OF
Natural
Bathes
,
AND
Mineral
Waters
.
CHAP.
I.
Explication
of
the
word
Bathe
.
The
scope
and
argument
of
this
Book
.
The
ancient
use
and
esteem
of
Bathes
among
the
Romans
.
The
modern
use
of
them
among
the
Turks
.
Of
Medicinal
Bathes
,
and
Mineral
Waters
.
Hom
esteemed
by
the
Greeks
,
Latines
,
Arabians
,
and
other
Nations
.
THE
word
Bathe
or
Balneum
is
of
larger
extent
then
I
purpose
to
discourse
of
:
for
it
being
the
name
of
a
form
of
Remedy
applyed
to
the
Body
,
it
may
be
framed
either
out
of
liquid
things
,
or
solid
substances
,
or
vapours
.
Liquid
Substances
are
Water
,
Milk
,
Must
,
Wine
,
Oyle
:
Solid
Substances
are
Sand
,
Salt
,
pressed
Grapes
,
Corn
,
&c.
Vapours
are
Stuphs
and
Hot
Houses
.
My
intent
is
only
to
treat
of
Waters
,
and
principally
of
those
which
be
called
Mineral
,
whether
they
be
used
in
Bath
or
in
Potion
,
&c.
These
kind
of
watry
and
vaporous
Bathes
have
been
in
use
from
all
antiquity
,
and
held
in
great
esteem
,
both
for
pleasure
,
and
for
preservation
of
health
.
For
there
is
no
form
of
Remedy
more
comfortable
to
mans
body
,
or
which
easeth
pain
and
weariness
more
speedily
,
and
more
effectually
.
And
whereas
Hypocrates
commends
those
Remedies
which
do
cure
cito
,
tuto
,
&
jucunde
,
speedily
,
safely
,
and
with
comfort
;
these
Bathes
perform
all
these
intentions
:
and
besides
,
may
be
used
to
all
Sexes
and
Ages
,
and
Temperatures
,
without
hurt
or
inconvenience
,
insomuch
as
the
antient
Romans
had
them
in
very
frequent
use
:
their
Diet
being
liberal
,
and
upon
variety
of
Meats
,
especially
upon
Lettuce
,
Coleworts
,
Asparagus
,
raw
fruits
,
and
such
like
,
which
bred
crude
humours
in
their
bodies
,
and
had
need
of
some
such
help
to
digest
them
:
as
Columella
faith
,
Quotidianam
cruditatem
laconicis
excoquimus
:
We
concoct
our
crudities
by
the
useof
Bathes
.
We
read
in
Plinie
,
that
Agrippa
built
in
Rome
170
publick
Bathes
for
common
use
,
and
Pancirollus
tells
us
of
856
in
Rome
at
one
time
,
De
deper
litis
pag.
164
and
all
of
them
most
sumptuous
and
magnificent
buildings
,
especially
the
Anthonin
and
Dioclesian
Bathes
:
the
Walls
whereof
were
of
admirable
height
,
with
an
infinite
number
of
Marble
Pillars
,
erected
for
ostentation
,
and
not
to
support
any
thing
,
1000
Seats
to
sit
in
;
Their
Caldaria
,
Tepidaria
,
Frigidaria
,
most
sumptuous
and
stately
:
the
whole
fabrick
so
large
and
spacious
,
as
they
resembled
rather
Cities
than
Houses
:
And
so
it
might
well
be
,
when
as
there
were
imployed
for
the
building
of
the
Dioclesian
Bathes
,
as
Baccius
faith
.
40000
men
,
but
Salmuth
faith
,
140000
for
some
years
together
.
De
deper
litis
pag.
164.
They
were
placed
where
now
the
Church
of
Saint
Angelo
stands
.
Bellonius
observat.
lib2.3.6.34
Prosper
Alpinas
de
medicina
AEgyptiorum
.
The
Turks
at
this
day
retain
that
antient
custome
of
the
Romans
,
and
are
in
nothing
more
profuse
,
then
in
their
Temples
and
Bathes
,
which
are
like
unto
great
Pallaces
,
and
in
every
City
very
frequent
.
And
yet
both
the
Romans
and
the
Turks
used
those
Bathes
chiefly
for
pleasure
and
delicacy
,
and
cleanliness
:
the
Romans
going
bare-legged
,
and
their
wayes
dusty
,
had
need
of
often
washing
;
and
the
Turks
lying
in
their
Cloaths
,
subject
to
Lice
and
Worms
,
if
it
were
not
for
their
often
bathing
.
Moreover
,
the
Diet
of
the
Turks
,
though
it
be
more
sparing
then
that
of
the
Romans
,
yet
it
is
little
better
:
namely
,
upon
Herbs
,
Roots
,
raw
fruit
,
&c.
and
their
Drink
,
for
the
most
part
Water
,
being
prohibited
the
use
of
Wine
by
their
Religion
,
must
needs
breed
many
crudities
in
their
bodies
,
yet
by
their
often
bathings
,
they
do
not
only
overcome
them
,
but
get
a
good
habit
of
body
,
their
Women
being
accounted
as
delicate
creatures
as
any
in
the
world
,
who
duly
twice
a
week
resort
to
the
Bathes
.
Now
if
those
Nations
would
bestow
so
much
upon
their
Bathes
of
delicacy
and
pleasure
,
which
were
only
of
pure
Water
;
we
have
much
more
reason
to
adorn
our
Mineral
Bathes
;
which
(
besides
the
former
uses
)
are
also
medicinal
and
very
soveraign
for
many
Diseases
,
consisting
of
wholsome
Minerals
,
and
approved
for
many
hundred
years
,
of
many
who
could
not
otherwise
be
recovered
.
At
the
least
wise
if
we
do
not
beautifie
and
adorn
them
,
yet
we
should
so
accommodate
them
,
as
they
might
serve
for
the
utmost
extent
of
benefit
to
such
as
need
them
.
For
there
is
nothing
in
our
Profession
of
Physick
more
useful
,
nor
in
the
works
of
Nature
more
admirable
,
(
man
only
excepted
,
which
Plato
calls
the
great
miracle
)
then
Natural
Bathes
,
and
Mineral
Waters
.
The
nature
and
causes
whereof
have
been
so
hard
to
discover
,
as
our
antient
Authors
have
written
little
of
them
,
holding
them
to
be
sacred
or
holy
,
either
for
that
they
judged
them
to
have
their
virtue
immediately
from
God
,
or
at
least
from
the
celestial
Bodies
;
from
whence
,
both
their
actual
heat
was
thought
to
be
kindled
,
by
lightnings
or
such
like
impressions
,
and
other
admirable
Virtues
,
and
sometimes
contrary
effects
derived
,
which
appear
in
them
.
Also
divers
miracles
have
been
ascribed
unto
those
Natural
Bathes
,
to
confirm
the
opinion
of
a
supernatural
power
in
them
,
as
Guaynerius
reports
of
the
Bathes
of
Aque
in
Italy
:
and
Langius
out
of
Athenoeus
,
concerning
the
Bathes
of
Edepsus
,
which
both
lost
their
vertue
for
a
time
.
Cap.
●
Epist.
53
.
lib.2
.
The
one
by
the
Magistrates
prohibiting
poor
diseased
people
to
use
them
,
the
other
by
imposing
a
taxation
upon
them
:
but
upon
the
reformation
,
of
those
abuses
were
restored
to
their
former
virtues
again
,
I
need
not
herein
averring
the
opinion
of
Divinity
which
was
held
to
be
in
Bathes
,
make
any
mention
of
the
Pool
of
Bethesda
,
written
of
by
Saint
John
,
and
Nonnus
the
Poet
:
nor
of
the
River
Jordan
,
which
cured
Naaman
the
Syrian
of
his
Leprosie
,
being
indeed
true
miracles
,
and
done
by
a
supernatural
power
●
yet
it
is
likely
that
those
and
such
like
examples
bred
in
the
minds
of
men
a
reverend
and
divine
opinion
of
all
Bathes
:
especially
where
they
saw
such
strange
effects
as
they
could
not
well
reduce
to
natural
Causes
.
And
this
hath
been
the
cause
that
in
old
time
these
mineral
fountains
have
been
consecrated
unto
certain
Deities
:
as
Hamon
in
Lybia
,
unto
Jupiter
:
Thermopilae
,
unto
Hercules
,
by
Pallas
:
among
the
Troglodites
,
another
to
the
Sun
,
&c.
And
at
this
day
we
have
divers
Bathes
which
carry
the
names
of
the
Sun
,
Moon
,
and
Saints
:
and
many
Towns
and
Cities
named
from
the
Bathes
in
them
:
as
Thermae
in
Macedonia
and
Sicily
,
Thermidea
in
Rhodes
,
Aquae
in
Italy
,
Aquisgraue
in
Germany
,
Baden
in
Helvetia
:
and
our
antient
City
of
Bathe
in
Somerset-shire
,
in
honor
whereof
I
have
especially
undertaken
this
labour
,
and
I
perswade
my self
,
that
among
the
infinite
number
of
Bathes
and
Mineral
Waters
which
are
in
Europe
,
there
are
none
of
more
universal
use
for
curing
of
Diseases
,
nor
any
more
commodious
for
entertainment
of
sick
persons
,
then
these
are
.
Besides
this
sacred
conceit
of
Bathes
,
wherewith
in
antient
times
,
the
minds
of
men
were
possest
,
we
may
adde
this
,
that
the
nature
of
Minerals
was
not
so
well
discovered
by
them
,
as
it
hath
been
since
:
and
therefore
we
finde
very
little
written
of
this
argument
,
either
in
Aristotle
or
Hypocrates
,
or
in
Galen
,
De
tuenda
sauit
.
lib.
4
.
cap.
4
.
who
wrote
most
copiously
in
all
other
points
of
Physick
,
yet
concerning
this
hath
little
;
[
](A46281-e4040-b)*
*
See
the
reason
of
this
in
Iones
his
Bathes
Aid
,
fol.
7.
b.
where
also
he
proves
the
inward
use
of
Mineral
waters
among
Physicians
,
as
well
before
,
as
since
the
time
of
Galen
.
and
never
gave
any
of
these
waters
to
drink
inwardly
,
although
he
acknowledgeth
that
they
were
in
use
:
and
for
outward
uses
,
held
them
all
to
be
potentially
hot
.
After
these
Grecians
,
the
antient
Latines
and
Arabians
succeeded
Plinie
,
Celsus
,
Seneca
,
Lucretius
,
Avicen
,
Rhasis
,
Seraphio
,
Averrhoes
,
it
whom
we
finde
some
small
mention
of
natural
Bathes
,
and
some
use
of
Salt
and
nitrous
,
and
Aluminous
waters
,
but
nothing
of
worth
toward●
the
discoverie
of
the
natural
causes
of
them
.
I●
is
likely
they
did
pass
it
over
slightly
,
either
by
reason
of
the
difficulty
in
searching
out
the
cause
of
them
,
or
that
they
judged
them
meerly
metaphysical
.
But
in
later
times
the
nature
and
generation
of
minerals
(
from
whence
the
Baths
proceed
and
from
whence
the
whole
doctrin
of
them
both
for
their
qualities
and
differences
,
originals
and
use
,
must
be
derived
)
being
better
looked
into
and
observations
taken
from
such
as
daily
labour
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
for
the
search
o●
Mines
,
or
such
as
afterwards
prepare
them
for
ou●
necessary
uses
;
we
have
attained
to
better
knowledge
in
this
kinde
,
than
the
Antients
could
have
,
although
in
all
new
discoveries
there
wil●
be
defects
for
succeeding
ages
to
supply
,
so
falls
out
in
this
:
Dies
Diem
docet
:
Aipham
B●ta
corrigit
.
And
although
Agricola
,
Pallopius
,
Baccius
,
Mathetsious
Solinander
,
Libavius
,
&c.
have
added
much
unto
that
which
was
formerly
known
in
this
point
,
and
reformed
many
errors
and
mistakings
in
former
writers
:
yet
they
have
left
many
things
imperfect
,
doubtful
,
obscure
,
controverted
,
and
perhaps
false
,
as
may
appear
in
the
discourse
following
.
I
do
reverence
all
their
worths
,
as
from
whom
I
have
learned
many
things
,
which
else
I
could
hardly
have
attained
unto
;
and
I
acknowledg
them
to
have
been
excellent
instruments
for
the
advancement
of
learning
:
yet
I
hope
it
may
be
as
free
for
me
without
imputation
of
arrogancie
to
publish
my
conceits
herein
,
as
it
hath
been
for
them
,
or
may
be
for
any
other
:
Hanc
veniam
petimusque
damusque
vicissim
.
We
both
this
leave
,
Give
and
receive
.
My
end
and
studie
is
the
common
good
,
and
the
bettering
of
this
knowledge
:
and
if
I
shall
bring
any
further
light
to
increase
that
,
I
shall
be
glad
:
otherwise
my
intent
being
to
search
out
the
truth
,
and
not
to
contradict
others
,
it
will
or
ought
to
be
a
sufficient
protection
for
me
,
wherefore
I
come
to
discourse
of
Mineral
waters
.
CHAP.
II.
Definition
of
Mineral
Waters
.
The
nature
where
of
cannot
be
understood
,
except
first
consideration
be
had
concerning
simple
water
.
Of
which
in
this
Chapter
are
shewed
the
qualities
and
use
.
MIneral
waters
are
such
,
as
besides
their
own
simple
nature
,
have
received
and
imbibed
some
other
qualitie
or
substance
from
Subterran●an
Mynes
.
Libavius
de
judicio
aquarum
●●i●er
.
cap.
1.
I
say
,
besides
their
own
nature
,
because
they
retain
still
their
liquidness
and
cold
,
and
moysture
,
although
for
a
time
they
may
be
actually
hot
from
an
external
impression
of
heat
,
which
being
gone
,
they
return
to
their
former
cold
again
.
I
say
,
imbibed
,
to
distinguish
them
from
confused
waters
:
as
earth
may
be
confused
with
water
,
but
not
imbibed
,
and
will
sink
to
the
bottom
again
:
whereas
such
things
as
are
imbibed
,
are
so
mixed
with
the
water
,
as
it
retains
them
,
and
is
united
with
it
:
being
either
Spirits
,
or
dissoluble
juyces
or
tinctures
;
I
say
from
Subterranean
Mynes
,
to
distinguish
them
from
animal
or
vegetable
substances
,
as
infusions
or
decoctions
of
herbs
,
flesh
,
&c.
Seeing
then
that
the
Basis
of
these
Bathes
or
mineral
fountains
,
is
water
,
we
must
first
consider
the
nature
of
simple
water
,
and
from
thence
we
shall
better
judge
of
Mineral
Waters
,
and
their
differences
.
By
simple
water
I
do
not
mean
the
Element
of
water
,
●●accius
●i●
.
1.
cap.
6
.
for
that
is
no
where
to
be
found
among
mixt
bodies
,
but
I
mean
such
water
as
is
free
from
any
heterogeneal
admixture
,
which
may
alter
either
the
touch
or
taste
,
or
colour
,
or
smell
,
or
weight
,
or
consistence
,
or
any
other
qualitie
,
which
may
be
discerned
either
by
the
senses
,
or
by
the
effects
.
Solinander
lib.
2.
cap.
1.
This
water
therefore
must
have
his
proper
colour
and
taste
,
without
savour
or
smell
,
thin
,
light
,
cold
and
moist
;
if
any
of
these
properties
be
wanting
,
or
any
redound
,
it
is
mixed
and
infected
.
Cold
and
moisture
do
abound
in
water
.
Solinander
lib.
1.
cap.
3.
For
cold
appears
by
this
,
that
being
heated
by
any
external
cause
,
it
soon
returns
to
his
cold
nature
again
,
when
the
cause
of
the
heat
is
removed
.
Quaest.
nat.
2.
Libav
.
pyrotceh
.
cap.
20.
And
whereas
Air
is
held
by
the
Stoicks
to
be
most
cold
;
and
confirmed
by
Sene●a
and
Libavius
,
yet
the
reason
they
give
for
it
,
doth
seem
to
prove
water
to
be
more
cold
,
because
they
make
the
matter
of
air
to
be
water
,
and
to
have
his
coldness
from
thence
.
Meteor
4.
But
Aristotle
holds
the
air
to
be
hot
from
the
efficient
cause
which
●rarified
●it
,
being
of
more
validity
to
make
it
hot
,
than
water
(
the
material
cause
)
to
make
it
cold
.
De
usu
partium
lib.
8.
cap.
3.
Galen
is
of
neither
side
,
for
he
doth
not
judge
it
to
be
hot
,
neither
doth
he
ever
pronounce
it
to
be
cold
:
but
by
reason
of
his
tenuity
,
apt
to
be
altered
either
by
heat
or
cold
.
I
will
not
here
undertake
to
determine
whether
all
be
bred
of
water
,
or
whether
it
be
not
a
distinct
substance
of
it self
,
and
only
receiveth
watry
vapours
into
it
,
being
agreeable
in
cold
,
moisture
,
tenuity
,
&c.
Daneus
phis
.
Christ
part
2.
cap.
9.
Aristol
.
1.
Meteor
cap.
4
:
with
it
,
and
so
lets
them
separate
in
rain
:
and
so
exonerate
it self
of
these
vapours
,
as
also
of
dry
exhalations
by
winds
,
thunder
,
&c.
or
whether
air
be
only
the
efflu●●um
of
the
inferiour
globe
,
being
within
the
orbe
of
his
virtue
:
as
all
Dominion
hath
not
only
a
place
of
residence
and
Mansion
,
but
also
a
verg●
and
territory
where
it
exercifeth
his
authority
and
government
;
so
the
inferior
globe
of
the
earth
,
and
water
hath
his
dominion
beyond
his
own
globe
,
as
likewise
may
be
thought
of
all
other
globes
of
the
Planets
,
&c.
But
these
points
are
impertinent
to
my
purpose
.
It
is
enough
for
me
to
shew
what
I
judge
of
the
temperature
of
the
air
concerning
heat
or
cold
.
And
to
me
it
seem●
most
probable
,
that
the
air
of
it self
should
be
cold
,
as
may
appear
by
this
,
that
it
is
only
heated
by
external
causes
,
which
being
removed
,
the
,
a●
returns
to
his
former
coldness
again
.
So
we
se●
that
within
the
Tropicks
in
Zona
torrida
,
as
long
as
the
Sun
is
within
their
Horizon
,
and
beats
th●
air
with
his
perpendicular
beams
,
it
is
exceeding
hot
,
especially
in
the
vallies
,
where
the
reflection
is
most
;
insomuch
as
Aristotle
held
those
parts
of
the
World
to
be
inhabitable
,
in
regar●
of
the
extremity
of
heat
.
But
after
the
Sun
is
set●
the
air
returns
to
his
natural
coldness
,
until
the
Sun
arise
and
heat
it
again
.
Josephus
Acosta
ur●
geth
this
argument
against
Aristotle
,
about
the
habitableness
of
the
torrid
Zone
,
that
the
daie●
and
nights
being
there
equal
,
the
presence
of
the
Sun
in
the
day-time
may
well
heat
the
air
,
b●●
his
absence
for
twelve
hours
more
in
the
night
reduceth
the
air
to
a
better
temper
:
and
upon
this
and
divers
other
arguments
and
experiences
,
which
cannot
be
denied
,
concludes
,
that
if
there
be
any
Paradise
upon
earth
,
it
is
under
or
near
the
equinoctial
.
The
like
reason
may
be
drawn
from
the
coldness
of
mountains
,
which
being
near
to
the
middle
region
of
the
air
,
and
wanting
that
reflection
of
the
beams
of
the
Sun
,
which
is
in
the
valleys
,
are
continually
cold
,
and
often
covered
with
snow
,
which
would
not
be
if
the
air
were
hot
.
As
for
the
conceit
that
the
middle
region
is
made
cold
by
an
Antiperistasis
,
the
element
of
fire
being
above
it
,
and
the
reflection
of
the
beams
of
the
Sun
beneath
it
,
it
is
an
idle
conceit
.
For
these
heats
on
both
sides
would
rather
heat
than
cool
the
middle
region
by
their
working
upon
it
.
Also
take
away
the
element
of
fire
from
under
the
Moon
,
which
is
an
opinion
now
exploded
by
the
best
Philosophers
,
and
then
what
becomes
of
your
Antiperistasis
?
Davaeus
Philos.
Christ
.
p.2.c.8
.
Cardan
.
de
subtil
.
lib.
2
.
Valesius
contr.
lib.
1
.
cap.
5.
conradus
Assachus
de
triplici
coelo
lib.
1.cap.4
.
Laurent
.
Valla
,
&c.
But
I
shall
speak
more
of
this
Antiperistasis
,
cap.
13.
And
as
for
the
reflection
beneath
,
it
is
a
weak
thing
,
and
will
hardly
extend
to
the
top
of
a
steeple
:
wherefore
this
coldness
of
the
middle
region
is
not
from
any
Antiperistasis
,
but
from
the
nature
of
the
air
,
which
there
is
not
altered
either
by
any
influence
from
above
,
or
by
any
vapours
or
reflection
from
beneath
.
Neither
would
it
be
so
cold
neer
the
Poles
,
if
the
air
of
it self
were
hot
.
But
the
long
absence
of
the
Sun
in
those
parts
,
and
the
oblique
beams
when
it
is
present
,
do
permit
the
air
to
enjoy
his
natural
coldness
.
And
as
the
airis
of
it self
,
and
in
his
own
nature
cold
,
so
is
it
probable
that
it
is
more
cold
than
water
,
seeing
it
hath
a
greater
power
of
condensation
,
than
water
,
as
we
see
it
congeals
water
into
ice
,
snow
,
hail
,
&c.
which
the
water
cannot
do
of
it self
.
For
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
where
the
air
cannot
freely
,
pass
,
water
is
never
found
to
be
congealed
,
unless
it
b●
compasled
by
some
other
substance
equivalent
to
air
in
coldness
,
as
Quick-silver
,
Nitre
,
&c.
where
cold
is
drawn
into
a
greater
compendium
,
than
in
water
,
by
reason
of
the
density
of
their
substances
:
and
in
ice
and
snow
,
the
cold
ma●
be
greater
,
by
reason
of
the
admixture
of
air
,
I●
is
likewise
probable
that
earth
is
more
cold
that
water
,
if
we
consider
it
as
it
is
in
it self
,
and
no●
mixed
with
other
heterogenities
.
Arist.
1.
Meteor
.
cap.
3.
For
as
motio●
causeth
heat
,
and
levity
,
and
rarity
,
so
want
o●
motion
,
which
is
in
earth
,
causeth
coldness
,
density
,
and
ponderosity
.
De
ortu
&
inter
,
lib.
2.&
moteor
.
4.cap.1
.
&
4.
Gal.
de
simpl
.
med.
sac
.
lib.
1.
cap.
8.
Item
de
Elementis
1.
But
it
is
enough
for
o●
purpose
to
prove
both
air
and
water
to
be
cold
.
As
for
moisture
,
Aristotle
holds
the
air
to
be
mos●
moist
,
and
water
most
cold
.
Galen
holds
wate●
to
be
most
moist
.
Aristotles
reason
for
the
predominance
of
moisture
in
Air
is
,
because
it
is
mo●
hardly
contained
within
his
bounds
:
but
the
termination
of
things
proceeds
from
their
opposite
qualities
,
as
moisture
is
terminated
by
dryness
and
dryness
by
moisture
:
and
dryness
doth
a●
easily
terminate
moisture
,
as
moisture
doth
terminate
dryness
.
And
this
difficulty
of
termination
in
air
,
may
more
properly
be
ascribed
to
hi●
thinness
and
tenuity
of
parts
,
than
to
his
moisture
.
For
dry
exhalations
will
extend
themselves
a●
well
as
moist
vapours
;
and
as
it
is
density
that
compacts
,
so
it
is
rarity
that
extends
.
Fire
it self
is
more
hardly
bounded
than
air
,
and
yet
not
moist
.
Valesi●s
co●t
.
lib.
1.
cap.
2.
Those
that
would
reconcile
these
differences
,
do
alledge
that
Galen
speaks
as
a
Physitian
,
and
meant
that
water
was
bumidissimum
medicamentum
:
Aristotle
as
a
Philosopher
meant
it
to
be
humidissimum
elementum
.
But
this
reconciliation
gives
little
satisfaction
.
For
how
the
could
water
be
humidissimum
medicamentum
,
if
it
were
not
humidissimum
elementum
?
For
the
simple
qualities
are
more
intense
in
the
Elements
,
then
in
mixt
Bodies
,
caeteris
paribus
.
We
speake
of
the
proper
operation
of
water
according
to
his
natural
quality
,
and
not
as
it
may
work
by
accident
.
Thinness
and
levity
are
two
other
qualities
of
simple
water
,
which
Hypocrates
commends
,
and
adds
this
experiment
in
another
place
,
that
it
is
quickly
hot
and
quickly
cold
.
Galen
adds
another
experiment
in
the
quick
boyling
of
Peason
and
Beans
.
De
aere
,
aquis
&
locis
.
De
morbis
pop●lar
.
lib.
2.sect.2
.
And
whereas
Galen
produceth
the
boyling
of
Beans
as
a
familiar
example
to
shew
the
tenuity
of
water
,
we
may
gather
that
the
use
of
Beans
was
common
in
those
dayes
,
although
the
Py●hagorean
sect
did
then
much
flourish
,
which
were
thought
to
forbid
the
use
of
them
.
But
I
find
that
here
hath
been
a
great
mistake
,
For
Aristoxenus
who
wrote
of
the
Life
and
Doctrine
of
Pythagoras
,
affirms
that
he
did
delight
much
in
that
kind
of
food
:
and
our
Physitians
commend
them
for
loosing
the
Belly
,
and
drying
of
Rheums
.
Bruerinus
de
re
cibaria
.
Platerus
in
praxi
.
But
it
seems
the
cause
of
this
mistake
was
a
Verse
of
Empedocles
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
O
miseri
a
fabulo
miseri
subducite
dextras
.
Thrice
wretched
men
,
from
Cyams
keep
your
hands
.
As
if
he
had
forbidden
the
use
of
Beans
,
poor
occasion
to
pronounce
them
miserable
which
used
them
.
But
he
meant
it
of
continency
and
abstinence
from
venery
,
as
Aulus
Gellius
doth
intérpret
it
:
where
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
are
understood
to
be
testiculi
.
N●●t
.
Attic.
lib.
4
.
cap.
11
.
de
Divinat
.
1.
In
Aristaeum
quaestione
19.
Cicero
mentioneth
the
the
same
of
the
Pythagoreans
,
but
in
another
sense
,
because
Beans
were
thought
by
their
flatulency
,
to
disturb
our
Dreams
,
and
so
to
hinder
the
divination
which
might
be
gathered
from
them
,
as
also
Middendorpius
judgeth
:
But
t●
return
to
water
:
And
it
is
requisite
that
wa●e
should
have
these
qualities
,
Brerinus
de
re
cibaria
lib.
16.
cap.
17.
in
regard
of
the
manifold
and
necessary
uses
of
it
,
both
for
M●●
and
Beast
,
and
Plants
:
insomuch
,
as
there
is
n●
living
for
any
creature
,
where
there
is
no
wate●
It
was
our
first
drink
to
quench
our
thirst
,
an●
to
distribute
our
nourishment
as
a
vehiculu●
which
it
doth
by
his
tenuitie
;
and
after
the
invention
of
Wine
,
it
was
mixed
therewith
,
●
Virgil
saith
of
Bacchus
,
Poc●laque
inventis
Acheloia
miscuit
●vis
,
And
he
that
first
found
out
the
Vine
,
Mix'd
some
Water
with
his
Wine
.
Where
,
by
Acheloia
,
he
means
not
only
t●
water
of
the
River
Achelous
in
Etolia
,
but●
other
waters
,
as
Macrobius
proves
out
of
A●●
stophanes
and
Ephorus
:
and
Scaliger
saith
th●
the
Greeks
called
all
waters
by
that
name
,
fro●
the
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Saturnal
.
lib.
5
.
cap.
18.
And
since
the
planting
of
Vine
yards
seeing
all
Countries
could
not
be●
Grapes
,
Bacchus
also
taught
the
world
to
make
vinum
è
frugibus
with
water
,
as
Diodorus
Siculus
reports
,
from
whence
the
Egyptians
had
their
Zithum
and
Curmi
,
the
Spaniards
their
Cerea
,
the
Turks
their
Cowset
,
and
we
our
Ale
and
Beer
;
all
which
are
extracted
out
of
Corn
,
by
the
pureness
of
and
tenuitie
of
water
.
Rerum
antiquar
.
lib.
4
.
c.
12.
By
means
whereof
we
have
our
Broths
,
Syrups
,
Apozemes
,
&c.
extracted
with
it
,
as
a
fit
menstruum
to
receive
the
faculties
of
all
medicaments
and
nourishments
,
especially
the
second
qualities
,
and
therefore
it
was
antiently
called
Panspermia
:
besides
the
manifold
uses
in
washing
,
dying
,
&c.
where
that
water
is
accounted
hest
,
which
lathers
most
,
being
mix'd
with
Soap
,
of
which
I
will
not
discourse
farther
.
Levity
is
another
note
of
pure
water
,
alledged
by
many
,
and
serves
well
to
distinguish
it
from
many
mixed
waters
,
whether
we
respect
the
weight
of
it
,
or
the
molestation
which
it
breeds
in
the
bowels
.
Bacciusl
.
●
.
c
.
●
.
This
difference
of
weight
is
hardly
discerned
by
ballance
,
both
because
simple
waters
do
very
little
differ
in
this
point
,
and
also
many
mixt
waters
,
if
they
be
only
infected
with
Spirits
,
and
not
corporal
substances
,
retain
the
same
proportion
of
heaviness
with
simple
water
:
and
also
because
it
is
hard
to
have
great
Ballances
so
exact
,
as
a
small
difference
may
be
discerned
by
them
,
yet
Agricola
reports
that
a
cotyle
of
the
water
of
Pyrene
and
Euleus
,
did
weigh
a
dram
less
then
the
water
of
Euphrates
,
or
Tigris
,
and
therefore
the
Kings
of
Persia
used
●o
drink
of
it
,
and
held
it
in
great
account
,
as
also
the
water
of
the
River
Coaspis
.
De
nat.
eo●
.
que
cffl
.
è
terra
li.
1
.
cap.
15.
Thus
much
for
the
qualities
which
simple
water
should
have
;
for
such
as
it
should
not
have
,
I
shall
not
need
to
spend
time
in
discourse
,
being
either
such
as
the
Senses
will
discover
,
if
it
be
in
taste
,
colour
,
smell
,
or
touch
;
or
the
effects
,
if
it
be
purgative
,
vomitory
,
venomous
,
&c.
Langius
Epist.
lib.
1
.
Epist.
31
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
the
three
Originals
of
Simple
Waters
.
NOW
it
followeth
that
we
shew
from
whence
these
waters
have
their
Original
,
which
is
no
other
then
of
the
mixt
waters
,
saving
that
the
mixt
waters
do
participate
with
some
Minerals
which
are
imbibed
in
them
.
Baccius
lib.
1
cap.
3.4
.
Agric.
de
ortu
&
causis
subter
.
lib.
1.
cap.
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9.
Solinander
l.
2.
cap.
1.
&
lib.
2
.
cap.
3.
They
haue
three
several
Originals
:
the
one
from
moist
vapours
congealed
by
cold
in
the
air
the
second
from
the
earth
;
the
third
by
percolation
from
the
Sea
.
For
the
first
,
it
is
certain
that
our
Springs
and
Rivers
do
receive
great
supply
of
waters
from
the
Air
,
where
vapours
being
congealed
by
cold
,
do
fall
down
upon
the
Earth
,
in
Rain
,
or
Snow
,
or
Hail
,
whereby
the
ground
is
not
only
made
fertile
,
but
our
Springs
are
revived
,
and
our
Rivers
increased
.
1
From
the
Air.
As
we
see
the
Rhine
and
Danubius
to
swell
more
in
Summer
than
in
Winter
,
because
then
the
Snow
which
continually
lyeth
upon
the
Alpes
,
doth
melt
by
the
heat
of
the
Sun
,
and
fills
those
Rivers
,
which
have
their
Originals
from
thence
up
to
the
brinks
.
Also
we
see
daily
after
much
Rain
,
our
small
Lakes
and
Rivers
to
be
very
high
.
Also
upon
much
dryth
our
Springs
fail
us
in
many
places
,
which
upon
store
of
Rain
do
supply
us
again
with
water
.
And
this
is
the
cause
that
in
most
parts
of
Africa
,
near
the
Equinoctial
,
where
it
rains
little
,
they
have
little
water
;
and
many
times
in
two
or
three
dayes
journey
,
can
hardly
find
to
quench
their
thirsts
and
their
Camels
.
Leo
Africanus
speaks
of
an
Army
wherein
were
many
Camels
,
which
in
their
marching
,
coming
to
a
River
,
(
perhaps
it
was
but
a
Brook
)
did
drink
it
dry
.
So
that
we
must
acknowledge
that
the
Earth
receives
much
water
this
way
.
But
how
this
should
serve
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
with
sufficient
for
the
generations
there
,
and
for
perpetual
Springs
,
is
very
doubtfull
;
whereas
Seneca
faith
that
these
waters
do
not
pierce
above
ten
foot
into
the
Earth
:
neither
if
there
were
passages
for
it
into
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
can
the
hundred
part
of
it
be
imployed
this
way
,
but
is
readily
conveyed
by
Rivers
into
the
Sea
.
Quoest
.
natur●
lib.
3.
cap.
7.
Wherefore
although
much
water
be
yielded
to
the
superficies
of
the
Earth
by
Rain
and
Snow
,
and
Hail
from
the
Air
,
yet
not
sufficient
to
maintain
perpetual
Springs
;
seeing
many
times
,
and
in
many
Countries
these
aerial
supplies
are
wanting
,
or
very
spare
,
and
yet
the
Springs
the
same
.
Wherefore
Aristotle
his
opinion
,
which
attributes
all
to
aerial
water
and
vapours
from
thence
,
is
justly
rejected
by
Agricola
,
and
by
our
Countrey-man
Mr.
Lydiat
.
2
Meteorol
.
&
1.
3.
So
that
we
must
find
out
some
other
Originals
,
or
else
we
shall
want
water
for
the
manifold
uses
the
Earth
hath
of
it
.
Deortu
&
causissubt
.
l.
1.
●
.
6.
De
orig.
font
.
cap.
1.
From
the
Earth
they
make
another
Original
of
perpetual
Springs
and
Rivers
,
seeing
the
first
seems
to
be
ordained
by
Nature
only
for
the
irrigation
of
the
superficies
of
the
Earth
,
which
else
would
be
in
most
places
destitute
of
water
,
where
Springs
are
not
,
and
so
would
be
barren
,
Plants
and
Trees
wanting
due
moisture
for
their
nourishment
.
a.
From
the
Earth
.
Wherefore
for
the
perpetuity
of
Fountains
,
and
for
subterranean
generations
,
which
cannot
proceed
without
water
,
they
have
imagined
a
generation
of
water
within
the
Earth
;
some
holding
that
the
Earth
it self
is
converted
into
water
,
as
Elements
are
held
to
b●
mutable
and
convertible
,
the
one
in
the
other
,
As
Ovid
faith
of
the
conversion
of
Elements
:
Resolutaque
tellus
,
In
liquidas
rarescit
aquas
,
&c.
The
Earth
likewise
,
when
once
unty'd
Is
into
Water
rarify'd
.
But
we
must
grant
Ovid
his
Poetical
liberty
and
not
tye
his
words
to
such
a
strict
sense
,
although
Scaliger
in
his
Criticks
would
not
pardon
a
Philosophical
errour
in
the
first
verse
of
his
Metamorphosis
,
for
saying
that
forms
are
changed
into
new
bodies
.
Metam
.
15.
But
unless
there
be
some
reciprocation
between
water
and
air
,
the
other
Elements
are
not
convertible
the
one
into
the
other
.
For
neither
Fire
will
be
converted
into
any
other
Element
being
superiour
to
the
rest
,
and
not
to
be
mastered
by
cold
,
which
only
must
be
the
agent
of
the
conversion
of
it
by
condensation
:
neither
will
the
earth
be
converted
into
water
,
or
any
other
Element
,
as
Pla●●
thinks
in
Timoeo
and
Aristotle
3.
de
coelo
cap.
7.
for
either
heat
or
cold
must
convert
it
.
Heat
cannot
do
it
,
although
it
rarifie
and
attenuate
,
both
for
that
it
consumes
moysture
,
and
also
because
water
is
cold
,
which
it
should
not
be
,
if
it
were
made
by
heat
;
for
every
natural
Agent
works
to
that
end
that
it
may
make
the
Patient
like
it self
:
and
heat
may
convert
earth
into
sume
and
dry
exhalations
,
but
not
into
water
,
for
all
water
which
is
not
eternal
,
is
from
cold
;
likewise
cold
cannot
convert
earth
into
water
,
because
cold
doth
congeal
,
condense
,
and
congregate
,
and
indurate
,
and
not
dissolve
and
attenuate
,
&c.
as
we
see
in
Amber
and
Gumms
.
Neither
will
water
be
converted
into
earth
.
For
by
heat
it
turns
to
vapour
and
air
,
by
cold
into
ice
and
stone
;
wherefore
the
Elements
are
not
changed
the
one
into
the
other
,
unless
it
be
water
and
air
,
which
have
more
affinity
and
more
neighborhood
than
the
rest
.
Aristotel
.
4
.
meteor
.
cap.
10.
&
ultimo
.
And
yet
it
is
doubtfull
,
as
I
have
said
in
the
former
Chapter
:
but
this
generation
of
water
from
the
earth
is
impossible
.
Others
will
have
great
receptacles
of
air
within
the
earth
,
which
flying
up
and
down
,
is
congealed
by
the
coldness
of
Rocks
into
water
,
to
supply
all
wants
.
Valesius
de
sacra
Philosoph
.
passim
.
Others
imagine
huge
Lakes
and
Cisterns
,
primarily
framed
in
the
earth
,
and
supplyed
with
water
,
either
from
vapour
or
air
,
or
from
the
sea
;
which
water
either
by
agitation
,
by
winds
,
or
by
impulsion
from
the
Sea
,
or
by
compression
of
Rocks
,
is
elevated
to
the
superficies
of
the
earth
:
or
else
vapours
from
thence
,
made
by
attenuation
,
either
from
the
Sumand
Starrs
,
or
from
subterranean
fire
kindled
upon
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
;
which
was
pours
ascending
to
the
tops
of
Mountains
,
are
there
congealed
into
water
by
the
coldness
of
the
Rocks
;
where
there
must
be
other
Cisterns
or
Castles
in
the
air
to
feed
the
inferiour
Springs
.
Others
will
make
the
earth
to
be
an
animal
,
and
to
suck
water
by
veins
,
to
serve
his
turn
for
generations
and
nutritions
.
But
why
should
it
suck
more
than
it
hath
need
of
?
and
how
shall
it
cast
it
forth
beyond
the
place
of
use
to
the
superficies
of
the
earth
?
unless
they
will
say
that
the
Mynes
which
suck
it
,
do
puke
it
up
as
Infants
do
when
their
stomachs
are
full
,
which
is
absurd
to
say
.
These
and
such
like
devices
are
produced
for
the
maintaining
of
their
Original
;
which
as
they
are
all
insufficient
to
afford
such
a
proportion
of
water
as
is
requisite
,
so
most
of
them
are
so
improbable
,
and
full
of
desperate
difficulties
,
as
I
am
unwilling
to
spend
time
in
the
rehearsing
of
them
,
or
their
Authors
,
much
more
unwilling
in
the
confuting
of
them
,
to
trouble
my self
,
and
offend
my
Reader
,
only
the
point
of
subterranean
fire
which
hath
taken
deepest
impression
in
most
mens
minds
,
I
shall
speak
of
hereafter
,
when
I
come
to
shew
the
causes
of
the
actual
heat
of
Springs
.
The
third
Original
is
from
the
Sea
,
a
sufficient
storehouse
for
all
uses
,
and
whereunto
the
other
two
may
be
referred
.
3
From
the
Sea
.
For
that
which
falls
from
the
air
,
and
that
which
is
bred
in
the
earth
,
do
proceed
principally
from
the
Sea
.
〈…〉
ortu
&
causiss●●ter
.
lib.
1.
cap.
●
&
9.
Agricola
for
fear
of
wanting
water
for
his
Springs
,
is
contented
to
admit
of
all
these
Originals
,
although
he
relyeth
least
upon
the
Sea
,
because
he
knows
not
how
to
bring
it
up
to
the
heads
of
his
fountains
,
but
is
contented
it
should
serve
for
lower
places
near
the
Sea-cos●
.
As
I
remember
I
have
seen
in
Zeland
at
Westcapell
,
fresh
Springs
colated
from
the
Sea
,
through
banks
of
sand
.
But
I
make
no
doubt
but
that
the
Sea-water
may
serve
all
other
Springs
and
Rivers
whatsoever
,
although
both
far
remote
from
the
Sea
,
and
high
in
situation
.
Neither
shall
we
need
to
flye
for
help
to
those
monstrous
conceits
of
Agitation
,
Compulsion
,
Compression
,
Suction
,
Attraction
by
the
Sun
,
&c.
But
holding
the
sacred
Canon
of
the
Scriptures
,
that
all
Rivers
are
from
the
Sea
,
&c.
I
perswade
my self
,
that
there
is
a
natural
reason
for
the
elevating
of
these
waters
unto
the
heads
of
Fountains
and
Rivers
,
although
it
hath
not
yet
been
discovered
.
For
those
opinions
formerly
mentioned
,
will
not
hold
water
.
Ecclesiastes
1.
My
conceit
therefore
is
this
,
that
as
we
see
in
Siphunculis
,
that
water
being
put
in
at
one
end
,
will
rise
up
in
the
other
pipe
,
as
high
as
the
level
of
the
water
(
whether
by
his
weight
,
or
by
the
correspondence
with
his
level
,
I
will
not
dispute
)
so
it
may
be
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
;
considering
that
the
passages
there
are
more
firm
to
maintain
the
continuitie
of
the
water
with
the
Sea
,
than
any
leaden
pipes
can
be
,
being
compassed
on
every
side
with
many
Rocks
:
as
we
see
in
Venis
,
fibris
&
commissuris
saxorum
.
Now
although
perhaps
this
water
enters
into
the
earth
very
deep
,
yet
the
level
of
it
must
answer
to
the
superficies
of
the
Sea
,
which
is
likely
to
be
as
high
as
the
superficies
of
the
Land
,
Arist.
metroyol
.
cap.
ultimo
lib.
3
seeing
the
natural
place
of
waters
is
above
the
earth
.
And
although
neer
the
Coasts
it
be
depressed
and
lower
than
the
Shore
,
yet
there
is
reason
for
that
,
because
it
is
terminated
by
the
dry
and
solid
body
of
the
earth
:
as
we
see
in
a
cup
or
bowl
of
water
filled
to
the
top
,
we
may
put
in
a
great
bulk
of
silver
in
pieces
,
and
yet
it
will
not
run
over
,
but
be
heightened
above
the
brims
of
the
bowl
.
The
like
we
see
ín
a
drop
of
water
put
upon
a
Table
,
where
the
edges
or
extremities
of
the
water
being
terminated
by
the
dry
substance
of
the
Table
,
are
depressed
,
and
lower
than
the
middle
,
like●
half
globe
:
but
take
away
the
termination
by
moistening
the
Table
,
and
the
drop
sinks
.
[
](A46281-e5660-b)*
*
This
way
of
arguing
is
questioned
by
Dr.
French
,
who
supposeth
the
many
great
Rivers
terminated
in
the
Sea
to
be
a
sufficient
moisture
for
the
taking
away
the
termination
of
the
water
made
by
the
dryness
of
the
earth
,
and
so
to
make
the
globous
Sea
sink
to
an
evenness
.
vid.
French
Yorksh
.
Spaw
.
p.10
,
11
,
12.
〈◊〉
this
be
evident
in
so
small
a
proportion
,
we
may
imagine
it
to
be
much
more
in
the
vast
Ocean
and
our
Springs
being
commonly
at
the
foot
o●
Hills
,
may
well
be
inferior
to
the
Globe
of
th●
Sea
,
if
any
be
higher
,
they
may
perhaps
be
fe●
from
rain
and
snow
falling
upon
the
Mountains
But
if
Josephus
Acosta
,
his
assertion
be
true
,
th●
the
Sea
towards
the
Equinoctial
,
is
higher
tha●
towards
the
Poles
,
then
the
level
of
the
Sea
m●●●
be
much
higher
than
the
top
of
our
highest
Hill●
but
this
is
a
doubtful
assertion
:
yet
I
dare
believe
that
if
it
were
possible
to
immure
a
Sprin●
without
admission
of
air
,
which
might
break
th●
continuitie
with
the
Sea
,
our
Springs
might
b●
raised
much
higher
.
At
Saint
winifrids
Well
i●
Flint-shire
,
though
there
be
no
high
land
neer
i●
yet
the
Springs
rise
with
such
a
violence
,
and
i●
plentifully
,
that
within
a
stones
cast
,
it
drives
●●
Mill.
It
is
likely
that
this
Spring
might
be
raised
much
higher
.
And
whereas
we
see
that
River●
do
run
downwards
to
the
Sea
per
decline
,
it
doth
not
prove
the
Sea
to
be
lower
than
the
Land
,
but
only
near
the
shore
where
it
is
terminated
,
and
in
lieu
of
this
it
hath
scope
assigned
it
to
fill
up
the
Globe
,
and
so
to
be
as
high
as
the
Land
,
if
not
higher
.
For
if
a
measure
should
be
taken
of
the
Globe
of
the
earth
,
it
must
be
taken
from
the
tops
of
the
Mountains
,
and
from
the
highest
of
the
Sea
,
and
not
from
the
Valleys
,
nor
from
the
Sea-coasts
.
This
conceit
of
mine
I
was
fearful
to
publis
;
h
,
and
therefore
had
written
unto
Master
Brigges
,
mine
antient
friend
,
for
his
advice
in
it
,
being
a
point
wherein
he
was
well
studied
:
but
before
my
Letter
came
to
Oxford
,
he
was
dead
.
But
now
I
have
adventured
to
publish
it
,
to
stir
up
others
to
search
out
the
causes
hereof
,
better
than
hath
yet
been
discovered
.
Exorsipse
secandi
,
fungor
vice
cotis
.
Anothers
edge
,
though
blunt
,
I
set
,
And
with
the
Stone
that
's
dull
,
I
whet
.
CHAP.
IV.
Division
of
Mineral
Waters
.
Minerals
descr●bed
.
Their
kinds
recited
.
Of
Earth
,
simpl●
and
mixed
.
Whether
it
give
any
medicinabl●
qualitie
to
Water
.
And
so
of
the
rest
in
th●
following
Chapters
.
THus
much
of
simple
waters
,
and
their
originals
,
which
may
serve
as
Polycletus
hi●
rule
to
judge
mixed
and
infected
waters
by
:
Galen
in
many
places
speaks
of
an
exact
and
sound
constitution
of
body
,
as
a
rule
to
disce●●
distempered
and
disproportionated
bodies
.
An●
thus
much
in
explication
of
the
Gen●s
,
in
the
definition
of
Mineral
Waters
.
Now
I
come
to
Mineral
Waters
,
and
to
the
other
part
of
the
definition
which
we
call
difference
,
&c.
from
Subterranean
Mynes
by
Imbibition
.
These
Mineral
waters
are
either
simple
o●
compound
;
simple
,
which
partake
but
with
some
one
Subterranean
Mineral
;
compound
which
partake
with
more
than
one
.
And
the●●
waters
partake
with
Minerals
,
either
as
they
a●
confused
with
them
,
or
as
they
are
perfectly
mixed
.
Also
these
mineral
waters
,
whether
simple
or
compound
,
are
actually
either
hot
or
cold
the
reason
whereof
must
proceed
from
some
Subterranean
cause
,
as
shall
be
shewed
hereafter
.
Wherefore
we
must
first
know
the
nature
o●
these
Subterranean
Minerals
,
and
their
generation
A
TABLE
OF
MINERALS
WITH
THEIR
QVALITIES
.
-
1.
Earthly
.
-
Simple
,
Dry
,
Cold
,
Astringent
-
or
mixed
with
-
Nitre
-
Fullers
Earth
-
Marle
Abstergent
.
-
-
Allum
-
Coperas
All
sorts
of
Boles
,
Astringent
and
Desiccative
.
-
-
Turfe
-
Bitumen
,
Pex
,
&c.
Fat
,
and
Unctuous
.
Vid.
p.
24
,
25
,
26
-
2.
Stone
,
vid.
p.27
.
-
3.
Bitumina
.
-
Solid
-
Terra
●mpelis
.
-
Succnum
.
-
Ga●a●es
.
-
Am●a
-
Canphora
.
-
Boneo
.
-
Ch●a
.
-
Titantrax
,
five
Carbo
fosslis
.
-
Liquid
-
Petroleum
.
-
Naphtha
.
Potentially
Hot
and
Dry
,
in
the
2.
or
3.
Degree
;
Except
Camphir
,
concerning
the
Nature
and
Qualities
of
which
Autho●sdisagree
,
Vid.
pag.
34.
-
4.
Concrete
Juyces
.
-
Salt
,
Astringent
,
Detergent
,
Purging
,
&c.
Vid.
pag.47
.
-
Nitre
.
-
Sal
Amnoniacum
.
-
Borax
.
-
Altincar
.
Vid.
pag.
44.51
.
-
-
Allum
.
-
Vitriol
.
Very
astringent
,
and
cold
,
Vid.p.
57
,
58.
-
5.
Spirits
.
-
Quicksilver
;
Various
in
it
Qualities
,
vid.p.
61
,
62.
-
Sulphur
;
Moderately
Hot
and
Dry
,
and
somewhat
Cooling
,
vid.
p.63
.
-
Arsenick
-
Auripigmentum
-
Risagalum
,
-
Sandaracha
,
-
Rusma
,
&c.
Venomous
,
vid.
p.65
.
Extreme
hot
and
putrifying
,
p.
66
.
-
Cadmia
-
Natural
,
Liquid
Dangerous
,
and
a
strong
Corrosive
,
-
Factitious
,
Moderately
,
hot
and
cleansing
,
vid.
p.
66.
-
6.
Mean
,
or
half
Metals
;
as
-
Bismutum
,
or
Tin-glas
;
Qualities
not
mentioned
,
vid.
p.67
.
-
Antimony
,
purgeth
vidently
upward
and
downward
,
ib.
-
Bell-metall
,
not
used
n
Physick
,
vid.
p.68
.
-
7.
Metals
-
Perfect
-
Gold
,
Qualities
un●ertain
,
vid.
p.
69.
&
72.
-
Silver
,
Esteemed
Cold
,
Dry
,
Astringent
,
Emollient
,
vid
p.
69.
&
74.
-
Imperfect
-
Hard
-
Iron
,
Opening
and
Astringent
,
vid.
p.70.74
,
75
,
76.
-
Copper
,
Temperate
in
heat
,
less
Astringent
,
and
morecleansing
than
Iron
,
vid.
p.70.77
.
-
Soft
-
Tinn
,
Cold
and
Dry
,
yet
moving
Sweat
,
P.
72.77.78
.
-
Lead
,
Cold
and
Dry
,
vid.
p.72.78
.
&
79.
Place
this
between
page
24
and
25
,
where
the
4th
.
Chapter
of
Minerals
begins
.
●●●om
whence
Mineral
waters
receive
their
●●●rence
,
from
common
simple
water
,
before
●●●n
judge
of
the
nature
and
quality
of
them
,
●er
Actual
or
Potential
.
●●●y
Minerals
,
we
understand
all
inanimate
●●●ect
bodies
bred
in
Mines
within
the
bowels
●●●e
earth
.
I
dare
not
undertake
to
muster
these
●●●ue
order
by
Dichotomies
,
seeing
neither
●icola
nor
Fallopins
,
nor
Libavim
,
nor
,
any
●●●r
that
I
know
,
have
exactly
done
it
,
nor
satisfied
either
others
or
themselves
in
it
:
and
seeing
there
are
divers
Minerals
lately
discovered
,
perhaps
more
may
be
hereafter
,
which
have
●een
known
in
former
times
,
and
therefore
mentioned
;
as
Calaem
in
the
East-Indies
,
●●●ma
and
Terra
ghetta
in
Turkey
,
&c.
Minerals
reduced
to
seven
heads
:
Where●●●
I
will
make
bold
to
reckon
them
up
as
they
●●●e
to
hand
in
seven
ranks
.
The
first
shall
be
earth
.
Earth
,
whether
it
be
bred
ab
exbalatione
sicca
Earth
.
●●●igerata
,
or
ex
mistis
per
putredinem
in
fimum
●●●versis
,
or
ex
lapidibus
sole
aut
●alore
cockis
&
●●●de
aqua
solutis
,
&c.
Earth
.
It
is
all
inconcrete
.
As
●●●tle
water
gleweth
it
together
in
Lutum
,
so
a
●●●t
deal
dissolves
it
.
But
this
is
no
proper
dis●●●tion
,
but
only
a
disjoyning
of
parts
by
Im●●●ng
the
moisture
which
conjoyned
them
into
greater
proportion
of
water
;
for
waters
do
●●●urally
run
together
,
like
drops
of
quick-silver
,
melted
metal
.
Wherefore
seeing
the
moisture
●●ch
is
in
the
earth
,
is
not
natural
,
but
adven●●●ous
,
not
united
essentially
,
but
only
mixed
●●●identally
,
it
may
well
be
called
an
inconcrete●●●stance
●●●stance
,
whose
moisture
is
easily
drawn
from
it
,
being
ready
to
unite
it self
with
other
moisture
and
leave
his
old
body
as
it
found
it
,
Agric.
de
nat.
fossil
.
lib.
1.
cap.
4.
that
is
dust
:
yet
so
as
that
water
retains
with
it
soo●
taste
or
qualitie
which
it
received
from
the
ear●●
Agric●de
nat
,
fossil
.
Lib.
1.
Cap.
4.
This
dust
is
neither
a
simple
body
,
as
Elements
are
,
nor
permanent
in
one
and
the
sam●
kind
:
but
as
it
is
thought
to
participate
with
an●mates
vegetables
,
and
minerals
,
so
to
be
tran●muted
into
any
of
them
,
being
both
Mother
and
Nurse
to
all
terrestrial
bodies
.
Simple
earth
,
if
it
be
not
mixed
with
other
substances
,
is
dry
and
cold
,
and
Astringent
.
B●●
if
it
be
mixed
,
as
commonly
it
is
,
it
altereth
h●●
qualitie
according
to
the
mixture
.
Mine
inte●
is
to
write
of
it
as
it
is
simple
,
and
so
of
the
rest
.
Simple
earth
yields
but
a
muddie
water
of
self
,
and
of
no
use
in
Physick
,
but
if
it
be
mixed
with
other
Minerals
,
it
makes
,
the
water
to
participate
with
the
qualitie
of
those
Minerals
also
As
if
it
be
mixed
with
Nitre
,
as
in
Fullers
eart●
and
Marle
,
it
makes
the
water
abstergent
like
soap
.
If
with
Allum
or
Copperass
,
astringer
and
more
desiccative
,
as
in
all
sorts
of
Boles
.
with
Bitumen
,
fattie
and
Unctuous
,
as
in
Tu●
and
Peate
,
&c.
We
have
divers
examples
all
sorts
.
Baccius
lib.
5
.
Cap.
1.
The
Bath
of
Mount
Otbon
in
Italy
full
of
clay
,
which
is
a
kind
of
Bole.
The
Ba●
Caldaria
,
full
of
Ocre
.
The
Bath
of
Saint
Pet●
full
of
a
yellow
earth
,
tincted
belike
with
som
other
Minerals
.
Wherefore
these
are
to
be
judge
of
according
to
the
several
Minerals
which
the
contain
.
But
seeing
earth
it self
makes
little
impression
into
water
,
neither
do
we
make
any
Physical
use
of
waters
,
which
contain
nothing
but
earth
,
I
need
not
spend
any
time
about
them
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Stone
.
THe
second
shall
be
Stone
.
Stone
is
another
Mineral
substance
,
concrete
and
more
heavy
than
earth
,
and
our
Mineral
men
confound
themselves
much
in
the
definition
of
it
.
De
metallis
cap.
6
.
Wherefore
Fallopius
implores
the
help
of
Marcus
Antonius
Janna
about
it
,
as
one
of
the
most
difficult
points
in
Philosophie
:
but
in
the
end
,
defines
it
by
his
want
of
dissolution
,
either
by
heat
or
moysture
.
And
whereas
it
is
manifest
that
some
stones
will
melt
,
he
imputes
it
to
the
admixture
of
some
metal
,
among
which
he
reckoneth
glass
.
Others
define
it
by
his
hardness
,
wherein
commonly
it
goeth
beyond
others
Minerals
.
But
you
shall
have
some
stones
softer
than
some
of
those
,
and
therefore
the
definition
is
not
good
.
Others
by
this
,
that
being
broken
or
calcin'd
,
they
will
not
be
consolidated
again
into
their
former
consistence
or
shape
.
But
for
breaking
,
the
reason
of
that
,
is
want
of
fusion
;
for
without
fusion
or
ignition
,
which
is
a
kind
or
degree
of
fusion
,
Metals
also
being
broken
,
will
not
be
consolidated
into
the
same
Masse
again
.
And
there
is
no
more
difference
in
nature
or
essence
,
between
a
whole
stone
and
a
broken
,
than
there
is
between
a
mass
of
Metal
,
and
the
powder
or
filings
of
the
same
.
As
for
calcination
,
other
minerals
may
be
so
far
calcin'd
,
and
brought
to
a
Crocus
by
fire
,
as
they
will
be
irreducible
,
therefore
this
is
not
proper
to
stone
.
Wherefore
I
am
of
Fallopius
his
opinion
in
this
point
,
and
the
rather
because
otherwise
there
would
seem
to
be
a
species
in
nature
wanting
,
if
there
were
not
Mineral
Species
wanting
,
dissolution
by
heat
or
moysture
,
as
well
as
there
are
,
having
such
dissolution
.
