of his colours , being at first black , then ash-colour'd ; next white , after that scarlet , and last of all crimson , which grows the richer die , the longer he lives . b b Joh. de Laet lib. 15. c. 13. & Wil. Ornith .

The BRASILIAN MOOR-HEN , called Jacana . Given by Dr. Richard Lower . See Marggravius's Description hereof . The Colours not the same in all parts , as in that of Marggravius ; the hinder part of the Back and Tail being here of a bright Bay or Chestnut , inclining to red : in his , only black and green mixed . Perhaps depending on the difference of Ages as in the Guara . The Membrane wherewith he saith the Head is cover'd , in this , growing on the Bill , is extended only over the Forehead like an inverted Peak . He saith , that on all the four Toes there grows a Claw , ½ an inch long : whereas the Claw of the hinder Toe or Heel is at least an inch and ½ long . On the fore Joynt of each Wing , grows a Spur , as in the Anhima ; but not above ⅓d of an inch long , round , and exceeding sharp . Which is omitted also by Marggravius , but mention'd by Piso. She is remarkably distinguished from all other Birds , by the slenderness of her Legs and Toes .

CHAP. III. Of PALMIPEDE'S , or WEBFOOTED FOWLES .

THe PHAENICOPTER ; So called from the scarlet-colour of his Wings . By the French , Flammant , for the same reason . Given by Thomas Povey Esq. There are an abundance of them in Peru. a a Joh. de Laet. In Winter they feed in France . See Willughby's Description . His Neck and Legs are exceeding long . When Scaliger therefore saith , b b Exercit. 233. 〈◊〉 . 2. That he hath the shortest Legs of any Animal yet known ; he would have said , the longest . But that wherein he is most remarkable , is his Bill . Which I shall describe more particularly .

The Figure of each Beak , is truly Hyperbolical . The upper is ridged behind ; before , plain or flat , pointed like a Sword , and with the extremity bended a little down . Within , it hath an Angle or sharp Ridge which runs all along the middle . At the top of the Hyperbole , not above ¼ of an inch high . The lower Beak , in the same place , above an inch high ; hollow , and the Margins strangely expanded inward for the breadth of above ¼ of an inch , and somewhat convexly . They are both furnished with black Teeth ( as I call them from their use ) of an unusual figure , sc. slender , numerous and parallel , as in Ivory-Combs ; but also very short , scarce the eighth of an inch deep . An admirable invention of Nature , by the help of which , and of the sharp Ridge above mention'd , this Bird holds his slippery Prey the faster .

What Cardane affirmeth of the Phaenicopter , That he moves the upper Jaw or Beak , I have observed , saith Wormius , to be true . Menippus the Philosopher also , a a Lib. de Homine . cited by Rondeletius , saith the same . But Wormius adds , That the cause is not so manifest , as in the Crocodile : yet shews not , in what respect . Hereof see Sect. 2. Chap. 3.

As for the Phaenicopter , it must needs be said , That the shape and bigness of the upper Beak ( which here , contrary to what it is in all other Birds that I have seen , is thinner and far less than the nether ) speaks it to be the more fit for motion , or to make the appulse , and the nether to receive it . But there can be no determination of these matters , without Inspection into the Muscules and the Articulation of the Bones .

Another PHAENICOPTER . The Tongue of this Bird , as Apicius saith , was a delicious Morsel amongst the Romans .

The GREATEST LOON . Colymbus maximus sive Arcticus Clusii . Given by Mr. Houghton an Apothecary in London . Described by Mr. Willughby . b b Ornithologiae , p. 259. This is as big as a Goose : of a dark colour , dapled with white Spots on the Neck , Back , and Wings ; each Feather marked near the point with two Spots . They breed in Farr Island .

The GREAT SPECKLED LOON of NORWAY . By the people there called LUMME . Described by Wormius , and out of him by Mr. Willughby . In the former , the Spots are fewer on the Neck , more on the Back : In this , more on the Neck , and fewer on the Back . There , each Feather hath two Spots ; here , but one , near the point .

The Legs , both of these and the other Species of the Loon kind , are broad and flat , by which they are distinguished from all other Birds . c c Willughb . Ornith . p. 256. Their Claws are also broad , in shape almost like a mans Nail ; as Mr. Willughby also observes . d d Ibid. They are called Colymbi , because they are great Divers . Their Legs are joyned to the Loins near their Rump ; That they may both swim and dive with the greatest swiftness and ease . a a Ibid. And their Bodies being hereby extended so much the farther from the centre of gravity , it becomes the more laborious to them to walk , and so inclines them to keep more on the water , as their fittest place ; b b P. 258 : & 259. as the same Author much to this purpose .

The Skin of this Bird is sometimes worn on the Head and Breast to keep them warm ; and preferred before the Swans .

The BILL of the GREATEST LOON . It belongs to the first Species , but the Bird was of lesser growth .

The two FEET of the GREAT NORWEGIAN LOON . c c Will . Orn.

The FOOT of the LESSER LOON , called the DIDAPPER or DOBCHICK . See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby . All the Loons breed in Mona , Farra , and other Scotish Islands .

The FOOT of the SHAG , called Graculus Palmipes . See the Bird in Mr. Willughby . He is a little bigger than a Tame Drake . His Foot stands more sloaping than in the Loon ; the inmost Toe being the longest . It is observable , that of all Web-footed Fowl or Palmipede's , only the Shag and the Cormorant , are known to sit and build their Nests in Trees . d d Willugh . Ornith ; p. 248.

The PELECANE . Onocrotalus , from the noise he makes like an Ass. See the Description hereof in Aldrovandus , Willughby , and others . I add , That the shortness of his Trunk or Body , in respect to the other Parts , is observable ; not being a foot long : whereas from the end of his Bill to his Rump , he 's near an Eln long : and to the end of his Toes , he 's above a yard and half . I shall describe his Bill a little more particularly .

The upper Beak , from the bottom of his Forehead , is fourteen inches long ; behind an inch over , and convex or ridged ; before , an inch and half over , and almost flat . It is composed of three Bones ; the end of the middlemost is hooked like a Hawks Bill ; the edges of the two utmost are sharp , and bended downwards ; all made rough within with five or six edged-lines running through the length of the Beak : thus well contriv'd for the holding the most slippery Prey . The end of the nether Beak , is almost like the Poop of a Ship . 'T is in length sixteen inches , being extended ( I think further than in all other Birds ) an inch beyond the Eye : whereas the usual Picture , makes it to end as much before , or on this side it . Partly by this unusual production ; the swallow is the greater , as fit for so voraceous a Bird. It consisteth of two Bones , united together only at the end . To which , and part of his Neck , is subjoyned a Membrane vastly expansible ; as appears in the Bird here preserv'd , capable of above two gallons of Water , and which Franciscus Stellutus , quoted by Mr. Willughby out of Joh. Faber , saith , he lets hang down and contracts again at his pleasure . It may not be improperly called the Crop , which in other Birds lies under the Neck , but in this is extended to the very end of his Bill .

'T is probable , that the use of this Bag is not only for the reception , but also the maceration of his Meat . And that having taken his opportunity to fill it , by contracting it , presses the meat down into his Ventricle and Guts , by degrees , as they are able to subdue it . Besides the luxury of the Tast , which perhaps he enjoys all the while it lies in his Throat . 'T is also probable , that the meat being herein warm'd , and made a little tenderer , the Female doth disgorge part of it , wherewith to feed her Young . And might occasion the Fiction , of this Birds feeding her Young , with her own Blood .

The HEAD of a PELECANE . Another of the same . Also the nether Beak of another .

The SOLUND GOOSE . Anser Bassanus . See the Description hereof in Gesner and Willughby . He is in bigness and Feather very like a tame Goose. But his Bill longer , and somewhat pointed , more like that of the Guilemot . His Wings also much longer , being two yards over . Near Colshill in Warwick-shire there was one found , Nov. 1669. ( by some means fall'n on the ground ) alive , not able to raise her self up again for the length of her Wings . a a Will . Orn. But they scarce breed any where except on the Rocks of the Island Bass in Scotland , b b Ibid. from whence the Name .

She hath this strange property , that she will swallow and disgorge again a great many Fishes , one after another ; and at last , return with one ( in her Crop ) to her young Ones : related by Gesner from an observing Scot. It seems probable , that she trys which , of many will best agree with her own stomach , and when she finds one more delicate than the rest , she carries that to her Young . When they come to build , they bring so great a quantity of broken Wood with them , that the People there supply themselves from thence with as much as serves them for firing all the year . a a Gesner out of H. Boethius .

They are extraordinary fat . Out of their Fat the Scots make a most excellent Oil to be used in the Gout , and other Cases : Not inferior to that Oleum Comagenum , so much celebrated by Pliny . b b Gesner out of H. B. and Turner . The young Goslins are by them also accounted a great Dainty . c c Wil. Orn.

The PENGUIN . So called from his extraordinary fatness . For though he be no higher than a large Goose , yet he weighs sometimes , saith Clusius , sixteen pounds . His Wings are extream short and little , altogether unuseful for flight , but by the help whereof he swims very swiftly . See his Description at large in the same Author ; as also in Wormius , and Willughby out of both . I shall give a more full Description of the Bill .

'T is black ; from the corners of his Mouth four inches and ½ long . But the Horns , or horny portions , whereof it chiefly consists , are shorter ; in the upper Beak , a little more than three inches long ; in the nether , two . Again , in the upper , it is obliquely prolonged from the Margins to the Forehead ; contrariwise , in the nether , it is obliquely shorten'd from the Margins to that part under the Tongue . The upper Beak is an inch high , between the corners of the Mouth as wide , but presently rises up into a sharp Ridge . Its Edges about the middle , a little convex ; about the end , concave and sharp . They are double Grooved , sc. before and behind . In the end , 't is crooked . The nether Beak behind as much over , as the upper ; towards the end , more compressed . Hollow like a Trough . Its edges sharp , and convex before ; behind , they are groov'd . In the middle , it bunches out underneath . The upper Beak , is out with seven or eight oblique and crooked Notches ; the nether , with as many strait ones .

The height of the upper Beak ; the sharpness , and the extuberance of the lower ; together with the grooved Edges of both , do all give the Bill a sure hold , and wonderful strength . The three Grooves , as so many Joynts , keep the Beaks from distortion , when in case of missing the Prey , they are swifty and forceably clapt together . The sharp Edges of the nether Beak , serve instead of Teeth . The Bunch underneath , answers in some measure , to the strength of an Arch. The hight of the upper Beak , to that of a Board , when set upon its Edge .

The Penguin breeds in Canada , in the Island called Newland , in those of Fero , and of the Magellanick-Sea , and is therefore by Clusius called the Magellanick-Goose . They work themselves , as the Coney , deep Buries by the Sea-side . a a Wormius .

The AUK , RASOR-BILL , or MURRE . Alka Hoiari . See the Description in the forementioned Authors . She breeds on the Rocks of the Island Mona in Scotland . As also in those of Fero. Scarce so big as a tame Duck. His Bill is like that of the Penguin . But the upper Beak is sharper Ridg'd : and the Horny part of it shorter . The nether hath a lesser Bunch . The Notches also on both are fewer ; whereof one or more of them are white , as Mr. Willughby rightly observes .

The HEAD of an AUK .

The GUILLEMOT , so called especially in Northumberland ; in Wales , the Guillem ; in York-shire , the Skout ; in Cornwall , the Kiddaw . b b Willugh . Ornithol . LOMWIA HOIARI . He 's like the Auk , but bigger . See the Description hereof in Willughby ; as also in Wormius . They build in Norway and Island . As also in Farra an Island in Scotland .

The HEAD of the GUILLEMOT .

The PUFFIN ; called also Bottlenose , Coulterneb , Mullet and Pope . Anas Arctica Clusii . Hereof see Clusius , Wormius , and Willughby . They are less than a tame Duck. Their Bill is much like to that of a Penguin , saving that the Horn of the nether Beak is not shorten'd , as there , but contrariwise obliquely prolonged from the Margins . 'T is also shorter , and answerably higher , and therefore rather stronger . When they fight , they will hold by their Bills so hard , as sometimes to break one anothers necks , before they 'l part . Whatever c c Willugh . Orn. they eat in the day , they disgorge a good part of it in the night into the mouths of their Pullen . They breed in Island , in the Isle of Mona in Scotland , in those of Fero and the Syllies ; also in Ireland , and other places ; laying their Eggs under ground .

The Puffin , Penguin , and Guillemot ; all want the Heel or hinder Toe . Have all black Backs , but their Bellies , which are much under water , are White . All lay but one Egg at a sitting : proper perhaps to other Birds of this kind . a a Willugh . Ornith .

The HEAD of a PUFFIN .

The HEAD of the MAN of WAR ; called also Albitrosse . Supposed by some to be the Head of a Dodo . But it seems doubtful . That there is a Bird called The Man of War , is commonly known to our Sea-men ; and several of them who have seen the Head here preserved , do affirm it to be the Head of that Bird ; which they describe to be a very great one , the Wings whereof are eight feet over . And Ligon , b b Hist. of Barbad . p. 61. speaking of him , saith , That he will commonly fly out to Sea , to see what Ships are coming to Land , and so return . Whereas the Dodo is hardly a Volatile Bird , having little or no Wings , except such as those of the Cassoary and the Ostrich . Besides , although the upper Beak of this Bill , doth much resemble that of the Dodo ; yet the nether is of a quite different shape . So that either this is not the Head of a Dodo , or else we have no where a true figure of it . I shall describe it as follows .

The SKULL is four inches long ; the Bill , seven ; two and ½ high ; one and ½ broad . The upper Beak is hollow . Is composed of six Bones . The uppermost whereof is four inches and ½ long , above ½ inch high , and convex . The middlemost on each side , also four inches long , and about 1/● of an inch high or thick . The lowermost , above five inches long , and ¼ high . Their Edges are furrow'd with oblique and deep Grooves both before and behind . All these five Bones are resimated or bended upward , with some resemblance to a Saddle . The sixth , at the end of the Beak , is a wonderful strong Bone , crooked exactly like the Bill of a Parret , and hollow ; by the bow , almost three inches , and near an inch over . Its Edges are very keen , and standing out with two sharp or pointed Angles . The Nostrils are ¼ of an inch long , and almost two inches before the Eyes . The nether Beak is composed of three Bones . The two hinder , four inches long , near an inch high , and bended answerably to those of the upper Beak . Their Edges are cut with deep Furrows . The third , at the end of the Beak , is hollow , above an inch long , near as high . Its Edges very sharp , and hard , and exceedingly convex or bended downward . Underneath , a round and sharp Pin grows out from it in a level towards the Skull , near an inch and ½ long . It was brought from the Indies .

The shape of this Bill shews it to belong to a Bird of Prey , and as is most likely , some great Sea-Fowl ; which I will venture to call The Great Indian Gull . The strength of the end of the upper Beak is remarkable : as also are the sharp and hard Edges of the nether ; and the Grooved Edges of both ; the use whereof see in the Description of some other Birds , as of the Jabiru and the Penguin . The upper Beak seemeth to be composed of so many Bones , partly , that if a Fracture should happen to one , it might there terminate , and the rest be secur'd .

The GREAT GREY GULL , or the Herring-Gull . Larus griseus maximus . Perspicuously described by Mr. Willughby . Who only omits to say , that the upper Beak is bended upwards , as in the Bill above described ; and ( which is observable ) that the Edges of the nether are not sharp , as is usual , but broad or expanded inward ( and almost contiguous ) as in the Phaenicopter . They a a Will . Orn. are very numerous near Gravesend .

Another GREY GULL , whereof the Rump , Tail , and upper part of the Wings are very white . Given by Henry Whistler Esq .

The TROPICK BIRD . So called , because said never to be seen but between the Tropicks . Avis Tropicorum . Well described by Mr. Willughby . He only omits the Denticulation of the edges of his Bill , or those small oblique Incisions , which , from their inward respect , are plainly made for the better retention of the Prey . Besides some very short Feathers on his Tail , he hath two Quills above half a yard long .

Another TROPICK BIRD like the former .

Another all over WHITE , except the fore part of the Wings . Both given by the forementioned Person .

The HEAD of the TROPICK BIRD .

The two Tail-Quills of the same .

CHAP. IV. Of the EGGS and NESTS of BIRDS .

OF EGGS , there is here a considerable number : which therefore I thought fit to put altogether in this Chapter . Their Figures , as they stand together , appear the more various . For some are almost Sphaerical or Round as a Ball : others , as the most , are more oblong . Of these , some few are perfectly Oval , i. e. with both the ends defined with two equal Ellipses : but most are Conical , or with one end sharper than the other . Of these again , most have their smaller end but Blunt ; some few , very sharp . Lastly , almost all both Blunt and Sharp are Convexly Conical , i. e. they are all along Convex , not only per ambitum , but between both ends : whereas some few are Plano-Conical , whose Superfice is in part level between both ends .

Their Colours are also various ; as White , Pale , Livid , Ash-colour , Blew , Brown , Green . Their Spots , and Speckles , are also Iron-colour'd , Red , Bay , Musk-colour , Black , &c. the Causes of all which , both Figures and Colours , were no unfit subject of enquiry . But here I can do little more than shew , to what Eggs in particular any of them do belong .

The EGG of an OSTRICH . 'T is very smooth , and white ; all over prict as it were with extream small brown Specks . Almost of a Sphaerical Figure . About half a foot , by its Axis , from end to end . Round about , by the breadth , sixteen inches , i. e. near five inches and ½ strait over . Both the ends of an equal Convexity . Sometimes so big , saith Mr. Willughby , as to weigh fifteen pounds . The Shell is of answerable thickness , in regard to its bigness , to that of other Birds Eggs. They are sometimes set in Silver , and used as Cups .

Another white EGG , almost Sphaerical . 'T is scarce so long as a Hens Egg , yet is as thick , as that of a Goose.

A third white EGG , almost Sphaerical . 'T is scarce bigger than a little Nutmeg .

The EGG of a CASSOARY . The Shell underneath or within is white : without , it is all over rough-cast with a Testaceous Crust of a pale Green colour . It is of an exact Oval Figure , or with both ends equally Convex . In length , by its Axis , five inches , round about the breadth , eleven ; i. e. a little above three and ½ strait over .

Another EGG of a CASSOWARY , like the former .

Another EGG perfectly Oval , or with both ends equally Convex . Exceeding white , as big as a Pigeons Egg.

Another EGG perfectly Oval , but somewhat lesser , and of a light Ash-colour .

Another EGG exactly Oval , and also of a light Ash-colour , but no bigger than a Nutmeg .

The EGG , as I take it , of the lesser DIVER or LOON . In bigness equal to a Hens . Of a pale wan colour . Obtusely Conical , so as to come very near to an exact Oval .

The EGG , I think , of the WIGEON . It is of the same Colour and Figure as the last described : but somewhat lesser .

Another EGG like the two former , but a little lesser . Inscribed , Arts : perhaps of the Anas Arctica or Puffin .

The Egg , as it seems , of the AUK or RAZOR-BILL . Of a pale and livid colour , with Iron-colour'd Spots sprinkled all over it . Obtusely Conical . In bigness , between those of a Turkey and a Hen.

The EGG , perhaps , of the biggest Arctick Loon. It is of a dark Green colour , besprinkled all over with Spots of a sad Bay . Both in figure , and bigness , like that of a Goose.

The EGG of a CROW . Of a Blew colour , besprinkled all over very full with dark brown Spots . Obtusely Conical . As big as a Pigeons .

The EGG of a GOLDFINCH . Of a whitish Ash-colour , besprinkled with dark brown spots . Yet not every where , but only on the thicker end . It comes near to an exact Oval .

The EGG , I suppose , of a HOOP . It is longer than a large Damascene Plum . Obtusely Conical . Of an Ash-colour , stained with spots of a sad or deep Bay , and of a dark Brown .

The EGG of the KITTY . In Colour , Figure , and Bigness , not much unlike the last described : yet somewhat lesser , and almost exactly Oval .

The EGG of the CADEY . Perhaps the Jackdaw , by some also called the Caddo . It is of a pale Blew , besprinkled with dark Spots .

An ash-colour'd EGG , speckled with Spots of a sad Red. Obtusely Conical ; and as big as that of a Pigeon .

The EGG of the SEA-MOIT . In colour , almost like the last described . In bigness like to that of the Hoop .

An EGG in shape and bigness , like a Damascene Plum . Dyed with a full Blew , and sprinkled here and there with a few spots of a sad Bay .

The EGG of a REDSTART . Of a whitish Ash-colour . Speckled on the thicker end only , with a few spots of a sad Bay . In figure and bigness almost like an ordinary Acorne .

A pale wan coloured EGG , in bigness not much unlike the former .

The EGG of a WAGTAILE . Of the same bigness with the last , but more Conical . Of a white colour besprinkled with very small and numerous specks of a blackish tincture .

An EGG of the same colour with that of the Redstart , but more Conical .

The EGG of a THROSTLE . Of a pale Blew , and speckled with a few spots of a sad Bay . As big as a lesser Damascene Plum . But with one end sharp .

The EGG of a STONERUNNER . Of an Ash-colour , besprinkled with sad Bay spots . Conical , and sharp . Of the bigness of a little Walnut . Here are four of them .

The EGG of a ROOK. Painted all over with Green and dark Brown spots . Conical , and sharp . Somewhat less than a Crow's .

An Ash-colour'd EGG , besprinkled with sad Bay spots . Conical , and sharp . Almost as big as a Pullets .

The EGG of the SEAMEW ; perhaps , of the lesser GULL . Of an Ash-colour tinged with blackish spots . In bigness equal to that of a Hen. But acutely Conical .

An EGG of a kind of Greenish Ash-colour . In bigness , and in shape like that of a Stonerunner . Here are two of these .

The EGG of the HORNPIE ; perhaps , the SEAPIE . Of an Ash-colour mixed with a kind of Citrine , and stained with blackish spots . Almost as big as that of a Hen.

The EGG of a RED-SHANK . Of a kind of Straw colour , tinged with sad Bay spots . Most acutely Conical , or with one very sharp end . In bigness like to that of a Rook ; but a little shorter .

The EGG , as I take it of the GUILLEMOT . Of a Green colour , stained with Black spots . Acutely Conical ; and also , in part , level between both ends or Plano-conical . Somewhat bigger than that of a Turkey .

The EGG of a LAPWING . Of a kind of Citrine colour , stained with large black spots . Sharp , and Plano-conical . A little bigger than that of a Redshank .

The EGG of the SEACOB ; a kind of GULL . Of an Ash-colour , besprinkled with little black specks . In shape very like to that of a Lapwing . But not above half as big .

The EGG of a HEN , with a thick knob so growing on its greater end , as to appear to have been originally liquid .

The EGG of a SWAN with another within it . Given by Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich . Who hath also observed the like both in Hens and Turkeys . The utmost seemeth to be a little bigger than ordinary , sc. near five inches long by its Axis , and ten round about , or three and 1/● strait over . In shape like a Turkeys . The other which is included sticks fast to the side of the greater ; whether it did so originally , as also whether both of them contained White and Yelk , is uncertain . It is of the same figure , about four inches long , bigger than the biggest Hens Egg. The Shell of the same hardness and thickness as that of the greater .

'T is plain , that the lesser Egg was first perfectly form'd . But not being big enough to provoke the Vterus to exclusion , new matter gather'd round about it for another Egg : and was the more easily supplied , because so little spent upon the former . And it may be noted , That Nature is so intent upon finishing her Work , that she may be observ'd much oftener to over do , than under do : you shall find twenty Eggs with two Yelks , or hear of twenty Animals with two Heads , for one that hath none .

From the Egg with the Lump at the greater end , it seems also plain , That the Shells of Eggs , although as hard as any Animal Stones , yet are not bred , as those , out of stony Parts visibly praeexistent in liquor , and so cluster'd together : but out of a liquid substance , not much unlike to that which is separated by the Reins of Birds .

Of the figure of the Egg , it is observable , That it usually answers to that of the Body or Trunk of the Bird to which it belongs : as the Fruit is longer or broader , answerable to a tall or spreading Tree . And as it is a Transcript from the Original ; so it self an Original for the next Copy . So those Birds that have a Rump and hinder Parts more Oval and spreading , as the Duck ; or more Conical , as the Dunghill-Hen ; breed , and are bred of Eggs alike shaped , viz. That so there may be sufficient , yet no superfluous Room , or Matter , for the Chick .

Of the Number of Eggs laid at one Breed , it is also worth the noting , That Land-Fowl , and of these especially , such as are Domestick , and whereof there is continually great destruction made , for the most part lay a considerable number of Eggs for one sitting . Whereas some Sea-Fowls , ( as Mr. Willughby observes of the Penguin , and some others ) lay but one . Because building upon the Rocks , where they are seldomer destroy'd , were they greater Breeders , there would not be room enough for the reception of the hundredth part of them .

The NEST of a little Bird of CHINA . Almost of a Semilunar Figure , and about two inches and 1/● broad . Of a white substance , becoming soft , being moistened , and transparent like a Gelly ; whereinto it seems to be convetrible , in part , being boiled : and by the Gentry of China is esteemed a delicate sort of meat ; although , like that of Harts-Horn , it hath no Tast. Outwardly , it is more close and solid ; within , consisting of parts loosly Netted together , as those in the middle of Harts-Horns , or some spongy Bones . See also a short Description hereof in Wormius .

The Birds breed in Coromandel , and build their Nests ( as is supposed of the Sperm of Fishes ) a a Gulielm . Piso. on the sides of the high Rocks ; from whence the Natives fetch them , and sell them to the Chineses at a great rate . b b Mus. Worm .

The TREBLE NEST of an Indian Bird , made to hang down from the Bough of a Tree , with three Venters or Bellies , and three Necks all open one into another . See the Picture of such a like one in Willughby's Ornithologia .

The NEST of another East-Indian Bird , which , to avoid the rapine of Apes and Monkey's , she hangs down from the Bough of a Tree , by a very long Neck . See the figure hereof also in Mr. Willughby .

The NEST of a little BIRD of BRASILE , which she hangs also on a Tree out of the reach of Serpents . About ten inches in length . The Structure admirable . The upper part by which it hangs to the Tree is a flat Label , about four inches long , and three over . To this the other two Parts , sc. the Neck and Belly of the Nest , are suspended . The Neck is five inches long ; below , an inch and ½ over ; above , a little straiter . The Belly is likewise about the same length as the Neck , of an Oval figure , in the middle two inches and ½ over . The Neck is open , not above , but below , at the very end : for this and the Belly hang at the Label , as you would imagine a Sack of Corn hung up by the middle , quite double . So that the Bird first ascends by the Neck , and then descends into the Belly of the Nest. It is composed of Reeds and other parts of Plants curiously woven together , like a piece of Hair-Cloath .

A GREAT NEST of an other West-Indian Bird. Above three quarters of a yard long , besides part of it broken off . Where broadest , near a foot over , and almost flat . Narrowed from the bottom all the way to the top . It hath two Apertures . Above , about a foot from the top of the intire Nest , one larger and longer ; below , sc. ½ a foot above the bottom , another perfectly round , and three inches over . It consisteth of the parts of Plants somewhat loosely woven together . The Invention seemeth very subtile . The entry above , for the Bird her self ; her Eggs and Chicks hanging safe at so great a depth ; the lower , till these are fleg'd , being in the mean time stop'd up with Feathers , Moss , or other like materials : but afterwards laid open for them , that cannot reach the top , to fly out at below .

SECT. V. OF FISHES .

CHAP. I. OF VIVIPEROUS FISHES .

THe RIB of a TRITON or MAREMAN . About the same length with that of a Mans , but thicker and stronger ; and nothing near so much bended . The Fish to which it belonged , was taken near Brasile . Of this kind , Wormius , in his Musaeum , gives us divers Relations , together with the Descriptions of several Species . See also Joh. de Laet. a a L. 15. c. 12. of the same . And Barlaeus , who saith , That in Brasile he is called Ypupiapra .

A BONE said to be taken out of a MAREMAIDS HEAD . It is in bigness and shape not much unlike that called Lapis Manati ; but the knobs and hollows thereof are somewhat different .

One JOYNT of the ●●CK-BONE of a WHALE . By Anatomists called a Vertebra . 〈◊〉 one of those Parts or Joynts which answers to one single Rib on each side . It weigheth Thirty pounds Haverdupoi● In length , i. e. by the length of the Back-Bone , near ¼ of a foot ; above a foot high ; and three quarters of a yard broad , i. e. by the bredth of the Whale . The Hole in the middle of it , which the Marrow of the Back passeth through , near half a foot over . All its Knobs , are much alike those in Quadrupedes .

The PISLE of a WHALE . In length , above a yard . Near the Root ½ a foot round about , notwithstanding its being now dry and much shrunk . From thence it tapers to the very end , which is scarce one inch about . 'T is now as hard as a Horn.

Part of the EAR-BONE of a WHALE . 'T is as hard , and heavy for its bulk , as any Bone whatsoever . As big as a labouring mans Fist : The same Bone which in an Ox , is little bigger than a Nutmeg .

Part of a BONE said to be taken out of the Brain of a Whale , taken near the Bermudas . Given by Dr. John Wilkins , the late Bishop of Chester , to whom it was sent from thence . It seems to be part of the Brain-Pan , that was broken off and struck into the Brain , when the Whale was taken .

A ROUND BONE of a WHALE . Given by Dr. Walter Pope . 'T is almost a foot Diametre , and in the middle about five inches thick . 'T is rounded on the Edges , and thinner than at the middle , resembling a thick Holland Cheese .

Three more Round BONES of a WHALE ; all of them lesser , and one ratably thicker than the former ; the other thinner , like a white penny Loaf . The third the thinnest , almost like a Tansey .

Wormius a a Musaeum . makes mention of a Manuscript , entituled , Speculum Regale ▪ but written in the ancient Danish-Tongue , as he saith is supposed , by King Suerron ; in which are reckon'd up two and twenty kinds of Whales : of all which he gives a brief account in his Musaeum . Of which , the last save one , is said to be sometimes almost an hundred and thirty Elns long . The last of all , liker a little Island , than an Animal .

Bartholine b b Hist. Cent. 〈◊〉 ▪ 〈◊〉 ●●●kons up the same number ; but with some different Names , and a different Account ; which he gives from a Manuscript History of the Fishes of Iceland : which , saith he , a curious and observing Shepherd of Iceland sent to Wormius some years before his death , with all their Figures . But how these two accounts agree , I see not . I would not think , That Wormius did here put in the King , and leave out the Shepherd , to make the story better .

On the Snout of one of these Whales , called Hoddunefur , grow about five hundred horny flat pieces , which Taylors in Denmark use in making of Cloaths . a a Ibid. The same in substance , with that we call Whale-Bone , belonging to the Finns . In Island they are so commonly taken , That the hard Bones are there used for the impaling of Houses and Gardens . b b Mus. Rom.

The HORN of the SEA-UNICORNE . Given by Sir Joseph Williamson now President of the Royal-Society . It is an entire one , eight feet long , or about two yards and three quarters . Very beautiful in length , straitness , whiteness , and its spiral Furrows bigger and less , making about seven Rounds from the bottom to the top , or point . At the Basis or bottom , about seven inches round . From thence , for about a foot , it swells a little , and then again grows slenderer , all the way , and so ends in a sharp point . 'T is also conically hollow at the Basis , for near three quarters of a foot deep .

The same Horn ( together with the Fish it self , sometimes above 30 Elns long , ) is described by Wormius . c c Musaeum Wor. But I cannot , with him , call it a Tooth . In that , it performeth not the office of a Tooth , but of a Horn. Neither doth it stand as a Tooth , but horizontally . Nor is it fixed in the Mouth , where all Teeth stand , but in the Snout . The reason why he calls it so , is , because it is fastened in the Snout , as Teeth are in the Jaw . See also the Description hereof in Bartholine . d d Hist. Cent. 4. But in that he makes it to be Gyris Intortum , is not ( at least as to this Horn ) so clearly expressed : the Horn it self being strait , and not writhen , but only surrounded with spiral Furrows . The same is also transcribed by Terzagi out of Wormius , into Septalius's Musaeum .

Of the Virtue hereof , Wormius mentions two Experiments . The one , upon its being given to a Dog , after a Dose of Arsenick : but he expresseth the quantity of neither . The other , upon twelve Grains hereof given after a Drachm of Nux Vomica . Both the Dogs lived ; whereas two other Dogs having the same Doses , without the Horn , died . Both experiments are attested by several Physitians of Note .

The credit of these Persons is not doubted . But the question is , Whether these Dogs might not have liv'd without the Horn. As some Dogs that have been bitten by an Adder , have been observ'd to get over their Convulsions , and recov●● . It is also said in one of the Experiments , that the Dog which liv'd , vomited : and in the other , there is nothing said to the contrary . The question therefore is , Whether many other things , which will cause vomiting , may not do as well , as this so much celebrated Horn ?

Whatever it may perform against Poison , it hath , saith Bartholine , been very successfully used by Physitians in Malignant Fevers . As in that , which at Coppenhagen in the years 1652 , and 1653. was very brief : and which it carr'd off with very great Sweats . a a Barthol . Hist. Cent. 4. It was used also by Albertus Kyperus at Leyden in the Year 1655. in the like Case , and with the like success . b b Ibid. And that the sweating proceeded not meerly from Natures own strength over the Disease , but as she was helped by the use of the Horn ; seems probable from what Bartholine further saith , c c Ibid. That a scruple or ʒ§ hereof being given in Carduus-Water , or other convenient Liquor , causeth a free and copious sweating , even in those that are not used to sweat , except with much difficulty .

Heretofore , the chief Bishops in Denmark , used to make their Episcopal Staffs of these Horns . d d Ibid. The Natives of Groenland , and other Places where the Sea-Unicorne is taken , arm the sharp ends of the thickest and longest of these Horns with Iron Beards , and so use them for the wounding and taking of Whales .

The Sea-Unicorne is it self a lesser Whale , and is that Species which the People of Island , where there are many , call Narwhal . The figure which Olaus Magnus gives of the Head , is fictitious .

A PIECE of the SEA-UNICORNS HORN .

The SAW-FISH . Pristis . Johnston hath given a good figure e e Tab. 4. N. 1. hereof , but without either Name or Description . And that of Wormius is defective , and in some particulars , out .

This here is a young One ; from the end of the Saw to the end of the Tail , four feet . The Saw it self above a foot ; near its Basis , two inches broad ; at the fore-end , one . Armed , on each side , with seven and twenty Spikes , each ½ an inch long , bended a little backward , and with two sharp edges behind , as the Spur of the Unicorne Bird hath above .

His Head very flat , about three inches long ; behind , almost four inches broad ; before , two . His Eyes an inch long , as much behind the Snout , two inches distant . Above ½ an inch behind his Eyes he hath two Spouts , about ¼ of an inch wide , by both which ( as some Fishes by a single one ) he casts out the Water , which in taking the Prey , or otherwise , he receives into his mouth . Beneath , close by the Root of the Saw , are two oblique Nostrils , an inch distant , figur'd like the letter S. An inch behind these , his Mouth , two inches and ½ over . His Lips are rugged with extream small round knobs . He hath no Teeth .

The Apertures of his Gills are five ; placed obliquely , not on his sides , but his Breast , about four inches behind his Mouth .

His Trunk or Body presently behind his Head , becomes fives inches broad , and about three high ; from whence it is again extenuated all the way to the end of his Tail .

He hath seven triangular Finns . On the bottom of his sides , two Gill-Finns , not behind the Gills , as in most Fishes , but for a good part before them ; near eight inches long , above three broad , and almost horizontal . Three inches behind these , two Belly-Finns , two inches broad , five long , and as much distant . Directly over these , on the Back a fifth , four inches long , above three high . On the Back also , but near the Tail , a sixth , four inches long , and as high . The Tail-Finn , as it were half a Finn , being ½ a foot high , but underneath level with the Tail .

Cover'd all over with a tough and dark-colour'd Skin , somewhat rough , as you draw your hand forward : from the Belly-Finns to the end of the Tail , as it were pinched together into a little Ridge on each side . There are many of them in the Indian-Sea .

The reason why he hath two Spouts , seemeth to be the flatness and breadth of his Head or Mouth ; in which the Water lying more spread , could not so expeditely be carri'd off by a single one in the middle , as by one on each side .

He is said to defend himself from the Whale with his Saw . Wherewith , by its structure , 't is plain , that he fetches his stroak backward or side-ways , the Spikes being bended , pointed , and edged , and so made to prick and cut , that way .

The SAW or SPIKED SNOUT of the SAWFISH . 'T is a very large one , four feet long , or above an El'n by three inches . It s Basis , excluding the Spikes , seven inches broad . On each side are seventeen Spikes , most of them two inches and ½ long , and figur'd as above described .

The length of the Fish before described , from end to end , if compar'd with the Saw is as four to one . Therefore the Fish , to which this Saw belong'd , was near five yards and half long . Again , the number of Spikes in the Saw of the Fish now describ'd , compared with those in this great Saw , is somewhat more than as three to two . Therefore had the said Fish liv'd to the Age of this to which the great Saw belonged , it would have been eight yards in length .

Five more such like SAWS , somewhat less .

The HEAD of the RAPIER-FISH ; called Xiphias . By the Brasilians , Araguagua . He is pretty well described by Rondeletius . Grows sometimes to the length of five yards . The Sword , which grows level from the Snout of the Fish , is here about a yard long , at the Basis four inches over , two edged , and pointed exactly like a Rapier . He preys on Fishes , having first stab'd them with this Sword . a a Charl. Onom . Zoic. The Whale , saith Ligon , to shake off the Sword-Fish and Theshall , his two mortal enemies , leaps sometimes more than his own length above water . b b Hist. of Barb. p. 6. He is taken frequently in the German Ocean ; as also in the Black-Sea ; and sometimes in the Danuby .

The HEAD of the TUCK-FISH . Of the Sword-fish kind , but a different Species from the former . Whether it be any where describ'd , seems doubtful . The hinder parts of the Head are here broken off . The Snout is not so flat as in the Rapier-fish , but thicker and rounder , more like a Tuck , from whence I take leave to name it . 'T is half a yard long ; near the Head , two inches over ; about the middle , one . Not with a flat point , but one perfectly round . The upper part hereof is smooth , the nether rough , the smooth and rough parts continu'd obliquely from the Point to the Root . Both the Chaps are also rough in the same manner , in the place of the Teeth , which this Fish hath not . The nether Chap hath also a different shape from that of the Rapier-Fish : this being not above four inches over , that half a foot ; yet both are a foot long . It is composed of two Bones , so joyned together , for the space only of an inch and half , as to make a sharp point .

Marggravius and Piso ( and out of these Johnston ) describe an American-Fish by the name of GUEBUCU , of kin to this , the Head whereof is here describ'd . But cannot be the same , unless both the Pictures which they give , and Marggravius's Description ( who particularly saith , That the Snout is sixteen inches long , the nether Chap , ten ) be false . For in this Head , the nether Chap is broader , and comparatively not near so long .

The HEAD of the UNDER-SWORD-FISH . It is described by no Author that I have perus'd . The Fish seems to be a smaller kind . The Head is of a triangular figure , having one acute Angle below , and a blunt one on each side . An inch and quarter high ; the Forehead an inch over , flat , and scaly . In length 't is about two inches and a quarter . The Eyes , proportionably , exceeding great , sc. three quarters of an inch over . The Snout half an inch broad , not above ¼ of an inch long , a little ridged in the middle . The Chaps , instead of Teeth , are rough with many little Asperities , almost as the skin of a Scate .

The Sword grows in a level , not from the upper but the under Jaw , from whence we may give the Fish his Name . In length three inches ; near the Jaw half an inch over , from whence growing narrow all the way , it endeth in a Point like that of a Sword . It is not round , but flat , as that of the Rapier-Fish , and in like manner two-edged . It seemeth to be composed of two Bones , but very firmly coherent edge to edge all the way . Whether this Fish be Viviperous , is uncertain ; yet being of the Sworded-kind , I have ventur'd here to describe the Head .

A pair of the MANATEE-STONE'S . Taken out of the Head of the SEA-COW , by the Indians called Manati . Bigger than the biggest sort of Walnuts ; with several knobs and hollows , like as in the Ear-Bone , but much greater . It is said by Joh. de Laet to be much commended against the Stone . There are two of them in every Head .

The Head of the Manati is like that of an Ox or Cow , from whence the English Name ; his Eyes little ; his Body long , like that of an Otter ; his two Feet like an Elephants . Sometimes he is about thirty five feet or twelve yards long , and four broad . a a Charl. Onom . Zoic. out of Hieron . Benzon . Hist. N. Orb. l. 2. c. 14. He feeds not on Fishes , but the Grass on the banks of the Creeks and Bays . b b Traph . Disc. of Jam. Calves and suckles her Young ( as some other Fishes ) with two Duggs . c c Ibid. A certain Indian King kept and fed one of them with Bread six and twenty years in a Lake near his House , which grew tame , beyond all that the Antients have written of Dolphins : He would sometimes carry ten people on his Back , with ease , a cross the Lake . d d Charl. On. Zoic. out of Petr. Martyr . They breed in Hispaniola , Jamaica , Brasile , and other places .

The BALANCE-FISH . Zygaena Libella . Curiously pictur'd in Salvian . Where also see the Description . He hath his Name not unaptly from the shape of his Head , very different from that of all other Fishes , being spread out horizontally , like the Beam of a Balance ; his eyes standing at the two extremes , as the iron Hooks do at the end of the Beam . He grows sometimes to the length of four or five yards : but this is a young one . They breed in the Mediterranian , especially , saith Bellonius , near Smyrna .

The HEAD of a great BALANCE-FISH . It is two feet ½ over , or from eye to eye . The Head of the lesser now mention'd , is five inches over , the Fish , 20 inches long . That therefore to which this great Head belong'd , was ten foot long .

The SKULL of the MORSE : so called by the Muscovites ; by the Danes , Rosmarus . He hath four feet , and his Body shapen not much unlike the SEA-CALF . But groweth sometimes to be bigger than an Ox. In his upper Jaw , he hath two remarquakble TUSKS , bended a little inward . In this Skull , the exerted part is five inches long , and four round about at the Root . His other Teeth are undescrib'd . They are sixteen , eight on each Jaw . Not Grinders but Punchers , or somewhat answerable in shape to the Tusks of a Dog . In the upper Jaw , the longest ; standing on each side , two or three of them , within side of the Tusks . They have a small flat on their insides , against which the Teeth of the under Jaw work ; which are much smaller , and flat-sided . The shape of these Teeth seems no way fitted , and their strength very superfluous , for the eating of green Leaves at the bottom of the Sea , as this Animal is supposed to do .

The Figure which Olaus Magnus gives of this Animal , is fictitious . But that in Joh. de Laet ( as to the Head at least ) is a very good one : from whom Wormius borrows his . One of the Cubs is accurately described by Everh . Vorstius , quoted by John de Laet , by Wormius , and by Terzagi in Septalius's Musaeum . This Animal , when he goes , drags his hinder part after him , as the Seal . They always , saith Scaliger , a a Exer. 218. S. 4. come on Land in Companies ; and when they sleep , one of them , as among Cranes , is set to watch . They climb upon the Rocks on the Sea-side by the help of their great Tusks , wherewith , as with two Hooks , they hold themselves from sliping . They breed numerously near St. Lawrence Isle .

Their Tusks are used by the Turks and Tartars for the making of Sword-Handles . b b Musaeum Wormianum . I have a Girdle , saith Wormius , c c Ibid. composed of Plates made of these Tusks ; which being worn , is an infallible Remedy against the Cramp : à Spasmo proculdubio immunes reddit .

A piece of a MORSE-HIDE . Than which , saith Wormius , I believe there is no Animal hath one more close and solid . I add , nor perhaps any that hath a thicker , being above half an inch thick .

A PISLE , said to be that of the MORSE . 'T is above a foot long , and seems to be only the exerted Part. At the Glans , half a foot about , now it is dry . The Muscovites , saith Vorstius , d d Quoted by Laet , l. 2. take the Powder hereof to bring away the Stone .

The MALE or WHITE SHARK . Canis Carcharias mas . See the Description hereof in Rondeletius . This is about two yards long , and near ¼ of a yard over , where thickest . But they are found sometimes seven or eight yards in length , and more . One hath been taken , saith Gesner , from an other person , near four thousand pounds weight . The sharpness and multitude of his Teeth especially , and the widness of his Mouth , are remarkable . They will often bite off the Legs or Arms of those that venture into the Sea in a Calm ; and sometimes swallow them up whole . a a Ligon's Hist. of Barb. p. 5.

Their Teeth generally stand in a six-fold Row ; but Bellonius observes one with four Rows only . There are some other Fishes which have as many , and the Scate hath more : but take their Number and Bigness together , and they are more considerable . In Septalius's Musaeum , there is one , saith Terzagi , ( in words at length ) with a thousand and two hundred Teeth . But neither hath this here , nor had any other that I ever read of , near half so many .

Of his Optique Nerves , Rondeletius observes , That they are not , as in other Animals , but plainly Cartilaginous .

The Goldsmiths in France , saith the same Author , set the Teeth of the Shark ( which there they call Serpents Teeth ) in silver-Cases ; and the Women hang them about their Childrens Necks , to make them breed their Teeth the better . The Brain of the Shark , saith Wormius , b b Out of Laet. is highly commended by some for the Stone . The people of Island , saith the same Authour , boil them for Lamp-Oil . They are found sometimes upon our own Coast , near Cornwall .

The LONG-SNOUTED SHARK . So I call it , because it is much longer , than in the above-mentioned ; so as to be as it were the beginning of a Horn. The Body of this likewise , in proportion , is much shorter and thicker . Rondeletius seems to give the Figure of this particular Species .

There is no sort of Animal , saith Aristotle , c c Hist. An. l. 2. c. 1. near the end . about us , which hath a double Row of Teeth . So that he never saw a Shark , nor divers other Fishes that are commonly known , and such as are not unlikely to breed about Greece . That he includes Fishes , is plain by the Context .

The GILL-FIN of the long-snouted Shark .

The JAWS of a SHARK . There are six or seven pair of these here preserved . Terzagi mentions one pair in Septalius's Musaeum , that were wide enough to have swallowed any Man .

Two great TEETH of a SHARK . They are both curiously indented , like a Saw , on each edge : as also the Teeth are in younger Sharks , but not so visibly . One of these is above an inch and half long . But one of those in a Shark of above two yards in length , is not half an inch . The Shark therefore , to which This belonged , was about eight yards long .

What the Teeth of a Shark wants in thickness , they have in breadth , whereby they are the more terrible ; both pricking with their Points , and cutting with their Edges at the same stroak .

Part of the BACK-BONE of a SHARK .

The TOOTH of a PICKED-DOG . Not much unlike that of a Shark . The difference is , That the exerted part of this is bended , not inwards , but side-ways .

The SPOTED HOUNDFISH or SEA-PANTHER ; Galeus Asterias ; because of the Stars or Spots upon his Skin . But the radiation of the Spots in the Figure commonly given , is fictitious . See Rondeletius's Description . He hath a rough Skin , as have all of this kind . Yet this Author saith , he hath a smoother Skin , than the Galeus laevis : which , however comparatively taken , it may be true , is not well expressed of either . The said Roughness is caused by an infinite number of most hard and sharp Prickles , composed in the same manner as the Scales of Fishes .

The Female brings forth often times twice in one month , and so is said to Superfoetate : which , saith Aristotle , a a Hist. An. lib. 6. c. 11. & l. 5. c. 10. seems rather to be , because her Eggs are hatched ( in her Womb ) one after another .

The PICKED-DOG . Galeus Acanthias . Because he hath two strong and sharp Spikes growing on his Back , behind the two Finns , and pointing towards his Tail . See the Description in Salvianus and Rondeletius . Besides the two Finns which grow on each side the Anus , the Males , saith Salvian , b b Hist. 42. have also two Appendices , one on each side the Anus . But betwixt the Anus and the Tail there is no under-Finn ; by which he differs from the rest of the Dog-kind . He is said scarce to grow so big , as to exceed twenty pounds in weight . His Skin is rough with the like Prickles , as in the former ; so small , as scarcely visible without a Microscope . But easily felt by drawing your hand towards the head . The shape also of the Teeth is odd and unusual , being armed with little sharp Hooks on each edge . They are taken sometimes upon our English Coast.

The Anatomy of the Galeus ( the Male ) is given us by Sir George Ent , in Dr. Charleton's Onomastic . Zoic. Some of the most observable Remarks , are the peculiar shape of the Pancreas , and especially the Spleen , having a Label produced from one side , above twice it s own length . Likewise the Purse at the farther end of the Duodenum , into which it opens only by a very small round Hole , not so wide as to receive the end of ones little finger : all which are described and figur'd . He hath also growing on the lower Eye-lid , a thick and firm Membrane , wherewith he often winkles or covers his whole Eye : the same with that called the Periophthalmium , common to very many Birds .

The Description of the Viviparous Eggs in the Female ; which are not unlike to those of the Raya , is given by Rondeletius . Bellonius hath seen an indifferent One , to bring forth thirteen young ones at a Birth . So soon as ever she hath brought them forth , they swim along with her , and if any of them are afraid of any thing , it runs immediately into the Mouth , say some , into the Womb of the Dam : when the fear is over , returns again , as if by a second Birth .

The Skin is used for the polishing of Wooden and Ivory Works .

The HEAD of a DOLPHIN , about a foot and ½ long . The Dolphin therefore to which it belong'd , was above two yards and half long . In the Skin , 't is hard to find any passage of sound for Hearing . And Aristotle denies that the Dolphin hears . But Rondeletius truly saith , that he doth , and that the whole structure of the Internal Ear may be seen in the Skull . See Bellonius's Description and Figure of the Dam and her Foetus .

The HEAD of a DOLPHIN , lesser than the former .

The TAIL of the DOLPHIN . It is expanded ( as also in the Porpess ) in a way peculiar , not uprightly , as in other Fishes , but horizontally : by the help of which , he makes his Gamboles above the Water . And at the same time takes his Breath : as Mr. Ray hath well observed of the same use in the Porpess . It is also of use to cast him forward by strong and repeated jirks , whereby he is so admirably swift , as it 's said , above all other Fishes . a a Phil. Trans . N. 76. p. 2275. There is also another Dolphins Tail here preserved of the same bigness .

The SKELETON of a PORPESS , or Sea-Hog . b b Tursio Plinii . Phocaena Rondeletii . The Description and Anatomy of the Animal is given us by Bartholine ( Hist. Cent. 2. ) By Mr. Ray ( Phil. Trans . N. 76. ) By Dan. Major ( Miscel. Curios . German . An. 4. ) And lately more largely by Dr. Edward Tyson . Some of the particulars more remarkable are , That the Fat , which is an inch thick , encompasseth the whole Body , as in a Hog . That the Fibers which run through the Fat from the Membrana Carnosa to the Skin , do obliquely decussate one another like a Lattice . And I may here observe , That the like Decussation is made betwixt the white and red Fibers of all Muscules .

'T is further noted , That the Fat is nothing else but Oil contained in a great number of little Bladders . I add , That all these Bladders are the continuation of the Fibers which decussate , in a finer Work . And that there is no difference betwixt the said Fibers and those of the Membrana Carnosa , saving their Relaxation , ( as when a Spung swells with water ) by the interposition of Oil.

The Stomach remarkable , consisting of three Bags . The Guts eleven times the length of the Fish . The Glands of the Kidneys so distinct , that each having a white substance in its centre , and out of that its Papilla , seemed to be another little Kidney , about the bigness of a large Peas . And I shall here take notice , That the whitish substance within every Gland , and the same which is in the Kidneys of other Animals , is truly Carneous or Muscular , by which the conveyance of the Urinous parts of the Blood into the Pelvis is promoted .

The Paps are placed one on each side the Pudendum . The Ovaria ( it being a young Fish ) not above an inch long , and thick as a Goose-Quill . The Diaphragme , without the usual Tendon in the centre . The Heart , with two Ventricles and two Auricles . The Foramen Ovale , closed . The Lungs consisting of two great Lobes . The Larnyx very prominent , oddly shaped , like an old fashion'd Ewer . The Spout with strong Muscules ; and Papillae for the issuing of Snot . The Eye with the Musculus Suspensorius , as in Bruits . The Brain large , weighed above lbj averdupois , the Fish lbxcvj . The Musculus Psoas , and two others on the Back , very large and strong .

The Teeth ( 96 in all ) so placed , that those of one Jaw , are received into the distances of the other . Stand not in distinct Sockets , but all in one common Furrow . The Ear-Bone is oddly seated in a hollow , and encompassed with Muscules . The Drum well braced , but no Incus stapes & Malleolus to be seen . The Brain-Pan five inches broad , and but three long ; the Brain answerable . The Back-Bone is composed of sixty Vertebrae . The same number , as is before observed to be in that of a Crocodile . The Bones of the Fore-Finns , resemble those of an Arm with Hand and Fingers . Of the Tail , like those of two feet joyned together .

From the Nose to the Tail-end about an Ell long , and roundish , the Eyes and the Gape of the Mouth small , the Back and upper parts black , the Belly white , the Tail horizontal : much like a Dolphin , saving that she is shorter snouted .

The SEA-CALF or SEAL . Phoca . Vitulus Marinus ; From the noise he makes like a Calf . See Rondeletius's Description . His Head comparatively not big ; shaped rather like an Otters ; with Teeth like a Dogs ; and Mustaches like those of a Cat. His Body long , and all over hairy . His fore-Feet , with Fingers clawd , but not divided ; yet fit for going . His hinder Feet , more properly Finns , and fitter for swimming , as being an Amphibious Animal . The Female gives suck , as the Porpess and other Viviparous Fishes . This here is about a yard long . But sometimes they are as big , saith Mr. Ray , as a Heifer of two years .

The Skin of this Fish is commonly used for the covering of Trunks . They are innumerable in the Atlantick-Sea ; especially the Bay there called The Seal-Bay . a a Laet. l. 13. Our Mariners and Fishermen often take them in the Isle of Wight , as they lie asleep upon the Shore . b b Charl. Onomast . Zoic. As also about Cornwall .

Another SEAL like the former , only somewhat thicker . Given by Mr. J. Houghton , Ph. L.

The LONG-NECK'D SEAL . I find him no where distinctly mention'd . He is much slenderer than either of the former . But that wherein he principally differs , is the length of his Neck . For from his Nose-end to his fore-Feet , and from thence to his Tail , are the same measure . As also in that instead of fore-Feet , he hath rather Finns ; not having any Claws thereon , as have the other kinds .

The SKULL of a SEAL . Given by Henry Whistler Esq. The Teeth are shaped somewhat like a Dogs . The tops of them all are flat , being doubtless filed off . The processus of the Os Frontis which makes up the Orbit of the Eye in Land-Animals , is here wanting ; and the said Bone pinched up much more narrowly : Both to make room , as it should seem , for a very large Eye . The passage into the Ears stands very oddly . In Dogs , Cats , and most other Land-Animals , forward and outwardly . But here it stands just oppositely , sc. behind and inwardly .

The FORE-FOOT of a very great SEAL .

The VIVIPAROUS EEL-POUT . Mustela marina vivipara . ( the Male , Lupus marinus Schonfeldii . ) 'T is well pictur'd by Adam Oleareus , a a Tab. 27. f. 2. who calls it a Sea-Wolf ( Ein See-Wolf ) . As also by Johnston ; but not described . But in Gesner's Paralypomena 't is both figur'd and described by Ge. Fabritius under the Name of Klipfisch ( i. e. Rock-Fish , ) so called by the people near the Baltick ( where he breeds . ) Fabritius is particular only as to the Teeth , and is also mistaken in some things . I shall therefore add the Description I drew up before I met with his .

'T is a yard long . The Head ½ a foot long , and almost as high ; being compressed on the sides , three inches and ½ over underneath , her Forehead but a little above two . Her Snout a little Convex . The Eyes very high , an inch long . The Nostrils before the Eyes ¼ of an inch . Both the Chaps blunt-angled before , from the Corners of the Mouth three inches long , between the Corners , as much .

The Teeth all very thick , like those of Quadrupedes ; both in figure and scituation , very unusual . In the upper Jaw , five before ; not Incisors , or Cutters , but thick Punchers . To the Roots of which , within side , grow as it were nine little Teeth . Behind , are three Grinders ; one of which , on each side , is fasten'd obliquely inwards , half an inch broad , and above an inch long . The third , and the greatest , stands betwixt them in the middle of the Palate . Each of these having deep Incisions , seem , as it were , eight or ten Teeth . In the under Jaw , are two Punchers or Claviculars , each of them having two sharp Processes within side . Behind , there seems to be only one Grinder on each side , half an inch broad , and above two inches long , arched inward , and with sixteen or eighteen Incisions looking like so many Teeth .

Her Gills open almost from the top of her Head to her Throat . The Fins are four . The Gill-Fins about five inches long , and as broad , placed so low , as to meet in the Breast , and so to supply the Breast-Fins . The Back-Fin is extended from Head to Tail ; before , an inch high ; behind , above two . The Belly-Fin reaches from the Anus ( which opens a foot behind the Head ) to the Tail , about an inch deep . The Body , where highest , above ½ a foot , the Back a little convex , grows slender all the way to the Tail , the extremity whereof is here wanting . She is cover'd with a tough Skin , now of an Iron-colour , besprinkled all over with round spots .

That which is most remarkable in this Fish , are his Teeth : which are so made , as to be fit either for Ravine , or for the eating of Grass and other Herbs on the Rocks , and under Water . They seem also to be made for the Cracking of Shell-Fish . As likewise for Rumination : which may as well be ascrib'd to this Fish , as to the Scarus .

This Fish is one , amongst divers other instances of Aristotle's error , where he saith , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . a a De Part. Anim. l. 3. c. 1.

The tops of this Fishes Grinders are commonly sold for Toadstones . As Dr. Christopher Merret hath also observed in his Pinax .

The SCATE , or Angel-Fish . Squatina , sive Angelus Marinus . The figure in Johnston is tollerable . But the Description very short and imperfect . That of Rondeletius is better , yet not full . And either the Fish he describes is a different Species , or his Description of the Teeth is not true .

This is above an Ell long . His Head about ¼ of a yard long , and near as much over , ( here ) with several Angles or Ridges : His Mouth five inches over , his Lips almost Semilunar .

Each of his Jaws are armed with about six and thirty Rows of most sharp Teeth , and in every Row there are four Teeth . So that in all they are about two hundred fourscore and eight , all couched a little inward .

About three inches behind his Nose-end stand his Eyes , as it were on the top of his Head , and three inches and ½ distant . Proportionably very small , sc. not above ½ an inch over . About an inch and quarter behind his Eyes , and a little lower , he hath two Spouts , one on each side , above an inch long , and convex before . His Neck ½ a foot over . His Back before , three inches above a foot , expanded ( here ) on both sides , as if it were shoulder'd . His Middle or Wast about eight inches . The lower part of his Back , ten inches , spread like a pair of Buttocks . From his Shoulders to the bottom of his Buttocks about a foot and ½ . The length of his Tail , as much : the forepart whereof above four inches over , growing slenderer all the way to the end .

He hath seven Fins . His Shoulder-Fins with Cartilaginous Rays , expanded ½ a foot out like a pair of Wings , and almost square . His Buttock-Fins prolonged hinderly ½ a foot , stand continguous to the Tail on both sides . On the top of his Tail , two lesser ; three inches high , and couched backward . At the end a forked one ½ a foot long , and almost as high . From hence half a foot forward , the Skin is as it were pinched up into a little Ridge or Doublet on each side .

Above he is very rough with innumerable small Prickles , especially felt upon drawing your hand forward . And the edges of the four side-Fins are all thorny . But underneath the Skin is so thick or closely cover'd with little hard round knobs , as it seems almost smooth .

This Fish hath two Spouts , like the Saw-Fish , because of the breadth of his Head . His Teeth admirable for taking sure hold of the most slippery Prey . Those Doublets on the sides of his Tail , seem to add strength to the Muscules which move the Tail-Fins . And so in some other Fishes . By the posture of the Fins he seems to make at the Prey , not by a forward stroke , but by ascending as a Dog to his Meat , or descending as a Hawk when she stoops . With the broad Fore-Fins , saith Oppian , the Female shelters her Young , as a Hen her Chickens with her Wings . But Aristotle affirms , That she gives them protection as doth the Dogfish , by receiving them into her mouth . He also saith , That of the Cartilaginous kind the Scate only beareth twice in a year , sc. Spring and Fall .

Salvianus a a Histor. 50. saith , That the Skin of his Back is smooth ; deceived by the Authorities of Aristotle , Epicarmus , Athenaeus , and Pliny : witnesses enough to prove an Error . The Skin of this Fish is used for the polishing of Wooden and Ivory Works . He is taken , saith Mr. Ray , sometimes near Cornwall .

Another SCATE . 'T is a young one , but in shape altogether like the former , saving that the Shoulder-Fins are here produced , more like a Wing , into a sharp Angle before .

The HEAD of a SCATE , about the bigness of that above described . Sometimes they grow to the weight of a hundred and sixty pounds .

The HEAD of the GREAT MAID . Caput Rajae Oxyrrhynchae majoris . See the Description of this and the other Kinds in Rondeletius , and Bellonius . They all differ from other Fishes , in having a broad and squat Body , with a long slender Tail appendent , but not so slender , as in the Cat-Fish . The end of the Snout in this , is all beset with little sharp Hooks pointing backward . And with the same Hooks , both the Jaws : but far bigger , and standing in several Rows , eight , ten , or twelve in a Row .

The Skin of the Raja , being artificially reduced to a monstrous shape , is by some shewed , and is commonly taken , for a Basilisk .

The EGG of a THORNBACK . Ovum Rajae Clavatae . Or rather the Bag or Case of the Egg. Hereof see Rondeletius . 'T is very smooth , and ( now ) black and horny . Seven inches long , and four over . From each of the four Corners is stretched a sharpe ended Membrane two inches long . In the middle it swelleth up on both sides : so that in shape 't is just like a Pulpit-Cushion . There are some other lesser ones of the same shape and colour .

In the upper part of the Womb , saith Rondeletius , are a great number of Eggs of several sizes , consisting only of a Yelk , as in the Ovary of a Hen. These successively ripening , are found in the lower part , consisting of Yelk and White , and cover'd with the said horny Case . Out of every one of these mature Eggs , another Foetus is also successively generated . Whereby it is intelligible , How this Fish produceth but one at once , and yet so numerous a breed .

The SKREW-GUT of the RAJA , described by Steno's Son . Sent by Dr. Swammerdam with some other particulars mention'd in the first Section . It winds between parallel lines like a Screw or Stair-case .

The knobed TAIL of a THORNBACK . Of an ash-colour , and about a yard long .

The spiked TAIL of a THORNBACK , almost black . The knobs of both are so hard , that they will file Iron or Brass . The Skin of this Fish is used for Knife-hafts , &c.

The smooth CAT-Fish . Pastinaca marina laevis . Fabius Columna , a a Lib. de Aq. & Terrest . hath described two Species of this kind : but both of them seem to be different from the Fish here . It is somewhat phantastically stuffed ; yet I shall give the Description as well as it will admit .

From the tip of his Snout , to his Tail , a foot and three inches , about a foot over , and ½ a foot ( being , I suppose , thrust out somewhat more than the natural dimension by the stuffing ) in height . His Eyes ½ an inch long , two and ½ inches distant , three and ½ behind his Nose-end . Just behind his Eyes , and a little more distant , he hath two Spouts , one way , an inch and ¼ over . His Snout prolonged forward an inch and ½ with an Obtuse Angle ; and extended towards the side-Fins , wherewith it is also joyned by the mediation of a Skiny-Border ½ an inch broad . His Mouth very little , not an inch and ½ over ; curiously rough-cast like a file , underneath , and behind his Snout-end two inches and ½ . Over his upper Chap hang two little Labels above ½ inch long .

His Gills are five on each side , but towards the middle of his Belly . He hath four side-Fins . His fore-Fins are stretched out two inches in breadth , extended in length towards the Tail , almost a foot . The hinder-Fins are almost two inches broad , and above an inch and ½ long .

The Tail a foot and two inches long , at the Root about an inch and ½ over , the extremity very small like a Shoomakers Thread . The Skin not very thick , nor stubborn , ( now ) of a yellow colour on the back , on the Belly straw-colour'd : every where very smooth , excepting on his Tail , where there are some few very short prickles .

Whether this be not a young Fish , and upon that account only wanteth the Radius ( as the sharp Saw upon the Tail is called ) to me is uncertain . With this Radius he is said to strike and kill his Prey , for which he lies as it were dormant , till it swims within his reach . Aelian , cited by Rondeletius , saith , That he sometimes flies . Which that he may do a little above the water , as the flying Fishes , seems possible by the horizontal production of all his Fins , and their extension all along his sides .

The Chineses and Moors eat this Fish greedily .

The nether LIP of the smooth CAT-FISH , two inches long .

The BRASILIAN FROG-FISH . Rana Piscatrix minor . In Brasile , GUACUACUYA . The figure which Johnston gives is tolerable ; but his Description very defective . The length of this is eight inches . His Mouth open makes a Circle ¼ of an inch over . His Lips , in the usual place of Teeth , are rough ; as also is his Tongue . He hath a black Horn on his Forehead , stooped forwards , round , an inch and ½ long , one third over at the bottom , pointed , and having little Spikes round about it . What Johnston means by the Cuteus Nervus , appears not . At the top of his Head , just under the Horn , stand his Eyes a ¼ of an inch over , and ( here ) no more distant . The Nostrils a little before the Horn.

His Body two inches and ½ long , and four broad ; before , Semilunar . His Back convex , his Belly flat ; with a Border or Fin all along each side ½ an inch broad . Behind are subjoyned a pair of Fins almost two inches long , and an inch and ½ wide . In the middle of his Belly are two other lesser close together , above an inch long , but not more than ¼ broad .

The length of the Tail four inches and ½ . At the root 't is round , and an inch over ; at the end , with the sides compressed , and ½ an inch high . The Tail-Fins three , one above , another just under it , the third at the end much bigger . The Skin of his Belly and Tail underneath , whitish , thin , and rough . Of his Backside , Fins , and Tail above , black , thick and set with short spikes arising from a round Base radiated like a Star . He seems , by his shape , to be near of kin to the Thornback ; and therefore to be less appositely Nam'd .

A lesser Brasilian Frogfish of the same kind .

The TRUMPET-FISH . So called from the figure of his Bill , which is an entire Pipe , shaped almost like that of the Snipe-Fish . Acus Aristotelis . Well described by Rondeletius ; saving , that he describes the Body to be Sexangular all along . Whereas from the Head to the Anus it is Septangular . The Scales are also engraven with small lines almost of an Elliptick figure . Salvianus errs in saying he is not scaly . Another also of the same Species .

The Female , saith Rondeletius , hath a Canale extended from her Anus , in which the Eggs are hatched into young Ones . Of the use of the Bill , see the Snip-Fish .

The lesser TRUMPET-FISH , or Viviparous Needle-Fish .

The HORSE-FISH . Hippocampus . A small Fish . So called , because his Head is shaped like a Horses , and his Tail divided by several Incisures , somewhat like those of Caterpillars , called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Given by Mr. Scotto a London Merchant . It hath the same number of Fins , and in the same place , the same kind of Bill , the fore-Body Septangular , and the Tail square , as the Trumpet-Fish . And is , therefore probably , also Viviparous : and so I have ventur'd to place it here .

Another HIPPOCAMPUS taken in the Mediterranean .

A STURGEON . Acipenser . Sturio , because one of the greatest of edible Fishes ; for Stur , in the Danish-Tongue , signifies Great . a a Wormius . See Wormius his Description . Especially that of Salvianus , with his curious figure . The like in Besler . The parts by which he is best distinguished , are his very long and sharp Snout , his little Mouth , to be seen only when he lies on his back , and his thick and bony Scales ; which stand in Rows so , as to make the Fish almost Pentangular . The figure of most of the side Scales is Rhomboidal . It is affirmed by Moufet , a a L. de Re Cibaria . That the Scales of a Sturgeon turn towards the Head ; borrowing his Error herein of Pliny .

Lately , a piece of a Sturgeons Gut was shewed me by Dr. Edward Tyson , which he had cut off of a great One sent to my Lord Major . It is very thick , strong and Muscular . And the inner Coat made of Fibers , so loosely woven together , as to look like a Net ; and that above the eighth of an inch in thickness . In which a plenteous Chyle is conveniently lodged , and thence gradually transmitted to the Lacteal Veins .

Scaliger saith b b Exerc. 182. S. 2. of the Guts of a Sturgeon , that being taken out and cut all to pieces , those pieces will still move . Which may partly depend upon their great thickness and muscularity ; the like being observable in cutting the Heart and other Muscular parts of divers Animals .

The Sturgeon is taken in most great Rivers , as well as in the Sea . He hath sometimes been seen , saith Bellonius , six yards long . The bigger he is , as all other Fish , the better meat . The Italians c c Salvian . prefer the Belly before the Jole . His Liver very delicate . At Hamburge and Dantsick they eat ( or did in Moufet's time , who reports it , eat ) Sturgeon roasted . In the same Author , see a most excellent Pickle for this Fish . The Eggs being salted and made up into a Mass , were first brought from Constantinople by the Italians , and called Caveare . Of the way of making it , see Gesner . The pickled pieces made of the Chine , are by some called Schinalia . Of the long Bag d d Salvian . which grows next the Chine , the people that live near Tanais make Glew .

The HEAD of a great STURGEON .

MOON-FISH . Mola Salviani Luna ; Because the Tail-Fin is shaped like a Half-Moon , By which , and his odd trussed shape , looking as if he were only the Head of some great Fish cut off from his Trunk , he is sufficiently distinguished from all others . Well described by Rondeletius and Salvian ; and by this latter , very curiously pictur'd . The Gill-Fins , as he observes , are so postur'd , as not to move from Head to Tail , or vice versa , but from Back to Belly , & è contra . The use whereof seems to be , To enable him to make a more direct and sudden descent ; that so when any Ravenous Fish makes full speed at him , he may in an instant strike himself under his way , and so escape him . It may also be noted , That being a tall Fish , and with his sides much compressed , he hath a long Fin upon his Back , and another answering to it on his Belly : by which he is the better kept upright , or from swaging on his sides .

Another MOON-FISH of the same Species , but somewhat lesser . Neither of these is above ½ a yard long . But that which Salvian describes , was above an hundred pounds weight . They are taken , as Mr. Ray saith , about St. Ives and Pensans in Cornwall .

CHAP. II. OF OVIPEROUS FISHES , particularly such as are NOT-SCALED .

THe HEAD of the RIVER-WHALE . Caput Siluri . Johnston gives the figure of this Fish , but without a Description . That of Rondeletius is not full . This Head is ½ a foot long , as broad , and half as high . The Snout flat . Both the Chaps before of a Semilunar figure . Armed with an innumerable company of prickly Teeth , standing like those in a Card wherewith Women Comb Wooll . The nether Chap stands out above an inch before the upper . The Eyes round , and for such a Head , very small , scarce the third of an inch over . Distant three inches and ½ . An inch above the corners of his Mouth , he hath two strings , smooth and round , here ( for they are broken ) ½ a foot long , about the thickness of an Earth-Worm , taper'd and bended backward ; outwardly nervous , inwardly Cartilaginous or Grisly . His Gills descending almost from the top of his Head , meet under his Throat .

What may be the use of these strings is uncertain , and to be collected only from observing their communication with other parts , and the manners of the Fish . But the intent of their structure is less obscure ; the Nervous part serving to draw it too and fro ; the Cartilage , as the spring in a Pendulum Watch , to stint the motion and make it more steady . And being flexible , it does the same as a joynted Series of many little Bones .

The little SEA-UNICORNE . Monoceros minor . It was sent from Brasile , I find it not described nor pictur'd in any Author . Nor is it certain whether it be Oviparous . Yet I have ventur'd to place , and shall describe it here .

'T is ½ a yard long , almost ¼ high , with its sides very much compressed , being not above two inches and a ½ over . High-Bac'd , like a Perch . And also ( which is unusual ) bow-Belli'd . His Head hath some resemblance to that of a Baboone ; from the top to the bottom four inches and ½ . His Mouth , which stands below , not much above an inch over . His Teeth , in both Chaps , the thickness of a midling Needle , the eight of an inch long . His Gills subtended to his Eyes and Mouth like the segment of a Circle . His Eyes stand near the top of his Head ; and are an inch over .

From the top is prolonged a smooth ( now ) blackish , round , taper'd , strait Horn , couched a little down below the level , two inches round about the Root , and three inches long . It seemeth not to have any Bone within it ; nor is it inserted into any , as in the Unicorne of the Cetaceous kind before described ; but is the Skin it self prolonged and hardened ( as the Cuticula turns to Cornes ) into a kind of horn .

The Fins are seven . The Gill-Fins two inches long , and one broad . The Back-Fin is extended from Head to Tail , above an inch and ½ high . The Breast-Fins ¼ of an inch before the Anus , near two inches long . The Belly-Fin , like that of the Back , and extended from the Anus to the end of the Tail . That at the end of the Tail triangular , two inches and ½ long , three high . The Anus , if you measure by a perpendicular from the Gills , opens , oddly , not above an inch and ½ behind them . He is cover'd with a ( now ) blackish , thick and tough Skin , and when you draw your hand forward , also rough .

The SHIPHALTER . Echeneis . Remora . Johnston hath given an indifferent figure of it . But I meet with no tolerable Description any where .

'T is about ¼ of a yard long . His Body before , three inches and ½ over ; thence tapering to the Tail-end . His Mouth two inches and ½ over . His Chaps ending somewhat angularly . The nether a little broader , and produced forward near an inch more than the upper . His Lips rough with a great number of little prickles . His Eyes round , ¼ of an inch over , an inch behind his Mouth .

His Head squat , adorned with a kind of Oval Coronet , somewhat Concave , five inches and ½ long , above two broad , cut traversly with three and twenty Incisions or long Apertures , making so many distinct Membranes , with rough edges , joyned altogether with a Ligament running through the middle of the Coronet , and perforated on each side the Ligament .

The Gills wind from an inch and ½ behind the Eyes down to the Throat . The Fins seven . The Gill-Fins above four inches long ; The Breast-Fins as long . About a ¼ of a yard behind the Coronet a fifth extended on the Back above ¼ of a yard . A sixth like it on the Belly . The Tail-end , like a Spear , a little compressed . The Tail-Fin three inches and ½ long . The Anus open about the middle of the Fish . His Skin is ( now ) brown , smooth , and tough , or like tan'd Leather .

Perhaps the same Fish , which Ligon a a Hist. of Barbadoes . saith , always swims along with the Shark , and frequently sticks to some part about his Head . At least , it is very probable , that this Fish is able to fasten himself to any great Fish , Boat , or Ship , with the help of the Coronet or Sucker on his Head ; which seems to be most fitly contrived for that purpose . In some sort answerable to the Tail of a Leech , whereby she sticks her self fast to the smoothest Glass . Or to those round Leathers , wherewith Boys are us'd to play , called Suckers , one of which , not above an inch and ½ diametre , being well soaked in water , will stick so fast to a Stone , as to pluck one of twelve or fourteen pounds up from the ground .

Of the stupendious power which this Fish is supposed to have , there are many concur in the story ; as that he is able to stop a Ship in its career under full Sail : and what not ? and great pains is taken to assign the Cause ; and to prove , That though the Moon be made of a Green Cheese , yet is not the only Nest of Maggots . Rondeletius alone , in ascribing it to his easily altering the position of the Helm , and so the motion of the Ship , coming near to good sense : especially if he had proved , That the Name of the Fish , and the Story , were not Things much older than the Helm of a Ship .

'T is plain , that the Tradition had a very early beginning , when little light Boats were the Ships which people us'd . To the side whereof , this Fish fastening her self , might easily make it swag , as the least preponderance on either side will do , and so retard its Course . And the Story once begot upon a Boat , might still , like the Fish it self , stick to it , though turn'd to a Ship . Assigning as great a power to this Neptune in the Sea , as the Poets have done to Apollo the God of Life in the Heavens ; who yet appears by the best accounts of him put together , to have been at first no better than a Crafty Mountebank .

The TOBACCOPIPE-FISH . By the People of Brasile , and by Marggravius who describes it , called Petimbuaba . He hath only omitted the Line , which , like a very small Chain , runs along both sides , as in the Sea-Scorpion , from Head to Tail : Both the Body and Snout are long and slender , from whence its Name . 'T is also pictur'd , and in some sort described by Piso.

The PRICKLED TURBUT . Rhombus aculeatus . So called from his figure and the prickles on his Back or brown side . Described by Rondeletius . The two strings that hang at the nether Chap , are here wanting . He is said , having hid himself in Mud , with these , to Prey upon little Fish , which seeing them rigle , make at them , supposing them to be Weeds .

