The poetical histories being a compleat collection of all the stories necessary for a perfect understanding of the Greek and Latine poets and other ancient authors / written originally in French, by the learned Jesuite, P. Galtruchius ; now Englisht and enricht with observations concerning the gods worshipped by our ancestors in this island, by the Phœnicians, and Syrians in Asia ... ; unto which are added two treatises, one of the curiosities of old Rome, and of the difficult names relating to the affairs of that city, the other containing the most remarkable hieroglyphicks of Ægypt, by Marius d'Assigny ... Histoire poétique pour l'intelligence des poéts. English Gautruche, Pierre, 1602-1681. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A42508 of text R15913 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing G384). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 907 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 267 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 A42508 Wing G384 ESTC R15913 12255860 ocm 12255860 57461 2240971217

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Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A42508) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 57461) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 185:5) The poetical histories being a compleat collection of all the stories necessary for a perfect understanding of the Greek and Latine poets and other ancient authors / written originally in French, by the learned Jesuite, P. Galtruchius ; now Englisht and enricht with observations concerning the gods worshipped by our ancestors in this island, by the Phœnicians, and Syrians in Asia ... ; unto which are added two treatises, one of the curiosities of old Rome, and of the difficult names relating to the affairs of that city, the other containing the most remarkable hieroglyphicks of Ægypt, by Marius d'Assigny ... Histoire poétique pour l'intelligence des poéts. English Gautruche, Pierre, 1602-1681. D'Assigny, Marius, 1643-1717. [23], 285 [i.e. 279], [2], 200 [i.e. 188], [22] p. Printed by B.G. and are to be sold by Moses Pitt ..., London : 1671. Translation of: Histoire poétique pour l'intelligence des poétes. Book 2 has special t.p. with title: The second book of the history of the heathen gods. London : Printed by S.G. and B.G. for M. Pitts, 1671. With errata leaf [2] p. at beginning of second pagination and p. [21]-[22]. Advertisements on p. [20]-[23] at beginning and p. [2] at end. Reproduction of original in Newberry Library. Errors in pagination. Includes index and bibliographical references. eng Mythology, Classical. Rome -- Antiquities. eebo The poetical histories being a compleat collection of all the stories necessary for a perfect understanding of the Greek and Latine poets and other an Gautruche, Pierre, 1671 534 144164 2260 0 0 0 2 2 199.77 F The rate of 199.77 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the F category of texts with 100 or more defects per 10,000 words. 2006-09 Assigned for keying and markup 2006-09 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2006-11 Sampled and proofread 2006-11 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2007-02 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

The POETICAL HISTORIES BEING A COMPLEAT COLLECTION Of all the STORIES necessary for a Perfect understanding of the Greek and Latine Poets and other Ancient Authors written Originally in French , by the Learned Jesuite . P. GALTRVCHIVS .

Now Englisht and enricht with Observations concerning the Gods worshipped by our Ancestors in this Island by the Phoenicians , and Syrians in Asia with many useful Notes and Occasional Proverbs gathered out of the best Authors .

Unto which are added Two TREATISES . One of the Curiosities of Old ROME , and of the difficult Names relating to the affairs of that City . The Other containing the most remarkable Hieroglyphicks of AEGYPT .

By MARIVS D'ASSIGNY , B. D.

London , Printed by B. G. and are to be sold by Moses Pitt , at the White-hart in Little-Britain , 1671.

TO THE Right Honourable Sir ORLANDO BRIDGMAN , Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England , and one of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council , &c. My Lord ,

IF the value of Offerings were alwayes to be equal to the Grandeur of the Persons unto whom they are presented , I should not dare to make this bold addresse . But the greatness of my Devotion that hath no other way to manifest it self at present , will , I hope , make amends for the meanness of this , and perswade your Honour to condescend to the acceptance of this poor expression of my respects .

I am encouraged to this presumption , not onely by your Lordships eminent quality , under whose protection , these Treatises will receive many advantages , but also by your Lordships favour to , and acquaintance with learning , whereby you have been enabled for one of the noblest employments of State in which your Honour doth act with the Universal applanse of the whole Nation . May your Lordships unwearied diligence , your approved Fidelity , and uncorrupted Justice in the mannagement of the publick affairs maintain you alwayes above the reach of unconstancy and of envy . If these Treatises may be so happy , as to give unto your Lordship some satisfaction and recreation in the perusal of them , I shall attain unto the advantage , which is chiefly aimed at by this Dedication of

Your Lordships , Most Humble , most obedient and Faithful Servant Marius D' Assigny .
THE CONTENTS
The First Book . The History of the Heathen Gods . Chap. 1. Of Saturn 1 Chap. 2. Of Cybele 6 Chap. 3. Of Jupiter . 10 Chap. 4. Of Juno and of her Children . 16 Chap. 5. Of Apollo , and of the Sun . 25 Chap. 6. Of Diana . 37 Chap. 7. Of Bacchus . 42 Chap. 8. Of Mercurius . 48 Chap. 9. Of Venus . 52 Chap. 10. Of Aurora , and of such like Divinities 55 Chap. 11. Of Neptunus and of the Sea Divinities 59 Chap. 12. Of the Divinities of the Earth . 68 Chap. 13. Of the Infernal Gods . 71 Chap. 14. Of some other Divinities 81 Chap. 15. Of the Gods mentioned in holy Writ and of those that were adored in Phoenicia , Syria , and in the Adjoyning Countries . 93 Chap. 16. Of the Heathen Gods worshipped in England . 114
The Second Book . The History of the Heathen Demi-Gods The Preface Chap. 1. Of Perseus . 12● Chap. 2. Of Hercules . 128 Chap. 3. Of Theseus . 143 Chap. 4. Of Castor and Pollux . 150 Chap. 5. Of Orpheus ▪ 154 Chap. 6. Of Jason and of the Argonauts . 180 Chap. 7. Of Cadmus and of the City of Thebs . 168 Chap. 8. Of Oedipus 172 Chap. 9. Of the War against the City of Thebs . 177 Chap. 10. Of Antigone , and of some passages that happened after the war of Thebs . 187 Chap. 11. Of Tantalus and of Pelops his Son . 190 Chap. 12. Of Atreus and of Thyestes . 196 Chap. 13. Of the Kings of Troy . 199 Chap. 14. Of Paris . 202 Chap. 15. Of the preparations of the Greeks against the City of Troy . 207 Chap. 16. The Siege of Troy . 213 Chap. 17. The Ruin of the City of Troy . 224 Chap. 18. The Adventures of Agamemnon and of Orestes his Son after the ●ine of Troy . 237 Chap. 19. The adventures of Vlysses after the War of Troy . 242 Chap. 20. Of the Adventures of Aeneas . 250 Chap. 21. Of several other Famous men frequently named in the Heathen 〈◊〉 and not mentioned by Galtr●chius . ●59 Chap. 22. Of the Heathen Gods , who 〈◊〉 proper to several places and 〈◊〉 in the World , and had been Men. 267 Chap. 23. Of a few famous women of Antiquity . 274 Chap. 24. Of the Truth of the Fable according to the opinion of Galtruchius . 278
The Third Book . Of the Honours paid by the Heathens unto their Gods . The Preface . Chap , 1. Of the Statues consecrated to the False Gods 1 Chap. 2. Of the Edifices and Temples dedicated to the Heathen Gods . 11 Chap. 3. Of the Sacrifices offered to the Id●l Gods . 19 Chap. 4. Of the Priests of the False Gods . 28 Chap. 5. Of the Festival dayes appointed in honour of the false Gods . 34 Chap. 6. Of the Playes of Greece appointed in honour of the False Gods 42 Chap. 7. Of the publick Pastimes of the Romans 48
Of the Roman Curiosities . Chap. 1. Of the City and People of Rome . 63 Chap. 2. Of the Marriages of the Romans . 68 Chap. 3. Of the manner of devorcing the Roman Wives . 73 Chap. 4. Of the Funerals of the Romans . 75 Chap. 5. Of the Apparel of the Romans . 79 Chap. 6. Of the Customes of the Romans in eating . 87 Chap. 7. Of the Roman Assemblies appointed for publick affairs . 93 Chap. 8. Of the Roman Magistrates , 99 Chap. 9. Of the Roman Lawes , and of many particulars relating to their Judicatory proceedings . 122 Chap. 10. Of the Roman punishments inflicted upon Offenders . 128 Chap. 11. Of the Roman Militia 133
Of the Egyptian Hieroglyphicks . The Preface . Chap. 1. Of God and of his Works . 153 Chap. 2. Of Man and of things relating to him . Chap. 3. Of several kind of Hieroglyphicks drawn from the disposition of Living Creatures . 190 Chap. 4. Of some few notable Observations of several places of the World and of animals . 198
THE PREFACE TO THE Judicious READER .

I Intend not to make any Apology for this Book : If it cannot justifie it self from the idle aspersions of its enemies . I shall freely consent that it may undergo their Censures ; neither do I intend to court my Reader , nor persuade him to the perusal of it . I shall only say this , that what others have imperfectly mentioned in several Treatises , and much more , is here in this one Volume briefly comprehended without much Interpretation I confess , for I look upon such Expositions as have been already given to the Fables of the Heathen Gods , as the silly productions and groundless fancies of Religious Minds , who have laboured to find in the ignorance of Paganism , the knowledges of the Gospel . In the contrivances and inspirations of the Devil , the sublimest Mysteries of Christianity . Such Interpreters of the Poets , are near related to that wise Expositor of the Revelations , who would needs declare the meaning of the Visions of S. John , by certain Characters found upon the back of some Fishes taken near the Northern Pole . The wit of Man may stretch out a comparison between Light and Darkness , between Virtue and Vice , between Christianity and Gentilism ; But I see no reason to believe that the latter was a favourer of the former . The Devils , who were the first promoters of Poetical Inventions , had mistaken their Interest ; If , they ha● taught their Worshippers the Redemption of Man by Christ , and entertained them in an expectation of a Messias to come . Some wise Heathens ashamed of their Religion , have endeavoured to Allegoris● upon all the Fables , and cover the impudent stories with a virtuous gloss , as Averroes that Mahumetan Philosopher hath done with the Alcoran of his Prophet for the same cause . The Grand design of Satan the enemy of Man-kind , was , to oppose Gods Promises of Salvation , and to settle his Interest amongst men , by possessing them with Stories , and a Belief contrary to the Gospel of Christ , and by promoting such Practices as might engage Men in his service , and cause them to abhor the sanctity and purity of Christianity . And if these Fables have any thing of reality and truth , They discover more of the estate of the Devils amongst themselves , than the wonders of Nature ; for we are informed from the Learned Heathens , that they did worship the Devils . Porphyrius acknowledgeth it , and laments , because , since the Preaching of the Gospel Men could not have so much familiarity with them , nor receive from them Instructions , as before . Plato , and his disciples d● call the Heathen Gods , Jupiter , & the rest , Daemones . Besides others divide them into 3 Orders : The highest is above all Elemental substances , with which their Beings have not the least relation ; The second are appointed for the ruling and rouling of the Celestial Globes ; The third are scattered amongst the Elements according

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Abaddon , Wh ose hands are stained with Blood . Paus . Arcad. l. 1.

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

Alexand.

to the Doctrine of the Heathen Philosophers . Jupiter himself was named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as Lactantius tells us out of the Pagan Writers ; and Beelzebub , stiled in Scripture the Prince of the Devils , is said to be Jupiter by the Heathens ; for Jupiter is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Muscarius , or the driver away of Flies , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the killer of Flies ; Because the Flies are Creatures formed by his immediate Agencie , or because the Sun , by whose heat also such Beings are produced , seem to have been committed before the apostacyof the Angels , to the power of him that is now the chief of the Devils ; for that cause he is so often named Apollo , Mithra , Osiris , Tharamis , &c. and the Epithetes proper to the Sun , are ascribed to Jupit. as Fulminator ▪ for by the Virtue and Influence of the Sun , the Thunders , and all other Meteors , are formed in the second Region of the Air. Diespiter , the Father of the Day . Lucetius , because the Sun is the author of Light , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Lucifer , Aethreus , Panomphaeus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Aristaeus , Aratrius , Jupiter dicitur lucetius quia luce nos adjuvat Gell. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because the Sun is the Universal Cause of Life , and of Motion . These Epithetes attributed to Jupiter , have a relation to Jupiter est author luck Macrob . lib. Sat. the Sun ; therefore we may conclude from thence , that Jupiter and the Sun , or the Princes of the Devils , are the same in Lucifer , is the name of the chief Devil amongst Christians . the Theology of the Heathens . The rest of the Gods or Devils , associates of Beelzebub , and subject to his power , do also bear the names of the most Glorious Stars Euseb. de praep. Evang. lib. 4. cap. 9. of the Firmament . They did usurp these names as some do imagine , because in the time of their Integrity , they had been the moving Angels of these great Bodies of Light ; or because they were persuaded by that means to oblige the Men of the World to their Worship and Service . The Host of Heaven is called in Holy Writ , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Suidas . and by the 70. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which Suidas understands to be a number of Stars in the Zodiack . Now the learned Rabins , who have searcht most into the nature and manner of the living of the Spiritual Beings , do inform us , that there is an order of Angels called Mazouroth , the lowest order , or that which is degenerated into Devils . It seems that they did yet bear the name of the places from whence they are shamefully fallen , and do make use of the blessed Influences and universal credit of the most beneficial Stars , to procure to themselves the Homages of mortal beings .

That the Gods of the Heathens were the Devils , or Apostate Angels , may also appear from the express words of Scripture . The Heathens are said to have worshipped the Devils in many places , Deut. 32. 17. They Sacrificed unto Devils . 1 Cor. 10. 20. The things which the Gentiles Sacrifice ; they Sacrifice to Devils , and not unto God . Psal. 106. 37. It is said that the Israelites did offer their Children unto Devils , and in the 65. of Isaias 11. ver . there is , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Our Version saith : That prepare a Table for a Troop , or for Gad. preparing a Table for Jupiter , or for Gad , Jupiter and Gad were the same . This passage is rendred thus by the Seventy Interpreters , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , where you see that Jupiter , and the Star Gad worshipped , as the chief God of that place , are expresly called the Devil . He was also adored in the shape of a Goat . The Aegyptians Maimonid . lib. 3. c. 40. did represent the Sun in their Hieroglyphicks as a Goat ; from hence it is

The Devils did persuade many nations to worship the Beast that was instrumental to mans Apostacy , that is , the Serpent . The Egyptians did imagine it to have an immortal nature Celius Lamprid. saith of Heliog . Aegyptios dracuncu●os Romae habuit quos illi agathodaemonas appellant .

and Euse● . in praepar . Evang. lib. 1.

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

And all nations did honour he Serpents , because they did imagane they had something of Divinity in them .

that they did pay so much respect to the Image of this Animal . Of this kind of Worship Moses speaks , Leviticus 17. 7. They shall no more offer their Sacrifices unto Devils . In Hebrew , there is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Goats . It seems that this worshiping of the Sun in the form of a Goat , was the worshiping of the great Devil . It was his custom to advance his Interest , and persuade the Nations to adore him instead of God , by causing the names and the Beings most in favour with the People to be cryed up and worshiped . In all the Eastern Nations , he bears several different Titles : In Rome he was called Jupiter , in Graecia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in Persia , Mithra ; in Phoenicia , Baal ; in Syria , Heliogabalus ; in England , Thor , or Belenus ; in Egypt , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as Plato saith ; or Apis and Osiris ; in India Topan ; in Arabia , Dyonusos ; in Scythia , Mars ; in Moab , Chemos . We must take notice of this particular , otherwise we shall find our selves intangled in the ordinary confusion of Names of Gods , From hence it is that the Worthies , who did desire to be esteemed more than Men did invent , that the Serpents had begotten them . See Justin of Alexander . which appear in the Mythologists , and shall not be able to discover any sence . We are therefore by the chief God , worshiped in every place , to understand the Chief & Prince of the Apostate Angels . He did suffer his fellow Devils to share with him in the respects of the nations , but they were not so universally adored , because their power and inspection was not so universal as his ; Therefore the Scripture puts a notable difference between the Gods of the several Nations of the East . In every place of the world these evil Spirits had usurped Gods Rights , and the Peoples Devotions , and had drawn them to Sacrifice unto them , Creatures and humane victims . According to this opinion , therefore we are to look upon many of the Fables of the Gods , as mysterious discoveries of the Estate of the Devils amongst themselves , when they speak of Marriages and Alliances between them , they do then shew unto us some real Truths , with a condescention to our weak Capacities , and to our manner of expression . I will not venture to particularise any of these Mysteries , nor offer to interpret things , of which we have but strong conjectures and a probable opinion . I shall only say that the Dispositions of these several Devils , are clearly manifest in their manner of Worship , in the Sacrifices that they did require , and in the things ascribed to their tuition . Jupiter , the Emperor of Heaven is the chief , and the most powerful Varro saith that Jupiter is a God of Palestine , because the name is derived from Jah , or Jehovah the holy name of Almighty God . of all the Devils , stiled in holy Writ the Prince of the Air ; and by the Poets he is called Olympius , because he delights in the highest places . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because he hath so many Legions of wicked Angels at his command . Martius , because he did encourage War & Blood-shed amongst Men. Hospitalis , Aristaeus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and other good names were given unto him , to signifie some remains of Virtue and Goodness which are yet in this Prince of Darkness . Juno his Wife , as I conceive , is another Devil far inferior in power and authority , related to him in a manner proper to their spiritual Beings , fierce and cruel , an encourager of Pride and wantoness , whereof the Peacock , dedicated to this Goddess , was an Emblem . Apollo seems to be a Devil excelling in Beauty , Knowledge , and Wisdom , the rest of his Comrades . Neptunus , is some Spirit that delights in Ship-wracks ; and amongst the Storms and Billows of the raging Sea , therefore he is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Commander of the Sea , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Famous in the Sea ; and the Epithetes proper to this Element , are ascribed to him , as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Pluto is some infernal Fiend that is ashamed to behold the Light ; therefore the rest of the Devils have assigned unto him Hell , or the concavities of the Earth for his abode . Mars , the God of War , encourageth the effusion of Blood . This intimates his cruelty and tyrannical disposition . I could run over the rest of the Gods , worshipped by the Pagans , but this general intimation may sufficiently discover unto the judicious Reader the other truths of the Fables .

I think that this may be another reason of the frequent Relations between the Heathen Gods that are all allied one to another . If they had not been discovered unto us in this manner , the Devil could not have recommended the foul practice of those Vices ; which are described in their stories ; for as the miscarriages of our lives , do depend upon our relations to one another , or to God our Creator : The Devil could not have proposed a perfect example of those actions , nor encouraged us to the imitation of them , if he had not invented the same Relations between the Apostate Angels , as are between Men. Therefore these stories of the Heathen Gods , are not only a real declaration of certain secrets concerning the estate of the evil Spirits , and the works of Nature , but many of them are ingenious Fables , contrived by the Devil , and delivered to the Poets to discredit Virtue , and cause Vice to raign with authority amongst Men ; for when the Divinities whom they did worship , were guilty of such misdemeanors , when such as had power to punish , were the grand abettors and protectors of their vicious actions , they could neither think it a shameful nor a dangerous thing to obey their suggestions , and follow their Examples . By this means the Enemy of Man-kind did labour to destroy the works of God , and to deface the beautiful Image of our Creator imprinted in our Souls , with all manner of Vices . The Devils did admit into their Society and to their Divine Honors many brave Souls when they were departed on t of the world .

Our Learned Jesuite hath here given an account of these Fables , with the ordinary interpretation in some places where they relate to Nature , and to its Mysteries . And because he had omitted several things , tending to the understanding of the Poets , I have supplyed what was wanting in him .

The other Treatises will be no less useful to the same purpose ; for several Ancient Authors do make frequent allusions to the Roman Antiquities , and to the Hieroglyphicks of Egypt . Therefore , without the knowledge of these things many thousand passages of the Poets and Historians , are as obscure , as unknown paths to the blind .

Some of these things have been already collected in English , I confess , but how , and in what manner , I leave to the Readers judgement . In this Work I have endeavoured to render these Poetical stories , and this Scholastick kinde of Learning , fit for the perusal of judicious men , as well as of young students . Some things are related in a different manner according to different Opinions of the best Authors .

Vale. M. D.
These Books are to be sold by Moses Pitt at the White Hart in Little Britain .
Folio .

CAssandra , the fam'd Romance , 1667.

Brigg's Logarithms .

Francisci Suarez Metaphysica .

Quarto .

Dr. John Pell's Introduction to Algebra , Translated out of High-Dutch into English by Thomas Branker , M. A. Also a Table of odd Numbers less than 100000 , shewing those that are Incomposits , and resolving the rest into their Factors and Coefficients , 1668.

Nich. Mercatoris Logarithmo-Technia , five Methodus construendi Logarithmos , 1668.

Jacobi Gregorii Exercitationes Geometricae , 1668.

Dr. John Wallis Opera Mechanica , pars prima & secunda , 1670.

Pars tertia , now in the Press .

Banister's Works of Chyrurgery .

Hugh Broughton's Consent of Scripture .

Snellii Typis Batavus , Lugd. Bat. 1624. Observat . Hussiacae .

Petrus Paaw , de Ossibus Amstelreod . 1633.

A Letter from a Gentleman of the Lord Howard's Retinue , to his Friend in London . Dated at Fez , Novemb. 1669. Wherein he gives a full Relation of the most remarkable Passages in their Voyage thither , and of the present State of the Countreys under the power of Taffaletta , Emperor of Morocco ; With a brief account of the Merchandizing Commodities of Africa , as also the Manners & Customs of the People there .

Lex Talionis , five vindiciae Pharmacopoeorum : Or , A Short Reply to Dr. Merret's Book , and others , written against the Apothecaries ; wherein may be discovered the Frauds and Abuses committed by Doctors professing and practising Pharmacy .

Octavo .

A Discourse of Local Motion , undertaking to Demonstrate the Laws of Motion : and withal to prove that of the seven Rules delivered by Mr. Des-Cartes on this Subject , he hath mistaken Six : Englished out of French , 1671.

The History of the late Revolution of the Empire of the Great Mogul , together with the most considerable pasiages for five years following in that Empire : To which is added a Letter to the Lord Colbert , touching the extent of Indostan , the Corculation of the Gold-nd Silver of the World , at last swallowed up there : As also the Riches , Forces , and Justice of the same , and the Principal cause of the decay of the States of Asta , in Octavo . 1671.

Biblia Hebraea , Josephi Athias , 1661.

Gualteri Needham , Disputatio Anatomica de Formato Foetu , 1667.

Buxtorfius's Epitomy of his Hebrew Grammar , translated into English by John Davis , 1658.

Crow , Scriptores in Scripturam : Now in the Press .

The Fortunate Fool , or the Life of the Dr. Cenudo , 1670.

The Adventures of Mr. T. S. an English Merchant ▪ taken Prisoner by the Turks of Argiers , and carried into the Inland Countreys of Africa ; with a Description of the Kingdom of Argiers , and of all the Towns and Places thereabouts ; As also a Relation of the chief Commodities of the Countrey , and of the Actions and Manners of the People : Whereunto is annexed , an Observation of the Tide , and how to turn a Ship out of the Streights Mouth the Wind being Westerly , 1670.

Contemplations on Mortality , 1669.

A Discourse written to a Learned Frier by Mr. Des Fourneilis , shewing , that the System of Mr. Des Cartes , and particularly his Opinion concerning Brutes , does contain nothing dangerous ; and that all that he hath written of both , seems to have been taken out of the first Chapter of Genesis : To which is annexed the System general of the Cartesian Philosophy .

The Relation of a Voyage into Mauritania in Africk , by Roland Frejus of Marseilles , by the French King's Order , 1666. To Muley Arxid King of Taffaletta &c. For the establishment of a Commerce in the Kingdom of Fez , and all his other Conquests . With a Letter , In answer to divers curious Questions concerning the Religion , Manners , and Customs of his Countreys ; Also their Trading to Tombutum for Gold , and divers other particulars ; By one who lived five and twenty years in the Kingdom of Sus and Morocco . Printed at Park . 1670. Englished , 1671. Octavo .

A Genuine Explication of the Visions of the Book of Revelation , full of new Christian Considerations ; Wherein true and false Christendom is briefly and nakedly represented , and the Time of each of them , after a Mathematical manner , demonstrated ; and all confronted with good History ; Both shewing the Accomplishment of things past , and thence ascertaining the Fulfilling of things yet to come . By the Learned and and Pious A. B. Peganus . Englished out of High-Dutch by H. O. Now in the Press .

Steno of the Weight and Motions of the Earth , A Philosophical Discourse in Octavo , now in the Press .

The Conquest of the Empire of China by the Tart● Written by the Vice-Roy of Mexico ; first Printed the Original , 1670. in Octavo . Now in the Press

The Second Volume of the History of the Gre● Mogul , By F. B●rneire . Now in the Press .

The most pleasant History of the POETS , necessary for the understanding of the Heathen Writers .
BOOK I. Of the Chief Divinities of the Heathens .
CHAP. I. Of the Story of Saturn .

THe Poets tell us that Heaven called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and by the Latins Coelus , was the ancientest of all the Gods : He had two Sons ; the youngest named Saturne 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the God of Time , who committed an action full of impiety upon his Father ; with his graceless Sythe he cut off his Privy Parts , and deprived him of the power of Begetting : What he had taken from him he cast into the Sea , where by the continual agitation of the Waves , it found a favourable Womb amongst the Froth , for out of this bleeding substance the Goddess Venus was produced , as some do say .

Titanus was the Elder Brother of Saturnus , therefore the Kingdome of the World did appertain unto him by right ; but to comply wlth the perswasions of his Mother Vesta , and of Cybele his Sister , he willingly resigned unto him the Scepter , upon this condition , that Saturn should never suffer any Male Children to live , and that the Empire of the World should after his decease return to his Posterity .

Therefore Saturn was wont to devoure all his Male Children as soon as they were born ; but when Cybele his Wife was happily brought to bed of Twins , Jupiter and Juno together , she caused little Jupiter to be conveyed away , and put in the hands of the Curetes , or Corybantes , to be by them brought up , shewing only Juno to her greedy and cruel Husband : The Corybantes fearing least the Child should be discovered by its crying , invented a new sport , which was to leap and beat the In their hands they had little brass Bucklers , with which they did meet and strike at one another in order ; the noise that they made thereby was so great , that the cries of the young Jupiter could never be heard by Saturn . After that , he had several other Children , Neptune and Pluto , who were also privately nourished by their Mother ; and when she was once constrained to discover unto her Husband the fruit of her Womb , she instead of her Child gave into his hands a great stone , which he greedily swallowed in the dark . As soon as Titanus was informed how his expectation was frustrated , and what impediments were likely to be to his lawful Succession , contrary to the former agreement , and the oath that was given , he resolved , with the assistance of his Sons , to make War upon Saturn : When he had vanquished him , he clapt him fast in Prison with his Wife Cybele , and there kept them until Jupiter came to be of sufficient Age to deliver them . But Saturn having learnt by some Oracle that one of his Sons should take from him his Scepter and Kingdom , he resolved to lay snares for his Son Jupiter that he might destroy him . This resolution was the cause of his final ruine ; for Jupiter was so much offended at the design of his Father , that he revolted from him , and by force of Arms cast him out of his Kingdom , and the Empire of Heaven ; from whence he came strait into Italy to hide himself , and therefore it was called Latium à latendo . Janus the King of this Country received him with all civility and respect : It is said that Saturn brought on earth that Golden Age , so famous in the Poets , when the ground did yield all sorts of fruits without labour and manuring , when Astraea , otherwise called Justice , did mannage the affairs of men , and then they did live together in a perfect love and amity . This Janus was enrolled in the number of the Gods , not only for the favour that he did unto Saturn , but also because he was the wisest Prince of his time , and because he had a knowledge of the time past , and of that which was to come ; for that reason you shall find him represented with two Faces . Numa Pompilius , the King of the Romans , built him a Temple which was always open when the Commonwealth had any Wars , and was never shut but in an Universal Peace .

Addit . Not. The Poets tell us , that Coelus was the great Grand-father of all the Gods , his Wife Vesta brought forth ● multitude of Sons and Daughters ; from Hesiod we are informed of their The number is 〈◊〉 Names , Codus , Japetus , Thya , Hyperion , Rhea , Themis , Mnemosyne , Phoebe , Tethys , Saturnus , Gygas , Titan , Brontes , &c.

The twelve chief Gods of Rome , Juno , Vesta , Minerva Ceres , Diana , Venus , Mars , Mercurius , Jupiter , Neptunus , Vulcanus , Apollo . The most considerable were Saturnus and Titan ; the latter was the Eldest , but the Younger got the Empire , until he was thrust out of it by his Nephews the Titans : Jupiter did afterwards recover it again , with the help of the rest of the Gods , who swore fidelity to him upon an Altar , that hath since found a place amongst the Stars : He was so happy in this War , that he put all the Titans to death , and so freed his Parents from their fetters . Now from the corrupt blood of these Titans all the Vipers , Serpents , and venomous creatures of the earth are proceeded . : They were esteemed to be the first that made use of Wbeat , having received directions how to sow it from Ceres in Sicily ; that was therefore called Drepanum , which signifies a Sickle with which men do reap this sort of Grain , whereas it was before named Macris , and Coryca .

In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Saturnus was a wise Prince , but unfortunate , forced to fly from the fury of his Son Jupiter-Belus into Italy , where he taught the Subjects of King Janus a more polite manner of living then they knew before ; for this good office Janus rewarded him with the half of his Kingdom ; Italy from him was named Saturnia . he taught them to manure and improve the Soil , and therefore he was called Ster●ulius ; his Priests were initiated in Scarlet Robes ; to express their bloody minds , they performed In the sacrifices of all other Gods the Priest did cover his 〈◊〉 Virg 3. Aeneid . his Sacrifices with their heads uncovered , and did offer unto this cruel God young Infants , for which inhumanity they were all crucified under Tiberius Caesar .

He is the same with Moloch of the Israelites , for that word is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he reigned , and Kings and powerful men were called Saturni by the Heathens . Saturnus was painted with six wings , to express the swiftness of Time , and with feet of wooll , in bis hand a Serpent biting its tail , with a Sickle and an old garment hanging upon him ; Jupiter his Son served him as he had done formerly his Father Coelus , for he cut off his privy parts ; he was mightily honoured of the Romans and Carthaginians , the latter did every year offer unto him humane Sacrifices , which was the subject of an Embassy from Rome ; for the people of this City did esteem and honor this God , but they approved not On his Festival day they did loose him from his chains . that men should be offered to him : They were afraid to loose him , therefore they kept his Statue always bound with Iron Chains , as the Tyrians did Hercules when their City was besieged by Alexander .

A●rea nunc revocet Saturni festa December Nunc tibi cum Domino ludere verna licet . In December were the festival daies of this inhumane God , called Saturnalia , a time dedicated to debauchery and disorder , as the Carnaval is in the Popish Dominions , for then the Servants did take upon them to command their Masters , and the Slaves had liberty to be unruly without fear of punishment , wearing on their heads a Cap , as a Badge of Freedom , while these daies lasted . It was also the custom to send Wax Tapers then as expressions of kindness to friends and acquaintances ; for the Romans had this particular respect for this God , they caused Torches and Tapers to be burning continually upon his Altars . There is this also that is remarkable , This Temple was very strong and secure from Thieves . the Romans did depose under his protection , and in his Temple , their Treasury , because in his time there was no robbery nor theft committed ; besides they laid up here the Rolls of the names of the Rom n people , which were made of the skin of Elephants .

CHAP. II. The Story of Cybele .

Cybele , the Wife of Saturn , had several names , she was called Dyndimene , Berecinthyi , and the Grand-mother , not only because she had brought forth the Gods , but also because she was the Goddess of the earth which produceth all things ; and for that reason she was called by the Latins Ops , and by the Greeks Rhea .

She was wont to ride in a Chariot drawn by Lyons ; her solemn Festivals , called Megalesia , were every fourth moneth , at which time the Coryhantes that were her Priests did act the part of Mad-men , with their Drums , Trumpets , and such other Instruments . The Gauls that had planted themselves in Phrygia , did on these daies move themselves so much , that by degrees they became really mad , striking one another with Swords , and other Weapons , in wantonness , but many times they did grievously wound themselves . At the end of the sport they did wash their bodies and their wounds in some River dedicated to this Goddess .

Cybele was also named Vesta , but the Poets , as their manner is , do vary in this particular ; for sometimes they call Vesta the wife of Saturn , sometimes his Mother , and sometimes his Sister , or his Daughter .

They give unto one person divers names which agree with different persons , they deal in the same manner with others , with Jupiter , Hercules , &c. However it is certain that Cybele , called otherwise Vesta , is the Goddess of Fire , whom Numa Pompilius , amongst the Romans , did adore with strange and wonderful Ceremonies ; for he dedicated unto her a Fire which was called Eternal , because it was to be always continued alive ; he ordained for her Priests , named Vestal Virgins , who were severely chastised by the High-Priest , if at any time they suffered the Eternal Fire to go out . In such a case it was not to be lighted again , but by the Sun beams . These Vestals were chosen out of the Noblest Families of Rome , and were to keep their Virginity whiles they remained in the service of this Goddess ; when they did otherwise , they were buried in the ground alive .

Addit . N●t . Cybele the Grandmother of the Gods , is sometimes taken for Fire , sometimes for the Earth ; She was called Syria Dea , because she was born in Syria ; she was represented with Towers upon her head , sitting in a Chariot drawn with Lyons ; her Priests were called Gallantes , or Galli , and their chief leader Archigallus , because they 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Prov. quia castrabant seipsos . were chosen out of Gallo-graecia , a Province in Asia minor , joyning to Phrygia : They were noted for their madness , which they did express by their singings , howlings , sounding the Trumpets , and cutting themselves desperately , and all that they met . Of this Goddess we shall speak more at the end of the twelfth Chapter .

In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , derived as some imagine , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fire . The Goddess Vesta was highly honoured by the Romans ; they did distinguish her from Cybele , and appoint unto her particular Sacrifices and Tmples , although the Poets do confound their names , and take one for the other . She was Vesta à vestiendo terram flori●us & herbis . the Goddess of Elemental Fire , her Temple was round , and in it two Lamps were continually burning . Some say , that there was in the innermost part of it a fire suspended in the air in pots of earth , kept always alive by the Vestal Virgins : When it happened , by some misfortune , to be extinct , some fearful accident did immediately follow to the Roman Empire ; therefore they did punish the Virgins , by whose negligence the fire did go out , in a very cruel manner . This Goddess was named Mater , Mother , and she had her Statues standing in many Porches ; from hence is derived the word Vestibulum , because they were consecrated to Vesta , as to the chief of the houshold Goddesses , and there it was that the Romans did feast themselves ; her Temple was magnificent , in it were laid up the Palladium , or Image of Pallas , so highly esteemed of the Romans , because the Oracle had pronounced , that the safety of their Empire did depend upon the preservationof i● , and because pious Aeneas brought it with him from Troy , having preserved it with his houshold Gods , and his aged Father , from the burning of that City . They were so much afraid to loose it , that L. Caecilius Metellus , a man sufficiently renowned for his valour and victories obtained upon the C●rthaginians in Sicily , hazarded his life to save it from the flames when the Temple was burning about his ears . He did then preserve the Palladium , but lost his eyes in the smoak . The Senat to acknowledge his care and courage , comm●aded that his Statue should be placed in the Capit●l . On the top of Vesta's Temple-stood her Effigies , which was a woman sitting , having little Jupiter in her arms ; her Priests were to keep their Virginity 30 years , which was the time appointed for their attendance . They were honoured so much , that if they did casually meet in the streets an offender , they could procure unto him his pardon ; but if they did dishonour the service of their Goddess by Carnal Copulation with any man , they were to die without mercy , they were to be buried alive with water and bread . It was a custome also in the solemn Sacrifices , to begin the solemnity by praying unto Vesta , and to end it by an address unto the same Goddess . Cum farre & vino vestam Janumque rogabat . Juvenal Satyr. 6. She was honoured also as the Goddess of Fodder , therefore she was called Magna Pales ; they did offer unto her the first fruits of all things , especially of frankincense , of flowers , and of wheat , &c.

CHAP. III. The Story of Jupiter .

WHen Jupiter the Son of Saturnus and Cybele had put his Father to flight , he divided the Empire of the world between himself and brothers ; he took to his share the command of Heaven , he assigned the Waters to his Brother Neptune , and sent Pluto to dwell in Hell .

He was called the Father of the Gods , and the King of men ; he only had the power to handle the Thunderbolts ; and to hold the World in subjection : He had not long raigned , when the Earth being incensed because he had crusht in pieces the Titans , she brought forth against him many dreadful Monsters of an extraordinary bigness , and sent them up to besiege heaven , and drive him from thence . For that intent they had their rendevouze in Thessaly , in the midst of the Plegrean Fields , where it was resolved by them , to raise one Mountain upon another , and thus to make an easie ascent unto Heaven : They began this difficult work , to scale Heaven , and assault it with great Rocks , and other fearful Engines : Amongst the Besiegers was Enceladus , Briareus , or Aegeon , with a hundred hands which he did imploy in casting up against Jupiter the Rocks of the Sea-shore ; Typhoeus was no less remarkable amongst them , because he did exceed all these Monsters , in bigness of body and strength , for with his head he did reach to the Heavens , his arms he could stretch from the Northern to the Southern Pole ; he was half a man , and half a Serpent , as many of the rest were ; he was so dreadful to behold , because he did vomit fire and flame , that the rest of the Gods that came to the assistance of Jupiter , were frighted into a shameful flight ; they ran into Egypt , where they changed themselves into the forms of several Beasts and Herbs , that they might not be discovered : Nevertheless Jupiter did pursue these Children of the Earth so vigoroustly , and did so play upon them with his Thunderbolts , that at last he got the Victory , after which he destroyed all the Race of these Gyants , holding many of them prisoners in the bottom of Hell ; and that they might never rise again , he loaded them with huge Mountains , as that of Etna . About the same time Prometheus formed the first men of Earth and Water , animating them with the fire of Heaven , that he had stoln away , for which cause Jupiter was so incensed against him , that he commanded Vulcan to tye him upon the Mountain Caucasus with iron Chains , and to put an Eagle or a Vulture to devour daily his Liver , which every night did renew again , to his greater and continual torment . He remained in this condition until Hercules by his incomparable virtue and valour did release him . Jupiter was not content with this revenge , he sent for Pandora , that wonderful Woman , which he , and the other Gods amongst them , had made in such a manner , that every one had bestowed upon her some perfection . By the order of Jupiter this Pandora went to Epimetheus , the Brother of Prometheus , with a Box full of Evils and Diseases , as a Present from the Gods : As soon as he had opened it to see what was in it , they did fly abroad into the ayr , and scattered themselves into all the parts of the Earth , only in the bottom of the Box there was poor hope left alone .

Jupiter having so happily overcome all his Enemies , did dream of nothing but his pleasures , which hurried him into many extravagant and infamous actions : Besides that , he did commit Incest with his Sister Juno , taking her to Wife ; besides the violence committed upon Ganimedes , the Son of Tros , King of the Trojans , whom he stole in the form of an Eagle , and bugred : He committed many thousand Rapes and Villanies to satisfie his bruitish passion ; as when he took the form of a Bull to steal away Europa , the Daughter of Agenor , the King of the Phoenicians . From this Europa the most Noble and glorions part of the World hath borrowed its name . Notwithstanding all the diligence , the watchfulness and care of Acrisius the King of Argos , who had secured his Daughter Danae in a Tower of Brass , this lascivious God found a means to enter into it by the top , in the form of a Golden Showre , and to accomplish his wicked design , for he begot on her Perseus , as we shall take notice in the following History . The World was so full of his shameful pranks , that we should scarce find an end if we once began to relate them all . We shall have occasion to mention some of them in the following pages ; we may therefore justly take notice with Tertullian , that it was no marvel to see all sorts of men every where so debaucht , and guilty of so many abominable crimes , seeing they were perswaded and encouraged by the example of those that they did adore , and from whom they were to expect punishments or rewards .

His Epithets Herceus . Cui nihil Hercei profuitara Jovis . This Altar was in the Yard or Hall of those that were free of the City .

Hospitalis Jupiter , Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because he was a Protector of strangers . Sabadius Iupiter , Jupiter Hammon , whose Temple was in the midst of the Sands , and hills of Africa ; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is sand . Jupiter Dodoneus , who gave Oracles in the old Oaks of the woods of Dodon . Olympius Jup. He was also named Jupiter Philus , because he is the God of love ; Heterius , because he is the God of fellowship ; Homogenius , the God of kindred ; and Enhorcius Jup. because he is the God of Oaths . He is stiled Aratrius , Caeneus , Carius , Gnidius , Hypatus , Omarius , &c.

Jupiter was the chief of the Gods ; therefore Kings and Princes were anciently named Joves . The Cretans did own him for their Countryman , as the Thebans also , and several other people ; but the former did shew many years the place where he was buried , as Lucian informs us : He was nursed up by the Nymphs , and nourished with the milk of a Goat ; which he afterwards promoted amongst the Stars , and covered his Buckler with her skin ; therefore he is called by the Poets Aegiochus Jupiter ; His Mother saved him from the cruelty of his Father , and of the Titans her Brethren , who were always admitted into the room where she was in Labour of her Children ; as the Princes of the Blood-Royal of France are , when the Dauphin is born , into the Queens Chamber .

When Jupiter went to deliver his Father , an Eagle gave him a happy Omen of his future victory and greatness , therefore he claimed that Bird as his own .

The Cecropes promised him assistance when he resolved to drive his Father out of the Kingdom , but when they had received his money , they refused to follow him , therefore he changed them into Apes .

Assoon as Jupiter had cast his father into prison , from whence he did afterwards escape into Italy , all the Gods came to congratulate with him for his victory in a noble banquet unto which they were invited by him : Apollo sung his praises in a purple garment .

Jupiter commanded that men should not feed upon humane flesh , but content themselves with Acrons , therefore the Oake was dedicated to him . He is called Jupiter à juvando , Despiter , quasi diei pater , the father of the day , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 life because he is taken for the heavens and the firmament , that by their continual motions and influences do entertain and infuse life into every thing , as also because of the universal power of God , that moves and supports all visible beings .

He had as many and as different Statues as Names , the Heathens painted him an Old-Fellow sitting upon a Throne with a crown upon his head , cloathed with a rich garment sparkling with stars , and representing flashes of fire : In his hand two globes that intimated Heaven and earth , under him Neptune's Trident and a carpet , representing the tail and feathers of a Peacock . Sometimes they gave him Thunderbolts in his hand , which were painted as crooked iron-bars , sharp at the end , joyned together in the middle . The Aegiptians that did worship him in the figure of a Kam represented his providence , by a scepter bearing in the top of it a great eye .

All the people of the world did worship him , especially the Romans , who granted to him several Titles of honour , and erected many Temples to him in their City , The cheif was the Capitol , therefore he was called Capitolinus . He was also named Deus pater indiges by Aeneas , when he arrived in Italy : Jupiter Inventor by Hercules , when he recovered his Oxen that were lost , Jupiter feretrius a feriendo hostem by Romulus , who built unto him a Temple . Jupiter Stator a sistendo because he stopt the Romans in their flight at the request of Romulus : Latialis Jupiter was he that was worshipped by the Latine People as well as by the Romans . There was also in Rome Jupiter Sponsor , Jupiter Imperator , Jupiter pistor , Jupiter Victor , Jupiter Lucetius à luce , Jupiter Tonans , Jupiter Ultor , Conservator , & Jupiter Fagutalis , because the Beech-tree was dedicated to him ; Jupiter Praedator , Marianus , Pompeianus , because Marius and Pompey had built for him these stately edifices .

CHAP. IV. Of Juno , and of her Children .

IVno was named the Queen of the Gods , the Goddess of the Kingdomes and Riches , because she was Wife of Jupiter . She had also a Jurisdiction and a Command over Marriages , and Child-bearing , which caused many fair Temples and Altars to be erected to her Honour : She brought forth Hebe , Goddess of Youth , and placed and advanced her so far in the favour of Jupiter , that she always poured forth unto him Nectar to drink until she was displaced by Ganimedes . Vulcan was also her Son ; but when Jupiter saw how ill-shap't and ugly he was to behold when he came first into the World , he kickt him down from Heaven , so that the poor Babe fell upon the Earth , and broke one of his legs , whereof he halted ever after . When he came to be of years , he followed the Trade of a Black-smith , and work't for the rest of the Gods , especially for Jupiter , for whom he made Thunder-bolts : For that purpose he had several Forges , or Shops , in the Isles of Lemnos , Lipara , and in Mount Aetna : Some were appointed to assist him , and they were called Cyclopes , because they had but one great Eye in the middle of their Forehead ; the most famous of them were Brontes , Steropes , and Pyracmon .

But that we may return to the affairs of Juno , the Poets do mention a great injury that she pretended to have received from Jupiter when he was resolved alone , without Vulcanus did the office of a Midwife at this time , for with a sharp hatchet he slit Jupiters Skull for Pallas to creep out ▪ Lucian in his Dialog. her assistance , to bring forth the Goddess Pallas , otherwise called Minerva . They tell us , that he performed his design , and that Pallas came out of his Brain in a gallant Armor , the Lance in her hand , dancing a Dance called the Pyrrhick , which was proper to Martial Men , invented by Pyrrhus Son of Achilles , and which was agreeable to a Tune named Hyporchematick : For these reasons she was held to be the Goddess of War , and to have a hand and in-sight in all the Battels ; they did nevertheless attribute to her the invention of several Arts and Sciences , which are the Ornaments of Peace ; therefore the Athenians did pay unto her a singular homage and respect , having instituted several solemn Festivals in honour of this Goddess , as the Panathenees which were kept with divers rare Spectacles , and expressions of joy . Juno was inwardly chaft at the birth of this Goddess , because she had no hand in the business ; and therefore she resolved to revenge her self upon Jupiter by a like action ; she resolved to have a Child without any acquaintance with her Husband . The Goddess Flora saith Ovid taught her the means , she gave unto her a certain Flower , of a strange nature , which caused her to conceive and bring forth Mars , the God of War , as well as Pallas .

Juno did fee and entertain in her service a certain Fellow full of Eyes , called Argus , to observe and relate unto her the actions of her Husband Jupiter . When part of his Eyes were oppressed with sleep , the rest were waking . But Jupiter was not pleased with this watchful Spy , and therefore he sent the God Mercurius to lull him asleep with his Pipe , and kill him , at which Juno was inwardly grieved : Therefore to reward the faithfulness of her dead Servant , she changed him into a stately Peacock , that shews yet in his feathers the great number of the Eyes of Argus .

Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 invado quia aer omnia penetrat & invadit . Juno the Sister of Jupiter signifies the Air , she saved her Brother from death as soon as he was born ; he requited that good Office by Marrying , and raising her to the honour of Queen of Heaven and Earth : But she was not willing to consent to this Incestuous Marriage , therefore Jupiter imployed his skill and wit to bring it to pass : He took the shape of a Cuckow , and in Storm lighted upon her Lap : Juno out of pity received the Bird into her Bosom , to shelter it from the violence of the weather ; but when the subtil Bird felt the warmth of her body , it took again the form of Jupiter , who obtained his desire , by a promise of present Marriage .

Now Juno was represented upon a Throne , sitting with a Scepter in her hand , and a Crown of Gold upon her head , that did touch the Clouds ; round about her was the fair and beautiful Iris , that is called Nuncia Junonis , the Messenger of Juno ; on every side she was attended by Peacocks , named therefore Aves Junonis , the Birds of Juno . She was also represented in another manner , as she was taken for the Moon . She was thus called Lucina , and painted with beams of light about her face , sitting upon Lyons , a Scepter and a Spindle in her hand ; and because the Moon bath a power upon Women with-child , they did make their Addresses unto her in their Pain , saying , Juno Lucina fer opem .

Juno was also painted with Sheers , and a Platter in her hand , cloathed with a Goats skin , crowned and girded with Vine Branches , and under her feet a Lyoness . On the top of her Scepter , which was sometimes given to her , was the Image of a Cuckow , and Castor and Pollux , two Meteors waiting upon her .

Juno was adored by all Nations of the World , and by all sorts of people ; the Souldiers called her Curetis , the common people Populania , the rich Misers Soticena , or Sospitatrix , Sospita Juno was worshipped in Lanuvium . Tit. Liv. and Opipena , the new-married people Inderduca , Domiduca , Unxia , Cinxia , the women with-child Fluona , and Lucina . Three Cities did worship her more than any others , Mycenae , Sparta , and Argos . The Poets say , Juno Februalis was adored in February . that she spent her 〈…〉 at Samos , a very pleasant Island of 〈…〉 and that Jupiter married 〈…〉 certain a yearly Solemnity was 〈…〉 year in remembrance of her 〈…〉 Junonia ; at which time the Maids 〈…〉 did run Races From hence Marriage is called Vnicla Jugalia . in honour of this 〈…〉 whom they did petition for Husbands , 〈◊〉 her Juno Pronuba , and Jugalis ; and in Rome an Altar was dedicated to this Juno Juga , where the new-married couple did appear to offer Sacrifice . Che tien del nodomantal la cura vinz . Cattar . Im. de gli Dei . In which this is remarkable , that they did take from the sacrificed Beast the Gall , and did cast it behind the Altar , to express how all displeasure should be banished from such persons .

The Temple of Juno was open on the top , and Numa Pompilius commanded that all Whores should not so much as touch or come near her Walls , because there had been none so much persecuted by such sort of people as she , and none had greater cause to abominate them , for her lecherous Jupiter was seldome without half a dozen Mistresses . In the War of the Gyants , in the general fright of the Gods , she fled into Egypt , and took upon her the form of a white Cow , which may be the cause wherefore this Animal was adored by the Inhabitants . The Heathens offered to her a white Cow , Geese , and Ravens in Sacrifice . Adrianus , the Roman Emperour , presented her a rich gift in one of her Temples ; he dedicated a Peacock , her beloved Bird , of pure Gold , with wings round about , at the extremities , he caused all manner of sparklings and precious stones to be put in , that they might serve in lieu of eyes , and represent the perfect form of a Peacock .

Juno was often offended with Jupiter , as she had just reason , and he in like manner was displeased with her ; therefore in his anger Homerus tells us , that he hang'd her up by the heels , at which sight all the Gods took Juno's part , and laboured to cast Jupiter out of Heaven , but their endeavours were in vain .

She hated all the Children of her Husbands Concubines , especially Hercules ; therefore she appointed unto him all his Adventures , and he in a tumult unfortunately gave her a wound .

* * This Juno was nam'd Juno Sororia . There was also in Rome Juno Calendaris , because she was honored in the Calends . Juno Novelia , Juno Februata ; Opigena Populona , &c. It was to this Goddess that Horacius , who got the Victory of the Curii , built a Temple , to make expiation for the horrid crime committed in his anger , for he kill'd in a fury his own Sister , because she did weep for her Sweet-heart that her Brother had kill'd in a Duel , upon which the happiness of Rome did depend .

Ilithya was also daughter of Juno , called otherwise Lucina .

Praepositam timidis parientibus Ilithyam . Ovid Mesam . lib. 9.

Junones were the Genii or Demones that waited upon women , but of that hereafter .

The Children of Juno were Hebe , Vulcan , Mars .

Hebe the Goddess of Youth was painted as a dainty Girl , covered with Garlands and Flowers : Her Mother conceived her in a pleasant manner , without any acquaintance with a Male ; She is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Hom. 4. Iliad . for she was invited to a sumptuous Feast by Neptune in Jupiters Palace , and there she met with a dainty Sallad of Lettice that moved her imagination , and caused her to conceive this Hebe , whose Beauty advanced her into Jupiters favour , and in his service , for her Office was to present the Cup to him when he was at Dinner with the other Gods .

A misfortune happened to this young Girl at a solemn Feast in the presence of all the Heavenly Company that was invited , her heels tript up , and discovered her nakedness to them ; which accident made Jupiter remove her , and place Ganimedes in her Office . She had several fair Temples built unto her , especially near Athens , where all Vagabonds and idle Knaves did find a favourable Sanctuary , and good entertainment . The Poets tell us , that when Hercules was admitted amongst the Gods , Jupiter recommended him for a Husband to Hebe , who was married to him . From this jolly and pleasant Goddess all merry Meetings of Youth are Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . named Hebetria .

In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be bright . Vulcanus à volvendo ; or à volando Candor . Vulcanus was also a Child of Juno , nursed by Thetis , and the Nymphs , when Jupiter kickt him out of Heaven . He is taken for the Natural Heat ; therefore the Aegyptians in their Hiereglyphicks did represent an Egg proceeding out of Jupiters mouth , from which Vulcanus was ingendred . The Lightning was ascribed to him , when it was dusky and darkish , as the white Lightning to Minerva , and the red to Jupiter . He was an ill-shap't Wretch , insomuch The Star of Mars in the Heavens , receives an influence from , and is a friend to Venus . This is the cause of the Fable . Philostr . that Minerva scorned his offers when she was woed by him ; he behaved himself very generously in the War of the Gyants , for he began the onset , whiles many of the other Gods fled away . His two Wives were Aglaia , and Venus . The latter had no kindness for him , because of his def rmity ; therefore she sought satisfaction somewhere else , and readily accepted of the imbraces Gallus was the Centinel at the door ; and because he gave not notice of Apollo's rising , he was turned into a Cock , that now foretells his rising in the Heavens of Mars : But Apollo gave notice of the meeting to poor Vulcan , who found a way to trapan the Knave in bed with his Wife : He spread his Net all over the place , and caught them there together ; and to put them to greater shame , he sent for all the Gods to be Witnesses of their dishonesty .

He was the only Black-smith that made the Chariot of the Sun , the Armor of the Gods , and of the Heroes , and Jupiters Thunderbolts . His Feasts were named Protervia . The Romans did run about with lighted Torches in honour of him , and did sacrifice unto him the Lyon .

Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Mars , or Mavors , was another of Juno's Children , begot without her Husbands assistance , The Scyihians had no other God . Justin . in revenge of the affront received from Jupiter , who did bring forth Pallas in the same manner , without Juno's privity . He was never Herod saith , that they worshipped other Gods , but did allow no Temples nor Statues but only to Mars . welcome to Jupiter in his Minority ; he was nursed by Thero in the Northern Climates that are inclinable to War , He was represented upon a high Chariot , drawn by two furious Horses , named by some Terror and Fear , with all his Armour Defensive and Offensive : His attendance Claudian . were three frightful Spirits , Apprehension , Contention , and Clamour : Before him Fame full of Eyes , Ears and Tongues , did fly . His Sister was Bellona , that had usually a Bloody Whip in her hand . He was said to be born in Thracia , because the people of that Country did offer unto him Humane Sacrifices , as other people did the Wolf , the Vulture , the Dog , the Pye , the Calf , and the Horse . He was mightily esteemed of the Romans , because they held their beginning from him , and gave out , that Romulus was his Son : Yet they would not suffer his Statues and Images to be raised in their City , but caused them to stand without . to intimate their inclination rather to Forreign then Civil War . His Priests were named Salii , because they did skip about his Altars that were erected under the same Roof as those of Venus , to express the happy influences that the Stars , Mars and Venus , did poure upon us when they meet in the Nativity of Children .

Mavors sanguinea qui cuspide verberat urbes , Claudian . Et Venus humanas quae laxat in otia curas , Aurati delubra tenent communia Templi . The Poets take notice that Mars was released at the request of Neptunus , when he was caught in Vulcans Bed with Venus ; for that old God did consider how it might be his own case to be surprised in the same manner .

CHAP. V. Of Apollo , and of the Sun .

He is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because he kill'd at Cuffs Phorbas a cruel Robber , that hindered the access to his Temple in Delphos . AT last Jupiter began to be weary of Juno , and to desire change ; therefore to satisfie his appetite , he cast his affections upon a certain Latona , whom he entirely loved . Juno was enraged when she heard of her Rivals happiness , and sent against her a Serpent of a prodigious bigness , named Python , which was crept out of that filthy slime and matter that remained after the Deluge of Deucalion , whereof we shall have occasion to speak hereafter . And to the end that the poor Latona might not escape the fury of this Monster , Juno had covenanted with the Earth to allow her no other retreat besides the Island of Delos , which then was floting in the Aegean Sea , and sunk under water . Neptunus out of pity raised it up , and fixed it in a place , so that it might serve for a refuge and dwelling to this Exiled Creature , when she was near the time of her Delivery . Latona was there brought to Bed of Apollo and Diana , upon the large leaf of a Palm-tree , which by chance was found in that Desolate Island .

When Apollo came to be of years , he remembred unto what shifts and extremity the Serpent Python had reduced his poor Mother ; therefore he kill'd him with his Bow and Arrows , after a long and grievous fight , during which , these words Jo Paean were frequently heard . From hence is derived the custome of singing and repeating these words in the publick Plays , in the Triumphs and Victories .

After this happy Combat , he begot a Son called Esculapius , whom he committed to the Tuition of Chiron the Centaur , to be brought up in the Mysteries of Physick , whereof he was afterwards esteemed the God . But Jupiter strook this Esculapius with his Thunderbolts , because he restored to life Hyppolitus , who had been torn in pieces by his own Chariot Horses when he fled from the fury of his Father , as we shall see in the story of Theseus . The death of Esculapius did not a little afflict Apollo , and because he could not revenge himself upon Jupiter , he kill'd the Cyclopes that had made the Thunderbolts with which his Son had been smitten . Jupiter was highly incensed at him for this action , and therefore banisht him out of Heaven , and deprived him of the priviledges of his Divinity for a time . Whiles he was thus banished and shut out of Heaven , he endured a World of misery : His poverty constrained him to go to the service of Admetus , King of Thessaly , to feed his sheep for a livelihood : For that reason he was esteemed the God of Shepherds : In this Quality they did offer unto him the Wolf , the Enemy of the Sheep . From hence the Prov. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a witty child , because he was a young Thief . As he did one day keep his Cows , Mercurius the God of Thieves stole from him one of the best , and when he did complain of it , and sought satisfaction , the former Thief very subtilly stole from him his Quiver that hung upon his shoulders , all which turned into sport and laughter .

The misery of Apollo could not hinder him from falling in love with a certain Daphne , who would never consent unto his entreaties . As she was one day running from his pursuits , she was changed into a Laurel , which therefore was consecrated unto Apollo . But he met afterwards with a greater misfortune , when he played with little Hyacinthus his Darling , for while he was sporting with him by chance , he strook him in such a manner , that he died presently after . The Earth was so much moved with compassion at this unhappy accident , that she caused the Flower Hyacinthus , a Violet , to rise out of the drops of his Blood , to perpetuate his Name to Posterity . Apollo was in no small danger by this misfortune ; for some did concern themselves for the death of Hyacinthus , seeking to revenge themselves upon him ; of whom being jealous , he fled to the City of Troy , where he met with Neptunus , fallen also into the displeasure of Jupiter .

Both together seeing themselves reduced to extreme poverty in a strange Country , far from their possessions , resolved to enter themselves in the service of King Laomedon , to help him to build his City . They work't long for this ungrateful King ; but when they saw no hopes of the Reward promised to their labour , they threatned to revenge themselves . Neptunus with the swelling Waves of the Sea had almost drowned him , and all his people ; and Apollo sent amongst them such a furious Pestilence , that it left every where nothing but Desolation and Slaughter .

When Laomedon saw into what inconvenicies his perfidious dealing had brought him , he consulted the Oracle , that informed him , that there was no other way to appease the displeasure of these angry Gods , but by exposing every year a Virgin of Troy to be devoured by the Sea-Monsters . The Lot fell at last upon the Kings Daughter Hesione ; but Hercules offered to deliver her , and fight with the Sea-Monster , if Laomedon would give him for the reward of his service the Horses begot of a Divine Seed , which were then in his Stables at Troy . The promise was made , but perfidious Laomedon stood not to it when Hesione was set at liberty , which so much incensed Hercules , that he laid Siege to the City of Troy , took and sackt it , kill'd Laomedon , and carried his Son into Captivity , who was afterwards redeemed by the Trojans , and for that cause was named Priamus ; as we shall see in the sequel of our discourse .

After all these misfortunes , Apollo re-assumed again his Divinity , and became one of the most noted of all the Gods , not only by the great number of Oracles that he did give in several parts of the World , but also by the several Functions and Offices that were attributed unto him , and by the famous persons that were said to Be his Sons .

First , He was taken for the Sun , and in this Quality he had the name of Pboebus given to him , that is by interpretation , The Light of the Living . It is true , that some do differ in their relations concerning the Sun , and say , that his Father was one of the Titans , named Hyperion , from whence it is that he is called Titan. They have imagined that he rides upon a glorious Chariot , that every night he goes down to rest in the Ocean , until the next day , when the Hours do prepare him his Horses to begin again his course . He did seem to delight in the Isle of Rhodez , more than any other part of the World , for this reason ; because , as Solinus doth report , there is no day never so dark nor clouded , but the Sun appears to the Inhabitants there : Besides they say , that in this Island he begat his Daughter Rhodia . He sent down in it showres of Gold , and caused on his Birth-day Roses to open and spread . The From hence the Proverb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a huge body Rhodians did dedicate unto him that famous Colossus of Brass , of 800 feet in height , and of a proportionable bigness , which was broken down by the Sarazens , that took the Island in the year of our Lord 684. When it was beat in pieces , they loaded above 900 Camels with it . This was esteemed one of the seven Wonders of the World .

The Pythia did offer Oracles in her belly without the assistance of mouth or tongue , therefore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plutarch de Orac. Amongst the most famous places where Apollo did give Oracles , Delphos was one of the chief : In it was a glorious Temple , or Fabrick , enriched with innumerable gifts , which came from every corner : In it was a Woman ▪ Priest , named Poebas , otherwise Pithia or Pythanissa , that received the Enthusiasme , sitting upon a little Table supported with three feet ; it was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Cortina , because it was covered with the skin of the Serpent Python .

This God was also esteemed the Inventer of Musick , he flead the Satyre Marsias alive , because he was so impudent and daring as to challenge him to sing . The Muses , that were Daughters of Jupiter , and of Mnemosyne , were committed to his tuition ; their names were Calliope , Clio , Erato , Thalia , Melpomene , Therpsicore , Euterpe , Polymnia , or Polyhymnia , and Vrania . They had several names , according to the several places where they did dwell : Sometimes they were called Pierides , because of the Forrest Pieris in Macedonia , where they were said to be born ; sometimes Heliconiades , from the Mountain Helicon , which is nigh to their beloved Parnassus , from whence also they were named Parnassides , and Cytherides , from the Mountain Cytheron ; Castalides , and Aganippides , from two noted Fountains that were consecrated unto them .

These Muses , by the assistance of Apollo , invented Musick : Their chief Office was to be present at the solemn Festivals , and Sacred Banquets , and there to sing the praises of the famous men , that they might encourage others to undertake glorious actions . They were esteemed for their Chastity which they did profess so much , that when Admis , the Favorite of Venus , offered to stir up in them some inclinations of Love , they fell upon him , and put him to death .

The Children of Apollo were many , besides that Rhodia mentioned before : He had Atha , the Father of Medea , King of Colchos . unto whom was committed the Golden Fleece , by Phrixus the Son of Athamas , King of Thebes , when he fled with his Sister from the fury of his Step-mother , as you shall see in the eleventh Chapter . Apollo had another Daughter named Pasiphae , married to Minos King of Crete , and who became at last enamoured with a Bull , by whom she had the Monster called Minotaure . Phaeton was also his Son . This young Gallant had an ambitious fancy to govern the Chariot of the Sun , and to give light to the World for one day : But not knowing the right way through the middle of the Air , and wanting strength to rule the winged Horses that ran so swiftly , he set the Heaven and part of the Earth in a From this accident men under the line are black , as some say . flame : For which cause Jupiter being offended , kill'd him with his Thunderbolts , and cast him head-long into the River of Padus in Italy , that is otherwise called Eridanus ; where his Sisters , afflicted with his misfortune , were changed into Poplar-trees , and their Tears into Amber , as the Poets say .

After this Conflagration , there happened an Universal Deluge , when Deucalion , the Son of Prometheus , was King of Thessaly ; for the waters were so great , as they say , that all living Creatures were destroyed , only Deucalion , and Pyrrha his Wife , were forced for the safety of their lives to seek a retreat upon the top of Mount Parnassus . When the Waters were abated , and that they saw themselves alone in the World , they requested the Gods to create some other men to keep them company , or to deprive them of their lives . Themis , the Goddess of Justice , sent them word , that their desire might be accomplished , if they did but cast behind them the bones of their Grandmother . They presently imagined , that this Grandmother was the Earth ; therefore according to this order , they gathered up the stones , and cast them over their backs : Those that were cast by Deucalion , were turned into men ; and those that came from Pyrrha , became women . By this Stony Generation all the Earth hath been fill'd . This Deluge and another that happened in the time of Ogyges King of Thebes , are the most remarkable in the writings of the Poets .

Addit . Not. This Deucalion is commended for his Piety and Justice , and is said to have built the first Temple for the worship of God . It is plain by the circumstances mentioned in the Poets , that this Fable is borrowed from the truth of the Scripture , from the History of Noah , who saved himself and his family from the universal Deluge by Gods appointment . Nicolaus Damascenus and Berosus Chaldeus , two of the ancientest Historians do mention this Deluge , with some difference from the Scripture : Moreover , they say , That the Ark in which mankind was saved , did continue till their daies upon Mount Barin in Armenia , where it was worshipped , as well in requital of that good service that it had rendred , as because of those Diseases that it did cure , and the miracles that it did work . Abidenus Euseb. Evangel. praepar . relates the same Story with some change of Names . This is an infallible a argument to prove the Truth of this Story , seeing so many persons that did live at such a distance one from another , that they had scarce any correspondency between themselves , but none with the Possessors of Moses writings , do all agree in one Relation . From hence it may be easily proved , That they had this , and all their other Stories that are agreeable to those of Moses , from the Tradition of their Forefathers , as Moses had his .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à destruendò . Apollo was one of the most gentile Gods of the Heathens , of whom they do not relate such filthy Stories as of the others : He was the God of Wisdom , Physick , Musick , Learning , and His Names are Nomius , Abaeus , Aegyptius , Agraeus , Cerdeus , Lycius , Grynaeus , Delius , Laemius , Nepaeus , Pataraeus , Parnopius , Hyperboreus , Thyraeus , all these Names are derived from places where he was worshipped . Arching : He was represented as a young man without a Beard , and Rayes of light about his Head ; in one Hand was a Harp and three Graces , and in the other a Shield and Arrows . He was reputed the Father of many Eminent Persons , of Aesculapius , of Eleutherus , of Delphus , of Philandrus , of Janus , of Miletus , and of Arabus , &c.

He was famous for Oracles at Delphs : There was a most stately Temple , enriched with the Gifts of many Princes dedicated to Apollo : Croesus enriched it with much Gold and Silver . In it was a dark Cave , where a Trivet of Gold did stand , upon which the Pythia or Priest of Apollo did sit . When the Oracle was consulted she began immediately to swell and foam , being possessed with an evil Spirit , who did give an answer to the parties that were present ; they did never appear with empty hands . The Custom was , before the Oracle was questioned , to offer sacrifice to Apollo that was there named Ismenius . Now the Sacrifices that were pleasing to him were Bullocks , Lambs , and young Heifers : The Wolf also , the Crow , the Swan , the Hawk , the Juniper ▪ the Lawrel , the Olive , and the Hyacinth were consecrated to him . Some do say , That under the Trivet hath been seen a Dragon , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Prov. an insallible truth . that did give Answers to the Petitioners . In several places he did give Oracles , but the most noted was Delphs a City in Greece , that is said to be the middle of the World , for the Poets report , That Jupiter , being desirous to know where the middle was , let fly two Eagles at the same instant , the one from the East , the other from the West , and that they both met at the City of Delphs : Therefore in remembrance of this , a Golden Eagle was laid up in the Temple and consecrated to Apollo .

During his Disgrace he assisted Alcathous , as well as Laomedon , to build his Labyrinth , where he had fixed a stone , upon which his Harp being laid , it gave unto it the wonderful virtue of

The Persians adored Apollo or the Sun in the figure of a Lion , crowned with a Diadem holding the Horns of an Ox in his paws . They called the Sun Mithra .

Tertullian lib. 1. contra Marcionem & Q. Curtius .

sounding melodious Tunes , when it was touch'd with any hard Instrument .

The Romans erected several Altars to this God , distinguished by many Names . There was one to Apollo Coelispex , and another to Apollo Medicus : And when Augustus got the Victory of Antonius and Cleopatra , he built a Temple to Apollo Palatinus , called also Actiacus Navalis , and Paraetonius : The Doors were of Ivory , and Gold , and within were many Statues of Gold and Silver ; it was also enriched with the Spoils of the Enemy . There was also in Rome Apollo , Sandaliarius , Sosianus , Tortor , Thuscanicus . They did solemnize in honour of him publick Playes called Ludi Apollinares .

* * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab à privativa & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia non sinit mori vel ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia medici sunt crudeles , & blandi Omnes medicidi cebantur Aesculapii . Aesculapius was one of his Sons , begotten of the Nymph Coronis , and because she had admitted another to her Bed , when she was big with Child of Diana , some say Apollo kill'd her with an Arrow , but he saved the Child by cutting it out of her Womb. The truth is , This Aesculapius was a poor Infant cast away and laid in a Wood near Epidaurus , by the cruel Parents that were ashamed to own it . Some Huntsmen fortunately found it , and seeing a lighted flame a●out the Head , they look'd upon it as a prognostick of the Childs future Greatness ; it was therefore delivered by them to a Nurse named Trigo ; the Poets say a Goat gave him suck , he studied Physick under Chiron the Centaure : He proved so excellent a proficient in this kind of Learning , that he was generally esteemed the God of Physick . In the City of Tetrapolis , belonging to the Ionians , he had a Temple full of rare Gifts , offered by those that did ascribe their Recoveries from sickness to the Power of Aesculapius . The walls also were covered and hung with the memorials of the miracles done by him .

The Romans sent for him from Epidaurus Therefore Ovid saies he was changed into a Serpent . when their City was troubled with the Plague . They say that the Serpent that was Worshipped there for Aesculapius did follow the Ambassadors of its own accord to the Ship that transported it to Rome ; Where it was placed in a Temple built in the Isle called Tiberina . The sick people were wont to lie in it , and when they found themselves no better , they did scold at Aesculapius .

He was painted as an old man with a long Beard , Crowned with a branch of a Bay-tree , in his Hand was a staff full of knots , about which a Serpent had twisted it self ; at his Feet did stand a Dog or an Owle . These particulars were Representations and Hierogliphicks of the Qualities of a good Physician : Who must be as cunning as a Serpent , as vigilant as a Dog , as full of Experience as an old Senior , to handle such a difficult and troublesome staff as Physick .

It is reported of Dionysius of Sicily , that he cast a good jest upon Aesculapius to cloak his Sacriledge ; for when he came into a Temple where the Statues of Apollo and Aesculapius were together , and that of Aesculapius had a grave Beard of massive Gold , he told him that it was not just he should have a Beard , and that Apollo his Father should have none : therefore he caused it to be taken away , and melted for his use .

Vnto this God they did dedicate the Serpent , the Raven , the Goat , the Dog , and the Dragon : And for his sake in the Woods , near the City of Epidaurus , the Grecians did celebrate Playes every five years , nine daies after the Isthmian .

CHAP. VI. The History of Diana .

THis Goddess hath three names , either because of three Offices that are attributed to her , or because the Poets do confound three Divnities in one : She hath been represented with three Heads , and then she was called Triple Hec●te : In the Heaven she is Luna , the Moon : In the Earth Diana : And in Hell Pros●rpina .

First , as she is the Moon she is called Phoebe , because of her Brother Phoebus from whom she borrows her Light : She is also named Cynthia and Delia , from the place of her Nativity . She grew amorous of the Shepheard Endymion , that Jupiter had condemned to a perpetual sleep , because he had been too familiar with Juno his Wife . Diana hid him from the sight of Jupiter in a Mountain . The truth is , That Endymion did study very much the motions of the Moon , and for that end he was wont to pass the nights in the retired places , to behold her with less interruption . The Sorcerers of Thessaly did boast to have the power of drawing her to the Earth by their Charms . They imagined that she did come here below to walk amongst us when she did disappear to our eye-sight by an Eclipse .

She is also called Diana upon Earth , and so she is the Goddess of Woods , of Mountains , and of Huntsmen : Therefore she is always painted armed with Bow and Arrows , and threescore Maids or Nymphs in her train . She had some Office when Women were Juno is also called Lucina . brought to Bed , and so she was named Lucina . She did alwayes keep her Virginity , and therefore would never suffer any thing to the prejudice of her Honour : For that reason she did severely punish the rashness of the Hunter Acteon , who having met her with her followers , he beheld her with too much curiosity whiles she was washing her self . She was not content to load him with reproaches , but changed him into a Deer , so that his Dogs not knowing him for their Master they tore him in pieces . At Ephesus was her chief Temple , which was one of the Wonders of the World . Erostratus set it on fire that his name might be rendred famous , having no other means to get renown but by this wicked deed . The Ephesians did command that none should offer to mention his name upon pain of Dealth . It is remarkable that Alexander the Great came into the World the very day that this incendy or burning happened in Asia .

It was the custom of certain people amongst the Scythians , named Tauri , upon the Euxin-Sea , when they paid their homage to this Goddess , to offer unto her nothing but humane sacrifices : As many Greeks as did unhappily make Ship wrack upon their Coast , and all the strangers that did fall into their hands , were condemned to bleed upon her Altars , as we shall see more at large in the Story of Orestes .

Finally this Goddess with three Faces was Proserpina in Hell , although some esteem Proserpina to be the Daughter of Jupiter , and of Ceres , who was ravished by Pluto , when she went abroad upon Mount Aetna in Sicily to gather flowers : Therefore it is said that Ceres her Mother , hearing of her misfortune , travelled all over the World to seek after her : And at that time taught men to Sow , to Manure the Ground , to Reap , and change their Food of Acrons into that of Bread . For that reason she is worshipped as the Goddess of Corn.

Addit . Not. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 valeo quia potens erat Virgo , & incolumis à voluptatibus aliena . Diana the Goddess of Hunting , Child-bearing , Virginity , and Dancing , is said to be the Daughter of Hiperion , by others of Tartarus , or of Coeus , or of Aristaeus ; but the plurality do make her the Daughter of Jupiter and Latona : Her Brother was Apollo , and because she was first born , the Poets say that she did this good Office to him and her Mother , as to help her to be Delivered of him in a Desolate Island where no Midwife was to be found ; therefore she is esteemed Therefore by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a Goddess that had a hand in bringing Children into the World . She always kept her Virginity , therefore she is represented by a Greek Poet petitioning Jupiter . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

* * This shews the nature and property of the Moon . She was painted with her Bow and Arrows in a Silver Chariot drawn by two white Staggs , sometimes by two Horses , one black the other white : On her * * She was called from the places where she was adored , Diana , Taurica , Persica , Minthia , Ephesia , Forensis , Lycea , Sospita , Leucophryne , Salaminia , Alphedia ▪ Euclea , &c. And Jaculatrix , Venatrix , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Triformis , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 destroyer of beasts , &c. Therefore named Lya or Lua . Shoulders were two Wings to express her swiftness , and in her hands were a Lion and a Leopard . She delighted in Hunting , and therefore she was named Dyctinnis , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a Net used by Hunters .

She kill'd the Son of Pyrenes the Nymph in a chaffe , his mother hearing of this misfortune , poured forth such a quantity of tears , that she was changed into a Fountain of that Name .

And because she was a Virgin , and no Lover of Marriage , the young Virgins that had a mind to change their condition , did first offer Sacrifice to appease and satisfie this Goddess : And when their Belly did begin to rise so high that their Virginal Girdle was too little for them , they came to offer it in the Temple of Diana : From hence is derived this expression , Zonam solvere , which signifies to be with Child .

The Hunter Alphaeus was a Suter to Diana , but could never obtain his request . Vnto her were sacrificed Men , and Women , Bulls , Oxen , Boars , and the first fruits of the Seeds of the Earth : Which because King Oeneus neglected to offer unto her , she sent a wild Boar of a prodigious bigness into his Territories , to cause there a destruction , as Ovid tells us . The Heathens There were three degrees amongst her Priests , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Novices entred into the Office , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that were grown old in the Service . Plutarch . did sacrifice Virgins upon her Altars , and instead of them afterwards a White Hart. The most noted place where she was worshipped was Ephesus , her Temple there was built and contrived by Chersiphron , and inlarged and inriched by every Prince afterwards : In it were a hundred twenty seven Pillars , erected by so many Kings : It was four hundred twenty five foot long , and two hundred and twenty foot broad : When it was burnt by Erostratus but the Ephesians rebuilt it again .

Vnder the Protection of this Goddess were the Vagabonds and all Debters , and all sorts of Woods . Her Images were commonly placed in the Corner of the Streets , and Wayes , with two Dogs chained at her Feet , and therefore called Trivia Diana .