And
this
vacuum
which
nature
abhors
,
is
not
only
to
be
understood
of
a
local
vacuity
,
but
also
of
a
want
b●
such
species
as
are
in
natures
power
to
produce
,
for
the
ornament
of
the
World
.
For
if
it
be
a
natural
passion
to
be
dissolved
,
it
is
likewise
a
natural
passion
not
to
be
dissolved
:
and
if
some
things
will
be
dissolved
both
by
heat
and
moysture
,
as
Salts
,
why
should
there
not
be
other
substances
which
will
be
dissolved
by
neither
of
them
.
And
this
must
be
stone
,
for
nature
affords
none
other
.
Moreover
,
according
to
Aristotle
〈◊〉
Quoe
concreverunt
a
frigido
&
a
calido
,
a
null●●storum
dissolvuntar
;
Those
things
which
come
together
by
heat
or
cold
,
are
dissolved
by
neither
of
them
:
Of
this
kind
are
stones
which
could
never
attain
to
such
purity
as
many
of
them
have
,
if
they
were
not
congealed
by
heat
as
well
as
by
cold
.
Also
under
what
species
shall
we
comprehend
Diamonds
,
Talcum
,
black-Lead
,
which
some
think
to
be
pnigitis
,
Magnetis
,
Glymmer
,
Katzensilber
,
pyrimachus
,
amiantus
,
alumen
plumosum
,
saxum
arenarium
mortnum
,
&c.
if
not
among
Stones
?
yet
these
are
confessed
to
be
invincible
by
fire
or
water
.
Also
all
pretious
Stones
,
the
more
noble
and
pretious
they
are
,
the
more
they
resist
dissolution
either
by
fire
water
:
for
this
quality
sheweth
the
perfection
of
their
mixture
.
True
it
is
that
some
stones
will
be
dissolved
by
fire
or
water
,
and
therefore
Pliny
and
Agricola
divide
Stones
into
fusible
and
infusible
:
but
this
is
in
regard
of
other
substances
bred
in
the
stone
;
which
if
it
be
Metal
,
the
fusion
will
be
Metalline
:
If
Nitre
or
mean
Minerals
,
it
will
be
Vitrificatory
.
As
Pliny
reports
of
the
invention
of
Glass
by
certain
Merchants
,
who
melting
Nitre
upon
the
Sand
in
Syria
,
where
with
Clods
of
Nitre
they
had
made
a
Furnace
for
their
necessary
use
;
found
that
clear
Metal
which
we
call
Glass
,
Ecce
liquato
nitro
oum
arenis
visi
sunt
rivi
fluxisse
nobilis
liquoris
.
Behold
,
with
the
Sand
,
when
the
Nitre
was
melted
,
ran
streams
of
a
noble
liquor
.
If
Sulphur
,
as
in
Pyrite
,
it
will
likewise
melt
and
strike
fire
.
And
whereas
the
striking
of
fire
out
of
a
flint
or
Pyrites
,
or
any
other
thing
that
will
strike
fire
,
is
held
by
all
men
to
proceed
from
the
kindling
of
air
,
by
the
collision
of
two
hard
substances
together
,
they
are
mistaken
.
For
then
Diamonds
,
Chrystal
Glass
,
&c.
should
strike
fire
as
well
as
flints
;
but
it
is
the
Sulphur
contained
in
them
:
And
G.
Fabricius
in
his
observations
,
although
he
observes
not
the
reason
of
this
fire
,
yet
he
confesseth
that
out
of
any
Pyrites
è
quo
excutitur
ignis
,
etiam
●xcoquitur
sulphur
;
Out
of
which
fire
is
struck
,
Sulphur
also
is
to
be
had
.
Pliny
gives
the
reason
of
the
name
,
quia
inest
illi
ignis
;
Because
fire
is
in
it
.
The
like
we
observe
in
Indian
Canes
,
and
some
Woods
that
are
unctuous
,
and
●ull
of
Oyle
,
which
yield
fire
by
frication
,
or
collision
,
not
by
kindling
the
air
thereby
,
but
inflamable
Oyle
in
them
.
For
air
being
cold
and
moist
,
as
hath
been
proved
before
,
hath
no
agreement
with
fire
,
no
more
then
oyle
hath
with
water
.
And
therefore
flame
is
not
the
kindling
of
air
(
‛
slamma
non
est
aer
accensus
)
but
of
fub
ginous
vapours
,
which
have
some
unctuousness
〈◊〉
them
,
and
arise
from
the
mater
of
fewel
,
and
ha●
some
inflamable
parts
remaining
in
them
:
whi●●
neer
unto
the
matter
of
fuel
,
do
cause
a
manife●
flame
:
but
farther
off
,
no
flame
doth
appear
:
y●
so
as
if
you
hold
Flax
near
unto
the
flame
,
thou●
it
touch
it
not
,
yet
it
will
kindle
,
by
reason
t●
fire
extends
further
then
it
is
visible
,
being
a
p●
lucide
and
transparent
body
,
and
thinner
then
〈◊〉
air
it self
.
Verulamius
de
vita
&
morte
,
pag.
418.
&
453.
And
this
is
held
to
be
the
cause
w●
it
is
not
visible
under
the
Moon
.
And
where
without
air
fire
goes
out
,
and
is
extinguished
,
〈◊〉
reason
is
,
because
the
fuliginous
vapours
want●
evaporation
,
do
recoyle
upon
the
fireand
cho●
it
.
This
is
evident
in
cupping-glasses
,
and
making
of
Char-coal
:
where
if
the
air
be
altog
ther
excluded
,
the
fire
goes
out
;
if
but
in
p●
then
although
the
flaming
be
hindred
,
yet
〈◊〉
fire
doth
penetrate
the
fewel
,
and
so
conver●
to
coals
:
which
by
reason
of
the
fuliginous
pours
,
are
commonly
black
.
Do
neglecta
stirpium
culturâ
problem
.
13.
Bellonius
s●
that
Char-coals
made
of
the
wood
of
the
O●
cedar
tree
,
are
white
;
which
must
be
ascrib
as
I
think
,
to
the
small
quantity
of
fuligin●
vapours
which
that
wood
doth
yield
:
or
〈◊〉
that
those
vapours
are
rather
sulphurous
,
then
any
other
combustible
substance
.
As
wee
that
Tinby
Coals
will
not
black
linnen
,
be
hanged
in
the
smoak
of
them
,
but
rather
whiten
it
,
by
reason
of
the
drying
and
penetrating
quality
of
Sulphur
,
which
will
make
red
Roses
white
.
But
what
shall
we
judge
of
those
Lamps
,
which
have
been
found
burning
in
old
Sepulchres
?
some
of
them
(
if
we
may
believe
Histories
)
having
continued
1500
years
together
,
as
that
which
was
found
in
Paulus
the
third
his
time
,
of
Tullia
,
Ciceroes
Daughter
:
and
another
of
Maximus
Olibius
,
near
unto
Padua
,
as
Bernardinus
Scardco
reports
.
It
seems
here
was
no
air
to
maintain
the
Lamps
,
being
closely
shut
up
in
glasses
,
and
therefore
they
burnt
without
air
,
and
were
not
extinguished
,
by
reason
they
bred
no
fuliginous
vapours
to
choak
them
.
Now
whether
these
Oyles
which
fed
the
Lamps
were
made
by
Art
out
of
Gold
,
as
some
think
,
and
I
hardly
believe
,
or
rather
out
of
some
pure
kind
of
Naphtha
,
which
is
most
probable
,
I
leave
to
others
to
judge
:
only
I
judge
it
to
be
the
purity
of
that
Oyle
,
which
yielded
no
fuliginous
vapours
to
choak
the
fire
.
If
air
had
maintained
the
flame
,
it
had
not
continued
two
minutes
,
for
it
would
have
been
spent
and
wasted
by
the
fire
.
Wheresore
ignis
non
est
aer
accensus
.
If
other
concrete
juice
be
mixed
with
Stone
,
as
Salt
,
Allum
,
Vitriol
,
&c.
it
makes
them
to
relent
in
water
or
moist
air
;
and
these
Stones
are
never
good
to
build
withal
.
Erastus
disput.
part.
2.
p.
105.
But
let
us
take
Stone
as
it
is
in
it self
,
without
the
admixture
of
other
Minerals
,
and
we
shall
find
it
to
be
indissoluble
and
invincible
,
either
by
fire
or
water
.
Metallurgians
,
Refiners
,
and
Assay
Masters
,
may
make
use
of
this
for
their
Shribs
,
Tiegles
,
Muffels
,
Copels
,
Tests
,
Hearths
,
Crucibles
,
Furnaces
,
&c.
where
they
desire
a
defensible
substance
against
fire
.
But
it
requires
a
preparation
to
cleer
it
from
all
combustible
and
dissoluble
admixture
:
as
they
may
easily
do
,
after
they
have
powdred
their
Stone
,
to
calcyne
〈◊〉
and
wash
it
well
.
This
work
being
often
repeated
,
will
make
it
fit
for
their
purpose
:
an●
they
may
use
it
either
alone
in
the
same
manne●
as
they
do
bone-ashes
,
or
they
may
mix
it
with
their
lome
,
brick-dust
,
gestube
,
&c.
Also
the●
may
make
Bricks
of
it
for
their
Furnaces
,
which
will
hardly
receive
any
injury
from
fire
.
Talcu●
also
is
a
Stone
invincible
of
it self
by
fire
:
and●
Bricks
made
of
Clay
that
is
full
of
it
,
as
th●
Guendern
Clay
in
Cornwall
,
will
hardly
mel●
with
any
heat
.
Stones
are
naturally
dry
an●
cold
,
and
astringent
like
a
concrete
earth
.
Simple
Stones
which
have
no
other
Mineral
mixed
with
them
,
and
are
come
to
their
perfection
,
being
indissoluble
,
either
by
fire
or
water
:
can
yield
no
quality
or
virtue
to
Bathes
,
an●
therefore
he
that
seeks
to
draw
any
virtue
fro●
stone
into
water
,
doth
lapidem
lavare
,
that
is
labour
in
vain
.
But
by
reason
of
admixtures
they
may
,
or
whilest
they
are
in
succo
lapidescerte
,
before
they
are
concreted
.
For
if
it
be
certain
that
Metals
may
yield
virtue
to
Bathes
,
being
alike
indissoluble
by
water
,
there
is
no
reason
but
Stones
also
may
.
In
ingressu
ad
infirmos
p.
373
.
Venustus
in
consilio
pro
Petro
Picardo
.
Fallopius
is
again●
it
in
both
,
but
contradicted
by
Julius
Caesar
Clandinus
,
and
divers
others
;
yet
he
confesse●
that
Balncum
montis
Grotti
,
hath
Gyps
〈◊〉
and
Gesner
affirms
the
same
of
the
Bathes
of
Eugesta
.
Baccius
●tym
.
Also
he
finds
ramentd●mdrmoris
in
Balneo
Corsenae
&
Agnatio
blit
he
judgeth
that
they
receive
no
quality
but
from
the
juice
,
and
I
doubt
not
but
he
is
in
the
right
.
And
for
succus
lapidescens
,
we
have
many
examples
in
Agro
Pisano
&
Lucensi
in
Italy
,
in
Avernia
in
France
,
where
this
juice
is
so
plentifully
brought
by
a
clear
Spring
,
that
after
it
is
congealed
,
the
people
dig
the
stones
,
and
have
made
a
great
Bridge
of
them
.
Also
neer
Vienna
in
Savoy
,
in
a
Village
called
Giret
,
is
a
clear
Fountain
which
turns
to
stones
as
hard
as
flints
:
Pliny
makes
Tnention
of
the
like
Springs
in
Eubea
,
which
are
hot
:
and
Vitruvius
of
the
like
at
Hieropolis
in
Phrygia
:
Also
Josophus
Acosta
of
the
like
hot
Springs
in
Guaniavilica
in
Pern
,
which
turns
to
stone
,
whereof
they
build
their
houses
.
Anthonio
de
Herreza
,
cap.
20.
tells
of
the
same
Spring
at
Guainia
at
Velica
,
which
turns
to
stone
as
it
riseth
,
and
kills
those
that
drink
of
it
.
Also
this
Succus
lapidescens
is
observed
in
the
Bathes
of
Apono
,
where
it
is
converted
into
stone
upon
the
sides
of
the
Bath
.
Also
in
the
Bath
of
Rancolani
,
where
this
juice
is
not
confused
,
but
perfectly
mixed
with
the
water
,
and
being
imbybed
by
Plants
,
it
hardens
them
like
stone
.
Baccius
tells
us
of
a
Cave
by
Fileg
in
Transilvania
,
which
turns
water
into
stone
.
Lib.
6.
●
.
14.
The
like
is
found
at
Glainstayns
in
Scotland
,
as
Hector
Boetius
reports
.
In
England
also
we
have
many
Fountains
which
turn
wood
into
stone
;
which
must
be
by
reason
of
this
Succus
lapidescens
mixed
with
the
water
.
Coral
also
being
a
Plant
,
and
nourished
with
this
juice
,
turns
to
stone
:
so
doth
the
seed
of
Lithospermon
or
Gromel
.
Thus
much
of
Stone
.
CHAP.
VI
Of
Bitumen
.
His
kinds
,
qualities
.
Of
Campli●
in
particular
.
That
Bitumen
is
predominan●
in
the
waters
of
Bathe
.
NExt
I
come
to
those
Minerals
which
we
cal
Bitumina
,
which
are
mineral
substance
that
burn
and
waste
in
the
fire
without
metallin●
fusion
,
or
ingression
.
The
greatest
affinity
they
have
,
is
with
Sulphur
:
but
this
hath
ingression
into
metal
,
and
therefore
I
rank
it
among
the
Spirits
,
and
Bitumen
hath
none
.
Of
this
kind
some
are
solid
,
and
some
liquid
.
Solid
,
as
Succinum
Gagates
,
Ambra
,
Camphora
,
Terra
Ampell●
Lithanthrax
,
sive
Carbofossilis
,
&c.
Liquid
,
〈◊〉
Petroleum
and
Naphta
.
All
these
are
great
fuel
to
fire
,
especially
those
that
are
liquid
,
which
are
thought
to
draw
fire
unto
them
,
if
it
be
within
their
effluvium
:
So
Pliny
reports
that
Medl●
burnt
Creusa
by
anointing
her
Garland
with
Naphtha
:
and
Strabo
tells
how
Alexander
Bath-master
Athenophanes
,
had
almost
burn●
Stephanus
,
a
Boy
in
the
Bath
,
by
sprinkling
Naptha
upon
him
,
if
it
had
not
been
suddenly
quenched
.
And
this
is
that
juice
or
thick
water
which
Plato
in
Times
reckons
among
fires
and
which
the
Egyptians
used
in
their
Sacrifices
,
Machab.
2.
1.
and
was
hidden
by
the
Jewish
Priests
in
a
dty●
pit
for
70
years
,
and
afterwards
found
by
Nebemi●h
.
But
whereas
it
is
a
common
received
opinion
,
that
some
of
these
Bitumina
will
burn
in
water
,
I
cannot
believe
it
;
although
.
Pliny
and
Agricola
,
and
most
that
have
written
since
,
out
of
them
do
averr
it
,
and
bring
arguments
and
examples
to
prove
it
.
For
although
water
were
a
fewel
to
fire
,
as
oyle
is
,
yet
there
can
be
no
fire
without
air
,
and
water
excludes
air
;
and
so
doth
oyle
,
if
the
fire
be
beneath
it
,
and
covered
with
it
:
As
for
their
arguments
,
they
say
that
Bitumen
being
sprinkled
with
water
,
burns
more
,
and
therefore
water
is
a
fewel
to
it
:
as
wee
see
that
Smiths
cast
water
upon
their
Sea-cole
in
their
Forges
:
but
the
reason
of
this
is
,
because
their
Coal
being
small
like
dust
,
the
water
makes
it
to
cake
and
bake
together
,
where
otherwise
the
blast
would
blow
it
way
:
also
it
hinders
the
quick
burning
of
it
,
and
so
makes
it
continue
the
longer
:
so
in
a
Vulcano
after
Rain
,
they
find
the
fire
to
burn
more
,
when
the
Bitumen
is
smal
,
and
in
dust
.
Although
this
may
be
a
reason
of
it
,
that
the
Lyme
which
hath
there
been
calcined
,
being
by
Rain
dissolved
,
increaseth
the
fire
.
And
whereas
they
say
that
water
will
kindle
Bitumen
,
and
quench
Sulphur
it
is
not
so
:
neither
doth
their
example
of
Wild-fire
prove
it
.
For
in
Wild-fire
,
besides
Bitumen
and
Camphir
,
there
is
a
double
proportion
of
quick
Lymes
,
which
by
reason
of
the
sudden
dissolution
of
his
Salt
,
by
the
effusion
of
water
,
is
apt
to
kindle
any
combustible
matter
;
not
by
reason
of
any
Bitumen
in
the
Lyme
,
as
some
imagine
,
nor
of
any
Empyreuma
which
the
fire
hath
left
in
it
,
a●
Fracasturius
thinks
:
for
,
how
can
there
be
any
Bitumen
left
in
the
Lyme
(
if
there
were
any
〈…〉
first
,
)
after
calcination
:
the
fire
would
have
consumed
that
before
any
thing
else
.
De
sympath
.
&
antipath
.
C●.
10
.
And
as
fo●
any
Empyreums
,
it
is
certain
that
the
more
any
thing
is
burnt
,
although
the
fire
leave
an
adustio●
in
it
,
the
less
apt
it
is
to
burn
again
,
especially
being
burnt
and
calcin'd
ad
calcem
aut
cinere●
where
all
the
combustible
matter
is
spe●●
Wherefore
it
must
needs
be
by
the
violent
motion
which
is
in
the
sudden
dissolution
of
the
S●
in
it
,
as
appears
by
the
crackling
it
makes
:
〈…〉
ex
motu
fit
calor
;
And
motion
causeth
heat
The
like
we
observe
in
Pyrite
sterili
,
where●
they
make
Vitriol
,
which
being
broken
an●
laid
up
in
heaps
,
and
moistned
with
water
,
w●
gather
heat
,
&
kindle
any
combustible
matter
p●
to
it
.
The
like
we
find
also
in
Allum
Mines
,
&c
where
those
mineral
juices
being
concrete
in
th●
Mine
,
when
they
come
to
sudden
dissolution
d
〈…〉
grow
hot
,
and
will
kindle
fuel
.
And
as
for
th●
example
of
the
Salt
Lake
whereof
Agrico●
writes
,
between
Strapel●
and
Seburgh
,
which
burns
the
fishermens
nets
if
they
be
put
near
th●
bottome
:
and
of
the
Lake
Sputa
,
in
Medi●
mentioned
by
Strabo
,
which
burns
Cloths
put
into
it
:
I
take
that
to
be
by
reason
of
th●
corr●sive
quality
of
the
Salt
which
frets
them
being
stronger
near
the
bottome
;
and
not
fro●
Bitumen
,
as
Agricola
thinks
.
De
nat
●●y
.
q.
efslu
.
è
te●●a
.
l.
4.
●
.
22.
The
like
I
judg
of
the
Lake
by
Denstadt
in
Turingia
.
And
is
very
probable
that
Salt
being
heavier
the
Water
,
will
be
most
towards
the
bottome
:
as
is
reported
of
the
fountain
Achilleus
in
Mileto
,
whose
water
is
very
sweet
and
fresh
above
,
and
very
salt
towards
the
bottom
.
So
is
the
water
of
Agnano
in
Italy
,
as
M.
Sandys
reports
in
his
travels
.
And
the
more
heavy
and
terrestrial
any
sait
is
,
the
more
corrosive
it
is
:
and
so
contratywise
,
the
more
corrosive
,
the
more
heavy
.
Aristotle
asfirms
the
Sea-water
to
be
more
salt
at
the
bottom
than
above
:
and
so
doth
Pliny
,
who
likewise
makes
mention
of
the
Lake
Ascanius
in
Chalcide
,
whose
top
is
sweet
,
and
bottom
nitrous
.
Metcor
.
2.
Baccius
writes
the
like
of
a
Well
near
Toletum
in
Spain
,
the
water
whereof
is
sweet
above
,
and
corrosive
beneath
;
which
he
judgeth
to
be
from
Quick-silver
.
Lib.
2.
●
.
II.
Fallopius
is
also
of
opinion
,
that
Bitumen
doth
not
only
burn
in
water
,
but
is
nourished
by
water
,
because
it
makes
the
fire
to
last
longer
.
De
Thermis
.
c.5
But
I
have
shewed
the
reason
of
that
before
.
And
for
the
burning
in
water
,
he
should
have
said
upon
the
water
;
for
there
it
will
burn
as
long
as
it
swimmeth
;
but
dip
it
under
the
water
,
and
it
is
presently
extinguished
.
And
whereas
some
report
that
Queen
Ann
of
blessed
memory
,
being
in
our
Kings
Bath
,
there
arose
a
flame
of
fire
like
a
candle
from
the
bottom
of
the
Bath
to
the
top
near
unto
her
,
they
must
give
me
leave
not
to
believe
it
,
but
rather
to
think
they
were
mistaken
:
for
,
I
am
not
bound
to
believe
any
thing
against
reason
,
which
God
hath
given
me
to
be
my
guide
.
It
might
have
been
some
bubble
of
wind
which
is
frequent
in
our
Baths
,
or
some
bituminous
matter
not
dissolved
in
the
water
,
did
arise
,
and
being
at
the
top
,
dissolve
it self
upon
the
surface
in
the
form
of
a
circle
;
but
it
could
not
be
kindled
.
And
if
it
might
be
kindled
in
the
water
(
which
were
impossible
)
yet
in
all
likelyhood
it
would
have
burnt
better
above
the
water
than
within
it
,
and
not
be
presently
extinct
,
as
they
report
.
These
Bitumina
(
excepting
Camphir
)
are
potentially
hot
and
dry
in
the
second
or
third
degree
;
but
concerning
Camphir
there
are
two
doubts
.
Of
Camphir
.
First
,
whether
it
be
a
Bitumen
or
a
Gum.
Secondly
,
whether
it
be
hot
or
cold
.
Seyaphio
de
●imp
.
m.
d.c.
344.
The
Arabians
aff●●
it
to
be
the
gum
of
a
huge
tree
with
white
leaves
,
under
whose
shadow
many
wild
beasts
may
lye
and
that
after
earth-quakes
there
is
great
plenty
found
;
that
it
is
in
quality
cold
and
dry
in
th●
third
degree
;
some
late
writers
follow
them
i●
their
opinion
of
a
Gum
,
as
Mathiolus
,
Amat●
Lusitanus
,
Garcias
ab
borto
,
&c.
Plateareus
hold
it
to
be
the
juyce
of
an
herb
.
Avicen
.
lib.
I.
tract.
1
.
c.z.
Item
.
l.2
.
tract.
2
.
cap.
133.
Item
.
de
med.
cordial
,
tract
.
z.
cap.
3.
But
we
must
consider
that
they
make
two
sorts
of
Camphir
,
th●
one
of
Borneo
,
the
other
of
Chyna
.
For
that
〈…〉
Chyna
they
confess
it
is
adulterated
with
Bitumen
:
and
that
is
the
only
Camphir
in
use
with
us
.
But
that
of
Borneo
to
be
a
simple
Gum
,
and
that
a
pound
of
this
is
valued
as
dear
as
an
hundred
pound
weight
of
the
other
.
So
that
all
th●
doubt
lieth
in
this
Camphir
of
Borneo
;
which
whether
it
be
a
Gum
or
no
,
is
still
in
controversie
.
For
the
Arabians
not
trading
into
those
parts
had
the
notice
hereof
only
from
others
,
as
Serapio
and
Avicen
do
confess
:
and
Amatus
Lusitanus
faith
the
inhabitants
will
not
suffer
stranger
to
come
ashore
to
see
it
.
In
Dioscoridem
cap.
de
mastich
.
So
as
we
have
been
kept
in
ignorance
a
long
time
from
the
true
knowledge
of
it
.
And
Garcias
Ab
horto
tells
us
that
all
his
knowledge
of
it
,
is
but
by
relation
;
himself
not
being
able
●●trável
to
see
it
,
partly
by
reason
of
his
age
,
and
partly
for
his
continual
imployment
about
the
Viceroy
,
yet
be
faith
,
that
that
he
had
a
piece
of
the
wood
given
him
:
On●ly
Edvardus
Barbosa
reports
that
he
did
see
the
place
in
Borneo
,
and
found
it
to
be
of
a
mineral
nature
.
Lib.
I.
cap.
9.
But
Barbosa
his
testimony
is
not
authentical
,
having
failed
much
in
other
of
his
relations
:
as
where
he
reports
that
the
Purcelan
of
China
is
made
of
Oyster-shells
,
&c.
He
is
contradicted
by
Consalvus
Mendosa
a
man
employed
in
those
parts
by
the
King
of
Spain
,
for
such
discoveries
,
and
also
by
Hugo
a
Linschoten
,
a
man
of
great
observation
,
and
both
of
them
of
far
better
credit
than
he
.
I
procured
some
of
that
Camphir
to
be
brought
from
thence
by
my
worthy
friend
Captain
Best
,
but
whether
it
be
a
Gum
or
a
Bitumen
,
by
the
view
I
cannot
discern
.
But
if
it
be
a
Gum
,
faith
Solinander
,
why
should
it
abound
more
after
earth-quakes
?
and
why
should
it
burn
and
not
dissolve
in
water
?
No
Gums
will
burn
,
and
all
Gums
will
dissolve
in
water
:
and
earth-quakes
make
no
trees
fruitful
,
but
may
cast
forth
minerals
.
That
there
is
a
natural
bituminous
Camphir
,
I
make
no
doubt
:
and
Agricola
proves
it
sufficiently
:
And
the
Bath
in
Remandiola
near
Rhegium
shews
it
.
De
nat.
fossil
.
lib.
4.
cap.
2
.
Also
the
Well
by
Muntzbach
,
where
Tabernomontanus
faith
there
is
mineral
Camphir
,
Averroes
faith
,
it
is
affinis
Bitumini
.
Thesaur
.
aqu
lib.
I.
cap.
z.
I
confess
that
when
I
published
my
first
edition
,
I
was
perswaded
by
Solinanders
judgement
,
to
think
all
Camphir
to
be
a
Bitumen
,
and
namely
that
of
Borneo
,
but
since
upon
better
enquiry
,
I
find
it
otherwise
.
For●
Captain
Best
,
beside●
the
relations
made
unto
him
in
the
Indies
,
concerning
this
Camphir
,
that
it
was
from
a
tree
,
hath
also
procured
me
the
testimony
of
Master
Andrew
Gogganel
,
under
his
own
hand
,
that
both
the
Camphir
of
Borneo
and
Sumatra
,
are
gum●
of
a
tree
,
and
no
Bituminous
matter
,
himself
having
been
at
the
gathering
of
it
,
and
at
the
cutting
down
of
some
of
the
trees
.
He
hath
also
traded
much
in
that
commodity
,
and
vented
it
a●
Japan
;
where
it
seems
,
as
also
at
Chyna
,
they
mix
and
adulterate
it
with
some
other
matter
,
to
increase
the
substance
,
and
abate
the
price
;
which
mixture
perhaps
may
be
some
Bituminou●
substance
.
This
Master
Cogganell
hath
lived
1●
years
in
those
parts
,
and
speaks
the
usual
language
,
and
hath
been
often
upon
that
Island
o●
Borneo
.
Now
for
Solinanders
reasons
,
they
are
easily
answered
:
no
Gums
,
faith
he
,
will
burn
,
and
all
Gums
will
dissolve
in
water
.
I
grant
it
,
if
you
take
the
word
Gum
in
a
strict
sense
,
for
wa●ry
Gums
,
as
Tragacanth
,
Arabick
,
&c.
But
we
use
the
word
Gum
in
a
more
general
sense
,
comprehending
under
it
all
Rosins
,
Turpentines
,
Pitches
,
&c.
which
being
unctuous
and
oily
,
will
readily
burn
,
and
will
not
dissolve
in
water
.
Among
these
Gums
or
Rosins
,
we
reckon
Camphir
,
and
so
that
argument
is
answered
.
As
for
his
other
argument
drawn
from
earth-quakes
,
mentioned
by
the
Arabians
,
after
which
there
is
commonly
more
plenty
of
Camphir
:
this
doth
not
prove
it
to
be
a
mineral
;
For
earth-quakes
are
as
apt
to
cast
up
fresh
mould
,
whereby
trees
are
made
fruitful
,
as
minerals
.
Wherefore
let
us
subscribe
to
the
antient
Arabians
,
although
they
were
not
eye-witnesses
hereof
,
and
to
the
later
observations
of
Spaniards
and
others
;
especially
now
that
we
have
a
Countrey-man
of
our
own
,
who
hath
had
as
good
means
to
learn
the
truth
of
this
,
as
any
European
ever
had
;
who
is
yet
living
,
and
able
to
give
satisfaction
to
any
that
are
curious
in
these
points
.
Now
for
the
qualities
of
it
,
the
most
general
and
truest
opinion
is
,
that
it
is
cold
and
dry
.
Co
〈…〉
Divs
.
1.3
.
Tha.
Nemico
.
Matthiolus
judgeth
it
to
be
hot
for
three
special
reasons
.
First
,
because
it
burns
,
and
is
a
great
fuel
to
fire
.
If
this
argument
be
good
,
then
flax
,
and
straw
,
and
paper
,
and
touch-wood
,
and
spunck
should
be
hot
;
for
they
are
apt
fuels
to
fire
.
Secondly
,
because
it
is
,
odorata
,
and
he
holds
all
odorata
,
to
be
calida
:
Galen
is
of
another
opinion
,
and
holds
the
judgement
of
simples
by
favour
to
be
uncertain
.
De
simpl
.
med.
facult.
l.4.c.22
.
And
as
for
Camphir
,
Galen
knew
it
not
.
Avicen
faith
expresly
of
Camphir
,
that
although
it
be
o●●●ata
,
yet
it
is
frigida
.
And
if
Mattbiolus
his
rea
〈…〉
were
good
,
then
Roses
and
Violets
,
and
Vinega●
should
be
hot
;
for
they
are
odorata
.
It
is
true
that
all
favours
arise
from
heat
,
as
Gal●n
faith
,
and
all
compounded
bodies
have
some
hot
parts
:
but
we
speak
of
the
predominancy
in
the
subject
,
and
of
the
operation
it
hath
upon
mans
body
.
Lib.
I.
tract
c.
2
.
Thirdly
,
because
it
bites
the
tong●e
.
So
doth
juice
of
Lemons
,
and
Barberies
,
and
Vinegar
,
&c.
and
yet
they
are
cold
.
Wherefore
I
conclude
our
Camphir
to
be
in
quality
cold
and
dry
,
and
of
very
subtil
parts
.
These
Bitumina
being
unctuous
and
oily
,
dissolve
not
of
themselves
in
water
,
without
the
help
of
some
mineral
juice
,
but
may
be
confused
with
it
.
And
we
have
many
fountains
and
lakes
which
participate
with
them
.
In
Shro●
shire
at
Pitchford
,
is
a
Spring
that
casteth
for●
Bitumen
swimming
upon
the
water
.
The
like
w●
read
of
in
Avernia
in
France
,
between
Clartmond
and
Monferan
,
where
the
people
gather
〈…〉
for
their
uses
.
In
Italy
there
are
many
fountains
yielding
Bitumen
;
at
Maianum
,
and
Sasso●●
and
Salsa
,
and
Herculanum
at
the
foot
of
the
Mountain
Vesuvium
,
at
Baia
,
and
also
at
the
cape
of
S.
Helena
,
and
in
the
Isle
of
woolfs
there
are
fountains
of
pitchie
Bitumen
,
which
are
used
to
pitch
ropes
and
tackling
,
as
Josepbus
Acost●
reports
.
Bellonius
de
Naphtha
c.
7.
And
we
have
that
famous
lake
Aspha
〈…〉
tites
in
Jud●ea
,
so
full
of
Bitumen
,
that
it
hardly
suffers
any
thing
to
sink
in
it
.
The
River
Lipari●
in
Cilicia
,
by
reason
of
a
Spring
near
Solos
,
is
〈…〉
full
of
liquid
Bitumen
,
as
they
which
swim
or
wast
in
it
,
seem
to
be
anointed
with
oyle
.
Agric.
de
nat.
cor.
quoe
cfflu
.
è
terra
l.
2.c.7
.
Also
there
are
Bituminous
Springs
in
Saxony
at
Bruno
,
i●
Swevia
the
lake
Tegera
,
at
Gersedorf
under
the
mount
Jurat
,
in
Asia
by
Tralleis
and
Nissa
.
Also
in
the
West-Indies
there
are
many
found
which
they
put
to
use
for
shipping
.
And
this
Bitume●
is
the
chief
ingredient
in
our
Baths
at
Bathe
i●
Somerset-shire
,
although
diluted
with
much
Nitre
,
which
makes
the
solution
the
better
,
and
the
water
more
clear
.
Bitumen
predominant
in
the
Bathes
of
Bath
.
That
Bitumen
is
predominan●
in
these
our
Baths
,
may
be
proved
by
the
effects
,
because
we
finde
them
exceedingly
to
comfort
the
nerves
,
supple
the
joynts
,
dry
up
theumes
,
cure
Palsies
,
and
Contractions
,
being
distinctly
used
,
tinct
silver
into
the
colour
of
gold
,
&c.
Also
by
the
Bituminous
favour
of
them
,
and
by
the
neighbourhood
of
Cole-mines
in
those
parts
.
All
which
do
argue
Bitumen
to
abound
in
them
.
And
whereas
Doctor
william
Turner
in
his
treatise
of
these
Baths
,
thinketh
Brimstone
to
be
the
chief
mineral
,
and
Copper
next
;
I
am
not
of
his
opinion
.
The
actual
heat
is
no
argument
of
Brimstone
,
as
shall
be
shewed
when
I
come
to
that
point
:
neither
doth
the
favour
bewray
it
.
But
his
reason
for
Copper
is
very
weak
.
He
found
a
Marchesit
upon
one
of
the
Hills
,
which
he
thought
to
hold
Copper
:
But
Marchesits
although
they
shew
yellow
,
yet
they
seldom
hold
Copper
,
or
any
other
Metal
.
But
his
discourse
hath
perswaded
John
Bauhinus
to
publish
it
confidently
to
the
World
.
De
thermis
Boll
.
L.
3.c.6
1.
I
shall
have
occasion
to
speak
more
of
this
hereafter
.
And
thus
much
of
Bitumina
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
Mineral
juyces
concrete
:
called
by
the
Alchymists
,
Salts
.
The
four
principal
sorts
of
them
;
Salt
,
Nitre
,
Allum
,
Vitriol
.
A
Fourth
sort
of
minerals
are
concrete
juyce●
which
are
mineral
substances
dissoluble
in
water
.
Libavius
in
Syntagm.
p.
221
These
the
Alchymists
call
Salts
,
and
are
the
means
of
communicating
all
other
minerals
with
water
.
For
as
water
is
apt
to
dissolve
and
extract
vegetables
,
so
are
these
concrete
juyce●
apt
to
dissolve
and
extract
mineral
substances
.
And
although
they
are
found
sometimes
liquid
being
dissolved
by
moysture
;
yet
we
call
the●
concrete
,
because
they
will
be
concrete
whe●●
the
adventitious
moysture
is
removed
.
Our
mineral
Authors
do
make
many
sorts
of
these
according
to
the
several
minerals
which
they
imbibe
:
but
in
truth
they
may
be
all
reduced
to
four
heads
;
Salt
,
Nitre
,
Allum
,
and
Vitriol
.
And
each
of
these
hath
divers
species
,
as
Gebe●
and
Casalpinus
say
of
Salt
,
quot
genera
calcium
,
tot
genera
salium
.
Concerning
Vitriol
there
may
be
some
doubt
whether
it
be
a
distinct
specie●
from
Allum
,
and
have
received
only
some
tincture
from
Copper
or
Iron
,
or
from
some
of
their
brood
,
which
are
called
excrements
.
For
in
distilling
oyle
of
Vitriol
,
the
lute
wherewith
the
glasses
are
joyned
,
will
yield
perfect
Allum
.
And
Vitriol
being
boyl'd
,
ariseth
in
bullas
as
Allum
doth
,
and
shoots
like
Allum
in
glebas
;
as
Salt
doth
in
tesseras
,
and
Nitre
in
stirias
.
The
shooting
or
roching
of
concrete
juyces
,
is
worthy
to
be
observed
,
seeing
every
kind
hath
his
several
manner
or
fashion
of
shooting
,
whereby
a
man
may
see
the
perfection
of
each
kind
.
For
example
,
if
Salt-peeter
be
brought
you
to
examine
whether
it
be
perfect
good
or
not
,
dissolve
it
in
water
,
and
set
it
to
shoot
in
a
wooden-dish
,
or
with
sticks
of
Ash
,
or
other
porons
wood
:
and
if
it
shoot
in
needles
,
(
in
stirias
)
it
is
right
.
But
if
any
of
it
shoot
in
squares
or
angles
,
or
lumps
,
it
is
mixt
,
and
unfit
either
for
Medicine
or
Gunpowder
.
The
common
Salt-peeter
being
prepared
and
cleansed
with
ashes
,
hath
commonly
much
of
the
salt
of
the
ashes
mixt
with
it
in
the
liquors
,
which
being
brought
to
shoot
,
will
settle
first
upon
the
wood
in
squares
,
(
in
tesseras
)
and
then
the
Salt-peeter
will
shoot
upon
it
in
needles
.
These
needles
are
good
Salt-peeter
,
but
the
squares
are
other
salt
,
and
weaken
the
Saltpeeter
in
his
operation
;
the
like
you
may
judge
of
other
concrete
juyces
.
There
are
also
certain
stones
which
we
call
fluores
,
which
do
naturally
shoot
in
divers
forms
:
as
Christal
into
fix
squares
(
in
sexagulos
.
)
Sparr
,
which
the
Dutch
call
Sput
or
Querts
,
shoots
into
points
like
Diamonds
,
as
we
see
in
those
Cornish
or
Bristol-stones
:
Osteocolla
found
by
Darmstadt
,
in
the
Palatinat
,
like
bones
:
others
like
Oyster
or
Muscle-shells
,
&c.
The
reason
of
this
several
shooting
in
concrete
juyces
and
other
minerals
,
is
hard
to
give
.
For
if
it
did
lye
in
the
thinness
or
thickness
,
or
clamminess
of
the
matter
whereof
they
were
made
,
that
difference
were
taken
away
when
divers
sorts
are
dissolved
together
in
the
same
water
,
for
one
would
qualifie
the
other
.
But
we
find
that
this
mixt
water
will
yield
his
several
salts
distinctly
,
and
all
at
once
.
So
that
it
seems
,
for
the
ornament
of
the
universe
,
that
nature
hath
so
distinguished
these
species
,
as
it
doth
plants
;
among
which
some
have
thick
leaves
,
some
thin
,
some
long
,
round
,
jagged
,
&c.
some
have
bulbous-root●
,
some
long
,
stringy
,
&c.
So
in
their
flowers
,
fruits
,
colours
,
smells
,
&c.
every
kind
hath
his
own
fashion
.
The
reason
hereof
Scaliger
saith
cannot
be
drawn
from
the
Elements
,
nor
from
the
thinness
,
thickness
,
clammíness
,
heat
,
cold
,
dryness
,
moysture
,
plenty
,
scarsity
,
&c.
of
the
matter
but
only
from
the
form
,
anima
,
seed
,
&c.
which
frames
every
species
to
his
own
figure
,
order
number
,
quantity
,
colour
,
taste
,
smell
,
&c.
according
to
the
science
,
as
Severinus
terms
it
which
every
seed
hath
of
his
own
form
.
In
lib.
de
plantis
Aristoteli
ascriptum
lib.
2.
passim
.
So
als●
it
is
in
minerals
,
which
have
their
several
and
di●stinct
species
in
nature
,
and
their
seeds
to
maintain
and
perpetuate
the
Species
.
Now
that
thes●
concrete
juyces
are
not
bred
commonly
in
thes●
forms
in
the
earth
,
the
reason
may
be
,
either
because
they
are
often
intermixt
with
other
minerals
in
their
generation
,
or
that
their
matter
being
plentiful
,
and
room
scanty
,
they
have
n●
scope
to
display
themselves
in
their
proper
forms
or
perhaps
they
want
water
to
dissolve
then
.
But
by
artificial
preparations
,
we
find
these
d●stinctions
:
in
which
it
is
doubtful
whether
hot
or
cold
,
or
dryness
,
do
procure
this
shooting
●
roching
in
concrete
juyces
,
and
whether
the
sam●
causes
procure
it
in
all
.
For
dryness
it
is
certain
that
as
moysture
dissolves
them
,
so
dryness
co●geals
them
;
but
dryness
being
a
passive
quality
,
is
,
not
sufficient
;
it
must
be
the
action
either
of
heat
or
cold
,
or
both
;
and
the
right
ordering
of
these
will
open
a
door
to
the
artifice
of
Bay-Salt
,
here
in
England
,
as
well
as
in
France
or
Spain
,
or
the
Isle
of
Mayo
.
Among
these
concrete
juices
,
Agricola
reckons
Sulphur
,
Bitumen
,
Auripigmentum
,
Sandaracha
,
Chusocola
,
AErugo
,
Myfi
,
Sori
,
Melanteria
,
&c.
Caesalpinus
de
metallisc
.
3.l.1
.
But
if
we
examine
,
them
aright
,
we
shall
find
,
that
either
they
are
not
dissoluble
in
water
as
concrete
juices
should
be
,
or
they
are
some
of
those
juices
tincted
or
incorporated
with
other
minerals
.
All
these
mineral
juices
are
accounted
hot
and
dry
,
and
astringent
,
and
detergent
,
some
more
,
some
less
;
and
we
take
it
so
upon
trust
.
But
this
point
requires
further
consideration
and
distinction
.
Salt
is
a
fixed
substance
,
not
volatile
in
the
fire
,
astringent
,
detergent
,
purging
,
dispersing
,
repelling
,
attenuating
,
makes
an
escar
,
and
preserves
from
putrifaction
,
as
Dioscorides
informs
us
,
and
Galen
confirms
the
same
,
adding
that
it
is
hot
.
Salt
.
Diosc
.
l.
5.c.84
.
De
simpl
.
med.
sa●ult
.
l.4.c.20
.
&
l.
11.c.50
.
But
we
must
understand
Galen
with
his
limitation
,
lib.
6.
cap.
30.
That
the
more
it
is
detersory
,
the
less
it
is
astringent
.
And
all
astringent
things
are
cold
,
as
he
avoucheth
,
lib.
4.
cap.
6.
Acida
,
acerba
,
&
astringen●ia
omnia
frigida
.
Now
if
Salt
be
astringent
,
it
must
be
cold
by
Galens
own
rule
,
and
it
is
not
enough
to
say
it
hath
warm
parts
in
it
,
but
being
an
uniform
substance
,
we
must
determine
of
it
expredominio
.
Also
Galen
lib.
1.
Sympt
.
cap.
4.
comparing
pure
water
with
sea
water
,
seems
to
affirm
that
sea
waters
,
before
it
have
received
any
great
adventitious
cold
,
may
cool
our
bodies
.
And
so
this
place
is
understood
by
Anthonius
Maria
Venustus
in
consilio
pro
Petro
picardo
.
The
repelling
quality
,
and
the
making
an
escar
,
and
the
preserving
from
putrifaction
,
are
arguments
of
driness
,
and
not
of
heat
.
For
as
heat
and
moisture
are
principal
agents
in
generation
and
corruption
;
so
cold
and
driness
in
preservation
.
Also
I
should
impute
the
purgative
and
detersory
qualities
in
Salt
rather
to
the
tenuity
of
parts
,
and
the
stimulation
which
i●
hath
from
thence
,
then
to
any
heat
;
for
then
〈◊〉
Sennertus
faith
,
all
hot
things
should
purge
;
Instit.
lil.
5.
part.
1.
cap.
11.
Vuleriala
in
G●●
de
constit
,
artis
pag.
447.
And
Mesne
Can●
universal
.
cap.
1.
rejects
all
elementary
qualities
,
temperaments
,
similitudes
,
or
contrarietio●
of
substances
,
&c.
in
purging
thedicines
.
All
Tamarinds
,
Myrabolans
,
and
Antimony
〈◊〉
purge
,
and
yet
are
cold
,
Venustus
,
pag.
13●
But
the
purgative
faculty
of
Medicines
is
fro●
stimulation
of
the
expulsive
faculty
of
the
stomach
and
guts
,
and
not
from
attraction
b●
heat
of
peculiar
humours
,
as
hath
been
imagined
.
Heat
may
serve
as
an
instrument
to
actu●
stimulation
,
as
cold
doth
dull
and
benumb
〈◊〉
faculties
,
but
neither
heat
nor
cold
are
principal
agents
in
this
work
.
And
whereas
Rhub●
is
thought
to
purge
choller
only
,
Sena
and
Polipody
melancholy
,
Agarick
flegme
,
&c.
because
we
see
the
excrements
tincted
with
the
same
colours
,
it
is
a
deceit
;
for
these
purgation
do
colour
humours
in
that
manner
.
Yet
I
do
not
deny
a
distinction
to
be
made
of
Purgations
in
other
respects
.
And
our
antient
Physitians
through
long
experience
have
found
out
the
right
use
of
purging
medicines
,
and
their
true
distinctions
for
several
uses
for
mens
bodies
:
as
that
some
do
purge
gross
humours
,
and
some
thin
,
some
are
strong
,
and
some
weak
:
some
are
comfortable
to
the
Stomach
,
or
Liver
,
or
Spleen
,
&c.
and
some
hurtfull
to
some
of
those
parts
:
some
are
too
hot
in
some
cases
,
and
some
temperate
,
&c.
but
they
have
not
discovered
the
true
cause
of
this
purging
quality
:
some
attributing
it
to
a
celestial
influence
,
some
to
a
hidden
quality
,
which
is
as
much
as
if
they
bad
said
nothing
:
some
to
a
Sympathy
,
Antipathy
,
&c.
For
my
part
I
hold
the
purgative
quality
of
mixt
bodies
to
lie
principally
in
the
terrestrial
part
of
them
,
which
is
their
Salt
:
and
therefore
the
Chymists
use
to
acuate
their
purging
extracts
with
their
proper
Salts
.
It
were
much
better
if
they
could
make
their
Salts
without
calcination
;
for
then
they
should
retain
the
taste
of
the
Simples
,
which
lyeth
in
the
Salt
,
and
much
other
virtue
which
the
fire
consumes
in
calcination
.
Three
wayes
to
make
Vegetable
Salts
to
retain
the
taste
of
the
herbs
from
whence
they
are
drawn
.
1.
It
were
a
delicate
thing
to
have
all
our
vegetable
salts
to
retain
the
taste
of
the
herbs
and
simples
,
from
whence
they
are
drawn
:
as
of
Wormwood
,
bitter
;
of
Sorel
,
sour
;
of
Licoris
,
sweet
,
&c.
There
are
in
mine
opinion
,
three
several
wayes
for
it
,
although
they
be
laborious
.
The
one
is
by
precipitation
,
when
the
juice
or
strong
decoction
of
any
simple
is
precipitated
by
the
addition
of
some
appropriate
liquor
which
will
strike
down
all
other
parts
in
the
juice
or
decoction
;
but
the
Salt
which
is
in
it
will
not
easily
precipitate
,
but
will
remain
in
the
liquor
,
and
must
be
severed
either
by
evaporation
,
or
by
roching
.
But
in
this
work
we
must
make
choice
of
such
a
precipitator
,
as
may
not
infect
our
Salt
with
any
strange
quality
.
Three
wayes
to
make
Vegetable
Salts
to
retain
the
taste
of
the
herbs
from
whence
they
are
drawn
.
2.
Another
way
it
to
make
an
extract
of
the
simple
which
we
desire
to
work
upon
,
and
when
we
have
made
it
so
dry
as
it
will
be
powdred
,
then
pour
upon
it
pure
spirit
of
Wine
,
which
will
dissolve
no
Salt
,
if
it
be
without
flegme
.
By
this
means
throngh
often
repetitions
of
new
infusions
,
untill
the
extract
will
yield
no
more
tincture
unto
the
spirit
of
Wine
,
you
shall
find
the
Salt
in
the
bottome
,
as
a
substance
which
the
Spirit
of
Wine
will
not
work
upon
,
nor
dissolve
.
Three
wayes
to
make
Vegetable
Salts
to
retain
the
taste
of
the
herbs
from
whence
they
are
drawn
.
3.
A
third
way
,
as
I
conceive
,
may
be
in
manner
of
the
working
of
Salt-Peeter
,
by
putrifying
great
quantities
o●
the
herbs
,
untill
they
become
earth
:
and
the●
by
infusions
with
water
,
to
extract
the
Salt
,
which
will
not
putrifie
with
the
herb
,
but
will
remain
in
the
earth
.
The
second
course
I
have
tryed
,
the
other
wayes
are
very
probable
.
In
these
salts
do
lie
the
chief
virtues
of
many
simples
either
for
purging
by
stool
,
or
urine
,
or
for
cleansing
,
cooling
,
drying
,
stimulating
,
opening
o●
obstructions
,
attenuating
of
gross
humours
,
astriction
,
corroboration
,
&c.
according
to
the
nature
of
the
simples
:
whereas
the
other
Salt
which
are
made
by
calcination
,
have
lost
these
virtues
by
the
violence
of
fire
,
and
cannot
be
distinguished
the
one
from
the
other
.
Nitre
.
Nitre
is
a
volatile
substance
which
doth
dry
and
attenuate
more
then
Salt
,
and
although
it
hath
not
so
much
astriction
as
Salt
is
said
to
have
,
yet
it
seems
to
cool
more
then
Salt
,
perhaps
because
it
is
of
thinner
parts
,
and
penetrates
more
,
and
that
is
the
reason
that
it
serves
better
for
the
dissolution
of
Metals
.
In
Physick
we
find
our
Sal
Nitrum
(
which
is
a
kind
of
it
)
to
cool
the
body
mightily
,
and
therefore
used
in
Juleps
.
These
Nitres
also
are
apt
to
move
sweat
,
especially
those
that
are
drawn
artificially
from
mixed
bodies
,
as
from
Boles
,
Cordial
Herbs
,
Bones
,
Horns
,
Teeth
,
Claws
,
Hoofs
,
&c.
which
are
drawn
by
sublimation
.
And
these
parts
of
Animals
are
found
to
be
very
soveraign
against
venome
and
maligne
humours
.
The
reason
of
it
I
take
to
be
,
not
only
the
drying
quality
they
have
,
whereby
they
resist
corruption
of
humours
,
but
also
&
principally
by
reason
of
their
volatile
Salt
or
Nitre
,
whereby
they
move
sweat
,
and
expell
from
the
center
of
the
body
.
For
all
their
Salt
is
volatile
,
as
may
appear
by
this
,
that
you
can
never
make
any
lixivium
,
out
of
any
of
these
animal
Medicines
,
by
calcination
,
as
you
do
out
of
vegetables
;
their
Salt
being
altogether
evaporated
by
the
fire
.
This
volatile
salt
being
taken
into
our
bodies
,
and
actuated
by
our
natural
heat
,
is
commonly
very
Diaphoretick
:
and
this
is
it
which
makes
our
Bezoar
Stones
,
Contrae-yerva
,
Ungula
del
Bado
,
and
supposed
Unicorns
Horn
to
be
in
such
esteem
.
SAl
Ammoniacum
,
is
also
a
kind
of
Nitre
,
and
volatile
,
and
so
is
Borax
and
Altincar
:
but
these
are
commonly
mixed
with
Sal
Alcali
,
and
Urin
or
Vinegar
,
and
so
made
more
fix
.
Sal
Ammoniack
.
There
is
also
a
natural
Fix
Borax
found
in
the
Isle
of
Lamlay
neer
Dublin
in
Ireland
,
which
perhaps
the
Sea
water
hath
fixt
.
Allum
and
Vitriol
are
much
alike
,
but
that
Vitriol
hath
a
garb
from
Copper
or
Iron
.
These
are
very
astringent
,
and
without
doubt
cold
,
whatsoever
hath
been
held
of
them
.
The
waters
or
slegms
distilled
from
them
,
do
exceedingly
cool
in
Juleps
,
as
Quercitan
and
Claudius
Dariot
,
have
observed
,
and
we
also
by
daily
experience
do
find
true
;
by
reason
of
the
intense
acidity
they
have
,
being
distilled
from
their
Terrestrial
parts
.
In
pestis
Alexic
.
Dariot
de
praparat
.
med.
Tract.
2.
cap.
23
,
24.
Also
those
Acidula
which
the
Germans
call
Saurbrun
,
proceeding
from
these
Juices
,
are
much
used
to
quench
the
heat
of
fevers
.
It
may
be
objected
,
that
they
are
corrosives
,
and
will
eat
into
metal
,
and
therefore
must
be
hot
.
But
by
the
same
reason
,
the
Juices
of
Lemons
,
Barberries
,
Howsleek
,
&c.
should
be
hot
,
for
they
will
carve
Iron
.
To
bite
and
eat
as
a
Corrosive
,
are
not
arguments
of
heat
,
but
of
piercing
.
lib.
de
Humi●orum
usu
.
Wherefore
Hypocrates
saith
,
Frigus
ulceribus
mordax
,
Cold
bites
Ulcers
;
and
frigus
est
principium
destructivum
,
ut
calor
generativum
;
Cold
is
a
destructive
principle
,
and
Heat
a
generative
.
And
therefore
it
is
more
probable
that
these
corrosives
are
more
cold
then
hot
.
These
two
mineral
juices
are
not
so
readily
dissolved
in
water
,
as
the
other
two
,
and
wil
be
more
easily
precipitated
by
any
opposite
substance
that
is
more
familiar
to
water
.
I
omit
the
several
sorts
or
these
concrete
juices
and
their
admixtures
with
other
minerals
,
as
impertinent
to
my
purpose
:
wherefore
I
will
shew
some
examples
of
each
of
them
in
natural
Springs
.
For
salt
Springs
,
Josephus
Acosta
tells
us
of
a
rare
Spring
at
a
Farm
neer
Cusco
in
Peru
,
which
as
it
runs
,
turns
into
very
white
Salt
,
without
any
fire
or
art
,
in
great
abundance
.
Salt
Springs
.
In
Germany
are
many
salt
Fountains
,
at
Luneburg
,
Stafford
,
Salt
●burgh
,
Aldondorf
,
Halstat
,
&c.
In
Italy
,
in
agro
Volaterano
,
&c.
In
Sicily
,
at
Solinantia
,
is
a
salt
Well
which
is
hot
;
and
so
are
the
Pegasaei
Fontes
in
Caria
.
Also
the
Fountain
by
Medon
in
Traesen
is
both
salt
and
hot
.
Our
Wiches
in
Cheshire
are
well
known
.
There
are
also
Rivers
of
salt
water
by
the
Caspian
Streights
,
and
in
Spain
,
and
Caria
,
and
in
Bactria
,
Ochus
and
Oxus
.
Also
there
are
salt
Lakes
,
as
the
Terentine
Lake
in
Italy
?
the
Lake
between
Strapela
and
Seburgh
(
mentioned
before
)
in
Germany
,
three
Lakes
in
Sicily
,
and
besides
an
infinite
number
in
other
Countreys
,
the
Lake
of
Lakes
,
the
Sea
.
All
which
receive
their
saltness
from
Mines
of
Salt
in
the
Earth
,
which
are
very
frequent
and
huge
in
bigness
,
as
may
appear
by
the
Rocks
of
Salt
in
Bohemi●
,
in
Monte
Carpato
,
in
Polonia
,
within
two
miles
of
Cracovia
,
in
Helvetia
,
and
Rhetia
,
where
they
have
no
other
Salt
but
from
the
Rock
.
As
also
by
the
Caspian
Streights
,
are
great
Rocks
of
Salt
.
But
Marous
Paulus
Venetus
,
tells
us
of
a
Rock
or
Mountain
of
Salt
in
Thaican
,
able
to
furnish
all
the
world
with
Salt
.
Lib.
3.
So
that
it
is
no
marvail
that
the
Sea
is
salt
,
seeing
it
pierceth
into
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
and
discovereth
many
great
Rocks
of
Salt
which
dissolve
in
it
.
The
true
cause
of
the
saltness
of
the
Sea
.
And
this
is
the
true
cause
of
the
saltness
of
the
Sea
.
The
other
causes
alledged
for
it
,
are
very
improbable
.
For
whereas
Aristotle
and
his
followers
attribute
the
saltness
of
the
Sea
,
to
the
evaporation
of
the
fresh
and
sweet
parts
of
the
water
,
by
the
Sun
,
and
to
an
adustion
procured
also
thereby
:
I
answer
,
that
neither
the
one
nor
the
other
can
breed
a
substance
in
the
water
,
which
was
not
there
before
.
For
qualities
can
breed
no
substance
,
and
adustion
is
but
a
quality
imprinted
,
and
no
substance
.
Neither
can
evaporation
breed
any
,
but
only
discover
that
which
was
in
it
before
,
by
taking
away
the
thin
parts
,
and
leaving
the
terrestrial
behind
.
Aliquid
aquae
admixtum
Arist.
2.
Meteorol
.
cap.
3.
But
we
see
the
Sea
water
to
contain
in
it
the
substance
of
Salt
,
and
most
of
the
Salt
which
we
use
is
made
of
Sea
water
and
no
man
will
deny
that
this
Salt
is
differing
from
water
in
his
substance
and
generation
,
being
a
distinct
species
in
it self
.
And
whereas
they
alledge
for
confirmation
of
their
opinion
,
that
under
the
torrid
Zone
,
the
Sea
is
more
salt
then
in
other
parts
,
the
Sun
exhaling
more
there
,
and
making
a
greater
adustion
;
I
doubt
it
,
both
for
the
large
&
plentiful
Rivers
which
those
parts
afford
,
beyond
any
other
parts
of
the
world
,
and
also
for
that
the
Sea
water
there
is
not
hot
,
neither
are
the
beams
of
the
Sun
so
hot
,
but
that
men
do
endure
them
:
and
therefore
not
likely
to
breed
an
adustion
in
the
Sea
water
,
which
must
first
be
hot
,
before
it
be
adusted
.