The little GLOB-FISH . Orbis minor . So called from his Orbicular figure . Described in most Musaeums . Most curiously figur'd in that of Calceolarius . He is armed with long , round , hard , and sharp Spikes or Needles all round about , almost like those of a Hedg-Hog ; and is a sort of Porcupine-Fish .

'T is probable , That the Fish swims with these Needles all closely couched down round about , for that otherwise they would hinder her swimming . But if at any time she is pursu'd , she immediately advances her Pikes , and bids the enemy come at his peril .

This and the other kinds are found , especially , in the River Nile .

The SEA-PORCUPINE . Histrix Piscis . Johnston hath figur'd it ( Tab. 45. ) but not well . Neither do I find any tolerable Description of it .

This here is above a foot long , near half a foot over , and as high , round , and almost of an Ovale figure . His Chaps about ½ an inch long , shaped somewhat like the Bill of a Sparrow , each of them one single Bone , without any Teeth , but sharp-edged ; at the corners of the Mouth an inch over . His Eyes ½ an inch over , an inch behind his Mouth , and two and ½ distant .

The Gills but ¼ of an inch long , Convex before , very high , viz. in the same level with the Eye . As also the Gill-Fins , which are about two inches long , and three broad . Two inches and ½ before the end of the Tail , a third an inch and ¼ broad and two inches long . An inch and ½ before the end of the Tail underneath , a fourth somewhat less . The Tail-Fin above two inches long , an inch and ½ high , with its extream edge Convex .

He is cover'd with a Skin on the Back ( now ) of a brownish yellow , on the Belly whitish . Armed all round about , excepting his Tail , with round , hard , and most sharp Needles , about an inch and ¼ long , ½ an inch distant one from another , each having three Roots ( now ) visibly spread under the Skin , one on each side , and a third before .

'T is most probable , That to these Roots are fasten'd so many Muscules , whereby these little Pikes are govern'd in their motion , and kept steady in their posture of defence .

Another SEA-PORCUPINE like the former .

The FROG-GLOB-FISH . Orbis Batrachoides . Figur'd by Johnston under the Title of Gestachelt meer Taube , Tab. 24. But I find it not described to any purpose .

This is seven inches long , three broad , and as high . His Forehead above an inch and ½ over , by the eminency of his Eye-Brows a little hollow . His Eyes round , above ½ an inch over . His Mouth very broad and semilunar , like that of a Frog ; from whence I take leave for his Name . His nether Chap a little broad and more forward than the upper . Without any Teeth , but rough like a File . The Gills ½ an inch long , an inch and ¼ behind the Eyes . The Fins are five . The Gill-Fins above an inch long , almost as broad . Before the end of the Tail , one above about an inch long , that underneath broken off . The Tail-Fin above ½ an inch long , near as high . The Anus opens an inch and quarter before the Tail-end .

He is cover'd all over with a very hard and tough Skin , ( now ) of a yellowish straw-colour . Armed round about with strong Spikes about ¼ of an inch long , couched backward , and fixed with three Roots , as in the former . But not , as those , round , but flat with two edges like the point of a Sword .

It may further be noted of these Spikes , That being fixed in the Skin , both here and in the other kinds , so as to couch and point backward , the fish needs not to tack about , but is at the same time in a posture of defence , and of flight , for its surer escape .

The EGYPTIAN GLOB-FISH . It differs from the rest , especially by the smallness of its Prickles , which are rather like the little Thorns on a young Rasperry-Bush . He is not armed with them , as Rondeletius saith , all over ; the Skin behind the Gills for the length of ¼ of an inch , and on the lower part of the Tail , being bald .

The HARE-GLOB-FISH . Orbis Lagocephalus . I find it not any where pictur'd or describ'd . 'T is above a foot long , ½ a foot high , almost five over . His Head almost like a Hares , from whence I have Nam'd him . His Forehead plain and almost square , an inch and ¼ broad . His Eyes round , above ¼ of an inch over , and stand high . Three quarters of an inch before the Eyes , two holes like Nostrils . From thence to the Nose-end a little above an inch . The end above ½ an inch over , and round . His upper Lip stretched thence to the breadth of ½ an inch . Each Chap as it were divided into two great Teeth ¼ of an inch broad .

The Gills an inch and ¼ long , behind the Eyes an inch , below them ½ an inch . The Fins are five . The Gill-Fins stand obliquely between the Back and the Breast , an inch and ½ long , and three broad . Three inches before the Tail-end , a third almost two inches long and one broad . Underneath , a fourth somewhat less . This , which may be noted , being couched backward , the other foreward . The Tail-Fin two inches and ½ long , and as high , with its utmost edge Convex .

His Skin Membranous and limber , on the top of his Head , Back , upper Sides and Breast , and round about his Tail , smooth and bald . On his Belly and lower part of his Sides and Breast , armed with little short Prickles , about the third of an inch distant , and fixed with little Roots , as in the former .

From the Crown of his Head are drawn two Lines almost to those holes like Nostrils . From the hinder part of the Head , two more all along the Back and Tail , in the figure of the Letter s. And two others from the Gill-Fins towards the Anus , and from thence to the end of the Tail . By these Lines , were there no other marks , it is easie to distinguish him from all the other Species .

An OVAL COMPAGES of BONES , said to be the Sceleton of a Globe-Fish .

The RED-GOURNET . Pavo Salviani . Cuculus , from the noise he makes like a Cuckow when he is taken . Well described by Rondeletius . But his figure , especially in making him with a long Snout , answers not , unless it be of another Species . For the Forehead of this is square , and the Head almost cubical , like that of the Scorpion-Fish . From which this chiefly differs in not having the Fins of the Back prickly or spiked , and having a Line running from the top of the Back on each side the Back-Fin to the Tail , like a small linked Chain .

The LONG-SNOUTED GOURNET . Cuculus Rondeletii . By which Author 't is well described . It differs from the former Species , chiefly , in having a much longer head , and a saddle-Nose .

The STAR-GAZER . Uranoscopus . Because he looks directly against the Sky : whereas , as Rondeletius observes , the Ray and several other fishes , although they have their Eyes standing on the top of their Heads , yet the Pupils of their Eyes are not directed upwards , but side-ways . The Fish is accurately described by the same Author . Saving , that he hath omitted the arching or bowing of his Body with the Head and Tail upwards : unless both the shape of the Fish here be forced , and his own figure thereof false .

This Fish , when alive , hath a slender Membranous string , which he projects and draws in , at pleasure , as a Serpent doth his Tongue . With this he duckoys little fishes , and then preys upon them . For plunging himself in Mud ( Rondeletius saith , he hath seen him ) and then lifting up his head a little , he casts out the said string ; which the little fishes taking for a Worm , and nibling at it , he immediately plucks them both in together .

The SQUAR-FISH . Piscis quadrangularis . I think it is not described or figur'd by any . There are two square fishes described by Wormius , the former of which he supposeth to be made so , not bred . But neither is this , as that is , spiked behind ; nor as the other , horned before , besides other differences : 'T was sent from the East-Indies .

'T is about fifteen inches long , four high , in the middle three and ½ over . His Forehead square , by the eminency of the Eye-brows , a little hollow ; two inches and ½ over . His Eyes near an inch . His Nose blunt , not very steep , an inch and ½ long . Two small holes in the place of Nostrils . His Mouth exceeding little , ½ an inch over . His Teeth also very small .

The Gills are strait , an inch and ¼ long . His back a little Convex ; towards his Tail , and on his sides blunt angled . So also his Belly , but plain or flat ; and considerably rising up towards his Tail . He hath five Fins . The Gill-Fins are two inches in length , and two in breadth . They stand a little obliquely . Like these , a little before the Tail , one above , another under . The Tail-Fin three inches long , and three and ½ high .

Some part of both the Chaps and of the Tail are cover'd only with a Skin . The rest of the fish with a kind of Crust : yet not altogether so hard as in the Crustaceous kind . This Crust is all over adorned with innumerable little round knobs reduced , for the most part , into hexagonal figures , subdivided into equilateral Triangles .

Wormius calls this Crust a Leathery Skin : but not rightly ; as any one that compares it with the true Skin upon his Chaps and Tail , whereof he takes no notice , may easily judge . That it may be bent , proves it not a Skin ; for so may the Crust of a Lobster . To which this seemeth to stand in the next degree , as that doth to a shell . Or to speak properly , it seems neither a Skin , nor a Crust alone , but a Medly of both together , or a Crust upon a Skin : Nature having here , as in many other examples , united two extreams by a third Thing in the middle .

Another SQUARE FISH stained with black Spots . Given by Mr. John Short .

The CONEY-FISH . Piscis Triangularis . Described by Marggravius . Wormius also supposeth his first Square-Fish to be the same . But neither of them are particular enough .

'T is above ½ a yard long , above ½ a foot high , the Belly flat , and almost ½ a foot over . From whence his sides rise up into a sharp Angle . His Head somewhat like that of a Coney ; from whence his Name . His Eyes great , sc. an inch and ½ long ; and stand high . His Forehead almost square , and by the eminency of the Eye-brows a little hollow ; an inch and ¼ broad . Half an inch before the Eyes two little holes like Nostrils . His Nose descending almost perpendicularly , three inches deep , and blunt-ended . His Mouth not above an inch over . The Teeth ⅓ of an inch long , and sharp : ten in the lower Chap , in the upper twelve . His Back arched between the Head and Tail , and , as is said , very sharp . On each side his Belly he hath a strong sharp Spike ⅓ of an inch long , standing near , and pointing toward his Tail .

His Gills are strait , above an inch long , and parallel to his Nose . The Fins five . The Gill-Fins here broken off . A little before his Tail , one above , another below , both two inches long , an inch and ½ broad . The Tail-Fin three inches long , and two and ½ high . Excepting his Chaps and Tail , which are naked , he is cover'd all over with the like Crust , as the former . On the upper part of the Tail , also grows a distinct Crust , of an Oval figure .

The Chaps and Tail of this Fish , and the rest of the kind , are both left naked , for the more easie and convenient motion of the one in eating , and of the other in swimming . And for the same reason , the Gill-Fins do also stand upon a naked Membrane .

The Female-CONEY-FISH . The Nose here descendeth not so steeply . The Belly not so broad . The Crust every where , except the middle of the Belly , stained with a great number of round black Spots . Hath not many of the triangular subdivisions . Nor the Oval Crust upon the Tail .

Another of the same Species , with that now described .

The HORNED CONEY-FISH . Piscis triangularis cornutus . Johnston hath figur'd it . a a Tab. 45. But without either Description or Name . It differs from the fish last described chiefly by its Horns , which he hath upon the top of his Forehead , ½ an inch long , near an inch about the bottom , and pointed ; almost like an Horses Ears when he pricks them forward . His Teeth are also smaller , his Mouth lesser , and more naked . His Belly narrower , and so his sides more compressed . The Tail-Fin longer . And the Oval Crust on the Tail , not above but beneath .

ANOTHER of the same Species , with two Oval-Crusts , one on the top of the Tail , the other underneath .

A THIRD , without the said Oval-Crust , and the triangular subdivisions .

Two more HORNED CONEY-FISHES . All five of one unmixed ash-colour .

CHAP. III. OF SCALED-FISHES .

THe HEAD of the CUCUPU-GUACU ; so called by the people of Brasile , where it breeds . Described by Marggravius . Who saith it is sometimes two yards long , and a yard and half about . The Mouth of this Head standing quite open , makes a circle of a yard in compass . So that , probably , 't is the biggest of Scaled-Fishes , excepting the Sturgeon . Of all our European Fishes , it seems to come nearest to the Cole-Fish or Black-Cod .

The SCALES ( perhaps ) of the same Fish . They are almost circular , above three inches in Diameter , and answerably thick . Like other Scales , they are horny , transparent , and elastick or springy . That part of their edge which is inserted into the Skin , bluntly Toothed . They have a great many exceeding small Striae , hardly visible , but by holding them up against the light .

The FILE-FISH . CAPRISCUS . It was sent from the Bermudas . Curiously pictur'd and described by Salvian . a a Hist. 71. I call it the File-Fish , from the likeness which the foremost Bone upon his Back hath to a file . There are three of them : which , saith Salvian , he raises and depresses at his pleasure ; yet so , as not one alone , but altogether . And although you press the foremost , and greatest never so hard , it will not stir : but if you depress the last and least of all never so softly , the other two immediately fall down with it : just as when a Cross-Bow is let off by pulling down the Tricker . For which reason also the fish is called , at Rome , Pesce Balestra .

Another thing peculiar to this fish is , that his Scales ( as Salvian calls them ) are separated by cancellated lines , or Lattice-wise . I add , and that they are all incrustated , and rough-cast with little round knobs . So that the cover of this fish , is near a kin to that of the Square-Fish ; that being only one entire Crust , this divided into many little ones .

It may be noted , That where Salvian describeth this fish to be compressum & latum , atque fere orbicularem , he hath not properly expressed his shape . For he is not Broad , but Tall ; and much nearer to a Rhombus or Diamond-square .

This fish seems to be the same which the People of Brasile call GUAPERUA ; described and pictur'd by Marggravius and Piso , and out of them by Johnston . b b Tab. 34.

The TALLEST FILE-FISH . This seems to be that Species particularly described by Salvianus . It differs from the foregoing only in being taller and narrower : and in having the Tail-Fin with longer horns .

The PRICKLE or longest FILE-FISH . It is a young One. Differs from that of Salvian . In that on the sides hinderly , grows a little short Prickle upon the centre of every Scale , pointing backward . It is also ratably much longer and lower , his Nose a great deal shorter , and less steep , and his Tail-Fin less spread .

Another LONG-FILE-FISH of the same Species , and about a foot in length . But the Prickles above-said are here worn off .

The STREAKED FILE-FISH . Capriscus striatus . This differs from the last , In that its Scales are not prickled , but streaked with many small Lines ; forward , entire ; but hinderly composed of many little knobs .

The SNIPE-FISH . Scolopax . It was taken in the Baltick-Sea . I find it no where well described .

It is a little fish , when at full growth , as Rondeletius , who had seen three of them all small , and full of Eggs , well observes . This here , about three inches and ●/● long , ●/● of an inch high , the sides much compressed , being not ●/● of an inch thick . The Orbits of his Eyes very great , sc. a ¼ of an inch over . His Forehead as much .

He hath a tubular or pipe-like Snout , resembling that of the Hippocampus , or the Horse-Fish . It consisteth of only one hollow Bone , strait , and from his Eyes above an inch long , or one third of his whole length . At the root , above ●/● of an inch high ; at the extremity , ●/● . Where he hath an exceeding little Mouth ; which openeth not before , but above .

His Gills large , behind the Eyes ●/● of an inch , from whence carry'd to his Snout or Bill , they describe ●/● of a circle . The Fins four . The Gill-Fins almost ½ an inch long , in the same level with his Mouth and the bottom of the Eye . The Tail-Fin as long , ●/● of an inch high . Before and above the Tail a fourth , a ¼ of an inch long , ●/● broad .

A little before this Fin , stands a white and very sharp Spike , or Saw , above an inch long , couched a little backward , and armed with a double row of small sharp Teeth , all pointing upward . To this great One , are subjoyned two lesser , by one common Membrane , as in the File-Fish .

His Skin grey with some few rays of red ; possibly more in the living fish . He is scaly , and rough with a single Row of very small Prickles near his Eyes , with a treble one on his Belly and Sides ; hardly visible without a Glass .

By the great length and structure of this Fishes Bill , he should seem , upon dilating his Throat at his pleasure , to suck in his food , and so to use it as a Sirynge . Withall , his Mouth not being open before , but on the top of his Bill-end , like a Gutter-Trough , doth much promote the current , of all that comes in at it , to his Throat . And so in the Trumpet-Fish .

The three Spikes on his Back ( whereof Rondeletius and others only observe the greatest ) being associated in the same manner , and having the like mutual proportion , as in the File-Fish ; it may reasonably be supposed , that they have also the same Motions , depressions and erections , as , in speaking of the said fish , hath been described . And that therefore , while the fish swims secure , they are all couched down close to his Back , that they may not hinder his course : but that when ever he is pursued , he strait erects them all , and by the help of the lesser , keeps the great one tite up against his Enemy .

The SQUARE ACARAUNA ; by Mariners , The Old Wife . It hath some marks of kindred with the tall Acarauna , described and pictur'd in Marggravius and Piso. But hath also divers others of distinction from it ; as the different position of the Spurs , the different shape both of Head , Body and Tail , &c. as may be observed by comparing the Descriptions and Figures of both together . The tall Acarauna is figured also by Johnston , a a Tab. 32. out of Marggravius ; but without any Inscription of Number or Title .

This here was brought from Suranam . Eight inches long and ½ , above three high , about one and ¼ over . His fore parts and Tail are ( now ) of a pale straw-colour ; all the rest are of a blackish brown . He is cover'd all over with Scales engraven with small parallel Lines : except on his Forehead and Chaps before , where his Skin is only ruged as you draw your Finger downward .

The Crown of his Head rises up into a blunt Angle , his Forehead flat , above ½ an inch broad . His Eyes round , ●/● an inch over , and stand high . A little before them , two small holes like Nostrils . His Mouth also stands high , and is extreme small , scarce ●/● of an inch over . His Teeth contiguous , like small Needles .

On his upper Jaw grow four little Prickles on each side . On each side his nether , two great Spikes or Spurs , hard , and very sharp , about an inch long , pointing obliquely downward , and bended a little like a Cocks Spur. From the Root of these several little short Prickles run in a strait Row to the Eyes .

The Gills behind make a strait Line , and an Angle , from whence they are produced forward . The Fins seven . The Gill-Fins hang under the Spurs , an inch and ½ long near an inch broad . The Breast-Fins also an inch and ½ long , ●/● broad . The Back-Fin from the top of his Head , the Belly-Fin from his Anus are carry'd to the Tail-Fin , so as to stand betwixt two parallel lines , making the fish almost square ; from whence I have Nam'd it . They are both stretched out beyond their roots with two sharp Angles . The Tail-Fin an inch and ●/● long , and higher , with its utmost edge Convex .

The Spur above describ'd , is a dangerous , and as it seems , a malicious Weapon ; wherewith the fish strikes side-ways , and as it were under-hand , not suffering , in its doged humor , any other fish to consort with it .

The SWALLOW-FISH . So called from the length of his Gill-Fins , which reach to the end of his Tail , like a pair of very long Wings . By some , the Flying-Herring , from a likeness in the shape of their Body . Perhaps Rondeletius's Mugilis Alatus . But by Salvian called Hirundo , by whom it is well described . a a Histor. 62. That Line ( saith he ) which in other fishes goes either from the Head or Branchiae by the sides to the Tail ; here runs from the Belly-Fins along the Belly to the Tail . Johnston also describes it out of Aldrovandus , but omits the just number of seven Fins . In the figure also which he gives , the Belly-Fins are wanting . And the Orbits of the Eyes , which are extraordinary great , he representeth little .

His Gill-Fins he useth as Wings , wherewith he flyeth , for escape , above the water , when pursu'd by another fish ; especially , as Piso saith , by the Dolphin . But as they fly ( as the same Author ) they often become a prey to Water-Fowl . Hundreds of them are sometimes seen above the Water at once . When they fly , they make a kind of Stridor , as some Fowls with their Wings .

KITE-FISH . So called also from his Wings or Gill-Fins , which , what they want in length , they have in breadth and strength . Figur'd by Rondeletius , and accurately described . Saving , that he mentions but seven of his eight Fins .

This fish seems to be the same with that which Marggravius describes by the Name of PIRAPEBE .

Another KITE-FISH of the same Species . Figur'd by Johnston , Tab. 17. N. 9.

Of the GILL-FINS of the FLYING-FISH , it is further observable , That they are fastened very high near their Backs ; that so at the same time their Bodies may be in some part sustained by the Water , and their Wings have a little scope to play above it , for their easier advance into the Air.

The BEARDED-LOACH or GROUNDLING . Gobites Barbatula . It is a small fish about five inches long , bearded with six small Threads , three on each side . Yet Bellonius mentions but four . Nor doth Gesner picture more in his corrected figure . See them both .

The MAILED-FISH . Cataphractus Schonveldii . It was brought from Guiny . But is also often taken in the Mouth of the Elb. It is well described by the Author of the Name . And by Johnston well figur'd , Tab. 46. But in Tab. 24. but scurvily , unless it be another Species . It is a small fish about five or six inches long , with a broad squat head , and thence taper'd to the end of the Tail . His Scales are as it were doubled , by which he becomes of an angular figure , with about eight Angles before , and six behind . His Nose-end armed with two Prickles standing together in a semilunar figure ; supposed to be venemous .

The TAMOATA pictur'd and described by Piso , seems to be the same with this fish .

Another MAILED-FISH of the same Species .

The MAILED-FISH of Brastle . It hath a near resemblance to the former ; from whence I have Nam'd it . I find it no where describ'd . 'T is ½ a foot long . His Head an inch and ¼ long , and near as broad . On the hinder part of his Head he hath three Angles , one on each side , and a third in the middle . The Forehead almost flat . His upper Chap Elliptick . The Orbits of his Eyes round , ½ of an inch over , an inch behind his Nose-end , ¼ distant . A little before the Eyes , two large holes like Nostrils . His Mouth a little prominent , near ●/● an inch over . His Lips in the place of Teeth , only rough . His lower Jaw and Belly flat . His Body before , an inch and ●/● broad , an inch and ¼ high , his Back round , the Sides ending in two Angles . His Tail taper'd , and with the Sides a little flat .

One half of the Gills opens on the sides , the other underneath in the Breast . The Fins are eight . The Gill-Fins of an unusual structure , having their utmost Spine or Bone very rough , thick and strong , above an inch and ½ long , flat and crooked , almost like a Reaping-Hook , seven or eight times as big as any of the rest of the Fin-Bones . The Belly-Fins much less , and above an inch behind . Just over these the Back-Fin . On the Tail one above , underneath , and at the end : But the two first are here broken off .

His Head is cover'd with a brown and rough bony Helmet . His Back , Sides and Tail with Scales of the same colour , but a little lighter , rough , engraven with small parallel Lines , and of a Rhomboidal figure . His Breast and Belly only with a thin limber Skin .

The BRASILIAN NEEDLE-FISH ; by the People of Brasile called TIMUCU . Acus Brasiliensis . Marggravius hath described and figur'd it well . 'T is a long slender fish , from whence its Name . It hath also a pair of Chaps like a long Bill . He only omits the two scaly Lines which run along the Belly and Tail of the Fish , which every where else hath a naked Skin .

The CHAPS ( perhaps ) of the GREENLAND NEEDLE-FISH . The Teeth which stand in single Rows on the Edges of the Chaps are thick and strong , yet very sharp . In the lower Chap , near the two edges , are two furrows , into which the Teeth of the upper Chap strike . The two Bones which compose the Chap , are joyned together by an indented Suture , most curious to look upon . The fish seems next a kin to the common great Needle-Fish , or the Girrock , which is described by Rondeletius , Aldrovandus , and others , and pictur'd by Johnston , Tab. 15.

It is an Observation of Aristotles , a a Hist. Anim. lib. 2. c. 17. That most fishes having no Gullet , but their Stomachs standing just behind their Mouths ; it often comes to pass , that while the greater pursue the lesser , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , their Stomachs come out into their very Mouths . Some resemblance whereof , in a low degree , may be felt by those that with an eager Appetite first begin to eat ; the Gula rising up a little as it were to meet the meat half way ; which , upon its retreat , it sucks in after it . Which hath happened in some with that violence , as to have endanger'd their being choaked .

CHAP. IV. OF EXANGUIOUS FISHES .

THe Rough HORNED-LOBSTER . Given by Dr. Thomas Allen. I call it so , from the many pointed knobs which he hath all over his Back . Squilla Crangone . Described by Rondeletius . See also the figure hereof in Gesner , p. 1099.

This fish , instead of the Plates on the Tail of a common Lobster , hath so many Fins , which for the far greater part of them are naked , or without a Crust upon them .

All Lobsters use their Tails , as Fins , wherewith they commonly swim backward by Jirks or Springs ; reaching sometimes ten yards at a Spring . For which purpose , whereas the Gill-Fins of other fishes , which are their Oars , are a little Concave backward ; these have the Plates of their Tails when they bend them down , as they use to do , a little Concave forwards .

Another HORNED-LOBSTER with a smoother Back . These fishes are the most pleasant meat of all the Crustacious kind ; except perhaps the Punger .

A CLAW of the GREAT LOBSTER . Astacus Leo. 'T is above a foot long , and a foot and three inches round the middle . So that , ratably , the Lobster it self must have been about a yard in length .

TWO more of the same , a little lesser .

The CLAW perhaps of a rare sort of CAMARUS , with the inner Joynt forked .

The MOLUCCA-CRAB . Cancer Molucensis . The best figure hereof is given by Besler , who alone shews the Eyes ; yet not so clearly as could be wished . Not ill described by Joh. de Laet. That which Clusius makes to be the fore part , he makes the hinder : and Wormius doth the like ; and saith , it is plain , from the position of the Legs ; With both whom I agree . And to what Wormius saith , I also add , the position of the Eyes ; for from Clusius's Description , it would follow , that they stood in the hinder part of the Crab. Here are eight or nine of them ; the entirest and largest , given by Henry Whistler Esq .

The Eye of this Crab , hath a horny Cover . But stands almost flat , or in the same plain with the rest of the shell . 'T is pleasant to look on , being latticed like the Eye of a Butterfly . The latticed-work is discernable to a naked Eye , but much better through a Glass .

The People a a J. de Laet. l. 2. that live near the River Chovacoêl in Nova Francia , pile their Shafts with the Tails of this Crab , which breeds there abundantly .

The CLAW of the PUNGER , or the VELVET-CRAB , called Pagurus . It is one of the biggest sort ; and the best meat of any . Linschoten reports , That some ( but he saith not of what kind ) in India , have been found so big , that whensoever they got any man with in their Claws , it cost him his life .

The PRICKLED-CRAB . Hippocarcinus , or Cancer asper , because of the Spikes that grow upon his Back . They breed near Norway .

Another with a great number of Center-shells growing upon its Back .

It is noted by Aristotle , b b De Part. Anim. lib. 4. c. 8. That all Lobsters and Crabs have their Right Claw , the greater and stronger . Crabs have no Tail , nor need it , saith the same Author , c c Ibid. as Lobsters do to swim with ; because they live much upon the Land .

CRABS-EYES . Oculi Cancrorum . A Crustaceous-stone so called , growing as is commonly ( but I doubt falsly ) said , in River Crabs . Especially , saith Cerutus , d d Mus. Calceol . Sect. 1. in the Female , at that time , when the new shell begins to grow .

Both the Powder and the Magistery of Crabs-Eyes ; and the Claws , and Distilled-Water of Crabs , are all used in Medicine .

The NAKED-SHRIMP , commonly called The Souldier-Crab . Cancellus . Here are two of them housed ; one in a Sea-Snail-shell ; the other in that of a common Wilk . It is accurately described by Aristotle . a a Hist. An. lib. 4. c. 4. His fore part is armed with crustaceous Plates , as the Lobster , but rather resembles the Shrimp . His hinder part is naked , or without a Crust : from whence I take leave for the Name : Neither the usual English Name , nor the Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ( according to which the Latin ) being sutable to the shape of this Animal , a quite different kind from a Crab.

Two NAKED-SHRIMPS unhoused , or without a shell .

This Animal , because his hinder part is naked , always houses himself in some empty shell , or other capable Body . When he hath filled one shell with Excrements , saith Bellonius , or grows too big for it , saith Aristotle , he transplants himself to another . Those that house themselves in the shell of the little long Wilk , or the Purple-Wilk , are called Little Souldier-Crabs , those in the great Wilk-shell , the Great Souldier-Crab : and so , if in other shells of like bigness .

The INMATE-CRAB . Pinnophylax . Because it is said to watch for the Prey , and to give notice to the Pinna when to apprehend it . 'T is shaped like a Crab ; but seldom grows bigger than a Chesnut . They are of a lovely white , and some with rays of a light Red or Pinck-colour . One difference betwixt the Cancellus and this , is , That that always chooses an empty shell , this hospitates with the living Animal in the same shell . He cohabits not only with the Pinna , but also the Muscle , Oyster , and Scallop .

The PREKE or POULPS . Polypus . See the Description in Rondeletius and others . 'T is a Naked-Fish , having eight Fingers or Arms spread out almost like the Rays of a Star-Fish , and the Mouth in a manner in the middle of them . Their Arms serve them both to swim with , and to Attaque the Prey . When they are pursu'd by a fish , they presently cast forth a black Liquor , which they have always ready in a Bag , and wherewith they darken the water , and so make their escape . Being boiled with Wine and Spices , they are , saith Moufet , b b Lib. de Re Cibariâ . a very excellent meat .

The SMOOTH STAR-FISH or SEA-PAD . Stella marina laevior . It was sent from the East-Indies . I find it not described . When alive , it is of a flesh-colour . It hath five Arms or Rays , each an inch broad , and proportionably very long , sc. above five inches ; the Trunk being not above an inch and ½ Diameter . The upper or convex side is wrought all over with very little lenticular knobs , almost like a Chamaeleon's Skin ; with small Concavities interjected , like those in Poppy-seed . Underneath , each Arm is furrow'd , the Margins of the Furrows being set with a kind of curious Fring . The Margins of the Arms wrought with Lenticular eminencies set in a straight Row , and besprinkled as it were with little Century-seed .

All Stars have their Mouths in the middle underneath , as the Sea-Urchin . They feed upon Shell-fish . And seem , saith Rondeletius , to have no other passage for their Excrements , but their Mouths . Whereof I much doubt . They take the Prey , as the Polypus , and swim very swiftly , by stretching out or contracting their Arms at their pleasure .

The BRANCHED STAR-FISH . Stella marina arborescens . A rare kind . It was taken in the Bay of Mastachuset in New-England . See the Descrisption hereof in Rondeletius , and out of him in Wormius . As also in the Philosophical Trans . a a Num. 57. under the Title of Piscis Echinostellaris Visciformis . Before I had perused these , I had drawn up a Description of my own , which I will take leave to subjoyn . It is above a foot Diametre . The Mouth , in the middle , is divided into five Lips . The figure both of this and of the Trunk or Body is pentangular . The Diametre of the Trunk almost three inches . The sides grow thin from the Mouth to their Edges , which are so many exact Hyperbola's .

From the five Corners of the Trunk , as many Branches being produced , are presently each divided into two others , about an inch in compass ; round , but by a double Row of little knobs , seeming to be square . Each of these , are again subdivided into lesser and lesser Branches . The last whereof , are scarce thicker than a Horse-Hair . In number , by a moderate estimate , above a Thousand .

As he swims , he spreads and stretches out all his Branches to their full length ; but so soon as he perceives the Prey within his reach , he hooks them all in , and so takes it as it were in a Net .

The PRICKLED STAR-FISH . Stella marina hirsuta . Perhaps Rondeletius's Pectinata prima . It hath five Arms , each Arm pointed , and also slender or narrowed next the Trunk , but spread in the middle . Two inches and ¼ long ; the Trunk it self not above ½ an inch Diametre . The upper part hath a rough shag of short Prickles ; the other , of longer : where also the Arms are furrow'd . These innumerable Prickles upon their Arms , are all movable , as in the Sea-Hedg-Hog .

Three more PRICKLED STAR-FISHES ; which indifferently answer the second , third , and fourth of Rondeletius .

The CROWN'D-STAR-FISH . Stella marina Coronalis . It was taken in the Danish-Sea . I meet not with the Description any where . 'T is a little One. It hath five short Arms , bluntly pointed , about two inches long . The Trunk two inches and ●/● over , the five Sides whereof are Hyperbolick . The upper part rises up like a Crown , adorned with round Knobs of the bigness of a green Peas , with other little ones , on both sides like Pins heads , ranged into five even Rows from the ends of the Arms to the top of the Star ; in some sort , as precious Stones are set upon a Royal Crown : from whence I have named it . The spaces also between them are beset with little knobs . The edges of the Arms and Sides are in like manner set round about with lesser upon greater . Underneath , the furrows of the five Arms meet in the middle , paved with little Stones almost like Teeth ; the broad Margins , with other round knobs or stones .

These Stones , are in colour , substance , and nature congenerous , with those which are commonly called Crabs-Eyes .

The HIGH-CROWN'D STAR-FISH . It differs from the former , in being much taller , and in having no Knobs , but only Spikes , the one half whereof are ranged into certain correspondent Orders .

A FLAT SPIKED STAR-FISH , taken in the German Ocean .

Little STAR-FISHES with five Arms , taken in the British Seas .

A STAR-FISH with six Rays or Arms. They are almost like those of the smooth Star-Fish ; excepting , that two of them are as short again as the rest . Whether a monstrous Production , or a distinct Species , I cannot say .

A STAR-FISH with TWELVE RAYS ; by some called Sun-Fish . 'T was taken in the British-Sea . The Basis of each Ray is much slenderer than by the figure in Johnston is represented . Neither is it shag'd only on the edges , as in the same figure , but all over .

SECT. VI. OF SHELLS .

CHAP. I. Of whirled and single SHELLS .

THere is a large Treasure of Shells in this Musaeum : in all , great and small , about six hundred . The Reduction of all which to the Order of Nature , whoever shall go about , will find to be no little Task . Nor can it be perfectly done here , because as yet the Collection it self is not perfect . According to the best Method I can at present think of , I shall here place them . And that it may be the better judged , how far it is natural , or not , I shall afterwards digest them into Schemes . Most of them are Strangers in England and the British-Seas , and therefore I must be allowed a little more than ordinary liberty for the English Names .

Note , That when I speak of the Right or Left Lip of a Shell , I mean , as it is held with the Mouth downwards .

The FROG-WILK . Murex Coracoides . Described and pictur'd by Johnston out of others . As are also most of those that follow , which are only named . It hath three Appendices on each side , like fingers or feet , and one at the end .

The BROAD-LIPP'D WILK . Aporrhais . The Lips of this are pale and even . Of this kind , three great Ones are here preserved , one of them above a foot in length .

The BROAD-LIP'D WILK , with wrinkled Lips , and dyed with a deep purple . See a curious figure of this in Calceolarius's Musaeum , a a Sect. 1. under the Title of Conchilium Muricatum . This Shell , saith Cerutus , b b Ibid. the Indians use as a Trumpet , both in their Wars , and in Hunting .

The MARBLE WILK . Murex marmoreus , from its mixed colours , which make it look like spoted Marble . Of these , here are five .

The ORIENTAL WILK . Murex Orientalis . The right Lip of this is even . Here are four great Shells of this sort , near a foot in length .

Another ORIENTAL WILK , with the right Lip undulated .

Betwixt the three sorts of Shells above mentioned , there is this difference , That the right Lip of that commonly call'd The Oriental , is only expanded ; that of the marbled , expanded or spread , and turned outward ; of the Broad-Lip'd , spread outward , and as it were Finger'd .

A SHELL like the ORIENTAL , with a KNOBED Turban or Whirle.

Another of the same sort with an EVEN Whirle. It is a small shell , not above an inch and ¼ long . Forward , somewhat flat , and white as Milk . Hinderly , stained with tauny spots . The left Lip is turned or spread out . The right , at the bottom wrinkled , and stained with a light purple . Towards the Cone or fore Corner , is gather'd into an open Angle . The Whirle is smooth , not very high , maketh six Rounds .

The LONG-MOUTH'D WILK . Murex Labris parallelis . Both the Lips of this are plain or even on the Surface . I call it Long-Mouth'd , because the Mouths of all that have been nam'd before , are very wide .

The LONG-MOUTH'D WILK , with oblique furrows on the left Lip . Here are four of this sort : whereof one is near ½ a foot long . Each of the inner Rounds of the Whirle or Turban , is one third part lesser than that next without it .

The SPIKED-WILK . Murex Aculeatus . This , of all the rest , hath the Name , Murex , most properly given it ; from the spiked Instrument used in War , so called . The Spikes of this are round . Here are three of these Shells , one of which is ¼ of a foot long . Well figur'd by Olearius . a a Tab. 32. f. 5. And better by Besler .

The SPIKED-WILK , with doubled or PLAITED Spikes . Here are two of this sort , one of them near ½ a foot long . Both the Lips are a little drawn outward , and so the Mouth almost Oval , both the corners thereof pretty long , the left Lip spread outward , the right wrinkled ; the main Body somewhat Conical , the Whirle low , consisting of six Rounds ; both striated , and armed with plated Spikes standing in a spiral Order .

The BOSSED or KNOBED-WILK . In the place of spikes it hath round knobs . Here are five or six , all lesser ones , about the length of a Katharine-Pear ; so that 't is probable they grow not much bigger .

The CONICK SNAIL . Cochlea Cylindrica ; so it is commonly called by Zoographers , but very improperly , the figure hereof being Conical . Here are about fourteen of this sort . Whereof some have a plain , others a knobed Turban . Some are all over white , or yellowish , others are stained white and black , or blackish-bay , white and brown , or white and yellowish . In some the colours are laid in spots , in others undulated , and in some others Lattice-wise . Rondeletius saies , That this Shell seldom exceeds the thickness of the Thumb . Yet one of these is above ½ a foot long , and the Base above three inches over . The rest are small , all of them plain Cylinders . Not unelegantly express'd in some variety of figures by Olearius , Tab. 31. and Fig. 3. of Tab. 32.

The Whirle maketh nine or ten Rounds : which hold the same proportion one to another , as in the Long-Mouth'd Wilk . In the Kingdom of Congi , and some other places in the East-Indies , these Shells go for Money .

The CONICK SNAIL a little convex , and with the Rounds of the Turban also convex .

Another Convex Conick Snail , with the Rounds of the Turban Concave .

The GREAT PERSIAN WILK . Concha Persica major . Of this sort there are four here preserved , of which , two are above ½ a foot long .

This Wilk yields a purple juyce , anciently used for deying . The Cover of this Shell is called Onyx or Unguis , because in shape like the Claw of a Carniverous Bird. The best of these Opercula or Covers are found in and brought from the Red-Sea .

The lesser PERSIAN WILK , with furrow'd Lips . Of this sort there are five here preserved of a middle size . The Great Persian Wilk is knobed , and hath only one Series of wrinckles . This even , and with a double Series of wrinckles a cross one to the other . Each of the outer Rounds of the Whirle is double the thickness of the next within it .

The lesser PERSIAN WILK with even Lips . 'T is a small shell , scarce bigger than the Kernel of a Filbert . The Mouth is almost Oval , each Corner ending in a small Channel . Both the Lips are turned outwards sideways , and as far as the end of the Turban . The Back is speckled with white , red , and blew . The Turban not high , nor hath more than three Rounds .

The PERSIAN WILK , with the Rounds of the Whirle plated and interrupted ; so as the Plates of the several rounds do anticipate one another . Of these here are three .

The FLAT-LIP'D SNAIL . Cochlea sinistri Labri angulo duplici . Not described . In a manner half a long Oval . The left Lip is flat , whereby it hath a double edge . Deep within , 't is stained with a shining Bay . The left Lip near the Turban almost an inch broad ; before , it ends sharp . The Turban maketh but about two Rounds . Both this and the Body are beset with knobs in a spiral order , and are cover'd over with a pale purple Crust .

The short FLAT-LIP'D SNAIL . 'T is white within ; yet the left Lip is stained with two Bay spots . The Back of a light ash-colour . The Knobs of this have no Incrustation . The Rounds of the Turban are three .

The WRINKLED-SNAIL . Cochlea rugosa . Here are two of these , whereof one is near ½ a foot long . Each of the outer Rounds of the Turban is twice as big as the next within it . One of these is curiously figur'd by Besler .

The HOOK-NOS'D SNAIL . Cochlea Rostro recurvo . So I call it , though it is not properly the Nose or Beak of the Snail , but of its shell . The Turban is pretty high . Both this and the Body are wrought with knobs and lines in an oblique and spiral Order .

The SNAIL with the SPIKED TURBAN . Cochlea Turbine aculeato . This shell is described and figur'd by Fabius Columna . a a In his Purpura . But better in his Book de Aquat . & Terrestr . Yet in some things he hardly reaches it . The Mouth is a kind of long Oval . The right Lip is spread , and as it were doubled outward . The Back faced with smooth Plates like so many more lips , carry'd obliquely from the left Lip to the Turban , and there set with short but very sharp Spikes . The spaces betwixt these are ½ an inch broad , wrinkled with very small furrows , and curiously stained with pillars of white and brown lines meeting together in several Arches , as if it had been done by a Painter .

The SHORT-NOS'D SNAIL , with a low and plain or even Turban .

The DIPING-SNAIL , Cochlea Immerso Turbine . Not described . In other Snails the Rounds of the Whirle stand either in or else above a plain ; here , they dip or run down within the shell . Here are divers of them ; all very smooth , and of an Oval figure . One of a white colour , besprinkled with an innumerable company of small brown specks ; about the bigness of a little Horse-Plum . The rest are smaller .

The LONG-MOUTH'D SNAIL . Cochlea Labris parallelis , s. Cylindrovalis . The figure hereof is betwixt Cylindrical and Oval . One half only of the left Lip is turned outward , and uneven with oblique furrows . The right Lip plain . The fore-angle of the Mouth crooked . The Rounds of the Turban furrow'd , not high , four or five in number . The Back is painted with a mixture of yellow , bay , blew and black specks . It is about two inches long . There are some more of the same Species that are less .

The NAVLE-SNAIL . Cochlea Umbilicalis . The Turban of this is smooth . The end of the inmost Round is produced like a Navle , whence its Name .

Another sort of NAVLE-SNAIL . The Turban of this is set with short doubled or plated Spikes . It is almost a foot in length .

The OVAL LONG-MOUTH'D SNAIL . Scarce bigger than a Filbert Kernel . The Lips are parallel . The right turned or doubled outward . The left uneven with three oblique furrows . The Back speckled with white and red . The Whirle hath four Rounds pretty high .

The PURPLE-WILK with solid Spikes . Purpura aculeis solidis . This and the other kinds commonly found in the Dead-Sea .

The PURPLE-WILK with long plated Spikes . Purpura Aculeis plicatis longissimis . By Ferranto Imperato , called Echinata . Olearius gives a good Figure , a a Tab. 29. fig. 1. Fab. Columna the Description , with the Title of Purpura muricata sive Murex Rostratus parvus . I will add my own a little fuller . The main Body is not much bigger than a good big Nutmeg . But hath a Horn no less than two inches and ½ long , near the Mouth ¼ of an inch over , and sharp-pointed . Almost a Pipe , but a little open underneath by the length . Along the right Lip and the Turban it self , in three Rows , stand several long sharp plated or gutter'd Spikes triangularly . But on the Turban they a little anticipate each other . As also do the Plates of the several Rounds . The right Lip is in some sort toothed , the left turned outward .

The PURPLE with REDOUBLED SPIKES , i. e. with the greater doubled Spikes collaterally subdivided into lesser . Of these there are four . Two of them white , described by Columna with the Name of Purpura sive Murex Pelagius marmoreus . Another , ash-colour'd ; and a fourth , brown .

All Purples have a Canale or Gutter'd Horn long or short , in which is lodged that part which is called the Tongue ; but performs the same Office as the Gills in other Fishes . b b Fab. Column . Purpura . The Animal creeps and directs its own way with its Horns , like a Snail : yet hath it not four , but two only . c c Mart. Lyster de Cochl .

The Purple Tincture it yields , is contained betwixt that part which is called the Papaver and the Neck . d d Aristot. Hist. Anim. lib. 5. c. 15. It is of a different degree ; in some , more upon the Red , like that of Cochinele ; in others , more upon the Blew , like that of Violets . It was anciently ( pressed out of the living e e Musaeum Worm . Animal , and ) used especially for the deying of Silks . But is now grown out of use , as is likely , from the great abundance of a sort of Fucus , which the Italians call Roccella , wherewith Silk-Dyers do now make very rich Purples of all varieties , with less labour and charge . a a Fab. Colum . Purpura .

That little Shell called Blatta Byzantia , is the Operculum or Lid of the Purple .

The SQUARE-WILK . Buccina Rhomboidea , i. e. It hath in a sort four equal sides , with unequal Angles . I find it not describ'd . The Mouth almost Oval , both the Corners a little gutter'd . The right Lip is first turned outward , and then doubled or returned back again inward ; and the edge a little toothed . Just opposite to this Lip , is laid upon the shell a kind of list , and doubled down in the same manner . Upon every Round of the Turban also are certain edged pieces in two opposite Rows . By these and the list above said the shell is made square . Both the main Body and the Turban are wrought over with knobs great and small standing in oblique and spiral Orders .

All WILKS that have the Rounds of the Turban thus edged , are betwixt a Purple and a common Wilk .

The LONG SQUARE WILK . Neither do I find this described or figur'd . Both the doubling of the right Lip , and the opposite List , are less close , than in the former . Neither hath it any of the larger knobs .

The LONG THICK-LIP'D WILK . The right Lip of this is swoln or stands thick outwardly ; and on the Rounds of the Turban are many edged pieces .

The same sort of WILK , with few edged pieces on the Turban .

The THIN-LIP'D WILK . The fore Corner of this ends in a gutter'd-Horn . Columna describes and pictures it with the Name of Bucciunm Rostratum . b b Lib. de Aquatil . & Terrest .

The GREAT THIN-LIP'D WILK . Strombus magnus . This sort hath edged pieces on the Rounds of the Turban . The biggest of turbinated-shells : this here is almost 1/● a yard long , and above 1/● a yard round about .

The TRIANGULAR WILK . No where describ'd that I find . The Mouth almost Oval . The fore Corner hereof ends in a gutter'd-Horn bended a little upward . The left Lip only turned outward . The right is first bended outward , and then doubled or returned inward . From thence at the distance of ⅓d of the circuit of the shell , is laid a a List , in shape imitating the said right Lip . At the same distance , a pretty broad-pointed knob . By both these and the right Lip the shell is made Triangular . The knobs on the right Lip and List , are white , the other parts tawny , and as it were wrinkled . The Turban , which hath six rounds , is also a little angular .

The COMMON WILK . This sort is short-snouted , or hath no horn . Of this sort are several here preserv'd .

It is affirm'd by Aristotle , a a Hist. An. lib. 5. c. 15. That you may know how many years a Wilk is of , by the number of Rounds in the Turban . Of the manner of laying their Eggs , see Bellonius . They are desired by some , as a rare sort of Meat . The best are in clean Creeks . That which Mr. Lyster describes , b b De Cochl . Mar. Tit. 1. by the Name of Buccinum maximum , is fished out of the Sea at Scarbrough .

A Wilk , saith Nicolaus Myrepsius , being burnt , powdered , and mixed with old Oil to the consistence of Glew , and so the Head , first shaved and rub'd , anointed therewith , is an admirable Remedy against Baldness and Morph of long standing . 'T is usual to give Drink to Children that have the Chin-Cough , out of a Wilk-shell ; and it is observed , saith Wormius , c c Musaeum . to do them good .

The WILK-SNAIL . Buccicochlea . So I call it , because , in Figure , it approaches to the Wilk ; to the Common Snail , in the thinness of its shell . Columna d d Lib. de Aquat. & Terrest . describes and figures this with the Title of Buccinum exoticum variegatum .

The WILK-SNAIL winding , from the Mouth , towards the right Hand ; whereas almost all other shells wind the contrary way . The Mouth is white as Milk , and almost Oval . The left Lip spread and turned outward . The Rounds are Convex , as in the Wilk . In number six , speckled with yellow Bay and blew spots . The shell is as thin as that of common Land-Snails . Of kin to that shell described by Mr. Lyster under Tit. 1. lib. de Cochl . Mar.

The BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE . Turbo Ventricosus . This shell runs all into a Whirle or Turban . It is also belly'd , i. e. swells out a little betwixt the Mouth and the Cone . And the left Lip is uneven with oblique Furrows .

The WHIRLE-SNAIL . Turbocochlea . The rounds of this sort wind from the Mouth to the right Hand , and that very obliquely , in number six , speckled with Chestnut spots in Rows . The Mouth very long , and one Lip ridged . 'T is thin like a common Snail-shell . Columna a a Lib. de Aquat. & Terrest . describes and figures one pretty like this by the Name of Turbo alter minor .

The SMALL WHIRL-SNAIL , with numerous rounds , and also winding from the Mouth toward the right Hand . There are about fifty of them in a Bottle . They are of a brown colour ; and thin as the shell of the common Snail . Their Mouth almost round . The right Lip hath a little Angle . It hath nine rounds with very small transvers Striae . Columna describes and figures one like this with the Title of Turbo Terrestris non descriptus . Mr. Lyster b b Lib. de Cochl . calls it Buccinum pullum ; and very aptly compares it , both as to shape and bigness , to an Oat . He saith it is found in England in the Cracks of old Trees , and in Garden-walls .

The BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE , with small spiral Furrows .

Another BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE , with little knobs in spiral Orders .

The LEVEL-WHIRLE , or the SPIRE . Turbo planus sive verè Conicus . The rounds are all knobed , and the right Lip gather'd into small wrinkles .

Another KNOBED SPIRE , with the right Lip plain or even . Here are several little Ones of this sort .

The SMOOTH SPIRE , with high or swelling rounds . Here are two sorts of these ; one with oblique , the other with spiral small Furrows . This shell is described by Mr. Lyster . c c Lib. de Cochl . Mar.

The SMOOTH SPIRE , with flat rounds . Here are also two sorts of these ; the one furrow'd , the other not , described and figur'd by Columna under the title of Buccinum Persicum eburneum nitidum maculosum . Of all these here are several small Ones .

The Natives of Brasile make a sort of Musical Instruments with these kind of shells . d d Joh. de Laet.

The LOOSE WHIRLE . Penicillus . The one half of it windeth loosely like a Worme ; the other is a small long Turban .

The SHORT WHIRLE . Trochus . This is somewhat more prolonged than some others of this kind , the Base broader , and the Rounds in a level . Of this sort here are two great Ones , curiously stained with Crimson waves from the Base ( which is about four inches over ) to the Cone . It is of kin to that which by Columna is called Turbo Persicus maximus .

Another level SHORT WHIRLE , also somewhat longer than the rest , and with the Rounds in a level , but the Base narrow .

A thin level SHORT WHIRLE , shorter than the former , and with flat rounds . Here are two sorts of this ; the one with smooth , the other with ruged or knobed rounds .

A fourth WHIRLE of the same kind , with high rounds . Here are also two sorts of this ; the one smooth , the other ruged .

The BELLY'D SHORT WHIRLE with spiked rounds . 'T is no where described that I find . The Base two inches broad , the Cone as high . The Mouth almost round , and within of a Pearl colour . The whole shell without whitish . The Base all over wrought with round , and obliquely radiated wrinkles . The rounds are knobed , and the under edges of every round with flat doubled Spikes . Here are two more of the same sort , with the Spikes ground off .

Another BELLY'D SHORT WHIRLE , almost smooth , having only very small wrinkles , without any Spikes .

The CONCAVE SHORT WHIRLE . Trochus centro latè concavo . Hitherto undescrib'd . 'T is two inches broad , an inch an ¼ high , being Belly'd , and having the Cone much depressed . As also the Mouth , which is therefore a flattish square . Both the Base and the Rounds are wrought with small spiral and radiated wrinkles running across . It hath five or six rounds , somewhat swelling . Not , as in most other shells , contiguous in the centre , but thence receding , leave a wide space in the middle of the shell , representing in some sort a pair of Winding-Stairs . The ridges also of the rounds are wrought with Tooth-Work , answering to the Sculpture on the edges of a Stair-Case .

There are several sorts of short Whirles or Trochi , saies Mr. Lyster , a a Lib. de Cochl . Mar. found in England , as at the Mouth of Umber , and in Lincoln-shire by the Sea-side .

The LITTLE ROUGH WILK . Nerites Turbine rugoso .

The LITTLE KNOBED WILK . Nerites Turbine tuberato .

The GREAT ROUND-MOUTH'D SNAIL , with a Pearl colour . Cochlea caelata . Here are three of these ; of which two , are each above 1/● a foot wide . Their pearly gloss , on the outside is artificial ; within , natural . The natural colour without is sometimes green , with white and bay spots .

One way whereby it receives a bright pearl colour , is by being steeped in Vinegar ; which eats away the rough and duller surface .

The GREAT NAVLE-SHELL . Umbilicus marinus Indicus major . It is the lid of the Cochlea Caelata ; and hath its Name from its shape . Very well described by Wormius .

The LITTLE NAVLE-SHELL , with wrinkled edges .

A SECOND , with the Convex side more plainly winding like a Navle .

A THIRD , with the same side besprinkled with a great company of small round knobs .

The little Navle-Shell is well express'd by Olearius , Tab. 33. Fig. 7. Here are several of them kept in a Glass .

Not only this , but other turbinated shells have their lid . Which , as Mr. Lyster well observes , is as it were another Valve .

Spirit of Nitre droped upon this Shell , riseth up with a strong efferrescence . The admirable Virtue of this Shell is experienced , saith Wormius , a a Musaeum by men of very good note , in stainching of Blood ; the flat side hereof being only applied , with Spittle , to the Forehead . 'T is usual to lay a cold Key or Stone in the Neck . But if the same , especially a good big Pebble with one side flat , like a Painters Mullet , were apply'd to the Forehead , I should expect as good advantage from that , as from the application of this shell .

The Women in France , saith Boetius , b b Lib. de Gem. & Lapid . nimio Mensium fluore laborantes , commonly take this shell reduced to a fine powder , which they find to be a very good remedy , and keep it as a Secret .

The LESSER ROUND-MOUTH'D SNAIL , with a shorter knobed Turban .

The SPIKED or TOOTHED SNAIL . Cochlea Echinophera sive Echinis plicatis . Of an ash-colour . The Mouth round . The Turban short , having only three rounds almost flat . The Base wrought with circular wrinkles . The utmost round , as it were toothed with short flat-doubled Spikes .

The FINGER'D SNAIL . Cochlea Dactylata . Not yet described . The Spikes of this are doubled and redoubled , yet not flat , but thick and round , so as to resemble so many little Fingers . Without , it is of a sad brown . Within , of a Pearl colour . The Mouth round . The Turban low , making only three rounds , which so recede from the centre , as to leave an empty space in the middle of the shell . 'T is all over rough with small plated Spikes , and pointed wrinkles in a spiral Order .

The HIGH-CROWN'D SNAIL , with a semicircular Mouth .

The LOW-CROWN'D SNAIL , with a semicircular Mouth .

The HALF-LIP'D SNAIL . So I call it , because one half of the inner Lip being spread outward , the other half seems as if it were clip'd off . Of this here are two sorts ; one with the upper , the other with the nether half deficient .

Another SNAIL like the former , saving that the inner Lip is whole , and the Turban somewhat higher .

Another SNAIL with the Turban somewhat lower . Of this here are two sorts ; one with the rounds of the Turban even or smooth ; the other , wrinkled .

The SEMICIRCULAR MOUTH , TOOTHED on both sides . The Teeth of the outer Lip are the lesser ; they stand not on the edge of the Lip , but deep in the Mouth , just over against the inner Lip : where the white parts of the shell on both sides are defined or circumscribed by a Circle , whose centre is at the edge of the inner Lip . Outwardly , the shell is speckled with white , red , and black Spots , and ruged with spiral wrinkles . One like to this is described by Columna with the Name of Cochlea marina marmorea .

The BLOBBER-LIP'D SNAIL . Cochlea Labrosa . The Mouth of this is also Semicircular , the outer Lip being round and spread out a little ; the inner strait , like white Marble , its inner edge toothed , and spread outward almost as far as the Navle of the shell ; from whence I have nam'd it . The Turban is low and almost flat . It maketh scarce more than two rounds , which therefore immediately run from great to small . On the outside 't is ruged with transverse wrinkles , and speckled with red and black spots upon white .

The toothed Lips of both these last Shells , most probably , serve as Joynts to hold their lids , so much the more close and steady .

The FORE-WHIRED SNAIL . Cochlea Turbine antico . This is no where described . 'T is smooth , of an ash-colour . The outer Lip is spread a little backward ; and toothed within : as is also the edge of the inner Lip . Both the corners of the Mouth are placed on the circumference of the utmost round . Whereby , contrary to all other shells I ever yet saw , it hath the Turban or Whirle made before . 'T is much depressed , consisting of five flat rounds . The assertion of Aristotle , a a Hist. Anim. lib. 4. c. 4. That the Turban always stands behind , is here proved false .

The FLAT-WHIRLE . This Snail is a perfect Helix , all the shell lying as it were between two levels . Of this kind Mr. Lyster b b Lib. de Cochleis . Tit. 26. describeth three sorts . Of which he observes , That upon the sprinkling a little Salt or Pepper , or the like , into their Mouths , they yield a Crimson liquor .

The same Author c c Ibid. p. 1. hath observed some particulars of the parts of Snails ; as their Horns , Eyes , ( as he supposeth them ) Teeth , Anus , Lungs , milkly Veins ( which are all they have ) parts of Generation , &c. Which last , saith he , are so like , as to make it seem very probable , That they are Hermaphrodites . In the time of Coition , they strike a sort of small testaceous Needles ( Spicula testacea ) into one an others Necks . For what cause , or in what manner , he could not so well observe .

No Shell with a Turban , hath less than two rounds , nor hath any , saith the same Author , d d Ibid. of English Shells , above ten .

The slick SAILER . Nautilus laevis . This sort is brown on the Back , and black on the Belly . Curiously figur'd both in Calceolarius's Musaeum , and by Besler . Here are two of them , whereof one is near ¼ of a yard long .

One half of the same sort of shell cut down the middle . By which it appears to be divided by about 40 oblique transverse Partitions .

The Animal is of kin to the Polypus . Famous for the Art of Navigation . He rises to the top of the Water with his Shell inverted ; and being there , returns it . Then having a thin Membrance spread against the Wind for a Sail , two Feet for the Rudder , and two for the Helm , he sails along . If any fear arises , he pulls all in , and filling his shell with Water , immediately sinks himself to the bottom of the Sea . a a Arist. Hist. Anim. l. 9. c. 37. Scal. exercit . Rondeletius out of Oppianus . Bellonius . And out of him Septalius's Musaeum .

The PEARLY SAILER , 'T is both within and without of the colour of the best Oriental Pearl . This sort is brought from India and the Persian-Gulf . Hereof Necklaces are sometimes made . As also Images and Beads used at Devotions .

The SPIKED SAILER . The Back and Belly of this are flat with two ridges , and on each ridge grows a row of short Spikes .

The MAILED SAILER . Nauticlus Laminatus . I meet with it no where . Both within , and especially without , of the colour of the richest Pearl . It is composed of a considerable number of Plates , as if in Armor . Yet the Plates continuous ; furrow'd along the middle , and produced with a blunt Angle , almost like a Widows-Peak . From under each of which , emergeth a kind of little Tongue , like that of a Shoo-Buckle .

VENUS-SHELL . Concha Veneris . Because beautiful . Or else , saith Terzagi , quòd partem Veneris Imperio subditam referat . The first I shall name is that with Blobbed-lips , or having as it were a white thick Facing . They are also furrow'd , and stained with Chestnut Spots . But the Back with a Purple .

VENUS SHELL , with the right Lip furrow'd , but neither of them faced or turned out .

A SECOND of this kind with the left Lip furrow'd .

A THIRD , with both Lips furrow'd .

The HIGH-BACK'D VENUS-SHELL . Of this kind , here are three of a Chestnut or Bày-colour ; one stained with Green , another with Brown , a third with white spots . And a fourth , white , speckled with yellow , red , and purple .

The NAVLED VENUS-SHELL . 'T is also somewhat high-back'd , and with each Lip furrow'd . On the thicker end , it hath some resemblance of a little Turban or Navle .

The LONG-VENUS-SHELL . Of this sort here is one stained with white spots upon a Bay ground . The rest of the same Figure , are somewhat rough , having , as 't is likely , been steeped in Vinegar , or some other ways corroded .

The BUNCH-BACK'D VENUS-SHELL . Described and figur'd by Columna under the Name of Concha utroque latere se colligens . It hath a transvers Angle or Ridge in the middle . Where also , there is a distinct piece , most closely inlaid into the Back of the Shell . The Lips also are both even .

The VENUS-SHEL with smooth or even Lips , and without any ridge on the Back . The little white Ones of this kind , are those which are particularly called ENTALIA . With these , saith Rondeletius , the French adorn their Horses Bridles , and other parts of Equipage . Of these and Jet mixed together , they also make Bracelets , and other Ornaments , for Widows in Half-Mourning . Many of this sort , striated , are found , saith Mr. Lyster , near Hartle-pool in the County of Durham , where the People call them Nuns .

Divers other lesser VENUS-SHELLS of several kinds , and stained with several colours , are here collected .

The Italians use this Shell for the polishing of Paper , and other things . a a Wormius . The people living near the Red-Sea gather them in abundance , and sell them to those that trade to Memphis ; for with these the Egyptians smooth their Linnen Cloth . b b Bellonius Goldsmiths cut them in two , and make Spoons of them . They are commended against those Ulcers in the great Corner of the Eye , which usually turn to Fistula's , because of their admirable drying quality without heat . c c Rondeletius . Yet we have no reason but to believe , that most other shells may be of equal Virtue . But if we observe , it is usual for people to have a high esteem of those things , even as to their Medicinal Virtue , that look prettily , or that are rarely to be had . Whereas , it is plain , that Nature generally supplyeth us with the greatest plenty of those things , which are the most useful .

The round SEA-URCHIN or BUTTON-FISH . Echinus orbicularis . Here are several Species hereof . The first I shall name is the Edible Button-Fish . These have very great Prickles , with Seats or Bases proportionable , in five double Orders . And the shells are orbicular . See the full Description in Rondeletius .

They were anciently eaten raw before Supper , as Oysters are now , and as much esteemed .

The ROUND BUTTON-FISH , with ten Orders of midling Prickles . Of these Prickles it hath five Orders of bigger , and five of less , all Conical at each end , and bounded by ten more . Of this kind , here are some more , others less round . Some also that are White , and others Redish .

The ROUND BUTTON-FISH , with the least sort of Prickles , and disposed into ten Orders . Of this sort here are White , Brown , and Green . These , Mr. Lyster saith , are found in the English-Seas .

The GREAT OVAL SEA-UR CHIN . Echinometra Aristotelis . See the Description hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum . The greatest , and so as it were the Mother of all the other kinds ; from whence its Name . This here is near ½ a foot long . It s Figure is not orbicular , but comes near an oval or flatish Heart .

The MARE-MAIDS-HEAD , or lesser Oval SEA-URCHIN . Echinus Spatagus . This differs from the former , only or principally in being much less ; seldom exceeding the bigness of a Hens Egg. These are shells rarely found .

The Sea-Urchin maketh its progressive motion with its Prickles which it useth instead of Feet . a a Arist. H. Anim. lib. 4. c. 5. And it is affirmed , by Moufet , particularly of the Great Oval , that it moveth in a spiral line .

The SEA-EAR . Auris marina . It hath its Name from its Figure , somewhat like a Mans ear . The inside is of a Pearl-colour , the outside brown and ruged with many small radiated and spiral wrinkles running across . There are several Holes on one side it , through which the Animal admits and expels the water at pleasure . Here are three of them , whereof two , are each about five inches long . This shell is found in abundance near Garnsey Island . a a Lyst . lib. de Cochl . The Goldsmiths in France b b Bellonius split them into thin Plates , wherewith they beautifie Cabinets , and other Works .

The VAULTED-LIMPET . Patella concamerata . No where described , that I know off . It seems to be of the Limpet-kind , or to stand betwix this and the Sea-Ear . It is in a manner a half Oval split by the length , which is an inch and half . It hath a Navle , as the Sea-Ear , winding to one side . The Back is rough , and of a whitish ash-colour . Within , very smooth and of a pale purpleish white . The hinder half is vaulted with a most white Plate , joyned to the sides ¼ of an inch below the edges .

The EVEN OVAL LIMPET . See the figure hereof in Johnston . That part which may be called the Navle , stands a little above the convexity of the shell . The Seat of the Animal is shaped so , as in some sort to resemble the Stag-Beetle . The edges thereof curiously angul'd , particolour'd white and bay . The edge of the shell is perfectly Oval , and the inner Margin of a pale blew . Here are two fair Ones of this sort , about three inches long .

The PEARLY OVAL LIMPET . The inside hereof is of a curious pearl colour , with some rays of purple . It hath a greater convexity than the former , and is waved all round about .

The OVAL LIMPET , with very deep furrows round about . Whereby the edges also are very angular . The Seat of the Animal white . Columna c c Lib. de Aquat. & T●rr . c. 50. seems to have described this by the Name of Lepas sive Patella maxima striata .

The LEVEL-LIMPET . Patella Plano-convexa . The sides of this lie level betwixt the edges and the top . 'T is also furrowed , but not deeply . Yet the edges are more angular than of the former . The Seat of the Animal is white , surrounded with a kind of double Glory . The outer Margins are of a blackish shining Bay . There are several small ones of this sort , having the inner side streaked with black and yellow .

The CONICK-LIMPET , with the top high , and the sides and edges level round about .

The CONICK-LIMPET , with part of the edge raised toward the top or Navle of the shell . This sort I meet with no where . Without of an ash-colour , rough with wrinkles in rays , and waved Circles . Within smooth , the Margin white , about ¼ of an inch broad ; the Seat of the Animal yellow spread out both ways .

The Animal it self is headed and horned like a Snail . See Bellonius's Description . Our Fishermen use the ordinary kinds to bait with , who find them every where in our Seas on the Rocks near the shore . a a Lystri lib. de Cochl . If they feel themselves touched , they stick so very fast to the Rock , that they can hardly be loosened thence without a Knife . b b Wormius .

CHAP. II. Of SHELLS Double and Multiple .

NOte , That when I speak of the Base , I mean , that part on which the Teeth , Joynts or Hinges stand . When of the Navle , the peeked end of the shell , which for the most part stands behind the Base ; as also that part which answers to it , where it doth not . When of the sides , not the Concave and Convex , but the edges produced from the Navle on the right and left .

The SEA-WING . Pinna . Each Valve is very like in shape to the Wing of a large Fowl , from whence I name it . Where broadest , near ¼ of a yard over . In length two feet : being the largest and longest of all the shells that I know . The two Valves are naturally ty'd together with a sort of Tow ; whereby they are also fastened to some Stone or other Body under Water . The Animal is very good meat .

The SEA-OYSTER ; in distinction from the common , which may be called the Shore-Oyster . Ostrea Pelagia . Here are several of this sort , all of them but small . Rondeletius saith , that in India they are sometimes a foot long .

The CHESTNUT-OYSTER . I meet with it no where described or figur'd . It is near two inches and ½ long , of an Oval Figure , and somewhat writhen . The outside is of a dark-brown , very uneven with large Oval Furrows . The inside of a dark-Bay ; from whence I name it . Held up against the light , it looks like a deep Tincture of Safforn or Myrrh . The Seat of the Animal is rough with small frizled or undulated Wrinkles , surrounded with a smooth Margin , on one side above ½ an inch broad , after an odd fashion turn'd or spread outward , Convex inward , and entirely encompassing the Navle of the shell . Here are three or four smaller Ones of the same Species .

A SHELL with the Base a little cover'd . Ostrea Basi Cooperta . I find it not described . It 's somewhat doubtful whether a Limpet or an Oystershell . I think the latter . The Navle stands obliquely . But the sides make equal or similar lines from the Base . Somewhat above an inch in length , very Convex , the Margin oval . The Base is as it were shaded with a transverse Plate ⅛th of an inch broad . The inside , blew ; the outside speckled below with tawny and black spots , above with white and purple , with very small lines running across or Net-wise .

The PLAIN ROUND ESCALLOP . Pecten Valvis rotundis & aequalibus .

The ROUND FURROW'D ESCALLOP , with smooth Shells or Valves .

Another of the same sort , with rough shells .

The LONG ESCALLOP . These and the other kinds seldom exceed the bigness of the palm of the Hand . But Linscholen a a P. 90. saith , That by Malacca are shells found like Scallops , so big , that two strong men can hardly draw one of them , with a leaver , after them . Scallops will move so strongly , as oftentimes to leap out of the Catcher wherein they are taken . b b Arist. H. A. lib. 4. c. 4. Their way of leaping or raising up themselves , is , by forcing their under Valve against the Body whereon they lie . c c Scal. exerc. 219. S. 1. They are taken amongst other places , near Portland , and at Purbec and Selsey , where they are excellent good . Rondeletius prefers them , for Meat , before Oysters .

COKLE . Pectunculus . Here are of these , both White , Red , and speckled with various Colours .

The CORALLINE SCALLOP . Concha Corallina . I call it a Scallop , because it seems to be but another sort without ears . This is only waved . See Rondeletius's Description . He saith 't is rarely found , and seldom , except in the Dog-days , after long Southern Winds , cast on the shore .

The CORALLINE-SCALLOP both waved and wrinkled ; the Wrinkles and Waves standing not across , but the same way .

The long GAPING COCKLE . Chama . 'T is thiner and more easily broken than most other shells . The Valves are seldom or never close shut . The sides are produced from the Base by similar lines , as in the Cockle , and the figure of the shell oblong : from whence I have taken leave for its Name . Whether the Anatomy of the Animal would suggest a better , I know not . This here is about an inch and ½ long ; and of an ash-colour .

Of this , and probably all the other Species , it is omitted by those that describe them , that from each of the two Joynts at the Base , is produced a kind of bony Epiphysis , about ¼ of an inch long , thin , sharp and flexible : whereupon some of the muscular parts of the Animal seem to be fastened , for the restraining the opening of the shell from any inconvenient degree .

The BLACK GAPING COCKLE . This is somewhat lesser than the former , and of a rounder Figure , radiated , and the edges wav'd . As thin as the former , and hath the like Epiphyses .

This sort , when the South-Wind blows , rise up to the top of the Water , and setting their two shells wide open ; with the one under them , as a Boat ; and the other , on one side as a Sail , they scoure along . a a Bellon ▪ H. Anim. lib ▪ 15. c. 12.

The Broath of this Shell-Fish is affirmed by Dioscorides to be both Laxative and Diuretick . They have a kind of biting tast , like Pepper ; and are therefore called , by the French , Des Flammes : and the Italians , for the same reason , call them , Peverazas . b b Bellonius

The SHEATH-FISH ; commonly so called from its similitude to the sheath of a Knife . Solen . Unguis . As the Sea-Wing is the longest , so this is the most expanded of all Shells ; though usually call'd A long Shell , but improperly . For it may be noted , that the length of a shell is properly from the Navle to the edge directly opposite ; the breadth , between the two sides thence produced , which in this Shell are the two ends : as if you should crush the two ends of a mouldable substance of an Oval figure , till you made the two sides become the two ends . Some of these are ½ foot wide , or more .

This Shell is found on the shore near Scarbrough after long Winter-Storms . a a Lyster . de Conch . The Animal shines much in the dark , especially when the shell is full of liquor , the drops whereof glister where ever they fall ; by virtue of which , it is most probable , that the Flesh it self becomes shining . b b Pliny .

The ROUND-OYSTER , with similar sides produced from an oblique Navle . The Convex is very white , and finely wrought with circular , and radiated lines across .

The MULTARTICULATE OYSTER with a bended Base . The Convex is smooth , and stained with Chestnut upon white . It s Base is in a manner semilunar , produced a little forward from the Navle . Upon this Base are fourteen , sixteen , sometimes twenty small Joynts , standing obliquely , and also in a bended line answerable to the Base . To the two ends whereof , the Seat of the Animal is contiguous . The fore-edge and Margin are furrowed and toothed within . Here are four of this sort .

The BROAD-OYSTER , with similar sides .

The FISTULAR OYSTER . Concha Valvis Fistulosis . Described by Columna with the name of Concha exotica margine in Mucronem emissa ; who hath also figur'd it well . It hath not only several Furrows or Gutters reaching from the Navle to the edges round about , but the Furrows are also cover'd over , and so properly fistular ; whence I have nam'd the Shell . The circumference or edg is also prolonged into several Peaks , which have some kind of likeness to Sword-points . But Columnas name is somewhat obsurdly given , unless instead of divers , there had been one only .

The MULTARTICULATE OYSTER , with a strait Base . Described and figur'd by Columna with the name of Concha 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Here are two of this sort . The chief marks hereof are , that it hath a great number ( twenty or more ) of slender Joynts , about ¼ of an inch long , placed parallel , upon a strait Base .

The ASSE-FOOT OYSTER . Ostrea Gaderopoda , So called from its Figure . Described by Bellonius . It s chief Characters are , that it hath very great Joynts , like the eye-teeth of a Man , and upon a strait Base . It grows not loose , as other Oysters , but fixed to the Rocks under Water : and therefore in those Seas only , which ebb and flow not , a a Bellonius as the Aegean , the Hellespont , &c.

The CORALLINE-OYSTER . Spondylus Echinatus & Corallinus . I meet with it no where . 'T is of an unusual Figure . The Base hereof is strait , and an inch and ½ over . In each end hereof is a roundish cavity , doubtless for the reception of answerable Joynts . An inch and ½ or more beyond this , the Navle , which is a little bended upward , smooth within side , and scaly without . The inner part of the shell is exceeding white , smooth , hard , and thick . The outward Crust thiner , yet also very hard , wrinkled , spiked , and of the colour of red Coral . Part of it is broken off .

MOTHER of PEARL . Concha Margaritisera . See a true , and good Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum . It is naturally within of the same colour with that of a Pearl . It is sometimes seen with a pearly Knob growing within it , as in this here , near the centre . But the Pearls themselves grow within the Animal : within the Flesh ( as Athenaeus b b Quoted by Rondeletius . affirms ) as that sort of Kernel in a Hog , called Grando . Although more probably in the Stomach , as Bezoar , and the like , in other Animals . c c Philos. Trans . N. 101. As Eggs in the Belly of a Pullet , saith Tavernier . d d Indian - Voyage . The Shell is said to be found near the Island Borneo sometimes so big , as to weigh forty seven pounds . e e Charl. On. Zoic.

Take Mother of Pearl , the small White Venus-Shell of each equal parts . Pour upon them , being first powdered , the juyce of Lemons , and let them stand together ( a day or two ) then filtre the liquor , and keep it , as the best wash for the Face in the World . f f Praevot , lib. de Med. facilè paralilibus .

MOTHER OF PEARL , with the backside cover'd all over with those little Shells called DENTALIA , as having some little likeness to Teeth : that is to say , White , Smooth , Conick , and bended Tubes , which grow to this and other Shells . See Gesner of Entali & Dentali , p. 940. The inside of the Sea-Ear , of some sorts of Limpets , and of divers other Shells , are commonly sold in Shops for true Mother of Pearl .

ORIENTAL PEARL , round , and with a good Water .

PEARLS of the bigness of a large Peas , and perfectly round , but without a Water .

ROUND PEARLS , of divers Colours , sc. White , Ashen , Brown , Red , and Bay .

PEARLS of divers Figures , sc. Oval , Cylindrical , Flat , Conick , Twins , and three and four together .

WELSH-PEALR . Given by the Honourable Mr. Boyle . They are most of them flatish , and of a shining blackish colour .

Heretofore , the most rich fishing for Pearls , was at the Island Margarita . Whence their Name . a a Gesner . At this time the chief Fishings in the East-Indies are three , the Persian-Gulph , on the Coast of Arabia the Happy , and in the Island Ceylan . In the West-Indies , five ; along the Islands Cubagna , and Manguerita , at Camogete , Riodela Hacha , and St. Marthas . They fish in twelve-fathome Water , five or six leagues off at Sea , Spring and Fall . b b Tavern . Indian - Voyage .

Of Pearls we have these following Preparations , and probably the first , of all , the best , if perfectly ground .

Pulvis , Essentia , Flores , Sal , Tinctura , Magisterium , Liquor , Arcanum , Commune Butyraceum Plumaceum Riverij .

The PEARLY OYSTER . Concha Coelata . 'T is shaped much like the Mother of Pearl , but is somewhat oblong . It hath also a pearly-colour within-side ; but of a more leadenwater .

The SQUARE-MUSCLE . Concha Rhomboidea , s. Musculus striatus Rondeletio . That part where the Valves joyn , i. e. the Base , is long , not rounded , but strait , and standeth erect or perpendicular , by which it may be distinguished from other Shells . It lies in the deeper parts of the Sea , and is rarely found .

The RUGGED-OYSTER . Not described , that I know . The Joynts hereof very shallow . The Navle very oblique . The Sides thence produced , dissimilar . The Back cut with round Furrows ; and the Furrows edged , and beset with a number of little short prickles . It is of a dull ash-colour , roundish , and somewhat bigger than a Half-Crown .

The SAND-MUSCLE . Tellina . They live much in the Sand ; for which reason , unless they are shaked long in water , before they are boyl'd , they are very gritty . a a Rondeletius . At Rome , they are esteemed a pleasant Junket . b b Wormius . Here are several shells of this sort .

