THE
HISTORY
OF
IVSTINE
,
Taken
out
of
the
four
and
forty
BOOKS
OF
TROGUS
POMPEIUS
:
CONTANING
The
Affairs
of
all
Ages
,
and
Countrys
,
both
in
Peace
and
War
,
from
the
beginning
of
the
World
untill
the
Time
of
the
Roman
EMPERORS
.
Together
,
With
the
Epitomie
of
the
Lives
and
Manners
of
the
Roman
Emperors
,
from
Octavius
Augustus
Caesar
,
to
the
Emperor
Theodosius
.
Translated
into
English
by
Robert
Codrington
,
Master
of
ARTS
.
LONDON
,
Printed
for
William
Gilbertson
,
and
are
to
be
sold
at
the
sign
of
the
Bible
in
Gilt-Spur
.
Street
without
Newgate
,
1654.
To
the
most
Illustrious
OLIVER
,
Lord
Protector
of
the
Common-Wealth
of
the
three
Nations
of
England
,
Ireland
,
and
Scotland
,
and
the
Dominions
thereunto
belonging
.
My
Lord
,
SO
great
is
the
happiness
that
we
already
do
enjoy
under
Your
Highness
Protection
,
that
we
have
neither
hearts
nor
hopes
,
but
what
are
armed
with
a
Confidence
,
that
from
the
tempests
and
the
discords
of
War
we
shall
gradually
return
to
the
harmony
of
the
Arts
,
nor
act
any
more
Wars
in
our
Fields
,
but
content
ourselves
with
the
reading
of
them
in
our
Histories
at
home
;
being
crowned
with
a
Safety
,
as
accomplished
as
Peace
and
Plenty
,
and
as
Piety
her self
can
make
it
.
Neither
is
this
(
My
Lord
)
the
Expectation
onely
of
the
three
Nations
united
in
this
Common-wealth
,
but
of
Fo●raign
States
and
Princes
,
who
as
much
dread
as
gratulate
your
Greatness
,
to
which
the
differing
Counsels
of
the
State
,
and
the
lowd
necessities
of
the
moving
times
,
and
no
desires
of
your
own
did
call
you
.
This
is
that
(
My
Lord
)
which
will
yet
raise
you
higher
,
and
which
will
establish
you
in
that
height
.
He
stands
fast
who
is
advanced
,
and
upheld
by
the
hand
of
Providence
,
which
even
by
the
mightiest
of
your
Enemies
will
be
acknowledged
;
who
surprized
as
.
much
with
envy
as
admiration
,
shall
finde
the
Presence
and
the
Power
of
GOD
in
the
wonder
of
your
Victories
;
And
from
the
observation
and
the
Course
of
your
Actions
,
they
may
before-hand
pass
a
judgement
on
themselves
,
either
of
their
Happiness
or
their
Dangers
.
In
this
History
,
your
Highness
may
observe
by
what
Arts
Empires
and
Kingdoms
have
been
Erected
,
and
how
justly
they
have
suffered
when
the
corruptions
of
Peace
did
deliver
them
to
the
Examination
of
the
Sword
,
to
be
either
reformed
or
destroyed
;
You
may
observe
how
the
World
hath
been
Inhabited
by
several
Plantations
,
which
though
many
of
them
may
seem
neer
unto
a
Fable
,
yet
doubtless
there
is
something
of
Truth
in
them
,
as
may
appear
by
what
is
rehearsed
of
the
Iews
;
whose
Ancestry
,
and
whose
Religion
being
precisely
concealed
from
the
observation
of
the
Gentiles
,
it
is
to
be
wondred
how
Trogus
Pompeius
knew
so
much
;
and
that
Tacitus
,
who
lived
many
years
after
him
,
and
when
the
Iews
had
a
Synagogue
in
Rome
,
should
know
so
little
,
and
in
that
little
,
should
fall
so
short
of
the
Truth
.
My
Lord
,
This
History
in
the
Original
was
dedicated
to
Antoninus
Pius
,
an
Emperor
so
admirable
for
his
Government
,
that
the
striving
gratulations
of
those
officious
times
wherein
he
lived
,
when
they
could
finde
no
parallel
for
him
,
they
had
recourse
unto
Antiquity
,
and
compared
him
unto
Numa
.