Also
it
may
be
that
those
parts
do
abound
in
Rocks
of
Salt
,
as
we
read
of
people
in
Africa
,
called
Ammantes
,
who
make
them
Houses
of
Rock-Salt
,
and
Castles
,
as
that
in
Sin●
Geraico
,
which
is
five
miles
in
compass
,
and
all
of
Salt
:
also
the
Mountain
Oromenus
in
India
is
all
of
Salt
.
Moreover
if
the
Sun
be
able
to
do
this
in
the
Sea
,
which
is
alwayes
in
motion
,
whereby
it
eludes
the
force
of
the
beams
;
why
should
it
not
do
the
like
,
and
much
more
in
standing
Lakes
,
as
the
Lemanus
and
such
like
?
They
answer
that
Lakes
are
continually
supplyed
and
fed
with
fresh
water
from
Springs
.
But
so
is
the
Sea
continually
fed
with
fresh
water
,
and
in
as
large
a
proportion
,
caeteris
paribus
,
as
Lakes
are
.
For
as
the
Sea
is
not
increased
by
the
influx
of
fresh
waters
,
no
more
are
divers
Lakes
,
but
keep
the
same
fulness
,
and
sometimes
are
lessened
.
And
whereas
they
say
that
the
upper
part
of
the
Sea
is
more
salt
then
the
botome
,
they
speak
against
all
reason
,
salt
being
heavier
then
water
,
and
against
experience
,
as
I
have
shewed
in
the
former
Chapter
.
Also
Aristotle
in
some
places
confesseth
it
.
Meteor
.
2
.
c.3
.
But
if
any
man
will
take
the
pains
to
vapour
away
100.
Tun
if
he
will
of
fresh
water
,
I
do
assure
my self
he
will
not
find
one
grain
of
salt
at
the
bottome
,
if
it
were
not
in
the
water
before
.
This
may
be
tryed
also
in
any
distilled
water
,
which
we
are
sure
can
have
no
Salt
in
it
,
(
for
Salt
will
not
arise
in
distillation
)
and
is
as
apt
to
yield
Salt
as
any
other
water
,
if
adustion
or
evaporation
would
breed
it
.
Wherefore
the
saltness
of
the
Sea
is
not
from
evaporation
or
adustion
,
but
must
needs
proceed
from
Rocks
of
Salt
in
the
Earth
,
which
the
Sea
doth
,
wash
,
and
dissolve
much
of
it
.
And
considering
the
great
use
of
Salt
,
both
for
other
uses
,
and
for
Generations
,
Nature
hath
provided
enough
of
it
,
especially
in
the
Sea
,
which
is
more
fruitful
in
that
respect
,
the
Land
.
Wherefore
Venus
was
called
A
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
Est
Venus
orta
Mari.
Nitre
is
seldome
found
in
Bathes
alone
,
but
mixt
with
other
minerals
,
which
it
dissolves
,
and
infects
the
water
withall
.
Nitrous
Wateys
.
Yet
we
read
of
a
Nitrous
Lake
called
Letis
,
neer
Cālestria
in
Macedonia
,
where
they
use
to
make
Nitre
,
and
vent
it
to
all
parts
.
So
they
do
at
the
Nitrarit
in
Egypt
.
Also
the
Lake
Arethus●
in
Armeniae
,
is
full
of
Nitre
.
At
Menis
in
Phrygia
is
a
Spring
of
Nitrous
water
which
is
hot
:
Also
in
Leonte
is
a
hot
Nitrous
Spring
.
Observat
.
l.
3.
c.
76
,
77.
Bellonius
makes
mention
of
a
Nitrous
Fountain
neer
Belba
,
and
of
abundance
of
Nitre
upon
a
Plain
neer
thereunto
,
which
seems
to
be
that
which
Pliny
calls
Halmariga
.
But
he
denieth
that
there
is
any
Mine
of
Nitre
under
the
earth
,
but
that
all
i●
bred
out
of
the
soyle
as
an
Efftorescens
of
the
earth
:
Baccius
saith
the
same
of
Salt-peeter
.
Lib.
5
.
c.7
Agricola
saith
,
that
as
the
true
Nitre
is
gathered
upon
the
Plains
of
Media
above
the
earth
,
so
is
Salt-peeter
found
above
the
earth
in
many
places
of
Saxony
:
That
Nitre
is
gathered
upon
the
Plains
of
Media
,
are
Plinies
own
words
.
Lib.
31.
c.
10.
Exiguum
fit
apud
Medos
canescentibus
s●scitate
convallibus
;
There
is
a
little
to
be
found
among
the
Medes
,
where
the
Valleys
are
white
with
Drought
.
So
that
it
seemeth
,
his
opinion
was
,
that
Nitre
is
not
bred
in
a
Mine
under
the
earth
,
as
Gesner
also
saith
,
Epist.
lib.
3.
pag.
134.
but
in
the
earth
it self
,
as
the
chief
fatness
it
hath
to
further
generations
.
And
seeing
earth
is
the
mother
of
all
terrestrial
bodies
,
it
is
not
left
unfurnished
with
those
mineral
juices
,
nor
ought
else
that
is
requisite
for
the
production
of
Species
:
It
hath
been
observed
by
some
,
that
Nitrous
water
is
the
best
soyle
for
ground
,
and
brings
all
Plants
to
perfection
far
sooner
then
any
other
dung
,
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
water
their
Coleworts
with
Nitrous
water
,
Nitrosa
viridis
brassica
fiet
aqua
.
Martial
.
If
you
a
Colewort
green
would
see
,
Then
let
your
water
Nitrous
be
.
Our
Salt-peeter
men
do
find
,
that
●any
fat
earth
be
covered
from
Rain
and
Sun
,
so
as
it
spendeth
not
his
strength
in
producing
of
Herbs
or
Grass
,
it
will
breed
plenty
of
Salt-peeter
,
otherwise
it
will
yield
none
.
The
difference
between
Salt-peeter
,
and
the
antient
Nitre
,
appears
in
this
,
that
a
pound
of
Nitre
being
burnt
,
will
leave
four
ounces
of
ashes
;
Salt-peeter
will
leave
none
.
Salt-peeter
is
actually
so
cold
,
as
being
dissolved
in
water
,
it
is
used
in
Rome
and
Naples
to
cool
their
Wine
,
and
doth
it
as
well
as
Ice
or
Snow
.
Also
we
use
it
inwardly
in
cooling
Juleps
,
and
therefore
it
seems
also
to
be
potentially
cold
,
as
Bellonius
judgeth
.
Now
I
come
to
Allum
(
Indignum
vix
ipsa
jubet
renovare
dolorem
)
the
greatest
debtor
I
have
,
and
I
the
best
benefactor
to
it
,
as
shall
appear
when
I
shall
think
fit
to
publish
the
Artifice
thereof
.
Allum
Spring●
In
Illua
,
a
mile
from
Rio
,
is
an
Allum
Fountain
:
also
there
are
divers
in
Agro
Senensi
,
Volaterano
,
Lucensi
,
in
Italy
:
Balneum
de
villa
is
full
of
Allum
;
and
with
us
in
Shropshire
at
●●kenyate
,
are
Allun
springs
,
whereof
the
Dyers
of
Shrewsbury
make
use
instead
of
Allum
.
As
for
Allum
Mines
,
they
are
frequent
almost
in
all
Countreys
,
but
the
chiefest
that
are
wrought
,
are
at
Capsylar
in
Thracia
,
at
Telpha
neer
Civita
Vecchia
in
Italy
,
at
Commato●
by
Aussig
in
Germany
,
and
With
us
in
York-shire
.
In
Ireland
there
have
been
allum
works
neer
to
Armagh
,
as
Thurneiser
reports
:
also
at
Metelia
in
Spain
,
at
Mazaron
neer
Carthage
,
at
Hellespont
,
Massa
,
Montrond
,
Piambin
,
Volterra
,
Campi●lia
,
&c.
as
Beringaccio
Sienese
reports
.
Also
there
are
divers
earths
yielding
allum
,
as
at
Guyder
in
Carnarvan-shire
,
at
Camfurt
in
Dorset-shire
,
and
in
the
Isle
of
Wight
.
Pyrotech
.
l.
2.
c.
6.
But
I
will
contract
my self
for
allum
,
and
come
to
Vitriol
.
Vitriol
,
as
I
have
said
before
,
doth
participate
much
with
allum
in
the
manner
of
shooting
●●
roching
,
which
is
in
glebas
,
in
the
hard
dissolution
and
easie
congelation
,
in
their
arising
in
bullas
being
burnt
,
and
in
their
precipitation
:
insomuch
as
it
is
probable
that
the
basis
of
Vitriol
is
nothing
but
allum
.
Vitrioline
waters
.
It
is
found
in
mineral
waters
of
two
sorts
.
Simp.
med.facul
.
l.
9.
c.
61.
The
one
where
the
very
bod●
and
substance
is
dissolved
;
as
in
Cyprus
,
which
Galen
describes
,
where
the
water
is
green
:
also
at
Smolnicium
in
Hungary
,
in
Transilvania
al●
Carpatum
montem
,
at
Nensola
,
&
C.
In
which
places
Copper
is
ordinarily
made
out
of
Iron
by
infusing
it
in
these
waters
.
Libav
.
in
Symag
.
3.
part
.
l.
7
.
Item
singularium
part.
1.
I
will
not
determine
whether
this
be
transmutation
of
one
species
into
another
,
as
some
do
hold
,
or
rather
a
precipitation
of
the
Copper
which
was
formerly
dissolved
in
the
water
by
means
of
the
sharp
Vitriol
which
meeting
with
Iron
,
corrodes
it
,
and
imbibeth
it
,
rather
than
the
Copper
,
and
so
lets
the
Copper
fall
,
and
imbraceth
the
Iron
in
place
of
it
.
We
daily
see
the
like
in
Aqua-sortis
,
which
having
imbibed
one
metal
,
will
readily
embrace
another
that
is
more
familiar
to
it
,
and
let
fall
the
first
.
So
Allum
or
Copperass-water
having
some
strong
Lixivium
of
Tartar
or
other
calcin'd
salt
put
to
it
,
the
Allum
or
Copperass
will
presently
salt
to
the
bottom
,
and
precipitate
and
give
place
to
the
Lixivium
,
as
a
thing
more
familiar
to
water
,
and
of
more
easie
dissolution
.
But
as
I
said
,
I
will
not
determine
this
question
,
because
it
is
not
much
pertinent
to
our
business
.
Yet
I
will
not
omit
the
judgement
of
Lazarus
Ercker
the
Emperors
chief
Mine-master
in
the
Kingdom
of
Behemia
who
professeth
that
he
was
long
of
this
opinion
,
but
altered
it
upon
this
reason
;
That
by
exact
proof
he
found
more
Copper
stricken
down
this
way
by
Iron
,
than
the
water
before
did
contain
,
and
with
the
Copper
some
Silver
.
Lib.
3.
Von
.
Kupffer
ertz
.
The
other
kind
of
Vitriol
water
is
,
where
not
the
body
and
substance
of
Vitriol
is
dissolved
,
but
the
spirit
or
vapour
,
or
quality
communicated
to
the
water
:
of
this
sort
are
our
Vitriol
Baths
for
the
most
part
,
and
these
are
in
themselves
wholsome
,
and
are
sour
,
if
the
Vitriol
be
predominant
.
Such
are
most
of
our
Acidulae
;
whereof
we
have
many
in
Viterbio
&
Volaterano
,
Balneum
ad
mor●um
dictum
,
Saurbrun
by
Franckford
ad
Oderam
,
&c.
There
are
sour
waters
also
from
Allum
,
but
milder
:
also
from
Sulphur
,
whose
spirit
or
vapour
being
burnt
,
is
little
differing
from
the
spirit
of
Vitriol
,
but
somewhat
fatter
.
10.
Baubinus
de
th●r
.
nis
l.
2.c.2
.
But
the
most
part
of
our
Acidulae
are
from
Vitriol
.
This
sour
spirit
of
Allum
,
Vitriol
or
Sulphur
,
Libavius
judgeth
with
Thomas
Jordanus
to
be
,
in
the
terrestrial
parts
of
these
minerals
,
because
it
goeth
not
away
by
boyling
or
distillation
,
and
therefore
to
be
communicated
with
water
by
the
corporal
substance
or
juyce
of
them
.
De
judicio
aqu
.
niner
.
p.26.36
.
But
that
holds
not
in
mineral
spirits
which
are
heavier
than
water
,
as
may
appear
by
evaporation
of
any
water
made
sour
with
spirit
of
Vitriol
or
Sulphur
,
where
after
long
evaporation
,
that
which
remains
will
be
more
sour
than
before
evaporation
.
So
it
is
also
in
Vinegar
,
being
a
vegetable
juyce
.
The
spirit
of
wine
doth
certainly
arise
first
in
distillation
,
and
the
first
is
the
best
,
being
more
volatil
than
the
vapour
of
water
.
But
this
spiritus
acetosus
which
is
in
Sulphur
,
Allum
,
Vitriol
and
Vinegar
,
ariseth
last
;
and
the
more
you
distill
away
from
it
,
the
sharper
it
ariseth
,
and
the
sourer
is
that
which
remaineth
.
Thus
much
for
Vitriol
and
concrete
juyces
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
Mineral
Spirits
;
Quick-silver
,
Salphur
or
Brinsstone
,
Arsenick
,
with
his
kinds
,
Cadmia
.
AFist
kind
of
Minerals
are
called
Spirits
;
these
are
volatil
in
the
fire
,
and
have
ingression
into
Metals
,
but
no
metalline
fusion
.
These
are
Quick-silver
,
Sulphur
,
Arsenick
,
Cadmia
,
Rusma
,
&c.
All
which
being
volatil
,
will
easily
sublime
,
and
being
mixed
with
metals
,
as
Cadmia's
ordinarily
to
make
Brass
,
will
alter
the
colour
of
the
metal
,
and
make
it
less
fusible
,
and
less
malleable
.
I
will
briefly
run
over
the
examples
of
these
and
their
virtues
or
qualities
,
being
more
obscure
,
and
in
our
Baths
less
useful
than
the
former
,
and
more
rare
.
Qnick
silver
was
not
well
known
to
Galen
,
for
he
confesseth
that
he
had
no
experience
of
it
,
and
did
think
it
to
be
meerly
artificial
,
and
not
naturally
bred
in
the
earth
.
Simpl.
med.
facult.
1.
5.
0.
59.
Dioscorides
makes
no
mention
of
the
temperature
of
it
,
but
holds
it
to
be
a
pernitious
venome
,
and
to
fret
the
entrails
;
although
Matthiolus
affirms
that
it
is
safely
given
to
women
to
further
their
deliverance
,
and
we
find
it
so
by
often
expcrience
,
both
in
that
cause
,
and
in
Worms
,
and
in
the
French
Disease
and
Leprosies
,
if
it
be
skilfully
prepared
,
and
with
judgement
administred
.
Fallopius
holds
it
to
be
one
of
the
miracles
of
nature
.
Those
that
take
upon
them
to
determine
of
the
qualities
of
it
,
are
much
distracted
;
fome
reckoning
it
to
be
hot
and
dry
,
and
some
cold
and
moist
;
and
both
in
a
high
degree
.
But
in
this
account
they
consider
not
the
qualities
of
the
ingredients
in
the
preparation
;
whether
it
be
sublim'd
or
precipitated
.
Vidus
Vidius
turat
.
generat
.
p.
2.
sect.
2.1.3
C.
13.
Fallopius
de
petallis
6.
37.
For
my
part
I
know
not
how
to
reduce
〈◊〉
to
the
Elementary
qualities
:
neither
am
I
ashtmed
of
mine
ignorance
in
it
,
seeing
no
man
hitherto
hath
given
true
satisfaction
herein
.
And
if
it
be
true
that
the
elements
do
not
concur
to
the
generation
of
mixt
bodies
,
(
as
I
shall
shew
,
cap.
11.
)
we
need
not
marvail
if
we
find
the●
not
where
they
be
not
.
Quick-silver
not
reducible
to
the
Elementary
Qualities
But
for
our
own
use
,
where
reason
fails
us
,
let
us
be
guided
by
experience
.
We
find
by
experience
,
that
it
cuts
,
attenuates
,
penetrates
,
melts
,
resolves
,
purges
both
ad
centrum
&
a
centro
,
heats
,
cools
,
&c.
and
is
a
transcendent
beyond
our
rules
of
Philosophy
,
and
〈◊〉
monster
in
nature
,
as
Renodaus
faith
.
For
our
purpose
it
is
enough
to
know
whether
it
will
impr●
any
quality
to
water
;
which
Fallopius
,
Bacei●●
Solinander
,
Banbinus
,
and
Felix
Platerus
do
acknowledge
.
But
it
gives
no
taste
to
it
,
neither
have
we
many
examples
of
Baths
which
contin●●
it
.
In
Serra
Morena
in
Spain
,
near
the
Village
Almedien
,
is
a
Cave
where
are
many
Wells
i●fected
(
as
is
thought
)
with
Quick-silver
,
because
much
of
that
mineral
is
extracted
from
thence
out
of
a
red
stone
called
Minium
nativum
.
About
fifty
miles
from
thence
in
V
alentiola
,
then
is
another
fountain
called
La
Nava
,
of
a
sha●
taste
,
and
held
to
proceed
from
Quick-silver
and
these
waters
are
found
wholsome
.
So
are
〈◊〉
waters
at
Almagra
and
Toletum
,
and
others
by
the
River
Minius
,
which
are
hot
.
There
are
man
venomous
springs
attributed
to
Quick-silver
,
〈◊〉
the
red
fountain
in
A●thiopia
,
others
in
Boetia
,
Caa
in
Trigloditis
,
Stix
in
Arcadia
,
Stix
in
Thessalia
,
Licus
in
Sicilia
,
&c.
which
perhaps
are
from
other
minerals
,
feeing
we
find
some
from
Quick-silver
to
be
wholsome
.
For
Mines
of
Quick-silver
,
we
read
of
many
in
Baetica
,
Attica
,
Ionia
,
out
of
a
stone
which
Pliny
calls
Vomica
liquoris
aterni
.
In
Germany
at
Landsberg
,
at
Creucenacbum
,
Schenbach
,
Baraum
above
Prage
,
Kunningstien
,
&c.
In
Scotland
three
miles
beyond
Barwick
,
I
found
a
red
stone
,
which
I
took
to
be
minium
nativum
,
seeing
Agricola
makes
mention
of
it
in
Scotland
,
but
by
a
mischance
could
not
try
it
.
Sulphur
attracts
,
contracts
,
resolves
,
mollifies
,
discusses
,
whereby
it
shews
a
manifest
heat
,
though
not
intense
,
yet
the
sume
of
it
is
very
sour
,
and
therefore
must
cool
and
dry
:
and
I
perswade
my self
that
there
is
no
better
sume
to
correct
venomous
and
infectious
air
,
than
this
of
Sulphur
,
or
to
remove
infections
out
of
rooms
,
clothes
,
bedding
,
vessels
,
&c.
Sulphur
.
We
must
acknowledge
differing
parts
in
all
compounded
bodies
;
as
Rhubarb
hath
a
purgative
quality
in
the
infusion
,
and
an
astrictive
in
the
Terrestrial
substance
,
where
the
salt
hath
been
by
infusion
extracted
.
The
substance
of
Sulphur
is
very
fat
(
Sulphure
nihil
pinguius
)
faith
Felix
Platerus
,
and
this
is
the
cause
of
his
easie
taking
of
fire
,
and
nor
any
propinquity
it
hath
with
fire
in
the
quality
of
heat
:
for
if
it
were
very
hot
,
Dioscorides
would
not
comment
it
purulenta
extussientibus
,
the
next
door
to
a
Hectick
.
Also
Galen
faith
,
that
fat
things
are
moderately
hot
,
and
are
rather
nutriments
than
medicaments
.
Now
for
Sulphurous
Baths
,
they
are
very
frequent
,
and
if
we
should
believe
some
,
there
are
no
hot
Baths
but
participate
with
Sulphur
,
but
they
are
deceived
,
as
shall
appear
hereafter
,
when
we
come
to
shew
the
true
causes
of
the
heat
of
Baths
.
Neither
are
all
sulphurous
Baths
hot
.
Gesner
reports
of
a
Bath
by
Zurich
very
cold
,
and
yet
sulphurous
,
Agricola
of
another
by
Buda
in
Pannonia
.
In
Campania
by
the
Leucogaean
Hills
,
are
cold
Springs
full
of
Brimstone
.
Also
there
are
hot
Baths
without
any
shew
of
sulphur
that
can
be
discerned
,
as
the
Baths
of
Petriolum
in
Italy
,
the
Baths
Caldanelloe
and
de
Avinione
in
agro
Senensi
,
de
Gratta
in
Viterbiensi
,
de
aquis
in
pisanis
collibus
.
Divi
Johannis
in
agro
Lucensi
,
in
Alsatia
another
not
far
from
Gebersallerum
,
&c.
All
which
are
very
hot
,
and
yet
give
no
sign
of
Sulphur
either
by
taste
or
smell
,
or
effects
.
And
yet
no
doubt
there
are
many
Baths
having
a
sulphurous
smell
from
other
minerals
;
as
from
Bitumen
,
Vitriol
,
Sandaracha
,
Allum
,
&c.
which
are
hardly
to
be
discerned
(
if
at
all
)
from
Sulphur
.
So
we
commonly
say
,
if
a
house
or
a
tree
be
fet
on
fire
by
lightning
,
that
it
smells
of
Brimstone
when
there
was
no
Brimstone
there
.
Mans
things
combusted
,
will
yield
a
nidorous
smell
,
not
discernable
after
burning
what
the
things
were
.
But
there
are
divers
truly
sulphurous
Baths
which
contain
Sulphur
,
although
not
perfectly
mixt
with
the
water
without
some
medium
,
but
only
confused
:
for
perfect
Sulphur
will
not
dissolve
in
water
no
more
than
Bitumen
,
The
spirit
of
Sulphur
may
be
communicated
to
water
,
and
so
may
the
matter
of
Sulphur
before
it
hath
attained
his
perfect
form
and
consistente
:
otherwise
it
is
only
confufed
with
water
,
and
alters
it
into
a
milky
colour
.
Sulphurca
Nar
albus
aqua
,
Nar
with
Sulphurous
water
white
.
At
Baia
are
divers
hot
fulphurous
Baths
,
and
every
where
in
Hetrnria
,
in
Sicily
,
in
Diocesi
Panormitana
;
the
Baths
of
Apono
,
as
Savanarola
Muntagna
,
and
Fallopius
avevs
,
although
John
de
dondis
denieth
it
;
the
Bath
of
Astrunum
,
of
Callatura
,
S.
Euphemie
,
Aquisgran
,
Brigenses
thernmae
in
V
alesiis
Helvetiorum
,
Aqua
sancta
in
Picenis
,
and
an
infinite
number
every
where
.
Baccius
reckons
our
Baths
of
Bath
among
fulphurous
Baths
,
from
the
relation
of
Edward
Carne
when
he
was
Embassador
to
Jnlius
tertius
,
and
Panlus
quartus
.
I
will
not
deny
some
touch
of
Sulphur
in
them
,
seeing
we
sind
among
bituminous
coals
,
some
which
are
called
metal
coals
,
with
certain
yellow
vains
which
are
Sulphur
.
But
the
proportion
of
Sulphur
to
Bitumen
,
is
very
little
,
and
therefore
I
do
not
hold
them
Sul-phurous
&
pradominio
.
This
is
enough
for
Sulphur
.
Concerning
Arsenick
,
it
is
a
venomous
mineral
,
and
therefore
I
need
speak
nothing
of
the
Baths
which
proceed
from
it
,
but
that
we
take
heed
of
them
;
It
is
likely
that
those
venomous
waters
and
vapours
which
kill
suddenly
,
do
proceed
from
Arsenick
,
as
at
Cicrum
in
Thracia
,
font
Neptunius
in
Terracina
,
at
Peraut
by
Mompelier
,
the
Lake
Avernus
.
Arsenick
.
The
cave
of
Charon
by
Naples
.
Under
Arsenick
we
may
comprehe
.
d
Auripigmentum
,
Risagalum
,
Sandaracha
,
Rusma
,
&c.
I
hear
of
but
one
Mine
of
Rrsma
in
Ciprus
,
from
whence
the
Turks
have
it
to
take
off
hair
,
and
it
doth
it
best
of
any
thing
known
,
as
Bellonius
and
Platerus
report
,
and
I
have
made
tryal
of
it
oftentimes
:
The
former
sorts
of
Arsenick
are
found
in
Misia
Helltspontia
in
Ponu
,
by
the
River
Hippanis
,
which
is
made
bitter
by
it
.
In
the
lesser
Afta
,
between
Magncsia
and
Euphesus
in
Carmania
,
&c.
It
is
accounted
to
be
extreme
hot
and
putrifying
.
Cadmia
is
either
natural
or
fictitious
:
Th●
natural
is
often
dangerous
in
Germany
,
as
Agricola
saith
,
especially
that
which
is
liquid
,
whic●
is
a
strong
corrosive
:
the
other
is
of
the
natu●
of
Copper
,
moderately
hot
and
cleansing
.
as
especially
good
to
clear
the
eyes
,
as
Calamina●
and
Tntia
.
Cadmia
.
It
is
found
in
Copper
Mines
,
and
●
it self
in
Ciprus
,
as
Galen
saith
by
the
City
Sol●
Also
in
Agro
Senensi
,
Vicentino
,
Bergomensi
,
no●
Como
,
where
they
make
Brass
with
it
.
Unde
Meadip
hills
there
is
much
of
it
.
The
Baths
●
Saint
Cnssian
do
participate
with
it
,
and
Cicp
his
Baths
neer
Baia.
Also
the
Bath
at
Zurich●
Helvetia
,
and
Grotta
in
Viterbio
.
Thus
much
for
Spirits
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
mean
metals
,
or
half
metals
.
Bismutuin
or
Tin-glass
,
Antimony
,
Bell-metal
.
ASixt
sort
I
make
to
be
mean
metals
,
or
half
metals
,
which
are
mineral
substances
,
having
metalline
susion
,
but
are
not
malleable
,
as
metals
are
:
and
therefore
being
mixt
with
metals
,
do
make
them
brittle
.
These
are
Bismutum
,
or
plumbum
cinereum
,
Antimony
,
Bell-metal
,
which
Geber
calls
Magnesta
,
in
Dutch
SpeissCalaem
also
may
be
reckoned
among
those
,
which
is
a
kind
of
white
metalline
Cadmia
,
brought
out
of
the
East-Indies
,
which
hath
both
metalline
ingression
,
and
metalline
fusion
,
but
not
perfectly
malleable
.
These
although
they
are
more
volatil
than
metal
,
yet
by
reason
of
their
fusion
into
a
King
,
are
not
so
easily
sublim'd
as
the
Spirits
.
Bismutum
is
tnat
we
call
Tin-glass
,
differing
both
from
Tin
and
Lead
.
Bismutum
,
or
Tin-glass
.
Candidins
nigro
,
sed
plumbo
nigrins
albo
,
whiter
than
black
,
but
blacker
than
white
lead
.
It
was
not
known
to
the
Antients
,
and
therefore
we
can
say
little
of
the
qualities
of
it
.
It
is
found
in
England
,
and
in
Misnia
,
and
at
Sneberg
in
Germany
,
and
in
very
few
places
else
.
I
read
not
of
any
waters
that
participate
with
it
:
neither
can
I
say
much
of
Antimony
,
but
that
Dioscorides
saith
it
cools
,
binds
,
opens
obstructions
,
&c.
And
Galen
,
that
it
dryeth
and
bindeth
,
and
is
good
for
the
eyes
,
&c.
But
of
the
purging
quality
they
write
nothing
,
although
we
find
it
to
purge
violently
,
both
upwards
and
downwards
:
whereupon
we
may
g●
ther
that
all
purging
medicines
are
not
hot
,
as
●
have
touched
before
.
Cambden
faith
there
is
●
Mine
of
it
in
Cumberland
:
It
is
found
in
Italy
in
Thinni
montibus
,
in
Senensi
agro
in
the
County
of
S.
Flora
,
and
in
Germany
in
many
place
But
I
read
of
no
waters
that
participate
with
●
unless
we
should
judge
all
purgative
waters
to
be
infected
with
it
,
as
neer
Ormus
,
Purchas
write
of
such
a
Spring
which
purgeth
.
Sawanarola●
Balneis
Romandiolae
,
mentions
a.
Spring
at
M●
dula
,
which
purgeth
.
Part
,
3
.
pag.72
.
Also
Balneum
Tertutii
●
agro
Pistoriensh
,
Fallopio
;
also
the
sour
wat●
of
Mendich
and
Ponterbon
do
purge
choler
,
Rulandus
saith
.
At
None-such
we
have
also
a
p●
gative
Spring
,
which
may
participate
with
A●
timony
or
Nitre
,
or
both
:
But
purgative
wa●
are
rare
,
unless
it
be
ratione
ponderis
,
by
the
we●
and
quantity
,
and
so
any
water
may
purge
,
●
our
Bath-waters
do
purge
in
that
manner
,
and
the
addition
of
Salt
,
which
gives
stimulation
●
it
.
This
our
Bath-guides
do
ordinarily
presc●
to
such
as
will
be
perswaded
by
them
,
not
kno●ing
how
it
agreeth
with
their
griefs
,
nor
ho●
may
do
hurt
in
many
respects
,
as
oftentime●
doth
.
Bell-metal
is
thought
to
be
a
mixture
of
●ward●
and
Copper-Oars
,
as
Kentman
judgeth
,
an●
found
in
our
Tin
and
Copper-Mines
in
C●
wall
.
I
read
of
no
waters
infected
with
it
,
no●
any
use
it
hath
in
Physick
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
Metals
;
Gold
,
Silver
,
Iron
,
Copper
,
Ti●
Lead
.
THe
seventh
and
last
sort
are
metals
,
mineral
substances
,
fusible
and
malleablé
.
Fallop
.
de
metallis
cap.
10.
Libav
.
de
nat.
metall
.
part.
3.
cap.
5.
These
are
commonly
distinguished
into
perfect
and
imperfect
;
perfect
,
because
they
have
less
impurity
or
heterogenity
in
them
,
as
Gold
and
Silver
.
The
rest
are
called
imperfect
,
because
they
are
full
of
impurities
,
and
they
are
either
hard
or
soft
.
Hard
,
as
those
which
will
indure
ignition
before
they
melt
,
as
Iron
and
Copper
:
Soft
,
which
will
not
,
but
melt
at
the
first
,
as
Tin
and
Lead
.
All
these
metals
are
found
in
His
Majesties
Dominions
,
and
many
of
them
I
perswade
my self
,
might
be
wrought
to
better
profit
,
if
our
Smelters
were
skilful
,
or
were
not
hindred
by
si●ister
respects
.
Gold
.
But
especially
we
abound
in
the
imperfect
metals
more
than
enough
to
serve
our
own
use
.
And
for
the
perfect
metals
,
I
have
seen
both
in
Cornewall
and
at
Crayfordmuir
in
Scotland
,
perfect
Gold
(
which
the
Dutch
call
Gedigen
)
in
grains
among
Sparr
.
Also
among
other
metals
,
it
is
ordinarily
bred
,
as
Iron
and
Copper
,
and
Tin
.
But
from
Tin
it
is
hardly
separated
without
more
waste
of
Tin
than
the
Gold
is
worth
.
From
Iron
and
Copper
I
see
no
reason
but
it
might
be
separated
with
advantage
.
For
silver
,
there
is
much
lost
for
want
of
taking
●t
forth
of
Lead-Oars
:
for
whereas
those
Oars
which
are
rich
in
silver
,
Silver
.
are
commonly
hard
of
fusion
;
our
mineral
men
either
neglect
those
Oars
,
and
work
them
not
,
or
else
they
mix
some
s●●●ll
proportion
of
them
with
their
poor
Oars
,
which
are
easie
of
fusion
,
and
so
make
the
metal
so
poor
,
as
it
is
not
worth
the
refining
.
Whereas
if
they
were
wrought
by
themselves
,
they
would
yield
in
silver
upon
every
Tun
,
some
20
ounces
,
some
40
,
some
60
,
some
80
,
more
o●
less
.
For
Copper
,
Whereas
we
fetch
our
Pins
an●
Tags
of
Points
from
other
Countreys
,
yet
n●
doubt
we
might
be
furnished
of
our
own
,
bo●
for
these
and
other
uses
.
Copper
.
We
have
but
one
Copper
work
that
I
hear
of
in
all
his
Majesties
Dominions
,
and
that
is
at
Kesnick
in
Gumberland
but
Copper
Mines
are
found
in
divers
other
pa
〈…〉
as
in
Cornwall
at
Trevascus
,
and
other
places
〈◊〉
York-shire
,
Scotland
,
Ireland
,
&c.
And
no
dou
〈…〉
many
are
concealed
,
by
reason
they
are
Min
〈…〉
Royal.
If
these
were
wrought
,
and
wrought
〈◊〉ter
a
good
manner
,
it
is
likely
they
would
bri
〈…〉
a
good
advantage
to
his
Majesty
,
and
to
〈◊〉
Kingdom
.
For
Iron
,
we
have
the
Oar
in
abundance
,
〈…〉
it
is
pity
that
so
much
good
wood
should
be
w
〈…〉
sted
upon
it
for
so
bad
iron
;
and
yet
the
g
〈…〉
which
it
holds
,
is
lost
.
Iron
.
Many
have
propound
〈…〉
the
melting
of
it
with
stone-coal
,
but
perh
〈…〉
they
have
failed
in
their
projects
:
yet
this
do
not
prove
the
impossibility
of
it
.
And
for
〈◊〉
goodness
of
this
metal
,
if
it
were
rightly
made
,
would
melt
as
readily
as
other
metal
,
and
wo
〈…〉
be
tough
,
and
not
so
brittle
as
it
is
,
and
wo
〈…〉
not
be
so
apt
to
rust
.
For
these
inconvenience
happen
to
it
for
want
of
separation
of
the
impurities
which
are
bred
with
it
.
For
Tin
,
we
have
as
good
as
any
in
the
World
,
although
it
is
not
wrought
to
the
best
advantage
.
Tin
.
The
Countreys
where
it
grows
,
are
barren
of
wood
,
and
they
are
fain
to
fetch
it
far
off
.
Now
if
it
were
wrought
,
as
I
know
it
may
,
by
many
experiments
which
I
have
made
upon
it
,
with
stone-coal
,
there
would
be
much
saved
,
and
the
wood
might
be
otherwise
employed
.
The
Tin
also
would
be
as
good
as
now
it
is
,
and
the
product
not
diminished
.
For
Lead
,
although
for
soft
Oars
the
ordinary
course
of
melting
at
Mondip
and
the
Peak
,
may
serve
Well
,
and
much
better
than
their
Baling
at
Alendale
in
Hexamshire
and
at
Grass
in
the
Bishoprick
of
Duresme
:
yet
for
hard
Oars
(
which
are
commonly
rich
in
silver
)
there
might
be
better
courses
taken
,
by
common
or
proper
Agents
.
Common
agents
are
fire
and
water
;
proper
are
dissolvents
or
additaments
.
Lead
.
By
fire
they
might
amend
their
working
,
if
they
did
roast
their
Oars
well
before
melting
,
to
breath
away
volatil
and
combustible
substances
which
are
mixed
with
their
Oars
.
By
water
,
after
calcination
or
roasting
,
they
may
separate
all
dissoluble
juyces
,
&c.
Dissolvents
do
chiefly
serve
to
separate
the
silver
or
gold
out
of
the
Oars
:
as
in
the
quick-silver
work
,
or
by
Lyes
of
Nitre
,
Allum
,
Salts
,
&c.
Additaments
are
also
of
great
use
,
whether
they
be
segregatory
for
separation
of
spirits
,
or
mean
metals
from
our
Oars
,
and
so
to
facilitate
their
fusion
:
or
propugnatory
to
defend
the
Oares
from
consuming
or
vitrifying
.
Segregatory
additaments
are
either
such
as
are
more
easie
of
fusion
than
the
Oare
,
and
so
draw
the
Oare
into
fusion
with
them
,
or
such
as
will
not
melt
at
all
,
as
Geber
saith
,
Cujus
intentio
non
sit
fundi
:
which
keeps
the
Oar
asunder
from
clodding
,
and
giyes
it
a
greater
heat
,
like
fire
in
his
bosom
.
By
these
means
well
applyed
and
used
,
all
Lead
Oares
might
be
wrought
,
be
they
never
so
stubborn
,
and
none
need
to
be
neglected
.
Hitherto
I
have
digressed
out
of
mine
intended
course
,
through
the
desire
I
have
to
advance
mineral
works
.
Now
I
will
return
to
shew
the
nature
and
qualities
of
these
metals
,
as
I
have
done
of
other
minerals
.
Gold
of
all
Metals
is
the
most
solid
,
and
therefore
the
most
heavy
,
as
having
few
impurities
or
heterogeneal
substances
mixed
with
it
.
Nature
and
qualities
of
Gold
.
And
therefore
it
is
not
subject
to
corruption
,
as
other
metals
are
,
neither
will
it
lose
any
of
his
substance
,
either
by
fire
or
water
,
although
it
should
be
held
in
them
a
long
time
:
so
as
it
is
an
idle
and
vain
perswasion
that
many
have
,
who
think
by
boyling
Gold
in
Broth
,
to
get
some
strength
from
thence
,
and
so
to
make
the
Broths
more
cordial
.
Bascius
lib.
6.
cap.
8.
The
like
I
may
say
of
putting
Gold
into
Electuaries
or
Pills
,
unless
it
be
in
case
of
Quicksilver
taken
into
the
body
,
which
the
Gold
by
touch
may
gather
to
it
,
otherwise
it
goes
out
of
the
body
as
it
came
in
,
without
any
concoction
or
alteration
,
or
diminution
.
And
if
it
be
dissolved
in
strong
water
,
it
will
be
reduced
again
to
his
metalline
substance
,
without
diminution
,
much
less
will
it
be
dissolved
without
corrosive
Spirits
,
to
make
Aurum
Potabile
,
as
some
do
undertake
.
Basilica
chimia
Pag.
204.
Crollius
doth
acknowledge
,
that
there
is
but
one
Menstruum
in
the
world
that
may
do
it
,
and
that
he
knows
not
.
But
if
we
had
it
dissolved
,
we
are
yet
uncertain
what
the
quality
of
it
would
be
,
or
what
use
to
make
of
it
in
Physick
;
only
because
it
loseth
none
of
his
substance
,
we
know
it
can
do
no
hurt
,
and
therefore
we
use
it
for
Cauteries
,
&
to
quench
in
Beer
or
Wine
,
&c.
to
warm
it
,
or
to
give
it
some
astriction
from
the
fire
.
De
Thermis
cap.
8.
Fallopius
in
these
regards
disclaims
it
in
all
mineral
waters
,
as
he
doth
all
other
metals
:
and
will
not
believe
that
any
metal
doth
impart
any
quality
unto
water
.
In
ingressu
ad
infermo
,
pap.
373
.
Claudinus
holds
otherwise
,
and
so
doth
Baccius
,
Savanarola
,
Montagnana
,
Venustus
,
Solinander
,
and
almost
all
that
have
written
of
Bathes
.
For
if
we
should
exclude
Metals
,
we
must
likewise
exclude
Stones
,
and
Bitumina
and
Sulphur
,
and
almost
all
minerals
,
except
concrete
juices
.
For
none
of
these
,
after
they
have
attained
to
their
full
consistence
,
will
of
themselves
dissolve
in
water
,
without
the
help
of
some
concrete
juice
,
as
a
medium
to
unite
them
with
the
water
.
But
before
they
have
their
full
consistence
,
whilst
they
are
in
Solutis
principiis
,
as
Earth
,
Juice
,
or
Vapour
,
they
may
be
communicated
with
water
.
Gold
is
so
sparingly
bred
in
the
bowels
of
the
Earth
,
as
in
that
respect
it
can
hardly
furnish
a
perpetual
Spring
with
any
quality
from
it
:
yet
some
Bathes
are
held
to
participate
with
Gold
,
as
Ficuncellenses
,
Fabariae
,
Piperinae
,
de
Grottae
in
Viterbio
:
Sancti
Cassiani
de
Buxo
,
&c.
Silver
comes
next
in
purity
to
Gold
,
but
is
inferiour
unto
it
,
as
appears
by
the
dissolution
of
it
,
and
by
the
blew
tincture
which
it
yields
,
and
by
the
fouling
of
the
fingers
,
&c.
Of
Silver
.
For
the
qualities
of
it
,
there
is
not
much
discovered
.
But
as
all
other
things
of
price
are
superssitiously
accounted
cordia●
,
so
is
this
,
especially
in
hot
and
moist
distempers
of
the
heart
:
for
it
is
esteemed
to
be
cold
,
and
dry
,
and
astringent
,
and
yet
emollient
.
Theod
Tabernomonta●us
,
p.
2.
cap.
8.
We
have
no
Bathes
which
do
manifestly
participate
with
it
:
perhaps
,
by
reason
,
nature
doth
hot
produce
it
in
sufficient
quantity
to
infect
waters
.
John
Baubinus
thinks
there
may
be
Silver
in
the
Bathes
at
Boll
:
because
he
faith
there
was
a
Pyritis
or
Marchesit
examined
by
Doctor
Cadner
,
and
out
of
fifty
pound
weight
of
it
,
he
drew
two
drams
of
Silver
:
a
very
small
proportion
to
ground
his
opinion
upon
.
Iron
is
the
most
impure
of
all
metals
,
as
we
have
it
wrought
,
and
will
hardly
melt
as
metals
should
do
,
but
with
additaments
and
flusses
.
Of
Iron
and
Steel
.
Neither
is
it
so
malleable
,
and
ductible
as
other
metals
are
,
by
reason
of
his
many
impurities
.
Yet
we
see
that
at
Damasco
they
work
and
refine
it
in
such
sort
,
as
it
will
melt
at
a
Lamp
,
and
is
so
tough
,
as
it
will
hardly
break
.
And
this
is
not
by
reason
of
any
special
Mine
differing
from
other
Iron
Mines
,
for
they
have
no
Mines
of
Iron
near
to
Damascus
,
as
Bell●nius
reports
,
but
have
it
brought
thither
from
divers
other
places
,
only
their
art
in
working
and
purifying
it
is
beyond
ours
.
So
the
Spanish
Steel
and
Iron
is
purer
then
ours
,
and
we
do
esteem
of
Bilbo-blades
beyond
others
,
which
are
quenched
in
the
River
Bilbilis
:
as
Turnus
his
Sword
in
Virgil
was
quenched
in
the
River
Styx
.
Ensem
quem
Dauno
ignipotens
Deus
ipse
parenti
Fecerat
,
&
Stygia
candentem
extinxerat
at
unda
.
AEnead
12.
A
Sword
the
god
of
fire
,
of
his
own
make
,
Gave
Daune
,
Turn's
Father
,
quench'd
in
Stygian
Lake
.
But
the
hardning
of
Steel
lyeth
not
in
this
point
:
other
waters
no
doubt
may
serve
as
well
.
But
I
perswade
my self
that
our
Iron
may
be
made
much
purer
,
and
perhaps
some
Gold
extracted
from
it
which
it
holds
.
Concerning
the
temperature
of
Iron
and
Steel
,
Galen
reckons
it
among
earth
,
and
therefore
it
must
be
cold
.
Simpl.
lib.
9.
Manardus
is
absolutely
of
that
opinion
,
and
so
are
most
of
our
Physitians
.
Libs
16.
Epist.
5.
De
motallis
cap.
20.
Only
Fallopius
holds
it
to
be
hot
,
because
Scribonius
Largus
prescribes
it
in
Ulcers
of
the
Bladder
,
which
it
doth
cure
,
not
in
regard
of
heating
,
but
drying
;
for
it
dryeth
and
bindeth
much
,
and
therefore
by
Galens
rule
it
must
be
cold
.
Simpl.
l.
7.c.4
.
Astringentia
omnia
frigida
;
all
binding
things
are
cold
.
I
have
observed
in
Iron
and
Steel
two
distinct
qualities
,
the
one
opening
,
or
deopilative
;
the
other
astringent
.
Two
distinct
qualities
in
Steel
.
The
opening
quality
lyeth
in
a
volatile
Salt
or
Nitre
,
which
it
is
full
of
,
the
astringent
quality
in
the
Crocus
,
or
Terrestrial
part
.
These
two
substances
are
thus
discerned
and
severed
.
Take
of
the
fylings
of
Steel
or
Iron
,
and
cast
it
into
the
flame
of
a
Candle
,
and
you
shall
see
it
to
burn
like
Saltpeeter
or
Rosin
.
Take
these
fylings
,
and
infuse
them
three
or
four
times
in
Water
or
Wine
,
as
we
use
to
make
our
Chalibeat
Wines
,
till
the
water
or
wine
have
dissolved
all
this
Salt
,
and
then
dry
it
and
cast
it
into
the
flame
,
and
it
shall
not
burn
,
but
the
liquor
will
have
a
strong
taste
from
this
Salt
.
And
this
is
it
which
opens
obstructions
.
The
astringent
quality
lyeth
in
the
terrestrial
substance
,
as
is
evident
,
after
either
,
by
infusions
,
or
by
calcination
,
the
volatile
salt
is
departed
from
it
,
that
which
remains
,
is
very
astringent
,
and
stayeth
all
manner
of
fluxes
,
&c.
Concerning
Bathes
participating
with
Iron
,
we
have
too
many
examples
of
them
for
Fallopius
to
contradict
.
We
may
let
him
injoy
his
opinion
of
the
Calderiana
,
Veronensia
&
Villensia
,
Lucensia
;
although
it
be
against
the
judgement
of
all
other
who
have
written
of
them
,
and
it
is
hard
for
him
to
be
confident
in
a
negative
.
Solinander
,
pag.
193.
Ve●ustus
,
pag.
159.
B●●cius
lib.
6.
cap.
3.
S
〈…〉
rola
.
Rea
〈…〉
eus
pag.
305.
We
have
examples
more
then
enough
to
prove
the
quality
of
Iron
in
our
mineral
waters
.
Balneum
Reginae
in
agro
Pisano
is
actually
hot
,
and
from
Iron
.
So
is
Balneum
Sancti
Cassiani
in
agro
Senensi
:
So
is
Balneum
Ficuncellae
,
de
Russellis
,
Bora
in
agro
Florent
.
Brandulae
in
agro
Regiensi
,
Visicatoriae
in
Tuscia
,
Isenbrun
by
Liege
,
Forgense
in
Normandy
:
the
Spaw-water
,
Tunbridge-water
,
Bristol-water
by
S.
Vincents
Rock
:
all
which
,
some
being
hot
,
and
some
cold
,
participate
with
Iron
,
as
may
be
proved
,
not
only
by
the
consent
of
all
writers
,
which
have
made
mention
of
them
,
but
by
the
Mines
from
whence
they
come
,
or
by
their
taste
,
or
by
their
virtues
.
Copper
comes
nearest
to
the
nature
of
Iron
,
but
is
more
pure
,
and
more
easie
of
fusion
,
and
will
be
almost
all
converted
into
Vitriol
.
Quality
of
Copper
.
They
are
convertible
the
one
into
the
other
,
as
I
have
shewed
out
of
Erker
,
in
Vitriol
.
Libav
.
de
nat.
metall
.
c.
10.
And
by
the
practice
at
Commataw
and
Smolnicium
:
The
like
also
hath
been
shewed
in
Cornwall
,
at
the
Confluence
by
Master
Russel
.
Aristotle
also
tells
of
a
Copper
Mine
in
Thalia
,
an
Island
of
the
Tyrrhen
Sea
,
which
being
wrought
out
,
turned
into
an
Iron
Mine
:
in
this
similitude
of
nature
,
we
cannot
but
judge
that
there
is
a
similitude
in
qualities
,
and
that
Iron
being
cold
,
Copper
cannot
be
hot
.
Temperate
it
may
be
,
because
less
astringent
then
Iron
,
and
more
cleansing
:
Rhasis
saith
that
it
purgeth
like
a
Catharticum
,
and
in
his
continent
,
prescibes
it
to
purge
water
in
Dropsies
.
Another
argument
that
all
purgatives
are
not
hot
:
it
dryeth
exceedingly
,
and
attenuates
and
digests
.
We
have
divers
waters
which
participate
with
it
,
which
if
they
be
pure
from
Copper
it self
,
are
very
safe
and
wholsome
:
but
if
they
be
foul
,
and
proceed
from
the
excrements
of
Copper
,
they
are
not
wholsome
to
drink
.
Balnea
Collensia
sen
ferina
in
Martiana
Silva
,
do
consist
in
Copper
and
Allum
.
The
Bath
of
Faberia
in
Rhetia
,
of
Copper
and
Gold
.
Aqua
de
Grotta
in
agro
Viterbiensi
,
is
full
of
Copper
;
so
is
Aqua
Jasielli
,
Balneum
Lucense
in
Valesiis
:
Marcus
Paulus
Venetus
,
tells
us
of
a
greenish
Fountain
in
Persia
,
which
purgeth
exceedingly
,
and
is
held
to
come
from
Copper
.
Tin
and
Lead
are
two
of
our
Staple
Commodities
which
our
Countrey
yields
plentifully
,
not
only
for
our
own
use
,
but
to
supply
other
Nations
.
Of
Tin
.
Tin
is
bred
in
Cornwall
,
and
part
of
Devonshire
,
and
in
the
Isles
of
Scilly
,
which
from
thence
were
called
Cassiterides
.
It
is
melted
out
of
little
black
stones
,
which
the
Dutch
call
Zwitter
,
with
great
charge
,
because
they
cannot
melt
it
,
but
with
wood
coals
,
which
is
brought
them
far
off
,
and
they
are
fain
to
run
it
over
two
or
three
times
,
before
they
can
get
out
all
the
Tin
,
and
yet
much
of
it
is
wasted
in
the
blast
.
I
doubt
not
but
it
might
be
done
with
Sea-coal
,
if
they
knew
the
Artifice
,
and
with
as
great
a
product
of
Tin
.
There
is
both
Silver
and
Gold
found
in
it
,
but
without
wasting
of
the
Tin
,
we
know
no
means
to
sever
it
.
It
is
in
quality
cold
and
dry
,
and
yet
moves
sweat
abuadantly
,
as
I
have
proved
.
Lead
is
melted
commonly
out
of
an
Oar
common
to
Silver
and
Lead
,
as
Pliny
saith
called
Galena
.
Of
Lead
.
And
although
Agricola
saith
of
the
villachar
Lead
,
that
it
holds
no
Silver
,
and
therefore
fittest
for
assayes
;
yet
Lazarus
Erker
contradicts
it
out
of
his
own
experience
.
Our
Countrey
abounds
with
it
every
where
,
especially
at
the
Peak
in
Darbishire
,
and
at
Mendip
in
Somersetshire
;
Wales
also
and
Cornwall
,
and
Devon
,
are
full
of
it
,
and
so
is
Yorkshire
and
Cumberland
.
The
qualities
of
it
are
cold
and
dry
.
But
for
these
two
metals
,
we
find
no
waters
which
are
infected
with
them
.
In
Lorain
,
they
have
Bathes
called
Plumbaria
,
which
some
think
by
reason
of
the
name
,
to
proceed
from
Lead
:
but
John
Bauhinus
thinks
they
should
be
called
Plumiers
,
as
Pictorius
writes
it
from
the
French
word
Plumer
,
a
deplumando
,
because
they
are
so
hot
as
they
use
to
scald
fowls
in
them
,
to
take
off
their
feathers
.
Pag.
90.
Thus
much
for
metals
,
and
all
other
sorts
of
Minerals
,
with
their
several
Natures
and
Baths
infected
with
any
of
them
.
As
for
mixed
bodies
,
and
flores
,
and
recrements
,
&c.
they
are
to
be
referred
to
the
simple
bodies
from
whence
they
proceed
:
As
Tutia
,
Pompholix
,
Minium
,
Cerussa
,
Sublimatum
,
Praecipitatum
,
&c.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
the
generation
of
Metals
in
the
Earth
;
Their
seminary
spirit
,
That
it
is
not
from
the
Elements
.
NOw
I
must
shew
the
generation
of
these
minerals
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
which
of
necessity
we
must
understand
,
before
we
can
shew
the
reasons
how
mineral
waters
receive
either
their
actual
heat
,
or
their
virtues
.
Fallop
.
de
metallis
cap.
11.
Libav
.
de
nat.
metal
.
cap.
12.
Some
have
imagined
that
metals
and
minerals
were
created
perfect
at
the
first
,
seeing
there
appears
not
any
seed
of
them
manifestly
,
as
doth
of
Animals
and
Vegetables
;
and
seeing
their
substances
are
not
so
fluxible
,
but
more
firm
and
permanent
.
But
as
they
are
subject
to
corruption
in
time
,
by
reason
of
many
impurities
,
and
differing
parts
in
them
,
so
they
had
need
to
be
repaired
by
generation
.
It
appears
in
Genesis
,
that
Plants
were
not
created
perfect
at
first
,
but
only
in
their
Seminaries
:
for
Moses
Cap.
2.
gives
a
reason
why
Plants
were
not
come
forth
of
the
earth
,
scil.
because
(
as
Tremelius
translates
it
)
there
had
as
yet
neither
any
rain
fallen
,
nor
any
dew
ascended
from
the
earth
,
whereby
they
might
be
produced
and
nourished
:
The
like
we
may
judge
of
minerals
,
that
they
were
not
at
first
created
perfect
,
but
disposed
of
in
such
sort
,
as
they
should
perpetuate
themselves
in
their
several
kinds
.
Agricola
de
ortu
&
causis
Sub●
.
lib.
5
.
c.1
.
Wherefore
it
hath
ever
been
a
received
Axiome
among
the
best
Philosophers
,
that
minerals
are
generated
,
and
experience
hath
confirmed
it
in
all
kinds
.
Our
Salt-peeter
men
find
that
when
they
have
extracted
Salt-peeter
out
of
a
floor
of
earth
one
year
,
within
three
or
four
years
after
,
they
find
more
Salt-peeter
generated
there
,
and
do
work
it
over
again
.
The
like
is
observed
in
Allum
and
Copperass
.
As
for
metals
,
our
Tinners
in
Cornewall
have
experience
of
Pits
which
have
been
filled
up
with
earth
after
they
have
wrought
out
all
the
Tin
they
could
find
in
them
;
and
within
thirty
years
they
have
opened
them
again
,
and
found
more
Tin
generated
.
The
like
hath
been
observed
in
Iron
,
Lib.
3
.
c.19
.
as
Gaudentius
Merula
reports
of
Ilva
,
an
Island
in
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
under
the
Venetians
,
where
the
Iron
breeds
continually
as
fast
as
they
can
work
it
,
which
is
confirmed
also
by
Agricola
and
Baccius
;
and
by
Virgil
who
saith
〈◊〉
it
,
〈◊〉
:
lib
10.
Insula
inexhaustis
Chalybum
generos
a
matallis
;
Brave
Ilva
Isle
,
whose
teeming
womb
,
Breeds
Iron
till
the
day
of
Doom
.
The
like
we
read
of
at
Saga
in
Lygiis
,
where
they
dig
over
their
Iron-mines
every
tenth
year
.
In
Sarept
.
co●●●
.
3.
II.
&c.
John
Mathesius
gives
us
examples
almost
of
all
sorts
of
minerals
and
metals
which
he
hath
observed
to
grow
and
regenerate
.
The
like
examples
you
may
find
in
Leonardus
Thurneiserus
.
Erastus
affirms
that
he
did
see
in
S.
Joachims
dale
,
silver
grown
upon
a
beam
of
wood
,
which
was
placed
in
the
pit
to
support
the
works
:
and
when
it
was
rotten
,
the
workmen
coming
to
set
new
timber
in
the
place
,
sound
the
silver
sticking
to
the
old
beam
.
In
Alchimia
magna
.
De
metallis
pag.
17.
&
19.
Also
he
reports
that
in
Germany
,
there
hath
been
unripe
and
unconcocted
silver
found
in
Mines
,
which
the
best
workmen
affirmed
,
would
become
perfect
silver
in
thirty
years
.
The
like
Modestinus
Fachius
,
and
Mathesius
affirm
of
unripe
and
liquid
silver
;
which
when
the
workmen
find
,
they
use
to
say
,
We
are
come
too
soon
.
Von
probier●ng
der
crtze
.
In
Sarept●●
.
But
I
need
not
produce
any
more
proofs
for
this
purpose
,
as
I
could
out
of
Agricola
and
Libavins
,
and
others
,
seeing
our
best
Philosophers
,
both
antient
and
modern
,
do
acknowledge
that
all
minerals
are
generated
.
Sebast
.
For●●●
l.
3.c.6
.
Scverinus
c.
8.
P.
125.
The
manner
of
generation
of
minerals
and
metals
,
is
the
same
in
all
,
as
is
agreed
upon
both
by
Plato
and
Aristotle
,
and
●heophrastus
.
And
as
the
manner
of
generation
of
minerals
is
alike
in
all
,
so
it
differs
from
the
generation
of
animate
bodies
,
whether
animals
or
vegetables
,
in
this
,
that
having
no
seed
,
they
have
no
power
or
instinct
of
producing
other
individuals
,
but
have
their
species
perpetuated
per
virtutem
seu
spiritum
semini
analogum
,
by
a
spiritual
substance
proportionable
to
seed
,
which
is
not
resident
in
every
individual
,
as
it
is
in
aimals
and
plants
,
which
Moses
saith
have
their
seeds
in
themselves
,
but
in
their
proper
wombs
.
Caesalpinus
de
metal
.
lib.
1.
C.
2.
This
is
the
judgement
of
Petrus
Severinus
,
howsoever
he
doth
obscure
it
by
his
Platonical
grandiloquence
.
Cap.
2.
And
as
there
is
not
Vacuum
in
Corporibus
,
so
much
less
in
Speciebus
:
For
that
the
Species
are
perpetuated
by
new
generations
,
is
most
certain
,
and
proved
bofore
:
that
it
is
not
out
of
the
seeds
of
individuals
,
is
evident
by
this
,
that
if
minerals
do
not
assimulate
nourishment
by
attraction
,
retention
,
concoction
,
expulsion
,
&c.
for
the
maintenance
of
their
own
individual
bodies
,
much
less
are
they
able
to
breed
a
superfluity
of
nourishment
for
seed
.