The TOOTHED-MUSCLE . It is of a roundish Figure , and the edges , especially before , toothed almost like a Saw .

The GREAT WAVED-MUSCLE . Well described and figur'd by Columna with the Name of Concha Maxima marmorea exotica imbricata . It is also called Concha Tridachna : because it contains as much meat , as a Man can swallow at thrice . A certain number put for an uncertain : for some of them hold meat enough almost to fill a mans belly , being a foot in length , or rather in expansion or breadth ; this here ¼ of a foot . The Back is waved with broad and deep Furrows , and the edges indented answerably . It is c c Bellonius commonly found in the Red-Sea .

The LONGISH-MUSCLE , with rough Wrinkles or Rays .

ANOTHER with smooth Rays , i. e. Concha Rondelet . Striata 3.

The ROUNDISH radiated Muscle .

The PLAIN LONGISH MUSCLE . This hath no Rays on the Back .

The PLAIN BROAD MUSCLE . Of these here are two sorts ▪ the one less , the other more expanded . This latter is by Rondeletius called Concha longa ; mistaking what is properly the breadth , for the length of the shell . Of this d d Rondeletius . Shell , is commonly made a sort of Lime .

The BROAD-MUSCLE , with deep Joynts .

The TOOTHED BROAD-MUSCLE . Described and figur'd by Mr. Lyster , e e Lib. de Conch . Tit. 35. with the Name of Tellina intus ex Viola purpurascens , &c. 'T is a little shell not much above an inch broad , the edge indented round about with curious small Teeth ; and having within-side a faint purple blush .

ANOTHER little broad Muscle , without Teeth , or even-edged .

A BLOBLIP'D-SHELL , which seemeth to be a kind of Muscle . I find it no where . Here are several single shells of this sort , but not one pair : which makes me somewhat doubtful what to make of them . Most of them have about an inch of expansion . The Concave in the inside , is triangular , with small strait transvers Wrinkles , one Angle obtuse , two acute . From the two longer sides of the triangle , the Margin is spread out , and on one side as it were doubled backward . It hath also one , sometimes two Joynts , very deep , and for so small a shell , remarkably strong .

The Natives of Brasile use Muscle-shells for Spoons and Knives . a a Barlaeus , de rebus gestis in Brasilia . The ashes of Muscle-shells , saith Wormius , are of a Caustick-nature . As if it were peculiar to this shell . Whereas the shells of all sorts of Shell-Fish , being burnt , obtain the like . Most of them , being so order'd , and powder'd , make excellent good Dentifrices .

Hitherto go the Double Shells , or with two Valves . There remain some which are made up of several shelly pieces conjoyn'd to make one Concave-shell : as

The Conick CENTRE-SHELL . Balanus major . Described by Rondeletius , and others . It is in shape somewhat like a Tulip , the several shelly Plates which compose it , being pointed at the top , and standing together , as so many leaves . They always grow fixed to some other Body . When boyl'd , they are a delicate sort of Meat .

The SPUNG-CENTRE-SHELL . Balanus Spongiarum . So I name it . Commonly , but somewhat absurdly , called Lapis Spongiae . For being well observed , they appear to be little Centre-Shells , which probably never grow very big ; and wherein the leaves seem to be a little more separate , than in the former Species . They look just like small petrifi'd Buds of Trees .

A small Centre-Shell , growing upon a Branch of Coral .

The FLAT CENTRE-SHELL . Balanus compressa . Commonly called the BARNACLE-SHELL ; and CONCHA ANATIFERA . Because supposed to be the Egg of the Barnacle . And by some b b Hector Boethius quoted by Gesner , and our Country-man Dr. Turner . it is confidently deliver'd , that in the Orcades there are certain Worms grow in Hollow-Trees , which by degrees obtain the Head , Feet , Wings and all the feathers of a Water-Fowl , which grows to the bigness of a Goose. Scaliger also describes this ( supposed ) Bird within this shell . a a Exercit. 59. toward the end . And with respect to so worthy a Person as Sir Robert Moray ( who never meant to deceive ) I my self was once induced to publish his Description of the same . b b Philos. Transac● . N. But having examined the Shell it self , I am of Opinion , That all that is said of a Bird , is fabulous . Bartholine c c Histor. Cent. 6. would have it to belong to a kind of Cancellus . But I rather agree with Columna , that it is a sort of Centre-Shell ; as being fixed in like manner upon it's Base , and composed of several shelly parts .

Of these Shells two Species are here preserved . One of them consisting only of five shelly pieces . Two greater , almost like little Muscle-shells . To these are joyned , edge to edge , and oppositely , a much lesser pair , sc. in such manner , as their Base stands over the Cone , and their Points descend half way towards the Base , of the greater pair . Both these pairs are on one side hem'd in with a fifth piece , narrow , long , and inwardly Concave , almost like a Larks Heel . The Neck to which they are fasten'd is here wanting . This Species is figur'd , and in some sort described by Wormius . But the Figure in Calceolarius's Musaeum answers not .

The FLAT CENTRE-SHELL with the Scaled Base . Balanus compressa & Squamata ; so I call it . This Species is in some sort figur'd by Rondeletius . But his Description worth nothing . 'T is near an inch long , and ¼ of an inch broad at the Base , where it is somewhat narrower than in the middle . Whitish , and with some Rays of blew . It consists of five greater pieces , whereof the middlemost pair , the greatest and the longest . The lesser pair are joyned to them edge to edge , reaching half their length , but not oppositely with their Points downward , as in the former Species , but upward . The fifth piece not joyned to this lesser pair , as in the other Species , but to the opposite edge of the greater . Round about the Base of the Shell several little pieces , some bigger and some less , stand after the manner of Scales , with their points also forward . So that it looks almost like a great Bud crushed flat . 'T is joyned to a Neck about ¼ of an inch over ; an inch , sometimes more , or less , in length ; of a brown colour , rough , and composed of an innumerable company of small Knobs , almost like those on some Fishes Skins . Several Shells , by the like Necks , commonly grow all together in a Cluster .

I have seen some of these Shells perfectly formed in all their parts , not much bigger than a Cheese-Mite .

Thus far the Titles and Descriptions ; the Schemes follow , which take in all , save one or two of the Sub-Species : and wherein the Order is a little more corrected .

Scheme 1. Shells are Single Not Whirled . Scheme 2. Whirled . The Whirle Apparent , with more Body Conick . Scheme 3. Oval . Scheme 4. Scheme 5. Whirle. Scheme 6. Latent . Not Single . Double . Scheme 7. Multiple . Scheme 7.

Scheme 2. Not whirled A little open Orbicular , with Button-Fish , or Edible Sea-Urchans . Echini esculenti . Five Orders of Prickles The Greater White Red The Lesser White Brown Green Ten Orders of Prickles . Oval The Greater . The Great Mare-Maids-Head , Echinometra . The Lesser . The Little Mare-Maids Head . Echinus Spatagus . Wide open Limpets . Pattellae . Level , or plain-sided Low. High or Conick . With the edge Level . Not level . Oval . With the Navle . Prominent , with sides Equal or even , Uneven . With Waves , deep Furrows . Winding Only a little obl●quely . The Vaulted Limpet . Patella concamerata . Spirally . Auris marina .

Scheme 3. Conick , with the Turban . Long. With The Right Lip Broad Expanded and Turned out . Armed with Fingers On both Lips . Frog-Wilk . Murex Coracoides . On the Right only . The Broad-Lip'd Wilk . Aporrhais . Naked . The Marble-Wilk . Murex Marm. Only expanded . More Even Lip'd . The Oriental-Wilk . Murex Orientalis . A little angular . Less . With the Whirle Knobed . Even . Parallel Lips . With the Body Belly'd . With Lips Even . The left Furrowed . Level . With the Turban . Knobed . Spiked . Murex Aculeatus . Low. With the Mouth . Oval . The Wilk with plated Spikes . Long. With the Body Conick Snails . Cochleae Conicae ; vulgò Cylindricae . Level . With the Whirle Even . — Knobed — Belly'd . With the Rounds of the Whirle Concave Convex

Scheme 4. Oval . With Both Lips turned out . The Mouth Persian - Shells . Conchae Persicae . Even Furrowed . With the Rounds of the Whirle Un-interrupted With the Body Knobed . Wrinkled . Plated One only The Left . With a Double Edge . With the Body The Flat-Lip'd Snail . Oblong . Short . Single Edge . The Mouth Even . The fore-Corner Produced Strait . Cochlea Rugosa . Crooked . The Hook-Nose . Reduced With the Whirle Low. The Short-Nose . Immersed . The Diping-Snail Furrow'd . With the Mouth Long. Cochlea Cylindrovalis . Round , With the Whirle Smooth C●c●l . Spiked Umb The Right . With the Mouth Snailes . Even Furrowed . With the Turban Smooth Spiked

Scheme 5. Shells More whirled with the Mouth Longer . With the Whirle Plated . With the Mouth Horned . With Spikes Purpurae . Entire Plated , or Gutter'd Singly . Redoubled . Only prolonged . With Both Lips single . The Right Thin . Strombus magnus . Thick . The Right Lip'd doubled . Buccina Rhomboidca . Uninterrupted . Short . With the Mouth . Little Wilks . Buccinae . Horned . With The Lips single . The right doubled . Buccina Triangularis . Not horned . With the Whirle Smooth . Winding from the Mouth to the Wrinkled . Right Buccicochlea . Left Long. With the Whirle Long Whirls Turbines . Wholly Compact Convex or Belly'd Smooth Thin . Turbo cochlea . Thick . Rough. With Knoby Rows Strait Spiral In part Loose . Penicillus Level Rough. Smooth . With the Rounds Convex Level Shorter . With the Crown . Low. With the Whirle Short Whirls Trochi . Level . Prolonged More . With the Base Narrow Broad Less . With the Rounds Level Convex Smooth Rough Belly'd . With the Centre Fill'd The spiked short Whirle wrinkled . Hollow . The concave short Whirle High . With the Mouth Round . With the Turban Prominent More Wrinkled Knobed . Level Less Knobed . Spiked . With spikes Cochlea Caelata . Single Cochlea Echinophera . Redoubled . Cochlea Dactylata . Corner'd . With the Whirle. Behind . With Neither Lip turn'd back . More high . Less high . The Crown . One Lip . The Outer . Iner . Half way . Wholly . With the Whirle. Less low . More low . With the Mouth Even . the Back Even Furrow'd Toothed . The Back with wrinkles Spiral . Transverse . Cochlea labrosa . Before . Cochlea Turbine Antico

Scheme 6. Shells With a Latent Whirle. With the Body Compressed Sailers . Nautili . Even Brown and Black Pearl-colour'd Uneven Spiked Plated Expanded With Lips Venus - Shells . Conchae Veneris . Not Doubled With Furrows , on One Lip . The Right . Left . Both Lips Thin . Thick Lips High-back'd Long. Navled Not Navled Smooth-Lip'd . With the Back Plain Bunclied Turned out or doubled .

Scheme 7. Shells Double Inarticulate The Great One , called Pinna . Sea-Wing . Lesser . With the Circumference Heming in the Navle . Chestnut-Oyster . Running through it . With sides Similar . Dissimil ar. Base shaded . Articulate . With the Navle . Strait . With Valves Less Concave Eared Rounder Longer . Scol●ops . Pectines . Even Furrow'd Smooth Rough Not Eared Gaping-Muscle . Conchae Corallinae . Waved Waved and wrinkled . Chama . More . Oblique . With the sides . Almost similar . Strait . The Sheath-Fish . Solen . Crooked . Few . With Valves Expanded . Rounder Solid . Fistular Numerous . More dissimular . With the Circumference In part strait . The Base . With Joynts Few . Ostrea Gaderopoda . Numerous . Conchs 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Side Erected . Square ▪ Muscle . Produced Less . More . Concha Margaritifera . Crooked round about . With Valves Uneven . With Furrows . Circinated Rough. Smooth . Tel●inae . Radiaed . With the Edge Even Uneven Toothed . With Valvs Round . Expanded . Concha Tridact . Fu●ro●'d . With Valvs Longer . Shorter . Even Long. Expanded . Less . More . With Joyncs Deep . Shallow . With the Edge Even . Toothed . Plated Valves . Multiple Conick Greater . Centre-shell . Less . Sponge - Centre-shell . Flat . With the Base vulgò , Conchae Anatiferae . Naked Scaled .

SECT. VII . OF INSECTS .

CHAP. I. Of Insects with Naked-Wings :

THe Bigger HUMBLE-BEE . Bombylius major . First , With a broad-Belly , colour'd with Ashen , White , and Brown .

Another , with a Broad-Belly , Yellow and Citrine .

A Third , with a Long Tawny-Belly , and Brown Wings .

The Middle HUMBLE-BEE , with a Scarlet Breast , and Wings spoted with white and brown .

The Lesser HUMBLE-BEE , painted with Citrine and Iron-colour .

A WILD-BEE , with her Follicle or Bag , near the bigness of a Wrens-Egg .

Another sort of WILD-BEE , with their BAGS . They are about ½ an inch long , of a Cylindrical Figure , very thin and transparent , like the inner Coats of the Eye . Admirably placed , for warmth and safety ; sc. length-ways , one after another , in the middle of the Pith of an old Elder-Branch , with a thin boundary betwixt each Bag. The little Bees are somewhat thicker than the Flying-Ant ; and their Bellies marked with four or five white Rings .

Another sort of WILD-BEE , which breeds in the stocks of old Willows . Curious to observe . They first bore a Canale in the Stock , which , for more warmth , they furnish afterwards with Hangings , made of Rose-Leaves , so rowled up , as to be contiguous round about to the sides of the Canale . And to finish their Work , divide the whole in to several Rooms or Nests , with round pieces of the same leaves . Hereof see in the Philos. Trans . a a Num. 65. the Observations of Dr. Edm. King ; whereto some others are added by Mr. Willughby , and explained by Figures .

Some parts of the NEST of another WILD-BEE . Not much unlike the first of those not inelegant figures , which Johnston gives under the Name of WESPENSTOCK .

The under or hinder Wings of a Bee , are the least ; that they may not incommode his flight . a a Mouf . de Insect . cap. 1. The Honey-Bag , is the Stomach , which they always fill to satisfie , and to spare ; vomiting up the greater part of the Honey , to be kept against Winter . A curious Description and Figure of the Sting , see in Mr. Hook's Micrography . In windy Weather , Bees often hold a little stone in their hinder Feet ; which serves as a Ballast to make them sail through the Air more steadily . b b Ibid. The History of Bees , the best that Aristotle hath given us , c c Hist. An● lib. 9. c. 40. of any one Animal . Of their Polity , Generation , Conservation , Diseases , and Use ; see also Moufet , Butler , and a late Treatise of Mr. Rusden . All that Authors speak of the Spontaneous Generation of Bees , is fabulous . The ashes of Bees are put into most Compositions for breeding of Hair .

A WASPES-NEST . Vespetum . Given by Sir Jonas Moore , who received it from New-England . See the Figure of one in Johnston . 'T is above a foot high , and near a foot over . Composed of a great number of little Cells , as in the Wild-Bees Nest , and encompassed with a Cover of the same stuff . All wrought about the Branch of a Tree .

Both this , and the Bees-Nest now mention'd , consist of the small Fibers of Plants , cohering , altogether as in Paper ; as may be seen by a Glass . So that the Stuff may not be improperly called BEE-PAPER .

Another WASPES-NEST , like the former . Given by Dr. Thomas Allen.

A LONG-OVAL FOLLICLE ( perhaps of a sort of Hornet ) with this peculiar , That the Silk is cover'd with a kind of brown Crust , marbled with blackish Veins .

A NESTED FOLLICLE , or one within another . Here are three of this sort , not fortuitous , but according to Nature . The utmost , is about an inch long , brown , and composed of Stiff-work , with a great many small Interstices : so that it looks just like an Oval-Net . Within this , lies loose another much smaller , of a light Ash-colour , and made like other Insect-Bags .

The Polish'd FLESH-FLY ; that which is of a blewishblack , like Steel .

Another FLESH-FLY with a strong Proboscis or Trunk , tawny Wings , black Eyes , bunched Back , brown , long , and sharp Belly , forked Tail , Chesnut Feet , the hinder the longest .

The GOLDEN-EYE . Musca Chrysopis , as Moufet calls it . The Eye of this Fly is very curious , not only with its golden colour , but in being most elegantly latticed , like that of a Butterfly . Whilst alive , they have a very stinking scent .

The OX-FLY . Musca Boaria . Asilus .

The WHAME . Musca Apiformis . Tabani species .

The WASP-FLY . Tabani species altera .

The TWO-BRISTLED-FLY . Musca Bipilis . He hath two Bristles upon his Tail , standing level . Moufet describes five Species .

The THREE-BRISTLED-FLY . Tripilium . Of these Moufet also describes five sorts . Here are two of them ; One greater , the other less . They are most in May and June before and after the Rains .

Flys , at the end of their Proboscis , have a Piercer wherewith they broach the Skin . a a Mouf . de Ins. c. 10. They go only , saith Moufet , with four Feet , using the two foremost instead of Hands . b b Ibid. This latter part of his Assertion is true ; but the former , contrary to common Observation .

The Hair of the Head being often wet with the water of common Flys distill'd in Balneo Mariae , will grow to a very great length . c c Id. c. 12. Almost all Flys , being chew'd and swallow'd , cause violent vomitings . d d Id. c. 12. out of Arnoldus .

Two FLY-NESTS ; with some of the Flys . They are all black , with four Wings , the Horns and hinder Legs both long , and the end of the Tail thick . Of kin to the M. Bipilis .

The Nests are fasten'd or wrought , one , upon a head of Cypress-Grass ; above ½ an inch long : the other , on the top of a Branch of Fern ; and is about an inch long . Both oval , and white like Wooll ; very porous and compressible , like a fine Sponge ; and perforated with several little round Holes . Cuting one of them down the middle , I found , within , the more elaborate Work , consisting of a great number of little oval Cells , as in a Wild Bees-Nest . These Cells are placed in their length transversly to that of the Nest. In each of which , each Fly is bred a part from the rest .

The Great BUTTERFLY . Papilio major . This is of the second magnitude . The Wings are painted with citrine and black , both in long streaks and spots .

The Great PLUMED BUTTERFLY . The Wings are painted with black and scarlet Rings . In the place of Horns , he hath a pair of Plumes in his Forehead .

Another , with LONGER PLUMES . The Wings of this are spotted with black and tawny .

The lesser BUTTERFLY , with scarlet Wings ; the foremost of which are far shorter than the other .

Another , having the Wings speckled with red , yellow , brown and black spots .

Of the larger , middle , and lesser kinds , Moufet reckons up and describes five and thirty sorts . a a Latter part of C. 14.

That which seems to be a Powder upon the Wings of a Butterfly , Is an innumerable company of extreme small Feathers , not to be discerned without a Microscope . b b See Dr. Powers Microsc . Observ. and Mr. Hook's Micrography .

Butterflys , as most Insects , saith Moufet , are very Diuretick ( urinas egregiè movent ) and with more safety . c c Cap. 14. 'T is worth the trial .

The Great ADDERS Boult ; from the strait long figure : Dragon-Fly , from the colour and bigness . Water-Butterfly , because they most frequent Rivers and watry places . Perla , from its colour . Libella , from its figure , when the Wings are spread out . In this , the Bases of the Wings are spoted , the Belly almost triangular , the Tail pointed , painted with black and gold-colour .

Another GREAT ONE , with silver Wings , a golden Mouth , a green Forehead , Chesnut Eyes , a round Belly painted with citrine and black .

A THIRD , with citrine Wings , a green Back , and a yellow Belly . It is furnished both with Horns and Plumes in the Forehead .

The Middle ADDERS Boult . It is of a dark-Green . The Head small , the Chest or middle part short , the Belly very long and slender . Moufet reckons up in all about 20 sorts .

The LANTHORN-FLY of Peru. Cucujus Peruvianus . A quite different Species from that described by Moufet . And , with respect to his Wings , is no way of kin to the Beetle or Scarabeus-kind , but rather the Locust . I find it no where described .

'T is above three inches long , and thick as the Ring-finger . His Head , in bigness and figure , admirable ; near an inch and half long , in the thickest part of it above half an inch over . From the Eyes forward it first swells or bellies out , afterwards contracts into a smaller , yet blunt end . 'T is also crowned with a broad blunt knob , and the end resimated or bended upward . In its Circumference it hath seven low Ridges or Angles , marked with so many black lines , an eighth line being added betwixt the two uppermost Angles . The greater part hereof ( now ) betwixt yellow and straw-colour . Yet stained with brown and red streaks and spots , neatly ranged , especially on the top and both sides . It seems , at least in the fore part , to be hollow , and almost like a Bladder blown up .

The Eyes , for the bigness of his Body , very small . Of a dusky-colour , yet glossy , and Sphaerical , looking just like two brown Seed-Pearls . Under these stand two small round parts , open at top , which seem to be the Roots of a pair of Horns : unless any will conceit them to be his Ears . Both these and the Eyes are guarded with a semilunar Ridge .

The other parts , being more or less spoil'd , cannot be perfectly describ'd . His Proboscis sufficiently strong , about ½ an inch long , and as thick as a stitching or Taylers Needle . The Feet all broken off . His Body an inch and ●/● long , not much exceeding the length of the Head ; about ●/● over . Composed , besides the Shoulders , of about ten Rings . He hath four Wings , almost like those of the Locust ; the uppermost somewhat stronger and stiffer than the other . Both Pairs are of a dun-colour , sprinkled with dark-brown spots . They are extended considerably beyond the Body ; yet the ends are worn off .

That which , beside the figure of the Head , is most wonderful in this Insect is the shining property of the same Part , whereby it looks in the Night like a little Lanthorne ( Lamphorne . ) So that two or three of these fasten'd to a stick , or otherwise conveniently disposed off , will give sufficient light to those that travail or walk in the Night .

A BAULME KRICKET . Cicada . It is the fourth in order described by Moufet . The upper Wings of this Insect also are stiffer than the other , like those of the Locust . But that which is most remarkable , is the broad Hood which is spread over his Head and the top of his Shoulders . It is a Stranger here in England .

This Insect , saith Moufet a a Lib. de Ins. after others , feeds only upon Dew ; and hath no Excrement ; which is most unlikely . It is by some given inwardly instead of Cantharides , both as a safer , and more effectual Diuretick . And so far also a better Remedy in Veneris languorem . b b Cap. 17. p. 133.

A Great WINGED-LOCUST . Given by Sir John Hoskins . It seems to be the second Male described by Moufet . In length almost three inches . The Face perpendicular , from the Mouth to the Crown of the Head ½ an inch . The Wings Membranous ; the upper pair , the stiffest , stained with dark brown spots , and a few Rays of Red. It is one of that Swarme which some years since destroyed all the fruits in the Island of Tenariffa .

Of the Winged-Kind , Moufet reckons up about a dozen Species . Of their Generation , and the Description of the Parts thereunto subserving , see the same Author . The Description and Figure of the Lungs in Malpighius . c c De Bombyce p. 28. Tab. 4.

Locusts hurt the Corn , Meadows , and Hort-Yards , not only by eating , but also by their Dung ; and an ill-natur'd Spittle , much of which they spew out of their Mouths , as they eat . d d Moufet out of Valleriola . 'T is probable , That the Spittle ( if they spew any ) is not ill-natur'd ; because the Jews were permitted to ●at this as a clean Animal . Yet may prove hurtful to the Corn , as a Nest fit for the breeding of small Worms , or other Animals , which may disease it .

The Ethiopians , and divers other Nations , eat them , being first salted and dryed . e e Mus. Wormian .

The FEN-KRICKET or CHUR-WORME : Because towards Night , when he comes out of his Buries , he makes a noise like that of a Kricket . So great , saith Moufet , as to be heard above a mile off . Gryllotalpa : so called by the same Author , for that with his fore-feet , which are very strong and broad , and shaped like those of a Mole , he continually digs up , and makes himself Buries in the Earth . His hinder Feet are very long , wherewith he leaps ; and by which , as well as by his Hood , he borders at least , upon the Grashopper-Kind . His Hood or Mantle , which Moufet I think omits , is about ½ an inch long ; extended forward , over part of his Head ; behind , over part of his Wings ; before Concave , behind Convex .

His Eyes protuberant , yet not great ( as Moufet would have them ) but very small if compared with his Body : in colour , shape , and bigness like a Strawberry-seed .

His Wings , saith the same Author , are longer than his Body . Whereby it appears , that he did not take notice , That this Animal hath four Wings , whereof the uppermost pair are not above ¾ of an inch long . The other indeed are prolonged above ¼ of an inch beyond the Tail . Each of these apart is most curiously foulded up inwards with a double Roll , so as to end in a point ; having their middle Rib ( as I may call it ) which covers the two Rolls , flat and edged , and divided with transverse lines at right Angles . Their being thus folded up , is a contrivance to secure them from being torn , as he runs to and fro under ground .

CHAP. II. Of Insects with sheathed-Wings .

THe TINGLE-WORME . Proscarabaeus . He 's remarkable , especially , for his Teeth , which are two great Hooks bended inward , almost as in the Squill-Insect . He differs from the Scarabaeus , chiefly , in that the Vaginae or Wing-Covers are very short , reaching but about ½ way toward the end of the Tail . His Wings , notwithstanding Moufet calls them Alarum rudimenta , are very perfect , and by a treble fold lodged under their Crustaceous Covers . He also omits the Description of his Eyes , which , through a Microscope , are a curious sight .

This Insect ▪ with the least touch , drops a kind of Oily liquor from his Mouth ; for which cause Moufet calls it The Oil-Clock . a a Cap. 23. Being bruised , it yields a fragant smell . b b Id. out of Toxites's Onomastichon . They are numerous in Heidleburge and other parts of Germany .

The Great BULL-CHAFER . Taurus volans maximus . Johnston out of Marggravius in some sort describes four Species of Bull-Chafers , of which , as I take it , this is one . I meet also with the Picture of it in Olearius . c c Tab. 16. Fig. 2. He hath three Horns . The first is only the Snout produced and bended upward , and is therefore moveable with the Head . In length , according to the figure in Olearius ( for it is here broken off ) about an inch and ½ forked at the end , and with one upper branch a little before the Eyes . The Head very little . Upon his Shoulders he hath two immovable or unjoynted Horns , about ¾ of an inch long , ¼ of an inch over at the Base , directed forward , and with their points inward , like a Bulls-Horns . From the end of his Snout or fore-Horn to the end of his Tail he is about five inches long , over his Back above two and a ¼ ; the bigest of Insects yet known . His fore-Feet are armed with Spikes , as so many Claws ; wherewith , 't is likely he digs himself Buries . Of his Wings it is Observable , That at their utmost Joynt , they are laped up , or doubled inward towards the Head , and so kept safe under the Wing-Covers ; being , when out at their full length , almost twice as long as the hinder Body or Section of the Animal . The like is observable of the Wings of some other Beetles . His Horns , Legs , Back and Wing-Covers are all black ; his Belly brown .

Another Great BULL-CHAFER . Of the same sort .

The Lesser BULL-CHAFER . Nasicornis Triceros minor , so it may be called . 'T is all over of a shining-black . Above two inches long , almost one broad . The Snout-Horn is not bended upward , as in the former , but downward , 2/● of an inch long , and edged above . On the top of his Back or fore-Section he hath two other little Horns , about ●/● of an inch long , thick as those of a Snail , and bended down as the former .

The HEAD and Fore-SECTION of the same Animal ; but of one far bigger .

The TODDY-FLY . Taurus volans Marggravii Quartus , or Nasicornis Diceros . This here came from Guinea . 'T is very well described by the said Author . Except , that he doth not well compare the Eyes to a Hemp-seed : for they are not only Sphaerical , but as big as a well grown green Peas . But that shelly-Guard , which , as it were , hoops in the Eye , and hides the greater part of it , unless you lay the Insect on his Back , might occasion his mistake . He hath but two Horns , yet those great ones . A Snout-Horn bended and toothed upward , and a Shoulder-Horn bended downward . From the end of which to the end of his Tail , about five inches . But he is not so broad as the Great Bull-Chafer .

Thirty or forty of these together , rasping or sawing off part of the Barque of the Toddy-Tree by the help of their Snout-Horn , will drink themselves drunk with the liquor that flows from it : from whence their English Name . For which purpose , Nature hath well placed the Teeth of the said Horn , above : for that here , the Work is not done , as by a Man in sawing , by the weight of the Animal , which is inconsiderable ; but by the strength of his Legs , which force the Horn upward .

See the Description of the Parts subserving to Generation in the Philos. Transact . N. 94. Communicated by Dr. Swammerdam .

Two more TODDY-FLY'S , like the former .

The RHINOCEROS BEETLE . Scarabaeus Rhinoceros . See the Figure and Description hereof in Imperati . It hath only one Horn upon the Nose standing almost upright , only bended a little backward , as in the Rhinoceros ; whence its Name .

The PRICKLE-NOS'D BEETLE . Scarabaeus Naso aculeato . I meet with it no where else . So I call it , because that in the place of the Horn above-said , it hath only a small short Prickle . The fore-Section also , near the Head , is depressed and somewhat Concave . 'T is very near as big as the former , and of a like Chesnut-colour .

The STAG-BEETLE . Cervus Volans . Described by Moufet , Imperati and others . He hath his Name from his two Horns , which are branched like those of a Stag : but yet moveable . His Head is very big and broad ; ratably , far bigger than in any other known Beetle , much exceeding the bigness even of the fore-Section . Under his fore-Feet , he hath Tufts of short brown Hair . His Wings are doubled up inward and towards the Head , as in the Great Bull-Chafer . From the Tips of his Horns ( which are about an inch long ) to the end of his Tail , above three inches in length .

His Horns being moveable , he useth them to catch hold with , as a Lobster doth with his Claws . For which purpose , they are not only branched inwardly , but also toothed with a numerous Series of little knobs , by which to take the surer hold .

The Description and Figure of the Lungs of this Insect is given by Malpighius . a a De Bombyce , p. 27. Tab. 3. Some Observations of his Nature , see in the Philosoph . Trans . N. 127. Chioccus saith , That there are many of them in Lombardy . b b Mus. Calceolar .

The Horns of this Insect being set in Gold , and so worn as an Anulet , are said to be of excellent force c c Chioccus in Mus. Calceol . in easing of Pains , and against the Cramp . Read Fienus , Of the Power of Phancy .

Four more STAG-BEETLES ; but lesser than the former .

Another , with the Head broken off .

The little THREE-HORNED BEETLE . Scarabaeus Triceros minor . Moufet seems to describe it by the Name of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; but imperfectly . His Head is guarded with two Shoulder-Horns , and one in the Neck between them , not in his Forehead , as Moufet mistakes . They are all three immoveable or unjoynted , of the thickness of a little Pin , or the bigness of short Gooseberry Thorns . That in the middle stands reared upward , the other two are bended a little downward . In all other parts 't is shaped like the Scaraboeus Melanocyaneus with furrow'd Wing-shells ; of which anon .

The NOCOONACA . So called by some of the Natives of the West-Indies , from whence it came . I meet with it no where else . 'T is three inches long , and an inch broad . The Head 1/● an inch broad , ⅓ of an inch long . The Horns rooted on each side the top ; but are all broken off , saving a Joynt or two : which are of that thickness , as he seems to be of kin to the Capricorne-kind ; and may be called The Great West-Indian GOAT-CHAFER .

His Back-Piece near ½ an inch long , ¼ broad , armed with two black sharp Prickles , 1/● of an inch long , and bended a little backwards . The Wing-shells almost square , knobed on each side before , where each of them hath one , and at the hinder end two more very short Prickles . They are cover'd with a kind of Down , or very short and fine Hair , like the Pile of Velvet ; for the most part brown , but adorned with Dashes of Red and Yellowish , or Citrine , of an answerable shape upon both shells . The brown spaces before are also rough-cast with a great number of small round black knobs , like Mourning Pins-Heads . The fore-Feet are four inches and ●/● long , as long again as the other ; contrary to what , at least , for the most part , they are in other Beetles . They are also set with sharp black Prickles like those on the Back-Piece . The rest without them . All of them vary'd with the aforesaid Colours .

Another NOCOONACA of the same bigness .

The Great European GOAT-CHAFER . Capricornus maximus Europeus . Given by Sir Philip Skippon . Described by Moufet . 'T is about two inches long . Of a dark brown or Musk-colour . He hath on his Forehead two slender Horns , knoted or with many Joynts ; above an inch long , and commonly standing backward , like those of a Goat , from whence his Name .

The Goat-Chafer , saith Moufet , being weary with flying , to spare his weak Legs , wraps his Horns ( I doubt weaker than his Legs ) about the Twig of a Tree , and so rests himself .

The LONG-SHELL'D GOAT-CHAFER . Capricornus Vaginis longioribus . I think no where describ'd . It is above an inch long , and the Wing-shells of themselves an inch , being prolonged near ¼ of an inch beyond the Anus ; and near ½ an inch broad ; so deep , as to come down below the Belly on both sides . All over of a straw-colour . The Shoulders a little knobed . The Neck , red ; and about ●/● of an inch square . The Head still lesser , scarce so big as a Flesh-Flys .

The MUSK-GOAT-CHAFER . Capricornus odoratus . It is of the Middle-kind . Described by Moufet . a a Cap. 21. While it lives , and for sometime after its death , It hath a fragrant smell ; from whence the Name .

The lesser Goat-Chafer blew and green . Minor Chlorocyaneus , as it may be called . About ●/● of an inch long , the Head and Neck green , the Wing-shells blew , both glossy . The Horns 1/● of an inch . The Legs like bright Steel .

The little Saffron-Goat-Chafer . Minimus rubrocroceus . About ½ an inch long . His Horns ●/● . His Legs like polish'd Steel .

The little Brown Goat-Chafer . Minimus pullocroceus , as we may call it . About ½ inch long , and slender . Of a brown colour , with a yellow Ring on the upper part of his Neck , two more on his ▪ Wing-shells , and two sloap streakes upon each : His Horns and Legs of a Chesnut .

The GREAT GOGLE-EYED BEETLE . Carabus Indiae Orientalis maximus . I find it no where described or pictur'd . Two inches and ½ long , and an inch broad . His Head of a middle size . His Face perpendicular , about ●/● of an inch long , in the middle of a golden green . His Teeth like polish'd Steel , of great thickness and strength . His Eyes of a fine colour betwixt a light Chesnut , and that of red Coral ; of an Oval figure ; and ratably , very great , sc. ¼ of an inch long . Which also , so far as I have observ'd , is the principal Character of all the Carabus-kind , so far , as distinct from the Capricorne : whence I take leave for the English Name . His Horns rooted between the Eyes and the Snout ; but they are here broken off . His Shoulder or Back-Piece almost square ; yet edged with a Convex Margin on each side ; above ¾ of an inch broad , and ½ an inch by the length of the Insect ; burnish'd with two large spots of the colour of polish'd Bellmettle ; betwixt which , and on the edges or margins of a shining-green .

The Wing-shells almost two inches long , with small furrows running by the length , and united with short transverse lines , all together , like Network . Not Oval , but rather expressing the figure of a Speer-Mint-Leaf . At the end of each , two very small points or prickles . In the middle , of a glorious golden red like that of burnish'd Copper ; On the edges of a shining blewish green . The Belly of the same colour with the middle of the Wing-shells ; saving , that the fore part of every Ring ( whereof there are three ) and the Tail-piece , is also variegated with a curious sort of small white Streaks , which , at the first , look like fine Hair .

The great Joynts of the Legs ( as is also best observable in other larger Insects ) are joyn'd together , not only by Ligaments , as are the Bones in other Animals ; but the globular knob of one , is entirely inclosed ▪ and so winds , within the globular Concave of another . The imitation whereof , may be seen in the Joynted Images , which some Stone-Cuters make use of , for their direction as to Postures .

The THICK GOGLE-EYED BEETLE of the East-Indies . Carabus Orientalis crassus . I find it not describ'd . About an inch and ½ long , ●/● of an inch over where thickest . His Eyes near the colour , shape and bigness of golden Millet-seed . His Teeth of a sad Chesnut , and very robust . His Horns are broken off . His Forehead , the sides of his Breast , Shoulder-piece , and Wing-shells , all rough cast , especially the two parts last nam'd ; the Shoulder-piece with numerous small punches , the Wing-shells with greater and fewer ; two whereof before , rounder and larger than the rest .

On his Breast he hath a short , thick and sturdy Thorne or Spike directed forward , and somewhat downward . He is all over of a curious green , bright and with strong Rays of Gold , but mostly on his Belly , Forehead , and the inward Margins of his Wing-shells . The hinder ends of which have one or two little Indentures . His Legs broken off .

The long GOGLE-EYED BEETLE of the East-Indies . Neither is this describ'd , that I find . About an inch and ¾ long ; where broadest ½ an inch . His Head small , somewhat bigger than that of a common Bee . His Eyes great , Oval , and of a Chesnut colour . His Forehead between them of a shining green , and rough cast . His Teeth very strong . His Horns broken off . His Shoulder-piece almost square , but somewhat broader behind . This , his Wing-shells , and his Breast of a glorious green mixed with some faint Rays of Gold ; but their outer Margins , especially , as you turn him on his Belly , look of a pure Bice-Blew . Their hinder ends ( as also the Tail ) tinged with the colour of bright Copper . Their ends are likewise indented like the leaves of some Plants ; and so rounded , as both together to make an Elliptick . His Feet are lost .

The LONG STRIATED CARABUS . Carabus sextus Aldrovandi . Above an inch long , and ¼ broad . The Wing-shells are furrow'd by the length with small Striae , and also wrought with punched or pricked lines in the same Order . The fore-feet are soled each with four little Tufts of Down or short Hair . Here are Three of this sort . One , all over of a blackish colour . A second hath his Shoulders and the Rimms of his Wing-shells , blew . The third hath Crimson shoulders , or like pure Lake , and the Wing-shells of a sad green with some Rays of Gold .

Another Carabus of the same kind with the former , but lesser , being not above 1/● or ⅔ of an inch long . Here are of this Species of several colours . Some , of a dark-brown ; others , cole-black ; others , of a gilt-green ; and others , of a giltred like bright Copper . None of these are punched , but only striated .

The LONG SMOOTH CARABUS . 'T is all over of a shining-black ; very smooth , without either prick'd or striated Lines . Only a row of very small Pricks just above the Rimm of the Wing-shells . Also in proportion somewhat longer and slenderer than the former .

The little GREEN CARABUS . About ½ an inch long . His Head small , scarce so big as of the common Black-Fly . His Snout oblong . His Eyes gogling , and of a Chestnut colour . His Neck also little . His Belly and Wing-shells much broader , especially behind , which is unusual . Above , of a curious green ; the Wing-shells marked with seven or eight white Specks on the Margins , and two in the middle . Underneath of a golden red .

The Little BROWN CARABUS . Like the former , saving his colours ; his Snout being of a shining straw-colour ; as also his Eyes , and very great ; finely Cancellated ; through a Glass a curious sight . His Wing-shells brown , with whitish Spots , fewer and bigger . His Legs of a golden red .

The Little BROAD CARABUS . Shorter , and proportionably broader , than any of the precedent Species . All over black . The Head extream small . The Shoulder-piece broad , smooth , and almost square . The Wing-shells striated , each with three ridge-lines , and each having a narrow and level Rimm or Margin ; as in the other Species . Of this sort , here are three or four ; the bigest ●/● of an inch long , and 1/● broad .

The common slender SPANIHS-FLY . Cantharis vulgaris . It seems to border both upon the Capricorne and the Carabus .

Spanish-Flys , being taken in too great a dose , will exulcerate the Bladder . Some bold Whores take them to kill and bring away their Conception . Moufet a a Lib. de Insect . c. 19. speaks of a singular Remedy which he had , Contra Veneris Languorem . Which seems to be some Praeparation of Spanish-Flys , by the Symptome which he saith did once follow the use of it , which was bloody Urine . Yet this hath sometimes happen'd , only ex effraenatâ Venere .

℞ Spanish-Flys ʒj , Rhenish-Wine , or rather Spirit of Wine ℥ iiij . Digest them , without fire , for some days . Then filtre the Spirit through a brown Paper . To every spoonful of this , add seven of clean Wine or Ale . Of this mixture take the first day , one spoonful ; the second , two ; and so increasing every day . Against a Virrulent Gonorrhaea , a suppression of Urine , and the Stone , the happy success of this Tincture , saith Bartholine , b b Thom. Barthol . Hist. Cent. 5. hath been experienced by Dr. James-Francis Kotzbue . I mention it , for a safe way of using this Insect inwardly , if in any Case we may expect more from them , than other Medicines .

The BROAD GILDED BEETLL . Cantharis latus Moufeti . Here are several of them . They all agree in shape ; their Principal Characters , That they are broad Back'd , and Headed , like the Scarabaeus Melanocyaneus ; Tail'd , like the Scarabaeus Fullo ( of both which anon ) and have a small Part indented betwixt the fore-ends of the Wing-shells , like the Tongue of a Buckle . But their Colours are various . Two of a golden green on the Back , and like burnish'd Copper on the Belly . One like Bell-metal on the Back and Belly . And one like Copper on the Back and Belly .

The DORR or HEDGE-CHAFER . Scarabaeus Arboreus . Described by Moufet . His chief marks are these , His Head small like that of the common Beetle . This and his Eyes black , notwithstanding Moufet saith these are yellow . His Shoulder-piece and the middle of his Belly also black ; but just under the Wing-shells spoted with white . His Wing-shells , Legs , and the end of his Tail ( which is long and flat-pointed ) of a light Chestnut . His Breast , especially , cover'd with a downy-Hair .

The LEOPARD-FLY . Scarabaeus Fullo . Described also by Moufet . 'T is bigger than the Dorr . His Nose as black as jet , his Wing-sheaths , and almost all other parts , speckled with ash-colour and black : in other respects like the Dorr .

The little TAIL'D-BEETLE . Scarabaeus caudatus minor . The Head and Shoulders are wanting . The Wing-shells almost two thirds of an inch long and ⅓ over . Of a dull ash-colour besprinkled with extream small blackish specks . His Legs and Belly of the same . He hath a strait , pointed Tail prolonged beyond the Wing-shells ⅙ of an inch , from whence I have nam'd him ; and by which he seems of kin to the Hedge-Chafer .

The SHORT-SHELL'D BEETLE . By Aldrovandus , called Scarabaeus Serpentarius , somewhat absurdly , sc. for that he once found them in a Serpent . But his Description is not ill . He seems by the shortness of his Wing-shells to border on the Dorr or Hedge-Chafer , as the former . As also by their colour , composed of black and Chesnut Rings indented together . Here are five of this Species .

Another of the same Species , with the Wing-shells all over of a Chesnut colour . Described also by Aldrovandus . Of this sort here are several small ones .

The BLACK and BLEW BEETLE . Scarabaeus Melanocyaneus . See Moufet's Description . Of this , the Wing-shells are striated or furrow'd by the length . All the upper parts are black , the under parts blew , exactly like that colour which Watch-Makers and others give to their Steel-Works . Sometimes the nether parts are rather reddish , just like pure bright Copper . Sometimes their Tails and Belly of a golden Green , of which is that called by Wormius , Scarabaeus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Here are of these , in all , about half a score .

ANOTHER , of the same kind . But this hath both the Shoulder-piece , and also the Wing-shells very smooth .

A THIRD , a kin to the former . Yet different from them , not only in being all over black , but especially in the make of his Feet . In those , hard and sharp with several little Prickles standing in a Row , with some stragling hairs . In this , having only two sharp Hooks or Claws at the end of his Feet , and his Feet soled with a treble Tuft of a close short tawny Down .

The SQUARE-SHELL BEETLE . The Head and Shoulders of this are lost . The Wing-shells together , make almost a long square ; being flat on the top , which is unusual , and the sides making right angles with their upper end . They are also striated or furrow'd by the length ; and the sides curiously punched or pricked .

The BEETLE with pointed shells . The Head and Shoulders of this also are lost . All over of a very dark shining Bay . The Wing-shells above ½ an inch long , and of a peculiar figure ; being not only much narrower , but also pointed behind .

The LONG-HEADED BEETLE . Here are several of them ; all of a dun or blackish brown . But that whereby they differ from all other Beetles , is the shape of the Head , which , in proportion , is very long and slender .

The small PURPLE BEETLE . Of this sort here are two somewhat flat ; and one thick and round .

The BLEW ROUND BEETLE . Viola . One as big as a Lady-Cow , but longer : the other near ½ an inch long ; Both of a Violet colour .

The GREEN ROUND BEETLE , burnish'd with glorious golden Rays .

The Round Chesnut BEETLE , not without some Rays of Gold .

It may be worth the trial , Whether any of the Gilded sort of Beetles , are of the same Nature with Spanish Flys , or may produce the same effect , with less pain .

The SPIKED WATER-CLOCK . It seems to be that which Aldrovandus describes ( but very imperfectly ) under the Name of Scarabaeus Aquaticus . 'T is about two inches long , and ¼ over where broadest . All over of a shining black : excepting , that his Eyes are brown ; his Antennae , tawny , his fore-Belly overlaid with a kind of Lemon colour'd Velvet . On his Back , there is a triangular piece indented between the Wing-shells . The Legs are much broken , on the third Joynts , at least of four of them , grow a pair of black sharp Prickles about the length and thickness of the sting of a Bee . But that which is most remarkable , is a strong and sharp Spike or Needle which stands horizontally on his fore-Belly , and with its point towards the Tail . His Wing-shells are carry'd down considerably below his Belly : so that being turned on his Back , he looks as if he lay in a Boat .

By the shape of the Wing-shells , this Insect seems , like the Notonecta ( whereof presently ) to swim on his Back . In which posture , in case of an approaching enemy , the aforesaid Needle is also ready for his defence .

The Great English WATERCLOCK . Hydrocantharus major Anglicus . Described a a Lib. 1. c. 23. and figur'd b b At the end of the Second Book by Moufet . It comes near , in bigness , to the former ; as also in shape ; but hath no Needle , neither are the Wing-shells below the Belly . That part most observable in him , is his Eye , which is of a curious bright colour , almost like a Butterflys .

Another Water-Clock of the same Species .

The small brown Water-Clock . 'T is flat and narrow , and ⅔ of an inch long .

The smallest Water-Clock . Scarce bigger than a Sheep-Tick , all over of a shining black .

These Insects make use of their hinder Feet instead of Oars . They are seldom or never seen in the day , excepting in the Water , which they leave in the night , and fly up and down , c c Moufet , lib. 1. c. 23.

The BOAT-FLY . Notonecta . Described by Moufet , but very briefly . d d Lib. 2. c. 38. A Water-Insect , in shape like that which lives in Cuccow Spittle , but six times as big , sc. ●/● of an inch long . The upper Wings are opacous and thicker before ; at their hinder ends , where they lap over ; transparent and extream thin , like the Wing of a Fly .

He swims , faith Moufet , e e Lib. 2 , c. 38. contrary to other Creatures , on his Back . And the shape of his Back seems to favour it , being very like the bottom of a Boat . Nor do his hinder Legs , which are thrice as long as the former , unaptly resemble a pair of Oars .

The Great WINGED PUNEE . Cimex sylvestris alatus major . Moufet f f Lib. 1. c. 29. hath given three good Figures of this Kind , but scarce describes them . All the Species agree , in having a very small Head , broad Shoulders , a Pyramidal Back-piece , and the upper Wings somewhat like as in the Boat-Fly , sc. half Crustaceous and half Membranous . This , is almost ¼ of an inch long , near ½ an inch broad . His Shoulder and Back-Pieces yellow , shining and rough cast . The fore half or crusty part of the upper Wings of a russet , the Membranous of a sad green . The Belly straw colour'd and Chesnut , and divided into several Sections with black Lines , half of them meeting at the ridge of the Belly .

The SPIKED PUNEE . In proportion longer and narrower than the former . The Back russet , brown and black . The Belly , ashen . Where , that which is most observable , is a short , flat , and very sharp Thorne or Spike standing level , as in the Spiked Water-Clock , but with the point the quite contrary way , sc. towards the Head .

The HIGH-SHOULDER'D PUNEE . He is otherwise of the shape and bigness of the former : all over of a brown or dun colour , especially the Membranous parts of his Wings .

The SQUARE-WINGED PUNEE . Scarce ¼ of an inch long , and almost as broad . Partly colour'd with a shining black , and three spots of white on each side .

Another Square PUNEE , with the Crustaceous part of the Wings russet .

The SHORT-WING'D PUNEE . In which respect chiefly , it differs from the former ; the Wings being in those prolonged to the end of the Tail ; here , but half way .

The LONG-PECKLED PUNEE . This kind , Moufet hath pictur'd among the small Beetles ; but by a mistake , it being really a sort of Flying Punee , with Wings partly Crustaceous and party Membranous , which is their Characteristick . The Shoulder-piece , Back-piece , Sides , Belly , and crusty part of the Wings , are all red bespeckled with black spots ; the Membranous part , dun and speckled with white .

CHAP. III. OF CREEPING INSECTS .

THe SMALLEST ANT or EMMET . When well grown , they are then hardly bigger than a good big Flea . In Barbados , saith Ligon , there is a larg sort of Ants , that build their Nests , with Clay and Lome , against a Wall or a Tree , as big as Bee-Hives , and divided into several Cells . a a Hist. of Barb. p. 64. Of the Ingenuity of this Insect , see divers Relations in the same Author . b b P. 63. They are exceeding numerous throughout all India . So that they are forced to set the feet of their Cupboards and Chests in Cisterns of Water to preserve their Cloaths and Victuals c c Linchot . p. 80. from them .

Of their Kinds , and Generation ; as also their use for feeding of Pheasants and Partridges , see some Observations in the Phil. Trans . d d N. 23. Communicated by Dr. Edmund King . Of their Nature , some others in the same Transact . e e N. 64. Communicated by Mr. Ray from Dr. Hulse and Mr. Fisher. The former observing , amongst other particulars , That the Liquor which they sometimes let fall from their Mouths , droping upon the blew Flowers of Cichory , immediately gives them a large red stain ; and supposeth , it would produce the like in other blew Flowers . The latter , That not only the Juyce , but also the Distill'd Water or Spirit of this Insect will produce the same effect , &c. Amongst which , Mr. Ray mixeth some Notes of his own .

The Liquor of Ants is commended by Schroder f f Pharmac . for a most excellent Ophthalmick .

The BAHAMA-SPIDER . It is of the Tarantula kind , and may be called Phalangium maximum Indicum ; being the biggest of all the Species , sc. two inches long . Described by Wormius , and others . He hath six Eyes , not so big as the smallest Pins head . They stand not in a circle , as represented by Laet , Wormius , Piso , and Olearius , but two and two on each side , and two betwixt them transversly , thus : ·· : He hath two strong black shining Teeth , like crooked Claws , standing parallel , and with their points downward , above ½ an inch long by the bow . These Teeth being set in Gold , are used a a Piso , Hist. N. l. 5. by some for Tooth-Pickers . Being vexed , they strike with a Sting so very small , as it is hardly visible . b b Ibid. They will live several Months without eating any thing .

The Nhanduguacu , a great Spider in Brasile c c Barlaei Res Brasil . p. 224. so called , is probably of the same Species .

The TOOTH of the NHANDUGUACU or Bahama-Spider .

The WEB of a Bermuda-Spider . It is so strong , as to snare a Bird as big as a Thrush . d d Philos. Trans . N. 40. 'T is here wound upon a Paper like Raw-Silk .

Spiders , saith Aristotle , e e Hist. An. lib. 9. c. 39. cast their Threads , not from within , as an Excrement , as Democritus would have it ; but from without , as the Histrix doth his Quills . Of the spining of Spiders , and the rest of their History , see the curious Observations of Mr. Lyster . f f Lib. de Araneis .

The CLAW of a SCORPION . 'T is long and slender , and belongs to the first Species described by Moufet .

A thick and short CLAW of a Scorpion , belonging to the third Species in Moufet .

The TAIL of another , with the Sting at the end , which is a little crooked , and as sharp as that of a Bee . The other parts of all three are broken off and lost .

In the Musaeum Cospian : is the Figure of a very large Scorpion , three times as big as I find any where , yet said by Lorenzo Legati , to be drawn after the life .

This Insect aboundeth in Brasile . Those that are stung with them , suffer extraordinary pains for about twenty four hours , but seldom die upon it . g g Joh. de Laet. l. 15. c. 6. out of Lerius .

Of Scorpions are prepared , Oleum Compos . Magnum , i. e. Matthioli , Sanguineum h h Schrod . Pharm . Magni Ducis , & Ol. Scorp . purgatum . i i Poterius .

The GRFAT GALLY-WORME . Scolopendra . Described both by Moufet and Aldrovandus : but yet imperfectly . Neither is this here entire . Yet thus much remains Observable of the Feet ; That each of them is armed , in the room of Claws , with three , four , or five Needles , of different thickness and length ; some of them above ¼ of an inch long ; of a black shining colour like the Sting of a Bee , and equally sharp ; in respect to which the Figure neither of Moufet nor of Aldrovandus doth any way answer . Besides these , there are a great many more on each side , of the like shape and bigness , but of the colour of Copper or tarnish'd Brass . The Back and Sides are shag'd , the Belly smooth or bald . He is about three inches and ½ long .

The Teeth of this Animal , are said by all to be venimous . And probably , all the Needles above described , are so likewise .

The middle Bald GALLY-WORM . Julus glaber . They have commonly betwixt forty and fifty Legs on a side answering to so many crustaceous Rings , with some resemblance to a Triremis ; whence Moufet gives it the English Name .

Another Bald Gally-Worme , of a yellowish colour , and fewer Feet ; being the third sort mention'd by Moufet .

Of the Gally-Worme Mr. Lyster conjectures , That it may yield an acid Spirit , like that of Ants. a a Phil. Trans . N. 68.

The SILK-WORME . Bombyx . The full History hereof is written by Malpighius ; as to the manner of his feeding , the several changes he undergoes while a Worme , and while transformed into an Aurelia , and thence a Butterfly , with the business of Generation afterwards . But principally in the Anatomy of the Parts ; as Feet , Mouth , Muscules , Lungs , Heart , Stomach , Medulla Spinalis , &c. in the Worme . And in the Butterfly , the Penis , Parastata and Testicles of the Male ; and the Womb and Ovarium of the Female . Particularly , of the Lungs , he saith , That the Silk-Worm hath not only these , or Parts analogous , but that almost every Ring hath two pair , which are branched out to all the other Parts abovesaid : their several Orifices being remarquable , by so many little black Circles which encompass them , on the sides of the Worme . If any of these Orifices be oiled over , so as to exclude the Aer , the Parts to which they belong , presently grow Paralytick ; and if all , the Worm will die within the space of a Pater Noster . Of the Medulla Spinalis , he saith to this purpose , That , from the Head to the Tail , there are about thirteen large Nodes therein ; which he conceives to be , as it were , so many little Brains ; the Worme having no visible Brain distinct from these Nodes .

A very large Aurelia and Slough of a Silk-Worme . Moufet affirmeth , That in the Transmutation of the Worme into a Fly , the Head of the Worme makes the Tail of the Fly ; and the Tail of the Worme the Head of the Fly . But Sigr. Malpighius makes no mention hereof ; neither is it any way likely to be so .

Two BAGS of the Virginian Silk-Worme . They are of an Ash-colour , and about the bigness of a Pullets Egg. Of exceeding thickness , thrice as thick as the shell of a Hen-Egg . It seems not to be one entire piece of Work , but composed of several Skins one within another , woven by so many Worms , ready for spining , one after another . And accordingly , in each Bag , being opened , I find four Aurelias .

The RED or CRIMSON CATERPILLER . Vinula . So called , because , while living , his Body is dy'd all over with a deep Claret colour . See Moufet hereof . a a Lib. 2. cap. 2.

The YELLOW-CATERPILLER . Eruca flavescens . Both this and the two former are all smooth or bald . This is also mention'd by Moufet .

The PALMER-WORM . Ambulo . For that he hath no certain home , or diet , but pilgrims up and down every where , feeding upon all sorts of Plants . In respect of his great shag , called also The Bearworme .

EARTH-EGGS . About the bigness of Nutmegs , and somewhat Oval . So called , because made of Earth by some sort of Caterpillar , or other Insect , for their Nests , wherein to breed under ground .

The SQUILL-INSECT . Described by Moufet . b b L. 2. c. 37. So called from some similitude to the Squill-Fish : chiefly , in having a long Body cover'd with a Crust composed of several Rings or Plates . The Head is broad and squat . He hath a pair of notable sharp Fangs before , both hooked inward like a Bulls Horns .

The WATER-SCORPION . Moufet c c Cap. 38. figures three sorts ; to the third of which , this answers . He describes it not . Nor can I well , being glewed to a Paper with the Belly upward . But it may be easily known by its pointed Tail . He hath four Legs , and two Arms or Claws , betwixt which a very small Head . He 's about ¾ of an inch long .

The SHARP-TAIL'D SEA-LOUSE . Pediculus marinus cauda acuta . Moufet a a Lib. 38. describeth an Insect by the Name of Pediculus marinus . But with a bunched , not a taper'd Tail , nor with long nodous Horns , like this . 'T is about an inch and ½ long , and ½ inch broad , compos'd of several shelly Plates , like the Asellus or Wood-Louse , with as many Feet on each side .

ANOTHER , with a Tail of four Spikes or Bristles , about ¼ of an inch long , thick as a small Needle , sharp , and spread horizontally .

OSCABIORN . An Insect so called in the Danish-Tongue , the name signifies as much as Ursus Voti , or the Lucky Bear ; Because the people commonly believe , That he who for a good while holds a certain Stone or Body contained in it under his Tongue , shall enjoy his Wish . It is usually found adhering to a kind of Asellus or Cod-Fish in the Island-Sea , to which it is very troublesome . This account together with the Insect it self were sent hither by Mr. Olaus Borrichius . Not disagreeing from That which is described in some sort by Wormius , by the same Name : nor from That in Piso , called by the Americans , Acarapitamba . Yet I find not the Figure any where to answer to the Animal ; the entire length whereof , is about two inches and ½ . The fore part Oval : whence it narrows all the way to the Tail . Where broadest above ¾ of an inch . It s shelly Armor consisteth of about twenty Plates , of a straw colour : The Legs on each side in number answerable . The Eyes are most curiously latticed with cross lines , so as to divide them into an infinite number of Rhombs . He seemeth to have notable sharp Chisell-Teeth , whereby partly he becomes so troublesome to his Bearer . The other parts are lost .

The SEA-HORSE-LEECH . Hiru●do marin●● . Described by Rondeletius . b b De Ins. c. 7. He hath a harder Skin , than the Poole-Horseleech : for which cause , he cannot draw up himself so round , but exerts and contracts his Head and Tail only . c c Ibid.

A WATER-WORME . Lumbricus Aquaticus . Not four inches long : but doubtless shrank up much when it died .

The HAIR-WORME . Vermis Setarius . Given by Mr. Malling . 'T is little thicker than a Horse-Hair or a Hogs Bristle ; Of a light Flesh-colour ; and about ¾ of a foot in length . 'T is commonly believed , but erroniously , that this sort of Insect is nothing but a Horse-Hair animated . By some , that they are bred out of Locusts . See Aldrovandus hereof . But especially the Observations of Mr. Lyster in the Phil. Trans . a a N. 83. who found them in the Belly of a kind of black and not uncommon Beetle ; in some one only , in others two or three together : of all which he hath several Remarques .

Whether there are not a sort of Eggs first laid by some Animal upon the Beetles Breech , which being hatched eat their way into his Belly , may be a Question . And therefore , whether the like Wormes , may not sometimes be also found in the Bellies of Locusts .

A SEA-WORME NEST . 'T is a piece of TUBULATED WOOD ; part of the sheathing of a Ship . Brought in , by Wormius , improperly amongst Woods ; as not being naturally Tubulous , but made so by a sort of Sea-Wormes ; described by Rondeletius , and out of him , by Aldrovandus and others . The Tubular Holes are numerous , of that width as to admit a Swans-Quill , very round , equally wide , and winding every way too and fro , so as some times to run one into an other . Most curiously lined , or as it were Wanscoted with a white Testaceous Crust , of the same substance and thickness with those called Tubuli Marini .

PART II. Of Plants .

SECT. I. OF TREES .

CHAP. I. Of WOODS , BRANCHES , and LEAVES .

A Piece of LIGNUM ALOE , with its own GUM growing upon it . Given by the Honorable Mr. Boyle . The tast of the Gum is perfectly like to that of the Wood. The Colour , like that of the purest and most lucid Aloe , called Succotrina : for with the light reflected , it looks almost like Pitch ; with the light transmitted , it glisters like a Carbuncle ; powder'd , it is of a reddish yellow . This , or some other like Aromatick Gum , the Aloe of the Hebrews : whence the other , from similitude , hath its Name .

The Tree is described by Linschoten ; a a Lib. 1. c. 76. about the bigness of the Olive . This Wood is the Heart of the Tree , the outward part , commonly called the Sap of a Tree , being whitish and soft . 'T is said by Sir Philiberto Vernatti , b b Phil. Trans . N. 43. formerly Resident in Java major , to yield a Milk so hurtful , that if any of it lights in the Eyes , it causeth blindness ; or scabbiness , if on any other part of the Body . But this , doubtless , is to be understood neither of the Heart , nor the Sap ; but only of the Barque : there being no Milk-Vessels in either of the former , that I remember , in any Tree , by me observ'd .

Of this Tree there are two sorts : a a Linsch . l. 1. c. 76. The best , called Calamba , and grows most in Malacca and Sumatra . Much used in India for the making of Beads and Crucifixes . The wilder , called Palo Daguilla , and grows most in Seylon and Choromandel . With this , they burn the dead Bodies of their Bramenes and other men of account , in token of honor . See hereof also Jac. Bont●us . b b Notae in Garsiam .

A piece of Indian-Wood , called GARON . Very oily ; in colour , hardness and weight , like to Lignum Aloe . But being held a little to the fire , hath a strong fragrant scent , much like to that of Cloves ▪ and seems therefore , as well as by its Name , to be the Wood of the Clove-Tree . The Clove-Tree is described by Li●schoten . c c Lib. 1. c. 65. Shaped like a Bay-Tree . It grows in Amboyna and the Neighbour Islands . The best sort in Makian and Tidor .

The BARQUE of the Tree LAWANG . Sent from Java major , where it is so called . Being well chewed , it hath the self same Tast with that of Sassafras-Barque , so that , probably , the Tree is a Species of Sassafras .

Part of an Arm of the STINKING-TREE ; as it may well be called : for it naturally smells like the strongest humane excrements , especially , as upon the emptying of a House of Office . It grows in the Isles of Solon and Timor , from whence Sir Philiberto Vernatti procur'd it and sent it to this Musaeum . d d Phil. Trans . N. 43. Where , though it hath now been preserved many years , yet seems to give as full and quick a scent as ever . Yet in burning , it yields no smell ; as do Lignum Aloe and some other Woods . 'T is ponderous , hard , and of the colour of English-Oak ; and as that , hath large Aer-Vessels ; yet but few . I should have conjectur'd , that this Wood belong'd to the Tree called Ahovaj , which hath a stinking smell , but that this is said to be the more odious when it burns .

A piece of SERPENT-WOOD . Lignum Colubrinum . There are divers sorts of Woods so call'd . This here is different from all those Species described by Garsias , and out of him by J. Bauhinus . Yet comes nearest to the Second . 'T is above three inches in Diametre , the Barque thin , the Wood solid , more than that of Pear-Tree . Of a very bitter Tast ; especially when reduced to powder .

A piece of an other sort of SERPENT-WOOD . Within of a pale yellowish colour . Full of great Aer-Vessels . And also very bitter , as the former .

They grow in divers places of the East-Indies , as in Seylon , &c. And have their Name from one of their especial Uses , being an excellent Remedy a a Linsch . l. 1. c. 75. against the Bitings of Vipers and other venemous Serpents . They are also , saith Bontius , given in India against Intermittent Fevers . From whence , and their bitter Tast , one may guess , That they are either of kin to the Tree whereof the Pulvis Patrum ; or might give occasion , to some who have been in both the Indies , to find out the Virtue of it .

The WOOD of a Tree of Angola , there call'd Tacusa . 'T is very solid and ponderous , like that of the Lignum vitae , and with a blackish grain .

Another sort of Angola-Wood by the Inhabitants called CHICENGO . 'T is somewhat hard and ponderous , and of the colour of Spanish-Oak . Being power'd , it hath a bitterish Tast. Both these Woods , may be of the like use with the former .

Part of the Trunk of a young MOUNTAIN CABBIGE . Sent from Jamaica by Mr. Sam. Moody to the Author . Now it is dry and shrunk in , not above a foot and ¼ in compass . Consisteth of a great number of very thin fibrous Rings or Tubes one within another , now , by the shrinking up of the pithy parts , distinct .

'T is said by Mr. Stubs b b Phil. Trans . N 36. who lived for some time in Jamaica , where this Tree grows , That it is one sort of Palm-Tree . It grows also in Barbados : where , as it was confidently reported to the same Person , there was one about three hundred feet high , i. e. about thirty yards higher than the great 〈◊〉 Pillar in this City called The Monument . The young tender Sprouts of one year , are eaten both boyl'd and raw , and are both ways excellent good meat .

The BARQUE of a kind of Pine-Tree in Nova Scotia . Hereupon grow up and down many Knots , about the bigness of a Horse-Bean , hollow , and filled with a liquid , clear , and fragrant Turpentine ; which , as it drops , the Natives gather and use as the Balsom of Peru.

A natural KNOT of Wood of an Oval Figure , and as big almost as a Turkeys-Egg : the fibers whereof are prettily waved by the transverse eruption of several small sprigs .

A supposed naturally entire RING of Wood , almost in the shape of a Womans Head-Roll , but not so big as now worn , about four or five inches Diametre . Wormius also mentions one in his Musaeum like this , but somewhat bigger .

PITT-WOOD . Lignum fossile . Colour'd like that of the Cedar , but a little brighter . Smooth , light and soft ; yet hath no conspicuous pores . Hath neither tast nor smell . Whence this was dig'd , is uncertain . But in Lancashire , and some other places here in England , the people find the Bodies of large Trees at a good depth under-ground , and which the poorer sort burn , being splinter'd , to save Candles .

A BRANCH of a Tree , by some called The COCKSPUR Tree . Perhaps more properly , Oxyacantha Americana , or the AMERICAN HAWTHORNE . I meet with it no where described or mention'd . This Branch is an Eln long , without any appendent Branches . An inch Diametre . Of the solidity of Hawthorne-Wood . Encompassed with great Thornes alternately placed on every side , so ascending , as every two Thornes on the same side are about four inches and ½ one above another . Most of them about 1 ½ inch , some an inch and ¾ long , of the thickness of a large Cocks-Spur , and very strait . Not meerly Cortical , as the Thornes of Raspis , Gooseberry , and the like ; but Lignous or Woody , as those of Hawthorne .

A BRANCH with a great WEN . It seems to be of the Hawthorne . The Branch , not above an inch in compass ; the Knot or Wen , almost ●/● of a foot . 'T is tuberous and spiked . So that it seems to be made by the casual eruption of several sturdy Buds together , which having begun the draught of the Sap , it still continu'd to swell the Knot , after they were faln off . And it is probable , that Animal-Wens are then produced , when two or three sprigs of a Nerve bigger or more than ordinary , shooting into a part of a Muscle , do thereby more invigorate it , and so make it capable of a more copious nourishment .

Another tuberous Knot like the former . There is one like these in the Musaeum Cospianum . a a Lib. 2. c. 26.

A little Oaken BRANCH with a great WEN growing round about it . 'T is above a foot in compass , as big as a midling Bowl .

A WARTED-BRANCH . 'T is of Oak , about as thick as ones middle Finger ; the Warts the bigness of Hasle-Nuts .

Another BRANCH with four or five great Warts or Wens upon the sides . Wormius , who hath one like to these , not of Oak , but Hasle , calls it Lignum Strumosum .

An Oaken BRANCH permitted to grow for some time , after the Barque had been cut round about to the Wood. By which means , that part of the Branch above the Cutis , is grown much thicker , than that underneath ; the one being little , more than an inch about , the other almost two inches . Neither is it only the swelth of the Barque , but the Wood it self is augmented . An Experiment lately made by Sigr. Malpighi ; and may seem an argument for the Circulation of the Sap. In what manner the Circulation of the Sap is performed , especially in the Root , the Author of this Catalogue hath some years since explicated . a a In his first Book Of Plants , Chap. 2.

A piece of a BRANCH naturally shaped like a Penis with a pair of Testicles annexed . Wormius hath one like to this , which he calls Lignum Inverecundum .

A WINGED-BRANCH of Ash. About two feet and ½ long , and subdivided into two lesser . Where the division begins , the Barque is spread out from the Wood for the breadth of above an inch , and of the thickness of Sheeps Leather , and so joyns both the Branches together for the length of about a foot . From thence they are perfectly divided , and so wind two several ways , almost like a Rams Horn ; the Barque being spread out all along to their ends : yet only so as to make them edged . The two ends , with Buds like little Claws on the edges , look like a Seals Feet . Wormius hath some Branches , not of Ash , but Firr , which seem in some part answerable to this now described .

A HASLE BRANCH seeming as if it were naturally TWISTED . But made so by a Woodbind or some other Convolvulous Plant. In the Mus. Cospianum is such another of Hawthorne .

A WILLOW BRANCH , winding to and agen , like a Snake , with six or seven close flexures . A Figure not uneasily given to a young Twig .

A Pipe made of a hollow BRANCH , and twisted into a loose Knot , in which one part of the Branch is incorporated with the other .

Two large BRANCHES incorporated in the form of a St. Andrews Cross.

Two lesser , growing together in the same form .

Two BRANCHES growing together in the form of our Saviours Cross.

'T is probable , That these were bound together ( as may be any other ) when they were young , and with the Barque pared off , where contiguous ; and so , by a kind of ingrafting , became coalescent .

A PALMETO LEAF . Palmae humilis folium . 'T is a yard and ½ long . Hath about a hundred and forty Plates , seventy on each side the middle Rib , whereupon they are all folded . Which Rib also distributes it self into Plates towards the top of the Leaf . The Plates are of several bredths from ½ an inch to an inch and ¼ . Most of them are now broken or torn asunder . But originally they make all one entire piece , rudely imitated by a folding Fan.

These are the Plates , which both the Arabians and Indians make use of to write upon , by Impression with a Style .

Part of another sort of PALM-LEAF . 'T is ¼ of a yard long , and at one end seven inches broad : but rolled up , and with the ends of the Fibers unwoven , so as to look like a Broom . Of a wonderful substance , in some places 1/● of an inch thick , and very dense and stubborn work . Consisteth of great and lesser flat Fibers ; and small round ones ; somewhat alike as in the Palm-Net , whereof presently .

The Leaves of some Palms , are used , where they grow , for making of Garments , and thatching of Houses . The Country-People Tap the Wine-Palm about two feet above the ground , and of the Liquor which runs from it , and which they catch in Earthen Vessels , they make an excellent Wine called Mignol , like the White Champane . a a Thevetus The fruitful kinds flourish chiefly in Aegypt and Syria : as also in the hotest parts of the Indies ; and in the Canary-Islands : amongst which , there is one called , The Palm-Island . a a J. Bauh . The barren kind in Italy and Sicily .

The PALM-NET or BAG . The Tree which produceth it called , Palma Saccif●●●● Whether Bauhinus giveth this under the Name of ●olium Nucis Indicae , is uncertain . If so , both the Figure and Description are very imperfect .

Some part of it hath been cut off both at the bottom and on the side ; yet is it above two feet long ; at the bottom a foot broad ; from whence it tapers to the top . Originally entire , like a taper'd Bag , commonly call'd Hippocrates's Sleive : but by some inconsiderate hand cut open on one side .

'T is naturally sewed or woven together with admirable Art . And yet not with more , than that which may be observed in every Plant ; though not so visibly , and with variation . There is a five-fold Series of Fibers herein . The greatest of all swell out above the rest , and like so many Ribs , are obliquely produced on both hands , so as to encompass the Sack . Along each of these woody Ribs , on the inside the Sack , runs a small whitish Line ; which seems to be a Thred or Fiber of Aer-Vessels growing thereto . Betwixt the said large Ribs , there are others , as it were lesser , parallally interjected . On the inside a third Series also obliquely produced , and transversly to the former . The fourth and fifth , consist of the smallest Fibers , not only transversly produced , but also alternately from the outside to the inside of the Sack , & vice versâ . By which all the rest are most elaborately woven into one entire and strong piece of Work . A Cover which Nature hath provided , to protect the delicate Fruit of this Tree , from all the extremities of the weather , and the ravine of Birds .

Another PALM-SACK or Net , almost a yard long , and made of different Work . See one like to this in J. Bauhinus . b b L. 3. c. 176.

About the Year 1599. the Hollanders , saith Clusius , returning from America , in an Island there , by them called Coronopes , found whole Woods of this Tree : and , probably , then first discover'd the same to Europe .

A LEAF of the ROCOUR-TREE . 'T is near ½ a foot long , four inches broad , the lower end Oval or Elliptick , pointed like a Spear . From the middle Fiber divers other collateral ones ( all prominent underneath ) are produced alternately , and at acute Angles . 'T is smooth on both sides , and of an obscur●●●dish colour . Of this Tree ( which I think grows in New England ) is made a sort of red powder , used for a dry colour ; but being wet , at least , mixed with Oil , makes but a dull one .

CHAP. II. Of FRVITS ; particularly such as are of the Apple , Pear , and Plum-Kinds .

PArt of a PRICKLE-APPLE . The Tree is in some sort described by Ligon . a a Hist. of Barb. p. 70. The Fruit is remarkable for the several Tussucks or Bunches of Thorns wherewith it is armed all round about : each Bunch consisting of about six or eight Thorns ; some of which stand erected , the rest couched down a little and crooked outward ; of several lengths , from one inch , to above two ; altogether , if pull'd off , somewhat resembling a Jack a long-legs .

A MALE-ORANGE of Chio , commonly called Sio .

A FEMALE-ORANGE of the same Island .

A CROWNED-ORANGE : that is , having an Orbicular Piece on the top .

A FRUIT like a little ORANGE : perhaps , Aracynappil Paludani ; described by J. Bauhinus . b b Tom. 1. This here is crowned with a circle of ½ an inch Diametre .

A sort of BASTARD-QUINCE . Cotoneaster Gesneri . c c J. Bauh . Tom. 1.

An HERMAPHRODITE-LIMON , exhibiting the pudenda of both Sexes .

A FRUIT of BRASILE , probably described in Bauhinus by the Name of Bras . d d Tom. 1. Of the bigness and shape of a little Limon . 'T is now yellowish , when fresh , likely , of a golden colour . Filled with an innumerable company of Seeds , which Bauh . describes not . They are almost as hard as Stones , ¼ of an inch broad , and flat , almost as the seeds of Lillies .

An INDIAN FRUIT , having its surface ( now ) very uneven , with Furrows and Knobs all round about . The Furrows , ten . Both the Description and Picture hereof taken by Bauhinus a a Lib. 3. cap. 204. from Platerus ; But ill placed .

A Round Indian FRUIT with one end pointed , and a ( now ) granulated surface . Described as I take it by Bauh . b b Lib. 3. cap. 50. With the Name of Fructus Peregrinus orbicularis cuspidatus .

The POLVILLERIAN-PEAR : because either it grows most about Polvilla in Alsatia , or was first taken notice of there . A very small fruit , ( now ) no bigger than a Nutmeg . See Bauhinus .

The MOUNTAIN SERVIS . Sorbus Alpina . Chiefly upon the Alps.

MYROBALANUS CHEBULA . The largest and longest of all the five Kinds known in Shops . Next to which is the Citrine , also long . Then the Belliricks and Emblicks , but both these are round . The Indian or Black , the smallest , and long . The Stone of the Emblick Myrobalan , of a peculiar angular Figure . This , and the five Myrobalans are all figur'd in Besler .

The GREAT CITRINE MYROBALAN . A rare kind . In shape like that which Bauhinus c c Lib. 2. c. 19. gives by the Name of Myrobal . Rauwolfij ; but is much bigger , near two inches long , and above an inch and ½ over .

Myrobalans grow most of them in Cambaia , Goa , and Malabar ; Chebs , in Bisnagar and Bengala ; Emblicks and Belliricks , in Java ; the Great Citrine , in Palestine .

These Fruits , say Fallopius and others who have purposely made enquiry , are no where mention'd by any of the ancient Greeks ; but by the Arabian Physitians first of all . In the Countries where they grow , and may be had fresh , they are doubtless of good Medicinal use to the Natives . But as they come over hither , they are most of them meer rubbish , whereof , with the plenty of far better Medicines , we have no need . The Chebs , Belliricks and Indians , are Preserved with Sugar in India , and sent thence into all the Neighbouring Countries . The Emblicks are there used , as Sumach , &c. for the tanning of Leather .