In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 maneo per antiphrasin quia non manet eadem .

The Romans did offer unto her the spoils of the Enemy . T. Livius 5. Decad. lib. 5.

Some say that Luna , otherwise Diana , was the Daughter of Hesperion and Thaea , who sorrowing above measure for her dear Brother Sol , that was murdered and cast into the Po in Italy , she drowned her self also in that River . Sol afterwards appeared to his Mother in a Dream , and desired her not to weep for his misfortune , because he had obtained thereby immortality with his Sister . This Dream she related to the people , who transferred the names of Sol and Luna to the two Lights of the Heavens , that were before named Fires : And because Thaea did in a frantick manner , with a Kettle in her hand run up and down the Country making a noise , they performed the Sacrifices to Luna with the noise of Drums , Kettles , Cymbals , Trumpets , &c. And when she was eclipsed , they made a rattling in the Streets that she might not hear the enchantments of Witches , whom they thought to be the cause of it .

CHAP. VII . Of Bacchus ,

BAcchus was born in the City of Thebes , his Father was Jupiter , and Semele was his Mother : She suffered her self while she was big with Child , to be deceived by the perswasions of Juno , that did hate all the Mistresses of her Husband . For Juno disguised her self and came in the habit of an old Woman to Semele , telling her , That it did concern both her interest and honour , that Jupiter should visit her in the same manner as he did Juno , with his Thunderbolts in his Hand , and that she should beg from him this favour : Jupiter could not deny her the request , but it happened that she was by this means consumed according to Juno's desire . The Childs danger moved Jupiter , who presently separated him from his dead Mother , and shut him in his Thigh until the full time of his Birth was expired ; So that he did him the Office of a Mother : For that reason Bacchus is called Bimater : Other Names are given unto him as Dyonisius , Liber , Bromius , Lycaeus , Lenaeus , Evan , &c.

As soon as he was born he was delivered to Silenus and the Nymphs , some say to Ceres , to be by them brought up ; they were therefore in reward of their good Service received up into Heaven , and there changed into Stars called now Hyades .

When Bacchus came to be of Age he passed through most part of the World , and made War upon the Indians , whom he overcame , and in their Country he built the City of Nisa . He was the first that did introduce the custom of Triumphing ; at that time he did wear a Golden Diadem about his Head . His Chariot was drawn by Tygers , his Habit was the Skin of a Deer , his Scepter was a little Lance , adorned with branches of Ivy and of the Vine . He invented the use of Wine , which he gave to the Indians to drink , at first they imagined that he had given them Therefore named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cruel Bacchus . poison , because it had made them both drunk and mad . They did commonly sacrifice unto him Men , but since his expedition into India he was content with other Sacrifices ; for they offered unto him afterwards nothing but Asses , and Goats ; to signifie , that those that are given to Wine , become sots , as Asses , or as lascivious , as Goats . Bacchus was brought up with the Nymphs , that teacheth us that we must mix Water with our Wine . He never had other Priests but the Satyrs , and women because the latter had followed him in great Companies in his Journeys , crying , singing , and dancing continually : Therefore they were named Bacchanales , Mimallones , Lenae , Bassarides , Thyades , and Menades , names that express fury and madness . The greatest solemnities in honour of this God , were every three years , called therefore Trieteria , or Orgia , from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which signifies a transport of anger , because these mad Women clothed themselves with skins of Tygers , Panthers , and in their hair hanging down they did run over the Mountains with lighted Torches in their Hands , crying aloud , Eu hoe Evan , Eu hoe Bacche , that is , Good Son , a name given to him by Jupiter when in the War with the Gyants , this Bacchus in the form of a Lion , ran violently upon the first and tore him in pieces .

Addit . Not. He was also painted riding upon a Tiger , in one hand a bunch of Grapes , in the other a cup full of Wine . Bacchus was usually painted with a Miter upon his Head , an Ornament proper to Women , or with a bald Pate , which signifies the effect of the excess of Wine . He had a Sickle in one Hand , a Pitcher in the other , and a Garland of R●ses upon his Head . He did always appear young , because Wine moderately taken purifies the blood , and keeps the Body in a youthful strength and colour . His Temple was next to Bacchus was called Hedereus , Servator , Lysius , Lyeus , Nyseus , Leneus , Dithyambus , Briseus , Sabasius , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 venerando Iacchus , Elebeus , Thyoneus , Nyctileus , Ovid lib. 4. Metam . l. He is called Vitifer . Minerva's , to express how useful Wine is to revive the Spirits , and enable our Fancy to Invent ; for that reason the Heathens did sacrifice unto him the quick-sighted Dragon ; and the chattering Py was also sacred to Bacchus , because Wine doth cause us to prattle more than is convenient . His Sacrifices were usually performed in the Evening and at night : And it is reported of him , that he carried the Torch before Proserpina , when she was led to be married to Pluto the infernal God .

Juno could never endure the sight of him , therefore she labour'd to drive him out of Heaven , and to banish him from all Society ; he fled from her fury , and as he was resting himself 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Furore percitus , a mad man , and a mad god . under a Tree , a Serpent named Amphisboena bit him , but he kill'd it with a Vine branch , which is a mortal poison to some Serpents . Juno continued her hatred for him because he was her Husbands Bastard , until she cast him into a fit of madness , which made him undertake an expedition against the Indians , and run over all the East Countries : Lusus was his companion , from him Portugal is called Lusitania .

The truth is Liber , otherwise called Dionysius , or Osiris , by the Egyptians , was a King of Nysa a City in Arabia Felix , who taught his people , and the inhabitants of the adjoyning Countries many useful Arts , as the ordering of the Vine , and the preserving of Bees : He established several good Laws ; he is therefore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . He perswaded the people to sacrifice to their Gods . He was therefore mightily honoured by all civil Nations : The Graecians established several Festival daies in honour of him ; the chief are their Trieteria , kept every three years in remembrance of his Indian Expedition , performed in that space of time , their Apaturia , their Phallica , and their Lenaea in the beginning of the Spring , that he might He is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pindar . & Horace lib. 2. Od. 19. bless their Vines . This latter Festival was named Orgia , because his Proselytes did express in it nothing but fury and madness , although this name is sometime taken for all other Festivals . The Romans had appointed the Ascolia in honour of Bacchus , at which time they carried the Statues of this God about their Vineyards , This Festival is called the Festival of God . It is about the month of May. as the Papists do beyond Sea their Host , or the Priest's God about their Fields that he might bless the fruits of the Earth . Afterwards the procession of Bacchus did return to his Altar , and there they raised the consecrated Victime upon the top of a Lance , and did burn it to the honour of Bacchus ; besides they took his Statues and Images and did hang them upon high Trees , imagining that they did contribute to the increase of the Grapes and of the Wine .

Now the Beasts that were dedicated to Bacchus , were the Goats , the Dragons ; the Aegyptians offered Sows . The Trees consecrated to him were the Ivy-tree , the Oak , the Fig , the Vine , the Smilax , and the Fir-tree . It was the Custom that all those that did sacrifice to Bacchus , did approach his Altars with a Branch or a Crown of that Tree in their hands , which they offered unto him . Bacchus was sometimes seen with a Garland of Daffadil or Narcissus about his head . His Priests were Women painted in frightful shapes , with Snakes for their Girdles , and Serpents twisted about their hair to represent their cruelty : for when they did perform the solemnity of this God , they did run with lighted Tapers and Swords in their hands , and did sometimes destroy one another , as Agave did her Son Pentheus , who despised Bacchus and his Sacrifices .

This God did , as the Poets tell us , punish all those persons that did neglect or oppose his Worship . Alcethous was changed into a Batt , Philostrat . because he would not Sacrifice to him . And the Pyrats of Tyre , that stole him with an intent to abuse him , were changed into Dolphins ; for when they had brought him on Ship-board , he forced them into the Sea in the shape of a furious Lyon .

T. Livius lib. 39. T. Livius relates a strange story of the Festivals of Bacchus , in Rome introduced by a Fortune-teller of Greece . Three times in a year the Women of all qualities did meet in a Grove called Simila , and there did act all sorts of Villany , those that did appear most reserved were sacreficed to Bacchus ; and that the cryes of the murdered and ravished Creatures might not be heard , they did howl , sing , and run up and down with lighted Torches : When the Senate was acquainted with these night meetings , and their filthy practises , they banished them out of Italy .

CHAP. VIII . Of Mercurius .

In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia interpres erat & Nuncius Deorum , Mercurius quasi mercium curans . HE was esteemed one of the most remarkable of the Gods , as well for the Nobility of his Birth , as for divers Offices attributed to him , and which are very pleasantly described in the tenth Ode in the first Book of Horace .

He was the Son of Jupiter and Maia Daughter of Atlas , who bears up the Heavens with his Shoulders , he was born upon the Mountain Cyllene , which is in Arcadia .

His ordinary Office was Ambassador and Interpreter of the Gods , in this quality , he had Wings at his Heels , and at his Head , and in his Hand a Caduceus , which was a Rod with two Serpents twisting about it their Tails , in token of peace and amity . It is thought that Mercurius is the discourse which interprets our mind and thoughts , it flies as he did , for there is nothing more quick and speedy than the discourse , which hath the power of gaining and uniting hearts .

Another of his Offices was to shew the ways , and to guide the deceased Souls into hell ; therefore the Poets do say , that none can die until Mercurius comes with his Rod to break the tye that unites the soul to the body . When these souls have passed many years in the Elysean Fields , and after that they have drunk of the River Lethe , as we shall see in the following Chapters , the same Mercurius , by the virtue of his Rod , doth cause them to pass into other bodies to live again , according to the judgment of those that believe the Metempsycosis .

He invented the Lute , and a kind of Harp , which he presented to Apollo : He was also the God of Eloquence , it did serve him mightily in his Embassies and Negotiations : He was also the God of Thieves , because he had been a very subtil Thief himself , as may appear by what he did to Apollo when he fed the sheep of King Admetus , for he stole from him a great many , and was not discovered by any but only by the Shepherd Battus , who was changed afterwards into a Rock by Mercurius , because he did reveal him , notwithstanding his promise to the contrary .

Mercurius had one Son by the Goddess Venus his Sister , who was named Hermaphrodite : This Child happened to meet with the Nymph Salmacis at a Fountain ; the Gods at her earnest request made of both their bodies but One , in such a manner , that both Sexes were conserved entire . By this the Poets do give us to understand the union that should be between married persons ; they ought to be but one body , and one heart .

Some say that this Mercurius made Daedalus so excellent an Architect , and taught him so many rare inventions , that they rendred him famous all over the World . This Daedalus left the City of Athens to offer his service to King Minos in the Isle of Crete , or Candia , where he built the Labyrinth with so much art , and with so many windings , that those that did enter in could scarce get out again . He was shut into it himself , with his Son Icarus , because he had offended the King ; but he made wings for himself , and his Son , to fly through the air out of prison . All things succeeded well to him , but for Icarus , because he ventured too near the Sun , notwithstanding the admonition of his experienced Father , the Wax that did unite his Wings to his shoulders melted by the heat of the beams , and he fell into the Sea , which since bears his Name .

Addit . Not. He is said to be a watchful God . Mercurius was admired for his nimbleness , which he expressed in several occasions ; when he stole from Mars his Sword , from Vulcan a pair of Tongs , from Apollo his Arrows , and his Beasts , from Venus her girdle , and from Neptunus his Trident : He had also undertaken to convey away the Thunderbolts of Jupiter , but the fear of his displeasure hindred him : He was much reverenced by the Egyptians , who did Egypt painted his face half black , and half of gold . worship him in the Image of a Dog , called Anubis ; and by the Gauls , who did cause several men to bleed at his Altars : It is reported of him , that he taught the Arts and Sciences in Egypt : It is probable , that the famous Trismegistus , Some think him to be Moses . who flourished in the first Ages of the World , was worshipped under this name of Mercurius . As he was the God of Eloquence , they did consecrate unto him Tongues : His Statue was usually placed in the Market , therefore he is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . He was painted with yellow hair , and a purse in his hand , to intimate the advantage we may expect by diligence and learning .

Mercurius was also the God of Merchants , of Shepherds , and of Dreams ; the Egyptians received from him their Arts and Sciences , and therefore they did honour him more than other people ; he was painted with the characters of an ingenious man , because that they prove very ingenious that are born when the Star of Mercurius g verns . He was named Cyllenicus from the Mountain Cyllene , where he was bred and born ; and Camillus , which signifies an Officer ; Called therefore 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . his Statues was placed in the ways unto which they did offer their first fruits ; he and Minerva were worshipped in one Temple together ; the Greeks placed his Image over the door of their houses , because as he was the God of Thieves , he was best able to protect the house from their violence .

His Image was sometimes made as that of Hercules Gallicus , mentioned by Caesar , out of whose mouth came forth chains of gold , which were joyned to the ears of several little men that stood at his feet : This expresseth the power of Eloquence , that enslaves and governs the Auditors , and makes men more able to command than strength and valour .

CHAP. IX . Of Venus .

WE have already mentioned her birth in the first Chapter , but the other Poets do tell us , that she was the Daughter of Jupiter , and of the Goddess Dione .

She was the Goddess of Love and Pleasures , because of her extraordinary beauty : Her Chariot was drag'd only by Swans and Pidgeons , lascivious birds ; and the places where she was most adored were Amathus , Cythera , and Paphos , pleasant Mountains in the Island of Cyprus .

She had several children ; Hymeneus the God of Marriages was one of her Sons , and the three Charities or Graces were her Daughters that kept her company : She was also the Mother of the two Cupi●'s , Gods of Love ; the one was honest , the other was the God of unlawful and carnal pleasures ; he had wings upon his back , and a Quiver full of sharp and burning Arrows , by which he did enflame and heat the hearts . The infamous Priapus , mentioned in Holy Writ , did also acknowledge her for his Mother : Unto this God no other beast was offered but the Ass ; Aeneas , so often mentioned in the Latin Poets , was another of the Sons of Venus ; and although this shameful Divinity was like a Bitch prostituted to every one , she had the God Vulcan for her Husband , of whom she never had any Children .

Addit . Not. In the City of Rome several Temples were built to Venus : There was one to Venus Erycina , where was the Statue of Amor Laetheus , dipping his Arrows in a River ; another to Venus Libitina , where the Vrns and Coffins of the most considerable of Rome were placed and kept . Another to Venus Verticordia , who was also called Dea Viriplaca , where the Women did appear with their Husbands when there was and difference between them , to find some way of reconciliation . After the ceremonies appointed for that good office , they did return to their home with that satisfaction that they did seek , there were several other Images and Names of Venus . There was in Rome Venus Calvata , with a bald pate , Venus Barbata , with a long beard , falling down to her Navel , Venus Cloacina , or Cluacina . In Greece the Lacedemonians erected From hence armed women are named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a Statue to ' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in memory of that famous Victory obtained by their Women of the Messenians , their deadly enemies . The usual Sacrifices were Doves , Pidgeons , Sparrows , Swans , &c. The Rose , an inducement to Love ; the Myrtle Tree , a symbol of Peace , were dedicated to this Divinity , who was some times represented with fetters at her feet .

Her Children were many ; Pryapus the God of Gardens was the most noted , although he was the most deformed . It is reported , that when Bacchus came from India , Venus went to meet him , and Crown him with Garlands and Roses ; he in requital begot on her this mishapen fellow Priapus , who came to be thus deformed by the inchantments of Juno , for he was bewitched in his Mothers Womb. He was no sooner in the World , but when she beheld his ugly shape , she caused him to be conveyed out of her sight .

Hymeneus was the Son of Liber , and of Venus ; he was named Thalassius amongst the Romans ; he was the Protector of Virginity , and the God of Marriages , unto whom the new-married Virgins did offer Sacrifice , as they did also to the Goddess Concordia .

In the City of Rome there were two Cupido's , called Eros and Anteros , to represent mutual love , for they strove one against another who should have the branch of a Palm-tree that was between them to express that contention that should be between friends , to deserve the Palm , or the honor of excelling in love and friendship .

CHAP. X. Of Aurora , and of such like Divinities .

THat light that we perceive before the rising of the Sun upon our Hemisphere , hath been taken for the Goddess Aurora , who according to the Opinion of the Heathens , doth come upon a Golden Chariot , having her fingers dropping with Dew , to foretell the arrival of the Sun .

She fell in love with Tithonus , the Son of Laomedon , whom Jupiter at her request made Immortal , without granting unto him the priviledge of continuing always young : When he came to be extreme old , he was impatient of those many evils that did trouble him in his decrepit Age ; therefore he consented to be metamorphosed into a Grashopper . This Fable contains much truth , for it is certain , that Tithonus , a great lover of Astrology , was wont to rise by break of day to behold the Stars : This continual and constant vigilancy had rewarded him with a long life , and preserved him from all sickness ; but as Old Age , amongst other Vices , is subject to excessive pratling , from hence it is that they imagine that Old Tithonus was turned into a Grashopper . From this Marriage of Aurora with Tithonus , did proceed the couragious Memnon , who went to the Trojan War to the assistance of Priamus , and was there call'd into the field and kill'd by Achilles in a single fight , at which loss Aurora was extremely afflicted ; therefore when his body was in the flames , upon the pile , she changed him into a Bird. The Egyptians to honour his valour , did dedicate unto him a Brazen Statue , of which it is reported , that When it was visited with the Beams of the Morning Sun , it appeared most pleasant , and yielded a harmony grateful to the ear .

That Star that we call Venus , which rises at break of day , was the Daughter of Aurora , it is called also Lucifer , or Phosphorus , when it marches before the Sun ; but at night , when it marches before the Sun ; but at night , when it remains behind , at Sun-setting , it is named Vesper , or Hesperus , whose Office is to appear at the head of all the other Stars , when they come to enlighten the night .

A●d● N●● . Aurora is said to be the Daughter of Hiperion , and the Nymph Thia , or of Titan and the Earth : When her Husband grew old and loathsome , she laboured by certain Herbs to remedy her own grief , for by their virtue she restored unto him , in his decrepit Age , his youthful heat and vigour , and removed from him those weaknesses that were grievous unto both .

If the Heathens have enrolled Aurora in the number of the Gods , we must not wonder at what they have believed concerning the Sun , the Moon , as we have already seen , and of all the other Heavenly Bodies , who were , as they affirm , certain men , and Animals translatid from Earth to Heaven , and changed into Stars . Several of them held the Rank of Gods , as Hercules , Cepheus , and his Wife Cassiope , his Daughter Andromede , his Son-in-law Perseus ; Erichtonius , who was begot of the Seed of Vulcan when he offered violence to Minerva , and was also delivered to the Daughters of Cecrops to be nourished , who because they observed not Minerva's advice , but curiously searched into the Basket where this new-born Monster was hid , they became mad .

This Erichtonius was the first that invented the use of Coaches and Chariots to hide his deformity , because he had nothing but Dragons feet : He was King of Athens , and governed his people with Justice and Equity .

At the Northern Pole is that Constellation called Cynosura , or the Little Bear , that serves to direct the Mariners : This She-Bear was one of the Nymphs that had the tuition of Jupiter when he was an Infant . The Great Bear is otherwise called Helice , or Callisto , she was Daughter of Lycaon , King of Arcadia , and was changed into a Bear by the Goddess Diana , because she had dishonoured her Company , by suffering Jupiter to rob her of her Virginity which she had promised to keep : Jupiter was so much moved with compassion , that he carried her into Heaven , and changed her into this Constellation .

Although some do name it the Chariot , because of the disposition of the Stars that do form and represent a perfect Chariot ; the Stars that are next adjoyning are called Arctophylax , that is keeper of the Bear or Bootes , that is driver of the Chariot . Orion also , who is the foreteller of Rain , is in the Heavens , he had done good service to Diana in Hunting , and had so much strength and skill , that he did not fear to meet with any Savage Beast , although it were the most furious . The Horse Pegasus was also there promoted , and the Serpent that kept the Apples Hesperides with the Eagle that brought Ganimedes to Jupiter ; the Whale that Neptunus sent to devour Andromedes , the Great Dog , and the Canicule , otherwise named Procyon , with many other creatures , that are all placed in the Zodiack , and in the other parts of the Heaven .

Orion is said to have been begot of the Vrine of Jupiter , Mercury and Neptune , who pissed in an Oxes Hide when they were feasted by Hyreus , and to requite him for his kind Hospitality , they advised him to bury the Hide ten moneths in the ground , and promised him then out of it a Child , because he had none . He became an excellent Hunter , and in this imployment he served Diana ; but when he began to boast of his skill , she killed him not long before he adventured to ravish Mecops Daughter of Aenopion , who punished him by putting out his eyes ; but by Vulcans help and assistance he recovered his sight again . This Constellation of Orion in the Heavens hath 17 Stars .

CHAP. XI . Of Neptunus , and of the Sea Divinities .

NEptune was one of the Children of Saturnus , that had to his lot the command of the Seas , and of the Waters , when the World was divided amongst him and his Brethren ; his Scepter was a Trident , and his Chariot a great shell of the Sea , which was drawn either by Whales , or by Sea-monsters , or by Horses that had the lower part of Fish : His Wife was Amphitrite , so named , because the Sea doth encompass about the Earth : He obtained her by the means of a Dolphin , who was afterwards advanced amongst the Stars , near the Capricorn : He taught unto men the use of the Horse , when he had caused him to come forth of the earth with a blow of his Trident , at the dispute he had with Minerva about the name of the City of Athens in the Areopage . Because he had been engaged in a conspiracy against Jupiter , he was confined to the earth , where he was forced to offer himself to the service of King Laomedon , to build the City of Troy , as we have seen in the story of Ap●ll● . The Tritans , half men , and half Dolphins , were his Children ; they were wont to accompany him , sounding certain shells , in form of a Trumpet . He begot also the Harpies by the acquaintance that he had with the Earth ; they were Monsters that did ingeniously and perfectly express the qualities of a Niggard : They had faces of young Maids , although somewhat pale ; but their bodies were like the Vultures , with Wings and Claws both at their hands and feet ; their bellies were insatiable , and of a prodigious bigness ; whatever they did touch was infected and spoil'd , and they did steal all that came near them .

Addit . Not. Of Neptune . Neptunus was esteemed a famous God , because the Heathens judged him to have the command of one of the Elements ; he was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Homerus . Consus , for the Romans do affirm , that he did advise them in thé first beginning of their Empire , when there was scarcity of Women in their City , to steal from their Neighours , the Sabins , a convenient supply of that Sex . He was named also Neptunus Hippius , or Equester , because he taught unto men the use of Horses ; and as the Fable informs us , he created at Athens a Horse when the City was built : The Romans to acknowledge the benefit that their Empire had received from Horses , instituted Horse-Races in honour of Neptune . The Sea is called by his Name , either because he was Admiral of it in the Reign of Saturn , or because this greedy and inhumane God did drown him in the Sea as soon as he was born : He had a famous Temple in Rome , enriched with the spoils of many Sea Victories ; but he received a signal affront when Augustus the Emperour caused his Statue to be pull'd down , because he was thought to have raised against him a Tempest at Sea , where he had received some loss , with no small danger of his life .

The Ocean where Neptunus commanded was esteemed a God , the Father of the Rivers : His Effigies was much like to that of a River , a great man with Bulls Horns upon his head ; His Wife was Thetis , of whom he had Nereus and Doris , that married together , and put into the World many Daughters , called Nymphs ; some of them ascended up into Heaven , but those that had green locks of hair remained upon the Earth , amongst the Waters , the Meadows , the Forrests ▪ The Napeae , the Dryades , and the Hamadryades , did dwell in the Woods , in the Meadows , and amongst the Flowers and green Pastures : The Naiades were for the Fountains and Rivers , and the Nereides , that did borrow their Name of their Father , were appointed to the Sea : They did extremely love the Halcyons , Sea-birds , of whom this Wonder is related , that they build their Nests upon the Waves of the Sea , in the midst of the most stormy Winters ; but when their young ones do peep forth of the shell , the Sea round about them appears calm , and if it be rough they never come by any damage by it . The most remarkable of the Nereids was Thetis , who kept the Name of her Mother , she was so fair , that Jupiter fell in love with her : but when he heard the Destinies foretel , that if she was married that she should have a Son far more couragious and more dreadful than his Father ; he willingly left her , and gave her in marriage to Peleus , the Father of Achilles , whose Actions and Life we shall describe in their proper place .

Protheus , Neptune's Shepherd , and the Leader of his Phoei , who were called Calves of the Sea , was another Son of Ocean and Thetis ; the Romans called him Vertumnus , because he had the skill to change himself into all sorts of forms and figures , and he was a great Fortune-teller ; those that intended to make any use of him , were to surprise him , and bind him fast until he did take his proper and natural shape , and tell them what they desired .

Glaucus Ino and Melicerta were Divinities of the Sea . Glaucus had been before a Fisherman ; at a certain time having cast his Fish upon the Grass , and perceiving that by the Hence Prov. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . virtue of a certain Herb which they did touch they did receive a wonderful strength , and did afterwards leap into the Sea again , his curiosity moved him to try the virtue of it in himself : He had no sooner tasted of it , but he fell into a fit of madness , and cast himself into the midst of the Waves , where the Sea Divinities had a care to receive him , and admit him into their Society .

The story of Ino is more various ; Athamas King of Thebes had married her in second Nuptials , after that he had divorced his former Wife Nephele . This Ino was resolved to destroy Phrixus and Helle , Children of Nephele . Phrixus to prevent his mischief , ran away with the Ram that had a Golden Fleece , the honour and riches of his Family . He and his Sister mounted upon it with a design to flee to some other Country , as they were passing over the Straits , between Asia and Europe , Helle fell into the Sea in a fright , from hence this place is named Hellespont : But Phrixus arrived happily in the Country of Colchos , where he offered his Ram to Jupiter , and since this same Ram hath been admitted amongst the twelve Signs of the Zodiack , but the Fleece was put in the hands of Aetha King of the Country , who placed it in a Park consecrated to Mars , and a good guard to keep it , as we shall see in the story of Jason .

Juno was mightily concerned for the Children of Nephele , therefore she troubled the mind of Athamas , and caused him to become furious ; in that condition he offered to kill Ino and her Children , but she being surprised with so great a change , casts her self into the Sea with Melicerta : Neptune pittied her , and therefore received her in the number of the Divinities of his Train ; afterwards she was esteemed to be Aurora , and therefore called Leucothea , the break of day : Her Son was called Palaemon , he was the God of the Havens .

We must not here forget the God Aeolus , for his Empire was upon the Waves of the Sea ; he was the God of the Winds , who dwelt in one of the Islands next unto Sicily , where he kept the Winds close prisoners , giving them liberty when he thought it convenient .

Besides all these , there were certain Monsters that did dwell near the Sea , and that did terrifie the Marriners : In the Straits of Sicily were Scylla and Charybdis ; they say that this Charybdis was a Woman of a savage Nature , that did run upon all passengers to rob them : When she had stoln the Oxen of Hercules , Jupiter kill'd her with his Thunderbolts , afterwards he turned her into a furious Monster , and cast her into a Gulf that bears her name .

Scylla was the Daughter of Nisus , King of the Megariens , she fell in love with Minos King of Candia , and for his sake she betrayed her own Father : For when Minos made War upon the Megariens , because the Inhabitants of the Country had cruelly put to death his Son Androgeos , and when he held the chief City , Megara besieged Scylla : during the Siege , did often walk upon the Walls to recreate her self with the harmonious sounds that the stones did give : for when Apollo did build this City , he did often leave his Harp upon the stones , and by this means he granted unto them the virtue , that when they should be toucht , they should yield a most delightful sound . This young Princess seeing Minos from this place , she began to entertain a kindness for him , which perswaded her to deliver the City unto him , upon condition that he should yield unto her desire and lust . The business did depend only upon a hair of a Purple colour which was in the head of Nisus , for whiles he did keep it he could not be overcome ; therefore when he was asleep she cut it off . This Treason was not unprofitable to Minos , but he could not abide a Daughter guilty of so much cruelty against her Father , therefore he caused her to be thrown headlong into a Gulf of the Sea , under the Promontory or Cape that is against that of Charybdis : There she became a most horrible Monster , for all her lower parts , 〈…〉 from the Girdle downwards , changed themselves into dogs of several shapes , that did continually bark there . Others there are that relate this Story otherwise ; for Ovidius tells us how Scylla was metamorphosed into a Lark , and Nisus into a Hawk , that did persecute her continually for her Treason . These do say , that this was another Scylla that the Witch Circe changed into this Monster in a fit of jealousie , because Glaucus had less love and kindness for her than for Scylla . We shall see in the nineteenth Chap. of the next Book who this Scylla was .

The Sirens did also inhabit upon these Coasts of Sicily ; their upper part was like fair Virgins , and their lower did represent the tail and body of a great Fish : They did sing such melodious tunes , that the Passengers were charmed and drawn to them ; but it was to the end that they might destroy them ▪ therefore they do very well typifie unto us unlawful Lust , for its pleasures and allurements will infallibly bring us to an unhappy end , unless we imitate the example of Vlysses , who commanded his men to stop their ears with Wax , and caused himself to be bound fast to the Mast of his Ship , when he passed by in these Seas , that the Sirens might not prevail upon him . This craftiness of Vlysses did not a little vex them , for they hoped to obtain him and his Company for their prey .

Addit . Not. The Heathens did say that Oceanus was the beginning and first principle of all things ; he had a numerous Posterity : Hesiodus numbers three thousand Daughters , besides Sons : Prometheus was his intimate friend , and he did many good offices to the Gods : he brought up and nourished Juno .

Nereus was his Son , who had about sixty Daughters that waited upon Neptunus ; his habitation was in the Aegean Sea ; Hercules went to know from him where he should find the Golden Apples .

When Ino had craftily made away all the Children of Nephele except two ; she caused the Oracle to demand one of them as a Sacrifice to Jupiter , which forced them both to fly away . Athamas her Husband was so incensed at her cruelty , that he took her Son Learchus and cut off his head ; then Ino in hast caught hold of Vocatur Leucothea à Graecis & Medusa à Latinis Cicer & habita est Dea Maris . Melicerta , and cast her self with him into the Sea : He was called Palemon , or Portunus , God of the Harbours : In some places of Greece Children were offered in Sacrifice to him .

The Sirens are noted for their folly and cruelty : These are the Names of the chief of them , Aglaope , Pisinoe , Thelxiope , Molpe , Alagophonos , Leucosia , Ligea , Parthenope : The last gave her name to the famous City of Italy , Naples , anciently called Parthenope . They did sing upon several Instruments of Musick , and very well , insomuch that they did challenge the Muses themselves by the perswasion of Juno . In the Island of Crete was the meeting , where the poor Sirens were shamefully overcome by the Nine Sisters , who took from them their Wings , & made of them Crowns , which they all wore , except one who was esteemed the Mother of the Sirens , and therefore it did become her not to triumph at the shame of her Daughters . Their dwelling was between Italy and Sicily , all the Passengers are said to have perished there but Orpheus , who with the sound of his Harp did overcome the noise of the Sirens voices . Ulysses had the happiness to pass also without any harm ; it is said that they were so much grieved at the escape of this last , that they cast themselves headlong into the Sea , and since they have never been seen .

CHAP. XII . Of the Divinities of the Earth .

CYbele that we mentioned in the second Chap. as the Mother of the Gods , is also the Goddess of the Earth ; therefore she was painted sitting , and crowned with Towns , and about her abundance of Animals and Trees : The Shepherds did own her for their Goddess ; amongst them she was named Magna Pales .

Pan was eminent amongst the Gods of the Fields ; he was Son of Mercurius , that had taken the form of a Goat to beget him ; therefore his Beard and his Feet were like a Goats , with horns upon his head : He was called Sylvanus , although Virgilius seems to be of another mind : He was the beloved of the Nymphs that did put themselves under his protection , and did dance at the sound of his pipe : The Arcadians did honour him as their God , offering unto him Sacrifices of Milk and Honey : The Romans also , in the moneth of February , did dedicate to him certain Feastival daies , called Lupercalia , from the place Lupercal , that was consecrated to his worship by Evander , and where Remus and Romulus were afterwards nourished by a Wolf .

Picus the K. of the Latin people had a Son named Faunus , that was also a famous God of the Fields , he invented many things necessary for Husbandmen : He was lookt upon as the Father of the other Fauni , and of the Satyrs , who did all wear horns upon their heads , and had Goats feet . When these Satyrs became old , they were called Sileti ; they were great Tiplers of Wine : The chief and the ancientest of them brought up and tutored Bacchus in his Infancy ; he was always seen riding upon an Ass . This Animal became famous in India , when Bacchus made War against the Indians ; for when it began to bray , the Elephants of the Enemies were frighted and disordered , which was the cause of the Victory . In reward of this good service , Bacchus promoted this Ass amongst the Stars , near the Crab.

Addit . Not Cybele was originally of Phrygia , the Daughter of Menoe , an ancient King of that Country ; she was cast into a Wood , and there left to be devoured by the Wild Beasts , upon some distast that her Father had taken against her Mother : A Shepherd happily finding her , brought her to his home , and there caused her to be bred up as his Child ▪ She quickly grew famous when she came to years of understanding , because of her extraordinary beauty and skill in Musick , and in the curing of Infants diseases , which caused the King to acknowledge her for his Daughter , and to grant unto her a Train better befitting her Birth : She afterwards became amorous of Atys , a young man of the Country , who because he could not have the liberty to marry her , he got her with-child : Atys was condemned for it to die , and Cybele for grief became mad ; so that she left her Fathers Court , and ran up and down the Country with a Pipe and Drum in her hand : After her death , when the Phrygians were afflicted with scarcity of corn , and divers diseases ; the Oracle gave them this advice as a remedy to their evils , to worship Cybele as a Goddess . She was not well known amongst the Romans , until Hannibal was in the bowels of Italy with his Army : The Senate being frighted with several prodigious accidents that happened at that time , sent to consult the Books of the Sybile , where they found that the strangers might be driven out of Italy , if Mater Idaea did come to Rome . This obliged them to send Embassadors to Attalus King of Phrygia , Hence called Mater Pessinuntia , or Dea Syria . to beg from him the Statue of this Goddess , which was of stone in the Town of Pesinunte : They brought it to Rome , and all the Dames of the City went out as far as the mouth of Tyber to welcome her : The next year a Temple was erected for her , her Priests were Phrygians , called Corybantes , they had over them one called Archi Gallus an Eunuch , as most of them were therefore called Semiviri Phryges : They did perform her solemnity with a furious noise of Drums , of beating of Brass , and of Musical Instruments . The Corybantes are Jupiters Life-guard , because they brought him up . The Pine Tree and Box were consecrated to this Goddess .

Pan was the God of Mountains , and Sheep ; also of Huntsmen ; he loved Eccho , of whom he had a Daughter called Irynges : He was also beloved He loved also the Nymph Syring . Ovid. of Luna ; his Sacrifices were performed in a deep Cave , scituate in the middle of a thick Wood ; they were wont to offer unto him Milk and Honey in Shepherds Dishes ; he was painted with a stick in one hand , and a Pipe in the other , with a long Beard , and horns of a great length upon his head , and with Goats feet .

Faunus was also a God of the Field , all the Apparitions in the Woods , and all the voices were attributed to him .

CHAP. XIII . Of the Infernal Gods .

IF we speak of Hell , according to the manner of the ancient Poets , we must represent it as a large subterraneous place , whither the Souls are conveyed when they go out of their bodies : The God that commands there is Pluto , Brother of Jupiter and Neptunus ; his Wife is Proserpina , the Daughter of Ceres ; he was constrained to steal her , for he had been refused of all the Goddesses , because of his ill-looks , and of the darkness of his Kingdom .

Several Rivers do encompass it , which we must all pass before we can enter into it : Acheron is the first , Styx the second , this River did run round Hell nine times ; Victory was his daughter , she was favourable to Jupiter in the War of the Giants . Therefore by her means he attained to so great a credit , that the Gods having sworn by his waters , it was not lawful for them to act contrary to their engagements : When they did , they were depriv'd of the Nectar , and of their Divinity , one hundred years compleat . The Styx did rise out of a Fountain of Arcadia , whereof the waters are venomous , and of such a strange nature , that there is no metal that can keep them : Nothing but the hallow of an Ass , or of a Mules Hoof , can retain this piercing water .

The third River of Hell was the Cocytes , which did swell only with Tears : The fourth was Phlegeton , whereof the waters boil .

Charon , the Ferry-man , did offer his assistance , and his Boat , to carry over all that did come from this Upper World : He did shew as little respect to the Lords , to the Grandees , and to the Princes , as to the meanest Slaves , because Death doth bring all men to an equality . They whose bodies had not been buried , did wait many years upon the Banks of the River before they could be admitted to passe with the rest .

At the descent from the Boat they met Cerberus a great Dog with three heads , instead of hair he was covered all over with Serpents .

He did keep the entry of Hell in such a manner that he did suffer all to enter but none to go out .

Within was a dreadfull night esteemed a Goddess the eldest daughters of Chaos and the Mother of several Monsters that did beseige this unhappy place for besides Envy , Grief , Poverty , Care , Labour , Diseases , Cruelty , Despaire , here were to be seen Death and his kinsman sleep . The latter was honoured as a favourable God unto men , because of the rest that he procures unto us , one of his Officers was Morpheus the God of Dreams who had the cunning and Art of taking all sorts of shapes . There were also the Harpyes condemned to perpetual darkness , and the Chimera that did vomit fire and flame , her head was like a Lyons , her middle like a Goat , and her tail did resemble that of a furious Dragon

In these subterraneous places was the abode of the furies called otherwise Dirae or Eumenidae their names were Tisiphone , Megera and Alecto they were armed with flaming Torches , out of their mouth proceeded a filthy froth , a signe of their raging humor , their eyes did sparkle as the lightning and their head instead of hair was adorned with long and dreadfull Vipers .

In the Palace of Pluto the three sisters named Parcoe , Clatho , Lachesis , and Atropas did dwell . These were the fatal Goddesses or the Destinies that did appoint unto every one the several adventures of his Life , what they had decreed according to the Judgment of the Gods could not be altered , they were more Clotho colum retinet Lachesis net , et Attropas occat . they are called also nona decima morta . especially busied in handling the thred and disposing of the course of mens lives , the youngest held the distaff and did draw the thred , the seeond in age did wind it about the Spindle , and the third old and decrepit , did cut it off , and this was followed with the immediate death of the person living .

Assoon as the Souls were arrived in Hell they did go to give an account of their lives before Minos Rhadamantus , and Aeacus their Judges , who had in their keeping the fatal Chest where the names of all the living upon Earth , were contained , out of it was drawn every mans name when he was arrived at the end of his dayes , The Gods had intrusted these men with this Office , because during their lives they had been very just in their Judgments : Here we must not forget what is related of Aeacus when the plague had carried away all the Inhabitants of the Isle of Egine where he was King , he obtained of Jupiter the favour that all the Ants should be changed into men , that the Island might be again filled with Inhabitants , they were therefore called Myrmidones ; The truth is they were thus named because they did mightily apply themselves in the improvement of the ground , as the Ants they were allwayes stirring it up .

When these infernal Judges had pronounced their sentence against the wicked Souls they were cast headlong by the furies into the bottom of the Tartare , a dreadfull place designed for their punishment .

There were to be seen the Gyants and the Titans , in the midst of the flames loaden with huge mountains , to hinder them from rising again . And Tantalus that was ready to perish with hunger and thirst encompassed with the abundance of all sorts of dainties . There was also Salmoneus the King of ●lide who had bin struck dead with Jupiters thunderbolts , because he had the impudency to counterfeit and play the God upon a Bridge of Brass causing his Chariot to run over it that it might yeild a noise like that of the Thunder : In his conrse he did cast on every side flaming Torches to represent the Lightning , and such of the spectators upon whom they did unhappily fall were cruelly murdered by him .

In this place were also the Danaides , or the Belides , so named from Belus their Grandfather , they were the Daughters of Danaus , from whom the Greeks have taken their name Danai . This Danaus was forced to marry them to the sons of Egyptus his Brother , they were equal in number , for Egyptus had fifty Sons for the fifty Daughters of Danaus ; But these wretched Creatures cutt their Husbands throats the first night that they came together , only one excepted ; therefore they were condemned in Hell to fill up with Water a Tunn , without a bottom , which they could never effect , because at the same time that they did poure in , as much did run out .

Here was also one Sysiphus a famous Robber , forced to heave up a great stone with his Shoulder to the top of a Mountain , when he was almost come to the end of his labour , it did fall again to the bottom , so that he was constrained to be allwayesbegining .

Ixion was here tyed about a Wheele that did continually move : He was condemned to this punishment , because he had been so bold as to seek a too familiar acquaintance with Juno , Jupiter to be better informed of his intentions , presented unto him a Cloud in Juno's likeness , of whom he begot the Centauri , half Men and halfe Horses .

All the Men that had lived an honourable life , and all those that had ended their appointed time in the Tartare , were conducted into the Elisian Feilds , Places that did abound with all manner of delights and satisfactions . But at the end of a certain number of years , they did return into the World again to live in other Bodies , and that the Souls might not retain any remembrance of these Elysian Feilds , they did drink of the River Lethe , that had the virtue of causing them to forget all the things past .

It is very remarkable that the Papists do follow in their descriptions and fancies of Hell , and of its suburbs , the Heathens , or Romans their predecessors , who with the Empire of the World have left them many of their groundless opinions , and strange superstitions , as the former did imagine , several apartments under ground , and subterraneous places , so the latter do maintain divers retreats of the soul after Death , The Purgatorie of the Poets described by Virgil , is the same as that of these mistaken Christians .

Pluto was the God of Hell , and of Riches he had two keys in his hand , and was attended He is named Dis Summanus Altor , Rusor , Februus . by a dreadfull train , by Cerberus with three heads , by the furies the Paucae ; &c. * he had upon his head a Helmet , that did render him invisible , and all those that did ware it ; by this is intimated the safety men finde in the grave . His sacrifices were performed in the night , and the Tree that was dedicated to him , Orci Galea was the Cypress . He was a blinde God that did not love to see any light , therefore the Poets say that he is mightily afraid when the Earth doth quake and let in the day into Hell .

Haec omnis quam cernis in opis in humataque turba est : portitur ille Charon , hi quos vehit unda sepulti .

Nec ripas datur horrendas &c. Virgil 6 Aen.

Charon the sonn of Erebus , & of the night was his Ferry-man to convey the Souls of the deceased unto him , he was greedy of mony , therefore he would let none pass without a peice of Silver , which the Souls were wont to carry betweene their lipps , those that were not dead or unburied were never admitted into this mans boat . Yet Aeneas by his Piety , Hercules and Theseus by their valor , and Orpheus by his musick obtained the priviledge of viewing Hell , and of passing to and fro in old Charons ferry boat .

Cerberus was an ill shap't and a cruel mastif begot of Typhon and Echidna , Hercules had the strength to drag him from under ground , and bring him to see the light of the Sun when he was upon Earth , it is reported that he vomitted on the ground and immediately a new herb sprung forth called Aconitum , wolfes bane .

In these lower Regions of the Earth were several strange Goddesses , Nox the night was she that had the greatest command , and that was one of the most remarkable ; she was held to be the Mother of Love , of Deceit , of Old-Age , of Death , of Sleep , of Dreams , of Complaint , of Feare , and of Darkness .

The Cock was offerred in sacrifice to her , & she was painted with black hair , with a Garland of Poppies about her head , and her Chariot was draw'n with black Horses , and in her Arms a white boy signifying Sleep , and a black one intimating Death , both taking their rest .

The harpies were strange sorts of Birds painted with womens Faces , Dragons Tailes , and Eagles Talons ; they are sometimes called Furiae , Striges , and Lamiae . They were said to suck in the night the blood of Infants , there were three in number Aello , Ocypete , and Celaeno , They were very troublesome at publick Feasts ; in the night , and especially to blind Peneus , but Calais and Zetis the two Children of Boreas and Orythea , had pity of the old man having therefore winged feet , they persued the Harpies and drove them from Peneas Stable , afterwards they were confined to Hell , their next neighbour was a cruel Monster , named Chimera , that was dreadfull because of it's mishapen body , but much more because it breathed forth nothing but flames of fire . The furies had here their habitation , but when the Gods had any great designe in the World , in raising of Wars or troubling the peace of Men they did send for these furies of Hell , who disguising themselves did go and perform the commissions with which they were intrusted , by applying their burning Torches to the heart and affections of the persons with whom they were concerned . This represents unto us , how the Devils do tempt us inwardly to evil .

The Heathens did imagine a severer Justice in Hell than was upon Earth , for they placed three Kings eminent for their upright dealing , to judge and dispose of the estate of every one according to his deserts , the Souls were brought before them naked , without any ornament or name that might render them recommendable , therefore the wicked were punished with fire , but the good were admitted immediately into the Elysean feilds .

Ixion the Son of Phlegias , is remarkable amongst the wicked not only by his horrid murder which he committed under the pretence of friendship , for he cast his Father in law into a pitt of burning coals : his troubled Conscience caused him afterwards to wander up and down the Earth until Jupiter out of pity made satisfaction for his crime , and received him into heaven , where ease and pleasure caused him to become both wanton and ungratefull , He fell in love with Juno , and sought to defile Jupiters bed , when he heard of it he presented unto him a serving maid , called Nephele a Cloud in Juno's habit of whom he begot the lecherous Centaurs : By that means falling into disgrace with Jupiter he was sent back again upon Earth , where he began to brag of his prancks , and how Juno had submitted to his lust for which he was by Jupiter condemned to this torment in Hell , to be continually carried about a wheele which never stood still , but when Orpheus was there playing upon his Harp .

Sisiphus the son of Aeolus was accused for having discovered the secrets of the Gods , and particularly of Jupiter , who had made him the confident of his love to Aegina , the daughter of Asopus , also for having spoken irreverently of him and for having spoiled and murdered strangers , for which enormities he was first slain by Theseus and then sent to Hell to roll up a great stone that did fall down again and renew his labours .

CHAP. XIV , Of some other Divinities .

BEsides these common and universal divinities that we have mentioned the Heathens did fancy others who had a particular kindness , for certain houses and persons .

The domestick Gods were named Lares or Penates they were in shape like Monkies placed in some private part of the house , or in the Chimney corner , they did honour them as their Protectors , and therefore did make unto them offerings of wine and frankinsence .

They did also imagine that every one was borne with two Genii proper unto his person , named Daemones ; the one was the good and favourable , who did perswade him to honesty and virtue , and in recompence did procure unto him all manner of good things proper to our Estates . The other was the Evil Genius , who was the cause of all wickedness and mishap when he did get the upper hand in us .

The Heathens did acknowledge also a Great Goddess , named Fortune , who had in her possession , and at her disposal , the honors , the riches , and the happiness of this life , she did give them and take them away at her pleasure : But this is noted of her , that she was blind , and very unconstant ; in her hand was a Wheel that she did turn without ceasing , raising sometimes men on the top of the Wheel , and sometimes casting them down , so that there was nothing setled or assured that did concern her . She was adored by the most part of men , the greatest Princes had one of Gold kept safe with them in their dwellings , that she might be always favourable unto them : The Goddess Nemesis , or Vindiciae , had an eye upon the crimes and misdemeanours of every one to punish them . The God Momus was worshipped by them , but he grew mightily out of favour , and became odious to all the World , because of his ill qualities ; for he had his beginning from Sleep , and the Night : And although he was very slothful and ignorant , he was nevertheless one that found fault , and who did prattle of every thing , which did proceed partly from his vanity , and the partly from the ness of his judgment .

Addit . Not. Genius à gignendo , or ab ingerendo ; because he supports or suggests unto us thoughts .

Virgil names them Manes .

The God of particular persons , or of Kingdomes , was named Genius ; he had a continual eye over them , and did accompany them to the Grave . The Genius of the Roman State was painted with a Horn of abundance in one hand , and a dish full in the other , which was stretched out upon an Altar . The Heathens said , hat their Genii were of a Nature between God and Man , and therefore they imagined them to be the Sons of Jupiter and Terra . All the Stars were reckoned in their number , and therefore they did worship them as the Jews did in the quality of Angels : They did paint them differently , sometimes as a Serpent , and sometimes as Boys or Girls , or as Old Men ; but a Garland of a Palm-tree was always upon their heads , therefore this Tree is named Genialis . In some ancient Medals , the Genius of the Emperour was represeuted as a Man , with a large dish of all sorts of Flowers in one hand , and a Scourge in the other , to express both rewards and punishments : They thought it not lawful to kill any Creature unto their Genius , because it was not decent that they should cause Creatures to loose their lives , the day on which they received theirs ; yet Horace mentions the killing of a Pig of two moneths old . The usual offerings to the Genius were Wine and Flowers ; as the men had their Genii , the Women had also their Junones Goddesses , that did watch over and protect them . Magnigeni cape thura lubens votisque faveto , Tibull . lib. 4.

And Funde merum Genio .

The Penates were the Gods that were placed in penetralibus domi , in the inner most part of the house , as Guardians and Protectors ●o it : There were the Penates of Cities , of Kingdomes , of Heaven and Earth , and of many eminent dwellings ; Aeneas brought his from Troy , that were two young men in a sitting Posture : The Dictator and chief Magistrates of Rome did sacrifice to them when they entered into their Offices , and to the Goddess Vesta .

Lararium , the place where they were worshipped . There were Lares publici , Lares familiares I ares Hostitii , to drive away enemies , Lares Marini , of the Sea ; Lares querquetulani , of she Oaks . They are also called Praestites Larvae , Lemures , Lares is another kind of Domestick Gods in Figure , like a Dog : Plutarch tells us , that they were but covered with a Dogs skin , and a Dog was placed next to them , to express the watchfulness and care they had of the house , and their friendship to those who did belong to it . The Fable says , that Lara being condemned to loose her tongue , for revealing unto Juno Jupiters intention of deflouring Juturna ; and being sent in Mercuries custody to Hell , by the way he layed with her , and begot two Sons named Lares , from whom these Gods are derived .

Fortune the Daughter of Oceanus , and the servant of the Gods , was carried in a Chariot drag'd by four blind horses , under her feet lay a Globe , in her right hand the Helm of a Ship , and in her left the Horn of Plenty : She had several Images , Statues and Temples erected to her honour , for the Romans did worship none more than Fortuna : At her right hand did play upon a Wheel a young Youth , with Wings upon his shoulders , named Favor , to express how soon her favours may fly away from us . Two Images were remarkable at Rome , Fortuna Calva , and 〈…〉 both very significant . 〈…〉 several Temples built 〈…〉 Fortune , one to Fortuna 〈…〉 in the Capitol another to Fortuna obsequens , to Fortuna privata , to Fortuna 〈◊〉 the later was near the Temple of Venus ; 〈◊〉 to Fortuna barbata , to Fortuna publica , to Fortuna plebeia , and another to Fortuna muliebris , whose Statue had the power to speak , as Val. Max. l. 5. cap. 2. informs us ; and to several other kinds of Fortune Temples were erected . When Fortune was not favourable to them , they did ●ad her with Curses and Imprecations .

Nemesis , the Daughter of Jupiter and Necessity , was the Goddess of Revenge ; she was called Adrastia , because Adrastus built her a Temple ; and Rhamnusia , from a place in Greece where she was worshipped : She was painted as Justice is , with a Sword in one hand , and a pair of Balances in the other , with a sad countenance of a Virgin , and piercing Eyes , or with a Bridle and a Ruler . The Heathens did think , that she would either reward or punish all the actions of our life .

The imployment of Momus was to reprove the faults of every one ▪ he did not like Vulcans Man , who had not a Window in his brest that his thoughts thorough it might be seen : He was not pleased with the Slippers of Venus , because they made too much noise : He reproved Neptunes Bull , for not having Horns on his shoulders , rather than on his head ; and Minerva's House , because it was not moveable .

Besides these Gods that were worshipped by most Nations , the Romans had several otbers , and of many kinds : Some were called Indigetes , who were advanced from the Estate of Men , to the honour of the Gods : Of this number were Hercules , unto whom divers Chappels and Altars were erected in Rome , and many favourable Epithets ascribed unto him , as Magnus Victor Triumphator , Defensor , &c. Faunus was another , Carmenta Evanders wife another , and Evander himself , King of the Natives of Italy , Castor and Pollux , Aesculapius , Acca Laurentia , the Nurse of Romulus and Remus , Quirinus , a name of Romulus ; from whence comes the word Quirites , the Romans Title .

All the perfections and virtues of the Soul were also adored as so many Goddesses , Mens the mind , Virtus virtue , Honos honor , Pietas , &c. And over every part of a mans life they had particular Gods and Divinities : The young Babes were under the protection of these , Opis , Nascio , * * or Vagitanus . Vaticanus , Levana , Cumina , Goddesses that did look to the Chill in the Crad e , Rumina that did assist it to suck ; Potina , Educa , Ossilago , Fabulinus , Carnea , Juventas , Orbona , Volupia , Lubentina-Anculi Dii , were honored by servants . The new-married Couple had several Gods , Jugatinus that did joyn them together , Domiducus he that led the Bride home , Minturna Dea , Virginensis , Cinxia , Mutinus , Deus Pater , Subigus , Dea mater prema , Viriplaca Dea. All these had their several Offices appointed them in Marriages : The Goddesses of Child-bearing are Mena Dea , Juno , Fluonia , & Lucina , Pertunda , Latona , Egeria , Bona Dea , Magna Genata , &c.

Murica Dea , the Goddess of Laziness .

Strenua Dea , of Strength and Valour .

Stimula Dea , who prompts men to labour .

Agonius Deus , who did bless their undertakings .

Dea Horta , who did perswade them to any business .

Catius Deus , that made them careful .

Volumnus Deus , the God of their Wills .

Adeona & abeona Deae , the Goddesses of their coming in , and going out .

Vitula Dea , the Goddess of Joy or Victory .

Pellonia Dea , she that was active in driving away their Enemies .

Fessonia , she who did help the wearied .

Averruncus Deus , that did divert from us all evil .

Angerona , the Goddess of silence .

Laverna Dea , who did bless the Thieves in their Robberies , and unto whom they did offer Sacrifice . They that were under her protection , did divide the Spoil in her Wood , where her Temple was erected ; therefore they were called Fures Laverniones .

Naaenia Dea , the Goddess of Funerals , &c.

There were also amongst the Romans the Gods and Goddesses of the Fields , besides the multitude of Nymphs and Satyrs : These were the most noted .

Pales Dea , the Goddess of Fodder , and of Shepherds .

Flora Dea , a remarkable Whore , who gave all her Estate to the people of Rome , upon condition that they would honor her Birth-day with Plays : The Senate to remove the infamy of her life , created her the Goddess of Flowers , and did offer unto her Sacrifice , that she might bless the hopeful encrease of the Fruits and Flowers : In her honor were instituted the Floralia .

Pamona Dea had a Command over the Apples , and such like Fruits .

Tutilina Dea , had an eye over the Corn.

Robigus Deus , did preserve the Corn from the infection of the ayr .

Populonia & fulgor Dii , that did keep the Corn from the Thunder .

Pilumnus & Picumnus Dii , the latter is called Sterquilinus , because he taught men to improve the ground with Dung : The first is the God of Millers .

Bubona Dea , of Oxen.

Hippona Dea , of Horses ,

Mellona Dea , of Bees .

Jugatinus Deus , who did live upon the Mountains .

Rusina Dea , a Country Goddess .

Terminus Deus , the God of Limits : The people of Rome were commanded to set stones upon the confines of their ground , which were called Terminalia ; upon them they did offer to Jupiter every year ; and if any was so impudent as to remove them , his Head was to satisfie Jupiter , unto whom they were consecrated . These Stones were crowned every year with Flowers , and upon them Milk was offered to Terminus .

Pan was a Field God .

Sylvanus the God of Cattel , and of the Country .

Priapus , who was the most impure and shameless of all their Gods ; he was also the God of Marriners , as well as of the Country , and of Nuda Venus faecunda Pales , Pharetrata Diana , Juno gravis , prudens Pallas , turrita Cybelle . Gardens : He was painted naked , as all the other Gods and Goddesses of Love . Feronia Dea was also a Divinity of the Woods , the Wife of Jupiter Anxur in Italy ; near her Temple was a large Wood which took fire , but when the people did run to extinguish it , of its own accord the fire went out , and the Wood in a moment became green again and flourishing . The Slaves who were to be made free , did receive the badges of liberty in her Temple . It is reported of her Priests , that they did use to go bare foot upon burning coals every year at a set time before the people .

The Romans had encreas'd the number of their Divinities , so that many thousands were reckoned ; every affection of the mind , and disease of the body , was honoured as a Deity : Such were Pavor , and Pallor , Cloacina , Aius , Locutius , whose Statue gave the Romans notice of the coming of the Gauls . Ridiculus was another God , Tempestas , Febris , Fugia , Forna●x , Cacia , Vicepota , and Volturnus Deus , &c.

And as the Romans did inlarge their Dominions , they did admit all the Gods and Goddesses of strange Nations into their City : Therefore when Tiberius heard of the Miracles of our Saviour from Pilats information , he desired the Senate that he might be introduced amongst the number of their Divinities , which they had no inclination to do , either because of the place of his Nativity , which was generally hated of all Nations , or because he could n t be rightly worshipped where there were such a multiplicity of Idle Gods . Now these were the strange Divinities worshipped in Rome , when they had conquered the World .

Sanctus , or Deus Fidius , the God of the Sabins ; Io , or Isis , a Goddess of the Aegyptians . The Poets inform us , that she was the Daughter of the River Inachus , a professed Whore , yet the Priest of Juno : She perswaded Jupiter to yield to her Lust ; but Juno's jealousic pursuing after her Husband , found them together , Jupiter in the form of a Cloud , and Isis in that of a white Cow , for Jupiter had changed her that she might not be suspected of his Wife , who understood his subtilty ; therefore she beg'd the Cow from Jupiter , he being afraid , by a refusal , to discover her and his own dishonesty , granted her to Juno , who presently committed her to the custody of Argus with a hundred eyes ; there she continued in much misery and persecution , until Mercurius was sent from Jupiter to deliver her , he played Argus asleep with his pleasant Musick , intending to steal away the counterfeit Cow ; but a Boy , named Hierax , gave notice to Argus , and waked him , as the other was a departing with his prize . Mercurius seeing no remedy , but that he must either neglect Jupiters Command , or kill Argus , he took a great stone and knockt him dead upon the place , and changed Hierax into a Hawk for his ill Office . Juno was not a little displeased at the loss of her faithful servant , therefore she transformed him into a Peacock , that yet retains the number of his eyes in its feathers ; and she sent some Creatures to vex Isis , so that she became mad , and ran up and down the World , swimming over the Seas into Ionia , unto which she left her Name , as Besides these most noted Gods of Egypt , they worshipped there all the Herbs of their Garden , which the Romans were ashamed to imitate . also to the Sea that waters that Country : At last she returned back to Egypt , where she married Osiris : Her Son by Jupiter was Epaphus ; after her death she was a●lored by the Egyptians ; her hair was preserved as a Sacred Relick in her Temple at Memphis ; she was honoured as the Goddess of Navigation , and of the Weather : Her Statue was a Cow with Horns , or as some say , a Dogs Head , unto which Ovid alludes , calling her Latrator * * Some thinks this Anubis to be Mercurius as we shall see afterwards . Anubis . The Romans had an extraordinary reverence for this Goddess , although they banisht her , because her Priests had consented to defile her Temple with Whoredomes afterwards she was admitted again : Her Priests were initiated with Blood and Water , they had their Heads and Beards shaven , and did wear all White Linnen Garments : At the entry in of her Temple was the Statue of a Sphynx , to signifie that she was a mysterious Godd●ss : For her sake the Egyptians did keep in a corner of her Temple a White Cow ; when it did die , they did all mourn , as for a Prince , until another was put in the place of the dead Beast .

Osiris , King of Egypt , was her Brother and Husband ; he is esteemed the same with Serapis , some call him Dionysius , Ammon , Jupiter , and Pluto . The last name I conceive was granted unto him , because he had such an extraordinary care of the Dead , causing them to be buried in several places made on t● purpose near Memphis , to encourage Virtue , and a good life ; for if the deceased had not lived well , he was by persons Herodot . sacres Igurn . appointed to enquire into every mans actions , cast into places of shame and punishment ; the Virtuous were interred in beautiful Fields , flourishing with all manner of Flowers . This place was near the City Memphis , encompassed several times with the River Nilus , and an old Fellow did convey the dead bodies over . By this means this Prince did awe his people into obedience , and a submission to his Laws . And from hence it is that the Poets have borrowed their pleasant descriptions of Hell , as the rest of their superstitious Fables , as several writers informs us . Osiris is also called Apis , in whose Temple a Bull was nourished : Vpon the Statue of Osiris was placed a Bushel ; this hath given occasion to some to fancy Osiris to be Joseph , who saved Egypt from the great Famine : It is probable the Bushel was placed upon Osiris his head , in honour of him .

All the other Gods of the Grecians , Illyrians , Gauls , Spaniards , Germans , and Asian People , were brought and worshipped at Rome , because we have already named them , and given a full account of their beginning and Histories , it is needless to repeat them here again .

CHAP. XV. Of the Gods mentioned in Holy Writ , and of those that were adored in Syria , Phoenicia , and the adjoyning Countries .

I Think it not amiss , in this review of all the Heathen Gods , to add a Chapter or two concerning those who have been adored by the Inhabitants of the Eastern Countries , and by our Forefathers in this Island .

The Sacred Records do mention many Idols unto whom the Israelites did shametully prostrate themselves ; their names are Moloch , Baal , Astoreth , Dagon , Baalzebub , Succoth , Benoth , Nergal , Nisroch , Rimmon , Thammuz , Nebo , Sesach , the Golden Calf , the Teraphim , Remphan , &c.

The Golden Calf which the Israelites did make in the Wilderness , was a God of Egypt , called Api● : Lactantius informs us , that the

De sapient . cap. 10.

Et comes in pompa corniger . Apis erat . Ovid. fast .

Exod. 32. 6. Barbara Memphiten plangere docta Bovem Tibull .

Head was the Image of a Bull ; therefore they did worship him in the some manner as the Egyptians did their Apis , for they did mightily rejoyce and feast themselves when he was made , and dance round about the Idol : But I cannot conceive how the Israelites could be of such weak memories , as to forget the greatness of Gods Power lately manifested to them in their deliverance from Egypt , and in the publishing of the Law , or of such perverse judgments , as to ascribe to the works of their hands the glorious Acts of the Almighty , of which they had been Eye-witnesses ; for it seems they intended , as our Religious Papists do , to adore God in the outward and visible representation of a Bull , or of a Calf , according to the custom of the Egyptians ; therefore they did not say , To morrow there shall be a Festival to Apis , Osiris , or Isis , the Gods of Egypt , but to the Lord 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so that they were so impious as to ascribe the Sacred Name of God to this shameful Image , or rather to worship God in this vile form : The Hebrews do tell us , that the Generation of such as were so profane at this time , had yellow Beards growing in their faces , in remembrance of that foul sin which their Forefathers were so forward to commit in the Wilderness .

When Jeroboam returned out of Egypt , whither he had been banished by Solomon , he caused the same kind of Idolatry to be established in the Dominions that acknowledged his Scepter ; for he placed two Golden Calves at the two Extremities of the Ten Tribes in Dan and Bethel , to prevent the return of the people to the worship of God in Jerusalem , and to their Allegiance to their lawful Prince . It may seem very strange , that the Israelites possessed with a real Opinion of Gods Power and Authority over them , should be so easily drawn to commit such an abomination , directly contrary to the Law of God , unless they had been induced thereunto by their mistakes of some Example given unto them by Moses himself . We find that when Jeroboam intended to draw them to Idolatry , he could think of no better expedient , than to present unto them Golden Calves , for they were more inclinable to the adoration of them , than any other Idol ; because , as some do imagine , they were wont to see these Images in the Temple of Jerusalem , as their Forefathers had been accustomed to behold them worshipped in Egypt ; for by these Idols the ignorant Egyptians did adore Nilus , otherwise

Plinius , lib. 5. cap. 9.

Osiris also named Bacchus .

called Siris , and Osiris , because their life and riches did proceed from the excellent virtues of the Water of Nilus .

The Teraphim , mentioned in Judg. 17. 5. were not , as some have imagined , the Household Gods of the Heathens ; for in the same place , a Graven Image and a Molten Image are named , which were the Houshold Gods ; but I do rather think , that they were some Talismanical Representations , consecrated by Devillish Ceremonies , to oblige some Evil Spirit to answer in them the demands of their Worshippers , and give Oracles . Elias Levita tells us , that they were made in this manner , they did kill a man who was a First-born , and pull off his Head with their hands ; and when they had embalmed it , they did place it upon a Plate of Gold , upon which the name of the Unclean Spirit that they did invocate for an Answer was first handsomely engraven ; Afterwards they did put it into a place made in a wall purposely for it ; they did light round about it Torches and Lamps , and did fall down before it to worship it . The Images that Rachel stole from her Father Laban , are called Teraphim by some , they were the same as the Greeks name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , only the former did return Answers to the Petitioners , whereas the latter were the protecting Gods of a Family , worshipped near the Chimney Corners , usually in the Images of Dogs , who are watchful Creatures .

The Idol Moloch is the same with Saturn , unto whom the cruel Heathens did sacrifice their Sons and Daughters , causing them to be burnt alive in a Brazen Image made purposely for such abominations . The Ammonites , Nachmonides & R. Moses . whose God this Idol was , did oblidge all the Parents either to offer them in this manner to Moloch , or to cause them to pass between two fires in honour of this God : Somtimes when men did come to years of understanding , they did offer themselves freely to be burnt for this God . Near Jerusalem stood Moloch in a beautiful Valley , belonging to the Children of Hinnom , in the midst of a pleasant Grove , where the Jews did imitate their profane Neighbours . From hence is derived this inhumane custom practised in Greece , and in many other parts of the world . Minucius Faelix , Lactant. Justin. The Carthaginians were so extravagant , as to sacrifice 200 Noble mens Children to Moloch , when Agathocles made war upon them in Africa : And because this word signifies a Prince , or a King , the Heathen Worthies did borrow from hence their names , as Amilcar , Imilcon , &c.

2 King . 17. 31. The two Gods of Sepharvaim , Adrammelech , and Anammelech , were worshipped in the same bloody manner ; therefore many have imagined them to be the same with Moloch , from whom they have derived their Names ; but I rather think them to be other Gods who did share in the same Titles of Honour , and in the same manner of worship : None of our Interpreters have found the persons unto whom these Names were given ; but I do conjecture from the Hebrew signification of the Name Adrammelech , and with a small alteration 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ador-Melech , a From hence the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a man . strong and glorious King , that thereby the Inhabitants of Sepharvaim did either mean some brave and generous Prince that had Reigned amongst them in much glory , or else they did intend the Sun by Adrammelech ; for he is as a Prince in the Firmament , sending forth his beams of light into every corner of the World . Anas or Anam is a Chaldean word Cogere 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Chald-word . never us'd in Scripture to my knowledge , unless it be Esther 1. 8. It signifies to force , or to compel ; being therefore joyned with Melech , it makes a compelling , or an Imperiou● King : By this Title some Devil may be understood that did imperiously tyrannize ov● them , they did therefore endeavour to appease his wrath , by sacrificing their dearest enjoyments : That which makes me inclinab● Maff●●us de Job . Ind. and Munster . Cosmograph . to this Opinion is , that to this very day the Inhabitants from whence these Sepharvaits did come , do worship the Devil in a visible shape , and when they neglect their Devotion to him , he pittifully afflicts them . The same is reported of the Caribbians , and of the Indians in Florida , and in the adjacent Countries . It may also with some kind of probability be imagined from this word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to compel , that these Heathens did sacrifice to the Imperious and unresistable Emperour of the World Death ; for it is said , Selden de diis Syris . cap. 6. Virg. lib. 6. Ovid. Metam . lib. 7. that his Priests were cloathed in black , and therefore named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Holy Writ . Now it is certain , that this colour was an abomination to all the Superiour Gods , and only us'd in the sacrifices of the Inferiour , as we may understand by these following Verses of Apollon , lib. 3. Argonaut . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

So it is likely that these Heathens did offer unto Pluto or Death their Children , that he might spare their lives . Baal was another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Divinity of Phaenicia : The name signifies a Lord , and therefore it is due to the Soveraign Lord of the World , Hosea 2. 16. But several Nations of the East have profanely applyed Selden de diis Syris . it to men in their lives , and after their death have granted it to their breathless Statues , which they did adore instead of the true God . And as this word hath no particular respect to any of their Divinities , it was ascribed to most of them . Mars the God of War , or rather Belus the Father of Ninus , was adored by this Name in Assyria : Jupiter Thalassius , worshipped in Sidon , was called Baal , Belus , or Beelsamen , the God or Lord of Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Euseb. Heaven : The Sun was also worshipped in Syria , and called Agalibalus , or Alagabalus , the Circular Lord , as the Learned Selden observes . Herodian informs us , that the Sun was worshipped in Syria , and that his representation was a great and round Stone . Moloch was also named Baal ; in his Sacrifices His Priests did cut themselves in honour of him . the Priests did offer their Privy Members in remembrance of the affront that Jupiter his Son did unto him .

When the Scripture only names Baal , without any other addition , we must understand the God who was esteemed by the Pagans the Chief Jupiter : So that this Name imports in profane Language as much as Jehovah , or Adonai doth in sacred .

The Name of Baal became so universal , that all great Commanders and famous Princes did add it to their own Names , Hannibal , Asdrubal , Maherbal , &c. But in Scripture we meet with many Gods who bear this Title with another , as a token of the peoples respect unto them . Baaltzephon was a City in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Egypt ; through its Territories the Israelites did pass when they marched towards the Red Sea : It is probable that it did borrow its denomination from the Idol Baal worshipped there . It seems he was one of the most ancient Gods of the East Countries , for he was adored far and near .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Baal-Peor , or Beelphegor , as the Seventy write it , signifies a shameful Divinity set up 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 amongst the Moabits , beyond Jordan , upon Mount Peor : Some think him to be Jupiter

Hieron adose . cap ▪ 11.

Isidor . Orig. lib. 3. cap , 11. Numb. 25. 1. and 3.

1 Kings 15. 11 , 12.

2 Chron 15. 16 This Priapus was named Miphleteth , an abominable Idol .

Tonans , others Saturn , or the Sun ; but the most probable Opinion is , that he was Priapus , the adulterous and lascivious God ; for the Israelites did worship him in the same maner as the Grecians did Priapus , by committing fornication in his Temple . Now this impudent God was chiefly worshipt by women , and therefore he was named the God of Women , Jer. Chap. 48. 7. 13. calls the same God of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chemosh , or as the Seventy render it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Chief God of Moab ; which word I conceive may be derived from the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chamas , to hide , either because he was adored in some obscure corner of the Temple , as it was usual with some Divinities , or because his abominable worship did deserve to be concealed in obscurity : It is likely that only the Holy Prophet brands him with this Title of disgrace , and that it was not his usual Name amongst his Proselites .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Baal-Gad , was the God from whose Providence and will all worldly felicity proceeds : The Grecians and Romans made this Divinity Goddess , and called her 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and Bona , or Primigenia Fortuna . The first that caused this God to be worshipped , were the Astrologers ; for when they did perceive how much the Heavens did contribute to the subsistance and welfare of man , and how his life was commonly either happy or miserable , according to the hopeful influences of the Stars that did govern at his birth : They were apt to imagine , that the Stars had a greater power upon us , and our affairs , and our humours , than really they have ; therefore they did possess the ignorant people with this fancy , which brought in the adoration of the Stars : The Star Jupiter was thus Gen. 30. 11. Aben-ezra . call'd , therefore Jacob suffered one of his Sons to bear this name ; and it was afterwards and before a custom , in use amongst the people of God , as well as amongst the Munster . Heathens , to greet the New-married Couple with this kind of Salutation , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mazal Tob , a good star , sub . I wish unto you ; this was the common Title of the Planet Jupiter ; and the Bridegroom , before the Marriage , did deliver to his future Spouse a Ring , with this same inscription , wishing thereby that her Children might be born under the powerful and happy Star of the Heavens Jupiter . It was unto this Planet that the Canaanites did offer sacrifice , and at the end of the year dress a Table of all sorts of Fruits of the earth , to acknowledge the benefits received from his influences ; therefore Isaiah 65. 10. Isaiah reproves the Israelites for imitating this Heathenish Superstition .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Baalzebub , the Lord of Flies , was the God of Ekron , a City of the Philistins . Some have imagined this Name to be imposed upon him by the Israelites , because in the sacrifices that were offered unto him , his Priests were tormented 2 King 1. 2. from hence in Hebr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Deus hoc discrimen posuit imer sacrif . Demon , & sui legitimi cultus . with swarms of flies . Now in the sacrifices of the true God , there was no Fly to be seen , as several Learned Rabbies , and after them Scaliger , have taken notice . Plinius speaks of him , when he tells us , that the Cyrenians , a people upon the Coast of Africa , descended from the Phaenicians , did worship the God Achoren , to be delivered from the Plin. lib. 10. Hist Natur. cap. 28. troublesome Flies who did torment them , as the Egyptians did adore their Ibes , to be freed from the Serpents . I think that the Images of these Creatures , and of this God , were Talifmans , formed by some men Learned in the secrets of Nature , to free the people from the annoyances of the Serpents and Flies ; and therefore in requital , the ignorant people , who did ascribe the effects to an immediate Pliny saith that after the sacri c●s all the flies did immediately depart . This agrees with the relation of the Jewish Rabbies above mentioned . power of a God , did adore them ; or it may be that the Devil , who wants no power in the Empire of the Air , that is attributed to him , was willing to entertain these Idolaters in his service , by this and other good offices . Now wherefore the Prince of the Devils should be called Belzebub , I cannot imagine , unless it be because the Flies , and several sorts of Insects , proceed from his and the Suns immediate Agency for the disturbance of mankind .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Baal-Berith , the Lord of the Covenant , was another God of the Phaenicians : So Jupiter was named at Rome Sponsor , or Fidius ;

Signifies a Covenant . Thucyd .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

and amongst the Greeks there was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Jupiter Faederator . It may be that the Devil , an Ape of Almighty God , caused himself to be worshipped by this name , in remembrance of the Great Covenant that God-made after the Deluge with all his living Creatures , applying thereby this expression of Gods love , and the tribute of our services which we do owe unto it , to himself . In Holy Writ , God is call'd the God of the Covenant , Psa. 25. 10. a God keeping Covenant and Mercy , Nehem. 1. 5. A God stedfast in his Covenant , Psalm 89. 28. whose Name we are always to call upon in all our Covenants , Isaiah Jer. 12. 16. 45. 23. The Devil therefore did claim this part of Gods worship , calling himself Baal-Berith . In Jerem. 12. verse 16. we find a memorable passage that mentions this God ; for it is said there , that the people had been taught to swear by Baal . I am not ignorant of the Opinion of several of the Learned in Antiquity , who think that these names of Baal were all attributed to the Sun ; for Porphyrius declares , that his Countrymen the Phenicians did worship the Sun as the Chief God , and did call him Beelsamen : And Somchoniathon in Philo Biblius tells us of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , who had for his Wife 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Berith : from this Elioun comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : The Greek word for the Sun , for the better understanding of this confusion that appears in the Authors speaking of the Heathen Gods , you must remember what we have noted in our Preface to this work , that the chief of the Devils did receive the homages of all Nations , under several Names , proper to the places and dispositions of the Inhabitants ; and that he might with more ease induce men to his worship , he did set up and promote those persons and things that were most in credit , appointing at the same time such manner of Devotion as was most suitable to him , and his enmity to mankind : From hence it is that he is called Jupiter , in Rome , Mithra , in Persia , Baal , in Phaenicia , Apis , in Egypt , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in Grecia , Tharamis , in Germany , Thor , or Belemus , in England , Mars or Hesus , in Tartaria , Baalpeor or Chemos , in Moab , Baalzebub , in Ekron , Belus , in Babylon , Bacchus , in Arabia , &c.

It was no difficult business to cause men to The Naturalists do inform us , that as soon as our eyes are open in a morning , they turn of themselves to behold and admire the Sun when we sleep in he open Ayr. Coel. Rhodig . adore the Sun , for of all visible Creatures he is the most glorious , and the most useful : That grateful humor therefore that is natural to man , and that calls upon him to acknowledge that Being from whom he receives favours and blessings , did incline him to return thanks to the Sun for all the visible effects of his heat and light ; therefore he was the first Creature ador'd by the Eastern people . I am inclinable to think , that this Baal-Berith was intended for the Sun , or rather the Moon ; for in Judges 8. ver. 33. it is said , that the Israelites made Baal-Berith their God , that is , their chief God , and went a whoring after Baalim . If this latter word , as some of the Learned do judge , and as may be easily prov'd , did signifie the inferiour Stars and Planets , we may have some reason to conjecture , that Baal-Berith that accompanies them in this place , was one of the most Eminent Lights in the Heavens . Other learned Writers do understand the Deified Souls of men , by this plural number Baalim : This name may be applied to the Semones , or Semidii , by some people ; but I cannot conceive so mean an Opinion of the Israelites , as to think that they did adore the Souls of men departed out of their sight , without any further respect . It is more probable , that they did worship the Sun and Stars , whereof they did daily experience the goodness and power . There is a passage in 2 Chron. ver. 33. that makes me inclinable to this opinion ; for there Manasseh rears up Altars broken down , plants Groves for Baalim : To what purpose I pray ? His design is

Acts 7. 41.