I
have
presumed
(
My
Lord
)
to
prefer
the
Translation
of
it
to
your
Highness
Protection
,
whose
Courage
,
and
whose
candor
is
beyond
Example
,
and
whose
Piety
is
greater
then
both
.
The
Idolatry
of
the
Romans
decreed
divine
Honours
to
Antoninus
,
and
imployed
all
their
Eloquence
to
extoll
him
,
being
dead
.
It
shall
be
the
Business
of
our
zeal
to
wait
upon
your
Lawrels
,
and
with
the
eloquence
of
a
bended
knee
to
implore
the
Almighty
to
continue
you
long
amongst
us
the
Protector
of
true
Religion
,
and
the
Delight
and
Defender
of
the
Arts
;
and
that
when
by
a
late
Death
you
shall
be
taken
from
us
,
our
suffrages
may
be
so
happy
as
to
find
a
Successor
like
unto
you
:
So
prayeth
My
Lord
,
Your
Highness
most
humble
and
most
devoted
Servant
Robert
Codrington
.
The
History
of
Iustine
,
THE
INTRODVCTION
OF
IVSTINE
,
The
most
famous
Historian
,
to
the
Histories
of
Trogus
Pompeius
,
Dedicated
to
the
Emperor
ANTONINVS
.
WHereas
many
of
the
Romans
,
and
men
of
Consulary
dignity
,
have
committed
to
History
the
Roman
Affairs
both
in
Greek
and
other
tongues
;
Trogus
Pompeius
,
a
man
of
ancient
eloquence
,
being
delighted
either
with
the
desire
of
glory
,
or
with
the
variety
and
novelty
of
the
enterprize
,
did
compose
in
Latine
not
only
the
History
of
Greece
,
but
the
History
also
of
the
whole
world
,
that
as
the
Roman
affairs
are
read
in
Greek
,
so
now
the
affairs
of
Greece
may
be
read
in
the
Roman
tongue
:
and
if
the
works
of
other
Authors
,
discoursing
on
the
acts
of
several
Kings
and
Nations
do
seem
to
them
to
be
a
task
of
arduous
difficul●y
,
ought
not
Pompeius
seem
unto
us
with
Herculean
boldness
to
adventure
through
the
whole
world
,
in
whose
books
the
acts
of
all
Ages
,
Kings
,
Nations
and
People
are
contained
?
And
what
the
Greek
Historians
have
confusedly
thrust
together
as
every
one
thought
best
unto
himself
,
srogus
Pompeius
(
some
things
being
omitted
which
were
judged
to
be
superfluous
)
hath
digested
the
rest
into
order
,
the
whole
work
being
distinguished
by
time
,
&
by
the
course
and
Series
of
the
affairs
.
In
the
leisures
which
in
this
City
I
enjoyed
,
I
have
carefully
collected
out
of
his
four
and
forty
books
(
for
so
many
he
did
publish
)
all
things
which
did
proffer
themselves
to
observation
:
and
I
have
composed
as
it
were
one
Posie
of
flowers
of
them
,
those
things
being
left
out
which
were
neither
delightful
for
the
pleasure
of
knowledge
,
nor
profitable
for
example
:
to
the
end
that
both
those
who
understand
the
Greek
tongue
might
have
wherewith
to
be
remembred
,
and
those
who
understand
it
not
may
have
wherewith
to
be
informed
.
This
I
have
transmitted
unto
you
Emperor
Antoninus
,
not
to
improve
your
knowledge
,
but
to
correct
the
defects
thereof
:
as
also
that
I
may
give
you
an
account
even
of
my
leisures
,
of
which
Cato
recordeth
,
that
an
account
is
to
be
rendred
.
Your
approbation
even
in
this
time
will
be
sufficient
for
me
,
by
which
,
when
envy
and
detraction
shall
be
gone
,
Posterity
shall
receive
a
testimony
of
my
industry
.
The
First
Book
OF
JUSTINE
THE
HISTORIAN
,
Taken
out
of
the
Histories
of
Trogus
Pompeius
.
IN
the
beginning
of
Affairs
,
the
command
of
People
and
Nations
was
in
the
power
of
Kings
,
whom
no
popular
ambition
,
but
an
approved
moderation
amongst
good
men
did
advance
unto
the
height
of
Majesty
.