SEBESTEN , i. e. Fructus Mixae . It grows naturally in Aegpyt and Syria : And is also nourished in Italian Gardens .

The JUJUBE of Cappadocia . Bacca Ziziphi Cappadocicae . In shape like the wild , but lesser , and somewhat redish . Of a dryish substance , almost like that of Hawthorne-Berries . The Tree well described by Dalechampius . It grows , to the bigness of the Willow ; especially in Syria and Ethyopia .

A Black round FRUIT of the shape and bigness of the largest Red Cherries . Perhaps , Prunula Insana .

A STONED-FRUIT in shape and bigness like a Quince . The Flesh or Pulp being now dry'd and shrunk , very thin . It comprehends three very great Oval Stones , thin , and brittle : in each of which is also included a Kernel of answerable bigness .

An ORBICULAR STONE of an Indian-Plum . Os Pruni Indici fere globulare . Of the bigness of a midling Wallnut , of a dark bay colour , knobed all round about , extraordinary hard , at the base and top a very little prominent .

Another GLOBULAR STONE . In shape and bigness , like the former ; excepting , that the base is a very little broader . Of a citrine or straw-colour . Hard as a Wallnut . Very uneven and ruged all round about , with small furrows and holes intermixed .

A third GLOBULAR STONE . Yet so , as to be divided into five Valves or Sides , all ruged as in the first , equally hard , and of the same bay colour . But not bigger than a midling Cherry .

An OVAL PLUM-SONE . As big as a Pigeons Egg , and of the same shape . Somewhat rough , of an Iron colour , and hard substance , but not very thick .

Another OVAL STONE . As big as a Hens Egg : and almost of the same figure ; saving that the Base is a little blunter , the Cone or top a little smaller . Of a bay colour . Wonderful hard . Divided into five sides , ruged and uneven , with a great many holes and deep furrows . The Sides distinguished by as many strait Fissures , beginning a little above the Base , and thence prolonged towards the Cone . Within each of which also grows a stony , and as it were toothed piece above an inch long . This , the Third , and the First , are all of kin .

A LONG OVAL STONE . In length two inches , and one inch over ; shaped like that of an Olive . Cover'd with a kind of straw-colour'd Membrane . Under which , 't is all over unequal with furrows . Of a dark ash-colour without ; inwardly , whitish . Exceeding hard .

Another LONG OVAL STONE . Naked or without any Membrane . Much bigger than the former , being two inches and ½ long , and an inch and ¼ over . The furrows also of this are more , and deeper .

A THIRD of kin to the former , but far less , not much bigger than the common Cornelian-Cherry . These three last are all of kin . Not to be suppos'd the elder and young stones of the same fruit : for that they are all equally hard , and therefore at their full growth .

A PLUM-STONE almost like a Wallnut . An inch and ¼ long , half an inch broad at the Base , which is a little hollowed in ; in the middle an inch and ½ , the top a little sharp and prominent . It hath three sides , all uneven with many furrows , and somewhat deep . Of a straw-colour , and very hard .

A STONE figur'd into a SPHAERICAL TRIANGLE . Near two inches long . Hard , rough , and of a Wallnut colour . The three sides unequal : one above an inch broad , the others narrower ; all united at acute angles , and a little prominent . This Stone seems to belong to the fruit which , together with the Tree , is described in Laet a a Descr. Ind. Occ. l. 17. c. 4. by the Name of Totocke .

ANOTHER , of like shape , substance and colour with the former . But much less ; and ratably , broader ; sc. about an inch long , and as broad . Consisteth of three sides ; whereof one the greatest , and convex ; the other two almost plain or level .

A STONE ANOMALOUSLY figur'd . Above two inches long . One way , almost two , over . Another , an inch and ½ . Of a dark citrine , and somewhat rough , as it were besprinkled all over with sand . On one side , flattish , but unevenly . On the other swelling up into a double Lip , very rough ; and having a Fissure running by the length .

Another ODDLY figur'd Stone . Above two inches long ; In the middle , two over . At the Base , in a manner , an inch and ½ square , 1/● an inch over at the top . Almost smooth , and of the colour of spruce Oker .

A THIRD . Three quarters of an inch long ; one way , 1/● of an inch over ; another , ¼ . One side , Concave ; the other , Convex . The Margin pinched out into a sharpe edge . Of a dark bay .

A Great MAMMEE-STONE . Two inches and ½ long , an inch and ½ broad in the middle , flat , and somewhat sharp at both ends . Bauhinus gives the Description and Figure hereof both out of Clusius , by whom it is called Avellana Indica . 'T is also curiously figur'd in Calceolarius : but with the same Name . And with the same , described by Matthiolus . All of them mistaking it for a Nut. Whereas in truth it is the Stone of a kind of Fruit like a great Peach , and bigger ; in which there are commonly two of these Stones .

A little MAMMEE-STONE . Described by Clusius with the mistaken Name of Avellana Indica minor . And , out of him , by Bauh . a a Tom. 1.

A ROUND MAMMEE-STONE . Of the same colour with the former ; but that which is here the far greater part , of an obscure brown , and somewhat uneven with a few crooked furrows . The remainder and here the far less portion , of a shining bay . 'T is of the bigness of a good large Walnut .

The Fruit grows in Jamaica , Barbados , and other parts of the West-Indies . Of the flesh or pulp whereof , they there make very good Conserves .

A NETTED-STONE . Described by Bauhinus b b Tom. 1. p. 328. with the Title of Fructus reticulato corio : mistaking it for a Nut. The greater part of the Stone is of the same substance with that of other Plum-stones . But over this is spread a netted Work of larg woody Fibers . It was brought from Guiney ; but it grows also in Virginia .

Another WOODY STONE . A very great one ; but ratably short , sc. two inches long , and two and ½ over , like a midling Pippin . Very little stony , but all its outer part , at least , perfectly woody , or made up of a multitude of woody Fibers . The largest whereof are prolonged from the Base to the Cone , associated all along by lesser ones running betwixt them .

A Third WOODY STONE . Almost of the shape and bigness of a Pigeons-Egg . But a little compressed . 'T is cover'd all over with Liguous Fibers , so extream closely woven together , that it looks as if it were all Wood. Some of the greater run directly from the Stalk to the Flower or top . So great a difference there is betwixt these Indians Stones , and those of our Europaean Fruits , which have very few , and most not above two or three on the outside .

The STONE of the Brasilian Fruit called AND A. Wormius hath given hereof but a bad Figure : but describes it better . Yet with a mistaken Title , as if it were the entire Fruit. 'T is a very hard and great Stone , as big as a midling Bell-Peare , but a little compressed : broad at the Base , and sharp pointed , with some resemblance to a Heart . The sides of the Shell of a wonderful thickness . Penetrated to the Kernel with three great holes .

Amongst many observable Instances of the Contrivances Nature makes for the growth of the Seed , in whatsoever Cover a a See the Authors Book Of Plants , c. 1. & ult. it be included ; this Stone is one . For being so extraordinary hard and thick ; it were impossible the Kernel within it ( which is also great ) should be supplyed with Aer and Sap sufficient for its growth ; were not those three great holes made on purpose , for a plentiful admission of both .

And as great an instance it is of the seemingly wonderful force of the Radicle , or that small and tender part of the Kernel , which becomes the Root of the Plant ; by which , chiefly , the sides of the Stone , those thick Walls , are made to cleave asunder to make way for its descent into the ground . But Time seems to do the same thing here , as Celerity doth in the Statera ; where a small Weight set at a greater distance from the Centre of gravity , will ballance a bigger that's nearer : because , what it wants in bigness , is made up by the Celerity of its motion . So the Radicle of a Kernel , having though a slow motion , yet some , and that continu'd , it is able in time to master a sturdy Body which hath no contrary motion at all , but is at rest .

One or two of the Kernels , which are as big as Damascene-Plums , both Purge , and sometimes Vomit . If taken raw , they work roughly : but boyl'd and preserv'd with Sugar , may be given to Children . b b Piso.

Another POYNTED-STONE . A very great one : three inches and ½ long , an inch and ½ over , one way ; another near two inches . On one side , very Convex ; on the opposite , almost flat . The Base Oval ; the top , presently sharpen'd into a point . Of a russet colour , very hard , ruged , and having broad Furrows , most of them running by the length ; out of some of which arise several woody Fibers .

Another like STONE . 'T is as big as a Pullets Egg. On one side more Convex , as the former . Of a russet colour , hard and granulated . All over uneven with many , though not very deep Furrows , divers whereof are produced from the Base almost to the Cone .

The said Furrows , both in this and all the other Stones , are to be understood the Seats of woody Fibers , wherewith they were originally fill'd up .

A TWIN Almond-Stone .

GUM LACK , naturally adhering to a small Branch of its own Tree , called Ber Indica ; a sort of Plum-Tree growing in Pegu , Martaban , and some other parts , sometimes as big as a Wallnut-Tree . a a Garsias ab Horto . 'T is generally agreed , That this Gum is made , in Summer-time , by Winged - Ants , out of the Tree it self . Garsias adds , as Wax is by Bees . How far the Comparison holds , requires examination . In the mean time , 't is most likely , That these Ants finding the Sap or Gum of this Tree agreeable for their food or other use , and nibling the Barque to come at it , it thereupon issues at the Wounds they make .

The Indians make several sorts of artificial Lacks , by mixing this Gum with other Materials of all colours . With these , all the turn'd Wood-Works in India and China are wrought and burnished . Trochisci Dialaccae , a Medicine formerly much commended , but now obsolete .

CHAP. III. Of CALIBASHES , and some other like Fruits .

THe Great OVAL CALIBASH . In length , almost ¼ of a foot ; above a foot and ½ in compass . It s Figure answerable to that of a Hens-Egg , one end , sc. the top , being somewhat smaller than the other . 'T is now of a kind of tawny colour , or like that of an old Pomgranate-Pill . About as hard as a Wallnut , and the shell somewhat thicker . Originally fill'd ( as may be seen by some of them ) with a Pulp and a great number of Seeds , as is a Melon or Gourd . Yet a Calibash is the Fruit of a Tree . In some sort described by Ligon . a a Hist. of Barb. p. 72.

The Middle OVAL CALIBASH . Of the same tawny colour , as the former ; as also a little slenderer at the top , than the bottom . In length four inches and ¼ , and 3 and ½ broad ; of the bigness of a China Limon . It hath a little round knob at the top , as big as a Great Pins Head . The Seed , almost of the colour , size and shape of an Apple-Kernel ; saving that the top is shaped like the common Picture of a Heart .

The little OVAL CALIBASH . Of a like colour with the former , but stained with some black Spots . Three inches and ½ long ; two and ¼ over ; somewhat bigger than a Turkeys-Egg . Of a perfect Oval , that is , with both the ends cut by the same Ellipsis , yet both a very little prominent . And the top apiculated , as in the former . It seems a kin to the Cucurbita Indica minor Taberna Montani ; and that the said Author mistook a Calibash , for a Gourd .

An ORBICULAR CALIBASH . Of the shape and bigness of a Jack-Bowl .

The halfs of an ORBICULAR CALIBASH , four inches and ½ Diametre .

The Middle b b See the Great sort misplaced in Sect. 3. Ch. 2. FLAGON CALIBASH . Figur'd after a manner by Bauhinus with the mistaken Title of Cucurbita Indica Lagenaria : it being not a Gourd , but the Fruit of a Tree , as is abovesaid . It hath a Head and Belly divided by a Neck , somewhat resembling an old fashion'd Flagon . The Belly , about five inches and ½ long , and four and ½ in Diametre . The Neck , two inches long , and about an inch over . The Head , about as long , and above an inch and ●/● over . Originally , of a straw colour : but by the Indians painted , after a rude manner , with a dull red . The Shell very hard , and about a ¼ of an inch thick .

The little FLAGON or BOTTLE CALIBASH . About four inches and ½ long . The Belly , three inches over . The Head , an inch and ¾ . The Neck , a little above an inch . The Shell , at the top of the Head above ¼ of an inch thick .

The PEAR-CALIBASH . In length about five inches , the Neck somewhat long and slender , the Belly two inches and ½ over : so as both in figure and bigness to resemble the Pear figur'd by Bauhinus with the Name of Pirum Strangulatorium . On one side , colour'd with a light , on the other with a deeper yellow .

A Double PEAR-CALIBASH .

A TRIANGULAR CALIBASH . 'T is smooth , and black , shaped like the Egyptian Cucumer , called Chate . About five inches long . The Neck triangular ; whether naturally , uncertain . From thence belly'd like a Pear ; two inches and ½ over . The shell very hard , and as thick as of the Flagon-Calibash .

These Fruits grow in Guiney ; as also in Virginia , Barbados , and other parts of the West-Indies . Where they are used , either whole or cut through the middle , for Cups , Dishes , Basons , Buckets , Flagons , &c. according to their bigness . The Natives sometimes line their insides with some kind of Rosin ( as we rosin Wooden-Cans ) the better to preserve the Liquor they put into them ; which , if spirituous , would otherwise either drench through , or loose of its strength . Whether the Rosin they use , be such as gives no ill tast to the Liquor may be a query .

The BAOBAB . Abavi Clusij . Of affinity with the Fruit by Scaliger called Guanabanus . Wormius , I think mistakingly , makes it the same . 'T is well described and figur'd by Bauhinus . a a Lib. 1. c. 42. This is of the bigness of a midling Pomecitrine , and of answerable shape . The shell of a good thickness , but not very hard ; of a kind of dusky green , and faced almost all over with a velvet Down . When fresh gather'd , 't is fill'd with a soft Pulp , and as it should seem , much more juycy , than in the Calibash . Within the Pulp is contained a great number of Seeds , or little Stones , of the bigness , and with somewhat of the shape , of Indian Wheat . Besler hath a good Figure hereof , representing it cut open , to shew the Seeds .

The GREAT LONG BAOBAB . I meet with no Description answering to this Species . 'T is in length ten inches , a foot in compass , being ratably much slenderer than the former , and almost Cylindrical . The upper end , made a little slenderer ; the top of all , flat , and an inch and ¼ over .

The GREAT BELLY'D-BAOBAB . Much bigger than the former , and no where describ'd , that I find . In length , an inch above a foot ; and above a foot and ½ in compass . Towards the upper end , belly'd . But the end it self pointed almost like a Limon .

The Baobab grows in the Island Zeilan , and in Aegypt . The Juyce hereof is of an acidulated Tast , very grateful : of which the Aegyptians make much use , especially when they travail , to quench their thirst .

The MACOCQUER . A Virginian Fruit , described by a a Tom. 1. 254. Bauhinus . It seems to be of affinity with the Calibash , or perhaps a small Species thereof . It is of an Orbicular-Figure , and of the bigness of a little Hand-Ball . Though Clusius affirmeth b b Exot. l. 11. c. 11. it to be sometimes four inches in Diametre . The shell is thin and brittle . Originally fill'd with a soft and juycy Pulp , in which a great many Seeds of the colour and bigness of an Apple-Kernel .

The Natives , having empty'd the shells of the Pulp and Seeds , and in the room hereof , put in some little Stones , use them as Rattles , wherewith to rejoyce upon any special Occasion .

The GENIPAT , Junipap , or Junipappeeywa . A Brasilian Fruit so called . Described by Bauhinus . c c Tom. 1. 253. And probably by Piso with the Name of Janipaba . This also is a kind of little Calibash . Of the bigness of a Wallnut , and almost Oval ; containing a Pulp and Seeds much like those of the Macocquer . It grows upon a tall Tree .

The Natives use this Fruit against Diarrhae'as . As also to paint themselves . They chew the Pulp , and then squeezing the Juyce out , rub it upon their Body : as it drys , it turns to a blackish blew . This they do , when they visit a Friend , or upon any solemn Occasion , would be fine .

Another FRUIT , of kin to the former , with a pointed top . It was brought from Guiney .

A FRUIT resembling that described by Bauhinus a a Tome 1. under the Name of Charameis Acostae . Yet this here , by the reduction of the point or seat of the Flower to the Base , a little flatish .

CHAP. IV. Of NUTS , and Divers other like Fruits .

THe JACAPUCAIO-NUT . A West-Indian Fruit. Both this and the Tree tolerably well described by G. Piso. b b Hist. N. Ind. It is about the bigness of a Boys Head of ten or twelve years old , somewhat oblong , with a circular Ridge toward the top . Now all over , without and within of a dark or blackish colour . The sides extraordinary warm , being an inch thick . Within , divided into four Quarters . In each of which ( saith Piso ) are contained about thirty Kernels . But here they are wanting . Described also in part , and figur'd , in Calceolarius's Musaeum , out of Jos. Acosta c c Histor. Ind. lib. 4. by the Name of Amygdala dell' Anidi .

Of these Kernels , much bigger than Almonds , the Natives make both Medicines , and pleasant Meats . Sometimes the Fruit of one Tree , hath served to Victual a whole Camp . Those that fall are , with leave , greedily devoured by the Cattel . Of the Timber of the Tree , are made the Rowls of Sugar-Mills ; as being tougher , or otherwise fitter for that purpose , than other Woods .

Another of the same NUTS of equal bigness .

The COVER of the said NUT . A like colour'd , and in shape almost like a Mushroon . When the Nut is ripe ( which always hangs down ) this Cover , with the least shake , falls out , and the Kernels after it , into the Laps of the Natives .

One half of the MALDIVE-NUT ; called Coccus de Maladiva . Tavarcare , in the Language of the Island . Described by Chioccus a a Musaeum Calceolar . out of Clusius and Garzias ab Horto ; and well figur'd . Piso b b Mautissae Aromaticae , c. 19. also hath the Description and Figure , together with a prolix Discourse hereof . They are said to be no where found , except upon the Sea-shore . Nor is the Tree it self to be seen any where in the Island . The entire Nut , somewhat like a double Box , or a pair of Panniers . This half , about a foot long , and near ½ a foot broad ; a kind of half Oval ; yet flat on that side , where the two halfs are conjoyn'd . The shell about ●/● th of an inch thick , and as hard as that of a Coco-Nut . As black as a Coal . This is empty ; but originally they contain a certain white Pulp , of no great Tast.

Of this Pulp both the People and Princes of Malabar have a high opinion , as if of great Virtue against most Diseases ; especially in case of Poyson , or Epileptick and other like Affections . So that sometimes they value them at about five and twenty pounds a Nut. 'T is also highly commended for the same purposes , by Piso , both from the experience of others , and his own . They sometimes make Drinking-Cups of the Shells , and tip them with Silver or Gold-Plate . 'T is Death for any to be known to take up any of them ; because those things that are cast upon the shore , are the Kings .

The COCO-NUT . The Fruit of a very tall Tree , both in the East and West-Indies , growing only upon the top of it . Mention'd by many Writers of Natural History , but not by any one distinctly describ'd . As by one sent me fresh by Mr. Sam. Moody from Jamaica , I had the opportunity to observe . Here are three of them entire . The bigest whereof is about a foot in length , and one and ¾ in compass . With three sides , one whereof more flat ; belly'd in the middle , and somewhat Conick at both ends ; so that it is a kind of Sphaerical Triangle . The Husk or outmost part of the Nut on the sides , about an inch thick ; at the Corners , an inch and ½ ; almost wholly consisting of tough woody Fibers ; so that being cut transversly , it looks like a stiff Scrubbing-Brush . Next within this Fibrous Part , lies the Shell , brown , hard , and brittle , like a Plum-Stone ; the 1/● of an inch in thickness ; about three inches Diametre , and of an Oval Figure , not much unlike that of an Ostriches , or sometimes a Cassowarys-Egg . Yet so , as always to be Trivalvous , i. e. composed of three Sides or Plates joyned together by the length of the Shell ; one Side being commonly much bigger than either of the other two . At the Base of the said Shell , are always likewise three conspicuous Holes , by which originally are admitted a considerable number of Fibers into the Concave of the Shell . Next within the Shell is a thin , dry and Membranous Coat , branched or veined all round about with a great number of Fibers , chiefly for the conveyance of Sap. Within this Veiny-Coat , lie's a soft , white , thick and Oval Body , commonly ; but falsly , supposed to be the Kernel : it being only the Cover next or immediate thereunto . In thickness about ½ an inch , and of a sweet and pleasant tast . This Body , while the Nut is yet unripe , is filled full with a very limpid and sweetish Liquor ; which , in the Nut I had sent me , was in all about 1/● a pint : all conveyed from the said fibrous Coat , and filtred through this thick soft Boby . Out of this Liquor , the true Kernel is in time produced : the Liquor diminishing , as the Kernel increases , in the same manner , as in an Egg , the White wasts , as the Chicken grows . Or as , indeed , in the Seeds of all Plants whatsoever , a a See the Authors first Book Of Plants , Cap. ult. which are not meerly Metaphorically , but really so many Eggs ( like those of many Animals ) without a Yelk .

Letting this Liquor stand in a Bottle , corked up , for some months ; although at first as clear as Rock-water , yet was it not only grown very fetid , but being after left open for some time , did let fall a Sediment above ●/● an inch thick . Arguments of its being impregnated with a sufficient store of seminal Principles .

And as no Animal Egg is vital without the Male : so neither is this Liquor , without the above-said Fibers ; which communicate their prolifick Vertue to the same . Amongst which Fibers , being many Aer-Vessels , they also serve for the hardening of the Shell . As in like manner do all those that compose the outward brushy part of the Nut. For were the Shell not only fill'd with so great a quantity of Liquor ; but also , as in many Fruits , surrounded with a juycy Pulp ; betwixt both , it would remain a soft Parenchyma ( as all vegetable Stones at first are ) and never , or not soon enough , harden into a shell .

For the more easie and convenient eruption of the Radicle , the Shell is not one entire piece , but divided into three ( as are most Seed-Covers into two or more ) distinct Plates ; which gradually cleave asunder , to give way to the descent of the said Radicle into the ground .

Two more LONG COCO-NUTS , somewhat less than that now describ'd .

A THIRD , about as long , but much slenderer . Of the rounder kind , there is a good Figure in Besler ; as also of the Shell .

A LONG OVAL COCO-SHELL . About ½ a foot in length , and three inches and ½ over . One of the three Holes at the bottom , cut wider by some Body , who had a mind to cheat the Spectator by imitating a mouth . Almost in shape and bigness like a Cassowarys-Egg .

Another Shell of the same shape .

THREE short Oval COCO-SHELLS .

An ORBICULAR COCO-SHELL ; four inches and ¼ long , and as much in Diametre .

Another Great ORBICULAR one . 'T is a foot and ●/● in compass . A Coco-Nut of a foot and ●/● compass , hath a Shell in compass about nine inches . The Nut therefore to which this Shell belong'd , was in compass above three quarters of a yard .

The COCO is one of the most useful Trees in the World . Of the Husk or outmost fibrous Cover of the Nut , all manner of Ropes and Cables are made throughout India . Of the Shells , the Indians make Ladles , Wine-Bottles , and many sorts of Vessels . The inmost Cover next the Kernel , while it contains only Liquor , they eat with salt , as a very pleasant meat . The said Liquor , is commonly used , as a clear sweet and cool Drink . Sometimes they cut away the Blossom of the young Nut , and binding a convenient Vessel to the place , thereby obtain a sweet and pleasant Liquor , which they call Sura . This standing an hour in the Sun , becomes good Vinegar , used throughout India . The same Distill'd ( I suppose after fermentation ) yieldeth a pretty strong Brandy , called Fulo , and is the first running . The second , is called Uraca , the only Wine of India . Of the same Sura , being boil'd , and set in the Sun , they also make a sort of brown Sugar , which they call Jagra . From the Kernel it self , when fresh , and well stamped , they press out a Milk , which they always mix and eat with their Rice-Meats . Of the Kernel dry'd ( called Copra ) and stamped , they make Oil , both to eat , and to burn . Of the Leaves of the Tree ( called Olas ) they make the Sails of their Ships : as also Covers for their Houses and Tents ; and Summer-Hats . Of the Wood , they make Ships without Nails ; sewing the several parts together with the Cords made of the Husk of the Nut. a a Linschoten . Joh. de Laet. Piso , and others .

A small ORBICULAR FRUIT , as it seems , of the Nut-kind , not bigger than a Physical Pill ; a little flattish on that part which grows to the Husk . Very hard . And of a shining colour , like that of red Coral . Described b b L. 2. c. 30. also by Clusius : and neatly figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum . c c Sect. 5.

ANOTHER of the same hardness , shape , and bigness ; but of a shining black .

ANOTHER hard and orbicular Fruit , by Casp. Bauhinus called Milium Indicum . For what reason I see not , it having no similitude thereto . That for which it is observable , is , that it looks as if it were artificially turn'd upon a Lath. See a rude Figure hereof in J. Bauhinus .

An Oval Stone or Shell , of the bigness and shape of a midling Olive . Given by Mr. Anth. Horneck . It seems doubtful , Whether of the Plum or Nut-kind . 'T is all over smooth , and of a shining light bay , like that of a Mammee . Excepting only the Base which is of a dull colour , and ruged , and having two narrow smooth Margins like a pair of Lips , or an open mouth : from the corners whereof runs a natural Notch round about the Stone or Shell .

The YECOTL . The Fruit of a little Tree in New-Spain , which the Spaniards call Palmam Montensem ; and which I take to be all one with the Palmapinus , or the Palma Conifera . 'T is described and figur'd both by J. Bauhinus , and by Wormius . Who Reports out of Laet , That these kind of Nuts are always found empty , or without a Kernel . Which is a mistake ; for this here hath one . 'T is likely all that he saw ( and so he should have said ) were barren . The length of this , about two inches and half ; the Diametre , one and 1/● , the Figure Oval . Smooth , and of a shining Bay ▪ Composed of Scales , from the middle ( where they are about ½ an inch broad ) growing lesser towards both ends , so as in some sort to resemble a Cone , of the Picea Latin : or Male Firr-Tree . Yet a quite different Fruit : for whereas in a Cone , the Seeds or Kernels are numerous , all placed between the Scales of the Cone ; here ( so far as can be guess'd by the sound ) we have but one single Kernel , within the hollow of the Shell .

But that which is most observable , and whereof no Author takes notice either in the Description or Figure of this Fruit , is this , That the Scales which compose the Shell , are not so set together , as to have their open ends or points upwards , as in a Cone : but on the contrary , so as to have their roots uppermost , and their open and outmost ends or points downwards , or towards the Base of the Shell , as of the Slates upon a House towards the ground . A singular contrivance of Nature , to prevent the rain from running into the hollow of the Shell , and so rotting the Kernel . And although the Scales of a Cone are open towards the point of the Cone , yet even hereby they answer the same end ; because it always or most commonly hangs upon the Tree with the point downward .

This Fruit is pictur'd in Besler , Tab. 1. But mistakenly , for the Arecca or Faveel .

The CONICK YECOTL . I find it not describ'd . 'T is much less than the former ; in length , an inch and ⅓ ᵈ ; in the middle near an inch thick . Slenderer at both ends , and the upper plainly taper'd . The Scales , as in the former .

Of the Leaves a a Ximenes of this Shrub , the Indians make a sort of Thread .

A SCALED FRUIT a kin to the YECOTL . 'T is of a rounder Figure , almost like a Pippin , and about as big as a midling Peach . See the Figure hereof in Bauhinus , under the Title of Nux Indica Tessellata . They grow in Guyana .

A Great PALMACOCO-NUT . Bauhinus describes b b Tom. 1. another Species by the Name of Fructus Palmae Nuciferae . Perhaps the Tree may not be improperly call'd Palmacocus , as bearing a Fruit , though small , yet resembling the Coco-shell . This is the biggest of several here preserved , which make it doubtful , Whether it belong to a Cocus or a Palme . In length , near 1/● a foot ; in the middle , two inches over . The Base somewhat Oval , and Prominent , with three large Holes , as in a Coco ; the upper end Conick , and a little inflected . Composed of three Valves or Plates , making so many Angles , below , obscure ; above , more sharp . The colour mixed , according to the distribution of the woody Fibers .

A middle PALMACOCO-NUT . As big as a larger Walnut . In length , an inch and 1/● ; the Base , an inch over . Figur'd into a kind of Convex Cone . Upon the Margins of the three Holes in the Base , are finely spread a great many small black Fibers ; like the Fibrillae of the Lig. cili are round about the Crystal Humour . See also Clusius's Description hereof in Bauhinus . Two of this Species are here preserved .

ANOTHER also Conick , but less : In shape like the Pear called Moscatellinum : but is scarce so big as a small Nutmeg . Of a woody substance , and the colour of Box. With three open Holes , as in all the rest .

The DOG-PALMACOCO . Bauhinus describes and figures one of these Nuts by the Name of Nux larvata . The like is performed in the German Ephemerides . But I take this to be a different Species from them both . In length , an inch and 1/● ; an inch over , where thickest ; and of a Conick Figure . The Crown or thicker end of the Shell is encompassed with a great many small Fibers , originally spread all over the Shell , but here clip'd off by some Body , to make it look like a Head of Hair . About the middle of the Shell are two natural Holes , ratably large , like a pair of Eyes ; and the upper Margins prominent , like Eye-brows , whereupon are naturally spread a number of small black Fibers , like the Hair on the Eye-brows . Underneath a third Hole , also hairy , standing in the place of a Mouth . Betwixt which , or before , there are three little Knobs , which together make no ill resemblance of a Nose , and the upper Lip all natural ; So that , at the first sight , one would take it to be a little Head of a Greyhound carved in Wood.

TWO more , of the same kind , but much shorter .

An Oval PALMACOCO , about the bigness of a Nutmeg .

Another , of a straw colour , wrinkled , knobed , and somewhat compressed , Figur'd in some sort by Bauhinus , a a Tom. 1. under the Title of Avellana Indica peculiaris Camerarij .

A BROAD PALMACOCO . An inch over or in breadth ; from the Base to the top directly , not above ¾ . That almost flat , this with a blunt point . It hath three Holes on the sides , almost equidistant .

An ORBICULAR PALMACOCO . Yet a little compressed , as a Bowl . Not above ½ an inch Diametre ; of the colour and hardness of Box ; furrow'd as a Peach-Stone . On the sides are three equidistant Holes , over-spread with black capillary Fibers .

A RHOMBOID-NUT , of affinity with the former . An inch and ¼ long ; ¼ broad , and ½ an inch thick , the sides being a little compressed . Cover'd round about with small woody Fibers , produced from the Stalk or Base to the top of the Shell .

The FAVEEL or FAUFEL . The Fruit of a kind of Palme , by the Malabarins called ARECCA . Described by Garcias , Bauhinus , and Wormius . But by none of them well . It hath a three-fold Cover , of so many sorts of work . The utmost , consisting of straw-colour'd , soft and ( as Garcias rightly ) downy Fibers . The middle , of yellowish , and sturdy ones , of the thickness of a sewing Needle : about ½ an inch longer , than to the top of the Shell , yet couched down round about it . The inmost , a thin slender Case , but woody . Yet lined with a pithy substance . All contrived for the greater warmth , and gradual exposing of the Nut within to the Aer . This Nut is about the bigness of a little Nutmeg ; but not so long .

This Fruit grows in Malavar and the Island Mombaim . Being eaten unripe , it stupifies , and as it were inebriates . For which cause , b b Garcias . some eat them to make them unsensible of great pains . Garcias saith , That he used their Distill'd-Water , in Bilious Diarrhaea's , with great success .

A FRUIT very like to the Faufel . Bauhinus describes and figures it out of Clusius , by that Name . Yet it seems , to me , to be the Faufel it self in the Bud.

The DATE-NUT , qu. Nucidactylus . I find it neither described nor figur'd by any Author . 'T is above two inches long ; near the Stalk , above an inch over ; towards the top near two , being belly'd like a Pear . Along one side , a little ridged . The Stalk cover'd with a whitish Down , like a Quince's . The outward Skin of a dusky Bay , smooth , soft , and thin . Next under this is a Work of Fibers , not produced , as in other Fruits , by the length , but standing bolt upright , like the Pile of Velvet , about a ¼ of an inch in depth ; or rather , like the Bristles upon a Hogs back . So that the outward Skin being taken off , the Fruit looks and feels like a round Scrubing-Brush . These Fibers are continuous all round about with the next Cover , which is of a woody substance , and very tough , about ¼ of an inch thick . Next within this Cover or Rind , is contained a soft and light substance , which , by the space it hath left , appears to have been originally a very fleshy and sappy part . Within This lies the Stone , about as big as a young Pigeons-Egg . This Stone is not hollow , like others , but altogether solid , like the Stone of a Date , and is within of the same whitish , dense , and horny substance : from whence I have taken leave for the Name . At the top of the Stone is formed , like as in a Nutmeg , a little round Cell , in which the true Seed is contained , no bigger than a midling Pins head .

A TWIN DATE-NUT of the same Species .

A THIRD , a single one , with the outward Rind taken off , whereby the said brisly Fibers are conspicuous .

A CACAW-NUT . Given by Francis Willughby Esq. 'T is five inches long ; and about two , over ; shaped like a Garden-Cucumer ; but the Stalk-end a little slenderer . Now it is dry , angular with five wrinkled and black Ribs an inch broad . The spaces between , half as broad , smooth , and of a redish Bay : the blackness of the Ribs proceeding also from a fuller and deeper Red under the Skin ; as in many other Fruits : or as Scarlet Blood makes blew Veins . Within the Rind are contained about fifteen or twenty Kernels , near as big as a Garden-Bean , but smaller at one end ; somewhat like a little Birds Heart . Yet the shape , I suppose , in different Nuts , may have some variation .

Another CACAW-NUT , like the former ; given by Mr. John Short .

This Fruit grows principally in New Spain , and the Province of Guatimalla in Mexico . In which , and other places of the West-Indies , the Kernels are used , saith Jos. Acosta , a a Hist. l. 4. c. 22. instead of Money ; and commonly given to the Poor , as Alms. With Chacawlate , the Indians Treat Noble Men , b b Ibid. as they pass through their Country .

These Kernels being well pounded , as Almonds , in a Mortar , and mixed with a certain proportion of Sugar and Spices ( according as the Trader thinks or finds it best for Sale ) are commonly made up in Cakes or Rowles ; which are brought over hither from Spain , and other parts . But those that would have a good quantity for their own private use , had much better procure the Nuts themselves ( as fresh and new as may be ) and so prepare and compound them to their own Constitution and Tast. And for those that drink it , without any Medicinal respect , at Coffee-Houses ; there is no doubt but that of Almonds finely beaten , and mixed with a due proportion of Sugar and Spices , may be made as pleasant a drink , as the best Chacawlate .

The BUTTER-NUT : a Fruit growing in New England , and there so called , because the Kernel yieldeth a great quantity of a sweet Oil. I meet with it no where . In length , two inches and ½ ; in the middle , near an inch and ½ over ; the two ends narrower , and a very little prominent , shaped somewhat like a small Cucumer . The Skin smoothish , and ( now ) brown . The substance within it , black : originally , a kind of Pulp or fleshy Rind about ¼ of an inch thick , answering to that of a Walnut . The Stone almost Oval , and edged with six or seven Angles by the length , the greatest , which are also opposite , ending in a sharp point . The Spaces betwixt the Angles , very uneven with a great many ruged and thin plates and knobs .

With a Decoction of the Barque of the Tree , the English Planters dey their Linsey Woolsey of a Cinamon colour , without Alum , or any thing else being added .

The EDGED-WALNUT of New England . In colour , as the common kind . Near an inch long , as broad , and a little above ½ an inch thick . The Base , and especially the point , a little prominent . Figur'd with eight Angles or Edges , whereof one half sharper than the other . The Kernel shaped , as in the common kind .

A WALNUT shaped like a Pear . Whether monstrous , or of any Species , is uncertain . 'T is two inches long , at one end ¼ of an inch thick or over , and the other , above an inch .

Another , with one Concave of the Shell twice as big as the other .

A Third , with a Shell composed of three Valves or Plates .

A NUT , which seems to be a sort of Indian Filbert . I find it not describ'd . Of a triangular Figure , one greater side subtended to two lesser . The Base 1/● an inch thick ; an inch and ¾ long , or wide ; from thence to the Cone as much . Of a brown ash-colour ; and ruged all round about by the distribution of a great number of Fibers . Only the true Base , by which it joyned to the Husk , is smooth ; and , as that of a Filbert , cleavable along the middle .

The HAZLE-NUT of New England . Neither is this describ'd . Here is a Box of them . They are shorter , and broader , than the common sort ; the point depressed , and the Base more produc'd . In colour , both alike .

HAZLE-NUTS , some three , and some four growing together .

The NUT called MEHEMBETHENE . It grows upon a small Tree , like a Hasle , in New Spain . Described in Bauhinus . a a Lib. 3. c. 36. 'T is somewhat Oval , an inch and ¼ long , ⅔ ds over . Divided by a triangular partition into three Cells , for the lodging of so many Kernels .

The BARBADO-NUT . The Fruit , in truth , of a kind of Plum-Tree . b b Lig. Hist. of Barb. p. 67. Yet the Name prevailing , I have placed it here . Described in Bauhinus , Wormius , and others by the Name of Avellana purgatrix Americana s. Ben magnum Medicorum vulgò : c c Mus. Wormian . but not well . 'T is about the bigness of a Filbert . The shell blackish , thin , and brittle , and somewhat angular . Within , there is a white soft Body , commonly , but falsly supposed to be the Kernel . For this Body is not divided , as are all Kernels , into two distinct Lobes , but is one entire part . Yet so as to have some little hollowness in the middle , capable to lodge a very thin Filme . This Filme , is the true Kernel , consisting not only of two large and perfect Leaves ( answerable to the two Lobes in other Kernels ) but of those parts also , which in time become the Trunk and Root of the Tree .

These Nuts work strongly both by Vomit and Stool ; a a Bauh . Tom. 1. four or five of them a great Dose . Being eaten tòsted , or injected in Clysters , b b Monardes . which is the safest way of using them , they are a present Remedy in the Cholick . One thing , very observable , is mention'd by Mr. Boyle ; c c In his Book of the Origine of Forms . and since , also by Mr. Ligon : d d Hist. of Barb. p. 68. and that is , That the Cathartick Power of the Nut , although so great , yet lies only or chiefly in that very thin Filme above-said , by me affirmed to be the Kernel : for this being taken out , the rest may be ●aten , as any other Nut.

A small Indian Nut , about an inch long , and about half an inch over ; with a pretty hard Rind , and of a shining black . Excepting the colour , very like to that described and figur'd in Bauhinus , with the Name of Nucula Exotica Pistacij specie .

The ANGOLA NUT . About ¼ of an inch long , and as broad , on one side Convex ; on the opposite , flat ; and of a tawny colour . The Shell very hard . The Kernel thin and leafy , and loged within a thick white Cover , as in the Barbado Nut.

They purge upward and downward : one of them will give about a dozen Stools .

The Purging-CHESNUT . Càstanea purgatrix . Well described and figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum . e e Sect. 5. The Figure in Bauhinus ( who describes f f Tom. 1. lib. 3. c. 116. it by the Name of Fructus Indicus decussatus ) not so good . 'T is a blackish Fruit , about an inch and ¼ long , almost square , and pretty flat . But that which is most observable , is the double Sinus which compasseth it both by the length and breadth , as if it had been girded across with a string . And , as it were , a Crescent on that side , by which it grows to the Shell .

A FRUIT in figure like a Chesnut ; but 't is much less , at least , than the common sort . The outward shell of a dusky colour , and thin , yet almost as hard as a Pebble ; or like that of the Seed of Gromwell . Under this lies another of the usual hardness of a Fruit Stone . Within which is included a whitish Kernel , of a pleasant tast , yet producing a roughness in the Throat .

The New England CHESNUT . In figure , like the common sort ; but a little less . The Chesnut was first brought from Sardis in Lydia , a a Mouf . de Re Cib. into Italy , France , and England . In some places where they abound , the people make Bread b b Bauhin . of them . Heretofore , saith Bruyrinus , c c Lib. de Re Cibar . they were brought , with the last course , to the Tables of Princes . In his time , ( about an hundred years since ) the French used to make and eat Chesnut-Pottage .

A kind of small HORNED NUT . Not so big as a little Nutmeg , 't is of a brown colour , and with two pointed knobs at one end , bended outward , like little Horns . Figur'd , as I take it , in Bauhinus d d Lib. 3. c. 104. Fig. 3. by the Name of Fructus peregrinus , exiguus orbicularis , cum Sex Nervis .

A Virginian AKORN within its Cup. There is one like this described and figur'd in Bauhinus out of Clusius , by the Name of Calix cum Glande incluso maximus ex Wingandecaow , i. e. Virginia . The Cup is about an inch and ¼ Diametre , and the sides very thick ; composed of a great number of Scales , as the Empalement of a Thistle , and many other Flowers ; but here very hard : of an Orbicular Figure , only open at the top about the breadth of ½ an inch . The Akorn it self , little bigger than the common sort . But their tast and substance may be more grateful . For in Virginia they are dry'd and preserved for food . They steep , and boil them , and so eat them either with Flesh or Fish .

The ANACARDIUM . A fruit so called from some likeness it hath to a little Heart ; but yet flattish , and near as big as a Garden-Bean . Described and figur'd by Garcias , Bauhinus , Wormius , Moscardi , Besler , and others . Being held to the flame of a Candle , e e Bauhinus it spits Fire , or sparkling flashes of divers colours . Anciently much used in Medicines , now obsolete , as Confectio Anacardina , &c. The Oil or Mellaginous Succus betwixt the Rind and the Kernel is that which is called f f Mus. Wormian . Mel Anacardinum . Either the Name of Oil ( given it by most ) or of Honey , must be improper . It is of a very Caustick and ve●imous Nature . Being mixed with Lime , 't is used for the marking of Cottons g g Bauh . Tom. 1. 336. throughout India . The Indians pickle the green Fruit , h h Garcias ab Horto . and eat them as Olives . When perhaps they contain little or none of that Caustick Oil.

The ACAJU , or Cajous-AKORN . The Fruit , or rather one part of the Fruit of a Tree growing in Brasile ( where it is called Acajaiba ) and other West-Indian Countries . Chiefly described and figur'd by Linschoten , a a Lib. 1. c. 52. and Piso. b b Lib. 4. c. 6. The whole Fruit is called Acaju . That part next the Branch , by Piso , the Apple ; but is shaped more like a Pear . To the top of which grows this part , which he calls the Akorn . In shape almost of an Hares Kidney ; saving that where it grows to the Apple 't is thicker , than at the other end . Of a smooth Surface , ( here ) mixed with ashen and brown .

Piso in describing this Fruit contradicts himself . Flori ( saith he ) succedit Castanea , exqua crescit Pomum . A little after , Pomum hoc , tum Glans ei superinnascens — . Wherein he is false to himself , but true to Nature ; the Apple not growing upon or after the Akorn , as he had affirmed at first ; but the Akorn , upon the Apple : as by one I have now by me , may be seen .

Wormius confoundeth the Picture of the Acaju , with the Description of the Anacardium . As may be seen by comparing Chap. the 22. and 24. of his Second Book .

The Kernels being pounded or ground , as Walnuts , yield abundance of Oil by expression . That Oil ( so called ) which is distinctly contained in the Shell or Rind of the Akron , is of a hot biting tast , and of a kind of caustick quality . Used by the Indians to cure the Itch , Shingles , Malignant Ulcers , c c Piso. and St. Anthonys Fire . d d Linschoten . But the Kernels are accounted a great dainty , either eaten raw with Wine and a little Salt ; or especially , when they are roasted , or else preserved in Sugar . For the sake of this Fruit only , e e Piso. the Natives sometimes go to Wars ; the Victors keeping possession of the Place , till they have pluck'd the Trees upon it , all clean .

By comparing what hath been said hereof , and of the Anacardium , together ; they seem to be two Species , under one Kind .

The ANOVAI . The Fruit of a Tree , or rather the Name of the Tree it self , growing principally in Brasile . Piso distinguishes a lesser sort , from the Greater , or Aho●guacu , the Tree whereon this Fruit groweth . Of a triangular Figure , almost like a little Pouch ; about an inch from corner to corner , very hard , smooth , of a Chesnut colour , and now made hollow , the Kernel being pick'd out ; and a hole cut on the top for that purpose . Figur'd in Bauhinus , Piso , and others ; but more neatly in Calceolarius's Musaeum .

The Kernel , being eaten , is a strong Poyson . The Natives of Brasile a a Piso. especially when they go to Dancing , hang the empty Shells , for Ornament , and the pleasure of the Noise they make , about their Legs : as Carriers do Bells about their Horses Necks . The Wood b b Lerius . or Boughs being broken , stink intollerably ; somewhat like to Garlick .

The true METHEL ; or the VOMITING-NUT commonly so call'd . Nux Vomica Officinarum . Very well described c c Tom. 1. in Bauhinus . Of the shape and bigness of a midling Troch , cover'd with short Hair , of a greenish brown . Very hard , and horny , and almost solid ; saving that in the middle it incloses , as the Barbado-Nut , a thin Filme , which is the true seed ; whereof the said horny Body , called the Nut , is only a great thick Cover .

This Fruit is , by Celaspine , most absurdly called Fungus Orientalis . And Wormius d d Mus. l. 2. c. 30. speaking of it , saith , That no Body knows certainly what it is . Whereas , by Dissection , it plainly appears to be a Fruit.

I find , that Cordus goeth thus far , as to observe , That within this Nut is contained a Rudiment of the future Plant , consisting as it were of two little pretty veined Leaves , and a Stalk . But that these Leaves were the two Lobes or main Body of the Seed , that the Stalk of these Leaves , as he calls it , was the Root , and that between these Leaves was cooped the Bud , of the future Plant , are things whereof he had not the least notion . Neither did he know ( for he speaks of it as a peculiar ) that the like conspicuous foliation , is , as in truth it is , observable in the seeds of a great many other Plants .

Half a Drachm of this Nut , given to a Dog , in powder , hath kill'd him , saith Bauhinus , in four hours . About ʒj , hath put a Dog into so great Convulsions , that he hath dy'd in less than half an hour .

The true VOMITING-NUT . Nux Methel Officinarum . So that by a mistake , the Names of the Nut before describ'd , and of this , are commonly transposed . An East-Indian Fruit described by Bauhinus a a Tom. 1. l. 3. c. 144. with the Name of Nux peregrina oculata & compressa : from its flatness , although a little swelling on one side ; and from the resemblance which the Seed-Cells , in number five , have to so-many little Eyes .

Two Drachms hereof being given to a man in Powder , purgeth strongly , and especially by Vomit , but also by Stool .

CHAP. V. Of BERRYS , CONES , LOBES , and some other Parts of Trees .

CEDRE-BERRYS . The Tree by some called Cedrus Phaenicea ; although Baccifera were better , thereby to distinguish it from the Coniferous or great Cedre . Described by Clusius under the Name of Oxycedrus ; from its sharp-pointed Leaves . It grows wild in France and Spain . The Berry bigger than that of the lesser Juniper , and of a deep Purple ; with little knobs about it , and some resemblance of Scales .

Great JUNIPER-BERRYS . Beccae Juniperi majoris Clusio . As big as Myrtle-Berrys , round , soft , odorous , and of a redish colour . The lesser Juniper-Berrys ( and probably these ) are of good and various use in Medicine , if they are fresh . One of the best ways of using them , is by extracting a deep and strong body'd Tincture of them with Spirit of Wine , whereof a spoonful , or more or less , to be taken in Wine or other convenient Vehicle .

The BERRYS of the MASTICH-TREE . Baccae Lentiscinae . About half as big as a midling Peas , round , and of a blackish colour . The Tree flourishes in Italy , Spain , and divers other places .

AROMATICK INDIAN BERRYS . Cocculi Indi Aromatici . There are a sort called Cocci Orientales , used for the taking of Fishes ; but not so round as these : neither , as I take it , are they Aromatick . Of these some are not much bigger than a Black Pepper-Corn ; others , as big as a Black Cherry : all of them of the colour of Cloves . They seem to come nearest to that Fruit commonly called Jamaican-Pepper .

A CONE of the CEDRE of Mount Lebanon . Conus Cedri magnae s. Libani . Given by Abraham Hill Esq Described and figur'd by Bauhinus . a a Lib. 9. c. 15. Yet with the Scales represented by far too narrow or not enough expanded : in which Besler is more exact . 'T is about three inches and 1/● long , and two and 1/● over ; of an Oval Figure , saving that the top is flat . Of this Tree it is affirmed by Melchior Lussy , b b In suae Peregrinat . Hierosolym . cap. 13. That upon the said Mount ( on which he hath seen them grow ) there are some so thick , that six or seven men can hardly encompass one of them with their Arms stretched out : which may be supposed above half as thick again , as the thickest Oak in England .

A CONE of the MALE-FIRR . Conus Abietis maris s. Piceae Latinorum . Described by Bauhinus . It grows abundantly in Burgundy , and the Alps ; sometimes in height c c Simlerus . above a hundred and thirty feet . The Cone almost Cylindrical , about eight inches long . To each Scale underneath , two winged Seeds or little Kernels are adjoyned . Curiously pictur'd by Besler .

A little Twin PINE-APPLE . Pini Conus gemellus .

Several CONES of the WILD-PINE . Of this Tree they make great store of Pitch in Burgundy .

A CYPRESS-NUT . Strobilus Cupressinus . By Caesalpine not so properly called a Cone , because of its Figure , which is rather Orbicular . Yet any Cone is appositely called Strobilus , from the winding order of the Scales . 'T is not much bigger than a large Nutmeg . The Tree grows abundantly in France and Italy , and there bears Nuts .

CAMPHIRE . The Gum of a Tree about as big as the Hazle ; and probably of the Coniferous kind . Formerly thought a Mineral ; and by Kentman d d Nomenclat . called Bitumen Odoratum . There are two sorts hereof . One of China , which is carried in Cakes and Balls , into all Places , in great abundance . The other of Borneo , which is far the best .

A LONG FLAT LOBE . Lobus Buglossoideus , so I call it for its being somewhat like a Cows Tongue . Described by Bauhinus a a Lib. 12. c. 3. with the Name of Ceratium Monococcon Indicum . But this here , is thrice as big as his . 'T is ten inches long ; in the middle , 4 ½ over ; both ends somewhat Oval . Very flat , scarce above ½ an inch where thickest ; the Belly level , the Back Convex and with a blunt Ridge . Of a dull russet , and all over rough with a great number of small Knobs . It s whole Cavity is filled up with one single Fruit ; which Bauhinus not well examining , only calls it Fructum ex fungosa quadam materie compactum . Whereas it consisteth chiefly of a wonderful Congeries of white Fibers ; not produced by the length , or breadth , but the thickness of the Fruit , both ways , as the Teeth in a double Comb. The spaces betwixt which are filled up with dust or powder ; which was originally , the sappy Parenchyma or Flesh of the Fruit.

Another LOBE of the same Species , but much less .

A THICK LOBE from Virginea . Lobus ex Wingandecaow . Not ill describ'd by Clusius . This here is not much above three inches and ½ long , an inch and ¼ broad , and an inch thick . Unciam densus , saith Clusius improperly ; that word not expressing the Dimention , but closeness or little porosity of a Body . There are some Lobes , saith Laet b b Lib. 3. c. 22. of the same Species , that are two or three times the bigness of This.

A short FIBROUS LOBE . I meet with the Description hereof no where ; nor the Figure , excepting in Besler , c c Tab. 1. by the Name of Fructus reticulato corio . 'T is almost three inches long , an inch and ¾ broad , near an inch thick . At one edge it is cut through by the length ; where , if you try to spread the sides open , it resists , from its great fibrosity , like a thick sturdy piece of tann'd Leather . Lined within with a most smooth and thin Membrane . The Cavity all over even , or without any Sepiment : shewing it to have been fill'd up with only one large Fruit.

A Great SCALLOP'D LOBE ; or rather part of it . Of ki●●● that described and figur'd in Bauhinus d d Lib. 12. c. 8. by the Name of Lobus Brasilianus ingens Siliquae Acaciae formâ . The whole Lobe , is above two feet long ; where broadest , near four inches , flat ; and composed of six or seven Joynts , as Bauhinus calls them ; rather Cells , so rounded or scallop'd on both Edges , as to look like so many Joynts . In this part of the Lobe , are only three . In each of them is contained a great NUT round and flat , and of a shining Bay ; an inch and 1/● Diametre , and half an inch thick . In the Lobe Bauhinus describes they were not ripe .

A round FRUIT ( probably ) of a sort of SCALLOP'D LOBE . 'T is almost of the colour , bigness , and shape of the former ; saving that the sides are not so flat , but both of them a little Convex .

ANOTHER , almost of the Figure of a Cat 's Kidney ; having at the edge a shallow Sinus or depressure where it was fasten'd to the Lobe . Described in Bauhinus a a Lib. 17. c. 1. p. 276. by the Name of Phaseolus Novi Orbis , Cordis sigurâ . But , as is most likely , very improperly ; This being so like the Fruit of the Scallop'd Lobe above describ'd , which he himself makes the Fruit of a Tree ; Neither doth the Kernels , its being naturally cleft into two halfs , ( ut sunt omnia Phaseolacea , as Clusius speaks ) argue any thing . For that is not peculiar to the Phaseolous kind ; but all other Seeds whatsoever , excepting Corn and that Kindred , are naturally cleft b b See the Authors first Book Of Plants , Chap. 1. into two or more Lobes . This Fruit is said to be Cathartick : and therefore 't is probable , the other Species are so likewise .

A long FRUIT of another LOBE . Described and figur'd in some sort in Bauhinus c c Lib. 17. p. 277. by the Name of Faba Americana purgatrix longior . 'T is two inches and ¼ long , an inch and ½ broad , flat , the edges thick , of an Oval shape , and dusky ash-colour . Where it was fasten'd to the Lobe , not depressed , as in the former , but a little produc'd .

A broad FRUIT of another LOBE . Probably described and figur'd in Bauhinus d d Lib. 17. p. 278. by the Name of Lobus Membranaceus planus niger . If so , he should not have called it a Lobe , but the Fruit contained in it . 'T is about an inch and ¾ long , and almost as broad , flat , and very thin , and of a blackish brown . One of the edges sharp , the opposite somewhat thick .

A square FRUIT of an other LOBE . I find it no where . 'T is almost an inch and ¾ long ; at one end , an inch and ½ broad , at the other , an inch ; above ½ an inch thick in the middle , where it swells up on both sides . Two of the edges opposite , Convex ; the other two , Concave . Smooth , and of a blackish Bay .

So many of the above-said Fruits , as are described by Bauhinus , or other Authors , are number'd amongst Herbs , as if a sort of Beans . But by comparing them all together , and with the Fruit of the Scallop'd Lobe ; they appear to have been all included in the Lobes of several sorts of Trees .

The COD of the wild LOCUST of Virginia . Arbor . Lanif . Species . Described by a a Hist. of Barb. Ligon . The Cod somewhat hard and brittle . In length , ½ a foot ; sharp at both ends , in the middle an inch and ½ over , Convex on the back , the Belly plain . Fill'd with white Down , not like Cotton , but that of the Pappous kind of Plants , appendent originally to the end of the Seed : but the Seeds are here wanting .

A sort of SILK COTTON with the SEEDS . Given by Th. Povey Esq. They seem to have been taken out of the Cod of a Tree which grows about Bantam ; described in Bauhinus b b Lib. 3. c. 154. out of Clusius , by the Name of Lanifera Arbor peregrina . That this Cotton is not so white as that of Clusius , may proceed from Age , or some difference in the Tree . 'T is rather of the colour of raw Silk , and hath a gloss like it ; extream soft and fine , but not so long as Cotton wooll ; and therefore unfit for Spinning .

Of this Cotton I suppose the Chineses make their soft thin Paper . And it is probable , That many of our English Plants yield a Down , which would be altogether as fit for the same purpose . 'T is also used , by the Indians , instead of Feathers , for the stuffing of Pillows .

SECT. II. Of SHRUBS and ARBORESCENT Plants .

CHAP. I. Of SHRUBS , chiefly .

THe DWARF-OAK . The Leaves shaped like those of the Ilex , but not prickly . It differs not in the hardness of the Wood or Boughs , from the common Oak ; nor in the shape of the Acorns it bears ; some whereof are also here preserved . Yet is it not above a yard in height . Sent hither by Mr. Winthrop , not long since Governour of Connecticut . In the Inland Parts of New England grow whole Forrests of this Oak .

The SEED of the Male HOLLY-ROSE , called Cistus , mas ; and the first in number , according to Clusius . 'T is included in a shelly Cover of a Pentagonal Figure ; and is it self also angular , about the bigness of the Seed of Patience , or Lapathum Sativum .

The SEED of the second Male CISTUS .

The SEED of the Female CISTUS . The shell of this , not so big , nor so sharp at top , as of the Male ; and both this and the Seed it self blacker . It may be , because older .

Upon the Root of the Cistus grows a Parasitical Plant , called HYPOCISTIS : the Juyce whereof , is commonly condensed , and so formed , like that of Liquirish , into Balls , and sold as a Drug .

The SEED of the CISTUS LEDON ; being the first in order according to Clusius .

The SEED of the fourth CISTUS LEDON .

Off of the Cistus Ledon is gathered , the Drug called LADANUM : which is a kind of Gummous Exudation , chiefly found upon the Leaves . 'T is gather'd a a Hereof see Bellonius . in the Dog-Days , and when the Sun shines hottest , and therefore not without intollerable labour . These Shrubs grow in Cyprus , Creet , France , Spain , &c. In Creet , the Principal Place for Ladanum is at the Foot of Mount Ida.

The BERRYS of the Indian JASEMIN with a yellow and most fragrant Flower . The Oil of the Ben Nut being impregnated with the odor or spirit ; especially of these yellow Flowers , and so mixed with Pomatum , is that which is commonly called Jasemin Buttyr .

The FRUIT of the NAMBUGUACU , a Shrub so called by the Natives of Brasile . Described by Piso and others with the Name of Ricinus Americanus ; & Palma Christi . Curiously figur'd by Tobias Aldinus . a a Descr. Horti Farnesiani . Where note , That in the said Author , through some inadvertency , the Titles of this Plant and of the Spinacia Fragifera are transpos'd . The Seeds are of the bigness of a Horse-Bean , somewhat long , smooth and glossy , ash-colour'd and mixed with black specks . The Kernel white and very oily . Given by Dr. Wilkins late Bishop of Chester , and to him , by Captain Hinde .

The Oil expressed out of these Kernels , is not only used in Lamps , but by the Natives of Brasile against all cold Distempers b b Pison . Hist. l. 4. c. 31. both outward and inward . Six or seven of the Kernels taken inwardly , purge and vomit with great vehemency . But a Tincture extracted out of them , is well proposed by Piso c c Ibid. as the safer Medicine . Although the Kernels themselves work so strongly ; yet is it affirmed by Mr. Stubs , d d Phil. Trans . N. 36. That the Oil which is expressed out of them , hath no Physical ( Cathartick ) Operation , although a spoonful of it be taken down at once , or three put up in a Clyster . The Leaves , saith the same Person , e e Ibid. are the only Remedy , which the Indians use for the Headach . Being steeped in Water or Vinegar , they are daily experienced to cure the Shingles f f Piso , ubi supra . and other like Affections .

The FRUIT of the URUCU , a Shrub growing in Brasile . Described by Clusius and Piso. Bauhinus ventures to call it Bixam Oviedi ; although Clusius only saith it is like it . In shape and bigness , saith Wormius , like an Aurange-Tree . This Fruit is about two inches long , an inch and ½ over ; composed of two Concave Valves ; below , Oval ; above , Conich and sharp-pointed ; beset all over with brisly hairs 1/● of an inch long . Within their Concaves , thirty or more little Grains , figur'd like a Pear , and originally of a curious bright red .

The Shrub grows wild : Yet the Natives cultivate it in Gardens with great Care and Industry . For with the scarlet Grains abovesaid , they paint and adorn themselves . The Tincture also which they extract from them , called Orellana , they sell to the Portuges , and others which Trade with them . They likewise beat and make them up into Balls and Tablets , which they send into all parts of Europe . a a Piso. The same Grains are sometimes mixed with Chacalet , for the grateful colour and tast which they give to it . b b Ximines Of the Barque of the Tree , they make Ropes . c c Wormius

A small Grain , in colour and shape not much unlike that above-said , and probably belonging to a Species of the same Kind , is brought hither from the Barbados by the Name of NOTTA . Yet used by Deyers , made up in Cakes , for a Limon-colour . With whom , nothing is more usual , than to alter the colours of their Ingredients , by the admixture of Salts , and other ways .

BEIDEL OSSAR , i. e. The Egg or Cod of the Ossar , a kind of Syriac Dogs-Bane so called ; Beid , being the Arabick word d d Honorius Bellus . for an Egg. Accurately described by Honor. Bellus . And by Wormius very well figur'd . Yet Wormius in his Description , which he borrows of Alpinus , ( with his Author ) mistakes , in giving the Name to the Plant , which belongs only to this Egg or Cod. 'T is soft or skinny , with some asperity . About four inches long , at the upper end sharp , and ( now ) hooked backward . Filled with a company of small flat Seeds , enclosed in a fine and white Down .

This Shrub grows near Alexandria , upon a Branch or Arm of Nilus e e Wormius . called Calig . One Plant , at an Incision of the Barque , will yield no less than four pounds of Milk . A Drachm and half of this Milk , f f Hon. Bellus . will purge a Man to Death . But used outwardly , is an excellent Remedy for the Itch. g g Mus. Calceol .

A COD , with the Wooll and Seeds , of the COTTON SHRUB ; called Xylon Herbaceum . Said h h Lacuna . to have grown heretofore only in Aegypt ; but now is sown , and grows abundantly in Creet , Sicily , and divers other Places in Europe . The Cod is trivalvous , almost like to that of a Tulip , or the Peony . Upon the Seeds which are black Oval , and near as big as a Horse-Bean , hang the greatest part of the Wooll . They are composed chiefly of two long and thin Leaves , admirably rowled up into an Oval Figure ; as I may have occasion else where to represent . They are sometimes an Ingredient in Pectoral Medicines . Some Cotton Wooll , though of its self , pure white ; yet contrary to Flax and Hemp , looseth of its whiteness by being washed . But whether it be that of this Shrub , or that of the Cotton-Tree ; or whether , according to the Climate , &c. there is not good and bad of both , I determine not .

SAVINE-BERRYS . About as big as those of the common Juniper , and of a blackish blew . The little Sprigs , ( of which there are some here ) are square ; and not prickly , as those of the other Species . The Shrub , called Sabina Baccifera , and described by Bellonius , grows plentifully in some places in Asia .

The ROSE of JERICO , or CHRISTMAS-ROSE . Rosa Hierichuntina . Either an ignorant , or a crafty Name , agreeing neither to the place , nor nature of the Plant. For about Jericho 't is no where found , a a Bellonius . but in Arabia , upon the shore of the Red-Sea . A woody Shrub , but grows not above a foot or there about in height . Originally of an Aromatick smell . The Leaves of this are soft , but the Flowers remain , somewhat less than those of Cumfrey , and seem to consist only of two Leaves . All the Branches are closed up together , with some resemblance to the Umbel of the Plant called Bees-Nest , or some others of that kind .

Being set in Water , its several Branches will gradually be expanded . Which some Imposters knowing , choose Christmas-Eve for the Experiment , and so make people believe that it only opens at that time .

ANOTHER of the same less globous , or with the Branches more erect .

Part of an INDIAN PLANT , in shape like a Wooll-Combe ; being composed of a number of strait black Teeth , very sharp , near as thick as a Cock-Spur , and most of them two inches long , naturally set upright , as it were , in a wooden-socket .

CHAP. II. Of ARBORESCENT Plants .

A SPIKE of LONG PEPPER ; a sort of Climber or Winder , after the manner of Hops , and other like Plants . Not much differing from the Round , saving in the Spike . It grows in Malabar , Java , and Sumatra ; but especially in Bengala , where it is called Pimpilim . See Piso hereof . a a Mantissae Aromat . c. 8.

AETHYOPIAN-PEPPER , or rather the Coded-Fruit hereof . Well described by Bauhinus . b b Lib. 15. c. 46. By Besler curiously figur'd . Here , upon one Stalk , hang about 15 Cods , most of them three inches long , thick as a Goose-Quill , fibrous , and of the colour of Cloves ; containing ten or twelve blackish and longish Seeds , each in a Cell by it self ; not half so big as the least of French-Beans , which Bauhinus affirmeth them to equal , but more like the Seed of the Laburnum majus . Neither , according to the same Author , hath it the tast of black Pepper , but rather of the Clove ; viz. not much biting , yet very Aromatick , especially being well heated at a fire .

POYSON-BERRYS . So they are inscrib'd . The fruit of a Plant growing in the Burmudas , somewhat like to Ivy. They grow in Bunches , almost as those of Round Pepper , and are much of the same bigness , almost of a stony hardness , yet inclosed in a thin brittle and pellucid Cover . Whether they were gather'd full ripe , appears not .

The COD of a West-Indian Plant , called TAXOCOQUAMOCHIT . This Cod , but not the Plant , is described and figur'd in Bauhinus . c c Tom. 1. cap. 11. 'T is five inches long , ½ an inch broad , and sharp-pointed . Divided into twenty or four and twenty distinct Cells , made by so many thin Membranes , for the lodging of as many Seeds apart , of a dark Bay , and somewhat like those of Broom .

The COD of a KIDNEY-BEAN of Brasile . d d Lobus Fabae Brasilianae Nephroideae . I find it not described . 'T is Divided into two Cells , by a Partition ½ an inch thick . Each of the Cells near two inches and ½ long , and as broad , swelling out on both sides the Lobe , which outwardly is very rough and tawny , hath two furrows along the Belly , the Back much bowed , and both of them about ½ an inch thick .

The BEAN belonging to the said COD . Bauhinus seems to describe and picture a a Tom. 2. Cap. 17. under the Title of Phasiolus peregrinus magnus , colore Castaneae , cum magno hilo , laevis . About half as big again as a Chesnut , flatish , and having a broad , blackish Seat , reaching above half its compass . Whereby it appears to be of the Bean-kind , and no Phasiolus ; the Seat whereof , like that of the Lupine , is always round . Of these Beans , are here preserved both black and bay .

The COD of another Brasilian KIDNEY-BEAN , with the Beans enclosed . It differs from the former in being black , and in the number of its Cells , which are three . The Bean is somewhat Oval , and wrinkled , and having a Seat which reaches almost its whole compass . See a good Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum .

HERCULES'S CLUB . Rubi facie senticosa Planta . A tall woody Plant , described in some sort , and so called , by Lobelius . Near three yards long ; how much longer , is uncertain , being cut off at both ends ; almost seven inches in compass , strait , and but very little taper'd . Originally , had two or three Branches , here cut off . Encompassed with a great many pointed Studs , ( whence its Name ) thick set , and sometimes growing double , flatish , and about an inch broad by the length of the Club , after the figure of the Thorns of the Rasberry-Bush . Like to which they are also meerly cortical , having not one fiber of wood in them , whereby they break like Cork , but are not so soft . The wood is as hard , as that of Holly , and the Pith but small . So that notwithstanding the similitude of their Thorns , yet is it a different Plant from the Rubus .

The STALK of a Plant like a NET . 'T is only the woody part of it , the Barque and Pith being both taken away . 'T is above an Eln long ; likely , when entire , much longer , for now 't is broken at both ends . Almost six inches about . The spaces between the reticulated portions of Wood , are about ¼ or 1/● of an inch over , and from two inches to four , in length . Prince Maurice , looking upon This as a Curiosity , upon his Return from Brasile , brought it thence with him .

This being , as is likely , an Annual Plant , and therefore having a large Pith , and very open Net-work , is a conspicuous example of the like Work ( though more or less open , yet ) observable in the woody part of all other Plants whatsoever . a a See the Author's Anatomy Of Plants , Ch. 2. & 3.

Several SPIKES or Heads of MAYZ or Indian-Wheat ; with the Grains , as is not unusual , of three or four colours . The Description of the Plant , with a large Account of its Culture , and Use , were communicated by Mr. Winthrop sometime since Governour of Connecticut in New England : and by me lately published , in a succinct but full Relation , b b Phil. Trans . N. 142 with some alteration of the Method . The Plant grows to the height of six or eight feet ; and is joynted like a Cane . 'T is also full of a sweet juyce like that of the Sugar-Cane . On the Spike grow several strong thick Husks , which , before it is ripe , shut it close up round about . Thereby defending it , not only from all Weathers , but also the Ravine of Birds , to which , the Corn , while tender , is a sweet and enticing food .

The Stalks of this Corn , are good Fodder for Cattel . As are also the Husks about the Spike . The Indian Women slit the Husks , and weave them into Baskets of several fashions . Of the Juyce above-said may be made a Syrup as sweet as Sugar : which probably , may also be made of it , by the usual method . The Indians eat the ripe Corn either boil'd ; or more usually parched ; of it self , or , as Bread , with Flesh. The green Corn also , which , as is said , hath a sweet Tast , being boil'd , dry'd , and kept in Bags , and when they eat it , boil'd again , they account a principal Dish . The English , of the ripe Corn , make very good Bread : but it must be mixed nothing near so stiff as our Wheat-Meal . But the best sort of Food made hereof ; they call Samp. Having water'd , and ground it to the bigness of Rice , and winnow'd or sisted the Hulls from it , they boil it tender , and so with Milk , or with Butyr and Sugar , make it a very pleasant Dish . 'T was often prescribed by Dr. Wilson to his Patients here in London . The Indians that live much upon it , seldom troubled with the Stone . The English also make very good Beer , both of the Bread , and of the Malt , made of this Corn. But it will not make good Malt the ordinary way , because , not without sprouting both ways to a considerable length : whereby it is so matted before it is fully malted , that it cannot be opened without breaking the Come . To avoid which , they pare off a Turff about three inches thick , and laying the Corn all over the bare ground , cover it with the Turff , till the Plot looks like a green Field , at which time , the Corn is well malted . Then taking it up in matted pieces , they dry it on a Kiln , or in the Sun .

The SPIKE or HEAD of the AEGYPTIAN MAUZE . Given by Sigr. Boccone ( formerly Botanick to the Great Duke of Tuskany ) who brought it with him from Sicily , where it is frequently nursed in Gardens . The Figgs ( as Acosta calls them ) here grow upon it in several Bunches , nine or ten in a Bunch ; two inches and ½ long , and as thick as the middle Finger of a labouring man ; being now shrunk up , and perhaps also dwarfed by the place of its growth .

This Plant , as it grows in Aegypt and the Indies , is described by Thevetus , with the Title above ; by Oviedus , under the Name of Platanus , absurdly received by some , as himself noteth ; by Piso , who , with the Natives of Brasile , calls it Pacoeira ; by Acosta , with the Name of Musa , from the Arabian Mous. It grows three or four yards in height , and ¾ of a yard a a Thevetus . in compass . Yet this Trunk , so great , is b b Oviedus . but annual . It hath Leaves above a yard and ½ long , and more than 1/● a yard broad . The Figs grow toward the top of the Trunk , near the shape and bigness of a midling Cucumer , sometimes one or two c c Acosta . hundred of them : Of a soft melting substance , and a sweet and most delicious Tast. In Brasile , either eaten by themselves , or with their Mandioca-Flower ; boiled , or fryed d d Piso. with Butyr .

Part of a sort of MAMBU , a great Indian Cane . In Bauhinus's Pinax called Arundo Arbor . Described by Wormius . But whereas his was black , This is of a straw-colour : and much smaller , sc. about seven inches in compass . Some of them grow nine or ten yards high . 'T is hollow , quite through , excepting , that at every Joynt , 't is closed up with a transverse Plate or Floor . Necessary , for the adding strength and sturdiness proportionable to so great a height .

It grows in Malabar , especially about Coromandel , near the Sea-side . In the several hollows is found a curdled juyce , whereof the Natives make a sort of Sugar , by the Aethyopians called Tabaxyr , much valued by the Arabians , because of the Medicinal Virtue , a a Wormius out of Garsias and others . they at least suppose it to have . In Bantam , the Cane is much used for the building of their Houses .

The SUGAR-CANE . Arundo Saccharina . In Brasile called Tacomaxeé ; to which place b b Piso , l. 4. c. 1. it was first transplanted from the Fortunate Islands . A great Reed about seven or eight feet high , with many Joynts , one at about every ½ foot , and a large close Pith ; out of which , the greatest part of the Juyce , whereof the Sugar is made , is expressed . See the Description hereof at large in Piso c c Hist. l. 4. c. 1. and Ligon ; d d Hist. of Barb. p. 86. &c. together with the way of Planting , gathering and pressing the same ; and of ordering the expressed Juyce , for the making of several sorts of Sugar , and Brandy : as also the Engines , and contrivance of Vessels for the same purposes .

The principal knack , without which all their labour were in vain , is in making the Juyce , when sufficiently boil'd , to kerne or granulate . Which is done , by adding to it , a small proportion of Lye made with ( vegetable ) Ashes : without which , it would never come to any thing by boiling , but a Syrup , or an Extract . But a little of that Fixed Salt , serves , it seems , to Shackle or Crystallize ( which is a degree of Fixation ) a very great quantity of the Essential Salt of this Plant.

In refining the Sugar , the first degree of pureness , is effected only by permitting the Molosses to drain away through a hole at the bottom of the Sugar-Pots ; the Pots being , all the time , open at the top . The second degree is procur'd , by covering the Pots at the top with Clay . The reason whereof is , for that the Aer is hereby kept out from the Sugar , which , in the open Pots , it hardens , before it hath full time to refine by separation . And therefore , whereas the first way requires but one Month , this requires four . The finest Sugar of all , e e See Barl. de Reb. Brasil . p. 119. &c. is made with Lime-Water ( and sometimes Urine ) and Whites of Eggs. Sugar-Candy ( Saccharum cantum , because it shoots into angular Figures ) by placing a great many slender sticks across a Vessel of liquid Sugar , for it to shoot upon .

That which Dioscorides calls 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; Galen , Sacchar ; & Archigenes , Sal Indum ; is the same thing for substance , saith Matthiolus , with that we call Sugar : saving that , whereas this is made of the Juyce expressed and boil'd ; that of the Ancients , as is likely , was only the Tears ; which bursting out of the Cane , as the Gums or Milks of Plants are used to do , were thereupon harden'd into a pure white Sugar . That the Sugar of the Ancients was the simple Concreted Juyce of a Cane , He well conjectures : and what is above said of the Mambu , may argue as much . But that it was the Juyce or Tears of the Sugar-Cane , he proves not . Nor , I think , could be , if , as is supposed , it was , like Salt , friable , and hard . And in affirming our Sugar to be the same for substance with that of the Ancients , he much mistakes ; that being the simple Juyce of the Cane , this a compounded Thing , always mixed either with the Salt of Lime , or of Ashes ; sometimes of Animals too .

The COD and SEED of the true Greater CARDAMUM , figur'd by Besler , in Calceolarius's Musaeum , and others with the Name of the Middle Cardamum . The Plant it self , both Lesser , and Greater , described and figur'd by Bontius ; a a Hist. l. 6. c. 36. who glories himself the first that hath done it will . The Lesser grows about a yard high , with a joynted Stalk , like a Reed . But bears its Spikes , with the Flower and Seed , near the Root . The Greater grows two yards in height , the Stalk not joynted , with a Spike of Flowers at the top , somewhat like to that of a Jacynth . Both of them plentiful in Java .

The Indians season all their boil'd Meats herewith , preferring it before other Spices , as not being biting .

That which is commonly received amongst Botanicks for the Greater kind , from the fiery hot Tast of its Seeds ( called Grana Paradisi ) seems to be no Cardamum , but of another Tribe .

The PAPYR-REED of Nile . Papyrus Nilotica . By the Aegyptians called Berd. Given by Sigr. Boccone , who brought it out of Sicily , where it grew . Described and figur'd in Bauhinus ; b b Lib. 18. c. 196. who with Gesner , makes it a Species of Cyperus , to which ( in Leaf and Stalk ) it is like ; but hath a more compacted Head . This seems to have been no tall Plant : but upon its Native Bed , sc. near the Banks of the River Nile , it grows above three yards high , ( as high , saith Alpinus , above the Water ) and abundantly . Which Moses's Mother knowing , chose well , to lay her Babe in Pharaohs Daughter's way , yet , in the mean time , under good shelter from the scorching Sun .

Both the Barques and Leaves of some Plants , are used for writing upon by Impression . But this Plant hath its Name , not from the use either of its Leaves or Barque , but of its Pith ; whereof , being beaten into a Pulp , the Pulp spread into thin Leaves , and several of those Leaves clapt together , Papyr fit to write upon was formerly made , as now it is of Rags . It was also used by Chirurgions , as sometimes Spong , or Elder Pith is now , for the dilating of Fistula's , and imbibing the sanious matter of ill-natur'd Ulcers .