2 King . 17. 16. Dan. 8. 10. & Nehem 9. 6. There the Host of Heaven signifies the Stars .

discovered in the next words , that he might worship and serve all the Host , or the Stars of Heaven , unto whom he did sacrifice upon those Altars . And if you compare one place of Scripture with another , you may find the same Gods named Baalim , who are elsewhere called the Host of Heaven . Herodotus 1 Sam. 7. 4. Compare 2 Chron. 21. 13. and 1 Kin. 18. Chap. 18. with Jer. 8. 2. and Plato do inform us , that these Stars were the ancient Gods of Greece also , as well as of Phaenicia ; therefore he derives the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 God , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to run , because the Sun , Moon , and Stars do run a very swift pace .

There are several places mention'd in Scripture , where the Images and Temples 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the God Baal did stand , as Baal-Hamon , Baal-hazor , Baal-Perazin , and Baal-Shalisha . This last place is mentioned 2 Kings 4. 42. And as in Hebrew it signifies Ter-Baal , it may cause us to imagine , that the place was thus named from the Sacred Trinity there worshipt , which Mystery was not unknown to Steuch . Eugub . the Heathens , as a Learned Writer hath proved .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cicer. natur . Deor , lib. 3. Ashtoreth , or Astaroth , or as the 70 write it , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , was the chief Goddess of the Sidonians , called by some Luna , by others Venus . She is named Baaltis and Haec baal . ' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Lucian . Venus was named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and adored in the form of a Fish . Ovid ●ast . lib. 2. Philo Biblius reports of her , that she travelled all over the world , having taken upon her the shape of a Bull : At her return she landed at Tyre , and consecrated there a Star that she had found in her way fallen from the Sky upon the Earth : I do judge that this Goddess was Luna , for she is named Jerem. 7. 44. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Queen of Heaven : They did adore her , by committing fornication in her Temple , as in that of Venus , because she hath a visible influence in the Generation of Children , and upon the humours and affections of women ; they thought it therefore their duty to dedicate to her service Euseb. and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Selden . those actions unto which she did stir them up ; she was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Venus , and Juno Olympia , or Minerva Belisama .

Herodian in vita Heliogab . lib. 5. Histor. She is named Astronoe Damafc . The Syrians did observe her Festival ; the men in habits like women , and the women in mens cloaths . Macrob. Herodianus mentions this Goddess , and names her from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vrania , and tells us , that the Phaenicians did call her Astroarche . It is probable from this passage , that thereby the Moon is to be understood ; for as the Pagans did marry 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Sun and Moon together , so Heliogabalus , that silly Emperour , who required for himself the usual worship rendered unto the Sun , is there said to have espoused this Vrania , or the breathless Statue of this Goddess ; an action better becoming an extravagant of Bedlam , than the Emperour of Rome .

1 Sam. 5. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Dagon was the great Idol of the Philistines , adored at Ashdod , called Oannes , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as the Learned Selden informs us : He was named Jupiter Cassius by Forreigners , from a Mountain of the same name , scituate between Syria and Palestine , or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Marnas . The Inhabitants did say , that he Bochart Geog . Sacr. lib. 4 taught unto them how to manure the ground , and the use of Corn : He was represented half a Man , and half a Fish , and had in his right hand a Pomgranat , to shew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that he was the Protector of the Caphtorims , who bearing this kind of fruit in their Coat of Arms , did possess themselves of the Country of Phaenicia , Deut. 2. 23 ,

Cicer. Nat Deorum lib. 3. Caphtorims a people of Cappadocia descended of the Scythians . Cicero tells us , that the Syrians did worship a Fish ; and Plutarch , how they abstained from several sorts of Fish , in reverence to their Gods .

Besides the former Astarte , the Phaenicians did adore another Venus called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which some take to be a bright Star of the firmament named by us Venus .

2 Kings 17. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Succoth Benoth was the Idol of the Babylonians the word signifies the Tabernacle of Daughters , because the Temple of this lascivious Idol was built in such a manner , that there was several retreats or lodgings Merodotus Munster in cosmograph . for women who were to prostitute their bodies to the lust of Strangers . The Law of the Country did oblige them all to disgrace themselves in this manner once in their lives in honour of this Goddess , who is thought to be the same with Venus See Levit. 19. 29 Melita . All Strangers did in requital of their good entertainment , offer money to Ve●●● Babylo●ia Dicta est this Idol . Justine confirms this Story , for he relates how that it was a kind expression of civility amongst the Babylonians to ●he Goddesse ●as named A●itis in Ar●enia ; in her emple Virns did proture themselves before marriage . This custome was in Lydia . ●lia . lib. 4. v. Hist. The learned Selden . Va●er . Maxim. lib. 2. c. 6. ●is remarkable that Venus is named by the Pagans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Destroyer of men , for there is no greater enemy to health ●n excess in Venerean delights . give their Guests liberty to lye with their Wives .

It seems the Ambassadors of the King of Persia , who were slain in a Banquet by the Macedonians , for venturing too far beyond the bouuds of modesty upon the Kings Daughter , were accustomed to this unnatural trade and shameful mode of their Country . Now this Goddess Benoth , from whence comes Venos or Venus , was adored in the same manner in several places of the World : for in Africa there was Sicca Veneria near Carthage , an infamous place dedicated to this Goddess , where the Women did freely abandon themselves to their lusts , and to the pleasure of men for a Reward .

Nergal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a continual Fire , which the Persian Magi's did entertain in honour of the Sun , and of the Lights of the Firmament , upon an Altar .

Their custome was to keep this Fire continually burning , as the Romans did their Holy Fire dedicated to Vesta . At every time they did meddle with the Fire , their custome 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was the Altar upon which the fire did burn . was to sing hymns in honor of the Sun . The Jewish Writers do affirm , that this was the God adored in Vr of the Chaldeans , and that Abraham was driven out of his Country because he did refuse to yield to this Idolatry . Now it was the custome of the Persians to dedicate to the Sun a Chariot and Horses , and to adore this glorious Light every morning at his first appearance . The Mahumetans to this day do perform some kind of devotion I have seen them at these devotions . to the rising Sun , for they salute it with much humility , as soon as they can see it , and do wash themselves with clean water . The Chaldeans were wont to burn themselves in honour of Nergal in that holy fire that was alwayes preserved alive . Alexander was an eye witness of this kind of madness , as Curtius affirms . The simple Fellow , who was resolved to feel the fury of the Flames , did take his farewel of his Friends in a publique Banquet , and when he was thus reduc'd to ashes the cunning Priest did cause , the devil to appear in his likeness to his Acquaintance to tell them wonders of the t'other World .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Asima was a God of the Eastern people , Elias Levit. Diodor. worshipped in the image of an Ape , as some do affirm , or rather , as a Goat or Ram : They did worship the Sign of Aries , therefore the Egyptians did abhorre the other Nations , who did kill those Creatures , that they did adore .

Kings 19. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Joseph . lib. 1. ap. 4. Nisroch is thought to be either the Ark of Noah , and a Picture of it , which was worshipped by the Eastern People , as we may see by Euseb. de prepar , Evangel. Or the Image of an Eagle , as others do fancy , because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is an Eagle in the Hebrew , but I rather think that this is a compounded word derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to exalt , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to enlarge , to express the high and spatious Heavens , that ●erodot . in liv . were worshipped by the Persians , as Herodotus affirms .

Nibchaz 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to bark , as a learned Writer imagines ; therefore he thinks , that this God was the same with Anubis of the Egyptians , and that he was worshipped in the Image of a Dog .

Rimmon was the chief God of Damascus , 2 Kings 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the word signifies a Pomegranate , and from the Scripture , we may understand that he was one of the principal Gods of these parts : Several Writers do inform us , that Jupiter Cassius , mentioned before was adored upon the confines of the Mount Cassius : Now Damascus , See Bochart Georg. Sacr. where this God had a famous Temple , was near unto the Mountain . I do therefore think , that this is the place and the God mentioned by Herodotus rather than Dagon . It is Herodotus certain , that Jupiter Cassius , whether he was Rimmon or Dagon did hold out in his right hand a Pomegranate , to shew how he was a Protector of that people , who did bear a Pomegranate in their Coat of Arms.

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ezech. 5. 15. Thammuz is Adonis of the Greeks ; The word is derived from Adonai ; Lord . He is said to be the great Favorite of Venus . The Pagans in the Month of June did lament for his death , for they say , that he was killed by a wild Boar , therefore this Creature 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , prov , to offer a hateful thing as a gift . was odious to Venus : She was mightily concerned for him ; especially , when Mars went with a design to kill him , for she made such haste over some reeds that stood in her way , that she wounded her feet , and let out some drops of blood , that fell upon the white roses and changed their lilly colour into an inarnation . The Heathens did shed tears in Tammur from to die imitation of this Goddess , who grieved for the death of Adonis , and therefore she required Proserpina to send him back again . The Heathen women did carry a dead body to the ground , and did weep to perpetuate the funeral of Adonis , Demosth . This infernal Goddess being also in love with him , could not yield altogether to the request , but only granted that he might once a year visit her upon the Earth , and return as often to her again into Hell .

Some relate the Story of Thammuz in another manner . They say that he was a Priest wrongfully put to death by the Kiug of Babylon : Therefore the King being tormented with remorse of Conscience labored to make satisfaction unto him for the injury . He caused many fabulous Stories to be related of him , that the people might be perswaded , that he was admitted among the Gods , and besides commanded that every year there should be an universal mourning for him . I do think that this , and such like fables do proceed from Astrologers , who did intend to signifie by the death of Thammuz some pleasant Star disappearing to our Horizon half the year , and returning to us again at a set time .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nebo was a God of the Chaldeans in whose Isaiah 46. Jerem. 48. 1. Temple the Oracles were delivered as his name intimates , for it is deriv'd of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Prophesie . That climate was full of prophets aud men , who studied the secrets of Nature : and that people was mightily addicted to the the Sciences that do enable men to conjecture of the events of the time to come , and extream superstitiary in observing all extraordinary accidents , as appears in the History of Most of the Syrian Gods were named Pattaeci , that is Tutelar Gods . Daniel . I do therefore imagine , that this Nebo was as much in request amongst the Chaldeans , as Apollo Ismenius was in Greece .

Mero or Merodach was another God of Babylon , whose Name the Princes did assume .

Jerem. 25 26. Sesach , otherwise called Saceas , was an Idol of the Babylonians , who was adored almost in the same manner as Saturn in Rome ; for his Feastival did give liberty to all kind of debauchery , and did free the Servants from the command of their Masters . During the solemnity , Ciun is nam'd in the Acts of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A nos Acts 7. 43. Apostles Remphan : Some imagine him to be Saturn , but I think that we must understand one of the bright Stars of the Firmament worshipped by the Israelites .

I shall not speak of the Aegyptians , who paid their Devotions to the Herbs , and the creeping things of the Earth , as to so many Gods . I shall not mention the remote and strange Gods of Assyria , Persia , Cappadocia , and of the Neighbouring Countries . This small account of the Eastern Gods will suffice for the understanding of several passages of Scripture ; we shall therefore proceed to examine the Names of our Saxon Gods .

CHAP. XVI . Of the Heathen Gods worshipped in England .

IDolatry crept in amongst men , before ever this Island was peopled with Inhabitants : Therefore when any do mention this place , they speak at the same time of their Gods : Many of them , with the people , were come from the Eastern Nations .

The Sun was the Universal God , adored in See Verstegan . all parts of the World . In this Island of Albion he stood upon a high Pillar , as half a man , with a face full of Rays of Light , and a flaming Wheel in his Breast : For his sake , one of the daies of our Week is named Sunday , because he was worshipped on that day : The peoples Devotions were paid in the same manner to him , as to Mithra of Persia , and to the Divinities of the East , that were reverenced for the Sun .

The Moon was another ancient Idol of old England ; it was represented as a beautiful Maid , having her head covered , and two ears standing out .

Tuisco , a Grandchild of Noah , was adored after his decease by all his Posterity in Germany . The Inhabitants of that Country are yet called Tuitsh , or Duytshm●n , from this their Grandfather ; and a day of our Week is named Tuesday , because it was appointed for the adoration of this Northern Idol .

Woden was a warlike Prince of the Saxons , happy in all encounters of War : After his death they worshipped him for the God of War ; therefore he was represented as a Mighty Man in perfect Armor , holding in one hand his Sword lifted up , and his Buckler in the other : From him our Wednesday , or Wensday , borrows the name .

Tharamis , or Thor , was a famous Idol of the Northern People , adored for Jupiter ; for he was placed upon a high Throne , with a Crown of Gold on his head , encompassed about with many Stars , and seven Stars representing the seven Planets in his left hand , and a Scepter in the right . By this we may understand who he was that was thus named ; for this description agrees very well with the chief of the Gods , who was stiled Jupiter Olympius , and Tonans .

Friga was the Goddess unto whom the Heathens did make their addresses , to obtain plenty of earthly blessings and prosperity in their affairs ; therefore she may be taken for the Goddess of Justice ; for there is nothing that causes a Land to prosper more , than Justice and Equity : For that reason an Author tells us , that she did usually stand on the right hand of the great God Tharamis , & Woden the Olaus . Mag. God of War on the left . She was pictured with a Sword in one hand , and a Bow in the other , and hath left her name to our Friday .

Seater was an ill-favour'd Idol , painted like an old envious Knave with a thin face , a long beard , a Wheel , and a Basket of Flowers in his hand , & girded about with a long girdle ; from him our Saturday hath borrowed its name .

Ermensewl was a favourable Idol to the Poor , represented as a great man amongst heaps of Flowers , upon his head he supported a Cock , in his breast a Bear , and with his right hand he did hold a displayed Banner .

Flint was another Idol of our Forefathers , so named , because he usually stood amongst or upon Flints .

Fidegast , Sine , Prono , Helmsteed , were also the Idols of old Britain , and of the Germans : The Romans did call them by names proper to their own Idols ; but it is the Opinion of many , that there was a great difference between the Gods of Rome , and of the Inhabitants of this Island , but they were as bloody here as in other Nations ; it was a common practise for a Father to cut the throat of his Son upon the Altars of our English Gods , as a Poet informs us . Et quibus immitis placatur sanguine diro Theutates , horrensque feris Altaribus Hesus .

By Theutates the Romans did understand Mercurius , and by Hesus Mars . I do imagine that they may have some reason for their Opinions , because the Theutates of the Gauls , and of the Germans , was in the same place , esteem , and order , as Mercurius was in the Roman Territories : And so the Hesus of our Britains , was that warlike and bloody Devil , who did delight so much in the effusion of blood , and who had particular inspection over the places where he was adored .

In time the Idols did encrease ; and we find in Ancient Writers , some who have been transported hither by the Eastern people , as the God Belenus , or Belatucadrus : The latter to my knowledge hath been adored in the North part of England ; for lately since the Learned Cambden hath mentioned him , there was a piece of his Statue found in Westmorland , and near Brougham , belonging to that bountiful and Venerable Lady Anne Dorset , Countess Dowager of Pembrook , Mongomery , &c. and in the bottom this Inscription is to be seen , SANCTO DEO BELATVCADRO , which Idol was doubtless made by the Romans , for it was their custom to adore the Gods of the Country that they did Conquer .

The End of the First Book .

THE SECOND BOOK OF THE HISTORY OF THE Heathen Gods : Treating of the Ancient Demi-Gods .

LONDON , Printed by S. G. and B. G. for Moses Pitts , and are to be sold at the White-Hart in Little-Britain , 1671.

The Preface .

WE do learn from Hesiod , how the Heathens did acknowledge three sorts of Gods . For besides those of the First Rank , of whom we have treated in the former Book , they did suppose , that the Aire was full of many little gods called Daemones , who , according to their belief did imploy themselves in the affairs of mankind .

The Last Sort are those that they call Heroes or Demi-gods , who did fetch their beginning from a God either of the Father or Mothers side ; neverthelesse , they did admit into their number , such as by their noted vertues or extraordinary deservings did represent the Perfection of the gods , although both their Fathers and Mothers were mortals as the the rest . The Statues asigned unto them were for this reason greater and larger than ordinary men , unto them the Dragon was dedicated , as a sign of Immortality unto which they had attained as we may see in Virgil , when he speaks of the Tomb of Anchises , he sayes that out of it came forth a great Serpent . And Cleomenes in Plutarch was esteemed a God by the Egyptians , because they had seen a Serpent engendered of his corrupted body after his Death . The most famous of these Demi-gods were Perseus , Hercules , Theseus , the Argonauts , and many of those famous Captains , that got so much honor in the Wars of Thebs and Troy : of these we shall now treat in this Second Book .

THE HISTORY OF THE Ancient Demi-Gods :
Book II.
CHAP. I. The Story of Perseus .

PErseus was the Son of Jupiter and of Danae Daughter of Acrisius King of the Argives . Acrisius having been informed by the Oracles , that the Child , that should be born of his Daughter was to take away his Life , he shut her up in a Tower of Brass , that she might never have the acquaintance of any man , nor a Child to trouble him with such an apprehension . But he could not hinder Jupiter from visiting her when he began to be for by the top of the Tower in a golden showre , this letcherous god found an entrance to Danae , of whom Perseus was born as we have seen in the Story of Jupiter , which when Acrisius did understand , he commanded the Mother and the Child to be shut up in a Chest , and to be thus cast into the Sea . The Kings command was executed , but the chest was afterwards taken up by some Fishermen , that found it floating upon the waves , and both the mother and the Child yet alive , by this means the Prophecy of the Oracle proved true ; for at a certain time , when Acrisius was present to see a pastime or a delightful Combat , Perseus gave him accidently a blow that killed him .

When this Perseus came to age , he was mightily honoured , and favoured of all the gods . Minerva bestowed upon him her looking glass : for a Buckler Mercurius gave him the wings of his feet and of his head with his Cimiter , by which he performed notable exploits , for some say he subdued all that Country , that is named Persia from him . He delivered the wretched Andromeda from the cruelty of the Nereids , who had bound her to a Rock to be there devoured of the Sea Monsters , because they had been incensed against her Mother for despising their beauty ,

In his time there were three Sisters the Dau ●●●rs of Phoreys a Sea-god called Gorgones They were all mishapen and cruel , having but one eye in common to them all ; nevertheless the poets do say , that the third named Medusa , had been a rare beauty , so that when Neptnne saw her in Minerva's Temple , he was mightily taken with her , and oblidged her to yield to his lust at the same time . This action did displease Minerva so much , that she changed Medusa's locks of hair into fearful Serpents , whose onely looks caused every one to be turned into Stones . Perseus resolved to cut off her head that he might deliver the Country from this grievous Monster : Out of the drops of her blood was begot , as they say , the Horse Pegasus with his great wings , who with a stroke of his heels opened the fountain Hypocrene so highly esteemed of the Poets . This Horse afterwards became more famous , when he gave his assistance to Bellerophon in his encounter with the Chimaera , afterwards being frighted by Jupiter , he cast his Rider upon the ground , and took his flight to Heaven , where he is at present among the Stars .

But to return to Medusa , we must take notice , that although her head was cut off it retained the same vertue and qualities as before , for it changed every one unto whom it was presented into Stone ; as it did poor Atlas , of whom Perseus did thus revenge himself , because he would not afford him a Lodging with him . But Perseus was not only notable by his valour and warlike feats , but also by his favouring of good Learning , which he caused to flourish in his time , as the manner of great persons is : for that purpose he built a Colledge upon the Mount Helicon for to instruct Youth ; therefore the Poets and Astrologers have advanced his Name amongst the Stars ; so that behind him he hath left the esteem of a great Warriour , and of an excellent favourer of Learning . His furniture and weapons are Sacred Hieroglyphicks of rare qualities that were in him , and that are required to undertake and compass with success glorious designs . The Looking-glass of Minerva , that was his Buckler , is an Embleme of Prudence : The Cimeter and wings of Mercurius , that were given unto him , do intimate that strength and valour must be seconded with speed and celerity in the execution of great matters : And that which is said of the Head of Medusa , teacheth , that the only presence of a great man , furnished with such excellent qualities , are able to strike a terror into the minds of his Opposers , and stop them in such a manner , as if they were but statues and stones .

Addit . Not. Cornelius Agrippa takes notice , that most of the famous men of Antiquity were begotten by Adultery and Incest , as Alexander , Scipio , Caesar , Constantine the Great , &c. Amongst the Heathens , when their Fathers were not well known , and that they were acknowledged by Mothers of a Noble Race , when their actions and life were worthy of esteem , they did then labour to cloak the shame of their Birth , declaring , that they proceeded from no Mortal Race , but were begotten by a God : The people engaged by their good Offices and virtuous actions to believe them , did imbrace and maintain such tales with much heat and animosity . Perseus was of the number of these men , that did cast the reproach of their birth upon the Chief of the Gods ; for his Mother being deprived of all hopes of having any lawful issue , by the cruelty of her jealous Father , who confined her to a close Prison , she was not unwilling to accept of the solicitations of her Vncle Pretus ; so that of this incestuous Copulation was born Perseus : He was with his Mother cast into the Sea , but Providence convey'd him alive thorough the waves of the Sea to the Island Seriphus , where Polydectes did command as King . It happened , that when his Brother Dictys was fishing upon the Sea , he happily met with these unfortunate creatures shut up in the Chest , floating alive upon the water ; he conveyed them into the Island , and there nourished them at his Brothers Court.

When Perseus came to Age , he was taken notice of for his valour and strength , and because he was desirous to ingratiate himself with the people , he undertook to destroy the Monsters of Women that were in Africa , called Gorgones ; some think them to be Basilisks , that kill with their eye-sight . He cut off the Head of Medusa , and from the drops of corrupt blood that fell on the ground , did proceed that multitude of Serpents and venomous Beasts that trouble Africa more than any other part of the World . But Perseus could not have overcome them , had he not been furnished with the forementioned Armour of the Gods , and the Helmet of Pluto , by which he became invisible . He did many brave actions , insomuch that he obtained , not only for himself a place amongst the Stars , but also for his Father and Mother-in-law , Cepheus , and Cassiopeia , and for his Wife Andromeda . The Poets do take notice , that when he went to cut Medusa's Head whiles she was asleep , he turned from her his eyes , and lookt in his Buckler , that was a Looking-glass , how to direct his Sword .

CHAP. II. Of Hercules .

HErcules hath been the most Illustrious and the most Glorious of all the Heroes of Antiquity , unto whom are ascribed , according to the judgment of many persons , the deeds of several famous men .

His Mother was Alcmena , who espoused Amphitrion , a Theban Prince , upon condition that he would revenge the massacre of her Brother . Whiles he was in the War for that purpose , amorous Jupiter gave a visit to Alcmena in the shape of Amphitryon ; and that he might enjoy the satisfaction of her company longer without discovery , he made the Night to continue longer than any other . Alemeni was then big with Iphiclus ; she did nevertheless conceive Hercules from Jupiters acquaintance , and was brought to bed of both of them together . Although Amphitryon was not the Father of Hercules , he is by the Poets called Amphitrymiades .

At that time Sthelenus , King of Mycene , was in great hopes of obtaining speedily a Son , afterwards called Eurystheus . Jupiter took an oath , that he that should be born first of him or Hercules , should be King , and have an absolute command over the other ; which when Juno , the sworn Enemy of all her Husbands Concubines , and of the Children that were born of them , had accidentally heard , she caused Eurystheus to come forth of his Mothers Womb at the end of seven moneths , and by that means procured unto him the Scepter with the Sovereign Command .

Some say , that Juno solicited earnestly by Pallas , was reconciled to Hercules ; and that in testimony of her good will and amity , she gave him to suck of her own milk ; by that means it hapned , that the Little Hercules having spilt some of the Milk out of his mouth , he whited all that part of the Sky that we call the Milken Way . This kindness was but feigned , to satisfie the request of Pallas ; for a while after , when he was yet in the Cradle , she sent two dreadful Serpents to devour him , which did not answer her expectation , for the Child without any shew of fear caught them in his hands , and tore them in pieces .

When he was come to Age , Eurystheus exposed him to all manner of dangers to cause him to perish : So that once he took a resolution to obey him no longer ; but the Oracle informed him , that it was the Will of the Gods that he should pass twelve times more through dangers , in obedience to the Commands of this Tyrant . These are named the Twelve Adventures of Hercules .

The first was when he was ordered to destroy a great Lyon of the Forrest of Nemea , that was fallen from the Globe of the Moon , and that did spoil all the Country round about : The people had often cast Darts and Arrows at him , but his skin could not be pierced . Hercules pursued him , and drove him into a Cave , where he seised upon him , and strangled him . Afterwards he always did wear the skin of this Lyon about him , as the Trophy of his Victory . Some say , that this is the Lyon that was placed amongst the twelve Signs of the Zodiack .

He was sent next to the Lake of Lerna , near Argos , to encounter with the Hydra , a notable Serpent , of a strange Nature ; for it had seven heads , when one was cut off , many others did immediately burst forth ; so that it was not possible to overcome this Monster , unless all his Heads were cut off at one time , and the rest of his body destroyed by Fire and Sword , which was executed by Hercules . About that time a wild Boar , of an extraordinary bigness , whose residence was upon Mount Erymanthus in Arcadia , did destroy all the Neighbouring Fields . Hercules drag'd him alive to Eurystheus , who was almost frighted out of his Wits when he beheld him .

In the fourth place he got hold of the Stag of the Mountain Menalus , whose feet were of brass , and horns of gold , when he had pursued it a whole year .

He put to flight the Birds of the Lake Stymphalus , Called Stymphalides . that were so numerous , and of such a prodigious greatness , that they did darken the Air , and hinder the Sun from shining upon men when they did fly over them : Besides , they did often take up some , and carry them away to devour them .

These Encounters were not worthy to be compared with his Combat against the Amazons ; Now Tartari● ▪ they were women of Scythia , dwelling upon the Coasts of the Hircanian Sea , who having followed their Husbands in the War , and seeing them all cut off by the Enemies , near the River of Thermodon in Cappadocia , they resolved to mannage the War themselves , and not to suffer any Husband , nor any man , to have any Command either in the Kingdome , or in their Armies : They went amongst their Neighbours to fetch from them Children ; the Males they did destroy , and brought up none but the Daughters , whose right Pap they did burn in their infancy , that they might be more ready to handle the Bow and Arrows , and other weapons . They behaved themselves gallantly in the Siege of Tr●y , in the leading of Penthesilea . But these warlike women were forced to yield to the valour of Hercules , who being accompanied by Theseus , went against them , according to the command of Eurystheus : He took their Queen Hippolyte that was married to Theseus .

This seventh Adventure , as Virgilius informs us , was to cleanse the Stables of Augias King of Elis , in them thousands of Oxen had been nourished every day ; so that the dung , by a long continuance , was mightily encreased , and did fill the Air with infection . Hercules therefore turned the currant of the River Alpheus from its ordinary course , and caused it to pass thorough the Stables . Thus he carried away all the filth in a day , according to his bargain : But Augias was not grateful to him for his pains , for he denied him the tenth part of the Oxen that were kept there : This caused his death , and the loss of all his goods .

Afterwards Hercules went and seiz'd upon a Bull that did breath nothing but fire and flame , which Neptunus had sent into Greece to punish some disgraces and affronts that he had received from that Country .

He passed from thence into Thracia , where he caused the King Diomedes to endure in his own person that which he made others suffer , for he gave all the strangers that he could catch in his Kingdome to his Horses , to be devoured by them . Hercules served Busiris King of Egypt in the same manner , because he was so cruel to all strangers , as to cut their throats upon the Altars of Jupiter , that he might cloak his cruelty with a gaudy pretence of Piety . Likewise Geryon , King of Spain , who was reported to have three bodies , because he did command three Kingdomes , was no less cruel than the former ; he did feed some Oxen that he highly esteemed , as Diomedes did his Horses ; and to keep them , he had a Dog with three heads , and a Dragon with seven . When Hercules was sent thither by Eurystheus , he treated him as he had formerly done Diomedes . Now this Geryon who had three Heads , and three Bodies , Erytio was his cruel Minister of State , who was kill'd . He drove these Oxen from Italy , where he kill'd Lihys Dereylus , and Alebion , who offered to hinder his passage , and steal his beasts He sacrificed them all to Juno . and but one Soul to move them , was not like King Herilus , mentioned by Virgil in the eighth Book of the Aeneids , who had three Souls in one Body , so that he could not die by one or two deaths ; he was to be kill'd three times before he could be dispatcht . Another Adventure of Hercules was , to put into the possession of Eurystheus certain Golden Apples belonging to Juno , that were in the custody of some Nymphs , Hesperides Daughters of Hesperus , the Brother of Atlas : But before that any could come to them , a great Dragon , that was at the entry of the Garden where they did grow , was to be first overcome . He found a means to accomplish this Enterprise also : Some say that he made use of Atlas , who went to gather them , in the mean whiles he took upon him the others burden , and bore up the Heavens with his shoulders .

The last injunction that he received from Eurystheus , was to fetch from Hell the Dog Cerberus , from whence he brought also Theseus , that was gone down to keep company to his dear friend Pirithous .

These glorious actions made Hercules to be dreadful to King Eurystheus , and to all the other Princes of the World . Afterwards there was no Monsters nor Tyrant known , but he undertook to destroy them . Thus he put to death Busiris , the Son of Neptunus , who did lay Embuscado's to take strangers , that he might massacre them upon his Altars . Thus he killed Cacus , who had three Heads ; the Son of Vulcanus , mentioned in the Aeneids , because he was a notable Robber , that did spoil and destroy all that came near the Mount Aventin .

From thence he went to the Mount Caucasus , where he delivered Prometheus , and kill'd the Eagle that did devour his Liver , as we have already noted in the former Book , Chap. 3.

Hercules had also an encounter with Antaeus , the Son of the Earth , who was of a prodigious bigness , and who did commit all manner of cruelties . This was very remarkable of him , that as often as he did fall and touch the Earth , so often he did receive a fresh supply of strength ; which when Hercules did perceive , he lifted him up from the ground , and in his Arms prest the breath out of his body . But as Hercules was big , and had a great body , a small matter was not sufficient to nourish him . One day when he was a hungry , walking in the Fields , he met Theodamas tilling the ground , from whom he snatcht one of his Oxen that he laid upon his shoulders , and devoured every bit of him before Theodamas , who in the mean whiles did load him with imprecations and curses in his fury . From hence was derived the custom of that Country , to offer unto Hercules an Oxe in Sacrifice , with all manner of reproaches .

He made also a journey into Spain , where he separated the two Mountains Calpe and Abyla , to let in the main Ocean into the Land by the Straits of Gibraltar . These two Mountains scituate one against another , Calpe in Spain , and Abyla in Mauritania , do appear afar off as two Pillars ; they are said to be the Pillars of Hercules , where he did engrave these words , Non plus ultra ; as if that were the last confines of the world , beyond which he could not inlarge his Dominions . In all his Conquests he made use of no other weapon but a Club of an Olive Tree , which at last he dedicated to Mercurius , the God of Eloquence , whose virtue he did acknowledge to be more profitable than the power of Arms.

Juno was inwardly grieved to see him purchase so much glory , therefore she sought an opportunity of destroying him , or at least of creating unto him some mischief whiles he was in his journey to Hell : She perswaded Lycus , banished from Thebs , to surprize this City in his absence , and to kill Creon the King , with all his Sons . He had in it taken Megara , the Wife of Hercules , and Daughter of Creon , and was going to force her to his lust , when Hercules returned from Hell , and kill'd Lycus , with all his Associates . This was no small disgrace to Juno , who was resolved to revenge it ; therefore she caused Hercules to enter into such a fury , that he killed his Wife and Children . Afterwards he became so much afflicted for this deed , when his anger was appeased , that he resolved to destroy himself , if he had not been hindered by the prayers and tears of Amphitryon and Theseus .

But this famous man , after so many brave actions , and after that he had overcome all things by his valour , he became a Slave to Women , and to the affections that he did entertain for them . Omphalis , Queen of Lydia , was one of those that did possess him so much , that he changed his Club into spinning instruments ; he cloathed himself with the garments of a Damosel , and served this Princess in the quality of a Maid of Honour .

Afterwards he became amorous of Deianira , for whom he was to fight with Achelous , the Son of Thetys : But the latter being sensible of his own weakness , did encounter with him in several shapes , changing himself now into a Serpent , anon into a Bull : Whiles he thus appeared to Hercules , he caught hold of one of his horns , and tore it up by the root , which made him so ashamed , that ever since he hath remained in the form of a River that bears his Name . The Naiades , his Daughters , being extremely afflicted at this disgrace received by their Father , they offered the Horn of Plenty , which Jupiter had bestowed upon them to redeem that of their Father ; for we must understand , that when Jupiter was an Infant , he was nourished with the Milk of a certain She-goat , named Amalthea , by some Nymphs that tended him : Afterwards he requited their kindness in this manner , the Goat he advanced amongst the Stars , and gave to the Nymphs one of her horns , with this rare virtue annexed to it , of being able to procure unto them all the things that they should wish for ; therefore they named it the Horn of Abundance , or of Plenty .

Hercules returned Conquerour with Deianira , but he was stopt at the Ford of a River , where Nessus the Centaur offered his service to him , to carry Deianira behind him on the other side . As soon as the Traytor was there landed , he would have abused her , had not Hercules pierced him speedily with an Arrow , which when he did feel that it had struck him to the heart , and that he was ready to expire , he resolved to revenge himself in this manner ; he gave his garment dropping with his blood to Deianira , perswading her , that if her Husband did wear it but once , he would never have love for other Women : The silly creature believes him , therefore she sent it to him by Lychas his man , when he was sacrificing upon Mount Oeta : But it fell not out as she had imagined , for as soon as he had put on this Coat , the blood of Nessus , that was a most powerful poyson , caused so great a burning all over his body , that in despair he cast himself into a flaming pile of Wood , and was there consumed to ashes . The Servitor Lychas was drown'd in the Sea , where he was changed into a Rock , and Deianira for grief killed her self with a blow of her Husbands Club.

But Hercules before he died did oblige Philoctete , the Son of Pean , his companion and friend , to swear unto him to never discover unto any body the place where his ashes were buried : He delivered unto him then his Arrows coloured with the blood of the Hydra .

But when the Grecians were preparing for an expedition against Troy , the Oracle gave out , that the City was not to be taken , unless they carried with them the Ashes and Arrows of Hercules . This forced him to discover the place where they were hid , and that he might not violate his Oath , he shewed where they lay with his feet , which were punished afterwards for it ; for in his voyage to Troy , one of these Arrows wounded his foot that had been the instrument of his perfidy , so grievously , that it corrupted and yielded such a stink , that he became unsufferable to his company ; therefore he was left behind in the Isle of Lemnos . Nevertheless , because the Greeks did imagine that it was not possible to obtain any success without the Arrows of Hercules that were in his keeping , they sent Vlysses back to bring him to the Siege ; and afterwards he was perfectly healed by Macaon , that famous Physitian , who was the Son of Esculapius .

Addit . Not. There hath been no King , nor other person , since the beginning of the World , that hath rendred his name more famous than Hercules , f r he was not only known in Greece , in Italy , and Spain , but in Egypt , as Herodotus , and in France and Germany , as Caesar do inform us . These following particulars may be further added to his former History , for the intelligence of the Poets , and Ancient Writers .

Jupiter when he laid with his Mother spent three nights , which he caused to be joyned together to beget him ; his body and stature was answerable to the pains and power of his Father ; for it is reported , that he was four Cubits and a foot high , and had three ranks of teeth in his mouth ; out of his eyes sparkles of fire and light did sometimes proceed . He had a Sister married to Polyphemus , mentioned by Homer in his Odyssea ; his Brother was Iphiclus , of Witness Aelian in his various stories , a Greek Poet , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. whom it is related that he was so light , that he could run over the ears of standing ●orn , without any prejudice to them . When Hercules came to years of understanding , he was put in the tuition of several Masters , that did excel in many Arts and Sciences , to learn under them the things that were required to make him accomplished . He was taught by a Shepherd by birth a Scythian , named Tentares , to handle the Spear and Dart : Lucius , a Son of Apollo , taught him the Rudiments of Learning ; and because he had chastised him with a Rod , Hercules killed him when he came to be of Age : From Eumolpus he learnt the Art of playing upon Instruments of Musick : Chiron gave him an insight into Astrology , and Harpolicus made him understand the other Sciences that were necessary to accomplish a man of his Birth and Valor . He was scarce eighteen years of Age when Eurystheus imployed him in most difficult Enterprises . The first was when he killed that dreadful Lyon fallen from the Moon , that did spoil the Country round about the Forrest of Nemea ; he discharged against the wild Beast all his Arrows , but to little purpose , and then encountred it with his Club only in his hand , but the skin was so tuff and hard that no weapon could enter it ; which as soon as Hercules perceived it , he caught hold of the raging Lyon , and tore him in pieces with his hands : Ever after he delighted to wear the skin of this Lyon , and in his imitation all Heroes have skins of Lyons , or of wild beasts , upon their Bucklers . The Poets speak of three Lyons killed by Hercules , Heliconius , lesbins , and Nemaus . of Helicon , of Lesbos , and Nemea . Thespius , King of Boeotia , soon heard of his valour and strength , therefore he sent for him to make tryal of his ability . This King had fifty Daughters , and never a Son ; he imagined that it might be a great support to him to have Grand-children by them of extraordinary qualities : For that intent he imploys Hercules , after a costly banquet , to get them with-child ; and it is reported , that he did his business so well , that they did all conceive so many Sons in one night . Creon , King of Thebs , bestowed upon him his Daughter in reward of his good service , for he had delivered him and his Country from all subjection to Erginus , whom he kill'd , with most part of his Army , when he went to consult the Oracle , and expiate his crimes of murdering his Wife and Children : The Pythia , the Woman-Priest of Apollo , sirnamed him Hercules , whereas he was before called Alcides . They say that Eurystheus that set him awork was so jealous of Hercules , that at last he would never suffer him to enter into the gates of the City , but by Copreus his Herald did signifie unto him his pleasure . In his Travels he was kindly entertained by several persons , especially by Pholu● , who brought forth unto him his best Wine , and greatest dainties ; but it happened , that then his house was beset by the Centaurs , whom Hercules put to flight , killing great numbers of them . Afterwards he cleansed the Stables of Augias , but being deprived of the reward promised by this ungrateful King , he sack'd his Country , and out of the spoils he erected Trophies of his Victory , and instituted the Olympick Games , ordering them to be celebrated every five years in honour of Jupiter . Eurystheus sought all occasions to destroy him ; therefore he commanded him to bring unto him the Girdle of Hypolite , Queen of the Amazons , that he might give it to his Daughter Admeta . He conquerrd all the Country of the Amazons ; and in his return with Theseus , he freed Hesione from the fury of the Sea-Monster , unto which she was exposed by her Father , as we have already said , but this Traytor refusing to give to Hercules the recompence that he had promised , lost both his life and Kingdom . Hercules after these exploits punisht Tmolus and Telegonus , the Sons of Proteus , because they did inhumanely kill all the strangers that they did overcome in wrestling ; and Sarpedon , the impious Son of Neptunus , received also from him a worthy reward of his former cruelties . Hercules performed many other worthy Acts , for he passed through Lybia , Egypt , Palestine , Cilicia , and Asia minor , destroying all eminent Robbers and petty Tyrants , that made use of their power to oppress the rest of mankind . Thus he put to death Cygnus the Son of Mars , Zetes and Calais the Sons of Boreas ; he vanquished the cruel people , called Cercopes , that dwelt in Asia minor ; he destroyed the Gyants that marched against him , that proceeded from the blood of the Lyon of Nemea ; and many other Monsters of cruelty he humbled in the dust .

CHAP. III. Of Theseus .

THeseus was the Son of Aegeus , King of Athens , who gave his name to the Aegean Sea : He did live in the time of Hercules , and was nearly related to him ; therefore he was often a Companion of his Adventures , and a perfect follower of his generosity , after that he had escaped from the snares of his Mother-in-law Medea , who with a Cup of Poyson intended to deprive him of the succession to the Kingdom .

The most part of the Princes and great Lords of that time were Robbers , who made their greatness consist in a Tyrannical Dominion over their miserable Subjects , and over all those that were so unhappy as to fall into their hands . Phalaris , King of Sicily , was one of them ; he was wont to shut men alive into the body of a Brazen Bull hollow within , causing fire to be put under it , that it might oblige them to send forth groans and cryes out of the throat of this Instrument of his cruelty : In the mean while he did take a singular delight to hear the Bull bellow thus .

Theseus , that wanted neither courage nor goodness , resolved to give a check to the insolency of all these Tyrants , and to treat them as they had treated others before . First he marched against one Scirron , who took pleasure in drowning all Passengers in the Sea . Thus he punished Procustes , because he was wont to cut in pieces all those that came into his hands : Sometimes he did cut off their Legs even with the Bed where he did lye .

Thus he encountred with all the Monsters that came into the World , as with the Bull of Marathon , that was of a prodigious bigness ; and as with the Boar of Calydonia that Meleager had undertaken , but could not overcome him without the help of Theseus , from whence riseth the Proverb , Non sine Theseo .

The most famous and notable of all his exploits , was the victory that he obtained of the Minotaurus , who was half a man and half a Bull , whose birth we have mentioned in the former Book , speaking of Pasiphae , the Wife of Minos , who was the Mother of this Monster , begot by a Bull on her body . And that we may know how Theseus was engaged in this business , we must understand , that King Minos did make War upon the people of Attica , to revenge the Death of his Son Androgeus , massacred by them in a treacherous manner . In this War he took the City of Megara , and overcame the Athenians ; so that he obliged them to send unto him as a Tribute every year , a certain number of young men whom he did give to this Minotaurus to be devoured by him . Theseus requested to be sent amongst the other young men , that he might destroy this Monster that had devoured already so much of the blood of his Citizens . The Labyrinth was the place where this Minotaurus was kept . This Edifice had been built by Dedalus in such a manner , that there were in it so many windings and turnings , that it was a difficult matter for one within to find the way out again . Theseus wisely gave order to this inconveniency , for he won the good liking of Ariadone the Kings Daughter , and she delivered to him a Thred , by its assistance he fo nd a way out of the Labyrinth , after that he had killed the Minotaur in it . Ariadne he took with him , promising unto her wonderful advantages in his Kingdom of Athens . Nevertheless he left her by the way , in the Island of Naxos , to comply with the desires of the God Bacchus , who wished to have her in Marriage ; and therefore he presented her with a Crown , that hath been since placed amongst the Stars .

The Ship in which Theseus was carried into the Island of Crete , had no other sails but Black and Mourning : But he had promised to his Father Aegeus , that in case he obtained the Victory , he would come home with White Sails ; which the excess of joy proceeding from the consideration of his happy return from so imminent a danger , caused him to forget : Therefore it happened that his Father , who was always expecting with much impatience his coming back , when he saw the black sails , the signs of sadness and of sorrow approaching with the Ship , he was taken with so piercing a grief , that he cast himself headlong into the Sea at the same moment , and there was drowned .

This Ship was afterwards kept by the Athenians , as the Remembrancer or Monument of the happy Victory that had freed them from so much misery and apprehension . They did therefore repair i● , when any part of it was decayed by long standing , and did nail unto it new Planks , in lieu of those that Time did consume and ●ot . This Ship , saith Plutarchus , was always a President in the disputes of Philosophy in the Schools , brought to express the means that Nature imploys to preserve the Elemental Bodies , and particularly those that are maintained by nourishment .

After this , Piritho●s King of the Lapithes , a people of Thessaly , desired to see so famous a Person ; therefore to obtain his desire , he began to spoil the borders of his Kingdom , to oblige him to come to defend himself . When both met together , they were so much taken with the beautiful countenance , with the courage and generous behaviour one of the other , that they did swear to be for ever Friends , and to lend a mutual assistance in all difficult affairs .

Immediately after , Pirithoüs being assisted by Theseus , did punish severely the Centaurs , when he invited them to the Feastival that was kept at his Marriage with Hippodamia , because they had most insolently affronted his people the Lapithes , and massacred multitudes of them . Now the Centaurs were the first people that had found out the art of riding upon Horses ; and for that cause they were esteemed half Men , and half Horses , of those that met them on Horse-back . From hence comes their name H ppocentauri .

Another effect of the alliance between Pirithoüs and Theseus , was the Rape of the fair Helena , of whom we shall speak hereafter . Theseus also accompanied him to Hell , when he went to fetch from thence Proserpina that he loved entirely : But this enterprise succeeded not according to their expectation , for they were stopt by Pluto . Some say , that Pirithoüs was condemned to the torments of Ixion ; but Theseus was forced to rest himself after the grievous labors and pains whom he had endured in this expedition upon a great stone , from which he could never after rise , nor move himself , until Hercules went down to Hell to fetch the great Dog 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , are great and difficult undertakings . Cerberus . He did stick so close to this great stone , that he left upon it his skin when he was pluckt from thence . When he returned again into Hell , after his decease , Pluto condemned him to the same place , because he had been so bold as to undertake to ravish and carry away his Queen .

We have already declared in the former Chapter how he married Hippolyte , Queen of the Amazons , of whom he had a Son that did bear the Name of his Mother , called by some Antiopea . Afterwards he espoused Phedra , one of the Daughters of Minos . She grew amorous of this Hippolytus her Son-in-law ; Of him is the Prov. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Diogen Of a chast and virtuous man . but when she could not gain him by prayers , she accused him to Theseus most maliciously , as if he had offered to dishonour her . Theseus gave credit to her Calumny ; therefore he banisht out of his house the poor young Prince , desiring the God Neptunus to punish him for this conceived Crime .

Hippolytus fled from the rage of his Father upon a Chariot ; and as he was passing by the Sea-side , he met with a Sea-Monster that frighted his Horses , cast him to the ground , and kill'd him in a miserable manner ; for he was drag'd over the Rocks and stones , and his body torn in pieces by these fearful and furious Horses . Phedra was mightily grieved at this mischance ; being therefore pressed with a remorse of conscience , she discovered all the truth of Hippolytus his Innocency , and of her own malice , and then stob'd her self before him , leaving unto Theseus the displeasure of having been too credulous . But since Esculapius being moved with compassion for Hippolytus , he restored him to life again .

Addit . Not. Theseus was a wise and valiant King of Athens , that perswaded the people dispersed in the Country to live together in Cities . He established wholesome Laws in his Dominions , and destroyed many Tyrants and Thieves that did trouble the Country , Cercyon , Polypemon , Periphetes , &c. He was said to he the Son of Neptunus , because he was an encourager of Trade and Navigation . Minos did question him about his Father , but he proved what he was ; for when the King cast a Ring into the Sea , he dived to the bottom , and fetcht it up with a Crown in his hand , which Thetis bestowed upon him , and which was afterwards given to Ariadne ; but after her death it was placed amongst the Stars .

His Sons were Hippolytus , Acamas , and D●mophon : When he came to be old , he was kill'd by King Lycomedes in a cruel battel .

Diod. l. 5. cap. ● He Reigned about the year of the World 2700. in the daies of Gedeon , a Judge of Israel , according to the computation of the best Chronology .

CHAP. IV. Of the stories of Castor and Pollux .

THe common Opinion of the Poets is , that Leda , the Queen of Tyndarus , King of Oebalia , having had familiar acquaintance with Jupiter , she brought forth two big Eggs : Out of one , which was of Jupiter , Hence is the Prov. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Of a fair Lady , she proceeds from an Egg. she had Pollux and Helena ; and from the other , that was of Tyndarus , were born Castor and Clytemnestra . They were nevertheless all named Tyndarides , because they were all the Children of one Mother that was Wife of Tyndarus .

The two Brothers , Caster and Pollux , did love one another entirely , insomuch that they were inseparable , and they always performed their undertakings together ; but only Pollux was immortal by the priviledges of his Birth ; therefore out of a tender affection for his Brother , he perswaded Jupiter , who had a great kindness for him , to admit also the other into the number of his Sons . From hence the Greeks called them Dios●●uroi , that is , Children of Jupiter ▪ And Jupiter at last caused Castor to partake with Pollux of his Immortality , in such a manner , as that they were to live successively one after another , until the time that they were both transported amongst the signs of the Zodiack , where they represent the Constellation called Gemini .

But they did not attain unto this great Honour , until they had deserved it by a many glorious actions ; for they forced Theseus to restore their Sister Helena that he had taken ; they cleared the Coast of all Pyrats at Sea that interrupted the Trade ; therefore they have been adored amongst the Divinities of the Sea , and been put in the number of those that were sirnamed Apotropaei , that is , who did protect them from evil . For this cause the Heathens did sacrifice unto them white Lambs .

The Romans had a particular respect for them , because of the assistance that they had received from them in a Battel against the Latin people , near the Lake Rhegilus : Therefore they did erect to them a very stately Temple , and did swear commonly by their Names : The Oath of the Women was Aecastor , as that of men was Hercule and Aed●pol ; that is by the Temple of Castor or Pollux , for Aedes signifies a Temple .

Addit . Not. Castor and Pollux are reckoned amongst the famous men that have deserved an immortal name by their valour and generosity . They accompanied Jason , and his Argonauts , in their expedition , to fetch back again the Golden Fleece , in which these two Brethren did sufficiently declare their courage and skill in Arms , Pollux especially : He undertook to correct the temerity of Amycus , when he offered to challenge one of their company out of the Ship to fight with him at handy blows . Pollux went out , and soon laid him dead upon the ground . In this voyage , when a dangerous Tempest had overtaken them , they saw two flames of fire lighting upon the head of Castor and Pollux , which were the happy Omens or forerunners of the end of their fears and danger ; for the Marriners take notice , that when two fires appear together at Sea , they are to expect happiness in their undertakings , and a notable calm ; whereas if there be but one , they prepare themselves for a grievous storm . From hence these two lights , that are Meteors , or the dry exhalations of the Earth , inflamed in the Air , are called Castor and Pollux ; but when one is seen , it is called Helena , as dangerous to Seamen as she was to Troy .

After the return of the Argonauts , Castor and Pollux had war with the Athenians , because Theseus their King had ravished their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Homer . fair Sister Helena ; but when they had taken one of the Cities of Theseus , and in it their Sister , they dealt kindly with the Inhabitants , and carried none away but Aethra , Mother of Theseus : Therefore the Greeks call all Saviours and favourable Princes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

They undertook next a War with Lynceus and Ida , the valiant Sons of Alphareus , in favour of their Mistresses that had been espoused to them formerly . In the encounter with them , Castor was unhappily kill'd by Lynceus , and Pollux dangerously wounded by Ida ; but Jupiter revenged his Sons quarrel , for he struck Ida to the ground with his Thunderbolts . Pollux , in honour of his Brother , invented a Dance that was to be performed by young men well armed , named Castors Dance . Now this Lynceus is reported to have been a man of a very quick sight : The Poets say , that he was able to perceive any thing through a solid substance , and to see into the bosom of the Earth ; because , as some do think , he was the first that sent men to groap there for gold and silver .

The Romans did mightily esteem these Gods , because they appeared to assist them in their need : And the Lacedemonians gave unto them the Title of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Locrenses did also see them leading their Army against the Crotoniats , with Caps on their heads , and Lances in their hands , upon two white Horses . From hence it is that they are thus represented , and that the Romans have affected a Cap , as a badge of liberty . When Tarquinius was expell'd , they coyned pieces of silver , with two cross Lances , bearing on the top of them Caps , in token of freedom from bondage .

In the Heavens , hesides these forenamed Meteors , there are two stars in the Head of Gemini , called Castor and Pollux , mentioned by Homerus Odyss. 11. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

CHAP. V. Of Orpheus .

THe Poets do relate wonderful stories of several Musitians of the first Ages ; as of Amphion , who built the walls of Thebs only with the pleasant harmony of his Musical Instruments , for the sweetness of the Tunes caused the stones to move , and place themselves in good order .

Arion was also admired for his skill in Musick , as we may take notice in this occasion ; when he was sailing from Italy into Greece , the Seamen resolved amongst themselves to cut his throat , that they might have his Purse : But he requested of them the favour to suffer him to play once more with his Harp before they did dispatch him . It happened that he made such excellent Musick , that the Dolphins ravisht to hear him , came Vnde Ovid de Arione fast lib. 2. at ●ibi nave tua tutius aequor erat . in companies about the Ship ; and when he beheld them , he cast himself into the Sea , hoping to meet there with more humanity than amongst the cruel Marriners . He was not deceived of his expectation , for one of these Dolphins , taking him upon his back , carried Some say to ●he Promontor of Tenarus in Greece . him to Corinth , where King Periander received him with kindness , and put these inhumane Sailers to death , to punish them for their intended crime . This Dolphin was rewarded by the Gods , with a place amongst the Stars , for the good office that he had done to this poor Musitian .

I shall not mention the Satyr Marsias , who because he had more skill in Musick than the common sort of people , he was so transported with vanity and presumption , as to compare himself with Apollo . This God was so displeased with him , that when he had overcome him , according to the judgment of the Muses , he flead him alive , to punish his temerity ; as we have already said in the story of Apollo .

There happened also a like controversie between Apollo , and Pan the God of Mountains and Shepherds , because he knew pretty well how to play upon the Pipe , and that these Country Clowns did cry him up for the most expert Musitian of the World : He was so audacious as to dispute this Honour with Apollo . Midas , King of Phrygia , a simple fellow , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Greek Prov. a simple fellow . one of the Judges in this Controversie , gave a sentence in favour of Pan ; therefore Apollo caused Asses ears to grow in his head , that he might appear what he was to the World . This same Prince entreated Silenus to grant unto him the favour , in reward of a considerable service that he had done unto him , that all that he should touch , should turn immediately into Gold . He soon repented of his rash desire , when all his victuals and food became gold ; and when in the midst of all his Gold he was ready to starve for hunger and want .

And that we may not make any longer discourse of those that have excelled in Musick , it is the common Opinion , that Orpheus , who was not only a Poet , but also a Philosopher , hath carried away the Palm from See Ovid Metamorph. 10 and 11 Books . all the rest . We need not wonder at it , seeing he was born of such Learned Parents , of Apollo , and the Muse Calliope : Of him it is reported , that he did cause his voice to agree so admirably well with his Lute , that the Rivers did stop to listen to him , that the Storms and Tempests did cease , that the most Savage Animals did come to him in companies to recreate themselves with his excellent harmony ; and that the Trees and Rocks were seen to move at the sound .

He performed something more than this ; for when he lost by death his Wife Eurydice , who flying from the amorous imbraces of Aristeus , King of Arcadia , died suddenly of a Wound received by a Serpent . He went after her to the Gates of Hell , where he played with that dexterity upon his Instruments of Musick , that Pluto , Proserpina , and all the Infernal Inhabitants , were ravisht in admiration . He prevailed by that means so much upon them , that they granted unto him the favour to carry with him his Wife back again , to live longer upon Earth , upon condition , that in his return he would not look back upon her , until he was ascended into the light ; which condition his impatient love for her caused him to break , by casting his eyes behind him ; which when her Guard had perceived , they drag'd her back into Hell , and left him in such a trouble of mind , that he resolved for her sake to never Some say that he was kill'd with a Thunderbolt . entertain any affection for a Woman ; and to disswade all his acquaintance from their love and union , which proceeding of his , did 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . it draws nigh scandalize and displease so much the Dames of Thracia , that in their furious transports at the Feastival of Bacchus , they tore him in pieces . But afterwards he was metamorphosed into a Swan , and his Harp was placed amongst the Stars .

This Swan is said to sing admirably well when unto death .

Addit . Not. Arion erat Patriâ Methymneus obscuris parentibus natus , Poeta insignis pr●ecipue Dithyrambicus . The Ancients do relate incredible things of Dolphins , besides this famous one that carried Arion safe to Land out of the hands of the inhumane Marriners . They tell us of others that have performed kind offices to mankind : Hesiod , the first famous Writer , when he had been massacred in Neptunes Temple in Nemea , and cast into the Sea , was by the Dolphins brought carefully to shoar again . A young man , and his Mistress , falling by chance into the Sea , were saved near the Island of Lesbos by Dolphins , and carried out of the waves to Land . And Telemachus , Therefore named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the Son of Ulysses , was also preserved in the Sea by Dolphins ; therefore his Father did bear a Dolphin in his Buckler , in remembrance of that kindness shewed to his blood by that Fish . All the Heathens bad a particular respect for this creature ; some of them would not suffer any injury to be offered unto them , because they are so favourable to mankind . In the remote Countries of the North , Munsterus tells us , that there is a Fish called Raia , longer than a Dolphin , and no less kind to mankind : When they meet with any whose misfortune it is to be cast away , these great fishes do receive and lodge them in their jaws , and do thus carry them safe to shoar . He insinuates there that it is the Opinion of some who imagine , that this was that kind of Fish , or Whale , that waited for Jonas when he was cast into the Sea , and that carried him safe to Land .

Ovid fast . lib. 6. Prima terebrato per rara for amina buxo ut daret effeci tibia longa sonos . Marsyas , a Phrygian , was the Inventer of the Pipe , a Musical Instrument : Some say that Minerva was the first that plaid with it in a banquet of the Gods ; and that because of her grey eyes when her cheeks were swell'd , she did appear ridiculous to the company , especially to Juno and Venus , who laught at her for her pains , which gave her the curiosity of seeing what reason they had to mock her : For that purpose she came down upon Mount Ida , and began to play with her Pipe upon the banks of a clear River , that she might behold her self at that time ; but as soon as she perceived how deformed in did represent her , she cast the Pipe away with a curse , desiring that he that should take it up , might end his daies by cruelty . Marsyas the Satyr , the Son of Hyagnis , a great favourite of Cybele , found it , and first made use of it in the publick sacrifices of this Goddess ; for that reason it did always continue afterwards in her solemnities . But this Marsyas became so proud and self-conceited for this invention , that he challeng'd Apollo , upon this condition , that he that could make the most pleasant Musick , should have power over his Antagonist ; Apollo was the Victor , therefore

Media illa tempestate inter flueb at Marsyas amnis fabulosis Graecorum carminibus inclyrus .

Quint. Curt. lib. 3.

●e hang'd Marsyas upon a Tree , and pull'd his skin over his ears : Some drops of his blood hapned to fall into the River that did run hard by , and therefore from him it was named Marsyas : It did run through the City Caelenae , taken by Alexander the Great . Lucan . Pharsal . lib. 3. Qua celer rect is descendens Marsya ripis Errantem Maeandron adit , mixtusque refertur .

For Orpheus , he was a Thracian , born as some say , of Apollo and Calliope ; as others , of Eagrus , aud the Muse Polymnia . He was

Called therefore by Plato 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a solitary life , or a harmless life , entertained by herbs and roots .

It is said that he prophecied of the Worlds c ntinuance .

Aetate in sexta cessabit machina mundi .

an excellent Philosopher , and the first that recommended a solitary life , and abstinence from flesh . Mercurius gave him his Harp , with which he performed wonders . He was the first that introdueed the Bacchanalia in Greece , called by some for that cause Sacra Orphica . Horace in arte Poet , tells us that

Sylvestres homines sacer interpresq ▪ Deorum Caedibus & victu faedo deterruit Orpheus , Dictus ab hoc lenire Tigres , rabidosque leones Dictus & , &c.

He was the first that in Thracia caused men to live under Laws and Government , and called them from their rude and beastly life , to a more gentile and handsome .

CHAP. VI. Of Jason , and the Argonauts .

PElias , King of Thessaly , was careful to train up Jason his Nephew in his sight from his Infancy , because he had taken notice in him of an extraordinary courage , which had cast some jealousie and suspition of him into his mind : When therefore he came to Age , he sought how he might be delivered of him , and of his apprehensions together ; for that cause he sent him to the Conquest of the Golden Fleece , as to an enterprise from which he could never , according to his judgment , return alive .

We have already mentioned how Aetha , King of Colchos , had got this Treasure into his possession , and laid it up safe in a Wood consecrated to Mars , appointing for a guard certain strange Bulls that had feet of Brass , and that did cast out of their Nostrils fearful flames of fire . He appointed also a dreadful Dragon , of a prodigious bigness , accompanied with armed men , that sprung up from the teeth of this Dragon that had been sowed in the Earth .

Jason , in order to this expedition , commanded a brave ship to be built by one named Argus , from him it was called Argos the wood of it had been cut out of the Forrest of Dodone ; whose Trees were wont to give Oracles ; therefore this Ship did retain the faculty of speaking : In this Voyage it was often heard .

They were in number 54. A great number of the most Illustrious Worthies of Greece went aboard to accompany Jason , and share with him in the glory of this undertaking ; they named themselves Argonauts : Hercules was one also ; Theseus , Castor and Pollux , Orpheus , Tiphys , Lynceus , and a great many more : Tiphys did govern the Helm ; Lynceus , who had excellent Lynceo Perspicat●or . Cicero , a quick and good eye . eyes , was imployed to discover the banks of Sand , and the dangerous Rocks hid under water , to the end that they might decline them : Orpheus with his Musick did pleasantly remove from them the tediousness , and moderate the grievances of the Voyage ; only the company of Hercules was troublesome , for he was so heavy , that the Vessel was sometimes ready to sink , and he did spend a prodigious quantity of Victuals , Hercules 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . besides he did frequently break his Oars ; but there happened a misfortune that delivered them from the inconveniencies of his company : He had brought with him a young Boy whom he loved , called Hylas ; when therefore the Ship was run asho●r , he sent him to seek some fresh water to appease his violent thirst , but the Lad fell into the Fountain Hylas was the Son of Theodamas , from whom Hercules stole an Oxe in the Isle of Rhodes , where he was drawing water . This gave occasion to the Fable , that the Nymphs had stoln him away . At this unhappy accident Hercules left the Company , and the Ship , to seek him out . From hence it is that the people of that Country established Feastivals to be kept every year , during which , they were wont to wander about the Mountains , often calling for Hylas .

These Argonauts met with some misfortunes in this expedition , and several difficult passages : They were to go between the Simplegades , that are otherwise called the Cyanean Rocks , scituate beyond the Bosphore of Thracia , at the entrance of the Black Sea , or the Pont Euxin : They did seem to joyn afar off , and open when they were coming to the passage . At last they arrived in Colchos .

From the beginning Jason contracted friendship with the Princess Medea , the Kings Daughter , who was an expert Magician : She , for his sake , caused a dead sleep to fall upon all the Monsters that did keep the Golden Fleece by her devillish Enchantments ; so that Jason had by that means the liberty to take it . Immediately after Jason fled away with Medea whom he married , but being pursued by Aetha the Father , she cut in pieces Absyrthus her little Brother , that she had brought with her , dispersing and leaving his members at a distance in the way , that his Father might busie himself in gathering them up , and give them more leasure to escape .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. When they were come as far as Thessaly , Medea undertook to cure her Father-in-law Aeson of his old Age : By the virtue of her Magick Art she restored unto him his youthful appearance and strength ; and that she might take vengeance of the hatred that Pelias did bear unto them , she perswaded his Daughters to try the same experiment upon him , for he was extreme old and decrepit . According to her directions they cut him to pieces , and boiled them in a Kettle with certain Herbs which she had delivered unto them : But these wretched Daughters seeing it impossible to recover their Father again by that means , were mightily afflicted and grieved that they had been so absurd as to murder him upon such unlikely hopes .

All this time Medea did live with Jason in a perfect amity and correspondency , having had by him two dainty Children . But at last , when Jason arrived at Corinth , in the Court of King Creon , he fell in love with the Princess Creusa his Daughter , with whom he married , forgetting the obligations and favours that he had received from Medea .

She was resolved to revenge her self ; therefore dissembling her dissatisfaction , she seem'd to approve of the Match , and sent a Box full of Jewels , and of such precious things to the Bride , as a Token of her love ; but it was all bewitcht in such a manner , that when it was opened a strange flame burst out of it , which consumed suddenly the Kings Palace to ashes , with the Bride , and her aged Father in it .

Jason in his fury went to seek Medea to be Merimnus and Pheretres the two children of Medea . Thessalus her other Son escaped . He reigned in Thessaly , and gave his name to the Country . revenged of her for this cruelty . She waited for him on the top of a high Tower , from whence she reproach'd him with his ungratitude , and before his eyes massacred two Children that she had by him . She then took her flight towards Athens , being supported by two strong and fearful Dragons in the Air. When she was arrived into this City , she became the Wife of King Aegeus , by whom she had Medus . But when she ventur'd to poyson Theseus , she was forced to fly away for her life with her Son Medus , and to retreat into that part of Asia called from him Media .

In this last Chapter , the most noted persons are Medea , Jason , the Argonauts , and Creon , of whom the Poets do relate these following stories .

Medea was a renowned Witch , the Daughter of Aeta and Idya , or as Ovid names her , Mother of Ipsea : She was the Grand-child of Sol ; she was tutored and made acquainted with the secrets of her devillish Art by Hecate , who taught her how to perform wonderful things by her Spells and Enchantments ; she was able to transport woods from one place to another , to cause the currant of the Rivers to turn back towards their source , to bring down the Moon and the other Stars upon the Earth , and to give life to the Dead .

The expedition of the Argonauts , and her affection for Jason , rendered her famous , or rather infamous ; for his sake she consented to betray Flammea subduxi medicato lumina somno : Et tibi quae raperes vellera tuta dedi Me dea , Jasoni in Ovid. her Fathers and Countries interest ; by her means he seized upon the Golden Fleece , and when Aeta intended to revenge himself of the Argonauts by their deaths , in a Banquet unto which they were all invited , Medea discovered the Plot to Jason , who thought it high time to sail away with his Prize , and Medea Before her departure she committed a most inhumane act , in killing her only Brother , and casting his Members in the way for her Father to gather up . She was no less cruel afterwards to Pelias the King , who hearing a false report of the miscarriage of the Argonauts , abused the friends of Jason , and treated his Kindred barbarously . At the return of the Ship into a Bay of Thessaly , near the City Jolaus , Jason understanding all that had happened , entreats his Companions to assist him ; but because they were not able to encounter with a Kingdom , Medea undertook to punish Pelias with her Enchantments . She makes a Statue of Diana , with it she lands and hastens into the City , having taken the disguize of an old Woman : At her entrance she proclaims in the streets , that she did bring the Image of Diana from the Northern Countries , requiring the people to receive it with respect ; unto her words she added Miracles , to perswade them to believe : So that when she saw the King and people at her devotion , she revealed unto the Princes Daughters , that she was commanded by Diana to restore From hence the Prov. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Plutarch . He that kills with an intention to cure . Quid referam Peliae natos pietate nocentes , Caesaque virginea membra paterna manu . Ovid in Medea . to their Father his former youthful strength and appearance . To oblige them more easily to believe the possibility of this action , she dismembred before them an old Ram , and then by witchcraft turned it into a young Lamb. They being thus perswaded to try the same experiment upon their Father , kill'd him , and by that means punisht him for his cruelty , and gave an opportunity to the Argonauts to seize upon the empty Throne . Acastus , the Son of Pelias , reigned in his stead , but his wretched Daughters were married to the Argonauts ; Admetus took Alcestes , who only had not consented to the cruelty committed upon her Father , Amphinome was married to Andraemon , Asteropea and Autonoe were given to other Husbands . After this Medea lived quietly with Jason , until he became enamoured with Creusa , or Glauca , the Kings Daughter . She revenged her self of this affront ; for she sent a Box , or as some say a Crown , shut up in a Box to the Bride , anointed with a strange compound , called * * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , called otherwise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Iris , or Ignis Medeae , is such a powerful compound , that if it comes near the fire , or Sun beams , it will suddenly set all the Air round about in a flame . Plutarch says , that it is made of that sulphurous matter or Clay , that bursts forth of the Territory of Babylon , called also by the Hebrews 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as some imagine from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to fly about ; because it is of such an airy and fiery composition , that at the least provocation it spreads and communicates its hot nature to all that comes near unto it . Of this strange compound Diosc . speak , lib. 1. cap. 102. And Plinius , lib. 2. cap. 105. And the Greek Poet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Naphtha , which as soon as she had toucht , the Air round about her inflamed , with the Kings Palace about her ears .

Jason was the Son of Aeson and Polymedes , descended by his Father from Aeolus the God of Winds . When the Oracle had informed his Vncle Pelias , that one of his Kinsmen should put him to death , and that he should have an eye upon Jason , he sought to destroy him , but he escaped to Chiron the Centaur , where he was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , to heal , before he was called Dolomodes . a Student in Physick . Afterwards he was sent to recover the Golden Fleece that did belong to his Family : He , and the other Worthies of Greece , did run many dangers in this expedition ; they were to pass between the Simplegades Rocks that are in a continual motion ; they let go a Pidgeon before they would venture through with their Ship ; and although this Bird flies with a wonderful swiftness , her tail was catcht between the Rocks ; nevertheless the wind blew them through , with little damage to their Vessel . They landed in several places by the way , and relieved Phineus , an old Fellow that was troubled with the Harpies ; for the two Children of Boreas that were in this expedition made them fly away , and leave the blind Phineus to eat his meat in quiet . When Jason was returned , he dedicated bis Ship to Neptunus : It was afterwards preserved many years , and the breaches ●u● . Chron. Diod. l. 5. cap. 11. Aug. lib. 8. de civit . cap. 26. that time did make , were repaired as Noahs Ark , and the Ship of Theseus . All these Argonauts did live in the daies of Othoniel and Gedeon , Judges of Israel , about 2500 years , after the World was created .

CHAP. VII . Of Cadmus , and of the City of Thebs .

WHen Jupiter ravisht Europa , the Daughter of Agenor , King of the Phaenicians , as we have said in the third Chapter of the first Book , this Prince sent his Son to seek her out into many places of the World , with a Command to never appear before him until he had found her : But Cadmus , after many tedious voyages , could never learn what was become of her ; therefore he went to consult the Oracle of Apollo in Delphos , to know what was best for him He was to build a City where the Oxe did lye down when it was weary of its journey . to do : The answer was , that a Cow , some say an Oxe , should meet him , and that he was to follow the directions of this Beast , to build a City , and settle his habitation . He met the Oxe in a Province of Greece , called from thence Boeotia : And that in a business of so great a concern , he might obtain the assistance of Heaven , he resolved first to offer the wearied beast in sacrifice to the Goddess Minerva . In order to this Religious performance , he dispatches his followers to the next Fountain , named Dirce , to fetch from thence water , but it happened that a The Dragon did proceed from Mars , it kill'd Seriphus and Daileon , the servants of Cadmus . The truth is , this Dragon was a famous Robber . fearful Dragon surprized them there unawares , and devoured them alive . Minerva advised him immediately to destroy this Dragon , and to sow the Teeth of his head in the Earth , which when he had done , several Companies of armed men sprung up out of this seed , but they could not suffer one another , therefore they destroyed themselves , only five were remaining , that offered their assistance to Cadmus , in building a City to dwell , and in furnishing it with Inhabitants . This City was Thebs , where he reigned many 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a violent grief , for she drowned her self in despair . Others add Autonoe and Polydorus , sons of Cadmus . years , and left many Children : Ino , Semcle the Mother of Bacchus , and Agave , who being transported with fury in the company of the Menades , she kill'd her own Son Pentheus , that had by his speech discovered a dislike of the mad Ceremonies of this God .

Cadmus did live to see all his Posterity fall into extreme misery , and himself and Wife The Oracle told the Illyrians , that they should obtain the victory against their Enemies , if Cadmus was their Captain . By that means he reigned in Illyria . banished into Illyria , or Sclavonia , where , according to their desire , they were changed into Serpents ; for Amphion forced them out of their own City , and built the walls of it by the harmony of his Lute , as we have already said in the fifth Chapter ; but was afterwards kill'd by Diana for his unconsiderate speeches of her , and of her Brother Apollo .

But I think it will not be amiss if we take notice here , that there have been several Cities of Thebs , one in Cilicia , where Andromedes the Wife of Hector was born , which was sackt by the Greeks when they marcht to the Siege of Troy : There was another in Egypt , the largest of that Name ; it had a hundred Gates ; from it that fruitful and renowned Province Thebais was so called , which hath been the retreat of so many Religious Anachorets , that built there their Covents in the first Ages of Christianity .

But Thebs in Boeotia was the most famous of all these Cities , not only because of the grievous Wars that it suffered , and the great Captains that it furnished to Greece , such as Epaminondas was a Scholar of Pythagoras . Diog. Laert. lib. 8. were Epaminondas , and Pelopidas , but also because the drunken God Bacchm , Hercules , and Pindarus , the Prince of the Lyrick Poets , were born in it . It is reported of the last , that the Bees did prognosticate and signifie what he should one day be ; for whiles he was yet in the Cradle , they pitcht upon his Thebs was rebuilt by Alexanders command , for the sake of a great Wrastler that had been thrice crowned at the Olympick Games . lips , and there laid up their honey , and Pan , with the Nymphs of the Neighbourhood , did keep a Feastival on the day that he came into the World . Alexander the Great did mightily honour him ; for when he commanded all the City to be destroyed with fire and Sword , he gave an express Order to his Souldiers , that they should spare the house of Pindarus , with all his Relations .

Addit . Not. Cadmus , and most of the famous men of Antiquity , cannot much glory in a Noble Pedigrce : If the truth was known , he was but the Cook of Agenor , King of Tyre or Sidon ; Vlpian . he ran away from his Prince for no good deed with Harmonia a noted Strumpet , yet he was so happy as to have laid the foundations of the City of Thebs .

The Greek Letters are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an unhappy Victory . Herodotus saith , that he brought sixteen Letters into Greece , and taught the people the Art of Writing : Somesay , that Pentheus the Son of Agave , and Echion his Grand-child , afterwards by his furious Mother succeeded him in his Kingdom .

The Poets make Europa bi r Sister , Thasus his Brother . Cilix , from whom Cilicia borrows the Name , and Phoenix , who hath called a Province of Asia Phoenicia , were his other Brethren , Electra and Taygete his other Sisters , by several Mothers . Europa was the most remarkable of them for her extraordinary beauty , which caused Jupiter to send some of his Subjects 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Euripid. in Medea . to steal her away . They took her and carried her on board a Ship where a Bulls Image was placed in the Stern , which caused the Fable of Europa's being ravisht by a Bull. Her afflicted Father sent his Sons Thassus and Cadmus after her , but to little purpose ; for when they could not find her , they setled themselves , and built each of them a City ; Thassus in an Isle of the Aegean Sea , and Cadmus in Greece . The Phaenicians to comfort their disconsolate Prince , invented and promoted the Fable of Europa's being carried away by Jupiter , therefore they reckoned her amongst the Goddesses , and appointed Sacrifices and Altars to her , causing Money to be stampt in honour of her : In one side was Europa sitting upon a white Bull.

The City of Thebs was famous in Greece , but never so much as when Epaminondas the great Warriour and Philosopher overcame the After his death his Successors did enjoy a portion of all the gifts offered to Apollo in Delphos . Some say Pindarus was a Child cast away in the Woods , and that he was nourisht by Honey instead of Milk . Lacedemonians . Pindarus was a Citizen of this place , he was much respected for his Poetical Art : The Oracle enrich't him for it , & commanded that a half part of the gifts dedicated to Apollo , should be presented to him , because he did sing and compose so many excellent Hymns in honour of that God , and of the others . The Bees , when he was yet a Child sleeping in the open air , powred forth upon his lips their delightful honey . The same thing is reported of Plato , as it is said of Midas , that when he was yet in his Cradle , the Ants carried into his mouth several grains of Wheat . These passages were Prognosticks of the future splendour and fame of these men in that kind of life which they did imbrace .

CHAP. VIII . Of Oedipus .

LAius King of Thebs having espoused Jocasta the Daughter of Creon , understood from the Oracle that he was to die by the hand of one that should proceed out of this Marriage , therefore he commanded Jocasta his Queen , to destroy all her Children . When Oedipus was born , his Mother was loath to commit so horrid a cruelty upon the Babe with her own hands ; therefore he was delivered to a Souldier to be by him strangled : But he also was moved with compassion for the poor Infant , and could not have the courage to dispatch him , or to see him expire ; for that reason he pierced his feet , and tyed him up to a Tree growing upon Mount Cytheron , that he might there die in that miserable condition : But it happened that Poebas , one of the Shepherds of Polybius King of Corinth , came immediately after by that way , and seeing in what danger the Infant was of its li●e , he took it down ; and because it was very fair , he presented it to the Queen his Mistress , who was Childless . She received it with affection , brought it up , and caused it to be treated as if it had been her own . He was named Oedipus , because of the swelling in his feet , proceeding from the holes made in them by the Souldier of Laius ; for in Greece this Word signifies one that hath a swelling in his feet .

When he came to age of understanding , he understood his mistake of being the Son of Polybius , and therefore he went to consult the Oracle to know who was his Father : He received this answer , that he should find him in the Province of Phocis . When he was come thither , he happened to be in a seditious tumult of the people , where King Laius was also arrived to appease the disorders ▪ without knowing him for his Father , he kill'd him by chance : But as he was not suspected for the Author of this Murder , he went to dwell at Thebs .