The
people
were
restrained
by
no
Laws
,
the
arbitrations
of
the
Princes
being
in
the
place
of
Laws
:
It
was
their
custome
rather
to
defend
then
to
enlarge
the
bounds
of
their
Empires
:
Their
own
Countries
were
to
every
one
the
limits
of
their
Kingdoms
:
Ninus
King
of
the
Assyrians
was
the
first
of
all
,
who
by
an
immoderate
desire
of
reign
,
did
change
the
ancient
,
and
(
as
it
were
)
the
hereditary
custome
of
the
Nations
.
He
first
made
war
upon
his
Neighbours
,
and
subdued
the
people
(
as
yet
unexperienced
to
resist
)
even
to
the
bounds
of
Africk
.
There
were
indeed
more
antient
in
time
,
as
Vexores
King
of
Egypt
,
and
Tanais
King
of
Scythia
,
one
of
whom
advanced
into
Pontus
,
and
the
other
as
far
as
Egypt
;
but
their
wars
were
remote
,
and
not
on
their
neighbouring
Countreys
:
neither
sought
they
domination
for
themselves
,
but
glory
for
their
people
:
and
being
contented
with
victory
,
they
abstained
from
the
tyranny
of
command
.
Ninus
with
continued
happiness
confirmed
the
greatness
of
his
acquired
power
;
therefore
the
next
Nations
unto
him
being
subdued
,
he
by
the
access
of
new
powers
,
did
always
march
more
strong
against
the
others
;
and
every
last
victory
being
the
promoting
of
the
following
,
he
overcame
all
the
Nations
of
the
East
.
His
last
war
was
with
Zoroastres
King
of
the
Bactrians
,
who
is
said
first
of
all
to
have
found
out
the
art
of
Magick
,
and
most
diligently
to
have
observed
the
beginnings
of
the
world
,
and
the
motions
of
the
stars
.
He
being
slain
,
Ninus
deccased
himself
,
his
son
Ninus
whom
he
had
by
Semiramis
being
not
yet
of
age
:
she
not
daring
to
deliver
up
the
Empire
to
a
boy
,
nor
openly
to
exercise
the
command
of
it
her self
,
so
many
and
so
great
Nations
being
scarcely
to
be
obedient
to
a
man
,
much
less
unto
a
woman
,
did
counterfeit
her self
to
be
the
son
instead
of
the
wise
of
Ninus
,
and
a
boy
instead
of
a
woman
.
They
were
both
of
a
middle
stature
,
their
voyce
but
soft
;
their
complexion
and
features
of
face
,
and
the
lineaments
of
their
bodies
were
alike
both
in
the
mother
and
the
son
:
she
therefore
with
rayment
covered
her
arms
and
thighs
,
and
put
a
tire
on
her
head
;
and
that
she
might
not
seem
to
conceal
any
thing
by
her
new
habit
,
she
commanded
the
people
to
be
clothed
in
the
same
attire
,
which
that
whole
Nation
have
ever
since
observed
:
Having
thus
counterfeiced
her
Sex
,
she
was
believed
to
be
a
boy
.
After
this
she
made
her self
famous
by
great
atchievements
,
by
the
magnificence
whereof
when
she
thought
she
had
overcome
all
envy
,
she
c●nfes●ed
who
she
was
,
and
whom
she
had
counterfeited
;
neither
did
this
take
away
from
her
the
dignity
of
her
Government
,
but
increased
her
admiration
,
that
a
woman
not
only
surpassed
her
sex
,
but
even
men
in
vertue
.
She
builded
Babylon
,
and
encompassed
it
with
a
wall
of
Brick
,
being
interlined
with
Rozen
,
Sand
,
Pitch
,
which
in
those
places
the
earth
doth
everywhere
cast
up
:
There
were
many
other
famous
acts
of
this
Queen
;
for
not
content
to
defend
the
Boundaries
of
the
Empire
obtained
by
her
husband
,
she
not
only
added
Aethiopia
to
it
,
but
she
carried
the
war
into
India
,
which
besides
her
and
Alexander
the
Great
never
any
in
vaded
.
At
last
when
she
desired
to
lie
with
her
son
,
she
was
killed
by
him
,
having
reigned
two
and
forty
years
after
Ninus
.