Another Head of the same Plant.

SECT. III. Of HERBS .

CHAP. I. Of STALKS and ROOTS .

THe BULBIFEROUS GARLICK . Given by Dr. Daniel Whistler . So called , because in the place of Seed , it bears Bulbs at the top of the Stalk . Described by Bauhinus a a Lib. 19. c. 3. with the Name of Allium proliferum : although Bulbiferum , be more apposite ; for that every Plant which bears Seed , is proliferous ; the Seed being Plantae Proles , or the Foetus of a Plant. The Bulbs ( not fully described ) are about twenty ; in a round Head or Cluster as big as a Nutmeg ; each Bulb equal to a midling Peas ; consisteth of four or five shells ; of which , the outmost is shrunk up to a dry Skin , on one side , of a purplish colour ; the inmost incloseth that little Particle which in time becomes another bulbiferous Stalk , with a Root .

The STRINGY BRITHWOORT . Aristolochia Polyrrhizos . So called in distinction from the other kinds with tuberous Roots . Described a a Lib. 32. c. 8. by Bauhinus . It grows in France and Spain ; but this came from Virginia . Of all the Species the most Aromatick , as by tasting the Roots , although now very old , may easily be perceiv'd .

The upright PENYROYAL . Pulegium erectum , Virginianum . It hath a Leaf almost as large as that of the Pulegium montanum . Yet smells rather like Thyme . Which is all the description it admits , now wither'd .

A sort of SNAKEWEED , growing near the River in Connecticut . So called , because the Root is used for the biting of the Rattle-Snake . The Roots , especially powder'd , are of a fragrant smell , and very Aromatick tast . Yet seems a different Plant from the Serpentaria of the Shops , as having a Leaf deeply jagg'd or scallop'd , as that of Ladies-Mantle .

The ROOTS of a sort of Asarum , found about Staniford in the Western parts of New England . It seems the same with the Serpentaria of the Shops , i. e. the Virginian Snakeweed . A Plant of excellent use in some Feavers .

The ROOT NINZIN , corruptly called Gensing . Taken from a parcel sent over by a Chinese Physitian , and given by Dr. Andrew Clench . Described b b Mantissae Aromat . c. 15. by Guliel . Piso. Almost of the colour of a Parsnep , with something of a yellowish hue . No bigger than a little Skirret ; and of like consistence . Not stringy , as that in Piso , but divided , as often the Mandrake and some other Roots , into two Legs . Of a sweetish Tast , as Piso saith rightly . But this here is also bitter ; sweet in the first or lowest degree , and bitter in the second .

This Root is not known to grow ( wild ) any where , but in the Kingdom of Corea . In which place , as also in Tunquin , China , and Japan , it is much used , and relied upon in Epilepsys , Feavers , and other both Chronick and Acute Diseases ; either alone , or in composition c c Ibid. as the Basis. In China , accounted so great a Cordial , that one pound hereof , is there sold for three d d Phil. Trans . N. 14. out of Thevenot's Voyages , Tom. 3. pounds ( weight ) of Silver . Which shews , That there 't is no Native , but only a Drug . So that if the Root or Seed be desired fresh for propagation , or other purpose , it were better sought for , where it grows wild , than from thence .

The ROOT of the Aegyptian ARUM . Described by Fabius Columna , a a Pars 2. c. 1. with the Name of Arum Aegyptiacum : but called by Alpinus , b b Rarior . Pl. lib. 2. c. 18. Colocasia Strogulorhiza s. rotundâ Radice ; not rightly , as Columna notes . Nor do either of their Descriptions well reach it .

This here ( as it is often ) is a double Root ; each of them round , and somewhat flat . The uppermost like the dry'd Root of Arum , white and friable ; but the Tast is extinct . Full and frim , in breadth or transversly , two inches ; encompassed with three or four very small Circles , whereupon several Leaves did once grow : underneath , are the portions of several small dead Stalks ; on the top and sides , the Buds of others to come . To this , by a short Neck between , hangs the lower ; which being also the elder , is more fuzzy and shrunk up .

This Description cannot be understood , without knowing that , which is very observable of this , and a great number of other Plants ; and whereunto , no one Botanick hath adverted : viz. That the Root is annually repaired , or renewed out of the Stalk it self . Particularly , of this Plant , that one of its two Roots doth every year perish , the other is new made ; not out of the other Root before it perishes , but out of the Stalk it self . The Stalk descending by such degrees , as that part thereof which , the last year , was the lowermost above ground ; this year , being sunk ( or rather by the appendent strings pulled ) under ground , becomes the upper Root ; the next year , the under Root ; and the year after , rots off ; another new Root being still yearly made out of the Stalk . By which way , and not as Trees by the same numerical Root , this and other like Plants are perennial .

This Root , the Egyptians eat very greedily , both raw , boil'd , and all manner of ways ; supposing them , praevalidè excitare venerem . The Roots of the common Arum boil'd , were heretofore eaten among the Greeks : and may tast as well as boil'd Onions .

A pair of large GINGER ROOTS ; one of which , when green , might weigh four or five ounces . And is said to be dug up , sometimes , of fourteen Ounces . The Plant uncertainly describ'd . Acosta compares it to that call'd Lachryma Jobi ; Lobelius , c c Lib. de Bals. to a Reed ; Garcias , to a Flag ; and Bauhinus pictures it accordingly with a trivalvous Cod. Piso , out of Bontius's Papers , gives two Figures , one of the Male , the other of the Female : and supposeth , that the uncertainty of Relations hereof may proceed partly from the not distinguishing betwixt them . The Stalk of the Male indeed seems to have some little likeness to a Flag . But the Seed-Cod is there neither figur'd nor describ'd .

The best Ginger grows upon the Coast of Malabar . That which is preserved with Sugar , comes , or did at least in Linschotus's time , from Bengala and China .

CHAP. II. Of FRUITS .

THe great FLAGON GOURD , or rather CALABASH , for such I take it to be , and that therefore it should have been placed with that sort of Fruit. Bauhinus a a Lib. 16. c. 1. describes a Gourd in shape pretty like to this by the Name of Cucurbita Lagenaria ; but mentions neither how big , nor of what hardness the shell ; in which latter respect the Fruit here before us , ( as do most Calibashes ) far exceeds all the sorts of Gourds that I know . 'T is very smooth , and of a parchment-colour : near eleven inches long . That part of the Neck next the Tree three inches and ¼ over ; next the belly three and ¼ ; the belly it self , nine inches ; or two feet three inches about ; the top depressed . The shell as hard almost as a Plum-stone , and at the small end above a quarter of an inch thick .

A LONG Indian GOURD . I find it not describ'd . Almost of a golden colour ; in length , ten inches ; in the middle , where it is thickest , three over ; from thence it grows slender to the Stalk ; the top Oval . Made angular with ten Ribs , or great Fibers produced by the length , in the middle about an inch distant one from another , and appearing the higher , by the shrinking down of the sides between them . The Rind not hard , within , whitish and very fibrous . The Seeds , black and rough , near ½ an inch long , flat , oval , and horned , as it were , with two knobs at the Base : being chewd , of a very bitter tast .

The WARTED GOURD . Figur'd , and in some sort described a a Lib. 16. c. 1. in Bauhinus . Probably , Lobelius's Sicyopepon Strumosus . This is above a foot and ½ about , near ½ a foot long , thickest towards the top , and there a little depressed as an Apple . Soft and brittle , and now just of the colour of Buff-Leather . The Warts or Knobs all round about it , are neither blisters , nor solid , but embossed parts of the Rind .

Another of the same Species , but lesser .

The LONG WARTED GOURD . Not described . Almost two feet in compass , and near a foot in length . In other respects , altogether like the former .

ANOTHER with small and few WARTS . About four inches long , towards the upper end , as much over . The colour , and shape at the top , as of the rest .

The BROAD TUBEROUS GOURD . Probably that described and figur'd in Bauh . b b Lib. 16. c. 1. by the Name of Cucurbita Clypeiformis s. Melopepon latus ; at least of kin to it . Of a Buff colour , as the former ; four inches long , four and 1/● broad ; surrounded with undulated Knobs an inch or 1 ½ over , with furrows between each Knob and by the length ; depressed at the bottom ; the top with a knob 1/● an inch over .

The FLAT GOURD . Melopepo compressus alter , Lobelio . This came from Virginia . 'T is three inches long , or from the Stalk to the top , and three and 1/● inch broad ; at both ends , compressed like a Bowl . Of a dusky yellow mixed with tawny .

The Little , Round , Bitter GOURD . Figur'd in Bauhinus c c Lib. 16. c. 1. under the Title of Cucurbita amara , fructu parvo , globoso , colore varia . The Description lies in the Name . A sort of Colocynthis .

The Yellow , Round , GOURD . In Bauh . the Fruit and Plant together , entitul'd , Cucurbita aspera , minima , sphaerica , crocea , variegata . With a conjecture of its being the same with that which by Tabernamontanus is called Pepo Indica minor .

Not only the shells of Calabashes , but also the Rinds of Gourds , are used as Vessels for Gums , and other matters better than Earth or Wood , as being both light , and not brittle . The little bitter Gourd , being eaten , worketh by Vomit and Stool . The Water distill'd from unripe Gourds , applied with Linnen , is most successful , and a great Experiment against that Heat , called Syriasis , a a Bauh . lib. 16. c. 1. p 217 especially in Infants .

A FRUIT in shape somewhat like a WILD CUCUMER ; yet not , as that , hairy , but smooth . The Seeds also of both are in figure , colour , and tast , altogether alike . So that perhaps it may not be improperly called Cucumis Sylvestris glaber .

A FRUIT , supposed by Clusius , b b Exot. lib. 2. c. 18. to be that of the EGYPTIAN-BEAN of Dioscorides , a Water-Plant . 'T is of a brown Bay , and of a softish and light substance ; the top , which is broadest , above three inches over , and flat ; divided into about twenty round and open Cells , almost like an Honey-Comb . In each Cell is contained a Bean or Nut , alike colour'd , of an Oval shape , as big as a small Akorn , and in the same manner pointed at the top . See also the Figure in Bauh .

A slender COD of GUINY-PEPPER . Capsici Siliqua angusta . Piso c c Hist. l. 4. c. 51. describes and figures nine or ten sorts , all growing in Brasile , and there called Quiya ; of which this is the longest and most slender . 'T is used as a great Stomachick Medicine , and in Sauces , both in substance and infusion , in America , Spain , and other Countries , and by many prefer'd before the best Pepper .

The COD of the Broad Leav'd DOGSBANE . Siliqua Apocyni latifolij . Given by George Wheeler Esq. Described and figur'd in Bauhinus : d d L. 15. c. 15. p. 135. but with the Cods shorter and thicker than their natural shape . Of kin to that which Lobelius calls the Scammony of Montpelier . Along the middle or centre of the Cod , runs a slender fibrous pillar , to which , and not to the sides of the Cod , the Seeds are fasten'd on both sides it ; and so encompassed about with Down , wherewith the Cod is fill'd up . A provident forecast of Nature to keep them warm . The said Down consisteth not of single Hairs , but Plumes , affixed to the Seeds , wherewith they are winged for their being more dispersedly wafted by the Aer , and prevent their falling in a ruck on the ground .

The CODS of the wild WOAD , ( Glasti Sylvestris ) together with the Seeds therein contain'd .

A small SPIRAL FRUIT . Above an inch long , and ¼ over . It consisteth of five little Cods , all growing upon one Stalk , and thence twisted all together ( as several strings in a Rope ) are at the end united in a slender point .

The WATER-CALTROP . Tribulus aquaticus . Described in Bauhinus . A kind of shelly Fruit of a brown colour ; divided into four thick and sharp-pointed Spikes , quadrangularly . In the centre of which is lodged a white and well tasted Kernel . They grow in the Rivers and Lakes in Italy and Germany . Where , in times of scarcity , the people make Bread of the Kernels .

Some EARS of Tangier WHEAT . Given by the Honourable Charles Howard of Norfolk Esq. The Plant described in Bauhinus by the Name of Triticum cum multiplici Spicâ . For it is a great broad Spike , as it were branched out into several little lesser ones ; yet all closely compacted : in the middle ½ inch thick , and an inch and 1/● broad ; four long , and sharp pointed .

Some more EARS of the same sort , brought from Portugal where it grew .

CHAP. III. Of SEEDS .

THe THICK FRENCH-BEAN . Phaseolum maximè tumidum . An inch and ¼ long , ¼ broad , and ½ an inch thick . The seat of the Bean , or of its Plancentula , that is , the part whereon it grows , as long ; of a brown colour , with a black rimm .

The slender FRENCH-BEAN , of several sizes and colours , sc. Red , Black , White or Ash-colour , and the same spoted with black . Although these are quite different from the Fabaceous kind , yet I have retained the English Name , because in use .

The ROUND scarlet Phaseolus . Abrus coccineum majus . Bauhinus a a Lib. 17. p. 264. describes it under the Title of Pisum Americanum ; improperly , for that the Peasen , and the Phaseolous kind , are very different . And for the Figure hereof , by some oversight , is placed that of a sort of Palme-Nut . 'T is a scarlet Fruit about as big as a Rounseval Peas , and somewhat flat .

The LESSER AMERICAN-BEAN . About ¼ of an inch broad , almost square , and very thick . The seat of the Placenta , black ; which reaches almost half round the Bean. Here are preserved both Black ones , and of a Scarlet or Coralline colour .

An ORBICULAR Indian PEAS. A large one , sc. ¼ of an inch Diametre : of a shining straw-colour , mixed with yellowish Striae as it were in rings : not much unlike the little round stones wherewith Children play , called Marbles .

Another ROUND Indian PEAS. About as big as the former , and also round . But somewhat flat on both sides , as a Loaf . And of a whitish colour .

An OVAL Indian PEAS. A very large one , sc. near an inch long , and above ½ an inch over ; of a long Oval Figure , so as to resemble a Sparrows Egg. But of a shining blewish ash-colour , like a Jaspis . Bauhinus a a Lib. 17. p. 276. figures and describes a Fruit ( or Seed ) pretty like to this , with the Name of Phaseolus Ovo Columbino ferè similis . But by his Description it is neither of the Phaseolous , nor Fabaceous , but of the Peas-kind ; as both This , and the two precedent ones , also are . The Characteristick of which kind is , To have the Placenta , and so the Seat of it , always very small .

The GUINEY-PEAS . Described in Bauhinus by the Name of Pisum Americanum coccinem s. Abrus minus . Although the Abrus majus be of the Phaseolous kind . 'T is of the bigness of a young Peas , of an Oval shape , and Scarlet colour , when fresh very pure ; and adorned upon the seat of the Placenta with a black spot . Here are some also of the same sort , all over black . They grow in Madagascar and China ; where they eat them not , but only use them for weights . In Europe , sometimes for Necklaces and Bracelets for the Wrists .

The great CICHE . Cicer ruffus major . In Italy , Spain and France Ciches are commonly sown ( as Clover-Grass ) in the Fields . In some parts of France , they use them not only medically , but for food .

The great LENTIL . Leus major . This also is sown , in France , in the Fields , as the Ciche .

The great Wild VETCH . Vicia maxima sylvestris .

The CANDY VETCH . Arachoides Honorij Belli , s. Cretica . Described , in Bauhinus , a a Lib. 17. c. 19. by the Author from whom the Name . The Seed it self , like a little Lentil . Seldom more than one in a Cod. The Cod is short and broad , about the bigness of a Silver Half-peny ; On the outside cancellated or favous , almost as in the seed of Poppy .

What H. Bellus affirms b b Ibid. of this Plant , is observable , sc. That it bears Cods not only on the Stalk , but also on the Roots under ground .

The KIDNEY-VETCH . Semen Anthyllidis leguminosae .

The CRIMSON GRASS VETCH . s. Catanance .

The MEDICK FITCHLING . s. Onobrychis .

The EVERLASTING VETCH ; so it seems to be . Vicia multiflora perennis .

The EVERLASTING PEAS. Lathyrus perennis .

The PRICKLY HEDG-PARSLY Seed . Semen Caucalidis echinatum . s. Lappulae Canariae latifoliae .

The Seed of MACEDONIAN PARSLEY .

The AZORICK sweet FENIL Seed . Shaped like that of the Shops , but much less .

The Seed of the stringy BIRTHWORT of Virginia . s. Pistolochiae Virginianae .

The Seed of Indian SCABIOUS . Somewhat bigger than the common .

The Seed of the BUGLOSS with the yellow Flower .

The Seed of a SENSITIVE Plant. s. Herbae mimosae . There are several Species described by Clusius , and others . That of Clusius , about five handful high , and hath the tast and smell of Liquirish . This Seed is of a dark brown , not much bigger than that of a Purple Stock , angular , and frequently of a Rhomboidal Figure . It takes its Name ( as is commonly known ) from its Imitation of sense or Animal motion . For so soon as you touch the Leaves , they presently fall , till they lie upon the ground . After a while , they rise again ; but being touched , fall as before .

The Seed of VENUS LOOKING-GLASS . Of the shape and bigness of a Fly-blow , but of a dark glistering colour , like polish'd Steel . Figur'd and describ'd by Mr. Hook . a a Micrographia .

The Seed of PRICK MADAM ; Sedi minoris . In colour , shape and bigness , almost like to that of Pancy-Seed , or the Viola tricolor , but a little less .

The Seed of Wild GARLICK .

The SEED of the Carduus headed HAWKWEED . The Plant described by Bauhinus , but not the Seed . 'T is 1/● of an inch long , as thick as that of the lesser Hawkweed , and of a yellowish straw colour ; a little crooked , with the top swell'd and pointed , and view'd in a Glass , appears wrinkled round about .

The lesser Champaine TREACLE MUSTARD-Seed . s. Thlaspios Campestris .

The Seed of the great STAR of BETHLEHEM . s. Ornithogali sl . pleno . Of the bigness of Mallow-Seed , and very black ; on one side round , on the other angular .

The Seed of the VERVAINE MALLOW of Japan . s. Alceae Japonensis . As small as that of the common Mallow , but longer and more like a Kidney ; of a brownish yellow , yet cover'd with a white , thin , and very short Down .

Summer WHEAT of New England . So call'd ( though less properly ) because sown and ripe the same year . Whether from the Nature of the Grain , or the Soil and Climate , trial hath not been made .

SECT. IV. Of MOSSES , MUSHROONS , &c. Together with some Appendents to Plants .

OF MOSSES here are about four and twenty Species . Most of them gather'd in a Wood in Surrey , and given by John Evelyn , Esq .

The CREEPING TREE MOSSE of America . 'T was found betwixt Virginia and Florida . It consisteth of several Threds , somewhat thicker than a Taylors , cover'd all over with little skiny Scales , hardly visible without a Glass . The greater number of these Threds put forth two or three more , and so those as many , repeating them after every two inches , all of equal thickness . In which manner they spread wonderfully both in length and breadth . 'T is probable , that under those little Scales may lie the Seed of the Mosse .

The SHIELDY Tree MOSSE . Muscus arboreus scutellaris . So called , for that it grows with several broad round Heads , from a ●/● to ½ an inch over , and a little Concave , not unlike a Buckler . Described and figur'd in Bauhinus .

The soft BEARDED Tree-MOSSE . Muscus arbor : barbat . Imperati . Described by the Author of the Name . It consisteth of a great number of strings in a cluster ; some of them at the bottom , as thick as a Knitting-pin , and ½ a foot in length ; all ending as small as a fine Thread ; and not unaptly resembling a Beard .

The Crisp BEARDED MOSSE . Different from the former , only in being more rough and woody .

The FISTULAR Tree-MOSSE . Described in Bauhinus by the Name of Muscus arbor : Villosus . By whom it is mistakenly said to be woody : it being wholly of a pithy substance , and having all its Branches hollow as so many little Pipes : from whence I have nam'd it .

The Dwarf PIPE-MOSSE . Different from the precedent in being shorter , and more spread thick and bushy . That which is called Usnea Officinorum .

The HORNED Tree-MOSSE ; consisting of short crooked Pipes .

The greater FLAT-MOSSE . Muscus arbor : ramosus , s. latiramis major . Figur'd , as if it were nothing else but a branched Skin .

The dwarf FLAT-MOSSE . M. latiramis humilis .

The CROWNED FLAT-MOSSE , having a flat Head or Crown on the top . Thus far of Tree-Mosses .

The greater CAPILLARY-MOSSE . Polytrichum majus .

The lesser CAPILLARY-MOSSE .

The greater BRAINCHED Ground-MOSSE . Described and figur'd in Bauh . with the Title of Muscus terrestris repens à Trago pictus .

The lesser BRAINCHED Ground-MOSSE . Muscus terrestris ramosus minor . Of the same Species with the Skull-Mosse . Described in Bauhinus , as I take it , with the Title of Muscus Abietis facie .

The FIRN-MOSSE . M. silicinus ; so called from its likeness to a young Firn-Branch .

The TOOTHED-MOSSE . M. terrestris denticulatus . The several strings hereof , border'd on both sides with jagged or toothed Membrans . Figur'd and describ'd in Bauhinus , under the Name of Muscus pulcher parvus repens .

The smallest CREEPING MOSSE . M. terr. repens minimus .

The lesser ground MOSSE with REVERTED Leaves ; that is , with their points doubled backward . So small , as hardly to be observed distinctly without a Glass .

The CROWNED Ground-MOSSE . The Branches hereof are of an ash-colour , ½ an inch log , flat and skinny , and crowned at the top with round , flat , and blackish Heads .

The greater FISTULAR Ground-MOSSE . The Pipes of this Mosse are also of an ash-colour , about an inch long , and as thick as an Oaten straw .

The lesser FISTULAR MOSSE . The Pipes of this are an inch and ½ high , and as thick as a good big Needle .

The FLORID FISTULAR MOSSE . M. Tubul . Esslorescens . The Pipes of this are also ashen , slender , an inch long , with jagged and redish Heads , somewhat like little Flowers .

The CUP-MOSSE . Musc. Pyxidatus ; so called , because its several Sprigs have Concave Heads like little Cups .

Of Mosses , it may be Noted , That they are all comprehended under two general kinds . One whereof , is properly to be called WOODY , or That , in which we find a stringy or fibrous Part , included within a Cortical : and are therefore to be number'd amonst perfect Plants . Of which sort , are the Terrestris repens , Denticulatus , Ramosus , Capillaris , Filicinus , Folijs retroversis , Barbatus , Scutellatus , & Americanus . The other simply CORTICAL , whether flat or round ; and therefore to be reckon'd of the Family of Imperfect Plants . Of which sort , are the Pyxidatus , Terrestr . Tubularis , Arboreus Tubularis s. Usnea offic. Latiramis , Latiramis Coronatus , Corniculatus , Terrest . Coronatus & Tubul . efflorescens .

The Jagged Tree-LIVERWORT . Lichen arboreus laciniatus .

The Curled Tree-LIVERWORT . L. laciniatus crispus .

A Great FISTULAR MUSHROON . So I call it . Given by Sir Rob. Southwell . I find no Description of this Species . They commonly grow upon the Elm. This is ½ a Cone , as having grown to the side of the Tree without stalk . The Diametre of the Base , near ½ a yard ; from whence it rises above ¼ of a yard in height , narrowing all the way to the top . Girded with several Rings of various breadth . Outwardly , very hard and dense . Inwardly soft and compressable , like a Pith , and is in substance really such . Consisting of an innumerable company of small soft Fibers , wrought together almost as pure fine Wooll in a Hat . The bottom is all over perforated with Pores ; of the bigness of those little Foveae in the seeds of Poppy ; and are the extremities of as many small strait and parallel Pipes of a considerable length , probably , almost through to the top , as I have seen them in a lesser of the same kind . These Pores or Pipes may be distinctly seen without a Glass . With one , a Slice of the Mushroon looks like a piece of wood out of which Button-Moulds have been turn'd . Both the substance of the Pipes , and of the other parts of the Mushroon , so far as visible , is answerable only to the Cortical , or pithy Part of a Plant. So that it seems to be but half of a perfect Plant : or wanting the Lignous Part , by which all Plants receive their various Figures , is a kind of Vegetable Mola ; in comparison , a rude mishapen thing .

That which hath formerly a a See the Authors two last Books Of Plants , the former Of Roots , the latter Of Trunks ; especially this ▪ latter . been by me observed with the help of Glasses , by the Pith of this Mushroon is further confirm'd , and clearly represented to the naked eye , sc. That the Pith of a Plant , as well as the Wood , is wholly fibrous .

A smaller FISTULAR MUSHROON , about four inches in diametre . In which the aforesaid Pipes apparently run parallel for the length of near two inches and ½ , or from the bottom almost to the top .

A THIRD and FOURTH still lesser than the former .

Part of the CORK-MUSHROON . 'T is eight inches in Diametre , exactly of the colour and substance of the best Cork , sc. light , soft , compressible and springy : from whence I name it . In the middle , an inch and ½ thick , the Circumference very thin ; the upper side solid , the under divided into several Plates by the Diametre , frequently so joyn'd together , as to make a great many little Cells , somewhat like to those in a Honey-Comb .

The SPONGE MUSHROON . So it may be call'd , for that it is porous almost after the manner of some Sponges , particularly the Cup-Spunge hereafter describ'd . And is also of the same colour . But hath the substance of a Tree-Mushroon .

The CORAL-like MUSHROON . Described in Bauhinus amongst Mosses , with the Title of Muscus Coralloides . Figur'd by Lobelius .

The SCARLET CATSTAIL MUSHROON of Malta . Fungus Typhoides coccineus Melitensis . Given by Sigr. Boccone , and by him described and figur'd . a a Desc. Plant. Rarior .

The round Venimous MUSHROON of the Hazle . F. Coryleus orb . venen .

The HART-FUSBAL . Tuber cervinum s. Cervi Boletus . So called , from a false Opinion , that they are there only found , where Deer go to Rut. Described by Bauhinus .

I find no Description hereof . 'T is in length ½ a foot ; at the lower part , half an inch thick , or in Diametre ; in the middle , two inches and ½ ; the top , oval or elliptick ; not unaptly resembling the Boon critton-Pear . Of a brown colour , dense , and tough , almost like Glew . Being fir'd , it burns with much flame , melts into a good deal of Oil , and yields a smoak of a grateful Aromatick smell .

The KERMES BERRY . Coccum s. Granum Infectorium . Commonly , but absurdly , so called ; as not being a Fruit , but only a round Ball or Button , nourished on the Boughs and Leaves of the Dwarf-Ilex , or the Ilex Coccigera ; a kind of Shrub , in France , Spain , and Italy , with prickly Leaves , like a little Holly-Bush . This Berry when fresh gather'd ( which is at the end of May and the beginning of June ) is full of a Crimson Juyce , or Pulp , so called , which , for the most part of it , is a heap of small red Mites . And containeth also , as is probable , one or more Maggots , which feed upon the Mites .

The said Juyce or Pulp ( as it is called ) is made use of for the Confection of Alkermes , and other purposes . For the Deyers use , the Berrys are spread abroad upon Linnen , and to prevent heating , turned twice a day . When the Mites creep out and cover the Berrys , they are sprinkled with Vinegar , and rub'd a little , and so separated by a Searce ; repeating , till the Berrys yield no more . Of this Pulp , Powder , or Heap of Mites , are formed little Balls , and so exposed to the Sun to dry . The use of the Vinegar , is to kill or weaken the Mites and Maggots , which otherwise would turn to little Flys ( rather Bees . ) The empty Husks , being washed with Wine and dry'd , are put up in Sacks , either alone , or with a quantity of powder in the middle . This Account I have drawn up out of the Observations communicated by Dr. William Croon a a Phil. Trans . N. 20. p. 363. from Mr. Verny an Apothecary at Montpelier , and those of Mr. Lyster , b b Ibid. N. 87. p. 5059. which illustrate each other .

To the Remarques above mention'd , I shall add one more , which is , That as the Pulp or Powder , so called , is a Cluster of small Animals : so the Husk it self is an Animal Body , as it were grafted on the Stock or Leaf , whereon it grows ; and so converteth all the nourishment it deriveth thence ( as Bread eaten is turned to 〈◊〉 into its own Animal Nature . And that the said Husk is really an Animal Body , appears by that fetid scent it gives , like that of Horns , Hair , and the like , upon its being burnt . A property , which I find belonging to no Plant whatsoever , except to some Sea-Plants , as in the following Section shall be insta●●●ed . So that , though in compliance with the Vulgar Opinion , I have placed it here , yet ought it to be treated of amongst Animals .

English KERMES BERRYS . Observed , and sent by Martin Lyster Esq. Together with several Remarques , relating both to the Foreign kind , and to This. c c Phil. Trans . N. 71. p. 2165. N. 72. p. 2177. N. 73. p. 2196. compared with N. 87. p. 5059. This , he found upon the Plum , Vine , and several other Trees , especially the Cherry . The Husk of a Chesnut colour , containing four or five Maggots of the Bee-kind , producing a Bee less than an Ant ; together with a Pulp or Heap of Mites , ( as the other Kermes ) on which the Maggots feed . The empty Husk , rub'd upon a white Paper , tinged it with a beautiful Purple or Murrey .

The principal difference which I note betwixt the Forreign and these English Berrys , now dry , is , That in those , the powder is red , and more bitter , in these white , and less bitter . But whether the powder in these also was not once red , I cannot say . For in some even of the Forreign Berrys , I find it white . Which I the rather note , that they may be separated by Apothecaries from the rest , as being stark naught .

COCHINELE . Coccus Radicum . The former Name , seemeth to be but the diminutive of Coccus . The latter , grounded upon the Opinion , That as the Kermes Berry grows on the Body and Leaves , so this , on the Roots , of Plants , especially on those of Pimpinel ; yet in some places only . Further , I find no certain account . To me , thus much seems evident , That 't is neither a Vegetable Excrescence , as some surmise ; nor an Insect , as others : yet an Animal Body , as the Kermes Berry , by some Insect affixed to a Plant ; and thence nourished for a time , but gather'd before it be fill'd with Mites or Maggots . For being held , as the Kermes Berry , in the flame of a Candle ; it usually huffs and swells , but always stinks , like Hair or Horn when they are burnt .

A scruple of Cochinele added to an ounce of Saccharum Saturni , makes a most curious Purple ; but I believe fading .

A GREAT GALL , which grew upon that sort of Oak described by Clusius in the third place ; and frequent in Spain . 'T is now of a dark brown , and smooth ; of a Sphaerical Figure , with a few small knobs here and there ; as big as a little Apple , sc. near two inches in Diametre .

SECT. V. Of SEA-PLANTS .

CHAP. I. Of SHRUBS .

I Find , upon particular Observation , that of SEASHRUBS there are two general kinds . Such as are strictly woody , that is , have the colour and fibrosity of Wood , and burn and smell like Wood. And such as are , in a manner , horny , or look , bend , burn and smell like Horn.

A WOODY SHRUB . Frutex marinus verè ligneus . 'T is here cut off from the Root . About a foot in height , with four Branches spread out as broad , and cover'd with several thick Knobs of a sort of softish white Coral ; the sides of which Knobs are a ¼ of an inch thick ; the surface almost like that of Poppy-Seed .

ANOTHER , near a ●/● of a yard high , as thick as the Ring-Finger , with white and hardish Incrustations upon the tops of its Branches . Any strong Acid droped on the said Crust , causeth an Effervescence : so that it seems to be a Coralline substance .

A THIRD , with the Branches broken , and without a Crust , three or four inches high , and as thick as the middle Finger .

A FOURTH , with the Branches also broken , and without a Crust . 'T is a small one ; but hath a very large Root , curiously spread all over the backside of an Oyster-shell .

And it may here be observ'd , That the Roots not only of this , but almost all Sea-Shrubs , instead of being Ramified , are spread out in the form of a Skin or Membrane , and so stick fast to some hard and steady Body as their Base .

Another slender one , about a ¼ of a yard high , but the Root broken off .

A FLAT WOODY SHRUB . Frutex M. ligneus , expansus , ramulis coeuntibus . In all the former , the Branches are expanded every way : in this , only one way , or in breadth . 'T is also of a softer substance , and more brittle . Of a Purple colour , almost like the woody part of Alkanet Root . Above ½ a foot high , and as broad . Several of the Branches united together , as in the Sea-Fan . Some of these Shrubs were found near the Straights of Gibraltar .

The Horny SHRUBS are also of two general kinds ; either with the Branches loose ; or else united together .

A great tall HORNY SHRUB with LOOSE BRAINCHES . Frutex Corneo-ligneus major erectior solutis Ramulis . 'T is above a yard and ½ high . Consisteth of five or six principal Branches , equal to a Tobacco-Pipe-Stalk where thickest ; having scarce any callateral ones . Bends like Whalebone , and both without and within , looks not unlike to that , or Black-Horn . And in like manner , curles , huffs or swells , and stinks in burning . The Root cut off .

ANOTHER of the same , ¼ of a yard high , and more branched .

A THIRD , with more numerous Branches than the former . Cover'd with a very thick , but soft Incrustation ; originally of a Purple colour , but now for the most part turned brown ; curiously perforated , as it were with Pin-holes , all round about . Probably the foundation of one sort of perforated Coral .

A great ARBORESCENT HORNY SHRUB . Half a yard High , and a foot in breadth , being spread in the form of an Oak , with great Branches about as thick as a mans Thumb . The Stock , six or seven inches in compass . The Root spread upon a stony Base , and of a brown colour . The Branches black both without and within ; and swell , or huff , and stink , like Horn , in burning .

ANOTHER , spread also , in part , as a Tree . Half a yard high , and near as broad . Of a blackish colour ; and stinks a little in burning ; but swells not . Cover'd with a very thick , but soft purple Crust . To several of the Branches are also curiously fasten'd the WOMBS or NESTS of a certain Insect , as big as a Horse-Bean , of a roundish figure ; within , whitish , smooth and glossy ; without , cover'd with the said soft and purple Crust .

A small HORNY SHRUB with LOOSE Branches . The Root is curiously spread upon a Stone like a thin skin . The Trunk of a yellowish brown , and thick as an Oaten straw , divided into slender Twiggs , to about a foot in height ; flexible , and having a soft and white Pith. Being burnt , they not only send forth a very stinking smoke , but also swell into a light and spongy Cynder , just like that of Whale-bone , Cow-Horn , Leather , or other like Animal-Body . Most of them are cover'd with a soft ash-colour'd Crust . Neither Oil of Vitriol , nor any other , except a Nitrous Acid , droped upon this Crust , causeth an Effervenscence . Which shews the Salt therein contained , to have affinity with that in the stones bred in Animals .

TWO more small HORNY and incrustated Shrubs .

TWO more , growing together on a stony Base , not Incrustated .

A FLAT , HORNY SHRUB , with LOOSE Branches . Frutex Corneo-ligneus , expansus , solutis Ramulis . In all the former , the Branches were expanded every way : in this , only one way , or in breadth . The Root spread like a Membrane , upon its Base , as in the former . 'T is near ½ a foot high , and almost ¼ broad , shaped not unlike a Feather-Fan , formerly in use . The Trunk ¼ of an inch over , divided into a great number of Branches round , black , smooth , somewhat flexible , and having a Pith. In burning they huff and stink , as the former . Cover'd with a soft and ash-colour'd Crust , all over knobed with little Vesicles , which are sometimes perforated .

ANOTHER , more tall , and with both a White or Grey , and Red Crust ; not on the same but several Branches . The former , knobed ; the other , as it were daubed upon the Branches . Given by Sigr. Boccone , and by him also figur'd .

ANOTHER of these growing Double , or divided next the Root into two spreading and parallel Bodies .

A flat HORNEY SHRUB , with more NUMEROUS Branches . About a foot broad , and near as high . Rooted in a kind of Brain-stone . Without any Crust . The Branches , as more numerous , so slender , longer , and more flexible , so as to be somewhat bearded .

ANOTHER , with less numerous Branches , and SEMIPERSPICUOUS , if held up against the light . Above a foot high , and ¼ broad . It neither huffs nor stinks so much in burning , as do the former .

A Flat HORNY SHRUB with COLLATEARAL Branches . Frutex corneo-ligneus filiciformis , So I name it . In all the former , the Branches are reciprocal , or not of equal height on both sides the great Stemm : in this , just opposite , as in a Feather or Branch of the Male-Firne . Near a foot high , and five inches broad . The small or side Sprigs are round , as in all the former . But the middle Stemm is flat . Both This and the others , Semiperspicuous . They stink in burning , but swell not . Cover'd with a soft , purple , knobed , and perforated Crust .

ANOTHER large one , with two middle Stems , but all the side Branches broken off . In height ½ an Eln. The Root of a light and skinny substance , spread abroad so , as to make six inches compass .

ANOTHER not so tall as the former , ( about a foot high ) but the middle Stems thicker . The collateral Branches here also broken off .

Another small one : but with the Root curiously spread upon its stony Base , like a thin smooth Leafe . Most of these flat Shrubs grow in the Mediterranean-Sea .

A Flat SHRUB with UNITED Branches . Frutex expansus , Ramulis coeuntibus . 'T is a foot high , and ½ a yard broad . Divided reciprocally into severally Branches , containing a Pith. In all the foregoing , the Branches are all loose or separate ; in this , some of the smallest meet in one ; as Inosculated Veins , or as the Fibers in the Leaves of Plants . Of a blackish colour , and somewhat fetid upon burning . Cover'd with an ash-colour'd , soft , and knobed Crust .

ANOTHER , with the Branches and Conjuctions much more numerous , so as to make very close Work . Near a foot high , and almost as broad . Stinks in burning , and is cover'd with a knobed Crust , as the former .

A Great SEA-FAN . Frutex m. maximus , RETICULATUS , s. Flabellum marinum maximum . In the two former , only some , here all the Ramifications are united , so as to make one entire piece of Net-work , in the shape of a Fan. 'T is above ¼ of a yard high , and almost a yard and ½ broad . The Root wonderfully spread upon its stony Base . For being extended every way , some of its Skirts meet underneath , and so embrace it round about . The Branches of a blackish brown , and swell and stink , like Horns , in burning . Cover'd with a soft Crust , originally Purple , but now for the most part faded into an ashen colour .

ANOTHER large SEA-FAN , ¼ of a yard high , and ½ an Eln broad . Incrustated as the former . It hath this peculiar , sc. out of the sides of it , grow several other small Fans , about a ¼ of a yard long ( more or less ) and near as broad .

TWO more large SEA-FANS , above ½ a yard high , and as broad . Incrustated as the former . Of one of these Fans , and about this bigness , see an elegant Figure in Calceolarius's Musaeum . a a Sect. 1.

THREE Midling SEA-FANS , near ½ a yard broad , and a foot high . Incrustated as the others .

THREE small SEA-FANS . Two of them are a ¼ of a yard high , and as broad . The Third , is less . Yet hath several little netted Labels growing on the side . All three incrustated , as before .

A SEA-FAN with CLOSE Net-work . Whereas the former consisted of more open work ; as by comparing even a lesser of those herewith , is apparent . Neither hath this any Crust . 'T is ½ an Eln high , and a foot broad . Several of the smaller Ramification , thin or flat , sc. transversly to the breadth ; looking like little Splinters of Whalebone . In burning , it swells , and stinks , as the others .

ANOTHER of the same , but not above a foot high , and near half as broad . This also is naked or without any Crust , as the former . Most of these Fans grow in the American-Ocean .

Wormius , speaking of Sea-Shrubs b b Mus. l. 2. c. 35. at the end . hath this passage , — Mirum profectò , quomodo hujus generis vegetabilia ex ijs ( saxis puta ) nutrimentum trahere valeant . Whereas 't is plain , That they receive no nourishment from them , but the Sea-Water , and such nutritive Bodies wherewith it is impregnated . And it is therefore observable , That although the Trunk and Branches of these Shrubs are of a close and dense substance ; yet their Roots are always made soft and spongy ( especially when recently gather'd ) the better to imbibe their Aliment . So that the use of the Stone , or stony Body , on which they stand , is only to be a Base to keep them steady , and in the most convenient posture for their growth .

These , and other Sea-Plants hereafter describ'd , stinking , as is said , like Horns , in burning , and some of them not uneasily procur'd , it may be worth the Trial ; Whether in Hysterical , Epileptick , or other like Cases , they may not prove more effectual , than Animal Bodies .

CHAP. II. Of other SEA-PLANTS , and of SPONGES .

THe HORN-PLANT . Tuba marina ; as it may be called from its form . 'T is about two yards and ¼ high . At the bottom , not two inches about ; from whence it grows thicker all the way to the top , where it is seven inches in compass , and of an Oval Figure . Hollow quite through from the top till within about two feet of the bottom . The sides no thicker than a Hazle-Nutshell . Not woody , but tough , like the young Barque of a Tree , or a piece of tan'd Leather ; and within , of a like colour ; but black without . It grows in the West-Indian Ocean . The Indians cut off the top and so much of the small end as is solid , and lining the inside with a sort of Glew , or of Lacker , make themselves Horns hereof either for Hunting , or other use .

A Tuft or Bunch of CORALLINE . Described and figur'd by most Botanicks . I add ( what I think is unnoted ) That the inward part of this Plant i● truly Ligneous or Fibrous : the outward , from when 〈◊〉 its Name , being only a Crust growing upon it , as in the Shrubs above described . 'T is esteemed an excellent Remedy against Worms .

FLAT CORALLINE , as it may be called , or Spangle-Wort . Described in Bauhinus a a Lib. 39. c. 30. and figur'd . by the Name of Opuntia marina . By Ferranti Imperato , b b Lib. 27. with the Name of Serotlara . It consisteth wholly of Leaves , joyned edge to edge , as in the Indian-Fig ; Somewhat round , and scallop'd , and not much bigger than a silver Spangle . The inward part of the Leaves is fibrous , and by small woody Threds are tacked together . But , as in Coralline , covered all over with a white Crust ; which , in like manner , makes a strong Effervescence with Acid liquors .

The BEARDED SEA-WRACK . Fucus capillaris tinctorius , s. Roccella . Figur'd in Imperatus ; a a Lib. 27. And out of him , in Bauhinus . b b Lib. 39. But without a Description . Neither will it admit an exact one , now dry . 'T is three inches and ●/● high ; and five or six about . The Root , in compass , two inches , one in height , divided into a great number of small capillary Branches or Sprigs , thick set , as in a Broom or Beard , very brittle , and of a faded Purple . It grows in the East-Indies . Of excellent use , especially heretofore , for the making of Tinctures both for Painting and Deying .

A sort of the common SEA-Wrack , called Alga Vitrariorum .

The BLADDER'D SEA-WRACK . Alga Vesicaria s. conifera , as it may be called ; having on the tops of its Branches several Conick Bags , an inch , or an inch and 1/● long , warted round about , and originally fill'd with a light and fuzzy substance .

The WARTED SEA-WRACK . Fucus verrucosus Imperati . c c Lib. 27. On which grow a great many vesicular and soft Knobs all along the Branches , as well as on the top .

The BROADEST SEA-WRACK . Alga latissima Membranacea . The Root hereof , stringy . The Stalk , round , as thick as a Goose-Quill , and about five inches high . From thence 't is spread , by degrees , into a thin Skin too inches and ●/● broad .

ANOTHER of the same Species , but not so broad .

The POUNCED SEA-WRACK . Alga marina 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Bauhino . Poro Cervino , Imperato . 'T is wholly distributed into flat Branches , 〈◊〉 of an inch broad , almost after the manner of a Stags Horns . Of a russet colour , and as it were all over pounced , somewhat after the manner of a Rue-Leaf , or that of St. Johns Wort , when held up against the light .

The SPIRAL SEA-WRACK . It winds about , very curiously , with a great many Circumvolutions , almost like a very deep Skrew . Described , figur'd , and given by Sigr. Boccone . d d De Plantis Rariorib . p. 70. Tab. 38.

The SEA-MILFOYLE . Myriophyllum pelagium . s. Muscus maritimus silicis folio . Clusius hath a Figure somewhat answerable to this Title , and out of him Bauhinus . Yet either it is faulty , or of another Species . His , represented with alternate Branches . Here , they are collaternal , as in the Male-Firne . And curiously denticulated , in the like manner . It grows in very deep Gulfs of the Sea .

This Plant hath the same odd property , with several of the Sea-Shrubs before described ; which is , that being fired , it makes a strong stinking smoak , like that of burnt Bones , Horns , or other parts of Animals . And may therefore be deservedly commended by Cortusus against Worms . And 't is probable , all the rest of the stinking kind , some of which are much more plentiful and easily procur'd , may have the like Virtue .

The STEM of another Sea-Plant , Perhaps of affinity with that in Bauhinus , entitled , Coralloides lenta foeniculacea . The several Sprigs hereof are toothed , as in the Sea-Milfoyle , but with finer or smaller Work . It stinks , upon burning , as the former .

SEA-HEATH . Erica marina . Described and figur'd in Bauhinus . Who yet omits the coalition of all the Branches in a round and plain Base .

SEA-MOSSE , somewhat like the Sea-Heath . The Branches hereof are united in a short Trunk . From whence they rise up to the height of three or four inches , and are then multipli'd into others . About the thickness of a small Rush , all over shaggy , with fibrous hairs or bristles . Hath a stinking smoak , as the former .

The BEARDED SEA-MOSSE . A Congeries of tough or pliable , yellowish , capillary Threds or Strings , almost cylindrical , or of the same thickness from the bottom to the top ; where the most part of them are as it were horned or forked . It makes a crackling noise , in burning , and stinks , but less than the Sea-Milfoyle .

The FISTULAR SEA-MOSSE . Bauhinus describes a Sea-Plant ( without a Figure ) by the Name of Fucus cavus , but of a quite different kind ; sc. with the Leaves like a Fillet . Whereas this is a Cluster or Brush of cylindrical , pellucid , and strait unbranched Pipes , about the thickness of a great stitching Needle .

SEA-BLOBBER . Vesicaria marina . Spuma Maris Caesalpino . Bauhinus describes two sorts , That , which is branched ; and This , which is not . 'T is a Cluster of small roundish Bladers , almost in the shape of little Oystershells ; of a light brown colour , all over veined with Fibers , like the uter Cover of a Plumstone . Which makes it the more doubtful , whether it be an Animal Body , or a Vegetable . Which soever , it is supposed the Matrix of a Sea-Infect .

Another CLUSTER of the same sort , but consisting of smaller Bladders .

The ROPED SEA-BLADDER . I find it no where mention'd . This is also wrought with fibrous Veins , as the former . But the Bladders are of a different shape , not with convex , but flat and parallel sides , and the Fibers principally running along and near the edges . Neither are they cluster'd in a lump , but joyn'd together , one after another , with a Ligament of the same substance , almost like a Rope of Onions ; saving that they are all on one side . They stink , upon burning ; supposed to be the Matrix of those Shells whereof the Indians make a sort of Money , which they call Wampanpeage .

A GREAT SPONGE , of the common kind ; of a flat Oval Figure , and almost a yard and half in compass .

The SHAGGY-SPONGE . Spongia Villosa . It hath no regular shape . Of a Texture more rare , than of most if not all the other kinds . And with small short capillary Fibers , as it were shagg'd all round about .

The FUNEL-SPONGE . Spongia Infundibularis . Described in some sort by Clusius , and from him by Wormius . Figur'd by Bauhinus , without a Description . This here is two inches and ½ in height ; the Rim , near three inches over . The sides about 1/●th of an inch thick . Of a Texture far more compact and close , than the common Sponge . Yet the Surface all over wrought with little round Pores , almost as in a Poppy-Seed : in some places visible to the naked eye , but better through a Glass . On the inside , they are in some places a little bigger , and near the Rim disposed into short Rays . It s Base , instead of a Root , as in Sea-Shrubs , is spread out upon a hard stone , to a considerable breadth .

The Little BRANCHED SPONGE . Of much alike Texture and colour with the common kind . But finely rising up and distributed into several Branches , solid or not hollow , about ¼ of an inch over , like a sprig of Coral . Given by Sigr. Boccone .

The BRUSHY-SPONGE . This also is branched , and the Branches not hollow . But much more numerous . The Trunk somewhat dense , two inches high , and thick as a Goose-Quill . Divided into three principal Branches , and these into about thirty more of the same thickness with the Trunk it self , two or three inches long , perforated with some larger pores , as the Funel-Sponge , and near their tops , a little flat , and forked .

The CATSTAIL-SPONGE . This also is ramify'd , sc. into three large Branches , not hollow , rising up strait , and immediately from the Root , to a foot in height ; below , ½ an inch over ; at the top an inch , not unlike the Head of the Typha major , or a Cats-Tayle . To these , three other lesser Branches are appendent . All of them of a blackish colour , and a rare Texture , but the Fibers somewhat more thick and stubborn , than in the common sort , and so woven , as to make some larger superficial Pores . The Root or Base is spread out upon a stone . The Ramous Sponges are sometimes found about the Islands of Fero.

The HOLLOW CONICK SPONGE . About a quarter of a yard high , and half a yard about . It consisteth of fistular Branches , of a Conick Figure , rising higher and higher , smooth within , without porous , and as it were a little jagged .

The HOLLOW CYLINDRICK or PIPE-SPONGE . From the Base rise up four or five Pipes , above an inch over , smooth within , and tuberated without , with some resemblance to the Corallium Verrucosum . It s Texture somewhat closer , than of the common Sponge .

The FLAT HOLLOW SPONGE . Near five inches high . Below , above two inches broad ; above , more than three . Consisteth of two flat yet hollow pieces , above four inches deep ; but without , distinct for the space only of an inch and ½ . Within also smooth , and without tuberated , as the former , but more bluntly .

All Sponges stink , more or less , upon burning , as the Horny Sea-Shrubs . So that it is a property belonging to most of the Vegetable Productions in the Sea .

It is the Opinion of some , that Sponges have sense , because said to shrink , if they are pluck'd ; and are therefore reckon'd amongst Zoophyta . But of that property I doubt very much . For a Sponge being a springy Body , and so extensible , and yielding a little to one that plucks at it ; so soon as he lets his hold go , it will , from its elasticity , shrink up again . Which motion of restitution , some probably , have mistaken for the effect of a Cap-Sense .

No Sponge hath any Lignous Fibers , but is wholly compressed of those which make the Pith and all the pithy parts of a Plant. Yet vastly thicker , and their Texture much more rare or open , so as to be visible to a good eye , especially assisted with an ordinary Glass . So that a Sponge , in stead of being a Zoophyton , is but the one half of a Plant.

PART III. Of Minerals .

SECT. I. Of STONES .

CHAP. I. Of ANIMAL BODIES PETRIFY'D ; and such like .

IT hath been much disputed , and is not yet resolv'd , of many subterraneal Bodies , which have the semblance of Animals , or Parts of them , Whether they were ever such , or no. And I am not ignorant of the Arguments offer'd on both hands . If I may speak my own sense a little , Why not ? Is there any thing repugnant in the matter ? Why not a petrify'd Shell , as well as wood ? Or is the place ? If Shells are found under ground , far from Sea , or in Hills , unchanged ; as we are sure they are ; then why not petrify'd ? Or is the form , to which no Species of Shells doth answer ? The assertion is precarious : no man can say , how many are known to some one or other ; much less , how many are not known : I have reason to believe , that scarce the one half of the under Species of Shells are known to this day . And so for Artisicials : if Coyns are found , every day under ground , then why not sometimes also Pictures , and other Works , in time petrify'd ? And although Nature doth often imitate her self ; yet to make her in any case to imitate Art , is unphilosophical and absurd : for the one , a natural reason may be given , not for the other .

On the other side : although Nature cannot be said to imitate Art : yet it may fall out , that the effects of both may have some likeness . Those white Concretions which the Italians , from the place where they are found , call Confetti de Tibuli , are sometimes so like round Confects , and the rough kind of Sugar'd-Almonds , that by the eye they cannot be distinguish'd . To call these Petrify'd Sugar-Plums , were senseless . What if we find in some Stones under ground the likeness of a Cross ? Doth not Sal Ammoniac often shoot into millions of little ones ? Or do we find in other Stones the resemblance of Plants ? Why not naturally there , as well as , in Frosty Weather , upon Glass Windows ? Or as Salts sometimes figure themselves ( as Sir Th. Brown , a a Relig. Med. and Dr. Daniel Cox b b Phil. Trans . N. 108. observe ) into some likeness to the Plants whereof they are made . Nay , why not too , a Face , or other Animal Form ? Since we see that there are divers Palm-Nuts which have the like . That the Volatile Salt of Harts-Horn , will shoot it self into the likeness of little branched Horns . That of Flesh or Blood , into the shape of little flat fibrous Tendons or Muscles , as I have often observ'd . And though I have not seen it my self , yet I have been told by one c c Sir Thomas Millington . that doth not use to phancy things , that the Volatile Salt of Vipers , will figure it self into the semblance of little Vipers . But there can be no convincing Argument given , why the Salts of Plants , or Animal Bodies , washed down with Rains , and lodged under ground ; should not there be disposed into such like figures , as well as above it ? Probably , in some cases , much better , as in a colder place ; and where therefore the Work not being done in a hurry , but more slowly , may be so much the more regular . I shall now come to the Particulars , and leave the Reader to judge of them .

Part of the Upper JAW of a strange HEAD , together with some fragments of other Bones , and three very Great Double TEETH , or Grinders , all supposed to be of the same Animal . Found , about twelve years since , seventeen feet under Ground , in Chartham a Village three miles from Canterbury . The Ground within twelve Rods of the River running thither , and so to Sandwich-Haven . An Account hereof is written by Mr. William Somner : yet without a Description of the Jaw . But supposing it to be part of the Head of an Hippopotamus , takes occasion thence for a Discourse , wherein he endeavours to prove , That all the low Ground from the East-Kentish shore , to Romney-Marsh , was once under Water , and an Arm of the Sea . Published , since his Death , by his Brother Mr. John Somner : in whose Ground these Bones were dig'd up ; and by whom they were bestowed upon this Musaeum .

This Jaw-Bone , is only part of the far Cheek ; about fifteen inches long , and seven where deepest : yet part of both the ends , and the Sockets of the Teeth are broken off . The Orbit of the Eye , neither so round , nor so big , as in the Hippopotamus : yet the Teeth far bigger . For the bigest Grinder in the Head of the Hippopotamus here preserv'd , is less than six inches about : one of these , near eight . And 't is much , if they belonged to that Animal , that none of the long Cutters which grow before ( as is represented in Tab. 1. ) should be found with them .

Besides , in that Skull of the said Animal , the Orbits of the Eye stand so high , and the Forehead lies so low , that it looks like a Valley between two Hills : whereas in this Bone , the Forehead evidently stands higher than the Eye . The Knob also at the Corner of the Eye in this Bone , is six times as big , as in the said Skull . Although this perhaps , as well as the tuberousness of the Bone in some places , may be the effect of its lying so long under ground ; as if it were thereby a little swell'd in those places : for they are more rare and soft , than the other , and the whole Bone , than the Skull of any grown Animal not bury'd . Considering all together , it seems to me more likely to belong to a Rhinoceros , for the being whereof in this Country , we have as much ground to suppose it , as of the Hippopotamus . See Wormius's Description of the Double Tooth a a Mus. lib. 3. of a Rhinoceros .

A PETRIFY'D CRAB . Carcinites . It seems to be of the undulated kind ; whereof see the Description in Rondeletius . 'T is very hard and solid , and as heavy as a Pebble . Yet dissoluble with Acids . There is one pretty like this in Aldrovandus , b b Musaeum Metallicum . under the Name of Pagurus lapideus . And another in Besler .

A FISH-MOLD . Ichthyites in modum Typi . There are several figures of Fishes in Stones in Besler , Aldrovandus , and Moscardo . In Aldrovandus also of the Heads of Birds , Beasts and Men , in Flints . Septalius hath a Head in Marble . And Mr. Boyle a a Of Gems p. 156. a Pebble with a Serpent ( all but the Head ) perfectly shap'd , and coyl'd up in it . All these ( except perhaps the last ) are either semblances on a Plain , or at least in solid Stones . But this here is hollow , and was so found in the Island-Sea . About five inches long ; now split into two halfs , like those of a casting Mould . On the insides of which , are fairly impress'd the form of the Spine , with the Ribs , Fins , and Tail , of a Fish . Without , a long Plate of the same substance , grows to each side ; and others cross to these : as if to the Mould of the Fish , were also added that of its Funeral Cloaths .

This Stone , for consistence , is like that called Saxum Limosum , soft , inequal , and unpolishable . Of a blewish hue , like that of Tobacco-Pipe Clay , with some very small glossy Grains intermixed . Not only Spirit of Nitre , but Oil of Vitriol droped upon it , dissolves it , and is excited into a violent Effervescence . But the Saxum Limosum stirs not with any Acid. So that it is to be rank'd amongst the Gypso-limosa , or Calcilimosa .

A petrify'd BONE , taken out of a Gravel-pit in St. James Fields , above eight yards deep .

A Stone like the VERTEBRA of a Fish . Given by Sir Philip Skippon . It may be called SPONDYLITES .

Part of the SPINE of another Fish , consisting of several Vertebrae . 'T is hard and ponderous ; yet dissoluble with Acids . It breaks flaky , as the Lapis Judaicus , and many others , or with plain and glossy sides .

The TOOTH of a TIGER , growing to a kind of Lime-stone . 'T is about as big as that described in the First Part , and of the same shape and colour .

A square crooked TOOTH , not much unlike that of a Bevir .

A very great DOUBLE TOOTH or GRINDER . 'T is about five inches long , and two broad ; twice as big as a Sea-Horse's . The stumps seem to have been saw'd off . The top divided into several Points and Ridges , as other double Teeth . Of a greyish colour and glossy ; ponderous , and hard as a Flint or the hardest Pebble .

ANOTHER of the same shape , but not an inch long . Besler hath one like this , under the Name of Pseudocorona Anguina .

The SHARKS TOOTH . Glossopetra : so call'd , for that these Stones were fabled by some to be the Tongues of Serpents , in the Isle Malta or Melita , turn'd into Stones ever since St. Paul Preached there . But the English Name , is much more answerable to the shape . Which yet is various , as well as the size and colour ; as ash-colour'd or black , long or broad , strait or crooked , with the edges toothed or plain . Of the brown , strait , indented and broader sort here are several very great ones . One , three inches broad ; and four , long : with the exerted part , smooth ; the Root , rough . Every way , in shape , so like the Tooth of a Shark , that one Tooth cannot be liker to another . Yet if it be such , then by comparing those in the Head of a Shark , with This , That to which This belong'd , to bear a just porportion , must have been about six and thirty feet in length .

A GLOSSOPETRA , growing to a stony Bed . 'T is of a lightish colour : and was brought as is supposed , from Melita .

ANOTHER , of a lesser sort . The Root of this is rough , as of the rest . But not expanded with the exerted part , as is usual , but of a globular Figure .

These Stones are dissoluble with any Acid. Whereby it appears , That ( besides such Metallick Principles they are sometimes tinctur'd with ) they abound with an Alkalizate-Salt . They are found not only in Melita , but in Germany , and many other places . Figur'd by Aldrovandus a a Musaeum Metallic . and by others .

DRAGONS TEETH . Given by Sir Phil. Skippon . Glossopetrae Claviculares . So I call them , because they seem to be of the same kind ; and are long and slender , somewhat like a small Nail ; and much more like a Tongue ( sc. of some small Bird ) than any of the former .

The GOATS-HORN . Tephrites Boetij ; from its ashen colour . Selenites Cardani ; from it s almost Semilunar Figure . Inwardly , 't is of a blewish Grey . Outwardly , mixed with oblique and white streaks . Of a bended figure , yet with one end thicker than the other , not unlike a Goats Horn ; whence I have taken leave for the English Name . Broken at both ends , yet above ½ a foot long , and two inches and ¼ where broadest . The Belly or inward Ambit , an inch over , and furrow'd ; the Back somewhat edged . 'T is found in Germany , Moravia , Silesia , and other Parts .

A Scruple a a Boet. de Gennis & Lapid . hereof in powder , is an excellent Sudorifick ▪ Spirit of Nitre droped hereon , dissolveth it with an Effervescence .

The FISHES EYE . Ophthalmites . A parcel of them given by Sir Philip Skippon . 'T is a kind of Pisolythus . But by some of them , the Humors of the Eye , with the Tunica Uvea , and therein the Iris , are not ill represented : for which reason I have plac'd them here .

SOME other Varieties , from the same Hand .

The HERMAPHRODITE . Commonly called Hysterolithos . By Pliny , b b Lib. 37. c. 10. Diphyes , more properly ; as representing , in some sort , the Pudenda of both Sexes . Well described by Wormius . 'T is a black Stone , not much broader than Half a Crown ; very hard , and dissoluble with no Acid. Accounted an Amulet against Hysterical Fits .

Another of the same shape , but lesser .

A soft BUTTON-STONE . Echinites albus . Given by Sigr Boccone . Of these Stones there is some variety , with several Names , but confounded by Authors . They all agree , in having some likeness to the shell of the Button-Fish . This resembles that most with all small prickles . Of a white colour . Not very hard , and dissoluble , with Acids . See an excellent Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum .

Another of the same Species and colour :

THUNDER-STONE or hard Button-Stone . Brontias . So called , for that people think they fall sometimes with Thunder . Yet different from the Ceraunias . This is shaped like a little round Cake . Very hard and indissoluble with Acids ; being a kind of yellowish and opacous Pebble .

Another , a lesser one of the same Species .

A THIRD , also very hard ( as all of them are ) but Semiperspicuous .

A FOURTH , which is a whitish FLINT , stained with blew specks .

A FIFTH , a small one , and having a little flinty Stone growing to the middle of it on both sides . This particularly resembling Gesner's Ombrias . c c De figur . Lapid . c. 3. Or the Stone sent him by the Name of Lapis Hyaeniae . d d Ibid. c. 12.

A SIXTH , somewhat oblong and striated all round about .

The SERPENTS EGG . Ovum Anguinum . From the roundness , and form of Snakes Tailes pointing upward , and towards the middle of the Stone . This also is an Echinites , and by Ferranti Imperato called Histrix Marinus petrisicatus . Agricola makes it a sort of Brontias . It most resembles that sort of Button-Fish , with several Orders of great Knobs or Prickle-Bases , divided by lesser ; described in the First Part of this Catalogue .

A STONE with the SIGNATURE of a Button-Fish upon it . So that it was once a Bolus or Clay .

The soft OVAL HELMET STONE . Given by Sigr. Boccone . So I name it from its similitude to the shell of the Echinus Spatagus , a a See Part I. which the English call Helmet — Fish . Oval , to distinguish it from the Conick . Soft , as being very brittle , and easily dissoluble with Acids . Several of these Stones are figur'd by Aldrovandus , b b Musaeum Metallic . with the Name of Scolopendrites . And some leaves after , divers others not much unlike , with that of Pentaphyllites from its likness in some part also to the Cinquefoyle .

ANOTHER of the same kind , with four narrow Furrows , composed of fine short Rays , and meeting in the form of a Cross ; to which a fifth is added , more broad . 'T is somewhat hard , yet dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

The HARD OVAL HELMET-STONE . 'T is an opacous Flint , and of a dark colour . But figur'd as the former .

ANOTHER , also flinty , and opacous ; but betwixt citrine and yellow .

A THIRD , opacous and white .

A FOURTH , with one half , opacous and yellow ; the other , whitish and Semiperspicuous .

A FIFTH , somewhat rounder and more depressed than the former ; and may therefore more particularly be called Pentaphyllites . Some of these Ambrosinus c c Aldrov . M. Metall . hath misplaced with the Astroites .

The blunt CONICK HELMET-STONE . It hath , as it were , the Signature of the Echinus Spatagus . But rises up in the form of a Cone . Of which Figure I have not yet seen any shell . The top is blunt , and of a middle height . Encompassed with five double pricked Rows , all meeting in the fore part of the Belly . The spaces betwixt which , are cancellated much after the manner of the Sea-Tortoiseshell . 'T is a perfect Flint , brown without , and whitish within .

ANOTHER of the same sort , with bigger pointed Rows .

A THIRD , of the same Figure , but soft , sc. of a kind of Limy substance , or that of Gypsum .

The SHARP CONICK HELMET-STONE . 'T is a Semipellucid Flint . Surrounded with five double pointed Rows , meeting not only on the top , but also at the centre of the Base or Belly . Besler figures a small Conick Helmet , by the name of Echinites : a great one , by that of Scolopendrites . And several Species hereof are also figur'd by Aldrovandus . a a Mus. Metallicum . None of the flinty or other hard Helmet Stones make any ebullition with Acids .

The HELIX or Stone Nautilus ; as from its Figure it may not improperly be nam'd . Cornu Ammonis ; From Jupiter Ammon , pictur'd with Horns . Here are several of them , both in size , shape , and substance distinct . I find no Author describing them much broader than the ball of a mans hand . The highest Boetius reckons , about three pounds in weight . But in this Musaeum there is one near two yards in circumference , and proportionably thick . Of an Ash-colour , and somewhat gritty substance . The several Rounds , as it were , carved with oblique waves . Given by the Right Honourable Henry Duke of Norfolk . With ,

ANOTHER GREAT CORNU AMMONIS almost as big , sc. about five feet round about .

A SMALL CORNU AMMONIS , of an ashen colour , and softish substance : yet dissoluble only with Nitrous Acids . It maketh but one or two Rounds ; ratably , far more swelling , than in the other kinds .

ANOTHER , of a soft and whitish substance ; dissoluble in any Acid , and consisting of several Rounds .

A THIRD , growing upon a Stone of a like substance . Figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum , and that of Olearius ; in both under the Name of a Petrify'd Serpent .

The CASED CORNU AMMONIS . The outer part of this is dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre : of a shining blackish colour , thin , and as it were the shell of the far greater part within it . This also is very glossy , and transparent as Glass . Of a brittle substance , breaking into square flakes , like those of a flaky Spar. Yet no Acid will stir it .

The HARD CORNU AMMONIS . 'T is a perfect whitish and pellucid Flint . These Stones are found in Germany .

Note , that if one of these Stones be broken , the several Rounds will part so , as the ridges of one , and the answerable furrows of the other , are apparent .

Likewise , that in some of them , there is not only a ridge , but a round part about as thick as the biggest string of a Tenor Viol , winding round between two Circumvolutions , as the Medulla Spinalis runs within the Back-Bone .

The Helick SERPENT-STONE . Ophites Ammoneus . See the Description hereof in Wormius , with the Title of Lapis Sceleton Serpentinum ferens . 'T is of kin to the Cornu Ammonis ; wrought all over with Striae , imitating the Scales of a Serpent . In some parts of This , rather the jagged Leaves of a Plant. Of a pale Okre colour , but somewhat hard , and dissoluble only with Nitrous Spirits .

ANOTHER , which in the room of Scales or Leaves , is wrought all over , and as it were joynted , with sutures in the form of an s. obliquely waved from the rim towards the centre . Which Articulations are not only on the Surface , but , as Wormius well notes , in its intimate parts . This is of a dark amber colour , and somewhat hard ; yet maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre .

The HELICK MARCASITE . Marcasita Ammonea . So I name it , for that it hath the same Figure with the Cornu Ammonis , and to the first of these in Boetius , is next a kin , if not the same . Yet appears to be a sort of Marcasite or Gold colour'd Fire-Stone ; both by its Weight , and Copperas Tast. And some of them are cover'd with Vitriolick Flowers . Ambrosinus a a Mus. Metall . Aldrov ▪ figures two of these under the Title of Crysammonites : not so properly , as not having a grain of Gold in them .

The HELICK MARCHASITE , having shallow Furrows on the Rim.

ANOTHER , with some also channell'd .

A THIRD , with the utmost round far more swelling , than in the other kinds ; having its Centre lying deep , and its front spread wide on both sides .

A FOURTH , of all , the most flat , and with a sharp or edged Rim. Wrought all over , with undulated Striae , almost as in the Serpent-Stone . These two last , particularly , figur'd in Aldrovandus . a a Ubi supra .

A FIFTH , with the Rounds , on one fide , all concave : so that it looks almost like one split through the middle .

A SIXTH , beded within a tuberated Fire-Stone .

Several small ones , of the kinds above-mentioned .

The SHORT WHIRLE-STONE . Trochites .

The LONG WHIRLE . Turbinites . There are several of them . In one , the several Rounds are hollow : a ground to believe it was once a shell .

The WHIRLED or SPIRAL MARCHASITE .

The CONICK SNAIL-STONE . Cochlites pyramidalis . Very brittle , and maketh an Effervescence with any Acid.

Divers others SNAIL-STONES ; some of them of a Limy substance , others perfect Flint .

The SEA-OYSTER-STONE . Ostrites Cymbiformis . Shaped almost in the figure of a Boat . In the right side especially there is as it were the signature or seat of the Animal . So that one can hardly doubt of its being once a shell . Yet this kind of Stone is sometimes found many miles from Sea or any great River .

A Petrify'd Oyster and Wilk growing together .

A great petrify'd SCALLOP . Figur'd by Ambrosinus b b Aldrov . Mus. Metall . with the Name of Hippopectinites . Given with several more of the same bigness , by Mr. Wicks . 'T is half a foot over . Many of the same kind were taken out of a great Rock in Virginia , forty miles from Sea or River .

The smaller PECTINITES , with smooth ridges .

ANOTHER , of a kind of Lead-colour . Dissoluble with Acids .

The Coralline PECTINITES , furrow'd , and wrought all over with the Species of fine Needle-WORK . Also soluble with Acids .

A blackish PECTINITES , a perfect Flint .

A soft Stone of a blewish grey , with part of the Belemnites growing to it on one side , and a Pectinites on the other .

A petrify'd COCLE immersed in a Flint .

The SMOOTH SPONDYLITES , with an Oblique Navle .

ANOTHER , with an Oblique Navle , all over striated .

A THIRD of the same , furrow'd .

A FOURTH , also furrow'd , and with the Navle sharper and more produced . So hard , as scarcely dissoluble with any Acid.

A FIFTH , with a strait Navle , and numerous Joynts .

The OXES HEART . Bucardia . So call'd from its figure . Described and figur'd by Ferranti Imperato , and others , and out of them by Wormius . 'T is divided , by a ridge along the middle , into two halfs . Each of them having a prominent Knob , a little winding , somewhat like a Navle : so that it may not be improperly called Conchites umbilicatus . Figur'd by Besler with the name of Hysterapetra .

A SMOOTH CONCHITES , with an Oblique Navle , unequal sides , somewhat round , and fill'd with a Limy substance .

Part of one , filled with a sort of granulated Spar.

A smooth and round one , undulated .

ANOTHER , as hard as a Pebble ; of a yellowish and pellucid red .

Another hard one , yet dissoluble with Acids .

Another , with the Margins of the two halfs furrow'd and indented one into the other .

A LONG CONCHITES , of a black colour .

Another , undulated , and white ; filled with a black and yellow substance , which with Acids maketh a strong Effervescence .

ANOTHER , compressed , and the end opposite to the Base , pointed , like the common form of a Heart : and may therefore be called Cardites . 'T is of a Limy substance dissoluble with Acids .

A Broad equilateral CONCHITES , radiated .

Another , undulated , and radiated .

A Third , undulated , radiated , and circinated .

A Broad one , of a Limy substance , and fill'd with a flaky and glistering Spar.

The HIGH-WAVED CONCHITES ; that is , where the middle of one Valve making a high and broad ridge , the other falls into it . 'T is of a white Limy substance .

ANOTHER of the same , but shining and pellucid like a Spar. Dissoluble with Acids . I meet not with any shell of this form .

A little BIVALVOUS MARCASITE . Conchites Marchasita .

The MUSCLE-STONE . Musculites . This is black and of an oblong Figure .

A Second , lesser and rounder .

Another of the same , more Concave .

A Third , broader , and more expanded .

A sort of MUSCULITES fill'd with Earth like Tobacco-Pipe Clay or Marle . Found amongst the earth of a Hill that was overturn'd at Kenebank in New England .

The square MUSCULITES . Musc. quadrilaterus . I have not yet met with any shell of answerable shape . 'T is , as it were , bivalvous : and each Valve , hath two sides . Of the four , two are broader , and a little Convex , especially towards the Base , at the other end somewhat sharp : with oblique furrows , from the first to the last growing shorter . The other two , striated and plain , joyned with the former at obtuse Angles . Of a limy substance dissoluble with Acids .

The TOOTHLESS MUSCULE . Found , of several sizes , beded in a lump of Irish Slate : yet not petrify'd , but a perfect shell . It is of a rare kind , no where figured or mention'd , that I find , nor have I met with it elsewhere . The biggest of them two inches long , and ¼ over . That end near the Base , as it were pinched up , almost into the form of a Childs fore-Tooth . On the outside of the Base , stands a plated piece , contiguous therewith at both ends , but in the middle , joyned to it by the intervention of other very small transverse Plates , like the Wards of a Lock : supplying the use of the Teeth in other Muscles , which are here wanting ; from whence I have nam'd it . The outside , is adorn'd with circinated Lines , and in some sort also radiated with very small Tuberculi , especially at the narrow end .

The SHEATH-STONE . Solenites . Like the petrify'd shell of the Sheath-Fish . 'T is fill'd with a kind of limy substance .

A piece of WHIRLY-ROCK . Turbinites Saxum . A sort of Gypsum of a dark colour , with the semblance of divers kinds of turbinated or whirled shells immersed therein . Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre , but very slowly . There is one like to this in Besler .

A Piece of white MUSCLE-ROCK . Musculites Saxum . With the similitude of little , white , furrow'd Muscle-shells .

Another Piece of an Ash-colour , and more soft .

A piece of spoted MUSCLE-ROCK , sc. with white , red and brown , in imitation of Marble . In which also are beded , as it were , several Muscle-shells . Although it hath the face of Marble , yet is it a kind of Gypsum , dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

A Piece of MIXED SHELL-ROCK . Conchites miscellaneus . Composed of petrify'd shells , both of the Turbinated , and the Bivalvous kinds , beded in a kind of gritty Lime-Stone . In Calceolarius's Musaeum a a Sect. 3. p. 317. is one like to this , in the form of a Choping-Knife , but without a Name . Another in Ferranti Imperato . b b Lib. 24. c. 25. And in Aldrovandus's Musaeum , by Ambrosinus called Ostracomorphos Lapis . Not properly , Lapis , as being part of a Rock : nor , by the former word , sufficiently expressing the mixture of shells therein .

Another , consisting of such like shells ( or their resemblance ) beded in a brown Stone .

CHAP. II. Of VEGETABLE BODIES petrify'd , and other like STONES .

OF this kind , here is also great variety ; being , or representing , Fruits , parts of Flowers , Leaves , Branches , Stalks , Trunks , and Roots : in which order I shall set them down . Only reserving CORALS with other like Marine Productions , to be spoken of by themselves .

A Petrify'd KATHERINE PEAR , or a Stone naturally very like one . Being , as that is sometimes , a little bended , very slender at the Stalk or Base ; turbinated next the other end ; umbellated at the top of all , or depressed round about the place of the flower ; and of a yellowish tawny colour .

A STONE like a petrify'd DAMASCENE-PLUM . As that of a black colour , and of the same Figure ; so far as to shew the seat both of the Stalk and Flower .

The Great petrify'd STONE of an exotick PLUM . As one would think , both from the figure of it , and the production of Fibers by the length , round about it , ( as in many Indian Plum-Stones ) very apparent especially , near the top . The granulated part of it , being turn'd to a soft opacous Stone ; the Fibers into pellucid Flint .

A black Stone figur'd like the STONE of ( a Praecock-Plum ) an Aprecock .

A petrify'd NUX VOMICA , sc. that of the Shops . As I call it from its figure exactly respondent ; being round , and flat , on one side a little Concave , on the other somewhat Convex . In Aldrovandus a a Mus. Metall . we have the Figure of a petrify'd Nux Methel Officinorum : but under the mistaken Title of Castanites . As also the exact figure of a petrify'd Castanea Purgatrix ; but this too with the false Name of Anacardites . The same Author represents likewise a most exact figure of a petrify'd Melopepon .

A large JUDIAC STONE ( Lapis Judaicus ) in the form of a PEAR . 'T is an inch and half long ; stalked like a Pear ; Next the stalk slender ; turbinated upwards , to an inch in Diametre ; and umbellated at the top , or depressed as a Pear , round about the flower . Adorned also round about with small tuberated Striae which run from end to end . This Species not well figur'd by any Author .

ANOTHER of a somewhat like Figure , but much smaller . Best expressed by the least of the four in Boetius . b b De Gem. & Lap. l. 2. c. 226.

A THIRD like an ALMOND ; both of the same bigness , and shape , oval at one end , pointed at the other , and somewhat flat . Besler hath one or two like this , which he calls Petrified Almonds .