At that time Juno , the sworn Enemy of the City , had brought forth a Monster , and sent it to a place not far off , it was named Sphinx ; the face and voice was like a Girls , the body like a Dog , the tail as a Dragons , and the claws like a Lyons , with great wings upon the back . To every one that passed by , it did propose aenigmatical Questions , and if they did not give a present solution , it did devour them without mercy ; so that the Country round about was forsaken , and no body did dare to venture near the City . The Oracle did then declare , that the only way to be delivered from this Tyranny , was to give the right meaning to this Riddle of the Sphinx ; which was the Creature that in the morning did walk on four feet , at noon on two , and in the evening on three . Creon , who succeeded Laïus in the Throne , caused it to be proclaimed all over Greece , that he would quit his Claim to the Crown , and would give Jocasta , the Widow of Laïus , in Marriage to one that would resolve this Question , which Oedipus did ; for he brought the true sense of the Enigma , telling them , that it was Man , who in his Youth did go upon four feet , as the Beasts ; that is , upon his hands and feet ; but when he did arrive to an age of strength , he did march upon two , without any other support ; and when old age did seize upon him , he was for : ced to make use of a stick , instead of a third foot , to help him to go .

Davussum non Oedipus Terent ; one of an ordinary capacity . When the Monster saw the Riddle resolved , it was so much inraged , that in a furious manner it dasht its brains against a Rock , and thus delivered the Country from much fear and danger .

Oedipus was raised to the Throne in reward of this good service , and was married to Jocasta , whom he knew not to be his Mother . Of her he had two Sons , Eteocles and Polynices , with two Daughters , Antigone and Ismene .

Now about this time the Gods sent a most grievous plague amongst the Thebans to punish them for the murder of Laïus ; and as the Oracle did declare , it was never to cease until he that was guilty of his blood was banished out of the City , which caused a diligent search to be made ; so that by the Art of Negromancy it was known that Oedipus was the man .

When he came to understand the truth of all that had happened , and how by chance he was married to his own Mother , he was so inwardly grieved , that he pluckt out his eyes , and condemned himself to suffer a perpetual banishment , leaving the Kingdom at the disposition of Eteocles and Polynices his two Sons .

Addit . Not. Cadmus , the first Founder of Thebs , begot Polidorus of his Wife Harmonia , Polidorus begot Labdacus , and Labdacus Laius , the Father of Oedipus . This last committed unwittingly two grievous crimes , he killed his Father , and then espoused his Mother , which when they understood , they punish'd themselves . Jocasta chose a voluntary death , rather than to survive the knowledge of such foul mistakes , whereof she and her Son were guilty , and Oedipus departed into banishment . Some say , that his graceless Sons cast him out of the City , and would never allow him any thing for his maintenance , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Prov. From hence to express the just curses of a Superiour . which caused him to curse them , and desire that they might be the causes of their own death . When he was dead , the Thebans wou d never give unto him a place to be buried ; so that they say his body was swallowed up by an Earthquake . This Oedipus was a witty man , as may appear by his discovery of the meaning of the Sphinx's Riddle . Some report , that this Sphinx was a Robber , and that the ambages of his Riddle were the windings and turnings of a Rockie Mountain ; there he had stated himself to 〈◊〉 the passengers that went to and fro from Thebs . The qualities of divers creatures are imploy d to describe his disposition .

It was his custome to propound a Riddle , to massacre these that could not tell the sense of it , and to let the others pass that did satisfie his Questions . The Poets say , that this Monster was the Daughter of Echidnae and Typhon .

After the banishment of Oedipus , his two Sons fell into mortal hatred ; and according to his desire , they killed one another , as we shall see in the following Chapter .

CHAP. IX . Of the War against the City of Thebs .

THis famous War is the Subject upon which the Wits of many ancient Poets have exercised themselves . Statius amongst the Latins hath composed twelve Books of it ; and Antimachus amongst the Greeks , in the time of Plato , publisht four and twenty Books only of the preparations of this renowned Siege , whereof this was the cause .

Eteocles and Polynices , the two Sons of Oedipus , did judge it expedient not to part their little Kingdom , for fear of weakning it , but to succeed one another in the Government , and to rule each of them a year . Eteocles the Eldest did reign his year ; but when it was expired , he would never yield the Scepter and Power out of his hands : Therefore Polynices resolved to force him by a Siege , and to right himself with the edge of his Sword : For that intent he begs the assistance of Adrastus , King of Argos , whose Daughter he had made his Wife . According to his request he came with a powerful Army , composed of his own Subjects , and of the Auxiliaries of his friends and Neighbour Princes .

Tiresia caecior Juvenal a blind fellow . He was the son of ●ur●mus a Shepherd of Mount Syllerus ; he had been both a man and a woman : Juno punished him with blindness for revealing a secret which women only can tell , but Jupiter rewarded him with a life seven times longer than ordinary ▪ Read Hyginus 75 Book of Fables . The Thebans , for their part , did prepare to receive them , being encouraged by the Predictions of Tiresias the Southsayer , who promised unto them a happy success and end of this War , if Meneceus the Son of Creon , and the last of the Race of Cadmus , would sacrifice himself for his Native Country . This condition was very grievous and unpleasant , especially to Creon , who would never give his consent . Nevertheless this young Prince escaped out of the City with a naked Sword in his hand , and in the sight of all the people that beheld him from the Walls , he thrust it into his bowels and died . Immediately after the Thebans ▪ made several stout Sallics upon the Enemies , in which they were so happy , that they destroyed all the noted Captains , Adrastus only excepted , and totally routed the rest of the Army .

At first Hippomedon , one of the chief of the Enemies , was wounded to death : It is said of him in Furipide the Poet , that he had an appearance of a Gyant ; in his Buckler was the Image of Argus , full of Eyes ; the very sight of him was dreadful to the beholders . Parthenopeus was no less unfortunate , for he fell down dead soon after Hippomedon . Of this Warriour it is reported , that he had the Genius and couragious humor of his Mother Atalanta , a Princess of Arges , who became famous for her dexterity in the use of the Bow and Arrows , and in running a Race . She was of that brave disposition , that she resolved never to marry any but a Of him is the Proverb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he was so cruel to his Daughter , as to cause her to be devoured of a horse for not preserving her chastity . Diogenian . Worthy of that Age that could overcome her in these Martial exercises , which Hippomenes did . But because they did afterwards both loose that respect which they did owe to Cybele , they were by this Goddess changed into a Lyon and a Lyoness .

Tydeus was also kill'd in this War : He was a man of a low stature , but very strong and valiant , as he made it appear in many brave Encounters ; for when he was sent in Embassie to Eteocles , to treat with him concerning the Pretensions and Right of Polynices , and when he perceived how his Negotiation would prove ineffectual , he challenged all the Court of Thebs , before his departure , at any kind of fight , and overcame every one that appeared against him : Therefore fifty of the most valiant Lords agreed together to lay for him an Ambuscado in his return to the Camp , but he was so succesful His name was Maeon . as to over-power them all ; of whom he only spared one alive to send to Eteocles , as the messenger of the death of his Comrades . At last he was mortally wounded with an Arrow ; but Amphiaraus was so concerned for him , that he pursued his Enemy , cut off his head , and gave it to him to handle before he died . It is said , that he did treat it in a most inhumane manner , for he tore off the skin with his teeth , and suckt out the brains , which in his rage he swallowed .

This action was so displeasing to Minerva that she would not immortalize his Name as she had promised to him , but conferred this Honour upon his Son Diomedes .

Capaneus was also in the Army of Polynices : Philostrates tells us , that he was of a prodigious bigness , and that he had so much confidence in himself , that he was wont to boast that he seared no more the Thunderbolts of Jupiter , than the hot beams of the Noon-sun ; and that maugre Jupiter , he would take the City : But a Thunder-clap stopt his blaspheming tongue , and beat him to pieces .

Amphiaraüs the Prophet , one of the Commanders in the Army , did foresee that he should end his daies in this Siege ; therefore he hid himself , for fear of being forced to go to the War : But his Wife discovered and betrayed him to Adrastus , who obliged him to accompany the Army . He was kill'd in a very strange manner , as he was flying from Thebs , in his return homewards , he was swallowed up by the Earth alive , and afterwards reckoned up in the number of the Gods , and the power of giving Oracles was ascribed to him : They were for a time the most noted of all Greece . At last the two Brothers , Eteocles and ●olynices , agreed to end their differences in a single Duel , where the both fel dead to the ground : But death was not able to put an end to their hatred , for the F●r●es did haunt the place where they had been buried by Antigone their Sister , and when a Pomgranate-Tree had been planted

The Thebans a●ter the Victory built a Temple to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Plutarch , Statius . From hence the Prov. Fratris contentiones , implacable hatreds or discords .

Addit . Not.

there , it did yield frequently drops of blood , which did declare how their Enmity was become immortal . Besides , it is reported , that the flames of the pile of Wood in which their bodies were burning together , did divide and separate into two Pillars at the top , and by no means could be brought to reunite .

The City of Thebs had seven Gates , and in the Army of Polynices were seven chief Commanders , who made their approaches every one to a Gate , as Euripides tells us in one of his Tragedies . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

The City was thus divided between the Chieftains , Parthenopeus was to assault the Gate called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Amphiaraus the other named Proetis ; at the Gate of Ogyges was appointed Hippomedon ; The Cranean Gate was sirnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , where there was a Temple dedicated to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jupiter the most high God . Pa●sa●ias and Plutarch . Tydeus was seated near the Gate Homoloide , Polynices was at the other called Cranea , Capaneus did march against the Electrian Gate , and Adrastus was at the other named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Parthenopeus was the Son of that warlike Princess of Argos Atalanta , the Daughter of Scheneus ; or Coeneus : She was the swiftest runner of her time , and most dexterous in using Bow and Arrows : She was the fitst that ventured to encounter with the great Calydonian Boar , already mentioned : Hippomenes , her humble servant , found a subtil means to out-run her . The Goddess Venus had bestowed upon him some of the Golden Apples of the Hesperide Gardens , which he cast in the way when they were both in the Race : The lovely appearance of this fruit caused her to neglect her course , and gather them up , whiles Hippomenes went on , and reacht the Goal before her . By this Race he won her for his Wife ; but because he did not repay to Venus thanks for so great a benefit received , she caused him so much to forget himself , as to defile the Temple of Cybele with the enjoyment of his Mistress ; for which offence he was turned into a Lyon , and she into a Lyoness , and were coupled together to drag the Chariot of this Goddess .

Capaneus was a noted man in this Siege for his impiety , as Tydeus was for his courage and true valor : The latter was the Son of Oeneus , King of Calydonia , and the Father of that Diomedes who wounded Venus and Mars in the Siege of Troy . When this Tydeus had unfortunately kill'd his Brother Menalippus , he departed to Argos to Adrastus the King , who received him with all expressions of kindness , and bestowed upon him Deiphile his Daughter in Marriage , as he had given his other named Agia to Polynices . In the Siege of Thebs Tydeus did mightily encourage the rest ; but an obscure Fellow , named Menalippus , let fly an Arrow at him , which wounded him to death . In this particular the Poets have taken notice of the Hand of God , that orders many times that our punishments should be inflicted upon us by such as are related to those against whom we have committed great crimes ; that men might understand the proceedings of Divine Justice , it causeth a Relation to be visibly seen between the offence and its judgments .

But there was none so famous in this Expedition as the Prophet Amphiaraus , a wise man , who had espoused Eriphyle the Sister of King Adrastus : He foresaw that he should perish if he did engage his person in this War , therefore he hid himself ; but Eriphyle being corrupted with the present of a Golden Chain given to her

This Chain was unfortunate afterwards to all its owners .

Alcmeon gave it to his Wife Amphesibea ; & her Brother Themon ▪ gave it to Apollo at Delph , from whence it was carried by the Phocenses that rob'd the Temple .

His Ph●dram ▪ proc●inque ●ocis , moestamque Eriphylen .

Crudelis gnati monstrantem vu●nera cernit . Virg. lib. 6. Aeneid . The Motto of Amphiaraus was excellent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Euripid in his Tragedy of the Phoeni.

by Polvnices , betrayed the place of her Husbands concealment ; for which unnatural deed he left order with his Son Alcmeon to dispatch her , and revenge his death , as soon as he should hear of his miscarriage ; which cruel Command was put in execution by Alcmeon , but afterwards he became mad , and wandered up and down the World , until he was kill'd by the Brethren of Amphisibea , Themon and Axion , because he had forsaken their Sister , and was married to Callirhoe . Amphiaraus after his decease was honoured as a God , his Oracles were mightily esteemed : In the Country of Athens , a stately Edifice was erected to him near a large Cave , where he did give answer to all that did come . Not far from this place was the Fountain of Amphiaraus , whose waters were dedicated to him ; so that it was a capital crime to impl y them in any ordinary use .

Several persons did come to consult this Oracle from all parts of Greece . It was not delivered , as those of Apollo , by a Pythonissa , but in a dream . This God did appear to the party who was to offer a Ram in sacrifice to him , and to sleep upon the Hide after a fast of 24 hours , and three daies abstinence from Wine : Without this preparation no answer could be expected . It will not be amiss in this place to say something concerning Dreams ; Macrobius mentions five sorts , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Vision , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a discovery of something between sleeping and waking , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a suggestion cast into our fancy , called by Cicero Visum , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an ordinary Dream , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Divine Apparition , or Revelation in our sleep , such as were the dreams of

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 idem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , to speak truth , and sen e , or Oracles .

Matth. 2. 22. Act. 10. 22. Heb. 12. 25. Amongst the Romans the interpretation of Dreams was the office ●f the Augures Rosin . lib. 3.

the Prophets , and of Joseph the Husband of the Virgin Mary , and of the Mages of the East , of whom it is said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . This expression is often used in Scripture , to signifie Gods appearing to his servants in Dreams . The Aegyptians and Romans had a particular regard to Dreams : The Learned of the former did esteem the Soul in a profound sleep , better able to judge of all affairs , and to foresee the intricate events of the time to come . We find that many other people , as the Caldeans and Persisians , did judge some Dreams worthy of observation , and of the serious exposition of the wise men ; therefore they had persons appointed amongst them , whose imployment was to discover the design and intention of dreams . It is certain , Plinius lib. 7. Chap. 56. that they do not always deserve our neglect , seeing that they have been a means of conveying unto men part of the holy Oracles . As we are not therefore to be so superstitious as to apprehend every idle fancy that is raised in us in our sleep , I would not have a judicious Christian reckon all Dreams as frivolous and useless productions of our brain , but rather I would advise every one seriously , to examine all exraordinary Dreams ,

Called by Homer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

He calls an evil dream 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Odyss. lib 6. & Iliad. 2 Valerius Maxim , lib. 1 ▪ cap. 7. Pont. Diacon . in vita Cyprian , Gregor.

Moral lib. 18.

and to make a good improvement of them ; for there is no dream , whether it proceeds from God , the holy Angels , the Devils , or our selves , but from it we may gather instruction , comfort or advice in our affairs . It is certain , that the Heathens have received many extraordinary benefits from Dreams : Augustus the Emperour escaped from the fury of the Army of Brutus , that forced his men out of his Camp , by the preadmonition of his Physitian Artorius , who was forewarned of the danger in a Dream . And if his Father Julius had listned to the dream of his Lady Calphurnia , he had never felt in his ●reast the swords of his Assassins that day in the Senate : Experience , as well as the judgment f the ancient Fathers of the Church inform ●s , that Dreams are sometimes Ideas of Truth ●irred up in our fancy by Spirits , for the Soul then more free from all sensual impressions , nd is fitter to converse with beings of the same ature as it self . Aristotle takes notice , that before a Child attains to four years of Age , he is In somnio exteriores sensus dormiunt & interiores cernuntar . Gregor. lib. 23. Mor. not capable of dreams . It seems that this ability doth accompany our reason , and such as are not actively rational , cannot receive any impressions by dreams . This worthy Philosopher further observes , that such as seldome have any dreams , have more reason to mind them , for he esteems them either very propitious , or the fatal Omens Aristotle of Animal 4 Book . of an approaching disease , or of a certain death . It seems the Devil did appear and give Oracles in dreams to those that did consult him . Hom. 2. Iliad . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

And Virgil speaking of Faunus , who held the same esteem and office in Italy as Amphiaraus in Greece , tells us , that the King of the Latins Virgil lib. 7. Aeneid . Centum lanigeras mactabat rite bidentes Atque harum effultus tergo , stratisque jac●bat Velleribus , subita ex alto vox reddita luco .

They did deliver Oracles in caves of the earth , where the Poets did place the Ivory gate of hell , for in hell were 2 gates . I shall not insist upon this digression , only we may be certain , that in our deep sleep our Soul is better able to entertain Spirits , and receive from them information ; for it was at such times that Amphiaraus , and the other dreaming Gods , did appear to their Worshippers .

CHAP. X. Of Antigone , and of some passages that happened after the War of Thebs .

CReon freely resigned the Kingdom to Oedipus and his Heirs ; but when he saw them dead , he reassumed again the Supreme Authority , and governed in Thebs as before .

As soon as he was proclaimed King , he commanded expresly that none should offer to bury the body of Polynices , because he had been so impious as to bring an Army of Enemies against his own Country ; therefore he condemned his Carkass to be devoured of the dogs , and of the Fowls of the Air. But Antigone , the Sister of this unhappy Prince , stole secretly away out of the City to bury him in the night . When the King heard of it , he was highly incensed , but not knowing who had done this act of humanity , he gave order that the Body should be pull'd out of the grave , and again cast to the mercy of the Wild Beasts . She nevertheless was resolved once more to hazard her life , and venture to bury her dead Brother ; but it happened that she was surprized in the attempt by the Souldiers that had been appointed to watch near the Body : The King therefore in his fury commanded her to be buried alive in the Earth , which punishment she prevented , by strangling her self .

This rigorous proceeding of Creon occasioned much unhappiness and sorrow to his Family ; for at the same time his Son Hemon , who entirely loved Antigone , and who was ready to espouse her , thrust himself through with his Sword , resolving to accompany her into another World ; and Euridices , the Wife of Creon , when she saw her Son dead , in the extremity of her grief she killed her self also , to be delivered of the pain of so great an affliction .

This was the happy Age , when learning was admired and rewarded . From hence the Prov. Sophocles est , he is a happy Orator . This was the Subject of one of the Tragedies of Sophocles , in which his fancy and expressions were so happy , that the Athenians bestowed upon him , as a reward , the Government of Samos . When the Army of Argos fled away , they left all the fields round about Thebs covered with the dead bodies of their Companions , which was a lamentable sight , especially because they did believe that the Souls of these wretched Creatures were to languish a long while upon the brim of hell , before they could be admitted into Charons Boat , if their bones did remain unburied upon the earth .

For this cause Adrastus was perswaded to dispatch Embassadors to Creon , to pray him to suffer this last duty to be paid to the Dead , but he could never be entreated by him : Therefore Adrastus being not able to make War upon him , he desired Theseus , that was then King of Athens , to lead an Army against him , and to force him to suffer the Dead to be buried , which he did ; only the Body of Capaneus that had been struck with the Thunder , and cursed because of his horrid blasphemies , was cast aside , and burnt alone by his Wife Evadne , who expressed in this occasion her excessive love for him , for she trim'd her self in her most gaudy and rich apparel , and then cast her self into the midst of the flames to be burned and consumed to ashes with him .

Addit . Not. Evadne , the Daughter of Iphys , did love her Husband Capaneus so tenderly , that she These things happened about the daies of Gedeon , Judge of Israel , 2750 years after the Creation of the World , as Euseb. Chron. Diod. l. 5. and Hygin . do think . resolved to accompany him in death . It is the custom of the Indians in Asia to this day , to sacrifice and bury the dearest Wives of Princes with them , for they believe the immortality of the Soul ; they send therefore such persons as have been dear unto them to serve them in another world , and keep them company . The Heathens did believe , that Charon would never suffer such to pass into rest into the Elysian fields , until their bodies or Reliques were buried in the earth . In such a case they did fancy , that the Souls were tossed up and down , during the space of a hundred years , upon the banks of the River Acheron , over which they were to pass into Hell in Charons Boat , as Virgil observes , 6. Aeneid . when Aeneas descended into Hell ; for the Sybil informs him of a wandring multitude of Souls . Haec omnis quam cernis inops , inhumataque turba est . Portitor ille Charon : hi , quos vehit unda , sepulti . Nec ripas datur horrendas nec rauca fluenta Transportare prius , quam sedibus ossa quierunt . Centum errant annos volitantque haec littora circum . Tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt .

See C. Tacitus lib. 1. Annal. It was therefore esteemed a cruelty beyond expression , to deny to the dead a burial ; for this Humano generi posuit natura creatrix . Hanc legem , ut tumuli membra sepulta tegant . Rosin , ex vet. Poet. cause all great Commanders were very careful , after a battel , to inter the bodies of their Souldiers that had lost their lives in their quarrels , as we read in the Commentaries of Caesar , and in Livius . And Curtius observes how Alexander did encourage his men to fight for him after the Battel at the River Granicus , by causing the Dead to be buried with solemnity and pomp , and their Images to be erected as eternal Memorials of their Valour .

CHAP. XI . Of Tantalus , and of Pelops his Son .

WHiles the Thebans and the men of Argos were at variance , Tantalus and his Posterity were afflicted with many sensible evils . The horrid impiety of this Prince was the cause of them ; for as he was one of the Sons of Jupiter , the Gods at a certain time passing over the World , did him the honour to lodge with him in his Palace . Being therefore obliged to treat them at supper , he caused the members of his Son Pelops to be cut in pieces , and to be prepared for them to eat , that he might try whether they would perceive it , and whether they were really Gods .

Ceres was deceived at first , for being extreme hungry she eat up one of the shoulders , but the rest of the company did abominate this cruel Feast ; therefore in compassion of the young Prince they restored him to life again ; for Mercurius went down into Hell to fetch from thence his Soul , and all his members were restored to him , and established in their right place , only in lieu of his shoulder which had been eaten , they gave one of Ivory , which had the virtue of healing all manner of diseases .

But Tantalus was punisht for his cruelty ; he was condemned to Hell , to be there tortured with a continual appetite of hunger and thirst , in the midst of waters , and the plenty of all varieties , that did fly from him when he did endeavour to catch at them , as we have already said in the first Book .

His Daughter Niobe perisht also miserably because of her vanity and pride , for having a great number of children ; she did prefer her self to Latona ; therefore Apollo and Diana destroyed all her Children with Arrows , except one named Cloris , which affliction cast her into a Consumption , so that the regret and displeasure did dry her up . From hence the Poets have taken occasion to say , that she was changed into a Rock .

Pelops left Phrygia , and departed into Greece , to go to the Kingdom of Elis , where he fell in love with Hippodamia , the Daughter of Oenomaüs : But this King having understood by the Oracles , that his Son-in-law should be one day cause of his death , he would never venture to give his Daughter to any man , but upon this condition , that he should first overcome him in a Chariot-Race , or loose his life .

Pelops was not frighted with the danger , therefore he undertook to run ; and that he might not miss of his purpose , he won the Coach-man of Oenomaüs , named Myrtilus , with many golden promises , and oblig'd him to disorder the Axle-tree of the Chariot in such a manner , that it broke in the middle of the course : The poor Oenomaüs fell to the ground , and killed himself . After his death , Pelopis talenta , a great talent . There were two sorts a little one worth 60 l. and a great one worth 80 l. sterling . Pelops took the Government of the Kingdom , with his Daughter Hippodamia , and in a short time he grew to be one of the most Illustrious Princes of his Age. From him the Peloponessus , called now Morea , is so named . Nevertheless he was very unhappy in his Children , Atreus and Thyestes , although Agamemnon and Menelaus , the Sons of Atreus , were the most famous men of that time . But these particulars we may take notice of in the following Chapters .

Addit . Not. Euseb. deprepar . Evang. l. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Prov. an imminent danger . Tantalus the Son of Jupiter , and of the Nymph Plote , or as some say the Son of Aethon , was married to Anthemoissa , the Daughter of Lycus ; and as some do relate , to Euryanissa the fair , Daughter of Taygetes , one of the Pleiades : He had two Sons , Broteas and Pelops , and an only Girl called Niobe . He is noted for his indiscretion in discourse , for he revealed all the secrets of the Gods ; and for his Pelops was worshipped as a God , and his Sanctuary placed at the right hand of the Temple of Jupiter Olymp. His shoulder of Ivory was carried to Troy , and lost in the Sea at the return , but found by Demarmenus , a Fisherman , who carried it to the Eleans , by the advice of the Oracle , to deliver them from the Plague . Pausanias . unseasonable curiosity , that moved him to an inhumane act , massacred his own Son Pelops , who was restored to life again ; and instead of a shoulder of flesh eaten by Ceres , the Gods bestowed upon him an Ivory shoulder . In remembrance of this favour , all the Race of Pelops did bear an Ivory shoulder blazoned in their Coat of Arms. But Tantalus was sent down to Hell to be punisht with want , and with the fear of a falling Rock that was placed over his head ; besides the Eumenides did continually wait upon him , to disturb his quiet with their grim looks , and fearful bawlings . This intimates the grievous and troublesome estate of a Conscience wounded with a crying sin : The Furies of Hell cannot be more unpleasant , and their company bring more torment , than a Soul awakened with the sense of a crime .

Pelops his Son is said to be a great Favourite of the Gods , because he did excel in beauty ▪ and had served some of them in presenting For that reason he is said to be bis pubescens . Ovid. Metam . unto them the Cup at a Supper ; therefore they restored him to life , and when he desired Hippodamia in Marriage , Neptunus furnisht him with four brave Horses , and a Chariot , to run for his Mistress with her cruel Father . He Myrtilus the son of Mercurius & of Cleobula . was m re happy than the former Wiers , by the treachery of Myrtilus the Coachman of Aenomaus ; for this Varlet being corrupted by the promises of Hippodamia , who desired passionately Pelops for her Husband , and by the perswasions of Pelops himself , he betrayed his Masters life , for which he was cursed by Oenomaus , Pelops promised that he should lie one night with Hippodamia of whom he was also in love but Pelops would never suffer him ▪ Hygin . Tit. Livius . when he was ready to expire . It happened afterwards as he had desired ; Myrtilus for a supposed crime was cast headlong from a high R●ck into the Sea , and left his name to the place . Thus the perfidious Myrtilus was rewarded by th se who did owe unto him their lives and satisfactions ; for it is usual to see Treasons in request , but Traytors were never beloved , nor trusted by any . That Roman Damosel that betrayed a gate of Rome to the Sabins , was buried alive under their Bucklers , by them who did detest her crime , although they did receive an advantage by it . Bajazet and Tamerlane did commonly execute Traytors , and hang them up with their rewards .

The Poets say , that this Oenomaus was so Pausanies . Lucian in Charidemo . cruel , as to kill twelve or thirteen young Gallants that came to seek his Daughter in Marriage ; for when he had ünhappily overcom● them in the Race , he did dispatch them out of his sight without mercy . Lucan Phars . lib. 6.

In running , it was his custome to throw at them his Lance , and kill them ; and that he might sooner overtake them , he did oblige them From hence the Prov. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an excellent Chariot . to carry ●ith them his Daughter Hippodamia in the Chariot . Pelops was more happy than the rest ; therefore the River Alpheus came out of his currant , to crown him with Lawrels after his Victory .

Some say she was the daughter of Phoroneus Giod Boccac . His Sister was Niobe ; she espoused Amphion , and of him had ten Sons ; some say seven , and as many Daughters ; but because she was so vain-glorious as to say Ovid. Metam . lib. 6. — Cur calitur Latona per aras ? Numen adhuc sine thuie meum est , &c. And Quoquo modo audetis g●ni●am Titanida Coeo Latonam praeferre mihi .

She was deprived of all her Children , the Men being massacred by Apollo , and the Maids by Diana , who left only Cloris alive . Some say , that her grief caused her to cast her self into the Sea , from a Rock that did bear her name , Ovid de Pont. lib 1. upon the Coast of Greece . Ovid calls her Mygdonia , because of her Image that did stand in the Town of Sipylus , in the Mount Mygdonia . N●nc quoque Mygdonia flebilis astat humo .

CHAP. XII . Of Atreus and Thyestes .

THese two Brethren have given occasion to many Tragedies , which proceeded from an irreconcilable hatred that they did bear to one another : For Thyestes having no other intent but to vex Atreus , defiled his Bed with Adultery and Incest , and then saved himself out of his reach . And Atreus surprized the sons of Thyestes , and got them all into his power : Then he sent unto him to invite him to a Feast , as if they had been to end all their differences , and reconcile themselves together . Thyestes perswaded with the desire of seeing his Children , came readily to the Feast : But when they were both risen from the Table , Atreus shewed unto him the sad Spectacle of their hands and heads chopt off , telling him also at the same time , that he had fed at supper only upon their flesh . The Poets say , that the Sun was eclipsed , and did return back towards its rising , that it might not behold such a detestable cruelty .

But as one Crime draws after it another ; it happened that Aegistus , the Bastard Son of Thyestes , who was reckoned amongst the Dead , because he had been cast away in a Wood , satisfied his Fathers vengeance , by spilling the blood of Atreus . This Aegistus was so named , because he had been brought up and nourished by Goats . He having therefore espoused his Fathers quarrel , he massacred Agamemnon , the Son of Atreus , at his return from the Siege of Troy , by the assistance of his Wife Clytemnestra , who had been perswaded to consent to the murder of her Husband .

We shall in another place take notice how Orestes revenged the death of his Father Agamemnon , in killing Aegistus , and Clytemnestra his own Mother , because she had been so perfidious and wicked as to imbrue her hands in her Husbands blood .

Addit . Not. Seneca in the Tragedy of Thyestes . The hatred of these two Brothers caused many horrid Villanies to be committed by them and their Children . Thyestes to displease and affront his Brother Atreus , debaucht his Wife Aerope , of whom he had two Bastards , Tantalus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , an angry conntenance . Lucian Prov. and Plistenes . When Atreus came to understand who was their Father , he caused them to be roasted , and given to Thyestes to eat , at a great banquet unto which he was invited . He found some way to escape out of it , and his Brothers power , and so departed to King Thesprotus ; and from him he went to Sicyone , where he had placed his Daughter Pelopia . He found her sacrificing to Minerva , and dancing about her Altar , but it happened that she had stained her cloaths with the blood of the Victim ; therefore in the night she went do vn to a River alone to wash them . Her Father Thyestes followed her , and got her with-child , but she secretly convey'd his Sword away . About that time ●t grievous Famine afflicted the Country , which the Sooth-sayers imputed to the cruelty of Atreus , advising him to be reconciled to his Brother . He hearkned to their counsel , therefore he went to seek him out in the Kingdom of Thesprotus , but meeting there with Pelopia , whom he thought to be the Kings Daughter , he desired her in marriage , and brought her to his home , where she was delivered of Aegistus : And because he was her Fathers Bastard , she desired that he might be cast away ; and that he might not live to reproach unto her her shame : But Atreus not knowing the mystery , caused him to be s●er●tly nourished with Agamemnon and Menelaus his children . It happened that in process of time , Atreus having surprized Thyestes consulting the Oracle of Apollo how to revenge himself , be sent unto him Aegistus to kill him ; but the Father disevered the Son by the Sword that his Daughter had stole from him near the River , and then stuck it into his Bowels , with a command to revenge his death , which was done by Aegistus ; for he kill'd Atreus whiles he was sacrificing , and rejoycing at the death of his Brother .

Giod . Boccac . lib. 1● . Geneal . de Gli Dei . The Poets 〈◊〉 inform us of the first cause of these Tragedies and fatal discords : They say it was because Pelops offered to drown Myrtilus , the Son of Mercurius ; therefore this God in revenge , kindled such flames of wrath and enmity in the breasts of his Sons , that they ceased not till they were both destroyed , with all their Generation .

CHAP. XIII . Of the Kings of Troy .

THe City of Troy hath been heretofore one of the most famous of Asia minor , as well for its largeness and riches , as for that Renowned War which it n annag'd against the Army of Greece . It was scituate in Phrygia , which is a Province stretching it self upon the Coast of the Aegean Sea , near unto the Hellespont , called now the River of Constantineple , over against the C●e●s●n●sus of Thracia , He was the son of the King of Corinth : when his elder Brother was dead , there was a dispute between him and his other Brother Jasius about the succession : part of the people did favour Dard ▪ and the other Jasius . Dard. with his favourites took shipping , and setled in Phrygia . Philostr . and the Island Tenedos , which was not far distant from it . The River Soamander , that proceeds from the Mount Ida , did run by the walls to joyn with the waters of the River Sim is ; both together do empty themselves into the Sea , near the Promontory called Sigeum

The first who built this City , and who commanded there in Chief , was Dardanius the Son of Electra and of Jupiter . When he had kill'd his Brother Jasius , he was forced to fly away , and secure himself in Phrygia , where he espoused the Daughter of King Teucer , with whom he joyntly reigned in that Country , which was sometimes named T●ucria , and sometimes Dardania : The City of Troy did also bear the same name . In the time that Moses left the leading of the People of Israel to Joshua , about 700 years before the building of the City of Rome , and 650 years after the first Foundations of the Assyrian Monarchy .

Dardanus left his Kingdom to his Son Erichthonius , who begot Tros : When he was possest of the Kingdom , he called the City Tros had War with Tantal . King of Phrygia , who took his son Ganimede prisoner , and sent him as a present to Jupiter King of Crete . This gave occasion to the Fable . Natal . Com. after his own name Troja , and the Country round about was named Troas .

This Tros had several sons , first Ganimedes , who was ravisht by Jupiter ; Assaracus the Father of Capys , of whom was Anchises the Favourite of Venus , who had by him Aeneas , born upon the banks of the River Simois : But the chief of his Children , and the Heir of his Crown was Ilus , who gave unto the City of Troy the name of Ilium , when he had mightily enriched it .

The truth is , Laomedon spoiled the Temples of Apollo and Nep●unus to build Troy . Natal . Com. de Neptuno . This sacriledg hath caused the Fable Menia Phoebe ● structa canore Lyne . Of Troy Ovid in Epist. Parid. Laomedon succeeded Ilus his Father ; it was ●e that built the walls of the City of Troy , by the assistance of Apollo and of Neptunus , as we have noted in the fifth Chapter of the former Book . He had promised unto them with an Oath a certain reward for their labour , but he was so unworthy afterwards as to refuse it , which caused them to afflict him with many diseases : So that to satisfie them he was forced to expose his own Daughter Hesione to be devoured of the Sea-Monsters . We have also taken notice how he treated with Hercules to deliver her from the danger , and how he dealt treacherously also with him , as he had done formerly with Neptunus and Apollo : But it proved the cause of his ruine ; for Hercules gathered together the Forces of his Friends , especially of Telamon the King of Salamis , and the Father of Ajax , and then besieged this Traytor Laomedon . He put him to death , and carried away all his wealth , with Hesione his Daughter , who was married to Telamon . His Son also was taken and made prisoner , but his Subjects redeemed him ; and therefore he was called Priam , which in Greek signifies a Redeemed .

When Priam saw himself established in the Kingdom , he began to enlarge his Dominions , and to render the City of Troy far more famous than ever it was before ; for he rebuilt all the walls , adorning them with Forts and Bastions , which were then called Pergama .

His Wives name was Hecuba , the Daughter of the King of Thracia ; she had by him several Children , Hector , Polites , Deïphobe , Helenus the Soothsayer , Troïlus , Paris , and Polydorus : Polyxene , Cassandra , and Creüsa were his Daughters : His Court and Palace were full of pomp and glory , and he lived in this prosperous estate many years : But at last he was so unhappy , as to behold with his own eyes the desolation and utter ruine of the City of Troy , that lasted only three hundred years . We shall see how this change came to pass .

Addit . Not. Laomedon had eight Children ▪ 〈…〉 Nec dum Laomedonteae sentis perjuria gent●s ? Virg. lib 4 Aeneid Daughters ; Lampus , Clitio , and 〈…〉 mentioned by Homerus ; 〈…〉 Priamus Antigone , and 〈…〉 remarkable . Their 〈…〉 perjury , that when any of 〈…〉 faithful , they are said to be 〈…〉 Laomedon .

Antigone had such a rare beauty , that she preferred her self to Juno , who changed her into a Stork .

Titonus was married to Aurora , of whom the brave Champion of Aegypt Memnon was born .

Creusa , Cassandra , Iliona , Laodicea , Licaste , Medisicasti , Polisena . Paris , Hector , Helenus Caonus , Troilus , Deiphobe , Polidorus , Licaon , Teucrus , &c. Priam succeeded his Father Laomedon : Of Hecuba he had nineteen Children . Whiles he remained in peace , and espoused not the quarrels of the Asian people against Greece , he prospered , and his Kingdom flourished mightily ; but when he engaged himself in the publick enmity of his Country , and suffered Paris to affront the Grecians , he brought upon himself and his Subjects utter ruine and destruction , as Herodotus takes notice . But of him hereafter .

CHAP. XIV . Of Paris .

WHen Hecuba was with-child of Paris , called otherwise Alexander , she dream't that she was bringing into the world a Firebrand , that should kindle the flames of War in the Country , and cause a general destruction in it .

For this cause , as soon as he was born , Priam delivered him into the hands of a Souldier , named Arch●laus , that he might cast him away in the Woods to be devoured of the wild beasts , and prevent the mischief that did threaten his Kingdom .

But the Mother seeing a Child so well shapt and beautiful , she was moved with compassion for it ; therefore she caused it to be secretly nourished by Shepherds in Mount Ida. This mean Education did not take from him the generous qualities and inclinations which he had borrowed from his Illustrious Birth , for in every occasion he did make a great Courage , Prudence , and Justice , Virtues worthy of a Prince , appear to the world . So that Juno , Pallas , and Venus , agreed to chuse him the sole Arbitrator and Judge of their Concerns , in a difference between them . This was the business , At the Nuptials of Peleus and Thesis , whiles these Goddesses were merry at the Feast , the Goddess of Discord cast into the middle of the Company a Golden Apple , with this Inscription ; For the fairest and most Beautiful . Each of these did claim it as their own ; and because they could not agree , they resolved to leave it to the judgment of Paris , who was corrupted with the charms of Venus , and with her promises ; for she had engaged to procure unto him the handsomest Lady of the World-Thus he despised the Riches of Juno , the Wisdom of Pallas , and pronounced his sentence in favour of Venus , therefore he provoked the wrath of these Goddesses against himself , and all his Nation .

After this , in a Meeting he declared who he was ; for the Nobles and Gentry of the Country being assembled near the City to see the sport of Wrastling , when every one did strive to express his strength and courage , he did also go forth , and laid upon the ground every one who ventured against him . Hector the Son of Priam did try his strength , and was also overcome . But this disgrace so inrag'd him against Paris , that he offered to kill him , for he esteemed him no better than a Country Clown . In his anger he had taken away his life , had not Paris , to prevent him , shewn unto him certain small Jewels which Queen Hecuba his Mother had delivered to his Tutor , and thereby declared unto him how he was his Brother .

King Priam that had admired his address and courage in the Combats , was ravisht with joy to understand of the preservation of such an excellent Son ; therefore he imbrac't him , brought him to his Palace , and gave him a unto Train suitable to his quality , for he had forgot how the Oracles had foretold , that he was to be the cause of the ruine of the Kingdom and Country .

And because he was full of generosity and valour , he could not rest satisfied with the enjoyment of the pleasures of the Court : Therefore he caused a Fleet of twenty Ships to be made ready to sail into Greece , and to demand his Aunt Hesione , carried away by Hercules , and married to Telamon : But his design was rather upon Helena , the Sister of Castor and Pollux , mentioned in the fourth Chapter , and who had been given in Marriage to Menelaus , King of Sparta , a City in the Peloponnesus . He set sail and landed at Sparta , where Menelaus , perswaded by the intrigues Venus , who had put Paris upon this enterprise , received him with all expressions of kindness and civility . And when his affairs did require his presence in Crete , he left him at his Palace in his absence : But the affection of this King was requited with a most notable Treason ; for Paris having secretly made friendship with Helena , when he saw such a favourable opportunity , he departed with her into Asia , and carried her to Troy ; although Herodotus saith the contrary . But Dares and Dictys , two Writers of that time , who were present at the Siege of Troy , do confirm this Relation .

King Priam was glad of this action , not only because of the hard usage that he had received from the Greeks during his captivity amongst them , and because they had cruelly spoiled this City in the Reign of his Father Laomedon ; but also because he did hope by this means to recover out of their hands his Sister Hesione .

Addit . Not. It was the custom of the Heathens , when any strange accident did happen , to consult the Oracles , and to enquire from them what to do . When Priam understood his Wives dream , he sent also to take advice from the Oracle , who informed him , that the Child would be the cause of the Countries ruine . To prevent this mischief , he was designed for the slaughter , as soon as he should come into the world ; but Providence , and his Mothers compassion , saved him , and sent him to Mount Ida , to the Kings Shepherd , Nevertheless Ovid saith , Bella gerant a●i tu Pari semper ama . where he was brought up as his Son . He proved as valiant as he was handsome , but vice overcame his generous disposition . He had two sons by Aenone , a Nympb of Mount Ida , Daphnis and Ideas , who were as obscure as their Father was famons . He was at first Renowned for his Justice and civil behaviour ; but the pleasures of the Court , and the sudden change of his condition , altered his temper and carriage so , that when Menelaus had received him with all Con miaguida ●aduliero Trojano . Espugno Sparta ▪ & Chebbe in suo potere . Gio. Boccac . Geneal . de gli Dei . l. 3. expressions of kindness , he rewarded him with ungratitude ; he debaucht his Queen , rifled his Palace , plundered the City of Argos , and carried all away Captive , with Helena , and with her two Ladies of Honour , Ethra and Pisadia . The Greeks did revenge this affront and unjustice by a most bloody War , in which almo●t all the Children of Priam were kill'd , and Paris also was mortally wounded by Philoctetes , with the venomous Arrows of Hercules , which had been dipt in the blood of the Hydra in a single fight . Oenone his first Wife laboured to cure him , but all her endeavours were in vain . After his death , she had so much love for her unfaithful Husband , as to cast her self in the flames which did consume his Body .

CHAP. XV. Of the Grecians Preparations against Troy .

AGamemnon , the King of Mycene , a Kingdom of the Peloponesus , near Argos , was mightily concerned for the disgrace of Menelaus ; because , as we have said in the twelfth Chapter , they were Brethren , the sons of Atreus , therefore they were named Atrei● .

This was the cause that oblig'd him to acquaint the Princes of Greece with this notable affront , which all the Nations had received .

They all agreed to consult about this business , in two general Assemblies ; which were to meet in Sparta , and in Argos . It was there resolv'd , that they should join all their forces together under the leading of Agamemnon to revenge this disgrace , and that they should oblige themselves solemnly by Oath not to forsake the war , until the men of Troy would submit to Reason .

Some of them were unwilling to ingage themselves in this war , Vlysses the Son of ●●ertes and King of 〈◊〉 and of Dulichia , two small Islands of the Ionian Sea , was one of them . He could scarce forsake his Dear Wife , Penclope , of whom he had a Son named Telemachus : His tender affection for her was a tie sufficient to keep him at home : For that reason he did counterfeit a Mad man , ane did joyn two ridiculous creatures to a plow driving them upon the Sea-shore , which he had sown with salt instead of corn . But as he was both brave and wise in feats of war , the Grecians would not depart without him . Therefore Palamedes undertook to discover his Knavery , by means of his young Son , whom he had got out of the hands of Penclope ; for he laid him down in the way by which the plow was to pass , when Vlysses perceiv'd it , he turn'd a little aside , for fear of touching the Babe , by this means Palamedes discovered , that he was mad but in appearance out of a design , therefore he was forc'd to take another resolution . Afterwards in the heat of the Siege of Troy he reveng'd himself upon Palamedes for this discovery , producing supposed Letters from Priam against him to perswade the Greeks that he had a design to betray the Army , therefore he was stoned by the Souldiers

There was no small difficulty to get also Achilles , the Son of Peleus , and of the Goddesse Thetis . The Destinies had publish't , that Troy could never be taken without the assistance of this invincible Captain , from his Infancy ; Thesis had put him in the hands of Patrocles his friend and kinsman , that he might study under Chiron the Centaure , a most accomplished person , not only in Physick and in Musick , but also in all other Sciences and Arts required to render a man fit for great undertakings . Instead of milk and other ordinary food , he did suffer him to eat nothing but the marrow of Lyons , and of wild Beasts , that the courage and strength of these Animals might by that means be nourished in him ; from hence it is according to the judgment of some that he is named Achilles , because being fed in this manner without any common Ab à privativa and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 diet he had no Children . Afterwards Thesis carried him into Hell to dip him in the River Styx that he might be invulnerable all over his He led an Army of Myrmidones to Troy . body , except his heel , which she held in her hand , and which was not dipt : with all this precaution she could not be freed from apprehension ; when the Greek Princes were to meet at the Rendezvous of the Army . Therefore she sent him to the Court of King Lycomides in the habit of a Girl : whiles he did there live as a young Lady , he fell in love with the fair Deianira , of whom , he had a Son named Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus : notwithstanding Vlisses found him out , for when he came to the Palace of Lycomedes , carrying with him several pretty things for the young Ladies of the Court ; he had amongst them beautiful Armes , of which Achilles being led by nature , took hold and so discovered himself : when therefore he could not be freed from going with the rest to the War ; Thesis desired Vulcan to make him such defensive Armes as might not be pierced , to render him more secure in the midst of dangers .

The Haven of Aulis in Beocia over against the Island of Euhoea , now named Negrepont was the Rendezvous of all the Army ; but they were many years in preparing all things necessary for so great a design , for the Fleet was no less than twelve or thirteen hundred Ships . And at last there happened an unfortunate accident that put a stop to the Voyage . Agamemnon the General of the Army had kill'd by chance when he was in Hunting , a Doe belonging to Diana : This Goddess to revenge her self , caused a fearful Plague to spread in the Army and destroy great multitudes of Souldiers : The Oracles informed them ▪ that there was no other way to stop the increasing Evil , and to appease the Wrath of this Goddess , but to spill upon the Altar the blood of Agamemnon . Vlisses understanding the meaning of this Language , employed his cunning to cause the Daughter of this unfortunate Prince by name Iphigenia to come into the Camp . We may easily imagine in what affliction he was in , to see his own Chi d whom he tenderly loved with an extreame affection to be led to the slaughter : when the Throat of this Princess was ready to be ●ut , Diana had pitty of her , and of her Fathers grief , and therefore she put in her place a she Goat to serve for a Victime and transported this young Lady into her Temple at Tauris in Scythia , recommending her to the keeping of her great Priest Thoas , and appointing her to wait upon her Altars . After this , all things succeeded well , and the Voyage proved happy untill they arrived at Troy , only Telephus King of Misia endeavoured to hinder their passage , but he was soon put to flight being desperately wounded with the Lance of Achilles . The Oracle informed him , that the only means to appease his grief and the only remedy to his Wounds was to be sought from the Lance that had made them . Therefore he laboured to ingratiate himself with Achill s , who having been instructed by the great Physitian Chiron knew how to cure him , he sent unto him a Remedy , in which , there was some of the rust of the Spere which had wounded him .

Herodotus informes us , that this expedition against Troy did proceed from an old grudge that the Grecians had against the Asians People which did encourage them to offer affronts to one another . This was the true cause of the Voyage of Hercules and of his fellow Worthies against Laomedon : In revenge , Paris stole away the Pearl of beauty from the Grecians . They in requital did besiege and sack Troy : Darius and Xerxes the two Emperours of Asia made an i●rode into Graecia to revenge the injuries received from the Inhabitants of his Kingdoms : many excellent Commanders and stout Souldiers were met together in this Army of Greece . Palamedes was famous for his inventions ▪ He was an expert Engineer , a Learned Mathematician , Mensuras & pondera invenit Phidion Argivus , aut Palamedes , ut Ma-Jeuit Gellius . Plin. Lib. 7. Chap. 56. a witty Astrologer , and a wise Councellor : Philostrates ascribes to him the invention of money , of Sun-dials , of weights , and measures , and of many other useful things ; he was the Son of Nauplius Prince of Euboea , mightily envied by Ulisses , for whil'st he lived , the latter had little respect shewed unto him , by his calumnies he rendred him odious to Agamemnon , and then in the absence of Achilles he caused him to be stoned to death , and to be proclaimed , that none should offer to bury him : Achilles and Ajax , notwithstanding this prohibition , put him in the ground , and for his sake , would not assist the Graecians for a while .

He is called by Homer , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifie his cunning , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & sanguine cretu● Si●yphio . Ulysses was the Son of Anticlia , the Daughter of Antholycus , when she was going to Prince Lacrtes to whom she had been promised in Marriage , the famous Robber Sisyphus ravish't her and begot Ulysses , as Ajax saith in the Metam . of Ovid. l. 13. He was not willing to accompany the Greeks in this expedition , because the Oracles had foretold unto him the dangers that he was to run , and the dfficulty of a return : Therefore he did prefer the company of his sweet Penelope to the glory of a famous Victory for which he was to pay so dear . Achilles also fore-seeing that he should end his dayes before Troy , hid himself in the Court of King Lycomedes , in the Island of S●yro ; But the latter was discovered by Ulysses as he had been by Palamedes : Now the reason which did oblige the Grecians to get Achilles with them , is because the Oracle had declared , that it was impossible for them to overcome unless they had in their Army one of the race of Aeacides , the Arrowes and Bowes of Hercules , and unless they did get into their possession the Horses of Rhesus before they did drink of the River Scamander .

The Trojans had likewise three conditions proposed unto them , upon which did depend the preservation of their City from ruine : The first was the keeping of the Palladium , or the Image of Pallas . The next was , the life of Troilus the Son of Priam. The last was , whiles the Sepulcher of Laomedon did remain untoucht upon the Gate Scaea . Troilus was kill'd by Achilles , the Palladium was stolen by Ulysses , and the Army of Rhesus defeated by Diomedes , and Ulysses ▪ so that the Destinies had appointed the taking of Troy .

CHAP. XVI . Of the Siege of the City of Troy .

WHen the Greeks were set down before this strong Place , they found , a greater resistance than they had imagined . King Priam had furnished himself with all things necessary for a long Siege , and Memnon one of their best Commanders of his time , had brought unto him valiant compagnies of Souldiers from the King of Assyria . * * Justin . Lib. 2. And Penthesilea Queen of the Amazons was already arrived with a powerful assistance : Besides Rhesus King of Thracia , and Sarpedon the Son of Jupiter King of Lycia , were in their March with a design to joyn with him against ●he Greeks . Also the men of Troy did rep●s● a great deal of trust in their Palladium , which was the Statue of Minerva fallen from Heaven ; and upon which all their fatallity , 〈◊〉 the event of this War did depend ; for 〈◊〉 Oracles had Proclaimed , that they 〈…〉 ver be overcome by their Enemies 〈…〉 could keep it amongst them . The 〈…〉 since been said to the Romans 〈…〉 their Ancile , a little Buckler 〈…〉 fell down from Heaven in the 〈…〉 Num● Pompilius . But the grea●●●●●●rt of the Gods were their enemies , as Homerus informes us ; for when they were all met together Scamander is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . before Jupiter to consult about this business they could never agree , their Disputes were so hot , that there was at first cause to imagine , that they would end in a personal The young Damsels were wo●t to wash in t●●s River before Marriage , saying unto it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . fight . Apollo did oppose Neptunus , Minerva was against Mars , Diana against Juno , Mercurius fell out with Latona , and the God Scamander called otherwise Xanthus was against Vulcan .

Now this Scamander seeing Achilles destroying the Country round about Troy and the current of his River stopt with the heaps of dead Corps's , he in his rage joyned himself to his next Neighbour Simois , with an intent to dround Achilles : They both met so opportunely , that they had already surrounded him with their waters ; and he had Homer Il. 21. infallibly perisht there , had not Ju●● dispatcht away Vulcan in haste to his assistance . This 〈◊〉 himself in a rage , with violent Lucian . flames 〈◊〉 his hand upon the poor Scaman 〈◊〉 ●nd consumed most part of his waters .

〈◊〉 memorable Siege lasted many years , 〈◊〉 it proved fatal to both parties . 〈◊〉 of the great Commanders lost their 〈◊〉 but some of them did deserve a renown 〈◊〉 hath perpetuated their names and me●●ries to all Ages .

Next to Agamemnon , and Menelaus , * * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Homer . Achilles ●as one of the most remarkable for his va●●r , and his other excellent qualities . Paro ●es his Favourite was a noted Captain , as also Id men●us the Son of Deucalion , Ajax the Son of Telamon , and Ajax the Son of Oil●us King of Locres , who was very swift in running , and excellent in handling bow and arrows and the lance . Schelenus the Diomedes wounded Venus , she in revenge made his wife a whore , so that he would not return home , but settled i● Italy , where he built a City now called Benevento , ofter his death his people were metamorphised into strange birds ▪ named Cetaractes , they ●ly away from a wicked man , but cherish the good especially the Greeks , see Plin lib. 2. c. 〈◊〉 . Son of Capaneus was noted for his courage , as also his intimate friend Diomedes King of Ae●ol●a , and Son of Tydeus mentioned before , he was not like that cruel Diomedes the King of Thracia , who was slain by Hercules , for he was both gracious and valiant , he did march to the fight as quick as the thunder bursts out of a cloud , or as a Torrent that tumbles down a steep Mountain , as Homer informs us ; none but Achilles and Ajax the Son of Telamon did go before him in the reputation of a great Commander ; for Vlysses , he did excel more in cunning than in courage , he did invent all manner of Stratagems of war aganist the enemies .

* * He is called , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sweet mouth'd He was the Son of Neleus King of Pylos Hercules restored unto him his Kingdom , because of his justice Hygin . ch . 10. & Pausan . Nestor was three hundred years old , he was nevertheless very useful by his wise counsels and by his eloquence , for he did insinuate himself into the minds of his auditors so pleasantly , as if honey had droped from his mouth with his words . Agamemnon had such an high esteem of him , that he did often say , That if there were but ten such as Nestor in his Army , the City of Troy could not have made so long a resistance . They wanted no kind of Persons in this Siege , for the carrying 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Homer . on of their design . They had Catchus and Euripilus two experienced Soothsayers , who did inform them of the time to come , that they might make provision accordingly . They had also a learned Physitian by name Macaon , the Son of Esculapius , who did heal all sorts of discases , and Epeus a witty Engineer , who invented several Engines of war ; particularly , that which was called the great Ram , or the Horse with which the enemies did anciently batter down the walls of a besieged City . There was also an ill shap'd Fellow amongst them named Thersites , whose mind was as full of evil qualities , as his body was deformed with ill-favoured features . He was the greatest Coward in the Army , yet had the confidence to oppose all the ablest and stoutest Commanders . Achilles was one day so enraged against him , that he knock'd him down and kill'd him with a blow of his fist .

The first of the Grecians army , who landed , when they were arrived in the Province of Troas was Prothesilaus . Hector cast him He is stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he was swift in running ▪ dead to the Ground with a blow of his lance . His wife Laodimia requested this favour from the gods to comfort her in her violent affliction , onely to see again the Shadow of her deceased husband , which was granted , but when she offer'd to embrace it , she fell down dead .

There were many slain and much blood spilt in the frequent sallies of the besieged . Troïlus one of the Sons of Priam ventured out against Achilles , though he were very young , but he was unhappily killed by him his death did mightily afflict the Trojans , because the Oracle had promised , that the City should never be taken whilst he did live . His elder Brother Hector reveng'd his death by the cruel slaughter of a multitude of Greeks with which he did encounter . So that the besieged did often say that he alone This Ajax was the Prince of Salamis called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Bulwark of the Greeks , because he was big and high and rendred invulnerable by the prayers of Hercules who put upon him his Lyons skin and desired Jupiter that he might not be subject to wounds only under his Arms see Pindar in Od. Iishm . Ajax and many Worthies were buried . Afterwards there happened a very hot dispute between Vlisses and Ajax the Son of Telamon , about the Armes and Weapons of Achilles . Ajax did pretend that they did belong to him ; not only for his Deserts and for his Valor , but also because he was near allied in blood to Achilles . Nevertheless , Vlysses knew so well how to perswade his Judges who were the Commanders of the Graecians Army by his extraordinary Eloquence , that they gave them to him ; which put Ajax in such a fury that he became mad . In this condition he ran into an Herd of Swine , and fancying these beasts to be Agamemnon , Menelaus and the rest of his Judges : he endeavoured to destroy them .

But when he came to understand his gross mistake , he killed himself with the Sword that Hector had given him , verifying the Greek Proverb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Gifts of Enemies are unhappy . Hector had been also tyed & drag'd upon the Buckler that this Ajax had exchanged with him for his Sword .

When Achilles was dead , the Beseiged began to take courage and to express their joy , but it lasted not long : for Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles being arrived from Greece , succeeded his Father in all his offices , and he had no less success in the encounters although he was yet very young ? He revenged his Death upon the Trojans in many Battels , in one of them he killed the Traitor Paris . Others say that it was Philactetes who wounded him mortally with one of the poisoned Arrowes of Hercules .

At last the besieged were so unhappy as to see their Palladium , upon which the safety of their Citty did depend , stolen and carried away privately , by Vlysses and Diomedes . Which caused King Priam to capitulate with the Greeks , so that he came to an agreement , but he had no mind to restore Helena who had been married to Deiphobus another of his Children , after the death of Paris .

Aeneas and Antenor were commissioned to treat with the Enemy . They concluded a Peace for a certain summ of money , and for a certain quantity of Provisions which the Trojans were to furnish the Greeks for their return home .

Dardanus Iliace primus pater urbis & Author . Virgil. The City of Troy being first built by Dardanus and called from him Dardanida , was afterwards enlarged by Ilus his successor and named Ilion , or Ilium . This Prince made his prayer to the gods , that they would vouchsafe unto him some signe by which he might understand whether or no they did approve of his building this City ; Immediately at his word there fell down from above , the Palladium , which was an Image of three Cubits long , was able to destroy the Enemies Army .

In the mean while the love of women did This Apollo is named by Homer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he did put his enemies to ●light and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 light ; because he brings light into the world or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Wolfe , because he was adored in the image of a wolfe in Aegypt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hom. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 S●mmusque dies Hectoris idem patrioeque fuit . Homer calls him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . more prejudice to the Grecians of the weapons of the Trojans , for when Agamemnon did entertain the daughter of a Priest of Apollo , he drew a grievous plague into the Army , which did destroy many until Achilles caused her to be sent home to her Parents to appease the displeasure of this god by the advice of the Soothsayer Calchas . This action did mightily vex Agamemnon , who to revenge himself upon Achilles took from him a certain Briseis otherwise named Hyppodamia , the Daughter of Chryses , for this cause Achilles refused to go out to fight or to assist his companions .

But when it happened that Patrocles had taken upon him , the armes of Achilles to encounter Hector , and having not his strength and excellent qualities , Hector run him through with a lance , and cast him dead to the ground . Achilles being very much afflicted , for the misfortune of his intimate friend , therefore to revenge it he returned again to the Camp with other arms , which Vulean had newly made for him . At the first opportunity he went cut to meet Hector , kill'd him , and having tyed his body to his Chariot , he dragg'd it three times round about the City , and about the Tomb of Patrocles , and afterward sold it to his Father Priam that he might bury it according to the custome .

This death of Hector did terrefie the besieged , but they were much more afrighted , when they saw Penthisliea the Queen of the Amazons killed also by Achilles , and all her Companiors either cut in pieces or drowned by Diomedes in the water of Scamander .

Memnon thought to have repaired these losses by the slaughter of the enemies . The Trojans did look upon him , as their greatest Bulwark , but he was very dangerously wounded by Ajax the Son of Telamon , and afterwards he was kill'd by Achilles in a single fight . We have already taken notice in the tenth chapter of the first Book , how his mother Aurora was afflicted for him , and how he was metamorphised into a Bird.

When Queen Hecuba saw Memnon dead and the stoutest of her Children killed by Achilles , she saught how she might revenge herself upon him . Paris promis'd to give her satisfaction , for that purpose he dealt treacherously with Achilles , and perceiving that he was in love with Polyxena his Sister , he gave him some hopes of marrying her ; Therefore he appointed him a meeting in the Temple of Apollo to discourse about this business , but when Achilles was most secure Paris with an arrow wounded that mortal part of his feet , which had not been dipt in the River Styx .

This death did mightily trouble the Graecians , who raised for him a Tomb upon the Promontary of Sigaeum , where also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Homer Il. 20. holding in one hand a Lance , and in the other a spindle with a distaff . The Statue did no sooner touch the Earth , but it began to march in the presence of the King : The Oracle afterwards did inform him , that Troy should never be taken nor destroyed whil's that remained safe . Ulysses and Diomedes stole secretly into the Citadel of Troy through a gutter , and carried away the Palladium , afterwards Aeneas transported it into Italy , where it was committed to the keeping of the Vestal Virgins .

He was the son of the River Stygmon and of the muse Euterpe or of Eioneus as Homer saith .

Philostrat in Protesiliao

Priam was assisted by many powerful neighbors , Rhesus came with a great Army to raise the Seige , but Diomedes and Ulysses were dispatched to meet him , in the way they put to flight his men , and killed him , but after his death he was reverenced as a Hero in his Country , and Altars were erected to him , unto which the Poets do say that the Wilde Beasts of their own accord did come to be sacrificed . He was in his life mightily addicted to the sport of hunting , for that reason they did offer unto him after his Death , Wilde Beasts .

* *

He was called ●●ppus by the Aegiptians .

Pausan where he was killed the Poets do say that a Fountain sprung up which yeilded drops of blood every year on the day of his death Nat ▪ Com.

Memnon was one of the chief Officers , and Generals of Theutamus King of Persia , who sent his succors to assist Priam his Vassal against the Greeks . He gave order to Memnon Viceroy of Ethiopia , to march thither with ten thousand Ethiopians and other Souldiers : but he was slain by Achylles for killing Antilochus the son of Nestor .

Sarpedon the Son of Jupiter and of Hippodamia the Daughter of Bellerophon , or as some say of Jupiter and of Europa , was at the Siege of Troy , with his Kinsman Glaucus the Son of Hyppolochus the Son also of Bellerophon , he was killed by Patroclus .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Hom. 15. 11. It is needless to mention all the Commanders of both parties . Homer gives a sufficient account of them and of their habitations . Antilochus deserves to be reckoned amongst the most famons and generous Worthies , for his love to his Father and for his resolution . He was the Pindar . youngest of all the Greeks , a great Favourite of Achilles , when his Father was ready to be

Ovid saith otherwise in Penelop ad Vlyss . Sive qui● Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore victum ▪ &c.

Creta or Candia was call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because there was in it an hundred Cities : now there is but thre● , Candia , Canea or Cidon from whence are the Mala Cidonia , quinces , the third is Rethymo Gnosus was the Metropolis in the time of Minos , scituate upon Mount Ida now called Philoi●ri .

kill'd by Memnon , Antilochus stept in between them , and received in his breast the mortal blow , that was intended against the Old man . Achilles revenged his death at the request of Nestor .

We must not forget to say something more of Idoneus the Grandchild of Minos and of Deucalion his Successor in the Kingdome of Candia : He brought a stout Army of Candians to Troy , and did many brave actions worthy of a Stout Commander . When Troy was taken he was appointed to separate the spoils and allot unto every one his portion . His Kingdom was full of excellent Archers trained up in this exercise from their infancy , for the mothers did seldom give any victuals to their childred every day , until they had fixt an arrow in a mark , as big as a shilling , at a considerable distance . The Inhabitants of the Islands Baleares , now Majorca and Minorca , were excellent slingers , their children were wont also to deserve their break-fast by hitting the mark with a stone out of a sling .

CHAP. XVII . Of the taking and of the ruine of the City of Troy .

THe Peace which the Greeks had concluded with the Trojans , was but a Cheat to surprise them with less difficulty . When they raised the Seige they pretended to leave behind them a Present for Minerva , to appease her wrath , as if they had displeased her by stealing away and profaning the Palladium : for that purpose they caused a woodden Horse of a prodigious bigness to be made . In the belly of it , they place a great many of the stoutest , and of the ablest Souldiers of the Army , as Virgil saith , and left it before the Walls of the City , when they rise to be gone , but they retreated only as far as the Island of Tenedos , staying there to see the successe of their enterprise .

The besieged did immediately go out of their City , where they had been shut up so long ( they visit all the quarters of the Greeks Army . They admire this Great Horse of Wood. At last they deliberate to know whether they should carry it into their City . Some are of that mind , others are jealous of it , amongst the rest Laocoon cast his lance at it , for which deed the gods did seem to punish him , for they sent two fearful Serpents , to kill him and his two children , which afterwards went to the Statue of Pallas ; and there they rested . This accident caused them all to resolve to drag and carry this wooden engine into the City .

They were far more eager when they heard the Relation and Discourse of a certain Sinon , a fellow taught for this purpose by Vlysses , and taken as a spy ; He did tell them , that when the Fleet was ready to set sail towards Greece . The gods had demanded a Grecian to be sacrificed to them , that the voyage might be prosperous , and that Vlysses his mortal enemy having caused the lot to fall upon him , he was forced to run away and hide himself . Thus persisting in his dissimulation , he did tell them that the design of the Greeks was to reconcile themselves to the goddess Pallas , therefore they had dedicated unto her this Horse , which they had caused to be made so big , that it might not enter within the walls of the City , and that the Trojans might not make use of it to their advantage , and to the prejudice of the Greeks .

This Discourse removed oūt of their minds all jealousy and suspition , and caused them to resolve to break down a part of the Wall to carry in this great Horse . Every one imployed himself in this work with all their power , and then they departed to drink , to dance , and to make merry , until the evening , and until they were all overcome with a deep sleep .

When Sinon saw all things in this posture he opened the belly of the Horse to let out the Souldiers , who had been there shut in and then he lighted a fire to give notice to the Army which did hasten back again without noise . The Greeks entered by the breach that had been lately made in the wall and soon dispersed themselves into every part of the City to burn and plunder it .

Pyrrhus went directly to the Kings Pallace to revenge his Fathers death , he did there massacre Priamus and one of his Sons Polites before the altar of Jupiter , and then he caused the throat of Polyxena to be cut as a sacrifice to the soul of his Father , who had loved her . He spared the life of Andromache the wife of Hector , and carried her into Greece , where he had by her a Son named Molossus , who since hath been King of part of Epirus , unto which he left his name .

Cassandra was ravisht by Ajax of Locres although she did embrace the Statue of Pallas to save her self ; but Agamemnon kept her alive and in his service because of her rare qualities .

Menelaus received Helena again as his Wife after that he had stobb'd * * He was betrayed to Menelaus by Helena , his nose & ears were cut off , and afterwards he was massacred by the Greeks . See Virg. 6. Aeneid . Helena crater A Merry Cup. from her tears sprung up the herb Helenium or Helicampane Deiphobus who had married her . Hecuba fell to the lot of Vlysses , and Helenus a Son of Priam , who was a Prophet , was preserved by Pyrrhus from whom he received many other civilities , because he had hindred him from embarking himself in a Ship , whereof he had foretold the Shipwrack .

Some did also endeavour to save the life of little Astyamax the Son of Hector . His mother Andromache had won the consent of all the Commanders of the Army by her tears and s pplication only Vlysses excepted , who prevailed so much upon them , that he was condemned to die , and to be cast headlong from the top of a Tower , for fear , as he said , that he should undertake one day to revenge the death of his Father . This was not the true reason , that perswaded him to this cruelty , but onely a blind passion had oblig'd him to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it ; for if that reason had been the cause , why did they not put to death Helenus the Son of Priam , who was able to do as much mischief , and yet he was preserved alive .

All these miseries with the burning of the City of Troy happened after ten years siege , about three hundred years after that it had been built by Dardanus . This Story is very Dictis was of Crete and Dares a Phrygian . true , although it be mingled with Fables , and that Dictis and Dares two Historians of that time have made no mention of the Souldiers , who were shut into this great wooden Horse ; that had been left by the Greeks before the City of Troy .

Nothing remains to this Relation but only the knowledge of the adventures of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 He did entertain Serpents , who did feed at his table . In the hot countries , as in Italy and Barbary Snakes do commonly run about the houses , eat the crumbs of bread and hunt after Cats , as our Cats . The Moors have no other Cats to devour their Mice . The truth is that Agamemnon fell in love with the prisoner of Ajax , Cassandra , and took her aw● by force , therefore he fled away in a little boat , and was drown in a tempestuous Sea . some of the Commanders of the Greeks and Trojans in their Voyages after the destruction of the City , for the understanding of the Poets .

We have already taken notice how Ajax of Locres , had ravish'd Cassandra in the presence of the Statue of Pallas , unto which she had fled for protection . This goddess punish'd him for so great an insolency , when he was at Sea , in his return homewards , for she having obtained from Jupiter , the favour of disposing of his tempests and thunderbolts but once , she employed them in rendring the Sea tempestuous , and in burning the Ships of Ajax to drown him . Nevertheless he saved himself by swimming to the next Rocks , upon which he climbed and in a rage against the gods he did declare , that he would free himself from this danger , onely by his strength maugre all the gods which words when Neptunus had heard h● broke off the top of the Rock , on which h● stood with his trident , and tumbled it into the Sea , so that he was there drowned , bu● Thetys being moved with compassion for him she took him and buried him upon the Sea shore with her own hands .

Nauplius the Son of Neptunus and Amymone the Daughters of Danaus King of Argos , endeavoured to revenge himself upon the Greeks by perswading their wives at home to make them cuckolds in their absence , and when the Army returned he caused many ships to run a ground upon his Island killing all that came into his power . Nauplius also was very much displeased at the Commanders of the Army , because they had unjustly condemned his Son Palamedes to death by the perswasions of Vlysses , therefore he caused many fires to be kindled on the top of Caphereus in the Island of Eueboa over against Hellespont , that the Fleet might bend their course that way , and run against the Rocks of the Sea-shore , but his design did not succced according to his expectation , for Vlysses and Diomedes sailed another way .

When Idomeneus one of the valiantest Commanders of the Army was ready to be shipwrackt , he engaged himself by a vow to Neptunus to sacrifice unto him , the first thing that he should meet with , when he should enter into the borders of his Country , if he would deliver him from the present danger . He was so unhappy , as to see his own Son first , and when he went about to sacrifice him according to his promise , he was opposed by the people of his country , who would not suffer so great an inhumanity committed amongst them . Some say that he did according to his wicked vow , offer his Son to Neptunus , and that for this inhumanity , he was banisht by his Subjects into Italy .

Addit . Notes . There were several other famous men in the Siege of Troy not mentioned in this place , Polydamas and Euphorbns the children of Panthus Hom. Il. 18. a Trojan , were great Commanders , valiant in fight , and wise in Counsels . Pythagoras in Ovid. saith that his Soul had been formerly that of Euphorbus , who had been killed by Menelaus . Ovid ▪ metamor ▪ l. 19 ▪ Morte carent animae , semperque priore relicta . Sede , novis domibus vivunt , habitantque receptae & postea . Ipse ego nam memini Trojani tempore belli Panthoides Euphorbus eram , cui pectori quondam Haesit in adverso gravis Hasta minoris Atridae .

It is not posible to describe perfectly the miseries and dreadful image of a City surprised by an Enemy . Virgil represents the burning of Troy in verse . but Nero caused it to appear more lively in the burning of Rome , which he kindled for this purpose .

The poor Inhabitants of this unhappy City had no good Quarter granted them . When Priamus their Prince with his Sons were cruelly murdered without any respect to their qualities Some relate the Story of Hecuba otherwise ●irca ruinas ●●●da latra●● suas Troja ●●rses Hecu●● Seneca . and age , and in the holiest places . Hecuba outlived all these calamaties of her people , and was transported into Greece , where Ulysses , whose life she had spared , caused her to be stoned to death , but her Ghost haunted and disturb'd him for this great ingratitude . The Poets say , that she was metamorphised into a Bitch , that barks continually , because in her life she never ceast from bawling and cursing the Greeks , who had butchered all her Relations . Some say , that she was drowned in the Sea , not far from See Auson in in his Epitaphes . Oeuboea , therefore it was called Cynaeum , because she was said to be transformed into a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Barking Dog .

Helena returned with her Husband to Sparta , where she lived until he died . She being afterwards banisht by the Sons of Menelaus , Var. Hist. cap. 13. fled to Rhodes to Queen Polixena her old acquaintance , who suffered her to be hang'd on a Tree for her infamous and wicked life .

CHAP. XVIII . Of the Adventures of Agamemnon and of Orestes his Son , after the Siege of Troy .

His head and face was like Jupiter , his shoulders were like those of Mars , and his breast like Neptunes , Hom. Il. 2 WHen Agamemnon was returned from the Wars , with the Crowns and Laurels of his Victories , he found more dangerous enemies at home , than abroad : For his Wife Clytemnestra , who had shamefully dishonoured herself by incest with Aegistus in the absence of her husband , help'd to ensnare and murder him as we have seen in the twelfth Chapter of this books

Cassandra who came with Agamemnon from Troy forewarned him of the danger , and during the Voyage did continually advertise him of the misfortune that waited for him at home . But this Prophetess , who had received from Apollo the gift of prophesying the things to come was never credited , because she had offended this god by her unfaithful dealing , therefore ( he punish'd her with this disgrace , that no body should believe what she said , but rather the contrary .

Orestes did mightily concern himself for the massacre of his Father , therefore in revenge of this inhumanity , he put Aegistus and his mother Clytemnestra the Actors of it , to death , and although he did seem to have just cause to proceed in this manner , the Furies , that is the remorsc of Conscience , did continually torment him , and disturb his thoughts , representing unto him the foulnesse of a Sons crime , who stob'd his own Mother .

He could no longer endure this torment of his mind , when he went to consult the Oracle , who inform'd him , that the only remedy to his troubled Conscience was to undertake a Voyage as far as Scythia Taurica to the Temple of Diana , and to steal from thence the Statue of the goddess , and to bring it into Greece .

According to this advice , he went with his Dear Friend , Pylades , the Son of King Strophius , who had alwayes lived with him , and run the same dangers , and espoused the same quarrels . Pylades continued his kindness to him in this occasion , and expressed it , by venturing with him in this Voyage

The Law of the Countrey did condemn all Strangers , who were found within the borders of the Province to be sacrificed upon the Altar of Diana , unto whom nothing but humane Victimes were offered . Orestes and Pylades , were taken and presented to Thoas the High Priest , who commanded there as a Sovereign Prince . He condemned but one of the two to death , which caused a hot dispute between Orestes and Pylades , for either of them was willing to lay down his life to save his friend's . The lot fell upon Orestes , therefore he was given to the keeping of Iphigenia , who was the She-Priest of Diana . But it happened that she quickly knew and acknowledged her brother . Afterwards they resolved both to run away and to free themselves from the eminent peril , by killing the inhumane Butcher Thoas , which they found an opportunity to accomplish , at the same time Pylades came to them , and all three together fled away with speed , with the Statue of Diana , which they hid in a bundle of Sticks , therefore she was afterwards named * * She was called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because she was bound up in a bundle of willow branches , unto this Diana the Lacedemònians did offer humane sacrifices , which custome Lycur●u● altered , causing the Maids and youths to be whipt onely until the blood did come , which they sprinkled upon her Altar . Plutarch . Diana fascelis .

In this manner Orestes returned happily again into Greece having freed himself from the Furies that did disturbe him , and he took upon him the Government of his fathers Kingdom , building many Cities , and perticularly Oresta in Thracia , which is now named Adrianople .

When Agamemnon departed with his Army to Troy he left with his Wife Clytemnestra an excellent Poet and Musician to divert her amorous and melancholick thoughts , while this Poet remained in her service , Aegystus the Son of Thyestes mentioned in Chapter 12th . could never have any accesse unto her , nor power to entice her to his lust ; therefore he kil'd first the Musician , and then he quickly prevail'd in his wicked design . He lived with her until Agamemnon was returned from Troy : Then his wife agreed with Aegistus to kill him . A Feast was prepared to receive him with more joy , but as he was stepping out of a bath she caused a shirt to be prepared for him that was sowed up at the Neck and Arms : When he was putting it on , she cut him over the pate with a great Hatchet , and kill'd Cassandra with the same , whiles Aegistus was destroying the other Guests , the Friends of Agamemnon , who had been invited to this bloody Banquet .

Pausan . Some say that Clytemnestra was informed by a malicious Fellow Oeax , that her husband Hygin . was bringing with him a Rival , therefore she consented to his death with Aegistus . Electra her Daughter saved Orestes , and sent him to her Vnckle Strophius , who was married to her Aunt Astrioche the Sister of Agamemnon in Beotia , where he lived until he found an opportunity of revenging his Fathers death , by killing the Murderers . Aegistus and his own Mother .