And
how
can
they
attract
and
concoct
nourishment
,
and
expel
excrements
,
which
have
no
veins
nor
fibres
,
nor
any
distinct
parts
to
perform
these
Offices
withal
?
Moreover
they
are
not
increased
as
Plants
are
,
by
nourishment
,
whereas
the
parts
already
generated
,
are
extended
in
all
proportions
by
the
ingression
of
nutriment
,
which
sills
and
enlarges
them
:
but
only
are
augmented
externally
upon
the
superficies
,
by
super-addition
of
new
matter
concocted
by
the
same
virtue
and
spirit
,
into
the
same
Species
.
Erast
.
disput.
part.
2.
p.
261.
Thus
much
for
the
manner
of
all
mineral
generations
,
which
is
not
much
controverted
:
the
chief
difference
is
about
the
efficient
and
the
matter
.
About
the
efficient
cause
of
generations
(
for
we
must
handle
them
all
together
)
there
are
divers
opinions
,
as
there
are
divers
causes
which
concur
to
all
generations
of
animals
,
vegetables
or
minerals
.
But
there
must
be
one
principal
efficient
cause
,
to
give
the
form
to
all
Species
,
as
thee
are
other
adjuvant
and
attending
causes
:
The
principal
cause
and
agent
in
this
work
,
is
by
most
attributed
to
the
influence
of
the
Planets
,
especially
to
the
Sun
,
who
either
by
his
light
,
or
by
his
heat
,
doth
frame
the
species
of
all
things
,
and
so
of
minerals
,
but
chiefly
in
regard
of
his
heat
.
The
principal
Efficient
Cause
of
the
Generation
of
Minerals
,
not
the
Sun
.
This
heat
working
upon
apt
matter
,
is
thought
to
produce
the
several
species
which
we
see
.
As
for
the
motion
of
the
Planets
,
it
is
certain
that
they
move
continually
in
a
constant
order
,
and
the
World
could
not
subsist
as
it
doth
without
it
so
as
it
may
be
cans
a
sine
qua
non
;
a
very
remote
cause
,
as
there
may
be
a
hundred
more
causes
of
that
nature
.
So
likewise
the
light
,
which
the
Peripateticks
make
the
instrument
of
coelestial
effects
,
can
do
as
little
to
the
furtherance
of
generations
,
seeing
they
proceed
as
well
by
night
as
by
day
:
and
for
minerals
,
it
is
perpetual
night
with
them
,
the
density
of
the
earth
and
rocks
not
suffering
the
light
to
pass
.
Wherefore
they
insist
chiefly
upon
the
heat
of
the
Sun
:
but
Moses
tells
us
that
Plants
were
created
with
their
seeds
in
themselves
upon
the
third
day
,
before
the
Planets
,
which
were
not
created
till
the
fourth
day
;
the
shew
us
that
Plants
and
terrestrial
substances
depend
not
upon
Planets
for
their
generations
,
Dorn
.
phisica
Geresis
.
nor
for
their
virtues
,
but
have
the
prin
cipal
causes
of
them
in
themselves
.
The
same
we
may
judge
of
minerals
,
being
terrestrial
substances
,
and
propagated
by
seeds
,
as
Plants
are
,
and
likely
to
be
created
upon
the
same
day
with
Plants
,
seeing
there
is
no
other
mention
of
their
creation
in
Moses
.
Now
for
the
heat
of
the
Sun
,
no
doubt
it
is
an
universal
fosterer
of
all
inferior
substances
:
but
that
it
should
beget
particular
Species
,
is
very
improbable
.
The
heat
of
the
Sun
is
no
more
apt
to
breed
a
Nettle
than
a
Dock
,
Brimstone
than
Salt
,
&c.
For
it
cannot
give
the
essence
to
any
thing
:
heat
being
only
a
quality
which
can
breed
no
substance
,
and
such
a
quality
as
can
only
segregate
heterogeneral
substances
;
and
thereby
congregate
homogeneal
.
Whereas
in
all
generations
there
must
be
a
further
power
and
virtue
,
to
proportion
the
Elements
fit
for
every
Species
(
if
they
will
have
all
things
made
of
the
Elements
)
and
to
bring
the
Species
form
a
potential
being
to
an
actual
,
giving
to
every
thing
his
proper
shape
,
quantity
,
colour
,
smell
,
taste
,
&c.
and
to
unite
them
,
which
before
were
of
different
natures
:
It
must
be
an
internal
and
domestical
agent
,
and
efficient
cause
which
must
perform
this
:
and
such
a
one
as
is
not
common
to
all
Species
alike
,
but
proper
to
that
which
it
produceth
:
otherwise
there
would
be
no
distinction
,
of
Species
.
Gal.
de
Maraes
.
And
therefore
Moses
saith
of
Plants
,
that
they
have
their
seeds
in
themselves
,
according
to
their
seyeral
kinds
.
Neither
can
any
external
cause
give
an
essential
form
to
any
thing
,
which
form
must
be
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
inbred
in
the
thing
it self
,
and
not
adventitious
.
And
therefore
Scaliger
saith
,
Formae
,
non
Solis
est
quantitatem
terminare
,
and
Aristotle
,
Calore
natura
utitur
tanquam
ministro
aut
instrumento
,
non
tanquam
opifice
aut
legislatore
.
Wherefore
we
will
grant
the
Sun
to
be
an
adjuvant
cause
,
and
by
his
heat
to
foster
and
cherish
inferiour
generations
:
but
not
to
be
a
principal
and
begetting
cause
.
And
so
Zabarella
doth
mollisie
the
harshness
of
the
former
opinion
:
and
doth
acknowledge
that
the
Sun
doth
further
generations
only
as
an
instrument
of
another
superiour
power
,
whereby
in
minerals
it
may
make
the
matter
more
apt
to
receive
the
form
,
but
it
makes
no
minerals
,
no
more
then
it
makes
blood
in
our
bodies
.
De
catore
.
Others
make
the
Elements
to
be
the
principal
causes
of
all
species
by
their
qualities
.
Neither
the
Elements
.
For
the
matter
of
the
Elements
,
being
a
passive
matter
,
cannot
be
an
efficient
cause
of
generations
.
These
qualities
must
be
heat
or
cold
:
for
the
other
two
are
passive
,
and
attend
rather
upon
the
matter
of
generations
,
then
upon
the
efficient
.
Fire
therefore
by
his
heat
is
thought
of
all
the
Elements
to
have
the
greatest
hand
in
all
generations
,
being
most
active
and
superiour
to
all
the
rest
of
the
Elements
together
,
for
the
generation
of
every
Species
,
and
rank
them
in
due
order
,
proportion
,
weight
,
measure
,
&c.
This
is
he
than
must
reconcile
the
differences
which
are
in
their
natures
,
and
bring
them
to
union
.
This
must
attract
nourishment
,
and
prescribe
the
quantities
,
dimensions
,
parts
,
figures
,
colours
,
tastes
,
savours
,
&c.
of
every
thing
.
A
large
Province
he
hath
to
govern
,
with
one
naked
and
simple
quality
,
which
can
have
but
one
simple
motion
.
Simplicibus
corporibus
simplices
tantum
motus
congruunt
.
Heat
can
but
heat
,
and
the
effects
of
this
heat
are
by
separation
of
different
substances
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
congregate
those
that
are
alike
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
But
in
this
work
we
make
heat
to
unite
differing
substances
:
for
all
generation
is
of
differing
substances
united
into
one
.
Again
,
fire
having
but
one
quality
to
work
withall
,
whereby
he
must
unite
the
other
three
Elements
,
what
shall
bring
and
unite
fire
unto
them
?
This
must
be
another
power
superiour
to
them
all
,
for
we
must
not
imagine
that
they
meet
by
chance
as
travellers
do
.
And
therefore
Aristotle
explodes
this
efficient
of
fire
,
and
attributes
it
to
the
forms
of
natural
things
.
1
De
anima
Item
2.
cap.
4.
As
for
cold
in
the
other
Elements
,
it
is
far
more
unlikely
then
heat
,
to
perform
these
offices
,
being
rather
a
distructive
,
then
a
generative
quality
,
and
is
not
called
in
by
any
Author
to
this
work
,
before
the
species
have
received
his
form
by
heat
:
and
then
it
is
admitted
only
for
consolidation
,
but
how
justly
,
it
is
doubtfull
:
for
heat
doth
consolidate
as
well
as
cold
,
by
drying
up
moisture
.
But
we
will
not
grant
this
to
either
of
them
,
as
principal
Agents
,
but
as
they
are
instruments
attending
the
forms
of
natural
things
.
The
Alchymists
make
Sulphur
to
be
the
principal
efficient
of
all
minerals
,
especially
of
metals
,
and
Mercury
the
matter
.
If
they
mean
common
Sulphur
and
Mercury
,
which
are
perfect
Species
in
their
kinds
,
they
are
much
deceived
,
and
this
opinion
is
sufficiently
confuted
by
all
that
oppugne
them
.
But
it
seems
they
understand
some
parts
in
the
seminary
of
metals
which
have
some
analogy
with
these
:
and
so
their
opinion
may
be
allowed
.
For
the
spirit
,
which
is
the
efficient
in
these
generations
,
doth
reside
in
a
material
substance
,
which
may
be
resembled
to
Sulphur
or
Oyle
,
as
some
other
part
may
be
resembled
to
Mercury
.
For
all
generations
are
framed
of
different
parts
united
by
this
Spirit
.
Thus
much
of
the
different
opinions
concerning
the
efficient
of
all
generations
,
and
in
particular
of
minerals
.
The
matter
whereof
minerals
are
bred
,
is
attributed
chiefly
to
the
Elements
,
as
the
general
matter
of
all
animate
and
inanimate
bodies
:
insomuch
as
both
the
heavens
,
and
the
very
souls
of
men
are
made
to
proceed
from
the
Elements
.
Concerning
the
Heavens
,
it
hath
been
the
ancient
opinion
of
the
Platonicks
,
Pythagoreans
,
and
Epicureans
,
that
not
only
these
inferiour
bodies
,
but
also
the
coelestial
,
have
been
framed
out
of
the
Elements
.
Trismegistus
in
Asclepio
cap.
1.
Plato
.
In
Timco
in
Dialogo
de
natura
.
Plato
speaking
of
the
heavens
,
saith
,
Divini
decoris
ratio
postulabat
talem
fieri
mundum
,
qui
&
visum
pateretur
&
tactum
.
Sine
igne
videri
nil
potest
,
fine
sulido
nil
tangi
:
solidum
sine
terra
nibil
.
Wherefore
holding
the
heavees
to
be
visible
and
solid
,
they
must
be
made
of
the
Elements
.
The
Pythagoreans
,
and
the
Brachmanni
of
India
held
the
same
opinion
of
the
Heavens
:
where
Apollonius
Tyanaeus
was
instructed
in
all
the
Pythagorean
Doctrine
,
as
Philostratus
reports
.
In
vita
Apollo●ci
.
The
Epicureans
also
were
of
the
same
opinion
,
as
appears
in
Virgil
,
Elcoga
6.
where
he
brings
in
Sil●nus
,
one
of
the
sect
,
and
one
of
Bacchus
his
crew
,
singing
in
this
manner
,
Namque
canebat
,
uti
magnum
perinane
coacta
Semina
,
terrarumque
,
animaeque
marisque
fuissent
,
Et
liquidi
simul
ignis
:
ut
his
exordia
primis
Omnia
,
&
ipse
tener
mundi
concreverit
orbis
.
Silenus
sung
,
how
through
the
Chaos
vast
,
The
seeds
were
set
of
Earth
,
of
Air
,
of
Seas
,
Of
purest
fire
:
how
out
of
these
at
last
,
All
things
have
sprung
,
and
also
out
of
these
The
infant
world
was
moulded
.
Of
this
opinion
also
was
Lucretius
,
Philo
Jidoens
,
Valesius
,
&c.
although
Valesius
doth
make
more
pure
Elements
for
the
Heavens
then
ours
.
Desacra
Philosoph
.
cap.
51.
Aristotle
forsook
his
Master
Plato
in
this
point
,
and
frames
the
Heavens
of
a
quintessential
substance
.
But
howsoever
the
Heavens
may
participate
with
elementary
qualities
,
and
be
subject
to
generation
and
corruption
in
their
parts
;
yet
me
thinks
they
should
exempt
our
soals
from
this
original
,
and
not
make
them
out
of
the
fragment
of
the
Elements
.
Scaliger
inveys
against
Alexander
Aphr●disiensis
,
for
this
opinion
,
and
saith
that
he
had
poysoned
our
Philosophy
herein
:
Venenav●●hanc
Philosophiae
partem
.
So
both
he
and
others
derive
the
sense
,
motion
,
understanding
,
growth
,
and
the
natural
faculties
of
our
souls
,
and
the
peculiar
properties
of
every
thing
,
from
this
original
,
turpissimo
errore
,
as
Severinus
saith
.
Cap.
de
mixtie●●
.
And
Scaliger
in
another
place
concerning
this
:
D●
intelleclu
&
ratione
ipsaque
anima
quae
●ontaminarunt
istoe
nebuloe
Aphrodisienses
,
&
pudet
dicere
&
piget
meminisse
.
I
am
ashamed
to
speak
,
and
grieved
to
think
how
this
Aphrodisiensis
hath
polluted
our
reason
and
understanding
,
and
our
very
souls
with
his
foggy
doctrine
,
in
ascribing
all
these
unto
the
Elements
.
By
the
same
reason
they
may
ascribe
the
barking
of
Doggs
,
the
singing
of
Birds
,
the
laughing
and
speech
of
men
,
to
the
Elements
.
Their
opinion
is
more
probable
,
which
hold
,
animam
ex
traduce
,
and
to
be
communicated
as
one
light
to
another
:
as
Timoth.
Bright
proves
in
Physicam
Scribonii
,
and
not
to
ascribe
it
to
the
Elements
.
nor
to
miracles
,
or
new
creations
.
But
there
is
far
more
reason
to
derive
from
the
Elements
,
the
tastes
,
colours
,
smells
,
sigures
,
numbers
,
quantities
,
orders
,
dimensions
,
&c.
which
appear
more
in
corporal
substances
,
and
yet
these
are
not
from
the
Elements
.
For
how
can
they
give
these
affections
to
other
things
,
when
they
have
them
not
themselves
?
Si
non
est
ab
elementis
gustare
,
quare
sit
gustari
?
What
taste
have
any
of
these
Elements
?
Fire
or
heat
which
is
the
most
active
Element
,
hath
none
.
And
whereas
it
is
thought
,
that
bittterness
proceeds
from
heat
,
we
find
that
many
sharp
and
tar●fruits
,
being
also
very
bitter
before
they
are
ripe
,
(
as
Olives
for
example
)
yet
let
them
hang
upon
the
tree
till
they
be
ripe
,
and
they
lose
their
bitterness
,
and
also
their
sharpness
,
by
reason
of
their
better
concoction
by
heat
.
The
like
difference
wefind
between
our
oleum
omphacinum
,
and
therpe
oyle
.
So
likewise
opium
,
which
is
held
to
be
very
cold
,
yet
it
is
extream
bitter
,
so
as
the
cold
parts
in
it
are
not
able
to
master
the
bitterness
,
but
this
is
still
predominant
:
wherefore
heat
can
be
no
cause
of
bitterness
,
unless
it
be
in
excess
or
defect
,
as
Scaliger
confesseth
.
Wormwood
is
very
bitter
,
being
hot
and
dry
in
the
second
or
third
degree
:
if
heat
were
the
cause
of
it
,
then
all
other
simples
which
are
hot
and
dry
in
the
same
degree
,
should
be
also
bitter
.
As
I
have
said
of
tastes
,
so
I
may
say
of
all
the
other
affections
of
natural
things
,
that
they
proceed
not
form
the
Elements
,
but
from
the
seeds
and
forms
of
every
thing
.
So
for
fat
and
unctuous
substances
,
as
Sulphur
,
Bitumen
,
Oyle
,
Grease
,
&c.
unto
what
Element
shall
we
ascribe
them
?
Not
unto
fire
,
because
this
is
extream
hot
and
dry
,
that
is
temperate
in
heat
,
and
very
moist
.
Moreover
,
fire
would
rather
consume
it
,
then
generate
it
:
and
Physitians
judge
the
generation
of
fat
in
our
bodies
to
proceed
rather
from
cold
,
then
from
heat
.
Air
,
if
it
have
any
ingenerate
quality
,
as
some
do
make
doubt
out
of
Aristotle
it
is
cold
and
moist
,
as
I
have
shewed
before
,
cap.
2
&
5.
1
M●teo●ol
.
4.
Item
de
mundo
ubi
dicit
aerens
comparatum
esse
ad
aliam
&
aliam
●●turam
inducedam
.
and
therefore
as
it
cannot
agree
with
fire
,
nor
be
a
fuel
to
it
,
so
it
cannot
be
any
material
cause
of
fat
,
or
oylie
substance
:
being
more
agreeable
to
water
,
from
whence
it
is
thought
to
be
made
by
rarifaction
,
and
into
which
it
is
thought
to
be
reduced
by
condensation
.
Wherefore
being
of
a
watry
nature
,
it
cannot
agree
with
oyle
or
fatness
,
nor
be
the
matter
of
it
.
The
like
we
may
judge
of
water
,
which
doth
terminate
both
water
and
air
,
and
therefore
must
be
opposite
to
them
both
.
As
for
earth
,
being
cold
and
dry
,
and
solid
,
it
cannot
be
the
matter
of
this
which
is
temperate
,
and
moist
,
and
liquid
;
Neither
can
all
the
Elements
together
make
this
substance
,
seeing
there
is
no
unctuousness
in
any
of
them
,
and
they
can
give
no
more
then
they
have
.
So
as
I
cannot
see
how
this
oylie
substance
,
which
is
very
common
in
all
natural
things
,
and
wherein
the
chief
faculties
of
every
thing
doth
reside
,
as
their
humidum
radicale
,
should
be
from
the
Elements
.
So
likewise
for
the
substance
wherewith
every
thing
is
nourished
and
increased
,
and
into
which
every
thing
is
resolved
,
it
appears
not
how
it
should
be
from
the
Elements
.
In
som
.
Scipionis
cap.
6.
Hypocrates
,
of
whom
Macrobius
saith
,
Nec
fallere
nec
falli
p●tuit
,
hath
two
notable
axioms
for
the
clearing
of
this
point
.
The
one
is
Vnumquong
;
in
id
dissolvitur
unde
compactum
est
.
De
nat
hominis
.
Every
thing
is
dissolved
into
that
whereof
it
was
made
.
The
other
.
Iisdem
untrimur
ex
quibus
constamus
,
we
are
nourished
by
such
things
as
we
consist
of
.
2
De
gen.
cap.
8.
Item
libde
s●●su
&
sensibile
.
Aristotle
also
hath
the
same
.
If
this
axiom
be
true
,
as
I
hold
it
to
be
,
and
I
know
none
that
contradict
it
,
then
we
must
consist
of
such
things
as
we
are
nourished
withall
.
But
we
are
not
nourished
by
the
Elements
,
and
therefore
we
consist
not
of
them
.
Fire
nourisheth
nothing
,
water
nourisheth
not
,
as
Physicians
conse●s
:
Air
is
too
thin
a
substance
,
and
Earth
to
thick
.
And
as
they
do
not
nourish
them
when
they
are
single
,
so
being
compounded
,
they
can
do
as
little
.
3
De
gen.
animal
.
cap.
ultimo
.
Aristotle
saith
that
some
Plants
are
nourished
with
water
alone
,
some
with
earth
alone
,
and
some
with
both
together
.
But
if
earth
and
water
be
mixed
for
our
nourishment
,
they
making
but
mud
,
would
make
us
have
muddy
brains
.
We
will
grant
the
Elements
to
be
matrices
rerum
naturalium
,
the
wombs
and
nurses
of
natural
things
,
but
we
will
not
grant
them
to
be
material
causes
.
Neither
can
we
attribute
more
dignity
unto
them
,
then
we
do
to
our
Mothers
,
who
depart
from
their
substance
whereof
they
consist
,
as
flesh
,
bones
,
sinews
,
veins
,
arteries
,
&c.
to
the
nourishment
of
their
Infants
,
but
only
prepare
blood
for
them
,
from
the
nutriments
which
they
receive
.
And
all
the
Elements
in
the
world
cannot
make
this
blood
,
neither
as
the
matter
nor
as
the
efficient
.
But
as
the
Mother
is
furnished
with
blood
to
nourish
the
Infant
,
and
with
convenient
heat
to
foster
it
withall
,
so
are
the
Elements
stored
with
all
manner
of
matter
sit
for
all
generations
:
so
as
the
seeds
or
forms
of
natural
things
,
will
never
want
matter
to
nourish
them
,
nor
will
ever
want
forms
.
So
that
it
is
manifest
that
if
natural
bodies
be
not
nourished
by
the
Elements
,
they
are
not
compounded
of
them
:
but
being
nourished
by
other
substances
then
the
Elements
,
they
must
be
compounded
of
the
like
;
Simile
simili
nutritur
:
composit
a
compos●●
constant
&
nutriuntur
.
Thus
much
for
the
Genesis
or
generation
and
naration
of
natural
things
,
that
thereby
we
cannot
gather
that
they
are
either
mad
or
nourished
by
the
Elements
.
Now
let
us
examine
whether
by
the
Analysis
or
dissolution
of
them
,
we
may
find
the
four
Elements
,
according
to
the
former
axiome
,
that
every
thing
is
dissolved
into
that
whereof
it
was
made
,
and
is
made
of
than
whereinto
it
is
dissolved
,
as
Aristotle
,
Hypocrates
,
and
Galen
do
affirm
.
So
that
if
the
Elements
enter
into
the
composition
of
natural
things
,
especially
as
the
principal
materials
whereof
they
consist
,
they
must
needs
appear
in
the
dissolution
of
them
.
This
dissolution
is
either
natural
or
artificial
.
In
the
natural
dissolution
of
all
things
,
Hypocrates
observes
three
distinct
substances
,
calidum
,
humidum
sive
fluidum
,
&
siccum
five
solidum
,
according
to
the
three
Elements
or
principles
where
of
they
are
framed
.
His
instance
is
principally
man
,
but
he
●ffirms
it
to
hold
in
other
animate
and
inanimate
bodies
.
Ifagoge
cap.
8.
1
de
Elementis
cap.
15.
These
Elements
he
termeth
continen●●a
,
contenta
&
impetum
facientia
,
as
Galen
exbounds
it
.
Those
which
he
calls
continentia
,
〈◊〉
bones
,
nerves
,
veins
,
arteries
,
and
from
●hence
,
muscles
,
&c.
Contenta
are
humida
,
or
humores
,
blood
;
flegme
,
choller
,
melancholy
,
which
after
death
,
are
cold
,
and
congeal
,
being
beated
as
Galen
saith
,
from
the
heart
,
in
living
bodies
:
Impetum
facientia
,
are
spirits
animal
,
vital
and
natural
.
These
three
Elements
,
Galen
acknowledgeth
to
be
the
nearest
,
but
the
other
which
are
more
remote
,
to
be
most
universal
.
De
veteri
medi●ina
.
Bat
Hypocrates●aith
●aith
that
heat
and
cold
,
&c.
are
very
powerless
Elements
,
and
that
sharp
,
bitter
,
sweet
,
&c.
are
more
powerfull
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
So
that
these
are
the
three
Elements
whereof
●ll
things
do
consist
,
and
into
which
they
are
●aturally
resolved
:
and
these
do
seem
to
re●emble
the
four
Elements
,
but
are
not
the
same
.
For
heat
may
resemble
fire
,
although
this
heat
be
●●ocured
by
motion
in
every
thing
whilest
it
liveth
,
and
not
extrinsecally
.
Moisture
may
resemble
water
and
air
.
Driness
may
resemble
earth
;
cold
appears
in
them
all
after
the
heat
or
spirit
is
departed
.
In
the
artificial
Analysis
of
natural
bodies
,
the
Alchymists
tells
us
that
they
find
three
Elements
,
and
no
more
,
whereof
every
thing
doth
consist
,
and
whereinto
it
is
resolved
:
namely
,
Vaporosum
,
inflammabile
,
fixum
:
which
they
call
Mercury
,
Sulphur
and
Salt
,
and
they
seem
to
agree
with
Hypocrates
.
For
their
Mercury
may
well
resemble
Hypocrates
his
spirits
,
or
impet●●
facientia
:
Sulphur
his
humour
or
flu
dum
or
●●tenta
:
and
Salt
,
his
siccum
or
densum
,
or
coninentia
.
These
they
say
are
found
in
every
thing
,
animal
,
vegetable
,
or
mineral
,
and
no
other
.
And
as
for
the
four
common
Elements
,
seeing
they
are
distinct
in
place
and
scituation
,
and
therefore
cannot
concurre
and
meet
to
the
generation
of
every
animal
,
Plant
and
Mineral
,
&c
but
by
violence
,
the
earth
being
someti●●
carried
upwards
,
and
the
fire
downwards
,
co●trary
to
their
natural
motions
:
and
this
,
not
one
for
all
,
but
daily
and
hourly
:
it
is
not
likely
t●●
these
substances
can
be
bred
of
the
Elements
,
〈◊〉
be
maintained
in
a
perpetual
succession
by
a
vi●lent
cause
.
And
therefore
it
is
no
marvel
these
Elements
be
not
found
in
the
dissolutions
natural
bodies
.
Thus
much
in
general
conceting
all
generations
,
that
hereby
we
may
the
●●ter
judge
of
the
particular
generations
of
Mnerals
,
which
differ
not
from
the
rest
,
but
〈◊〉
in
this
,
that
their
seeds
are
not
in
every
indi●●dual
,
as
the
others
are
,
but
are
contained
●●
matricibus
,
in
their
wombs
,
and
there
they
are
furnished
with
matter
to
produce
their
Species
:
not
out
of
the
Elements
,
no
otherwise
than
ex
matricibus
,
as
the
child
in
the
mothers
womb
,
but
have
their
matter
and
nourishment
from
the
seeds
of
things
which
are
agreeable
to
their
species
:
which
seeds
wanting
means
to
produce
their
own
species
,
do
serve
others
,
and
yield
matter
and
substance
unto
them
.
Now
let
us
come
more
particularly
to
the
generation
of
minerals
,
wherein
we
will
first
examine
Aristotles
opinion
,
as
most
generally
received
,
then
I
will
presume
to
set
down
mine
own
.
CHAP.
XII
.
The
generation
of
Minerals
examined
,
the
Authors
opinion
herein
.
A
Ristotle
makes
the
humidity
of
water
,
and
the
dryness
of
earth
,
to
be
the
matter
of
all
minerals
:
the
dryness
of
earth
to
participate
with
fire
,
and
the
humidity
of
water
with
air
,
as
Zabareila
interprets
it
;
so
that
to
make
a
perfect
mixt
body
,
the
four
Elements
do
concur
;
and
to
make
the
mixture
more
perfect
,
these
must
be
resolved
into
vapour
or
exhalation
by
the
heat
of
fire
,
or
influence
from
the
Sun
and
other
Planets
,
as
the
efficient
cause
of
their
generation
:
but
the
cause
of
their
congelation
to
be
cold
in
such
bodies
as
heat
will
resolve
.
Erastus
,
Carerius
,
Casal●inus
,
Marti●u●
,
Mo●ista●
,
Foxias
,
Magyrus
,
Liba●ius
.
This
vapour
consisting
partly
of
moysture
,
and
partly
of
dryness
,
if
all
the
moysture
be
spent
,
turns
to
earth
or
salt
,
or
concrete
juyces
,
which
dissolve
in
moysture
:
if
some
moysture
remain
before
congelation
,
then
it
turns
to
stone
:
if
this
dry
exhalation
be
unctuous
and
fat
,
and
combustible
,
then
Bitumen
and
Sulphur
,
and
Orpiment
,
are
bred
of
it
:
if
it
be
dry
and
incombustible
,
then
concrete
juyces
,
&c.
3
Met●or
.
c.ult.
Caesalp
.
l.3.0.1
.
But
if
moysture
do
abound
in
this
vapour
then
metals
are
generated
which
are
fusible
and
malleable
.
And
for
the
perfecting
of
these
generations
,
this
exhalation
is
not
sufficient
,
but
to
give
them
their
due
consistence
,
there
must
be
the
help
of
cold
from
Rocks
in
the
earth
to
congeal
this
exhalation
.
So
that
here
must
be
two
efficients
,
heat
and
cold
.
And
for
the
better
effecting
of
this
,
these
exhalations
do
insinuate
themselves
into
stones
,
in
the
form
of
dew
o●
frost
,
that
is
,
in
little
grains
;
but
differing
from
dew
and
frost
in
this
,
that
these
are
generated
after
that
the
vapour
is
converted
to
water
;
whereas
Minerals
are
generated
before
this
conversi●●
into
water
.
Libav
.
de
nat.
metall
.
c
.
14.
carerius
178.
Septal.
in
Hipp.
But
there
is
doubt
to
be
made
of
frost
,
because
that
is
bred
before
the
conversio●
of
the
exhalation
into
water
,
as
may
appear
,
M●teor
.
1.
de
aëre
,
aqu
.
&c.
According
to
this
assertion
there
must
be
two
places
for
the
generation
of
minerals
;
the
one
a
matrix
,
where
they
receive
their
essence
by
heat
in
form
of
an
exhalation
,
and
from
thence
they
are
sent
to
a
second
place
to
receive
the●
congelation
by
the
coldness
of
Rocks
:
and
fro●
this
matrix
come
our
mineral
waters
,
and
no●
from
the
place
of
congelation
.
This
is
the
generation
of
minerals
,
according
to
Aristotle
;
but
it
is
not
so
clear
,
but
that
leaves
many
scruples
,
both
concerning
the
matter
,
and
the
efficients
.
For
the
matter
,
it
seems
not
probable
,
that
water
and
earth
should
make
any
thing
but
mud
and
dirt
;
for
you
can
expect
no
more
from
any
thing
than
is
in
it
,
the
one
is
cold
and
dry
,
the
other
cold
and
moyst
;
and
therefore
as
fit
to
be
the
matter
of
any
other
thing
,
as
of
particular
minerals
.
And
water
,
whereof
principally
metals
are
made
to
consist
,
is
very
unfit
to
make
a
malleable
and
extensible
substance
,
especially
being
congealed
by
cold
,
as
we
may
see
in
ice
.
But
some
do
add
a
mineral
quality
to
these
materials
,
and
that
simple
water
is
not
the
chief
matter
of
metals
,
but
such
as
hath
imbibed
some
mineral
quality
,
and
so
is
altered
from
the
nature
of
pure
water
.
This
assertion
doth
presuppose
minerals
in
the
earth
before
they
were
bred
;
otherwise
what
should
breed
them
at
the
first
,
when
there
was
no
mineral
quality
to
be
imparted
to
water
?
Again
,
this
mineral
quality
either
gives
the
water
or
the
vapour
of
it
the
essence
of
the
mineral
,
and
then
it
is
not
the
effect
of
water
,
but
of
the
mineral
quality
,
or
the
potential
fac●●lty
to
breed
it
.
If
the
essence
,
then
this
metall
〈◊〉
water
,
or
vapour
,
must
have
the
form
of
the
metal
,
and
so
be
fusible
and
malleable
.
If
it
have
only
the
power
and
potential
faculty
,
then
the
generation
is
not
perfected
,
but
must
expect
further
concoction
.
This
concoction
is
said
to
be
partly
by
heat
,
and
partly
by
cold
;
if
by
heat
,
it
must
be
in
the
passages
of
the
exhalation
as
it
is
carried
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
:
for
afterwards
,
when
the
exhalation
is
setled
in
the
stones
,
the
heat
is
gone
.
Now
if
the
concoction
be
perfected
before
the
exhalation
be
insinuated
into
the
Stones
,
as
it
must
be
,
if
it
be
like
dew
,
then
it
is
perfect
metal
,
and
neither
is
able
to
penetrate
the
Stones
,
nor
hath
any
need
of
the
cold
of
them
to
perfect
the
generation
.
If
by
cold
,
it
is
strange
that
cold
should
be
made
the
principal
agent
in
the
generation
of
metals
,
which
generates
nothing
;
neither
can
heat
be
the
efficient
of
these
generations
.
Simple
qualities
can
have
but
simple
effects
,
as
heat
can
but
make
hot
,
cold
can
but
cool
,
&c.
But
they
say
cold
doth
congeal
metals
,
because
heat
doth
dissolve
them
;
I
answer
,
that
the
rule
is
true
,
if
it
be
rightly
applyed
:
as
we
see
ice
which
is
congealed
by
cold
,
is
readily
dissolved
by
heat
.
Valcsius
sacra
Philosoph●●
.
49.
But
the
fusion
of
metals
cannot
properly
be
called
a
dissolution
by
heat
,
because
it
is
neither
reduced
to
water
or
vapour
,
as
it
was
before
the
congelation
by
cold
,
nor
is
it
permanent
in
that
kind
of
dissolution
,
although
after
fusion
it
should
be
kept
in
a
greater
heat
than
the
cold
could
be
which
congealed
it
.
For
the
cold
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
cannot
be
so
great
,
as
it
is
upon
the
superficies
of
the
earth
,
seeing
it
was
never
observed
that
〈◊〉
was
any
ice
bred
there
.
Also
this
dissolution
which
is
by
fusion
,
tends
not
to
the
destruction
of
the
metal
(
but
doth
rather
make
it
more
perfect
)
as
it
should
do
according
to
the
former
rule
rightly
applyed
.
And
therefore
this
dissolution
by
fusion
,
doth
not
argue
a
congelation
by
cold
;
which
being
in
the
passive
elements
,
doth
rather
attend
the
matter
than
the
efficient
of
generations
:
for
it
is
apt
to
dull
and
hebetate
all
faculties
and
motions
in
nature
,
and
so
to
hinder
generations
,
rather
than
to
further
any
.
It
is
heat
and
moysture
that
further
generations
,
as
Ovid
faith
;
Quippe
ubi
temperie●●
sumpsere
humorque
calorque
,
Concipiunt
:
When
heat
with
moysture's
temper'd
well
,
Then
't
is
their
bellies
'gin
to
swell
.
And
thus
much
for
Aristotles
generation
of
minerals
,
where
his
vapours
or
exhalations
do
rather
serve
for
the
collection
or
congregation
of
matter
in
the
Mines
,
than
for
the
generation
of
them
;
as
Libavius
doth
rightly
judge
.
Singularium
lib.
1.
part.
1.
Agricola
makes
the
matter
of
minerals
to
be
Succus
Lapidescens
Metallificus
&c.
and
with
more
reason
,
because
they
are
found
liquid
in
the
earth
:
Gilgill
would
have
it
Ashes
;
Democritus
Lime
:
but
these
two
being
artificial
matters
,
are
no
where
found
in
the
earth
.
The
Alchymists
make
Sulphur
and
Mercurie
the
matter
of
metals
:
Libavius
,
Sulphur
and
Vitriol
.
De
nat.
metall
.
Cap.
10.
But
I
will
not
stand
upon
discoursing
of
these
materials
,
because
it
makes
little
to
my
purpose
..
It
is
enough
for
my
purpose
to
shew
the
manner
of
these
generations
,
which
I
take
to
be
this
.
There
is
a
Seminarie
Spirit
of
all
minerals
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
The
Authors
opinion
concerning
the
manner
of
the
Generation
of
Minerals
.
which
meeting
with
convenient
matter
,
and
adjuvant
causes
,
is
not
idle
,
but
doth
proceed
to
produce
minerals
,
according
to
the
nature
of
it
,
and
the
matter
which
it
meets
withal
;
which
matter
it
works
upon
like
a
ferment
,
and
by
his
motion
procures
an
actual
heat
,
as
an
instrument
to
further
his
work
;
which
actual
heat
is
increased
by
the
fermentation
of
the
matter
.
The
like
we
see
in
making
of
Malt
,
where
the
grains
of
Barley
being
moistned
with
water
,
the
generative
Spirit
in
them
is
dilated
,
and
put
in
action
;
and
the
superfluity
of
water
being
removed
,
which
might
choak
it
,
and
the
Barley
laid
up
in
heaps
;
the
seeds
gather
heat
,
which
is
increased
by
the
contiguity
of
many
grains
lying
one
upon
another
.
In
this
work
natures
intent
is
to
produce
more
individuals
,
according
to
the
nature
of
the
Seed
,
and
therefore
it
shoots
forth
in
spires
:
but
the
Artist
abuses
the
intention
of
Nature
,
and
converts
it
to
his
end
,
that
is
,
to
increase
the
spirits
of
his
Malt.
The
like
we
find
in
mineral
substances
,
where
this
spirit
or
ferment
is
resident
,
as
in
Allum
and
Copperas
Mines
,
which
being
broken
,
exposed
and
moistened
,
will
gather
an
actual
heat
,
and
produce
much
more
of
those
minerals
,
then
else
the
mine
would
yield
;
as
Agricola
and
Thurneiser
do
affirm
,
and
is
proved
by
common
experience
.
The
like
is
generally
observed
in
Mines
,
as
Agricola
,
Erastus
,
Libavius
,
&c.
do
avouch
out
of
the
daily
experience
of
mineral
men
,
who
affirm
,
that
in
many
places
,
they
find
their
Mines
so
hot
,
as
they
can
hardly
touch
them
;
although
it
is
likely
that
where
they
work
for
perfect
Minerals
,
the
heat
which
was
in
fermentation
,
whilst
they
were
yet
breeding
,
is
now
much
abated
:
the
Minerals
being
now
grown
to
their
perfection
.
And
for
this
heat
we
need
not
call
for
the
help
of
the
Sun
,
which
a
little
could
will
take
away
from
us
,
much
more
the
body
of
the
earth
,
and
rocks
;
not
for
subterranean
fire
:
this
inbred
heat
is
sufficient
,
as
may
appear
also
by
the
Mines
of
Tinglass
,
which
being
digged
,
and
laid
in
the
moist
air
,
will
become
very
hot
.
So
Antimony
and
Sublimat
being
mixed
together
,
will
grow
so
hot
as
they
are
not
able
to
be
touched
:
If
this
be
so
in
little
quantities
,
it
is
likely
to
be
much
more
in
great
quantities
and
huge
rocks
.
Heat
of
it self
differs
not
in
kind
,
but
only
in
degree
,
and
therefore
is
inclined
no
more
to
one
Species
,
then
to
another
,
but
as
it
doth
attend
and
serve
a
more
worthy
and
superiour
power
,
such
as
this
generative
spirit
is
.
And
this
spirit
doth
convert
any
apt
matter
it
meets
withall
to
his
own
species
by
the
help
of
heat
;
and
the
earth
is
full
of
such
matter
which
attends
upon
the
species
of
things
:
and
oftentimes
for
want
of
fit
opportunity
and
adiuvant
causes
,
lies
idle
,
without
producing
any
species
:
but
is
apt
to
be
transmuted
by
any
mechanical
and
generative
spirit
into
them
.
And
this
matter
is
not
the
Elements
themselves
,
but
subterranean
seeds
placed
in
the
Elements
,
which
not
being
able
to
live
to
themselves
,
do
live
to
others
.
Mussetus
in
dialogo
apologetics
.
Sic
Roma
crescit
Albae
ruinis
;
the
Death
of
one
is
the
life
of
another
.
From
this
confluence
of
seeds
arise
all
the
varieties
and
differences
,
and
alterations
which
are
observed
in
the
generation
or
nutrition
of
natural
things
:
as
in
their
colours
,
tastes
,
numbers
,
proportions
,
distempers
,
&c.
Also
from
hence
proceed
the
Transplantations
which
we
find
in
animals
,
vegetables
,
and
minerals
.
In
animils
these
Transplantations
are
not
very
frequent
;
yet
all
our
monsters
may
be
referred
hereunto
,
as
also
the
issue
which
comes
from
Dogs
and
Wolves
,
Horses
and
Asses
,
Partriges
and
Hens
,
&c.
Some
do
think
that
the
destruction
of
Sexes
is
a
Transplantation
,
and
that
all
seeds
in
themselves
are
hermophroditical
,
and
neither
masculine
nor
feminine
,
but
as
they
meet
with
strong
and
weak
impressions
from
supervenient
causes
;
From
hence
come
our
Androgyni
,
Carm.
lib.
3.
od.
6.
or
masculine
women
,
such
as
Horace
speaks
of
,
Sabellis
docta
ligonibus
versare
glebas
.
That
dig
the
ground
themselves
(
stout
Jades
!
)
Managing
well
Sabean
Spades
.
Among
those
Animals
which
we
call
Insecta
,
these
Transplantations
are
more
frequent
,
because
their
seeds
are
more
equivocal
,
and
easily
transmuted
from
one
species
to
another
:
as
we
may
see
in
Worms
and
Flies
,
and
most
evidently
in
Silk-worms
called
Cavallieri
.
In
Vegetables
these
Transplantations
are
very
frequent
when
one
species
is
grafted
upon
another
,
as
Virgil
faith
,
Et
steriles
platani
malos
gessere
valentes
Castaneae
fagos
:
ornusque
incanuit
albo
Flore
pyri
,
glandemque
sues
fregere
sub
ulmis
.
Georg.
2.
The
barren
Planes
did
Apples
bear
;
The
Beeches
Chesnuts
;
th'
Ash
a
Pear
;
And
Hogs
did
under
Elm-trees
Acorns
tear
.
Thus
by
commixtion
of
several
species
,
the
first
seeds
do
oftentimes
being
forth
other
fruits
then
their
own
.
Miranturque
novas
frondes
&
non
sua
poma
.
And
stand
admiring
,
double
mute
,
To
see
new
leaves
,
and
stranger
fruit
.
But
all
,
as
Hypocrates
saith
,
by
divine
necessity
,
both
that
which
they
would
,
and
that
which
they
would
not
.
De
Dieta
1.
So
likewise
Wheat
is
changed
into
Lolium
,
Basil
into
Thyme
,
Masterwort
into
Angelica
,
&c.
In
Minerals
we
find
the
like
transplantations
:
as
Salt
into
Nitre
,
Copperass
into
Allum
,
Lead
into
Tin
,
Iron
into
Copper
,
Copper
into
Iron
,
&c.
And
this
is
the
transplantation
whereupon
the
Alchymists
ground
their
Philosophers
stone
.
This
Seminary
Spirit
is
acknowledged
by
Aristotle
:
Continent
(
inquit
)
semen
in
se
cujusque
faecundit
atis
suae
causam
:
and
by
most
of
his
Interpreters
:
and
Morisinus
calls
it
Elphesteria
,
not
knowing
how
to
attribute
these
generations
to
the
Elements
.
De
gen.
animal
.
lib.
2.
Foxius
,
M●rtinus
,
Moris●aus
,
Magyrus
,
Libavius
,
Vel●uri●
,
Valesius
,
Carerists
,
Erastus
,
&c.
And
this
is
the
cause
why
some
places
yield
some
one
vegetable
or
mineral
species
above
another
,
Quippe
solo
natura
subest
.
Non
owsnis
fert
omnia
tellus
.
It
is
the
nature
of
the
ground
.
Not
in
all
Soils
are
all
things
found
.
This
seminary
spirit
of
minerals
hath
its
proper
wombs
where
it
resides
,
and
is
like
a
Prince
or
Emperour
,
whose
prescripts
both
the
Elements
and
matter
must
obey
;
and
it
is
never
idle
,
but
alwayes
in
action
,
producing
and
maintaining
natural
substances
,
untill
they
have
fulfilled
their
destiny
,
donec
fatum
expleverint
,
as
Hypocrates
saith
.
De
Dieta
lib.
1.
So
as
there
is
a
necessity
in
this
,
depending
upon
the
first
benediction
(
crescite
&
multiplicamini
:
)
and
this
necessity
or
fatum
is
inherent
in
the
seeds
,
and
not
adventitious
from
the
Planets
,
or
any
other
natural
cause
.
And
this
is
the
cause
of
uniformity
in
every
species
,
that
they
have
all
their
proper
figures
,
dimensions
,
numbers
of
parts
,
colours
,
tastes
,
&c.
most
convenient
and
agreeable
to
each
nature
;
as
Moses
saith
,
that
God
saw
that
every
thing
was
very
good
:
and
Galen
saith
,
Deus
in
omnibus
optimum
eligit
.
6
De
usu
partium
●
.
12.
&
13.
And
this
I
take
to
be
the
meaning
of
his
Lex
Adrastia
,
which
he
alledgeth
against
Asclepiades
.
Erasmus
in
Adagi●s
.
For
it
he
should
mean
it
as
commonly
it
is
understood
,
of
punishment
which
alwayes
follows
sin
,
nem●
crimen
in
pectore
gestaet
,
qui
non
idem
Nemesi●
in
tergo
;
No
man
,
though
privately
,
commits
a
fault
,
but
is
degg'd
by
revenge
:
in
this
sense
he
could
not
apply
it
to
the
confuting
of
Asciepiades
.
There
are
also
other
laws
in
nature
which
cannot
be
altered
,
both
Mathematical
,
in
Arithmetick
and
Geometry
;
and
Logical
,
in
the
consecuting
of
arguments
,
&c.
But
these
serve
not
for
Galens
purpose
in
this
place
.
He
must
mean
it
of
a
natural
necessity
or
fatum
,
or
predestination
,
that
frames
every
member
&
part
of
the
body
to
the
best
use
for
the
creature
.
And
therefore
where
Asclepiades
propounds
an
inconvenient
frame
of
parts
,
he
confutes
him
by
this
inbred
law
of
nature
,
which
he
saith
,
no
man
can
alter
or
avoid
,
nor
any
subtility
elude
,
as
also
Aristotle
saith
.
De
mund●
.
c.
ult.
Thus
much
for
the
generation
of
Minerals
and
other
natural
substances
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
the
causes
of
actual
heat
,
and
medicinal
virtue
in
Mineral
Waters
,
divers
opinions
of
others
rejected
.
NOW
I
come
to
shew
how
our
mineral
waters
receive
both
their
actual
heat
,
and
their
virtues
.
Causes
of
heat
in
mineral
waters
not
.
I
joyn
them
together
,
because
they
depend
upon
one
and
the
same
cause
,
unless
they
be
juices
which
will
readily
dissolve
in
water
,
without
the
help
of
heat
:
other
minerals
will
not
,
or
very
hardly
.
This
actual
heat
of
waters
hath
troubled
all
those
that
have
written
of
them
,
and
many
opinions
have
been
held
of
the
causes
of
them
.
Some
attribute
it
to
wind
or
air
,
or
exhalations
included
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
which
either
by
their
own
nature
,
or
by
their
violent
motion
,
and
agitation
,
and
attrition
upon
rocks
and
narrow
passages
,
do
gather
heat
,
and
impart
it
to
our
waters
.
Wind
,
Air
,
Exhalations
in
the
Earth
.
Of
their
own
nature
these
exhalations
cannot
be
so
hot
,
as
to
make
our
water
hot
,
especially
seeing
in
their
passage
among
cold
rocks
,
it
would
be
much
allaied
,
having
no
supply
of
heat
to
maintain
it
.
Moreover
,
where
water
hath
passage
to
get
forth
to
the
superficies
of
the
earth
,
there
these
exhalations
and
winds
will
easily
pass
,
and
so
their
heat
gone
withall
,
and
so
our
waters
left
to
their
natural
coldness
:
whereas
we
see
they
do
continue
in
the
same
degree
and
tenor
,
many
generations
together
.
Agitation
and
violent
motion
.
If
by
their
agitation
and
violent
motion
they
get
this
heat
,
because
no
violent
thing
is
perpetual
or
constant
,
this
cannot
be
the
cause
of
the
perpetual
and
constant
heat
of
water
.
Besides
,
this
would
rather
cause
earthquakes
and
storms
,
and
noyses
in
the
earth
,
then
heat
our
springs
.
Moreover
,
we
daily
observe
,
that
exhalations
and
water
are
never
heated
by
motion
,
or
agitation
;
as
in
the
Cataracts
of
the
Rhine
by
Splug
;
the
agitation
and
fall
of
water
upon
rocks
is
most
violent
,
and
makes
a
hideous
noyse
;
yet
it
heats
not
the
water
,
though
it
be
very
deep
in
the
earth
.
Valeseus
centre
.
lib.
4.
cap.
3.
Solinand
.
l.
1.
cap.
4.
Neither
can
any
attrition
heat
either
air
or
water
,
or
any
soft
and
liquid
thing
,
but
rather
make
it
more
cold
.
Others
attribute
this
actual
heat
of
Bathes
unto
the
Sun
,
whose
beams
piercing
thorow
the
pores
of
the
earth
,
do
heat
our
waters
.
The
Sun
.
If
this
heat
which
heats
our
Bathes
be
caused
by
the
beams
of
the
Sun
,
then
either
they
bring
it
intirely
from
the
Sun
,
as
a
quality
proceeding
from
thence
,
or
they
make
it
by
their
own
motion
.
If
it
come
from
the
nature
of
the
Sun
,
the
Sun
must
be
extream
hot
that
can
heat
these
inferiour
parts
at
such
a
distance
;
especially
the
beams
which
must
carry
it
,
passing
thorow
the
middle
region
of
the
air
,
which
is
alwayes
extream
cold
,
and
cannot
but
cool
those
beams
before
they
come
to
us
.
And
if
they
were
able
to
pass
that
region
without
losing
their
heat
,
yet
they
cannot
but
warm
that
region
,
being
nearer
to
their
fountain
of
heat
,
as
well
or
better
then
they
can
warm
our
waters
,
in
despite
of
any
Antiperistasis
.
But
it
is
doubtfull
whether
the
Sun
be
hot
of
his
own
nature
or
no.
[
](A46281-e17920-b)†
†
It
may
be
so
in
former
times
,
but
few
,
I
think
,
do
doubt
it
now
;
I
am
sure
not
those
who
hold
the
Sun
to
be
a
Flame
.
The
Peripateticks
hold
it
to
be
hot
and
dry
moderately
;
yet
it
must
be
extream
hot
,
if
in
this
manner
it
do
heat
our
Bathes
.
And
if
the
Sun
be
capable
of
heat
,
they
must
also
make
it
capable
of
cold
(
elementary
qualities
)
and
then
they
make
celestial
bodies
obnoxious
to
generation
and
corruption
;
which
they
are
not
willing
to
grant
.
Although
in
this
respect
they
need
not
fear
the
decay
of
the
Sun
,
no
more
then
of
the
globe
of
the
earth
:
which
though
it
suffer
in
his
parts
many
alterations
,
yet
the
whole
remains
firm
and
perpetual
,
as
Mr.
Doctor
Hakwell
proves
in
his
learned
work
upon
that
argument
;
and
will
so
do
untill
it
be
dissolved
by
that
omnipotent
power
which
framed
it
.
His
Apology
.
If
they
make
this
heat
to
come
from
the
motion
of
the
Sun
,
we
must
consider
how
the
Sun
by
motion
may
get
such
a
heat
.
The
Sun
is
either
moved
by
his
own
motion
,
or
as
he
is
carried
in
his
Sphear
wherein
he
is
fixed
.
If
by
his
own
motion
,
it
must
be
either
by
volutation
upon
his
axis
,
which
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
by
circumgyration
,
which
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
round
about
the
globe
of
the
earth
:
and
this
is
the
common
opinion
;
which
if
it
be
so
,
he
must
be
carried
more
swiftly
then
a
bullet
out
of
a
peece
of
Ordnance
.
I
read
in
the
Turkish
History
at
the
siege
of
Scodra
,
of
a
bullet
of
twelve
hundred
weight
called
the
Prince
,
and
it
seems
a
great
matter
.
But
to
have
such
a
bullet
as
the
globe
of
the
Sun
,
which
is
held
to
be
166
times
bigger
then
the
globe
of
the
earth
,
to
be
carried
in
a
swifter
course
,
and
that
perpetually
,
is
a
monstrous
,
furious
,
and
mad
agitation
,
insa●●motus
,
as
one
termeth
it
.
The
like
may
be
said
of
the
motion
of
the
Sphears
:
but
I
will
leave
the
confutation
of
this
to
others
.
Gilbertus
de
magnete
lib.
6.
Taurellus
de
primis
rerum
principiis
.
Conrad
.
Aslacus
de
triplici
coelo
.
But
admit
it
to
be
so
;
and
that
this
violent
agitation
is
not
repugnant
to
the
perpetuity
of
the
Heavens
;
and
that
it
is
able
to
breed
an
extream
heat
in
the
Sun
and
celestial
Spheres
,
notwithstanding
their
tenuity
,
&c.
which
is
unapt
to
breed
heat
by
motion
or
collision
,
for
that
is
proper
to
solid
substances
:
yet
this
heat
must
be
conveyed
to
us
by
the
same
beams
of
the
Sun
,
and
must
be
subject
to
the
former
impediments
.
Wherefore
the
beams
of
the
Sun
by
their
motion
must
make
this
heat
,
by
the
collection
a
many
beams
together
.
For
if
they
be
dispersed
,
no
fire
will
be
kindled
,
but
only
some
moderate
heat
:
as
we
see
in
a
burning-glass
,
which
will
heat
a
white
paper
or
cloth
,
but
not
burn
it
.
Other
things
it
will
burn
,
which
are
apt
fewels
;
but
the
whiteness
of
the
paper
or
cloth
it
seem
disperseth
the
beams
.
But
no
doubt
the
Sun
by
his
light
and
beams
do
warm
these
inferiour
parts
,
especially
where
they
have
free
passage
,
and
reflection
withall
,
and
it
is
to
be
judged
,
that
the
heat
not
being
essentially
in
the
Sun
,
is
an
effect
of
the
light
by
whose
beams
it
is
imparted
to
us
:
So
that
where
light
is
excluded
,
heat
is
also
excluded
.
And
if
we
can
exclude
the
heat
of
the
beams
of
the
Sun
by
the
in●rposition
of
a
mud
wall
,
or
by
making
a
Cel●r
fix
foot
under
the
ground
;
how
is
it
likely
that
these
beams
can
pierce
so
deep
into
the
earth
,
as
to
heat
the
water
there
,
as
Lucretius●aith
●aith
,
Qui
queat
hic
subter
tam
crass
corpore
terram
Percoquere
humorem
,
&
calido
sociare
vapori
?
Lib.
6.
Prasertim
cum
vix
possit
per
septa
domorum
l●sinuare
suum
radi●s
ardentibus
aestum
.
Under
this
massie
bulk
of
earth
how
shall
The
Sun
boil
water
,
and
there
raise
a
steam
Whereas
we
see
it
scarce
can
pierce
a
wall
,
And
through't
into
a
Chamber
dart
a
beam
.
And
if
the
beams
of
the
Sun
be
not
able
to
heat
a
standing
Pool
in
the
midst
of
Summer
,
how
should
they
heat
a
subterranean
water
,
which
is
alwaies
in
motion
,
especially
in
the
winter
time
?
Again
,
if
this
heat
come
from
the
Sun
,
then
in
the
Summer
,
when
the
Sun
is
hottest
,
the
waters
should
be
so
also
,
and
in
winter
cold
,
because
of
the
absence
of
the
Sun
;
but
we
find
them
always
alike
.
Also
,
why
should
the
Sun
heat
some
few
Fountains
and
pass
over
an
infinite
number
of
others
,
which
are
left
cold
?
And
why
should
there
be
hot
Fountains
in
cold
Climates
,
where
the
Sun
hath
little
power
to
heat
,
either
by
reason
of
his
oblique
beams
,
or
by
reason
of
his
long
absence
;
and
yet
in
hot
Climats
they
should
be
so
●re
?
wherefore
it
is
very
improbable
that
our
Springs
are
heated
by
the
Sun
.
Others
have
devised
another
cause
of
this
actual
heat
of
Bathes
,
more
vain
then
the
former
,
which
they
call
Antiperistasis
:
where
by
reciprocation
or
compression
,
any
quality
is
intended
and
exalted
to
a
higher
degree
.
Antiperistasis
.
As
where
heat
or
cold
are
compassed
by
their
contrary
quality
,
so
as
the
vapours
or
effluvium
of
it
is
reflected
back
again
,
the
quality
thereof
is
increased
.
Hypocrates
gives
us
an
example
of
it
in
our
own
bodies
,
where
he
saith
,
ventres
hi●calidiores
;
our
stomachs
are
hotter
in
Winter
then
in
Summer
,
by
reason
the
ambient
air
being
then
cold
,
doth
stop
the
pores
of
the
skin
,
and
repell
those
fuliginous
vapours
which
nature
would
breathe
forth
,
and
so
our
inward
heat
is
increased
:
whereas
in
the
Summer
,
by
reasoned
too
much
eventilation
,
our
natural
heat
is
diminished
;
and
therefore
we
concoct
better
i●
Winter
then
in
Summer
.
And
although
it
be
not
simple
heat
which
concocts
,
and
makes
ebylus
in
the
Stomach
,
Blood
in
the
Liver
,
Seed
is
the
Spermatick
Vessels
,
or
Milk
in
the
Breast
&c.
as
Joubertus
saith
:
yet
heat
attending
upon
the
faculties
of
those
parts
,
doth
quicken
them
as
cold
doth
benumb
them
.
In
Paradoxis
.
But
if
we
examine
this
example
aright
,
we
shall
find
a
great
difference
between
this
and
our
hot
Bathes
.
For
the
heat
in
our
bodies
is
continually
fed
and
maintained
from
the
Heart
by
his
motion
:
that
a
Bathes
hath
no
such
supply
according
to
their
doctrine
,
from
any
cause
to
make
or
continue
this
heat
.
And
therefore
the
repelling
of
vapours
cannot
make
water
hotter
then
it
is
:
and
being
naturally
cold
,
and
without
any
heat
where
heat
is
not
,
how
can
it
be
pend
in
or
repelled
?
Again
,
in
Hypocrates
his
example
there
is
an
interstitium
(
our
skin
)
between
the
fuliginous
vapours
and
the
external
air
,
which
keep
them
from
uniting
:
but
in
our
Bathes
there
is
nothing
to
hinder
the
meeting
and
conjunction
of
these
qualities
,
and
then
the
one
must
dull
the
other
.
Moreover
,
we
see
that
any
thing
that
is
naturally
cold
,
as
Iron
or
a
Stone
,
if
it
be
made
hot
accidentally
by
fire
or
otherwise
,
it
is
sooner
cold
in
cold
air
,
then
in
a
warm
place
.