A FIFTH , like an AKORNE , being of a like thickness at both ends . Another of the same . This sort particularly called Phoenecites .

A SIXTH , like an OLIVE-STONE ; being more oblong and oval than the precedent . Besler two or three Stones somewhat like this , which he calls Petrify'd Olives .

A SEVENTH , of a long slender Figure , and knobed as the rest , almost like a Hazel Catkin .

An EIGHTH , in shape like a Pestil . The upper part of this is knobed , the other smooth , whether naturally appears not .

These Stones either grow chiefly , or were first taken notice of in Judea ; from whence their Name . They are commonly found , not in Earth , but in the Clefts of Rocks , by those that work in them . They are dissolved with Spirit of Nitre , not without Esservescence , especially when reduced to powder . And may therefore be justly esteemed Diuretick , and so sometimes bring away , or ( as people think ) break the Stone : for which , by Pliny , a a Lib. 37. c. 10. 't is call'd Tecolithos .

These Stones always break flaky , and with a strong gloss , like a Spar ; or the Entrochus hereafter describ'd .

Of these Stones it is further observable , That being cut and polish'd transversly , and then wetted , they fairly exhibit , at least in colour , a twofold substance . The one , whitish ; answering to the Parhenchyma or Flesh of a Fruit : the other black or dark-colour'd , not only in the Stalk , but also thence produced , and disposed into two Rings , a large one next the Circumference , and a small one in the centre of the Stone ; answerable to the Lignous Fibers , distributed in much alike manner in some Fruits .

Two strait slender Stones , resembling the COLUMNS erected in the middle of some FLOWERS . One , Convex at the top , and almost flat . The other , spherically triangular , somewhat like the Seed-Case of a Tulip . Beneath , of an ash-colour ; upward , of an obscure or brown Bay . Of that hardness , that if struck or let fall one upon another , they have a kind of Metallick sound , like that of small round Button-Bells .

Two other joynted Stones of the same nature with the former : looking as if they were pieces of the GENICULATED STALK of some Plant.

'T is pleasant , especially with a Glass , to see the wrought Work on the surface of these Stones . In which the small and curious Striae which run by the length , answer to the Lignous Fibers , or the warp : and those which are transversly as it were interwoven ; to the Parenchymous Fibers , or Woofe of a Plant. A more particular explication of which real Work in all Plants , hath been by me elsewhere given . a a See the Authors Book Of Trunks . And that Of Roots . Calceolarius hath one or two of these last fairly figur'd .

A Stone with the exact signature of a STEM of POLYPODY with the LEAVES . 'T is softish , and somewhat brown . Stirreth not with Acids .

HIPPURITES . Or a Stone with the impressed Image or signature of the Equisetum or HORSETAIL . There are three stalks which very elegantly rise up from one Root .

DENDRITES . Or a Flint naturally adorned with the Images of several epitomiz'd or minute TREES . There is the figure of a fair one like to this in Calceolarius's Musaeum .

ANOTHER ; being a SLATE about ⅓d of an inch thick , representing , as it were , a plain Field , inclosed with a HEDGE of TREES ; some bigger , others less ; all so lively , as if it had been the curious and elaborate Work of a Painter ; or had been cast through a Glass ( as Kepler shews the way sometimes of taking Lanships ) upon a Tablet in a Dark Room .

It is very observable , That the same curious Work which appears upon one side of the slate , doth also on the other . Agreeable to what Ambrosinus b b Aldrov . Mus. Metall . also remarques , That if this sort of Stones be broken into several pieces , the like Work will appear in the intimate parts . Which plainly demonstrates , that not being superficial , it cannot be the effect of Art .

DENDROPOTAMITES . So I call it . 'T is a piece of a kind of Alabaster , about seven or eight inches square , polish'd and set in a Frame . It hath much and pleasing variety both in colour and figure : shewing a mixture of brown , tawny , white , and green ; and not unaptly resembling a couple of Rivers . One crooked or very much winding too and fro ; ( as the Thames at Kingstone ) and garbed all along with Trees upon the Bank . The other strait , with a Foot-walk upon the Bank , and inclosed also with a little Hedge-Row .

A sort of ALABASTRITES , representing a Transverse Section of the TRUNK of a TREE . That part answering to the Wood , consisting of white and black Rings one within another . The other answering to the Barque , of two or three thin ones ( like that of a Cherry-Tree ) of a russet or barque colour . Yet the black Rings , being held up against the light , are transparent . So the clearest Glass , in some postures , appears black . Spirit of Nitre droped on it , dissolves it with a vehement Effervescence .

A Stone expressing part of a Tranverse Section of OLIVEWOOD . On one side , 't is very well polish'd . By means whereof , not only the Annual Rings ( appearing in the Trunks of all Trees ; ) but also the Insertions or Parenchymous Rays which run betwixt the Pith and Barque ; and even the greater Vessels themselves ( either for Aer or Sap ) are all to a good naked eye , but especially with the help of a Glass , very fairly visible . 'T is just of the colour of the browner sort of Olive-Wood well varnish'd . 'T is as hard as a Jasper , and seems to be of that kind .

ANOTHER sort of Jasper representing a piece of WOOD. 'T is of a green colour , and stained with blackish spots . One would take it for a sort of Lignum Vitae .

A Stone , which in Colour and Texture , seems to resemble a piece of YEW-TREE .

ANOTHER , which looks like a piece of BEECHWOOD .

A large piece of PETRIFY'D WOOD ( as it is supposed ) above half a yard long , and ¼ of a yard about .

Another Piece about the same bigness .

A Globular Stone , which looks as if it had been a piece of ASH-WOOD turned in a Lathe into that figure . For it hath not only the colour , but the semblance of the Annual Rings , and of the Aer-Vessels , as in that Wood.

Small pieces of ( reputed ) petrify'd Wood , commonly found between the Beds of blew Marble . Two inches long , and near as thick as ones little Finger . Almost as black as Ebony .

A Piece of INCOMBUSTIBLE Wood , as it were HALF PETRIFY'D . For being held in the fire , it becomes red like a Coal ; but neither flames , nor smoaks in the least .

A very odd Piece of the BRANCH of a TREE as thick as a Cable-Rope , whereof the Barque is turned into perfect Iron , or at least a very rich Iron Ore ; and the Wood into Stone .

The petrify'd Barque of a Tree . 'T is thin , and rowled up as Cinamon ; but rather of the colour of that called Winterane's . Withall , rough and knobed without .

A Piece of Oak BARQUE cover'd with a stony Crust . Given by Philip Packer Esq From a Stump above Ground .

In Septalius's Musaeum , as I take it , is mention made of Petrify'd Wood found an hundred and forty Pertches under the top of a Mountain . And by Kentman a a Fossil . Nomenclat . of a sort of petrify'd Beech ( as the people call it ) both Trunk , Branches , and Leaves , taken ( for Whetstones ) out of the Ground in the Joachimick Vale , an hundred and seventy Elns depth . But what kind of Eln is here meant , is not certain .

Of petrify'd Woods it may be noted , That none of them ( at least of these here described ) will make the least Ebullition with any Acid. Which would make one suspect , That they are Stones originally , sui generis ; else it were strange , That some of them should not lie in places where such Stones are bred , which with Acids make the said Ebullition .

The STELENTROCHITE . By some , called STELECHITES : Entrochites , by most . But , in proper speaking , distinct from both . For it is not only of a Cylindrical Figure , or near it , and containeth a softer substance in the Centre , answerable to a Pith : and also radiated as the Branch of any Tree cut transversly . But moreover consisteth of several flat round Joynts like little Wheels , evenly pil'd , and , with the said Rays , mutually indented , so as altogether to make a Cylinder . Described also by Gesner , b b De Lapid . Figur . Boetius , c c De Lap. & Gem. Ambrosinus , d d Aldrov . Mus. Metall . and others . But we have two Accounts hereof given us in the Philosophical Transactions , far more accurate and particular , than is elsewhere extant . The former , by Mr. Lyster ; e e Num. 100. together with between thirty and forty Figures of their Varieties , with some other Congenerous Stones . The latter , by Mr. John Beaumont f f Num. 129. Junior ; who hath added the Description of some more Diversities . And the manner of their growth . In this Musaeum are several Species , which I shall here enumerate .

A ROUND one , near ¾ of an inch Diametre ; with the Pith near a ¼ , of a darker colour , hard and dense . The several Joynts , about the tenth of an inch thick ; distinguished by slender Circles composed of very small knobs . With part of the Rock to which it grew , altogether irregular , but of the same substance .

ANOTHER , with a Pith larger and more soft , the Joynts thicker , and the Surface almost smooth .

A THIRD , of the same thickness , with the Pith ½ an inch Diametre . 'T is also a little bended ; and the Joynts distinguished not with knobed but entire Rings .

A FOURTH , with a Pith not much bigger than to admit a little Pin. Yet at one end 't is ½ an inch over . At the other somewhat more than ●/● A little bended as the former . And the Joynts in proportion to its width , extream thin ; not above ½6th of an inch . Their circumference , convex , being distinguished not with edged Rings , as the former , but with furrows .

A FIFTH , about ¼ of an inch over . The Pith answerable . The Joynts distinguished with edged Rings . And as thick as in the former .

A SIXTH of the same thickness . And a little crooked . The Joynts distinguish with furrows .

A SEVENTH , with the Joynts unequal both in breadth and thickness ; one narrower and thiner , the next broader , or standing further out from the centre , and thicker , and so alternately : whereby it looks like some sort of Turn'd-Work .

An EIGHTH , a small one , yet finely shap'd . First with a Joynt embossed with a knobed Ring . Next two small Joynts , each of them scarce thicker than a Groat ; and so alternately .

A NINTH , not above ⅙th of an inch in Diametre ; yet with Joynts as thick as in the fourth : and smooth .

A TENTH , ●th of an inch over , and with much thiner or more numerous Joynts .

An ELEVENTH , a very small one , scarce having any distinction of Joynts .

CORALLITES . As it may be call'd . With no Joynts , no Rays , nor Pith , but more like to a solid piece of Coral .

The ASTENROCHITE , or an Entrochites with a Pentagonal Pith , like the signature of a little Asteria , a Stone hereafter describ'd ; from whence I have nam'd it .

ANOTHER of the same . And also with a double Ring of Rays ; so as to look like one of these Stones within another . And may therefore of all the kinds , be most properly called ENTROCHITES .

A FLAT ENTROCHITE . All the former are perfectly round : this compress'd ; one way , an inch over ; the other , about ●/●ths .

ANOTHER , a small one of the same shape .

A THIRD , not only flat , but also with two opposite edges , like the Scabbard of a Rapier .

The BRANCHED ENTROCHITE . Yet here the Branches , which grew alternately as Twigs on a Bough , are broken off . In one , leaving so many cavities in the Trunk on which they grew . In another , so many Knots . In both , radiated , and containing a Pith , as the Trunk it self .

The KNOTED ENTROCHITE . A very odd Species . Above two inches long , and ¾ in Diametre . The Surface smooth , yet with an obscure appearance of Joynts . The Knots , no way like those in the last mention'd , as not being radiated ; and looking more like the bases of sturdy Thornes . Wherewith it not unaptly resembles a piece of a Crab-Tree-Cudgel . 'T is composed of three distinct substances . The outer part , ( as one would say , the Barque ) is a flaky and glossy Spar , as in the rest . But as black almost as Jet . The middle part is Ore of Marcasite , or Yellow Mundick . The Pith , not unlike Tobacco-Pipe-Clay , when baked pretty hard .

A sort not much unlike these , being found in the Isle Malta , by some saith Mr. Ray , a a Phil. Trans . N. 100. are call'd St. PAULS BATTOONS .

The SYNTROCHITE , as we may name it , to distinguish it from the rest . It consists of several Joynts as the former ; yet not piled evenly one over another so as to make a Cylinder : but sliden as it were half on and half off .

The TROCHITES . 'T is nothing else but one of the above described Joynts single ; on both sides radiated , and also containing a Pith. So that it looks like a slice of a stick . These , saith Mr. Lyster , being usually hollow , or easily so made , and stringed , are therefore by some called St. CUTHBERDS BEADS .

The ASTROCHITES . As it were , the Trochites and the Asteria ( hereafter described ) together .

There 's one which may be called an Enthrochite , yet not a Stelechite , because Oval , or at least smaller at both ends ; no way resembling a Stick or Branch . But there is no example hereof in this Musaeum .

The True STELECHITES , branched . 'T is not only radiated , and furnished with a Pith : but is one single piece without any Joynts or joynted Wheels : in which respect , it cannot be called ENTROCHUS ; but very properly Stelechites , ( from whence the English word Stalk ) as more answerable to the make of a stick or stalk , than are any of the rest . 'T is of an ash-colour , and curiously wrought all over in the like manner as a Poppy-Seed .

A Piece of a Rock consisting wholly of several Species of ENTROCHI or Stelentrochi , immersed in a bed of their Mother-Clay .

Another , with two or three small STELECHITES .

A hard Stone of the colour of a Magnet , with the signature of a TROCHITES .

These Stones being broken , look flaky , and with a gloss , as the Lapis Judaicus ; but somewhat more obscure . They also make a like Effervescence with Acids , especially with Spirit of Nitre . And may probably be as good a Diuretick . That All Fossiles of what figure soever make an Ebullition with Vinegar , is affirmed by Mr. Lyster : ( a ) but Phil. Trans . N. 100. was a slip of his , otherwise most accurate Pen. For there are many , and those of several figures , which , although powder'd , yet are so far from making any Ebullition with Vinegar , that neither Oil of Vitriol , nor Spirit of Nitre it self , ( which taketh place sometimes where the former doth not ) will stir them : as appears in several Instances in this Catalogue .

They are found in as great variety here in England , as in any other Country . By Mr. Lyster , in certain Scarrs in Braughton and Stock , two little Villages in Craven : in some places of the Rock as hard as Marble . In such plenty , that there are whole Beds of Rock made of them . By Mr. Beaumont , in Mundip-Hills ; in the Rocks , from the Grass to twenty fathome : but most in Beds of a grey and gristy Clay . In a Grotto , five and thirty fathome deep , he observed their growth : which was , from the finest , and the softest of the Clay . At first , they were whitish , soft , and smooth . Afterwards , grew hard , and ridged , or divided into Trochi or Joynts ; beginning at the top , and so descending . Being all the while in a manner quicken'd with Mineral Steams ; conveyed , from the Mother-Bed , through the Pith of the several Feet of the Root ( which Mr. Lyster figures ) and of the Stock it self .

It were also further worth the enquiry , In what Time , one of these Stones will grow up . Whether it doth so , by Starts , as Ice often doth , and as I have seen a little Icy-Tree to grow level upon a Table ? And whether so much as serves for the making of a single Joynt , at every start ?

A Stone figur'd like a Piece of ANGELIC A Root ; with a large Pith , and very distinct Rays , as the Cortical Insertions in that , or other like Root round about .

TWO lesser round ones or more Cylindrical : one resembling the Root of CICHORY ; the other of TORMENTILE .

A STONE somewhat FLAT , like the Root of Iris : but radiated as the former . More visible , if one end , being first polished , be then made wet ; for so , both the Pith and Radiation are very distinct .

A FOURTH , as it were bared of the Rind ; and having one end with a kind of Button , on which the Rays wind toward the Centre ; as the Lines of a Rumb upon a Map , or the Suits of the Attire of any Corymbiferous Flower .

All these seem to be several stumps of Stone Roots , on which the above described Stones often grow .

A FIFTH , with a Pith and Rays ; but CONICK and CROOKED , not unlike the young buded Horn of a Calf .

TWO more of the same Figure , but much less ; rather resembling a COCKS SPUR .

Several CLUSTERS ( as they appear ) of petrify'd MOSSE . Imperatus , with Dioscorides , makes it a sort of Alcyonium .

A petrify'd TUBER , with several small papillary knobs , not much unlike that called CERVI BOLETUS . It stirs not with any Acid.

CHAP. III. Of CORALS , and other like MARINE Productions .

THese having also a resemblance unto Plants , and a near analogy unto those Stones , last described in the precedent Chapter ; they may therefore not unaptly be here subjoyn'd .

A Piece of CORAL , smooth , white , and solid ; with its Base or Root spread abroad upon a Chalky Bed .

A SPRIG of solid Red Coral .

A knoted TRUNK of the same ●/● inches and 1/● in compass .

A Piece of solid CORAL both RED and WHITE , growing together .

The ROOT of a solid Red CORAL , spread upon the TRUNK of a White CORAL : in the same manner , as the Membranous Roots of Sea-Shrubs are spread upon Stones or other steady Bodies . As if it had been indeed originally one of those Shrubs ; particularly , of the Lignous kind , which hath no Pith , like the Horny ; but , as this Coral , is altogether solid .

The SHRUB-CORAL . Corallium fruticosum . So I call it , for its more especial similitude to a little Shrub . 'T is of a brownish colour , upright , and very much branched . Curiously adorned round about with Striae running by the length ; looking like the superficial Fibers in the stalks of some Plants . And within , radiated , as the same when cut transversly . In some of the greater Branches , the Rays being pointed or pricked , as by the laxer distribution of the Fibers , they are in some Plants . And many of them coming short of the Centre , so as also to form a kind of Pith.

The KNEED CORAL . Corallium geniculatum . Pseudocorallium fungosum Ambrosini . a a Aldrov . Mus. Metall . Madrepora ramo●a Imperati . b b Lib. 27. Cap. 4. By which Name Bauhinus also describes it well . 'T is striated without , and radiated within , almost as in the precedent . And is also ringed or knoted without , after the manner of Canes , or rather the upright Equisetum , and near of the same thickness . Imperatus hath another kind a kin to this , yet distinct ; not only knoted , but joynted , and by him therefore called CORALO Articulato , in which the Conick end of one Joynt is received into the like Cavity of another .

A Piece of the same CORAL found on St. Vincents Rock .

The Matripora , saith Terzagi , a a Mus. Septal. and all Pores ( as he calls them ) and these only , are outwardly rough with transverse Wrinkles . But this now describ'd , seems by the Striae more apparently wrinkl'd by the length . So that what he means , I do not well understand .

A JOYNT of the shallow joynted CORAL . 'T is near an inch in Diametre , two and ½ long , solid , heavy and white . Streaked by the length . The two ends a little thicker , as of Bones at the Joynts : and rising up from the Rim to the Centre into a little knob ; and this it doth at both ends : whereas in that of Imperatus , the Joynts are deeper , and one end hollow . It was given by Sigr. Boccone .

A Piece of white FIBROUS or striated CORAL , but not knoted . Given by the same Hand .

The BUBL'D CORAL . Corallium bullosum . From the same hand . 'T is of an ash-colour ; and rough cast all over , with very small Blisters or Bubles .

The COOME-CORAL . Corallium cancellatum . 'T is white , and divided into several short and thickish Branches , turbinated or knobed at the top . Wrought all over with small cancellated Work , like that of an Honey-Comb , or the inside of that Ventricle in a Sheep or a Cow , called the RETICULUM .

The FLORID COOME-CORAL . The Branches of this also are short ; and numerously flourished . Inwardly , white and porous . The Surface of a pale yellow , and wrought , as the former , in imitation of an Honey-Coome .

A sprig of Rough and POROUS Red Coral .

The PUMIS CORAL . Corallium pumicosum . From the Person above-said . 'T is branched , of a grey colour , and porous , somewhat like a Pumis Stone .

The POUNCED CORAL . Corallium punctatum . 'T is white , and the Surface pricked full of small holes , almost as in the precedent .

The BRANCHING POUNCED CORAL . It seems to be that described in Bauhinus b b Lib. c. with the Title of Corallium asperum cauditans adulterinum . The Branches hereof are very broad , and divided only at the top . Not only porous within , but also pricked full of extream small holes on the outside .

The STOOPING POUNCED CORAL . C. punct. procumbens . Porus Ramosus Bauhino . In this , some of the Branches rise up obliquely , and distinct . Others of them , trail or stoop , and are in several places inosculated .

The RUSSET POUNCED CORAL . This is also branched ; and the Root hereof , as that of a Sea-Shrub , spread upon an Oystershell .

The WARTED CORAL . This likewise is a sort of pounced and branched Coral ; and white . The Branches being also as it were warted or knobed . a a Imperatus , Lib. 27. c. 4.

ANOTHER of the same ; MORE branched .

The White STARRY CORAL . From the Person before nam'd . Described and figur'd by Imperatus . So called , because it is perforated with round and radiated Holes resembling little Stars .

The Brown STARRY CORAL . Within , a little whitish . Not so porous , as the precedent ; and with nothing near so many Stars . The Branches flat , like the Horns of an Elk ; and spread abroad .

The OCULAR CORAL . C. alb. oculatum Officinarum . Very well describ'd and figur'd by Ferranti Imper. b b Lib. 27. c. 4. and J. Bauhinus . c c Lib. c. This sort is fistular , and hath large round holes in the sides of the Branches , sometimes near ¼ of an inch over ; somewhat like a Birds Eye .

A Piece of the same sort , with its expanded Root .

The same growing on or round about some of the Branches of a Sea-Shrub . As it is probable , That all the sorts of fistular Corals once did .

The CROWNED OCULAR CORAL . Given by Sir J. Hoskins . In this , which is also white , to the eyes on the sides , are added little Heads crowned or radiated round about .

A CLUSTER of Red Fistular Coral .

The spread FOLIATED CORAL . Clusius describes it by the Name of Planta Saxea Abrotonoides . Of whom Bauhinus borrows his figure . His Description not clear . 'T is white , and porous ; especially the centre of every Branch , in imitation of a Pith. The several Branches encompassed with little short round hollow sprigs , or , as we may call them , Coral-Leaves , curiously striated round about .

The Upright FOLIATED CORAL . In all respects like the former , saving that it is less spread .

Coral is fish'd for from the beginning of April to the end of July . Not in the Ocean , but the Mediteranian-Sea only . In which there are eight or nine Fisheries , among the Rocks , no where above forty miles from Land . Three upon the Coast of Sardinia ; on that of France , two ; of Sicily , Catalonia , Corsica , and Majorque , one . a a Tavern . Ind. Voyage , Chap. 21. Of white Coral , there is great abundance in Brasile . b b J. de Laet.

Of the Nature and Generation of Coral , it is affirmed by the Honourable Mr. Boyle , c c Of the Orig. of Forms , 136. That whilst it grows , it is often found soft and succulent , and propogates it Species . And by Georg. de Sepibus , d d Mus. Rom. p. 45. Col. 2. That of those who had been us'd for many years , to dive for Coral in the Red-Sea , Kircher learned thus much ; That it would sometimes let fall a Spermatick Juyce , which lighting upon any ( steady ) Body , would thereupon produce another Coral . And further , by Wormius and Tavernere , from the Relations of others , That this Juyce is white or milky . Which may seem the more credible , when we consider , that the like milky substance is found in divers Mines . e e Dr. Brown's Trav. Sometimes inclosed as is observed by Mr. George Planton , in great Hollows of the Metallick Rock . f f Phil. Trans . N. 100. And that Mr. Beamont hath found in the Hollows of some Stones called Entrochi , and Rock-Plants , or a kin to them , an evident concretion of such milky Juyce . g g Phil. Trans . N. 129. p. 730. l. pen.

Of Corals , are chiefly prepar'd , The Powder ground upon a Marble ; the Magisterial Salt ; and the Tincture . To good purpose , in some Feavers , and some other Cases . But the Name of Tincture , according to the common notion of it , is a meer deceipt : it being , in truth , no more but a Liquamen , or solution of the Magisterial Salt . For those Acid Liquors which are used as Menstruums for the making of it ; by digestion or repeated heats , do always turn red : which not being heeded , the said colour hath been believed to proceed from the Corals . Of the Effect of this Tincture , or rather Salt of Coral , upon a Malignant Feaver , see a Memorable Relation of Boetius in his own Case . h h De Lap. & G. lib. 2. 〈◊〉 154. p. 312.

BASTARD-CORAL . Alcyonium . So call'd , because a Marine Production , often of a roundish form , like the Nest of an Halcyon , and by some phantastick thought to be one of those Nests petrify'd . Hereof there are seven or eight sorts here preserv'd . As

The Great , White , FISTULAR Alcyonium . Imperatus figures a Cluster of this under the ill Name of Vermi Marini Impetriti . a a Lib. 24 : cap. 26. And Besler a single crooked Tube , with that of Exuviae Serpentis in Lapidem conversae ; which is as bad . This is such an one , but more strait and smooth , as thick as the upper end of a Tobacco-Pipe stalk . But with a much greater bore .

The Middle white FISTULAR Alcyonium . A Cluster of Coralline Tubes , in some places , meeting in parcels ; in others , divaricated , almost as the Vessels do in Plants . Not equally thick at both ends ; beneath , not exceeding the Quill of a Crow ; at the top , as wide as that of a Goose. Rough all along with annular wrinkles , almost like the slough of a Silk-Worm , or a Serpent . Being hollow , 't is probable they serve as the Matrices of some Sea-Insects .

The small white FISTULAR Alcyonium . By Imperatus b b Lib. 27. cap. 8. ( whom Terzagi imitates c c Sept. Mus. c. 13. n. 18 , 19. ) called Vermicchiara ; and Alcyonio Milesio ; a much better Name . A Cluster of crooked Tubes , not thicker than a Packthread ; and also wrinkled .

The Red FISTULAR Alcyonium . By Imperatus call'd Tubularia purpurea . By Besler Alcyonium Maris Rubri . A Congeries of strait , and red Pipes , of a Coralline substance , about as thick as an Oaten straw , all standing parallel , as the Cells in a Honey-Comb : and divided into several Stories by transverse Plates or Floors , at several distances from a ¼ to ½ an inch , or thereabout .

The BRANCHED Alcyonium . 'T is white , and of a Coralline substance , but somewhat soft . The Branches solid , and in some places coalescent .

The KNOBED Alcyonium . Of a white and coralline substance , but somewhat soft . Of such a Contexture , whereby it is every way , and pretty openly , pervious throughout ; somewhat answerable to that of a Sponge . Evenly tuberated all over the top and sides .

Another , unequally tuberous , and of a little more open compages .

The LOBED Alcyonium . Of a like colour and substance with the former : yet not composed of round , but flat or lobed portions , with some likeness to Liverwort .

The BUBLED Alcyon . Given by Captain Th. Fissenden . About ½ an Eln in compass . Consisting wholly of Plate-work , so conjoyn'd , as to make several large Apertures , runing one into another : somewhat after the manner of a Ruff. The Plates or whole Body compos'd of most minute Bubles , divided by a very thin Sepiment , and standing all in even , strait , and parallel Rows . So that it looks not much unlike Linnen-Cloath : saving its brown tawny colour .

A NETED Alcyon . Retepora Imperat. So called from its Figure .

MUSHROON-CORAL . Fungites . So called from a little likeness it hath to a Toad-Stool . Here are divers sorts .

The WAVED Mushroon Coral . 'T is round , and above two inches over ; striated beneath round about . The Rim and Area , both undulated . With thin Plates standing all along , and on both sides transversly to the Waves .

ANOTHER , with DOUBLE WAVES . Circular , and about four inches in Diametre . With the top rising high and round . With transverse Striae , rather than Plates . And Waves both double , and more winding than in the former ; much resembling those of a Mans Brain . From whence , this sort , most properly , are called BRAIN-STONES .

A POLISH'D BRAIN-STONE . It much resembles a sort of undulated Stone . Whereof hereafter .

Part of a large BRAIN-STONE from the Bermudas .

The PLATED FUNGITES . So especially to be called , because it hath no Undulations , but Plates only . All very thin and sharp , and radiated , to the circumference , after the manner of those in a common Mushroon ; excepting , that there they stand underneath , here above . This sort is curiously figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum .

A FLAT RADIATED Fungites . Figur'd by Bauhinus . a a Lib. 39. c. 60. 'T is somewhat more than two inches broad , and with the sides as it were crushed together . Waved round about , and the Rim raised like a border pretty high .

A STARRY FUNGITES . Of a circular figure ; beneath , a little concave ; above , convex . Wrought all over with a great number of small radiated Stars , every where contiguous .

A Piece of Fungites with GREAT STAR-WORK : every Star , with the Rays , being near ½ an inch over ; and the Rays also plated .

The COOMED Fungites . The top hereof is circular ; all over carved into radiated Tubes , the Rays standing high without , and deep within . Composed together so , as somewhat to resemble an Honey-Coome , from whence I name it .

ANOTHER of the same sort , of an Oval Figure . Given by Sir R. Moray .

A Fragment of a great One of the same sort . In which the Texture is fairly observable . For the aforesaid Rays , are indeed the extremities of so many Plates which run through the length of every Tube ; and which are likeways all the way conjoyned with an infinite number of other extream small thin transverse Plates : dividing the whole Tube into little squares , after the like manner , as in the Pith of a Bull-rush .

The Fungites is found in the Indian-Sea , and the River Nilus . a a Clusius .

CHAP. IV. Of GEMS .

A ROCK of DIAMONDS . Given by Sir R. Moray . They grow upon their Bed ( which is about three inches broad , and four in length ) in Crystals Sexangularly pointed . Of several sizes from the thickness of a midling Pin , to a ¼ of an inch Diametre , but all of them short . Not very perspicuous , but a little greyish , like the Calcedony . Saving one small cluster of them , tinctur'd yellowish . They cut Glass very deep and easily .

The principal Diamond Mines now known , are four . That of Raolconda , in the Kingdom of Visapour ; discover'd 200 years since . In this Mine , the Diamonds lie in sandy Veins in the Rocks . Of all , the clearest , and of the whitest Water . They pound and wash the Vein for the Diamonds , just as we do some of our Ores for the Metal . A second call'd the Gany , about seven days journey from Golconda ; found out 100 years since . They dig here not above 14 feet deep . Sometimes above sixty thousand Men , Women and Children at work . It affords the largest Diamonds , but not clear : one sometimes above 40 Carats , i. e. ●/●d of an ounce . And there was one here found which weighed 900 Carats ( i. e. ℥ vij ss. ) A Third , that of Govel , a River in the Kingdom of Bengala . The Diamonds are found in the sand of the River , for the space of 50 Leagues . From hence come those fair pointed Stones called Natural Points : but not great . The Fourth , that of Succadan , a River in Borneo . But there are none come from thence but by stealth . How the Indians prove , work , and sell their Stones , with other particulars , see in Tavernere . a a Ind. Tav . lib. 2. c. 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15.

Rough Diamonds are often naturally figur'd into Triangular Plains : a mark to know a right one by , b b Mr. Boyle Of Gems , p. 11. as well as hardness . Many also of the best are pointed with six Angles ; some , with eight ; and some Tabulated , or Plain , and Square . c c Joh. de Laet L. de G. & Lap. Diamonds receive no hurt , but are rather mended , by the fire . d d Boet. de Lap. & G. Some , saith Garcias , e e Lib. 1. c. 43. being rub'd , will take up straws , as Amber and other Electrical Bodies . And Mr. Boyl f f Of Gems , p. 109. speaks of one of his , which with a little friction attracts vigorously . Of another , g g Ib. p. 112 which by water made a little more than luke-warm , he could bring to shine in the dark .

'T is the property of all true Diamonds , To unite the Foyle closely and equally to it self , h h Boet. de G. and thereby better augment its lustre , than any other Gem. That which is called the Foyle , is a mixture of Mastick and burnt Ivory : The latter , being one of the blackest of colours ; used by Painters for Velvet , the Pupil of the Eye , &c.

The Water of those which are drawn , not from the Rock , but the Ground , commonly partakes of the colour of that Soil or Ground : i i Mr. Boyl , Of Gems , p. 51. and some are found as yellow as a Topaz . k k Ib. p. 35.

Between the Grain and the Vein of a Diamond , there is this difference , That the former furthers ; the latter , being so insuperably hard , hinders the splitting of it . Although it seems , that a Vein , sometimes is nothing else , but a Cross-Grain . Our European Jewelers , when they split one , they take a very small iron Wyre , and having daubed it with Oil and Powder of Diamonds ; draw it upon the Diamond , by a Tool , to and fro like a Saw , so long as is needful for that purpose .

The BASTARD-DIAMOND . Pseudo-adamas . Now remaining , as it was found , bred in a Musculites , a Stone like a Muscleshell . Given also by Sir Robert Moray . 'T is angular , pointed , and very clear . And cuts Glass with great ease and depth . Of our Bastard-Diamonds here in England , the Cornish are the best ; much better than those on St. Vincents Rock near Bristol .

CRYSTAL . From 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : because supposed to be only Water contracted or condensed with cold . Here are several sorts .

A CRYSTAL ROCK . In which , several lesser Crystals Sexangular , pointed , and most perspicuous , grow round about a great one , in the form of a Pyramid , above eight inches about . The bottom of it being polish'd , all the sides to the top , are very pleasantly apparent through the same .

A small COLUMN of Crystal , also exceeding clear .

A ROCK of midling Crystals , growing upon a Semiperspicuous Bed , or Grey-Mother . They are very clear , notwithstanding that beneath they seem to be tinctur'd yellow ; being there only daubed with some substance of a yellow colour . Of these Crystals , the two opposite sides , are the greatest : which is also observable in many others .

A small Crystal COLUMN , with a whitish Base .

ANOTHER clear Crystal , growing on a Semiperspicuous Mother , together with a kind of Marchasite Spar , or tessellated Stone , of an Amethystine colour .

A ROCK of small Grey Crystals , almost like a Calcidony .

Another of the same sort , growing upon a kind of Lime-stone .

A Third , with the Points of an Amethystine colour , growing to a Matrix of a purplish black .

A Crystal COLUMN , of an Hyacinthine colour , but dilute . An inch in Diametre , and almost ½ a foot long . The two opposite sides of this also are the greatest .

A lesser one of the same Species .

A THIRD , growing upon a Bed of the same colour ; but opacous . Mr. Boyle a a Of Gems , p. 39. mentions a piece of Crystal , in one part of an Emrald-green . And Terzagi b b Mus. Sept. another that was black .

A Crstyal COLUMN , naturally inclosing a kind of Moss ( or the likeness of it ) at one end of the Column of a paler , at the other of a dark Green . 'T is above ½ a foot in compass .

ANOTHER piece of CRYSTAL in which is immersed a Mossy substance of a redish colour . And there are some Crystals have been known naturally to enclose a Liquor . c c Mr. Boyle , Of Gems , p. 43. & Mus. Calc .

A Piece of polish'd CRYSTAL in the figure of a half Globe . 'T is on one side flaky , and hath many very small Bubles , by which it appears cloudy .

ANOTHER Piece polish'd into a Sphaerical Triangle , and somewhat Oval .

A THIRD Piece polish'd into a Cone .

A Massy Piece of CRYSTAL . Not pointed , nor angular ; but of a roundish figure ; much bigger than any mans head . One way , near a yard in compass ; the other , above three quarters . In weight , thirty nine pounds and a ¼ Haverdupoise . Yet is it very clear , beyond the clearest Ice of the same thickness . The biggest piece of Crystal I find mention'd else-where , is a Ball of six and thirty ounces in Septalius's Musaeum .

Crystal , at least some sorts of it , is the softest , saith Boetius , d d Lib. 2. c. 73. l. 1. of all Gems . He should have said , of all perspicuous Gems : for the Turcois is much softer . The most usual Figure of Crystal , is Sexangular : yet Terzagi e e Mus. Septal . c. 9. n. 54. mentions a Rock of square pointed ones . But it is observable , That he saith the Bed on which they grew , seem'd to be Gold-Ore . If so , it might proceed from some governing principle in the Ore . For I have heard it noted , as I reremember , by Sir Christopher Wren , That Grain-Gold is often found naturally figur'd into Cubes . Crystal grows in most Countries , both cold and hot : the Globous , especially in Bohemia and Silecia .

A Drachm f f Boet. de Gem. & L. Lib. 2. c. 74. of the Powder of Crystal , with Oil of sweet Almonds , a present Remedy for those that have taken sublimate . As also for bilious and chylous Diarrhaeas . g g Ib. When Calcin'd , by some called Pulvis Caesaris , of excellent use against the Epilepsie . h h Terzagi in Mus. Sept.

An AMETHYSTINE ROCK . The Gem hath its Name from the opinion of its being an Amulet against Drunkenness . This Rock consisteth of angular pointed and contiguous Crystals ; growing from both sides the Matrix , inwards , where their Points meet , and are all closely indented . Some of them seem to be Pentagonal . Several are Conick from the Points towards the Roots . These are well tinctur'd , but the Roots are all white , or rather Diaphanous and colourless . As also is the Matrix , or inward part of it ; yet not so clear . The shell over all , flat , opacous , and of a redish brown . There is the Figure of a very fair one in Calceolarius's Mus.

ANOTHER , growing upon a Matrix or Bed spotted red and yellow , and cross-grain'd , or composed of small Crystals set together decussatim .

A THIRD , the Matrix whereof is a kind of Amethystine Flint , i. e. not composed of Crystals or Grains , as is usual , but one entire massy Stone , Semiperspicuous , and of a pale blew , almost of the colour of some Cows Horns . Of an orbicular Figure , and somewhat flat like a Loaf . The Roots of the Crystals are colourless , as in the former , and the points and upper parts of a pale Purple . With these , is included in the same Matrix , a whitish and flaky Stone , which is easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre . Which is one , amongst many instances , how near together two Stones may be bred , of so different a nature one from another .

A WHITE AMETHYST . This is here naked , or without a Matrix . Consisteth of divers contiguous Crystals , half an inch and an inch long ; their Roots grey ; but their Points clear , usually sexangular . From the Points the Roots taper'd or conick : the Figure which doth especially distinguish this Stone from Crystal , whether white , or of an Amethystine colour .

An AMETHYST of a pale Violet colour ; found growing in Scotland . Given by Sir Rob. Moray .

ANOTHER , with a kind of Chrysolite growing to it .

The best of this kind , are , as Theophrastus well describes them , of the colour of a ripe ( red ) Grape : and are the hardest . These grow in the Indies : the rest in Bohemia , Saxony , &c. The best , being burnt , excellently imitate a Diamond . a a Boet. de Gem. & Lap.

Two little white or pale SAPHIRES , polish'd into a flat oval Figure . By some called The Female : and so the paler kinds of other Gems . The best , grow in Bisnagar , Zeilan , and other parts of the East-Indies , especially in Pegu. The meaner , in Bohemia , and other adjacent places . They are cut or fashion'd with Emery and Tripoly ; and engraven with Diamond-Dust , as other harder Gems . Being burnt , they imitate a Diamond , as doth the Amethyst . a a Boet. de Gem. & L. And Aes ustum and Glass melted together , imitate a Saphire . b b Aldrov . Mus. Metall .

The Saphire , saith Boetius , c c Lib. 2. c. 43. being applied to any bruised part , prohibits the Inflammation of it , in a miraculous manner . See also the Salt and Tincture d d Ibid. of it described and commended by the same Author .

The GRANATE , qu. Ingranate , or Ingraind . And therefore by the French called VERMEILLE : and the Matrix , by Moscardo , Minera de Ingranata . The deepest , well compared by Imperatus to the Juyce of a ripe Mulberry . Here are of several sizes .

A BOHEMICK GRANATE , as big as a Nutmeg . With several more of the same size , or near it .

Some other Large GRANATES , polish'd with Rhombs . But these are cloudy .

A Bag of Lesser GRANATES , of several sizes from a Pease to a Mustard-Seed .

A BED of GRANATES from the West-Indies . Given by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq. Most of them as big as a large Pease , beded in a Stone which is friable , and easily rub'd to a redish and glistering powder ; in some places a little black , and growing with cross Flakes . It seemeth , from its softness , not to have been the original Bed or Matrix wherein the Stones were bred ; but that being , in pecking the Rock or Mine , broken off from that , they were afterwards casually lodged in this .

These Stones grow in Calecut , Cambaia , and Aethyopia . As also in Spain and Bohemia , where , contrary to what is observed of most other Gems , they are found exceeding the Oriental . e e Boet. de Gem. & L. Many of them will abide the fire , without change of colour . f f De Laet. de Gem. & L.

Spirit of Salt extracts a rich Tincture out of Granates calcin'd and finely powder'd . g g Mr. Boyle , Of Gems , p. 88. And Aq. Regis , a rich solution of them , only powder'd ; colour'd somewhat like a solution of Gold . (a) (h) Ibid.

The Jewelers TOPAZ . Chryselectron Plinij . This is an Oriental one . 'T is of a perspicuous Golden colour , with some scarlet spots or like a deep Tincture of Saffron .

The Whiter or Female TOPAZ . Composed of several Crystals , clear and colourless at the top ; below , clear and yellow . Growing on a white Matrix , with a light yellowish Tincture . They grow in Arabia , Bohemia , &c. The best in India and Bactriana : the Europeans , especially , being soft , and not without blackish Clouds . The Oriental , the hardest of Gems , except the Diamond . And probably the Ruby . Found sometimes so big as to weigh twelve pounds : b b Boet. de Gem. & L. Aes ustum , stannum ustum , Cinabar , and Crystal , melted together , imitate a Topaz . c c Aldrov . M. Metall .

The SMARAGDUS , growing together with a pale Amethyst in one Matrix . The Crystals are angular , but seem to hold no proportion .

The Occidental , sometimes as big as a mans fist , especially in Peru ; but soft and cloudy . The Oriental , no bigger than a Filbert . The Europeans , in Cyprus , &c. the worst . 'T is imitated d d Ambrosin . ( in Aldrov . M. Met. ) out of Porta . with Aes ustum , and half as much Crocus Martis .

Six Grains of this Stone , in powder , procureth sweat . e e Mus. Wormian . Applied entire to the Belly , stopeth all kind of Dysenetries in a miraculous manner . f f Boet. from Guainerius .

A CLEAR and GREEN STONE , ( a kind of Smaragdus ) which , being heated red hot , shineth in the dark for a considerable time , sc. about ●6th of an hour . Given by Dr. William Crown . I tried the experiment my self also . And at the same time observ'd , That as it grew hot in the fire , its Green colour was changed into a Sky-blew ; which it likewise retain'd so long as it continu'd to shine : but after that , recover'd its native green again .

The AGATE . So called from the River Achates in Sicily , near which it was first found . g g Theophr . de Lap. Almost of the colour of clear Horn. The hardest of Semiperspicuous Gems . They grow in India , Germany , Bohemia . Naturally adorned with much variety of waved and other figur'd Veins , Spots , the representation of Vegetable , and sometimes of Animal Bodies . None more memorable , than that mention'd by Pliny , a a Lib. 7. c. 11. of Pyrrhus King of Epyrus , in which , without much strain of phancy , one might imagine a representation of the Nine Muses , and Apollo , with his Harp , in the middle of them . 'T is used for Sword-Hilts , Knife-Hafts , Beads , Cups , and the like . There are pieces of it , sometimes b b Mus. Septal. as thick as a Mans Arm.

The ONYX . So called , because in colour not unlike the Nail of a Mans Finger . Ambrosinus confounds the Agate and the Onyx together . But the Onyx differs from the Agate , chiefly , in that , instead of Veins , 't is generally composed , saith Boetius , of Zones . But I think rather of several Balls , one within another : which , when the Stone is polish'd , do indeed represent a round spot in the centre , with several Zones or Rings about it . Here are of divers sorts .

An ONYX with a white , and very broad Zone .

ANOTHER , of a pale Blew .

A THIRD , with Rings White and Bay .

A FOURTH , of a light yellowish colour , or of Citrine Amber , with ash-colour'd Rings .

A FIFTH , in Figure like an Eye , with the Iris , White ; the Pupil , of the colour of Honey .

A SIXTH , with the middle Spot or Pupil encompassed with a grey Iris.

A SEVENTH , with the Iris party-colour'd , within , White ; without , brown ; and the Pupil also of the same colour .

An EIGHTH , with an ash-colour'd Pupil , the Iris of a pale Amethystine within , and white without . These with more variety of colours , are by some particularly called NICCOLI ; qu. Onyculi .

A NINTH , which may be nam'd , The BINOCULAR ; as having the likeness of two little Eyes . The Table on which Nature hath drawn them , is of the colour of yellow Amber , and semiperspicuous . The Eyes are white , with their Pupils of the colour of the palest live Honey .

A TENTH , distinctly called BELI OCULUS : the Iris whereof is Grey ; the Pupil , and the rest of the Eye , Black .

An ELEVENTH , of the colour of yellow Amber , with grey Girdles , not round , as in all the former , but angular .

The EMBRIO of an ONYX . So I name it . 'T is a half Globe , polish'd . The outer Crust or Shell , Semiperspicuous , and as hard as of a true Oynx . The part within , round , of an opacous liver-colour , and so soft as to be dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

A PEBBLE of kin to the Onyx . 'T is round or globous , and on the two opposite sides , a little prominent . About an inch in Diametre . The outer Shell , yellowish ; the middlemost , red ; both opacous . The intimate Part , diaphanous , and of the colour of a glowing Coal . It seemeth to me , That as some Pebbles , so many more Flints , are a sort of ONYX . The Onyx , amongst other things , is used for the making of Cups ; of which , King Mithridates is said to have had two Thousand . Sometimes so big , as to serve for Statues . At Rome , in the Basilica of St. Peter , there are ( or were in Boetius's time ) six little Onychine Columns . a a Boet. lib. 2. de Gem. & L. They grow both in the East and West-Indies , and in Europe .

The ONYCHATE : Betwixt an Onyx and an Achate . Composed not of Zones , or Balls , but of Plates , perspicuous and ash-colour'd , mixed .

ANOTHER , of a Globous Figure , consisting of Plates ash-colour'd and brown : like a little turn'd Bowl of Ashwood .

A THIRD , consisting of Black , and Horn-colour'd Plates , mixed together , these latter , being also stained with red spots .

The PSEUDOPALUS . 'T is of a pale blewish Water , like a Fishes Eye , or a drop of Skim'd-Milk , with some Rays of yellow .

ANOTHER , growing to a thin Crust or Matrix of an Iron-colour .

This , and the Opalus it self , the softest of Gems . b b Boet. de Gem. They are now found principally in Hungary . c c Tavern . Voyages . The Opalus , saith Boetius , hath its variety of colours , only by Refraction : ( adds Laet , d d Lib. 1. de Gem. c. 13. like those in a Prisme ) for if it be broken it looseth them . 'T is true , that these colours are produced by Refraction : yet not as in a Prisme ; as not depending upon the Figure , ( for they will not be produced in other Stones of the same figure ) nor so much as any flaw or flakiness in the Stone ; but its peculiar Texture , which causeth those Refractions . Tin and Venis-Glass melted together , imitate an Opalus . a a Porta . See also the Phil. Trans . hereof . b b Num. 38.

The ONYCOPALUS . By some called Oculus Cati. It hath the Zones or Rings of the Onyx , of a pale White . The best of these are found in Zeilan and Pegu. Much harder than the Opalus . It might be try'd , whether this Stone doth in any degree partake of the strange property of the Opalus ; some of which , being only steeped a while in common water , will become Transparent for some time . c c Laet , ubi supra .

The CALCEDONY , i. e. Onyx Chalcedonius , as Kentman not amiss . d d Fossil . Nomencl . This is polish'd and set in a Frame . Above four inches long , and near as broad . Semiperspicuous , almost like to a piece of grey Ice . Consisting of white and most perspicuous parts so mixed together , as to look in some sort like a Honey-Coome .

Another small one , with a pointed and sexangular polish at both ends .

This Stone is next in hardness to the German Agate . The clearest , with a pale cast of blew the best . In Germany , being cut into thin broad Tablets , many have their Arms either engraven thereon , or painted on the back-side ; prefering it to Crystal , as being harder , if good . Hereof also are made little Mortars for the powdering of Emery ; likewise Cups , Religious Beads , &c. e e Georg. Agric.

The SARDIUS or Cornelian , qu. Carnelian . A semiperspicuous Stone . The best , by some called The Male , of the colour of Flesh , saith Boetius , with the blood in it . I add , but of a living Animal . But this is diluted with somewhat of an Amber-colour . Anciently not only This , but all the smaller Gems , were used especially for Signets and Signet-Rings . f f Theop. de Lapid .

The SARDONYX . As it were compounded of the Sardius , and the Onyx . This is polish'd , and so the better shews it self . It consisteth of White and Blackish Rings , one with in another . And stained both with red , and pale green Spots interjected . The Rings , with the help of a Glass , appear much more numerous , curiously representing those in the Root of Taraxacum or Dan-de-Lyon , cut transversly . Note also , That the said Rings are properly so call'd , only in the polish'd Stone ; being , when entire , really so many Balls , as in the Bezoar or Onyx , one within another . This Stone is found in several parts in Asia and Europe . Harder than the Onyx , or the Agate ; and is therefore figur'd with Emery . Hereof anciently Cups were made , and those Dishes call'd Vasa Myrrhina . See Worm .

The JASPIS . An opacous Gem ; always , saith Laet , a a Lib. de Gem. with some kind of earthyness . But I take this to be only the property of the Lapis Nephriticus . 'T is found of most colours ; of which here is some variety .

A GREEN JASPIS , stained with White Spots .

A Flesh-colour'd JASPIS , with Blackish Striae .

ANOTHER , stained with Purple and Blew Spots mixed together .

A FOURTH , stained with white and red Spots .

A FIFTH , Variegated with White , Carnation , Red , dark Green , and bright Green Veins and Spots . Very like to those , which Boetius saith are plentifully found in Bohemia .

A GEOMETRICK JASPER . It seemeth at least of affinity with the Lapis Sanguinalis described in Boetius . b b Lib. 2. c. 184. out of Monardes . But is certainly one sort of Lapis Cruciformis . c c See Aldrov . Mus. Metall . This here is polish'd into a plain Oval Figure , or flat on both sides . About an inch and ¼ long , and ¼ thick . In the centre or middle part of both sides stands a Rhumb or Diamond-square part , of a blackish Green . From the four Angles whereof are produced as many Lines of the same colour ; and from each of these , two more , at acute Angles ; the extreme parts whereof compose four more green Parts , as it were half Rhumbs : all joyn'd together with a circle near the Rim of the Stone . Amongst these , some yellow and red Spots are sprinkled up and down .

A Bag of a course sort of JASPER Stones , knockt off from those in Wilts-shire near Marleborough , called The Grey-Weathers . Given by John Aubrey Esq. So hard , that no Tool will touch them . Generally of a light Grey , some almost white , many of a dirty red .

Another , of a blewish Grey . Taken from a like shelf of Stones at Stone-heng . 'T is hard enough to scratch Glass .

Another like a green Pebble , found in one of the Streets of this City . Where also , saith the fore-mentioned Person , many more are met with , and that they are a sort of Jasper , brought , as Ballast , from the East-Indies .

The JASPACHATES . 'T is polish'd , and so figur'd , as to look like one half of a Pear , with the Stalk , Coar , and dead Flower cut out . Curiously beautify'd with Yellow , Purple , and Blood-red Spots , immersed in the Horny and Semiperspicuous colour of the Agate ; with which also 't is equally hard . This also is a kind of BLOOD-STONE : as all other Jaspers with red Spots .

The JASPONYX . 'T is polish'd with an Oval Figure . Composed of white Zones , besprinkled with White , Brown , and Red Spots .

Another of a courser kind , compos'd of Green and Ash-colour'd Plates . Like that Marble described by Imperatus with parallel black Lines .

The JASPAMMITES . So I call it ; Having the Figure of the Ammites , with the Colour and Hardness of the Jaspis . For 't is composed of little orbicular Stones , somewhat bigger than a Pepper-Corn ; all green without , and of a dark Purple in the centre . So as they seem also to have been once little crusted or shell'd Balls , as those of the Ammites , hereafter describ'd .

The Jaspis grows in India , Phrygia , Thracia , and Bohemia . Next in hardness to the Agate . Sometimes so big , as to be used for Statues . Of great esteem , as an Amulet , for the stainching of all Haemorrhages . Of its Effect herein , see some Cases in Boetius ; one of them a most remarquable one . a a De Gem. lib. 2. c. 102. See also two others , in Mr. Boyle , Of Gems . The specifick Virtues ascribed to This and divers other Stones , seeming almost incredible unto some : Mr. Boyle , to render an intelligible Account of the same ; doth reasonably (b) Pag. 177 , 178. suppose , That all opacous Medical Stones have been , some Bolus's , some Ores of Metals , or Minerals of kin to Metals , so advantagiously alter'd , as by application only to become Sanative . c c Of the Virtues Of Gems , p. 171. 172. The Green-Jasper is by some prefer'd : but that which Boetius us'd in the Cases above-mention'd , was wholly Red.

The NEPHRITICK-STONE . Of affinity with the Jaspis , and rather harder . Of several colours ; but no one of two , nor any Red : for the most part of a pale Green . It hath some softer parts intermixed , which make it look sometimes as if it were a little oily ; and for which cause it admits not of a perfect polish . Of these here are two Species ; first ,

The NEPHRITICK STONE of Brasile . Gemma , Gesnero , Oripendula . Described by the Author of the Name . But this is smaller , and seems to be broken . Of a pale blewish Green , with some pores containing a whitish substance . Polish'd and shaped into a little Column . The better sort of the Natives of Brasile , to distinguish themselves , when they go abroad , wear this Stone ( as we Rings on the Ear ) upon their Lip ; which is bored in their Childhood for that purpose .

ANOTHER , of affinity with the former . It consisteth mostly of parts of a dark Green ; yet glossy ; and firmly cohering . Yet so as in several conspicuous pores to contain a soft whitish substance .

This Stone , although of no beauty , yet is placed amongst Gems , for that it is highly esteemed , as an Amulet against Nephitical Pains , and the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys . Of the admirable effects whereof , in divers Cases of this Nature , see the Relations of Monardes , and from him of Boetius ; as also from a Noble Person , his Kinsman . a a Lib. 2. c. 110. The Green one with black spots , is commended by many . But Laet saith , b b Lib. 1. de Lap. he had one almost of the colour of Honey , which , upon frequent experience , he found to do all that Monardes relates of it .

The TURCOIS . So called , because brought to most places from Turkey , or those that trade from thence . By the Indians , Perose ; for that it is found , most abundant , saith Cerutus , c c Mus. Calceol . S. 3. only , saith Tavernere , (d) in Persia. See the Description hereof in Boetius . This here , is all over tuberous on the top with round Knobs , of several sizes , from that of the head of a small Brass Nail to that of a Pin ; some of a blewish , others of darker Green . Within ( somewhat like the Onyx ) disposed into Zones , mixed with spots : both of a Greenish Black . 'T is two inches broad , and near three in length : a great one , if , as Boetius saith , it seldom exceeds the bigness of a Walnut .

Another , about as big as a Filbert .

A Third , a small one , like those set in Rings .

The MOTHER of the TURCOIS , as is supposed . Found in the Mines of Herngrunt in Hungary ; and given by Dr. Edward Browne . Here are two Pieces . One of them , for the greatest part , blew ; with some places black . In which is also immersed a sort of small Sand-colour'd Stones , so hard as to scratch Glass . The other , hath also a mixture of some parts that are Green . The Blew and the Green , are both , and they only dissoluble upon the effusion of Acids .

The best of these Stones are the Blewest . a a Boet. de Gem. They have also this property ; sc. to look blew by Day , b b Laet de Gem. and Green by Candle-light . Many , saith Boetius , have judged this to be reckon'd by Pliny , amongst Jaspers with the Name of Boreas . But either Pliny and the Ancients , or those that make that judgment of them , were greatly mistaken . For this is a very soft Stone , and easily dissoluble , with Ebullition , immediately upon the effusion of some , especially Nitrous Acids : and may be scraped with a Knife . So that I am of Opinion ; That 't is nothing else but a sort of Aerugo in some measure petrify'd . Which also is further confirm'd in that it doth not only resemble that in Colour , but , being ( as it is easily ) burnt , is of the same Tast. So that it is no marvail , if this Stone , with Age and especially much worn and exposed to the Air , looseth the beauty of its colour . And that it may be restored to the same by Oil of Vitriol ; which eateth off its faded Surface .

CHAP. V. Of REGULAR STONES .

AS Gems are distinguished chiefly by their Colours ; so other Stones Regular , by their external Forms . This is of two general kinds . Such as is Circumscriptive , or depending upon the whole Stone , as ex . gr . in the Eagle-Stone ; and this is properly call'd the Figure . Or such as is Accumulative , where there is a repetition of the same Figure in several parts , as in Muscovy-Glass , composed of parallel Plates : and so for the rest , whereof in their order .

A GLOBULAR PEBBLE , an inch and ¼ in Diametre , whitish and semiperspicuous . It seems to be an Assay towards the Eagle-Stone , hereafter describ'd .

A CLUSTER'D PISOLYTHOS . It consisteth of Globular and bay Stones , united together with an Ash-colour'd Cement : But this is very hard , and stirs not with Acids . Boetius and others figure a Cluster of these , but somewhat bigger .

This Stone may seem to belong to the second general kind above-said . But is really a heap of distinct Stones in one Bed . Which is also to be understood of others alike .

ANOTHER , composed of Globular Stones , consisting of a whitish , and soft or friable substance ; yet gritty , and indissoluble with Acids . United together with a brown Cement .

A SINGLE one of the same Figure , but bigger ; sc. as big as a Physical Pill . As also semipellucid , almost as the bay Amber . Very hard and indissoluble with Acids . Besler figures some of these , with the Name of Pisa majora lapidea .

The SINEPITES , as it may be called . Being a Cluster of small hard Globules , like Mustard-seeds ; and united together with an obscure or dull Red Cement . Given by Sigr. Boccone .

The MECONITES . A Cluster of other like Globules no bigger than Poppy-seeds . See one of these in Boetius and Besler . These two last , are properly of the Hammites kind ; but not the Pisolythos , although accounted so by Boetius . Of these Globules , it is observable with the help of a Glass , That although they are so very small , yet are they shell'd , or composed of little Balls one within another , as the Bezoar-Stone .

The CLUSTER'D STALAGMITES . A Congeries of Globular Stones , like so many petrify'd Drops ; of the colour of Oriental Bezoar ; cemented together with a kind of Gypsum . The whole Mass , which here is polish'd , is two inches and ½ square , and an inch high . This , and the following Stones of affinity herewith , differ from the five former , not so much in figure , as in substance , these being all instantly dissoluble with Acids . So that they seem to be a kind of Gypsum , first dissolved in some Mineral Menstruum , and after setling in this Figure .

The CORALLINE STALAGMITES , also cluster'd . It consisteth of little round Stones of the bigness of the former , but of the colour of red Coral . Cemented together with a sort of Gypsum . It is dissolved , upon the effusion of any strong Acid , with a strong Effervescence .

The POROUS STALAGMITES . 'T is a ruder Species , the Stones of which it is composed , being not so distinct and round , as in the former . Cover'd all over with one common Crust . Yet most of them pounced with small or more open pores .

A SINGLE one , call'd PISUM CAROLINUM ; because frequently bred in the Caroline Baths . Whitish , smooth and dense ; and near as big as a Pistol Bullet .

Two SINGLE ones . Given by Sir Philip Skippon . Of a glossy Ash-colour , and very dense substance : yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre . These are somewhat angular .

Two more , which are TWINS . These are perfectly round , except where they joyn together .

A Great TIBULINE SUGAR-PLUM . This and the other Rough sorts the Italians call Confetti de Tibuli ; the place ( not far from Rome ) where they are bred . 'T is above 1/● an inch in Diametre , Globular , White , and Rough ; exactly like a great Confet .

A Parcel of SMALL ones ; white , round , and as it were granulated : just like Carvy Confets , and such like . Besler figures several of these under the Name of Petrify'd Anise-seeds , Fenil-seeds , &c.

The SUGAR-ALMOND , bred also in the same place . In colour , figure , size , and surface , so like to the rougher sort which Confectioners sometimes make , that , excepting the Tast , nothing can be liker .

Three STONES found very deep under ground near Hartford in New England . One of an Oval Figure , flatish , and having a little Globule standing upon its centre . Another , two half Globes , joyn'd edge to edge . The Third , much bigger than the former , of a circular Figure , and flat ; an inch and ¼ over ; almost like the Caps worn by Under-Graduates in our Universities . All soft , and fine , or not gritty , and not unlike a hard Bole. Spirit of Nitre dissolves them with Effervescence .

A little round , flat , and blackish Stone , resembling a Medicinal TROCH , or a thin CAKE of Terra sigillata , having as it were the Impression of a small Seal on one side . 'T is a perfect Pebble , not affected with any Acid.

The EAGLE-STONE . Aetites . All the former Stones were round and solid . This is hollow . Named from a vulgar opinion , That the Eagle , when she sits , carries it to her Nest , to keep her Egg from being addle . And this , joyn'd with another , That Bodies operate according to their Signature : as this Stone , which often contains , or if you will , goes great with another Stone within it . Several sorts hereof are here preserv'd .

The FLORID Male EAGLE-STONE . A rare kind . 'T is a perfect Flint , and semiperspicuous ; of a Globular Figure , and as big as a good big Apple , or near three inches in Diametre . Flourished all round about with several sets of Rings one included within another , with some similitude to so many little Roses or double Crowfoot-Flowers . 'T is very ponderous , being almost solid . Yet hollow at the centre ; containing not one , but several small Stones , as is argu'd from the noise they make , upon shaking the Stone .

An ANGULAR or Ridged Male EAGLE-STONE . This also is about the bigness of a good large Apple . Of a brown colour , but daubed over with a kind of Okre ; and was therefore probably bred in a Bed of the same . 'T is very heavy ; which argues it almost solid , as the former , and to have only a small hollow in the centre .

An ORBICULAR EAGLE-STONE . About the bigness of a midling Apple . The outside , rough and brown . Inwardly black . The Concave surface daubed with a sort of Okre ; a quantity of which , 't is likely , it once contain'd .

An OVAL EAGLE Stone . About as big as a midling Walnut . Without , blackish and rough , as it were granulated with some semiperspicuous Sands . Smooth within , and of a spruce ▪ Okre colour . On one side , it hath an oblong Aperture , with a smooth Lip as it were turned outward .

One half of an OVAL EAGLE Stone . 'T is near three inches in Diametre . The inside rough-cast with small Grains , in size , like those of Bay-Salt ; so hard as to cut Glass .

The FLAT round EAGLE Stone . Of a brown colour , and figur'd like a Troch .

The AMYGDALINE EAGLE Stone . Shaped like an Almond . Of a glossy brown , like half bright Iron . It contains a sort of Bole , of the colour of Fullers-Earth .

The Eagle-Stone which containeth no Stone , but Earth , is called GEODES . GEAETITES were more express .

ANOTHER , of the same figure and bigness ; but somewhat flatter .

A Rough and hard EAGLE Stone , the Concave surface whereof is daubed with a soft white wash , a kind of Gypsum , dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

ANOTHER Hard one , immersed in Iron Ore . All these are Naked . Those that follow have a soft Coat .

A COATED EAGLE Stone : A hollow Flint ; one way , near two inches in Diametre , and almost round . Cover'd with a kind of white Earth , about 1/●th of an inch thick : yet not Chalky , but effoete , making no Effervescence with Acids . Containing several sparks or grains of Flint , cluster'd in a round Lump , together with some of the like Earth , as without .

A little Flinty LUMP taken out of another of the same Species .

TWO more EAGLE Stones , of the same Species , of a midling size , and almost as round as a Ball. One of them as big as a good big Walnut .

A FOURTH , bigger than a Musket-Bullet , and as round . Cover'd , as the three former , with a white earthy Coat ; and containing the like substance in the centre . The main Body of all these , is either true Flint , or of a hard substance approaching to it . All these are by some called Males .

The FOEMALE EAGLE Stone . 'T is round , and in a manner Oval . As big as a good large Apple . Ash-colour'd without , and white within . Of a soft friable and chalky substance , instantly dissoluble with Acids . From the outside , to the Concave , ½ an inch thick . Containeth a soft white chalky Stone , filling up its whole hollow , and answering to it , as the Yelk doth to the White of an Egg. This Stone is by Pliny called CALIMUS .

ANOTHER , somewhat harder . 'T is also round , and bigger than the former , and the sides above 1/● an inch thick . Rough on the outside , and smooth within . Yet so , as to be furrow'd with certain shallow Rings . To which also the Calimus , therein contain'd , exactly answers , as any Metal doth to the Mould in which it is cast . Both of them make an Effervescence with Acids .

The CALIMUS of ▪ another Eagle-Stone , as big as a good big Gall , and knobed in the same manner .

Several Species of this Stone are figur'd by Aldrovandus . a a Mus. Metall .

The flinty Eagle-Stone , and many other Flints , if observ'd when they are broken , seem to be an Assay towards the Onyx .

The Eagle-Stone is found in Apulia , Germany , Misnia , &c. Much accounted of by some , as an Amulet against Abortions .

The SEMIGLOBULAR TOAD-STONE . Lapis Bufoneus s. Garatronens . It looks like the the one half of a hard flinty Eagle-Stone ; and probably , is nothing else . The Diametre ¼ of an inch .

The SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE . 'T is an inch long , ½ an inch over , of a brown colour , and flinty .

The Long SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE . This also is flinty , and of a shining brown , or the colour of Oriental Bezoar , being polish'd . 'T is about an inch long , and near ½ an inch over . Besler figures this , with the Name of Batrachoides .

Another sort of Toad-Stone , semiglobular , and solid , sc. with a flat base , is described by Gesner . b b Lib. de Lap. Fig. Thus far of Stones more Round . I shall next describe those which are Cylindrick , or near that Figure . And first the Osteocolla , of which here are several Species .

The SOLID or Pithless KNIT-BONE . Ranked by Kentman , c c Fossil . Nomencl . and not improperly , amongst the sorts of Osteocolla . Yet obtains the peculiar Name of ENOSTEOS : being porous , light , spongy , and cylindrick ; so as to look just like the inward part of a Bone , or of Harts-Horn .

The KNIT-BONE with a small PITH . 'T is bended almost like the Letter s. Cylindrick , and three inches round . Almost solid , yet containeth a very small Pith. The outer part , of an Ash-colour , and gritty or sabulous . The Pith , like most white Chalk . Both of them make a conspicuous Effervescence with Acids ; but especially th● Pith.

The GREAT-PITH'D KNIT-BONE . This is not a single one , but a Cluster . They stand together parallel , equal to the thick end of a Tobacco-Pipe-Stalk ; without exceeding smooth , and of a yellowish colour , somewhat like that of the Plates in the Ludus Helmontij , hereafter described . Filled with a very large Pith , answerable to that in an Eldern-Branch , hard and stony , and of a blewish colour , like that of blew Marle . The spaces between the several Cylinders , fill'd up with another sort of Stone , of the colour of old Elm. The yellowish Cylinders , being rub'd hard , or scraped , hath a strong stinking scent : but what Species to compare it too , doth not at present occur . They are presently dissolved with Spirit of Nitre .

ANOTHER CLUSTER like the former ; saving , that the Cylinders stand together without any , or with little , order : and that the brown and blewish Stones are both mixed in Veins , and several of the Cylinders hollow .

The EMPTY KNIT-BONE . This is neither solid , nor hath any Pith , but a Pipe ; yet with a very small bore . Smooth both within and without . And transversly striated , as the Belemnites , hereafter describ'd .

ANOTHER , somewhat more hollow . This also is transversly striated , as the former ; but without rough and of an Iron-colour .

A THIRD , most hollow ; knobed without , and of an Ash-colour .

Of these Stones , see the Relation especially of Joh. Chrystophorus Beckmannus , Physick Professor at Frank furt ; a a Phil. Trans . N. 39. who observes , That they grow in a sandy , seldom or never in a claiy-Ground . Sometimes two mens depth ; and with Branches side-ways . Taper'd , as in Plants ; where thickest , equal to an ordinary Arm ; the small Branches , to ones little Finger . The Place where found is noted by a white fatty Sand , the rest yellowish round about ; and underneath a dark , moist , and fatty putrid substance , like rotten-Wood , running in Veins and is the Mother of the Osteocolla . So that it seems to grow somewhat after the manner of the Entrochus , or Stelechites above describ'd . 'T is found most in Saxony , and the Palatinate .

This Stone , as is indicated by its Name , is highly esteemed for expediting the Coalition of broken Bones ; ʒj hereof being given and repeated for above five days together . See one or two very remarquable Histories hereof in Boetius . a a De Lap. & Gem. Lib. 2.

The Larger Hollow STALACTITES , or WATER-PIPE . The Greek Name supposeth it to grow somewhat after the manner of Icicles , from Lapidifick-Waters . Yet how it should grow hollow , as this , is somewhat hard to conceive . For hereby , it seems rather to grow or sprout upward , as the Stelechites . Only with this difference , That as that grows from an open Bed : this probably , from one under Water . Whence I take leave for the English Name . 'T is three inches long , in thickness equal to the little Finger . Of a Cylindrick Figure , saving that at both ends 't is a little more slender ; whether naturally , appears not . Composed of several ash-colour'd and blackish Crusts , exceeding thin crispe and brittle , not ill resembling a rouled Wafer . The Bore is lined through with a small granulated Candy . 'T is instantly dissolved with Spirit of Nitre .

ANOTHER , consisting wholly of white Crusts or Wafers one within another .

The SMALL WATER-PIPE . 'T is a Cluster of very small Tubes , with the Bore so small , as scarcely to be seen without a Glass . Rough all over with a tuberous Crust . They are found in Germany , Moravia , and other Parts . One Drachm hereof in Powder , is a potent Sudorifick . b b Boet. de Lap. & G.

A Stone like a Pebble with small TUBULAR KNOBS upon it , like the Primordia of a Water-Pipe . They are so small , that their hollows cannot be observ'd without a Glass . The Stone on which they grow , though very hard , yet makes a strong Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre . Thus far of Cylindrick Stones .

The CONICK STALACTITES , solid . 'T is about three inches long ; the top sharp , the middle ½ an inch over ; the base , an inch , with four or five excentrick Crusts . The whole composed of several Crusts , one within another , as the Water-Pipe . Yet not hollow , as that , or rather not empty , but filled with a Red stony substance . Being kroken it shines like the Lapis Juda●cus . Without , smooth , of an Ash-colour , with some little cast of red . Instantly dissolved with Spirit of Nitre . Aldrovandus a a Musaeum Metallic . hath one figur'd like this ; but by himself , or by Ambrosinus , call'd Stelechites Pyramidalis ; very improperly .

The CONICK STALACTITES , hollow . 'T is three inches long ; at the top , which is now open , ¼ over ; in the middle , near ●/● ; the base spread out , with several round Crusts on one side , like half bubbles , to the breadth of above an inch . On the opposite side , with a short single piped one . All of them contained together within the utmost Crust . Smooth and ash-colour'd without , within pure white .

The Black BELEMNITES . The generick Name is from the shape , like that of a Bolt-head . This Species is outwardly of an ash-colour , but black within : and therefore by some called Coraceas . Radiated as most of them are , with transverse Striae . And bored at the thick end , which is not so usual , with a Conick hollow . See the Description of two or three sorts in Boetius , Wormius , and others .

The WHITE BELEMNITES . 'T is Conick as the former ; but the Rays not so plain . Together with its white colour is joyn'd some little transparency .

The bigger YELLOW BELEMNITES . Particularly called Dactylus Idaeus ; for that it is in shape and bigness like a little Finger ; and was first , or is now chiefly , found upon Mount Ida. 'T is solid , semiperspicuous , and of the colour of yellow Amber . They have usually a kind of notched Ridge all along one side ; but this hath two opposite ones .

ANOTHER , with a little Hollow fill'd up with a Pith of Earth .

A CLUSTER of broken pieces of the Belemnites .

The SHELL'D BELEMNITES . qu. Stalemnites . Opacous , and of the colour of grey Horn. Pointed at both ends , as the Belemnites is at one . And at one end , sheweth six or seven shells one over another , as in the Stalactites above describ'd . From whence I have nam'd it .

Some of these being rub'd , take up Chaff or other light Bodies , as Amber doth . Kentman b b Fossil . Nomencl . mentions one of an Ash-colour , which being rub'd , smelt like a burnt Cows Horn. And a white one , which smelt not much unlike to white Ambar . They are found in Germany , and other Parts , sometimes in England . They all make a strong Effervescence with Acids . Thus far of Stones simply Conick .

The WORME-STONE . 'T is now broken at one end , yet about two inches and ½ long . Consisteth of about five solid Rounds , winding from the bigger end ( about ¾ of an inch over ) so as to make a spiral Cone . Not much unlike a Steel Worme used for the drawing of Corks out of Bottles .

Another of the same shape and bigness . This Stone I find neither figur'd , nor mention'd by any Author , saving only Olearius . a a A Dutch Musaeum . They were taken out of the midst of a Rock .

A NETED-STONE . Lapis retiformis . It consisteth of black and roundish portions , severally surrounded with Veins , of an Okre-colour , running one into another after the manner of Net-work . Along the middle of each Vein ( about ⅛th of an inch broad ) runs a small Thread or Line , almost of the same colour .

Another , with the Are'as of the Net-work not so black , softer , and somewhat flaky .

A FLINT of a dull Red , with the Figure , almost , of a λ encompassed with six or seven Rings .

The FLAT BOLTHEAD . Anchorites . Of affinity with that well described by Wormius b b Mus. lib. 1. Sect. 2. c. 13. with the Title of Silex venabuli ferreum Cuspidem exactè referens . By Moscardo , c c Mus. lib. 2. c. 50. with that of Pietre Ceraunie ; who also figures it with three or four Varieties . This like those , is a perfect Flint , and semiperspicuous . 'T is likewise in the same manner , pointed like a Speer . Having at the other end , like those of Moscardo , a short Handle . But moreover , hath this peculiar , that 't is pointed or spiked also backward on both sides the Handle ; with some resemblance to an Anchor , or the Head of a Bearded-Dart : from whence I have nam'd it . 'T is likewise toothed on the edges , and the sides as it were wrought with a kind of undulated sculpture , as those before mention'd .

ANOTHER , different from the former , in that it is longer , hath a deeper Indenture , but no handle . Both of them strike fire like other Flints . That of Wormius was found in a Hill in the Diocess of Ripen .

Not only Moscardo , but others reckon these amongst the Cerauniae or Thunder-bolts . So called , because believed sometimes with Thunder to shoot down with violence out of the middle Region . Amongst other Relations hereof , that of Terzagi a a Mus. Septal. is very express ; who saith , That the Corps of one struck dead with Thunder , being inspected in the presence of Septalius , and several others , and a black Wound observed about the Hip , and searched to the Bone ; they found therein a round and edged Stone , which being broken , had a very strong sulphurious stink . With this Author , I scarce think any thing of this nature incredible , to those that read the Relation given at large by Wormius b b Musaeum of the Norwegick Mouse .

Thus far of Regular Stones , whose external Form is Circumscriptive , or at least depending upon the whole Stone . I shall now describe those , whose Form is Accumulative , or where there is a repetition of the same figure , or near it , in several Parts .

The GRAPE-STONE . Botrites , Wormio . Here are two or three sorts . One solid , of a yellowish colour , an inch and ½ long , knobed with several small Clusters , like a young bunch of Grapes .

The HOLLOW GRAPE-STONE , with high Knobs or white Berries cluster'd all round about , as in the former , and somewhat thicker .

A SEMI-GRAPE-STONE , with white Drops or Berries only on one side . They all make a vehement Effervescence with Acids ; and are a sort of Stalagmites , next of kin to the Confetti di Tibuli before describ'd .

The STAR-STONE . Asteria vera , Boetio . Generally of a ¼ or ½ an inch in Diametre , consisting of several Joynts , evenly piled one upon another , of a Pentagonal Figure , like a Star , and with the signature also of another on both sides , which is composed of short transverse Striae . When broken , it shines like the Lapis Judaicus , or the Entrochites ; to which latter it is next of kin . Sometimes they are found single . When consisting of more Joynts , it may rather be call'd Synasteria . Several both of the joynted and singles ones are here preserved .

A very hard Stone , a kind of Pebble with the signature of the Asteria upon it .

Mr. Lyster hath given a particular Account of this Stone , and its varieties in several Figures ; published by Mr. Oldenburge , a a Phil. Trans . N. 112. together with some Notes of Mr. Ray thereupon . Mr. Lyster found the fairest of them near Bugthorp and Leppington in York-shire , in a blew Clay .

The STARRED-STONE . Astroites . So called , for that being tabulated , or polish'd to a plain , it appears adorned with little Stars , about ¼ or 1/●th of an inch in Diametre . Boetius conjectures Pliny to reckon this Stone for a sort of Agate . Whether that be so or no , himself is greatly mistaken b b Lib. 2. c. 145. in affirming as much : this being a very soft Stone . The same Author takes notice , as of a strange thing , That this Stone being put into Vinegar c c C. 147. will move up and down in it . Whereas it proceeds ( as Mr. Lyster also observes of the Asteria , which he calls the Astroites ) (d) Phil. Trans . only from the Ebullition following upon the immersion : and happens to any other Stone dissoluble with Acids , if immersed in small pieces .