Her
son
Ninns
being
contented
with
the
Empire
purchased
by
his
Parents
,
did
abandon
the
study
of
war
,
and
as
if
he
had
changed
his
sex
with
his
mother
,
he
grew
old
in
the
company
of
Ladies
,
being
seldome
at
any
time
seen
by
men
;
his
Successors
also
following
his
example
,
gave
answers
to
the
Nations
by
their
Agents
.
The
Assyrians
,
who
afterwards
were
called
Syrians
,
did
possess
the
Empire
for
the
space
of
one
thousand
and
three
hundred
yeers
.
The
last
that
reigned
was
Sardanapalus
,
a
man
more
dissolute
then
a
woman
.
When
his
Lieutenant
over
the
Medes
,
Arbactus
by
name
,
after
great
solicitation
could
hardly
be
admitted
into
his
presence
,
which
was
vouchsafed
unto
none
before
him
,
he
found
him
amongst
a
throng
of
Concubines
spinning
Purple
on
a
distaff
,
and
distributing
their
tasks
unto
them
,
and
exceeding
them
all
both
in
the
effeminacy
of
his
habit
,
the
softness
of
his
body
,
and
the
wanton
glances
of
his
eye
:
Which
things
observed
,
Arbactus
being
possest
with
indignation
,
that
so
many
men
should
be
subjet
to
such
a
woman
,
and
that
those
who
did
bear
arms
should
obey
a
Spinster
,
repairing
to
his
companions
,
he
did
communicate
to
them
what
he
beheld
;
he
denied
that
he
could
pay
Homage
unto
him
who
had
rather
be
a
woman
then
a
man
.
A
conspiracy
therefore
was
plotted
,
and
war
was
made
on
Sardanapalus
,
which
he
understanding
,
(
not
as
a
man
who
would
defend
his
Kingdom
,
but
as
women
at
the
fear
of
death
)
he
looked
first
about
where
to
hide
him
;
then
with
a
few
,
and
those
out
of
all
military
order
,
he
advanced
to
the
battell
;
being
overcome
,
he
retired
himself
into
his
Court
,
where
a
pile
of
wood
being
prepared
and
burning
,
he
threw
himself
and
his
riches
into
the
fire
,
in
this
only
having
imitated
a
man
:
After
this
Arbactus
the
Governor
of
the
Medes
,
and
the
killer
of
the
King
,
was
made
King
himself
;
he
translated
the
Empire
from
the
Assyrians
to
the
Medes
:
After
many
Kings
the
Kingdom
did
descend
to
Astyages
by
the
order
of
Succession
.
He
in
a
dream
beheld
a
Vine
to
spring
from
the
womb
of
his
only
daughter
,
by
the
branches
whereof
all
Asia
was
shadowed
:
The
Magicians
being
asked
their
counsel
,
they
made
answer
,
that
from
the
same
daughter
he
should
have
a
Grandchild
whose
greatness
was
presaged
,
and
that
he
himself
should
lose
the
Kingdom
:
Being
amazed
at
this
answer
,
he
gave
his
daughter
in
marriage
neither
to
a
Gentleman
nor
to
a
Citizen
,
lest
the
nobility
of
the
Father
and
Mother
should
elevate
the
mind
of
his
Grandchild
,
but
to
Cambyses
a
mean
man
,
and
one
at
that
time
of
the
obscure
Nation
of
the
Persians
:
And
the
fear
of
his
dream
being
not
thus
taken
off
,
he
sent
for
his
daughter
being
great
with
child
,
that
the
child
should
especially
be
killed
in
the
sight
of
the
Grandfather
.
The
Infant
being
born
,
was
delivered
to
Harpagus
(
a
partaker
with
the
King
in
all
his
counsels
)
to
be
killed
.
He
fearing
that
if
the
King
being
dead
,
and
the
Empire
divolved
to
his
daughter
,
because
that
Astyages
had
no
male-child
,
she
would
take
that
revenge
from
the
servant
which
she
could
not
from
the
father
for
the
murder
of
her
son
,
did
deliver
the
Babe
to
the
Kings
Shepheard
to
be
exposed
in
the
woods
to
the
mercy
of
wilde
beasts
.