So
that
the
Antiperistasis
doth
rather
diminish
then
increase
the
heat
of
it
.
Wherefore
unless
water
were
naturally
hot
,
or
the
heat
maintained
by
some
continual
cause
,
this
Antiperistasis
can
do
no
good
,
but
by
his
opposite
quality
would
rather
cool
it
.
Nay
heat
it self
cannot
make
any
thing
more
hot
,
unless
it
be
greater
then
the
heat
of
the
thing
it self
.
But
to
ascribe
the
generation
of
heat
to
cold
,
and
so
to
make
it
the
cause
of
his
contrary
,
is
against
the
law
of
Nature
.
No
quality
of
it self
is
increased
by
his
contrary
.
It
is
true
,
that
a
pot
of
water
set
over
the
fire
,
will
be
sooner
hot
,
being
covered
,
or
otherwise
the
vapours
kept
in
,
then
being
open
:
but
there
must
be
fire
then
to
heat
it
,
and
to
continue
the
heat
:
otherwise
the
Antiperistasis
will
do
nothing
,
unless
it
make
it
more
cold
,
and
congeal
it
into
Ice
,
if
the
air
ambient
be
more
cold
then
the
water
.
Some
may
object
,
that
they
find
some
Fountains
warmer
in
Winter
then
in
Summer
,
and
to
reak
when
they
break
forth
into
the
air
;
as
I
have
seen
at
Wercksworth
and
Bakewell
in
Darbyshire
:
and
therefore
this
doth
argue
an
Antiperistasis
.
3
Simpl.
medic
.
facult.
cap.
7.
Galen
thinks
that
these
waters
do
but
seem
so
to
our
sense
:
our
hands
being
hot
in
Summer
,
and
cold
in
Winter
,
as
our
Urins
seem
cold
in
a
hot
Bath
.
But
I
will
grant
with
Valesius
that
many
deep
Fountains
may
be
so
indeed
,
and
not
in
appearance
only
,
as
partaking
with
some
warm
exhalations
,
especially
in
Mineral
Countreys
,
as
Darbyshire
is
.
Moreover
,
if
our
Bathes
were
heated
by
a●
Antiperistasis
,
then
they
should
be
hotter
in
Winter
then
in
Summer
;
but
we
find
them
alwayes
alike
.
Also
if
a
cold
ambient
be
able
to
make
cold
water
hot
,
why
should
not
a
hot
ambient
make
it
more
cold
?
especially
seeing
the
vapours
are
cold
,
which
being
repelled
by
heat
,
which
doth
terminate
cold
,
should
increase
the
coldness
of
the
water
.
Also
if
we
should
grant
this
Antiperistasis
,
we
must
deny
the
reaction
and
resistance
between
the
qualities
of
the
Elements
:
and
so
overthrow
all
temperaments
which
arise
from
thence
:
and
also
our
composition
of
medicines
were
in
vain
.
Valesius
contro
.
lib.
1.
cap.
5.
Magyrus
lib.
3.
cap.
3.
Wherefore
this
Antiperistasis
is
an
idle
invention
to
maintain
this
purpose
.
Others
attribute
this
actual
heat
to
quick
Lyme
,
which
doth
readily
heat
any
water
call
upon
it
,
and
also
kindle
any
combustible
substance
put
into
it
;
this
is
Democritus
his
opinion
.
Quick
Lyme
.
To
this
I
answer
,
that
Lyme
is
an
artificial
thing
,
not
natural
,
and
is
never
found
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
.
Besides
,
if
it
were
found
,
one
fusion
of
water
extinguisheth
the
heat
of
it
,
and
then
it
lyeth
like
a
dead
earth
,
and
will
yield
nor
more
heat
,
So
as
this
cannot
procure
a
perpetual
heat
to
Bathes
:
neither
can
the
Lymestones
without
calcination
,
yield
any
heat
to
water
,
nor
will
break
and
crackle
upon
the
affusion
on
water
,
as
Lyme
doth
.
Wherefore
this
opinion
is
altogether
improbable
.
Others
attribute
this
actual
heat
to
a
subterranean
fire
kindled
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
.
Let
us
consider
how
this
may
be
.
Subterranea●
Fire
.
Fire
is
a
quality
and
the
highest
degree
of
heat
,
which
cannot
subsist
without
a
subject
;
for
I
define
it
to
be
intensissimus
color
in
corpore
cremabili
:
The
highest
degree
of
heat
in
a
combustible
body
:
And
it
is
received
into
his
subject
either
by
propagation
or
coition
,
as
when
one
candle
lights
another
,
or
by
motion
,
as
collision
,
concussion
,
dilatation
,
comprission
,
putrefaction
,
fermentalion
,
reflection
,
&c.
yet
all
motion
doth
not
kindle
fire
although
it
heat
;
neither
are
all
substances
apt
to
be
heated
by
motion
.
Air
and
water
are
rather
colder
by
motion
:
but
this
rule
holds
in
such
things
as
are
apt
to
receive
heat
by
motion
,
as
solid
substances
,
combustible
substances
,
&c.
And
the
heat
of
animals
,
vegetables
,
and
minerals
,
which
they
have
for
their
generation
and
nutrition
,
is
from
motion
:
although
this
heat
is
not
in
so
high
a
degree
as
fire
is
,
for
then
it
would
consume
them
;
but
as
the
motion
is
moderate
,
and
agreeable
to
each
nature
,
so
is
the
heat
.
This
motion
in
natural
things
proceeds
from
their
seeds
,
or
forms
,
and
may
be
called
internal
or
natural
.
External
motions
are
violent
agitations
,
concussions
,
&c.
which
commonly
kindle
fire
in
apt
matter
.
As
for
the
element
of
fire
,
which
should
be
pure
,
not
shining
,
and
therefore
invisible
,
and
subsisting
without
a
subject
or
fewel
:
let
them
find
it
who
know
where
to
seek
for
it
.
For
my
part
I
know
no
element
of
fire
,
unless
we
should
make
it
to
be
that
which
is
natural
to
all
creatures
and
their
seeds
,
causing
their
fermenting
heat
,
whereof
I
shall
speak
anon
.
And
this
interpretation
we
may
well
make
of
Hypocrates
,
where
he
faith
,
that
all
things
are
made
of
fire
and
water
;
and
that
these
two
are
sufficient
for
all
generations
;
fire
giving
motion
,
and
water
nutrition
.
D
:
ditca
lib.
1.
And
it
is
not
likely
that
this
fire
should
be
fetched
from
:
a
remote
place
,
and
downwards
,
against
the
nature
of
fire
,
for
every
generation
:
but
that
it
be
near
hand
,
and
inbred
in
the
seeds
themselves
,
as
the
principal
ingredient
into
every
natural
thing
;
whereas
if
it
were
remote
,
what
should
bring
it
continually
,
and
unite
it
with
the
other
elements
in
these
generations
?
Wherefore
this
is
most
likely
to
be
the
element
of
fire
,
Our
burning
fire
is
all
of
one
nature
,
not
differing
in
kind
,
but
only
in
degree
according
to
the
quality
of
the
fewel
.
Some
fewels
will
make
a
manifest
flame
,
as
all
thin
and
light
substances
,
Sulphur
,
liquid
Bitumen
,
Oyle
,
Fat
,
&c.
Some
only
a
glowing
coal
,
with
little
or
no
flame
,
as
some
forts
of
Stone-coal
.
Yet
all
fire
doth
send
forth
fuliginous
vapours
,
which
would
choak
it
if
there
were
not
vent
for
them
into
the
air
:
as
we
see
in
the
making
of
Char-coal
,
although
they
cover
their
fire
with
lome
,
yet
they
must
leave
some
vent
for
the
smoke
;
though
not
so
much
as
may
make
it
to
flame
,
yet
enough
to
maintain
the
fire
.
Of
the
first
flaming
fort
there
are
divers
degrees
,
as
that
of
Straw
,
Brimstone
,
Spirit
of
Wine
,
Naphtha
,
Petroleum
,
&c.
Some
of
which
will
scarcely
take
hold
upon
other
fewel
:
as
one
may
wet
a
linnen
cloath
in
Spirit
of
Wine
,
and
being
kindled
,
he
shall
hardly
find
the
cloath
scorched
.
The
like
hath
been
observed
in
that
exhalation
which
is
called
ignis
satuus
,
being
of
a
very
thin
substance
,
for
Bitumen
or
Naphtha
.
Some
reckon
Comets
among
these
fiery
exhalations
:
but
I
can
hardly
believe
that
they
are
any
kindled
substances
.
Comets
,
probably
not
k●ndled
substances
.
First
because
their
flame
is
not
pyramidal
,
as
it
is
in
all
kindled
substances
.
Secondly
,
because
if
they
be
of
a
thin
substance
from
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
,
the
flame
would
be
greater
,
seeing
it
must
be
plentiful
,
if
it
continue
so
long
in
burning
,
as
we
find
them
to
do
.
Or
admit
that
this
matter
be
kindled
by
succession
,
yet
it
is
incredible
that
it
should
continue
burning
above
a
year
together
;
as
that
Comet
Xiphian
,
which
lasted
a
whole
year
:
Another
,
Anno
1572.
under
the
constellation
of
Cassiopaea
,
lasted
a
year
and
a
half
,
others
six
months
,
others
three
,
&c.
If
the
Sulphurous
or
Bituminous
matter
be
thick
,
it
will
melt
in
burning
,
and
rain
down
Brimstone
and
Bitumen
upon
us
.
Thirdly
,
if
Comets
were
kindled
substances
,
what
entertainment
could
they
find
above
the
Moon
,
and
among
the
spheres
,
where
they
say
no
corruptible
or
elementary
substance
can
be
indured
.
But
many
of
our
Comets
have
been
observed
to
have
been
above
the
Moon
,
and
some
among
the
fixed
Starrs
,
as
hath
been
observed
by
Tycho
Brahe
,
and
Clavius
:
and
upon
due
observation
they
could
find
some
of
them
to
admit
no
Paralaxis
,
or
diversity
of
aspect
to
any
star
in
different
Climats
.
This
argumnnt
may
be
good
against
a
Peripatetick
;
but
a
Platonist
,
or
a
Pytnagorean
,
who
hold
the
Heavens
to
be
made
of
elementary
matter
,
and
subject
to
generation
and
corruption
,
will
not
allow
it
,
no
more
will
many
of
our
Divines
.
For
glowing
fires
,
we
have
none
but
they
must
be
kindled
,
and
then
they
must
have
vent
for
their
fuliginous
vapours
,
and
they
must
be
kindled
either
by
propagation
or
coition
from
some
other
fire
,
or
by
violent
motion
able
to
kindle
them
,
which
we
shall
hardly
find
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
where
all
is
quiet
,
and
no
space
for
any
such
perturbation
.
But
they
say
there
is
an
ignis
subterraneus
,
which
being
kindled
upon
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
,
disperseth
it self
among
other
Mines
of
the
like
nature
,
and
sets
them
on
fire
.
Now
we
are
come
from
Heaven
to
Hell
,
or
to
Purgatory
at
the
least
,
which
Pyhagoras
calls
materiam
vatum
falsique
pericula
mundi
;
The
dream
of
Poets
,
and
a
forged
fear
.
Metamorph.
15.
The
largest
description
of
it
is
in
Virgil
:
from
whence
both
Divines
and
Philosophers
derive
much
matter
:
and
Beccius
doth
believe
that
there
is
such
a
thing
in
the
Center
of
the
Earth
.
But
if
we
observe
Virgil
well
,
we
shall
find
that
he
propounds
it
but
as
a
dream
:
for
in
the
end
of
that
Book
he
saith
,
Sunt
gemina
somni
portae
;
quarum
altera
fortur
Cornea
,
qua
veris
facilis
datur
exitus
umbris
:
Altera
candenti
perfecta
nitens
Elephauto
,
Sed
falsa
ad
Coelum
mittunt
insomnia
manes
.
AEnta●
.
6.
Dreams
have
two
gates
,
the
one
is
said
to
be
Of
Horn
,
through
which
all
true
conceits
de
flee
;
The
other
framed
all
of
Ivory
rare
,
But
le
ts
out
none
but
such
as
forged
are
.
Now
saith
he
,
when
Anchyses
had
led
AEneas
and
Sibilla
through
Hell
,
he
lets
them
forth
at
the
Ivory
gate
(
Portaque
emittit
Eburna
:
)
As
if
he
should
say
;
all
that
I
have
related
of
Hell
,
is
but
a
fiction
;
and
thus
Ludovicus
Vives
interprets
it
in
his
Comment
upon
this
place
.
I
hope
none
will
think
that
I
deny
a
Hell
,
but
I
approve
not
of
the
assignment
of
it
to
the
center
of
the
earth
,
or
that
that
fire
should
serve
as
Baccius
would
have
it
,
to
further
all
generations
in
the
earth
:
and
as
others
,
to
be
the
cause
of
Fountains
,
Winds
,
Earth-quakes
,
Vulcanoes
,
Storms
,
Saltness
of
the
Sea
,
&c.
nor
of
the
actual
heat
of
our
Bathes
,
although
it
be
the
most
common
received
opinion
.
First
for
the
place
,
it
is
not
likely
that
the
center
of
the
earth
,
whither
all
heavy
things
do
tend
,
should
be
hollow
,
but
rather
more
compact
then
any
other
part
of
the
earth
,
as
likewise
Valesius
thinks
;
but
if
there
be
any
concavities
,
they
are
between
the
Center
and
the
Superficies
;
and
these
concavities
being
receptacles
of
water
from
the
Sea
,
cannot
also
receive
fire
.
These
two
will
not
agree
together
in
one
place
,
but
the
one
will
expel
the
other
:
for
whereas
some
hold
that
Bitumen
will
burn
in
water
,
and
is
nourished
by
it
,
it
is
absolutely
false
,
as
experience
shews
;
and
I
have
touched
it
among
the
Bitumina
.
Agricola
.
Bacciusl
.
1.
cap.
19.
Moreover
,
if
the
heat
which
warms
our
Bathes
did
proceed
from
hence
,
there
must
be
huge
vessels
above
the
fire
to
contain
water
,
whereby
the
fire
might
heat
it
,
and
not
be
quenched
by
it
.
Also
the
vapours
arising
from
hence
,
must
be
hotter
then
water
can
endure
,
or
be
capable
of
;
for
as
they
ascend
towards
the
superficies
of
the
earth
,
they
must
needs
be
cooled
as
they
pass
by
Rocks
,
or
else
they
could
not
be
congealed
into
water
again
:
and
after
this
congelation
,
the
water
hath
lost
most
of
his
heat
,
as
we
find
in
our
ordinary
distillations
of
Rose-water
,
&c.
where
we
see
our
water
to
descend
into
the
receive
;
almost
cold
;
so
that
they
cannot
derive
our
hot
Bathes
from
hence
.
Secondly
,
for
the
fire
it self
,
although
water
and
air
may
be
received
into
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
yet
there
is
great
difficulty
for
fire
.
For
the
other
two
need
no
nourishment
to
support
them
,
as
fire
doth
.
If
there
be
not
competency
of
air
to
nourish
the
fire
by
venting
his
fuligious
vapours
,
howsoever
there
be
fewel
enough
,
it
is
suddenly
quenched
,
and
such
huge
and
flaming
fire
as
this
must
be
,
will
require
more
air
then
can
there
be
yielded
:
a
great
part
thereof
passing
away
through
the
secret
creeks
of
Rocks
,
and
little
or
none
entring
through
the
Sea
.
And
therefore
daily
experience
shews
,
that
our
mineral
men
are
fain
to
sink
new
Shafts
(
as
they
call
them
)
to
admit
air
to
their
works
,
otherwise
their
lights
would
go
out
.
Although
one
would
think
,
that
where
many
men
may
have
room
enough
to
work
,
there
would
be
space
enough
for
air
to
maintain
a
few
lights
.
The
like
we
see
in
Cupping-glasses
,
where
the
light
goes
out
as
soon
as
they
are
applied
.
Also
there
are
no
fires
perpetual
,
as
hot
Bathes
are
,
but
are
either
extinct
,
or
keep
not
the
same
tenor
.
Wherefore
fire
cannot
be
the
cause
of
this
constant
heat
of
Bathes
.
It
must
be
a
continual
cause
that
can
make
a
continual
hea●
.
Also
where
fire
is
,
there
will
be
smoak
,
for
as
it
breeds
exhalations
,
so
it
sends
them
forth
.
But
in
most
of
our
hot
Bathes
we
find
none
of
these
dry
exhalations
.
Moreover
,
fire
is
more
hardly
pend
in
then
air
;
yet
we
see
that
air
doth
break
forth
:
wherefore
fire
should
also
make
his
way
,
having
fuel
enough
to
maintain
it
.
So
they
say
it
doth
in
our
Vulcanoes
at
Hecla
in
Iseland
,
AEtna
in
Sicicy
,
Vesuvio
in
Campania
,
in
Enaria
,
AEolia
,
Lipara
,
&c.
But
it
is
yet
unproved
that
these
eruptions
of
fire
do
proceed
from
any
deep
cause
,
but
only
are
kindled
upon
or
neer
the
superficies
of
the
earth
,
where
there
is
air
enough
to
feed
it
,
and
means
enough
to
kindle
it
by
lightnings
,
or
other
casual
means
.
Whereas
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
there
is
neither
air
to
nourish
it
,
nor
any
means
to
kindle
it
;
seeing
neither
the
beams
of
the
Sun
,
nor
Wind
,
or
other
Exhalations
,
nor
any
Antiperistasis
,
nor
Lyme
,
nor
Lightnings
can
do
it
.
For
the
same
reasons
that
exclude
the
Beams
of
the
Sun
and
exhalations
,
will
likewise
exclude
lightnings
.
Thirdly
,
for
the
fuel
,
there
are
only
two
substances
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
which
are
apt
fuels
for
fire
,
Bitumen
and
Sulphur
.
Douatus
de
aquis
Lucensibus
lib.
1.
cap.
18.
Sulphur
is
in
such
request
with
all
men
,
as
they
think
there
can
be
no
not
Bath
without
it
:
nay
many
hold
,
that
if
water
do
but
pass
thorow
a
Mine
of
Brimstone
,
although
it
be
not
kindled
,
but
actually
cold
,
yet
it
will
contract
from
thence
,
not
only
a
potential
,
but
an
actual
heat
.
Gesaer
.
Epist.
lib.
3.
pag.
90.
But
we
do
manifestly
find
,
that
neither
all
hot
waters
are
sulphurous
,
nor
all
sulphurous
waters
hot
(
as
is
said
before
in
Sulphur
.
)
The
Bathes
of
Caldaneila
and
Avinian
in
agro
Senensi
,
de
Grotta
in
Viterbio
,
de
aquis
in
Pisano
,
Divi
Johannis
in
agro
Lacenss
,
Balneum
Geber
suilleri
in
Halsatia
,
&c.
are
all
hot
,
and
yet
give
no
signe
of
Sulphur
,
either
by
smell
,
or
taste
,
or
quality
,
or
effect
.
Contrariwise
that
all
sulphurous
waters
are
not
hot
,
may
appear
by
the
Bathes
in
Zurich
in
Helvetia
,
of
Buda
in
Pannonia
,
at
Cure
in
Rhetia
,
Celenses
in
Germany
.
In
Campania
between
Naples
and
Pateolum
,
are
many
cold
sulphurous
Springs
.
At
Brandula
in
agro
Carpensi
,
&c.
All
which
Bathes
shew
much
Sulphur
to
be
in
them
,
and
yet
are
cold
.
And
no
marvel
,
for
if
we
infuse
any
simple
,
be
it
never
so
hot
potentially
,
yet
it
will
not
make
the
liquor
actually
hot
.
Wherefore
this
Sulphur
must
burn
before
it
can
give
any
actual
heat
to
our
Bathes
;
and
then
it
must
needs
be
subject
to
the
former
difficulties
,
and
also
must
be
continually
repaired
by
new
generations
of
matter
,
which
actual
fire
cannot
further
,
but
rather
hinder
.
The
fire
generates
nothing
,
but
consumes
all
things
.
Lib.
1.
cap.
ult.
The
like
we
may
judge
of
Bitumen
,
that
unless
it
be
kindled
,
it
can
yield
no
heat
to
our
Bathes
;
as
Solinander
reports
of
a
Bituminous
Mine
in
Westfalia
,
in
agro
Tremonensi
,
where
going
down
into
the
Grove
,
he
found
much
water
,
having
the
smell
,
taste
,
and
colour
of
Bitumen
,
and
yet
cold
.
Agricola
imputes
the
chief
cause
of
the
heating
of
Bathes
,
unto
the
fuel
of
Bitumen
;
Baccius
on
the
other
side
to
Sulphur
.
But
in
my
opinion
,
they
need
not
contend
about
it
.
For
,
as
I
have
shewed
before
in
the
examples
of
mineral
waters
,
there
are
many
hot
Springs
from
other
minerals
,
where
neither
Sulphur
nor
Bitomen
have
been
observed
to
be
.
John
de
Dondis
,
and
Julius
Alexandrinus
were
much
unsatisfied
in
these
opinions
,
and
did
rather
acknowledge
their
ignorance
,
then
that
they
would
subscribe
unto
them
.
I
need
not
dispute
whether
this
fire
be
in
Alveis
,
or
in
Canalibus
,
or
in
vicinis
partibus
,
&c.
because
I
think
it
is
in
neither
of
them
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
The
Authors
opinion
concerning
the
cause
of
actual
heat
,
and
medicinal
virtue
in
Mineral
Waters
.
VVHerefore
finding
all
the
former
opinions
to
be
doubtfull
and
weakly
grounded
concerning
the
causes
of
the
actual
heat
of
Bathes
;
let
me
presume
to
propound
another
,
which
I
perswade
my self
to
be
more
true
and
certain
.
But
because
it
hath
not
been
mentioned
by
any
Author
that
I
know
,
I
have
no
mans
steps
to
follow
in
it
.
Avia
Doctorum
peragro
loca
,
nullius
ante
Trita
solo
.
I
travel
where
no
path
is
to
be
seen
Of
any
learned
foot
that
here
hath
been
.
Which
makes
me
fearfull
in
the
delivery
of
it
.
But
if
I
do
err
in
it
,
I
hope
I
shall
not
be
blamed
;
seeing
I
do
it
in
disquisition
of
the
truth
.
I
have
in
the
former
Chapters
set
down
mine
opinion
concerning
the
generation
of
minerals
,
that
they
have
their
seminaries
in
the
earth
replenished
with
spirits
,
and
faculties
attending
them
;
which
meeting
with
convenient
matter
and
adiuvant
causes
,
do
proceed
to
the
generation
of
several
species
,
according
to
the
nature
of
the
efficient
,
and
aptnes
of
the
matter
.
In
this
work
of
generation
,
as
there
is
generatio
unius
,
so
there
must
be
corruptio
alterius
.
And
this
cannot
be
done
without
a
superiour
power
,
which
by
moisture
,
dilating
it self
,
worketh
upon
the
matter
,
like
a
ferment
to
bring
it
to
his
own
purpose
.
This
motion
between
the
agent
spirit
,
and
the
patient
matter
,
proceedeth
from
an
actual
heat
(
ex
motu
fit
calor
)
which
serves
as
an
instrument
to
further
this
work
.
[
](A46281-e19410-b)*
*
What
Dr.
French
hath
said
against
this
opinion
,
may
be
seen
if
the
19
,
20
,
&
21.
pages
of
his
Yorkshire
Spaw
.
And
this
motion
being
natural
and
not
violent
produceth
a
natural
heat
which
furthers
generations
;
not
a
destructive
heat
.
For
as
cold
dulls
and
benumbs
all
faculties
,
so
heat
doth
quicken
them
,
This
I
shewed
in
the
example
of
Malt.
It
is
likewise
true
in
every
particular
grain
of
Corn
sown
in
the
ground
,
although
by
reason
they
lie
single
,
their
actual
heat
is
not
discernable
by
touch
,
yet
we
find
that
external
heat
and
moisture
do
further
their
spiring
,
as
adiuvant
causes
;
where
the
chief
agent
is
the
generative
spirit
in
the
seed
.
So
I
take
it
to
be
in
minerals
,
with
those
distinctions
before
mentioned
.
And
in
this
all
generations
agree
,
that
an
actual
heat
,
together
with
moisture
,
is
requisite
:
otherwise
there
can
neither
be
the
corruption
of
the
one
,
nor
the
generation
of
the
other
.
This
actual
heat
is
less
sensible
in
small
seeds
and
tender
bodies
,
then
it
is
in
the
great
and
plentifull
generations
,
and
in
hard
and
compact
matter
:
for
hard
bodies
are
not
so
easily
reduced
to
a
new
form
,
as
tender
bodies
are
;
but
require
both
more
spirit
and
longer
time
to
be
wrought
upon
.
And
therefore
whereas
vegetable
generations
are
brought
to
perfection
in
a
few
months
,
these
mineral
generations
do
require
many
years
,
as
hath
been
observed
by
Mineral
men
.
Moreover
,
these
generations
are
not
terminated
with
one
production
,
but
as
the
seed
gathereth
strength
by
enlarging
it self
,
so
it
continually
proceeds
to
subdue
more
matter
under
his
government
:
so
as
,
where
once
any
generation
is
begu●
,
it
continues
many
ages
,
and
seldome
gives
over
.
As
we
see
in
the
Iron
Mines
of
Illua
,
the
Tin
Mines
in
Cornwall
,
the
Lead
Mines
at
Mendip
,
and
the
Peak
,
&c.
which
do
not
only
stretch
further
in
extent
of
ground
,
than
hath
been
observed
heretofore
;
but
also
are
renewed
in
the
same
groves
which
have
been
formerly
wrought
,
as
our
Tinners
in
Cornwall
do
acknowledge
;
and
the
examples
of
Illua
and
Saga
before
mentioned
,
do
confirm
.
This
is
a
sufficient
means
for
the
perpetuity
of
our
hot
Springs
;
that
if
the
actual
heat
proceed
from
hence
,
there
need
be
no
doubt
of
the
continuance
of
them
,
nor
of
their
equal
tenor
or
degree
of
heat
.
Now
for
the
nature
of
this
heat
,
it
is
not
a
destructive
heat
,
as
that
of
fire
is
,
but
a
generative
heat
joyned
with
moysture
.
It
needs
no
air
for
eventilation
,
as
the
other
doth
.
It
is
in
degree
hot
enough
for
the
hottest
Baths
that
are
,
if
it
be
not
too
remote
from
the
place
where
the
water
issueth
forth
.
It
is
a
means
to
impart
the
qualities
of
minerals
to
our
waters
,
as
well
as
heat
,
by
reason
the
minerals
are
then
in
solutis
principiis
,
in
their
liquid
forms
,
and
not
consolidated
into
hard
bodies
.
For
when
they
are
consolidated
,
there
are
few
of
them
that
will
yield
any
quality
to
water
,
unless
they
be
the
concrete
juyces
,
or
any
actual
heat
,
because
that
is
procured
by
the
contiguity
of
bodies
,
when
one
part
lyeth
upon
another
,
and
not
when
they
are
grown
in
corpus
continuum
;
as
we
see
in
Malt
,
where
by
turning
and
changing
the
contiguity
,
the
heat
is
increased
,
but
by
suffering
it
to
unite
,
is
quenched
:
But
before
consolidation
,
any
of
them
may
yield
either
spirit
or
juyce
,
or
tincture
to
the
waters
,
which
by
reason
of
their
tenuity
(
as
is
said
before
)
are
apt
to
imbibe
them
.
Now
if
actual
fire
kindled
in
the
earth
,
should
meet
with
these
minerals
whilst
they
are
in
generation
,
it
would
dissipate
the
spirits
,
and
destroy
the
minerals
.
Thurneiser
Alchimia
magna
lib.
4
.
c.8
.
If
it
meet
with
them
after
consolidation
,
it
will
never
be
able
to
attenuate
them
so
,
as
to
make
them
yield
their
qualities
to
water
.
For
we
never
find
any
metals
or
minerals
melted
in
the
earth
,
which
must
be
,
if
the
heat
of
actual
fire
were
such
as
is
imagined
:
neither
do
we
ever
find
any
flores
of
metal
sublimed
in
the
earth
.
This
natural
heat
is
daily
found
by
our
Mineral
men
in
the
Mines
,
so
as
oftentimes
they
are
not
able
to
touch
them
,
as
Agricola
testifieth
;
although
by
opening
their
groves
and
admission
of
air
,
it
should
be
well
qualified
.
Whereas
on
the
other
side
,
it
was
never
observed
,
that
any
actual
kindled
fire
was
ever
seen
by
workmen
in
the
earth
,
which
were
likely
to
be
,
if
these
fires
were
so
frequent
.
Wherefore
seeing
we
see
that
Mineral
waters
do
participate
with
all
sorts
of
Minerals
,
as
well
metals
as
other
,
as
hath
been
shewed
in
the
particular
examples
of
all
of
them
:
seeing
also
that
few
of
them
,
unless
Mineral
juyces
,
are
able
to
impart
their
quality
to
water
,
as
they
are
consolidated
,
but
only
as
they
are
in
solutis
principiis
,
and
whilst
they
are
in
generation
,
as
is
agreed
upon
by
all
Authors
:
seeing
also
this
natural
heat
of
fermentation
must
necessarily
be
present
for
the
perfecting
of
their
generation
,
and
is
sufficient
,
in
regard
of
the
degree
of
heat
to
make
our
Baths
as
hot
as
they
are
:
seeing
also
that
the
other
adventitious
fire
would
rather
destroy
these
Minerals
,
than
further
them
:
seeing
also
we
cannot
imagine
it
either
likely
,
or
possible
,
without
manifold
difficulties
and
absurdities
:
I
do
conclude
that
both
the
actual
heat
of
Baths
,
and
the
Mineral
qualities
which
they
have
,
are
derived
unto
them
by
means
of
this
fermenting
heat
:
[
](A46281-e19580-b)*
*
The
cause
of
the
heat
in
Bath
,
assigned
by
Dr.
Rouzee
,
is
their
motion
and
agitation
in
the
bowels
of
the
Earth
,
falling
from
Cataracts
and
broken
Concavities
in
the
same
.
But
afterwards
,
lighting
on
this
opinion
of
Dr.
Jordens
,
he
is
so
far
from
disliking
,
that
he
apdeservedly
plauds
it
,
and
callls
this
work
learned
and
elaborate
.
Vid.
Lud.
Rouz
.
Tr.
of
Tunbr
.
water
,
p.
20
,
21.
&
22.
in
margine
.
Which
is
still
in
fieri
,
not
in
facto
esse
,
as
the
Schoolmen
term
it
:
and
therefore
makes
the
heat
continual
.
Examples
might
be
brought
from
all
kind
of
generations
,
and
from
some
artificial
works
,
of
this
sermenting
heat
proceeding
from
the
seeds
of
natural
things
.
Martin
.
de
prima
generations
.
These
seeds
containing
the
species
and
kinds
of
natural
bodies
,
are
not
from
the
Elements
,
but
are
placed
in
the
Elements
,
where
they
propagate
their
species
and
individuals
,
according
to
their
nature
,
and
have
their
due
times
and
seasons
of
appearing
upon
the
Stage
of
the
World
.
Animals
have
their
set
times
when
their
spermatick
spirits
are
in
turgescence
,
some
once
,
some
twice
a
year
,
and
some
oftner
:
especially
in
the
Spring
;
Vere
magis
,
quia
Vere
calor
redit
ossibus
;
as
Virgil
speaks
of
Mares
:
only
man
in
regard
of
his
excellency
above
other
creatures
,
is
not
so
confinde
.
Vegetables
have
likewise
their
seasons
of
setting
and
planting
,
as
they
may
have
the
earth
and
the
season
most
convenient
:
yet
at
any
time
,
if
their
seeds
get
moysture
and
heat
to
dilate
them
,
they
will
ferment
and
attempt
the
production
of
more
individuals
:
but
oftentimes
the
Artist
doth
abuse
this
intention
of
nature
,
and
converts
it
to
his
ends
:
and
oftentimes
nature
being
set
in
action
to
proceed
a
potentia
in
actum
,
doth
want
convenient
means
to
maintain
her
work
:
as
when
we
see
a
Rick
of
Hay
or
Corn
which
hath
received
moysture
,
burnt
to
ashes
.
So
in
the
making
of
Malt
,
or
Woad
,
or
Bread
,
or
Beer
,
or
Wine
,
&c.
we
make
use
of
this
generative
spirit
for
our
ends
:
that
we
may
stir
up
,
and
quicken
it
.
Otherwise
our
Bread
would
not
be
so
favou●y
,
our
Beer
would
be
but
Wort
,
our
Wine
would
be
but
Must
or
Plum-pottage
,
and
want
those
spirits
which
we
desire
;
and
which
lie
dead
and
benummed
in
the
seeds
,
untill
they
come
to
fermentation
.
And
in
all
these
there
is
an
actual
heat
,
although
it
appear
not
in
liquid
things
,
so
well
as
in
dry
:
because
it
is
there
quenched
by
the
abundance
of
moysture
;
yet
we
may
observe
active
spirits
in
it
,
by
the
bubling
and
hissing
,
and
working
of
it
.
This
is
evident
in
artificial
Wines
,
which
may
be
made
of
Figs
,
Da●es
,
dryed
Raysing
,
Currants
,
Slows
,
Strawberries
,
Bramble-berries
,
and
such
like
,
when
they
are
infused
in
water
.
They
will
ferment
of
their
own
accord
,
by
virtue
of
the
seeds
which
are
in
them
,
and
make
as
good
and
as
natural
Wine
as
the
juice
of
the
green
fruit
,
as
I
have
often
proved
.
The
Turks
have
a
drink
which
they
Call
Couset
or
Posset
,
which
is
made
of
Barly
after
such
a
manner
,
as
Bellonius
reports
in
his
observations
.
Lib.
2
:
cap.
98.
It
seems
also
that
the
Scythians
drink
was
made
in
this
manner
,
which
Virgil
speaks
of
.
Hic
noctem
ludo
ducunt
,
&
pocula
laeti
Fermento
atque
acidis
imitantur
vitea
sorbis
.
Georg.
3.
They
dance
and
quaff
,
by
the
Moon-shine
,
Fermented
juice
of
Slows
,
like
Wine
.
And
I
perswade
my self
that
we
have
not
yet
attained
to
a
perfect
artifice
of
our
Beer
and
Ale
,
which
stands
upon
the
same
grounds
,
and
may
be
wrought
in
such
a
manner
,
if
they
would
take
the
pains
to
try
some
conclusions
upon
it
.
It
might
save
much
fuel
,
and
vessel
,
and
labour
,
and
perhaps
with
advantage
in
the
product
.
For
I
see
but
two
points
to
be
observed
in
the
working
of
it
:
the
one
is
to
extract
the
substance
of
the
Malt
into
water
:
the
other
to
give
it
his
due
fermentation
.
And
both
of
these
may
be
done
without
boyling
.
But
the
artifice
will
differ
somewhat
from
Wine
,
and
will
require
many
conclusions
to
be
tryed
upon
it
,
before
it
be
brought
to
perfection
.
I
do
mention
these
artifices
only
to
shew
the
power
of
this
seminary
and
fermenting
spirit
,
and
how
it
may
be
drawn
to
other
uses
for
our
benefit
.
As
this
is
found
in
vegetables
,
so
likewise
in
Minerals
;
which
as
they
have
this
generative
spirit
for
the
propagation
of
their
species
,
as
hath
been
shewed
before
,
so
they
have
this
means
of
fermentation
,
to
bring
them
from
a
potential
quality
,
to
an
actual
existence
.
And
as
their
matter
is
more
plentifull
,
and
in
consistence
more
hard
and
compact
;
so
these
spirits
must
be
more
vigorous
and
powerfull
to
subdue
it
:
and
consequently
the
heat
of
their
fermentation
must
be
in
a
higher
degree
,
then
it
is
in
other
generations
.
A
brief
collection
of
the
the
Authors
arguments
against
the
opinions
of
others
touching
the
actual
heat
of
Bathes
.
Now
having
shewed
the
erroneous
opinions
of
others
concerning
this
actual
heat
of
Bathes
,
and
explain'd
our
own
conceit
of
the
true
cause
of
it
;
let
us
collect
our
arguments
together
,
the
principal
whereof
are
here
and
there
dispersed
in
this
Treatise
,
Quem
nos
stramineum
pro
tempore
fecimus
,
Which
for
the
present
I
have
made
of
Straw
.
Hoping
that
hereafter
some
worthy
pen
may
handle
this
argument
more
accurately
,
and
give
it
a
better
flourish
,
Et
dare
perpetuo
caelestia
fila
metallo
.
And
on
firm
metal
lasting
threads
bestow
.
We
must
not
imagine
that
the
government
and
ordering
of
the
world
and
nature
in
a
constant
course
,
is
performed
by
miracle
,
but
that
natural
effects
have
natural
causes
,
and
must
be
both
under
the
same
genus
.
Wherefore
following
the
ordinary
distribution
,
seeing
it
comprehends
all
,
and
not
questioning
the
celestial
bodies
,
whether
they
be
elementary
or
no
,
that
is
,
subject
to
alterations
,
as
intention
and
remission
,
generation
and
corruption
,
&c.
We
say
that
this
heat
must
proceed
either
from
the
superiour
and
celestial
bodies
,
as
the
Spheres
and
Starrs
,
or
from
the
inferiour
or
sublunary
.
From
the
superiour
Spheres
or
Globes
it
cannot
proceed
,
seeing
(
as
is
shewed
before
)
they
are
neither
indowed
with
such
a
degree
of
native
heat
,
nor
can
acquire
it
accidentally
by
their
motion
,
being
thin
and
liquid
bodies
;
neither
,
if
they
had
it
,
can
they
convey
it
unto
the
earth
,
but
by
their
beams
,
which
are
not
able
to
retain
it
as
they
pass
thorow
the
cold
region
of
the
air
,
nor
able
to
warm
that
,
although
it
be
nearer
to
their
fountain
of
heat
.
Wherefore
if
these
beams
can
any
way
do
it
,
it
must
be
by
their
motion
and
reflection
upon
the
earth
:
and
this
is
no
constant
heat
,
but
varieth
according
as
the
beams
are
perpendicular
or
oblique
,
and
according
as
the
air
is
cleer
or
cloudy
,
&
c..
And
as
they
are
not
able
to
give
this
constant
heat
,
so
the
earth
in
her
bowels
is
not
capable
to
receive
it
,
being
hindered
by
the
density
of
the
earth
and
rocks
,
and
the
heat
of
reflection
taken
away
before
it
can
come
three
foot
deep
.
From
the
inferiour
parts
of
the
world
if
it
proceed
,
it
must
be
either
from
the
Elements
,
or
from
mixt
bodies
.
From
the
Elements
it
cannot
come
,
but
from
fire
;
for
all
the
other
Elements
are
cold
,
as
I
have
shewed
,
especially
the
earth
where
this
heat
is
ingendred
.
And
as
for
the
Element
of
Fire
,
seeing
we
know
not
where
to
find
it
,
neither
,
if
it
be
any
where
,
doth
it
perform
the
office
of
an
Element
in
production
and
nutrition
of
creatures
;
as
Aristotle
faith
,
Ignis
nil
generat
,
and
therefore
nil
nutrit
;
3.
De
gen.
animal
.
nam
nutritio
fit
ex
iisdem
ex
quibus
constat
:
therefore
as
it
begets
nothing
,
so
it
nourisheth
nothing
;
and
so
cannot
be
an
Element
,
nor
as
an
Element
maintain
this
heat
of
Bathes
.
2.
De
gen.
animal
,
cap.
3.
But
contrariwise
if
it
have
no
power
of
begetting
or
nourishing
any
thing
,
it
must
have
a
power
of
destroying
or
hindering
nature
in
her
proceedings
;
for
nature
will
admit
of
no
vacuum
or
idle
thing
.
Also
seeing
Nature
useth
no
violent
means
to
maintain
her self
,
this
elementary
fire
cannot
be
pen'd
in
the
center
of
the
earth
,
being
of
a
thin
subtilnature
,
and
naturally
aspiring
upwards
:
and
if
it
have
any
place
assigned
unto
it
,
it
must
be
above
the
other
Elements
,
and
then
it
cannot
be
drawn
downwards
against
his
nature
,
and
that
continually
,
without
breach
of
the
order
and
course
of
nature
.
And
whereas
they
place
the
Element
of
Fire
under
the
concave
of
the
Moon
,
being
in
it self
lucid
and
resplendent
,
it
is
strange
that
it
is
not
seen
by
us
,
neither
makes
our
nights
light
.
For
although
by
reason
of
his
transparency
it
doth
not
terminate
our
sight
,
yet
it
should
remove
the
obscurity
of
our
nights
much
better
then
the
Via
lactea
.
Moreover
,
if
it
were
there
,
we
must
see
the
Starrs
through
a
double
Diaphanum
,
one
of
air
,
and
another
of
fire
,
and
so
would
make
a
double
refraction
:
which
is
elegantly
confuted
by
John
Pena
and
Conr●dus
Aslacus
.
In
praefat.
in
Opticum
Euclidis
.
De
triplici
caelo
lib.
●
.
c.
4
.
But
there
is
another
thing
substituted
in
the
place
of
this
element
of
fire
,
and
maintained
by
air
,
and
by
mineral
substances
in
the
earth
;
which
is
neither
an
Element
,
nor
a
mixt
body
,
nor
any
substance
at
all
,
but
a
meer
quality
:
and
this
is
preferred
by
most
to
be
the
cause
of
the
heat
of
our
Bathes
.
And
this
is
our
common
kitchin-fire
,
which
is
kindled
by
violent
motion
,
maintained
by
servel
,
without
which
it
cannot
subsist
,
and
extinguished
by
his
contrary
.
And
although
it
may
be
derived
by
communication
or
coition
,
as
one
candle
lights
another
,
yet
originally
it
is
kindled
by
violent
motion
,
and
what
violent
motion
can
there
be
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
to
strike
fire
,
or
who
shall
be
the
fueller
?
Exhalations
and
lightnings
cannot
do
it
,
being
aereal
meteors
,
and
no
more
penetrable
then
the
beams
of
the
Sun
.
And
therefore
although
they
may
kindle
a
Vulcano
upon
the
surface
of
the
earth
,
yet
they
cannot
pierce
deep
,
and
their
very
reflection
upon
the
superficies
of
the
earth
takes
away
their
strength
:
so
as
they
can
neither
kindle
new
fire
,
nor
commucate
that
which
is
kindled
to
any
other
fuel
.
For
if
it
be
by
communication
or
coition
,
that
must
be
by
touch
,
per
contactum
,
and
then
in
the
earth
it
can
make
but
one
fire
,
and
not
many
,
being
not
distinct
in
place
,
and
must
increase
in
heat
:
and
then
it
will
not
keep
a
constant
tenor
,
as
our
Bathes
do
.
Secondly
for
the
nourishment
of
it
,
being
a
quality
,
it
must
have
a
subject
,
that
is
fuel
,
and
it
must
have
means
to
vent
the
fuliginous
vapours
which
it
breeds
in
the
dissolution
of
the
fuel
,
lest
they
recoyle
and
quench
the
fire
;
as
also
there
must
be
conveyance
for
the
ashes
which
will
fall
down
continually
upon
the
fire
,
and
quench
it
.
Moreover
,
by
consuming
such
great
quantities
of
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
,
and
by
mollifying
and
breaking
of
Rocks
,
it
would
cause
a
great
sinking
of
the
earth
in
those
places
;
as
we
see
in
our
Vulcanoes
,
where
whole
mountains
have
been
consumed
and
brought
to
even
ground
.
Thirdly
,
this
fire
being
a
quality
,
is
subject
to
intention
and
remission
,
and
to
utter
extinguishment
,
not
only
by
want
of
fuel
,
which
cannot
be
regenerated
where
this
actual
fire
is
,
nor
for
want
of
vent
,
or
choaking
of
ashes
,
&c.
but
also
by
reason
of
the
abundance
of
water
which
the
earth
receiveth
for
the
generations
of
Minerals
,
which
being
opposite
to
fire
,
would
quench
it
.
Wherefore
we
cannot
rely
upon
any
subterranean
fire
for
the
maintenance
of
our
hot
Bathes
.
From
the
air
this
heat
of
Bathes
cannot
proceed
,
seeing
it
is
neither
hot
in
it self
,
as
hath
been
proved
,
nor
can
get
any
heat
by
motion
,
being
of
a
thin
liquid
substance
,
which
no
attrition
or
collision
can
make
hot
.
And
as
for
aereal
meteors
,
bred
from
exhalations
,
and
kindled
,
as
is
imagined
,
by
an
Antiperistasis
:
if
they
be
bred
in
the
air
,
they
are
not
able
to
penetrate
into
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
as
hath
been
said
before
:
if
in
the
earth
,
besides
the
difficulty
of
finding
room
enough
for
such
plentiful
exhalations
as
those
must
be
which
procure
lightning
and
thunder
,
and
the
vanity
of
their
Antiperistasis
to
kindle
these
exhalations
,
as
hath
been
she
wed
before
;
it
is
a
sufficient
refutation
to
take
away
the
subject
of
the
question
,
that
is
,
all
subterranean
fire
,
as
I
hope
I
have
done
;
and
then
we
need
not
dispute
about
the
means
of
kindling
it
,
&c.
these
momentary
meteors
being
produced
only
to
kindle
,
and
not
to
maintain
this
fire
.
From
the
water
no
man
will
derive
this
fire
,
being
a
cold
and
moist
Element
,
and
apt
to
quench
it
;
unless
it
be
by
dilating
the
seminary
spirits
of
natural
species
;
and
then
they
concur
with
us
,
and
renouncing
the
actual
fire
,
do
confirm
our
heat
of
fermentation
.
From
the
earth
some
have
imagined
an
inbred
heat
,
ingenitum
terrae
calorem
,
whereby
it
seems
they
had
some
glimmering
of
this
light
which
we
have
given
,
but
have
left
it
in
as
great
obscurity
as
the
Antipenstasis
or
Antipathy
;
and
earth
being
a
cold
and
dry
Element
,
cannot
be
the
cause
of
this
heat
,
as
it
is
earth
.
So
as
it
is
manifest
that
naturally
the
Elements
cannot
procure
this
heat
of
Bathes
;
and
by
violent
motion
they
can
do
as
little
.
For
the
earth
being
immovable
,
cannot
be
stirred
by
any
violent
motion
;
and
the
other
three
Elements
,
as
Fire
,
Air
,
and
Water
,
being
thin
and
liquid
substances
,
can
procure
no
heat
by
any
motion
or
collision
either
upon
themselves
,
or
upon
the
earth
;
especially
in
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
where
all
is
quiet
,
and
no
room
or
scope
for
any
such
motion
as
this
must
be
.
So
that
neither
the
other
three
Elements
,
nor
the
earth
,
either
in
the
whole
,
or
in
the
parts
,
can
be
the
cause
hereof
by
any
violent
motion
.
From
mixt
bodies
if
this
heat
come
,
it
must
be
from
animals
,
vegetables
,
or
minerals
.
Animals
are
not
so
plentiful
in
the
earth
as
to
cause
this
heat
of
Bathes
,
either
alive
or
dead
.
We
read
of
subterranean
animals
which
have
both
motion
,
and
sense
,
and
understanding
,
in
Vincentius
in
speculo
naturali
;
in
Lactantius
;
in
Agricola
,
de
animantibus
subterraneis
;
in
Bellonius
,
Ortelius
,
Paracelsus
,
&c.
who
calls
them
Gnomi
,
the
Germanes
Bergmaenlin
,
the
French
Rabat
,
the
Cornish-men
Fairies
.
The
Danes
are
generally
perswaded
that
there
are
such
creatures
.
But
if
any
such
living
creatures
be
able
to
procure
this
heat
,
it
cannot
be
by
their
hot
complexions
,
but
it
must
be
by
violence
and
striking
of
fire
.
Perhaps
Democritus
hath
hired
them
to
make
his
lyme
there
,
or
some
other
to
erect
forges
for
thunder
,
lightning
,
and
such
like
fire-works
.
Brontesque
Steropesque
&
nudus
membra
Pyracmon
.
But
these
opinions
deserve
no
confutation
.
From
dead
animals
in
their
putrefaction
some
heat
may
appear
,
but
such
as
neither
for
the
degree
,
nor
for
the
continuance
,
can
be
answerable
to
our
Bathes
.
For
vegetables
there
is
the
same
reason
as
for
dead
animals
;
neither
doth
the
earth
breed
such
plenty
of
these
in
her
bowels
,
as
to
procure
a
months
heat
to
a
tun
of
water
,
in
one
place
.
Wherefore
we
have
nothing
to
ground
upon
but
mineral
substances
,
whereof
the
earth
affords
enough
.
For
there
is
no
part
of
the
earth
but
is
replenished
with
mineral
seeds
.
And
although
some
may
think
that
because
minerals
are
not
found
,
or
not
wrought
in
all
places
:
and
that
some
waters
are
also
found
which
do
not
participate
of
the
virtues
of
minerals
,
that
therefore
our
hot
Bathes
proceed
not
from
the
fermentation
of
minerals
,
but
from
some
other
cause
;
they
are
mistaken
.
For
although
metals
are
not
frequent
in
some
places
,
or
at
the
least
not
discovered
;
yet
a
man
shall
hardly
dig
ten
foot
deep
in
any
place
,
but
he
shall
find
rocks
of
stone
,
which
have
their
generation
as
well
as
other
minerals
,
or
some
of
the
Salts
,
or
Bitumina
,
or
Spirits
,
or
mean
metals
,
&c.
And
how
can
Bathes
receive
mineral
qualities
,
but
from
minerals
?
Therefore
where
Bathes
are
,
there
must
be
Minerals
,
although
where
Minerals
are
,
there
are
not
always
Bathes
,
But
perhaps
they
are
not
so
accumulated
,
as
by
their
contiguity
they
are
able
to
yield
any
manifest
heat
;
their
matter
being
dispersed
as
grains
of
corn
sown
in
a
field
,
which
by
reason
of
their
lying
single
,
do
not
shew
a
sensible
heat
in
their
fermentation
;
or
most
metals
breeding
between
a
Hanger
and
a
Lieger
,
which
Agricola
calls
pendens
and
jacens
,
are
seldome
above
a
foot
thick
,
and
therefore
cannot
yield
much
heat
to
our
waters
.
And
this
is
the
cause
why
we
have
so
few
Bathes
from
Gold
,
Silver
,
Tin
,
Lead
,
&c.
But
where
much
matter
is
accumulated
together
,
the
very
contiguity
(
one
part
lying
upon
another
)
will
make
a
manifest
heat
,
untill
it
grow
to
a
corpus
continuum
,
when
the
generation
is
perfected
,
and
then
the
heat
is
extinguished
,
Or
perhaps
they
have
not
water
so
plentifull
as
may
yield
a
living
spring
,
although
they
may
have
sufficient
for
the
use
of
their
generation
.
Or
perhaps
where
they
break
forth
,
they
meet
with
desart
sands
,
as
in
Arabia
,
China
,
Africa
,
&c.
Which
drink
up
the
water
,
and
hinder
the
eruption
of
it
.
And
whereas
there
are
some
hot
springs
found
which
do
not
shew
any
mineral
quality
in
them
,
the
reason
of
this
may
be
the
want
of
concrete
juice
,
which
,
as
I
have
said
before
,
is
the
medium
of
communicating
mineral
qualities
and
substances
with
water
.
For
without
them
,
water
is
as
unapt
to
imbibe
minerals
,
as
it
is
to
unite
with
oyle
.
So
as
water
may
of
it self
receive
actual
heat
from
the
fermentation
of
minerals
,
but
not
their
qualities
,
without
the
mediation
of
some
of
the
concrete
juices
:
as
contrariwise
we
find
some
Fouutains
that
receive
mineral
qualities
,
and
yet
are
cold
:
whereof
I
have
given
many
examples
.
The
reason
whereof
is
either
for
that
they
have
passed
a
long
way
,
and
by
many
Meanders
from
the
place
of
generation
to
the
place
of
their
eruption
,
and
so
have
lost
their
heat
;
or
else
the
concrete
juices
,
which
will
dissolve
in
water
without
any
heat
,
being
impregnated
with
other
minerals
,
do
impart
them
to
water
,
and
yet
without
heat
.
But
to
say
that
there
is
any
earth
without
mineral
seeds
,
is
to
make
a
vacuum
in
rerum
natura
,
and
to
destroy
the
use
of
the
Elements
.
It
is
true
that
the
seeds
do
do
not
alwaies
meet
with
opportunity
to
display
themselves
,
and
sometimes
they
are
fain
to
serve
under
other
colours
,
which
are
more
predominant
:
but
there
is
no
part
of
the
earth
without
some
seeds
or
other
.
And
from
hence
we
must
derive
the
original
of
the
actual
heat
of
Bathes
:
for
nothing
else
in
the
world
will
serve
our
turn
to
procure
so
lasting
and
so
uniform
a
heat
unto
them
;
and
that
not
by
kindling
any
actual
fire
about
them
,
for
most
of
our
minerals
whereof
our
Bathes
consist
,
and
from
whence
they
receive
both
their
actual
heat
and
virtues
,
will
not
burn
,
neither
have
any
actual
heat
in
themselves
,
being
all
cold
to
the
touch
,
but
receive
it
by
a
fermenting
heat
which
they
have
in
their
generation
:
without
which
there
is
no
generation
for
any
thing
.
And
this
heat
continues
so
long
as
the
work
of
generation
continues
:
which
being
once
begun
,
doth
not
cease
in
many
ages
,
by
reason
of
the
plenty
of
matter
which
the
earth
yields
,
and
the
firmness
and
solidity
thereof
.
And
although
after
that
the
minerals
have
attained
to
their
perfection
,
this
heat
ceaseth
,
yet
the
generation
extends
further
then
where
it
first
began
,
and
enlargeth
it self
every
way
,
the
works
of
nature
being
circular
:
so
as
the
water
which
was
heated
by
the
first
generation
,
cannot
avoid
the
other
succeeding
generations
,
but
must
meet
with
them
either
behind
or
before
,
beneath
or
above
,
on
the
one
side
,
or
on
the
other
(
especially
seeing
no
generation
can
proceed
without
water
:
)
and
yet
keeps
the
same
tenor
and
degree
of
heat
,
according
to
the
nature
of
the
minerals
fermenting
,
and
to
the
distance
from
the
place
of
eruption
.
And
this
is
a
far
more
probable
cause
of
the
continuance
of
our
Bathes
,
then
any
subterranean
destructive
fire
can
be
,
or
any
other
of
the
supposed
causes
can
yield
.
I
do
not
deny
but
that
hot
Bathes
may
cease
and
become
cold
;
as
Aristotle
saith
of
Salt
Fountains
which
are
cold
,
2
Meteorol
.
c.2
;
that
they
were
once
hot
,
before
the
original
of
their
heat
was
extinct
:
which
I
interpret
to
be
when
the
work
of
generation
ceased
,
and
the
Salt
brought
to
his
perfection
.
But
I
do
not
read
of
any
hot
Bathes
that
have
ceased
:
unless
near
onto
some
Vulcano
,
where
either
the
sinking
of
Rocks
hath
altered
the
course
of
them
,
as
at
Tripergula
and
Baia
,
or
the
flaming
fire
which
heated
them
at
their
eruption
being
extinguished
,
as
in
the
AEolian
Islands
.
These
Vulcanoes
are
far
more
subject
to
decay
then
our
generative
heat
,
because
they
consume
their
fuel
;
this
doth
not
,
but
increaseth
it
daily
,
viresque
acquirit
eundo
.
Of
the
other
Ovid
saith
,
Nee
quae
sulphureis
ardet
fornacibus
AEtna
Ignea
semper
erit
;
neque
enim
fuit
ignea
semper
.
AEtna
with
its
sulphureous
flames
will
dy
,
And
as
a
kindling
had
,
will
want
supply
.
But
of
this
we
can
hardly
bring
an
Instance
of
any
that
have
decayed
;
because
where
a
generation
is
begun
,
there
seldome
or
never
wants
matter
to
propagate
and
enlarge
it
.
And
seeing
minerals
have
not
their
seeds
in
their
individuals
,
as
animals
&
vegetables
have
,
but
in
their
wombs
,
as
hath
been
shewed
before
;
it
were
to
be
feared
that
there
would
be
a
decay
of
mineral
species
,
and
so
a
vacuum
left
in
nature
,
if
these
generations
should
be
no
more
durable
then
the
other
.
Animals
are
propagated
by
begetting
of
their
species
,
the
power
whereof
is
in
every
individual
,
which
,
no
doubt
,
will
not
give
over
this
trade
as
long
as
the
world
lasteth
.
Vegetables
are
also
fruitfull
in
their
kinds
,
every
one
producing
100
,
or
perhaps
1000
seeds
of
individuals
yearly
,
to
perpetuate
their
species
.
Minerals
have
no
such
means
,
but
only
have
their
seeds
in
their
wombs
,
whereby
they
are
propagated
:
and
if
these
generations
,
being
longer
in
perfecting
of
their
species
,
were
not
supplyed
with
a
larger
extent
for
their
productions
;
nature
had
been
defective
in
not
providing
sufficient
means
for
their
perpetuity
,
as
well
as
for
others
,
and
might
easily
suffer
a
decay
,
and
a
vacuity
of
mineral
species
;
which
agrees
not
with
the
providence
of
nature
,
and
the
ornament
of
the
world
.
The
necessity
hereof
depends
upon
the
first
benediction
,
(
crescite
&
multiylicamini
)
which
,
no
doubt
belongs
as
well
to
minerals
in
their
kinds
,
as
it
doth
to
animals
and
vegetables
,
and
by
vertue
hereof
we
see
that
they
are
propagated
daily
,
as
I
have
proved
before
,
Cap.
11.
Trism●gistus
in
Asclepio
.
c.7
.
In
Pimandro
cap.
1
.
And
this
is
that
necessity
whereof
Hypocrates
speaks
,
and
that
fatum
naturale
inharens
rebus
ipsis
,
Natural
fate
inherent
in
things
themselves
,
as
Lipsius
faith
;
and
that
Lex
Adrastiae
mentioned
by
Aristotle
and
Gal●●
,
Locis
aute
citatis
,
so
firmly
established
,
as
nothing
can
contradict
it
.