Another , two inches long , and near as broad . This is unpolish'd , and seems to be but part of a far bigger Stone . So that although the figure which Boetius , and some others give , is but small , sc. not an inch long : yet is it sometimes of good bulk .

The ASTROCHITES ; polish'd with the figure of a Cross. The Stars are here more round , than in the former . The spaces between the several Stars and Rays , of a dark blackish colour . The Rays or Stars themselves are pale . And also surrounded with a toothed Circle ; so as not unaptly to represent the Wheel of a Watch : from whence I have nam'd it .

The imperfect STARRY-STONE . Astroites Boetio e e Lib. 2. c. 164. quartus . In this the Stars are more obscure , and scarce radiated , but rather spots . But the Stone for substance the same as the former .

The WAVED Stone . Astroites Boetio f f Ibid. tertius ; but improperly so call'd . For although it be , for substance , like the former ; yet is not adorn'd with the likeness of Stars , but of Waves . The several Waves are composed of whitish transvers Striae .

Another , with the Striae more conspicuous .

The SEIVE-STONE . Lapis Cribriformis . A kind of Tophus . 'T is of a brown colour , porous light and friable , as a Pumice . And perforated with many Pores more conspicuous , about as big as to admit a large Pin , and regular , sc. round , strait and fistular .

I now proceed to several Spars ; of which , although some belong to Metals ; yet here , have no Metal adhering to them . Those that have , will fall in amongst Ores . And first of such as are pointed , both soft and hard , reserving the Flaked for their place .

Let it only first be noted , That the specifick difference betwixt the Stalactites and the Spar , is , That the former , is always Opacous , and never Angular : the latter , always or usually perspicuous , and never round .

A Silver-Ore SPAR . About an inch and 1/● high , and three in compass . It consisteth of several Crystals sexangular and pointed , and composed into the figure of a great Bud. The four uppermost bigger than the rest . All semiperspicuous , of the colour of grey Chrystal ; and seem to be as hard .

ANOTHER large Piece consisting of hard and sexangular Crystals , and of the same colour with the former . Taken from the Coginnian Silver-Mines . Given by Mr. Colepress .

Several other Pieces of the same , and given by the same Hand .

A METALLICK SPAR , of a pale AMETHYSTINE colour . 'T is angular and pointed , as Crystal ; but with sides more unequal . 'T is also soft and brittle . Yet harder than some others . And hath no sense of Acids .

A SHOD. Spuma Lupi . The forerunner of the Load or Mother of the Tin-Ore . 'T is both blacker , and harder than the Mother-Spar .

Another of the same , mixed of black , grey , and yellow .

The MOTHER-SPAR of the Tin-Ore .

ANOTHER , arising from a Whitish Bed , mixed with a kind of rusty red . The Crystals are angular , pointed , and soft , like the square Lead-Spar . Semiperspicuous , yet mostly cover'd with an angular and blackish shell .

A pretty hard Ash-colour'd and Opacuous Spar , growing near the Tin-Mines .

A YELLOW TIN-SPAR from Ireland . Given by Sir Rob. Moray . The several Crystals are angular , pointed , and soft ; semiperspicuous like brown Sugar-Candy . Dissoluble with Acids .

An Iron-SPAR . A Cluster of small , pointed Crystals , almost of the colour of brown Sugar-Candy ; but sader , and less perspicuous . 'T is hard enough to cut Glass .

ANOTHER , Mixed . In the middle , it hath many Striae , of a Lead-Ore colour , running cross one against another . These are encompassed with other parts of the colour of yellow Okre . With which are also mixed some white and green spots . The Stone tasteth like white Vitriol .

A large Copper-SPAR . Given by Mr. Langerman . 'T is a ¼ of a yard long , and near as broad . Consisting mostly of sexangular Points , upon a grey Bed , which is also mixed with Granulated Spars . The other side , all besprinkled with yellow Mundick .

A MUNDICK-SPAR ; consisting of tabulated or flat and square Crystals , of the colour of Citrine Amber , and growing to a whitish Matrix .

Note , That almost all Spars of this kind , are composed of tabulated , and square Crystals .

ANOTHER , consisting of black shining Crystals , of the colour of Jet , and as broad as a Dice ; and some of them almost Cubical . Being broken , the fragments are of an Amethystine colour . There are also , underneath , some whitish Crystals ; above , some of yellow Mundick .

ANOTHER , partly plated , and partly pointed ; of a black shining colour , like that of polish'd Steel . 'T is very ponderous , and maketh no Effervescence with Acids . Yet soft and brittle . Which three Properties , belong to most , if not all , Mundick-Spars .

A SPAR with CONICK CRYSTALS . They are most of them an inch and 1/● long . All very close and continuous , excepting at their Points , as in the Amethyst . Semiperspicuous , and exactly of the colour of the best brown Sugar-Candy . Very soft ; and easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre . It was taken out of a Portland-Stone ; and given by Sir Rob. Moray .

A SPAR with CRYSTALS TRIANGULARLY pointed . 'T is a pretty round Lump . The Crystals so placed , that the Angle of one , for the most part , answers to the side of another . Of a pale and semisperspicuous colour , coming near to that of white Sugar-Candy . In which also small parallel Streaks of a brighter colour , are observable . Very soft , as the former , and dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

The STYRIATED STALACTITES . Of the same kind with the Styriaeformis described by Wormius . It is a congeries of strait , round Styriae , somewhat parallel , and as thick as a Cherry-Stalk , or small Packthred . Each Styria is composed of small , pointed and lose Grains , as big as those of Salt , piled in a strait line one over another . It makes an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre .

The MOSSE-STALACTITES . Consisting also of Granulated Styriae ; yet not strait and parallel , but winding too and fro , and the Grains with bigger points ; so as to resemble petrify'd Mosse .

I NEXT proceed to PLATED-STONES ; and first such as are of a Rhomboid Figure .

A CRYSTAL of TALK . Wormius describes Talk , to be a Stone divisible into flat Plates , variously intricated , and divisible like Silver , which is all he saith of the form , and his words unintelligible . Far from a definition of that form , which , so often , as its Concretion proceeds freely on all sides , or without hinderance from any adjacent Body , it doth obtain : being then , a Congeries of flat , and perspicuous Plates , somewhat pliable , and figur'd into a kind of double Rhomboid ; or as it were two Squares , with unequal Sides and Angles , clapt together , with the edges produced , to distinguish them : so , as to obtain twelve Angles , and ten Sides , sc. eight lesser , and two greater ones . A piece thus figur'd , I call A Crystal of Talk . And of this the form is both Accumulative and Circumscriptive : the difference betwixt which is shewed in the beginning of this Chapter .

An HALF-CRYSTAL , having only six sides , four lesser , and two greater ones ; as if it were a perfect one , split .

A piece of FOLIATED TALK . It consisteth of several pieces , pellucid , cleveable , and something pliable , of a Rhomboid Figure , and composed together so as to resemble the indented leave of Wild Clary .

A large Piece of TALK , above ½ a foot square .

A Piece of TALK taken out of the Ground in Wiltshire .

A lump of the TALK-ROCK near Spiral , in the upper Carinthia . Given by Dr. Edward Brown . It consisteth of broken pieces , like those of the Selenites , immersed in a white glossy Stone , stained with purplish spots , and so hard as to scratch Glass .

Talk , although flexible , and regularly figur'd , yet feeleth no Acid ; and is of that obstinate nature , as neither to melt , nor scarce loose its colour , in the fire . Considering which , and that all Salts , yet known , will flow : I am induced to think , That it hath not its Figure from any Salt ; but is almost a simple Earth sui generis . And that there are earthy Particles , as well as Saline , which are regularly figur'd ; and of which this and some other Stones are composed . Hereof is prepared a wash for the Face , which some Chymysts cry up for the best in the World .

A GREEN TALK-SPAR . The whole piece , is here of a rude Figure ; but is easily broken into Rhomboid Plates , resembling those of Talk , from whence I have nam'd it . 'T is tinged with a pale Green . It stirreth not with any Acid. Yet is not flexible , as true Talk , but brittle as Glass .

A great Crystalline TALK-SPAR . So I call it . Sent by Dr. Erasmus Bartholine , together with a large account of it , published in a the Phil. Transactions . a a Num. 67. And by the Dr. b b Experimenta Crystalli Islandici Dis-Diaclastici . himself in a distinct Treatise . 'T is a foot long , ½ a foot broad , and two inches and ½ thick . Of a Rhomboid Figure , and the narrow sides likewise sloaped , as in the Crystals of Talk . It breaketh also into parts of the same Figure , or near it . Yet not flexible , but brittle . Polite , colourless , and transparent , as the clearest Chrystal . Yet soft and dissoluble especially with Nitrous Spirits ; and by a strong fire reduceable to a Calx . Of a very different nature from Crystal , although the said Dr. is pleased so to call it . When heated , it is of an Electrick Nature , or like Amber ▪ taketh up straws and other light Bodies . That which he principally Notes is , That the Objects seen through it , in certain positions , appear sometimes single , sometimes double , and sometimes sixfold . Which he ascribes to a Refraction peculiar to this Stone . And to me , it seems probable , That this various Refraction depends upon the structure of the Stone , sc. as it is not one piece absolutely entire , but composed of several Plates ; and those not all in a like manner , but differently contiguous ; so , as in some places , several Plates may make but one Refraction ; in others , two or more . It was dug out of a very high Mountain in Island , one whole side whereof consisteth of this Spar.

TWO PIECES of the same Stone , about two inches and 1/● long , broad , and thick . Thus far of Rhomboid Stones .

The RHOMBICK LEAD-SPAR . Frequently found in the Lead-Mines in Derbyshire , and in others . By some called English Talk . But very improperly . For though it consisteth of several Plates , yet not flexible , but brittle as Glass . Besides , 't is not of a Rhomboid , but Rhombiek Figure , that is , a Diamond-square , or with the Angles unequal , the sides equal . Nor doth Talk feel any Acid , but this with Spirit of Nitre is easily dissolved . It breaks into pieces , which , though never so small , yet retain the same Figure . Being burned , it yieldeth a Lixivial Salt .

A clear FLINT , of the colour of yellow Amber , with Striae on the sides shaped into little Rhombes .

A RHOMB of MUSCOVY-GLASS . This Stone is by most called Selenites . By some Mariae Glacies . By Agricola , and Kentman , Magnetis . By Ambrosinus , a a Aldrov . Mus. Metall . confounded , under the same Name , with Talk . 'T is indeed the nearest of kin to that of any Stone , being insensible of Acids ; and consisting of very thin , perspicuous , glossy , parallel , and flexible Plates . Seldom found figur'd . But when it is , I suppose always , as it is here in this piece , sc. into a Diamond-square , i. e. with unequal Angles , and equal sides ; whereas in a Talk-Crystal , both are unequal . It was taken out of Mount Haemus .

A very white Piece of Muscovy-Glass .

ANOTHER , of a pale Green colour , with a kind of silver gloss , and semiperspicuous .

Another , of the colour of tarnish'd Copper mixed with black .

A lump of Selenites . 'T is immersed in small pieces in a whitish Stone , a little Diaphanous , and so hard as to cut Glass .

This Stone grows in Cyprus , Sicily , Saxony , and many other places ; especially in Muscovy , whence the English Name . Used in Saxony , and other places in Germany , in Windows , instead of Glass . Ambrosinus a a Ubi supra . mentions a Lead-colour'd sort so big , as to make not only Tiles , but Tables .

The BONONIAN-STONE , Prepared and given by Fr. Willughby Esq. 'T is somewhat fissile , and may be here ranked . Now of a greyish colour , and in some places like the Rombick Lead-Spar . No Acid will touch it . It s quality of shining in the Dark , after its being exposed a little while to the Sun , is now lost . See the manner of its preparation in Wormius . Given in Powder , b b Mus. Wormian . or the infusion of it , after calcin'd , is a strong Emetick .

An odd SPAR , Green by day ; by Candle-light of an Amethystine colour . Softer than to cut Glass , yet harder than the common Rhombick Lead-Spar .

A FLORENTINE SLATE . A sort of Saxum fissile . Hereon is naturally represented the PROSPECT of a City , Houses , Churches and Steeples , standing in length . To make them all visible , it must be wetted .

ANOTHER , with the PROSPECT of a TOWN , lying round upon the side of a Hill .

Another with the like PROSPECT ; but shewing it , as at a much greater distance .

Another , with one half of the TOWN on a Rock , the other in a Plain . There are some of this kind in Septalius's Musaeum .

A SALTRAM SLATE . Very like to Efford-slate ( used for Writing , and Mathematick Schemes ) but not all out so good .

An odd SLATE with yellow Mundick in small Grains or Sparks immerced throughout the body of it .

RUMPLEY-STONE . A common blewish Slate , for colour and substance . But excelleth , in that it rises large enough for Building . It may be cleft as thin as you please .

A kind of whitish Slate , mixed with a rusly Iron-colour : plentiful in some Mines .

Some others ; one grey and spotted with tawny . Another , of a brown Purple . A Third , Red. These abound in the High-Ways about the Mines in Cornwall . With these may be placed .

The WAXEN VEIN . Ludus Helmontij . A Stone composed of two distinct Bodies . One , and the far greater , is of a dirty ash-colour : in substance , not unlike the Lime-stone . The other , somewhat harder ; runs through it in several Veins , or rather Plates , as being usually plain , as thick as the back of a slender Knife , and exactly of the colour of yellow Wax ; for which cause I have plac'd it amongst the Plated Stones , and taken leave for the English Name . Both of these two Bodies make an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre , but the ash-colour'd , the greater .

The PIPED WAXEN-VEIN . So I call it , for that the greater ash-colour'd Body inclosed within the yellow Plates , is stuffed top full of small Cylinders and Tubes irregularly placed : most of which seem to be of the same yellowish substance , as the Plates . This Species hath some affinity with the piped Osteocolla above describ'd .

The STARRED WAXEN-VEIN . Given by Sir Rob. Moray . Found in the Isle of Sheapy . On one part of the Stone grows a fair Star , with many Rays , about an inch long , white and glossy : from whence I name it . This Star is of a quite different nature from the Stone on which it grows , as making no ▪ Effervescence with Acids , and in figure agreeing rather with the Pyrites .

A Piece of WAXEN VEIN , with doubled Plates ; in some places , as it were efflorescent with several little protuberances consubstantial .

From the Description of this Stone above given , it appears , that Wormius was mistaken , in reckoning it amongst Flints . This is that , which Paracelsus so much extols for a Lithontriptick . And thus far I believe , that 't is a very good Diuretick ; and may therefore sometimes be very well used for the carrying off of Gravel . But let all that have any Stone too big to be voided , take heed of such Medicines .

PLATED MARBLE . It seems to have been originally a striated Bole. Now a Stone as hard as Marble , composed of Portions , of an inch thick , colour'd , growing parallel , or as it were stratum super stratum ; from whence I have nam'd , and here plac'd it .

Several soft PLATED STONES , found in the same place , and of the same colour and substance , with the Fish-Mould formerly describ'd . One of them , Globular , a little compressed on the two opposite sides : but composed of Plates or Crusts narrowed from the middle of the Stone both ways , so as to make that Figure . A second , Oval , with three Hemispherick knobs appendent ; all plated , as the Globular . A fourth and fifth figur'd almost like a Finger .

THUS FAR of Plated Stones . Next of those which we may call Fibrous . In the former , the Parts are answerable to the leaves in a piece of Past-board . In these to the Bristles in a Brush , or the Threads in a Skeine of Silk .

THRUM-STONE , as I call it . Amianthus Lapis & Asbestinus . It grows in short Threads or Thrums , from about a ¼ of an inch to an inch in length ; parallel , and glossy ; as fine , as those small single Threads the Silk-Worm spins ; and very flexile , like Flax or Tow. Nothing answers it better , than the hard fibrous part of a large Oyster , when 't is stew'd . Here are several pieces , both of White and Green . Of which , the latter hath the longest Threads , and the most flexile .

A piece of AMIANTHUS-ROCK ; in which the Thrums ( about ¼ of an inch in length ) lie in Layers between several Beds of a Green Stone , in some places of a redish brown .

Another , with Veins or Layers between Beds of a blewish colour .

A BASTARD-AMIANTHUS . It grows in Veins in a Claiy and Mundick Load , between Beds of a Greenish Earth . The Threads 1/●d or near ½ an inch long , of a glossy black , and brittle . Given by Mr. Colepress , who observ'd it amongst the Cornish Mines .

The best is found in Cyprus and India . Of late , very good in some Mines in Italy . Of which see the Philos. Transactions . a a Num. 72. It was anciently spun , like Tow , into Sheets ; in which the Bodies of Princes , laid on the Funeral Pile , were wrapped up , to keep them entire , when they were burnt , from the other ashes . These Sheets were made clean , not by washing , but by burning them ; as being insuperable by the fire : from whence the Name of the Stone . The Art , as well as the Use , is thought to be gone . But not so ; for Septalius b b Museum hath or lately had both Thread , Ropes , Paper , and Netted-Works all made hereof ; and some of them with his own hand . Boetius describes c c Lib. de Lap. & Gem. an Oyntment made of this Stone , which he highly commends against the Sore on Childrens Heads , usually called Tinea Puerorum ; and Ulcers in the Legs . It hath no sense of Acids .

The FIBROUS BLOOD-STONE . Haematites . This I take to be that particularly , by Pliny call'd Androdamas . It hath affinity with the Amianthus , not only in being divisible into Fibers ; but in that these Fibers are also somewhat flexile , and of a greenish colour . Yet here , they stand not just parallel , but rather so as to tend towards one point ; like the Styriae in some sorts of Antimony . This Stone is also altogether insensible of Acids . Found in Germany , Bohemia , Silesia ; among the Iron Mines ; of an Iron colour , a dull red , yellow , and sometimes black . Much celebrated against an Haemoptoe . Trallianus prescribes it ground to an impalpable powder , from ℈ j to ℈ iiij for a Dose .

A Piece of SPAUD or TARRAS . Schistus Capillaris ; as I call it . It consisteth of white , glossy , and parallel Fibers . But different from the Amianthus , in that they are very brittle ; nor so easily divided . From the Schistus described by Wormius , a a In sine , Cap. de Amiantho , &c. which is divisible into Plates . And that which Boetius describes , which is yellow . This is pure white , almost like polish'd Silver , and in a thiner piece , semiperspicuous . Being rub'd between ones Fingers , it divides into an infinite number of Hairs , twenty times smaller than the smallest Needle . It stirs not with Acids : and therefore seems neither to be any kind of Gypsum properly so call'd .

Another Piece of the same , from Warwick-shire ▪ Given by Sir John Hoskins .

A Piece of HARD TARRAS , from Stinchcombe in Gloucestershire . Given by the same Hand . 'T is more close and firm than the former , rather like those in Sal Armoniac ; the Fibers not altogether so regularly pild ; nor so white , more resembling the Mother of Green Vitriol .

The same Analogy as is between Talk Muscovy-Glass , and Amianthus : is also between the Rhomboid Spar , the Saxum Fissile , and the Tarras .

CHAP. VI. Of STONES IRREGULAR .

AS GEMS are chiefly distinguished by their Colours , and all other Stones Regular , by their Figures : So these , by the different degrees of Hardness .

EMERY . Smiris . Of a kind of blackish Iron-colour . The hardest of unfigur'd Stones . And is therefore used for the polishing and cutting of all Gems , except the Diamond . For the hollowing of flinty Mortars , together with Sand. a a Mus. Metall . Ald. For the brightening of Armour , and all Metallick Equipage . And for Moulds or Forms for the casting of Medals and other Coins . Yet Mr. Boyle b b Of Gems , p. 160. hath open'd it with a Corrosive Menstruum so far , as to make an infusion of Galls therewith to turn blackish .

A FLINT of the colour of yellow Amber . It alludeth to a Topaz .

A polish'd FLINT , not unlike a Calcedony .

A rough FLINT naturally perforated with several large Cavities running one into another . It seems to be an assay towards an Eagle-Stone , which is commonly a Flint .

Flints are of all colours . Some so clear , that some Jewelers cut and sell them for Bohemick Diamonds . c c Boet. de Gem. They are also used for factitious Gems , with the mixture of Metals , in fusion . For making of Glass . For Mortars for the powdering of the Fragments of Gems . And sometimes added to melted Metals , to keep them , as is supposed , by the Metallists , from spending . d d Ambros. in Aldrov . Mus. Metal .

A BALL of SERPENTINE MARBLE ; called Ophites , from the winding of the Veins . Near four inches in Diametre . Of the noblest sort ; consisting of White , and Red or Murrey Veins , in Black .

ANOTHER MARBLE-BALL , two inches and ½ in Diametre , Veined , and spoted with Red , Sand-colour , and White .

A THIRD , Veined and spoted with Black , Sand-colour'd , and White .

A Ball of ONYCHINE MARBLE , about the same bigness ; on one side Sand-colour'd , on the other Grey . That which is observable is this , That instead of winding Veins , it hath several Circles one within another , as if drawn with a pair of Compasses on a Slate ; or as in the Onyx ; from whence I have nam'd it . The bigest Circle is about an inch and ½ in Diametre .

Two pieces of AEGYPTIAN MARBLE . Consisting of a blackish Ground , as it were inlaid with little Green pieces , most of them of an oblong square Figure .

A Piece of the worst sort of CORNISH MARBLE , used for Lime . A blewish Stone , mixed with some whitish sparry Veins ; and some of a redish-slat , of the colour of Terra Lemnia rubra . Marbles , besides the places mention'd , are found in Italy , Germany , Cappadocia , Hetruria , Numidia , and other parts . The uses are as known , as great .

LAPIS LAZULI , i. e. Blew-Stone ; Lazuli being the Arabick word for a blew colour . Whence also the corrupt Italick , Azure . It consisteth of parts of a full Blew ( usually with some yellow specks ) immersed in a dull Bed , bordering upon the colour of Fullers-Earth . On this here , grow some pieces of Spar , so hard as easily to write in Glass .

Another Piece growing to an ash-colour'd and softish Stone , dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

This Stone is usually found in Gold Mines in Africa and Asia . Of two kinds ; The fixed , which being put in to the fire , keeps its colour ; The Not fixed , also in Germany . a a Boet. de Lap. & G. Hereof are sometimes made Knife-Hafts and Spoons . But especially that most excellent BLEW , called ULTRAMARINE . The manner of preparing it , is very largely and exactly described by Boetius . b b From Cap. 123. to 137. & 141. The powder hereof given to the quantity of ʒss ( or more or less ) is an innocent and useful Cathartick . c c Brassa●olus . It will sometimes work by Vomit . Hath been successfully used in Quartans and Malignant Feavers . And yields a Narcotick Oil. d d Fioravantus .

The Fading BLEW-STONE . Lapis Armenius . This piece consisteth of Blew and Green parts mixed together . And the blew parts themselves , at least , the colour made of them , will in time turn green . 'T is softer than Lazuli , and not insensible of Acids ; and of Oil of Vitriol more , than of Spirit of Nitre .

Another Piece of L. Armenius ; consisting of Blew parts immersed in a hard and redish sand-colour'd Bed , with a Green piece growing to one side . Given by Henry Oldenburge Esq. It grows in Germany , Hungary , and Transylvania . It makes also an excellent Blew , but , as is abovesaid , not holding . The way of making it , see in Boetius . a a Lib. 2. c. 144. Given in Powder , unwashed , to the quantity of ʒj or ℈ iiij , it works by Vomit : washed , to the quantity of ℈ v or ʒij , works by Stool ; highly celebrated by some , not only for its Innocent , and most easie ; but also most effectual Operation , in such Diseases , as are supposed to depend on Melancholy . b b See Trallianus , Guainerius , and others .

The LOADSTONE . Magnes ; from Magnesia , a Country between Thessaly and Macedonia , where , it 's said , it was first found . For the most part of an Iron-colour , tending to Blew , by some called The Male ; if Black , The Female . Here are several both great and small . One weighing about sixty pounds . Given by Dr. Edward Cotton . Dug out of the Ground in Devonshire . Although it takes up no great weight , yet moves a Needle nine feet distant . Some part hereof , which was broken off , being put in its proper place , adds much strength to it . Here are likewise some other great Pieces from the same place .

Part of a LOADSTONE ROCK in Anglesey . Of a rusty Iron-colour , and in some parts of a dirty slat-Blew .

Two Orbicular LOADSTONES ; one of them with an Axis .

TWENTY SEVEN Lesser LOADSTONES : whereof eleven are Arm'd and Coated . They are usually found in Germany , Italy , Misnia , &c. in the Iron-Mines ; and sometimes yield Iron . See the History hereof in Kircher , and Vincent Leodaud , who have published what is said both by our own Country-man Gilbert , and by others .

The admirable and known Properties of this Stone , are , in general , these , That it attracteth Iron ; or any Body , if small , which hath Iron in it . That it hath no perception of any other Body , though never so light . That it maketh the Attraction according to its Poles . And that it Communicateth to Iron both the same attractive power ; and a Verticity to the North-Pole . In which last , lieth its Great use , as applied to Navigation . Although by Observations made from the Variation of the Needle , Time may produce further Discoveries in Astronomy . Those that travail through the vast Deserts of Arabia , have also a Needle and Compass , whereby they direct themselves in their way , as Mariners at Sea . c c Majoli Colloquia .

The power of the Magnet dependeth not on its Bulk ; the smaller , being usually the stronger . Tergazi a a Mus. Septal. mentions one , that would suspend sixty times , and Mr. Boyle , b b Of Effluv . p. 33. another , eighty times , it s own weight . But the best , in time loose very much of their strength ; as these here kept have done : None of them now taking up above ℥ vj ss. Of what they would have done formerly , I find no Register .

Some means have been proposed for preserving the strength of a Loadstone . But there is none mentioned by any Author , that I know of , comparable to That , experimented by Mr. Theodore Haac , Fellow of the Royal Society ; not only for Preserving , but also Recovering , and Encreasing the strength of the Loadstone . For he having One weighing about ℥ iiij ss. arm'd , which would take up sixteen times its own weight : and having laid it by for the space of some years unus'd , found it to have lost ¼th part of its strength , so that it would now take up but about lbiij . And , upon search , meeting with no means effectual to recover it ; considered with himself , That as in Morals , the exercise of Virtue , makes it more generous ; and that Animal Motions , by use , become more vigorous : so it might possibly prove also as to some Properties of Inanimate Bodies . Whereupon , he hung as much at his Stone , as it would bear ; and so left it for the space of some Weeks . Then , returning to it , and applying more weight to the former , it very easily held the same . And repeating the addition of more weight , at several periods in the space of about two years ; he at last found , That his Stone had not only recovered its former strength , but encreas'd it ; for whereas before he had never known it to take up more than sixteen , it would now take up twenty times its own weight . And he is now continuing the Experiment , to see how far it will go further .

A GRITTY-STONE , from the Forrest of Dean ; with which they there make the insides of their Iron Furnaces ; wherein their fire is so vehement , that it either breaks or melts down any other Material . The Grains of the Stone must therefore be insuperable ; yet not so united , but that it is somewhat soft and crumbly : of a dirty colour , near that of Fullers-Earth . Given by Sir John Hoskins .

ANOTHER , from the same Hand , more gritty , harder , and of a brown colour .

A Stone like a pure white Pebble , to which another lesser of the same colour , by mediation of a clean Red , and also stony Cement , is affixed . Hard , yet dissoluble with Acids .

A little Red Oval Stone , on one side obliquely furrow'd ; on the other , pounced , and stained with a stony Blot . This also is hard , yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre .

A piece of Soft ALABASTER . Alabastrites . 'T is white and crumbly , an infinite congeries of Chrystalline or shining Grains , no bigger than fine sands . It grows in Warwick-shire . And is like to that which comes from Holland . Given by Sir John Hoskins .

Another piece , from Shepston near the Seaside .

Another piece of a YELLOW colour , almost like to that of expressed Oil of Mace . It hath some of a blewish Clay upon it ; but might rather casually fall into such a Bed , than be bred therein .

A FOURTH , of VARIOUS colours , in spots , sc. White , Yellow , Red , Leaden , Brown , and Black , mixed together .

A FIFTH ( in a Frame ) consisting of Ash-colour , Black , and Tawny , mixed in Spots and Veins .

'T is found also in Caramania , India , and other places . It hath been more used than now for the preserving of some more precious Oyntments . But why , rather than Glass or Glased Vessels , I know not , unless for shew . A Scruple hereof given in Milk , is affirmed by Boetius a a De Gem. & Lap. lib. 2. c. 270. to be a certain Cure of a Dysentery . Yet I would have no man to trust to this , who may have other Remedies .

BASTARD-ALABASTER , spoted . Gypsum variegatum . Here are Examples of several Colours . One Black , with white spots . Another , consisting of parts some Black , and some of a pale Green . A Third , of a dark Green , mixed with White and Red Veins and Spots . A Fourth , consisting of White , Brown , and Yellow . A Fifth , of White , Red , and Yellow . A Sixth ( in a Frame ) of Ash-colour , Citrine , Red , Black , and pellucid Spots . A Seventh , of White , Green , and a dark Purple . All these Stones make a strong Effervescence with Nitrous Spirits . They are found in Misnia , Burgundy , &c. Of these lightly burnt , is made that which is properly called Gypsum . And Statues of any desirable bigness , yet very light .

A LIME-STONE ( Saxum Calcarium ) having greenish Veins mixed with a silver gloss . This being burnt , is that commonly called Quick-Lime . Pliny mentions a mixture of Quick-Lime and Hogs-Grease , usually call'd Maltha : whence our English word Mortar . 'T is also used for the Trying of Ores . a a See Agricola . Boetius describes an Aqua Calcis , mixed with Sal Armoniac , as an admirable Remedy for Burns , Fistulas , Cancers , and Spots in the Eyes ; he adds , and Spots in Cotton-Cloaths . b b De Lap. & G. lib. 2. c. 293.

FLAKED DROPSTONE . Stalactites Laminatus . Found in the top of the Hills near Wooten Underridge in Gloucestershire . In Aldrovandus c c Musaeum Metallic . are several of these called Succi Concreti .

ANOTHER , digged from under the Root of a Tree in Cre-Forrest . Given by Dr. Edward Brown .

A SPONGY DROPSTONE , of an ash-colour , as the rest .

A piece or two of small Dropstones sent from Pendennis-Castle : said to to have had a strong scent ; but now hath none .

Yellow GREAT-GLIST . Ammochrysos , Boetio . So call'd , for that it consists of a great number of glossy sparks almost of the colour of Gold , immersed in a gritty Bed . And by Wormius and others therefore called Mica .

White GREAT-GLIST . Ammargyros , as I call it , the sparks in this being of a bright silver-colour .

Kentman d d Fossil . Nomencl . ranketh both these with Muscovy-Glass . And 't is plain , That the said sparks are flaky , and flexible , as that Stone : and is therefore either the same broken to small pieces , in digging for it ; or , at least , an assay of Nature towards it . But surely no Metallick Body , as Wormius supposeth it ; unless he means , that 't is sometimes found in Metallick Mines .

A Red DAZE , or small GLIST , from Cornwall . It differs from the Mica , chiefly , in the smallness of the sparks . For they seem to me , to be altogether of the same nature .

A Brown DAZE ( from the same place ) with an angular Vein of yellow Daze in it ; and both mixed with very small sparks of a yellowish Spar. Of kin to these , seems to be .

A piece of Gold-colour'd Stone , from a Vein of the same , found in digging a Trench in New England .

SOAP-STONE : Steatites . Given by Dr. Richard Lower . Taken from a Rock of the same in Cornwall . Somewhat different from that described by Boetius . Consisting of parts white , red , purple , and green mixed together , as in Castile-Soap ; and seeming , like hard Suet , greasie to the touch : whence the reason of both the Names . Yet is it not at all dissoluble either in Oil or Water . Nor in any indifferent Fire ; by which it only becomes somewhat harder and whiter . It seems to me to be much of the nature ( for substance ) of the Lap. Amianthus ; and that it is the Mother of it .

A softish Dirt-colour'd STONE ( Saxi Limosi Species ) from Staffordshire . Of which those Pots are there made , wherein they melt their Glass .

The Red CAULE ( a Stone so call'd about the Tin Mines in Cornwall ) beaten to powder , and made up into a Ball with water . Of a faint red like that of a wither'd Pink. Another of a purplish Brown , with black shining sparks .

A base Slate , i. e. neither of one colour , nor good Grain .

An ash-colour'd PUMIS STONE . There are also whitish ones ; and some Black , as in Sicily . Where , and at Vesuvius , amongst other places , they are frequently found . The smoothest are , or heretofore were , used by the Germans to rub the skin , in their Baths . a a Boet. de Gem. & L.

A CYNDER from Mount Aetna ; of a blackish colour , homogeneous substance , and something metallick . Quite through full of great Bubles . 'T is ground to a long Oval Figure .

ANOTHER , much more dense , and ponderous like Iron Ore . Given by Sigr. Boccone .

A THIRD , in some part vitrify'd . Of the Burning and Eruptions of this Mountain we have a copious History given us by J. Alph. Borelli .

A Vitrify'd CYNDER , taken out of the Ruines of this City by the late general Fire , and kept as a Memorial of it .

SECT. II. Of METALS .

CHAP. I. Of GOLD , SILVER , and COPPER .

GOLD ORE of HERNGRUNT , holding Silver . Given by Dr. Edward Brown . It consisteth of sparks of a shining Gold-colour , together with some Black ones , alternately immersed in a white and pretty hard Stone .

GOLD ORE of Chremnitz . Given by the same Hand . Here are several pieces . One white , and semiperspicuous . Another , blackish , not much unlike some Flints . The others , mixed of both . All so hard , as to write upon Glass . Yet Spirit of Nitre droped on them , in a little while , will sink into them , almost as Water into a Bolus . Which perhaps may depend upon some invisible Cracks in the Ore .

That with black spots in white , is accounted the best . a a Dr. Brown's Travails , p. 99. In an 100 l. weight of Ore , is contained about ℥ j of Gold , holding one third part of Silver . b b P. 103. In this Mine , sometimes are found pieces of pure c c Ib. p. 99. Virgin-Gold . This , by some , is called Aurum Obryzum : qu. Ophrisum , like that of Ophir . Of several particulars of the Working here , and of separating the Gold from the Ore , with the Engines , &c. See the forementioned Doctors Travails .

GOLDEN SAND , from the River Tagus . 'T is very fine , and ponderous ; consisting of Grains of a redish Iron colour mixed with black .

A lump of pure GOLD of the bigness of a Peas , melted out of the forementioned sand .

GRAIN GOLD , or Golden Sand from the River Danuby . Given by John Bembde Esq taken thence with his own hand . Very fine as the former . Consisting mostly of black Grains , wherewith are mixed some of a pure Gold colour ; in the proportion of about one to twenty .

SAND out of a River near Conimbria , in which there are some few sparks of GOLD . Together with a Knob of Gold fus'd out of it . Given by Sir Robert Southwell .

Gold hath the least variety of regular figure , in the Ore , of any Metal . Because , more solid , and therefore , less wanton , than the rest . 'T is a rare Specimen , mention'd by Georgius de Sepibus , a a Mus. Roman . which he calls Aurum Ramescens . The Ductility of Gold is admirable : one Grain , in Leaves , is extended to above fifty inches square : and one ounce employ'd in gilding small Hair-Wyre , will be extended to almost an 100 miles in length ; as Mr. Boyle hath observ'd . b b Of Effluv . p. 13. & 14.

The Uses of Gold for Vessels , Coins , Armour , Garments , &c. are infinite . The Luxury of Galienus the Emperour , taught him to powder his Hair with the Dust of Gold . Some Painters , saith Ambrosinus , c c Aldrov . Mus. Met. hang plated Gold over Vinegar , whereby is produced a pure Blew ( as Ceruss out of Lead ) which they prefer before the Ultramarine . Of the Art of Refining , see the Phil. Transactions , d d N. 142. Communicated by Dr. Christ . Merret .

Chymically manag'd , it is reduced to several forms , called Aurum Potabile , Aurum fulminaus , A. Vitae ; as also , Auri Calx , Crocus , Sal , Sulphur , Tinctura , Oleum , Vitriolum , Flos : of which see Libavius , Crollius , Schroder , and others . One principal use of Gold in Medicine is , for the Correction of Mercurial Medicines . The original use of Leaf-Gold in Electuaries , and divers other Preparations , was not only for better grace , but from the opinion of its adding Virtue to them . And Plates of Gold , anciently , have been us'd , especially for Children , as an Amulet . Which I take to be the true reason , why the Kings of England hang a piece of Gold upon those they Touch.

Pure SILVER , naturally BRAINCHED in the Mine . From a Silver-Mine in Suecia . Some of the Branches are blackish being tarnished ; the rest of a clear silver colour . Some pieces of a white Spar , dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre , stick to them .

A piece of CAPILLARY SILVER , or with smaller Branches , also from the Mine : whith a kind of white Rhombick Spar growing to it . Ferranti Imperato & Aldrovandus , e e Mus. Met. both give an Example of this kind .

PLATED-SILVER from the Mine . Argentum nativum Bracteatum . It lies in thin Plates , of a clear silver colour , between the Flakes , or in the Grain of a hard white Stone ; as the yellow Plates in the Ludus Helmontij , described in the former Section . The several Plates are curiously wrought with Striae , which obliquely decussate each other , and make their Impression all along upon the Stone . This Stone is insensible of Acids . In some places , the Silver also lies crude in a black Ore .

Pure Native SILVER , FLAKED , or as it were the Plated broken into several thin pieces ; lying also in the Grain of a white Spar , but dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

Thick PLATED SILVER from the Mine ; with a mixture also of Crude Silver Ore ; both in a white Stone dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre .

WHITE SILVER ORE , or of a silver-colour , from Cremnitz in Hungary . There are also some parts of Black Ore mixed with it . And some Cinnabar ; partly of a Scarlet or Vermilion colour , and partly of the Lapis Haematites . Given by Dr. Edward Brown .

Another piece of WHITE SILVER ORE , growing in a white Stone , having a blackish cast in some places , with the hardness of a Gem.

YELLOW SILVER ORE , or near the colour of Gold , from Kottenberge in Bohemia . 'T is granulated in a hard white Stone . In some parts , also blackish .

ANOTHER Piece , rather of the colour of Copper , from the same place . It grows in a hard , black and white Stone .

BLEW SILVER ORE , from the Silver-Mine of Berre Ferris . Not Granulated , but Flaked . In some positions especially , of a curious blew , like that of Cichory-Flowers , or some blew Glass , but much fairer . Some yellow Mundick also , with a piece of Green Spar , grow to it on one side .

PURPLE SILVER ORE , with Cinnabar .

GREEN SILVER ORE , The colour is somewhat obscure , but lies not only in the surface , but inward parts of the Ore . Here are growing to it some of the Lapis Armenius , and yellow Okre .

BLACK SILVER ORE , for the most part Granulated ; from the Silver-Mine at Schemnitz . Given by Dr. Edward Brown . This sort is the best . An 100 l. of Schemnitz Ore yields from an Ounce of Silver to twenty Ounces . Some hath been found to yield half Silver . a a Dr. Brown's Travails , p. 91. Most of it holds some Gold ; the best 1/●th part in proportion to the Silver . b b Ibid. p. 93.

GROGUNNION ORE ; also Black , and Granulated . It holds fifty lib. ( sterling ) per Tun.

CUMBSIMLOCK ORE , Black , and most of it Granulated , immersed in a blackish Stone , dispersed throughout It holds twenty eight lib. sterling per Tun. This , and some other Welsh Ores , given by Sir Rob. Moray .

COGINNIAN ORE , holding fifteen lib. sterl. per Tun. It runs in Veins or Layers , rather Grained than Flaked , together with yellow Mundick , between two sorts of Beds ; one of whitish Clay , the other of brown Stone .

A BLACK and FLAKED SILVER ORE , with some pieces of the Lapis Haematites growing to it .

ANOTHER Piece FLAKED , from the Forrest of Ore , not far from St. Veit in Carinthia . With some adhering Cinnabar of a brown Purple . Given by Dr. Edward Brown .

BLACK FLAKED S. Ore from Freyberge in Misnia . Here are two pieces : one simple ; the other , mixed with white Ore and Cinnabar .

The SCORIUM of the FREYBERGICK S. Ore . Porous , of a blackish glossy colour , and brittle : qu. Vitrum Argenti .

B. FLAKED S. Ore from Kottenberge .

B. FLAKED S. Ore from Cummustwith Rock . It runs in Veins , through a blewish Grey Stone , together with a white , hard , and granulated Spar. 'T is also immersed in Grain , in the Grey Stone . Both the Stones are so hard as to cut Glass .

CUMSUMLOCK ORE , holding twenty li. sterl. per Tun. 'T is much like to that of Cummustwith .

ANOTHER like Ore from CORNWALL . Given , with several others , by Sam. Colepress Esq. It grows together with Mundick and green and yellow Spar.

Black and small FLAKED S. Ore , from the same place . 'T is immersed in a Slate , with yellow Mundick .

A Piece of Bl. FLAKED S. Ore growing to a very hard Spar , white within , and redish without , and incrustated with sparry Grains , not much bigger than Poppy-seeds .

Another Piece , with Red Cinnabar growing to it .

A large Piece of SILVER ORE , with MUNDICK ; running between Beds of White , Yellow , and Green Spar. The White , so hard as to cut Glass : The other two , soft . The Ore runs in a Vein obliquely , so as to make an Angle . By which , the Underlying or Dipping of a Load , may be well conceiv'd .

The Preparations of Silver , are made in most of those Forms , as of Gold , and described by the same Authors before mention'd . Goldsmiths sometimes give a silver-wash to Copper , with that which is called Oleum Lunae . Soder ( from the Italick , Saldatura ) of Gold is made of Silver , and half as much Brass . Painters make a pure Blew hereof with Sal Armoniac . a a Ambros. in Aldrov . Mus. Metal . Of the Silver-Mines in Mexico , and the way of separating the Silver from the Ore , see the Phil. Transactions . b b Num. 41. And of the Art of Refining , Num. 142.

Pure CAPILLARY COPPER from the Mine at Herngrunt . Given by Dr. Ed. Brown . 'T is very ponderous , the several Styriae or Capillary parts but short , of a redish Golden colour , growing together almost like those of the little Stone-Moss .

Another Piece of the same Species .

Pure GRANULATED COPPER , from the Mine . Of a redish colour , mixed with a sad purple , and some green . Grows to a Stone , outwardly of a Liver-colour , within Whitish ; not very hard . This sort of Native Copper , by Chiocco , is call'd Aeris Flos verus . c c Mus. Calceol .

An Iron-Chain and Heart , at least , cover'd with a Crust of pure GRANULATED COPPER ; by lying in one of the two Springs in the Copper-Mine call'd the Ziment in Hungary . Given with the next by Dr. Edward Brown .

Pure Native COPPER , both CAPILLARY , and GRANULATED , in one piece . The Capillary part , above two inches broad ; and surrounded , like a Wood , by the other . Aldrovandus d d Mus. Metallicum . hath a sort that is pointed , or at least angular ; which Ambrosinus calls Aes nativum figurae pangoniae .

BULLATED COPPER , Native , or from the Mine . Given by Sir Rob. Moray . 'T is pure and of the colour of the best concocted . Whether this piece was not fluxed by some subterraneal fire may be question'd . Of the rest , 't is plain to the contrary .

Pure MASSY COPPER from the Mine . Given by the same Hand . It grows to a white and semiperspicuous Spar , which cuts Glass easily , and deep .

YELLOW COPPER-ORE , from the Mine at Herngrunt . Given by Dr. E. Brown . 'T is of a redish yellow , mixed with some sparks of the colour of Gold , both without and within . It yields ordinarily , ●th part Copper : sometimes ⅕ ths or above half . See his Travails . a a P. 108.

Another piece of YELLOW COPPER ORE . Given by Mr. Oldenburg . 'T is immersed in small sparks in a brown Stone ; to which adhere some very green Flakes of the nature of the Turcois .

BLACK COPPER ORE , holding SILVER . There are some Grains of a dark Purple mixed with it . Given by Dr. Brown .

Another Piece , with some efflorescence of white Vitriol upon it ; perceived especially by the Tast.

A Third piece , with natural Verdegriece .

BLACK COPPER ORE , immersed in a Blackish Stone , which is flaked somewhat like Lead-Ore ; probably a courser sort of Cinnabar . Given by Sir Rob. Moray .

Of Copper , with the addition of Calamy , is made Brass with increase , in the proportion of ● ᵈ or more , according to the Stone , and manner of operation . Of the making of Brass , see Agricola .

Of Copper are prepared , the Calx , Crocus , Quintescens , Tincture , Oil , Vitriol and Flowers . Some of them much , and well used outwardly against ill natur'd Ulcers . And also justly to be reckon'd among the best Remedies for the Eyes . That the Labourers in the Copper-Mines , have them always good , in an observation of Macrobius .

CHAP. II. Of TIN , LEAD , and IRON .

A Piece of pure TIN , refined in the Furnace .

Pure TIN , Native , or from the Mine . It lies as it were in bright drops in a brown Stone .

CRUDE TIN powder'd , consisting of shining black and Iron-colour'd Grains .

TIN-ORE , holding Silver .

FAT TIN LOAD , of a great Grain , in a blewish Clay . 'T is a Cluster of Crystals like black Glass .

Another piece also very FAT , but smaller Grain'd ; consisting rather of sparks .

A SHOAD , a FAT TIN-Stone so call'd ; of an Iron colour , with some gloss where it is broken . Very ponderous .

A sort of TIN ORE , with its Grewt . That is , a Congeries of Crystals or Sparks of Spar of the bigness of Bay-Salt , and of a brown shining colour , immersed therein . They are so hard , as to cut Glass .

TIN ORE , consisting of extream small black Sparks or Grains , immersed in a green and yellow Grit .

TIN ORE , of an Okre colour , with a mixture of black shining Sparks .

A Specimen of GRAIN-TIN ORE of several colours ; sc. blackish , brownish , purplish , redish , and yellow . So good , that they need little or no preparation , by stamping or dressing for blowing : neither is there any considerable wast in the melting .

A SLAG , remaining in the bottom of the Tin-Floate . Sent by Mr. Colepress . Of a bright colour next to Silver . Yet contains ( saith he , mostly ) Iron ; which he accidentally perceiv'd , by applying the Magnet to it , both quickly uniting . But note , that now , at least , they will not , unless you take small Sparks only , and these will leap up to it . He also saith , That one Dr. Stall a German Chymist , affirmed , the Dutchmen make good spelter of it .

SCUM taken from melted TIN. Of a blackish brown , with some sparks of Metal . It seems near as heavy as the pure Tin it self .

CHIMNEY-TIN , forced up from the Herd . 'T is black shining and heavy ; almost like very fine black sand .

A Metalline Slat from the Tin-Mines .

See a large Account of the Tin-Mines of Cornwall and Devonshire , in the Phil , Transactions ; a a Num. 69 communicated by a Person much conversant among them . As also another accurate one particularly of those in Cornwall ; communicated by Dr. Christepher Menet , and by Me published in the said Transactions . b b Num.

Tin is mixed with Copper , in the making of Metal for Bells , Organ-Pipes , &c. the proportion of Tin to Copper , as two to seven , or thereabout . If under , it will be too soft ; if over , too brittle . The Metal used for Concaves and Speculums , is likewise a Mixture of Tin and Copper . Of Tin , with Lead , and the Marchasite of Antimony of each ●th part , is made one sort of Printing Letters . Of this Metal is made that sort of Ceruss , called Spanish White ; one of the best , used either by Painters , or by Women . Stannum ustum , the best preservative of the polish of Metallick Concaves , and the like . Riverius c c Observ. Cent. 4. Obs. 56. highly commends his Bezoardicum Jovis against Malignant Feavers . A Mixture against the Bitings of Mad Dogs , consisting chiefly of Mithridate and the Filings of Tin , is much used and relied upon by some Huntsmen .

CRYSTALLINE LEAD , from the Mine . So I call it , not that it is clear , but consisteth for the most part of Hexagonal Points . Of the bigness of a midling Apple .

LEAD ORE , rich in SILVER . Given by Sir R. Moray . 'T is of the usual colour , but mixed with white Spar , so hard as to cut Glass . And I suppose , that most Lead Ores with such a Spar , have Silver in them .

LEAD ORE holding SILVER , and growing together with Iron Ore .

LEAD ORE , probably also holding Silver . It lies in a whitish Spar , which is not so flaky as is usual , and will cut Glass .

LEAD ORE holding SILVER , with a large Crystalline Spar consisting chiefly of Hexagonal Points , and of the colour of a Calcedony . Ferrant . Imperato hath one which he entitles Ingemmamento di Piombo ; and seems to be like this .

SPARKS of LEAD ORE in the Caulk . One of the Sparks is branched almost like a small Leafe . The Stone or Caulk is a Congeries of white Crystals of Spar laid cross every way . They will cut Glass .

A large piece of LEAD ORE , flaky , and lying in spots in a white perspicuous , flaked , and soft Spar.

Some other pieces of Lead Ore , English .

LEAD ORE , from Freiungen , called WEISSER FLIES . It consisteth of a soft and friable Spar , of a pale colour , near that of the Diaphanous natural Sulphur ; together with a redish substance intermixt .

LEAD ORE , from the same place , called Schlich . 'T is a fine grey Sand , like that used for Writings : with some few black Grains ; which is , I suppose , the true Ore .

A large piece of LITHARGE ( of Silver . )

See a large and accurate Account of the Mendip Lead Mines in the Phil. Transactions ; a a Num. 28. & 39. communicated by Dr. Jos. Glanvile .

Lead ( besides the uses commonly known ) is also employed for the Refining of Gold and Silver by the Cupel . Hereof is made common Ceruss with Vinegar . The way briefly , yet perspicuously set down by Theophrastus . b b Lib. de Lap. Of Ceruss , Red Lead . Of Plumbum ustum , the best yellow Ochre . Of Lead and ½ as much Tin , Solder for Lead . Hereof are also made the like Chymical Preparations , as of other Metals , as the Oil , Tincture , Salt , &c. Some of which , many bold Chymists , without Discretion , give inwardly , and also extol them . But those that are careful of their Health , will beware of them . I do not deny , but that 't is possible this Metal , as well as Mercury , may be so order'd and given , as to be innoxious .

BRUSH-IRON , Native or from the Mine . It consisteth of strait , round , long Styriae , about the thickness of a small Kniting-Pin , bolt upright , like the Bristles of a stiff Brush , or the Teeth of a Wooll-Comb . They grow on a double-Bed , the uppermost of an Iron-colour , the undermost of a dark yellowish red .

BRUSH ORE ; From Doward in Herefordshire . Given by Sir John Hoskins . A rich sort . It consisteth also of strait and almost parallel Styriae , most of them as thick as a strong Kniting-Pin ; incrustated with very small Grains of Spar , of the colour and bigness of the Corns of Bay-Salt , but very soft .

MIXED BRUSH ORE ; from Clower-Wall in the Forrest of Dean . By the same Hand . It consisteth of several Piles of round and parallel Styriae , and Layers of unfigur'd Ore , a Pile of the one , and a Layer of the other , cross-ways ; seven or eight in this piece , within the extent of betwixt four and five inches .

A piece of IRON ORE , from Doward , of kin to the former . By the same Hand . 'T is rich , yet hath only some few Styriae .

ANOTHER piece , from the same place , and by the same Hand . In this the Styriae , or figur'd pieces , are flat , and irregularly cluster'd . Aldrovandus a a Mus. Metall . gives the figure of an Iron Spar ( Ore ) ramify'd .

A piece of RICH IRON ORE , from a Hill of the same in Wiltshire , upon which is scituate a Village called Seen or Send , about nine miles from the Bath . Given by J. Aubrey Esq. Who saith , It is so good , that the Smith there can make that which he takes up in the street , to melt in his Forge ; which that in the Forrest of Dean will not do .

The same Person observing there was great abundance of it , conjectur'd , it might Impregnate some Neighbouring Spring . And upon trial , found one , amongst others , in the middle of the street very strong , beyond that of Tunbridge . For upon the affusion of a Tincture of Galls , it immediately became as black as Ink. The Village is well built , and standing so near the Bath , may be very convenient for those who drink Chalybiate Waters , either before or after they go thither . Mention also is made of this place by Dr. Christopher Merret . b b I think in his Pinax :

MIXED IRON ORE , from Doward in Herefordshire . Given by Sir John Hoskins . It consisteth of four or five substances . The best part , both brown and red , or brick-colour'd . Wherewith is mixed a white and soft spar. With a blackish , shining , and crumbly Body , knobed on the top , after the manner of the Turcois .

Ordinary IRON ORE , from Clower-Wall . By the same Hand . Almost of a Brick-colour , or that of the Colcothar of Vitriol .

IRON BALLS , about the bigness of Musquet Bullets . Made by the rowling of Iron-Sand off the Banks among the Iron-Mines near Senneck , especially after rain .

TWO BONES , ( part of a Mans Foot ) turn'd into Iron-Stone .

A Piece of Drop-Stone turn'd to Iron .

An IRON ORE rising near the Silver-Mines ( in Wales . ) In some parts of a brown Cinnabar-colour , and mixed with Slate . The Loadstone takes up little Corns of it no bigger than Sand.

An odd IRON ORE , scarce fixable . In a white Spar , almost like a Calcedony , hard enough to cut Glass .

A sort of BLACK CAULE , holding IRON . Yet so little , that the Loadstone will not take up any part of it , bigger than Pins head . It hath a black , shining , and very cross Grain ; with white Spar interspers'd , which cuts Glass .

Another IRON-SPAR , consisting of little white and umber-colour'd Columns , laid together cross-ways .

An IRON BODY , that rubs away in glossy Dust ; with part of its Wall , ( a brown Spar ) in which it lay inclos'd .

A Piece of the OLD CYNDER , which now they use as a Flux for the Iron Ore ; somewhat bubly . From the Iron-Mines in Monmouth .

Another , from the Forrest of Dean , by Sir John Hoskins . 'T is run into Styriae , somewhat like those of Ice , brittle , ponderous , opacous , glossy , and of the colour of the coursest sort of Crocus Metallorum .

A Vitrify'd Cynder , of no use ; like a piece of course green Glass .

An IRON STONE , with a Spar , on one side , consisting of pellucid squares ; on the other , of white flakes set cross-ways , almost at right Angles one against another .

A Piece of RUSMA or crude Zernick , almost of the colour of Crocus Metallorum , or some sorts of the Haematites . Given by Mr. Lannoy , a Consul at Smyrna .

See a very good Account of the Iron-Mines , and Iron-Works in the Forrest of Dean . Communicated by Henry Powle Esq and by Me published in the Philosoph . Transactions . a a Num. 137. Some of the ways of giving a due Temper to Iron , according to the use made of it , are set down by Ambrosinus . b b Aldrov . Mus. Metall . For one Temper is requir'd for drawing it into Wyre ; another , for a File ; another , for a Chisel ; another , for a Sword ; another , for the Edge of a Sword in particular ; and the like . For the hardening of Iron for Files ; one of the Kings Farriers , upon my enquiry , commendeth this following way .

Take Horse Hoofs or Rams Horns , and hang them over the fire till they drop like Glew . Take also pieces of Leather , and burn them black . Powder them both , and put to them stale Urine , and Bay-Salt . Let them stand together ; the longer the better : at three or seven years end it will be excellent . Case the Iron with this Mixture , and give it a strong heat , sufficient to fuse the Mixture , for three hours ; and then cool it . The surface of this Iron will be as hard as the hardest Steel , and will make excellent Files : but the hardening reaches not to the heart of the Iron .

Of Rusma ( a brown and light Iron substance ) with ½ as much Quick Lime steeped together in Water , the Turkish Women make their Psilothron , to take off their Hair wheresover they please . There are many Medicinal Preparations of Iron or Steel : But none , that I know of , equal to the Tincture made without Acids ; especially in Obstructions , and to strengthen the Tone of the parts , as in Lienterick , and other like Cases . Against all outward and inward Haemorrhages , Quercetan highly extols his Oleum Martis . A Tincture o Steel made with White Wine , saith Ambrosinus , c c Androv . Mus. Met. is a strong Cathartick . What he means , I know not . Perhaps he might find some such effect upon himself , from that , as one I know in this City , doth from Mithridate , which commonly gives him a Stool extraordinary . And another , upon whom Marmalad hath the like effect .

CHAP. III. Of ANTIMONY , MERCURY , and other METALLICK BODIES .

STYRIATED ANTIMONY , from the Gold Mines of Chremnitz . Given by Dr. E. Brown . The Styriae , in this , are very fair , many of them as thick as in that which is factitious .

STYRIATED ANTIMONY , also Native , from Cornwall ; called ROSCARROCKS . A Congeries of strait , long , slender , and edged Styriae , of a bright Steel-colour , almost like a cluster of small broken Needles . Aldrovandus a a Mus. Met. hath a sort of native Antimony , which Ambrosinus calls Plumosum .

GRAINED ANTIMONY , or rather Antimonial Ore , from Hungary . Given by Mr. Oldenburge . It looks like black grained Silver Ore . Immersed in a Stone , although of a scurvy opacous and sandy colour , yet so hard as to cut Glass .

ANTIMONIAL ORE from Transylvania . Given by Dr. E. Brown . It grows in a soft Bed , almost like Lead Ore .

ANTIMONIAL ORE , holding Iron , from Cornwall . Almost of the colour of Amber : yet with a Grain somewhat glossy and very cross .

A Metallick ( probably an ANTIMONIAL ) Cornish Stone , black , hard , and ponderous . It consisteth of a great many Clusters of short glossy Styriae , radiated almost as in the Belemnites . But because irregularly broken and heaped together , but difficulty observ'd .

Antimony is of excellent use for the Refining of Gold : see an accurate Process , communicated by Dr. Jonathan Godard , and by Me published in the Philosph . Transactions . b b Num. An ●th part in proportion to the Copper , is by some added with the Tin , for the best Metallick Speculums . Founders add a little to their Bell-Metal , to make it more sonorous . And so Pewterers , to their Pewter , to make it sound more clear like Silver . 'T is also used in the casting of Iron Bullets , to make the Metal run the better . The Spanish Women rub their Eye-brows with it , to give them an acceptable Black . a a Ambrosinus , and others .

The Cathartick Property of Antimony , was first taken notice of by Paracelsus . And several Preparations hereof both Cathartick , and Diaphoretick , are now much celebrated . Of the Virtue of it also taken Crude , see the Phil. Transact . b b N. 39. The Red Oil , called Stibij Sanguis , admirable in Malignant Ulcers . c c Wicker .

MERCURIAL ORE . Given by Mr. Oldenburge . 'T is all of one colour , much like that of the Hepatick Cinnabar , Dr. Popes account of the Mines . but somewhat sadder . In the West-Indies , all their silver is refined , or else melted down with Quick-silver . e e Kirch . Hist. Ind. l. 4. c. 3. A Past made hereof with Gold , is sometimes used for gilding of Brass Vessels ; which being daub'd with the same , and held to the fire , the Gold adheres , and the Mercury exhales . With this the Tin-Foile is made to stick close to the backsides of Looking-Glasses . Of Sublimate , Ceruss , Juyce of Limons , and Rose-water , mixed like an Oyntment ; is made That Paint , which is both the best and the worst in the World .

In Medicine , the great use of Mercury is in the Lues Venerea ; sometimes in the Cholick and Iliac Passion ; and for Wormes , especially those small ones , called Ascarides ; against which , if duly prepar'd , there is no Medicine so effectual , or more safe . Being prepar'd , and mixed with convenient Catharticks , 't is also very properly us'd in divers Chronick Diseases .

A rich piece of Native CINNABAR , from Carinthia . It weighs above ℥ ij and ʒij , and is entirely of a Scarlet colour .

Another Piece of CINNABAR , of a Scarlet-colour , from Tyrol .

A Piece of Native CINNABAR , of a purple colour , almost like that of fine Lake . Given by Mr. Oldenburge .

A piece of BLACK CINNABAR . Given by Dr. Walter Pope . Hard and ponderous , about as big as a Lambs Heart . Where it breaks , of a shining black .

Another piece , of a shining Black , mixed with a sad Purple . By the same Hand .

The best Cinnabar in the Schemnitz Mines , ground with Oil , makes a Vermillion , equal to , if not surpassing , that made by sublimation . a a Dr. Brown's Trav. p. 91.

YELLOW MUNDICK . Marchasita . Pyrites Aureus ; not for that it hath any Gold in it , but is both within , and without , of a shining Metallick yellow . As heavy , as most Ores . Here are of various Figures ; as

The ORBICULAR MARCHASITE ; tuberated , about the bigness of Hand-Ball .

Another , lesser , and a little compressed .

The GRAP-MARCHASITE . March . Botryidea . It consisteth of small Globules growing together in the form of a young Bunch of Grapes . There is one like this in Ferr. Imperato .

The APPLE MARCHASITE , as it may be call'd . 'T is round , excepting on one side , where it falls in , and hath a stalk , like a young Apple .

The FLORID MARCHASITE . So I name it . For it looks like a Cluster of Buds ready to flower .

The YELLOW BUD . Marchasita Phylloidea . For it looks like a single Bud composed of several small leaves .

Part of a CYLINDRICK MARCHASITE , radiated from a Vitriolick Pith or Centre .

The TABULATED MARCHASITE . Broad and plain , or flat like a Tablet . Consisting of flaked and small Cubick knobs , growing on a rough Stone .

Another , only Flaked , growing to a blackish Stone .

A Third flaked , but of an irregular form .

The GRANULATED MARCHASITE . It grows on a brown Stone , in a Crust of about ●/●th of an inch thick , with the surface all over grained . This kind is found near Hindon in Middlesex .

Not only the greater Flakes of which the other Varieties consist , but even the smallest and almost invisible Grains , are all either Squares , or at least pointed with Right Angles . Whereas the Pyrites , simply so call'd , is always Radiated . Which , and not the colour , according to others , I take to be the principal difference between them .

The CUBICK Marchasite , about 1/●d of an inch square . The Marchasite seems to attain the perfection of its Figure , in a Cube ; that is , a Square upon a Square . But sometimes it consisteth of parts neither Cubick nor Square ; as in

The PENTAGONATE Marchasite . About the bigness of a little Gall ; somewhat round , defined with several sides , each with five Angles .

A Tuberated Marchasite with a Green Spar.

A MARCHASITE growing to its own Spar , together with a white one pointed and semiperspicuous .

A Mixed MARCHASITE . It consisteth of yellow pieces partly cubick , and partly flaked : with Lead-Ore holding Silver growing to it on one side ; on the other , several sets of ash-colour'd Flakes growing together in the form of little Roses .

As all Metals , so Marchasites have their SPARS , called Fluores . Both because they melt in the fire ; and make the Ores to which they belong , to melt the better . The reason whereof is , For that in all Spars , there is a certain Salt which lies more loose and open , and which in mixing with the Ore , frets and tears it all to pieces .

A Piece of WHITE MUNDICK .

WHITE MUNDICK ORE , immersed in Grains in an ash-colour'd Stone .

GREEN MUNDICK , or Mundick Ore , running in Veins in white Clay .

A large sphaerical and knobed FIRE-STONE , or Pyrites , about two inches in Diametre .

Another , of the same Figure , as big as a Walnut , and of an Iron-colour .

A Piece of a large one of the same Figure , and with a black surface . The whole Body is radiated from a Vitriolick Centre or Pith about ¼ of an inch in Diametre . Which radiation is also seen in most Fire-stones .

Another whole of the same form , a little lesser .

A Round PYRITES , compressed . Another lesser .

A PYRITES , partly Cylindrick , and partly Oval ; Cylindrovalis . 'T is two inches long , and near an inch and ●/● over ; Cylindrick in the middle , and Oval at both ends . The Surface , smooth , and of a shining black .

MUNDICK ORE , as it may be call'd ; having the same Analogy to that which is figur'd ; as the Ores of Metals , have to such as are pure and perfect . This is for the most part of a greenish ash-colour , not very hard , and somewhat gritty .

Yellow Mundick GRAIN-ORE ; immersed in a Spar of an Amethystine colour .

Another sort , like Silver Grain-Ore , in a Spar of the colour of that of Tin . So hard as to cut Glass .

A piece of Mundick-Ore in a white Spar , both Grained and Vein'd .

A piece or two of Veined Ore from a Silver-Mine .

Mundick Ore and Vitriol mixed with a White and Green Spar.

Mundick Ore , and Black Daze , mixed with a Vein of White and Green Spar ; all lying between two firm Beds or Walls . These Ores , by some are called Mock-Ores .

A MOCK-FIRE-STONE . Pyrites stirilis . Outwardly , of the colour of polish'd Steel . And radiated from the Centre , as the true Pyrites . But of a light and useless substance .

No sort of Mundick , that I find , either in the Ore , or perfect , stirreth with Acids . Every Metal hath its Marchasite : which is sometimes added to them , instead of Lead , a a Boet. de Lapid . l. 2. to make them flow the better . But if too much , it robs them , by over volatilizing them b b Dr. Brown's Travails . in the Furnace . Out of most Fire-stones , may be made both Vitriol and Sulphur .

SECT. III. Of Mineral Principles .

BY Mineral Principles , I mean , neither such imaginary ones as some have talked of : nor such as may possibly have a real existence , yet were never seen solitary or uncompounded : but those which come within the cognizance of sense , sc. Salt , Sulphurs , and Earths ; and such Bodies as are reduceable to these Tribes . For it seemeth to me , That most subterranial Bodies are either compounded of these Three , or are hereinto resolved . So Copperas is the salt of a Metal ; either as an ingredient in its Generation ; or resulting from its Corrosion by some Natural Menstruum , equivalent to such as are applyed by Art . In like manner , a Bolus , as it seems to be the Basis of most Stones and Metals ; so , upon the Resolution of the same , to be nothing but their Caput mortuum . There being a Circulation amongst Minerals , as amongst Plants and Animals ; the same Principles passing from one to another . And so , probably , amongst all Bodies , at least between the Atmosphere and the Centre of the Earth .

CHAP. I. Of SALTS .

A Parcel of NATURAL SAL ARMONIAC . ( Rather Ammoniac , from its supposed similitude to that of the Ancients , bred under the Sands in Africa . ) This I call Natural , as being found sublimed , by the subterraneal Fire , in a Cole-Mine near New-Castle upon Tyne . Given by Dr. L. Hodgson , who first made experiment of the nature hereof . And hath answer'd several Quaeries about it , proposed by Mr. Boyle . a a See Phil. Trans . N. 130. Here is some of it lying upon and between Beds of a light and sooty Earth ; and some pure and white as Sow . It hath the perfect Tast of the Factitious ; consisteth of the like Fibers or Styriae ; and may be easily sublimed into Flowers . b b See Part 4. Cerutus hath also describ'd a Sal Ammoniac , as he calls it , sublimed by the subterraneal Fires of Puteoli ; but This is of a different kind , as appears from his Description of it . c c Mus. Calceol . S. 2. p. 149. Hereof are made several Preparations of great Use to Physitians , Alchymists , and others , as the Spirit Simple , Aromatiz'd , and Tinctur'd ; the Tinctur'd Flowers , &c.

A parcel of SALT taken from Tenariffe , 1674. and given by Dr. George Trumbal . 'T is very white , and light like flowers of Sal Ammoniac , or the Earth call'd Agaricum Minerale . Taken by some to be a kind of Nitre . But not rightly . For it hath the perfect Tast of a Lixivial Salt . Makes an Effervescence with Aqua Fortis , as those Salts will , but Nitre will not do . Hath , as those , a fixed Body : neither will it flow , or flame , though exposed naked to the same fire , wherein Nitre will do both . Yet hath it somewhat of a nitrous Tast intermixed ; as have also many Lixivial Salts . I conclude it therefore to be a fixed Alkaly , or , in nature , a kind of Lixivial Salt .

Another parcel of the same sort of SALT , taken out of the Cave or the Pique of Tenariffe , 1674. by the same Hand . Different from the former , only in being of a purer white .

A Third parcel of the same , taken , I suppose , from another quarter of the said Mountain .

A square piece of Crystalline Sal Gemmae ( rather Gemmeus ) weighing almost twenty Ounces .

A Ball of Crystalline Sal Gemmeus ; with another piece of the same Species .

A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus , tinctur'd with some Rays of yellow . It grows almost in the form of Sal Ammoniac .

A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus tinctur'd with partly an Amethystine , partly a Saphirine Blew .

Ambrosinus gives a Figure of Crystal of this Salt , much like that of the Corns of common Sea-Salt ; from which it differs no more , than Pit-Salt .

Sal Fossilis properly so call'd , is , as it were , the Ore of the Sal Gemmeus . Yet This , as well as Metals , is sometimes found native . The principal Mines are in Poland and Calabria : of which , see a Relation in the Phil. Transactions . a a N. 61. In the lesser Poland , saith Comer , b b Descript. Polan . lib. 1. are some pieces of this Salt ( he means the Ore ) like huge Stones ; so hard , that Houses and even whole Towns are built with them . Near Eperies , a City in Upper-Hungary , is a Salt-Mine , in which are pieces Ten thousand pounds weight . c c Dr. Brown's Travails , p. 112.

Of This as of common Salt , may be distill'd that Acid Liquor commonly , but absurdly call'd the Oil. This moderately taken , but especially if it be dulcify'd by Cohobations with a simple , or rather with an aromatiz'd Spirit of Wine , is sometimes of excellent use to restore the Digestive Faculty to the Stomach . But the common sort , taken , as it often is , without discretion , really breeds more Diseases , than it pretends to cure . See several Preparations of Salt in Schroder and others . Ambrosinus , I think it is , who reports , d d Aldrov . Mus. Metal . That in the Province of Canicla , in the Great Cam's Dominions , the people melt and cast Salt into a round Form , for Money . But who ever knows the nature of common Salt , must also , that this Report is a great mistake .

BLEW VITRIOL , Native , and crystalliz'd , from the Copper-Mines of Herngrundt in Hungary . Given by Dr. Edward Brown , together with the several Species following .

GREEN VITRIOL , Native ; from the Silver-Mines of Schemnitz in Hungary .

Native GREEN VITRIOL , mixed with some Rays of a pale Blew ; from the same place . With its astringent and sweetish Tasts , is joyn'd some Acritude . It grows to its own Ore , of a purplish ash-colour ; and of a milder Tast.

A parcel of the same Species , from the Copper-Mine of Herngrundt .

Native VITRIOL of a pale Purple , and consisting of pointed Crystals . This also hath some Acritude . From the same Mine .

Native WHITE VITRIOL . It grows in glossy Grains like Nitre grosly powder'd ; and not without some Acritude . From the same place .

Made WHITE-VITRIOL of Chremnitz .

WHITE-VITRIOL Ore of Chremnitz . Of a pale Okre colour , and meanly astringent .

A sort of Native VFRDEGRIESE , from the Copper-Mines of Herngrundt . It consisteth of flat and parallel Plates , as in a Slate ; of a blewish Green , yet not so blew , as the factitious . 'T is also of a much milder Tast. It maketh a strong ebullition with Spirit of Nitre . These from the above-mention'd Person .

A rich ORE of Green Copperas , from Cornwall . Of a kind of Brick-colour , crack'd a little with lying in the Air , and hath upon it several efflorescent lumps of Copperas .

A poorer sort of Green Copperas ORE . On one side , being scraped , of a blewish ash-colour ; and with little Tast. On the other , of a yellowish Green , and tasteth strong as Vitriol . Maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre .

A Fibrous or STYRIATED ORE of Green Copperas . 'T is white , and form'd almost like Sal Ammoniac ; but hath the perfect Tast of Green Vitriol . Acids stir it not .

Besides the places mention'd , and others , Green Copperaas is plentifully made here in England , as at Debtford , and else where . The Copperas Stones or Fire-Stones are found on the Sea-shore in Essex , Hamphire , and so Westward ; the best of a bright Silver-colour . For the making of Copperas , they make Beds sometimes an hundred feet long , and fifteen broad at top ; well ram'd first with Clay , and then with Chalk . In these Beds the said Stones are laid about two feet thick : which by Sun and Rain , are gradually dissolv'd ; and in five or six years time , begin to turn into a kind of Vitriolick Earth , which will swell and ferment like levened-Dough . And once in four years , the Bed is renewed with fresh Stones . In a Boyler containing about twelve Tuns of Vitriolick Liquor running from the Bed , they put in by degrees , about fifteen hundred pounds of old Iron ; which both quickens the boyling , and prevents the setling and melting of the Copperas at the bottom of the Boyler , and of the Boyler it self . Sometimes , in stirring the Earth on the Beds , they find pieces of Native Copperas . See a particular and exact account of these Works at Debtford , communicated by Mr. Colwal , the Founder of this Musaeum , and by Me published in the Philosophical Transactions . a a N. 142. Of the Nature of Vitriol , see several considerable Observations grounded on Experiment , in the same Transactions . b b N. 103. & 104. Amongst other particulars , an excellent way of purifying it from its Okre .

The three principal Parts hereof are , an Acid Spirit , fixed Salt , and Sulphur . The last , a good Hypnotick , in some Cases , where Opium is not safe .

Native Vitriol , saith Ambrosinus , c c Aldrov . Mus. Met. given to the quantity of ʒj in any convenient vehicle , is a great Remedy in Germany and Hungary for the Plague . Blew Vitriol of excellent use against Venereal Ulcers . Both of this , and the Green , is made the Powder called Sympathetick ; the Description whereof may be seen in Papinius , and out of him in Wormius . I doubt not , but that the Stiptick Liquors of Mr. Lyster and of Mr. Deny , are both made of Vitriol .

A sort of ALUMINOUS Earth , found near the River Patomach in Virginia . 'T is soft and very light ; of an ash-colour , and acid-astringent Tast , almost like that of Alum . Whether the people there make Alum of it , or use it in Deying , we have no account .

Of the Nature of Alum , see a very good Discourse in the Philosophical Transactions . d d N. 103. and continu'd , N. 104. Of the English Alum-Works an accurate Account , communicated by Daniel Colwal Esq and by Me published in the same Transactions . e e Num. 142. The Alum-Stone ( of a blackish colour , and flaky , like Cornish Slate ) is found in most of the Hills between Scarbrough and the River of Tees in York-shire . As also near Preston in Lancashire . Of these Stones calcin'd , is made a Lee ; and of the Lee , Alum . The Lee after the first shooting of the Alum ; is called Mothers . In which , certain Nitrous and other parts call'd Slam , being predominant ; to precipitate the same , they add the Lees of Kelp ; made of Tangle , a Sea-Weed commonly among Oysters . And then , a certain proportion of Urine , both for the same purpose , and to keep the Kelp-Lees from hardening the Alum too much . The Mine , before it is calcin'd , being exposed to the Air , will moulder in pieces , and yield a Liquor whereof Copperas may be made .

Fallopius's Aq. Aluminis Magistralis , is of good use against untoward Ulcers . Deyers boil their Cloaths , or Yarn in Alum-Water , that they may take both a better , and more durable colour . It is used , likewise , for the making of a Leather soft and white , or fit to take a clear colour , which the Tan'd , will not do . And I little doubt , but that to wash the Skins of Beasts or Fowls herewith on both sides , or perhaps on the Feathers , only strewing Alum in fine powder , would be a good way to keep them from the Moth , and growing dank in moist Weather , and so to preserve them for ever .

CHAP. II. Of SULPHURS .

A Piece of Opacous yellow AMBER half a foot long . Given by Thomas Henshaw Esq. Found , with several lesser pieces , in digging of a Ditch under the Walls of Rensburge in Holstein , eighteen feet under ground . Which place is at least five and twenty miles both from the Baltick and German Seas .

A Piece of AMBER of the colour of Honey .

A Piece of clear yellow AMBER . Given by Captain Tailor .

Another yellow Piece , semiperspicuous ; from the same Hand .

A Ball of yellow and opacous AMBER .

A Piece of clear yellow Amber , with a CICADA drowned in it .

A Piece of Citrine Amber , with several GNATS immersed .

A little Ball of citrine Amber , with an immersed Emmet .

A Heart of yellow Amber , with two FLIES .

Two or three more Pieces , with some other INSECTS . In Septalius's Musaeum , is one so large as to bury a Frog . And Boetius a a De Gem. lib. 2. affirms that Pieces are found sometimes as big as a mans Head .

Found in great quantity in Pomerania , and upon the Coast of Prussia in the Baltick-Sea . The Elector of Brandenburge , Soveraign of that Coast , farmes it out b b Tavarn . Ind. Voyage . for twenty Thousand Crowns yearly . Also plentiful on the Coasts of Soffala , Mosambique and Melinde .

Boetius describes a Powder , c c De Dem. lib. 2. c. 160. in which Amber is the chief Ingredient , and which he highly commends for the Epilepsie both in Children and grown persons . The two Salts of Amber united , saith Terzagi , d d Mus. Septal. make an admirable Specifick for that Disease .