For that purpose he came with his intimate Friend Pylades in a disguise to Mycenes , where Clytemnestra dwelt feigning himself to be a Traveller come from Beotia with the certain Apollo perswaded him to kil his Mother ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Eurip. in Orest . news of the death of Orestes . Aegistus received them for that cause with much joy , because he was apprehensive of the courage and displeasure of Orestes . These disguised Travellers took their time , and kill'd both Aegistus and Clytemnestra , for which deed they were both apprehended , and sent to Prison , but the Inhabitants s●t them at liberty for Agamemnons sake . Orestes was afterwards tormented Euripid. in Iphigen . with Furies , for the unnatural massacre of his Mother : to deliver himself from them , he went to fetch Diana out of Scythia , where he killed the High-Priest Thoas , and after his return he caused his friend to take his dear Sister Electra to Wife , and he was married to Tisamenes was the Son of Orestes . Hermione the Daughter of Helena for whom he stob'd Pyrrhus , the Son of Achilles , who had taken her by force . He was afterwards a very happy Prince , and succeeded his Father in the Government of the Kingdom of Argos .

Now this Thoas mentioned in the last Chapter , minds me of a strange and pleasant Story mentioned by the Poets . The Women of the Island See Hygin . Chap. 25. Of the women of Lemnos and Orph. in his Argon . Lemnos in the Archipelagus did forbear their accustomed sacrifices to Venus , who was so highly incensed against them for this contempt and neglect , that she caused them to be loathsome to their Husband ; so that they divorced them , and were married to others of Greece , they who were thus slighted and put away , plotted the death and massacre of all the men of the Island , which they brought to pass , only Hypsiphile sent away her Father Thoas , who landed afterwards in Scythia , and became the High-Priest in the Temple of Diana . The Argonauts about that time in their Voyage to Colchos landed at Lemnos , where they were requested by the women during their stay to performe the Office of their murthered Husbands . They were as kind as the others desired , therefore from them did proceed a new Generation , which peopled the Island :

CHAP. XIX . Of the Adventures of Ulysses , after the Siege of Troy .

WHen Vlysses had endured the inconveniencies of a long Siege of ten years , he had yet to suffer , and run the dangers of as long a Voyage , that could not be finished before the end of ten years more . As soon as he was come out into the main , a furious Tempest drives him on the Thracian Shoar in the City of the Ciconians , where he lost Hecuba as some do say , for this Queen understood there how her Son in law Polymnestor the King of Thracia , unto whom she had sent her little Son Polydorus , with her richest jewels in the first beginning of the war , had cruely put him to death , and buried him near the Sea , to enrich himself with the entrusted goods , therefore she resolved to visit him , before she proceeded further , and that she might draw him to her with less difficulty she thought it her best way to pretend ignorance of his perfidious dealing , and to send privately word to him , that she had something more very precious to commit to his keeping ; but as soon as she saw him , she flew in his face , and put out his eyes . At last when she could no longer endure the miserable estate unto which she was reduced she murdered herself . Ovid saith , that she was stoned by the Thracians , because she had pluck● out the eyes of their Prince : Afterwards she was metamorphosed into a Dog ,

Vlysses was grieved for the losse and death of this Great Princesse ; whom he esteemed We have related this death of Hecuba otherwise . according to the opinion o● other Authors . more than all that he had brought from Troy , but this was the least displeasure , that he was to receive , for first instead of sailing towards Ithaca , the violent winds forced him into Africa , where he arrived in the country of the Lotophagoi , so named from a certain fruit called L●tos , which is so pleasant to the taste , and of such a strange vertue , that as soon as his men had tasted of it , they lost the desire of returning home to their friends , so that he was forced to oblige them by violence to repair to their Ships again .

He had no sooner set sail from thence but a sudden storm carried him into Sicily , where he fell into the hands of Polyphemus , the most noted of all the Cyclops mentioned in the Chapter of Neptunus . At his first arrival Polyphemus eat up six of his men , and promised to do him the kindness to reserve him for the last morsel , But he found a way to prevent the others cruelty , and his own mischief , by overcoming him first with wine● , and then by putting out ▪ the eye that was fixed in his forehead . Afterwards he escaped and fled to the god Aeolus , who received him with all civilities , and gave him as a present all the winds , the Zephyrus only excepted . They were there kept in great and large Tuns , that they might not fly out nor oppose him , in his return homewards .

But the men of Vlysses out of curiosity opened these Tuns to peep , and see what was within , by that means the winds escaped out , so that when he spread his sails , they tost him up and down , and forced him back again to the shore of the Islands of Aeolus , who would not receive him again , nor grant unto him any other favour , therefore he was constrained by the violence of the weather to land upon the coast of the Lestrigones near When he arrived in Italy one of his men was kil'd for ravishing a Maid : Vlysses being departed without paying unto him any funeral rights , his Spirit did mightily torment and vex theinhabitants so that to appease it they did erect a temple to him and expose every year , a a Virgin of the Town , for the Spirit to destroy . Euthymus the Champion overcame it , and delivered a Virgin which he married . Plin. mentions him lib. 7. c. 47. that place where now is scituate the Haven of Cajeta . There was a kind of Antropophages a cruel people , who did inhabit there . Their Kings name was Antiphates , he ceased upon some of Vlysses his men , and devoured them , destroying all the Ships of the Fleet , only that excepted where Vlysses was aboard .

This cruelty caused him to sail away with all speed to a little Island , where Circe , the daughter of the Sun , and Queen of a King of the Sarmates did make her abode . Some do ascribe to this woman the invention of inchantments and of poisons , which she did give to her Subjects , and others . She did not spare her own husband , that she might reign alone without controul . Therefore her Subjects sought to destroy her , and obliged her to fly for her life to a little Island near the Dukedom of Tuscany in Italy . When Vlysses was arrived , he sent up into the land some of his men , to discover what place it was , but this Magician gave them a drink , as it were out of kindness to refresh them , and transform'd them by it , into Hogs , and other sort of Creatures . Onely Eurylochus of this Company , who had not tasted of her enchanted drink , escaped away to acquaint Vlysses with this strange metamorphosis . Vlysses was mightily astonished at the newes . Therefore he resolved to go in person , and seek out the Witch . Mercurius fnrnished him with a certain herb , called Moly , with which the gods do use to preserve themselves from poison and witchcraft . Being thus provided he went unto her with his naked sword in his hand , and forced her to restore his men to their former shapes , which she did . Afterwards they contracted such strict amity together , that she bore unto him many children , of whom Thelegonus was the Eldest .

Whiles he stayed with Circe he went down into Hell , by her assistance , to consult the Oracles of the dead ; where he met Elpenor one of his men , kill'd by a fall in a drunken fit , since his depart from Circe .

He saw also there the Souls of his Mother Anticlea , and of Tiresias the Sooth-sayer having sufficiently informed himself from them concerning his destinies , and of the things , that should happen nnto him , he returned to Circe to take shipping again in pursuance of his Voyage .

We have taken notice in the former book in the 11 Chapter , how he shun'd the charms of the Syrens , when he sailed by the Island , where thy made their abode by causing himself to be bound fast to the mast of the Ship , and all his men to have their ears stopt with wax , for fear that the pleasant harmony of the Syrens should prevail upon them . Afterwards they escaped through the Gulphs of Scylla and Charibdis , and arrived at Sicily . Where they met with Phaetusa the Daughter of the Sun , who was there watching over the consecrated Cattel of her Father , Vlysses following the advice of Circe , gave a strict Order to his men not to offer to touch them . But for want of other food , they stole some of the Oxen of the Sun , when Vlysses was a sleep .

This action cost them dear , for the pieces of meat , which they had cut off did give such grievous shrieks , when they were laid upon the coals , that they were frighted , and run all away to their Ship to hide themselves . Afterwards , when they were at Sea their Ship sunk under them , so that they were all drowned , only Vlysses saved himself upon a piece of the broken Ship , and arrived after much ado to the Island Ogygia to the Nymph Calypso , who received him very kindly , entertained him many years , and at last prepared a Ship to transport him into his own Island .

But Neptunus to revenge himself for the losse of his Son Polyphemus's eye , broke also this Ship in pieces , so that he was almost lost , without any hopes of saving himself , if the Nymph Leucothoa had not provided him with aplank , upon which he did swim to the Island of the P●●acks , which is at the entry of the Gulfe of Venice and now named Corcyra or Corfou .

Nau●●ae the Daughter of Arcinou● the King of the Island found him all naked upon the Sea shore , and having given unto him a cloak to cover him , she conducted him to the Queen her Mother . Vlysses was known there by certain marks , which were upon his body . Therefore the King and the Court received him accoring to his quality and his worth . After a short abode in that place to refresh himself , and recover his Spirits , which he had spent in his dangers , he gave unto him a Ship , which carried him happily and safe unto the Island of Ithaca .

This was the twentieth year of his wives expectation of him . She had heen all this while in continual torment of mind and in an earnest longing to see him again . Some had endeavoured to perswade her that he was perisht at Sea . Which news caused many young Lords to wo her and seek her in marriage very seriously , But she did preserve such a faithful love for her husband , which was entertained by the hopes of his return , that she would never give unto them any answer , and that she might put them off , she undertook the making of a piece of cloath , promising to declare her resolution , when this work was finisht , but to delay it the longer , she did undo at night , whatsoever she had made up in the day .

In the mean while Vlisses was troubled how to discover himself , with the safety of his person and re-enter into possession of his own , for he did justly fear to be slain by those , who were Suiters to his wife . Minerva advised him in this occasion to disguise himself , and in the habit of a poor Country fellow to make himself known first to Telemachus his Son , and to one of the old Officers of his house , which when he had performed , with their assistance he put to death all those of whom he was jealous , and so entred again into the possession of his Estate and Kingdom .

But after all this his mind could not be in rest , because Tiresias the Soothsayer had informed him , that one of his Sons should one day kill him . Therefore to prevent this mischance , his resolution was to forsake the world and to retire himself into some desolate and solitary place there to end his dayes in peace . About that time Telegonus one of his Sons by Circe came to his City and Pallace of Ithaca to pay unto him his respects , and as he was striving to enter , there hapened a great tumult , because some did stop him from going in farther , as a person that was not known . Vlysses at that instant stept out , and Telegonus not knowing him ran him through with his lance , which was headed with the ve●emous back bone of a Se●fish . Of this wound he afterwards died .

CHAP. XX. Of the Adventures of Aeneas .

WHen the men of Troy saw their City in a flame , and their native country Spoilt , they were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere . Some of them with the Henetes a people of Paphlagonia followed Antenor a worthy Captain of Troy . Others put themselves under the conduct of Francus otherwise named Francion the Son of Hector , as some do relate . But the greatest part of the Inhabitants ranged themselves under the banners of Aeneas , the Son of Anchises and of the goddess Venus , as we have already said in the beginning of the 13 Chapter . He was married to Creusa , one of the Daughters of King Priamus .

Antenor with his Fleet sailed into the Adriatick Sea called now the Gulfe of Venice , where the Henetes who came with him , laid the foundations of the famous City of Venice . Antenor entered farther into the land , and built the City of Padova named by the Latines Patavium .

This is a Fable of the vainglorious French Francus marched as far as the River of Rhine , and afterwards passed into Gallia , amongst the Gauls , who have borrowed from him their name Francois .

Aeneas gathered together , as many as he could save out of the burning of Troy where he lost his Wife Creusa ▪ carrying away his aged Father Anchises upon his shoulders with his domestick Gods , and leading his little Son Ascanius by the hand . In this manner he marched as far as Antandrum a City of Phrygia not far distant from the Mountain of Ida , where his Fleet of twenty Ships was prepared and ready to set sail , when he was embarked with his people , he bended his course to ▪ wards the coast of Thracia , where he had a design to settle and build a City . But he was diverted from it by fearful outcryes that were heard in the place , where Polydorus had been murdered , and buried by Polymnestor the treacherous and perfididious King of the Country , as we have already taken notice in the former Chapter .

From thence he departed and sailed as far as Creta with a design to settle himself there , but a furious pestilence gave him such bad entertainment in this Place , that he was forced to flie away , his domestick gods did then warn him in a Dream , that he should proceed towards Italy , and that there he should settle , and make his conquests . Assoon as he had commanded his Sails to be hoised up a furious storm drives him and his Fleet on shore , on the Islands called Strophades where the Harpyes a cruel and strange sort of Birds did mightily persecute him and his people . Afterwards he sailed along the Coast of Epirus , where he happily did meet with Andromache Hector's wife , who had been espoused afterwards to ●yrrus , when he passed into Greece . But he having divorced her , gave her in marriage to Helenus with part of the Country of Epirus , where he made him a Sovereign Prince .

After that Aeneas had been kindly entertained by Helenus , he received from him instructions , how he should proceed in his voyage into Italy . He departed and arrived at Drepanum in Sicily having happily past the coast of the Cyclopes , where he saved a miserable fellow of the men of Vlysses left there behind by this vagabond and unfortunate Prince . He passed also over-against the Promontories of Scylla and Caribdis without harm .

But this place was unfortunate unto him , for there he lost his old Father Anchises , who ended his days in a very decrepit age : Acestes the Prince of the Country did comfort him by granting unto him all the assistance and favour , that his dominions or abilities could afford : And when Aeneas departed , he furnished his ships with very good wine , and all sorts of Provisions .

About this time Juno the sworn enemy of the Trojans sent to Aeolus the god of the winds to perswade him to let them flie out against Aeneas , and his Fleet that it might be cast away . He was reduc'd to the last extreamity , by this Storm , and had infallibly perish'd , had not Neptunus been displeased , because this tempest had happened without his privity or consent , therefore he pacified the waves of the Sea , and left the Fleet of Aeneas scattered upon the Coast of Africa near Carthage seven years after their depart from Troy .

At that time Elisa sirnamed Dido the Daughter of the King of Tyre , the Widow of Sicheus had lately settled herself in Africa , overagainst Drepanum in Sicily , for when she saw her Husband murdered by Her wicked Brother Pigmalion , who desired to get his riches into his possession , and when she saw , that he intended the same mischief to her , she imbarked her self with all her riches , which this Traitor had a design to take , and sailed with them into Africa , where for a vast sum of mony , she bought from the Natives , as much ground as she could compass with an Oxes hide to settle there her dwelling , when she could obtain no more from them , she caused the hide to be cut in very slender pieces , so that they where able to compasse in a very large circuit of ground . There she laid the Foundations of the City of Cartbage , which was called at first By●sa , because of the Oxes hide .

Aeneas and all his men went to seek Protection from his Queen , who received them very kindly . She grew so amorous of Aeneas , that she was willing to have made him her husband , notwithstanding the resolution , that she had formerly taken to marry none after Sicheus unto whom she had devoted her heart and affections , when therefore Hiarbus , King of Getulia , her neighbour , was a Suiter to her , she sent him back with a flat denial , and by that means procured unto herself his displeasure .

But when Aeneas had made some short stay in this place , Jupiter dispatcht away a messenger unto him to command him to leave Africa and obey his Destinies that did call him into Italy . Dido endeavoured in vain to stop him ; when therefore she saw him resolved to depart , she loaded him with the curses and reproaches of a furious and despairing Lover , then having caused a pile of wood to be erected , she ascended upon it and kill'd her self , with a sword prepared for that purpose . Her body was burning in the sight of Aeneas , when he was under sail . Virgil relates the Story in this manner in the Fourth Book of the Aeneids after that in the First he had described that furious Storm that cast him after his depart from Sicily upon the coast of Africa , where he was joyfully received by Dido . In the second he relates unto this Queen , the manner of the burning of Troy , and in the Third Book , he gives unto her an account of the several particulars , that had happened unto him after his leaving of Troy , until his first arrival into Sicily , for the next year after he was forced by another tempest to put into Sicily , when he had left Carthage . At this time he paid unto the memory of his Father Anchises many funeral Rites , celebrating several sorts of playes and combats upon his tomb . Afterwards he left all the weak and decripit persons , useless in war , with Alcestes , with the rest of his companions he passed into Italy .

He arrived very happily at Cumes , where he visited the Sybil in her Cave , that by her means he might go down into Hell , and enter into the Elisian Fields , to discourse with his Father , and learn all the passages of his life , and his future adventures . He performed this Journey in the company of the Sybil , having first found the golden branch , which was at the entrance of Hell , and which was to be presented by him to Proserpina .

At his return from Hell he puts again to Sea , and sails with his Fleet to the mouth of the River of Tiber , from thence he went to Laurentum to visit King Latinus ▪ who did command in that place . This Prince received him with all expressions of kindness , and when he understood the cause of his coming , he promised to bestow upon him his onely Daughter , Lavinia in marriage , because he had been informed by the Oracle , that the gods had designed her for this forrein Prince . She had been nevertheless promised before to Turnus the King of the Rutuli , and Amata the Queen her Mother , the Wife of Latinus , did mightily favour him .

This happy beginning did increase very much , and raise the Spirits of Aeneas and caused him to forget all the miseries , that he had endured in his long voyage of so many years . But Juno was not a little displeased at his felicity , therefore she sent for Alecto , one of the furies of Hell to kindle a war , and destroy the hopes of the Trojans .

Assoon as Turnus had understood these passages , he gathered all his forces , and those of his friends together to march against Aeneas , and his Trojans . But their number being few , and not able to resist , the god Tiberinus encouraged them , when they were ready to faint away for fear , and advised Aeneas to ascend higher up into the Country to the place , where Rome was afterwards built , to visit King Evander , with whom he made a firm league , and from whom he obtained succours , which Pallas the only Son of this Prince was resolved to lead in Person to assist Aeneas . He departed therefore with them to joyn with the Trojans , whilest Aeneas accepting of a favourable opportunity , that was there presented unto him to engage the Tyrrhenians in his party , he departed into that Country to perswade them , he found them all in arms against their King Mezentius , who had committed most horrid cruelties , for he did joyn and tie the living to the dead , placing their mouths and all the foreparts of the bodies of the one against the same members of the other , and did cause them to languish to death in this most cruel and loathsome manner .

The Army of Aeneas in his absence suffered many inconveniencie , for Turnus had besieged them , and his Subjects had burnt up their Ships , which were afterwards turned by Jupiter into Nyniphs of the Sea at the request of the goddesse Cybele , who had received them into her protection . By this means the Trojans were forced to suffer many great evils , and were reduced to many extremities . But Aeneas came happily to their aid , with a strong party of Tyrrhenians , and Venus his Mother did maintain their interest with Jupiter against the rage and endeavours of Juno . Besides she caused Vulcan , to make such strong and sound Arms for Aeneas , as did render him invincible in all encounters , and entertain in his Soul a warlike and noble disposition , for in his buckler were described all the glorious deeds and adventures of his successors , in a most artificial and divine manner .

In this war a great deal of blood was shed on both sides . Aeneas was never so much concerned , as at the death of Nisus , of Euryalus , and afterwards of Pallas Evanders Son . But he ●●venged their deaths by the slaughter of the King Mezentius , of Lausus his Son , and of many others . Camilla the Queen of the Volsci did mightily encourage and strengthen the Army of Turnus . It is reported of her , that she was as generous as a Lion , and was so light footed , that she did scarce touch the ground in running , but an unhappy blow of a Lance took away her life in the heat of the fight . Her fall did astonish all the Army of Turnus .

In this encounter Aeneas was wounded with an arrow , but Venus did then apply the Herb Ditany so seasonably to his wound , that it was cured in an instant . Afterwards he did so effectually encourage his men , that Turnus seeing no other remedy to his Affairs and Hopes , that were almost lost , he challenged him to fight in a single Combat , to put an end by that means to their differences .

Aeneas was very joyful of this proposition therefore he encounters him hand to hand ▪ lays him upon the ground , & kills him . After this victory , he was married to Lavinia , and took possession of the Kingdom of the Latine● He built and fortified the City of Lavinium , which was not far distant from Laurentum . Julus Ascanius his son succeeded him in this Kingdom , and built the City of Alba sirnamed Longa , because of its scituation , the Inhabitants were called Albani , that City was the Metropolis of the Latine people , until the reign of Romulus , who laid the foundations of the City of Rome , and conquered all the Countrey round about it . Tullius Hostilius the third King of the Romans pul'd down , and leveled to the ground the walls of the city of Alba , so that afterwards there remained no signs of it .

Before we finish this Story , we must take notice that the truth is mingled with many fables , for it is certain , that Virgilius relates the adventures of Dido , only as a pleasant fiction to adorn his Poem ; for Dido did live , and Carthage was built , two or three hundred years after the ruine of Troy .

CHAP. XXI . Of several other famous Men , frequently named in the Heathen Writers , and not mentioned by Gautruchius .

I Wonder that in the last Chapter our Achates . learned Jesuit hath not mentioned a faithful companion of Aeneas , who loved him so tenderly , that he could never be separated from him but by death ; this name was Achates . In all estates he did stick close to him , and did accompany him in his greatest dangers : therefore he is styled Fidus Achates by Virgil.

Vocabatur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he was a good Sheapheard and Husbandman . Pindar His wife was Antonio , and one of his sons was Acteon , who was torn by his dogs . Aristeus the Son of Apollo , and of the Nymph Cyrene , the Daughter of Peneus , taught the use of honey and of oyl . He was a famous Shepheard in his time ; a great admirer of the Nymph Eurydice , whom he pursued to have taken , but she ran away , and was unfortunately wounded to death by a serpent in her flight ; therefore her comrades sought revenge upon Aristeus for her death , by destroying his Bees , in which he did delight . The truth is , he was a pious man , and a great favorite of Jupiter ▪ from whom he obtained the Etesian winds , to cool the immoderate heat of the summer Sun , and to prevent the mischiefs which Asopus was the Son of Jupiter and of Clymene ; or of Neptune and of Ceglasa . Nat. Com. He discovered Jupiters desire by the means ▪ of Sisyphus , who is punished in hell for his indiscre●ion . the Dog-star would cause in the hot Countreys , without these favourable blasts .

Asopus was the Son of Jupiter , who nevertheless committed incest with his Daughter Aegina ; for he ravisht her in the form of a flame of fire : Their Father Asopus did hasten to her assistance , but to little purpose , for she proved with child of Aeacus ; and Jupiter for his impudency , to offer to oppose him , struck him dead with his thunder-bolts . What lascivious , what shameless gods did the Heathens adore ! the greatest promoters of incest , of murder , of villany , &c. Now this Asopus was a River not far from Thebs , or rather a Prince who left his name to that River . He had another Hygin . Greg. Gyrald . in Historia de Diis Gen. Daughter named Plataea , whom Jupiter pretended to advance into Junos place , only to oblige her to seek his favour , and be reconciled to him .

Ruffin ▪ Eccles. Histor. lib. 11. Canopus was the Pilot of the Ship which brought Menelaüs back towards Greece , when a storm had forced him on the coast of Egypt , Suidas . after the ruine 〈◊〉 roy . This Canopus went on shore , and was ●tung to death by a Serpent ; but afterwards the Egyptian Priests , having performed a seeming miracle with his statue , they caused him to be worshiped Vocabatnr Canobus , or Canopus . as a god ; and gave his name to one of the stars of the firmament , and to a famous Town of Egypt . And hence it is , that this Kingdom is called Terra Canopi , and the people Gens Canopi . His image was worshipped by the Egyptians , although Hesych . it was made as a dwarf with a great belly , with short legs and a crooked neck .

Cephalus was married to Procris the Daughter of Hyphilus King of Athens ; Ai●rora was so fond of him , that she carried him away with her ; but he would never consent to her lust , because he kept for his wife an unparalleld constancy ; which caused her to send him home in a disguise , to be an eye witness of his wifes ingratitude , and unworthiness of his faithful love ; for he surprized her in dishonesty , therefore he divorced her ; but he was afterwards reconciled to her again . She grew in time as jealous of him , because he was wont to rise betimes , and recreate himself in the woods in hunting : She followed him at last , and hid her self in a bush , to see if she could discover any female sex come near him . When he in the pursuance of his sport , saw a creature moving in the thicket , he imagined it to be a wilde beast ; therefore he discharged out of his bowe a coup●● of arrows ; and struck his unhappy wife 〈◊〉 he heart .

Erichtheus the Son of Pandion , an Egyptian born , settled in the Province of Attica in Greece , and taught the ruder sort of people many things belonging to the worship of the gods . He instituted the famous festival of Athens , called Sacra Eleusina , in honour of Proserpina , as some do say . The Athenians having chosen him their King , Eumolpus Neptune's Son made war upon him , but Erichtheus killed him , for which cause this god was mightily offended , and demanded one of his Daughters to be ●acrificed to him as a satisfaction . The unfortunate Erichtheus granted one , but the three others destroyed themselves , because they had sworn not to outlive one another . Erichtheus afterwards was killed by Jupiters thunderbolts ; and the Athenians honoured his memory with a Temple and an Altar , and worshipped him with his Daughters , for offering themselves to save their Country Cicer. de Nat. Deor. from Neptunes rage .

Quique premit vocem , digit●que silentia suadet . Ovid. Harpocrates was the Aegyptian God of Silence , the Son of Isis ; his Statue stood near the Image of Serapis , with a finger on his lips , and a Wolves skin , full of eyes , about his shoulders . Plutarch names him Macrob. Solin . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and saith , that the Peach-tree was consecrated to him . Amongst the Romans the Goddess Angerona , or Volupia , was in the same esteem as Harpocrates amongst the Aegyptians .

Iphis was a famous Youth , as amorous of Anaxarete as he was beautiful , yet she had the courage to give him a repulse , which cast him into such a fit of madness , that he destroyed himself . When his Body was carried to be buried , Anaxarete desi●ous to see it , looked out of a Window so ●arnestly upon him , that she was turned into a Stone .

The Poets speak of another Anaxarete , who was by the power of Isis turned into a Boy . This fabulous story is related of o●hers as true by persons of credit . The Physitians do say , that it is possible that Maids should become Boys by a violent ex●ulsion of the Natural parts . In Vitry in France , Mary Germain was betrothed to a See Mountaigne , Essayes . ●opeful young man , who was in great expectation of enjoying her for his Wife , ●ut the poor Fellow was miserably deceived when the day of Marriage was come ; she happened to leap more violently than it did become her Sex , and was turned from a Maid into a Boy , as my Author tells me .

Lycaon , the Son of Titan and of Terra , or of Pelasgus King of Arcadia , was so cruel a Tyrant , that he murdered all strangers that did fall into his hands . Jupiter being desirous to know whether he were as inhumane as the report did make him , went to lodge at his House , with the rest of the Gods , in a disguize . When they were asleep , Lycaon endeavoured to destroy Jupiter ; but when he saw his wicked design could not be brought to pass , he took an Hostage that was in his house , boiled part of him , roasted the rest of his members , and then laid him upon the Table in dishes for Jupiter to eat . Jupiter inraged at this horrible deed , leapt from the Table , and departed with his Heavenly Company in a Thunder , leaving the Kings Palace in a flame , at which sight Lycaon was so much affrighted , that he ran away and hid himself in the Woods , where he was turned into a ravenous Wolf .

Lycus , the King of Beotia , was married to Antiopa , the Daughter of Nycteus , whom Jupiter got with-child in the form of a Satyr . When Lycus her Husband perceived her in this condition , and knew that it did not proceed from him ▪ he put her away , and married Dyree , who was so cruel to the poor Antiopa , that she kept ●ier fast bound in Chains . Jupiter out of compassion released her , and sent her to Mount Citheron , where she was safely delivered of Amphion and of Zethus , twins , who became brave and renowned men of their time . When they grew up to mans estate , they revenged their Mothers disgrace upon Lycus her Husband , by dragging him at the tail of a Wild Horse , and by tearing his Body in pieces in this cruel manner . Dirce was changed into a Fountain of her name , after that she had been most inhumanely treated by Amphion and by Zethus , whom we have mentioned before .

Or Lynceus or Lycus . Lynceus was a barbarous Prince of Scythia , he entertained in his house a messenger named Triptolcmus , whom Ceres had sent to him to teach him how to sow corn , and till the earth . When he had understood as much as was required for that purpose , he cruelly murdered him , that himself might have the honour of the first invention of such useful Arts. Ceres punisht him , and changed him into a Beast , called Lynx . We have already mentioned this cruel King in another place .

Nycteus was the Son of Neptunus , and of the Nymph C●lene , the Daughter of Atlas ; Nyctimene his Daughter fell in love with him , and by the means of her Nurse made him drunk , and committed Incest with him ; but when he came to know it , he did so much vex and torment her , that she fled away into the Woods to hide her self , and was there turned into an Owl .

Tereus , the Son of Mars , and of Bristoni● , ravi●●t Philomela his own Sister , after that he had espoused Progne King Pandions Daughter : Afterwards he was so inhumane as to cut her tongue out of her mouth , that she might not discover his Villany . Philomela being deprived of the use of that member , imployed her hand to write a Letter to her Sister-in-law Progne , and acquaint her with her Husbands inhumanity . As soon as she came to understand it , she kill'd her Son Itys , boiled him , and presented him to Tereus for his Supper . This cruelty cast him into such a fit of madness , that he ran to his Wife with a naked Sword , with a design to kill her ; but she was turned into a Swallow , and escaped out of his reach : He was metamorphosed into a Lapwing ▪ and Philomela into a Nightingale , that yo● laments for the loss of her Maidenhead . Ovid Metamorph . lib. 6. — Ityn huc accersite , dixit . Dissimulare nequit crudelia gaudia Progne . Intus habes , quod poscis , ait , circumspicit ill● ▪ Atque ubi sit , quaerit , quaerenti iterumque v●canti , &c

Tityus , the Son of Jupiter and of Elara , w s said to be the Son of the Earth , because he had been hid by his Father , when he was young , in the Earth , for fear of Juno . He was kill'd by Apollo , because he attempted to ravish Latona his Mother : He is now cast into Hell , where his huge Body covers , as the Poets say , nine acres of ground , and his heart is continually tormented by the beaking of Ravens . By this Fable is intimated the troubles and tortures of a wounded Conscience : No Raven nor Eagle can cause more pain by frequent beaking , than the sense of a grievous sin , when it is not accompanied with the hopes of Gods mercy .

CHAP. XXII . Of the Hcathen Gods , who were proper ●● several places and Countryes in the World , and who had been men .

I Shall not name Jupiter , Apollo , Mercurius , Belus , and other Gods , of whom we have given a sufficient account before ; I confess these universal Gods had been but men , or rather these names of men had been translated and ascribed to the Gods . I shall here ▪ speak of the particular Gods , who were adored in many places of the World , whose Jurisdiction did reach no farther than the bounds of a Kingdom , or of a City , and to whose care and protection the places where they were adored were committed .

Psapho was a cunning Fellow of Lybia , who lived in some reputation , but he was desirous of more , unto which he attained by this act of pollicy : He taught secretly in his dwelling a multitude of Parrots to say in the Punick language , Psapho is a great God .

When they had well learned this Lesson , he sent them out into the Woods , and into the Fields : By this means it happened , that these prating Birds that knew no other language , by frequent repetitions , taught it to many other Birds , that divulged and proclaimed it all over the Country . The ignorant people had no sooner heard them , but they believed that Psapho was a God , therefore they appointed unto him , in a part of Lybia , a Temple , Sacrifices , Priests , and all other things belonging to the Worship of the true God .

Carmelus was the God of Mount Carmel in Judaea . Tacit. mentions him when he relates how his Priest did foretell unto Vespasian that he should be Emperour .

Plin Natur. Hist. lib. 5. Enenth Seir , or as some call him Enenthius , was a God of the Phoenicians .

Euseb , Epires was the great Interpreter of the Gods amongst the Aegyptians : He was painted with the head of a Hawk .

Dercetus was a Goddess adored near Askalon , and represented as a Beautiful Woman . Ovid makes mention of her , lib ▪ 4. Metam . — De te Babylonia narret Derceti , quam versa , squamis velantibus artus , Stagna Palestini credunt coluisse figurâ .

Macrob. Adad was a God of the Assyrians , his wife is thought to be Adargatis . Astarte was another Goddess of the same Country , mentioned in the former Book .

Plutarch . Adramus was the Tutelar God of Sicilia , as Conisalus and Minerva were of the Athenians , Cabrus of Pamphylia , and Suidas . Tanais of the Armenians . This Goddess did require the same Worship as Anaitis , and Venus Syria , for the Maids were obliged to loose their Maidenhead in her Temple , at her Altars , before they did dream of Marriage .

Sosipolis Deus , the God of the Eleans in Grecia , saved a City from the fury of the Arcadian Army in the form ▪ of a little Child , who was changed before them into a Serpent . The sudden Metamorphosis struck such a terror into their minds , that when the Eleans made a Sally upon them , they ran away ▪

Jupiter and Apollo were also named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , savers of Cities .

Hesych . Palmytius was a God of the Aegyptians .

Cicer. Alabandus was a warlike God of Caria , adored especially by the Alabandenses .

Tenes was the Son of Cyenus , kill'd by Achilles , as Plutarchus informs us ; therefore the name of Achilles was not to be pronounced in his Temple , which was in the Island of Tenedos .

Coronis was a Goddess worshipped in some places of Greece , in the Temple of Minerva : Some say that she was the Mother of Aeseulapius .

Herodot . Pausan . Damia and Auxesia were honoured by the command of the Oracle in Epidaurus in Greece , that their Country might be made fruitful ; for before it was so barren , that it would not yield sufficient returns to the labours of the painful Husbandman .

Drimachus , a famous Captain of Chios , was there worshipped after his death .

Amphiaraus the Sooth-sayer , and Amphilochus the Son of Nestor , were placed amongst the Gods , and adored in Attica .

Ogoas was a God of Caria .

Zamolxis was the Law giver amongst the Getae , as Herodotus saith : He studied Philosophy under Pythagoras . When he was returned into his Country , he taught the people the customes and manners of the Greeks , and for his good instructions he was worshipped as a God , after his death , as Cencus was after him in the same Climat , for excelling in the Magick Art , in the daies of Augustus the Emperour .

Plutarch . Crephagenetus was the God of the Thebans in Egypt , whom they esteemed Immortal . Herodotus relates , that they only of all the people of Egypt did refuse to admit the extravagant superstition of other Cities , and that they would never grant Divine Homage to the mortal Gods . This singularity may have proceeded from those See Bochart . Geog. Sacr. good impressions which the Children of Israel had left amongst them , for the City of Thebs was next Neighbour to the Land of Goshen .

The name given unto this God by the Greeks is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and with the small change of a Vowel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , secretly born . From Herodotus and others we may perceive , that the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath been used for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; for he calls an Asyle , or a place of refuge 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because men do secretly hasten to save themselves in them , when they apprehend the pursuits of an Enemy . Now I conceive this name is but an interpretation of the old Egyptian Title given to this God , for the Egyptians did not make use of the Greek Tongue ordinarily , but only after the Victories of Alexander the Great ; therefore they must have had a name proper to their language for this , as for their other Divinities . But there appears a seeming contradiction in the Titles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and Immortal and Eternal , which were the Attributes of Honour ascribed to this God . We Christians are taught , that these Epithets are only proper to the Son of God , the second Person in the sacred Trinity , who is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , secretly begotten from all Eternity in an incomprehensible manner , and yet he is Immortal and Eternal with the first Person the Father . The sublimest Creatures can never perfectly understand or pry into this Mysterious Generation , which hath ever continued , and shall ever continue to all Eternity ; therefore only Christ can be said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and Immortal and Eternal .

From hence we may justly conceive , that these Thebans had some understanding of this great Mystery , the Generation of the Son of God ; and that they understood by this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the second Person of the Incomprehensible Trinity , whom they acknowledged to be both Immortal and Eternal . It is certain , that the Heathens were not altogether ignorant of the Trinity , as may be gathered out of Plato , and the dispersed Relicks of the writings of Sauchoniathon , and of Porphyrius .

We may further take notice , that when this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , our Divine Emanuel , was pleased to take upon him our Nature , and was forced to fly for shelter into Egypt , he came with Joseph and Mary his Mother to dwell in the Province of Thebais , See the Journals and Relations of the Voyages of our English , of the French , and Italian Travellers into Egypt . not far from the ancient City of Thebs , in a place which is mightily frequented by all Pilgrims that travel into those parts .

Tholesphorus was worshipped near the City of Pergama , in Asia minor , by the Command of the Oracle .

Sangus , or Sanctus , or Sancus , was the God of the Sabins . S. Austin names him Xanthus , L. 18. de Civit. Dei . Cap. 19. He was their first King , and had a Temple standing in Rome . Ovid. Quaerebam nonas Sancto , fidio ne referrem An tibi semipater , tunc mihi Sanctus ait . Cuicunque ex illis dederis , ego numen habebo , Nomina terna fero , sic voluere Cures .

And Sill. Italicus . — Et laetipars Sanctum voce canebant Autorem gentis , pars laudes ore ferebant Sabes tuas , qui de patrio cognomine primus . Dixisti populos magna dit●one Sabinos .

Tages was a God of the Hetrurians in Italy , of whom Ovid thus speaks , Lib. 15. Metamorph. Indigenae dixere Tagem , qui primus Hetruscam Edocuit gentem , casusque aperire futuros .

He was a pretended Child of Jupiter ; he taught the rude people of Hetruria several Arts and Sciences ; therefore they worshipped his memory , and his Statues .

Albunea was a Goddess inhabiting near the source of the River Tiber ; adored in that part of Italy as Feronia and Marica were . Virg ▪ Aeneid . 1. 6. Hunc fauno & Nympha genitum Laurente Marica .

Palicus was a God of Sicily : Antinous Plutarch . the great Favourite of the Emperour Adrian , was worshipped in Bithynia ; Bessus was a God of Greece , Caelestus or Vranus of Africa . I should be too prolix if I should name all the Gods of the Heathens , worshipped in every corner of the World : What hath been said will be sufficient for the understanding of the Heathen Authors .

CHAP. XXIII . Of some few famous Women of Antiquity .

THe Famous Queens of Antiquity were these , Alceste the Wife of King Admetus ; she freely gave her life to save her Husband from death .

Semiramis , that warlike Queen of Assyria , that enlarged the bounds of the Empire , and built Babylon . Thomiris , Queen of Scythia , overcame Cyrus , and caused his head to be chopt off , and cast into a bag full of blood , with this rereproach , Satia te sanguine quem sitisti .

There have been many of that name . Cleopater was a notable Queen of Egypt , the Curtisan of Antonius , overcome by Augustus in a Sea-fight . She caused two Serpents to sting her to death , when she saw that she could not oppose the power of the Romans , who were resolved to lead her in Triumph .

Zenobia was a Queen of Armenia , the Wife of Radamistus , driven out of his Kingdom by Tiridates , mentioned in Cor ▪ Tacit.

Amalasuntha was a Queen of the Goths , Esther of the Persians . Irene , a Famous Empress of Constantinople , who lived in the daies of Charlemaign , and governed the Eastern Empire . Odatis was a Famous Princess , the only Child and Heiress of Homartes , King of part of Bactria : When she was fought in Marriage , she refused all that came unto her , and was resolved to bestow her self upon a strange Prince whom she had seen in a dream , and fancied so much , that she could not be quiet until she had dispatched away messengers to him , to fetch him into her Fathers Court.

Olympias , the Wife of Philip , and Mother of Alexander the Great , was remarkable for her courage and bold spirit ; she freely offered her ▪ brest to the weapons of the Souldiers who had been sent to murder her .

Caesara , a noted Empress of Persia , caused her Husband and all his Army to become Christians , and mediated an agreement between the Sophy and the Emperour of Constantinople .

Julia the Empress was famous for her Whoredomes at Rome ; as Messalina , the Wife of Claudius Caesar , was afterwards .

Amongst the Amazons , these were the most noted Queens , Marthesia Lampedo , Orythia , Menalippe , Hyppolite , Penthesilea , of whom Virgil speaks in the Relation of the Worthies of Troy . Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis Penthesilea furens , mediisque in millibus ardet .

Helena , the Mother of Constantine , was an excellent Princess , who did mightily eucourage the affairs of Christianity in the beginning of the Universal Conversion from Paganisme .

These are the names of other noted Women of all Ages .

Aelian . l. 12. Sapho did excel in all manner of Learning in Greece , but especially in Poetry : She invented a kind of Verse which is called from her Saphick .

Cyborea was the Mother of Judas Iscariot , Canace was the Daughter of Aeolus . She is infamous for the incest which she committed with her Brother 〈◊〉 Myrrha , the Daughter of Cynaras King of Cyprus , lay with her Father by the means of a Nurse when he was drunk . She proved with-child by this incestuous marriage of the beautiful Adonis ; but when her Father understood her wickedness , he sought to destroy her ; but she nevertheless saved her self in Arabia , where she was changed into the Myrrh-tree .

Lucrece was a Noble woman of Rome , who was ravisht by the Son of Tarquinius , and then killed her self , exhorting the Romans to revenge her death .

Cor. Tacit. Arria , a Roman Lady , was married to Paetus , who fell into the Emperour Tiberius's disgrace , so that he was falsly accused , and wrongfully condemned to die . When his loving Wife saw him in this condition , she advised him to dispatch himself ; but he discovering an unwillingness to be his own Executioner , she snatcht the Sword out of his hand , and shew'd him what to do , by thrusting it into her own bowels , with this exclamation , Paete non dolet ▪ Death is not painful . Martial hath thought her worthy of an Epigram . Casta suo gladium cum traderet Arria Paeto Quem dedit visceribus traxer at ipsa suis : Si qua fides , vulnus , quod feci , non dolet , inquit , Sed quod tu facies , hoc mihi , Paete dolet .

See Martial lib. 1 Epig. 14. Pompeia Paulina was resolved also to Lucan . accompany her Husband Seneca , who wa● condemned to die by Nero.

Faustina , the Wife of Marcus the Emperour , was in love with a Feneer , and could not be cured until he was kill'd , and until she had drunk a draught of his hot blood : She was the Mother of Antoninus Com●dus , who loved so much the bloody sports of Fencing in the Amphitheatre .

Zantippe , the Wife of Socrates , is noted for a Scold ; she was continually tormenting him with railings .

In Greece , Lais of Corinth , Phryne of Be●tia , Rhodope of Egypt , Pythonica of Athens , Aspasia of Natolia , Danae of Ephesus , Q. Curt. Julia of Rome , Thais , who went with the Army of Alexander into Persia , Lamia of Athens , Methra of Thessaly , Caelia , Cyrene , Lesbia , Manilia , and Phaebe of Rome , and many more were Famous Courtisans . Martial l. 7. Das Cattis , das Germanis , das Coelia Dacis , Nee Cilicum spernis Cappadocumque toros .

CHAP. XXIV . Of the Truth shadowed out in the Fabulous Stories , according to the Opinion of Gautruchius .

TRuth is as the Sun , it destroys and drives away all darkness of Fal●hood , and of mistakes : Nevertheless , many of these Fables are derived from the Truth , and have been intended to set it forth : Therefore the Heathens did say , that Caelus was the Father of Saturnus , the God of Time , because Coelum Heaven did measure and limit out Time unto us , by its continual motions . And because Time doth run from us very fast , and because it doth give a being , and destroys all things that appear in Nature , and that nothing is able to resist its power : Therefore this God Saturnus is represented as an old Senior , with wings upon his shoulders , and with a Sythe in his hand , cutting down all that is before him ▪ He is represented swallowing his own Children with hard stones , because Time eats and consumes the most durable substances .

Some think Janus to be Noah , otherwise called Vadimon Oenotrius , &c. and that he was represented with two Faces , because he had seen two Worlds . See Delp . Phenicizant of the Learned Edm. Dickinson . The Heathens did paint Janus with two Faces , to express the Wisdom of a brave Prince , who is to judge of the events of the time to come , from his former experience of the time past , that he might act nothing amiss .

And because a wise man doth take notice of all things before him , without discovering or engaging himself , they did ●epresent him by Gyges , who had a Ring of that extraordinary virtue , that when ●e did turn inwardly the precious stone that was enchased on it , he did see all men ▪ and was not soon by any .

I shall not weary ▪ the Reader by a repetition of a great many more Mysteries , and of some formerly mentioned in this Treatise ; only let him take notice , that the Heathens did declare how Prometheus had brought a Polite manner of life amongst men , and had withdrawn them from savage and beastly customs , by saying , that he had formed them of the ●mud of the Earth , and first caused them to appear in the World . The Fable of Deucalion and Pyrrha hath the same interpretation ; for it is said of them , that they changed Stones and Flints into Men and Women .

The Poets do relate also how Amphion with the harmony of his Lute built the Walls of Thebs , because he perswaded by his fair speeches , all the Inhabitants of the Forrests , and the wild people of the Mountains , to come and live together in that City . Prometheus taught the way of drawing fire ●ut of the stones , by knocking them together ; therefore they did say , that he had fetcht fire from Heaven . He did make his abode upon Mount Caucasus ▪ from whence he did continually behold the Stars , and study their motions and influences : Therefore the Poets did declare , that Mercurius had bound him to this Mountain , and that an Eagle was put to consume his Liver . By this last Fiction , they did signifie , how the thoughts of his studies did eat him up . They did also publish , that his Brother Atlas did carry the Heavens upon his shoulders , because he was a great Astrologer , and did invent the use of the Sph●ar , which he did often handle in his life .

About that time Argus built a City , which he called it after his own name , and because he was a most watchful Prince , and very circumspect , the Poets did give unto him many eyes .

We have already said in the story of Perseus , how he represents the qualities of a brave Commander . Pegasus there mentioned , is nothing else but the Ship that carried Bellerophon against the Chimera ; and the wings of Dedalus , were nothing else but the sails of a Ship which he invented to carry himself out of Creta . What is related of his Son Icarus , and of Phaeton , represents the Picture of the ambitious men ; as the stories of Tantalus , and of the Harpies , do shadow out unto us the Covetous , and the Syrens the Voluptuous . The Bird which did devour the Liver of Prometheus , did express the torments of a wounded Conscience , as well as the furies and discontent of Orestes .

If any did excel in Goodness , Power , Authority , or Industry , he was placed amongst the Gods . By this means Jupiter , King of Creta , or of Candia , was advanced amongst the Gods , with his Brothers Neptunus and Pluto . Neptunus was held for the God of the Sea , because he did command the Fleet : Pluto was the God of Hell , because he invented the Funeral Rights paid unto the Dead . The Court of every King was as a Heaven , and the residence of the Gods . If any happened to be driven from thence , he was said to be banished out of Heaven : If any did escape from an eminent danger , by flying from it , they did publish , that he was metamorphosed into a Bird : If any did hide himself in the Woods , he was said to be changed into a Beast , as it happened with Lycaon the Son of Pelasgus , King of Arcadia , who was pursued by Jupiter , because of his Railleries and Jests which he did cast upon the Worship of the Gods : The Poets therefore feigned , that he was changed into a Wolf .

In the fifth Chapter we did mention the vain-glory of Marsyas , and of Midas ; unto these we could add many more examples to the same purpose ; as of that Fanatick Raven that had a very high conceit of her self , and did continually glory in her beauty , although she was covered with the Feathers of others Birds . The old Ass of Arcadia is also noted for its vanity : It had been perswaded by the other Asses of the Country , that it did excel all the Birds of the Air in sweetness of the voice , because he had long used himself to sing according to his mode .

But it is sufficient to have shewn by ●hese examples what use may be made of ●he Fables . We shall therefore take notice , that so many noted Philosophers of Antiquity , did labour to cover the shame and the infamy of their Religion , by causing the stories of their Gods , all the actions of their lives , and the strange metamorphoses to pass for Allegories and symbolical representations . However these things were first invented , it is certain that during many hundred years they were published and believed for truths , therefore the Heathens did acknowledge nothing more undoubted and sacred , because they had no other Religion , ●or knowledge of then Gods to honour the● their Temples , their Sacrifices , and their Solemnities , were consecrated to these kind of Divinities , as the holy Scripture , and all profane and sacred Authors do inform us ; as the Fathers of the Primitive Church of Christ did represent to the Heathens , and as some of them , after their Conversion to the Faith , did openly confess .

And let us not imagine , that these Fables were only popular errors , for the Philosophers , learned in the Mysteries of Nature , and acquainted with many discoveries of the true God , did nevertheless promote all manner of Idolatry and Superstition , as S. Paul informs us in his Epistle to the Romans ; for they were afraid of the Laws of the Country , that did not suffer any to contradict them ; therefore they did hastily comply with the Opinions and sacrilegious Tales of the people . It is strange , that the Monarchs , and the Commonwealths , full of the wisest and most excellent Polititians , have been so blind , as to adore the Stars , the Elements , and the Princes that reigned before them . Thus the Chaldeans worshipped Baal , otherwise named Belus , who had been the first King of Assyria . The History of Daniel doth also relate unto us , that the Emperour of Babylon , according to the Religion of his Country , did adore not only the God Belus , but also a great Dragon which Daniel broke in pieces , to shew unto them who was the true God .

When the Egyptians were most Famous for learning , they did consecrate their Temples to the God Serapis , which was an Ox● marked in an extraordinary manner ; because they did believe that Osiris , one of their Kings , the Son of Jupiter , had been metamorphosed into an Oxe after his Death . From hence the Israelites did derive their shameful custom and inclinations of worshipping Golden Calves .

Afterwards the Egyptians did adore the Sun , and named him Osiris ; and the Moon , and called her his Wife Queen Isis . They did also believe , that the Cats , the Crocodils , and the Onions , were to be reverenced as Gods , because the Gods went into Egypt to hide themselves in the shape of those things during the War of the Gyants .

The Romans , by the Decrees of their Senat , placed amongst the Gods many of their Caesars , besides that infamous Varlet Antinoüs , the Favourite of the Emperour Adrian . To flatter and alleviate the grief of this Prince conceived for his death , they perswaded him that Antinoüs was changed into a new Star , which appeared about that time in the Heavens .

Therefore from hence we may conclude , that these follies and impieties were not only amongst the silly Vulgar , but also amongst the greatest Wits , and Noblest men ; and that they were esteemed as Maxims of Religion in the most flourishing Empires and Commonwealths . This blindness and excessive folly will appear more plainly unto us , by that which we shall declare in the first Chapters of the next Book , concerning the worship paid to the Heathen Idols . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

The End of the Second Book .
The Third Book . Of the Honours paid by the Heathens unto their Gods .
The PREFACF .

THE knowledge of a God doth necessarily require from us Obedience , Worship , and Respect : which we are bound in Justice to render to him as to a being infinitely excelling all the rest , and to whom we owe our selves , and all our enjoyments . From hence proceeds Religion , which is the sublimest and most excellent of all the moral virtues . It teacheth us how to adore our God with outward expressions of humility , as well as with inward , that we may acknowledge thereby his Sovereignty over us . It teacheth us to make our addresses unto him by Prayer , as to the first source from whence issue all our good things . It teacheth us to publish his Praises , to glorify his Greatness , and offer unto him Sacrifices , because he is the first principle , and the last end of all his Creatures ; He is the absolute Lord of Life and Death . It teacheth us also for these reasons to erect Temples , and appoint Dayes to worship him , that we might have both times and places to mind us of our obligations to him . These duties we ought as his Servants and Vassals , to perform with all diligence and delight .

But the Devils having banished from the world the true knowledge of God , and established themselves in his room , they obliged man kind to adore them and their Statues instead of God , and usurped by that means all the Prerogatives and supreme Rights of the God-head . For unto them all publick and private Prayers , and Vows were directed , for them the Temples and Altars were built , and the Festival dayes , the Sacrifices , the publick Plays , and such like Ceremonies were instituted , as we shall see in this last Book of this Treatise .

Of the Honours rendred by the Heathens to their Gods . CHAP. I. Of the Statues consecrated to the false Gods .

THE rarest and most eminent Qualities could never free man from the Power of Death , that buries all things in eternal forgetfulness by the assistance of Time . Therefore the Images and Statues have been invented to continue the Dead in our remembrance , and to cause them to live amongst their . Posteritie , maugre Death , and its tyranical Power .

These Images or Statues are visible expressions of Reverence : And because they have a relation sometimes to Persons of Honour , who have deserved from us our esteem , they seem to demand some kind of respect ; and in process of time they do appear venerable Monuments of former Ages . But the Honour done unto them , is intended only to the Persons that they do represent .

Thus in the Church of Christ , He is expressed unto us by Images to raise our mind to the contemplation of this Holy Saviour , and to cause the ruder sort of People to learn the mysteries of his Life and Death . But the Heathens did commit two grievous Sacriledges by erecting Statues to their Gods ; First , They did acknowledge others besides the true God Almighty , who only is worthy of our services , and of the supreme religious respect . Secondly , They did esteem these material Statues as Gods , and did Worship and Adore the Works of their hands .

For we must take notice , that Idols properly are not Images of real things , but of false Divinities , or of such as were unjustly Honoured as Gods ; Therefore the Apostle informs us that an Idol is nothing , which cannot be said of the Images of the Saints , because they do express Persons that are really in being .

Besides , we must observe , that the Heathens did adore these very Idols as Divinities , which was not only the mistake of the vulgar sort of men , but of the Learned ; Some I confess of them did acknowledge the folly of such Practices . This is confirmed unto us in many places of Holy Scripture , in 14 of Wisdom , and in the Psalms , where David upbraids the Idolaters because they did worship the works of their own hands , Gods that had Eyes , and all the other members of the humane body , but neither life nor action in them All the Prophets do agree to this , and it was in this manner that the children of Israel did adore the Golden-Calf in the Wilderness , and that the King of Babylon , with all the Grandees of his Court did call upon Daniel to Worship the Idol of King Belus . And for this cause S ▪ Paul in his Epistles , labours to make his new Disciples understand the extraordinary favour which Christ had vouchsaved unto them , to have withdrawn them from the service of the mute and insensible Idols ▪ The holy Fathers of the Church did often upbraid the Heathens , that their Gods were for the most part nothing but Marble and Metal , which Arnobius and manyother worthy Persons did acknowledge when they had embraced Christianity . And Trismegistue also , according to the saying of St. Austin , did really believe that Idols were to be worshiped and sacrificed unto , that Men might obtain favours from them , and decline the Evils which might happen unto them .

We have taken notice of this passage , to oppose it to the Doctrine of Calvin , who teaches the contrary , and who publishes to the world , that the Romanists do Imitate the Heathens by Honouring Image of Jesus Christ ; for he supposeth that the Heathens did consider the Idols but as the naked representations of their Gods , without any other respect .

We might here mention the most Famous Idols of Antiquity , as the Colossus of Rhodes , Diana of the Ephesians , Minerva of Athens ; this last did bear in her Buckler the Image of the workman , formed so artificially , that it was not possible to remove or deface it without a visible prejudice to the whole Piece . But as this discourse is not proper to our design , I shall not insist upon it .

Addit . Not. I cannot let this digression of the Jesuite pass without an Antidote . He pleads for the worship of Images , which he condemns in others ; Yet he labours to justify himself , and his Religion from that foul crime , of which the holy Prophets , and the Fathers * * Concerning this ●case of Conscience . consult Rainold . de Idololat. Rom. Eccl●s . Sadel . contra Burdeg . Martyr . Loc. com . M●lancthon &c. of the Christian Church do accuse the Heathens . Whereas it is plain , both by their Practices , and by the Confession of the most eminent of their Doctors , that there is no difference between them and the most superstitious Heathens ; If there be , we must confess that the Papists do exceed the former in their Idolatry , and are far more prophane than the others ever were .

First , it is not difficult to prove that there is no difference in the outward practices of the Heathens and Papists in this particular ; We need but open our eyes , and we shall see them both Cringing , Bowing , Kneeling , prostrate to the ground , Incensing and. Offering to their several Images all the Divine Honours that the Body is able to pay unto God . We shall see the Papists as well as the Heathens pour forth their Prayers before the Statues of Wood and Metal , and expect from them assistance in time of need , we shall hear them say unto the Stock , thou art my Father , and to the Stone , thou hast begotten me . The Heathens did cut and lance themselves Jer. 2. 27. before their Idols , they did load them with Garlands and Flowers : so do the Papists in all the Dominions of the Pope . They do crown and set them out on their Festival dayes , that they might oblige the People to more respect , they do offer unto them their Riches . It is a common practice in Spain for a Mendicant Fryer to carry with him the Image of the Virgin Crudeles dij vestri sunt qui delect intur vestro sanguine ac ●os impellunt ad vitam fundendam , Clemens Alex. Mary joyned to his Box , that her credit among the ignorant multitude might stir up their Liberality . They do also afflict and whip themselves before their Images , cut their bodies with Knives , and put themselves to many other needless sufferings for to please God and the Saints . We in England that are ignorant of these follies and extravagant practices , are apt to be deceived with their colourable pretences ; but in this particular they are more guilty than the Heathens of Superstition , for they Adore & Pray unto the Images of those that they acknowledge to be no Gods , whereas the Heathens never offered Sacrifice nor worshiped any , but such as they imagined to be in the number of Gods , or such as they desired should be promoted to that Honour .

S●e what God saith to the bowing of our bodies to the Idols . Deut. 4. 19. And S. Hierom against Ruffin . lib. 1. But saith the Jesuite , the Heathens did acknowledge the Image to be their God , and so they did adore it , which we do not do ; for if our Bodies do bow to a representation , our minds do at the same instant convey our respect to the Person represented . I am certain the Papists cannot say more in this case to free themselves from the suspition of folly ; Than ●●nucius Felix . a Heathen doth in Minucius Felix where he wittily disputes with a Christian , and tells him , that he is not so ignorant but that he knows the power and value of the Image before which he falls , which is fashioned and framed by a work-man : I know , saith he , that the Image is but Metal or Stone , but as it is dedicated to represent such a God , or such a virtue of God named Jupiter , Apollo , Mercurius , Juno , &c do not think that my homage doth stop 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , was the opinion of the Heathen . there , my thoughts do direct my worship to God , and his Attributes that I adore , in , and by such an Image . I am certain no Papist can say more for himself than the Heathen doth in this place . Yet these were they that all the Prophets do cry against : How can therefore the It seems by the false Miracles which the Papists do ascribe to the Images , that they do labour to persuade the people that there is such a Divine virtue inherent in them . Romanists reckon themselves guiltless ?

Our Jesuite abuseth Arnobius , to make him approve of Idolatry against his will , we may see what he saith in the 6. Book contra gentes . The Heathens do affirm , that they do not worship the Images , but the presence of God in them . For they did imagine that a Divine virtue was infused into them by a dedication . Therefore I find the Heathens more rational in their practices than the Papists , for the former did really believe that which did require their Devotion , whereas the latter do pay the same respect by the Decree of their last Council , Concil. Trident. Sessio 25. De invocat● vener at . & reliquiis Sanctorum . and yet declare that they imagine no such excellency in them , as should oblige them to this humility . Bellarmine their great Goliah , affirms , more that the Images of Saints are to be worshiped properly , and for themselves , and not only with relation to the persons represented . The most superstitious Heathen cannot say Imagines Dei Angelor . hominum Sanctorum proprie per se non autem tantum respectu Prototypi colendoe sunt & quidem cultu religioso . Bel. l. 2. c. 12. Disp. Tho. Aquinas is of the same opinion , so are all the Jesuitical writers . Exod. 20. 4 , 5. more for his Idols , than this Doctor for his Images . I shall not heap up together the horrid abominations , and grievous expressions of the Cross , of the Virgin Mary in their Hymns and Prayers , and the other extravagant opinions of the rest of their Doctors , who go beyond the Heathens in Idolatry , and in robbing God of his Sovereign Right . It shall fuffice to see the unlawfulness of bowing to Images . In the second Commandment God forbids the Israelites to make to themselves any graven Image , nor the likeness of any thing that is in Heaven above , &c. Thou shalt not bow down to them nor worship them . This is so plain against them , that they have thought it convenient to dash it out of the number of all the writings that appear to the people in their own Language . And to supply the want of it , they have divided the 10th Commandment into two to make up Ten. It is craftily done not to betray their own weakness , and to banish out of their Decalogue a Commandment , that accuseth them of Idolatry in such plain terms .

God will not give his Glory unto another , we must not asso●iate unto him any creature , His Divine Rights cannot without Prophanation be ascribed to any other being , therefore unto God only we must pray , and make our addresses , John 4. 24. and as he is a Spirit , we must worship him in Spirit and in Truth .

It is not possible to represent God with any Deut. 4. 12. Image ; Besides , it is forbidden , Moses warns the Israelites , that they should not liken God unto any thing . In our Houses and Temples the Images of God and of Christ have been esteemed as the prophanations of the sacred Persons that we are to Adore by all sober Christians ; Therefore the 7th Council did forbid the Image Esaias 40. 18. of Christ to be drawn ; unto whom ( saith Esaias ) will you liken God , or with what resemblance will you represent him ? He hath engraven the Images of himself in the great Fabrick Rom. 1 : of the world , and in the beautiful make and disposition of all Creatures , there the invisible things of him are clearly seen , &c. Here it becomes us to adore him by a continual contemplation of his Wonders , Power , Wisdom , and Goodness . All other Images of God do beget in us a mean esteem of his Greatness , and instead of benefiting the simple People , they steal away from him their hearts and affections , which is the direct contrary design of the Gospel . They nourish ignorance and error , for there is no place in the world where so many absurdities of God , and of his Power are believed , as in Spain and Italy , where Images are worshiped I could here mention all the Fathers of the Primitive Church , and many worthy men since , who have abhorred this abuse that is crept in amongst Christians Claudius Clemens , Bishop of Aventin . in Annal. Auxere in France , opposed the Pope , and would not suffer Images in his Diocess , Leo Isaurus , Constantine , Nicephorus ▪ Leo Armenus , Michael Balbus , and Theophilus the Emperors of the East , have been branded with Excommunications from Rome , because they would not subscribe to this horrid Idolatry . And a Greek Historian informs us , that when Frederick Nicetas Chron. l. 3. I. the Emperour , who led his Army to the conquest of the Holy Land , entred into Armenia , Anno Domini . 1180. the Christians of those parts d d lovingly receive them , because the worship of Images was not admitted Neub . l. 4. amongstthem , as amongst other Northern People . I could here muster up an Army of the most excellent men of all ages , who have detested this grievous abuse , that renders Christians ridiculous to Mahumetans . We do not deny a civil respect to the Pictures and Images of the Dead , but to make them or their Prototypes share in any part of that Honour only due unto God , is an extravagancy that we ought to abominate .

Besides , Our Jesuite is grosly mistaken , when he saith that the Images of Saints worshiped , or unto whom men do kneel , are not Idols , because they are representations of real things . The LXX , and St. Paul are not of his judgement , for they call many real things 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophon Exped. Cyr. lib. 2. Homer . Iliad . 6. Plutarch . ▪ Appian . The Hebrews call Idols also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nihilum , or Stercora , dunghil Gods . For Jupiter was named Stercoreus by the Heathens Idols . the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is composed of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Face , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to serve , and in all the Greek writers , it is taken for the Images unto whom we pay respect and service ; Nevertheless , St. Paul saith that the Idol is nothing ; I conceive he borrows this expression from the Hebrew word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a thing without form , or an insignificant thing : the LXX upon the 1 Sam. 12. 21. have rendred it thus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , they call there , and in many other passages , ●dols of the Heathens , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , things that have no being , which relates rather to Images than to the Originals . The Images therefore of the Heathens had no being ; that is , no real being , as they imagined them to have , no power , no virtue , no Soul , nor motion , they were things void of life and action . They were but Wood , Stone , or Metal , that could neither hear , nor deliver us : and are not the Images of the Saints of the same kind ? 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 things without Soul , things void of sense and understanding . What qualities do the Papists fancy in them , that do cause them to excel the Idols of the Heathens ? But if our Jesuit will needs apply this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the originals of the Images , I am afraid the St. Katherine . St. George , &c. Saints will be found included in this expression . I will fay nothing of many that are now adored in Rome , who were never in being , unless in the fancy of some dreaming Monk , or of a religious Romancer . It is certain , that the Saints as they are represented unto us , are not in being , the Bodies have been consumed long ago into ashes . Their Souls are at rest , but unable to Isaiah 63. 16. We may find this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , applyed to the Dead and buryed , in the 42. Gen. 36. Joseph is not , &c. hear our Prayers and groans , or to yield unto us any comfort : To what purpose therefore do we make our adresses to these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or worship those that are not able to receive our respects , or make any returns . Is it not better according to Gods express command , to humble our selves unto him who is every where , and in our need call upon his mercy , who hath promised to hear us for Christ his sake ?

CHAP. II. Of the Edifices and Temples dedicated to the Heathen Gods .

THe Pagans did commonly boast of seaven stately structures , that were named the seaven wonders of the world . The first was the Wall of Babylon , and the pleasant Gardens which Queen Semiramis planted : About Vide Martial Epigr , 1. this Work 3 hundred thousand men were continually imployd for many years . The second was , the Labyrinth of Egypt described by Herodotus , in which 16 large apartments o● su●ptuous Pallaces were built , to equal the 16 Governments or Provinces of Egypt ; There were in it so many wayes and artificial walks , that it was no easy matter to find the way out again . Dedalus took his model upon this to build his Labyrinth in the Isle of Crete . The third wonder of the world , was the Pyramides of Egypt , which were of a prodigious height , six hundred thousand men were buisy in the buildin gone of them during the space of twenty years , as was commonly reported .

Plin. lib. 36. c. 5. Herod . lib. 8. Strabo lib. 13. The next was the Mausolaeum of Caria , which Q. Artemisia built as a Sepulchre for her deceased Husband Mausolaeus ; she enricht it with so many rare ornaments , that it was esteemed one of the greatest wonders of the world . All Monuments of this kind have since been called Mausolaea . This Queen did love her Husband so much , that besides this Edisice which she erected for him , she caused the ashes of his consumed body to be put into a cup of Wine , and swallowed them , to give him a lodging next to her heart .

The Colossus of Rhodes , which we have already mentioned , was reckoned amongst these wonders of the world .

The sixth , was the Statue of Jnpiter Olymp . made by Phidias of a hundred and fifty Cubits high . The head was of pure Gold , but the body was of Brass .

But the greatest wonder and incomparable work , was the Temple of Ephesus , dedicated to Diana . A hundred and twenty large Pillars were to be seen there , every one of them had been the sole enterprise and work of a King , who was resolved to make his Piety and Magnificence appear upon his Pillar .

The Temples all over the world , were also stately . I shall not offer to number them ; It is sufficient to know that the Princes , and the Nations did imploy their Riches and ingenious inventions of Architecture , only in the building of Temples to their Gods . In which there were always to be seen three Altars . The first at the entry where the Victims were offered and burnt . The second in the middle , and the third at the end of the Temple , in the inclosure called Adytum and Sacrarium , or Secreta , and Penetralia . Upon these two last only Perfumes and sweet scents were usually burnt . In this place Beds and Cusheons were commonly placed , called therefore Lectisternia and Pulvinaria , that the People might sit and lean upon them in the Feasts that were there dedicated to the Gods . The Officers of this Ceremony were named Epulones . And as these Gods were but of an inanimate substance of wood or stone &c , they could neither eat nor drink , as Daniel proved to the King of Babylon in the Temple of Belus : so that all these rare dishes of Meat that were offered , did turn to the advantage of these wretched Ministers , who did feed instead of their Gods upon the Dainties that were consecrated for their service .

Addit . Not. In this last Chapter , these following particulars of the Wonders of the World , are omitted , which may deserve our knowledge .

The Walls of Babylon built by that Warlike Queen Semiarmis , of a fat Clay only found near Euphrates , were very large and high . Plinius speaks of 200 Feet in height ; Others o● 250 , and some of 300 : But the ordinary opinion , is , that they were 50 Cubits high , and so broad that two or three Chariots might go upon them in a breast without danger . Diodorus saith that they were three hundred and five Stadia round , that is about 11 French Leagues . This stately Wall , and the great Bridge that did reach over the River Euphrates , this Queen caused to be built in a year .

Sands Journal . The Pyramides of Egypt do remain to this very day , if we may believe the Travellers that have lately been in that Countrey , but they are mightily defaced by Time . There were three of them ; The greatest was built by Chemnis King of Egypt ▪ as a stately Monument of his Power , and to be his Sepulchre after his death . It was placed about 16 English Miles from Memphis or Grand-Cairo : It was about the 1440 foot high length of 6 Acres of Land in height , as Diodorus an eye-witness affirms . An Italian Traveller Vinz . Lor. speaks of 250 degrees high , and that it is built of a hard Arabian stone , every one Belon . being about 30 Foot long . Chemnis was torn in pieces in a Mutiny of his People , and could never obtain the Honour of being interred in this Sepnl●ôer . His brother Cephus succeeded him , The Israelites were imployed to build the Pyramides , as some do think . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a vile fellow . Prov. and imitated his vain-glorious actions in erecting another lesser than the former , four square . The last was built by King Mycerinus , or as some say by that famous Strumpet Rhodope . Vpon this appears a great head of black Marble , of a hundred two foot round about the Temples , and about 60 foot high from the chin to the crown of the head .

Labyrinthus , an intricate discourse . The Labyrinth of Egypt was built by Menis , or Maros King of that Conntrey for his Tomb. It is described by Herodotus , as that of Crete is by Diodorus , who saw it in the time of Julius Caesar .

The Colossus of Rhodes was made by Chares of Asia minor , in the space of 12 years , Artus . Thom. and was dedicated to the Sun . It cost about Philostrate . 44000 pounds English money , and was placed at the entrance of the Harbour of the City , with the right foot standing on the one side of the Land , and the left foot standing on the other ; between the leggs the tallest Ships with their Masts , did enter into the Haven . When it fell down to the ground by an Earth-quake , few men were able to embrace the little finger of this prodigious Statue .

The Mausoleum of Queen Artimesia , was built by four of the most excellent Artificers of that time . It was square four hundred and eleven feet round and 45 Cubits high : the square looking East , was finished by Scapas , that towards the West by Leocares , the S●u ▪ the●n by Timotheus , and the Northern by Briax . Vpon the top another Workman placed a great Brazen Chariot , with many wonderful and curious inventions .

The workman was Phidias the Athenian . Josephus . The Statue of Jupiter Olymp. was the neatest of all these Works ; It was erected by by the Eleens a People of Greece , and placed in a Temple dedicated to Jupiter , which was The upper part uncovered signifyeth how he is known to the Angels , but the lower part covered , signifies how God hides himself in his works to the inferior creatures . Suidas . enriched afterwards by many curious representations , and excellent Statues . This of Jupiter was sitting in a Chair half naked , but from the girdle downward he was covered , in the right hand he held an Eagle , and in the left hand a Scepter . * * Sueton. in vita Calig . Caligula endeavored to transport it to Rome , but those that were imployed about it , were frighted from their enterprise by some unexpected accident .

The Temple of Diana at Ephesus , was first begun by Archiphron , and seated ( for fear of the Earth-quakes ) in a Marish ground ; It was 425 foot long , and 220 broad , and 127 stately Pillars were in it . It was rebuilt again by Alexander's command , by his Ingineer , who laid the Foundations , and designed the ground of the City of Alexandria in Egypt : his name was Dinocrates .

Several other places very remarkable , rich and stately were dedicated to the Heathen Gods , the Temple of Athens to Minerva , and another in the same City to Mars , where the Acts 17. Judges did meet to examine causes of Life and Death , The Pantheon of Rome , to all the Gods , and many more which the Poets do sometimes mention . Now there were several sorts of these Religious houses set apart for the service Templum signifies the Heavens , or the Air where Birds do flie , for the Augures to make their Observations . Coel. Rhodig . Vide Cornelius Tacit. lib. 4. of the Gods . Templum , from templando , or contemplando , signifies an Edifice dedicated to a God , where the Image of a Divinity was to be seen and worshipped , and which was to be Consecrated by the Augures with Prayers in the presence of all the People . Aedes was an Edifice dedicated to a God , but not consecrated in such a solemn manner as a Temple .

Fanum , à ●ando to speak , because there the People were instructed in the mysteries of the Sistere fanum vel effari . Templum , is to appoint a place to build a Church , which was done by the Augures . Heathen Gods , or because their Oracles were given , and the God was made to speak there by the crafty Priests .

Delubrum , signifies sometimes the Place where the Image or the statue of the God did stand , and sometimes a Temple dedicated to more than one Divinity . Aedicula , is a diminutive of aedes , a holy house ; some think it It is called Sacellum . to be a little enclosure where the Image of a God was to be worshipped , open on the top .

These were the names of the places where the Heathens did pay their Devotions to their false Gods : But besides these names , there are several other Corners & parts of holy houses that we must not omit ; as Sacrarium , which is the holyest place of the Church , or that where every one had not liberty to come , as we may see in Cicero pro Milone ; which place if you compare It is now taken for a V●stry . with that of Claudian . lib. 1. de Raptu Prof. Adytis gavis● Cybele prosilit . It will Aditus signifies an Entry . appear , that Adytum and Sacrarium is the same in these places . Donarium , is the place Aelian . v●r . Histo● . l. 2. c. 20 where the gifts offered to the Divinities were placed , called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Lucus is a Porticus , or Pronaon was the Porch . Grove , so thick with Trees planted near some Temples , that it appeared very dark : There the Heathens were wont to worship their Gods , Altare quasi alta area . which the Israelites did imitate Ara , was a little Altar , upon which the Beasts were burned to their inferior Gods . Altare ▪ was the higher Altars dedicated to the superior . Scrobiculus , was a round Pit , having in the middle a little Altar , about which the blood of the Sacrifices did run . * * a fovendo ignem pro aris & focis pugnare , to fight for God and our houses . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , suspendere clypeum , to live in peace . Focus , is a domestick Altar , consecrated to the domestick Gods , or a Chimney ▪ Tholum , was a place in the middle , or on the top of the Temples , where the soldiers did hang up their Arms , and dedicated their spoils , and where the Pictures were placed , as may appear by this expression of Statius , figamque superbis arma Tholis .

Now these Edifices dedicated to the Honour of the Gods , were not all of the same Fabrick ; some were built with open Roofs in the middle , Strabo lib. 15. others were shut as our Churches . The Persians had none for their God Mithra , who is the Sun ; therefore he was worshipped in a Grove .

Neither were Temples dedicated to all sorts of Gods : amongst the Romans and Greeks we shall find this distinction , that the Altars and Temples were consecrated to the Celestial Gods , and to those that were admitted amongst them . The Foci , or Chimneys to the earthly or Penates , and the Caves , Dens , and low Huts to the infernal Gods , and to the Nymphs and field Divinities , as Homerus takes notice . Porphyrius . Odyss. 13. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

CHAP. III. Of the Sacrifices offered to the Idol Gods .

THe Devils the sworn Enemies of God , & of his Glory , were not satisfyed with the offerings of the fruits of the Earth , and of all manner of Creatures that were commonly sacrificed to them ; but they were so barbarous as to require also human victims , Men and Women to be butchered , and burnt alive upon their Altars .

Virgil informs us how Aeneas chose eight young Gallants of the Prisoners that he had made upon the Enemy , to sacrifice them to the Gods of Hell for the sake of Pallas . This custom hath been in use also amongst the Romans , aswel as amongst the other People of the world . The Parents did sometimes dedicate their young Infants to the Household Gods , for the good of the rest of the Family . The Scythians who did inhabit about that part that is named Taurica , did sacrifice to their Diana all strangers whose unhappiness it was to fall into their hands , as we have seen in the story of Orestes and Iphigenia . Bacchus also had an Altar in Arcadia , upon which a great many young Damsels were to be beaten to death with bunches of Rods. This was also practised by the Lacedemonians , who scourged their Children in honour of Mercurius . The Germans , and the Cimbri did sacrifice also Men , when they had cruelly tormented them . Some of the Heathens did choose the aged , to cast them into a River to please their Gods , and to free themselves from the trouble of their companies , especially when they grew decrepit and useless , therefore they were called Senes depontani . The People of the most Northerns Climates , did dress for them a Feast , where they did make merry with their friends , and then they did crown them with Garlands , and cast them down from the top of a high Rock into the Sea . Caesar in his Commentaries speaks of the ancient Gauls , who did trim up a great Statue made of branches of Ozier , and then did fill it with Men alive , to burn them together to their Idols . Alexander ab Alexandro mentions a certain Aristomenes , who in a Sacrifice caused 300 Men to be slain in honour of his God . Many of them did offer their own Children , which was an ordinary practice amongst the Egyptians , and amongst the People of Palestina . The Holy Scripture doth reproach it to the Israelites , who were so vile as to imitate these abominable inhumanities , in causing their Children to pass between two fires so often , till they were miserably scorched . They did also shut them up in a hallow Idol of Brass called Moloch , that was red hot ; and whiles these innocent Victims were consuming in this manner , they did sound the Trumpets , and beat the Drums and other Instruments , that the People might not hear the complaints and outcries of the poor creatures ; Therefore this place was called Tophet , that is , a Drum . Achaz and Manasses Kings of Jadea , were so wretched , as to cause their Children to pass through this Fire : From hence we may see , unto what excess of impiety and wickedness they were arrived by the Devils perswasions . The Sacrifices that were offered for the deceased , were no less inhumane , for many Nations did keep this custom at the Funerals of Persons of Quality , to kill and burn with them such as had been acceptable to them in their lives , and such as were judged able to do them service in the other world . Some did take in War as many Prisoners as they could , to sacrifice them at this time , as Virgilius tells us ; and Homerus relates how Achilles butcher'd twelve Trojans to Patroclus his dear friend . Also that famous Gladiator Spartacus , who was so industrious and daring , as to raise an Army of Slaves in Italy , and to march against the People of Rome , did force 300 of his Prisoners of War to kill themselves in honour of his Captains slain in the Fight , to procure unto them the favour of the infernal Gods . This cruel Ceremouy became so ordinary amongst the Romans , that scarce any of the Chieftains of the Commonwealth , or of the Emperors did die , but several thousands of Gladiators did follow them .