Lib.
de
constat
.
Arithmetick
,
Geometry
,
and
Logick
,
which
are
but
attendants
upon
nature
,
have
their
principles
so
firmly
grounded
,
as
nothing
can
shake
them
;
and
shall
we
think
that
nature
it self
is
grounded
upon
weaker
foundations
?
wherefore
we
need
not
doubt
of
the
perpetuity
of
these
generations
,
but
that
as
some
parts
attain
to
their
perfection
,
so
other
puts
will
be
alwayes
in
fieri
or
in
via
ad
generationem
:
whereby
our
Bathes
will
never
fail
of
their
heat
or
their
virtues
.
This
I
hope
is
susficient
for
the
confuting
of
other
opinions
,
and
the
clearing
of
mine
own
from
all
absurdities
concerning
the
degree
of
heat
,
which
is
as
much
as
the
nature
of
water
can
endure
without
utter
dissipation
:
concerning
the
equal
tenor
of
the
heat
,
the
duration
of
〈◊〉
,
the
participation
of
mineral
qualities
,
&c.
The
other
kind
of
confirmation
which
we
call
Apodeictical
,
is
also
here
and
there
dispersed
in
this
Discourse
:
as
that
all
minerals
have
their
continual
generation
:
that
this
generation
is
not
without
heat
and
moysture
,
which
do
necessarily
attend
all
generations
:
that
few
mineral
substances
or
qualities
can
be
imparted
to
water
,
but
whilst
they
are
in
generation
,
and
yet
we
find
them
much
impregnated
with
them
:
that
our
Miners
do
find
an
actual
heat
,
and
in
a
high
degree
,
in
the
digging
of
Minerals
,
where
the
fermentation
is
not
throughly
extinct
:
that
we
observe
the
like
course
of
nature
in
the
generations
of
animals
and
vegetables
:
that
we
are
led
to
the
acknowledgement
hereof
by
many
artificial
conclusions
and
artifices
,
&c.
Wherefore
I
forbear
to
make
any
larger
repetition
hereof
.
And
this
is
in
brief
(
though
plainly
delivered
)
my
opinion
concerning
the
actual
heat
of
Baths
,
and
of
the
mineral
qualities
which
we
find
in
them
;
which
I
refer
to
the
censures
of
those
that
be
learned
.
There
are
two
other
motions
which
resemble
this
fermentation
:
The
one
is
Motus
dilatationis
,
the
Other
Antipatheticus
.
Motus
dilatationis
is
evident
in
Lime
,
in
Allum
,
in
Copperass
,
and
other
concrete
juyces
,
whereby
the
affusion
of
water
,
the
Salt
in
the
Lime
,
or
the
concrete
juyces
being
suddenly
dissolved
,
there
is
by
this
motion
,
an
actual
heat
procured
for
a
time
,
able
to
kindle
any
combustible
matter
put
to
it
.
The
like
we
observe
in
those
stone
Coals
,
called
metal
Coals
,
which
are
mixed
with
a
Marchesit
containing
some
mineral
juyce
,
which
receiving
moysture
,
doth
dilate
it self
,
and
grows
so
hot
,
as
oftentimes
great
heaps
of
those
Coals
are
kindled
thereby
,
and
burnt
before
their
time
;
as
hath
been
seen
at
Puddle-Wharf
in
London
,
and
at
Newcastle
.
But
this
is
much
different
from
out
fermentation
.
Another
Motus
resembling
this
fermentation
,
is
that
which
is
attributed
to
Antipathy
,
when
disagreeing
substances
being
put
together
,
do
fight
,
and
make
a
manifest
actual
heat
;
as
Antimony
and
Sublimat
,
oyle
of
Vitriol
and
oyle
of
Tartar
,
Allum
liquor
and
Urine
,
Lees
,
Chalk
,
&c.
But
the
reason
of
this
disagreement
is
in
their
Salts
,
whereof
one
is
astringent
,
the
other
relaxing
;
the
one
of
easie
dissolution
in
water
,
the
other
of
hard
dissolution
,
&c.
where
one
mineral
hinders
the
dissolution
or
congelation
of
another
;
and
not
by
reason
of
any
antipathy
:
for
it
is
not
likely
that
nature
would
produce
two
contrary
substances
mixed
like
atomes
in
o●
subject
,
but
that
in
their
very
generations
the
o●
would
be
an
impediment
to
the
other
.
So
in
vegetables
where
one
plant
sucks
away
the
nourishment
from
another
,
we
call
it
antipathy
.
B●●
if
we
examine
aright
what
this
sympathy
and
antipathy
is
,
we
shall
find
it
to
be
nothing
but
a
refuge
of
ignorance
,
when
not
being
able
to
conceive
the
true
reasons
of
such
actions
&
passions
in
natural
things
,
we
fly
sometimes
to
indefinite
generalities
,
and
sometimes
to
this
inexplicable
sympathy
and
antipathy
;
attributing
voluntary
,
and
sensitive
actions
and
passions
to
insensible
substances
.
This
motus
also
is
much
different
from
fermentation
,
as
may
easily
appear
by
the
former
description
.
And
thus
much
for
this
point
of
fermentation
,
which
I
hope
will
give
better
satisfaction
then
any
of
the
former
opinions
.
CHAP.
XV.
By
what
means
it
may
be
discovered
what
minerals
any
water
containeth
.
THE
nature
of
minerals
and
their
generations
being
handled
,
and
from
thence
the
reasons
drawn
,
both
of
the
actual
heat
of
Bathes
,
and
of
their
qualities
:
Now
it
is
fit
we
should
seek
out
some
means
how
to
discover
what
minerals
are
in
any
Bath
,
that
thereby
we
may
the
better
know
their
qualities
,
and
what
use
to
make
of
them
for
our
benefit
.
Many
have
attempted
this
discovery
,
but
by
such
weak
means
,
and
upon
such
poor
grounds
,
as
it
is
no
marvail
if
they
have
failed
of
their
purpose
:
for
they
have
contented
themselves
with
a
bare
distillation
or
evaporation
of
the
water
,
and
observing
the
sediment
,
have
thereby
judged
of
the
minerals
,
unless
perhaps
they
find
some
manifest
taste
,
or
smell
,
or
colour
in
the
water
,
or
some
unctuous
matter
swimming
above
it
.
Some
desire
no
other
argument
of
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
,
but
the
actual
heat
:
as
though
no
other
minerals
could
yield
an
actual
heat
,
but
those
two
:
But
this
point
requires
better
consideration
;
and
I
have
been
so
large
in
describing
the
natures
and
generations
of
minerals
,
because
without
it
,
we
cannot
discern
what
minerals
we
have
in
our
waters
,
nor
judge
of
the
qualities
and
use
of
them
.
Our
Minerals
therefore
,
are
either
confused
or
mixed
with
the
water
.
If
they
be
confused
they
are
easily
discerned
:
for
they
make
the
water
thick
and
pudly
,
and
will
either
swim
above
,
as
Bitumen
will
do
,
or
sink
to
the
bottom
,
as
Earth
,
Sulphur
,
and
some
terrestrial
juices
;
for
no
confused
water
will
remain
long
unseparated
.
If
they
are
perfectly
mixed
with
the
water
,
then
their
mixture
is
either
corporal
,
where
the
very
body
of
the
Mineral
is
imbibed
in
the
water
,
or
spiritual
,
where
either
some
exhalation
,
or
spirit
,
or
tincture
is
imparted
to
the
water
.
Corporally
there
are
no
minerals
mixed
with
water
,
but
juices
,
either
liquid
,
as
succus
la●idescens
,
metallificus
,
&c.
before
they
are
perfectly
congealed
into
their
natural
consistence
,
or
concrete
,
as
Salt
,
Nitre
,
Vitriol
,
and
Allum
,
these
concrete
juices
do
not
dissolve
themselves
in
water
,
but
oftentimes
bring
with
them
some
tincture
or
spirit
from
other
Minerals
.
For
as
water
is
apt
to
recive
juices
,
and
tinctures
,
and
spirits
from
animals
,
and
vegetables
;
so
are
concrete
juices
,
being
dissolved
,
apt
to
extract
tinctures
and
spirits
from
minerals
,
and
to
communicate
them
with
water
.
And
there
are
no
Mines
,
but
have
some
of
these
concrete
juices
in
them
,
to
dissolve
the
materials
of
them
,
for
their
better
union
and
mixture
:
and
there
are
few
minerals
or
metals
,
but
have
some
of
them
incorporated
with
them
;
as
we
see
in
Iron
,
and
Copper
,
and
Tin
,
and
Lead
,
&c.
And
this
is
the
reason
that
water
being
long
kept
in
Vessels
of
any
of
these
metals
,
will
receive
a
taste
or
smell
from
them
,
especially
if
it
be
attenuated
,
either
by
heat
,
or
by
addition
of
some
sour
juice
;
and
yet
more
,
if
the
metals
be
fyled
into
powder
as
we
see
in
making
Chalibeat
Wine
,
or
Sugar
of
Lead
,
or
Puttie
from
Tin
,
or
Verdegrease
from
Copper
.
There
may
be
also
a
mixture
of
spiritual
Substance
from
minerals
,
whilst
they
are
in
generation
,
and
in
Solutis
Principiis
:
the
water
passing
through
them
,
and
the
rather
if
it
be
actually
hot
,
for
then
it
is
more
apt
to
imbibe
it
,
and
will
contain
more
in
it
,
being
attenuated
by
heat
,
then
being
cold
;
as
we
see
in
Urins
,
which
though
they
be
full
of
humours
,
yet
make
no
great
shew
of
them
so
long
as
they
are
warm
,
but
being
cold
,
do
settle
then
to
the
bottom
.
These
spiritual
substances
are
hardly
discerned
in
our
Bathes
,
but
by
the
effects
;
for
they
leave
no
residence
after
evaporation
;
and
are
commonly
as
volatile
in
sublimation
as
the
water
it self
:
neither
do
they
increase
the
weight
of
the
water
,
nor
much
alter
the
taste
or
smell
of
them
,
unless
they
be
very
plentiful
.
Wherefore
we
have
no
certain
way
to
discover
them
,
but
by
the
effects
.
We
may
conjecture
somewhat
of
them
by
the
Mines
which
are
found
near
unto
the
Bathes
,
and
by
the
mud
which
is
brought
with
the
water
.
But
that
may
deceive
,
as
coming
from
the
passages
through
which
the
water
is
conveyed
,
or
,
perhaps
,
from
the
sweat
and
strigments
of
mens
bodies
which
bathe
in
them
.
The
corporal
substances
are
found
,
either
by
sublimation
or
by
precipitation
,
By
sublimation
,
when
being
brought
to
the
state
of
congelation
,
and
sticks
of
Wood
put
into
it
,
within
a
few
dayes
,
the
concrete
juices
will
shoot
upon
the
wood
;
in
Needles
,
if
it
be
Nitre
;
in
Squares
,
if
be
Salt
;
and
in
Clods
and
Lumps
,
if
it
be
Allum
or
Coperass
,
and
the
other
mineral
substances
which
the
waters
have
received
,
will
either
incorporate
a
tincture
with
them
,
or
if
it
be
more
terr●strial
,
will
settle
and
separate
from
it
,
and
by
drying
it
at
a
gentle
fire
,
will
shew
from
what
house
it
comes
,
either
by
colour
,
taste
,
smell
,
or
vertue
:
There
is
another
way
by
precipitation
,
whereby
those
mineral
substances
are
stricken
down
from
their
concrete
juices
which
held
them
,
by
addition
of
some
opposite
substance
.
And
this
is
of
two
sorts
:
either
Salts
,
as
Tartar
,
Soap-ashes
,
Kelps
,
Urine
,
&c.
Or
four
juices
as
Vinegar
,
Lemons
,
oyle
of
Vitriol
,
Sulphur
,
&c.
In
which
I
have
observed
that
the
Salts
are
proper
to
blew
colours
,
and
the
other
to
red
;
for
example
,
take
a
piece
of
Scarlet
cloath
,
and
wet
it
in
oyle
of
Tartar
(
the
strongest
of
that
kind
)
and
it
presently
becomes
blew
:
dip
it
again
in
oyle
of
Vitriol
,
and
it
becomes
red
again
.
P●notus
hath
a
strange
precipitating
water
from
Tin
,
Mercury
Alkali
,
&c.
which
separate
any
minerals
Pidr●●it
p●●es
authorem
.
These
are
the
chief
grounds
of
discovering
mineral
waters
,
according
to
which
any
man
may
make
tryal
of
what
waters
he
pleaseth
.
I
have
been
desirous
heretofore
to
have
attempted
some
discovery
of
our
Bathes
,
according
to
these
principles
:
but
being
thought
(
by
some
)
either
not
convenient
,
or
not
usefull
,
I
was
willing
to
save
my
labour
,
which
perhaps
might
have
seemed
not
to
be
worth
thanks
;
and
in
these
respects
am
willing
now
also
to
make
but
a
bare
mention
of
them
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
the
use
of
Mineral
Waters
,
inwardly
,
outwardly
.
In
this
Chapter
is
shewed
the
inward
use
of
them
,
first
general
;
then
particuly
of
the
hot
waters
of
Bathe
.
THE
nature
and
generations
of
Minerals
being
handled
,
and
how
our
mineral
waters
receive
their
impressions
,
and
actual
heat
from
thence
;
and
by
what
means
they
are
to
be
tried
,
what
Minerals
are
in
each
of
them
.
Now
we
are
to
shew
the
uses
of
them
;
which
must
be
drawn
from
the
qualities
of
the
Minerals
whereof
they
consist
;
which
are
seldome
one
or
two
,
but
commonly
more
.
These
qualities
are
either
the
first
,
as
hot
,
cold
,
moyst
,
and
dry
:
or
the
second
,
as
penetrating
,
astringent
,
opening
,
resolving
,
attracting
,
cleansing
,
mollifying
,
&c.
For
the
first
qualities
,
it
is
certain
and
agreed
upon
by
all
Authors
,
that
all
mineral
waters
do
dry
exceedingly
,
as
proceeding
from
earth
;
but
some
of
those
do
cool
withall
,
and
some
do
heat
.
Cooling
waters
are
good
for
hot
distempers
of
the
Liver
,
Stomach
,
Kidneys
,
Bladder
,
Womb
,
&c.
Also
for
Salt
distillations
,
sharp
humours
,
light
obstructions
of
the
Meseraicks
,
&c.
Heating
waters
are
good
for
cold
affects
of
the
Stomach
,
Bowels
,
Womb
,
Seminary
Vessels
,
cold
distillations
,
Palsies
,
&c.
For
the
second
qualities
,
cleansing
waters
are
good
in
all
Ulcers
,
especially
of
the
Guts
.
Mollifying
waters
,
for
all
hard
and
schirrous
Tumors
.
Astringent
waters
,
for
all
Fluxes
,
&c.
and
so
of
the
rest
.
Now
these
waters
are
used
either
inwardly
or
outwardly
.
Inwardly
,
either
by
mouth
,
or
by
injection
.
By
mouth
,
either
in
potion
,
or
in
Broths
,
Juleps
,
&c.
Galen
never
used
them
imwardly
,
because
he
judged
their
qualities
to
be
discovered
by
experience
,
rather
then
by
reason
.
6
De
tuenda
sanitat
.
cap.
9
.
And
seeing
we
find
many
of
them
to
be
venomous
,
and
deadly
,
as
proceeding
from
Arsenick
,
Sandaracha
,
Cadmia
,
&c.
We
had
need
be
very
wary
in
the
inward
use
of
them
.
Neptunes
Well
in
Tarracina
was
found
to
be
so
deadly
,
as
it
was
therefore
stopped
up
.
By
Monpellier
at
Perant
is
a
Well
which
kills
all
the
Fowls
that
drink
of
it
;
the
lake
Avernus
kills
the
Fowls
that
fly
over
it
;
so
doth
the
vapour
arising
from
Charons
Den
between
Naples
and
Puteolum
.
So
there
are
divers
waters
in
Savoy
and
Rhetia
,
which
breed
swellings
in
the
thro●●
.
Others
proceeding
from
Gipsum
do
strang
〈◊〉
But
where
we
find
waters
to
proceed
from
wholsome
Minerals
,
and
such
as
are
convenient
,
and
proper
for
our
intents
,
there
we
may
be
bold
to
use
them
as
well
inwardly
as
outwardly
:
yet
so
as
we
do
not
imagine
them
to
be
such
absolute
remedies
,
as
that
they
are
of
themselves
able
to
cure
diseases
without
either
rules
for
the
use
of
them
,
or
without
other
helps
adjoyned
to
them
.
For
as
it
is
not
enough
for
a
man
to
get
a
good
Damasco
or
Bilbo-blade
to
defend
himself
withall
,
unless
he
learn
the
right
use
of
it
from
a
Fencer
;
so
it
is
not
enough
to
get
a
medicine
and
remedy
for
any
disease
,
unless
it
be
rightly
used
,
and
this
right
use
must
come
from
the
Physitian
,
who
knows
how
to
apply
it
,
and
how
to
prepare
the
body
for
it
,
what
to
add
and
joyn
with
it
,
how
to
govern
and
order
the
use
of
it
,
how
to
prevent
such
inconveniences
as
may
happen
by
it
,
&c.
Wherefore
,
where
we
speak
of
any
Mineral
water
,
or
of
any
other
medicine
that
is
proper
for
such
and
such
a
grief
,
we
must
be
so
understood
,
that
the
medicine
is
not
wise
enough
to
cure
the
disease
of
it self
,
no
more
than
a
sword
is
able
of
it self
to
defend
a
man
,
or
to
offend
his
enemie
,
but
according
to
the
right
and
skilfull
use
of
it
.
And
as
it
is
not
possible
for
a
Fencer
to
set
down
absolute
rules
in
writing
for
h●●
Art
,
whereby
a
man
may
be
able
in
reading
them
to
defend
himself
;
no
more
is
the
Physitian
possibly
able
to
direct
the
particular
uses
of
his
remedy
,
whereby
a
patient
may
cure
himself
without
demonstration
and
the
particular
direction
of
the
Physitian
.
It
is
true
,
that
we
have
general
rules
to
guide
us
in
the
cure
of
diseases
,
which
are
very
true
and
certain
;
yet
when
we
come
to
apply
them
to
particular
persons
,
and
several
constitutions
,
these
general
rules
are
not
sufficient
to
make
a
cure
,
but
it
must
be
varied
according
to
substance
.
Hereupon
we
daily
find
,
that
those
patients
which
think
to
cure
themselves
,
out
of
a
little
reading
of
some
rules
or
remedies
,
are
oftentimes
dangerously
deceived
.
And
this
is
enough
to
intimate
generally
concerning
the
uses
of
our
Mineral
waters
.
Inwardly
we
find
great
and
profitable
use
of
such
waters
as
proceed
from
Nitre
,
Allum
,
Vitriol
,
Sulphur
,
Bitumen
,
Iron
,
Copper
,
&c.
Examples
whereof
I
have
set
down
before
in
the
several
Minerals
,
referring
the
particular
uses
of
each
to
such
Authors
as
have
purposely
described
them
.
My
intent
is
chiefly
to
apply
my self
to
those
Baths
of
Bath
in
Summerset-shire
;
which
consisting
,
as
I
judge
,
principally
of
Bitumen
,
with
Nitre
,
and
some
Sulphur
,
I
hold
to
be
of
great
use
both
inwardly
and
outwardly
.
Baths
of
Bath
consist
principally
of
Bitumen
With
Nitre
,
and
some
Sulphur
.
And
I
am
sorry
that
I
dare
not
commend
the
inward
use
of
them
as
they
deserve
,
in
regard
I
can
hardly
be
perswaded
that
we
have
the
water
pure
,
as
the
springs
yield
them
,
but
do
fear
,
lest
where
we
take
them
,
they
may
be
mixt
with
the
water
of
the
Bath
.
If
this
doubt
were
cleared
,
I
should
not
doubt
to
commend
them
inwardly
,
to
hear
,
dry
,
mollifie
,
discuss
,
glutinate
,
dissolve
,
open
obstractions
,
cleanse
the
kidneys
and
bladder
,
ease
cholicks
,
comfort
the
matrix
,
mitigate
fits
of
the
mother
,
help
barrenness
proceeding
from
cold
humors
,
&c.
as
Tabernomoutanus
affirms
of
other
Bituminous
Baths
.
Thesauri
aquarii
pag.
cap.
40.
Also
in
regard
of
the
Nitre
,
they
cut
and
dissolve
gross
humors
,
and
cleanse
by
urine
.
In
regard
of
the
Sulphur
,
they
dry
and
resolve
,
and
mollifie
,
and
attract
,
and
are
especially
good
for
uterine
affects
proceeding
from
cold
and
windy
humours
.
And
I
would
wish
these
waters
to
be
drunk
hot
as
they
are
,
for
better
penetration
,
and
less
offence
to
the
stomach
.
The
antient
Grecians
and
Romans
did
drink
most
of
their
water
and
wine
hot
,
as
we
find
in
many
Authors
,
which
Salmuth
hath
diligently
collected
:
and
Anthonius
Percius
hath
purposely
written
a
book
of
it
,
entitaled
Dei
bever
caldo
castumato
da
gli
Antichi
.
Is
Pancirollum
de
deperditis
pag.
540.
We
find
also
that
it
is
in
use
at
this
day
,
both
in
the
East-Indies
and
in
Turkey
,
where
they
have
a
drink
called
Capha
,
sold
ordinarily
in
Taverns
,
and
drunk
hot
,
although
in
the
Summer
.
Prosper
.
Alpinus
de
medic
.
Agyptioiuml
.
4
.
c.3
.
De
vita
&
marte
pag.
304.
Verulamius
doth
marvel
that
it
is
so
much
grown
out
of
use
,
and
adviseth
to
drink
our
first
draught
at
our
meals
,
hot
.
There
is
great
reason
for
it
,
both
for
preservation
of
health
,
and
for
cure
of
many
diseases
.
The
stomach
being
a
nervous
part
,
must
needs
be
offended
by
that
which
is
actually
cold
:
and
being
the
seat
of
natural
appetite
,
Warm
drink
commended
.
and
of
the
first
concoction
(
whose
errors
and
defects
are
not
amended
in
the
other
concoctions
)
had
need
to
be
preserved
in
his
native
vigour
and
strength
,
that
it
may
breed
good
nourishment
for
the
whole
body
.
But
the
much
use
of
cold
drink
,
although
it
seem
to
refresh
us
for
the
present
,
by
dulling
the
appetite
and
the
sense
of
thirst
and
hunger
,
as
a
stupefictive
narcotick
will
do
:
yet
it
destroys
the
faculties
of
the
stomach
,
which
are
maintained
and
quickned
by
heat
:
and
thereby
breeds
crudities
in
our
bodies
,
from
whence
many
diseases
proceed
.
The
East-Indans
are
seldome
troubled
with
the
Stone
or
the
Gout
,
and
it
is
imputed
to
their
warm
drink
:
the
like
we
may
judge
of
obstructions
,
cholicks
,
dropsies
,
rheumes
,
coughs
,
hoarsness
,
diseases
in
the
throat
and
lungs
,
&c.
in
which
cases
,
and
many
more
which
proceed
from
ill
concoction
and
crudity
of
humors
,
no
doubt
it
is
an
excellent
preservative
to
drink
our
drink
warm
.
I.W.
I
know
a
worthy
Gentleman
of
excellent
parts
,
who
in
his
travels
observed
the
benefit
hereof
,
and
for
many
years
hath
used
to
take
his
drink
hot
:
and
being
now
above
80
years
old
,
enjoyeth
his
health
of
body
,
and
vigour
of
spirits
,
beyond
the
ordinary
course
of
men
of
his
age
.
Likewise
in
the
cure
of
diseases
,
I
perswade
my self
it
would
prove
very
profitable
,
if
it
were
in
use
.
For
example
in
feavers
,
I
see
no
reason
but
it
would
do
more
good
than
our
cold
waters
,
juleps
,
posset-drinks
,
&c.
which
I
approve
well
of
,
but
if
the
patient
did
drink
them
hot
,
the
stomach
would
be
less
offended
thereby
,
the
moysture
(
which
we
chiefly
desire
in
them
)
would
penetrate
more
,
and
the
eventilation
by
sweat
or
insensible
transpiration
,
would
not
be
hindred
.
Lib.
ae
humi●o●um
usu
.
Hypocrates
is
very
plain
in
this
point
,
and
reckons
many
inconveniences
of
cold
drinks
,
to
the
teeth
,
bones
,
nerves
,
brest
,
back
,
lungs
,
stomach
,
&c.
I
will
not
insilt
longer
hereupon
,
being
a
practical
point
of
Physick
:
only
I
thought
good
to
intimate
it
to
our
learned
Physitians
to
contemplate
upon
,
for
the
benefit
of
our
patients
.
Our
Bath
Guides
do
usually
command
the
drinking
of
this
water
with
salt
to
purge
the
body
,
perswading
the
people
that
the
Bath-water
hath
a
purging
quality
in
it
,
when
as
the
same
proportion
of
spring-water
,
with
the
like
quantity
of
salt
will
do
the
like
.
Our
Baths
have
true
virtues
to
commend
them
,
so
as
we
need
not
seek
to
get
credit
or
grace
unto
them
by
false
suggestions
.
The
Bitumen
and
Nitre
which
is
in
them
,
although
it
serves
well
for
an
alterative
remedy
,
yet
it
is
not
sufficient
for
an
evacuative
:
and
therefore
we
must
attribute
this
purgative
quality
,
either
to
the
great
quantity
of
water
which
they
drink
(
and
so
it
works
)
ratione
ponderis
)
or
unto
the
stimulation
of
salt
which
is
dissolved
in
it
,
or
unto
both
together
.
Our
Common
salt
hath
a
stimulating
quality
,
as
is
shewed
before
,
Chap.
7.
and
Erastus
saith
that
it
purgeth
much
.
Bulcasis
gives
it
to
that
purpose
from
3
ij
to
3
iiij
.
Mesue
also
prescribes
it
to
purge
gross
humors
,
and
so
doth
Avicen
.
Wherefore
there
is
no
doubt
but
salt
will
purge
of
it self
,
being
dissolved
in
our
Bath-water
.
Simpl.
cap.
16.
lib.
5
.
sum
1.
tract.
4
.
s
lib.
2.
tract.
3
.
cap.
624.
But
I
should
like
much
better
to
dissolve
in
it
some
appropriate
syrup
or
other
purgative
,
for
this
purpose
,
as
Manna
,
Tartar
,
Elaterium
,
syrups
of
Roses
,
of
Cichory
,
with
Rhubarb
,
Augustanus
;
or
to
move
urine
,
Syr
,
de
5.
rad.
Bizantinus
de
Limonibus
,
Sambuclnas
,
de
Altzhca
,
&c.
And
this
course
is
usual
in
Italy
,
according
as
the
Physitian
sees
most
convenient
,
but
with
this
caution
,
that
when
they
take
it
in
potion
,
they
must
not
use
the
Bath
,
because
of
contrary
motions
.
Inwardly
also
Bath-waters
are
used
,
for
Broths
,
Beer
,
Juleps
,
&c.
although
some
do
mislike
it
,
because
they
will
not
mix
medicaments
with
aliments
:
wresting
a
text
in
Hypocr
.
to
that
purpose
.
Baccius
lib.
2.
Claudiaus
p.
377.
De
aere
,
aquis
&
locis
.
But
if
we
may
mix
Diureticks
,
Deoppilatives
,
Purgatives
,
&c.
with
aliments
,
as
usually
we
do
:
I
see
no
reason
but
we
may
as
well
use
mineral
waters
,
where
we
desire
to
make
our
aliments
more
alterative
by
a
medicinal
quality
,
alwaies
provided
that
there
be
no
malignity
in
them
,
nor
any
ill
quality
which
may
offend
any
principal
part
.
And
thus
much
for
the
use
of
them
by
mouth
.
By
injection
they
are
used
also
into
the
Womb
,
to
warm
,
and
dry
,
and
cleanse
those
parts
;
into
the
passages
of
urine
,
to
dry
and
heal
excoriations
there
;
into
the
fundament
for
like
causes
,
as
also
for
resolutions
of
the
Sphincter
,
and
bearing
down
of
the
fundament
,
&c.
And
thus
they
are
used
either
alone
,
or
mixed
with
other
medicines
,
according
as
the
Physitian
thinks
most
sit
,
and
we
daily
find
very
good
success
thereby
in
uterine
affects
,
depending
upon
cold
causes
.
Thus
much
for
the
inward
use
of
our
Bath-waters
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
the
outward
use
of
the
the
Hot
Waters
of
Bathe
;
first
,
the
general
use
of
them
to
the
whole
body
in
Bathing
:
secondly
,
the
particular
use
of
them
by
pumping
,
bucketing
,
or
applying
the
mud
.
OUtwardly
our
Bath-waters
are
principally
used
,
because
they
are
most
properly
for
such
affects
as
are
in
the
habit
of
the
body
,
and
out
of
the
veins
:
as
Palsies
,
Contractions
,
Rheums
,
cold
Tumors
,
affects
of
the
skin
,
aches
,
&c.
And
in
these
cases
,
we
use
not
only
the
water
,
but
also
the
mud
,
and
in
some
places
the
upour
.
The
water
is
used
both
for
his
actual
and
potential
heat
,
as
also
for
the
second
qualities
of
mollifying
,
discussing
,
cleansing
,
resolving
,
&c.
which
the
minerals
give
unto
it
.
The
use
hereof
is
either
general
to
the
whole
body
,
as
in
bathing
;
or
some
particular
to
some
one
part
,
as
in
bucketing
or
pumping
,
which
antiently
was
called
Stillicidium
.
The
Italians
call
it
Duccia
.
The
general
use
in
Bathing
,
is
most
antient
:
for
our
Bathes
were
first
discovered
thereby
to
be
wholsome
and
soveraign
in
many
diseases
.
Nechams
Verses
concerning
the
use
of
these
Bathes
,
are
four
hundred
years
old
.
Bathoniae
Thermas
vix
praefero
Virgilianas
Confecto
prosunt
Balnea
nostra
seni
:
Prosunt
attritis
,
collisis
invalidisque
,
Et
quorum
morbis
frigida
causa
subest
.
Which
I
will
English
out
of
Dr.
Hackwels
learned
work
of
the
perpetuity
of
the
world
.
Our
Bains
at
Bathe
with
Virgils
to
compare
;
For
their
effects
,
I
dare
almost
be
bold
,
For
feeble
folk
,
and
crazie
good
they
are
,
For
bruiz'd
,
consum'd
,
far
spent
,
and
very
old
,
For
those
likewise
whose
sickness
comes
of
cold
.
We
have
antient
traditions
(
famae
est
obscurior
annis
)
That
King
Bladud
who
is
said
to
have
lived
in
the
time
of
Elias
,
did
first
discover
these
Bathes
,
and
made
tryal
of
them
upon
his
own
Son
,
and
thereupon
built
this
City
,
and
distinguished
the
Bathes
,
&c.
But
we
have
no
certain
record
hereof
.
It
is
enough
that
we
can
shew
the
use
of
them
for
400
years
,
and
that
at
this
day
they
are
as
powerful
as
ever
they
were
:
Cambden
gives
them
a
more
antient
date
from
Ptolomy
and
Antonine
,
and
the
Saxons
:
and
saith
they
were
called
Aquae
Solis
,
and
by
the
Saxons
,
Akmanchester
,
that
is
,
the
town
of
sick
people
,
and
dedicated
to
Minerva
,
as
Solinus
faith
.
The
opinion
that
the
Bathes
were
made
by
Art
,
is
too
simple
for
any
wise
man
to
believe
,
or
for
me
to
confute
:
And
Necham
in
his
Verses
which
follow
after
those
I
have
mentioned
,
doth
hold
it
a
sigment
:
you
may
see
them
in
Cambden
.
We
have
them
for
their
use
in
bathing
,
distinguished
into
four
several
Bathes
,
whereof
three
have
been
antiently
;
namely
the
KingsBath
,
the
Hot
Bath
and
the
Cross
Bath
.
The
Queens
Bath
was
taken
from
the
Springs
of
the
Kings
Bath
,
that
being
farther
off
,
from
the
hot
Springs
,
it
might
serve
for
such
as
could
not
endure
the
heat
of
the
other
.
We
have
likewise
an
appendix
to
the
hot
Bath
;
called
the
Leapers
Bath
,
for
unclean
persons
.
We
find
little
difference
in
the
nature
of
these
Bathes
,
but
in
the
degree
of
heat
,
proceeding
no
doubt
,
from
one
and
the
same
Mine
.
Yet
as
the
Mine
may
be
hotter
in
one
p●●tthen
in
another
,
or
the
passages
more
direct
from
it
,
so
the
heat
of
them
may
vary
.
Some
little
difference
also
we
find
among
them
,
that
one
is
more
cleansing
then
another
,
by
reason
(
is
I
take
it
)
of
more
Nitre
.
For
in
the
cross
Bath
we
find
that
our
fingers
ends
will
shrink
and
shrivel
,
as
if
we
had
washed
in
Soap-water
,
more
then
in
the
other
Bathes
.
The
Kings
Bath
,
as
it
is
the
hottest
of
all
the
Bathes
,
so
it
is
the
fittest
for
very
cold
diseases
,
and
cold
and
phleg●●●ck
constitutions
:
And
we
have
daily
expe●●ence
of
the
good
effects
it
worketh
upon
Pal●es
,
Aches
,
Sciatica's
,
cold
Tumors
,
&c.
both
by
●scuation
,
by
Sweat
,
and
by
warming
the
parts
facted
,
attenuating
,
discussing
,
and
resolving
the
mors
.
Also
in
Epilepsies
and
Uterin
affects
in
●e
Scorbute
,
and
in
that
kind
of
dropsie
which
●t
call
Anasarca
.
The
hot
Bath
is
little
infe●●r
unto
it
,
as
next
in
degree
of
heat
,
and
●full
in
the
same
cases
.
The
Queens
Bath
,
●d
Cross
Bath
are
more
temperate
in
their
heat
,
●d
therefore
fittest
for
tender
bodies
,
which
are
●t
to
be
inflamed
by
the
other
,
and
where
●●e
is
more
need
of
mollifying
and
gentle
●ming
,
then
of
violent
heat
and
much
evacuam
by
sweat
.
And
in
these
Bathes
they
may
dare
longer
without
dissipation
of
Spirits
,
then
in
the
other
:
the
Queens
Bath
is
the
hotter
of
the
two
,
but
temperate
enough
for
most
bodies
.
The
Cross
Bath
is
the
coldest
of
all
,
as
having
but
few
Springs
to
feed
it
:
yet
we
observe
it
to
supple
,
and
mollifie
more
then
the
rest
,
both
because
they
are
able
to
stay
longer
in
it
,
and
because
(
as
I
said
before
)
it
seems
to
participate
more
with
Nitre
,
then
the
rest
,
which
doth
cleanse
better
,
and
gives
more
penetration
to
the
other
Minerals
.
Wherefore
in
contractions
,
Epilepsies
,
Uterin
affects
,
Convulsions
,
Cramps
,
&c.
This
Bath
is
very
useful
,
as
also
in
cutaneal
diseases
,
as
Morphews
,
Itch
,
&c.
Thus
much
for
the
nature
and
difference
of
our
Bathes
,
and
the
general
use
in
bathing
.
They
are
used
also
to
particular
parts
by
pumping
or
bucketing
,
or
applying
the
mud
.
Pumping
or
bucketing
are
not
used
in
that
fashion
,
as
we
use
them
in
any
other
Bathes
that
I
can
learn
,
but
only
the
Duccia
or
Stillicidium
But
I
hold
our
fashion
as
good
as
that
.
The
water
comes
more
plentifully
upon
the
part
,
and
may
be
directed
as
the
patient
hath
occasion
.
O●●
bucketing
hath
been
longest
in
use
:
but
finding
that
it
did
not
heat
some
sufficiently
,
being
take●
from
the
surface
of
the
Bath
,
we
have
of
lat●
erected
Pumps
,
which
draw
the
water
from
th●
springs
or
near
unto
them
,
so
as
we
have
it
muc●
hotter
from
thence
,
then
we
can
have
it
by
buc●keting
.
A
worthy
Merchant
and
Citizen
〈…〉
London
,
Mr.
Humphrey
Brown
,
was
perswade
by
me
to
bestow
two
of
these
Pumps
upon
the
Kings
and
Queens
Bath
,
whereby
he
hath
do●
much
good
to
many
,
and
deserves
a
thankfu●
remembrance
.
The
like
also
I
procured
to
be
done
at
the
other
Bathes
,
although
that
of
the
CrossBath
is
not
so
useful
,
by
reason
it
wants
heat
,
unless
for
yong
Children
.
Also
we
have
a
Pump
out
of
the
hot
Bath
,
which
we
call
the
dry
Pump
,
where
one
may
sit
in
a
Chair
in
his
Cloaths
,
and
have
his
Head
,
or
Foot
,
or
Knee
pumped
without
heating
the
rest
of
the
body
in
the
Bath
;
and
devised
chiefly
for
such
as
have
hot
Kidneys
,
or
some
other
infirmities
which
the
Bath
might
hurt
.
This
we
find
very
usefull
in
Rheums
,
and
cold
Brains
,
and
in
Aches
and
Tumors
in
the
Feet
.
For
these
Pumps
we
are
beholding
unto
the
late
Lord
Archbishop
of
York
,
and
to
Mr.
Hugh
May
,
who
upon
my
perswasions
were
contented
to
be
at
the
charge
of
them
.
It
were
to
be
wished
that
some
well
disposed
to
the
publick
good
,
would
erect
the
like
at
the
Kings
Bath
;
[
](A46281-e22140-b)†
†
This
is
now
done
,
and
a
dry
Pump
there
erected
in
the
year
1661.
at
the
City
charge
,
by
the
procurement
of
Mr.
Iohn
Ford
,
Apothecary
,
then
Mayor
of
the
City
.
where
,
perhaps
,
it
might
be
more
usefull
for
many
,
in
regard
of
the
greater
heat
which
those
springs
have
.
The
lute
of
Bathes
is
in
much
use
in
some
places
,
where
it
may
be
had
pure
,
both
to
mollifie
,
and
to
resolve
,
and
to
strengthen
weak
parts
.
But
we
make
little
use
of
it
in
our
Bathes
,
because
we
cannot
have
it
pure
,
but
mixed
with
strigments
.
In
divers
other
places
either
the
springs
arise
a
good
distance
from
the
bathing
places
,
or
else
there
be
other
eruptions
from
whence
it
may
be
taken
.
But
our
springs
arising
in
the
Bathes
themselves
,
it
cannot
well
be
saved
pure
.
Besides
,
we
have
not
those
means
of
the
heat
of
the
Sun
,
to
keep
it
warm
to
the
parts
where
it
is
applyed
:
so
as
growing
cold
,
it
rather
does
hurt
then
good
.
Wherefore
it
were
better
for
us
,
to
use
artificial
lutes
,
as
the
Antients
did
,
of
Clay
,
Sulphur
,
Bitumen
,
Nitre
,
Salt
,
&c.
or
unguents
of
the
same
nature
,
as
that
which
they
call
Ceroma
.
But
the
best
way
is
to
referr
the
election
of
these
remedies
to
the
present
Physitian
,
who
will
fit
them
according
to
the
nature
of
the
grief
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
In
what
particular
Infirmities
of
the
Body
,
bathing
in
the
Hot
Waters
of
Bathe
is
profitable
.
TO
come
more
particularly
to
the
use
of
bathing
,
we
must
understand
,
that
there
are
many
mineral
waters
fit
for
bathing
,
which
are
not
fit
to
drink
:
as
those
which
participate
with
Lead
,
Quicksilver
,
Gypsum
,
Cadmia
,
Arsenick
,
&c.
Also
those
that
contain
liquid
Bitumen
,
are
thought
to
relax
too
much
:
but
those
that
proceed
from
dry
Bitumen
are
permitted
,
and
prescribed
in
potion
by
Paulus
AEgineta
,
and
Trallian
:
Sulphur
also
is
questioned
,
Whether
it
be
fit
to
be
taken
inwardly
by
Potion
,
because
it
relaxeth
the
stomach
,
and
therefore
Aetius
forbids
it
:
yet
Trallian
allows
it
,
and
so
do
others
,
if
the
Sulphur
be
not
predominant
.
1
Tetrah
.
serm.
3
cap.
167.
Trallian
.
l.
10.
cap.
1.
But
for
outward
bathing
there
is
no
question
to
be
made
of
these
Minerals
,
nor
of
any
other
which
are
not
in
themselves
venomous
.
And
whereas
Oribasius
,
AEgineta
,
Actuarius
,
&c.
are
suspitious
of
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
for
the
head
:
Orib
.
l.
10
.
c.3
.
AEgin
.
l.1.c.52
.
Actu
.
l.3.c
.
10.
they
must
be
understood
of
hot
distempers
there
,
and
not
of
cold
rheumatick
brains
;
where
by
daily
experience
we
find
the
profitable
use
of
them
,
both
by
evacuation
in
bucketing
,
and
by
warming
and
comforting
the
cold
part
.
Cap.
5.
And
Oribasius
doth
ingeniously
confess
,
that
the
nature
of
these
Baths
was
not
then
perfectly
discovered
;
and
therefore
they
were
all
held
to
be
,
not
only
dry
,
but
very
hot
;
although
we
find
them
not
all
so
:
for
Iron
waters
do
cool
,
and
so
do
those
of
Camphir
,
and
Alluminous
,
and
Nitrous
waters
also
.
Hypoc
.
de
aere
;
aquis
,
&
locis
.
But
for
our
Bituminous
and
Sulphurous
waters
which
Galen
forbids
in
hot
brains
,
there
is
no
reason
to
suspect
them
in
cold
affects
of
the
brain
and
nerves
,
in
which
cases
we
make
especial
choice
of
all
things
,
which
either
in
tast
or
smell
do
resemble
Bitumen
:
as
Rue
,
Castorium
,
Valeriana
,
Herba
Paralyseos
,
Trifolium
,
Asphaltitis
,
&c.
which
both
by
his
warming
quality
,
and
by
his
suppling
and
mollifying
substance
,
is
most
proper
and
convenient
for
those
parts
.
●
.
de
tuenda
sanitate
cap.
9.
The
like
I
may
say
of
Sulphur
,
in
which
nothing
can
be
excepted
against
,
but
his
sharp
spirit
,
which
is
made
by
burning
:
and
we
have
none
of
that
in
our
waters
,
nor
I
hope
any
fire
to
make
it
withal
.
The
other
parts
of
Sulphur
are
hot
and
dry
,
and
very
unctuous
.
As
for
Nitre
,
it
cleanseth
,
purgeth
both
by
stool
and
urine
,
and
helpeth
the
incorporation
of
the
other
Minerals
with
the
water
,
and
qualifies
the
heat
of
them
,
and
gives
them
better
penetration
into
our
bodies
.
In
regard
of
these
Minerals
,
together
with
the
actual
heat
,
we
find
that
the
bathing
in
our
Baths
doth
warm
the
whole
habit
of
the
body
,
attenuate
humors
,
open
the
pores
,
procure
sweat
,
move
urine
,
cleanse
the
matrix
,
provoke
womens
evacuations
,
dry
up
unnatural
humors
,
strengthen
parts
weakned
,
comfort
the
nerves
,
and
all
neutrous
parts
,
cleanse
the
skin
,
and
suck
out
all
salt
humours
from
thence
,
open
obstructions
,
if
they
be
not
too
much
impacted
,
case
pains
of
the
joynts
and
nerves
and
muscles
,
mollifie
and
discuss
hard
tumors
,
&c.
Wherefore
this
bathing
is
profitable
for
all
palsies
,
apoplexies
,
caros
,
epilepsies
,
stupidity
,
destuctions
,
gouts
,
sciaticaes
,
contractions
,
cramps
,
aches
,
tumors
,
itches
,
scabs
,
leprosies
,
cholicks
,
windyness
,
whites
in
women
,
stopping
of
their
courser
,
barrenness
,
abortions
,
scorbuts
,
anasarcaes
,
and
generally
all
cold
and
phlegmatick
diseases
,
which
are
needless
to
reckon
up
.
In
all
which
cure●
our
Baths
have
a
great
hand
,
being
skilfully
directed
by
the
Physitian
,
with
preparation
of
the
body
before
,
and
addition
of
such
other
helps
as
are
needfull
.
And
whereas
without
the
help
of
such
Baths
,
these
diseases
could
not
be
cured
without
tormenting
the
body
,
either
by
fire
,
of
lancing
,
or
causticks
,
or
long
dyets
,
or
bitter
and
ungrateful
medicines
,
&c.
In
this
course
of
bathing
,
all
is
pleasant
and
comfortable
,
and
more
effectual
than
the
other
courses
,
and
therefore
it
is
commonly
the
last
refuge
in
these
cases
,
when
all
other
means
fail
.
I
will
not
undertake
to
reckon
up
all
the
benefits
which
our
Baths
do
promise
;
but
if
we
had
a
register
kept
of
the
manifold
cures
which
have
been
done
by
the
use
of
our
Baths
principally
,
it
would
appear
of
what
great
use
they
are
.
But
as
there
is
a
defect
in
not
keeping
a
Catalogue
of
rare
Cures
,
so
many
persons
of
the
better
sort
would
be
offended
,
if
a
Physitian
should
make
any
mention
of
their
cures
or
griefs
:
wherefore
I
must
speak
but
generally
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
The
manner
of
bathing
,
chiefly
referred
to
the
inspection
and
ordering
of
a
Physitian
.
Yet
some
particulars
touched
concerning
the
government
of
the
patient
in
and
after
bathing
;
the
time
of
day
,
of
staying
in
the
Bath
,
of
continuing
the
use
of
it
,
The
time
of
the
year
.
Of
covering
the
Baths
.
NOw
for
the
manner
of
bathing
,
I
will
not
set
down
what
the
Physitian
is
to
do
,
but
leave
that
to
his
judgement
and
discretion
:
but
what
is
fit
for
the
patient
to
know
:
for
there
are
many
cautions
and
observations
in
the
use
of
bathing
,
drawn
from
the
particular
constitutions
of
bodies
;
from
the
complication
of
diseases
,
and
from
many
other
circumstances
which
cannot
be
comprehended
in
general
rules
,
or
applyed
to
all
bodies
alike
:
but
many
times
upon
the
success
,
and
the
appearing
of
accidents
,
the
Physitian
must
exre
nat
a
capere
consilium
,
and
perhaps
alter
his
intended
course
,
and
perhaps
change
the
Bath
either
to
a
hotter
or
cooler
,
&c.
In
which
respect
,
those
patients
are
ill
advised
which
will
venture
without
their
Physitian
upon
any
particular
Bath
,
or
to
direct
themselves
in
the
use
of
it
:
And
this
is
a
great
cause
that
many
go
away
from
hence
without
benefit
,
and
then
they
are
apt
to
complain
of
our
Baths
,
and
blaspheme
this
great
blessing
of
God
bestowed
upon
us
.
It
is
fit
for
the
patient
when
he
goeth
into
the
Bath
,
to
defend
those
parts
which
are
apt
to
be
offended
by
the
Bath
:
as
to
have
his
head
well
covered
from
the
air
and
wind
,
and
from
the
vapours
arising
from
the
Bath
:
also
his
kidneys
(
if
they
be
subject
to
the
Stone
)
anointed
with
some
cooling
unguents
;
as
Rosatum
Comitissae
,
Infrigidans
Galeni
,
Santolinum
,
&c.
Also
to
begin
gently
with
the
Bath
,
till
his
body
be
inured
to
it
,
and
to
be
quiet
from
swimming
,
or
much
motion
,
which
may
offend
the
head
by
sending
up
vapours
thither
:
at
his
coming
forth
,
to
have
his
body
well
dryed
,
and
to
rest
in
his
bed
an
hour
,
and
sweat
,
&c.
A
morning
,
hour
is
fittest
for
bathing
,
after
the
Sun
hath
been
up
an
hour
or
two
;
and
if
it
be
thought
fit
to
use
it
again
in
the
afternoon
,
it
is
best
four
or
five
hours
after
a
light
dinner
.
For
the
time
of
staying
in
the
Bath
,
it
must
be
according
to
the
quality
of
the
Bath
,
and
the
toleration
of
the
patient
.
In
a
hot
Bath
,
an
hour
or
less
may
be
sufficient
:
in
a
temperate
Bath
,
two
hours
.
For
the
time
of
continuing
the
Bath
,
there
can
be
no
certain
time
set
down
,
but
it
must
be
according
as
the
patient
finds
amendment
,
sometimes
twenty
daies
,
sometimes
thirty
,
and
in
difficult
cases
much
longer
.
And
therefore
they
reckon
without
their
Host
,
which
assign
themselves
a
certain
time
,
as
perhaps
their
occasions
of
business
will
best
afford
.
For
the
time
of
the
year
,
our
Italian
and
Spanish
Authors
prefer
the
Spring
and
Fall
;
and
so
they
may
well
do
in
their
hot
Countreys
;
but
with
us
,
considering
our
climate
is
colder
,
and
our
Baths
are
for
cold
diseases
;
I
hold
the
warmest
moneths
in
the
year
to
be
best
;
as
May
,
June
,
July
,
and
August
,
and
I
have
persivaded
many
,
hereunto
who
have
found
the
benefit
of
it
;
for
both
in
our
Springs
,
and
after
September
our
weather
is
commonly
variable
,
and
apt
to
offend
weak
persons
,
who
finding
it
temperate
at
noon
,
do
not
susp
ct
the
coolness
of
the
mornings
and
evenings
.
Likewise
in
the
Bath
it self
,
although
the
Springs
arise
as
hot
as
at
other
times
,
yet
the
wind
and
air
beating
upon
them
,
doth
do
them
much
harm
,
and
also
make
the
surface
of
the
water
much
cooler
than
the
bottom
:
and
therefore
Clauidinus
wisheth
all
Baths
to
be
covered
,
and
Fall●pius
finds
great
fault
with
the
Lords
of
Venice
,
that
they
do
not
cover
their
Bath
at
Apono
.
We
see
also
that
most
of
the
Baths
in
Europe
are
covered
,
whereby
they
retain
the
same
temperature
at
all
times
.
And
it
were
to
be
wished
that
our
Queens
Bath
,
and
Cross-Bath
,
being
small
Baths
,
were
covered
,
and
their
Slips
made
close
and
warm
.
By
this
means
our
Baths
would
be
useful
all
the
year
,
wh●●
neither
wind
and
cold
air
in
Winter
,
nor
the
Sun
in
Summer
should
hinder
our
bathing
.
Moreover
,
for
want
of
this
benefit
,
many
who
have
indifferently
well
recovered
in
the
Fall
,
do
fall
back
again
in
the
winter
before
the
Cure
be
perfectly
finished
:
and
as
this
would
be
a
great
benefit
to
many
weak
persons
,
so
it
would
be
no
harm
to
this
City
,
if
it
may
be
a
means
of
procuring
more
resort
hither
in
the
Winter
time
,
or
more
early
in
the
Spring
,
or
more
late
at
the
Fall
.
I
desire
not
novelties
,
or
to
bring
in
innovations
,
but
I
propound
these
things
upon
good
grounds
and
examples
of
the
best
Baths
in
Europe
,
and
so
I
desire
to
have
them
considered
of
,
referring
both
this
point
,
and
whatsoever
else
I
have
said
in
this
Discourse
,
to
the
censure
of
those
who
are
able
to
judge
.
I
do
purposely
omit
many
things
about
the
virtues
and
uses
of
our
Baths
,
which
belong
properly
to
the
Physitian
,
and
cannot
well
be
intimated
to
the
patient
without
dangerous
mistaking
.
Do
compos
.
med.
s
.
locos
1.8
c.
7
.
For
as
Galen
faith
,
our
Art
of
Physick
goes
upon
two
legs
,
Reason
and
Experience
;
and
if
either
of
these
be
defective
,
our
Physick
must
needs
be
lame
.
Experience
was
first
in
order
:
Per
varios
usus
artem
experientia
socit
,
Exemplo
monstrante
viam
.
From
much
Experience
,
th'
Art
of
Physick
●●●e
,
Directed
by
Example
to
the
same
.
Reason
followed
,
which
without
Experience
,
makes
a
meer
contemplative
and
theorical
Physitian
.
Experience
without
Reason
,
makes
a
meer
Emperick
,
no
better
than
a
Nurse
or
an
attendant
upon
sick
persons
,
who
is
not
able
out
of
all
the
experience
he
hath
,
to
gather
rules
for
the
cure
of
others
.
Wherefore
they
must
be
both
joyned
together
:
and
therefore
I
refer
Physitians
works
unto
Physitians
themselves
.
FINIS
.
AN
APPENDIX
CONCERNING
BATHE
:
Wherein
The
ANTIQUITY
Both
of
The
Bathes
and
City
Is
more
fully
discours'd
;
with
a
brief
account
of
the
Nature
and
Vertues
of
the
HOT
WATERS
there
.
By
THO.
GUIDOTT
,
M.
B.
Practising
at
BATH
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Pythag.
apud
Stob.
Serm.
34.
Nunc
Te
marmoreum
protempore
fecimus
:
at
Tu
,
Si
fatura
gregem
suppleverit
,
aureus
esto
:
Virg.
Ecl.
London
;
Printed
for
Thomas
Salmon
Book-seller
,
living
in
Bath
.
1669.
TO
MY
HONOURED
AND
Learned
Friend
,
JOHN
MAPLETT
,
Doctor
in
PHYSICK
.
SIR
,
HAving
bad
the
happiness
in
a
strange
place
to
light
on
so
good
an
acquainance
as
your self
(
whose
Sober
,
Candid
,
and
●npassionate
temper
receives
an
Additional
●
its
native
lustre
from
the
perfunctory
,
disbliging
,
and
illiterate
Genius
of
others
:
)
I
●ould
not
but
take
the
first
opportunity
to
te●ifie
my
Respects
;
and
the
rather
,
because
having
fallen
on
a
Subject
in
which
you
may
claim
some
right
;
I
thought
it
not
safe
to
enter
your
ground
without
your
leave
.
Besides
,
we
are
told
by
Solinus
(
whose
Assertion
admits
a
further
probability
from
the
Epithetes
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
&c.
given
her
by
Pausanias
,
Plutarch
,
Aristides
,
mentioned
also
in
Hesychius
,
Suidas
,
Harpocration
,
and
others
,
of
which
I
have
[
](A46281-e23120-b)*
*
In
Historia
AEsc
la●ii
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
elsewhere
more
largely
treated
in
another
Language
,
that
Minerva
was
formerly
the
Patroness
of
these
Baths
;
and
what
fitter
person
could
I
find
out
to
address
this
brief
Discourse
of
Baths
unto
,
than
him
.
—
Tritonia
Pallas
,
Quem
docuit
,
multaque
insignem
reddidit
arte
.
I
have
joyntly
discours'd
of
the
Baths
and
City
,
which
seem
to
me
to
resemble
the
two
parts
of
a
Compositum
,
Body
and
Soul
:
And
as
there
is
a
more
than
ordinary
respect
due
to
the
body
,
on
the
account
of
its
being
the
Case
and
Cabinet
of
that
pearl
of
great
price
,
out
more
noble
and
diviner
part
,
the
Soul
;
So
I
thought
it
my
Concern
to
make
some
reflections
on
the
City
also
,
as
well
as
the
waters
,
by
which
I
think
it
doth
in
some
measure
appear
,
that
it
cannot
justly
be
said
of
the
Baths
,
what
was
once
of
the
wit
of
Galba
the
Roman
Emperour
lodg'd
in
a
deformd
body
,
that
they
have
a
bad
habitation
.
If
I
have
not
here
drawn
the
Baths
to
the
life
,
it
may
be
considered
that
it
was
intended
only
for
a
rough
draught
,
and
(
what
is
more
)
that
I
had
not
your
Pensil
.
The
thing
it self
,
as
to
the
Composure
of
it
,
is
the
hasty
product
of
less
than
14
daies
,
and
those
too
in
the
middest
of
,
and
stollen
from
my
other
Employments
;
what
therefore
is
wanting
now
,
I
hope
hereafter
to
supply
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Sir
,
I
humbly
offer
to
your
kind
acceptance
this
small
acknowledgement
of
my
real
respects
,
as
to
one
whose
higher
se●so●
with
Academical
Studies
,
together
with
the
helps
and
advantages
of
Travel
,
hath
made
a
Pillar
of
your
faculty
,
which
your
courteous
dispos●ion
and
civil
Deportment
,
hath
so
nearly
polish'd
that
you
seem
to
have
attain'd
,
if
we
believe
the
Poet
,
the
utmost
perfection
,
having
in
you
that
which
doth
at
once
,
both
delight
and
profit
.
Omne
tulit
punctum
,
qui
miscuit
utile
dulci.
Her.
de
Art.
Poet.
As
for
those
that
are
meer
husks
and
outsides
of
Physitians
,
that
desire
to
be
thought
to
be
what
they
are
not
,
and
are
nothing
less
than
what
they
seem
to
be
;
whose
empty
heads
serve
for
no
other
use
than
Rattles
,
only
to
make
a
pretty
noise
to
please
children
,
whose
mouths
also
are
open
Sepulchres
,
and
they
themselves
little
better
than
painted
ones
.
Non
tali
auxilio
,
nec
defensoribus
istis
,
&c.
We
may
well
spare
,
or
rather
not
spare
them
,
as
being
not
the
true
Sons
,
but
the
By-blows
of
AEsculapius
.
Sir
,
I
beg
your
pardon
for
giving
you
this
trouble
,
and
assure
you
,
That
I
Am
Your
very
Affectionate
Friend
,
and
Humble
Servant
,
THOMAS
GUIDOTT
.
Bath
,
Oct.
24.
1668
.
THE
Contents
.
-
CHAP.
I.
Of
the
Antiquity
of
the
Bathes
of
Bath●
GEnealogie
of
Bladud
,
and
Time
when
he
liv'd
,
Contemporary
to
the
Prophet
Elias
.
These
Baths
not
discovered
by
Julius
Caesar
.
Names
of
Bath
,
Bathancester
,
Hat
Bathan
,
Akmanchester
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Aquae
Solis
,
Badiza
examind
.