Take Yelks of Eggs sixteen , Gum Arabick ℥ ij ; Gum of Cherry-Tree ℥ j. Dissolve them , and set them in the Sun for an Artificial Amber . Amongst the many Opinions of the Original of Amber , I put this question , Whether it is not a kind of harden'd Petroleum ?

FLAKED STONE-COAL . Lithanthrax scissilis . By some called Black Amber ; not properly . For , when fir'd , it hath scarce any tast or smell . Neither doth it yield any Oil , or melt , as Amber . Only makes a very weak and thin Flame , which presently vanishes ; and little smoak . Yet keeps fire for a considerable time . 'T is black , glossy , and pretty hard . Yet being struck , easily breaketh into Flakes of a square Figure . Found in Misnia , Bohemia , &c. In some Pits two Hundred paces deep . d d Boet. de Gem. & L.

A STONE taken out of the Dead-Sea . Blackish and somewhat flaky . Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre . When fir'd , it yields a sulphurious scent . Yet the barbarous Arabians use it for fewel .

A Piece of Jet . Gagates , from Gaza a River of Lycia , where first found . Given by Sir Rob. Moray . Of a shining colour , and in some places , flaky . It cracks when held to the fire ; and in it , burns with a thick flame and smoak , and very stinking . If rub'd till its warm , it takes up pieces of Feathers , and such light Bodies . 'T is found in France , Sicily . And in this Island , in Cleaveland , on the top of Huntley and Whitby Clifts , where the Sea-water never comes .

Pit EBONY . Ebenum fossile . Very brittle , and when held in a flame , breaks into Flakes ; it burns , with a sooty smoak , into ashes ; but with scarce any flame .

A parcel of ORPMENT . Auripigmentum s. Arsemicum croceum .

Native SULPHUR or BRIMSTONE , crystalliz'd , of a pale Golden colour , and semiperspicuous . Sent from Peru. The like is described in Calceolarius's Musaeum , and by Wormius .

ANOTHER Piece , of such a like colour . Found in the Pike of Tenariff , and given by Dr. George Trumbal .

A Lump of Native SULPHUR of the colour of some Olibanum Drops , or opacous yellow Amber . From the same Hand , and Place . As also ,

Two Pieces of SULPHUR ORE . One , Earth , of a brown colour ; the other , Stone , of a Sand-colour and gritty .

Native SULPHUR of Island . Of the colour of the common factitious Brimstone ; and immersed in a stony Bed .

SULPHUR , of a curious Orange-colour , extracted out of Gold-Ore . Given by Henry Oldenburge Esq .

SULPHUR ORE of Freyberg . Here are three Pieces . One , almost of the colour of Cinabar . Put into the fire , it smells like Brimstone , but flames not . The other two , consist of blackish and ash-colour parts mixed with the red ; together with some grains of Mundick . If fired , they smell like the first , but not so strongly ; nor make any flame .

GREEN SULPHUR-ORE . Like that in the Copper-Mines of Suecia , mention'd by Wormius .

SULPHUR-ORE of Island . Opacous , and immersed in a blewish Glebe . If burnt , it hath the scent of Brimstone ; but yet weak , and flames not .

Of the nature of Sulphur , Copperas , and Alum , see a very good Discourse in the Phil. Transactions . a a Num. 104. Of the Uses , see Agricola , Libavius , Crollius , &c. I have seen a Tincture of Sulphur of Mr. Boyls , brought over the Helm , which will fume all away . I remember not where he describes it , but as I take it , 't is made with Sal Ammoniac .

CHAP. III. Of EARTHS .

TWo Parcels of EARTH RAINED on the Archipelago , upon the Eruption of M. Vesuvius , Dec. 6th 1631. Given by J. Evelyn Esq. One , is gritty , and of the colour of Amber . The other a soft Bole , and looks like powder'd Jalap . I dropped some Oil of Vitriol on them , but they stir not . This Earth began to rain about Ten of the Clock at Night , and continu'd till two next Morning : So that it lay two inches thick on the Deck of Captain W. Badily's Ship , who sent this Relation . While it rain'd , no Wind stirring . It fell in several parts a hundred Leagues distant . b b See Phil. Trans . N. 21.

A parcel of EARTH , RAINED lately upon Tenariff . Given by Mr. Joseph Bowles , a Merchant in this City . Of a pale Clay-colour , and insipid . Yet upon the affusion of Oil of Vitriol , makes a suddain Effervescence ; herein different from the former .

FINE SAND , from a Sand-Pit near Bruley in Kent . Given also by Mr. Evelyn . Of this is made the clearest and best English Glass . It consisteth of some Grains , as clear as Crystal : with which others obscure , being mixed , give a whitish ash-colour to the whole Mass.

A Sandy substance of a Gold-colour , found in a Vein of Stone in Hartford in New-England .

Black SAND of Virginia .

Black SAND found on the shore near New-Haven in New-England ; with some Grains of red and white .

The like out of St. Christophers Island .

Fine white SAND of Saco in New-England .

Of BOLES and other EARTHS , here are examples of all colours , as White , Ash-colour'd , Yellow , Red , Green , Blew , Brown , Black . Of which in their Order .

A parcel of MELITA EARTH . Given by Sir Phil. Skippon . By some called St. Pauls Earth . 'T is of a white colour , but inclining to that of Mortar . Not gritty , yet less soft than many other Earths . Makes a strong Effervescence with any Acid. Cerutus a a Mus. Calceol . Sect. 2. p. 130 extols the use of it in Pestilential Feavers , and against Worms in Children , and not unjustly . Not only the Earth it self , but the Images , Vessels , and the like , made hereof , are fabled to derive these and other Virtues , as against the bitings of Serpents , &c. from St. Paul , who liv'd sometime there , and miraculously preserv'd himself from the Venome of the Viper . And Wormius b b Mus. l. 1. c. 4. hath given himself the trouble to transcribe a printed Paper hereof .

SAMOS EARTH . 'T is white , and softer than the former . Maketh an ebullition with any Acid ; but very weak and slow . It hath somewhat of an aromatick Tast , like that of calcin'd Harts Horn. Of this also Vessels were antiently made of great esteem .

STONE MARROW . Stenomarga Agricolae , i. e. Saxi Medulla : because found between the Commissures of great Stones . Agaricus Mineralis , Imperato ; from its likeness to Agarick in colour ; but no further . For between the Teeth it feels somewhat like fine sand or grit ; and hath no Tast. Nor is it sensible of Acids . 'T is sometimes used by Chirurgions for the drying of Ulcers .

A BOLE like that of WHITE c c Mus. Worm . l. 1. c. 4. p. 9. Terra Lemnia . Very close and heavy , and when scraped , of a pale white , smooth , and glossy ; almost like to white Wax . 'T is but slowly dissolved in the mouth .

This and other like smooth Earths are commonly called Pingues , or Fat : absurdly , for Laeves or Subtiles . Their seeming Pinguitude proceeding only from the exquisite fineness of the Particles of which they consist .

A smooth BOLE , almost of the colour of Castile Soap . More easily dissolved than the former , so as it seems to melt in the mouth like Butter .

A parcel of very white , light , and soft EARTH . Taken out of the Cave opened at the Royal Fort at Plymouth ; where it lies in little Veins containing much water . Supposed to be the materia prima of white Marble .

A White EARTH lying in a Load degenerated from Tin . very gritty , and insensible of Acids .

A White EARTH , with a Ray of Red ; very soft , without any grit , and inaffected with Acids . Nor hath it the common Tast of Boles , but is altogether insipid . Found in the same place , as the former ; but in different Veins . Supposed to be the Embrio of white and red Marble .

A BOLE of a yellowish sandy colour ; somewhat gritty and friable .

SILESIAN BOLE . Of a redish yellow , exactly like the paler Emplastrum de Minio . As dense as any other , crackling a little betwixt the Teeth . Yet without the least Particle of Grit ; feels as smooth as Castile-Soap ; scrapes with a gloss ; and breaks like Bees-Wax , or the Salve above-said . Tasteth like other Boles .

The BOHEMICK sealed BOLE . It agrees in all properties with the former ; saving that it hath somewhat more of red .

The HEPATICK BOLE of LEMNOS . Of kin to the red Lemnian . And answers to that which Wormius describes by the Name of Terra sigillata hepatica . It stirreth not with Acids .

ANOTHER of the same more PALE . Somewhat harder than the Armenian Bole. It makes a small ebullition with Oil of Vitriol , and with Spirit of Nitre a very strong one .

I take the principal Difference between Earths , as applied to Medical Use , to be this , That some are not affected with Acids ; others are : Those , Pauperes or Fatuae ; coming nearer to simple or meer Earths ; These Saline , or impregnated with a Mineral Alkali , and therefore of greater energy .

A smooth and pale redish CLAY , lying in a little vein , running East and West , through a great Pillar of Sand , in a firme Marble-Rock . Supposed to be the Embrio of the red Marble .

Red LEMNOS EARTH . As red as Radle ; but much more close and coherent , and so colours not the Fingers . Theophrastus a a Lib. de Lapid . reckons up three sorts of Terra Lemnia ; sc. the Deep Red , the Pale Red , and the Whitish .

Celebrated by some of the Antients against Poyson , which , if right , it expels by Vomit . Yet Theophrastus saith , That in his time , it was used only for Painting .

ARMENIAN BOLE . From that part of Armenia next to Cappadocia . Both of a deep and a pale Red. Very soft , and easily rub'd to powder . Never makes any ebullition with Acids . First brought to Rome in Galen's time , when the Plague was there . In which , and other Malignant Diseases , it hath generally been esteemed of good use . Joubertus relates , as a Testimony of its Virtue , That four men preparing some Cathartick of Antimony , were all well nigh suffocated . And that upon his giving them each ℈ ij of this Bole , they became very well . But the question is , Whether so soon as they were got out of the reach of the Antimonial Fumes , ( from which we may be sure he took them ) they would not have been well without it ?

An English BOLE , like the Armenian . From Sir J. Hoskins .

A Red MINERAL EARTH , with some little glossiness in some places . Of the colour of the deepest Armenian Bole.

Red Cornish MARLE , used in Agriculture . It hath some grains of fine Sand , which , through a Glass , looks like Metal . A piece also of common Radle .

A BOLE consisting of Red and White Plates , thin and parallel ; so as to look like striped Work .

BERG-GRUN ; a Green Earth , the sediment of a green Water in the Copper-Mine at Herngrundt . Given by Dr. Ed. Brown . 'T is used by Painters .

A VERDAZURINE BOLE . So I call it , for that it is on the out-side of a blewish green , like Verdegriese . Within , of the colour of a Leek . It sticks to the Tongue , as the Armenian , or Lemnian , and hath the like Tast. Stirs not with Acids . Not unlike to that , which is described by Wormius with the Name of Creta Viridis . Yet cannot be the same , unless that Name be ill given : for Chalk properly so call'd , maketh a strong Effervescence with any Acid.

A GREEN EARTH like that which Kentman a a Fossil . Nomencl . calls Saponariam s. Fulloniam .

A BLEWISH Grey MARLE mixed with Red. Used in Agriculture .

A BLEWISH EARTH , with the signature of an Escallop upon it . It gently dissolves with Acids .

Earthen BALLS , about as big as mounting Stones , of a Blewish colour , or that of Tobacco-Pipe-Clay . With other irregular Lumps of the same nature : found among the Earth of a Hill overturn'd at Kenebank in New-England .

A Piece of IRISH-SLATE , so called . Given by Mr. Rob. Hook . Of the same colour as the Cornish , only somewhat paler . But as soft as the Terra Lemnia , and several other Boles . And is therefore to be reckon'd amongst them . Besides the common Tast of Boles , it hath a little Astringency . Yet not alike perceived in all , for there is better and worse : which Apothecaries will do well to observe .

Kentman a a Ibid. mentions a sort of very white Earth near Padoa , which in a short time would turn Blew , only by being exposed to the Aer .

A sort of BROWN EARTH , very light ; lying in Veins , incompassed with a Body of greenish Sand. From Cornwall .

A BLACK EARTH , taken out of a spot enclosed in the same Sand , without any Vein issuing from it .

PART IV. Of Artificial Matters .

SECT. I. Of Things relating to CHYMISTRY , and to other Parts of NATURAL PHILOSOPHY .

ALL Arts are referred either barely to the Observation , Or also to the Command and Management of their Object , for the Use of Man . But I must speak of those Particulars here preserv'd , in that Order , as they will bear : and so shall reduce them to four General Heads , sc. such as relate to Chymistry and other parts of Natural Philosophy ; To the Mathematicks , Mechanicks , and Antiquity .

The Phlegme , Oil , Spirit , Volatile , and fixed Salts , both of the Serous , and Grumous Parts of HUMANE BLOOD . Together with the Oil , Volatile , and fixed Salts , of that of an OX . Prepared , and given by Dr. Walter Needham . By whom also was read a Discourse before the Royal Society , in which , as I take it , the proportions between the said parts , with divers other Remarques were deliver'd . But I meet with no Register hereof . The different Proportions of the said parts , as they are observable in the several Viscera , I may have occasion else where to represent . I shall now only note , That the fixed Salts of Blood above mention'd , are three of them Grey , and all but weak . The fourth , viz. that of the serous part of an Oxes , although calcined to whiteness ; yet is not so strong , as That of most Vegetables .

The OIL of TOBACCO distilled per descensum . The notable effect hereof upon a Cat , was try'd some years since before the Royal Society . One or two Drops of it being put upon her Tongue , she fell immediately into horrid Convulsions , and dy'd within the space of one minute of an hour . This very Oil I have several times prescribed to my own Father ( who takes Tobacco ) in Lint to be held betwixt his Teeth , against the Toothach , with a good effect , and no ill one . But I , who take none , having once us'd it , my self in the same manner , although I swallow'd not so much as any of my spittle , yet it made me extremely sick , and vomit once or twice .

The Stillatitious OIL of LAWANG BARQUE . Sent from Java major by Sir Phil. Vernatti . It partaketh much of the colour , smell , and tast of That of Sassafras ; but is much more fragrant . The Oil of Sassafras is distill'd only from the Wood. But if one were distill'd from the Barque , it might equal This.

An Oil distill'd per Alembicum , from the ROOTS of the CINAMON-TREE resembling Camphire . From the same Hand and Place . The Roots being only bruised , and steeped in Water , are then distill'd . The Tree is about the bigness of the Olive . Described by Linschot . a a Lib. 1. c. 63. Grows in Cavit and Subanin , but the best and most in the Island Seylon ; there in whole Woods .

The LIQUID OIL of MACE , by expression . 'T is made of fresh Mace . Hath some few curdled parts , as sometimes in that of Olives : but the most part of it is liquid without heat , which the best expressed Oil of Mace in the Shops , is not . Almost of the colour of a Tincture of Saffron , and very fragrant . Confirming what Linschot saith , sc. That the original colour of Mace , is Scarlet .

The FIXED SALTS of Carduus bened. Garden and Sea Scurvy-Grass , Ash and Oak Barques , Rosemary , Mint , Mugwort , Agrimony , Wormwood , Sorrel , Mallows , Liquorish , Anise-Seeds , Sena , Jalap . By Me prepared and given . Together with a Discourse read before the Royal Society concerning the same , which I purpose to publish ere long . I shall here only Note , that although Many think and affirm , That all the Fixed Salts of Vegetables are alike : yet by These , duly managed , it doth appear , That there is a great difference , both as to strength , and otherwise , between divers of them , even when they have been equally calcin'd . So far , that the promiscuous use of some of them , in Physick , is unsafe : as , for instance , of Tartar and Wormwood ; half a Scruple of the former , being as strong as one whole Scruple of the latter . Of the Fixed Salt of Vegetables , see a Discourse in the Phil. Transact . N. 107 , & 108. Of the Volatile Salt , N. 101. a a Both communicated by Dr. Daniel Cox .

An East-Indian Composition ( as it seems of Vegetables ) called CATO . Very astringent , and infus'd in water makes it yellow . Us'd by the Indians against the Inflammations of the Mouth or Throat .

SAL AMMONIAC sublim'd in a Sugar-Mould from Beds of the same taken from a Coal-Mine near New-Castle upon Tyne ; of which , see the foregoing part of this Catalogue . Prepar'd and given by Dr. Luke Hodgson .

SPIRIT of Sal Ammoniac distill'd from the said Salt mixed with Quick-Lime . By the same Hand .

The Parts of the Medical WATERS of SCARBROUGH . Prepared and given by Dr. Witty : together with an account of them . But this I find not . The Preparations are these , The Phlegm , and Acid Spirit , not strong . The Sedement upon evaporation , of an ash-colour , a bitterish and nitrous Tast. The Precipitate , upon the mixture of Gall-powder ; black , and of little Tast. One or two Grains will precipitate ʒj out of a Gallon of the Water . The Nitrous or Essential Salt , as I take it , before the Precipitation be made . The like Salt , after the Precipitation is made . These Salts have also somewhat of a Nitrous Tast , but mixed with a smatch of a Vitriolick : And the latter , I take notice , is figur'd into long square Crystals , or little square Bars . The Black Precipitate calcin'd . The Lixivial Salts , made , as I take them , from the Precipitate , and from the simple Sediment or Extract both before and after Precipitation made : somewhat like to that of Vitriol .

What ever Ingredients , as Niter , Vitriol , or other known Salts , may go to constitute these abovesaid ; I am of Opinion , That the predominant is some Metallick Principle different from them all .

A Solid HERMETICK PHOSPHORUS ; a mixed Matter , which being exposed for about half a minute of an hour to the Sun , or only to Day-light , or to a bright Fire or Candle ; will shine in the dark for some minutes . Made by Dr. Fr. Slare , and by him given to the Royal Society , Apr. 3. 1679. The first of this kind was made by Monsieur Baldwin , a German Lawyer who gave it the Name above , but with no direction for the making of it . Nor doth he so much as mention the Materials .

I call it Solid , to distinguish it from two Liquid kinds . The Author of one , supposed to be Mr. Dan. Krafft . The other invented by the Honourable Mr. Boyle ; which He calls the Aerial Noctiluca ; and whereof He hath lately published an excellent Discourse . In whose Laboratory , the solid kind was also made by his direction , several ways .

Of the Process for This here , Dr. Slare some years since received a hint from Dr. Christian Connerding , Archiater to the Duke of Zell . And not hearing of any one , amongst many that have try'd , besides these Three , to have succeeded in the making of it , he hath imparted the following Account .

Take good firm Chalk , ignite it in a Crucible , and then powder it . Put into a pint or half a pint of strong Spirit of Nitre , Cochleatim , as much hereof , as will serve well to satiate it , i. e. till it becomes sweetish , and makes no Effervescence upon the injection of the Chalk . Then dilute this Liquor with fair Water , filtre it through a Paper , and so evaporate it in a large Glass , or glazed Vessel , or good Hassian Crucible to a dry Salt . The preparation whereof may be perform'd in four hours : whereas I have seen a Pocess , that would take as many Weeks to follow it .

The main business lies in the good Enchiresis ; about which these several Directions must be carefully observ'd .

First you must prepare a Vessel of Clay , somewhat like a shallow Coffee-Dish , of three , four , or five inches in Diametre , and an inch in depth , very well baked and neal'd . Then place it under a Muffle , after the manner of a Refining Furnace , in the place where the Cuppels usually stand : and so make it red hot . Then put the prepared Salt into it , by little and little , not above ʒj ss. or ʒij at a time . Keep the fire to that degree , which will suffice to make the Salt boil in the Dish , so as to spread it self every way , and creep up the sides of it . Before the Salt , last put in , be consumed , be sure always to be ready , to make a new addition , otherwise your labour so far is lost , and you must begin again . When five or six Drachms are fum'd away , take the Dish nimbly out of the fire , so soon as the Salt last put in is dry . If you have wrought well , what remains in the Dish will be yellowish in some parts , and every yellow part will shine . Secure this Matter from the Air by fitting and cementing a Glass to it : otherwise it will loose its property in one Week .

As to the Cause of this strange Phaenomenon , Dr. Slare continues to this effect . I shall in short offer my Thoughts , and refer them to your Judgment . Two Questions may arise : What it is in this Mixture that yields the light ? and , How it doth it ? As to the first , I take it to be the pure fiery part of the Spirit of Nitre embraced by the Chalk . For that the rest is weak and phlegmatick ; as appears , if it be distill'd . Also , that about the end of the Operation , a black Fume begins to rise and fly away . That if by continuing the Dish too long in the fire , you drive all the Nitrous parts away , the Chalk which stays behind will not be luminous . Or if the Matter duly prepar'd , be exposed to the Air , and thereby prey'd upon , the same effect will follow .

As to the Second , I suppose , That it shines not by Imbibition of Light , but by Impression from it , from whence proceeds a motion therein productive of Light . Which we may the rather be induced to believe , In that if it be put into an Iron Cover , and then an Iron Box , and a good heat given to it , it will shine so vigorously as to seem to kindle the Air about it . That two Men by following their blow close , will make a Bar of Iron glow , or shine in the dark . And although the Impulse of Light may seem small ; yet upon Bodies nearly related to it , as This seems to be , it appears to be great . As in those odd effects it sometimes hath upon Infants unus'd to it ; and People that have sore Eyes ; or have been newly Couch'd ; as it happen'd to Dr. Castle sometime since , who by making bold with his Eyes too early , ( i. e. by a too frequent admission of light to them , ) after that Operation , did thereupon suffer such extreme pains , and mischief in his Eyes , that he now dispairs of ever seeing more .

Mr. Haac a a Author of the Experiment upon the Loadstone , Part 3. saith he , hath frequently repeated the following Experiment upon this Phosphorus . If it be exposed to the Morning Light a little before Sun rising , it presents a bright Rosy hugh . As the Sun approaches the Meridian , it advances to a higher and more firey Complexion , like that of a red hot Iron . A little after Sun-set , declines to a pale wan colour , like Chalk , or rather Mother of Pearl .

Expos'd , saith he , to the light of a Candle , or flaming Fagot , it receives a pale Luminous colour , as from the Sun towards setting . But being expos'd for a considerable time to the most clear Moonshine that I have seen in London , I could not perceive it to become Luminous in the least .

It hath been kept , saith he , in the Vacuum of my Great and Noble Patron , the Honourable Mr. Boyle called Vacuum Boyleanum , and by his Highness Prince Rupert and Himself observ'd , for above four or five months , without any diminution of its shining property .

He adds , That he hath lately found a way to affix this Shining Matter to Glass , whereby some not unpleasing Experiments may be made . Thus far Dr. Slare .

As to his Ingenious Conjectures of the Subject and Cause of Light in this Phosphorus : because he hath desired my Opinion , I shall therefore subjoyn it in a few lines .

As to the first , What it is which gives the Light : It seems hard to say , Whether it be the Cretaceous Salt , the Nitrous Salt , or some Igneous Particles incorporated with them in the Operation ? It is plain , That one way or other , they do all concur to produce it .

As to the Question , How these Particles give light ? It should first be stated , What Light is ; Whether it be a Body ? Which , though much disputed , yet in strict speaking , is an absurd Question ; all one , as to ask , Whether a Quality , be a Body ? But the meaning of the Question is , or ought to be , Whether there be any Body in Nature , which is the peculiar subject of Light , or metonymically may be called Light ? Or whether more Bodies than one , may successively be the immediate subject thereof ? If so , Whether it be any other Adjunct besides Motion ? If only Motion , Whether as there is one peculiar Motion , at least for a Musical sound , so another for Light ? And in regard there are some Experiments which seem to favour each of these Questions : such an Answer should be given as will correspond with all those experiments ; and will be too long to suit with this Catalogue .

I shall here only say , I am inclined to believe , That , in this Case , all the three Bodies above mention'd serve together to compose an Apt Recipient of that which is the true Luminous Body . That , as in the mixture of Sulphur and Water , sulphurious Salts , of affinity with both , are used as a medium : so here , the Cretaceous Parts serve to fix the Nitrous ; and the Nitrous , to fix the Igneous ; being of a middle nature and readily incorporated with them both . And being in this union exposed to the Sun Beams , or other Light , the Igneous parts serve , for some time , to retain a certain portion of such as are Luminous , or to give , as I may say , a degree of Fixation to These also : and that therefore this Mixture is kindled or made to shine , by puting it into the Light , as a stick is made to burn , by puting it into the fire .

Of shining Flesh , see a Relation of some Remarkable Circumstances , made by Dr. J. Beal , and published in the Phil. Trans . a a N. 125.

Of Instruments relating to Natural Philosophy .

AN AIRE-PUMP ; or an Engine to exhaust the Air out of any Vessel fitly applied . Contrived and described b b Experiments Physico-Mechanick of the Spring of the Air. by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq. Who hath also made therewith , and published in several Tracts , a great variety of accurate and instructive Experiments .

A Great CONDENSING ENGINE of Brass ; contrived to ram and crowd a great quantity of Air into a little room . Whereto is also fitted an Iron Gun or Barrel .

A Little CONDENSING ENGINE of Glass , with a Brass-Neck , Rammer and Valve fitted to it .

A WEATHER CLOCK . Begun by Sir Chr. Wren , c c See Hist. of the Royal Society , p. 312 : now President of the Royal Society . To which other Motions have since been added , by Mr. Robert Hook Professor of Geometry in Gresham-Colledge . Who purposes to publish a Description hereof . I shall therefore only take notice , That it hath six or seven Motions ; which he supposeth to be here advantagiously made altogether . First a Pendulum Clock , which goes with ¼ of a 100 lib. weight , and moves the greatest part of the work . With this , a Barometre , a Thermometre ; a Rain-Measure , such an one as is next describ'd ; a Weather-Cock , to which subserves a piece of Wheel-Work analogous to a way Wiser ; and a Hygroscope . Each of which have their Regester , and the Weather-Cock hath Two ; one for the Points , the other for the Strength of the Wind. All working upon a Paper falling off of a Rowler which the Clock also turns .

An Instrument for MEASURING the quantity of RAINS that fall in any space of time , on any piece of Ground , as suppose upon one Acre in one year . Contrived by Sir Christopher Wren . In order to the Theory of Vapours , Rivers , Seas , &c. A triangular Tin-Vessel hanging in a Frame , as a Bell , with one Angle lowermost . From whence one side rises up perpendicular , the other sloaped ; whereby the water , as it fills , spreads only on one side from the centre , till at length it fills and empties it self . Which being done , a leaden poise , on the other side , immediately pulls it back to fill again .

The Model of an Iron Instrument to fetch Earth , or other Bodies , from the bottom of the Sea ; made with several Valves and Springs to open and shut it for that purpose . Contriv'd by Mr. Hook .

A LAMP-FURNACE . By the same Person . Towards the bottom is a partition with a hole in the middle ; below which , stands a Vessel of Oil with a Wick , and a Cork to float it , so as to stand within the said hole . Over this is placed a Pan , viz. with the bottom about two inches distant from the partition . Within which , is fine Sand. Design'd for the hatching of Eggs , in order to observe the Process of Generation . As also for digesting of Liquors .

A pair of Semicylindrick LAMPS . Contrived , describ'd , a a See his Lampus , p. 14. and delineated b b Ibid. Tab. 3. Fig. 4. by the same Person . Design'd , for the poysing the Liquor which is to feed the Flame , so as to keep the surface thereof always at the same height , till it be all consum'd . And thereby not only to secure , that it never desert the Flame , and so to save Attendance : but also to keep the Flame of equal strength , for all such purposes as require it .

The MODEL of an EYE . In which the Humours are represented by Glasses of an answerable Figure .

A BURNING-GLASS , about half a foot in Diametre .

A HOLLOW BURNING-GLASS . That is to say , two thin concave Glasses set together , and so to be fill'd up with water when it is us'd . About the same bigness as the former : but burneth not altogether so strongly ▪ Contrived and given by Dr. John Wilkins late Bishop of Chester .

A Large MICROSCOPE , with three Glasses , and several Screws to fit it for all manner of positions . It magnifies the Area of the Object to above a hundred times the extent thereof to the bare Eye .

A Lesser MICROSCOPE , somewhat more managable than the former .

The advantage of one with more Glasses , is that it takes in a bigger Object , or a greater part of it . Of one with a single Glass , that it shews the Object clearer . So that to have a distinct representation of it , 't is convenient to make use of both . Of the latter kind , I have seen several made by Mr. John Malling in this City , not only with melted , but with Ground-Glasses so very small , that one of these Ground-Glasses being weighed in the Assay-Scales in the Tower , was found not above the fourscorth part of a Grain . The Diametre or Chord 1/●●th part of an inch . Another , so small , that those Scales were not nice enough to weigh it . The Chord hereof to that of the former , is as two to three . These are the clearest and best that ever I saw .

An OTOCOUSTICK , or Instrument to help the hearing , made of Ivory . In shape like a Funnel , saving that the Nose is bended for the more convenient application to the Ear , and reception of the sound . Given likewise by Bishop Wilkins .

Another of Copper , funnel'd at one end , as the former , and also belly'd in the middle .

A Third of Tin , of a Conick Figure , and with a Cochlea within it . The best of all the three , is the first .

A Pair of HYDROSTATICK Scales . Used , amongst other purposes , to examine the specifick Gravity of Bodies .

A Box of ANATOMICK Instruments ; sc. Saws , Steel and Ivory Knives , Chizels , a Forceps , a Leaver , a Tenter , a Sirynge , Pipes , Probes , and Needles .

SECT. II. Of Things relating to the MATHEMATICKS ; and some MECHANICKS .

TO Astronomy . A REFLECTING TELESCOPE . Contrived by Mr. Isaac ▪ Newton , Professor of the Mathematicks at Cambridge . Whereby not only the cumber and charge of other Telescopes is avoided ; one of these less than a foot long , magnifying as much as another of six feet : but the Object likewise , both by a more regular Refraction , and a less expence of Rays , is much more clearly represented .

It consists of a Tube open towards the Object , and close at the other end . Where is placed a Metalline Concave , instead of an Object-Glass . Near the other end , a flat Speculum , also of Metal ; placed obliquely towards a small Eye-Glass ; sc. upon that point of the Tubes Axis , on which the perpendicular falls from the said Eye-Glass . So that the Rays coming from the Object , first fall upon the Concave ; are thence reflected to the flat Speculum , thence to the Eye-Glass , and through that deliver'd to the Observers Eye . The Authors Description hereof at large ; together with a Discourse of the Materials which are or may be thought fittest for the Speculums ; a Table of Apertures and Charges for several lengths ; As also Mr. Hugen's de Zulichem's Remarques on the same ; see in the Phil. Transactions . a a Num. 81 , 82.

Arithmetick . An Instrument for working Questions by Multiplying and Dividing . Contriv'd by Mr. Hook . Who purposes to give the Description hereof himself .

Geography . A WAY-WISER . Given by Bishop Wilkins . 'T is very manageable . It hath five Indexes pointing to so many different Measures , sc. Perches , Furlongs , Miles , Tens of Miles , and Hundreds of Miles ; and turn'd about with as many Wheels . Made to Work in a Coach , thus ; In the middle of the Axletree is cut a little Box to receive the Wiser : from whence the Axeltree is made hollow to the end . In this hollow lies a Rod , loose from the Axletree , and fasten'd at one end to the Nave of the Wheel , and so turns round with it . And with a Worm it hath at the other end , at the same time , it turns the Perch Wheel of the Wiser , and that all the rest . Yet by this measure , 1 yard will sometimes be lost in a 100 yards .

Architecture . A Model of a Geometrick FLAT FLOOR . Given by the forementioned Person . Contrived and delineated (a) by Dr. J. Wallis Professor of Geometry at Oxford . Who was pleas'd to give me the following Account , as an Abstract of that he hath formerly published hereof . a a See his Book De Motu , Cap. 6. Prop. 10. Fig. 243.

I did first , saith the Doctor , Contrive and Delineate It in the Year , 1644. at Queens-Colledge in Cambridge . When afterwards I was made Professor of Geometry at Oxford , about the Year , 1650. I caused it to be framed of small pieces of Wood , representing so many pieces of Timber ; prepar'd by Mr. Rainsford a Joyner in Oxford , and put together by my self .

This I shewed soon after to divers in Oxford , and particularly to Dr. Wilkins , then Warden of Wadham-Colledge in Oxford . Who was so well pleased with it , that he caused another to be made for himself , according to that Pattern . Which he kept by him for many years , and afterwards presented to the Royal Society .

After the King's Restauration , I caus'd another to be made ; and , in the Year , 1660. presented it to his Majesty ; who was well pleas'd with it , and caused it to be reposited in his Closet .

On the Model first mention'd , I Read two Publique Lectures at Oxford , on the Vespers of the Publique Act : the one , in the Year , 1652. as to the Construction of it ; the other , in the Year , 1653. as to the computation of what weight every Joynt of it sustains ; whereby it might be the better judged how far it may be safely practised . The greatest weight charged on any one Joynt , doth not amount to Ten-times the weight of one Beam : And the greatest weight bor'n by any one Beam ; not to seventeen times its own weight : and even this , not laid all on the same part , but distributed to several parts of it . The sum of these two Lectures , is to be seen in the Sixth Chapter of my Book de Motu .

A Third Lecture , much to the same purpose , I read , May , 1699. in the same place , before the present Grand Duke of Tuscany , who honoured the University with a Visit , and me with his Presence at that Lecture . After which , he was pleased very particularly to consider both the Delineation and Model , and declared himself very well pleased with it ,

The contrivance is obvious to the Eye . The outsides represent the Walls of the Building on which this Flat Floor or Roof is to be laid . The Beams next adjoyning to the sides , have one end lodged on those Walls ; the other end sustained by another Beam , lying cross ; both ends of which , are in like manner sustained by other cross Beams ; and those again by others ; till they reach the other Walls . So that no one of them can fall , unless the Walls fail , or the Beams break : all mutually sustaining each other without any Pillar or Prop to support them , besides the outer Walls .

The Models I caused to be made , and that of the Royal Society in imitation thereof , are in Breadth , about four times as much as the Length of the longest Beam . But may be continu'd , at pleasure , to farther breadth , as shall be thought fit . With this Caution : That the farther the Work is continu'd , the greater Weight will be charged on every Joynt ; especially near the middle . And though in this Model , no one Beam is charged with so much as seventeen times its own weight : yet if the Work be continu'd to a greater breadth , the proportional Weight will be thereby increased . And therefore must be limited , according to the strength of Timber , able to bear more or fewer times its own weight .

I do not know , that yet it hath been reduced to practise , in more than four Pieces , in this Form . Such is one of the Floors in the Tower of the Publique Schools at Oxford : the Breadth whereof , to the Length of the Beams , is as three to two . But may doubtless be continu'd much further : especially in such a Roof or Floor , as is not to bear much more than its own weight .

Thus , for instance , a Bowling-Green of near an Acre of Ground , may be cover'd with a Frame of long slender pieces , without any other Prop than on the sides , for Vines , or other like Plants to run upon , so as to shade the whole .

Note here , That whereas the ends of the several pieces are to lie upon those that cross them , about the middle thereof ; it will be necessary at every Joynt to abate both pieces half way , or near it ; that one may be thus let into the other , and the whole reduced to a Flat . But whether such piece , so abated doth end even with that on which it lies , or doth lie over somewhat beyond it ; is indifferent . And though That may seem more elegant ; This , perhaps , may be fitter for use .

Each piece , I say , must be so abated half way , or near it . For , whereas those Beams , especially if of a considerable length , will , with the weight , bow a little ; if this abatement be somewhat less than half way , ( whereby without such bowing , the whole would somewhat rise in the middle ) it will by such bowing be reduced to a Flat .

Note also , That a Frame thus contriv'd , needs neither Nail nor Pin ; the several pieces fastening , as well as supporting one another . Yet , if it be to bear a great weight more than its own ; it will be convenient to fasten each Joynt with Pins ; and , if need be , to strengthen it with Iron-Plates , or line it with other pieces of Timber , to be fasten'd with Iron-Bolts ; to make amends for what is weaken'd by the abatements at the Joynts : which will make the whole Frame exceeding strong .

A Model of a Double Winding STAIR-CASE . The Foot of one is opposite to that of the other ; whereby both make a parallel ascent , and within the same Cylinder . The Newel or Column in the Centre , is hollow , and built with long Apertures , to convey Light , from Candles placed at the bottom , and on the sides of the Newel , into both the Cases .

Another , of a single one , with a solid Column or Newel .

Navigation . A Model of the Hull of a DOUBLE-BOTTOM'D SHIP. Contrived by Sir William Pettey .

It hath two Heads , two Ruders , two Keels , two Holds , and a Vacancy between them .

From Stem to Stern , four feet and seven inches long . The Deck , about four Feet . From the foremost Rib to the Rudder , three Feet and seven Inches . The Keel three Feet and about five Inches .

The Beam or breadth of the Ship , sixteen inches , or with respect to the Keel , as two to five .

The height of the Round-House , or the Room in the place of it , three inches and 1/● . Of the Great Cabin , three inches . Of the Fore-Castle , as much . The depth of the Wast an inch and 1/● . Of the Holds , six inches and ¼ . Each of them four inches broad . The Vacancy between them , eight inches over . Their inner sides not belly'd , but plain , and perpendicular .

These are the principal Measures ; which I thought fit to set down . The great Advantages of this Form , with respect either to the Speed , the Course , the Safety of the Ship , or otherwise , I leave to the Authors own excellent Hand , from whom is expected a particular Account hereof .

An INSTRUMENT , contrived by Sir Christopher Wren , to demonstrate , How far against the Wind a Ship may Sail. Shewing , that the Mechanical Power , to which Sailing ( especially against the Wind ) is reducible , is a Wedge : And that a Transient Force upon an Oblique Plane will cause the motion of the Plane , against the first Mover .

A TERELLA , or an Orbicular Loadstone , about four inches and ½ in Diametre , with the one half immersed in the Centre of a Plane and Horizontal Table ; so as to be like a Globe with the Poles in the Horizon . Together with 32 Needles upon the Margin of the Table . By which the different respect of the Needle to the several Points of the Loadstone ; the reduction of the Filings of Steel to Helical Lines , or near them , by the Magnetick Effluvia ; and other particulars may be observ'd . Contriv'd by the same Person .

Two DIPPING-NEEDLES . Designed for the taking of Longitudes .

A CANOO . Given by Mr. Hocknel . A sort of Boat so called , used in Greenland , and some other places . Figur'd almost like a Weavers Shuttle . The Wooden-Work is made up of five slender pieces , running by the length : one , which is round at the bottom or in the place of the Keel ; and two flat ones in each side : Made steady with small bended pieces , set or pricked in cross-ways , instead of Ribs : and so ty'd all together with Fin-Whale-Bone .

This Wooden-Work is cover'd all over , both below and above , with Seal-Skins , sewed together with Leathern-Thongs . Saving , that towards the middle , is an Oval Hole , encompassed with a Rim about four inches high , big enough for a man to sit down in .

In length , seventeen feet . From the Centre of the said Hole or Seat , forward , Ten feet ; from thence , backward , seven . In breadth at the Seat , a foot and ¾ . In depth , backward , seven inches and ½ ; forward , a foot ; because of the mans feet . And the Boat seems thereby to be carried forward with the more ease : as a Coach , in being hung higher behind . The whole Boat is answerable to a great Bladder , in which , though the Waves dash and beat over it never so much , the man still sits safe .

He makes use but of one Oare , about nine feet long . Made of Ash , and shaped somewhat answerable to a strong Bow . In the middle , an inch and ¼ thick , and an inch and ¾ broad , by the Horizontal measure : towards both ends , about ¼ of an inch thick , and two inches and ½ broad , by the Vertical . At each end is fasten'd a Padle , here wanting . This Oare he holds in the middle , and Rowing with both ends alternately , makes it serve instead of two .

War . A GUN affixed to an Iron Triangle ; the middle of the Gun , to one of the Angles ; and the Breech , to the middle of the subtended side : and so to be fasten'd to a Floor or steady Frame , either at all the three Corners , or only at one of the hinder . Contriv'd by my Lord Vicount Brouncher , for the making of Experiments of the RECOYLING of Guns . Delineated in the History of the Royal Society . a a Part 2 ; p. 233. Together with the Experiments made herewith by his Lordship ; first before the said Society , and afterwards before the King : set down in a Table of five Columns . The First shewing the Corner stoped from Recoyling ; the Second , the different Charges of Powder ; the Third , the Distances to which the Bullet was carry'd wide of the mark ; the Fourth , the side on which it was carry'd ; the Last , the distance of the Mark from the Muzzle of the Gun . As also , the Causes assigned by his Lordship , for the particulars most observable .

An ASSAYER to try the strength of Gun-powder . Contriv'd by his Highness Prince Rupert . Compos'd of two flat , upright and parallel Stands of Brass , about a foot and ¼ high , with a shallow Indenture on both their inner edges . Upon the Base on which they stand , and between them , is placed a Powder-Pan . Over which , a Slider , with a thin Plate-Spring , which plays against the said Teeth , and two Arms for the charging it with weight at pleasure . The stronger the Powder is , it forceth the Slider to a greater height .

A WIND-GUN . Given by Dr. Wilkins late Bishop of Chester . Composed of two Barrels , one within another . To which is fitted a Rod to charge it with Air. At the Breech , where the two Barrels are open one into the other , is placed a Valve , to admit the Air into the outer Barrel , as the Rod drives it , and to keep it there .

A Seven-SHOT GUN , or a Gun which carries Powder and Bullets , for seven Charges and Discharges to be made presently one after another . Given by Dudly Palmer Esq. Under the Breech of the Barrel , is one Box for the Powder . A little before the Lock , another for the Bullets . Behind the Cock , a Charger : which carries the Powder from the Box to a Funnil at the further end of the Lock ; opens one Valve to let it into the Barrel , and the Priming-Pan ; another , to let in the Bullet after it ; raises the Cock ; and le ts down the Steel ; all at one time .

An Indian Poyson'd DAGGER . About ½ a yard long . The Hilt is a sort of Wood , as firm as Box. Very curiously carved into a kind of Antique Head . The Neck by which it joyns to the Blade , plated with Gold , and embos'd with a Ring in the middle , in which is set some small sparks of Gems . The Blade about 14 inches long , and an inch broad about the middle ; waved in the manner of some Swords hung up for Signs , and much expanded next the Hilt , the better to stay the Hand : where it is also curiously Damask'd with Gold . But every where else with white flourish'd Work of the colour of Silver . Saving both the Edges , which are left naked , and are very sharp . But that which is most observable is the Scabbard , which is one entire piece of Wood ( near the colour of the best Walnut ) with a Cavity cut down to the bottom of it answerable to the Blade .

A TAMAHAUKE , or Brasilian Fighting-CLUB . Made of Brasile-Wood . About an Eln long . The Handle , above two inches and ½ broad ; in the middle , two ; and four at the other end . Hath two double or square Edges ¾ of an inch thick . The broad end wrought on both sides with two Tables or Areas of small lines obliquely crossed , and fill'd up with a chalky substance to make them appear . In the middle of which , seems to be a rude Representation of some one of their Idols , whose help they expect .

A West-Indian TARGET . Given by H. Whistler Esq .

A West-Indian BOW , ARROWS , and QUIVER . The Bow is made of Ash. Near two yards long . In the middle , not an inch broad , but high-back'd and belly'd , sc. above an inch , as our Bows . But betwixt the middle and the ends , of a different shape , sc. above an inch and ½ broad , and not much above ½ an inch thick . The string made of a sort of Catgut ; but consisting of three of them hard twisted together , looks like thick Packthread .

Some of the Arrows are almost an Eln long . Made of a fine sort of unjoynted and hollow Cane ; about the thickness of one of our Arrows , and feather'd in the same manner . The Notch fortify'd with a Swath of split Quill , made tite with a fine sort of Glew . In the other end of the Cane , is fasten'd a brown Stick , about seven or eight inches long , and the Cane there kept firm from cracking , with a Swath and Glew , as the Notch . This Stick is usually knoted , for greater strength : and always Arm'd . One of them , with a curious Shark's Tooth near an inch long , and indented or serrated on both edges : a scurvy Weapon . The rest with Bones , Stones , and pieces of Metal , usually shaped not much unlike the said Tooth .

The Quiver made of the Skin of the Beast , somewhat like the Pig-Badger . With a round piece of wood for a Bottom ; and in the middle of the wood , an Iron Wrest , to keep it from the ground .

A Pot of MACASSAR POYSON . Given by Sir Phil. Vernatti . With this the people of the Island commonly poyson their Arrows . They have of several sorts ; the most dangerous said a a Tavern . Ind. Trav. l. 3. c. 19. to be made of the juyce of certain Trees in Borneo . But in This are plainly to be seen the Legs and other Parts of some Species of Cantharides ; which seem to be mixed with a kind of Corrosive Salt .

Three Cane-pieces ●/● a foot long , fill'd with the same Poyson .

A Siam DRUM . Given by Mr. John Short . The Body of it , as it were a great thick Neck'd Earthen-Jug , fourteen inches long ; the Belly nine over , the Neck four ; and with the Bottom out . In the place whereof is spread a thin Parchment , made of a Fishes-Skin , beset all over with small round knots in strait and parallel Rows . Stretched out tite with numerous little Braces made of Split-Cane , all spread over the Belly of the Jug , and very curiously platted together at both their ends . The Neck of the Jug flourish'd round about with a Mould . Both this and the Belly cover'd with a black Varnish ; and the Neck also with Red , Green , and Gilt.

SECT. III. Chiefly of MECHANICKS . Relating to

TRade . An Arabian BALSAME-BOTTLE . Given by Thomas Henshaw Esq. 'T is two feet high , and near an Eln in compass . Shaped like a Long-Neck used in a Reverberating Furnace . Examining it well , I find it made neither of Glass , Earth , Wood , or any Vegetable Body ; but only of Leather and Parchments . The inmost Parchment , as thick as that us'd by Scriveners . Next to which , is another , as thick as the best Cordovan-Leather ; but as sturdy as Whale-Bone . Next to This , another like the Inmost . Over all , is very titely and curiously sew'd a Cover of tan'd Leather . The top of the Neck hath a Ring or Collar , made only with raming in a kind of Gummy Earth very hard between the middle and the utmost Skin . The Stople made of Fir-wood . So much of the Balsame which sticks to the sides of the Bottle , is of an extraordinary fragrancy : and seems not inferior to that which some Drugists sell under the Name of the Balm of Gil●ad .

ASSAY-SCALES , included in a Case with Glass Panels ; to weigh with , out of the Air.

A China STATERA , in the form of a Steel-Yard . The Chineses carry it about them , to weigh their Gems , and the like . The Beam or Yard is of Wood , round , ¼ of an inch over , and a foot in length . Upon it are Three Rules of Measure , made of fine Silver-studded Work , as in Watch-Cases . One of the Rules is divided into inches ; and every inch into ( 25 ) equal parts . The other Two are also divided into equal parts ; but not into inches . They all begin from the end of the Beam : whence , the First is extended (8) inches ; the Second , 6 ½ ; the Third , 8 ½ . The first , is our Europe-Measure ; the other two , I take to be the China-Measure , and that of some other Country trading with them .

At the other end of the Yard hangs a round Scale , marked with a square Seal of China-Characters . At Three several Distances from this end , are fasten'd so many slender strings . The First Distance makes ⅝ ths of an inch ; the Second , is double to the First , or an inch and ●/● ; the Third , two inches and ¼ .

When they weigh any thing , they hold up the Yard by some one of these three strings , and so hang a sealed weight ( about an Ounce and ¼ Troy-weight ) upon some point of the Rule , as the Thing requires . 'T is kept in a Case fitted to it , almost like a Dancing-Master's Kit. There is one like to this in the Musaeum Romanum . a a P. 34. Col. 2.

A Pair of WOODEN-BELLOWS . Contrived to save Leather . Given by Sir Rob. Moray . They may be compared to a Box ; saving , that here the Box moves , and strikes not within , but over the Lid : and both of a square Figure . The length of the Box from end to end , within , two feet . The breadth , at the Breech , a foot and ¼ ; the depth , about a foot . The breadth of the Nose-end , seven inches and ●/● . The Breech-Board is bended , so as to make part of a Zone , answering to the Lid ( which moves upon an Iron Centre or Axis ) as the Radius .

The Lid hath a Margin placed inward on both sides and both ends . From the inner edge , to edge , longways , nineteen inches ; in breadth , at the Breech , ten inches ; at the Nose-end , four . The Nose , of Iron , like that of an ordinary pair of Bellows . The Valve , of Wood.

On the middle of the said Margin , are two Springs on each side the Lid , and one at each end . Between the two Springs on the sides , and at the four Corners , a kind of half Staple like a Bench-Hook . Within or under which are placed squares of Wood , and by the said Springs , kept close to the sides of the Box , ( to keep in the Air ) as it plays over the Lid.

A ROUPY of Silver . Given by G. Ent Esq .

A HALF-ROUPY of Silver . By the same Hand . These and divers other like Coins are currant all over the Dominions of the Great Mogul . I place them here , as not relating to Antiquity , but of present known use .

Several sorts of Indian MONEY , called WAMPAMPEAGE . 'T is made of a sort of Shell , formed into small Cylinders , about a ¼ of an inch long , and ●/●th over , or somewhat more or less : and so being bored , as Beads , and put upon Strings , pass among the Indians , in their usual Commerse , as Silver and Gold amongst us . But being loose , is not so currant .

The meanest is in SINGLE STRINGS . Of which , here is both the White and Black . By measure , the former goes at Five shillings the Fathome ; the latter , at Ten. By Number , the former at Six a penny ; the latter , at Three .

The next in value is that which is Woven together into BRACELETS about ¾ of a yard long ; Black and White , in Stripes , and six pieces in a Row ; the Warp consisting of Leathern Thongs , the Woofe of Thread . These Bracelets the Zanksquaes or Gentlewomen commonly wear twice or thrice about their Wrists .

The best , is woven into GIRDLES . Of This here are two sorts . One about a yard long ; with fourteen pieces in a Row , woven , for the most part , into black and white Squares , continu'd obliquely from edge to edge . The other , not all-out so long , but with fifteen pieces in a Row . Woven into black Rhombs or Diamond-Squares , and Crosses within them . The spaces between filled up with white . These two last , are sometimes worn as their richest Ornaments ; but chiefly used in great Payments , esteemed their Noblest Presents , and laid up as their Treasure .

A string of Virginian MONEY . A Row of Teeth in shape like the fore-Teeth of a Hare : all woven together , at one end , with brown twisted Thread , into one Piece ¼ of a yard long .

Husbandry . The Frame of a SAFFRON KILN . Given by the Honourable Charles Howard Esq. Together with a Description hereof ; and the way of Planting Saffron , and ordering it upon the Kiln . And by Me published in the Phil. Transactions . a a Num. 138.

The Spanish SEMBRADORE . A Machine for Plowing , equal Sowing , and Harrowing all at once . Contriv'd by Don Joseph Lucaleto a Spanish Knight . Used and approv'd both in Spain and Germany . Given by J. Evelyn Esq together with the Description extracted out of the Authors Treatise hereof , and published in the Phil. Transactions . b b Num. 60.

A CIDER-PRESS . Described also by Mr. Evelyn . c c Appendix to Pomona . Contriv'd by Mr. Hook . For better Dispatch , and thorow breaking of the Apples . Consisteth chiefly of four Cylinders . Those two , which are first to bruise them , more distant ; the other , to press out the Juyce , as close as will well consist with their motion .

A BOX-HIVE . Given by Sir Rob. Moray . But contrived by Sir Christopher Wren : And the Description hereof first published d d By Mr. Hartlib . in the Year , 1652. Since then by Mr. Moses Rusden . Design'd to keep them warmer , and more safe ; but especially , to prevent their Swarming , and the better to propagate them into Colonies .

Houswifery and Houshold-stuff . CASSAVI-BREAD . Made of the Root of the Hyjucca Mexicana . They first pound it , and press out the Juyce ; which is of a noxious ( say some , of a deadly ) quality : and the Pulp of the Root is reduced to a Cake . These Cakes they fry , or rather bake over a gentle fire , and so set them in the Sun to dry , for their Bread . The thicker Cakes , called Cassavi , and eaten by the poorer sort . The thiner , called Sciam Sciam , by the Rich. e e Aldin . De script . Hort. Farnes . Out of Monerdes and Oviedus . In Hier. Benzoni's time , f f Histor. Americ . l. 4. c. 28. all the Ships that were bound from Spain to Mexico ; when they returned , were Victualled with Cassavi-Bread . That is , instead of Bisco't .

A HAMMOCK . Like a Great Net , with several small Tassels on the sides , and two huge ones at the ends . Between which , 't is fifteen feet long . The Weft , seven feet ; and about as broad . It consisteth of twisted Thread , as thick as small Packthred ; made of the Barque of the Coco-Tree , and of the Rind of the Nut. Not Netted ; nor Woven with Warp and Woofe ; but after the manner of Bobbin-Work . At both ends , the Weft gather'd up into several small Ropes , and those at last into greater : by which it is commonly fasten'd to two Trees some yards above ground . Thus fitted , the people in some parts of the Indies , lie down in them , and so sleep secure from Serpents and wild Beasts .

A Pattern of the STUFF made by the Planters in New-England : the Yarn whereof they Dey of a kind of Phileamot , with a Decoction of the Barque of the Butter-Nut-Tree ( described in the Second Part ) without Alum , Copperas , or any thing else to strike the Colour .

A sort of LEATHER , as thin as that of a Kid. Of which it is affirm'd , That it will keep out water better than the best Neats Leather . And I have been told , That it hath been us'd in the French-Camps , spread upon the ground , for Beding . It seems to be made , by being throughly soaked in a mixture of Oil and Bees-Wax .

A CUP Turn'd out of Sassafras Wood.

A Little BOX Turn'd out of a Nutshell .

A JAPAN Wooden CUP : cover'd with a Red Varnish within , and with yellowish Flowers without , upon a Black Ground .

An INDIAN-PAIL . Made of the Barque of Birch-Tree . Square at the bottom , and thence rising up into a Conick Form . So ingeniously contriv'd , that the Sides and Bottom are all made out of one single piece of Barque .

An INDIAN DISH or Potager . Made also of the Barque of a Tree , with the Sides and Rim sewed together after the manner of Twiggen-Work .

Another DISH , cut out of Wood , as Hollow Ware commonly is here in England .

A RUSH-BASKET . The Rushes are partly of their Native colour , and partly deyed with a redish and brown Tawny . Very prettily woven together by the Indian Women , in striped and indented Work . And also very oddly : for it seems to have a double Woofe , one on each side the Warp ; the Rushes running on the out-side , one way ; on the in-side the contrary .

A BASKET made of Porcupine-Quills . The Ground is a Packthred-Caule ; not Netted , but Woven . Into which by the Indian-Women are wrought , by a kind of Lap-Work , the Quills of Porcupines , not split , as the Person that sent it affirms , but of the young ones entire : mixed White and Black in Even and indented Waves . Esteemed by themselves as one of their chiefest Curiosities .

ANOTHER , made of the same Materials ; but with the Quills wrought in Triangular Chequer-Work .

An Indian COMB . A Stick , whereof somewhat more than one half is cut into three sharp and round Teeth , four inches long . The other part left for the Handle , adorned with fine Straws laid along the sides , and lap'd round about it , in several distinct Swaths .

Cloaths and Ornaments . An Indian PERUQUE . Made , not of Hair , but Feathers , sc. black , grey , yellow , red and white : all cut at the tops to the length of about five inches . Saving the fore-Lock , which is made of small ones an inch and ½ deep . Fasten'd to a course Netted-Caule of Packthred .

An Indian MANTLE ; Also made of Feathers . Given by Dr. G. Smith . About an Eln square . The Feathers all of a Brown or Eagle-colour , small and wrought into a Caule of Packthred .

An Indian BRACELET for the Wrist . Made of the Scarlet Feathers of the Indian Sea-Curlew ( described in the First Part ) Clipt short , and woven into a Caul of Packthred two inches broad . There are also ½ a dozen Tufts of blew Feathers in the middle , and two of Black at each end . Much like the usual Bumbast of black Bits sewed into Ermine , which our English Women are made to think very fine .

A Pair of Iceland GLOVES . Given by Th. Henshaw Esq. About ½ a yard long , and ¼ broad at the Tops . Made of Deer-Skin ; not tan'd , but only dry'd , with the Hair on ; and lin'd with the same . The Tops faced with Scarlet Serge , Embroyder'd with Flower-Work , made of Leaden-Wyre , twisted ( as Silver-Wyre on Silk ) upon brown Hempen Thread . I call it Wyre , not because it is Drawn , which this Metal cannot be , but for that it is so small . In the vacancies of the Work , are set Copper-Spangles with knots of the same Wyre .

An Indian SCEPTRE . Made , as it seems , of a sort of Cane . A yard long ; and as thick as a middle walking-Cane ; without any Joynt , and perfectly round . Consisteth of hard and blackish Cylinders , mixed with a soft kecky Body ; so as at the end cut transversly , it looks as a bundle of Wires . Gilt and varnished all over with Flowers in Green , Red and White ; saving the two ends which are Black .

The FAN of an Indian King . Given by H. Whistler Esq. Made chiefly of the Feathers of Peacocks Tailes ; composed into a round Form . Bound altogether with a circular Rim , above a foot over , consisting of the parts of certain Plants like split Cane . The middle strengthen'd and divided into squares with cross Bars , made of the same materials , and some of them deyed Red. The bottom of each Square over-laid with Moscovy-Glass . And in the middle of each , a knot of white Feathers , like the Flower of a Jacynth .

A plain Indian FAN , used by the meaner sort . Made of the small stringy parts of Roots , spread out in a round flat Form , and so bound together with a Splinter-Hoop , and strengthen'd with small Bars on both sides . The Handle painted with Japan Varnish , black , red , and yellow . When they use them , they sprinkle them with sweet Water , which perfumes the wafter Air.

An Indian PURSE or CASE for the Pudenda of a Man . 'T is a foot long , and closed at the bottom . Made of small Reeds woven together after the manner of course Linnen .

An APRON for the Pudenda of a Woman . A ¼ of a yard deep , and shaped like a Widows Peak . Hath two transverse Labels , with several small Tassel'd Strings , to tie it about her middle ; and a great one hanging down before . Made of Rushes , and other Plants . The out-side of several colours , sc. white , yellow , red , tawny , and brown ; as flexible as any Thread . Woven in several Squares , and ½ Squares in a most exact and geometrick Order . The inside of smaller Rushes , all of one colour , and the Weaving uniform : as some Silks are plain on one side , and flowered on the other . A piece of Work , which an European could hardly imitate with all her Art .

A Pair of Iceland BOOTS . Given also by Mr. Henshaw . Made of dry'd Deer-Skin , as the Gloves . Somewhat above a foot long , and about a foot broad at the Tops . The small of the Leg , above ½ a foot . The Foot , but eleven inches . Lined with another sort of Skin , and that only dry'd . The Knee faced with course red Cloath ; and the top of the Foot with Lists of the same ; both Embroyder'd with twisted Leaden-Wyre , like that on the Gloves . On the end of the Toe , a Button made of a Leathern Thong knoted in a round form , and wrought over , not with twisted , but plain Leaden-Wyre . They are stitch'd together with Cat-Gut . How the people use them , I see not ; for the very same Skin , which is thin , and with the Hair on , makes the Sole , as well as the Top , of the Foot , and the Leg.

A SNOW-SHOOE , used in Greenland , and some other places . Given by Mr. Linger . A yard and ½ long , and in the middle fifteen inches broad . Oval behind ; the fore-end , sharp . The Margin is a piece of Wood of the breadth of a Lath , reduced to the Form above-said , and so made tite and steady with two cross Bars . To the sides round about , is stretched and fasten'd three pieces of woven Work , resembling Net-Work ; made of small Leathern Thongs , in three parallel Orders , one directly , and two obliquely transverse . In the middle piece is a hole made , to affix It to the Foot .

Painting . A LANDSKIP , being the Prospect of a fair City , painted upon Stone .

A Natural Landskip , or Prospect of Ruinous Buildings in Stone . Humour'd with a Tree painted over it .

Another , with a Woman in a praying posture .

CATOPTRICK PAINT , on a Table or Board . Given by Bishop Wilkins . On one side , the Paint looks as if it were altogether rude and irregular , so as nothing can be made of it . But a Metalline Cylinder being placed perpendicular upon a certain Point of the Table ; the Rays are in such sort incident thereon , and thence reflected to the Eye , as to represent a variety of curious Work : sc. a Shepherd playing on a Pipe ; and his Wife dancing with a Child in her Arms , and a Basket on her Head .

On the other side , St. George and Don Quicksot both on Horse-back , and a Wind-Mill betwixt them . And Don having made his Horse leap at the Sail , his Horse hangs upon it , and himself is thrown to the ground . But a Metalline Octogon , placed as the Cylinder , shews St. George in good posture upon Don's Horse , killing the Dragon .

An Instrument to draw PERSPECTIVE with . Contriv'd by Sir Christopher Wren .

An Optique BOX , used as a help in DRAWING .

A piece of SMALT-GLASS . Used by Painters for Picture-Frames , and other purposes . Given by Mr. J. Linger .

The Picture of a MUSK-DEER , in Colours , and after the Life . Taken in Java major , and sent from thence by Sir Philiberto Vernatti .

The Picture of a BASILISK . Pretended by those that shew it , to be a real Animal so call'd . But is an Artificial Thing , made chiefly of the Skin of the Raja , and the Legs of a Dodo , or some great Fowl . Given by Ellis Crisp , Esq .

The Picture of the Plant called NINSIN . The whole Plant is drawn after the Life on Parchment , in Colours . The Root , of a redish yellow ; about five or six inches long , and near as thick as a Skirret : agreeing with the Description hereof in the Second Part of this Catalogue . The Stalk as thick as a Wheaten-straw , and a foot high . The Leaves somewhat like those of the Stock-Gilly-Flower . The Flowers redish in the Bud , and white when open ; three and three together , and composed of six round Leaves , like those of the Round-Flower'd Moly figur'd in Bauhinus , but not so big .

The Draughts of several Indian PLANTS on a Table . In the first place , of

The CLOVE-TREE : Together with a Branch of the same after the life : The Mother or Prolifick-Clove , from which the Plants are propagated : And the Stone and Kernel of the same . Next of

The NUTMEG-TREE : Together with a Branch of the same after the life : The Fruit of the Female-Nutmeg : Of that called the Thieving-Nutmeg , because it infects and spoils the good ones where it lies : The Male , with its Fruit , both long and short : And the little Kind , wherewith the Natives dey their Teeth black . Next of

A PLANT which beareth a Fruit hanging with a long Stalk upon the top of the Leafe ; almost in the shape of a Can , with its Lid. If it be open'd , though the Weather never so hot , 't is half full of Liquor . Then of

A SAGEWAR-TREE ; whose Flower being cut , renders a Juyce like Wine , far above the Coco-Tree : With the Fruit both of the Male and Female . In the last place , of

The SAGOUS-TREE ; which those that inhabit the Molucca Islands , eat instead of Bread : With the Fruit , after the life .

Design . An Armed SOULDIER , in the posture of fighting . Together with a Landskip , and the Prospect of an Army . Given by Mr. Will . Brownest ; and all very curiously Drawn with his Pen.

Wrighting . A Jewish PHYLACTERY . This here is only a single Scroll of Parchment , ¼ of an inch broad , and 15 inches long ; with Four Sentences of the Law , ( viz. Exod. 13. from 7. to 11. and f. 13. to 17. Deut. 6. f. 3. to 10. and 11. f. 13. to 19. ) most curiously written upon it in Hebrew . Serarius , from the Rabbies , saith , That they were written severally upon so many Scrolls . And that the Jews to this day , do wear them over their Foreheads in that manner . So that they are of several sorts or modes , whereof this is one .

The original use of them , for Memento's : grounded on that Command , a a Deut. 6. 8. and in the other places above quoted . And thou shalt bind them for a sign ●pon thine Hand , and they shall be as Frontlets between thine Eyes . But afterwards , served more for Ostentation . And at last , for Spells or Amulets . b b Hierome , quoted by Bishop Montague . From whence also the use of Charms amongst Christians was first learn'd ; and those who gave them called Phylacterij . Prohibited by the Council in Trullo . c c Can. 61.

An Example of the ARABICK Letter in one or two Variations upon Parchment .

An Example of the CHINA-Language , in a considerable Variety of CHARACTERS , upon two sorts of China Papyr .

An Example of the MALABARINE Letters and Language . The Letters have some little resemblance to those of the Coptick . Written upon a single Plate of the Palmetto-Leaf , an inch and ½ deep , and 10 inches long . It seems , from the Hole punched at the end of it , to have been filed with a great many more , and so to have made a Book .

Another Variety of the ARABICK Letter , not properly Written , but Impress'd with a Style , or as it were Engraven , upon two double Plates of the Palmetto-Leaf .

Sculpture . A CARVED Shell of MOTHER of Pearl . On which Andromeda stands naked upon the Shore , having her Arms fasten'd to a Rock with two Chains . Near the Shore , a great Sea-Fish or Monster making towards her , and spouting out Water at Perseus . Who comes flying upon Pegasus , with his Shield , and his Sword advanced , to kill the Monster . Upon a Promontory between Andromeda and Perseus stands a Cupid , and among the Trees upon it another , signifying their Marriage afterwards . All done with extraordinary Art .

ANOTHER , with the same curious Work , but different Phancy . Neptune making towards the Shore , without his Mace , advances and spreads abroad his Arms , in Courtship towards Diana . Who stands on the Shore in her Mantle half naked , and holding forth her Hand in the posture of denial . Between them , two naked Nymphs , one giving aim to the other , shooting a Dart at Neptune to give him a further repulse . And a Cupid flying away over Dianas Head .

About 36 pieces of Ivory , with IMAGES CARVED upon Each . On some , of Men ; on others of Women and Children ; and on others , of Cattel . One of them , a Crucifix , with the Eleven Apostles . They seem to have belonged to a Cabinet or Chest of Drawers , and to make some story ; but the rest being wanting , unintelligible .

One of them , is a curious piece of Work . On the top of a Rock , stands a Castle . At the foot , a George or Chevaleer , armed and mounted , and combating a Dragon ; defending her self , and shewing her rage in a most lively posture . Behind the Horse stands one of her young Ones , expecting her Conquest . On the brow of the Rock , a Woman , or if you will the Lady , praying for her overthrow . Hereto may be refer'd ,

A SEA-PIECE , consisting wholly of INLAY'D-WORK , of several Colours , in Stone . As also ,

A FORREST , with a House at the end of it ; and several Beasts both wild and tame , as the Lion , Unicorne , Boar , Camel , Stag , and a Dog pursuing him : all Cut in PAPYR , in the compass of about three inches square .

Turn'd Work . A Box of CUPS , from Norimberge : being an Hundred of them one within another ; the Boll of the utmost about two inches and ½ in Diametre . Given by Dudley Palmer Esq. I take the Wood to be Maple .

A piece of TURN'D Work in Ivory . Given by H. Oldenburge Esq. A solid Triangle , turn'd open on the four sides . With a Flower standing out on each side , and loose . In each Flower , a little Spike , also loose . But all the four Flowers by themselves , and so the Spikes , are united in the centre . On the Necks of the Flowers likewise hangs a Sphaerical Triangle ; and on each Neck , several small Rings . Preserved in a Round Ivory Box.

The HEAD of a Princes , in her HAIR , and with a CORONET ; in an Oval of Ivory . That which is extraordinary , is , That it is not CARVED , but all TURNED Work . 'T is kept in an Oval Box , wrought with Undulated Work of several Forms , all likewise Turn'd . The Art , I think , is now dead with the Author .

Molded-Work . Two HALF BODIES in Armor , betwixt four and five inches in length . Given also by Mr. Dudley Palmer . The phancy is this , That upon a rude molded Ground of Rosin and Wax , or some such substance , are laid , chiefly the parts of several Plants and Insects , by which the Figure is compleated . As the Forehead , ( all the Face of one ) with the Scales of the Belly-Piece , of the Broad Golden Cantharis ; the Ball or White of the Eye , with Gromwell-Seeds ; the Lids , with those of a sort of Marigold ; the Nose , with that of Carthamum ; the Beard with those of Lettice . Part of the Armor , of one , with the Wing-Sheaths of the Green Broad Cantharis : of the other , with the Seeds of Cow-Parsnep : and so for the rest . A couple like to These , are figur'd in Olearius's Musaeum .

Sir Robert Moray's HEAD in WAX. Taken off of a Plaster-Mold , which was made upon it .

SECT. IV. Of COYNS , and other Matters relating to Antiquity .

THe Effigies of JOHN HOWARD , the first Duke of Norfolk , in Colours Neald on Glass . From whom the Right Honourable the present Duke of Norfolk is the eighth , inclusive . Given by Mr. S. Morgan . He is represented kneeling in a Chappel , with his Dukes Cap by him , and Invested in his Coat of Armour , bearing four Coats , Quarterly : sc. of Howard , Brotherton ( Son to King Edward the First ) Plantagenet ( Earl of Warren and Surrey ) and Fitz-Allan . The first , is Gules , a Bend betwixt six Crosslets fitchy , Argent . The second , the Arms of England , with a Label of three Points Argent . The third Checky Or and Azure . The fourth , Gules , a Lion Rampand Or.

The PEDEGREE of the most Noble Family of the HOWARDS , from the first Duke above-said : Engraven on a Copper-Plate . Given by the same Hand .

A ROMAN URNE , of Glass , with a Handle . Given by Sir Christopher Wren . Above fifteen Hundred years old . Almost like a Bottle containing a Gallon and ½ ; but with a very short Neck , and wide Mouth , and of whiter metal . Encompassed girth-wise , with five parallel Circles . Found in Spital-Fields .

STONES , not long since found near the Foundation of Charing-Cross at a great depth . Given by Sir Joseph Williamson . They seem to be a sort of course Marble . Of a blackish colour , and figur'd into several plain sides ; but irregular : from whence they may be argu'd to be very ancient .

A Piece of MOSAICK WORK , found deep under ground , in Holbourn near St. Andrews Church . Inlaid with black , red , and white Stones , in Squares and other Regular Figures .

A parcel of little square Stones , belonging to MOSAICK-Work , found in a Field near Bath , in the Year , 1664.

Several Examples of MORTARS of old Castles and Roman Buildings . Given by John Aubrey Esq for comparing them with those now in use .

A ROMAN MONEY-POT . Given ( with the Coin below mention'd ) by the same Hand . Found in the Year , 1651. in Week-Field , in the Parish of Hedington , in Wiltshire ; half full of Roman Coin , Silver and Copper , of several Emperors near the time of Constantine . Of the colour of a Crucible , and fashion'd almost like a Pint Jug without a Neck . Closed at the top , and having a Notch on one side , as in a Christmas-Box . In the same place ( where anciently was a Roman Colony ) and at the same time , were dig'd up the Foundations of several Houses for a Mile together .

Of COYNS .

MOst of them being obscure , lest I should mistake , I presently took the help of my Worthy Friend Mr. Abraham Hill , Fellow of the Royal Society , very well acquainted with This , as well as other parts , of Antiquities .

Silver .

Twenty SILVER DENARII ; whereof Nineteen given by Sir Paul Whichcote . The

I , II , and III. Consular . IV. Imp. Otho Caesar Aug. Trib. Pot. Reverse . Securitas P. R. V. Aulus Vitellius Imp. Germ. ......... Augusti . VI. Caesar Vespasian ...... Tr. Pot. VII . Caesar Aug. Pater Patriae . Princ. Juvent . Caes. VIII . Imp. Caes. Domit. Germ. Pont. Max. Tr. P. Imp. iij. Cos. xv . Censor . P. iij. IX . Imp. Caes. Trajan , Hadrian Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Cos. iij. Felicit . P. R. X. Imp. Caesar Trajan Hadrian . Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Cos. iij. XI . Hadrianus Aug. Cos. iij. P. P. Romulo Conditori . XII . M. Commodus Anton. Aug. Pius . Tr. P. viij . Cos. iiij . P. F. XII . M. Commodus ....... Cos. .... Exerc. XIV . Severus Aug. Parthic . Max. Restitutor Urbis . XV. Caes. Marc. Anton. Gordianus African . Aug. Princ. Juventutis . XVI . Maximus Caesar German . Pietas Aug. XVII . Dom. Nost. Julianus P. ( i. e. pius ) F. ( i. e. felix ) Aug. ( Julian the Apostate . ) Votis x ( i. e. Decennalibus ) multis x. XVIII . D. N. Valentinianus P. F. Aug. Urbs Roma . Lug. P. C. XIX . R. N. Valens P. F. Aug. Restitutor Reip. P. Lug. These from Sir Paul Whichcote . XX. D. N. Valens P. F. Aug. Urbs Roma Tr. P. ( Treviris Perc. ) Given by Walter Chetwynd Esq . XXI . Henricus IV. Dominus Hiberniae . Commonly call'd an Irish Groat . XXII . Carolus V. ... L. M. .... Indiarum Plus Ult. In whose time the Indies

were more fully discover'd . These two given by G. Ent Esq .

Copper . I. D. N. Constantius P. F. Aug. Fel. Temp. reparatio . Two more of the same . II. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug. Felicitas Reipublicae . These from J. Aubrey Esq. III. Constantinus P. F. Aug. Soli Invicto Comiti . IV. Constantinus Nob. Caes. Vot . x. Caesarum nostrorum . S. Tr. ( i. e. Sign . Treviris . ) V. Constantinus Aug. ... Tranquillitas Vot . xx . The same again . VI. Constantinus Jun. Nob. C. Vot . x. nostror . Caesarum . These found near Cambridge . VII . Antonius Pius Aug. Virtus Augg. ( Augustorum ) Denarius . VIII ..... Tit. Ael . Hadr. Antoninus Aug. Pius . Cos. iij. S. C. ( i. e. Senat. Cons. ) Annona . IX . D. N. Constantinus P. F. Aug. Fel. Temp. Reparatio . X. D. N. Magnentius . Felicitas . ..... XI . D. N. Magnentius . Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. Α. Ω. XII . D. N. Constantius . Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. Α. Ω. Of these two last together , here are 24 , all with the same Revers , about ☧ the Initial Letters of ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ .

XIII . Constantius P. F. Aug. ..... Exercitus .

With Nine more obscure . These were taken out of the Pot above mention'd , found near Hedington .

XIV .... Ptolomy . ...... XV. Divus Aug. S. C. Consensu Sen. & Eq. Ord. PQR . XVI . Divus Augustus . Providentia S. C. XVII . M. Agrippa .... Cos. ...... XVIII . C. Caesar Aug. German . P. M. Tr. Pot. Vesta . ...... The same again . XIX . Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Imp. Constantia Augusti . The same again . XX. Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Imp. ....... S. C. XXI . Drusus Caes. Tiber. Aug. F. Divi Aug. N. Pontif. Tribun . Potest . iterum . XXII . Imp. Nero Caes. Aug. Pon. M. Tr. P. Roma .... S. C. XXIII . Nero Claudius Caes. Aug. Germ. P. M. Tr. R. Mac. Aug. S. S. ( Macellum . ) XXIV . Serg. Galba Imp. Caes. Aug. Adlocutio . XXV . A. Vitellius Imp. German . Fides Exercituum S. C. XXVI . A. Vitellius Germ. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. S. C. .... XXVII . Imp. Caes. Vesp. Aug. P. M. Tr. Cos. viij ....... S. C. XXVIII . Caesar Vesp. ......... S. C. XXIX . Imp. Caes. Domit. Aug. Germ. Cos. xvj . Cens. Perp. Moneta Aug. The same again . XXX . Imp. Caes. Magnentius . Felicitas Reipublicae . A Souldier holds in his right hand , a Victory ; in his left , the Standard , on which is ☧ as on the XII . XXXI . D. N. Decentius . Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. XXXII . D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. XXXIII . D. N. Decentius Caes. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. XXXIV . Urbs Roma . XXXV . Constans . Fel. Temp. Reparatio . XXXVI .... Constantius . Fel. Temp. Reparatio . Of these two last together , here are 43 , all with the same Reverse . XXXVII . D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug. Gloria Romanorum . XXXVIII ..... Philip. Miliarium Saeculum Cos. iij. When Rome had been built a Thousand years . XXXIX .... Aurelius Anton. ..... S. C. XL. D. N. Theodosius P. F. Aug. Gloria Exercitus . XLI . D. N. .... Reparatio Reipub. XLII . Constans Pius Aug. Virtus Exercit. XLIII . D. N. Honorius . ....... XLIV . Crispus Nob. Caes. .... Tranquillitas . XLV . Gallienus Aug. ........

With about 72 more , which are obscure . Paper or Pastboard-Money .

Lugdunum Batavorum .

Pugna pro Patria . 1574. When besieged by the Spaniards .