Now there were several Kinds of Sacrifices amongst the Heathens : When they were made for the increase of the Fruits of the Earth , which was done after that they had led the Victim round about the Fields . Others went about the City and were named Amburbales hostiae . These Sacrifices were named Ambarvalia , or Ambarvales hostiae . Sometimes they did offer a hundred Beasts at a time ; as a hundred Oxen , and this was called Hecatomb . We shall not insist upon the different kinds of Offerings , but proceed to the principal Ceremonies that were commonly observed .

First , a choice was made of the Animals according to the disposition of the Gods unto whom the Sacrifice was to be offered . For Mars did love no creatures , but only such as were furious and war-like ; as the Buck which was not lawful to be sacrificed to Jupiter . Neptunus did affect the Horse and the Bull. The He-Goat was dedicated to Bacchus , because it is a creature that spoils the Vineyards . The Cowes were killed in honour of Ceres , and of Juno . The She-Goats were offered to Diana , and the young Kids to Faunus , &c.

They were to be very careful to see that the Victims had no blemish nor spot , therefore it was to pass through a Ceremony called Lustration . This was also practised with them who were present at the Sacrifices . If they had any natural default , they were to be gone . The Herald gave them notice , by crying Pocula lustrabant sulphure & aqua pura & aliquando cum ovo & pisce . Procul este Profani ,

After wards the Priest did take a lump of burnt Corn , bruised with Water and Salt , named Salsae sruges , or mola salsa , or libum adoreum : sometimes he did take Meal mingled with Salt , to cast it upon the Victime , for without this , no lawful sacrifice could be be performed .

At last , when the Beast was kill'd , it was laid upon the Fire , while those that did Talibus orantem dictis aramque t●nentem Virg. 4. Aeneid . offer it were to hold their hands upon it , and Pray with the Priest ; afterwards Wine was poured into the Fire . If it was an Holocauste , all was consumed by the Flames , otherwise a part of the Beast was laid aside for the Priests , and the other for them that did give it .

After this , they did dance round about the Altar , singing Hymns and songs in honour of the God unto whom the sacrifice was made . In these Hymns there were three Stances or Parts ; The first called Strophe , was sung in turning from the East to the West : The other named Antistrophe , in returning from the West to the East ; then they did stand before the Altar , and sing the Epode which was the last part of the song . All this while it did concern the Priest to be wonderfully intent about his business . The Herald was wont to forwarn him by these words , Age quod agis , as he did the People in the beginning , by telling them favete linguis ; thereby he did signify unto them , how every one was to hold his peace .

Addit . Not. There was a great difference in the order and manner of the Ancient Sacrifices . The chief was between the Honours offered to the superior Gods , and between those that were paid to the Infernal , the Maritime and Terrestrial Gods .

First , The superior Gods did require high Altars in eminent places , and their Temples were to be built upon such high ground , that they might without any impediment receive the first Rayes of the Suns rising upon our Horizon . The Priest was to appear in a Purple or a white Gown , and before he did approach the Altar , This they Borrowed from the Jews , and most of their Ceremonies , see Court Gentil . Theoph. Gale . They were to wash the Victims all over , and to purifie the vessels with oynions , water , brimstone , and an egg . he was to wash his hands in pure water . The Heathens did fancy that this washing did cleanse at the same time the Soul from its defaults , and render it acceptable to the Gods . He did then lead the Victime to the Altar with Garlands and Ribbons upon his own , and the beasts head , followed by a crowd of people . The Purveyer of Wood had a care to provide such as was acceptable to the Divinity . It was the custom , when Sacrifices were to be offered to Jupiter , to offer some preparatory things , called Praecidaneae hostiae , to the Doemones or Angels , that they might intercede and convey the Prayers safe up into the presence of God : If they did not seem happy by some unluckie Sign , they did then offer others , which were called Succidaneae hostiae . The Victime that was to be offered , was to remain near the Altar a little space of time , during which the Priest did offer a set form of Prayer to Janus and Vesta ▪ then he did mark the Beast with his Knife from the Head to the Tail , and if it did appear unruly , and unwilling to stay there longer , they did imagine that God would have none of it , therefore they did fetch another . From hence comes immol●tio . After these , and other frivolous Ceremonies , the Priest did lay upon his Head and Back his mola salsa mingled with Frankincense , and did himself taste of a cup of Wine , causing the This custom is called libatio . libare to taste . Assistants to do the like . The remainder he did pour between the Horns of the Beast , taking from that place a few hairs , which he did cast into the Fire , and this was called Prima libamina . The Priest did then command an Officer to kill the Beast , which he did by striking him Wine was unlawful in the Sacrifices of Ceres . Plautus . down , or by cutting his throat , The Assistants did then help to flea him , light the wood , and do other inferior offices , while the Priest or Soothsayer with a long knife did turn the Bowels up and down , to observe them better , and to tell his judgement , for it was not lawful to handle the Bowels with the hands : After this the Priest did cast some Frankincense in the Fire with Wine , and did take that part of every member which his Ministers had cut out in a Platter called Discus , or Lanx , to cast it into Natal . Com. the Flames . This action was named Litare , to appease or satisfy with Sacrifices . Whiles , this was a burning , the Priest , and the Person that did give the Victime did jointly make their Prayers to the God , with their hands upon the Altar . Afterwards they did go aside with the Assistants , to Feast upon the remaining part of the Beast , singing the Praises of their God . After the Banquet , they did return to the Altar , and cast into the flames the morsels of me at They did offer Sacrifices also to their deceased friends , a barren Cow was killed : blood , with Wine was poured forth . that were left , with the tongue , and some Wine , and then did return thanks to the God for the Honour and advantage of sharing with him in the Victime offered to him . The solemnity was concluded at Rome with Prayers to Janus and Vesta , the Gods unto whose protection the Empire was chiefly recommended .

The hair of the living was cut off , and offer'd unto them , &c. Natal . Com. These Sacrifices were performed in this manner , in honour to the Superior Gods , un to whom they did pray standing , as they did to the Infernal sitting .

The Gods of the Air did require some alteration in the Sacrifices ; for the Heathens did adore them with musical Instruments , and melodious Songs , more than the former . The Maritime Gods were worshipped near the Sea , and the blood of the Victime was reserved in a Platter , to be poured forth into the salt water , which was not practised in the Offerings of the superior Gods . Vnto the Infernal Divinities Sacrifices were performed in the night ; their Beasts were black , and they were offered to them in some Cave or dark place , unless it be The Priest of Pluto was cloathed in black . Tenque novas circium felix eat hostia fruges . Virg. Georg. lib. 1. Numero Deus impare gaudet . to Pluto , whose Sacrifices did differ from the Celestial only in this ; that instead of Wine , they did pour Oyl in the Fire , and the Priest was cloathed in black . Virgil takes notice , and so do many of the Greek Poets , that the Gods did delight in the number Three ; therefore they did three times drink in honour of their Gods , and did walk round the Altar thrice .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Appollon . lib. 3. Argo● . Vnto the Nymphs and Divinities of the Fields , the Heathens did usually offer Milk , Honey , and sweet Wine in their Sacrifices : And to the Male Gods they did usually kill male Beasts , and the Females to the Goddesses .

These are the Vessels used in the Sacrifices , and the proper names that are found in the Authors for things with which we are not acquainted .

Thuribulum , was a long Pot like unto a Pitcher , in which Frankincense was burned .

Rosinus . Praefericulum , a Vessel of Brafs not much unlike the former .

Sympulum , was a little Cup out of which they did drink in the Sacrifices .

Capis and Capula , was a Cup with Ears .

Candelabrum , a Candlestick .

Patera , an open Dish or Platter .

Secespita , was a large chopping knife wit● a long handle , to cut off the head of the Beasts .

Dolabra , was another cutting Instrument .

Enclabria , were the Vessels of Brass put uppon the Tables of the Gods .

Aspersorium , a Vessel with small holes to sprinkle the Holy-water .

Aquiminarium , or Amula , a Vessel proper to keep Holy-water .

CHAP. IV. Of the Priests of the false Gods .

THE Heathens had always Priests , that is , certain Persons dedicated to the service of the Gods , to render their Sacrifices and Religion more stately : These had the overfight of the things offered to their Gods , and the care to keep the Holy Vessels and Instruments .

The Curetes or Corybantes , who were also called the Gauls of Phrygia , were the Priests of Cybele , as we have said in the 2. Chap. of the 1. Book . Vesta had her Vestal Virgins established at Rome by Numa Pompilius , who gave unto them their manner of living , their Laws , and commanded them to keep always burning a Fire , dedicated to this Goddess ; For as Florus takes notice , He appointed this Holy Fire to keep a continual Watch and Guard for the safety and defence of the Empire , as God had the Stars that shine in the Firmament for the good of the World .

They did run naked about the streets , and the barren women did strive to touch them , fancying a blow from them able to render them fruitful , See Juven . Satyr. 2. There was another sort of Priests called Lupercales , instituted by Evander in honour of Pan ; and Romulus chose the children of Acca Laurentia , to offer Sacrifices for the happy increase of the Fruits of the Earth : Unto them therefore and their Successors , named Fratres Arvales , the people did make their addresses on such occasions . Numa Pompilius established in Rome many sorts of Priests , to give more splendor and credit to Religion , and the worship of the Gods . The They were named Crepi à crepitu Scutorum , and Germani by Cicero . Priests of Mars were the Salij , because they did perform their Devotions always in skipping . They were intrusted with that little Buckler named Ancile , which was sent from Heaven as a Token , to confirm unto them the Empire of the World . While that was safe , the Commonwealth was to suffer no harm , but to continue in prosperity .

Not to trouble the Reader with all the distinctions and several kinds of Priests , we must take notice , that the Kings did exercise the office of Priest , that it might appear more Honorable ; And in the Sacrifices there was an action proper for them to perform . Therefore Numa fearing that in Process of time , that the Kings might come to neglect it , by reason of the weighty Affairs of War that might otherwise imploy them , he established to every God one to supply the Creabantur a populo Comitijs curiatis . A. Gel. lib. 15. cap. 27. Kings place , named Flamen from Filamen a woolen thread that was usually tyed about their Temples . These Flamines did bear the name of their several Gods unto whom they were consecrated : Jupiter's was called Flamen Dialis , and the chief of Mars , Flamen Matialis , &c.

The Flamen of Jupiter was the most honourable ; therefore he was admitted to wear a white Hat , with a purple Gown , called Trabea , which was the cloathing only of the Gods , Kings , and Augures , or Soothsayers in performing their Office .

When the Kings were banished out of Rome , one of the Priestly order had the name of King while he was doing his Function , that the People might not fancy that there was something wanting amongst them in the worship of their Gods , therefore they did acknowledge a Royalty in their Sacrifices , but none in the Government of the Commonwealth .

In Rome Priests were establisht , not only to serve in the Temples , and at the Altars : Some of them were appointed for publick Affairs of State ▪ As the Feciales , who were to assist in the treaties of Peace made with forreign Nations . It was not lawful to conclude any business of Peace or War , until they had pronounced it just . When the War was intended against any Nation , the chief of these Priests called Pater Patratus , was sent to declare it . And when the Articles of Peace were concluded , he did appear before an Altar , with a Hog at his Feet , which he did knock down , desiring the Gods , that those who did break the Treaty by any hostility might perish miserably , as that Hog .

There were also in Rome several sorts of Soothsayers , whose Office was to foretell the things to come , and to enquire into the will of the Gods when any business of importance was in consultation . Some of them named Haruspices , did draw their conjectures from the sight of the Entrails of the Victims offered to the Gods . The Augures did Prophesie by the flying and motion of the Birds in this manner . The Soothsayer did ascend upon some eminent place with the Augural Robe upon his back , and in his hand a crooked staff called Lituus , with which he did limit a certain space in the Air named Templum ; the Birds that did fly within this space , did intimate the things desired , and they were called Praepetes : but the other Birds that were consulted when they did sing , were named Oscines .

Certant addicere sortes . Ov ▪ Metam . lib. 15. It was also the custom of the Romans to Divine by little Chickens while they were feeding ; if they did greedily devour their meat in such a manner that a part of it did fall again to the ground , they did esteem it a most happy sign . This was called Terripavium , or Tripudium solistimum , because when the meat did fall back again , it did strike the ground : if these Pullets did eat nothing , or but slowly , they did interpret it for a dangerous sign . This is that which did cause the Roman Armies to March or stay , and which did govern the Empire ; for it was not lawful to resolve upon any business of importance until these Oracles had been consulted .

But Numa Pompilius established above all these Orders of Priests , a Society or Colledge of Eight Pontifs , with a Chief , who was Supreme ; His office was to regulate all the Ceremonies that did belong to the Worship of the Gods : He had in his custody the Books of Sybilla Cumana ; She was one of those Virgins who did shew an innocent life in the midst of the corruption of the Heathens . They being all inspired from Named Amalthea . Heaven , did foretel many of those things that relate unto Jesus Christ , and unto the chief Mysteries of his Life . But the Heathens did shut their eyes to these Truths ; so that they never came to understand these Predictions till the preaching of the Apostles when they left Idolatry .

In this Discourse of the Priestly Orders , we have only mentioned those that are proper to the Romans , and that were in greatest credit . Amongst the Greeks , and the other Nations of the World , there were some that did the same Offices . Diodorus , Siculus , Julius Cesar in his Commentaries , Strabo , Berosus , and others , do mention sufficiently the Druids , who had an inspection into all that relate to the Worship of the Gods amongst the Gauls . They were so cruel , that they did ordinarily murder Men upon the Altars of their Gods . At the end of the year their custom was , to go with great Reverence , and gather branches and leaves of Oak , to make a Present to Jupiter , inviting all the People to the Ceremony by these words , which they caused to be proclaim'd ; Come to the Oak branches . The new year .

These Druids had the Tutoring of the young Children , who did commonly remain under their discipline , and in their keeping about twenty years . They did teach them many Verses , which they did learn by heart without the assistance of any writing . Those who had not been instructed by these Druids , were not esteemed sufficiently qualifyed to manage the Affairs of State . In their General Assemblies , they practised that which Pliny relates of the Storks , who usually tear in pieces the last that comes to their Meeting , to oblige the rest to be more diligent . This Spirit of cruelty , natural to the Devils of Hell , did appear , not only in the Sacrifices of these Men , but also in their Schools ; for it is reported of one of their Doctors , named Herophilus , that he did teach Anatomy in his life , over the bodies of seven hundred living Men , that he opened , only to shew the secrets and wonders of Nature .

Addit . Not. The Superstitions of the Heathens were invented at several times , and by many persons . It is probable , that Javan the Son of Japhet , did establish a Religion in Graecia , where he fixed ; but I cannot imagine how Noah , unto whom some do attribute the names of Janus , Saturnus , Gallus , Vertumnus , Oenetrius , &c. should leave his Vineyards and Plantations in Asia , to seek others in Italy , unless he had been forced out of his Habitation by his Sons , which is not likely ; Therefore as Javan first planted in Graecia , and established Religion there , we must imagine after the confusion of Babel , some did settle in Italy , and appoint the Worship of the true God , for several antient writers do assure us , that the first Men of the world had neither Images nor Statues , nor any visible representation to adore : In process of time , it is likely Religion was neglected in Italy by the Parents , who did rather mind their worldly affairs , than the eternal concern of their Childrens Souls : when the Countrey was peopled with Inhabitants , Saturnus arrived out of Crete , and taught the People a Religion suitable to the weakness of their Capacities , and the ignorance in which he found them . The Posterity of Ham that planted in Egypt and Africa first brought in the corruptions of Idolatry , as we may read Herodot . in Herodotus ; from thence the ignorant Phoenicians borrowed them , and recommended them to the Greeks , who taught them to the Romans , and so they spread by degrees all over the world . Ro●●aus . Evander is said to be the first who established a Priestly Order in Italy . Afterwards Aeneas , Sil. Ital. Romulus , and Numa Pompilius did increase the number of Religious men , according to the number of the Gods whom they did worship . When Rome was in its Zenith of Glory and Power , these were the Names and Offices of their Priests .

I shall not mention the Corybantes , the Lupercales , the Vestal Virgins , and those that are named before .

Petitij & Pinarij were the Priests of Hercules , so named of two old men called Petitius Rosin . lib. 3. C. 4. and Pinarius , who were the first who entred into the Office .

Titij , Sodales , were Priests of Apollo , as Farnabius upon Lucan imagines , they were Lucan . Pharsal . lib. 1. in fine . properly Soothsayers , who did foretel from the motion of certain Birds the events of the time to come , as may appear by Tacit. Annal. lib. 1.

There were several sorts of Flamines , the chief was that of Jupiter , called Dialis , who had many extraordinary priviledges , and a great power in the City .

The next was Flamen Martialis , of Mars , who was to be of the Family of the Senators , Salios duodecim Marti gradivo Legit , &c. T. Livius . lib. 1 as Volcanalis was of a Plebeian race . Every God had a Flamen or Chief Priest , in process of time .

ae Salij , were the Priests of Mars ; their Governour was named Magister Saliorum .

* * The Duumviri were under the chief parties appointed to keep the Books of the Sybils , Duumviri and Decemviri , were those that did keep the Books of Sybilla Cumana , in a Chest of Stone in the Capitol , when they were burnt with the Temple . These Men were continued , and increased to fifteen ; therefore they were called Quindecemviri . It did belong to their Office to oelebrate the Secular Solemnities .

Rosin . Ant. Rom. lib. 3. Epulones , Were the Overseers of all sacred Banquets , appointed by the Pontifices .

Camilli & Camillae , were under Officers in the Sacrifices .

Aeditumus , or Aedituus , is He that kept the Temples , and the Keys in his possession .

Cal. Rhodig . ver. Lestion . Popae , are the under Officers , who did tie the Beasts in the Sacrifices . They were called also Victimarij .

Praeficae , are the Women that were hired to weep for the dead .

Designator was he who did order the Funeral . Vespa and Vespillo , was he that did place the Vrns or Ashes of the dead in the ground .

Pater Patratus , the chief of the Feciales , did declare the War , by casting upon the Land of the Enemy a Lance bloody at the end ; Therefore Ovid ▪ lib. 6. Fast .

Hinc solet hasta manu belli praenuncia mitti

In Regem , & Gentes , cum placet arma capi .

The Colledge of Chief Priests was over all the rest . Their Pontifex maximus , the first of their Order was created by the People , until the time of the Emperors , then this Title was annexed to the Chief Magistracy . When the Emperors became Christians , they were called Pontifices maximi , nntil the time of Gratianus , Bonis avibus , vel malis avibus agredi aliquid , Prov. as Zofimus informs us . This Order was not subject to any Magistrate ; they did command over all the Priests , and did appoint the Ceremonies belonging to the worship of the Gods .

The Books of the Sybils so often mentioned in the Authors , were Three , She was a Prophetess who dwelt in a Cave near Cumes in Italy , far from all acquaintance and society of Men. When she had composed nine Books of Folium recitare Sybillae . Juvenal . Sat. 8. Her Oracles were written upon the leaves of a Tree . the time to come , she brought them to Tarquinius Priscus to be sold , and asks about three hundred pounds for them , which he refused to give , she burnt three of the Books , and required yet the same price ; but the King would not disburse so much , she went away , and burnt three more , and then returned to demand the same rate for her Books , which when the King had well considered , by the advice of his Soothsayers , be gave her the money . In all difficult occasions these Books were examined by the order of the Senate . We have yet some fragments of this Sybil gathered out of several writers .

There are nine or ten Sybils in all ; They did Prophesy concerning Christ so plainly , that we have cause to suspect the Greek Verses that bear their name , to be written after our Saviours Death . There have been Sybilla Persica , Lybica mentioned by Euripid. Delphica , Cumana , Erythraea , Samia , Tyburtina , Hellespontica , Phrygia , and Cumaea .

CHAP. V. Of the Festival dayes that were appointed in Honour of the Gods .

THE Festival Solemnities of the Heathens were suitable to their belief and fancy of the Gods ; and the Ceremonies that they used , were nothing but expressions of things proper to the Divinity whose Festivals they did keep . As we have already taken notice , when we have spoken of Cybele , and of Bacchus . In the Festival of Ceres , her Worshippers did run up and down with lighted Torches in their hands , because that she did in this manner run about the world after her Daughter Proserpina to seek her out ▪ The Inhabitants of Eleusis in Greece , appointed this Ceremony that was to be acted only by Women , who did in the Temple of Ceres commit a thousand shameful pranks ▪ And because Ceres did not reveal her secrets , nor discover her design , until she had heard of her Daughters welfare , it was not lawful to declare what was acted in her Temple during the Festival . We cannot without blushing speak of the liberty that the Roman Dames did take in the Festivals of Venus and Priapus . In some places on the dayes consecrated to Pallas the Goddess of War , the Damsels were commanded to meet together , and fight one against another , until some did fall dead to the ground . At Rome in the Festival of the Lupercals , the Priests did run naked about the streets with Goat skins in their hands , because heretofore the Romans did happily recover their Beasts when they did run in this manner after them who had driven them away , whiles they were sacrificing to the God Pan , whose Priests were named Luperci , from the place Lupercal was the place where Romulus and R. were nourished by a Bitch . where his Altars were erected , called Lupercal .

The Saturnalia , were Festival dayes instituted at Rome in honour of Saturn , in the month of December ; while they lasted , the People did send gifts to their friends , and the Slaves did Lord it over their Masters , and commit many extravigancies and disorders .

The Greeks were mightily addicted to the observance of these Festival dayes ; as the Athenians in keeping their Panathenea , that were appointed in honour of Minerva .

The Egyptians did consecrate their greatest solemnities to the God Apis , or Serapis , which was an Oxe , bearing upon his hide some particular marks : He was to live a certain number ofyears , and then the Priests did drown him in the River Nilus , and all the Land did mourn and lament for his death , until another was found with the same marks upon him , which caused an universal rejoycing all over the Countrey , exprest by all manner of Sports and Banquets .

Thus the other Nations did dedicate Festivals in honour of their Gods , to such as were proper to certain places , called Indigetes ; as also to their Domestick Divinities , and to those illustrious Men , who were enrolled among the number of their Gods . These last when they were consecrated by an Apotheosis , were also named Indigetes dij , because they were freed from all want of earthly things .

The Consecration , was a Ceremony invented by the Romans in favour of their Emperors , unto whom they did pay Divine honours : The manner of it is thus described by Rosinus , and by Herodianus . The Body of the Emperor being buried according to the usual custom , his Effigies of Wax was placed at the entry of the Pallace upon a large bed of Ivory , sumptuously adorned : The Physicians did visit it during seven days , and treat it as if it were alive in the fit of sickness . In the mean while all the Senate and Nobility of Rome were present in mourning Habits . When these dayes were expired he was held for dead ; therefore they did transport him to a publick place , where the Magistrates did quit their Offices , there the new Emperor was wont to ascend to a high Pulpit , called Rostra , because it was adorned with the Sterns of Ships taken from the enemies in Sea-fights ; from hence he did make a Funeral oration in hononur of the deceased . Afterwards they did carry this Image of the Emperor out of the City to the Field of Mars , where a Pile of Aromatick wood was erected to burn it : in the mean while the Roman Gentlemen did ride round several times in order . At last the new Emperor with a Torch did set the Pile of wood in a flame ; At the same time an Eagle was dismist from the top of it , which was imagined to carry the Soul of this new God into Heaven .

When this Apotheosis or Conseration was ended , the People did Feast and divert themselves with all manner of sports . And this day was appointed as a Festival day , to be imployed in particular Sacrifices or in Feasting before the Gods , as we have said in the second Chapter ; or in seeing all sorts of Plays .

Addit . Not. The Festival days of Rome were many ; these were the chief ▪ The Kalends of every Month were dedicated to Juno . On the first of January Strenae . New years gifts the Romans did send gifts to their friends , with good wishes for their health . In this Month were the Agonalia , dedicated to the God of Action .

Carmentalia , in honour of Carmenta Evenders Mother . In the following Months were the Terminalia , Consecrated to Dues Terminus . The Idus , or the 15th day of March , in which Julius Caesar was murthered , was named Parricidium .

They were instituted by Romulus after the murther of his Brother Remus , and called Remuria . Ovid. lib. 5. Fast . Lemuria , in which they did Sacrifice to the Hobgoblins , was in May.

Bellonaria , were the Festivals of Bellona , in which the Priests did offer to her nothing but their own blood . Lucan lib. 1. Phars . — quos sectis Bellona lacertis : Saeva movet —

Every God had a Festival appointed for him , called by his name , Ovid in his Fast . mentions them all .

Juvenilia , were appointed by Ne●o at the first shaving of his Beard .

CHAP. VI. Of the Playes of Greece appointed in Honour of the Heathen Gods .

THE Playes and the Combats in which the youth exercised themselves anciently , were not invented only to fit men for the War , or to divert the People ; but they were instituded in Honour of the Gods , whose Festivals were kept with such kind of fports . Therefore they did begin them in sacrificing to the Gods , and did finish them in the same manner . Besides Homerus tells us how in the Temples they did exercise themselves at many petty Playes , when he speaks of those who did handle the Dice before the Altars of Minerva . He informs us how Palamedes invented in the Siege of Troy , the play of Chess , not only to entertain the Soldiers in action , but also to instruct them in the craft of War ; so that this was received instead of the play of Dice , which remained afterwards amongst none , but the ra●cality of the Army ; for the Persons of Quality did commonly pass the time away with this sort of Play , which was also used in the Temples of the Gods .

Amongst the Combats and publick Plays , besides the Instruments of Musick , and the Songs , there was the running in a Race , one of the most Antient and chief of the Exercises . The next was Skipping . The third was the casting of the Stone , or of the Bar , which was of Iron , or of Brass , round , and of a considerable weight ; They who did cast it highest , or farthest , did get the prize . The fourth kind of Play was Wrestling ; when two Antagonists annointed over with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Harpastum , was round and rold on the ground . Sive Harpasta manu pulverulenta rapis . Mart. in lib 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is either the place or the exercise . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is the place where they did learn . Oyl , and all naked , did strive to cast one another to the ground . The fifth was the dispute at Cuffs , the Combatants , named Pugiles , did tie about their hands hard thongs of an Oxes hide , called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . These last Playes were named Gymnici , because the Parties did fight all naked . Palaestra , was the place where they did exercise themselves to attain to a perfect Activity . The Masters who did teach there , were called Gymnastae . Some were wont to act in 5 sorts of Playes , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the sive sorts of Combats . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they did imploy all their strength . they had therefore in Greek the name of Pentathletae ; such as did overcome were stiled Pancratiastes . This word is taken also for a strong wrestler .

The four General Assemblies , or sacred Games that were so famous in Greece , and that were kept constantly at the appointed times for a long while , did consist of no other sports . The most Illustrious , and the chief were the Olympick Games , instituted by Hercules in Honour of Jupiter Olympius near the City Olympia in the Province of Elide . There the Conquerors did receive no other reward than a Crown , made with a Branch of an Olive-tree . Every five years they did meet upon the place . Afterwards the Pythian Games were Consecrated to Apollo , in remembrance of the Serpent Python , that was kill'd by him . In these the Conquerors were Crowned with Lawrel . The Isthmian Games , dedicated in the Isthmus of Corinth to Neptunus , were appointed by Theseus ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There the Conquerors were Crowned with the Pine-tree .

The fourth sort of Games kept in the Nemaean Forrest , were instituted in honour of Hercules , who had so valiantly overcome a Lyon in that place . Some say that these last Games were ordained in remembrance of Achemorus the Son of King Licurgus ; for when the Men of Argos did march with Adrastus against Thebes , the Nurse of this little Prince having laid him down upon the grass near a Plant of Smallage , to shew the Army where they might recover some Water , they being extremely afflicted with thirst in this place ; A great Serpent in the mean while kill'd him . Adrastus and the Captains of his Army after this mischance , appointed these solemn Games in honour of the Child , to be celebrated every five years , to comfort his afflicted Father Licurgus , commanding that the Judges should appear in mourning , and that the Conquerors Crown should be of hence the Prov. Herbam dare to acknowledge the victory . Smallage . At last after a certain number of years : Besides these five kinds of Exercises , ●amed Pancrace , or the Quinquertium . The Horse-race was added , and the running with Chariots , which was performed in a Hippodromus , called Stadium , because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . of its length , that was of one or more Furlongs ; as also Circus , because it was of an Oval Figure ; from hence these sports were named Circenses in Latine .

The Circus of the Olympick Games , had the River Alpheus on one side , and the other was Armed with naked Swords stuck in the ground . The place from whence the Runners departed , was named Carceres ; And many times there was nothing but a Line , or a small Cord stretcht before them , to keep in the Horses that waited for the singal to run ▪ In this manner they were kept in together , until they did depart towards the Butt , where an Obeliscus , or a low Pillar was erected : They were to run seven times round about it before they could deserve the Prize . And if it did happen by mischance , that these Chariots in turning round , did but touch at the Pillar , or at the other Chariots , they were immediately broken to pieces , for they did run , and were drawn in a very furious manner .

They who did run on Horse-back , did often lead two together ; They were so dexterous and so quick , that in the Race they did sometimes skip from one Horse to another ; for that cause they were named Desultores or Desultorij : From hence it is that the Romans did borrow their Proverb , Desultoriae naturae homines , that is , Men of a changing nature . Some intelligent and wise persons were chosen in these Games , named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hellanodicks to be Judges , and to assign the Prize to him to whom it was due . They who did obtain the Victory , were received in State into the Cities of their habitations . It was the custom to cast down a part of the Wall for them to enter in with more Glory and Pomp.

About this time there were in Greece , Athletes or Combatants of incredible strength , as Milon of Crotone , and Polydamas . Arrichion was another , who is mentioned amongst the Pictures of Philostrates . Although this last had been cast to the ground , in a condition ready to breath forth his last gasp , he did nevertheless destroy his adversary , and deserve the Prize of the Combate .

Milon carryed a Bull of two years old upon his shoulders all along the Stadium , and then knock● him down with a blow of his Fist : Besides , it is reported of him , that he eat up the Beast the same day . He held a Pomegranate so fast in his hand without bruifing it , that no body was able to take it from him . He did stand upon the decline of a little Rock with his feet close together , and no man was able to remove him from thence : But at last , having undertaken in a Forrest to separate with his hands the two parts of a Tree slit in the middle ; he partly performed his enterprise , but they came together so suddenly , that he was caught between them in such a manner , that he could never free himself , so that he was there devoured by Wolves for want of assistance .

Polydamas in his young dayes caught hold of a Lyon in Mount Olympus , and strangled him with his hands . He did catch a strong Bull , one of the most furious of the Country , and did hold him so by his tail , that he could not move a jot forward . Thus he did stay with his hands a Chariot which was drawn by strong Horses . We read also in Plinius , of a certain Valens , a Captain of the Emperor Augustus , who was able to perform such like actions .

These Games and Exercises of Greece , did cause them to be such good Souldiers , that with a small number of Men , they did defeat Millions of the Army of Persia , who came against their country .

Addit . Not. When virtue meets with reward and encouragement , it strives to excell . Rome never had more worthy Generals , than when they were honoured with the Triumph ; nor Greece never had more stout and valiant Soldiers , than when they were recompensed with the esteem and applauses of Men , and with the Crowns of Victory . Milon mentioned before , was a famous Combatant , and Polydamas the Son of Nicias of Thessaly , had purchased by his actions so much the esteem and fame of the World , that Darius having sent for him to see some visible testimony of his strength , He knockt down in his presence three of the ablest Soldiers of his Guard ; but he was afterwards stifled in a Cave , for neglecting to come out when the ground did fa● down upon him . Theagenes was another man noted for his strength . Euthymus was another brave Champion ; born at Locres in Italy .

CHAP. VII . The publick Pastimes of the Romans .

MAny Nations did imitate the Greeks in these sort of Sports , but especially the Romans , from the first foundation of their Empire ; for they did then prepare Called Circus Maximus , ve Hippodromus . many places to run , called Circus . The most noted was made by the command of King Tarquinius Priscus , of 3 Furlongs in length . Euripus is properly the strait Sea between Greece and Negropont . Julius Caesar adorned it with stately and sumptuous Buildings , and with many brave and pleasant Channels of clear water , called Euripi . All the multitude of Beholders did see about without any lett ; for they did sit upon steps that were placed one above another , rising in the manner of a Hill , so that the formost were no hinderance to the hindermost .

All Orders of Men had their places assigned unto them . The People were separate from the rest ; the Nobless , the Roman Gentry , and the Magistrates according to their qualities , did take their seats .

The nearest , and the most convenient Place , was the Orchestra . Before it a large Platform did stand named Podium , where the Emperors Throne was usually seated . The Senate , the Tribunes of the People , and the Vestal Virgins were placed in this Orchestra ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And he also who did appoint the sport , and did furnish the expence necessary to it , He was stiled Editor , Munerarius , Agonotheta , or Brabeuta . And the Prize that was bestowed upon the Conquerors , was called Brabium or Brabeum .

In the beginning of the Empire , the Kings were always the Agonothetae , afterwards that Office did devolve to the Pretor , in whose absence a Dictator was created for this purpose . And when the Empire was arrived to its highest Grandeur , not only the Emperors , Titus Livius . but also the Consuls , and other Magistrates , did gratifie the People with such kind of sports at their first admittance into their imployments .

The Romans did affect so much these Pastimes , that they did spend the days and the nights to see them , without caring for eating or drinking . It is ttue , that they who did give these sports , did also feast the People at the same time .

And although from all parts of Greece they did meet at the Olympick Games , they were nothing near so sumptuous and stately as the Romans in their sports ▪ for they had not so many Combatants , nor Spectators , nor the Place was not so glorious nor beautiful ; and there was no Pomp in Greece to usher in the Champions , as in Rome . For in this City all the Statues of the Gods , and of the Worthies of the Empire were carried before , and then the Chariots followed in a great number , succeeded by the Spoils that had been taken from the Enemies , and by all the precious Jewels & Ornaments that were laid upin the Treasury-house of the Empire : After this Train , the Priests , and Augures , and Pontifs did march in good order , to Sacrifice to some of the Divinities according to the times and occasions The Secular Games were every hundredth year ; therefore the publick Cryer , who was sent to invite the People to them , did Proclaim that they were such Sports as none alive had ever ●een , nor should ever see again .

Time brought many alterations to these Pastimes of the Romans ; for besides the Gymnick Fights , and the Horse and Chariot Races , they did invent the Butchery of the Gladiators , and the Naumachias , or the fight of Ships , and the hunting of divers sorts of Beasts ; for that purpose they erected large Amphitheatres , whereof the manner of building Called Visoria , because they were built handsomly for all to see . The Seats were called Cunei from their form . Arena vocatur etiam Cavea . was much like unto that of the Circus , in respect of the disposition of the degrees and steps , where the Beholders were seated , for the form of them was almost round , approaching to an Oval . The sports were represented in the middle , and at the bottom called Arena , because this place was covered over with Sand , that the Blood that was there spilt might the sooner sink down out of sight , and that it might be more easie for them to cover it by stirring up the Sand.

In the bottom of these Amphitheatres , were large Caves and Dens for to keep the wild Beasts , or to receive the water , upon which they did represent many Sea fights ; a little higher were the Vaults , & the Stairs by which they did ascend to the seats . The entrance of these vaulted Galleries , were called Vomitoria , because of the multitude of People who did commonly burst out of that place at the end of the sports . They who by their late arrival were excluded out of the seats , were named Excuneati , because they did shift themselves into several corners , where they did see standing :

The Emperor Vespasian built an Amphitheatre of Stone , which was finisht by his Son Titus : It was able to hold ninety thousand spectators sitting , with twenty thousand more upon their legs .

The chief sport of the Amphitheatre was that of the Gladiators or Fencers , who were appointed to divert the People in spilling their own blood , in the same manner as the Duellists of our time ; A cruel custom introduced Bustuarij glad , were those that did fight at the death of Noble Men. by the Devil . Heretofore it was used only at the great Funerals , as we have taken notice ; but afterwards it came to be an ordinary practice , for according to the times , or the greatness of him who gave these Pastimes to the People , you should have seen many hundreds of these Combatants appear upon the Sand one after another . This extravigancy or inhumanity was so great , that some Emperors gave a thousand , the others ten thousand Fencers , that they might fight and continue the slaughter , to divert the People many dayes .

These Fencers were for the most part Slaves , kept for this bloody purpose . And before they did bring them out , they were wont to send them to a Fence-master , called Lanista , to prepare them for this Exercise . Their Fencing-School was stiled Batualia , where they did learn to handle the weapons , with a wooden Sword called Rudis ; so that rudibus batuere , is to Fence or Exercise with this kind of Instrument .

These were named Thraces , or Parmularij , from their Target parma . Just. Lyps . Tunicati Retiarij vel Laquearij Now these Gladiators were of several sorts , some did fight only with a naked sword in the right hand , and a Buckler in the left ; others did appear in perfect Armour ; some did march to the encounter blind-fold . These were named Andabates . Others , called Retiarij , did make use of a Nett to trapan their Adversaries . The Myrmillones had on the Named otherwise Galli , because they did imitate the Gauls . Essedarij , were they who sought in Waggons . Familia , is taken for a company of Fencers and their guardian , is called Pater familias . top of their Cask the representation of a Fish : And if it did happen that they were caught and wrapt into the Nett , it was not possible for them to escape death .

Amongst these Gladiators , sometimes Dwarfs , called Pumiliones , were produced to act their parts . And although these men were the basest and vilest sort of People ; many Roman Gentlemen , Members of the Senate , and Emperors also , did often forget themselves so much , and undervalue their Persons , as to fight in the Arena , and divert the multitude with the loss of their Honor.

He that did overcome , was wont to kill his Antagonist , if the spectators did not save his life with the bended Thumb lifted up , by which they did make known their pleasure ; and when they did open the Thumb straight , it was a sign of condemnation .

The oldest Fencers did obtain their freedom , and such as had given any testimonie of their valour and activity . This was the ceremony made use of in this occasion : A wooden Sword was delivered into their hands . Sometimes they did afterwards engage themselves to fight for a Sallery , called Author amentum ; and he who did promise and swear for this Money to hazard his life , was stiled Authoratus , as they who had performed their oath and engagement , were called Exauthorati .

The Chase of wild Beasts was one of the most pleasant Pastimes of the Circus , or of the Amphitheatre when it was built . Sometimes three or four hundred Lyons , or a hundred Austriches were to be seen at once . The Emperor Titus caused five thousand of thirty sorts of Beasts to enter into the Amphitheatre in one day ; Amongst them were Lyons , Elephants , Wolves , Bulls , wild Boars , Leopards , Rhinocerot's , &c. They did cause many times these Beasts to fight one against another : Sometimes they did imploy men to encounter them , and sometimes they did expose unto these furious creatures both Men and Women , that they might have the pleasure to see them torn in pieces and devoured . Many Christians have thus ended their dayes for the Faith of Jesus Christ . Sometimes they did bring into the middle of the Amphitheatre a pleasant Forrest full of these wild Beasts running up and down , and did cause at the same time several artificial Pipes to be opened , to fill the Air with excellent scents and perfumes , so that all the Assistants were embalmed to their great satisfaction . Sometimes with certain Engines called Pegmata ; they did shew the burning of Cities , bloody Battels , and many other wonderful things that did pass away in a moment . They did cover the tops of these Amphitheatres with sheets of fine Linnen , or of Silk of a prodigious largeness , to keep 〈◊〉 the violence of the Sun-beams from the Beholders ; And the Emperors did often cast among the croud many things wrapt up , when they were unfolded , they who did take them up did find some precious Jewel , which he did bestow upon them ; So that it is no wonder if Titus at one time expended no less then eighty millions of money in the sports that he gave to the Romans .

The third sort of Pastime of the Amphitheatre , was the Race , and the encounter or fight of Galleys , that did sail in it as upon a Sea , sometimes it was all of wine . Upon it they did represent the Tritons , the Sirens , who did sing most delightfully , and play many pleasant tricks . It is reported , that they did bring upon this Sea true Whales , and other Sea-monsters alive .

The Theatre was not like the Circus , or Amphitheatre , although the People did sit in it in the same manner ; for the Theatre was only for Stage-players , Hocus pocus's , and Buffoons , for Musical Songs , for Dances , for Active tricks , and all manner of Juglings , but especially for Comedies and Tragedies .

Proscenium , was before the Scene where a Pulpit was erected . The Scene of these Theatres , that is to say , that part of them that did appear in the Front , did turn round , supported upon Pillers , that the variety suitable to the change of the Subject , and of the Actions , ( especially in Tragedies ) might give more delight . The Comick Scene did resemble particular Houses , and the Satyrick did represent Mountains , Caves , Trees , and Fountains .

Pliny informs us how Glorious and Magnificent were the ornaments of the Theatre , which Scaurus built . Another named Curio , could not equal him in Pomp & Glory ; but he did surpass him by the excellency of the Fabrick , for he built two Theatres able to contain all the People of Rome sitting , without difficulty . They did turn round upon Beams in such a manner that they did joyn together in the form of an Amphitheatre .

Pompeius built another that was far more stately than any erected by his Predecessors ; In Pompeiano ●ormis Levine Theatro . Mart. lib. 6. for his Theatre , as Tertullian saith , did not yield to any other building of the World in Glory . He dedicated it to Venus , and built also a Temple in Honour of this Goddess .

But all these sports that were instituted chiefly for the Festivals of the Gods , did represent only their Adventures , their Loves , their Thefts and abominable debaucheries : As the Encounters of the Circus , and of the Amphitheatre , did stir up the minds of Men to cruelty . By this means the Devils did entertain the world in the belief and worship of the false Gods , and did keep up a Publick School , for men to be instructed in all manner of crimes , for they did cause them to pass for gallant Acts , and did encourage the imitation of them , by imputing them to the Gods whom they did adore .

Now that we have past through the Relation of so many disorders , which the ignorance of the true God , and our Sins have caused in the world , we cannot end it more advantageously , than in rendring unto our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ the Honour of having happily triumpht over these impieties upon the Cross ; and especially for that he hath withdrawn us out of the dangerous Abyss of so much wickedness by his Infinite Goodness , and hath called us to the enjoyment of the light of his Gospel .

Addit . Not. The Sports and Playes of the Romans do deserve our further consideration . There were two sorts , private and publick : The private were many , whereof these are the chief .

Latrunculi , the play at Chess ; the Board is called Latrunculorum tabula , invented by Called also Calculi palamediaci . Palamedes at the Siege of Troy , to exercise the Soldiers in the art of War , and of encountring an Enemy ; and therefore the Play borrows its name from Latrones , an old word for Soldiers . Martial . lib. 14. Insidiosorum si ludis bell● latronum In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 unde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ta●is ludere . Gemmeus iste tibi miles & hostis er

Tali and Tesserae , the Play at Dice was in use amongst the Romans and Greeks . They did roll them in a little Box of Horn called Horace lib. 3. Od. 24. Expellere pilam , to strike the ball . Tesseramilitaris , is the watch-word of an Army . Frumentaria , a Ticket to get Corn. Nummaria , to get Money . Tessara hospitalis , was a Token , by which Friends and their Children did claim the rights of Hospitality ; therefore Tessaram hospitij frangere , is to break the Laws of Hospitality . Tessera is also a Dye , and Talus a knuckle-bone . Cornea , Pixis , Fritillus , Fimus , Turriculus , and Orca. This Play is called Alea , it was prohibited by the Romans in the Festivals of Saturn .

Pila or Sphaera , is the Ball which was invented to exercise the body of the young and lusty men ; and not only Children , but also Princes and Worthy Commanders did excell in this sort of Play , as Titus Livius notes of M. Scevola .

The Discus , the Harpastum , and the Halteres , were things of great weight , which the Romans to shew their strength , did cast from them .

Petaurum , was the Wheel handled by two , in such a manner , that one of them was always under , while the other did skip through .

Cael. Rhodig . Var. Lect. Par & impar , Even or Odd , was the sport of Children ; as also Trochus a Top. Martial . Capita vel navim , they called cross & pile Lege Rosin . de Ludis Rom. lib. 5. Antiq. Iste Trochus pueris , at mihi cantus erit .

The Publick Playes and Sports were invented to divert and oblige the People of Rome ; or they were appointed in honour of the Gods .

The latter were celebrated in the Circus , Amphitheatre , or Theatre at certain times of the year , at the Festival of the Divinities , unto whom they were dedicated .

Pur●ura Megalensis Proverb . A stately Garment . Ludi Megalenses , were the Sports instituted in honour of Ceres about the beginning of April ; in which the Roman Magistrates did appear in their Purple Robes .

Turba quidem cur hos celebret meretricia Ludos , non ex , &c. Ovid. Fast . lib. 5. Ludi Apollinares were in honor of Apollo . Ludi Florales were didicated to the famous Strumpet Flora ; On this Festival the Whores of Rome did run naked about the streets , and were called together with the sound of a Trumpet .

Ludi Cereales were in honour of Ceres ; they were to be performed in white Garments .

Ludi Capitolini were consecrated to Jupiter Capitolinus . Consuales ludi , to Neptune .

They were named Tarentini Ludi , from a place in Rome . Poeanas Canere , is to sing praises to Apollo Ludi Seculares were performed every hundred years during three dayes , in honour of Diana and of Apollo . The young Virgins and Men were wont at this time to sing Hymns to Apollo .

Ludi Plebei were appointed in favour of the People , for the remembrance of the happy union of the People and Senate .

Ludi Compitalitij were Playes & Dances in the streets , acted by the ordinary People in Honour of their Lares . Palatini ludi , were so called from the place where they were kept .

called Bupetitia & Boalia . Taurij ludi were ordained in honour of the infernal Gods by the first Tarquinius , in remembrance of a great Plague that happened in his Reign .

Vota nunc●pare , or facere , to make a Vow . Ludi votivi were sports promised by the Roman Magistrates , in honour of a God , upon condition that they did obtain the victory of their Enemies . The Vow was put in writing , Damnatus voto bound to the performance of a Vow . and fixed to the Statue of the God with Wax ; and this was called signare vota ▪ therefore the Poet saith , Genua incerare Deorum to express this action .

Now these Playes and solemn Pastimes were sometimes kept in the Circus , near the Walls of Rome , and therefore called Ludi Circenses , in which these are the most remarkable particulars . In Thensis dij vehebantur . Pompa the stately Procession of the Roman Gods , that were carryed about , and followed by the Images of all the Worthies , by Chariots , Pageants , Chairs of State , Crowns , and the spoils of Enemies . Sponsiones , were Factiones Ruslatae , Albatae , Venetae , & Prussinae . the Wagers that were laid . Factiones , were the Players or Actors , who were divided into four parts , and therefore they were to be distinguished with different colours . At the end the Victors were crowned , and a publick Cryer Virgil. lib. 5. was ordered to go along , to declare the name of him who had won the Victory .

Besides these sports , there were also the Plays of the Theatre , called Ludi Scenici , Stage-Playes , which are either Mimicae , Satyrae , Mimical , Satyrical , Tragical , and Comical , i. e. Planipedes , because their Feet were naked . Attellanae , so named from Atella , a little town of Italy , from whence the Satyrical Actors did first come . Praetextatae , did wear a Robe named Praetexta . They were called Tragaedia , because the Actors had a Goat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bestowed upon them in regard of their pains . Comoediae , or Tragoediae ; or as the Romans do call them , Planipedes , Attellanae , Praetextatae , and Tabernariae . The two latter do remain amongst us ; but we do not follow in the composure the strict Rules that the Romans did prescribe in their Tragaedies & Comedies . The Actors were called Mimi , Copreae , Parafiti , Saniones , Histriones , Pantomimi ; all these are infamous names , to denote the Flatterers , the Of them Plaut. saith , Albo Rete aliena captant bona . Buffoons , the Fools , and Tale-bearers , who were admitted to the Feasts of the Romans , to make the company merry .

But we must not forget to take notice of the difference between the Tragoedy , and the Comoedy : The former did treat of Blood-shed , Ovid. lib. 3. Amor Eleg. 1. Cruelties , Murder , &c. The other of some merry and pleasant story . Scaliger mentions four parts in a Comoedy & Trag. Protasis , the Prologue ; Epitasis , the Entrance into the Story , or the appearance of the Actors ; Catastasis , is that part in which the design of the Comoedy is clouded with unexpected passages . Catastrophe , is the conclusion . Chorus , is the Dance and Musick .

Besides these Playes , there were also among the Romans , Ludi Castrenses , and Trojani , Named Trojani ludi , from Ascanius , who brought the custom out of Troy , Virg. lib. 5. Aeneid . which were for the young Men , and Soldiers to exercise themselves at all manner of Sports . They had a Captain over them of the Noblest Families of Rome , called Princeps Juventutis , and they did sometimes skirmish and represent the order of a Battel . Their Dance was named Pyrrhica Saltatio , because they did dance with Sueton. cap. 39. de Julio Caesar . their arms as Pyrrhus Son of Achilles in Homer .

There was always some judicious person chosen to overlook the Players , and see that they might have fair play ; He was called Campi-Doctor , or Monitor ; so that when any did appear either negligent or disorderly , he had the care to chastise him .

The most cruel Sports were acted by the Gladiators , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who were trained up , and reserved by several Noblemen for this bloody purpose . Their Lords did signify to the People the time intended for these Pastimes , by causing it to be published by a Cryer , and by fixing Bills at the corner of the streets .

When the Fencers were entered into the Lusoria tela emittere , or ventilare , to jest with weapons ; Decretorijs armis , vel versis armis certare , is to fight in earnest . Palma Lemniscata . Arena , their custom was before they did fight in earnest , to shew their activity , by casting Darts at one another , as in play ; And when they had got the Victory , they were sometimes received amongst the Citizens , a Hat , and then a badge of Freedom was given unto them , with a Crown of Palm-tree tyed with Ribbons , called Lemnisci , and a wooden Sword of Exercise called Rudis , mentioned before . Ovid. Amor. lib. 2. Tutaque sed posito poscitur ense rudis .

A Treatise of the Roman Antiquities , and of the difficult Names relating to their Affairs not mentioned by Gautruche .
CHAP. I. Of the City and People of Rome .

Dion . lib. 1. Otho Frising . lib. 2. cap. 3. ROME is not so Ancient as Famous . It was built about 4103 years after the Creation of the World , in the dayes of Salmanassar the Euseb. Chron. King of Assyria , and of the See Tit. Livius . concerning the beginning of Rome . Captivity of Israel , by Romulus and Remus , two Brothers , the Bastards of Rhea Sylvia . The first Inhabitants were out Shepheards , and such mean People , that Nutricemque Lupam Romae . Claudian . Because the Children ( Romulus and Remus ) did suck a Wolf when they ha● been cast away . all their Neighbours did think it a high disgrace to give unto them their Daughters in Marriage : when they could not obtain their ●esires by the usual perswasions , they imployed their strength and cunning to get Wives ; For when the Virgins of the Sabins ●ere come to see the Plays & publick sports , they stole them away by force . This act of Hostility was followed by a cruel War , in which Romulus the King having the advantage , He forced the Sabines to unite with the Romans in one Body , and to take up their dwellings in Rome ; so by degrees his Victories made him both Dreadful and Famous amongst the Italian People . When his Subjects became numerous , He divided them into three Tribes , and each Tribe into ten Curiae or Parishes . The Tribes did increase afterwards to 35 in the flourishing state of the Empire . The City he built along the River of Tyber , as T. Livius informs us , with these usual Ceremonies observed in 12 Vultures did appear to the Augures , when they were making their Observations . Titus Livius . such occasions . The Augures or Soothsayers were ordered to make their Observations to find out the most happy place to seat the City : Afterwards the Founder did take a P ow and mark out the compass of it , where the Wall was to stand ; When he did come to the place appointed for a Gate , he did lift up the Plow , and from hence come Porta à Ovid. l. 4. Fast . portande Aratrum . They did also sacrifice Beasts to the Gods of the place , and perform many other needless Ceremonies .

Fundavit urbem Septicollem Romulus . Romulus called his City Rome , after his own name ; And because his Brother did despise his first undertakings , by skipping over the new Wall , he caused him to be kill'd .

The City was at first built upon Mount Palatine , where all the stately Edifices were erected , and where the Senate did often Ter Capitalia curru , invectus Lucan of Pomp. Thither did the Conquerors ride in Triumph to Sacrifice to Jupiter . meet ; but by degrees the succeding Kings took in 6 neighbouring Hills into the Walls , so that it is often called septicollis Vrbs . These were the other six : The Capitol , where a Temple was erected to Jupiter , and where stood Rupes Tarpeia , from whence many Malefactors were cast down & executed . Quirinalis mons , where Quirinus or Romulus had a famous Temple . Mons Caelius , where was the Curia hostilia , the State-house , into which none but Senators did enter . Mons Esquilinus , where a Watch-Tower was built by Romulus . Mons Aventinus , or Murcius , or Sacer , because there were so many Temples erected upon it to the Gods . Mons Viminalis ; Vimen , a twig of Ozier . From hence Jupiter is named Vimineus , because he had a beautiful Temple upon that Hill .

Besides these noted Hills , there were three more added in time to Rome ; Collis Hortulorum , where the Circus did stand . Janiculus , from Janus , who was there interred . Vaticanus Mons , where now the Famous Library of the World it placed , and the most noted Pallace called the Vatican .

These three last are far lesser than the others ; therefore it did always retain the name of septicollis .

In this glorious City , ( the Empress of the World ) many stately Pallaces were erected , whose Ruines do yet declare her Grandeur . ●n her flourishing Estate , there was these Basilica facinora ▪ Royal Deeds . Plaut in Triaum . noted places ; Arcus Triumphales , glorious Monuments of Victories obtained upon the Enemy . The Basilisci , were Buildings supported upon Pillars of a Prodigious height and largeness . Via sacra , the Holy way , where Romulus did conclude an agreement with the Sabines , and through which the Roman Priests and Augures did usually pass to perform their Publick Ceremonies . Forum Haec est a Sacris quae via nomen habet . Ovid. Trist. l. 2. Eleg. 1. Romanum , the Guild-Hall of Rome , where Causes were heard , and People did meet , to walk and discourse of Business . Comitium , was a place that did belong to it , where Justice was administred in the Ivory Chair , named Sella curulis ; under it stood inferior Benches , called subsellia . Near unto this Place was a stately Building , in which was the Rostra , a Pulpit adorned with the stems of Ships . Here was also a Sanctuary for Malefactors , dedicated to Castor . The Temple of Saturn , where was the Roman Treasury , named Aerarium sanctius .

Campus sceleratus , was the Execution Place . Campus Martius was noted , because the People did often meet there to choose their Magistrates . Thermae , were stately Edifices erected for Pleasure . That of Di●clesian is yet to bee seen at Rome .

Nymphea , where the Men and Women did conclude their Marriages .

Senaculum , a Meeting place for the Senate , which was in several Temples of the the Gods .

Patronus , signifies the same as our English Lord , or Hlasurd , a giver of Bread ▪ It signifies also an Advocate . This fair City was Peopled with all sorts of Inhabitants ; They were commonly divided into Patronos ; or Patricios , the Noble men ; and Plebeios or Clientes ; the Vulgar or Common People . Romulus chose out of the first two hundred to compose a Senate . In time this number increased to above 300 , and then they were named Patres conscripti .

The ordinary Division of the Inhabitants when Rome began to flourish , was into Senatorium , Equestrem , and Plebeium ordines . The Equestris ordo , was a Gentile sort of People , inferior to the Senate , honoured with a publick allowance , a House , a Horse , and a Gold Ring , which was given unto them by the Censors . They were obliged to serve the Publick in War , and had the liberty to wear a Garment of Honor , called Angufliclavium , as the Race of the Senators did carry another , named Laticlavium . Besides these , there were the Ingenui , or Free-born . The Libertini , such whose Parents had been discharged of their slavery , and the Liber , and Manu-missi Liberti , they that were freed from Bondage by their Masters ; The manner of it was thus . The Servant was brought before the Pretor by his Patron , who was to pronounce these words , hunc liberum esse volo , adding a slit to his Ear with a Knife . The Pretor after this strikes the Servant with a Rod , called Vindicta ; saying , Dico cum liberum esse more Quiritum . Upon that he received a Cap or Hat in token of Liberty Rosin . lib. 1. c. 20 Ad pileum vocare , or vindicta liberare , to set at liberty . from his Master , and was immediately dismist , and his name was enrolled amongst the Roman People .

CHAP. II. Of the Marriages of the Romans .

BEfore we mention the Burials of the Romans , I think it proper to speak something of their Marriages , and of the Ceremonies observed by them in such solemn occasions . All civilised Nations have been religious observers of a Form and manner of joyning Men and Women together , to prevent the great disorders which might otherwise happen , and which Nature teacheth us to abhor . They have all thought that it did concern the good and the Nobility of our kind , that the Male and Female should not come abruptly together , led only by their bruitish appetite as the unreasonable Beasts , but that they should observe a decorum in this weighty Business .

The Ceremonies of the Jews , of the Turks , of the Greeks , and of all the Eastern People have been related in other Treatises . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Prov. To be happy and successful in Woing . We shall here only set down the Customs of the Romans , and some few particulars of the Greeks manner of Marrying , mentioned by their Authors .

The Romans were wont to seek the Women in Marriage from their Tutors and Parents , after that they had obtained the Virgins consent : Then if their desires were granted , the Fathers did solemnly promise their Daughters in Marriage ; and the Man did likewise engage himself . When the Age This was called spondere filiam , and stipulari . unde sponsus & sponsa , two persons betrothed . grew corrupt , for the more security they did write these Contracts , or Promises of Marriage in Records , called Tabellae , and certain witnesses , named Signatores , did subscribe to them . The Bride-groom did then offer to his future Spouse Gifts , as well to confirm Tabulae Nuptial●s . her in the opinion of his affection for her , as to oblige himself the more to the accomplishment of Marriage . He did also deliver There were two sorts of Wives in Rome , Mater familias , w●o was married Coemptione , and Matrona , who was married otherwise . or send unto her an Iron , or a Golden Ring , to express that lasting Unity which should be between the marryed couple : And the Spouse did place it upon that Finger of the left Hand that is next to the least , because there is a Vein in it which hath a direct conveyance to the Heart . Afterwards they did appoint a Day for the solemnity . They were superstitious in the choice of the Time , for they imagined many dayes , as in the Month M●nse Majo● nubunt male . of May , and the Nones of every Month , &c. to be unfortunate seasons for Marriage . Now there were three several kinds of Marriages : Vsu , coemptione , and Confarreatione ; If the Woman did joyn her self to a Man , with , or without the consent of her Parents , and did abide with him constantly one year Nuptiae , from Nubo , because the Virgin did appear covered with a yellow Vail . without interruption , she did then become his lawful Wife , usu by use . When she was thus marryed , the custom did oblige the Man to carry her away , or snatch her out of the bosom of her Mother with a seeming violence , and the Virgin did fain an unwillingness to depart . This was the ancient mode of marrying establisht by Romulus , after the Coemptione . ravishment of the Daughters of the Sabines . The next manner of Marriage , was by Buying ; for the Woman did bring and deliver Vis ne mihi esse paterfamilias ? Ans. Volo . Vis ne mihi esse materfamilias ▪ Ans. Volo . to the Man a piece of money , using a certain form of words , to require his consent , which He did declare by saying volo : She likewise did express her Will by the same word . Afterwards the man took her into his Possession , by joyning hands . This ceremony did give the Woman right to all her Husbands Estate ; therefore it was the Custom , when she did enter into his House , to say , Vbi tu Caius ibi ego Caia . The other manner was Farreatio , or Farracia . Marriage : Diffarreatio , Divorce . Confarreatione , so named , because the married couple did publickly eat together of the same Consecrated Bread before ten witnesses before the Altars of the Gods , and before the Chief Priests . This was the most sacred kind of joyning in marriage . Now before they did come to this performance , they did Plin. l. 21. c. 8. first consult the Augures , and imploy the Soothsayers , to know the pleasure of the Gods . Afterward they did meet to acomplish the marriage ; and then the Virgin did commonly appear covered with a yellow * Vail , and the man with a Javelin in his hand . With the point of it he did part the hair of his Spouses head , to expres how she did enter into the Protection of Juno , unto whom that weapon Juno is called Dea Quiris , or curis , which signifies also a Javeline . was consecrated . After these ceremonies , they did Crown the Bride with Water-cresses , and cloath her with a short Coat , called Tunica , girding her about with a woollen Girdle , Some say that Four Torches were carried before the Bride , Hence is ducere uxorem . To Marry . The Torch is named Taeda , or faces jugales ; Hence the marriage so is caled Unde uxor , quasi unxor . which was not to be loosed until she came to Bed . Three Bride-men were usually appointed to conduct her home ; two to lead her , and * * Called Flameum Hastoe Coelibaris the other to carry the Torch of White thorn , or of Pine-tree towards the evening . Plutarch speaks of 5 Torches that were usually carried before the Bride when she did walk to her Husbands Dwelling . At the entrance some were appointed to besprinkle her with Water ; and she was obliged to annoint the Posts of the Dore with Oyl . Then the Bride-men did lift her over the Threshold , and the Company did cry out with a lowd voice . Thalassio , thalassio , to congratulate her arival . Liv. lib. 1. In her going thither , the Instruments needful to spin , were carryed with her , that she might not flatter her self with the hopes They did Pray to the Gods , mentioned , lib. 1. cap 14. of an idle life . The Keys of the House were presented to her at the entrance , that she might thereby understand how the House was committed to her Care & Government . The Water and Fire was to be toucht by both , in Plutarch . It was also the Custome to offer to the Bride-groom and to his Bride at this time Water and Fire . At their arrival the Bride-groom did welcom her and her Friends with a Supper ▪ Fescennina Carmina , were the obscene Songs of marriages . Dona nuptialia , are also Tokens sent by the Men to their Sweet-hearts . The Greeks had also their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , sent to the Bride by beautiful Youths . Alex. ab Alex. lib. 2. cap. 5. according to his quality ; and then the Bride wars carryed to Bed , the Images of several Gods leading the way before into the Chamber . The next day her Friends did send unto her Gifts and Presents ; they were called Nuptialia dona . And the Husband did make merry with his Kindred ; this was named Repatia . This was the usual manner of the marrying of the Romans . There were several Laws enacted to tie Men of an ancient Nobilitie to not disgrace themselves , by marrying with the Vulgar sort .

In the time of Romulus , they did not observe so much Ceremony in Marriage ; For the Bride-groom , and his Bride did declare their union , and perform what was required by sharing in the same Bread & Water . The Lacedemonians did also marry , by eating a piece of Bread that had been divided by a Sword . Some other Greeks did accomplish this business , only by joyning of Hands , or by drinking to the Bride in a cup of Wine : But all Nations have observed an Order and Ceremony in Marriage , without which , no union of Man and Woman was lawful . The Greeks in some places did bring the Bride When all the Marriage Ceremonies were not performed , the Marriage was stiled Nuptiae innuptiae ●otem dicebat , or promittebar . home to her Husband in a Chariot , and then at the dore did burn it , to shew how she ought not from thence forward to gad too much abroad . Before the Romans did make any Contracts of Marriage , they did know the Virgins Dowry or Portion , which was first promised by the Father , All Marriages in Rome , were performed in the Evening , when it grew dark .

CHAP. III. Of the manner of Divorcing the Roman Wives .

MArriage is a Union established upon a mutual Promise of Love and Loyalty , as well as upon the Laws of Nature . Reason and Religion do recommend unto us the preservation of it , and of that good correspondency which proceeds from it . But when this moral union is dissolv'd , not only The natural union may be discontinued , but never dissolved but by Death . by an apparent breach of Promise , but also by a destruction of those things which did first cause and entertain it ; when Chastity , the only Principle upon which this kind of union is grounded , is banisht from the Marriage Bed , It is lawful for a Man to dismiss his Wife . Christ judged it so ; and all the Laws of the World have deem'd it necessary in such a case , to give way to a Divorce . But because Men might not upon every slight occasion , and every frivolous distaste run to this extremity , the Laws have provided Ecclesiastical Courts , who are only able to Judge of the Truth of such Reports and Miscarriages . Amongst the Romans , the Censors only did declare the lawfulness of Divorces ; For before the Woman was separated from her Husband , he did acquaint these Divorcium vel repudium mittere , or renunciare , or mittere nunci um to divorce . Magistrates with the Reasons of their Separation . Now the Authors do mention two kinds of Divorce ; the one before marriage , named Repudium ; which did often happen when the Soothsayers did declare any Marriage to be likely unfortunate . In such a case , the Form of words used by the Men , in the dismissing of the Women , was Conditione tua non utar . The other kind was properly called Divortium , which was after the Marriage , and all the solemnities of it . And as there were three manner of Marriages , there was also three wayes of Divorcing ▪ Vsurpatio usu capionis , which was , when it was proved that the Woman married usu by use only , had been absent from her Husbands Bed three nights in the first year ; It was lawful for any , or for her Parents , usurpari eam , Macrob. l. 1. c. 3. to take her to themselves . Diffarreatio , which was performed in a kind of Sacrifice , in which they did act contrary to the Confarreatio . 〈◊〉 was , when the Man did restore unto the Woman the price of money which had been given to buy him . The Man did then say to her , Res tuas tibi habeto , or Res tuas tibi agito , meaning her mundum Muliebrem , her Cloaths & Goods . It was also the custom in such cases to break in Pieces the Contracts of Marriage , to restore Tacit. l. 11. Annal the Dowry , to take from the Woman the Keys of the House , and to put her out of doors .

CHAP. IV. Of the Funerals of the Romans .

IT appears by the Ceremonies observed at the Funerals of the Romans , and by their care of the dead Bodies of their friends , that they had some small hopes of a Resurrection from the dead ; otherwise they would not have been so mindful of the preservation of the Ashes of the deceased , nor so Religious in causing the Relicks of the dead to lie peaceably in their Graves without disturbance . However the corruption of the Age may have effaced out of many of their minds the expectation of that wonderful effect of Omnipotency . We may nevertheless see how either Nature or Reason did perswade them to these performances and Funeral Rites , which do suppose a Resurrection from the dead , and a future appearance of our Bodies . This may better appear by these following Customs of the Romans : When a person was ready to expire , all his Friends and Neighbours did throng about his Bed ; the nearest in blood did open his own mouth , and receive into it the last breath of his expiring friend , and did close his eyes when he was dead . Seven dayes were commonly appointed to keep the Body before they did burn it ; during this They did annoint the body with Honey , & melted Wax . Cael. Rhodig . lib. 23. cap. 27 This is called collocatio corporis . time all the Friends were wont to meet about the dead body , and frequently to call upon him . And the Pollinctores did wash it carefully over with clear water , and annoint it . Afterwards they did carry the deceased to the entry of his Gate , placing his Feet and his Face towards the street in the robes that did become his degree and quality ; near it an Altar was erected , to offer Incen●e for the Soul of the deceased , and the Doors were hung with some expressions of Mourning . The Noble men had their Gates covered with Cypress branches , because this Tree is dedicated to Pluto ; and because it is of such a nature , that when it is once cut , it They who had care to provide for the Funerals , were call'd Libitinarij , because they did belong to the Temple of Venus Libitina , where the urns of the dead were placed . will never bud again . When the eighth day was come , they sent a Cryer about to invite the People to the Funeral , which was called indicere funus . When all the People were ready to march , the dead body lying upon a Bed , adorned according to his ability , was carryed out : The poorer sort were content with Feretra , a certain Bier . Before did march the Siticines ; who did sound with a Trumpet , or a Pipe : They were followed by certain Women , called Praeficae ; Their business was to sing the Praises of the dead , and to lament for them . The kindred did commonly bear the body to the appointed place , when the deceased was rich ; otherwise Poly. 6. lib. 6. certain Men , called Vespillones , or Vespae , did perform this office . In the Funerals of the Nobility , all the Ancestors of the deceased made of wax , and all the marks of honour Justa pers●lv●re parentibus , is to perform Funeral Rights to Parents . Funerals . Exequiae a sequendo . which he had deserved in his Life , together with his Manumissed Servants , did go before the Corps in great State . After the Body the next kindred , and the Heirs of the dead did follow in * * Att●ati . Mourning Apparel : The Men with their heads covered , but the women uncovered in their hair to the Rostra , where the Heir , or some for him , did declare the praises of the Deceased . After the Oration , sometimes they did carry the Dead Body back to the House : But when it was Enacted , that none should be buryed in the City , except the Vestal Virgins , the Emperors , and such as had deserved from the Publick a particular esteem by their worthy and Generous behaviour , that custom did cease . When the Body was to be buried , they did carry it from the Rostra , to a Pile of flaming wood , raised the Pi●● , is called Pyra ; when it burns , it is named Rogus , afterwards bustum This Pyra was erected in modum Arae , of all manner of sweet wood . Rosin . on purpose , round about stood the People ; the Body was placed upon it , and the Heir of the Deceased with his Face turned from the Pile , did set Fire to the wood with a Torch ; Whiles it was in a flame , the Praeficae did fill the Air with lamentable outcries , and Songs in honour of the Dead . In the Fire they did cast Gold , Silver , Garments , and such like things , which the Deceased did make use of in his Life . It was also the custom before the Fire was lighted , to open the eys of the De●d as he lay upon the wood , and to shew unto him the Heavens , putting into his mouth a piece of Money , which was This piece of Money is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; Hence the Proverb , expediri Danacem , to prepare to die . to be given by him to Charon for his Passage into the Elystan Fields . As the Fire was burning , they did cause * * Bustuarij . Alterum peden in Charontis Cy●ba habet . He is near death . Gladiators or Fencers , to fight upon the place , to give satisfaction to the Infernal Gods . This was stiled Inferiae , sometimes for the same purpose they did execute the Slaves and Captives in honour of the Deceased ; But when they were wanting , they did tear their own skin , and cut their Bodies to please the Infernal Spirits . Afterwards , this effusion of Blood was prohibited to Women , and too much expression of sorrow . When the wood was consumed , a Priest did collect the Ashes , Mulieres Genas radunto , neve lessum funeris ergo habento . Lessus , is excess of grief and lamentation . Virg. l. 6. Aen. and Bones of the Dead Body , which he did three times sprinkle or purifie with fair water , and then carefully lay up in a Pitcher , named Vrnae : Afterwards one of the Mourning Women did cry out with a loud voice , Ilicet , that is , ire licet , it is lawful to depart : When this was heard , the companie did take their farewel of the Relicks of the Deceased , by crying three times , vale , vale , vale ; adding this expression , we shall follow thee in the order that nature shall appoint . This being said , they departed , either to their Homes , or to the House of the Deceased , Coena funebris silicernium dicitur . where a Supper was prepared for all his Friends and Relations ; and sometimes the Heir did cause some raw flesh to be given Parentatio , is the Honor rendred to the deceased . to the Poor , this was named Visceratio . And the House was cleansed by the Everricatores , and a Vacation time was appointed for the Domesticks , called Denicales feriae ; Besides , When these ceremonies were omitted , the burying was named Sepultura insepulta . the Nobles had Playes celebrated for their sakes , and stately Sepulchres erected , in which their Urns were placed . After the Funerals , the Widows were commanded to mourn a whole year , during which time , it was not lawful for them to receive another Husband ; And if they did , they were lyable to the Law . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

Owles , Crows , and Ravens were unlucky Birds ; they were esteemed the fore-runners of Death . Ovid. Met. lib. 9. — ter omen — Funereus Bubo , Lethali carmine fecit .

CHAP. V. Of the Apparel of the Romans .

NAture recommends unto us Apparel , and necessity doth oblige us to make use of it , that it might protect us from the violence of the heat and cold : But Reason and Decency have taught men several sorts of Habits , to distinguish them & their Qualities . The Romans , and all civilised Nations have had different kinds of cloathing , according to the degrees of men among them None but the Barbarians , and the Savages of India can quarrel at this laudable custom introduced amongst us . But I shall not undertake in this place to justifie the distinction of Apparel from the childish scofs , and ridiculous aspersions of some amongst us : It shall suffice to tell you how the Men and Women were cloathed amongst the Romans . These were the most noted Robes of Men ;

Pallium was a Cloak in use amongst the Greeks : Palliolum a little Cloak .

Rosin . Amphitapae , the Vestments having a Furr on both sides .

Sagum , was a Coat of the Soldiers , put over their Armour .

Chlamis , was a short Coat used by the Soldiers , and by the Children .

Penula , a Cloak for the Rain .

Abolla , Laena , and Ricinium were garments of Soldiers .

Subucula , was a wast-coat or shirt .

Patagium , a precious under garment .

Supparum , a pair of Drawers open at the knees , such as the Eastern People , and the Moors do wear .

Carbasus , a rich Cloak .

Stragulum , was a garment to lie upon , as a Carpet , &c.

Justin. l. 2. c. ● . Pellibus & ●●xis arcont mal● frigo●a brach●s . Ovid. Thrist lib. 3. Eleg. 10. The first Garments were made of Skins . The Heathen Worthies are often represented cloathed with this kind of covering ; But there was a great difference in the Vestments of the Ancient Heathens ; the Greeks did wear a Palliunt , and from thence they are called Palliat● . The Romans a Gown , Toga , therefore they are stiled Togati . Some of the Gauls Britches , which gave them the name of Braochati . Every Nation did scorn to borrow their Habit from anothers invention . It is to be desired that our English Nation had the same generosity , our Tradesmen would not send so often into France ▪ to fetch from thence their ridiculous Modes . Our wise Sovereign deserves no small commendation to have put a stop by his good example to the variable & continual change of Habits , which did render us ridiculous to all our Neighbours . I could wish for the benefit of our Countrey , that the Women would also find out some * Mode , as might so A difficult business . please their fancie , that they might not change every day , and enrich the needy strangers , when so many skilful and expert Natives want Bread for themselves and Families , only for want of that esteem which strangers have got amongst our Ladies .

The Romans , as the Spaniards did wear one sort of Habit , only their Magistrates , and persons of Eminency had the liberty to carry in their garments the Badges of their Office . It is true , in War they did take a Therefore ad saga ire , is go to war . sagum , a short Coat , which was more convenient for them to handle their Weapons . In Peace they did wear their Toga , and the honest Women a long garment called stola : Mulier Togata , a Whore . only the new married Women of ordinary Estate , did wear a Toga pura ; and when Youths were escaped out of their childhood , they were admitted to wear this Toga pura , which was also sirnamed Recta , Libera , or It was of a perfect white , therefore named pura , it was a badge of liberty , therefore called libera . Virilis . The Persons of Quality did cloath it with much Ceremony and rejoycing . It was the custom to take it , and put it on first in the Market place , and then the Youth who was stiled Tyro , did carry a piece of mony into the Temple of the God of Youth , as they did when Children were born , to Dion . Halicar . lib. 7. Ilithuya ; and when they did die , to Venus Libitina . The young Princes were wont to give Sueton. in Tyber . cap. 15. Largesses and Playes to the People on that day . Seventeen years of age was the usual time to take this Badge of Manhood , sometimes sooner at * * annus tyrocinij 15 years old , and sometimes before , as the Persons were eminent in quality , C. Tacit. lib. 3. Annal. they did claim to themselves more liberty than the common in this case . Before the chi dren did wear a Gown bordered with a Purple Lace , and therefore it was called Praetexta . The young Virgins had a Garment of that name , until they were married , with some small difference in the make . And the Roman Magistrates were distinguished also lib. 9. cap. 12. by Toga Praetexta . Therefore Val . Max. informs us , how they did lay down their Praetextam , which was their Garment of Joy when they were about so sad an office , as to condemn a man to death .

Toga purpurea , was an Honourable Gown of Purple which the Roman Senate did commonly send as a Present to Forrein Princes in token of Friendship .

Toga sordida , was in use amongst the Rascality , who could not be at the charge of White Gowns . And when any Noble Man was arraigned for his life , he did appear in such another foul sort of Garment , to move his Judges to pity his condition .

Toga pulla , atra , or lugubris , was a mourning Gown used in Funerals . When the Empire came to attain to its greatest power , the common sort did wear this dark sort of Garment , and the richer another called Candida ▪ which was of a shining white . But we Hence it is that pullati signifies sometimes the poor ▪ and candidati , the rich . find that th s latter sort was carried by such as did pretend to Offices and eminent Imploys in the Commonwealth . That all the People might understand who they were that did desire the Office they took upon None was admitted amongst the competitors but such as were judged worthy , by the Magistrate who did govern in the Assembly . them , Toga Candida ; and therefore were named Candidati : Hence it is , that a Competitor or a Student in any Science , is called Candidatus . Their custom was at such times to appear humble at before the People , and to salute every one , * * that is nomeaclatio calling him by his name ; and that they might the better know the proper name of every Roman Citizen , they had some body acquainted with the People , to suggest unto them the names , he was called Nomenclator . They did besides to win the Peoples favour , distribute Money , which was called Congiarium , by certain Men named sequestres or divisores , because they were to be elected by their suffrages and plurality of voices .