Brittish
names
,
Yr
Ennaint
,
Caer
Badon
,
Caer
Palladdur
,
Minerva
Patroness
of
Bath
,
Nechams
Verses
.
-
CHAP.
II.
Of
the
Antiquity
of
the
City
of
Bath
,
and
things
relating
thereunto
.
BAth
called
first
Caer
Blaeidin
,
afterwards
Caer
Bath
,
and
Badon
:
when
inhabited
.
Coill
and
Edgar
,
(
whose
Statues
stand
at
the
end
of
the
Council
house
;
)
who
,
and
when
they
flourish'd
.
Bath
besieged
by
the
Saxons
;
Relieved
by
King
Arthur
.
Offa's
Church
,
Hospitals
,
Free-School
.
The
Author
of
the
History
of
the
Worthies
of
England
censured
,
and
some
of
his
mistakes
discovered
.
-
CHAP.
III.
Of
the
Church
of
Saint
Peter
and
Paul
.
AN
account
of
the
Church
of
Saint
Peter
and
Paul
in
Bath
,
from
its
first
foundation
to
the
time
it
was
finish'd
:
a
Latin
Poem
on
the
same
Subject
,
written
to
Bishop
Mountague
,
with
the
answer
of
the
Bishop
.
-
CHAP.
IV.
Of
the
Roman
Antiquity
of
Bath
.
ROman
Antiquities
of
Bath
divided
into
three
sorts
:
an
Enumeration
and
Explication
of
them
.
Many
read
,
and
understood
otherwise
than
by
Mr.
Cambden
.
Some
Additions
.
Roman
Coins
.
-
CHAP.
V.
Of
the
Nature
and
Virtues
of
the
Baths
.
BAthes
of
Bath
much
of
the
nature
of
the
Thermae
Aquenses
in
Germany
:
Certain
parallels
between
Bath
and
Akin
.
Bladud
,
and
the
Baths
Vindicated
.
-
CHAP.
VI.
Of
the
Baths
in
particular
Here.
OF
the
three
Hotter
Baths
;
namely
,
the
Kings
,
Queens
,
and
Hot
Bath
;
but
chiefly
of
the
Kings
,
and
in
what
distempers
bathing
therein
is
profitable
.
-
CHAP.
VII
.
OF
the
Cross-Bath
,
and
its
Virtues
.
A
BRIEF
DISCOURSE
OF
BATH
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
the
Antiquity
of
the
Baths
of
Bath
.
Genealogie
of
Bladud
,
and
Time
when
he
lived
.
Contemporary
to
the
Próphet
Elias
.
These
Baths
not
discovered
by
Julius
Caesar
.
Names
of
Bath
;
Bathancester
,
Hat
Bathan
,
Akmanchester
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Aquae
Solis
;
Badiza
Examin'd
.
Brittish
names
,
Yr
Ennaint
;
Caer
Badon
,
Caet
Palladdur
.
Minerva
,
Patroness
of
the
Baths
.
Minerva's
Temple
in
Bath
.
Nechams
Verses
.
I
Shall
not
here
Treat
of
the
Antiquity
and
Nature
of
Baths
in
general
,
nor
put
you
in
mind
of
the
Pool
of
Bethesda
,
or
River
of
Jordan
,
but
intending
a
brief
Discourse
concerning
Bath
,
both
as
to
the
City
,
and
Hot
waters
there
,
Shall
,
without
any
further
preface
,
begin
with
the
Waters
,
afterwards
proceed
to
the
Antiquities
of
the
City
;
and
last
of
all
,
give
a
taste
of
the
Nature
and
Virtues
of
the
Baths
.
That
the
Baths
,
or
Hot
waters
of
Bath
in
Somerset-shire
,
are
of
great
Antiquity
,
cannot
be
doubted
by
any
one
who
hath
in
the
least
cast
an
eye
on
antient
Records
.
Many
are
the
Opinions
and
Conjectures
about
the
time
of
their
discovery
,
which
I
shall
as
briefly
as
I
may
examine
.
And
because
there
is
very
frequent
mention
made
of
King
Bladud
,
and
the
Prophet
Elias
,
the
one
as
the
Founder
,
the
other
as
being
discovered
in
his
time
:
I
think
it
may
be
for
the
satisfaction
of
some
,
if
I
give
a
particular
account
who
this
Bladud
was
,
and
upon
what
score
the
Prophet
came
to
be
concern'd
in
this
business
.
The
substance
of
which
I
take
out
of
a
Latine
Manuscript
intituled
Brutus
Abbreviatus
,
being
an
Epitome
of
a
larger
History
,
not
concerning
my self
much
in
the
truth
of
the
Relation
,
but
leaving
it
to
the
judgements
of
those
that
shall
peruse
it
,
to
determine
of
it
as
they
shall
think
fit
.
G.
M.
My
rise
I
must
take
from
Brutus
,
who
after
the
destruction
of
Troy
,
is
said
to
have
come
into
this
Island
,
then
called
Albion
,
about
the
year
before
our
Saviours
Nativity
1100.
where
finding
none
but
Gigantick
Inhabitants
possessing
the
Hills
,
and
seeing
a
fruitful
soil
,
and
full
of
delights
,
was
pleased
one
day
to
call
his
Company
together
to
offer
a
solemn
Sacrifice
to
Diana
,
by
whose
guidance
and
direction
he
had
lighted
on
so
pleasant
an
Island
.
But
as
they
were
all
at
Meat
,
thirty
mighty
Giants
came
down
upon
them
,
and
in
a
short
time
slew
as
many
of
Brutus
his
men
,
yet
were
all
afterwards
quell'd
by
Brutus
and
the
surviving
Company
,
except
one
that
was
greater
than
the
rest
,
whose
name
was
Gogmagog
.
Now
Brutus
had
a
Companion
related
to
him
called
Corineus
,
who
being
not
only
like
Saul
from
the
shoulders
upwards
,
but
from
the
waste
higher
than
his
Brethren
,
was
designed
to
undertake
Gogmagog
,
in
which
Combat
Gogmagog
brake
two
of
Corineus
his
ribs
,
who
notwithstanding
grasping
the
Giant
in
his
arms
,
wasted
him
along
the
Sea-side
,
and
threw
him
down
a
precipice
,
where
he
was
dashed
in
pieces
,
whence
that
place
now
bears
the
name
of
Gogmagog's
leap
.
Nephew
,
as
some
write
.
Supposed
to
be
the
fall
of
Dover
by
some
;
by
others
,
the
Haw
at
Plimmouth
.
On
this
Corineus
,
Brutus
bestowed
the
adjacent
Countrey
,
which
he
after
his
own
name
,
called
Cornwall
.
For
the
first
arrival
of
Brute
Was
at
Totness
in
Devonshire
,
so
named
quasi
Tout
en
ease
,
i.
e.
Totus
in
quiete
,
from
the
great
delight
and
recreations
that
place
afforded
.
Afterwards
,
finding
a
more
fruitful
and
noble
place
on
the
Thames
,
built
there
a
City
390
years
before
that
of
Rome
,
which
he
called
the
City
of
New
Troy
,
in
memory
of
that
Troy
whence
he
and
his
progeny
came
:
and
having
reigned
here
20
years
,
he
dyed
,
and
was
honourably
buried
at
New
Troy
,
or
Troia
Nova
,
now
London
.
Brutus
had
three
Sons
,
Loegrius
or
Lo●rinus
,
Albanactus
,
and
Camber
,
between
whom
he
parted
this
Island
,
viz.
the
Northern
part
,
to
wit
,
Scotland
,
he
gave
to
Albanactus
;
the
Southern
part
Wales
,
to
Camber
;
and
England
to
Loegrius
.
Called
therefore
by
the
W●lch
,
Loygar
,
&
●●g●ors
.
After
some
time
,
Humbardus
King
of
Humlandia
,
came
into
Scotland
with
a
great
Army
,
and
slew
Albanactus
;
which
his
two
Brethren
,
Locrinus
and
Camber
hearing
of
,
came
with
a
considerable
force
to
find
him
out
,
and
coming
upon
him
whilst
he
was
making
merry
,
put
him
so
to
it
,
that
having
no
way
to
escape
,
he
drowned
himself
in
the
River
Humler
,
to
which
he
gave
name
.
Called
by
other
Writers
,
Hu●ys
or
Hunnys
,
King
of
Hunesy
or
Scythia
,
receiving
the
name
of
Humber
or
Humbardus
,
after
his
comeing
into
Scotland
.
Humbardus
had
a
daughter
called
Estrilda
,
whom
Locrinus
having
taken
captive
in
a
ship
,
had
a
mind
to
make
his
wife
,
although
he
was
before
married
to
Gwenthlea
daughter
to
Corineus
,
which
accordingly
he
did
,
and
left
Gwenthlea
.
Others
write
she
was
daughter
to
a
King
of
Almaine
,
and
brought
with
two
others
thence
by
Humbardus
.
Gwenthlea
being
thus
repudiated
,
returned
into
Cornwall
,
and
as
Heiress
to
her
Fathers
right
,
took
possession
of
all
the
places
there
,
and
received
homage
from
the
Inhabitants
;
and
raising
an
Army
in
her
own
defence
,
made
war
upon
her
Husband
Locrinus
,
cut
off
him
with
his
Army
,
and
took
Prisoners
Estrilda
and
her
daughter
Avana
;
and
drowning
them
in
the
River
Severn
,
caused
her self
to
be
crowned
Queen
.
Alias
〈◊〉
.
Otherwise
called
Habre●
.
She
had
one
Son
by
Locrinus
,
named
Mahan
,
whom
when
he
was
of
age
,
she
made
King
,
her self
retiring
into
Cornwall
,
died
there
,
and
was
interred
with
great
pomp
and
magnificence
.
Mahan
,
the
Son
of
Locrinus
and
Gwenthlea
,
had
two
Sons
,
Memprice
and
Manlinus
,
who
fell
out
about
the
Crown
.
Alias
Madan
,
&
Madian
.
Manlinus
treacherously
slaying
his
elder
Brother
Memprice
,
aspired
to
the
Throne
,
a
wicked
and
lewd
man
,
who
sharing
with
Cain
in
the
sin
of
murdering
his
Brother
,
partook
also
with
him
in
his
punishment
,
in
being
a
Vagabond
,
dying
wandring
too
and
fro
in
the
Woods
and
Deserts
.
Some
make
Mempricc
to
have
slain
his
younger
brother
Manlinus
(
as
he
is
sometimes
called
)
and
Ebranc
to
be
the
Son
of
Memprice
.
Or
part
of
Germany
,
as
others
.
Caer
Ebranc
.
Others
write
he
had
20
Wives
,
of
which
he
begat
20
Sons
,
and
30
daughters
.
Alias
Brut.
-greveshield
,
and
Brut●grenshield
.
Ebranc
the
Son
of
Manlinus
succeeded
his
Father
,
and
with
great
rejoycings
was
Crowned
King
,
a
prudent
and
valiant
man
,
who
conquered
France
,
and
with
treasure
brought
thence
,
built
the
City
,
Eboracus
or
York
,
bearing
his
own
name
:
He
built
also
the
Castle
called
Maiden-Castle
,
now
Edenburgh
.
By
several
Wives
he
had
23
Sons
,
all
slout
and
war-like
Lords
,
and
his
Daughters
stately
Ladies
.
He
reigned
60
years
.
After
the
death
of
Ebranc
,
the
Government
of
the
Kingdom
was
devolved
on
his
Son
Bentgrevestheld
,
a
wife
man
and
good
Souldier
,
who
built
the
Town
Carlyle
,
where
after
he
had
reigned
20
years
,
he
was
buried
.
In
his
time
Solomon
governed
in
Jerusalem
,
to
whom
came
the
Queen
of
Sheba
,
Sibilla
by
name
,
to
understand
his
wisdome
,
and
those
things
that
were
spoken
of
him
.
Ludhudebras
after
the
decease
of
his
Father
Bentgrevestheld
,
built
the
City
of
Canterbury
and
Winchester
,
and
was
buried
at
winton
.
Alias
Lud
,
Ludhurdebras
,
Rudibras
:
He
is
said
by
others
to
be
the
Son
of
Leill
.
Bladut
the
Son
of
Ludhudebras
was
next
in
Succession
,
a
great
Necromancer
,
who
as
't
is
said
in
his
Acts
,
made
the
Hot
Waters
in
Bath
by
the
Art
of
Magick
.
Called
sometimes
Bladud
and
Baldud
.
But
this
is
rather
to
be
ascrib'd
to
Nature
,
since
there
are
Baths
in
other
places
hotter
than
these
:
But
I
have
read
,
that
when
the
Prophet
Elias
desired
it
mignt
rain
,
then
three
Springs
of
Hot
Water
arose
in
that
City
,
useful
for
the
Cure
of
Diseases
of
men
.
He
had
a
son
named
Leir
,
who
built
Leycester
.
Thus
far
the
Author
of
the
Manuscript
,
whose
rougher
Latine
Phrase
,
I
have
smoothed
what
I
could
,
by
a
Paraphrastical
Version
.
From
what
hath
been
delivered
may
be
collected
that
Bladut
(
or
Bladud
as
he
is
commonly
called
)
was
the
eighth
King
of
the
Britains
from
Brute
,
and
that
his
line
was
thus
.
Brute
,
Locrinus
,
Mahan
,
Manlinus
,
Ebranc
,
Bentgrevesheld
,
Ludhudebras
,
Bladut
.
Now
Brute
being
said
to
have
come
hither
1100
years
before
Christ
,
allowing
to
the
seven
preceding
Kings
(
of
which
some
Reigned
more
,
some
less
)
thirty
years
a
piece
for
their
Reign
,
one
with
another
,
it
follows
that
Bladud
lived
near
900
years
before
Christ
was
born
.
He
is
sometimes
called
Blaeydin
Cloyth
,
that
is
Blaeydin
the
Magician
.
As
to
the
Prophet
Elias
,
the
time
when
he
desired
rain
,
falls
out
to
be
according
to
computation
,
in
the
year
of
the
world
3040.
nine
hundred
,
and
some
odd
years
before
Christ
;
so
that
this
Prophet
and
King
Bladud
were
Contemporaries
,
and
the
antiquity
reaches
no
higher
on
the
account
of
the
later
opinion
then
the
first
.
And
this
is
the
highest
pitch
of
Antiquity
I
find
assigned
to
the
Bathes
;
as
for
the
Periods
asserted
by
others
,
they
come
much
short
of
both
the
former
;
some
ascribing
their
inventions
to
Julius
Caesar
,
fifty
years
,
or
thereabouts
,
before
Christ
,
which
the
learned
Antiquarian
,
[
](A46281-e25650-b)†
†
〈◊〉
Malmsb
.
〈…〉
Mr.
〈◊〉
,
thinks
not
so
probable
,
because
Solinus
,
who
lived
in
the
time
of
Titus
Vespasian
,
130
years
after
,
or
83
years
after
Christ
,
was
the
first
of
the
Romans
that
made
mention
of
them
.
To
which
may
be
added
,
that
perhaps
Julius
Caesar
came
not
so
far
up
in
the
Land
.
For
whatever
some
flattering
Poets
and
Historians
may
faconiously
deliver
;
certain
it
is
that
Julius
Caesar
made
not
so
great
a
Conquest
here
,
as
some
do
imagine
.
Whence
Tacitus
writes
,
that
he
discovered
only
,
not
delivered
unto
the
Romans
,
Britain
.
His
words
in
the
Life
of
Julius
Agricola
,
are
these
:
Primus
omnium
D.
Julius
cum
exercitu
Britanniam
ingressus
,
quanquam
prospera
pugna
terruerit
incolas
,
ac
littore
potitus
sit
,
potest
videri
ostendisse
posteris
,
non
tradidisse
,
Horace
also
calls
the
Britan
before
Augustus
,
untouch't
.
Epod.
7.
By.
p.
38
.
And
Mr.
Cambden
faith
,
that
it
is
so
far
off
from
being
true
,
which
Patereulus
reports
,
bis
penetrata
Britannia
à
Caesare
,
that
Caesar
passed
twice
through
Britain
,
that
he
scarce
made
entry
into
it
.
For
many
years
after
this
entrance
of
Caesar
,
this
Island
was
left
to
the
free
Government
of
their
own
Kings
,
and
used
their
own
Laws
.
The
Saxon
Names
of
Bathancester
,
Hat
Bathan
,
and
Akmanchester
,
are
of
later
date
,
the
Saxons
not
arriving
here
till
the
time
of
Theodosius
the
younger
,
about
the
year
of
Christ
,
according
to
the
most
probable
Computation
of
Venerable
Bede
,
428.
Nay
,
the
later
name
of
Akmanchester
was
not
given
till
some
few
years
after
the
year
of
Christ
577
,
when
from
a
mean
Condition
,
to
which
this
City
was
then
reduc'd
by
War
,
it
again
recovered
strength
and
great
dignity
,
and
from
the
great
concourse
of
diseased
people
,
that
came
for
Cure
,
was
called
Akmanchester
,
that
is
,
The
City
of
Sickly
Folks
.
Cambden
By.
p.
234.
Neither
can
their
Antiquity
be
much
advanced
by
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Hot
waters
,
in
Ptolomy
;
Aquae
Solis
,
or
Waters
of
the
Sun
of
Antonine
;
or
Badiza
of
Stephanus
,
(
more
recent
then
the
former
)
but
that
which
seems
to
come
the
nearest
to
the
forementioned
Opinion
of
Bladud
and
Elias
,
is
the
British
names
of
Y●
Ennaint
,
Caer
Badon
,
and
above
all
Caer
Paladdur
,
that
is
the
City
of
Pallas
,
or
Minerva's
Water
;
especially
since
Solinus
affirms
Minerva
to
have
been
the
Patroness
of
these
Bathes
,
of
which
no
doubt
,
he
writes
in
these
words
,
In
Britain
there
are
Hot
Springs
very
curiously
adorned
,
and
kept
for
mens
use
,
the
[
](A46281-e26110-b)†
†
This
is
also
mentioned
by
Bale
,
de
script
.
Aug.
in
his
account
of
Bladud
.
vid.
insra
Cap.
5.
Patroness
of
which
is
the
Goddess
Minerva
:
There
being
also
a
tradition
that
there
was
formerly
a
Temple
dedicated
to
Minerva
,
where
now
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
and
Paul
,
commonly
called
the
Abbey
Church
,
stands
.
I
have
read
also
in
an
Author
that
wrote
of
these
Bathes
almost
100
years
ago
;
and
the
first
that
wrote
any
thing
considerable
concerning
them
(
Dr.
Turner
,
in
his
Discourse
of
the
English
,
German
,
and
Italian
Bathes
,
making
little
better
then
a
bare
mention
of
them
)
That
the
chief
Spring
of
Bathe
was
in
the
Church-yard
then
dedicated
to
Minerva
,
and
after
constituted
to
the
Abbey
of
the
Monks
of
the
Order
of
St.
Benedict
.
Io●cs
Bathes
Aide
p.
2.
b.
Bede
.
Basil
.
Bale
.
Erected
first
by
Blaeidin
Cloyeth
,
or
Bladudus
Magus
that
wife
Magician
,
a
Britain
,
the
ninth
King
after
Brute
,
about
the
year
of
the
world
,
according
to
the
Scripture
account
3080
before
the
Incarnation
of
Christ
[
](A46281-e26320-b)†
†
Others
,
863.
890.
Helisaeus
Prophet
then
in
Israel
,
But
although
I
have
some
reason
to
distrust
this
Genealogie
of
Bladud
,
which
he
,
acccording
to
the
Custome
of
his
Countrey
,
drives
as
high
as
may
be
,
even
unto
Adam
,
making
Bladud
the
thirtieth
man
,
in
a
direct
line
from
him
;
yet
I
cannot
but
in
some
measure
,
commend
his
Chronologie
,
as
being
not
much
different
from
the
account
given
before
.
And
whereas
he
affirms
Bladud
to
have
been
the
nineth
King
from
Brute
;
I
find
,
by
comparing
other
Histories
,
that
Leill
(
if
the
same
with
him
whom
the
Author
of
Brutus
Abr●viatus
calleth
Leyr
)
was
not
Son
to
Bentgrevesheld
,
but
great
Grand-child
,
being
Son
to
Bladud
,
his
,
that
is
Bentgrevesheld
,
Grand-childs
Son
:
and
so
Leill
,
whom
he
maketh
Father
to
Ludhudebras
,
not
to
come
in
before
,
but
after
Bladud
,
as
being
his
Son
,
and
he
the
ninth
King
from
Brute
,
and
not
his
Father
.
Yet
on
the
other
hand
,
I
must
say
thus
much
,
that
the
name
Carlyle
,
a
City
said
by
the
Author
I
fellow
,
to
be
built
by
Bentgrevesheld
,
dissonant
from
the
custome
of
those
times
,
wherein
the
Founders
usually
called
places
after
their
own
names
,
and
many
of
those
especially
to
which
they
added
Caer
,
doth
somewhat
incline
me
think
there
might
have
been
one
Leill
,
Son
to
Bentgrevesheld
,
as
some
Historians
mention
,
and
Founder
of
that
place
ascribed
to
his
Father
.
By
Bale
he
is
said
to
be
the
tenth
King
of
the
Britains
.
However
,
the
matter
is
not
great
whether
Bladud
was
the
eighth
King
from
Brute
,
as
my
Author
supposes
,
or
the
ninth
,
or
tenth
,
as
others
;
I
inferring
no
more
from
the
preceding
History
then
this
,
That
Bladud
lived
near
900
years
before
Christ
;
since
of
the
exact
time
of
his
flourishing
,
more
then
by
Conjecture
,
by
reason
of
the
Confusion
and
Disagreement
among
Historians
touching
the
Number
,
and
Succession
of
the
Kings
,
and
time
of
their
Reign
,
we
have
no
certain
account
.
But
to
be
as
particular
as
I
may
,
because
some
years
passed
between
the
Birth
of
those
seven
Kings
mentioned
before
,
and
the
begining
of
their
Reigns
,
and
also
because
Gwenthlea
,
or
Guendoloena
,
and
Leill
,
are
said
by
other
Historians
to
have
Reigned
40
years
(
viz.
the
former
15
,
the
later
25
)
which
are
not
there
accounted
for
,
the
surer
way
will
be
to
take
our
account
from
the
Year
of
the
World
.
Now
Brute
being
reported
to
have
entred
Albion
A.M.
2855
,
and
Bladud
to
have
begun
his
Reign
A.M.
3100
,
the
difference
between
these
two
numbers
is
245
which
being
taken
out
of
1108
(
the
year
before
Christ
,
in
which
Brute
came
hither
,
answering
to
the
Year
of
the
World
2855
)
the
Remainder
will
be
863
(
the
Year
before
Christ
,
answering
to
the
Year
of
the
World
3100
)
so
that
according
to
this
Computation
,
Bladud
began
his
Reign
over
the
Britains
,
just
863
years
before
Christ
was
born
,
and
Reigning
20
years
,
died
in
the
Year
Ante
Christum
,
843
I
know
Fabian
the
Author
of
Polychronicon
,
and
others
,
differ
somewhat
in
their
Chronologie
concerning
Bladud
from
that
I
have
given
,
but
I
look
on
this
to
be
as
probable
as
any
.
Alexander
Necham
a
Poet
of
our
own
,
somewhat
above
400
years
ago
(
with
whom
,
as
to
the
Antiquity
of
the
Bathes
,
Dr.
Jorden
contents
himself
)
wrote
these
Verses
on
the
Bathes
.
cap.
17.
BAthoniae
Thermis
vix
praefero
Virgillanas
,
Confecto
prosunt
Balnea
nostra
seni
,
prosunt
Attritis
,
Collisis
,
Invalidisque
,
Et
quorum
morbis
frigida
causa
subest
.
Praevenit
humanum
stabilis
natura
laborem
,
Servit
naturae
legibus
artis
opus
.
Igne
suo
succensa
quibus
data
Balnea
fervent
AEnea
subter
aquas
vasa
latere
putant
.
Errorem
figmenta
solent
inducere
passim
.
Sed
quid
?
Sulphureum
novimus
esse
locum
.
Which
I
thus
made
English
;
BAthes
Bains
with
Virgils
I
compare
,
Usefull
for
antient
folk
they
are
;
Bruis'd
,
weak
,
consum'd
,
as
well
as
old
.
And
in
al
griefs
whose
source
is
cold
.
Nature
mans
labour
doth
prevent
And
art
again
serves
her
intent
.
There
's
fire
under-ground
,
some
say
,
That
thus
makes
Bathes
great
pots
to
play
.
Fancy
doth
often
Error
breed
.
But
what
?
from
Brimstone
these
proceed
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
the
Antiquity
of
the
City
of
Bath
,
and
things
relating
thereunto
.
Bathe
called
first
Caer
Blaeidin
,
afterwards
Caer
Bathe
.
When
inhabited
.
Coill
and
Edgar
(
whose
Statues
stand
at
the
end
of
the
Council-house
)
who
,
and
when
they
flourished
.
Bathe
besieged
by
the
Saxons
;
relieved
by
King
Arthar
.
Offa's
Church
.
Difference
between
the
Mayor
and
Covent
.
Hospitals
.
Free-School
.
The
Author
of
the
History
of
the
Worthies
of
England
censured
,
and
some
of
his
mistakes
discovered
.
IT
is
not
I
think
,
to
be
doubted
,
but
that
the
Bathes
were
before
the
City
,
and
gave
Name
to
it
:
Sick
people
,
in
all
probability
that
came
hither
for
relief
,
first
making
small
Cottages
for
their
Conveniences
,
which
were
afterwards
improved
into
fairer
Buildings
.
So
that
now
in
this
particular
,
there
are
few
places
in
England
that
exceed
it
.
That
this
place
was
built
,
or
rather
begun
,
by
King
Bladud
,
is
the
opinion
of
some
,
and
that
he
called
it
by
his
own
Name
Caer
Blaeidin
,
which
sometime
after
came
to
be
Caer
Bathe
.
Mat.
Westm.
That
it
was
inhabited
in
the
time
of
the
Britains
,
at
least
50
years
before
Christ
,
appears
from
the
names
they
gave
it
of
Caer
Badon
,
and
Caer
Palladdur
(
of
which
before
)
unless
it
be
said
that
these
Names
might
be
given
by
some
Britains
,
in
the
Romans
or
Saxons
time
,
which
seems
not
to
carry
any
great
probability
.
Nay
,
I
find
it
recorded
,
that
in
the
year
ante
Christum
684.
Sisillus
,
or
,
after
some
.
Writers
,
Sylvius
Brother
of
Gurgustus
,
was
made
Ruler
over
Britain
,
and
reigning
49
years
,
was
buried
at
Caer
Badon
,
or
Bath
.
Engl.
Chron.
Lanquet
.
However
,
many
Roman
Monuments
there
are
,
Inscriptions
and
Images
in
the
City
walls
,
and
elsewhere
,
(
of
which
Chap.
4.
gives
a
particular
Account
)
which
evidently
prove
its
being
frequented
before
the
412
year
of
Christs
Incarnation
,
about
which
time
(
or
as
others
account
,
430
)
the
Roman
Jurisdiction
ceased
in
this
Island
.
The
Statues
also
of
Coill
a
British
King
,
and
Edgar
a
Saxon
(
who
are
said
to
have
given
Charters
to
this
City
)
placed
at
the
end
of
the
Town-Hall
,
or
Council-House
,
are
Arguments
of
its
Antiquity
.
Coill
(
that
I
may
speak
somewhat
briefly
of
him
)
was
an
Earl
in
the
time
of
Asclepiades
(
whom
the
Britains
after
the
death
of
Lucius
,
being
wearied
out
with
a
bloody
intestine
War
,
which
lasted
more
than
50
years
,
were
at
last
conftrained
to
elect
their
King
,
)
about
the
year
of
Our
Lord
250.
Ant.
Br.
Ab.
Ms.
Alias
Aselepiodatus
.
Others
256.
Afterwards
aspiring
to
be
greater
,
and
building
a
Town
which
from
himself
he
called
Colchester
;
Asclepiades
began
to
fear
him
,
and
raising
an
Army
,
met
him
in
the
field
,
in
which
Battle
,
Aselepiades
was
slain
,
and
shortly
after
Coill
chosen
King
,
who
governed
the
Britains
with
a
great
deal
of
honour
;
and
having
married
his
Daughter
Helena
to
Constantius
,
sent
from
Rome
into
Britain
to
demand
Tribute
,
not
long
after
dyed
,
and
was
buried
at
Colchester
:
yet
some
there
are
who
ascribe
the
building
of
this
Town
to
Coilus
,
Son
of
Marucis
,
and
Father
of
Lucius
,
King
of
the
Britains
,
A.
D.
126.
Britannice
Caercolyn
.
Edgar
,
one
of
the
later
Kings
of
the
Saxons
,
bestowed
on
this
City
(
as
Mr.
Cambden
reports
)
very
many
Immunities
,
the
memory
of
which
thing
,
even
in
his
time
,
the
Citizens
yearly
with
solemn
playes
,
did
celebrate
.
Br.
p.
234.
He
was
a
stout
man
,
and
is
said
to
have
had
none
like
him
on
this
side
Arthur
,
bearing
this
stile
about
the
year
970.
The
Monarch
of
all
Albion
;
Or
,
as
it
is
elsewhere
more
largely
express'd
,
King
of
English-men
,
and
of
all
the
Kings
of
the
Islands
of
the
British
Ocean
,
and
all
the
Nations
contained
in
Britain
,
Emperour
and
Lord
.
Anglorum
Basilcus
omniumque
Regum
Irsularum
oceani
quae
Britanniam
circumjacent
cunctarumque
Nationum
quae
infraeam
includuntur
impeytor
&
Dominus
.
Henr.
Spelm.
Co●c
.
Tom.
1.
p.
432
.
&
Seldenus
in
Mar.
Clans
.
Militat
omnis
amans
,
&
habet
sua
castra
Cupido
.
Ovid.
A
Souldier
he
was
in
the
Camp
of
Cupid
as
well
as
Mars
and
is
noted
for
this
,
That
having
a
mind
to
Estrilda
the
Wife
of
Athelwold
,
he
placed
him
(
as
David
did
Uriah
)
in
the
front
of
a
Battel
against
the
Danes
,
in
the
defence
of
York
;
where
Athelwold
being
slain
,
Edgar
married
his
Widdow
,
but
was
so
severely
check'd
by
Saint
Dunstant
,
that
he
ever
after
lived
a
religions
life
;
and
having
reigned
17
years
,
bid
adieu
to
the
World
,
and
was
buried
at
Glastonbury
.
Edgar
began
his
reign
about
the
year
of
Christ
959.
but
was
not
Crowned
till
12
years
after
,
A.D.
971.
which
was
done
,
according
to
some
writers
,
at
Bath
,
to
others
at
Kingston
by
Dunstan
Arch-Bishop
of
Canterbury
(
who
,
some
say
,
was
banished
at
that
time
)
and
Oswald
Arch-Bishou
of
York
:
his
Coronation
was
deferred
,
because
of
his
impetuous
inclinations
to
the
female
Sex
,
and
especially
to
one
wilfride
,
who
to
avoid
the
Kings
Caresses
,
took
on
her
the
habit
of
a
Nun
,
but
in
vain
;
for
he
had
his
pleasure
,
and
got
on
her
a
daughter
named
Edith
;
for
which
offence
he
was
enjoyned
seven
years
penance
,
and
lived
not
long
after
his
Coronation
.
An.
973.
Mat.
Westm
.
About
the
year
472
,
or
44
years
after
their
arrival
here
out
of
Germany
,
the
English
Saxons
besieged
this
City
,
with
whom
King
Arthur
fought
a
great
Battel
on
Mons
Badonicus
,
now
called
Bannesdowne
,
and
slew
so
many
of
them
,
that
they
had
little
heart
to
make
any
further
attempt
for
a
considerable
time
,
but
left
it
to
the
quiet
possession
of
the
Britains
.
Cambden
ubi
supra
.
Yet
N.
Ninnius
writeth
,
that
the
12
of
King
Arthur's
Battels
against
the
Saxons
,
was
at
the
Hill
or
Town
of
Bath
,
where
many
a
one
was
slain
by
his
force
and
might
.
Bath
was
also
in
the
time
of
King
Arthur
,
by
whom
it
was
relieved
,
besieged
by
Cheldericus
King
of
Almain
.
The
story
as
mine
Author
relates
it
,
was
thus
;
Eodem
rempore
venit
Cheldericus
,
&c.
Aut.
Br.
Abb.
Ms.
At
the
same
time
(
speaking
of
the
reign
of
King
Arthur
)
came
Cheldericus
a
valiant
King
out
of
Almaine
,
and
landed
in
Scotland
with
500
Ships
:
Arthur
hearing
of
this
at
the
siege
of
Colegrin
near
York
,
left
the
siege
,
and
coming
to
London
,
sent
letters
into
Britain
the
less
,
to
King
Hoel
his
Sisters
Son
;
who
in
a
short
time
came
into
England
with
a
great
Army
,
and
was
met
by
Arthur
at
winchester
with
great
rejoycings
.
These
two
going
both
to
Nottingham
(
which
Cheldericus
had
besieged
,
but
not
taken
)
Arthur
came
upon
him
unawares
,
and
made
a
great
slaughter
among
his
men
;
Cheldericus
himself
fled
into
a
wood
,
where
Arthux
finding
him
,
he
swore
,
that
if
he
and
his
Souldiers
were
permitted
to
depart
,
he
would
never
more
for
the
future
trouble
his
Kingdom
:
Arthur
condescended
hereto
,
but
the
wind
proving
cross
when
they
were
on
the
Sea
,
they
came
back
again
,
and
landing
at
Totness
,
did
a
great
deal
of
mischief
,
destroying
the
Countrey
as
far
as
Bath
.
They
of
Bath
shutting
their
Gates
,
made
a
stout
resistance
:
but
when
this
was
known
to
Arthur
then
in
the
Marches
of
Scotland
he
came
to
the
relief
of
Bath
,
fought
with
Cheldericus
,
and
discomfited
his
Army
,
&c.
yet
in
the
year
577.
On
a
strong
siege
,
and
strong
battery
by
the
Saxons
,
it
yielded
,
but
afterwards
grew
into
great
repute
,
and
got
a
new
name
,
viz.
Akmanchester
.
Not
long
after
the
year
552.
Ceaulmus
King
of
the
West
Saxons
fought
with
the
Britains
,
and
took
from
them
the
Cities
of
Bath
,
Gloucester
and
Worcester
.
A.
D.
676.
Cambden
.
Br.
p.
234.
Osbrich
founded
here
a
Nunnery
,
and
not
long
after
,
Off
a
King
of
Mercia
built
a
Church
,
both
which
in
the
time
of
the
Danish
Wars
were
demolish'd
;
out
of
the
ruines
of
those
two
arose
the
Church
of
Saint
Peter
,
in
which
Edgar
was
Crowned
(
as
is
mentioned
before
)
but
of
the
Church
,
more
in
its
place
.
This
Offa
was
Brother
to
Oswald
,
surnamed
Christianissimus
,
and
is
said
to
have
spent
much
of
his
time
at
Bath
.
Concerning
his
supposed
Tomb
,
and
place
of
bursal
,
see
Chap.
4
.
Domesday-Book
.
Offa
(
saith
the
Author
of
Brutus
abbreviatus
)
frater
Oswaldi
;
Iste
Offa
,
multum
morabatur
Bathoniae
.
In
the
time
of
Edward
the
Confessor
,
Bath
flourished
exceedingly
,
the
King
having
there
64
Burgers
,
and
30
Burgers
of
others
;
the
City
paying
tribute
according
to
20
Hides
,
which
amounts
to
about
80
yard
land
.
In
the
reign
of
William
Rufus
,
Robert
Mow-Cambden
.
bray
,
Nephew
to
the
Bishop
of
Constance
,
sack'd
Br.
p.
234.
and
burnt
it
.
Cambden
,
Br.
p.
234
.
The
Industrious
Mr.
Prynne
(
to
whom
I
am
obliged
for
some
marginal
Remarks
)
in
his
Brevia
Parliamentaria
Rediviva
,
and
fourth
part
of
a
brief
Register
of
Parliamentary
Writs
,
hath
given
an
account
of
Citizens
returned
to
serve
in
Parliament
for
this
City
,
ever
since
the
26th
.
year
,
of
King
Ed.
1.
about
A.
D.
1298.
p.
298.
p.
299.
It
is
also
recorded
,
that
in
the
year
1418
,
in
the
time
of
H.
5.
there
arose
a
contest
between
the
religious
persons
,
John
Telyford
Prior
,
with
his
Covent
,
and
the
Mayor
about
ringing
of
the
Bells
,
which
lasted
some
,
years
,
but
was
aftewards
composed
,
and
brought
to
a
good
issue
.
Libell
.
Rub.
de
Bath
.
Ms.
In
Bath
are
three
Hospitals
(
it
self
,
indeed
,
being
but
one
great
one
)
St.
Johns
,
Bellots
,
and
the
Bimburies
,
sometimes
called
St.
Katherines
;
besides
a
Free-school
erected
,
(
as
by
the
Inscription
over
the
door
it
appears
)
in
the
time
of
King
Ed.
6.
The
Hospital
of
St.
Johns
was
founded
A.
D.
1174.
by
.
Reginald
fitz
Joceline
,
a
Lumbard
,
Bishop
of
Bath
and
Wells
,
and
afterwards
translated
to
Canterbury
,
but
before
he
was
possessed
of
his
new
honour
died
,
and
was
buried
at
Bath
.
It
was
valued
at
the
yearly
Rent
of
22
l.
19s
.
6d
.
since
which
time
its
Revenues
are
much
encreased
;
he
gave
it
this
name
,
as
I
suppose
,
from
St.
Johns
in
the
Savoy
,
where
he
was
consecrated
Bishop
after
his
return
from
beyond
Sea
,
by
Richard
Arch-Bishop
of
Canterbury
.
God●
.
Cat.
p.
364
.
Where
,
by
the
way
,
I
cannot
but
take
notice
that
this
Hospital
is
said
to
be
built
by
Joceline
of
Wells
,
and
Hugo
Bishop
of
Lincolne
in
the
late
Account
of
the
Worthies
of
England
.
In
which
History
(
besides
the
Confusion
of
Joceline
de
Wells
,
with
Reginald
fitz
,
Joceline
)
the
Author
is
guilty
(
that
I
may
say
no
worse
)
of
many
mistakes
;
To
give
an
instance
or
two
instead
of
a
larger
Catalogue
that
might
be
produc'd
;
he
affirms
,
that
Joceline
of
Wells
was
the
first
man
that
fixed
on
the
title
of
Bishop
of
Bath
and
Wells
,
and
transmitted
it
to
all
his
Successors
,
when
't
is
manifest
out
of
Bishop
Godwins
Catalogue
of
Bishops
,
that
Robert
Bishop
of
Wells
was
the
man
,
the
18
th
.
Bishop
of
that
See
,
and
not
Joceline
who
was
the
21.
p.
363.
He
writes
also
,
(
which
is
a
thing
I
confess
of
no
great
moment
,
but
yet
a
mistake
)
that
the
famous
Dr.
Harvey
was
never
married
,
when
his
Wife
is
mentioned
by
himself
.
De
Gen.
An.
Exer●
.
5
.
p.m.
60.
And
to
instance
in
no
more
now
(
because
I
would
not
digress
too
far
)
he
avers
the
same
person
,
though
living
a
Batchellor
,
to
have
left
behind
him
three
Children
,
which
he
calls
his
three
Books
,
viz.
De
Sanguinis
Circuitu
,
De
Generatione
,
&
De
Ovo
;
whereas
the
Doctor
that
ever
I
could
find
(
who
possibly
have
made
as
diligent
a
search
after
the
writings
of
that
modest
,
ingenious
,
and
(
however
the
ignorance
and
envy
of
some
have
endeavoured
to
traduce
him
)
learned
Physitian
,
(
whose
memory
I
deservedly
respect
and
honour
)
as
any
other
can
,
I
say
Dr.
Harvey
(
that
ever
I
could
understand
)
never
printed
any
thing
besides
his
Treatise
of
the
Circulation
of
the
Blood
,
and
his
Exercitations
concerning
the
Generation
of
Animals
,
the
Historian
making
two
Books
of
De
Generatione
,
&
de
Ove
,
when
indeed
they
are
but
one
.
I
acknowledge
he
mentions
many
things
intended
for
the
publick
;
as
1.
Exercitations
about
Respiration
of
Animals
.
2.
A
Treatise
of
the
Love
,
lust
,
and
gendring
of
living
Creatures
.
3.
Of
Nutrition
.
4.
Medicinal
Observations
.
5.
Physiologia
,
with
some
others
,
wherein
no
doubt
that
excellent
Person
had
made
many
rare
and
considerable
discoveries
,
which
we
are
so
happy
now
to
enjoy
;
but
that
any
thing
else
,
save
the
two
forementioned
Treatises
,
was
permitted
,
or
any
other
Book
De
Ovo
,
composed
by
Dr.
Harvey
,
besides
that
De
Generations
Animalium
(
wherein
he
ingeniously
observes
the
Primordium
,
or
first
beginning
of
all
living
Creatures
to
be
either
an
egg
,
or
something
Analogical
to
it
.
)
I
should
be
very
glad
to
be
informed
.
Bellots
Hospital
was
built
by
Thomas
Bellot
Esquire
,
one
of
the
Executors
of
the
Lord
Cecill
,
in
the
time
of
King
James
,
of
whom
we
shall
speak
more
largely
in
the
next
Chapter
of
the
Church
,
to
which
he
was
a
great
Benefactor
.
As
for
the
Bimburies
,
I
can
learn
no
more
concerning
it
,
than
this
,
that
it
was
built
by
seven
Sisters
,
who
left
this
Hospital
behind
them
,
as
a
Monument
to
Posterity
,
both
of
their
Charity
and
Name
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
the
Church
of
Saint
Peter
and
Paul
.
An
account
of
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
and
Paul
,
in
Bathe
,
from
the
first
foundation
to
the
time
it
was
finished
.
A
Latin
Poem
on
the
same
Subject
,
written
to
Bishop
Mountague
,
with
the
Answer
of
the
Bishop
.
THE
Church
of
St.
Peter
and
Paul
,
commonly
called
the
Abbey
Church
,
as
now
it
is
,
is
a
neat
,
and
curious
Fabrick
;
of
which
,
that
I
may
give
some
account
,
from
its
Original
,
many
Periods
,
and
great
alterations
it
hath
undergone
,
as
far
forth
as
my
Observation
,
Information
,
and
what
Records
I
have
seen
will
reach
.
The
first
Church
I
find
mentioned
since
the
Temple
of
Minerva
,
(
which
some
place
here
)
was
that
built
by
Off
a
King
of
Mercia
,
and
brother
to
Oswald
(
of
which
before
)
in
the
year
after
Christ
775.
which
was
afterwards
destroyed
by
the
Danes
,
and
in
the
year
1010
,
re-edified
by
Elphegus
,
who
being
a
man
of
great
Parentage
,
and
Prior
of
Glastonbury
,
left
that
place
,
and
betook
himself
to
Bathe
,
where
living
a
very
strict
and
exemplary
life
,
even
to
admiration
,
he
was
chosen
Abbot
,
and
in
the
year
984
Bishop
of
Winchester
,
and
A.
1006
promoted
to
the
Arch-Bishoprick
of
Canterbury
,
in
which
time
he
new
built
this
Church
,
four
years
after
his
coming
to
that
See
.
775
1010
But
the
Fabrick
he
erected
stood
not
long
;
for
77
years
after
,
or
A.D.
1087.
both
it
,
and
almost
the
whole
City
,
was
consumed
by
fire
,
by
Robert
Mowbray
,
Nephew
to
the
Bishop
of
Constance
,
in
the
first
year
of
William
Rufus
.
The
next
year
following
,
viz.
A.D.
1088.
appeared
John
de
Villula
,
a
French-man
,
born
at
Tours
,
and
sometime
Practitioner
in
Physick
,
or
to
speak
more
plain
,
an
Empirick
(
such
as
now
almost
every
place
doth
abound
withall
,
we
having
just
cause
to
renew
the
Complaint
made
by
Hypocrates
in
his
time
,
that
there
are
now
adays
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
1088
L.
de
leg
.
Many
,
by
a
sort
of
people
,
their
own
Creatures
,
much
admir'd
,
but
what
Artists
they
are
is
easily
to
be
said
)
for
the
Historian
brands
him
with
this
Character
,
that
he
was
usu
,
non
literis
,
medicus
probatus
,
a
man
practised
more
by
rote
,
then
any
great
cunning
,
and
if
he
chanced
at
any
time
to
do
any
good
,
it
was
more
to
be
attributed
to
the
strength
of
Nature
,
and
his
good
hap
,
then
to
any
Art
in
the
man
,
or
accountable
Virtues
in
his
Medicines
.
Gul.
Mal
asb
.
This
man
however
,
although
not
for
his
reach
in
Physick
,
was
to
be
commended
in
this
that
he
had
a
good
liking
to
the
Abbey
,
and
though
a
poor
Physitian
,
was
a
rich
man
,
and
a
great
Benefactor
to
the
Church
,
which
he
building
from
the
ground
,
and
augmenting
the
Revenues
from
a
small
mater
to
a
considerable
proportion
,
may
seem
to
deserve
the
name
of
the
first
Author
,
and
Founder
of
it
.
He
lived
not
to
see
it
finish'd
,
being
prevented
by
death
,
which
happened
the
29th
.
of
December
,
1122
,
and
was
buried
at
Bathe
,
in
the
Church
he
built
.
This
John
was
Bishop
of
Wells
,
but
upon
some
dislike
[
](A46281-e29800-b)†
†
The
Charters
of
William
Rufus
and
H.
1.
for
translating
his
See
to
Bathe
,
and
the
manner
thereof
,
may
be
seen
in
Mr.
Dugdales
Monast.
Augl
.
pp.
185
,
186.
removed
his
Episcopal
Chair
to
Bathe
,
and
was
known
by
the
title
of
Bishop
of
Bathe
,
renouncing
that
of
Wells
,
and
bought
this
City
of
William
Rufus
,
(
or
,
as
some
say
,
H.
2.
)
for
500
Marks
,
which
continued
in
the
Bishops
hands
till
the
4th
.
year
of
Rich.
1.
about
A.D.
1192.
at
which
time
Saverick
,
first
Arch-Deacon
of
Northampton
,
afterwards
Bishop
of
Bathe
and
Wells
,
a
German
,
and
Kinsman
to
the
Emperour
,
in
order
to
the
more
speedy
effecting
his
design
of
being
Bishop
,
to
the
performance
of
which
,
among
other
things
,
as
Conditions
of
the
Kings
Release
,
(
being
taken
Prisoner
by
Leopold
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
)
the
Emperour
had
engaged
him
)
returned
the
Possession
of
the
City
to
King
Richard
the
first
.
In
the
year
1137
July
29
,
15
years
after
the
death
of
John
de
Villula
,
the
Church
he
lately
built
was
consumed
by
fire
,
and
re-edified
by
Robert
,
a
Monk
of
Lewes
,
born
in
Normandy
,
but
by
Parentage
a
Flemming
,
then
Bishop
of
that
See
.
1137
He
not
only
made
good
what
the
fire
had
destroyed
,
but
carried
on
the
work
to
a
greater
perfection
.
In
the
troubles
between
Maud
the
l●mpress
,
and
King
Stephen
,
he
suffered
a
long
and
a
close
restraint
at
Bathe
,
from
the
King
,
and
after
his
enlargement
,
endeavoured
an
Accommodation
between
the
two
Churches
of
Bath
and
Wells
,
which
had
differed
many
years
about
the
Episcopal
See
,
and
at
last
,
with
consent
of
both
parties
,
made
this
agreement
,
that
the
Bishops
hereafter
should
be
called
Bishops
of
Bathe
and
Wells
;
That
each
of
them
should
by
Commission
appoint
Electors
,
the
See
being
void
,
by
whose
voices
the
Bishop
should
be
chosen
;
And
that
he
should
be
installed
with
both
of
these
Churches
.
The
second
of
which
Articles
was
not
long
observed
,
for
A.D.
1244.
in
the
29th
year
of
Hen.
3.
The
Monks
of
Bathe
,
refusing
to
joyn
with
the
Chapter
of
Wells
,
chose
of
themselves
one
[
](A46281-e30180-b)†
†
He
was
confirmed
Bishop
●
by
King
Hen.
3.
his
Patent
,
ad
instantiam
Demini
Papae
,
de
gratia
Regis
Speciali
,
salve
jure
Regis
,
&
Ecclefiae
Wellensis
.
P.
28.
H.
3.
m.
6.
intus
.
Roger
for
Bishop
,
which
occasioned
a
long
Suit
in
Law
between
the
two
Churches
,
composed
afterwards
by
the
Bishop
,
who
died
not
long
after
,
and
was
buried
at
Bathe
.
The
Condition
of
which
Compos
;
ition
was
this
;
That
they
of
Wells
must
be
satisfied
for
the
present
,
and
they
of
Bathe
promise
performance
of
the
Agreement
made
by
Robert
,
for
the
future
,
which
was
done
accordingly
.
This
Structure
erected
by
Robert
,
continued
till
the
time
of
Henry
the
7th
;
when
Oliver
King
,
the
23d
Bishop
after
the
Union
of
Bathe
and
Wells
,
pulling
down
the
old
Church
built
by
Robert
,
not
John
de
Villula
(
which
was
burnt
,
as
Mr.
Cambden
affirms
)
began
the
foundation
of
a
fair
and
sumptuous
Building
,
but
left
it
,
by
reason
of
his
death
,
whatever
the
lately
mentioned
Historian
relates
,
very
imperfect
.
Br.
P.
234
:
For
besides
the
Cost
bestowed
on
it
by
Cardinal
Hadrian
de
Castallo
,
chosen
Bishop
A.
D
,
1505.
which
I
think
,
was
not
great
;
William
Bird
,
the
last
Prior
of
the
Abbey
,
undertook
it
,
and
partly
of
himself
,
and
partly
by
the
help
of
others
,
almost
brought
it
to
perfection
,
when
in
a
short
time
after
the
dissolution
of
Religious
Houses
ensuing
in
the
time
of
Henry
the
eighth
,
it
was
again
demollish'd
.
In
memory
of
this
Prior
Bird
,
there
is
in
the
Chappel
,
on
the
South
side
of
the
Quire
,
at
the
East
end
,
a
Coat
of
Armes
in
Stone
,
a
Cheveron
between
three
Falcons
,
their
Wings
and
Members-displai'd
;
on
a
Chief
,
a
Rose
between
two
pretious
Stones
,
and
for
a
Crest
a
Miter
and
Crozier
.
And
in
the
out-side
of
the
Chappel
Wall
,
Southward
,
a
W.
and
a
Bird.
Neither
are
there
wanting
memorials
of
the
Name
of
the
foresaid
Oliver
.
For
in
the
Front
of
the
Church
,
on
both
sides
,
on
a
Pillar
,
are
placed
two
Elephants
about
an
Olive
Tree
,
and
an
Inscription
engraven
in
Stone
under
it
,
in
allusion
to
the
parable
of
Jotham
,
Judges
9.
of
which
this
is
part
,
Trees
going
to
chuse
their
King
Said
,
be
to
us
the
Oliver
King
(
Which
in
the
late
times
caused
some
to
suspect
it
for
a
Prophesie
)
with
a
Miter
over
all
.
This
Oliver
King
was
Doctor
of
Laws
,
of
Kings
Colledge
in
Cambridge
,
Principal
Secretary
to
three
Monarchs
of
this
Land
,
Edward
the
4th
,
Edward
the
5th
,
and
Henry
the
7th
.
Register
of
the
Knights
of
the
Garter
,
Bishop
of
Exeter
,
and
thence
translated
hither
,
Novemb.
6.
1495.
died
Jan.
34.
1503.
and
is
thought
to
lie
buried
at
Windsor
,
where
he
was
sometime
Canon
.
The
Death
of
Bishop
King
obstructed
this
Structure
(
as
a
Reverend
Doctor
is
pleased
to
quibble
)
so
that
it
stood
a
long
time
neglected
,
which
gave
occasion
to
one
to
write
on
the
Church
Wall
with
a
Char-coal
.
D.F.
O
Church
I
wail
thy
woful
plight
Whom
King
,
nor
Card'nal
,
Clark
,
nor
Knight
Have
yet
restor'd
to
antient
right
.
Alluding
herein
to
Bishop
King
,
who
began
it
,
and
his
four
Successors
in
35
years
,
viz.
Cardinal
Hadrian
mentioned
before
,
who
sat
Bishop
12
years
,
and
was
afterwards
deprived
of
this
,
and
all
other
promotions
,
for
conspiring
with
some
other
Cardinals
,
the
Death
of
Pope
Leo
the
10th
.
Cardinal
Wolsey
,
who
held
the
Bishoprick
in
Commandam
four
years
,
and
was
then
translated
to
Durham
.
Bishop
Clark
,
who
sate
19
years
,
and
died
in
the
end
of
the
year
1540
,
being
poysoned
,
as
was
supposed
,
in
Germany
,
when
he
went
Ambassadour
to
the
Duke
of
Cleve
,
to
give
a
reason
of
the
Kings
Divorce
from
the
Lady
Anne
of
Cleve
,
his
Sister
;
and
Bishop
Knight
.
These
four
contributing
nothing
considerable
to
the
finishing
thereof
.
Also
one
Cassadore
,
a
popishly
affected
person
,
wrote
a
Prophesie
of
this
Church
,
to
be
seen
in
Fullers
Worthies
,
with
what
he
thinks
is
the
meaning
of
it
.
So●●ers
.
p.
19.
Upon
the
dissolution
of
the
Abbey
,
the
Church
was
uncovered
,
the
Lead
taken
away
,
and
the
Walls
much
ruin'd
,
and
so
continued
for
some
time
.
But
since
its
last
demolition
,
in
the
Reign
of
King
Henry
the
8th
,
it
hath
thrice
been
attempted
to
be
re-edified
;
First
in
the
time
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
by
a
General
Collection
,
by
which
the
Work
was
not
much
advanc'd
.
The
Second
,
in
the
beginning
of
the
Reign
of
King
James
,
A.
D.
1604.
in
whose
time
it
met
with
many
Benefactors
;
the
principal
whereof
to
this
second
work
was
Thomas
Bellot
Esquire
,
Steward
of
the
House
,
and
one
of
the
Executors
of
the
Right
Honourable
,
William
Lord
Barkley
,
sometime
Lord
Treasurer
of
England
,
who
made
some
entrance
on
this
Work
in
the
Reign
of
Queen
Elizabeth
,
and
last
of
all
,
about
the
middle
of
King
James's
Reign
it
was
finish'd
and
brought
to
perfection
,
as
by
the
Munificence
of
Noble
men
,
Knights
,
Gentlemen
,
and
others
,
whose
Names
are
on
Record
,
so
especially
by
the
liberal
hand
of
Dr.
James
Mountague
,
sometime
Bishop
of
this
Diocese
,
who
at
one
time
gave
1000
pounds
toward
its
Reparation
,
and
lies
buried
in
the
body
of
the
Church
,
deceased
July
20.1618
.
It
appears
also
from
the
Memorials
of
the
Church
,
that
before
the
first
of
these
three
last
attempts
to
repair
it
,
there
was
little
of
the
Church
standing
,
save
the
bare
Walls
,
and
those
too
,
in
many
places
,
much
impaired
,
which
being
then
,
as
it
was
,
decayed
in
the
hands
of
Edmund
Colethurst
Esquire
,
was
by
him
bestowed
on
the
City
,
though
uncovered
,
and
much
ruin'd
,
as
it
had
long
stood
after
the
dissolution
;
and
therefore
he
bears
the
name
of
the
principal
Benefactor
to
the
first
work
.
The
particulars
of
the
Reparations
,
with
the
Names
,
and
Sums
of
the
Benefactors
from
the
time
of
Queen
Elizabeth
downwards
(
which
are
not
for
me
here
distinctly
to
mention
)
are
Recorded
in
a
Book
kept
for
that
purpose
in
the
Library
belonging
to
the
Church
,
begun
by
Bishop
Lake
,
and
augmented
by
some
others
,
but
yet
stands
in
need
of
the
helping
hands
of
more
Benefactors
.
And
although
I
have
said
so
much
concerning
this
Church
already
,
yet
I
shall
crave
leave
to
add
as
a
Conclusion
to
this
Matter
a
Poem
,
which
accidentally
came
to
my
hands
by
the
means
of
Mr.
John
Parker
,
Citizen
of
Bathe
,
a
lover
of
Antiquity
,
and
my
good
Friend
(
to
whom
I
acknowledge
my self
engag'd
for
the
assistance
he
afforded
me
in
my
search
after
the
Antiquities
of
the
the
City
)
found
in
the
Study
among
other
Papers
,
of
that
learned
Knight
,
Sir
John
Harrington
,
whether
made
by
himself
,
as
some
imagine
(
who
well
might
do
it
,
having
a
great
genius
to
Poetry
,
and
called
by
Dr.
Fuller
,
one
of
the
most
ingenious
Poets
of
our
Nation
)
or
some
other
,
I
know
not
;
written
,
and
as
it
seems
,
spoken
to
Bishop
Mountague
,
at
his
first
coming
to
Bathe
,
and
Sight
of
the
Church
;
which
I
should
have
translated
,
but
that
the
Substance
of
it
,
as
much
as
is
necessary
to
be
known
for
History
,
is
contained
in
the
foregoing
account
.
However
,
to
preserve
it
from
perishing
,
and
to
gratifie
the
lover
of
Antiquity
,
(
to
whom
I
chuse
rather
to
incur
the
censure
of
being
Prodigal
,
then
any
way
Nice
,
in
with-holding
any
thing
I
think
may
deserve
their
acceptance
)
I
shall
insert
it
here
,
in
Latin
,
as
I
found
it
.
The
Title
thus
,
Conditionis
Variae
ECCLESIAE
SANCTI
PETRI
&
PAULI
Bathoniensis
,
A
PRIMIS
FUNDAMENTIS
,
Actis
an.
775
.
AD
ANNUM
DECURRENTEM
,
1609.
Historico-Poetica
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Deque
Faelicissima
ejusdem
Ecclesiae
restauratione
VATICINIUM
.