It
so
fell
out
,
that
at
the
same
time
the
Shepheard
had
a
son
born
;
his
wife
,
hearing
of
the
exposition
of
this
royall
Infant
,
did
earnestly
intreat
her
husband
that
the
child
might
be
brought
home
and
shewed
her
:
Returning
to
the
wood
he
found
a
bitch
close
unto
the
Infant
giving
suck
unto
him
,
and
defending
him
from
the
birds
and
beasts
:
and
being
himself
moved
to
compassion
,
with
which
he
saw
the
bitch
to
be
touched
,
he
brought
the
Infant
to
his
cottage
,
the
bitch
all
the
way
sollicitously
following
him
;
as
soon
as
the
woman
took
him
into
her
arms
,
the
boy
danced
as
to
a
note
of
musick
;
and
there
appeared
in
him
such
a
vigor
,
and
such
sweet
smiles
of
flattering
innocence
,
that
the
wife
of
her
own
accord
did
desire
the
Shepheard
to
expose
her
own
child
for
him
,
and
to
give
her
leave
to
bring
up
that
boy
either
for
his
hopefulness
,
or
for
his
fortune
;
and
thus
the
condition
of
the
little
ones
being
changed
,
the
one
was
brought
up
for
the
Shepheard
,
and
the
other
exposed
for
the
Grand
child
of
the
King
.
The
name
of
the
Nurse
was
afterwards
called
Spacon
,
for
so
the
Persians
do
call
a
bitch
.
The
boy
being
brought
up
amongst
the
Shepheards
,
received
the
name
of
Cyrus
.
Not
long
after
being
by
lot
chosen
King
amongst
his
Play-fellows
,
when
by
wantonness
he
punished
those
who
appeared
to
be
stubborn
with
stripes
,
a
complaint
was
brought
from
the
fathers
of
the
boys
to
the
King
,
disdaining
that
the
sons
of
ingenuous
men
should
be
whipped
like
slaves
by
a
servant
of
the
Kings
.
The
boy
being
sent
for
,
and
the
reason
of
it
demanded
,
when
with
a
countenance
nothing
changed
,
he
made
answer
,
that
he
did
as
a
King
;
the
King
admiring
his
constancy
,
did
call
to
mind
his
dream
,
and
the
answer
of
the
Magitians
into
his
memory
;
and
when
his
Physiognomy
and
likeness
,
and
the
time
of
his
being
exposed
,
and
the
confession
of
the
Shepheard
did
all
agree
,
he
acknowledged
him
to
be
his
Grandchild
;
and
because
he
thought
he
was
clear
of
his
dream
,
the
domination
of
Cyrus
being
exercised
amongst
the
Shepheards
,
he
only
dismissed
him
with
a
check
:
but
being
angry
with
Harpagus
in
revenge
of
his
preserved
Grandchild
,
he
slew
his
own
son
,
and
delivered
him
to
his
father
to
feast
on
;
Harpagus
for
the
present
having
dissembled
his
grief
,
deferred
his
hatred
of
the
act
to
an
occasion
of
revenge
.
Some
yeers
after
this
,
when
Cyrus
grew
into
years
,
Harpagus
being
admonished
with
his
grief
that
he
was
childless
,
did
write
unto
Cyrus
how
he
was
made
over
by
his
Grandfather
to
the
Persians
,
how
he
commanded
him
to
be
slain
being
a
little
one
,
how
he
was
preserved
by
his
benefit
,
how
he
had
offended
the
King
by
it
,
and
lost
his
own
son
:
He
exhorted
him
to
prepare
an
Army
and
advance
the
ready
way
into
the
Kingdom
,
promising
that
the
Medes
should
turn
unto
him
;
the
Letter
because
it
could
not
be
carried
openly
,
(
the
Kings
Garrisons
guarding
all
the
avenues
)
was
put
into
the
belly
of
a
disentrail'd
Hare
,
and
he
Hare
was
delivered
to
a
faithful
servant
to
be
carried
to
Cyrus
into
Persia
;
Nets
were
also
given
to
him
,
that
under
the
pretence
of
hunting
the
deceit
might
be
more
conceal'd
.
The
Letters
being
read
,
he
was
commanded
in
a
dream
to
take
the
same
course
,
and
was
forewarned
that
whom
he
first
should
meet
with
on
the
next
morning
,
he
should
take
him
as
a
Companion
in
his
enterprizes
.
Beginning
his
journey
about
the
break
of
day
,
he
met
with
the
servant
of
a
Median
,
Sybaris
by
name
,
who
lately
had
escaped
out
of
prison
;
his
pedigree
being
demanded
,
he
no
sooner
understood
that
he
was
a
Persian
,
but
his
chains
being
knocked
off
,
he
took
him
as
his
companion
,
and
returned
to
the
City
of
Persopolis
.