Toga picta , was used by such as were led in triumph after some notable exploits and and glorious victory . Besides these Gowns ▪ there was also Toga militaris , which they did commonly use in the Field when their Armies did lie in the Camp . Toga domestica , was a short kind of Gown proper to the House . Toga forensis , was another sort proper to the Lawyers . It seems it was the neatest and most excellent kind , because Cedant arma Togae . they were called by excellency , Togati who did wear it .

Under these Gowns the Romans did wear a Garment named Tunica , a close Coat much like unto our Doublets with long skirts ; some were without Sleeves , others with Sleeves : some were proper to the Senators , as the laticlavia , adorned before with large studs of Purple like Nail-heads ; or angustus ●la●us . Hence they were named angusticlavij . It was called ●●cta . Others did belong to the Roman Knights , as the Angusticlavia , a Garment enriched with lesser ornaments than the former . * The ordinary sort were plain , only such as were intended for Women , did reach to the heels , and such as did be , long to Men , no further than the legg , or a little lower .

Palmata tunica , was a beautiful under-garment sent by the Senate to the Princes who were their friends and neighbours . It was so named , because it was richly adorned with Palm-leaves of Gold .

Trabea , was an honorable garment which only the prime Officers of the Roman Empire did wear . It was like unto our Gowns of State . There were three sorts of them : The first all of Purple , was dedicated to the Gods . The second , of Purple , with a mixture of White , was the garment of Kings , and after them of the Consuls , when they did sit in their Tribunals in the Army . The third was of Scarlet and Purple woven together . The Augures were cloathed with it , when they made their Observations .

The Women had some garments , a little differenced from the Mens ; as their Tunica , which did fall down as low as their heels . They did also wear a kind of Cloak or Called pall●um , or palla , quia palam gestabatur . Rosin . Mantle as the Men. But it hath been the custom of judicious people , to distinguish the two Sexes by different kinds of Habit. Therefore , as in Greece , and Kingdoms of Asia , so in the Roman jurisdiction in Italy , the Women had garments peculiar to themselves , more for ornament than for action . Such was their stola● , which was a long Petticoat . Indusium , is a Smock proper for Women , as subucula , a Shirt : supparus , was a kind of under garment by which some understand a Smock . Capitium , was an ornament of the head . † Zona , the Girdle which they did wear , until they were married ; hence comes the Phrase Zonam solvere , to Deflour a Virgin . * * It was named cestus , from hence is incestus . * * or Calaentica . * * call'd in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . * * called crinalis . Ipsa caput distiaguit acu . Claud. Cincinnatus & calamistratus homo , was a reproach amongst the Romans . Mitra , was an ornament of the Head , proper to Women . Their Hair was tyed up with Ribbons called F●sciae , taeniae , or vittae . Reticulum was another attire of the head ; as From hence is Flammearij , such as did make this attire Nubentes flammeo velabantur . also Ricae or reticulae . When they went to be married , they had commonly a certain Vail called Flammeus . And as our Ladies in England , the Roman women were careful to make use of such pleasant ornaments , as might rather add to , than diminish from their Beauty . These things were commonly used for that purpose , Casona , was a Bodkin for the head , acus cum margarita , was a long Pin with a Jewel at the end , such as the Morisco Ladies do wear in Barbary . Calamistrum , vas an Instrument made to frizle the Hair . The Women did commonly adorn their Hair with Jewels and Pearls . — Perque caput ducti lapides per colla per armos . They had amongst them Tirewomen named Psecades .

The Romans did wear 2 kind of Shooes Solea , and calceus . Solea was like the Sandals of the Capuchins , the bottom of a shooe tyed with leathern straps about the toes and heels ; It is called Gallica and crepidula a crepitu , from the noise that it did make . The Shooes were either Mullaei , Lunulati , Vncinati , Perones or Cathurni . Lunula tricalcei , were certain Shooes that did represent Sacri calcei were worn only by Priests . upon them , or under them , the figure C , or a half Moon . It was only proper to the Senators . Vncinati calcei , were in use amongst Soldiers ; they were also named Caligae . Many of these Shooes did come up the leg half way in the manner of Boots . Some were adorned with precious stones , and other ornaments ; others were plain . But of all these kinds of shooes and garments , you may see more in Rosinus and Dempsterus .

CHAP. VI. Of the Customs of the Romans in Eating .

Jentaculum is a Breakfast , prandium a Dinner taken about Noon . Merenda a Beaver , coena a Supper in the evening , commessatio is properly a drinking after Supper , which was much used in Rome . IN every country there is a great difference in the manner of lying down , and taking those things which are necessary for our sustenance . The Turks feed sitting , as Taylors . The Jews did lie down upon Couches made on purpose ; the Europeans do commonly eat sitting at Tables . But my design in this place , is only to describe the Roman manner , and to mention those words which may give us a perfect understanding of the Authors which speak of their Banquetiugs and Feasts .

The Men did eat but once in a day at Supper seldom twice , but not more : Children and Women did eat three times . The place where they did eat , was named Coenaculum , fron Caena ; as our Dining-room , from Dinner ; because the Supper was the chief Meal of the Romans , as ou● Dinner is ours . It was also stiled * * It was as near the top of the House , as the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Jews . Triclinium , from three Beds which were placed round a little Table standing in the middle . Before Supper they did commonly wash their hands and face , change their Cloaths , and take off their shooes , that they might not spoil the Beds . When the Table was furnished , the Master of the Feast did compell all those that were invited , to sit or lay down , by * * Penulam mihi scidit . pulling their garments with some kind of violence , which was interpreted an expression of kindness , and a sign of being welcom : * * Tangere vestem is , to not make a man welcom . Whereas if this action was performed with indifference , and without earnestness , it was a sign that the Master of the House cared not for the company of such a one . Such as came of their own accord without invitation to a Supper , were named Muscae , flies , or Vmbrae . The Guests did commonly lay upon the Bed , leaning upon their The middle was the place of Honour . E● ce●sus medio conspectus in agmine Caesar . Lucan . lib. 1. Accumbebat uxor in gremio mariti . left elbow , with their upper part raised up . There were two or three on every Bed , the one at the upper end , the next had his head leaning in the others breast , so was it of the third . In publick Feasts where many hundreds were invited , the Couches were made capacious , and fit to hold four five at a Table . When they were thus ready for their Victuals , they did adorn their heads with Garlands of Roses , and other pleasant flowers , Hungry fellows who were nimble at their meat , were said to have calceatos dentes D●mpst . to refresh the Brain , and preserve it from the ill consequences of the excess of drinking , and the powerful operations of the Wine . They did also for that purpose gird their heads with Fillets of Wool and Linnen , to stop the Veins of the Temples which do convey up to the Brain the evil vapours that do disturb it . They did sometimes Cella , the Buttery ; a cellandis rabus , was joyning to the T●iclinium . make use of Colewort-leaves when they were resolved to drink much ; for as our learned Herbalist hath taken notice , there is no greater enemy to Wine , or to the operations of it , than Colewort , and Cabbage . Their supping room was usually adorned with the Trophies and noble relicks of their Predecessors , as the other part of the House Seneca . named Atrium , was with their Images . Propert. lib. 3. Eleg. 8. Vel tibi Medorum pugnaces ire per hostes Atque ornare tuam fixa per arma domum .

In all stately Suppers , there were three services or parts ; The first was called Gustatio Ant●●oena , or Promulsis . It was composed Quia dabatu● ante mulsum antiqui non nisi mulso primam fitim sedabant . Rosin . lib. 5. cap. 29. of such Dishes as did whett the appetite , and prepare the stomach for more corroborating Meats . The Fruits most in season , were then served on the Table , with Eggs , Salads , Oysters , Spraragus , &c. The second Course was named Coena , because it was the chief part of the supper , and the Principal Dish of it was called Caput coenae , or fundamentum coenae ; as the first was the Proemium , and last the Epilogue . In the last Course they did present upon the table all manner of Fruits , Cream , but especially Apples , as they did Eggs in the first . * * From hence is the Proverb ab ovo ad mala , from the beginning to the end Their Suppers were so ordered , that there was a convenient time between each Course , to discourse of pleasant matters . It was not lawful to mention any sad accident at such seasons , because there is nothing that helps Digestion so much as mirth , and nothing is a greater impediment to a right use of Meats , than sadness ; They did therefore bannish from the Table all melancholick humours .

they did blame Luxury & Gluttony ; the gluttons were sirnamed Asini . In the flourishing state of the Empire they were very expensive in their suppers . Vitelli● as Suetonius informs us , had a supper where ● thousand rare and forrein Fishes were presented upon the Table , and several strange Phaenicopter mentioned by Sueton ; are called by our English in Tangier , Bee-eaters , they do come every Spring in pursuance of the Bees to devour them . Birds fetcht from the strai s of Gibraltar , by Galleys sent on purpose , to transport them to Rome . And that they might not burden their stomachs with the courser sort of meats ; and neglect others more pleasing to their pallats . It was sometimes the custom in the entrance of supper , to give unto every one a little Note of the names of the several dishes prepared for them . There were several officers appointed at Feasts , named Magister scribendi , obsonij , Diribitor , Scissor Chironomantae , and carptor . Structor obsonij , was the Garnisher of the Feast , who did adorn the Dishes with all manner of Flowers , and pleasant sights . It seems the Carvers and Garnishers were instructed how to behave themselves with ceremony , by persons who made it their Profession to shew such as would learn . Now in every Feast there was a † portion for * Mercurij sors vocabatur . Mercurius , whose Image was placed at the entry of many Houses , as we have already taken notice . And that they might please Sportula , was a Basket out of which Meat was given to the People : It is taken for an imperfect Meal , whereas coena recta was perfect Supper ; as also coena dubia , in which there were so many Dishes , that the Guests did scarce know of which to choose . the ears with grateful sounds , aswel as the Pallate with dainty meats , it was the custom to have a Consort of Musick ; some of their Instruments were named Hydraulae . The word doth make many conjecture , that water did contribute to the sound ; but I rather imagine that they were such kind of Instruments of Musick as they did use at Sea , to encourage men to fight , or to drownd the noise of the dying soldiers . Our Trumpets , in which some of our Na●ion do much delight , are derived from the Romans . Nam veluti resonante diu Tritone canor● Pellit opes collectus aquae victusque movere Spiritus , & long as emugit buccina vaces . And in their Feasts they had pleasant Boyes out of Alexandria , and fair Girls , to give them all manner of delights which they did fancy . The Girls of Cadiz in Spain , were famous at Rome for their sportful humour , which they did express in great Banquets . At such times they made use of many sorts of Vessels to drink ; It was a common custom to have a Horn enricht with silver , or gold ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but their common drinking vessels were made of the earth of the Island of Samos , of Beech tree , of Olive-tree , of Glass , of Crystal , of Amber , of Black-stone , of silver , of gold , of precious stotes , and of dead mens skuls . This last kind of Drinking-vessels was in use , especially Scordisci in ostibus capitum humanorum bibebant avidius . Amm. Marcel . amongst the Scythians , and the barbarous Nations : For when they had destroyed their enemies , they caused their skulls to be cleansed and tipt with silver , for them to drink in . This insolent custom was seldom practis'd , unless it be amongst the Getae , the Hunni , and other Northern people . These were the names of their ordinary drinking vessels ; Calices pteroti , or pi●nati , or alati , cups with ears . Trulla , or ●ruella , was a deep and a large cup , proper for Husband-men . Phiala , was a lesser cup ▪ Cymbium was like a ship ; scyphus was another sort of drinking vessel come from Greece &c. They had several sorts of Wine in request at Rome ; some Wine they did perfume with smoak , to render it more potable and pleasant to the taste ; but Plinius doth not esteem it wholsome . Rosin . Dicitur opinianum Vinum quia opimius Consul morem illum induxit . Tibul. l. 2. El. 1 Nunt mihi fumosas veteres proferte falernos consulis , & Chio solvite vincla cado .

It seems they did preserve their Wine a very long while with smoak ; for some do speak of wine 100 years old . It may be that the Wine was not so old as the vessels that were mark'd with such a Date . Vinum albanum , was very See Rosin . lib. 5. famous at Rome , as Vin de la Ciudad is at Paris . Cuidad is a little Canton near Mauseils , It is a kind of Frontiniack . that yields most excellent Wine ; it costs at Paris twenty shillings a Quart.

From the Romans is come the custom of drinking Healths , which was first a kind of invocation proper to their Gods and Emperors , whose names they did often mention amongst their merry cups , with many good wishes . At the conclusion of their Meetings , they did drink the cup of their good genius , which was the same with that of Jupiter sospitator , otherwise called Poculum beni dei . Sophocl . This custom was also among the Greeks . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

CHAP. VII . Of the Romans Assemblies , appointed for Publick Affairs .

Comitia a coeund● . THE Roman Assemblies were either Concilia , when there was a select number met together ; or Comitia , when all the People were called to the meeting . Of these there were three sorts ; Curiata , Conturiata , and Tributa : All of them were named Caata ; Calo , signifies to call . for a publick Cryer did walk about the City , to warn them to an appearance .

The Comitia curiata , was when the People were separated into several Parishes , called curiae , to consult of the Publick business , and give their Votes . The City of Rome was divided into thirty curia's or Parishes by Romulus ; afterwards the number did increase when Rome began to enlarge its bounds and Dominion ; Unto every Parish there was a publick Hall , a Meeting-place , or Temple , where the Parishioners did come together to perform their devotions to their Gods ; Over every Parish an eminent person was appointed , aswel to keep the Inhabitants in order , as to see the Worship of the Gods duely administred . These Assemblies were first appointed by Romulus to approve of the Kings , and choose the Magistrates for the Government of the Empire , and for the confirming of Wills , which were to be signed in their presence .

All sorts of People belonging to the Parishes , were admitted to speak their minds , and give their Votes as private Men , Magistrates , Senators , and generally all Free men , who did live within the bounds of the Parishes . The place appointed for their meeting , was the great Hall of Justice , called comitium , near uuto the publick Market . They did assemble when they were lawfully called by one of the Magistrates ; and before that they did come together , three Augures were to make their Observations , and approve of their meeting , and of the business , they were also to be present . But in case any sinister accident did happen , the people did then desire the chief Magistrate there present , intercedere , that is , to hinder their further proceedings for that time ; for the Romans were extreme superstitious in the observance of all casualties .

The Suffrages anciently were delivered viva voce ; but since , there was a Law made , to express every ones mind in a piece of Wood , called Tabella . If any officers were to be chosen , they had as many as there were competitors , they did cast in a po● , that upon which the name of him was written , whom they intended to favor with their Vote . But if a Law was to be enacted , every one did receive two Tabella's from the Distributors , named Diribitores ; in one there was V. R. that is , ut Rogas : In the Velitis , Jubeati ▪ ne Quirites , &c. Is it your pleasure Romans , that such a Law , should be made , were the words used in the Rogatio l●gis . other was a great A. The former signifies a full assent to what was required ; the latter intimates the contrary : for the letter A did stand for Antiquo . They did cast that which they did like best into a Chest , out of which they were taken to be numbred by the Nongenti , or Custodes , certain men appointed for that purpose . The voices were numbred , and the plurality did obtain their desires . The common Cryer was wont to declare what had been decreed , or who had been chosen . It was not lawful for any , except the chief Magistrates to prefer a law , only the Praetor , the Consuls , the Interrer , the Decemviri , the Triumviri , the Dictator , the Tribunes of the People , had this power granted unto them . When they intended any such business , they caused their Law to Legis promul●atio dicitur ▪ be well written in Tables , * * That is , de Coe●● observatio , or Spectio . This is ●alled Nu●●iatio ferre legem , figere legem . which were to be hung publickly three Market days for all men to view , and consult about the necessity of it . But before he went so far , he did ask the advice of several Men experienced in the Laws and Customs of the Romans ; He did sometimes imploy the Augures , to see how the Gods would approve of it , and he did propose the matter to the Senate , to have their approbation . All these things being first performed , the Magistrate did recommend at the publick meeting the Law to the People , persuading them to it by a Speech . Sometimes it was opposed by ▪ Men of a contrary judgement : After that the business had been sufficiently examined , they did proceed to understand the will of the Praerogativ● curia , or Tribus , was that whose name came out first . It is called Mo●bus Comitialis from hence People . In the mean while it was lawful for any of the Magistrates to forbid the examinacion of the business , which they did always do when any body was taken with the Falling-sickness at that time : or when the Magistrates did † observe any unlucky sign● in the Heavens , or when the Augures di● † bring word of any unfortunate omen , as o● Thunder , which was always esteemed unhappy When the Law was approved in thi● manner , it was graven in Tables of Brass , an● laid up in the Treasury of the Empire , and published , by affixing it in the places of resort in the City . They did make a prick at every vote when they did number them , therefore Publicum punctum , is taken for Suffragium . Classici voca●antur ; From hence are the divisions of Schollars in the Schools , named Classes , and the Authors read by them , are called Classici Authores . Proletari● .

The Comitia centuriala , was when the People were met together in Centuries , to give their Votes : Now a Century was an hundred Men belonging to one of the six Classes , into which Servius Tullius divided the Roman People . This was done according to every mans Estate : The first Classis was the richest and the most sufficient ; for none was admitted into it , unless he was worth above eight hundred Crowns , as every man of the second was to be worth above a hundred , so proportionably of the other Classes . The lowest sort of People were named tenuis census homines , men of a small Estate . In every Classis were many Centuries reckoned ; some mention 139 in all . When they were assembled , the plurality of voices in the Centurie did overcome ; and so when the Votes of all the Centuries were collected , the Plurality did also carry the choice . Over every Century there was a Centurionum vitis , was the Centurions staff , or Rod of command . ●udicious and couragious person appointed named Centurio , as over the Militia of the City of London , in every Quarter there is a Captain . There were many belonging to these Centuries , who did not dwell at Rome , ●ut in places far distant from it . They were called together to elect their chief Magistrates . The first Consuls were created by Rosinus . ●hem , the Censors , the Praetors , the Pro●onsuls , the Tribun●s , or Colonels of the that the People felt themselves overburdened with the cruel exactions , and grieved with the severity of the Nobles , who kept not to the golden Rules of moderation , which were only able to preserve Peace , they did cast off all respect to their Superiours , and broke out into an open Rebellion . But all dfferences were ended again , when the People had obtained such priviledges and fundamental Laws as might secure them for the future from the usur●●tion of the better sort , and from those grievances of which they did complain . The Roman Empire continued many hundred years in a flourishing estate .

It is supposed that this mixed kind of government was one of the main helps to raise it to that excessive power unto which it arrived in the time of Julius Caesar ; for when there was a way open for every one to assend up to the Supreme Authority , and that Virtue and Courage were the great promoters of such a design . Every one who had a little ambition in him , did strive to excell in that which did so well reward its owner● with Honour and Profit . They did all endeavour to assend as near the highes● march of Glory , as their abilities would give them leave , in obliging the publick Interest by brave and Worthy exploits . But this kind of Aristocracy could not continue fo● ever ; for in process of time , it could no● be but that some Member of the Common-wealth , must attain to a superiority in Power and Riches , which when it was popular and obliging , it must needs make People forget the liberty to which they were born , and incensibly bring in a Monarchy . At first , in such a Potent Empire , it could not but meet with opposition . In such a case , what ever side gets the Victory , the Publick looseth its Freedom , unless the opposition be managed by the Publick it self , and such persons of integrity be intrusted with the defence of Liberty , as may not intend the making of their own Fortunes , rather than the maintenance of the universal Interest . Therefore , if either Pompey , or Brutus had overcome , it is imagined by all rational People , that they had never restored unto the Romans that beloved liberty which they enjoyed before . The truth is , that then the Empire was grown so great , and the Roman Citizens so powerful , that if there had not been one above them , to moderate their pretentions , and keep them from Divisions , the Roman Empire had been often troubled with civil Wars . This was one of the reaons which Agrippa , a wise Counsellour of Augustus the Emperour gave unto him , to dissuade him from resigning over his Supreme Authority to the Senate and People . We do all acknowledge , that there can be no Government See this examined by du Haill●● . in the beginning of his Hist. of France . so happy as Monarchy ; When the Prince and People understand one another well , and when there is a mutual correspondency Appian . Army , and several other Officers were chosen in these Assemblies , sometimes in the others . They did also meet to Judge of crimes committed against the publick safety , Perduellionis reus , is one guilty of Treason . as Treason . When any person had disgraced the Roman name , and that the Censor had taken notice of him , he was blotted out of the Roll of his Century , and had no more liberty to give his Vote in these Assemhlies .

Mars augusta sui renovat suffragia campi . Claud. In this place were several enclosures , named septa , or ovilia , to separate the Tribes and Classes . They did all meet with their Weapons out of the City in a place dedicated to some God , and hallowed by the Augures . The Campius Martius , a large spot of ground given to the City by Caia Terratia a Vestal Virgin , was the common Rendezvouz of the Romans on such occasions . It was scituate without the City near the River , and in it were many convenient things and places to exercise Youth in all manner of Martial sports .

Et miserae macul●vit ovilia Romae . Lucan . Whiles the Roman People were thus assembled in Arms about the Tent of one of their chief Magistrates , who was always to sit there as a Judge or President ; There was a Flag hung out on the top of the Janiculum , and a Guard of armed Men placed there .

Comitia Tributae , were the assemblies of the Wards or Quarters of the City . They did meet either in the Field of Mars , or in the Capitol , or in the Circus Flaminius ; When there was urgent occasion , and when the Comitia cen●uriata or curiata , were no● permitted to assemble , either because of the unlawful days , or because of some ominous signs in the Heavens that did threaten them .

CHAP. VIII . Of the Roman Magistrates .

ROME was at first a Monarchy . Seven Kings successively did reign , until Tarquinius Superbus was banisht for his licentiousness . He endeavoured to recover again his Right by the assistance of the neighbour Princes ; But the Senate and People did oppose him with so much animosity , that He , and all his Friends lost their labour in compelling them to receive him again . The Romans did then agree to govern their Affairs partly in the manner of an Aristocracy , and partly as a Democracy ; For the Senate and Supreme Magistrates did rule but in such a manner , that the People had a hand in most Affairs of consequence . So that as the Romans were composed of several different orders of Men , it could never submit long under a perfect Aristocracy , unless it had degenerated to a perfect Tyranny , as Macchiavel observes upon T. Livius . This may easily appear by their frequent murmurings , & the seditions of the People ; for when the Aristocracy did gain upon the Democracy , and spondency between them , of Love , and Obedience .

P●oefect is vel tribun is Celerum The Roman Magistrates were either Majores or Minores . The ordinary Magistrates of the first Division , were at first the King , the Captain of the Kings Guard , afterwards the Consuls , the Censors , the Praetors , the Generals , the Caesars , the Tribunes , the Governours of the City . The extraordinary were the Interrex , the Dictator , the Master of the Horse , the Decemviri , the Colonels of the Army , intrusted with the power of the Consuls , and the Triumviri .

The Under-Magistrates commonly chosen , were the Treasurer of the City , the Tribunes of the People , the Curats or Overseers of all the Tribes , the Aediles , &c. Thefe sorts we shall describe in order with the rest of the under-Officers chosen upon special occasions . Whilst the Kings reigned in Rome there was an absolute Monarchy , they made Laws with or without the consent of the People . They had a Guard of young Soldiers called Celeres , from their swiftness , or Trossuli , or Flexumines , to attend upon their Persons . Their Chief Commander was named Praefectus , or Tribunus Celerum . He was next in place and dignity to the King . Besides these , the Prince had 12 Men to wait upon him , called Lictores ; their Office was to punnish the Offenders , and put in execution the Kings Commands ▪ When he did go abroad , these Men were to march before him , and to carry the Fasces , the bundle of Rods , and the Hatchet , which was bound up , and appearing at the top of them . The different kinds of Instruments of Justice did intimate , that some Offenders were to be chastised with milder punnishments with Rods , and others , when there was no other remedy , were to be cut off with the Hatchet . This bundle of Rods , with the Hatchet , was always carried before Fasces deponere , to lay down a command . Fascihus abrogatis , the authority being taken away . the Consuls , and the other Supreme Magistrates of the Romans . The King had Ornaments to distinguish him from the rest of the People ; for He was cloathed in a Purple Gown , when He did do Justice , He did sit in a Chair of State , called Curulis , or Eburnea , of Ivory , with his Guard of lusty Plutarch . in vit. Romul . and Noble Youths mentioned before , about him , who were chosen out of the best Families of Rome , and recommended by the Suffrages of the People , to wait upon the Prince . They were armed with such a kind of Weapon as His Majesties Pensioners .

T. Livius , lib. 1. Dion . lib. 1. The Roman Senate was first elected by Romulus , to assist him in the management of the Affairs of State , and in the Government of the City , whilst He was imployed in the continual Wars with his Neghbours . He caused an hundred of the most sufficient and wisest Men to be chosen out of every Tribe , and to meet together about the Publick business ; Patres vel Senatores vocabantur ob ●tatem . this Assemby he called Senate . Afterwards , when his Subjects did increase by the continual coming in of the Malefactors of his Neighbours , who did shelter themselves in his Asyle from the pursuance of the Justice of their Countrey ; And when he had added the Subjects of Tatius the King of the Sabines to the Inhabitants of Rome , He chose one hundred more of the noblest Persons ●ionys . lib. 2. to the Senate . Tarquinius Prisons , to ingratiate himself with his People , admitted one hundred more , so that then there were three hundred in all . About the time of the Caesars , there were above a thousand Senators : They were sometimes elected out of the Plebeian Families ; but as an Author informs us , they were in such cases to be first enobled , and made Patricij , before they could be admitted . The usual custom was , to choose a Senator when any was wanting ▪ either out of the Equestrian or Patrician Families . None was to be admitted into this Venerable Assembly under the age of twenty years . There was some distinction in the Senate ; some were called senatores majoruus gentium ; they were of the Race of those who had been chosen by Romulus . Others were named senatores minorum gentium ; Allecti velpeharij Senato●es , were mean and poor Senators . such were of the Posterity of those who had been promoted to this Honour by Tarquinius Pris●us , when the Kidgs were banished , they were all called Patres conscripti . The Fore-man of the Senate , who had been appointed by the Censor , was to be chosen out of their number , who had been a Consul or Censor ; He was then stiled Princeps senatus , the Prince of the Senate , because he was as a President of this wise Assembly . It was a Venerable Company in the beginning of the Empire The Plutarch in vit Pyrrlu . Embassadors o● Pyrrhus King of Epir●s told him , that the Roman Senate , was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a Company of many Kings . They were mig●t●ly esteemed all over the world . It was a great crime to offer an affront to them : When they did assemble , They did say ▪ hoc bene sit . they did begin their Consultations with the Invocation of 〈◊〉 The Sneton , cap. 58. in Aug. Votes of the major part did govern . When the Decree was made , it Was stiled sonatusconsultum . They did never meet but in a Temple of the Gods , in a Sanctified place .

The power of the Senate was not always Polyb. 1. 6● the same ▪ In the time of the Consuls , the Senate did act without controll ; But the succeeding Tyranny of the E●peroms destroyed this glorious Assembly . Their chief business was to dispose of all Affairs relating to the publick concerns , only the enacting of Laws , the choice of Magistrates and the undertaking of Wars , were left to the common People .

The Senate was wont to meet twice every Month ; But before they did come together , the Augures were appointed to make their Observations . When their opinions were required , they did rise from their Seats , and pass over to him of whose

Referrem ad Senatum .

Illi Senatus datur , He is heard in the Senate .

Judgement they were , and whose advice was asked first ; from hence comes the Phrase , discedere in alicujus sententiam , to become of another mans Opinion . When the Members of the Senate had committed some unworthy action , the Censors did ejicere eum senatu , cast him out of the Senate . And when any of them was absent , and could not give a just cause of his absence , he was sometimes fined to pay a sum of Money .

Consulas . The Consuls were the Supreme Magistrates in Rome , after the Kings had been bannished . They were chosen out of the Noble-men or Patricij , and sometimes out of the other Orders of Men. The People in their General Assemblies , called Comitia , did name them every year . The Law did prohibit Scipio Afric . Pomp & caesar , were chosen young . any to be Elected under the age 42 , or 43 ; And before that they could pretend to this high dignity , they were to pass through all the meaner Offices of the Commonwealth . It was no difficult business for such a one , who had behaved himself well in his imployments , and had obliged the Publick by his generous behaviour , to obtain their Voices at this time . In this therefore appears the Politick Government of the Romans , that they might oblige every Magistrate to Justice and Equity , and to seek the satisfaction of the Publick , they appointed a Subordination of all the offices which were at the disposal of the People ; so that if in the meaner offices any did miscarry for want of ability ; or if any did commit Unjustice , He could never pretend higher at the next Assemblies . None was to be made chief office in his absence ; neither was any to continue in that Office above a year , only Marius that brave Roman General , was elected seven times , and once he was chosen when he did oppose the Cimbri , and other Northern People , who intended the Destruction of the Roman Empire , and to conquer all Italy , but they were all defeated by this excellent Commander .

But before the Consuls did enter into their Office , they did Sacrifice to the Gods , and imploy the Augures to make their Observations . This was practised by all the other Magistrates at their first admittance into their Offices .

The marks of the dignity of the Consuls , were the Bundles of Rods carried before them by 12 Serjeants , as before the King , and the Sella eburnea , a Chair of Ivory , placed upon an open Chariot , and therefore named curulis à curru . The Consuls also were cloathed with a Purple Robe called trabea ▪ These Consuls did command the Roman Armies , Viri Consulares , Men who had been Consuls . Polyb. lib. 6. Cicero lib. 3. de legib . dispose of the Revenues of the Provinces , punnish all offendors , call the Senators together , assemble the People , treat with forreign Princes , and mannage many other Affairs of the Empire .

Censor . The Censors were first appointed to ease the Consuls of part of their Burden ; for when the Empire began to flourish , and the Enemies of it began to multiply , the Consuls were continually imployed in the preservation of the Publick Interest from forreign Invasion , and in forcing the Neighbour Nations to yield obedience to the Roman Eagles ; so that they could not mind the domestick Affairs : Therefore the Censors were chosen by the People , and enabled with a Power not much less than that of the Consuls . Their office did oblige them to look to the Publick Revenues , to take an account of every Citizens Estate and ability , to correct misdemeanors and publick disgraces . They were able to depose the Senators , to degrade the Equites , and take from them their Ornaments when they did commit actions unworthy of the Roman name . This discipline did encourage virtue , and prevent the mischiefs which Vice doth commonly bring upon a Nation .

If any did neglect his Patrimony and Estate , and make no improvement of it ; or if any did suffer his ground to be untill'd ; Agell . l. 4. c. 12. or if any was not well furnished with Arms and necessaries for the War ; Or if any person did neglect his office , and spend his time in debauchery , the Censors were to punish them according to their deservings . By this means the Roman Empire did flourish , when there was an exact care taken to oblige every man to his duty and imployment . Idleness is a dangerous Vice in a Kingdom that causeth nothing but poverty and misery . I could wish that in this our Countrey some order might be taken to imploy our poorer sort of People , and drive the wealthier from the Taverns and Ale-houses , where many spend their days and Estates . It is strange that most Corporations do swarm with Beggers , whereas they have most means to imploy them for the advantage of the Publick . Our Laws are as good as the Romans , and as much conducing to the universal Interest , But our Country officers , our Mayors of Towns , have not many times that Generous Spirit in them , which their Offices , and the general Interest requires . We may ascribe to the Idleness , to the Sloath and negligence , and to the small imployment of the native Commodities of our Land , all the evils and want which do cause our murmurings .

These Censors did continue in their Offices

Virgula Censoria was the Censors Rod.

Lustrum , a Lustrando populum , was every five years .

five years compleat . And as often as the Romans did take a view of all the Censors and Members of the City . If any was left out of the Roll , he was degraded for some misdemeanor . It was no little Honor to be named first omongst the Senators and the Equites ; they were named Principes senatorum , and Equitum . The Censors were also to take care of the Ornaments of the Senatu m●ver● aliquem , to banish or cast one out of the Senate . Temples , of the Sacrifices , of the publick Ways and Bridges ; and to see that all things relating to the Publick Interest , might not suffer any dammage . Every five years the Censor was to Lustrare exercitum Romanum , to purge by Sacrifice the Army of the Romans . The custom was to lead a Sow , a Bull , Cato , was a very severe and notable Censor . and a Ram round about the People encampped in the Field of Mars , and then to Sacrifice these Beasts to this God of War.

The Praetors were appointed instead of the Consuls , to administer Justice to the Publick . Two were commonly chosen , Praetor major , or Vrbanus , for the Affairs of the Roman Citizens ; and Praetor peregrinus , or minor , to do Justice to strangers . Before their admittance into their Offices , they did swear to observe the Laws of the Common-wealth .

Praetor Cerialis , was to provide Corn.

Praetor Tutelaris to command the Watch , and to provide for the safety of the City in the night .

Praetores fidei commissarij , were to judge of causes concerning Feofments in trust . Praetores quesitores , or Quaesitores parricidij were criminal Judges , such as are the Provosts in France .

The number of these Praetors did increase in the flourishing State of the Empire , to 16 or 18. The Praetors did judge of all sorts of Causes ; the criminal Causes were called Causae capitales . The Officers of the Court were the Lictores , the Scribes , the Accensi or Baylifs ; who did summon the people to appear . Their Marks of Honour were a Sword and a Spear , which were placed by them in the Court . When they first did enter into their Offices , they did cause several Rules or Laws to be written in a Table , which was to be hang'd out in publick , to give notice to every one how the Praetors did intend to Judge . This was called Edictum Praetoris . At last , a certain Praetor gave Rules for the rest to govern themselves by in the administration of Justice ; his Edict was called Edictum Perpetuum . When the Sentence was given against any man , the party who did overcome , did lay his Hand upon the looser , or upon the thing in dispute , and did use this form of words ; Ego hunc hominem , or hanc rem ex jure Quiritum meum , vel meam esse dico ; then the Praetor did confirm his saying , by adding addico , I do so adjudge it .

Addicu●t aves When there is a happy omen . Addicere bona , is to deliver up the goods of any man .

Addictus , i. e. damnatus .

The Commonwealth at last was forced to yield to the ambition of Julius Caesar , and his Successors , who were chosen Emperors . For when the Civil Wars were ended , the Senate of Rome being moved by the Creatures of Julius Caesar , bestowed upon him most glorious titles of Honour and Dignity , and established him in the Supreme power during his life : they stiled him a perpetual Dictator , the Father of the Countrey , a Consul for 10 years , Sacrosanctus , & Imperator , a Holy Person , and Emperor . This last name had been given after some notable Victory to the Roman Generals by the Soldiers . Augustus added another Title to the Emperors ; for after Him they were named Augusti , a Sir-name proper to all holy and sacred places and things . They were also called Pontifices maximi , the chief Pontifs . Their power was far greatet than any other Magistrate before ; for they did what they pleased , without controll .

Principes 〈◊〉 ventutis . The Princes of the Roman youth , were such as were designed for Emperors ; They were Honoured with the title of most Noble Caesars , when they had been chosen to succeed in the Empire , and declared worthy of that Dignity in the Senate . Augustus brought in that custom , which was observed by his Successors . In England we have the Princes of Wales , who succeed in the Throne to our Kings . In France the Dauphin , the eldest Son of the French King , reigns after his Father . Thus in Germany , there are the Kings of the Romans , who are elected during the lives of the Emperors , to succeed them in the Empire . The Governor of the Prafectus urbis , Sueton. in Augusto . Dio. l. 52. City of Rome , was first chosen and appointed by Augustus Caesar , to watch over , and provide for the Affairs of the City . Unto his office it did belong to examine controversies between Citizens , to sit as a Judge at the publick Playes , to do Justice to Slaves and Bond-men oppressed by the cruelty of their Masters ; to have an eye to the publick Markets ; and to concern himself with all crimes committed within one hundred At every mile , there was a Stone fixed in the ground ; therefore 100 miles is named 100 lapides . miles of the City . In the absence of the ordinary Magistrate , before Augustus , there was a Praefectus Vrbis , who had only power when the King or Consuls were absent in the War . They were not chosen by the People , but appointed by the Consuls to T. Livius . be their Lieutenants in their absence . Afterwards it became an ordinary office , especially Tacit. lib. 6. when the Emperors departed to Constantinople ▪ Agell . l. 19. then the Governour of the City was as a Viceroy in Italy , the Emperours Vicegerent .

Interrex . The Interrex was appointed by the Senate when the Kings were dead , until another Prince was chosen . And after the Kings Dionys. lib. 2. Interreges animo erant decem oonstituti ex decurijs Senatus unusquisque eorum insania habeha● 5 dies itaque vocabatur magistratus quinqueduarius . Rosin . lib. 7. had been expelled , the Title and Dignity did remain ; for when a Magistrate had quitted his Office , or when another could not speedily be chosen ; or when the Consuls could not be present to govern in the Assemblies . The Senate did appoint an Interrex . The Dictator was chosen by the People , and the Senate in the dangerous times of the Commonwealth , when some eminent danger did threaten the state : He had a far greater Power than the Consuls ; He was named Magister populi : There was no appealing from his sentence to the People ; He did continue in his Office six months . There was another Officer chosen by him to be his Lieutenant in his absence , He was Flor. Eutro ●i . named Magister equitum . The Master of the Horse , because in the War he did command the Horse , and the Dictator the Foot , as we may see in T. Livius .

It is worthy of our observation , that these Dictators , who were intrusted with such an uncontrollable Authority , did never abuse it to the prejudice of the Commonwealth ; and that it was a very rare thing to see a Citizen of Rome punished by them , either Dio●ys . lib. 5. with Death or Bannishment .

Decemviri . The Decemviri , who were enabled with the Authority of the Consuls , only to make and establish Laws over the City of Rome , were appointed in the beginning of the Empire for that purpose . The Kings who had formerly governed , did administer Justice according to their pleasure ; But when the Romans saw in what inconveniency they would fall , if they had not Statutes and settled Laws to govern their Magistrates ; they chose ten Men to examine the Laws of the Athenians , and cause the best of them to be graven upon ten Tables of Brass , for to remain as the standing Rules of Government . Afterwards two Tables more were added ; so that they were called Leges 12 Tabularum . These Magistrates did succeed on another in the Government ; for every one had the supreme Power by turns : But they were put down about three years after their establishment , and the Consuls did succeed them .

Tribuni mil●tum . The Tribunes of the Soldiers were of two sorts ; some did govern the Empire , as the Consuls , and the others were only as Colonels in the Army . The former were only chosen to appease the murmurings of the People , who did grumble because they could not pretend to the supreme Magistracy , as the Patricij did , for the Senate did oppose the election of Consuls out of the Plebeian Families ; therefore to content the Commonalty , they did suffer some to be elected out of them , who should have the Authority of the Consuls , but not the name ; they were stiled Tribuni militum consulari potestate praediti .

The Tribuni militum chosen by the Consuls , were called Rutuli or Rufi , because Rutilius Rufus brought in that custom : they who were appointed by the Army , were named Suffecti ; and the others chosen by the Commons , were stiled Comitiati tribuni .

Triumviri . Triumviri , were of many sorts ; there were Triumviri capitales , called also tresviri , or treviri capitales , who were as our High-Sheriffs : they had power to Imprison , and release out of Prison ; they did also pnnish all Malefactors who were not Romans . Eight Bayliffs did commonly attend upon them .

Triumviri Minarij , were appointed to pay out of the Publick treasury , money to satisfie for poor mens Debts .

Triumviri coloniae deducendae , were to establish the Colonies of the Romans in forreign Nations .

Triumviri Monetales , or Triumviri A. A. AE. F. F. as Rosinus calls them , i. e. Auro , Argento , Aere , Flando , Feriendo , because they had charge of the Mint ▪

Tacit. l. 5. Annal. Triumviri nocturni , were certain men , who were to go the Rounds , and give notice when Fire did break out in the City of Rome .

Triumviri Reipub. constituendae , were established after the Massacre of Julius Caesar ; For when his adopted Son Octavius did labour to revenge his death , and that he could not compass his design , unless Antonius and Lepidus did joyn with him ; He concluded an agreement with them to govern the Empire between them ; to divide the Provinces , and raise an Army which should pursue after M. Brutus , and Cassius , the two most powerful murderers of Julius Caesar : they pretended to settle the Commonwealth but they Triumviratus , alone , signifies this bloody Government of Aug. Ant. and Lepid. filled Rome with the Blood of all their Enemies , and proscribed 130 Senators . The rest of the Senate continued unto them the supreme Magistracy with full power for five years , because they could not oppose them , nor their proceedings ; for they had at their heels two well furnished Armies .

Quaestores Vrbani , or Aerarij , were the publick treasurers , who had a Commission to keep the Riches , and receive the Revenues of the Commonwealth from the Officers of the Provinces . At first there was Liv. l. 7. two appointed ; afterwards two more were chosen by the People to accompany the Consuls in their Expeditions . These last were as our Commissary-Generals , or as Treasurers of an Army ; for they were to provide all things necessary for the Soldiers , and receive the In-comes of the Provinces ; sell and dispose of the Spoils of the Enemy .

When the Generals did return home before they could obtain the Honour of the Triumph ; they were bound to give an account of the number of the Enemies , and of the Roman Citizens , who had been slain , to these Questores Vrbani .

Tribuni plebis . The Tribunes of the People , were first estadlished at Rome , when the Commons had been forced to a sedition by the cruel exactions of the Nobles . They assembled upon Mount Aventine , and sent word to the Senate , that they were resolved to leave their City , and settle somewhere else , if they did not grant unto them a Discharge of all Debts , and such Laws as might for the future shelter them from the unjust usage of the wealthier Citizens ; with certain Magistrates , whose business should be to mind the good of the People . The danger obliged the Senate to condescend to their demands : two Officers were chosen first out of the Tribunes , or Colonels of the Army ; aud therefore they were named Tribuni plebis .

They were persons Sacro-sancti , most holy and sacred . It was no less than a capitol crime to offend them by Word or Deed : They who had been so daring , were by the Law homines sacri , devoted or condemned ipso facto , to be sacrificed to the Gods . These Tribunes had power to * * Inter●●dere . oppose the proceedings & Decrees of the Senate . They were not admitted into this Venerable Assembly , but had their places at the entrance of it when any Decree had been made ; It was sent to them to receive an approbation , which they did signifie by writing upon it a Roman T. Their number did increase to 10 , and their Authority also became greater than at the first Institution ; for they did Enact Laws with the consent of the People , & comit many disorders to the prejudice of the Senate , and of the Consuls ; so that sometimes they were nam'd Pestes reipublicae . Their Houses were open both day and night , that they might serve for a refuge to all that should flie unto them for succour . And whiles they were in that Office , it was not lawful for them to be absent a day out of the Macrob. lib. 4 ●aturn . City , except in the Latine Festivals . Thei● Power also was limited within the walls o● Rome : They could not concern themselve● with things acted out of the limits of th● City .

Aediles , were Magistrates who had a ca● to see the Temples and Publick Houses in ● good repair : From Aedes therefore Churches and holy Houses they have borrow● their title Aediles . There were three sort● Aediles plebis , were Magistrates under th● Tribunes of the People instituted at th● same time as the former . Their Office d● oblige them to wait upon the Tribunes 〈◊〉 the People , to judge of small matters , 〈◊〉 restrain the violent humours of Creditor● to limit the number of Drinking-houses , 〈◊〉 punish railings , and small offences ; to so to the Weights and Measures ; to provi● Corn and Oyl for the Provision of the City and to cause all Publick Houses to be due repaired ; to order all conveniences for publick Sports and Plays , &c. Aediles Curules Asella curuli qua vehehantur . were chosen out of the Senate , as the former were out of the People : their Office was the same , but they did take their turns : One year the Aediles plebis did govern , the next the Curules ; but afterwards they observed no such order in the execution of their Office . There were also in Rome Aediles They were named also Praefecti annonae . Cereales , Magistrates who had a care of the Corn and Victuals sold in the Market . Besides these , there were certain Persons called Quatuorviri viarum curandarum , Officers appointed by theenate to see that the Publick wayes might be well Paved . These

Pensabam pharium

Getulis messibns annum , i. e. annouam .

Africa , Egypt , and Gallia , did send to Rome Corn every year as Tribute to be divided amongst the People .

men were under the Censors , unto whose office the care of the publick ways did belong . They were also called Curatores viarum . The Keepers of the Soldiers Treasury , were established first by Augustus Caesar , when he saw it necessary for the safety of the City , and of the Empire , to mantain constantly a certain number of Legions always in Arms , that his ordinary In-come was not sufficient ; and that he could find no other way to furnish the Expences , He promised to cast into the Treasury every year a large sum of money , for Himself and Successor . All the wealthiest Praefecti aerarij , Aerarium Gaza nominabatur . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Custos . gazae . Citizens , and the Princes subject to his command , did imitate his Example : But when this was not yet sufficient , he commanded that the 20 part of all Inheritances , and Legacies , left to persons who were not

Duplex aerarium in Roma vulgare & sacrum vel sanctius quod a Caesare ablatum ●uit .

Prafectus praetorio .

Wolfgang ▪ Laz. Comment. reip. Rom. l. 1.

near of kin to the deceased , should come into this Treasury . He appointed three persons chosen out of the Praetorian Bands to keep it . The Captains of the Emperors Guards were powerful men in the Roman Empire : they did raise and depose their Masters at their pleasure , and commit many Insolencies , for which many times they did loose their Heads . Praetorium , was the Generals Pavilion , or the Princes Pallace , and * * Cohors praetoria . Praetoriani milites , the Soldiers of the Emperors Guard ; from hence their Captain is stiled Praefectus praetorio .

Praefectus frumenti dividendi , was an Officer appointed by Augustus to distribute the Corn which he did give to the Publick .

Praefectus vigilum , was the Captain of the City Watch : For there were several Companies divided in the City , to prevent Sedition and Mutiny , and a Commander over them , who was their Captain .

The Keeper of the Kings Exchequer was a considerable Officer in Rome ; He was named Advocatus sisci Advocatus Fisci .

Aer●rium , is a Treasury for publick Mony , Fiscus , was the treasury for the Emperors private expense . As the Roman Empire did enlarge its Bounds , the number of Officers did also increase every year . The People and Senate did send their Commissioners to execute Justice in all the Provinces subject to their Jurisdiction . At first , only the Praetores were required ; But when they had conquered large Kingdoms ▪ they reduced them into Provinces , and appointed that such as should go out of their Consulships , should depart Pro-consul , was either a Governour of a ●rovince , or a Consul , whose Commission was continued to him beyond the year ; Or a Lieutenant of a Consul , who did lead for him his Army . into these large and Noble Divisions of the Empire , to do Justice , and mannage the publick Affairs of Peace and War ; Then these Governours were stiled Pro-consuls ; sometimes they had an Assistant named Praetor , whose office was to do Justice in the Province between dissenting parties . Now in the flourishing state of the Empire , some Kingdoms were Praetoriae , belonging to the Praetors : Others were Consulares ; for such as were of a Consuls degree . Under the Emperors of Rome , some Provinces were disposed of by the People and Senate ; the Governors of these were called Proconsules ; and some by the Emperors , who did give o t their Commissions to their Favourites , named Propraetores . Before , when the Consuls Dion . l. 35. did govern the Empire , they did * * Camparar● Provincias ▪ agree amongst themselves about the Provinces unto which they were to repair : when the time of their Governing was expired , or when they did * cast Lots for the Provinces ▪ If there was any dangerous War to mannage , these Pro-consu●s did choose a * * This word signifies an Embassador , a Lieutenant , of a General : or of a Propraet●r , or of a Proconsul . Legatus , Idvocabatur sortiri Provincias . unto whom was given a Quaestor , a Treasurer to have an eye upon the Expences and In-comes of the Empire . The Senate did send these Provincial Magistrates in very great pomp , and did appoint unto them their Attendance , Furniture , Train , Army , Wages , &c. They did always receive a golden Ring amongst their Furniture , to Seal Agell . l. 15. c. 4. Their Notaries were persons of the greatest eminency . Letters and Dispatches , as I conceive . Their Train was composed of Colonels , Captains , Notaries , Serjeants , Secretaries , Bayliffs , Cryers , Executioners , Interpreters , Soothsayers , Physicians , and such kind of men . When they were to depart , they did go up to the Capitol , to make Vows to Jupiter for the welfare of the Empire ; and then with their Lictores , their Officers bearing before them twelve Hatchets , and bundles of Rods ; they did go out of the City Paludati , that is cover'd with a Cloak , and at the Gate they were complemented by all their friends with many good wishes . As soon as they were enter'd into their Provinces , they did begin to command ; and the Commission of the former Governours did end .

CHAP. IX . Of the Roman Laws , and of many particulars relating to their Judiciary proceedings .

IT is not possible for a Kingdom , or a Society of Men to live without Laws ; Nature , and our Interest do recommend certain Rules of behaviours , upon which much of the happiness of a Commonwealth depends . The Romans at first had no other Laws , but the Pleasure and Will of their Princes and Magistrates , who did govern them according to the light of Nature , and their Inclinations ; But this kind of ruling is subject to mistakes and injustice : therefore , for the bene●it of the People , it was necessary that the Laws should be written . The 12 Tables were famous at Rome . Afterwards the Supreme Magistrate did recommend a Law , which was called by the name of the person who caused it to be published . It would be too tedious a work to mention every Law of the Romans ; several learned Lawyers have given a sufficient account of them , as Baldunius , Pomponius , Manutius , Prateus , and many others . I have here collected the Statutes which are most remarkable , and which concern our present Estate .

Papirius caused these Laws to be established ; that nothing should be done without some adress to the Gods . That none but the Patri●ij should be suffered to Sacrifice , and gov●rn the Commonwealth . That only the Kings should command over the Worship of the Gods . That the Fables of their Divinities should not be credited . That no forreign God should be Worshiped within the City , besides Faunus . That none should offer to speak Bawdy in the presence of Women . That all Murdrers were to be slain . That none should offer to enter into the City but by the Gates , because the Walls were to be esteemed most sacred ▪ That every Woman lawfully joyned in Matrimony with a Man , be a partaker of his Estate . That if a Wife be found guilty of Adultery , it shall be lawful for the Husband , and her Relations to put her to death as they please . That if she did drink Wine she was to be punish as an Adultress . It was not lawful for the Roman Women to taste of Wine ; therefore when they did marry , they made an agreement with their Husbands , to have that liberty at certain times ; as when they were brought to Bed , when they were sick , &c

It was not lawful for a Man to leave his Wife , unless she were guilty of a grievous crime contrary to the laws of Marriage .

If a Child did offer to strike his Parent ▪ he was to be devoted , sacer , or sacrificed to the God . s

All monstrous creatures were to be slain .

In the 12 Tables were to be seen these Laws .

That no Roman Citizen should be condemned to die , but by the Sentence of the General Assemblies . That the Command of the People should be a Law . That if a Judge should take a Bribe , He was to be punished with death . That all false Witnesses were to be cast down the Rock Tarpeia . That none should entertain in the City Publick Meetings in the Night . That if a Roman Citizen did encourage the enemy against the Empire , or did betray a Citizen , He should be punished with the loss of his life . That a Father should have * * Potestas vitae & neck vocabatur . power of Life and Death over his lawful Child . That every Father had power upon his Death-bed to bequeath his Money to any body , and to appoint † Tutors for his Children . If any did

4 sorts , testamentarius , legitimus , Da●●v●● vel ●iduciari●s ▪ and honorari●s ; The last was such as are appointed Overseers , to see the Will of the deceased performed .

Si injuriam alteri faxit aeri● poena sunto .

die without Will , or in a Frensy , the Kindred aud Relations were to take charge of his Estate and Children . That if any was a Prodigal , his nearest Kindred should govern his Estate , when the Praetor had understood his behaviour . That if a Child was born within ten Months after the Fathers Death , it should be legitimate , and Heir to the Estate . If any did offer Injury to another , he was to be punished by his Purse : And if he did maim him in one of his Members , he was to be requited in the same manner .

Si membrum rapserit e pact● talio est● . It was Enacted by Abenobardus , that the Colledge of Priests should not receive indifferently any persons into their Orders , untill the People had sufficiently approved of their behaviour and honesty . It would not be amiss if this Roman Law was in force amongst us . It was not lawful to beat a Citizen of Rome with Rods , or to punish him indicta causa , that is , before he came to a hearing . The Senators were commanded by the Law to abstain from all manner of trading .

There was 3 kind of Tithes The Tithe of all sorts of Corn was duly paid to the Romans out of all the Provinces ; and that was named decumae , as the Receivers were stiled decumani ▪

frumentum aestimatum , raised by a Tax for the Deputy of the Province .

Frumentum imperatum , was Corn exacted from the Province for the Army ; and frumentum decumanum , the ordinary ●enths

The Romans had also several Laws to limit the prodigalities in publick Feasts . They commanded that in the ordinary Banquets , none should spend above ten asses , every assis being worth about a Penny English Money . They had a Law that no Wife should enjoy above a quarter part of her dead Husbands Estate . And for the better understanding of the Wills , we may take notice , that there were Wills called Testamenta in Praecinctu made by the Soldiers in the Army in the presence of their Comrades , Viva voce Testamenta calatis Comitiis , in the presence of all the People assembled together ; and Testamenta per emanci pationem familiae , which was done by a pretended Sale of all the concerns of a Family , to an intimate friend of the Testator ; He is called by the Lawyers

The whole Estate is named As by the Lawyers .

In totum assen institutus haeres is an Heir to the whole Estate .

Ex lato Asse , is but to apart .

Haeres fiduciarius , or Imaginarius . When the other was dead , he was then Pater Fudiciarius , and was to have the power of a Father , until the Children came to be of Age.

Theeves were condemned to restore fourfold to the Owners : this Law was called Lex quadrupli , and the Accusers , Quadruplitores . But if any had stoln so much , that he ould not make satisfaction , he was to give all his Goods .

Their manner of proceeding in Law was thus : First , the Plaintiff having caused the Defendant to be warned into the Courc , he did present a kind of Petition to the Judge that his cause might be heard before him ; this was stiled Postulatio : when it was granted , Postulare aliquem decrimine , is to accuse one of a crime . he did proceed to intendere actionem , or litem ; or he did diem dicere , appoint a day : this was followed by an engagement of the Defendant to appear , by giving a Surety ; Promittebat vadimonium . when the day o● appearance was come , which was commonly dies perendinus , the Plaintiff was obliged to † swear to the * Calumniam dejurare . Judge , that he did not accuse the Defendant calumniandi gratia , only to calumniate him . On the day of examining , the accusation both parties were to be present , unless they were sick , if otherwise , they did * * Lite vel caus● cadebat . loose their Cause , and the Judge did give out † an Execution against the party , with * Edictum peremptorium . an order to seize upon his Goods . But before the final Sentence was given , the Judges did * * Sortitio Judicum . cast Lotts , to know who should judge of such a Cause ; aud then if the Defendant had any reason to think that such Judges would be partial , he had liberty to † except * Rejicere judices . against him , and another was chosen in his room : when the Judge had heard the cause , he did deliver a little tabella , where was written either a Roman C for condemnation , or A for absolution , or N L for non liquet ▪ Ampliatio , is a Reprieve . that did signify ▪ that the Cause was to be heard another time . The Grecians had also three Letters to express the Sentence that was given , ● for Condemnation , T for Absolution , and A for a Reprieve . Now in many Courts of Justice , a Javeline stood at the Bar ; they did also set up the same Weapon when they did make sale of any Goods : therefore sub hasta vendere , or or praeconi subjicere , is to expose publickly Goods to Sale by a Cryer ; the Buyers were named Sectores , they did signify their desire of Buying by digitum tollendo , by lifting up their Finger . Their ordinary Money was As , a M. S. is the Character for Sestertius , or L. L. S. Penny , and Sesterius 2 d. ob . Sestertium , a hundred Sestertij , that is about eight or nine Pounds English money . They did number their Estates and Money by these Sestertij , as decem sestertij , ten sestertij ; decem sestertium 1000 sestertij decies sestertium ten hundred thousand sestertij .

CHAP. X. Of the Roman Punishments inflicted upon Offenders .

THE lesser Punishments were loss of Goods , which was either the loss of all , named mulcta suprema ; or the loss of part , called a Fine , or mulcta minima ! Capitis They were fined by the loss of their Sheep and Oxen. diminutio , was a degrading of a Man from a higher Tribe to a lower , which was either minima , or media ; to the lowest Tribe or a dashing of his name out of the Romans Catalogue : this was maxima diminutio Capitis . Sometimies it was followed by a Banishment of the Offender , unto whom interdicebatur usus aquae & ignis , the use of Water and Lata fuga vel deportatio vocabaturr . of Wine was forbidden . The other severer punishments , were Furca , Crux , Carcer , Culeus , Equuleus , Scala , Gemoniae , &c. This we must note , that when the Offenders were led to Execution without the Gates of the City , a little Bell was tyed about them , to give notice to every one to stand out of the way , that they might not defile themselves by touching such a one .

Furca , was a common punishment of the Romans ; they did imploy it to disgrace an Offender , either by obliging him only to carry it about the City , or ✚ ✚ Sùpplicium more majorum vocabatus . by whipping him in the way . These kind of People , whose unhappiness it was to be thus treated , were named afterward Furciferes : they did also imploy the Furca in punishing to death ; the poor Miscreant did bear it out of the City to the place appointed , and at certain stages the Executioner did make him feel the smart of his Rods ; when he was come to the fatal place , the Executioner did chop off his Head . Now this Furca was two Beams joyned together , either in the middle , or in the top . Justus Lipsius hath written a learned treatise , de Cruce , which was an Instrument not much unlike to the Furca . The Servile supplicium . custom did oblige every one to bear their Cross , upon which they were to suffer , and then to be nailed upon it . There were many forts of Crosses in use amongst the Romans , but none was for an ingenious Man . It was Vocabatur patibulum . a kind of punishment only proper for Slaves and men of the lowest rank . They were nailed to this cursed Wood , and an Inscription over them , signifying the Crime that brought them to this shameful punishment . Ergastulum , is a Prison for Slaves and Fencers . The publick Prison where they were kept , was named Carcer ; In it were to be seen two Rooms . Tullianum , was the Dungeon where Malefactors were strangled Robur , was a place of strength , out of which they could not break forth , where they were sometimes put to Death . Nervus , was like our Stocks , where the Feet were laid . Collumbar and numella , was a place to put the neck , that resembled our Pillory . Codex , was a Block fastned to Malefactors , upon which they did use to sit . Culeus , was a kind of punishment due to Paricides . They did first whip the Offender with Rods , until the Blood did gush out of their Veins ; then they did sowe him up in a Leathern sack , called Culeus , with a Cog , a Cock , a Viper , and an Ape ; with this sad and loathsom company , they did cast him head-long into the Sea and drownd him .

I●gn●m tortorium vel Stipes ●oxialis .

Fidicula , was an Engine like unto this with strings , to torture every joint

Eculeus , was an Engine proper to Rack and torment Offenders , whose Body did appear as they that were crucified on the Cross . It was invented on purpose to force men suspected of a crime to a confession of their Guilt . I conceive this Engine was made in such a manner , that it did stretch every joint in the Body . The Romans did sometimes increase the torture of the Persons racked upon this Engine , by applying hot Irons to the Offenders naked Body . Lamina and Vngulae ; were Instruments made for this purpose , to adde to the pain of the miserable creature , whose misfortune had brought him to this torment . Sometimes the Offenders were condemned to be thr own down head-long from the Rock , upon which stood the Capitol , called Tarpeia rupes . There was another place called Gradus Gemmonij , or Scalae Gemoniae , near the River Tiber , from which they did cast the guilty persons to drownd them in the water . Some describe thus the manner of this kind of punishment . The Executioner did fasten a Hook in the mouth of the poor wretch , and did dragg him through the streets from his Prison to this infamous place , and then he did cast him down head-long into the River , or did burn him , as some do relate .

Tunica , was another kind of punishment . They did put the Criminal in a Coat dawb'd with Pitch and Brimstone within & without ; and in this manner they did cast him into the Fire prepared for him .

Damnatio ad Gladium , was when a man was condemned to end his dayes with the edge of the Sword ; either by fighting in the publick Playes amongst the Fencers , or by receiving the fatal blow from the hand of an Executioner .

Restari● nom●nabantur . Damnatio ad Bestias , was the condemning of a man to be devoured by Lyons , Bears , or other wild Beasts , Sometimes they did expose them all naked to the mercy of these Savage Creatures ; aud at other times they did furnish unto them Weapons , to enable them to contend with the Beasts , and shew some sport to the gazing multitude .

Ergastulum , was a Prison for Slaves , who were to be kept there , and obliged to work for their livelihood . Some did belong to Noblemen ; they were designed for the most part for the slaughter , to delight the People in the Amphitheatre in fighting . They did ▪ daily exercise themselves by Fencing . A certain Master of Arms did teach them , as we have already taken notice . And that they might be hindted from an escape , they had Pedes annulatos habebant & saepe inscriptiones infronte . Bolts & Chains night and day put upon their Legs . Many Offenders were condemned to these kind of Prisons , that they might be exercised in digging the Ground , in grinding Corn , in * *

In Antliam damnari , is , to be condemned to be a drawer of water .

Pistrinum , is a Hand-Mill .

drawing water , and in many other laborious and painful works . The Offenders were also sent ad ▪ Metalla , to the Mines , which was a grievous punishment . They did also mark them in the Fore-head with an infamous Letter ; they were named Stigmatici , or literati , or nebulones stigmatici . The Romans did also chastise their Criminal persons with Whips aswell as with Rods ; and to increase the pain , such did tie at the end of every thong , Nails , Bones , and other hard things , so that many times the Patient did give up the Ghost under the strokes . These Whips were named Scorpiones .

CHAP. XI . Of the Roman Militia .

IT will not be amiss to know how the Conquerors of the World arived to that excessive Power , and how they attained to an universal Monarchy over most part of the known Nations . Their Martial Discipline , and the excellent order which was establisht amongst them in their Armies , did assist them as much in their Expeditions , as their valour and Courage . And first , we may take notice that they did never engage themselves rashly in a War . Their custom was to seek all other means to bring their Enemies to Reason ; when they did see all their endeavours frustrated , they did then make use of War , as the last and most desperate Remedy . The Feciales , an order of Priests mentioned before , were dispatcht with a Commission to declare War to the Enemies , one of their number cloathed in a stately Robe , with a Caduceus in his hand , did make his address to Jupiter , and the rest of the gods , as soon as he was entred into their Borders , telling them , that he was there in the name of the Romans to demand Justice of such a City or Nation . When he was come into the presence of the Enemies Magistrates , he did openly declare his business to them , with Imprecations and Curses . If they did give Tit. Liv. l. 1. him no satisfaction within 30 dayes after his arrival , he did then tell them that the People of Rome would deliberate about that business , and endeavour to oblige them to Justice ; and then he did cast out of his hand a bloody Javeline , with these words ; In the Polyb. l. 3. name of the People of Rome I declare War to such a Nation .

When the Romans did conclude a Peace , they did also send these Feciales , who were to carry with them some Grass out of Rome ; Rosin . When they were come into the presence of the other party , the chief of them , named Paterpatratus , did take a Stone , and knock a Hog on the head , * * Jurare per Jove● vocababatur . swearing , and wishing that Jupiter would thus punish him , or that People that intended any mischief or deceipt by the Treaty ; or that should first violate their Oath , and break the agreement by any publick acts of hostility .

When the war was proclaimed by the order of the People , and by the decree of the Senate ; the next action was to pitch upon a worthy General to manage it , and Command the Soldiers that were to be sent against Mercri sub aliquo , to serve in War unde● a Commander . the Enemy . Servius upon Virgil takes notice of three kinds of warfar ordinary in Rome . There was Sacramentum , ●o named , because all the Soldiers did engage themselves by an Oath to fight for the Common-wealth , Miles e meritus , a Soldier who had served his time in War . to obey their Commanders , and to not depart from the War until it was finisht . 2. Conjuratio , which was when there was some great tumult or rising in Italy , or upon Sine Sacramento non licebat pugnare cum hoste . the Borders . In such a case , because the General had not time to receive the Oath from everyone , he was wont to say , qui vult salvam Claud. rempublicam me sequatur , and to assend up to the Capitol the common Rendezvouz in such occasions , causing two Banners to be displayed , the one of a Rose-red colour Milites subitari● or per conjurdtionem . for the Infantry , and another of a Skie-colour for the Cavalry or Horse-men . The third sort of Warfar was named Evocatio , and the Soldiers Evocati milites : When the General to fill up his Army , did command several persons dispersed in the Roman Dominions , to repair to their Colours , and come to his assistance . Besides , the General did dispatch his Orders to all the People allyed to the Romans , to send their succours by such a time , and at a place appointed .

The whole Army was divided into Roman Legions and Auxiliaries . Every Legion was composed sometimes of 3000 , sometimes of 4000 , and never above 6000 Foot , with some few Troops of Horse-men , who were to wait upon their Legions in the Battle . The Foot were divided into Cohortes , or Companies ; in every Legion there was wont to be ten Cohortes . Every Cohors did contain ▪ three Maniples , every Maniple two Centuries , From Centum , they are named Centuriae . and every Century an hundred Men. The Centuries were subdivided into contubernia , certain Files of Men , who did lodge always together ; their Corporal or Serjeant was named Caput contubernij , or Decanus , as his Captain was named Centurio . At the Rear of every Century , did march a Commander next to a Centurion , called Tergiductor , of the same power as our Lieutenants of Companies . The Horsemen did appear in Troops called Turmae , and every Turmae had three Decuria's , and every Decuria ten Decurio , a commander of such a number of Horse men . Horsemen . The Captain of every Troop was named Praefectus Equitum , and the chief Commander of the Army Imperator ; especially when he had been so happy as to obtain a Victory , where one thousand of the Enemies were slain . Over every Legion there was a Tribune or a Colonel under the General .

In this Army , none was received amongst the Legions ; but after 17 years of Age ; and every one was to be a Roman born , a Free-man . I confess that in cases of necessity , they were forced to Muster in their Army Slaves and Fencers .

The number of the Roman Legions did vary according to the occasions of the Commonwealth : Sometimes there have been 25 Legions belonging to the Empire , dispersed round about the Borders near the Enemies Countrey .

But we must take notice , that before the Armies did march to find out the Enemy ; the General , with the rest of the superior Officers , were very diligent and careful in the placing of their Men , and disposing of them to the best advantage . The poorer sort , and the weakest bodies they did pick out of the Army , to put them together in Companies separate from the rest , they called them Velites . These kind of Soldiers were the most contemptible Soldiers , and such as were exposed to all the dangers . As in the Turks Army , there are multitudes of a certain vile sort of Soldiers , who are placed in the Front of the Battle , and beaten to the assault , to fill up the Ditches with their Bodies , and cause the Enemy to spend their Fury upon them : So was it in the Roman Army , there were certain Companies pickt out of the rest , to be imployed in assaulting the Enemy , and in receiving the first on-set . They were lightly Armed , and therefore from their swiftness in Retreats , they were called Velites . When the Army was ready to Fight , such did appear at the Wings , or in the Van , as our Forlorn ▪ Hope . They were never required to stand to a Fight , and oppose the Enemy without stirring ; neither d d the Generals repose any great Trust in them . The chief strength of the Army was in the Roman Legions . Afterwards the General did choose out of the Army , the strong and lusty Bodies , to match them also together ; and they were named Principes . The Triarij were elected next , out of the oldest and most beaten Soldiers , named Veterani . They were placed always in the main Body of the Army ; And to them was committed Primum pilum , is the first Century . the Roman Eagle , which was as the Royal Standard amongst us , the chief Ensign of the Army . The first Centurion of the Triarij was called Primipilus , and primus Centurio ; he had the charge of the Roman Eagle . The second Century was named secundum pilum , and the Centurion , secundi pilus . The Principes , who marched before them , were named Antepilani .

Besides the former Commanders in the Army , there was Praefectus Legionum a Major General next to the Legatus , the Lieutenant General of the Army . When the General , and his Lieutenant were absent , he did command in Chief over the Colonels , and over the rest . There was also Praefectus sociorum , a certain Commander of all the Auxiliary Forces , sent to the Army from the friends of the Roman Empire . There was also Praefectus Fabrorum , and Praefectus castrorum , the Camp-master General , and the Chief Engineer , whose Office was to have an Eye to the Instruments and Engines of War , and to the Labourers . The Romans Accensi milites , were supernumerary Soldiers who did wait upon the Officers . did overcome their Enemies , and take Towns , more by skill and art , than by plain force and Valour ; therefore it was necessary that they should have great numbers of all sorts of work-men in their Armies , and

Cornicularij , were the Deputies of the Tribunes , ordered to go the Rounds for them in the night .

Ferentarij , were Soldiers , who did fight a far off as the Slingers . Duplicarij milites , did deserve a double portion of Victuals . Volones , were voluntary Soldiers .

Signifer , the Ensign-bearer . Aquilifer , the Eagle-bearer . Tesserarij , the bearers of the Watch-word . Metatores , they who did appoint the places to Encamp . Calones & lixae , are the Soldiers servants , such as are call'd in the French Armie Goujars . They did prepare wood & water , and did wait upon the Soldiers .

one over them all to command them to their business .

In the Roman Army there was an excellent varieyt of Weapons fit for all sorts of encounters and occasions . In this the wisdom of their first Warriors did appear in inventing such convenient Arms , as might be suitable to the strength of their Bodies , and might be able to defend them with advantage against other People . Besides the Sword and Buckler , they made use of a certain Dart named Pila , which they did handle so dexterously , that according to the report of Caesar , it did sometimes pierce through Bucklers two inches thick of Iron : Especially the Triarij , the best Soldiers , who were always kept for a Reserve , were furnished with this kind of Weapon , and a small Target called Parma . Some of them were armed with a Javeline ; others with Pikes . They were careful to provide their Armie wi●h all manner of Weapons , that according to the different occasions , they might oppose such as were best furnished , to encounter the enemy .

But before a General did undertake an Expedition against the Enemy , it was the custom , not only to consult the Augures , but to enter into the Temple of Mars , and there to begg the assistance of that God . When he did march with his Army , they were commonly ordered according to the dangers , or the safety which they did apprehend . Every night the Army did Encamp in a convenient place . Pyrrhus King of Epirus taught the Romans the Art and use of lodging their Army within a fortifyed Camp every night , for fear of a Surprisal . The Generals Tent was usually in the middle , Castrametari . and the Horse and Foot placed round about at a convenient distance , in such a manner , that there was from the Generals Pavilion so many straight Lanes reaching as far as the Fortifications There were commonly four Gates , or places to go out ; in every Roman Camp . The greatest and largest was called Decumana . The other three were named Praetoria , Questoria , and Porta principalis . At every one of these Gates was a Guard placed , and Sentinels , at certa●n distances upon the Rampier . When they intended to fight the Enemy , aciem educebant ; They led their Army out in order of Battle , which was not always the same : Sometimes the Enemy with which they were to fight , or the nature of the place did cause them to alter their Army . The Spear-men called Haflati , with the Velites did usually begin the Fight ; and if they were worsted , they did retreat to a space left open behind the lusty Principes , who did then succed in their room , and maintain the Quarrel against the Enemy . After them the Triarij did fight . Ad Triarois ventum est . Every wise Commander had commonly some Reserves , which were not brought to the Battle , but in case of necessity . When the Enemy was sufficiently weary in the Fight , the Generals did then give order to these Reserves , named Subsidia , to fall upon them and end the dispute . Caesar in his Commentaries , speaks of a certain order of Battle , called Orbis , which was in case of necessity , Orbis vel Globus vocabatur . when the Enemies were numerous , and too powerful for the Romans , they did cast themselves into a * round Body , that they might more conveniently resist the multitude of their Enemies , who did attach them on every The Banner was called Bandum , or Vexillum . side . When in such a case their design was to march forward , and pierce through the great Bodies of their Enemies , they did fall into another Figure , named Cuneus , because Manipulus militum , a small Company of Soldiers . they did appear as a Wedge . In this manner they did more easily compass their Design , and save themselves from being overpowred .

But there was nothing that did more enlarge the Bounds of the Roman Empire , and increase their Power , than their skill in the taking of Fortified Towns . Many times , although the number of the Enemies within , was far greater ; and although they had all things necessary to oppose the Besiegers , and were lodged within such strong and walls , that it did seem a madness to offer to take them by force ; Yet the Romans did often sit down before such places , amd when they had fortifyed themselves within their Works , they did undertake the Besieging of them with such success , that within a few dayes their Flags and Banners did flie on the top . If the Town walls were low , and the opposition not great , they did take it usually by Assault with their Ladders . But if the Besieged were numerous , and the wayes to the Town easie , they did raise high Towers of Planks & Beams , cover'd with raw Hides which they did drag close to the walls of the besieged City . And then they did bring on their Companies under their Bucklers to the Tower , upon which they did assend by stairs , and steps within , to the top , that was equal with the walls ; so that by that means they did Fight without the least disadvantage .

They had several wayes to take Towns , according to the nature and disposition of the Ground , and the scituation and strength of the Walls , they did accordingly imploy such Instruments and Engines as were most convenient , These are the chief Engines imployed in the Siege of Towns . Agger , was a high Mount which they did raise near the wall with Earth and Stakes to support it : From the top of this Mount , the Romans did fight against the besieged , and kill every man that did appear upon the wall . The Stakes used in this occasion , were named Valla , and * * From hence comes Intervallum , a space between the stakes or an interval of place or of me . Valli . They did commonly draw a Line round about the besieged City , and did build strong Castles and Towers at convenient distances , to keep off all correspondence with Forreiners ; but when the Roman Army was not numerous ▪ they did Loricae , were the Breast-works . sit down close before the wall , and did neglect the great enclosure that was required round a City , and did endeavour to enter into it by one place . They had many moveable Towers made of Boards , and covered with raw Hides to hinder them from burning , which they did dragg upon wheels near the Walls , to give the assault . They did make their approaches under a large covering made of Hurdles and Planks , called Vinea . Testudo , was an Engine , representing the upper part of a Tortoise , under it the Soldiers did hide themselve ; when they did either draw near the Walls , or when they did undermine them . Sometimes these Engines were made of the Bucklers of the Soldiers joyned together . Musculi , were other Engines of Defence , to protect the Soldiers in making the Works for a general Assault . Plutei , were other Inventions , to bring the Soldiers to the Walls without danger . Their Mines were named Cuniculi .

The other Engines for Battery , were first * * Or Catapulta . Balista , which was made of Beams , Cords , Iron Bars , and Skrews , in such a manner , that it did cast Darts of a considerable bigness into the City , and it did require but 3 Men to manage it . Onager , was an Engine to cast Stones . Scorpio , was another to send forth small Darts : Some do confound these two names , because they were made almost of the same make , with this difference ; the former was for Stones , and the latter for Darts . Aries , their Ram , was a noted Engine in War , made of several Beams ; that which was on the top was headed with a large piece of Iron , as a Rams head with Horns . The Soldiers did cast down the strongest Walls by the frequent blows which they did give with it . Malleoli , were a kind of Arrows with a large belly , full of Wild-fire , to burn any thing upon which it did light , and nothing was able to extinguish the Fire but Dust ▪ Falces murales were other Engines to fasten upon the wall , and pull down the stones .

When the Romans did besiege a City , they did before the taking of it , desire the leave of the Tutelar Gods of the place , and did invite them to dwell at Rome , promising unto them Temples , Altars , Sacrifices , &c. They were better Soldiers at Land , than at Sea ; nevertheless , they have had great success , and have obtained famous Victories by their Ships , upon which they did endeavour to sight as at Land , by joyning their Ships together , and causing them to afford a firm standing . In the first Punick war , the Romans ventured their Fortunes in a Sea-sight against the Carthaginians . In process of time , they had People as expert at Sea , as at Land .

When the Enemies were overcome , the Romans did reduce them commonly to that estate that they had a will , but not a power to revolt from their obedience . When they did spare a City , and grant unto the People their Lives , they did sometimes sell them ,

Quia captivi coronati solebant venire , Agel . l. 7. cap. 4.

vel quia Corona militum circumstabat .

sub Corona , under a Crown which was placed upon their heads when they were led to the Market . Sometimes they did cause the People of a City to pass without Arms , sub jugum , under a cross Spear , supported with two others , and representing a Gallows . Sometimes the Citizens , & the Nation that had been conquered , were driven out of their Habitations and their Dwellings , and the Land granted by the Roman People to some old Soldiers , who had well deserved from them in the wars . Such a place afterwards was named Romana Colonia . It was governed by a publick Counsel , composed of every Tenth Man , chosen out of all the number . There is a difference between a Colony , and Oppidum municipum ; for the latter was a certain Town that had obtained Some Municipia were cum Suffragio , they did send to the election of the Roman Magistrates the Honour of being reckoned amongst the Roman Citizens , but none of them could claim any right to give his voice for the Election of Magistrates : nor was any of them to be burdened with the extraordinary Imposts . Besides the Municipia , had particular Laws amongst themselves , and were not bound to the observance of all the Roman Statutes .