Ad
Reverendissimum
in
Christo
Patrem
,
Jacob
.
providentia
divina
,
dignissimum
Ecclesiae
Bathoniensis
&
Wellensis
Episcopum
,
Bathoniam
primo
faeliciter
invisentem
,
&
visitantem
.
MActe
,
bonis
avibus
;
recidivi
limino
Templi
(
In
Christo
reverende
Pater
)
gratissimus
intras
.
Macte
,
sed
haud
pigeat
prius
aequa
mente
parumper
Pristina
delubri
perpendere
fata
miselli
.
Temporis
elapsi
studio
monumenta
revolvens
Historia
.
Attento
,
invenies
hujus
fundamina
Templi
,
Prima
Off
am
,
priscum
regem
,
jecisse
;
secunda
775.
Ephegum
,
regni
primatem
;
Tertia
tandem
1010.
(
Cum
duo
Danorum
rabies
,
ignisque
priora
Vastasset
)
sumptu
posuit
majore
Johannes
1088.
De
Villa
,
natu
Gallus
,
non
infimus
artis
Agyrta
.
Professor
medicae
,
Wellensi
ingratior
aedi
;
Qui
,
postquam
variis
viguisset
Episcopus
annis
,
Sedem
Thermopolin
Cathedralem
transtulit
illinc
.
Urbe
hac
,
quingentis
Marcis
,
a
Rege
coempta
,
Pulchrius
antiquis
fanum
construxit
:
at
ipsum
AEvo
combussit
pariter
Jovis
ira
sequenti
.
Structorem
celebris
misit
Normannia
Quartum
,
Officio
Monachum
,
Roberlum
nomine
,
molem
1137.
Subversum
toties
qui
restauravit
;
&
inter
Presbyteros
,
litem
,
de
Sedis
honore
,
diremit
,
Exornans
titulis
utramque
aequalibus
orbem
.
Tandem
post
seriem
numerosam
,
munificamque
,
Infignis
praesul
pietate
,
vicesimus
atque
Tertius
,
hunc
sequitur
;
qui
faustum
nominis
omen
,
Expressit
factis
,
Oliver
King
dictus
,
Olivam
1495.
Et
Regem
vere
referebat
,
ad
instar
olivam
Pacis
erat
populo
,
simul
ubertatis
&
author
.
At
magis
hoc
retulit
regalis
munere
Regem
,
Quippe
opus
incultum
Rodberti
sustulit
,
atque
Illius
,
extemplo
vice
,
fundamenta
locavit
,
Ista
;
dedit
solidis
speciosa
pleromata
muris
.
Tecta
superstruxit
sublimibus
alta
Columnis
,
Areolas
soleis
tongas
substravit
&
amplas
,
Omnia
ad
hanc
pulchram
structuras
caetera
formam
,
Et
fundis
,
dubio
procul
,
instructurus
opimus
,
Morte
immortales
subito
est
arreptus
ad
arces
.
Tantae
molis
erat
tam
clarum
condere
Templum
!
Ne
tamen
his
tantis
perfectio
debita
caeptis
Deforet
,
huic
operi
Colophonem
attexuir
,
almus
Abbatiae
Rector
Gulielmus
Birdus
,
At
eheu
!
Sanctis
stare
diu
fatis
(
proh
fata
!
)
negatum
est
.
Horrida
de
innocuis
fertur
sententia
famis
;
Abbatiae
pereunt
,
fpoliantur
Templa
,
rapinis
Tecta
patent
,
reditus
,
fundi
,
Sacraria
;
quid
non
?
(
Unde
nefas
tantum
Zeli
fautoribus
?
)
una
Iste
,
vel
in
Cunis
,
insons
discerpitur
infans
.
Impete
diripitur
violento
haec
fabrica
;
praestant
Saxa
,
vitrum
,
plumbum
,
Campanae
,
ac
omnia
praeter
Hoc
miserum
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Tantae
at
quae
Causa
ruinae
?
Num
pietatis
amor
an
amor
sceleratus
habendi
?
Hic
amor
exitio
est
Templis
,
Templique
ministris
,
Hic
amor
extinxit
clarissima
lumina
regni
.
Nec
sinit
hic
Amor
haec
extincta
resumere
lucem
,
Nemo
bonum
Templi
,
Templi
bona
quisque
requirit
.
Hinc
haec
Cimmeriis
,
per
tot
,
tam
turpiter
,
annos
,
Maxima
lux
urbis
,
latuit
suppressa
tenebris
,
Sed
pater
omnibonus
,
cui
provida
cura
Suarum
est
,
Hanc
piceam
nuper
,
caelesti
campade
,
noctem
Dispulit
e
multis
Sanctorum
cordibus
,
unde
Accendere
suo
nostrum
de
lumine
lumen
.
Sic
tamen
,
ut
quivis
magis
hinc
sibi
luceat
ipsi
,
Ut
tanto
ad
praesens
reliquos
veneremur
honore
,
Vivida
quos
totum
celebravit
fama
per
orbem
,
Nobile
Bellotti
sidus
,
sic
emicat
,
omnes
Inter
nutritios
Templorum
jure
colendos
,
Plena
velut
stellis
praefulget
Luna
minutis
.
Singula
quae
cernis
pulchrae
ornamenta
Capellae
,
Area
,
porta
,
solum
,
Subsellia
,
Rostra
,
fenestrae
,
Bellottum
unanimi
Compellant
ore
parentem
.
Bellottum
sonitu
reboat
Campana
canoro
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
sonant
Bellottum
,
Balnea
,
vici
,
Compita
,
Bellotti
jactant
ad
sidera
noman
,
Quod
Christi
est
cultor
simul
excultorque
sacrorum
.
VATICINIUM
.
DEsine
plura
:
sat
est
veterom
,
peragenda
peractis
Succedant
;
meliora
bonis
,
majora
minutis
.
Auspiciis
huc
misse
sacris
(
Sanctissime
Praesull
)
Sensibus
hoec
imis
superum
Consulta
repone
,
Quae
tibi
fatidico
dispandit
carmine
Vates
,
Laeta
ruinoso
proclamans
omnia
Templo
.
Quo
decet
,
haenc
specta
,
vultu
,
sine
nube
,
sereno
,
Faecundam
laudum
segetem
sine
fine
Tuarum
.
Molliter
ossa
Cubant
Offae
,
ac
Elphegl
,
Oliveri
Rodberti
,
ac
Birdi
,
merito
celebrentur
honore
;
Debita
Bellotto
reddatur
palma
benigno
.
Pet-pius
extento
Bellottus
floreat
aevo
.
Non
equidem
invideo
,
laetormage
,
gratulor
illi
.
Quod
si
tam
celebrem
mereatur
guttula
laudem
,
Praemia
quae
referet
largos
qui
funditat
imbres
?
Tantum
at
honorisico
cedes
,
Bellotte
,
Jacobi
,
Effuso
tenuis
quantum
imbris
guttula
cedit
.
Bellotti
guttis
rorata
Capella
virescit
,
Imbribus
assiduis
Divi
madefacta
Jacobi
Integra
quam
laetos
diffundent
Templa
racemos
.
Nec
tamen
haec
aqueo
vitis
cupit
imbre
rigari
:
Aureolo
hanc
Danaem
saturabis
,
Jupiter
,
imbre
,
Hinc
quae
spreta
diu
languenti
Ecclesia
morbo
Intabuit
;
vitam
,
Te
Te
medicante
resumit
,
Ut
redit
infuso
flaccescens
vena
Lyaeo
,
Hujus
sint
alii
fautores
,
sydera
,
fani
;
Cynthia
Bellottus
;
solus
Tu
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Apollo
.
Haec
Tu
vivifico
reparabis
membra
Calore
;
Haec
Tu
magnifico
decorabis
Tecta
nitore
.
Aspice
surgenti
laetentur
ut
omnia
Templo
.
Grandaevum
videor
mihi
prospectare
Jacobum
,
Aspectus
virtute
Tui
,
torpore
solutum
,
Atque
reornato
scandentem
climate
Caelos
.
Ut
renovat
vires
,
ut
concipit
aethera
mente
;
Insuper
alatos
,
ultroque
citroque
meantes
Coelicolas
video
,
bona
climacteribus
illis
Nuncia
portantes
superis
:
ac
gaudia
divum
Inde
renarrantes
terris
de
Praesule
tanto
;
Teque
cohortantes
(
propria
sat
sponte
citatum
)
Euge
!
opus
hoc
mirae
pietatis
perfice
Praesul
.
Te
nempe
ad
decus
hoc
peperit
natura
,
replevit
Dotibus
eximii
sDeus
,
ars
perfecta
polivit
,
In
gremio
reforet
ter
magni
gratia
Regis
:
Ditavitque
bonis
tanta
ad
molimina
natis
.
Huc
opulenta
Tibi
sua
fundit
viscera
tellus
,
Huc
Tua
Te
virtus
,
sorte
ancillante
,
propellit
.
Euge
l
opus
hoc
mira
pietatis
perfice
Praesul●
Aggredere
aeternos
,
servit
Tibi
tempus
,
honores
His
petitur
Caelum
Scalis
,
hac
itur
ad
astra
.
Nec
mora
,
fervet
opus
,
structor
,
lapicida
,
peritus
Gypsator
,
sculptor
,
fustor
,
vitrarius
:
omnes
Artifices
instant
ardentes
.
Moenia
surgunt
,
Dissita
quae
fuerant
loca
concamerantur
Erismis
,
Extima
plumboso
velantur
tegmine
,
pulchris
Intima
Caelantur
laquearibus
:
omnia
miris
Sunt
decorata
modis
:
respondent
omnia
vatis
.
Nec
deerunt
mystae
,
Celebrent
qui
sacra
,
frequentes
.
Sed
numerosa
brevi
totam
quae
Compleat
aedem
.
Pompa
Sacerdotum
,
Psalmodorumque
Decano
Producente
Chorum
,
Cantabit
grata
Jehovae
Cantia
,
tantorum
fonti
,
authorique
bonorum
.
Haec
mihi
praesagit
meus
non
ignara
futuri
.
Corpore
(
quis
neget
hoc
?
)
specioso
haec
templa
Jacobus
Donavit
praesul
(
pia
nam
decreta
bonorum
AEquivalent
factis
)
animam
Rex
ipse
Jacobus
(
Hoc
quoque
quis
dubitat
?
)
tribuet
.
Deus
alme
Jacobi
,
Decretis
benedic
factisque
utriusque
Jacobi
:
O
fortunatam
nimium
,
bona
si
tua
noris
,
Thermopolin
,
tali
fruenis
quae
praesule
,
Rege
l
Funde
Deo
summas
ex
imo
pectore
grates
,
Et
cola
,
perpetuo
pietatis
honore
,
Jacobos
.
Quo
pede
Caepisti
,
Praesul
dignissime
,
pergas
.
Episcopi
Responsio
.
CUpivi
dilu
has
ruinas
,
&
haec
rudera
videre
,
&
contemplari
,
has
vero
ruinas
,
&
haecrudera
videre
,
&
contemplari
jam
dolet
.
Ingrediar
tamen
,
sed
hoc
animo
,
ut
nunquam
hoc
more
sim
reingressurus
,
priusquam
isthaec
melius
tecta
videro
.
The
Bishops
Answer
.
I
Have
long
desired
to
see
and
contemplate
these
ruines
and
rubbish
,
and
now
it
grieves
me
to
behold
them
.
However
,
I
will
enter
,
but
with
this
intent
,
never
to
re-enter
,
till
I
see
them
better
cover'd
.
CHAP.
IV
Of
the
Roman
Antiquities
of
Bathe
.
Roman
Antiqulties
of
Bathe
divided
into
three
Sorts
.
An
Enumeration
and
Explication
of
them
Many
read
,
and
understood
otherwise
,
then
by
Mr.
Cambden
.
Some
Additions
.
Roman
Coins
.
THE
Roman
Antiquities
,
Inscriptions
and
Images
,
in
the
Walls
and
elsewhere
of
this
City
,
were
taken
notice
of
by
Mr.
Cambden
at
his
being
here
,
and
inserted
into
his
Britannia
:
yet
because
some
alterations
have
hapened
to
some
of
them
since
his
time
,
and
others
seem
to
me
to
be
read
and
understood
otherwise
,
then
he
hath
there
represented
them
(
not
to
mention
what
I
have
added
,
not
to
be
found
in
him
)
I
shall
give
a
brief
account
,
and
what
Explication
I
can
,
of
them
all
,
in
order
as
they
stand
.
I
shall
distribute
them
into
three
Sorts
.
Tbo●●
that
are
between
the
South
and
West
Gates
,
Those
that
are
between
the
West
and
North
Gates
;
And
those
in
the
Garden
,
formerly
Robert
Chambers's
,
now
belonging
to
William
Burvurd
.
The
first
,
of
the
first
fort
we
meet
withall
,
(
not
taken
notice
of
by
Mr.
Cambden
)
is
the
draught
of
a
great
Face
,
(
which
yet
I
cannot
affirm
to
be
truly
Roman
)
about
a
foot
in
bredth
,
and
near
as
much
in
length
,
much
resembling
the
Moon
,
as
it
is
usually
drawn
.
Whether
this
was
a
memorial
of
the
Idoll
of
some
Pagan
(
which
it
not
very
likely
)
or
rather
set
up
in
memory
of
some
Gyagntick
person
,
whose
parts
were
proportionable
to
this
Face
(
which
is
more
probable
)
I
know
not
.
Sure
I
am
that
England
hath
had
those
Sons
of
Anack
as
well
as
other
Countries
,
as
,
besides
Histories
,
the
prodigious
Bones
digged
up
in
several
places
thereof
,
do
witness
;
and
particularly
(
seeing
we
are
apt
to
suspect
things
done
many
years
ago
,
relations
of
this
nature
being
not
like
Pictures
,
Quibwè
longinquo
reverentia
major
)
the
entire
Bones
of
a
man
of
unusual
dimensions
,
found
not
20
years
since
,
in
Glocester-shire
,
in
a
Field
,
between
Over
,
and
Thornbury
,
do
sufficiently
evince
.
This
Sceleton
(
as
I
heard
it
related
by
a
credible
Author
,
who
had
it
from
an
eye-witness
)
was
inclosed
within
the
body
of
a
massie
Stone
,
so
artificially
cemented
together
,
that
the
joynts
were
indiscoverable
.
In
the
middle
thereof
(
as
it
were
in
a
Vault
)
sate
the
Bones
of
two
persons
,
one
very
great
,
and
the
other
less
.
The
Scull
of
the
greater
was
half
an
Inch
thick
,
and
the
Ulna
,
as
big
as
the
Gentlemans
Wrist
,
who
saw
it
(
who
yet
is
a
corpulent
man
,
and
hath
none
of
the
least
)
and
as
long
as
from
his
shoulder
to
his
fingers
ends
.
There
were
Inscriptions
also
,
and
some
Coins
,
both
Silver
and
Brass
,
about
,
and
in
it
,
but
what
they
were
,
I
cannot
yet
learn
,
having
not
hitherto
had
the
opportunity
to
see
either
the
one
,
or
the
other
.
Since
the
Relation
of
the
former
person
,
having
occasion
lately
to
ride
into
that
part
of
Gloucester-shire
,
where
the
bones
were
found
,
I
received
a
Confirmation
of
it
from
two
of
the
Sons
of
the
Gentleman
,
in
whose
ground
,
and
at
whose
great
charges
,
they
were
discoverd
,
the
Father
being
dead
some
fout
years
since
;
only
with
this
difference
,
that
whereas
the
former
Relator
intimated
the
Bone
,
mentioned
before
,
to
be
the
Ulna
,
or
the
Radius
,
they
apprehend
it
rather
to
be
to
the
Os
Humeri
,
or
Bone
from
the
Soulder
to
the
Elbow
,
which
they
affirmed
to
have
been
as
long
as
from
the
Elbow
of
any
ordinary
man
to
his
Fingers
ends
,
or
the
length
of
that
Bone
usually
and
half
the
Ulna
or
Radius
.
Also
,
that
both
the
Sceletons
were
of
extraordinary
dimensions
but
one
bigger
then
the
other
,
&
not
both
in
one
Sepulch●e
or
Vault
,
but
two
distinct
ones
,
distant
about
2
yard
each
from
other
.
The
Vault
of
the
greater
was
not
above
five
foot
long
,
in
the
form
,
(
according
to
their
resemblance
)
of
a
Jews-harp
,
narrow
at
the
Feet
,
and
broader
about
the
Seat
:
so
that
this
body
must
sit
,
being
judged
by
some
intelligent
persons
that
saw
it
,
to
have
been
a
man
of
nine
foot
in
heighth
.
The
other
was
longer
,
and
the
Bones
supposed
to
lie
at
length
,
yet
very
little
within
the
ground
;
having
both
great
stones
about
and
over
them
,
in
the
manner
of
a
Tomb.
After
I
had
received
their
Information
,
they
were
pleas'd
for
my
further
satisfaction
,
to
accompany
me
to
the
place
,
about
a
quarter
of
a
mile
from
their
house
,
in
an
Inclosure
,
hard
by
the
high-way
side
,
now
made
meadow
ground
,
where
I
saw
one
Stone
,
which
was
at
the
entrance
of
the
Vault
of
the
greater
Sceleton
,
standing
in
the
same
place
it
was
first
set
,
about
4
foot
above
the
ground
;
to
which
the
other
Stones
did
Answer
:
so
that
the
length
being
five
foot
,
and
the
heighth
four
,
confirms
the
Conjecture
of
the
Stature
of
the
Body
mentioned
before
.
The
Tomb-stone
that
lay
over
the
greater
person
,
of
an
uneven
,
and
(
as
I
may
term
it
)
mazzardy
surface
,
was
so
vast
and
weighty
,
that
it
was
a
business
of
great
difficulty
and
labour
to
remove
it
;
of
a
grayish
colour
without
,
but
reddish
within
,
and
in
many
places
studded
with
a
bright
shining
Stone
,
somewhat
resembling
the
Stones
ot
St.
Vincents
Rock
near
Bristow
.
I
cannot
understand
by
them
there
were
any
Inscriptions
,
and
but
two
or
three
Coins
,
one
having
a
Falcon
(
as
they
called
it
)
which
might
be
a
Roman
Eagle
;
another
a
Caesars
Head
,
with
a
wreath
of
Lawrel
about
it
,
supposed
to
be
the
Head
of
Claudius
the
Emperour
.
The
common
report
there
is
,
that
it
was
the
Tomb
of
Off
a
,
King
of
Mercia
,
who
yet
was
one
of
the
middle
Kings
of
the
Saxons
,
and
lived
neer
250
years
alter
the
Romans
departed
out
of
Britain
,
of
whose
extraordinary
stature
,
I
know
no
Historian
that
takes
any
notice
.
It
seems
to
have
been
a
Golgotha
,
or
common
place
of
Burial
,
in
those
times
,
the
ground
thereabouts
,
in
a
round
,
or
rather
an
Oval
figure
,
for
neer
half
an
Acre
,
affording
great
plenty
of
other
Bones
,
and
the
place
bearing
the
name
of
Bone-hill
.
The
time
of
it's
discovery
was
about
the
year
1652.
Whether
this
great
person
were
a
Roman
,
or
a
Saxon
,
is
not
very
easie
to
determine
;
if
a
Roman
,
't
is
much
they
should
here
,
contrary
to
their
common
Custom
,
both
preserve
the
Bones
,
and
leave
no
Inscription
,
and
if
Saxon
,
't
is
as
different
to
solve
the
Phaenomenon
of
the
Roman
Coins
,
being
hot
accidentally
found
among
other
rubbish
,
but
in
the
Sepulchre
it self
.
However
,
whether
Roman
,
Saxon
,
or
other
,
which
I
shall
not
at
this
time
any
further
dispute
,
it
is
enough
for
my
present
purpose
that
it
was
a
body
of
more
then
ordinary
dimensions
,
and
exceeding
the
heigth
of
an
ordinary
man
in
those
times
by
3
foot
,
that
is
higher
by
the
half
then
most
men
now
.
2.
A
Foot-man
with
a
Spear
.
3.
A
Foot-Soldier
brandishing
his
Sword
,
and
bearing
out
his
Shield
.
4.
Two
kissing
and
clipping
one
another
,
which
by
the
Crook
in
the
right
hand
of
one
,
seems
to
be
the
remembrance
of
the
kindness
of
a
Shepherd
to
his
Mistris
.
5.
A
naked
man
laying
hold
of
a
Soldier
,
which
may
represent
an
insulting
Roman
,
apprehending
a
poor
,
distressed
,
and
captivated
Britain
.
6.
Upon
a
Stone
,
with
Letters
standing
overthwart
,
This
Inscription
:
ILIA
ILIA
This
seems
to
have
been
part
of
the
Monument
of
some
Strumpet
,
ILIA
,
if
I
erre
not
in
my
conjecture
,
being
the
Relict
of
IVLIA
,
Wife
to
Sèptimus
Severus
,
of
whose
Lewdnes
AElius
Spartianus
gives
an
account
in
the
life
of
that
Emperour
;
and
ILIA
to
be
understood
of
Ilia
the
Mother
of
Romulus
,
concerning
whom
(
omitting
Ovid
,
Juvenal
,
and
others
)
that
make
mention
of
her
Chastity
)
I
shall
content
my self
with
the
single
testimony
of
Horace
,
who
brings
in
Lydia
,
his
Courtezan
,
making
him
this
reply
;
Dones
non
aliae
magis
Arsisti
,
neque
er
at
Lydia
post
Chloen
,
Multi
Lydia
nominis
Romana
vigni
clarior
Ilia
,
Id
est
,
Whil'st
to
Thee
none
else
was
dear
And
Thou
to
me
didst
not
prefer
,
Cloe
,
then
I
great
of
Name
Did
outstrip
the
Roman
Dame
.
ad
.
lib.
3.
VIBIA
IVCVNDA
H.
S.
E.
Here
lies
Mary
Vibia
.
It
being
by
them
accounted
somewhat
absurd
,
that
those
who
had
so
great
a
name
whil'st
they
liv'd
,
should
be
destitute
of
one
,
when
dead
.
Another
thing
that
inclines
me
to
this
opininion
also
,
is
,
a
Hare
,
a
venereous
creature
,
and
embleme
of
Lust
:
witness
that
question
in
the
Comaedian
,
Tute
lepus
&
:
pulpamentum
quaeris
?
unto
which
these
letters
were
formerly
annexed
;
for
in
Mr.
Cambdens
time
it
was
here
running
,
but
since
this
light-foot
is
run
quite
away
.
7.
Two
Roman
heads
,
one
within
the
Cope
of
the
wall
,
and
another
in
the
outside
thereof
,
hard
by
,
whereof
that
within
the
Cope
of
the
wall
,
hath
an
ear
standing
up
,
somewhat
like
the
ear
of
horse
.
III.
VS
.
ISA.
IS
.
VXSC.
9.
As
for
Medusa's
head
,
with
hair
all
snakes
,
I
cannot
upon
the
best
,
enquiry
I
can
make
,
find
it
out
,
unless
Mr.
Cambden
meant
that
little
Image
close
by
the
West-gate
,
which
seems
now
rather
to
be
one
,
with
hands
listed
up
,
and
meeting
above
the
head
,
as
it
were
rejoycing
.
10.
Neither
doth
Ophiucus
occur
to
me
,
which
I
am
apt
to
think
that
learned
Antiquarian
,
in
haste
,
might
mistake
,
for
something
between
the
loving
couple
and
the
naked
man
,
like
a
Rose
,
with
a
branch
about
it
,
resembling
a
Serpent
.
VRN
IOP
.
2.
The
next
is
a
Monument
of
one
of
the
children
of
two
Romans
,
Mulus
&
Victisarina
,
with
a
longer
,
and
exactly
Roman
Inscription
,
in
a
Sepulchre
Table
,
between
two
little
Images
,
whereof
the
one
holds
the
horn
of
Amalihaa
,
the
other
flourisheth
a
Banner
.
The
Inscription
which
I
read
somewhat
different
from
Mr.
Cambden
,
is
this
:
D
M
SVCC
:
PETRONIAEVIX
ANN.
III.M.III.D.IXV.TO
MVLVS·ETVICTISARINA
:
FIL.
KAR·FEC
:
i.e.
To
the
dead
Ghost
of
Succ.
Petronia
,
who
lived
3
years
4
moneths
,
and
14
daies
,
Mulus
&
Victisarina
,
in
memory
of
their
dear
Child
,
made
this
.
What
that
EO
at
the
end
of
the
second
line
is
,
unless
put
for
Et
mo
,
and
signifies
Et
moritur
,
I
cannot
at
the
present
conjecture
.
3.
Hercules
bearing
his
left
hand
aloft
,
with
a
Club
in
his
right
hand
.
Yet
I
leave
it
to
others
to
judge
,
whether
it
may
not
something
resemble
one
of
those
little
Images
mentioned
but
now
.
4.
The
last
I
observe
,
and
neerest
to
the
North-gate
,
is
a
memorial
of
a
Roman
Senator
of
the
Colony
of
Glocester
,
a
City
built
by
the
Romans
,
who
also
placed
there
a
Colony
called
Colonia
Glevum
.
〈◊〉
B●
.
●
p.
360.
The
Inscription
after
this
manner
.
DEC.
COLONIAE
GLEV.
VIXIT
AN.
LXXXVI
i.e.
Decurioni
Coloniae
Glevi
,
vixit
An.
86.
yet
in
the
stone
,
after
the
figures
LXXX
.
I
observe
a
Q
,
in
this
sort
,
LXXX●VI
.
which
seems
to
be
without
some
signification
.
If
I
may
be
allowed
the
liberty
of
a
conjecture
,
I
suppose
it
might
be
put
for
quluque
,
and
ought
to
be
read
LXXX●VINQ
.
There
being
room
enough
for
,
and
as
it
were
the
marks
of
two
other
letters
,
N
and
Q
,
and
the
party
aged
85
,
not
86.
And
whereas
I
render
Decurio
a
Senator
,
I
pitch
on
this
signification
of
the
word
,
as
most
proper
here
,
of
which
Rosenus
gives
the
reason
;
Senatores
in
Coloniis
,
ut
etiam
in
Municipiis
,
Decurionos
vocabantur
,
eam
ob
causam
,
quod
Pomponio
●C
.
Ant.
Rom.
L.
10.
c.
2●
.
Auctore
,
decima
pars
corum
qui
deduocrentur
,
publici
consilii
gratia
,
sit
solita
conseribi
.
I
know
Festus
mentions
another
,
and
more
usual
signification
of
the
word
,
to
wit
,
an
Officer
over
ten
horse-men
.
Decuriones
,
inquit
,
appellantur
,
quis
denis
equitibus
praesunt
;
of
which
,
if
any
one
please
to
understand
it
,
he
shall
have
my
leave
.
5.
As
for
leaves
folded
in
,
and
Hercules
streining
two
snakes
,
I
cannot
be
so
fortunate
yet
,
(
though
my
search
hath
been
particular
)
to
light
upon
it
.
The
Antiquities
in
the
Garden
are
only
two
Inscriptions
in
two
Grave-stones
,
with
their
Urns
:
The
one
an
Epitaph
of
Cains
Murrius
,
of
the
tribe
called
Arniensis
,
(
the
25
tribe
among
the
Romans
,
so
called
from
Arnus
,
a
River
in
Tuscany
,
as
Car.
Sigonius
,
and
On.
Panvinius
relate
;
a
modest
pleader
in
the
Julian
Court
,
a
Souldier
of
the
second
Legion
,
and
continuing
in
pay
25
years
.
The
Inscription
as
follows
.
C.
MURRIVS
C.
F.
ARNIENSIS
FORO
.
IVLI.
MO
DESTVS
.
MIL
LEG
.
II.
AD.
P.
F.
IVLI.
SECVNDI
.
AN.
XXV
.
ST●●
H
●
2.
The
other
,
an
Epitaph
of
Marcus
Valerius
,
a
Latin
,
(
for
so
I
read
,
and
not
Eatinus
,
as
Mr.
C.
a
Souldier
of
Augustus
his
Legion
(
if
not
the
xx
)
35
years
of
age
,
and
20
years
in
pay
.
The
true
Copy
thus
:
DIS
.
MANIBVS
MVALERIVS
.
M.
SOL.
LATINVS
.
C.
EQ
MIIES
.
LEG
.
monogram resembling V imposed on inverted V
AN.
XXXV
.
STIPEN
.
XX.
H·
S·
E·
Where
it
may
be
noted
by
the
way
,
that
this
man
had
some
favour
to
be
admitted
at
15
years
of
age
Al.
ab
.
Alex.
Gen.
dier.
L.8
.
c.
20
.
,
when
as
the
usual
time
of
listing
Souldiers
was
not
till
17.
Also
,
whether
C.
EQ
.
be
to
be
read
,
as
some
would
have
it
,
Cohortis
Equitum
,
I
somewhat
doubt
,
the
Copia
pedestres
,
or
foot
,
commonly
among
the
Romans
,
being
divided
in
Cohortes
,
Manipulos
&
Centurias
,
the
Equestres
,
or
Horse
,
in
Turmas
&
Decurias
.
Many
Roman
Coins
are
also
found
in
these
parts
two
of
which
I
have
by
me
,
digged
up
at
Walcott
(
whence
the
two
last
Inscriptions
came
)
in
the
same
house
with
the
Inscription
of
Vibia
before-mentioned
.
The
one
neer
1600
years
old
,
being
a
Brass-piece
of
Vespasians
,
in
which
all
the
letters
on
the
face
side
are
decayed
,
except
AES
.
VES
,
and
some
marks
of
PAS.
on
the
reverse
,
Cat.
Si●on
.
de
Jur.
Rom.
l.
1.
c.
15.
Rosc
.
Ant.
Rom.
1.
x.
c.
5.
PIETAS
AUGUSTI
(
as
I
think
)
the
three
former
letters
of
Pietas
being
very
obscure
)
with
an
Image
between
S
C.
signifying
Senatus
Consultum
.
The
second
,
some
200
years
after
,
bearing
the
name
of
Carausius
,
who
in
the
time
of
Dioclesian
and
Maximian
Emperors
,
took
upon
him
the
Imperial
Ensigns
,
and
seized
Britian
.
Ca●bden
.
Br.
p.
72.
Caius
.
Carausius
.
Pius
.
Falix
.
Augustus
.
The
Circumscription
thus
:
C.
CARAVSIVS
P.F.
AVG.
on
the
other
side
,
PAX
AVG.
and
under
an
Image
,
MLXX.
which
I
suppose
to
be
the
year
ab
Hrbe
Condita
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
the
Nature
,
Use
,
and
Virtues
of
the
Baths
.
Baths
of
Bath
much
of
the
nature
of
the
Thermae
Aquenses
in
Germany
.
Certain
Parallels
between
.
Bath
and
Akin
Bladud
in
some
measure
vindicated
.
I
Come
now
to
speak
something
of
the
Nature
,
Use
,
and
Vertues
of
the
Baths
.
And
here
it
cannot
be
expected
I
should
say
much
,
because
my
experience
of
them
as
yet
hath
been
but
little
,
and
the
Observations
I
have
made
seem
fitter
,
(
as
they
are
intended
)
for
a
foundation
to
a
greater
work
,
(
which
time
,
and
variety
of
experiments
must
compleat
)
then
,
at
the
present
to
be
communicated
to
the
publick
.
And
to
make
some
compensation
for
my
brevity
in
this
thing
(
which
is
justly
deemed
the
most
material
of
all
other
)
I
shall
take
the
boldness
to
engage
,
as
soon
as
time
and
opportunity
shall
permit
,
to
make
a
through
search
into
the
cause
of
the
Heat
,
Nature
,
and
efficacious
operations
of
the
Baths
,
and
perhaps
give
a
more
satisfactory
account
of
the
former
,
than
yet
hath
been
given
by
any
;
and
for
the
later
,
I
shall
not
build
on
the
hay
and
stubble
of
the
talk
and
relations
of
persons
byass'd
and
concern'd
,
but
on
the
solid
basis
of
reason
,
observation
and
experience
.
In
the
mean
time
,
as
I
would
not
seem
ridiculous
to
some
,
treating
too
largely
of
what
I
have
not
yet
made
a
clear
inspection
into
,
so
I
would
not
be
accounted
absurd
by
others
,
in
wholly
waving
the
principal
part
of
my
Subject
.
To
offer
then
a
course
bit
to
the
eager
appetite
,
till
time
shall
favour
us
with
a
better
treat
;
I
conceive
that
the
Baths
of
Bath
come
very
neer
the
nature
of
the
Aqueuses
in
Germany
,
the
knowledge
of
which
may
be
a
great
help
to
the
better
understanding
of
our
own
.
I
shall
therefore
,
out
of
the
succinct
,
but
pithy
discourse
of
these
waters
,
composed
by
the
learned
and
Judicious
Physitian
Fran.
Fabritius
Ruremundanus
,
sometime
Physitian
there
,
take
notice
of
some
Parallels
between
that
place
and
Bath
,
in
which
,
besides
many
pretty
remarkable
Coincidences
,
the
nature
of
the
Countrey
,
and
parts
adjacent
,
is
in
some
measure
discovered
.
The
first
is
,
that
Histories
relate
,
that
the
Hot
Waters
there
were
found
out
by
a
Prince
,
one
Granus
,
brother
,
as
t
is
said
,
to
Nero
the
Roman
Emperor
;
who
first
discovering
these
Baths
,
among
the
mountains
and
woods
,
built
a
Castle
,
and
dwelt
there
,
of
which
,
in
the
Authors
time
,
there
was
a
monument
standing
,
called
Turris
Grani.
Secondly
,
That
the
City
was
called
by
the
name
of
the
Waters
,
to
wit
,
Aquae
Granis
,
which
some
improperly
call
Aquisgranum
.
Ab
incolis
Aquoe
Grani
appellatae
sunt
,
cum
Thermae
,
tum
locus
ipse
,
deducto
scil.
nomine
ab
Aquis
Calidis
,
&
Grano
repertore
,
mansitque
appellatio
postea
&
Urbi
,
nisi
quod
quidam
non
satis
apte
immuta
inflexione
,
Aquisgranum
appellent
.
The
Inhabitants
saith
Ruremundanus
,
call
the
Place
,
as
well
as
the
Waters
,
Aquae
Grani
,
by
a
name
drawn
from
the
Hot
Waters
,
and
Granus
the
Founder
,
which
name
afterwards
the
City
had
,
but
that
some
,
not
so
properly
,
changing
the
termination
,
call
it
Aquisgran
.
Thirdly
,
That
the
City
is
sita
in
valle
,
&
monlibus
circumquaque
cincta
,
seated
in
a
bottom
,
and
encompassed
about
with
Hills
.
That
the
Hills
(
besides
Wood
for
Fire
and
Timber
)
contain
Quarries
of
Stone
for
Building
.
That
cold
Springs
arise
within
&
without
the
City
in
great
abundance
.
That
at
some
distance
off
is
found
Lead
,
and
a
Bituminous
Earth
,
which
mine
Author
calls
Terra
nigra
,
foco
culinaria
aptissima
.
That
in
the
City
are
two
Chief
Bathes
,
The
one
called
the
Kings
,
the
other
the
Cornelian
.
p.
14
In
the
Suburbs
,
not
far
from
the
South
Gate
,
are
more
Hot
springs
,
called
,
from
the
abundance
of
Hogs
that
are
there
about
,
the
Porcetan
Bathes
,
which
being
not
so
powerfull
as
the
rest
,
are
less
used
.
And
lastly
,
that
I
may
mention
something
that
would
be
advantageous
to
both
,
and
both
do
want
,
viz.
a
Navigable
River
,
which
saies
Rurem
.
would
compleat
its
happiness
.
Nibil
,
inquit
,
ad
faelicitatem
deesse
videtur
,
quam
Navigabilis
Fluvius
.
Now
to
give
you
the
Counter-part
of
the
parallel
:
'T
is
obvious
to
observe
,
that
to
the
first
corresponds
the
History
of
King
Bladud
,
which
seems
not
to
be
so
fabulous
,
as
many
men
imagine
.
For
,
probably
,
many
Relations
we
have
of
persons
,
and
things
,
and
of
those
elder
times
,
when
ignorance
so
much
prevail'd
,
and
men
had
little
subtilty
in
their
actions
,
and
less
politeness
in
their
speech
,
may
have
much
of
truth
in
them
,
though
they
now
seem
odd
,
and
rediculous
to
us
.
And
I
am
apt
to
think
,
that
many
old
Realities
do
suffer
much
,
on
no
other
account
then
to
the
temper
,
and
genius
of
those
times
.
Just
as
't
is
reported
of
some
old
women
in
Lancashire
,
that
they
go
for
Witches
,
meerly
because
they
look
like
such
.
Not
considering
,
that
a
great
deal
less
time
then
2000
years
,
hath
made
considerable
alterations
,
in
the
manners
,
lives
,
and
customs
of
men
.
And
whereas
King
Bladud
had
the
name
of
a
Magitian
,
I
look
upon
it
as
a
greater
argument
of
his
more
then
ordinary
learning
,
then
note
of
reproach
,
the
wisest
men
in
those
times
,
and
long
after
to
,
being
reputed
such
,
and
he
recorded
a
wife
and
eloquent
Philosopher
,
and
Mathematian
,
accomplish't
(
as
the
times
then
would
bear
)
with
treasures
of
forrein
,
and
domestick
knowledge
,
having
spent
in
Study
,
(
as
is
reported
)
besides
many
,
doubtless
,
afterwards
,
in
his
own
Countrey
,
eleven
years
in
his
Minority
,
at
Athens
,
Of
whom
that
you
may
receive
a
more
particular
account
,
I
shall
not
think
much
to
give
you
the
English
of
what
J.
Bate
in
his
Book
De
Scriptoribus
Anglicis
,
writeth
of
him
.
Bladud
surnamed
the
Magician
,
the
10th
King
of
the
Britains
,
was
sent
in
his
Youth
,
to
the
famous
City
of
Athens
in
Greece
,
there
to
be
instructed
in
Philosophy
,
and
the
Liberal
Sciences
.
And
when
he
had
there
studied
a
certain
time
,
hearing
of
the
death
of
Ludhudebras
his
Father
,
he
returned
home
again
,
bringing
with
him
four
expert
Masters
in
many
Sciences
,
not
thinking
it
meet
that
his
Countrey
should
lack
any
longer
such
singular
ornaments
of
Learning
as
they
were
.
These
Philosophers
,
as
Merlin
writeth
,
he
placed
at
Stamford
,
in
a
very
pleasant
Soyl
,
and
made
Schools
for
them
,
to
the
intent
they
should
there
read
the
liberal
Sciences
,
where
they
had
many
times
a
great
Audiences
.
He
was
a
man
very
cunning
and
skilfull
,
as
well
in
Prophane
Sciences
of
the
Gentiles
,
as
in
all
Wisdom
and
Knowledge
that
the
Graecians
excelled
in
;
but
especially
studious
and
very
well
seen
in
the
Mathematical
Arts
and
Sciences
,
whereupon
one
of
the
Sybils
,
that
lived
in
his
time
,
wrote
and
dedicated
unto
him
a
Book
of
Prophesies
.
Some
affirmed
that
the
same
Bladud
built
the
City
of
Bathe
,
and
therein
made
by
a
wonderfull
Art
,
certain
Hot
Bathes
,
for
the
use
and
commodity
of
the
people
,
which
do
yet
remain
to
this
day
,
committing
the
Conservation
thereof
to
the
Goddess
Minerva
,
in
whose
honour
be
caused
a
Temple
to
be
there
erected
,
to
the
intent
,
that
being
preferred
by
so
mighty
a
Goddess
,
they
should
never
fail
,
but
continue
for
ever
,
they
write
also
,
how
that
he
read
and
taught
Necromancy
throughout
all
his
Realm
.
But
these
things
I
suppose
are
seigned
matters
.
To
the
second
particular
answers
the
Name
of
Bathe
,
taken
from
the
Waters
.
For
this
Name
,
as
is
noted
before
,
was
given
to
the
City
,
some
time
after
its
foundation
,
when
the
Hot
Waters
came
into
greater
request
,
being
called
first
,
after
the
name
of
the
Founder
,
Caer
Blaeidin
.
To
the
third
,
agrees
the
situation
of
Bathe
,
being
exactly
the
same
.
To
the
fourth
,
the
Quarries
of
Stone
,
upon
Claverton
Down
,
Horse-comb
,
&c.
To
the
fifth
,
the
Springs
of
Cornwall
in
Wallcot-fields
,
Beechenclift
,
&c.
To
the
sixth
,
Timsbury
,
Burnet
,
(
and
though
the
distance
be
somewhat
greater
)
Mendip-Hills
.
To
the
seventh
,
the
Kings
Bathe
,
with
its
apperdage
,
the
Queens
and
Cross-Bath
.
To
the
last
,
the
Horse-Bath
,
without
the
South-Gate
,
doth
in
some
measure
,
answer
,
though
it
hath
no
Hot
Springs
of
its
own
,
but
is
supplyed
by
the
Overplus
of
Water
coming
from
the
Kings
Bath
.
And
whereas
it
is
recorded
,
That
these
Bathes
are
not
wholsome
at
all
hours
,
being
from
8
of
the
Clock
in
the
morning
,
to
three
in
the
Afternoon
,
Scalding
Hot.
Carbl●us
Br.
pag.
233.
It
is
clear
,
that
the
inequality
of
the
heat
proceeds
not
so
much
from
the
Waters
(
which
in
themselves
,
are
observed
to
vary
very
little
from
a
constant
,
and
equal
degree
of
heat
,
both
Winter
,
and
Summer
)
as
from
the
beating
of
the
Beams
of
the
Sun
in
hot
weather
on
the
Surface
of
them
,
which
being
more
troublesom
to
the
Bathes
,
and
Mornings
and
Evenings
more
convenient
for
Bathing
,
the
middle
part
of
the
day
is
not
made
use
of
,
though
the
Waters
then
are
as
wholsome
as
ever
.
But
we
may
well
pardon
this
learned
and
industrious
person
,
if
he
hath
not
in
this
,
and
some
other
particulars
,
done
the
Bathes
right
,
in
regard
the
vastness
of
his
designe
,
and
urgency
of
his
occasions
,
might
hasten
him
hence
,
so
that
,
haply
,
he
could
not
throughly
inform
himself
in
things
of
this
Nature
.
To
conclude
this
Chapter
,
I
shall
mention
some
parts
of
the
description
of
that
City
,
mentioned
before
,
in
the
Authors
own
words
,
and
compare
them
with
what
Description
Dr.
Venner
hath
given
of
this
of
Bathe
.
Aquae
Grani
appellatae
sunt
ab
incolis
,
cum
Thermae
,
tum
locus
ipse
,
deducto
scilicet
nomine
ab
Aquis
Calidis
&c.
Ru●ewuad
.
De
Baln
.
Aq.
p.
11.
12.
&c.
Haec
urbs
tametsi
in
valle
sita
,
&
montibus
circumquaque
septa
sit
,
incredibili
tamen
gaudet
aeris
salubritate
.
In
proximo
urbis
ambitu
lata
fere
planities
est
,
in
qua
&
pascua
sunt
,
alendo
pecori
commodissima
,
&
agri
pingues
.
Nec
desunt
funtes
,
tam
feris
pascua
irrigantes
,
quam
intus
diversis
urbis
locis
,
publice
in
plateis
scaturientes
.
Ad
Orientem
Rhenum
,
ad
occidentem
habet
Mosam
.
Sed
alias
dotes
●mnes
,
meo
quidem
judicio
,
vincunt
Aquarum
Calidarum
uterrimi
simul
ac
Saiuberrimi
fontes
.
The
words
of
Dr.
Venner
,
as
neer
the
English
of
the
former
as
may
be
,
are
these
.
〈◊〉
Bath●●●
.
Bathe
,
so
called
from
the
Bathes
in
it
,
is
a
little
,
well
compacted
City
,
&c.
Although
the
site
thereof
,
by
reason
of
the
Vici●ity
of
Hills
,
may
to
some
seem
not
pleasant
,
being
almost
environed
with
them
,
yet
for
goodness
of
Air
,
neerness
of
great
and
delectable
Rivers
,
pleasant
Meadows
,
and
plenty
of
excellent
Water
,
brought
down
from
the
adjacent
Hills
into
the
Streets
,
it
is
pleasant
,
and
happy
enough
;
But
for
the
Hot
Waters
,
that
boyl
up
even
in
the
midst
thereof
,
is
more
delectable
,
and
happier
then
any
other
of
the
Kingdom
.
CHAP.
IV
Of
the
Bathes
in
particular
here
.
Of
the
three
Hotter
Bathes
,
viz.
The
Kings
,
Queens
,
and
Hot
Bathe
.
But
chiefly
of
the
Kings
,
and
in
what
Distempers
Bathing
therein
is
profitable
.
HAving
thus
far
drawn
the
Parallel
between
Bathe
and
Akin
which
,
as
they
cannot
be
conceived
to
agree
in
every
punctilio
,
(
no
Comparison
,
as
they
say
,
running
on
four
feet
)
so
it
seems
they
cannot
correspond
in
some
of
those
particulars
before
recited
,
without
a
Communication
also
in
the
Waters
of
many
of
the
same
Medicinal
Vertues
.
Having
done
this
,
I
proceed
to
a
light
gast
and
relish
,
of
the
Vertues
,
and
usefulness
of
every
Bath
in
particular
.
And
here
taking
it
for
granted
,
till
better
information
,
what
the
very
learned
and
incomparable
Doctor
Jorden
hath
observed
,
That
there
is
very
little
difference
in
the
Nature
of
the
Bathes
of
Bathe
,
but
in
the
degree
of
heat
,
they
all
proceeding
from
the
same
Mine
,
which
according
to
the
intenseness
or
remissness
of
its
heat
in
divers
parts
,
and
the
directness
or
indirectness
of
the
passages
from
it
,
may
cause
this
Variation
;
and
also
,
that
the
Minerals
impregnating
the
Bathes
in
general
,
are
Bitumen
,
Nitre
,
and
Sulphur
,
I
shall
run
the
Parallel
a
little
further
,
and
speak
something
in
particular
of
all
the
Bathes
;
and
first
of
the
Kings
.
The
Kings
Bathe
exceeds
the
rest
in
Heat
and
Dimensions
,
being
the
hottest
,
and
largest
of
all
.
And
whereas
there
is
another
that
for
some
time
hath
,
I
know
not
how
,
apprepriated
the
name
that
is
common
to
them
all
,
and
therefore
gives
most
people
occasionto
imagine
the
heat
to
be
more
intense
there
then
any
where
else
,
I
conceive
,
at
present
,
the
heat
of
that
Bath
,
to
come
as
much
short
of
that
of
the
Kings
,
as
the
Cross
Bath
,
in
that
instance
,
yields
to
the
Queens
.
This
Bath
,
as
to
its
vertues
,
much
resembles
the
Kings
Bath
at
Akin
,
that
is
,
consists
of
the
same
Minerals
,
though
probably
,
not
in
the
same
proportion
;
the
German
Kings
Bath
being
accounted
chiefly
Sulphurous
;
This
of
Bath
,
Bituminous
.
Which
,
yet
notwithstanding
considering
the
great
affinity
Bitumen
hath
with
Sulphur
,
and
the
slender
difference
in
their
qualities
,
being
bothsupposed
moderately
hot
and
dry
,
and
therefore
must
both
(
according
to
the
common
notion
)
attract
,
resolve
,
mollisie
,
and
discuss
,
will
not
alter
much
the
Case
,
not
to
mention
that
Baccius
and
Bauhinus
,
and
(
what
is
more
natural
)
two
of
our
own
Countreymen
,
Doctor
Turner
,
and
Doctor
Venner
,
do
all
agree
,
That
they
are
chiefly
Sulphurous
.
And
whereas
Rurem
.
faith
of
the
Kings
Bath
at
Akin
;
Refert
haec
aqua
modis
omnibus
naturam
Sulphuris
,
cum
admissione
Nitri
modici
;
making
mention
of
Sulphur
and
Nitre
,
but
omitting
Bitumen
,
I
question
not
,
but
upon
Examination
,
it
would
be
found
that
Bitumen
also
was
concern'd
in
that
Bath
,
as
well
as
the
Cornelian
in
the
same
City
.
De
Baln
.
Aq.
p.
18.
And
the
Catalogue
of
Diseases
,
for
which
this
Bath
is
profitable
,
suggests
as
much
:
bituminous
waters
being
of
a
heating
,
drying
nature
,
and
suppling
the
nerves
.
The
Encomium
he
gives
of
this
Bath
,
and
the
Diseases
he
affirms
it
to
do
good
in
,
(
which
for
the
most
part
agree
to
this
of
Bath
also
)
are
as
fellows
.
This
Bath
is
profitable
for
many
distempers
,
especially
cold
and
moist
:
for
it
heats
powerfully
,
dries
,
drives
the
humors
from
the
inward
parts
to
the
outward
,
discusses
,
attenuates
,
abstergeth
,
and
that
I
may
speak
more
particularly
,
good
chiefly
in
affections
of
the
Nerves
,
as
Convulsions
,
Palsies
,
as
well
alone
,
as
accompanying
an
Apoplexie
,
in
defect
of
sense
or
motion
,
or
both
.
It
helps
stiff
,
benumm'd
,
and
trembling
limbs
,
does
good
in
the
several
sorts
of
Gouts
,
especially
Hip
and
Hand-gout
.
Discusseth
Tumors
:
Relieveth
those
that
are
streightened
about
the
Midriff
:
those
that
have
a
Cachexy
,
or
ill
habit
of
body
:
The
Dropsie
(
especially
the
Anasarca
)
and
Jaundice
.
Those
that
are
troubled
with
a
cold
distemper
of
the
Stomach
,
Liver
or
Spleen
.
Excites
and
restores
Appetite
.
Easeth
pains
in
the
sides
(
without
a
favour
)
Bowess
or
Loins
.
Helps
cold
and
moist
distempers
of
the
Womb
;
furthers
Conception
,
provokes
the
Terms
,
giveth
ease
in
uterine
pains
;
takes
off
weariness
as
well
spontaneous
,
as
by
excessive
labour
and
travel
,
&c.
most
proper
for
those
of
a
cold
Constitution
,
and
somewhat
corpulent
,
and
not
so
convenient
for
dry
and
entenuated
persons
.
To
which
may
be
added
Lethargies
,
Epilepfies
,
Cramps
,
Deafness
,
Forgetfulness
,
Aches
,
and
many
others
of
the
like
nature
,
with
the
Scorbute
,
(
provided
the
body
be
duly
prepar'd
before
,
and
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
that
distemper
well
corrected
)
and
the
extremity
of
the
pains
of
the
Spleen
.
The
Hot
Bath
is
somewhat
cooler
,
and
profitable
in
the
like
cases
;
and
Dr.
Venner
hath
observed
most
essicacious
for
any
weakned
and
relaxed
limb
.
The
Queens
Bath
is
the
next
for
heat
,
and
hath
the
same
virtues
with
the
Kings
,
out
of
which
it
was
taken
,
having
no
hot
springs
of
its
own
,
but
is
supplyed
out
of
the
Kings
,
where
the
water
standing
as
it
were
in
a
Cooler
,
is
made
more
temperate
,
and
fitter
for
tender
bodies
,
that
cannot
well
endure
such
a
degree
of
heat
,
as
in
the
Kings
Bath
.
CHAP.
VII
Of
the
Cross
Bath
,
and
its
Virtues
.
THE
Cross
Bath
,
as
to
its
degree
of
Heat
,
abating
somewhat
of
the
Queens
,
is
the
coolest
of
all
,
of
which
I
may
say
,
as
a
stranger
sometime
did
of
this
City
,
that
it
is
E
minimis
pulcherrimum
,
and
though
it
be
little
,
is
not
on
that
,
nor
any
other
account
despicable
;
Inest
sua
gratia
parvis
.
This
Bath
is
thought
by
Dr.
Jorden
to
participate
more
of
Nitre
than
the
rest
,
and
therefore
is
observed
to
supple
&
mollifie
somewhat
more
,
receiving
a
greater
degree
of
cleansing
and
penetrating
from
the
Nitre
;
Consonant
to
which
't
is
said
of
the
Cornelian
Bath
in
Akin
.
Cap.
17.
Rurem
.
de
Bal.
Aq.
p.
21.
Aqua
hujus
Balnei
sulphurea
quidem
est
,
sed
salis
non
paruns
habet
admistum
,
quin
&
bitaminis
nonnihil
in
esse
certis
indiciis
deprehenditur
;
Quo
fit
ut
haec
aliquanto
valentiore
sit
exiccandi
,
extennandique
potissimum
facultate
,
quam
aliae
,
discut
it
,
abstergit
,
ac
mollit
,
i.e.
The
water
of
this
Bath
is
indeed
sulphurous
,
but
hath
a
considerable
quantity
of
salt
mixed
with
it
,
and
some
Bitumen
;
wherefore
this
hath
a
more
powerful
drying
,
and
attenuating
faculty
than
the
rest
,
discusses
,
cleanses
,
and
mollifies
.
And
whereas
instead
of
Nitre
,
he
mentions
Salt
,
the
difference
,
though
something
I
confess
,
cannot
be
great
,
since
many
of
the
same
vertues
are
both
by
him
and
others
attributed
to
saline
Waters
,
as
Nitrous
;
Nitre
it self
being
a
kind
of
Salt
.
Therme
Nitrosae
omnino
easdem
facultates
habent
,
quas
Salsae
,
&c.
From
the
mixture
of
the
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
,
it
heats
,
discusses
,
and
supples
;
from
the
Nitre
,
it
receives
an
addition
of
cleansing
,
and
penetrating
.
Fuch
.
Inst.
Med.
lib.
2●
S.
5.
c.
28.
This
Bath
then
must
be
of
Excellent
Use
in
all
Contractions
,
Indurations
,
and
Resolutions
of
nervous
parts
,
disperse
,
and
dissipate
cold
Tumors
;
relieve
Cachectick
,
Hydropick
,
and
Corpulent
persons
;
oppose
the
Sciatica
,
Cramps
,
Convulsions
,
Defluxions
,
Barrenness
,
and
the
Whites
in
Women
;
usefull
in
Cutaneous
Distempers
;
as
the
Itch
,
Scabs
,
Morphew
,
and
Leprosie
.
Good
for
fleshy
,
cold
,
moist
bodies
;
and
not
so
proper
for
hot
,
and
dry
Constitutions
.
And
here
I
must
crave
leave
to
add
,
that
the
reason
I
conceive
why
the
Cross
Bath
comes
not
up
to
the
heat
of
the
rest
,
is
partly
on
the
account
of
its
being
served
by
four
Springs
,
but
chiefly
proceeds
from
the
greater
proportion
of
Nitre
it
contains
,
which
being
of
a
cooling
nature
,
may
more
allay
the
heat
arising
from
the
Sulphur
and
Bitumen
there
,
then
in
the
other
Bathes
.
And
that
Nitre
doth
more
abound
in
that
Bath
,
then
in
the
rest
,
may
probably
be
collected
,
as
from
other
reasons
,
which
I
here
forbear
to
mention
,
so
partly
from
this
,
that
it
sooner
penetrates
the
body
,
and
hath
an
easier
,
and
quicker
ingress
into
its
passages
and
pores
,
to
the
great
relief
of
some
,
though
it
seems
Paradoxical
,
in
Nephritick
Distempers
.
But
I
hope
I
may
be
excused
on
the
Score
of
my
former
Engagement
,
if
I
am
not
more
particular
at
this
time
,
in
things
of
this
nature
,
till
a
just
amassment
of
Observations
and
Experiments
,
and
a
rational
deduction
of
Conclusions
from
them
,
(
which
I
hope
in
some
time
to
accomplish
)
shall
either
confirm
me
in
the
opinion
I
now
have
of
the
Nature
and
Vertues
of
the
Baths
of
Bathe
,
or
supply
me
with
a
better
.
Atque
haec
Hactenus
.
FINIS
.
Sphalmata
Typographica
.
PRef.
Page
1.
Line
14.
Read
review
.
l.
16.
r.
quacking
.
p.
4.
l.
15.
for
only
,
r.
with
.
p.
5.
l.
27.
for
the
fig
,
48.
r.
57.
p.
11.
l.
9.
r.
from
the
Place
.
Epist.
Ded.
Page
3.
in
the
marg.
against
Galba
,
insert
Ingenium
Galbae
male
habitat
.
Appendix
.
Page
4
in
margent
,
for
Hunesey
,
r.
Hunes
.
p.
5
.
in
marg.
r.
Manlius
.
p.7.l.7
.
r.
fawningly
.
p.
8
.
l.7.r.
names
in
l.
10.
for
is
,
r.
are
.
l.
31.
blot
out
to
.
p.
9
.
l.
29
.
r.
me
to
th
.
p.
14.r
.
Marius
.
p.
16
.
l.
r.
along
siege
.
p.19.l.16
.
r.
printed
.
p.
21
.
l.
12
.
for
0
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
r.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
l.
r.a
man
that
pr.
p.26.l.5
.
for
Burkeley
,
r.
Burghley
.
p.
28.l.9
r.
Jactis
,
l.
20
.
r.
limina
.
p.
29
.
l.
17
.
r.
Rodb
.
l.
20.r
.
urbem
.
l.
22.r
regalis
.
l.
ult.r
.
pteromata
.
p.
30
.
l.
2
.
r.
longas
.
l.
11
.
r.
fanis
.
l.
16
.
r.
prostant
.
p.
31.l.2.r
.
suorum
.
l.3.r
.
lampade
.
p.
33.l.5.r
.
Mi●ae
.
l.9.r.
fusor
.
l.14
.
r.
votis
.
l.
18.r
.
praeducente
.
l.19.r
.
Cantica
.
p.
34
.
l.
1
.
r.
diu
.
p.
39
.
l.
13
.
r.
Septimius
.
p.
40
.
in
marg.
r.
Merry
Vib.
p.
43
.
l.
23
.
r.
qui.
for
Rose
,
Rosin
.
p.
48
.
l.
2
.
r.
Grani.
l.
8
.
r.
immutat
●
.
p.
50.l.33.r
.
preserved
.
p.
55.l.23.r
.
material
.
p.
56.l.15.r
.
fevour
.
l.
31.r
.
Exten
.