These are the noted Weapons used in the war . Verutum , a kind of a sharp bar● of Iron .

Ora●ducis suffixa veruto , Sil. Ital. lib. 17.

Hasta , a Javelin , was a weapon of many Nations .

Pilum , a Dart , was only used by the Romans , Phalarica , was a Spanish Dart , described by Livius , lib. 1. Soliferrea , was another kind of Dart of the Spaniards . Ges●m , was a Dart of the Gauls .

— Gallia — binaque gesatenens animoso pectore fatur . Claud. Lancea , was a Lance like unto a Half-Pike . Sparus , or sparum , was a Countrimans weapon .

Ag●estisque m●●us armat Sparus , Virgil.

And because the Romans were the most powerful People of the world , several Cties and Nations did seek their feiendship : They were afterwards named Foederati populi , or Foederatae civitates . The frequent Alliances which the Romans did make with their Neighbours , did often administer occasions of new Quarrels , and by consequence of new Conquests : For when these People , and their friends were grieved or oppressed by any Enemy , they did implore the assistance of the Romans , who were glad of such an opportunity of enlarging their Dominions . When the Kingdoms were subdued , they did reduce them into Provinces of the Roman Empire , and if they did suffer the Inhabitants to enjoy peaceably their Estates , they did lay upon them many yearly Tributes . Besides , the Tenths of all the Fruits of the Earth , called Decumae , They had an Impost named Portorium , upon all Goods Transported and Imported ; Every Head did pay a certain Tribute , and the Senate would sometimes lay upon them grievous Bur●hens , and exact large sums of Money according to the necessities of the Empire . Such People were afterwards named stipendiarij , Tributaries to the Romans . But we may take notice that they did carefully treat every City according to its deservings . If the Inhabitants had resisted their Power more than the rest , they were sure to suffer for it , and to receive such punishments as the Romans did think that they had deserved . By this means

Falces , were commonly used in War by the Eastern People about their Chariots , that were armed with Sickles round about . Framea , was another kind of Dart. Romphaea , is taken either for a Dart , or a Sword .

The Gladius , or Sword was the most Honourable weapon ; therefore it was given to the Emperors & Generals as a mark of Power , and of Authority .

Sarissa , was a Javeline of the Macedonians . Pugio , a short Dagger . Contus , was another kind of Dart or Javeline longer than the former . Fer●atasque sudes & acuta cuspide contos expediunt , Virgil. lib. 5. Aeneid . Sagaris , was a weapon of the Scythians like unto our Javelines . Sica , was a sh●rt Sword used by Theeves . Acinax , was like the Cimiter of the Turks , and carryed by the Medes & Persians in the Warr. Sudes . were Sticks hardned in the Flame , and sharp at the end . Misc●bant usta praelia nuda sude . propert . They had many names for their Bucklers and their defensive Weapons . Clypeus and Parma , were the common ; the first was large , the second was but little . Cetra , was the Buckler of the Africans ; and Pelta was a short and little Buckler of the Amazons . There were many more Weapons both Defensive and Offensive in use amongst the Eastern People ; but these are the names of the ordinary Arms.

●hey did strike a fear into the minds of their Enemies , and did oblige them to seek their friendship , and to yield to their incroaching Power , that they might not be reduced to the same Estate .

It is no wonder if their Armies were so successful , and their Soldiers so obedient ▪ They had such an excellent , and such a severe Discipline to govern them , and such glorious Rewards assured to their virtuous behaviour , that they were thereby as much animated to seek the latter , as they were afraid of the punishments infl●cted upon offenders . They had several sorts of Chastisements proportionable to the Soldie●s faults : Sometimes when they had shamefully demeaned Dimissio ignominiosa . themselves , the General did Dismiss them , and Disband them , by taking away their Soldiers Girdle , and their Arms ; sometimes he did deprive them of their daily Sallery : Such were said to be aere diru●● , deprived of their Pay , which was cast into the publick Treasury . Censio hastaria , was when the Soldier was commanded to resign up his Spear , and depart out of the Army . When the Company had lost their Banner , they were commanded to feed upon Barley-bread for several Months , and the Captain did loose his Girdle , which was a notable disgrace to an Officer . If the crime was bu● small , the Soldiers were forced to stand before the Generals Tent with some marks of dishonor upon their Heads ; or they did di●half naked in the presence of the whole Army . Sometimes they were condemned to Winter abroad in the Fields , and to not enter within a Roof in the sharpest weather ▪ If a Soldier had been a Coward , or inconsiderate in his attempts , they did open a Vein and draw some Blood from him . These were the small punishments due to lesser crimes greater faults were chastised with Rods , and Death . Sometimes they did cut off their Hands , whip them with Rods , beat them Fustuarium mereri . with Cudgels . All Run-aways were to los● their Heads without mercy . And wher there had been a grievous Mutiny , they did condemn either the tenth , or the hundred● Man to Death ; this was called Exercitus , or Legtonis decimatio , or Centesimatio . The strict observance of the Military Laws , preserved their Armies from Rebellion , and Ruine ; and caused every Soldier to obey his orders , and follow his Leader .

The Rewards granted to the Couragious and Valiant Soldiers , were many , and suitable to their well-deservings . The meanest Soldiers were advanced to the Commands of the Army , when they had done some brave Action . But besides these Offices of Profit and Honour , they did receive an increase of their Pay . Their General did bestow upon them Bracelets , a white Lance , Collers , and such like Ornaments to Honour their Virtue with some distinction from the ordinary kind of Soldiers . There were also many sorts of Crowns given to the brave Soldiers of the Roman Army ; when a Captain Obsidi●nalis coro●a . had freed a City from the Siege of an Enemy , and had forced them to depart , the Citizens did bestow a Crown , not of Gold , or of any other precious metal , but of Grass upon him , by whose means they had been Herbam po●rigere , is to acknowledge the victory . delivered . Nevertheless this Crown was lookt upon as the most Honourable . The Grass was to be gather'd out of the City that had been freed from the Siege . Civica Corona , was a Crown given to a Roman for preserving a Citizen from the enemies hands . It was made of Oak branches and Leaves . When a Soldier had generously advanced his Muralis corona . companions in an Assault , and gained the top of the Wall before them , he was Honoured with a Crown of Gold , representing the battlements of a City wall . Another of the same substance was given to such as did enter first into the Enemies Camp , and this was called Castrensis Corona . Thus after Corona navalis . a Victory at Sea , the Admiral , named Navium praefectus , did give Crowns of Gold to such as did enter first into the Ships of the Enemy . The Romans were very careful to Soepe duces mentis bello tribuere coronas , Hunc cingit muralis honos hunc civica quercus , nexuit , hunc domit is ambit ●ostrata carinis . reward and encourage Virtue in those Men who did manage their Publick Interest ; or in such as were engaged to maintain their Quarrels . By this means they came to have the best Soldiers in the world . But the Rewards granted to the meanest sort of Soldiers , was nothing in comparison of the Honours and Recompenses which they did bestow upon the generous and successful Commandess . After a famous Victory , the Army did grant to their Generals this Title of Honour , Imperator . Afterwards , they did send Letters adorned with Lawrel to the Senate , to require from them the Confirmation of that Title , with publick Processions and Prayers , at which all the Roman Decernere sup●licationes , or triumphum , to appoint these Processions , or the triumph of a Conqueror . People did assist in Pomp , marching to all the Temples of their Gods , to pray for the prosperity of their General . This was performed in his absence : At his return home , they did sometimes receive him in Triumph . In the lesser Triumph , named Ovatio , a Sheep was led before him up to the Capitol , where he did sacrifice it to Jupiter . Then he was to enter into the City upon a Horse , crowned with a branch of Myrtle , because he had been successful , and victorious without much Blood-shed . The greater Triumph , was the most glorious in the world , and the greatest expression of Honour and Grandeur . It was allowed by the Senate to their Generals abroad , when they had enlarged the Bounds of the Empire , and kill'd in encounters with the Enemy above 5000 Men. The General , with his Army did enter

Corona Triumphalis .

Ite Triumphales circum mea tempora lauri .

Ovid. l. 2. Amor

into the City in great Pomp. All the Soldiers were crowned with Lawrels , and cloathed with stately and rich Attire . The General with a Crown of Triumph of pure Gold , which the Senate did send unto him , was to ride into the City upon a stately Chariot . Some have been drawn by strange Beasts , as Elephants , and Dromedaries . He was cloathed in a Purple Robe called Trabea , with a Tunick richly beset with Gold , Pearls and Jewels , and a branch of Lawrel in his hand . Sometimes before , and sometimes

The Conquerour was to offer his Crown and his Lawrel to Jupiter . Rosin .

Dabit ille Coronam Ingraemio Jovis excisi depone●e poenis .

after him , were led in Chains the Captives . The Princes and Kings , who had been overcome and taken , with all lheir Spoils and Riches . All that could serve for ostentation , was then publickly carryed in Pomp , to Honour the Triumph of the Conqueror . The City being then full of all the Inhabitants of the Countrey round about , who Ibant ante duces onerati colla catenis . did flock together to be eye-witnesses of the Glory of the Roman Empire , that did then appear to the world . The Senate , and Quatuor in niveis aureus ibis equis . Ovid , i. e. Triumphabis . all the Persons of Quality were wont to welcome the Conquerour home at the Gates , and to lead him to the Capitol through the Acclamations , and wonderful Rejoycings of all the People that did besiege the ways : When he came to the Capitol , he was there The Bull was to be White . to sacrifice a Bull to Jupiter ; And if he had been so happy , as to kill with his own hand a General of the Enemy in Battle , he did take from him his Armour and Weapons , called then Opima , not Optima spolia , and did Dedicate them in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius , causing them to be hung up in remembrance of his valour and success . When the Conquerour did pas through the Streets , he did sometimes cast Medals of Gold amongst the People , and did divert them many days with publick sports . Afterwards the Senate did cause at the Publick charge * * Vocabantur fornices . Arcus Triumphales , stately Monuments of Triumph to be erected in Honour of the victorious General , with Trophies of Spoils , and Weapons of the Enemy . They did commonly conclude the solemnity with a * * Capitolinae dapes vocabantur . great Feast , unto which all Persons of Quality were invited . Martial . lib. 12. Non albana mihi sit commessatio tanti , nec capitolinae , pontificumque dapes .

A Short COLLECTION Of the FAMOUS MYSTERIES Of the EGYPTIANS , Named HIEROGLYPHICKS .
The Preface .

ALl humane Sciencies hare flourished amongst the Egyptians many years ; Abraham first brought unto them the Rudiments of Philosophy , which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , quia inseritur ornatus gratia : It is composed of a Picture , & of a Motio . his Grand-child Jacob fully taught unto them : His son Joseph , a great favourer of Learning , furnished their Priests with such Revenues , as might entertain them

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is an obscure Sentence representing things by Metaphors and Signs .

It is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because this kind of Writing was proper to holy things , and holy persons , only the Priests of Egypt did express the Mysteries of Nature , and of their Gods with Hyerogliphicks .

in their Studies , and in the performance of their Offices . The Graecians in the days of Solon , of Pythagoras , of Heredotus , and of Plato , did fetch from Egypt all the knowledges of Nature , which rendred them so Famous . But the Egyptian Priests , unto whom it did belong to teach , did not suffer their Doctrines without a shaddow , or some dark Emblem . Their manner was to discover unto their Auditors the Mysteries of God , and of Nature in Hieroglyphicks , which were certain visible shapes and forms of Creatures , whose inclinations and dispositions did lead to the knowledge of the Truths , intended for Instruction . All their Divinity , their Philosophy , and their greatest secrets , were comprehended in these ingenious Characters , for fear that they should be prophaned by the inquisition and acquaintance of the Common People . The Learned of Antiquity seem not willing to make them share in any part of the profound sciences ; therefore Alexander was displeased at his Master Aristotle , for publishing some of his Treatises that contain the Curiosities of Nature in the common Language . Doubtless the Heathens had very good reasons to keep from the Vulgar some of their Mysteries ; for they did see what we have experienced to our sorrow , That too much knowledge is as dangerous , as a stupid Ignorance , when such do possess it , who have not wisdom to make a right use of it . Sublime Mysteries in the shallow pates of the Commonalty , do serve but to fill their minds with lofty conceits of their excellency ; For as their worldly Affairs cannot suffer them to make it their business to study , they can never attain but to the imperfect knowledge of a few Notions , which are apt to bewitch them with an invincible fancy of their own sufficiency , and to make them despise the wholsom admonitions of their Teachers . I consess we are not to opppose Gods command of permitting the People to enjoy the benefit of his holy word , but I think it the concern of this divided Nation , to have such prudent Ministers in every Parish , that can know what to Preach to their Auditors . I think it very dangerous to declare indifferently any Mystery unto them . S. Paul's wisdom could pro-Vide Milk for Babes , as well as strong meats for grown sttomaks . Knowledge is to be fitted to the capacities of every one , and some Truths are more useful concealed than divulged . It is neither just nor proper that the sublime Inquiries of the learned Brains , concerning many Mysteries , should be as ordinary as A B C. The wise Priests of the Egyptians for this cause , did vail their knowledges of God , and of Nature , under the shadow of their Hieroglyphicks , from the view of every Mechannick . But these ingenious Inventions were contrived , not only to hinder the sublime knowledge of Philosophy from being prophaned , but also that they might abbreviate the diffused Notions of that science , and fit them for a more easie comprehension , and ●or a better retention of them in our memories . Every name is an abbreviation of a Thing , but it is not able to give such a perfect Idaea of the Properties and hidden Qualities of the Things intimated , as the Picture of them in a witty Hieroglyphick . The Great Creator of all things hath been pleased to discover unto us in this manner his Divine pleasure , and all the excellencies of his Being . In the Old Testament the Mysteries of the Gospel were delivered to the Children of Israel in Types a●d Figures . And in the great Book of Nature God teacheth us by Mysterious Impressions of himself by Natural Hieroglyphicks , by certain significant Images of his Glorious Being . We may therefore say , that these witty contrivances of the Egyptian Priests , were designed to bring men to a more easie discovery of the meaning of all Gods works in the World . They were as the Elements to enable us to understand the Glory , the Power , the Wisdom , t●e Goodness , and the other Attributes of God .

These Hieroglyphicks are also useful for our Belief , and to persuade men to embrace Virtue and Piety ; for when they shall see Brute-Beasts inclinable to good manners , They cannot but think it a great Disgrace to the reasonableness of their Nature , if they did suffer them 〈◊〉 ●xcell in this particular .

The Egyptians had also a design to render their Knowledges immortal , by th●se Inventions . I am certain for that purpose they did engrave their Hieroglyphicks upon Obelisks upon Pillars of Marble , as Lucan saith , Non dum flumin eos Memphis conte●ere libros Noverat , in saxis tantùm volucresque feraeque , Sculptaque servabant magicas animalia linguas .

But they did not only express Things , and some secret Knowledges by their Hieroglyphicks , but also whole sentences . They did write all their Rules and Precepts relating to the Worship of their Gods , or to the Government of the Kingdom in this manner . I am informed by some Worthy and credible Persons , who have been Factors in India , that at this day there are three or four Nations , whose Languages are as different as Greek and Hebrew , and yet they understand the Writings of one another : so that what one writes in one Language , the other can read in another , 〈…〉 be but by certain Hieroglyphicks 〈…〉 Characters , Representing the 〈◊〉 of things which are known to men of all 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●ongues . It is not long since the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 had a Writing of this nature sent to him from an Eminent Person of the Court of France , for him to interpret . But that we may treat of these Hieroglyphicks with order , we shall view those that relate to God , and to his outward Works . 2. Those that concern man . 3. We shall consider several other Inventions of this kind concerning Birds , Beasts , and Fishes , &c.

CHAP. I. Of GOD , and of His Works .

THE Egyptians did look upon the World as the great Image of God . One of their Divinities was named Kneph , He was represented Jupiter est quodcunque vides . as a beautiful man with Feathers upon his Head , a Girdle , and a Scepter in his hand ; out of his mouth did proc●ed an Egg , which was the Hieroglyphick of the World ; For the shell of it expresseth very well the Heavens , that do shut in all visible things on every side ; the white is an Emblem of the Air and Water ; the yellow of the Earth , which contains in it a secret virtue that causeth it to produce living Creatures , by the assistance of a natural heat . It s coming forth out of the Mouth , shews how he is the great Creator of the universe , and how all visible Beings have been formed by the Power of the Eternal Word of God .

They did also Picture Almighty God , as the Body of a Man covered with a long Garment , bearing on the top the head of a Hawk : For the excellency , the courage , the nimbleness , and the good qualities of this Bird , do shadow out unto us the incomprehensible Perfections of its Great Creator . The Sun was also represented by this Bird , that is , a perfect Emblem of its Powerful influences in the World : some do observe that this Creature can stedfastly look on the Sun , and that the Bones of it do draw to them the Metal of the Sun , Gold , as the Lode ▪ stone , Iron . God was also adored in the form of a Crocodile , because that Creature only is without Tongue : The witty Egyptians therefore did represent by it , how God beholds all things in Heaven , and in Earth , with a Profound silence .

Coel. Rhodigin . The Capacious Heaven they understand to be an expression of his Divine Majesty ; therefore some of the Egyptians did Adore the Circle of the Heavens . The Light is an Emblem of his Wisdom ; the Roundness of his Power and Perfections ; and the Caelestial Heat of the tenderness of his Love .

The Egyptians did sometimes Represent the Providence of God , by a Basilisk with a Hawks head and eyes , because there is no other Creature fuller of spirits and of vigour . It is said that it kills at a distance , only by sending out of its eyes , a secret Poyson , which it conveys to the Creature , with whom it is displeased .

The Power of God they did express by ●anus , with three heads , and with a body , having neither hands nor feet ; because Almighty God governs all things , only by his Wisdom and Pleasure . He needs no visible Members to act in the World , and produce his Wonders ; all the Elements , and the most Rebellious Creatures shall fulfil his Divine Pleasure against their will .

The Providence of God , or the Favour of Gods Providence , was represented by a great Star in the Air ; because it is often clouded with adversity , and never shines long upon us without interruption . And because God hath hid the secrets of his Divine Nature in the works that appear to our eyes , the Egyptian Priests did represent him by a Man sitting upon his heels , with all his lower parts covered .

Quisquis habet nummos secura navigat aura fortunamque suo temperet arbitri● O cives cives quaerenda pecunia primum est . Virtus post nummos :

Haec Janus ab imo perdocet : haec retinunt Juvenes dictata senesque . Horat. lib. 1. Ep. 1.

The Phoenicians , who were famous Merchants , and who scarce knew any other God besides their Gold , Painted their Idols with large Purses at their sides full of Money . Jupiter was sometimes Represented without Ears , to express how God seems not to listen nor take notice of the Prophaness of Men , nor of their impious Discourses . One hundred hands were given to him , and as many feet , to shew the multiplicity of Effects which proceed from his agency , and how he sustains all things from falling into a confusion .

The Goddess Isis was full of Duggs , to signify the Benefits that Men do receive from the happy Influences of the Moon , which was worshiped by the statue of Isis in Plutarch . in Isid. & Osirid . Egypt . In the City of Sai this Goddess had a famo●s Temple , where was to be seen this Inscription ; I am all that was , that is , and that shall be , my Vail no Mortal hath yet uncovered . These Heathens did Prophanely ascribe to their breathless Idols , and to their Prototypes , that which only belongs to Almighty God , the invisible Creator .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Hom. The Sun , the most glorious of all visible Beings , was adored as their chief God , and represented sitting upon a Lyon , with Rayes of Light about his head , and a Bundle of Ears of Corn in one hand , to express the Power and goodness of the Sun , that causeth all the fruits of the Earth , to bring forth their increase .

The perpetuity and durance of the Heavens , was signifyed by a Heart , placed upon a Cha●ing-dish of burning Coals , where it did remain , without receiving any prejudice ; Thereby these wise Egyptians did intend to intimate unto us , how the World , and the Heavens subsist intire , notwithstanding those powerful Elements and Beings , who do struggle together , and dispute the place one with another .

The Sun was also Pictured in this manner ; A beautiful young Gallant , standing half naked in a Ship , neatly trimmed , supported on the back of a great Crocodile , with flames of Fire round about it . These several particulars are mysterious expressions of the power and estate of the Sun in this lower world . The swiftness of his motion was shadowed by a winged Horse running a race . A Beetle , a vile insect was put therefore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . to signify the Sun . This kind of Beetle bears the perfect image of a Cats-head . Now the Naturalists have observed , that Cats do see best when the Sun approaches , and that their Eye-sight decayes as it goes down in the evening . The Egyptians did also put the rarest of all Birds to expresse the Sun , the rarest of all visible Beings ▪ for they did paint a Phoenix to be the H●eroglyphick of it , as they did a Raddish and an Onion to expresse the Moon .

It is a kind of Ape . A Cynocephalus , was also the Enigme of the Moon ; for by the different postures of this strange Animal , the different motions of the Moon are signifyed . To express the rising and increase of it . It was painted standing right up , upon its hindermost feet , and to shew the decrease , this Beast was laid upon its back as dead , for Naturalists do observe , that the Apes do Sympathize with the Moon : Therefore some were nourished in Egypt by the Learned , for them to discover more easily the Mysteries relating to the Moon , and the time of its Conjunction with , and Opposition to the Sun , A Cat was another H●eroglyphick ▪ of the Moon , for that cau●● Cats were so highly honoured amongst the Egyptians , as to receive their Sacrifices an● their Devotions , and to have stately Temples erected in Honour of them . It seem● that their witty inventions occasioned the extravagancy of their Devotion , and rendred them ridiculous to all Nations ▪ for when they were possessed with an O pinion that God was to be adored in those Creatures , where he did manifest himself , the● did fondly abuse that homage , which wa● only due unto him , by ascribing it to the V●lest Beings . The World was represented 〈◊〉 a round Temple , because Divine Majesty hath created it for his own Glory , to receive in it the Respects of all Creature● and because it appears like a large and 〈◊〉 beautiful Edifice , excellently well adorned supported by the Power of God , covered with the Heavens , and distinguished into several apartments : But to express the Harmony and rare correspondency that is in the World between the several parts that compose it , they did put the Picture of Pa● with two Horns upon his head , and a Ran● of seven slender Pipes in his hand , so joyned together , that 〈◊〉 M●sick could make a pleasant Cons●r● . The two Hornes are taken for the Sun , and the Garment of ● Leopards skin about ●is shoulders , did represent t●e beaut●ful variety of the Sta●s ▪ The ordinary H●eroglyphick of the World , was a Globe , in which were represented the Circles of the Zodiack , with the Signs in it , and round about , a multitude of Stars . This Globe was supported on the back of a Man upon his knees , which were covered with his long Garment , to shew how the World is upheld by the Power of God , who seems to be covered to the lower Ranks of Creatures with divers Emblems and dark shadows . When they intended to point out the continual mutation of Creatures , and the change of one Being into another in the World , they d●d put a Snake representing an Orb , biting and devouring its Tail , because the World feeds upon it self , and receives from it self a continual supply of those things that Time consume●h . Claudian was acquainted with this Hieroglyphick , which he doth ingeniously express , Perpetuumque virens squamis , caudamque reducto Ore vorans , tacito relegens exordia morsu .

The Year was also signifyed by a Serpent , which did bite its tail : because it did run round , and end where it began .

The World was also represented in the Temple of Serapis in Egypt , which stood in the City of Alexandria , by the Image of this God , made of all sorts of Metals , of such a prodigious bignesse , that it filled the Temple , and reach● with the head to the Roof , and with the hands to both sides . The Golden Head of this Idol did signifie the Heavens ; the Shoulders and Stomack , the Air ; the Belly , the Sea ; and the Earth was expressed by the Feet , as the Idol speaks of it self . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .

The excellent agreement of the Elements in the Generation of Creatures , was represented by an Otter or an Austrich , because they subsist by , and in two Elements ▪

Here it will not be amiss to examine a difficulty which we do frequently meet with in the Heathenish Authors , as in these Verses of Lucan , Ignotum vobis Arabes venistis in orbem , Vmbras mirati nemorum non ire sinistras .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Galen . The Right Hand and the Left Hand of ●he World are often mentioned . There is a dispute amongst the Learned concerning this particular . But it is certain , that the difference proceeds from their different manner of beholding the Sun and the Stars . The Philosophers , as Aristotle and Plato , do make the East to be the Right Hand , and the West to be the left , because they consider the strength of the Stars , and of Nature , which is far greater in the Oriental parts , than in the Occidental , because there is th e begining of motion , or because the Philosophers and Astrologers did continually observe the motion of the Stars , and the Northern Pole , which caused them to stand in such a manner , that the East was on their right hand , and the West on their left . Now the Poets do adore the rising Sun , therefore to them , the South is on their right hand , and the North on their left . The Augures , and the Egyptian Priests ●id thus consider the Sun in making their Observations , therefore the left hand of the World , in all their writings , is the North , and the right hand is the South ; from hence it is , that sinister the left , signi●ies unhappy : For the Heathens lodged all the evil Daemons under the Northern Pole , and in these frozen Climates that are subject to it ; whereas they did imagine , that the good Genij did commonly converse in the Southern Countreys . The Holy Scripture seems to favour this Opinion , when it saith that all evil shall Jer. 1. 14. 4. 6. &c. come from the North ; and in another place , from the North all evils shall flow upon the earth . It is certan , that the Northern Nations are more War-like , more fierce and cruel than the Southern People , because the coldnesse of the Air hardens both their Minds and Bod●es . All the Armies of People , that have over ▪ run and d●str●yed the World , proceed from the North. The Go●hs and Vandals , and before them , ●he Scythians in Asia , the Normans the Huns and Longobards , the Turks and Tartars ▪ have plagued the Southern Nations , and forced them out of their Dwellings . The Sar●cens and Romans may be excepted ; but the ●atter may be reckoned amongst our Northern People , and the former never made any great progresse in their Conquests , until the Turks , and other Scythian Nations had mingled amongst them .

At the entry of all the Temples of Egypt , a Sphinx was to be seen , which was to intimate , that all the Gods there worshipped , were mysteriously represented , and that the common People could never understand the meaning of all the Images , and of their postures , without an Interpreter .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; Dost seek the paths of a Lyon . Prov. A Lyon wiping out with its Tail the impressions of its Feet , was the Hieroglyphick of the great Creator , covering over the marks of his Divinity by the works of Nature , and hiding his immediate Power by the visible Agency of inferior Beings . It is reported of the Bear , that Nature hath taught unto it that cunning , to slide in backward into its Den , for fear of being discovered by the greedy Hunter .

A wicked Angel is signifyed by a Viper ; for as the Poyson of Vipers is quick and powerful , so those destroying Spirits are nimble , in bringing to pass the ruine of mankind , and nothing can oppose them , but the Grace and Power of God .

The Egyptians did put a Vulture to express Nature ; for the Naturalists do tell us , that this kind of Bird conceives not according to the usual manner by Copulation with with a Male , for they are all Females ; they do therefore bring forth Eggs , by receiving into their Bodies the Northern wind , or as some say , the Western , which causeth them presently to conceive . Thus Nature brings forth many Creatures by means not known to us .

When it is in its full it ripens the Fruits of the earth , therefore it had an ear of Gorn in one hand . Diana , or the Moon , was represented with three Heads , the one of a Dog , the 2d . of a Horse , and the third of a Man , to shew the different effects of the Moon , in Heaven , in Earth , and in Hell , or in the bosom of the Earth .

Wisdom , was painted as a beautiful Woman with four Ears , and four Hands , but with one Tongue , which was hid within her lips , that were shut close .

We may here take notice , that when the Priests of Egypt did Pray to the Gods , they did appear in black Cloaths , whereas other Nations did make their addresses only to the infernal Spirits , with Garments of that colour .

Truth , was expressed by a Heart , upon the Lips of a Man .

Vnity and Wisdom , were represented by the Sun , and its beautiful Beams . Peace , and Worldly Felicity , by the fruitful Olive-●ree . Liberty and Pleasure by the Vine Chastity by Beans . A plentiful increase by Mustard-Seed , that grows up into many branches .

Argus with a Head full of Eyes , did signifie this great World . The Eyes of our Creator are every where ; all things do take notice , and are witnesses of our behaviour .

The four Elements suspended in the Air , were intimated by Juno hang'd up by Jupiter in the Skie , with weights at her Feet .

CHAP. II. Of Man , and of things relating to him .

MAns Condition in the world , was expressed by these Five Hieroglyphicks ; the Head of a young Infant , an old Mans Head , a Hawk , a Fish , and a River-horse . The Infant , and the gray Hairs do signifie his Death , which succeds his Birth ; The Hawk , Gods love to Man ; the Fish , his Death and Burial ; and the River-horse , the irresistable power of Death , that ●pares no Body .

A furious Man was intimated by a Lyon , eating up his Prey . A Religious Man , by a Lyon running from a Cock ; A Whore , by a Lyon with a Womans Head , because her Countenance is fair , her Speech most pleasant , and her Allurements powerful , but her nature is ●ierce & cruel , and she intends only to prey upon both Body and Estate . A merciful Man , was painted by a Lyon , having compassion on a Lamb , lying at his Feet . The fury and impatiency of a Lover , by a Lyon devouring a Heart . A King was signifyed by an Elephant , because this Beast is very Noble in his carriage , and can never bow the knee : besides , he is a great enemy to Serpents , as Princes must be of Theeves and Robbers , who are the Serpents of a Commonwealth . The Elephants are very bountiful , for they will deliver into the hands of their Favourites , such things as they can get . The Elephant is very temperate and just , a great enemy of Hogs and filthy Creatures . He seems to have a greater measure of Knowledge and Judgement bestowed upon him than other Brutes ; and it is reported , that he doth worship every new Moon towards Heaven , and express by his outward actions , some sence of a Supreme Being ; therefore he was the Hieroglyphick of Piety , as well as of a kind , and harmless nature , for the Elephant never offends creatures , that are not hurtful of themselves . It will march amongst innocent Lambs , without offering the least injury to them ; whereas if it be offended , it will spare nothing , nor dread no danger , that it might seek a revenge : For that purpose , some do say , that Nature hath provided the Elephant , with two Hearts , the one inclines him to Peace , to Mercy , and goodness ; the other when he is affronted , moves him to take Vengeance . All these Observations of the Elephant , caused the Egyptian Wi●e-men , to make him the Hieroglyphick of a good King , who is a promoter of Justice , a protector of Peace , a friend of all moral Virtues , an Enemy of voluptuous swine . He is harmless amongst Lambs , unmerciful to Dogs , couragious in the ●rosecution of his just designs , resolute in overcoming difficulties , merciful to the humble , and severe to such as withstand his Royal Authority and Power .

A Priest , or a Man , whose Office did oblige him to give his attendance in the Service of the Gods , was expressed by a Cynocephalus , riding upon a Fish in the River . The Priests of Egypt did abstain from all kind of Fish . Some have thought that this Hieroglyphick therefore did signify abstinence , which was thereby recommended to to such Per●ons : I rather think that the River is the unconstant world , the Fishes are the Passions of the Soul , and the Pleasures of the Body , which such must master and overcome , who intend to offer acceptable Sacrifices to Almighty God , and be worthy of that most Divine Office of Priesthood .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a ●imorous man Prov. A Learned and an accomplished Man was signifyed by a●●ag , lying upon its side , chewing its Meat . The Horns of this Beast are the Hieroglyphicks of Power , Authority , and of Dignity , unto which , such deserve to be promoted . A cunning Server of Times , was expressed by a Hedge-hog , because this Creature hath alwayes two or three holes , where it retreats ; when the wind is cold , and b●isterous at one hole , it creeps to the other , and thus it changeth its dwelling with the weather .

A Babbler , an enemy of good manners , and a Prophane Person , were represented by a grunting Hog , whereof the filthy disposition caused it to be hated by all the Eastern People , insomuch that it was a great crime , for some Priests , who did wait upon the Altars of the Gods to touch a Hog . A voluptuous Man living in ease and carelesness had the honour also to be expressed by this Animal . Some Nations did Sacrifice a Hog for such as grew mad , and when any had kill'd a Man , and was tormented with the furies of his Conscience for his crime , he did commonly to satisfy the angry Divinities , burn Sucking Pigs upon the Altars , and wash his hands with their Blood . They did imagine that the foul stains of Murder were thereby washed away , as you may see in these Verses . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apollon. lib4 ▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

A Man with an excellent faculty of Learning , was signifyed by a She ▪ Goat , because that Creature hath a very acute hearing .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Prov.

To live like a Fool.

A Fool was exprest by a Sheep , therefore oviles mores are stupid & silly customs , because there is no Beast simpler than Sheep ; but the Ram was the Hieroglyphick of a good Governour , and of War .

The shameful manners of a Whore were intimated by a Wolf ; from hence therefore Lupa signifies such an impudent Woman : and Lupanaria , a Bawdy-house .

Lupus ante clamorem festinat . Prov. A fearful and a timerous Man , was also represented by a Wolf ; for the least accident will startle this Beast : and although it wants not courage to encounter with an enemy , it is afraid of a Stone .

A Man encompassed in with difficulties and troubles , was signifyed by one who held a Wolf fast by the Ears .

An unconstant fellow , was expressed Lib. 8. cap. 30. by a Hyaena , a Beast mentioned by Plinius , of the colour and bigness of a Wolf . It is of the Male Sex one Year , and the next it becomes the Female , as Tertullian witnesseth , Hyaenam si observes , sexus animalis est , marem & soeminam alternat . This Creature was also put to signify a brave Courage that can defie all difficulties , and look upon the frowns of Fortune with a generous contempt , for as the naturalists do say , that the skin of this Animal , can procure unto us the priviledge of passing through the greatest dangers without harm , the man so well resolved , and so well strengthened against the attempts of Adversity , can receive no dammage from those things , that bring others to destruction .

A great Hypocrite , or a notable Dissembler of wicked intentions , was expressed by a Leopard , because this Beast doth craftily dissemble and hide its head from being seen ; for the Beasts are as much frighted at it , as they are taken with the pleasant scent of its Body . When therefore they come towards it to delight themselves with the Perfume that it yields , it will cover the Head with his Paws , until they come within its reach .

An incorrigible Person , was also expressed by a Leopards Skin , because there are such spots that no art can remove or whiten .

Asinus Egyptius Prov. A great Dunce A stupid and an ignorant fellow , an enemy to Piety and Religion , was signifyed by an Ass .

The Bazilisk was often placed in the presence of the Gods , at their feet , or about their middle , or winding their Tails upon their Heads , to signifie their immortality , for this Serpent is of a long life . The Kings of Egypt had Asps usually represen●ed upon their Crowns , to express the holiness of their Persons , whom none ought to dishonour or injure without a signal punishment , for they are the most Sacred Images and Lieutenants of God upon Earth . A Powerrful and a War-like Prince , was dignifyed by a Serpent in an Orb , carefully looking to every thing within its Sphaere . The wisdom of this Creature shews how necessary wisdom is in the Government of Kingdoms and States .

When the Egyptians did intend to express an evil effect out of a good cause well designed , they did put a Bird called Ibis , and a Bazilisk together , for they do say , that out of the Egge of an Ibis , the Bazilisk doth often proceed ; for that reason they did break all such Eggs when they did find them , for fear that they should increase the number of such venimous Serpents .

Crocodili lacrymae , are deceiptful tears . ▪ A sloathful Man , was signifyed by a Crocodile , bearing on the head the feather of an Ibis , for it hath such a secret power upon the Crocodile , that when its Body is stroakt with it , this Serpent , that is naturally cruel and rapacious , looseth its former dispositions , and becomes extreme sloathful and idle for a time .

A Reformation , was represented by a Phoenix that riseth out of its Ashes , when it hath been consumed by the violence of the Sun-beams , as it is reported .

Good Parents , were expressed by the Pelican , that casts it self into the Flames kindled about the Nest where her young do lie , to deliver them from the eminent danger .

The Hawk is the Hieroglyphick of natural life , because it lives many years .

An old Musician , is commonly represented by a Swan , because they say , that when this Bird is at the ●ve of its death , it takes its farewel of the world by singing most melodious Tunes ▪

The purity and noble disposition of the Mind , was signifyed by a Cock , for there is no Bird of a more generous and braver Courage , undaunted at the sight of eminent dangers .

A seasonable silence , is intimated by the Picture of a wild Goose ; for it is reported by Ammianus , that when this Bird flies over the Mountains , where great numbers of Eagles do make their abode , knowing their natural inability of keeping silence , they take into their Bills a Stone , which hinders them from making a noise ; and when they are out of danger , they let it fall .

An Impious wretch , was represented by the Hyppopotamus , a Creature that lives in the water as well as in the Air , and is like unto an Horse ; for it is so wicked , that it will kill Father and Mother , and tear them to pieces with its Teeth ▪

A● ignorant fellow , who was acquainted with the manner of living in the world , was painted with an Asses head , and Asses Ears . The Egyptians were wont to put the heads of Animals upon Mens Bodies , to express the inclinations and dispositions of those Persons who were like unto such Beasts .

An honest Man did carry his Heart hanging by a Chain upon his Breast .

The life of a Religious Man , was expressed by the Palm-tree , whereof the Root is unpleasant to look upon , but the Fruits and Branches are grateful both to the Eye , and to the Taste .

The Priests of Egypt did wear nothing but Paper Shooes , therefore it was the Hieroglyphick of Priesthood amongst them .

The Nature of Man , was represented by a Woman , having her Hair standing streight up , and shewing the Image of a Tree turned up side down . The Hair is in lieu of the Roots ; this therefore declares how our Countrey is Heaven , from whence we have derived our begining , and thither must our affections and endeavours tend .

CHAP. III. Of several kind of Hieroglyphicks drawn from the Disposition of Living Creatures .

THe Lyon is bold , couragious , strong , and terrible to all other Animals ; He is therefore the Hieroglyphick of a stout Commander , and of a brave Conquerour . Leonem ●arva territas . Prov. It is reported of the Lyon , that when he is sick of a Feaver , his only remedy is an Ape , which he doth naturally hate , because the Ape playes with him , that is the King of Beasts .

The Rhinocerote , is the Unicorn of the Scriptures , for there is no such Brute as is described unto us , like a Horse , with a streight Horn in the Fore-head , as the Learned Bochartus hath proved . This Animal is not much inferiour to the Elephant , neither in strength , courage , nor bigness of Body . It is very cholerick , therefore it is put to express anger .

A Horse covered with his Harness , is the Hieroglyphick of War , of Speed ; and amongst the Soothsayers of the Supreme Command , and of Victory , as we may see in the Dream of Darius related by Curtius : He saw Alexander riding into Babylon in a Persian habit . The Soothsayers did then declare , that Alexander would get the Victory .

A Prophet , or a Prophesie , was expressed

Talpa Caecior . Prov.

Blinder than a Mole .

by a Mole , a Creature that is without Eyes , to shew how Man is naturally bl●nd , and can have no clear fore-sight of the time to come by the works of Nature , without a Divine Revelation , and then the intricate events of the future , do appear unto them with many doubts and dark shadows , which hinder us from a perfect and a clear discovery .

A Dog , with a Diadem upon his hea● , was the represent●t on of a Law-giver , and of a diligent Prince . The Nature of this Cre●ture teacheth us diligence , care , and watchfulness in our imploys , obedience and love to our Superiours , and faithfulnes to our trust . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Ho● . As a Man with a Dogs head signifies an impudent fellow , and an Ape an Hypocrite . The Ants , are the wisest of all in●ects , they are laborious , provident , loving to one another , willing toyield their assistance to their distressed Nature , therefore their virtues have deserved a place amongst the other Hieroglyphicks of Egypt , and our daily imitation .

Rivals were expressed by two Rams , running at one another .

The Hyaena mentioned before , is a strange sort of Animal put to signifie contention , or unconstant dealing .

Revenge , was intimated by a Tygre devouring a Horse , a good eye sight , by a Lynx , which is a Beast near of kin to a Wolf .

The Bear comes into the World with mishapen parts : The Mothers do so lick the young , that at last the Eyes and Ears appear ; therefore the wise Egyptians have made it the Hieroglyphick of a good Proficient , whom time and labour do bring to perfection . It is also reported of the Bear , that it eeks Bee-hives , not out of a desire of Honey , but only to provoke the Bees , and oblige them to sting its laizy body , and let out the corrupt blood that troubles it .

Vigilancy or ▪ Watchfulness , was expressed either by the Head of a Lyon , placed upon an Altar , or by a Hare . Of the first , it is said , that it sleeps with the eyes open .

The Female Viper destroyes the Male at the time of Copulation , and the young ones do revenge their Fathers dearh , by gnawing out the Belly of their Mother , and opening a passage that way , to enter into the world ; therefore the Viper expresseth the danger of too much love , and of ingratitude .

A Scorpion , is a little Creature more fierce and venimous than strong , nothing can cure the wound but its blood . It is cunning in watching a fit opportunity to wound an unconsiderate Passenger : therefore it is the Hieroglyphick of mal●ce , and wicked subtilty .

The Salamender l●ves in the flames without receiving the least prejudice from the violence of the heat , because , as Munsterus relates , and as other Authors observe , it is of such a cold and moist constitution , that the Fire cannot speedily have a power to prejudice it . The Egyptian Priests d d therefore put it to signifie a brave and generous courage , that the Fire of affliction cannot overcome nor consume Plinius observes of this Beast , that it infects all Fruits that it toucheth , and leaves them some impression of its cold nature , so that they become afterwards as dangerous as Poison .

The Owles are enemies of the Storks , when therefore they did s●e in the evening . Aelianus saith , that they do arm themselves with the leaf of a Plain-tree , which hath the virtue of protecting them from the violence Owles ; for if they offer to touch this kind of Leaf , they are deprived of some of their Sences as if they were bewitched . This Bird is of an excellent disposition , the young ones do help the old , and furnish them with Food when they are not able to provide it for themselves , therefore in Hebrew David calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Psal 104. 17. from the Root , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mercy or Goodness , because this Bird is of such a compassionate and merciful Nature , as to support the weakness of their Parents : This good Bird shames the ill dispositions of Man-kind .

There are also many remarkable things related of the Cranes when any of their company do fall into disgrace , they all fall upon it as the common People are wo●t in every Nation ; for they will strive to injure him , whose unhappiness is to have an ill Report ; therefore this Bird was the Hieroglyphick of Democracie ▪

The vulture signifies Mercy , for the Naturalists do say , that she never seeks any Prey , nor flies from her Nest , until the young ones come to a handsom bigness , in the mean while she nourishes them with her blood , which she causeth them to suck out of her Thighs and Breast .

〈◊〉 i● n●bibus . Prov. The Eagle was the Hieroglyphick of Prosoerity , of Majesty , of a Noble Mind , and of Liberality ; Munsterus saith , that the Eagle freely gives of its Plenty to the rest of the Birds , that come round about it , when it hath any thing to spare .

The Owl is an ominous Bird , the Hieroglyphick of Death , and of unhappiness , of a wicked Tyrant , or of an Hypocrite , that hates to be seen in the light of the Sun ; nevertheless , when the Owl is perceived flying , the Augures have observed that this was a sign of Victory , and of Prosperity .

Noctua volat . Prov. The Soothsayers did never look upon the Goose , as a happy Bird , because of its importune and unpleasant cry : the Egyptians did thereby express a vain Babbler , or a silly Poet.

A Quail was the Hieroglyphick of Impiety , because they say , that this Bird doth furiously chatter and torment her self , as if she were offended when the cressent of the Moon first appears .

The Ostrich did signifie Justice , because most of her feathers are of an equal lenghth , A Bat , a Man raised from the dust to an undeserved degree of Honour . An● because these kind of Creatures do assist one another , and stick close together when they apprehend any danger , they are represented together , to intimate mutual love and friendship , which should oblige us to give succour to one another .

It is reported of the Lapwing , that it is a great devourer of Grapes , therefore many Plin. l. c. 2. 21. times it is giddy ; but Nature hath taught unto it a secret , to remedy and prevent the mischief , when it perceives some Operation of the violent Grapes in its Brain , it seeks Plin. l. 2. c. 21 an Herb called Capillus veneris , and by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which hath the virtue to stop the working of the Wine , and keep the vapours from the brain ▪

See the History of Bees , By Charl●s Butler . The Bees have amongst them a most ingenious Commonwealth , and a good Government , for they are all obedient to their chief Commander , and never do revolt against his Authority . They do submit to his Sentence , obey his Commands , follow his motion and leading ; therefore they do represent a Kingdom ●ubject to their lawful Sovereign .

Aelian . The Ephemeres , are Creatures its live a day , and therefore they are excellent Hieroglyphicks of the shortness of our Lives .

Delphinum natare doces . Prov. Thou teachest thy Master . The Dolphin hath obtained amongst Men , the Honour to signifie the King or Emperour of the Sea , because they say that this Fish is kind to our Nature ; and because it is so swift in swimming , and so grateful to Benefactors .

The Head of Man , signifies sound Judgement and Wisdom ▪ His Hair cut off , violent grief or Bondage , if growing , Liberty ▪ Baldness and gray Hairs , are marks of old 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Age. The Fore-head , is the seat of Pride and of impudency . The Eye wide open , was the Hieroglyphick of Wisdom , of Justice ; It is the seat of Contempt , of Love , and the discoverer of the passions of the Soul . The Nose is a mark of the nimbleness of our apprehension , and of the excellency of our understanding . The Mouth is the Hieroglyphick of modesty ; the Heart , of sincerity ; the Shoulders , of strength ; the washed hands of Inocency ; the right hand ▪ of Power , of Fidelity , and of favour . The Knees , are to express Humility , the Hat , freedom ; a Crown , Dignity ; a Scepter , Power ; a Buckler , Defence ; an Arrow , speed ; a Spear , War , or Valour ; a pair of Ballance , Equity ; a Sword , Revenge or Cruelty ; a fitting posture , intimates Security ; a Chariot , Honour ; a Ship , Help in need ; an Ankor , Hope ; the Caduceus , Truce , Peace , and agreement ; Chaisnes , Bondage , a Key , Security , and freeedom of egress and ingress . The Palm and the Lawrel , are Emblems of Victory , and of deserved Honour ; the Myrtle , of Pleasure ; the Cedar , of Eterni●y ; the Oak , of Strength ; the Olive-tree , of Fruitfulness , the Vine-tree , of Delight and Joy ; the Lilly , of Beauty ; the Globe , of Perfection ; a Pyramide , of the nature of the Soul of Man , &c.

CHAP. IV. Of some few notable Observations of several places of the World , and of Animals .

PHilost . speaks of a Water named Asbamaea aqua , which is sweet and pleasant to such as are honest and faithful , but dangerous to all wicked and unfaithful Persons ; for if these last offer to drink of it , they will fall into a sudden distemper . Pindar . The Lake Asphaltites in Judaea , is pestilentious ; the Vapours that rise out of it are so deadly , that they will not suffer any Bird to flie over alive , nor endure any living crea● in the water .

In Epirus , there is a Fountain , whereof the Water hath the virtue to extinguish a lighted Torch , and light it again , if it be dipt in the Water .

Joseph . l. 7. c. 24 The River Sabbatius which is in Syria , is very remarkable , because on the Sabbath day the Stream doth remain still , without moving one way or the other ; but during the six days of the week , it runs with as much rapidity as other Rivers . Plinius mentions it , lib. 31 cap. 2.

Aristotle tells us of a Fountain in Sicilia , which did kill all the Birds that were cast into it , but did cause the other Animals to re-return to life when they were expiring .

The Fountain of the Sun , mentioned by Herodotus in Africa , did yield water of a different Plin. lib. 2. temper , according to the motion of the Sun in the Firmament ; at Noon it was cold and sweet , but at Night it was hot and bitter .

Stat. lib. 1. Virgo Aqua , or the Virgins Stream , had a pleasant and an excellent virtue upon Maids , whose unhappiness it was to forget themselves , and loose their Virginity . If they did wash their Bodies in this water , they did recover again the stollen Jewel , and become as perfect Virgins as before .

Lib. 2. Strabo speaks of the Woods of Juno , and of Diana , which were upon the Confines of Dalmatia ; That all the Wilde Beasts that did enter into them , became came and mild , and did loose their fierce and savage natures ; so that afterwards they did not offer the least injury to Man or Beast .

Aelian . lib. 4. cap. 42. It is observed of the Bird Attagen , that it can open its Bill , only to express its own name amongst Men ; therefore it may be compared to the vain-glorious , who are continually singing their own praise . Many Authors do speak of a strange Bird that hath no Feet , but a most beautiful variety of Colours . In India , they name it the Bird of Paradise . It seldom rests upon the ground , Plutarch . but it is always to be seen flying in the Air. Gesnerus describes it in a Poem .

Gesner . The Egyptians have taken notice of the Dogs of their Countrey , that when they drink of the River Nilus , they lapp up the water running , for fear of the Crocodile . Nature hath furnished them with so much sence of the danger of abiding still upon the Banks of that great River .

It is reported of the Elephant , that it hath a great respect for beautiful Women . If it comes into their presence when it is in its rage , the Divine rayes of their eyes will oblige it to a mild and a peaceable behaviour . Aelian . It will stand amazed at the fight of their fair faces ; Therefore it seems that an excellent beauty is able to calm the fury of this powerful Animal , and to act wonders amongst Beasts , as well as amongst Men and Angels .

These particulars , and many other strange things of natural Beings , are related by the Authors . He that will see more of them , may find them Registred in Plinius , Albertus Magnus , Cael. Rodigin . Aelian . Aristotle , Munster . &c.

FINIS .
Errata .
Book . I.

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AN INDEX OF THE NAMES and PLACES .

Part Pag. AByla 1 135 Absythus 1 162 Acca Laurentia 2 20 Acestes 1 252 Achates 1 259 Achelous 1 137 259 Archemorus 2 44 Acheron 1 71 Achilles 1 208 Achoren 1 102 Acrisius 1 13 Acteon 1 38 Accensi 2 110 Adeona & abeonadeae 1 87 Admetus 1 27 Adonis 1 111 Adramelech 1 97 Adrastus 1 170 A●amas 149 Part Pag. Adytum 2 13 Advocatus fisci 2 120 Aeacus 1 74 Aecastor Aedepol 1 151 Aetha 1 160 31 ▪ 63 Aegeus 1 143 146 , 164 Aedituus 2 36 Aegistus 1 239 Aegina 1 260 Aeneas 1 250 Aeolus 1 23 Aeson 1 163 Aesculapius 1 26 Aedes 2 17 Aediles 2 118 Aell● 1 78 Aerarium 1 120

Part Pag. Aglaia 1 23 Agamemnon 1 106 Aganippides 1 31 Asopus 1 260 Agger 2 142 Agave 1 47 169 Agenor 1 168 Agonius Deus 1 86 Ajax Son of Telamon 1 216 Ajax of Locres 1 215 Ajus 1 89 Alba 1 259 Alcethous 1 47 Alagabalus 1 99 Alpheus 1 41 132 Altare 2 18 Alecto 1 73 Alexander 1 200 Alcmena 1 128 Amalthea 1 137 Amata 1 256 Amathus 1 52 Amazones 1 131 Ambarvalia 2 22 Ammon 1 91 Amphiaraus 1 179 Alcides 1 141 Amphion 1 169 Amphitheatre 2 51 Part Pag Amphitrie 1 59 Amphitryon 1 128 Amula 2 28 Anchises 1 25● Andabates 2 5● Andremon 1 16● Andromache 1 252 Androgeos 1 64 145 Anaxarete 1 263 Amphisibea 2 18● Andromeda 1 124 Ancile 2 28 Anculi dii 1 86 Angerona 1 263 Antandrum 1 251 Antenor 1 250 Anteros 1 54 Amycus 1 151 Apotropaei 1 151 Antigone 1 180 187 Antinous 1 284 Antiphates 1 245 Apis 1 92 Apollo 1 25 Apotheosis 2 40 Anubis 1 51 91 Argo 1 161 Argus 1 18 161

Part Pag Arctophylax 1 58 Argonauts 1 160 Ariadne 1 145 Arion 1 154 Aristeus 1 156 260 Arrichion 2 46 Arsinous 1 247 Artemisia 2 15 Ascanius 1 251 Assaracus 1 200 Astrea 1 3 Astyanax 1 233 Asilum 2 64 Asima 1 110 Astarte 1 108 Auctorati 2 44 Augures 2 31 Atalanta 1 178 Athamas 1 62 Atlas 1 48 Atreus 1 192 Atys 1 69 Atropos 1 73 Aurora 1 55 Authoramentum 2 44 Aquila 2 138 Arcinous 1 247 Arcus triumphales 2 66 Averruncus Deus 1 87 Ashtaroth 1 108 106 Part Pag. Augias 1 132 Horn of Plenty 1 137 Archigallus 1 8 Aspersorium 2 28 Alcmeon 1 181 Arena 2 51 Alea 2 58 Authoramentum 2 54 Angusticlavium 2 67 Amphitapae 2 79 Abolla 2 80 Antiquo 95 As 2 126 Ampleatio 2 127

B Baal 1 98 Baalim 1 105 Babylon 2 12 Bacchus 1 42 , 45 Bastarides 1 44 Baal Shalisha 1 106 Baal Pheg●r 1 110 Baal-Berith 1 102 Baal-zebub 1 102 Baal-Gad 1 100 Belenus 1 117 Belus 1 98 Bellonaria 2 42 Belatucadrus 1 117 Beelsamen 1 96

Part Pag. Berecynthia 1 7 Belides 1 75 Bellerophon 1 125 Bona dea Cybele 1 8 Bimater 1 42 Botes 1 58 Brabenta 2 49 Briareus 1 11 Briseis 9 Bromius 1 43 Brontes 1 17 Busi●is 1 133 By●sa 1 253 Balista 2 143 Bestiarii 2 44 Bustuarii Glad . 2 52 Bacchanales 1 44 Battus 1 49 Bubona dea 1 88

C Cadmus 1 168 Caduceus 1 48 Cajete 1 245 Calisto 57 Calliope 1 30 Caesar 2 100 Calc●i 2 86 Calydonian Boar 144 Calais 1 78 Caligae 2 87 Part Pag. Camilli 2 ●6 Campus Martius 98 Campiductor 2 61 Candidatus 2 83 Canopus 1 261 Cassiopea 1 128 Castor and Pollux 150 Capitol 2 65 Cassius 111 Career 2 130 Carceres 2 45 Carptor 2 90 Catapulta 2 143 Cavea 2 51 Camilla 1 258 Capaneus 1 180 189 Capys 2 27 Chaos 1 73 Charon 1 72 Carthage 1 253 Cassandra 1 237 Golden Calves 1 93 Calypso 1 247 Charibdis 6● Cardmenta 86 Catius Deus 87 Caeleno 1 78 Cecropes 1 4 , 14 Ceglusa 1 26● Centaurs 1 7 C●pheus 1 12

Part Pag. Cephalus 1 261 Cerberus 1 72 Castor 1 156 Ceres 1 ●9 Celeres 2 100 Chesse 43 Censor 2 109 Centurio 2 76 Cestus 2 43 Chalcas 1 216 Chersonesus 1 199 Chimera 1 17● , 125 Chiron 1 26 Chryses 1 228 Chemosh 100 Circenses ludi 45 , 48 Circus 1 45 Clotho 1 73 Classis 2 79 Cliens 2 67 Calpe 1 135 Clytemnestra 150 Cyrene 1 260 , 22 Cupidon 53 Coena 2 87 Copreae 60 Coelus 1 1 Cornea 1 58 Cocytu● 1 72 Colossus 1 32 2 12 Cohors 2 135 Part Pag. Collumbar 2 130 Collonia 2 145 Comessatio 2 87 C mitia 2 93 Compitales ludi 2 59 Confarreatio 2 74 Conscripti patres 2 67 Consules 2 106 Corcyra 1 247 Contubernium 2 136 Cortina 1 30 Coronae 2 151 Muralis 2 150 Navalis 2 150 Obsidionalis , &c. 150 Corybantes 1 2 , 70 15 Coronis 1 35 Ciun 1 113 Creon 1 136 Creusa 1 25 Culeus 2 130 20 Cuneus 2 141 Cruces 2 129 Cuniculi 143 Cumina 86 Curiae 2 64 Curetes 2 Curulis sella 2 66 Cybele 1 2 Cyllene 51

Part Pag. Cynosura 1 57 Cythera 52 Cytheron 52 Cyclopes 1 17 Comedia 2 60 Carceres 1 45 Cymbium 2 92 Calceati dentes 2 89 Calices 2 92 Congiarium 2 84

D Danae 1 13 , 23 Danaus 75 Damnatio 2 131 Daphne 1 27 Dardanus 1 199 Dares 1 127 Dedalus 1 50 Deianira 1 137 Dei●hobu● 1 221 Decimatio legion . 149 Decumae 126 Decuriae 2 136 Delubrum 2 17 Depontani 2 20 Desultorii 2 46 Dialis flam . 2 35 Delos 1 25 Delphos 1 30 34 Part Pag. Deucalion 1 32 Diana 26 Dido 2 53 Dictator 2 113 Ditany 258 Diomedes 1 133 Dione 52 Dionysus 1 91 Dioscouroi 1 150 Discord 1 203 Dodone 1 16● Doris 1 6● Diminutio cap. 2 128 Discus 2 58 Diributores 2 90 Divortium 2 73 Duumviri 2 35 Dreams 184 Drepanum 1 25 Druids 2 33 Dryades 1 61 Dulichia 1 207 Dyndimene 1 7 Dactyli Idaei 1 21 Dyctimnis 40 Dirae 73 Demophon 14 Dolphins 157 Deiphile 182 Dolabra 2 27 Dice 2 43 Divorce 2 73

Part Pag. Diffareratio 2 74 Denicales f●riae 2 79 Decemviri 2 114 Dyrce 1 264

E Eccho 1 71 Editor 2 49 Egeon 1 11 Electra 1 171 Eculeus 2 130 Edictum 2 111 Elephantini libri 2 Eleusina 1 260 38 Epulones 2 13 36 Equestris ordo 2 67 Equitum magist . 2 133 Ergastulum 2 130 Elysian fields 49 76 Endymion 1 38 Elisa 253 Enceladus 1 11 Epeus 1 216 Ephesus 2 12 Epimetheus 1 12 Epode 2 23 Erichthonius 1 57 Eridanus 1 32 Erastratus 1 39 Part Pag. Esculapius 1 20 , 35 Eteocles 1 175 Evadne 1 189 Evander 2 34 Euboea 1 210 Eumenides 1 73 Euripi 2 49 Exequiae 2 77 Europa 1 13 Euryalus 1 258 Eurydice 1 260 Eurylochus 1 246 Eryphile 177 Eurystheus 1 262 Excuneat 1 52 Etesian winds 1 260 Eumolpus 262 Eros 1 54 Eccho 1 71 Epaphus 1 91 Ermensewl 1 116 Enigma 174 Euthymus 2 43 Exauthorati 2 54 Edictum 2 111

F Faunus 1 68 Factiones 2 60 Familiae 2 4● 69

Part Pag. Fanum 2 17 Farracia 2 70 Feretra 2 76 Fasces 2 103 107 Feciales 2 30 Feronia Dea 1 89 Flamines 2 29 , 95 Golden Fleece 1 162 Feriae 2 79 Fidiculae 2 130 Fidius 1 60 Fiseus 2 120 Flora 1 89 Fortuna 1 81 , 84 Francus 1 250 Francois 1 250 Fratres areales 2 29 Flexumines 2 102 Focus 2 18 Forum 2 16 Fornices 2 152 Funerals 2 75 Frumentum 2 126 Furcifer 2 129 Furcae 2 129 Friga 1 115 Flint 1 116 Fidegast 1 116 Flammeum or Flammeus 2 86 Part Pag. Faseiae 2 86

G Galli 1 8 Gemoniae Scalae 2 131 Genius 1 82 Gladiators 2 52 Glaucus 1 62 Globus milit. 2 141 Gladius 2 147 Gorgones 1 124 Gymnastae 2 43 Gemini 1 150 Ganimedes 1 13 , 22 Geryon 1 133 Gustatio 2 89 Roman Government 2 99

H Harmonia 1 171 Harpocrates 1 263 Harpies 1 2 , 78 Haruspices 2 32 Hastati 2 138 Hamadriades 1 1 Hebe 1 17 , 22 He●cate 37 Hecatomb 2 20

Part Pag. Hector 1 229 Hecuba 1 243 Helena 1 147 150 Haeres 1 126 Helenus 2 52 Helicon 1 126 Hell 1 71 Helle 1 63 Hellanodicks 2 46 Hellespont 1 63 Harpastum 2 58 Henetes 2 50 Hercules 1 128 Heroes 1 121 Herilus 1 133 Hermaphroditus 1 50 Horta dea 1 87 Herophilus 2 33 Hiarbas 2 54 Helmsteed 1 116 Hesione 1 28 Hesperides 1 133 Hesperus 1 50 Hesus 1 116 Hippolyte 1 132 Hyppolitus 1 26 148 Hyerax 1 90 Hippomedon 8 178 Hippodamia 173 192 Part Pag. Hippona dea 1 88 Hostia 2 23 Hyacinthus 1 27 Hydra 1 130 Hymeneus 1 52 Hylas 1 162 Hypocrene 1 125 Hyreus 1 58 Horacius 1 21

I Janus 1 34 Janiculus mons 2 65 Jasius 1 199 Jason 1 151 160 Icarus 1 50 Ilythia 1 22 Idea 1 69 Idols 2 9 Idomeneus 1 215 Ilium 1 199 Ilus 1 199 Ino 1 62 , 66 Jentaculum 2 87 Ilicet 2 78 Images 2 2 Imperator 2 111 Incestus 2 86 Indigetes 1 121 Iuferiae 2 78

Part Pag. Interrex 2 113 Intervallum 2 14● Jocasta 2 173 Iphiclus 2 129 140 Ismene 1 175 Isis 1 90 Ionia 1 91 Ithaca 1 207 Iphigenia 1 210 Iphis 1 263 Judges of Hell 1 74 Judgement 2 127 Julus 1 259 Juno 1 213 16 Juno●es 1 83 Jupiter 1 1●2 10 , 14 Justa solvere 2 77 Ixion 1 76 Inter●edere 2 117 Indigetes 1 85 Iugatinus 86 Ida 1 153 Jocasta 1 172 Juvenilia 2 42 〈◊〉 games 2 44 Intendere actionem 2 127

L Part Pag. Labyrinthus 1 145 2 11 , 15 Lachesis 1 73 Laerthes 1 212 Laius 1 172 Lanista 2 52 Lapides 2 112 Laquearii 2 43 Lararium 1 84 Laocoon 1 231 Laodimia 1 217 Laomedon 1 28 Roman Lawes 2 123 Lares 1 81 , 84 Latinus 1 255 Latium 1 3 Levana 1 86 Laverna 1 87 Latona 1 25 Lavinia 1 255 Lavinium 1 256 257 Laurentum 1 255 Lausus 1 258 Leuticlavia 2 67 Latrones 2 52 Latrunculus 2 52 Legatus 2 1 8 Legio 1 136

Part Pag. Lemnos 1 17 Lemura 2 42 Lectistemia 2 13 Leda 1 150 Lenoeus 1 43 Lestrigones 1 245 Lethe 1 49 , 76 Liber 1 46 Leucothea 1 24 , 63 Lictores 2 110 Lipara 1 17 Lituus 2 31 Lotos 1 244 Libitina 2 76 Lucina 1 38 Lessus 2 78 Leges Rom. 2 122 Libanima 2 25 Liberti 2 67 Litare 2 26 Literati 2 132 Ludi Rom. 2 59 Lupa 2 63 Lupercal 1 68 , 2 39 Lucifer 1 56 Luna 1 42 Lustration 2 23 Lustrum 2 109 Lycaon 1 264 Lycus 1 136 Line●us 1 152 Part Pag. Lycomedes 1 209 Lychas 1 138 Lusus 1 46 Lenaea 1 46 Lerna 1 130 Lucus 2 18 Ludi compitalitii 59 Castrenses 61 Capitolini 2 59 Cereales 59

M Macaon 1 139 Magistrates Rom. 2 99 Maia 1 48 Marriages 2 68 Marathon 141 Manipulus 2 136 Manumissus 2 67 Mars 1 23 , 24 Marsyas 1 155 158 Mausolus 2 12 , 15 Medea 1 162 164 Medusa 1 125 Medus 1 128 Megalesia 1 7 Megaera 1 73 Megara 1 136 Meleager 1 144

Part Pag Memnon 1 55 Melicerta 1 62 Melpomene 1 30 Menades 1 44 Mancipatio 2 126 Megalesia 1 7 Merenda 2 87 Milites Rom. 2 135 Meneceus 1 178 Menelaus 1 205 Mercurius 1 27 , 48 Mercurii Sors 2 91 Mezentius 1 257 Midas 1 155 Milo 2 47 Minerva 1 17 Mimi 2 60 Montes Romae 2 65 Morbus Comitialis 2 96 Mulctae Rom. 2 128 Mullei 2 87 Morea 1 192 Mnemosume 1 30 Moloch 2 21 , 96 Mola salsa 2 23 Momus 1 8● , 85 Morpheus 1 73 Muncrarius 2 38 The Muses 1 30 Minos 1 145 Minotaurus 1 144 The seven Miracles 2 14 Part Pag. Mirrha 1 277 Mirmidones 74 Mirmillones 2 53 Mirtilus 1 192 194 Municipium 2 145 Muscae 2 88 Muses 1 30 Murica dea 1 86 Mellona dea 88 Mazol Tob 1 101 Marnas 107 Mero Merodach 1 113 The Moon 1 114

N Naiades 1 61 Napeae 1 61 Naumachia 2 51 Nauplius 1 235 Nervus 2 130 Nascio 1 86 Nausicae 1 247 Nemea 1 44 130 Nemesis 1 82 , 85 Neoptolemus 1 265 Nephele 1 63 Neptunns 1 3 , 60 Nereus 1 60 Nereids 1 61

Part Pag Nessus 1 1●7 Nestor 1 216 Niobe 1 191 Nisa 43 Nisus 1 258 64 Nongenti 2 95 Nuncium mittere 2 74 Nuptiae 2 72 Nimphes 1 87 Numa Pompilius 2 35 Nycteus 1 265 Nyctemine 1 265 Naxos 1 145 Naphtha 1 166 Nectar 1 72 Nox 78 Naaenia dea 1 87 Nilus 1 95 Nisroch 1 110 Nibchaz 1 110

O Oceanus 1 61 Oedipus 1 172 Oenomaus 1 192 194 Oenus 1 41 Oeta 1 138 Ogyges 33 Onager 2 143 Part Pag. Opima Spolia 2 152 Ops 1 7 Oïleus 1 215 Olympias 1 275 Omphalis 1 136 Orci galea 128 Orestes 194 Orchestra 2 49 Orgia 1 46 Orion 1 58 Orbis milit. 2 141 Orpheus 1 154 Osiris 1 46 , 91 Oscines 2 31 Ovatio 2 150 Ovilia 2 98 Olympick games 2 44 Ouranos 1 1 Oxen of the Sun 1 247 Ocypete 1 78 Oanes 1 107

P Pallas Evandri fil . 1 256 Patavium 1 250 Padus 1 32 Palaestra 2 43 Palamedes 2 57 Palam mediac i coluli 57 Palemon 1 67

Part Pag. Pales magna 1 10 , 68 87 Palladium 1 9 Palatinus mons 1 65 Pallium 2 80 Par & impar 2 53 Pan 1 155 68 Panathenea 1 18 Parma 2 147 Pandora 1 12 Pancratiastes 2 44 Paphos 1 52 Paris 1 203 Parnassides 1 31 Patina 86 Par●ae 1 72 Parthenopeus 1 178 Pasiphae 1 31 Pat●ra 2 27 Paterpatratus 2 30 , 36 Palagium 2 80 Patroclus 1 228 Patroni 2 67 Pegasus 1 50 Pelops 1 192 Penates 1 81 Penelope 1 248 Pegmata 2 54 Peleus 1 62 Penula 2 80 Pelias 1 160 Part Pag. Pelops 1 190 Pelopidas 1 170 Peloponn●sus 1 192 Penetralia 2 13 Pentathletae 2 44 Perduelionis reus 2 98 Pentheus 1 47 Penthesilia Periander 1 154 Perseus 1 123 Phaedra 1 148 Phaeton 1 31 Phalaris 1 143 Phidias 2 16 Phorbas 25 Phlegrean fields 11 Phleoeton 1 72 Phoebe 1 38 Phaebus 30 Phollus 142 Philomela Philoctetes 138 Phineus Phoci 1 62 Phrixus 1 63 Picus 1 68 Pluto 1 71 , 77 Pirethous 1 146 Penula Platea 261 P●ssinuntia 1 70 Petaurum 2 58

Part Pag Pila 2 58 Pindarus 1 170 Pinarii 2 35 Pistrinum 2 1●2 Planopedes 2 60 Plebiseitum 2 95 Pocula Rom. 2 92 Poena Rom. 128 Pollinct●res 2 76 Pompa 2 50 Pollux 1 150 Polyphemus 1 244 Pontifex Max. 36 Popae 2 36 Porta 2 64 P●rtorium 2 146 Postulatio 2 127 Potitii 2 35 Praecidane● hostioe 24 Praefectus urbis 2 112 Praefectus Praetor . 120 Proefectus annonae 119 Praefectus aerarii 119 Praeficae 2 76 Praerogativa Trib. 2 96 Praetexta toga 2 82 Praepetes 2 31 Praetores 110 Praetoriani milit. 120 Prandium 2 87 Podium 2 49 Polites 1 232 Part Pag. Polybius 1 173 Polydamas 2 46 , 47 Polydorus 1 251 Polymnestor 1 251 Polynices 1 175 177 Polyxena 1 202 Priapus 1 53 , 54 Priests of the gods 2 20 Priamus 1 202 Procustes 1 144 Procyon 1 58 Prometheus 1 12 134 Pegasus 125 Progne 1 266 Pros●rpina 1 71 , 39 Princeps Juventutis 1●1 Princeps milit. 2 138 Proconsul 2 121 Propraetor 2 121 Proletarii 2 97 Promulsis 2 89 Prooemium 2 89 Promulgatio leg . 2 96 Prosoenium 2 55 Proteus 1 142 Provinciae Cons. 2 121 Et Praetoriae 2 121 Pulvinaria 2 13 Puncta publica 2 97 Prothesilans 1 217

Part Pag. Pugiles 2 43 Pumiliones 2 53 Pigmalion 1 253 Pylades 1 2●8 Pyracmon 1 17 Pyramides 2 14 Pyrrha 1 38 Pyrrhus 1 232 Pythia 1 30 or Pythonissa 1 30 Pyra 2 77 Python 1 26 Praefericulum 2 27 Poeulum boni dei 2 93 Prono 1 116 Protervia 2 23 Pyrrene 1 41 Protheus 62 Praeconi subjicere 2 128 Roman punishments 2 128

Q Quadruplatores 2 126 Quaesitores Rom. Judges Quaestores 2 116 Quirinus 2 86 , 65 Quiris 2 71 Quatuorviri 2 119 Quinquereium 2 45 Quirites 2 86

R Part Pag. Raia 1 158 Retiarii 2 43 Rhadamanthus 1 74 Rhea Sylvia 1 17 Rhesus 1 214 Rhodes 1 29 Rhodia 1 29 Roma 2 63 Romulus 2 64 Rostra 2 66 , 77 Rosa 2 111 Recta coena 2 91 Repotia 2 72 Repudium 2 74 Rex Rom. 2 99 Rexsacror 2 29 Robur 2 130 Rudis 2 52 Rude donatus 52 Rusina dea 1 88 Rimmon 1 111 Remphan 1 113 Robigus deus 1 88 Rogus 2 77 Ricinium 2 80 Ricae , Reticulae 2 86

Part Pag. Sabins 2 64 Sacer homo 2 124 Sacrarium 2 17 Sacrificer 2 23 Sacramentum 2 135 Sacrosanctus 2 111 Sagum 2 80 Salii 2 35 Salmacis 1 50 Salmoneus 1 75 Sarpedon 1 214 Saturnus 1 1 Satyrs 1 69 Scaurus 2 56 Scamander 1 199 Scena 2 60 Scenici ludi 2 60 Scriba 2 1●2 Scrobiculus 2 18 Secespita 2 27 Sella curulis 2 66 Semones 1 86 Senaculum 2 66 Senatus 2 104 Senatores 2 105 Fedarii & 2 104 Allecti 2 104 Septa 2 98 Part Pag. Scylla 1 64 Semiramis 2 14 Semele 1 4● Serapis 1 91 Sybele 2 37 Sicheus 1 253 Seige of Troy 1 2●3 Sigeum 1 229 Silenus 1 69 Sirens 1 66 Sysiphus 1 76 Sinon 1 231 Sinois 1 199 Si●plegades 1 162 Sol 1 42 Sparta . 1 195 Spartacus 2 21 Septicolis urbs . 2 64 Sepultura 2 78 Sequestses 2 84 Sestertius 2 128 Sica 2 147 Signa 2 139 Signatores 2 69 Silicernium 2 78 Sinistra pars Mundi Siticines 2 76 Solea 2 86 Sphinx 1 91 Sponsalia 2 69 Stipendiarii 2 146

Part Pag. Stipes noxiales 130 Stola 2 95 Stadium 2 44 Sthelenus 1 215 Strophe 2 2● Steropes 1 17 Styx 2 72 Sylvanus 1 6 Suffragia 2 97 Supplicationes 2 150 Supplicia ● 128 Suyphus 2 92 Sucubula 2 8● Supparum 2 80 Stragulum 2 80

T Tantalus 1 190 〈◊〉 ● 139 Talismans 1 9 Tartaria 1 73 Temples 2 11 Tabella 2 95 Tabul● 2 9● Taeda 2 71 Talio 2 125 Talus 2 58 Torentini ludi 2 61 Taurii ludi 2 59 Tarpeia Rupes 2 61 Part Pag. Tergiductar 2 1●6 Terminalia 2 41 Tessare omnes 2 58 Testamenta 2 125 Testudo 2 143 Theaters 2 55 , 60 Theasae 2 60 Titii 2 35 Togae omnes 2 8● Togeti 2 82 Tormenta 129 Telamon 1 215 Thespius 141 Teleg●nus 1 2●9 Telem iohus 1 249 Telephus 1 211 Tenedos 1 224 Teu●●r 1 199 Ter●ipavium 2 31 or Tripudium Solistim 31 Thalia 1 30 Thaea 1 42 Thebs 1 154 Theagenes 2 48 Themis 1 32 The damas 1 135 Therpsicore 1 ●0 Thersites 1 217 Theseus 1 233 Thetys 1 61 Thassus 171

Part Pag. Thoas 1 130 Thyades 1 44 Thyestes 1 194 Tiresias 1 249 Tisiphones 1 73 Titum 1 2 , 3 , 75 Tithonus 1 55 Taphet 2 21 Tytius 2 35 Trabeae omnes 2 85 Trident 1 60 Trieteria 1 44 Tritons 1 59 Triarii 2 138 Tribuuni 2 114 Tribut 2 98 Triclinium 2 88 Trivet of Apollo 1 34 Triumphus 2 151 Triumviri omnes 2 115 Troja 1 199 Troas 1 200 Troilus 1 202 Tros 1 20 Trojanus ludus 2 61 Trophaeum 2 152 Trossuli 2 102 Tullianum 2 130 Tunicae genera 2 85 Turma 2 136 Part Pag. Turres ambulator 2 142 Tutors 2 115 Turnus 256 Tydeus 179 Tyndarus 150 Typhocus 1 11 Tyrocinium 2 82 Trulla 92 Tragoedia 2 60 Tyberinus 256 Teraphim 1 95 Thalassius 54 Thammuz 1 111 Tholum 2 18 Tuisco 114 Tharamis 115 Theutates 116 Tmolus 142 Thuribulum 2 27 Typhis 161

V Vadari 2 127 Vadimonium 2 127 Valla Orvalli 2 142 Vaticanus 1 86 Venus 1 109 2 23 , 52 Vectigal 137 Velites 2 137

Part Pag. Ventilare 2 62 Vertomnus 1 62 Vespae 2 76 Vesper 1 56 Vesta 1 2 , 4 , 8 Vestal Virgins 1 8 , 9 Vexilla 28 2 236 Vicessimatio 149 Victimae 2 22 , 26 Viminaeus Jup. 2 65 Vindicta 2 67 Vinea 2 143 Viri placa 1 53 Visceratit 2 78 Vertumnus 1 62 Victoria 1 71 Vlysses 1 243 Vomito●ia 2 51 Vmbrae 2 88 Votireus 2 59 Votivi ludi 2 59 Vr 1 109 Part Pag. Vrna 2 78 Vsus 4 72 Vrania 1 69 Vulcan 1 17 , 23 Vxores 2 71 Vrticordia 1 53 Vsurpatio Vsucapionis 2 74 Vncimnati 2 87 Woden 1 115 Wals of Babylon 2 11 , 14 Vinum 2 92 Vitellns 2 90

X Xanthus 1 214

Q Zetus 1 78 Zephyrus 111 Zonam solvere 2 86

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