The
people
being
there
called
together
,
he
commanded
all
of
them
to
be
ready
with
their
hatchets
to
cut
down
the
wood
that
shut
up
the
way
;
which
when
they
had
cheerfully
performed
,
he
invited
them
on
the
next
day
to
a
dinner
,
and
when
he
observ'd
them
made
more
cheerful
,
he
demanded
of
them
,
that
if
a
condition
were
propounded
to
them
,
which
course
of
life
they
would
make
choice
of
,
whether
of
yesterdays
labor
,
or
of
this
days
dinner
;
as
they
all
cryed
out
,
Of
this
days
dinner
;
you
shall
live
all
your
lives
,
said
he
,
like
to
yesterdays
labor
,
as
long
as
you
obey
the
Medes
;
but
if
you
will
follow
me
,
you
shall
lead
a
life
like
to
your
present
feasting
.
All
of
them
rejoycing
thereat
,
he
made
war
upon
the
Medians
.
Astyages
forgetting
what
Harpagus
had
deserved
of
him
,
did
commit
the
chief
command
of
the
war
unto
him
;
he
no
sooner
received
the
Army
,
but
presently
did
betray
it
unto
Cyrus
,
revenging
the
cruelty
of
the
King
with
the
perfidiousness
of
revolt
;
which
when
Astyages
understood
,
having
from
all
places
drawo
together
new
forces
,
he
advanced
in
person
against
the
Persians
,
and
the
fight
being
begun
again
with
great
resolution
,
whiles
his
men
were
in
the
height
of
the
conflict
,
he
placed
a
part
of
his
Army
on
their
Rear
,
and
commanded
them
to
fall
on
the
flying
souldiers
with
their
swords
as
on
enemies
,
&
proclaimed
to
those
in
the
Van
with
him
,
that
unless
they
overcame
,
they
should
find
no
less
resolute
men
on
their
Rear
then
in
their
Front
;
therefore
he
advised
them
to
look
to
it
,
whether
this
Army
was
to
be
broken
by
them
flying
,
or
that
by
them
fighting
.
Admonished
by
this
necessity
,
his
Army
did
fight
with
great
resolution
;
therefore
when
the
Army
of
the
Persians
(
being
forced
)
began
to
give
ground
a
little
,
their
mothers
and
their
wives
did
meet
them
,
and
desired
them
to
return
into
the
battel
;
the
souldiers
delaying
to
rally
and
to
charge
again
,
the
women
pulling
up
their
cloaths
did
shew
them
the
nakedness
of
their
bodies
,
and
asked
them
if
they
would
fly
back
into
the
wombs
of
their
mothers
or
their
wives
;
being
restrained
with
this
check
,
they
returned
into
the
battel
,
and
having
made
a
violent
impression
upon
their
enemies
,
they
inforce
those
of
fly
from
whom
before
they
fled
.
In
this
fight
Astyages
was
taken
,
from
whom
Cyrus
took
nothing
but
his
Kingdom
,
and
deported
himself
to
him
rather
like
a
Grandchild
then
a
Conqueror
;
and
because
he
would
not
return
again
unto
the
Medians
,
he
made
him
Governor
of
the
populous
Nation
of
the
Hyrcanians
.
This
was
the
end
of
the
Empire
of
the
Medes
,
which
continued
three
hundred
and
fifty
years
.
Cyrus
in
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
made
Cybaris
Governor
of
Persia
,
&
gave
him
his
sister
to
marriage
,
having
according
to
his
vision
in
the
night
delivered
him
from
his
chains
,
and
made
him
his
companion
in
all
his
enterprizes
.
But
the
Cities
of
the
Medians
which
were
tributary
,
thinking
their
condition
changed
with
their
Empire
,
did
revolt
from
Cyrus
,
which
was
the
cause
and
original
of
many
wars
unto
him
;
but
the
greatest
part
of
them
being
at
last
subdued
,
when
he
made
war
against
the
Babylonians
,
Croesus
the
King
of
the
Lydians
who
in
those
days
was
famous
for
his
treasure
and
rich
moveables
,
did
march
to
their
assistance
;
but
being
overcome
,
and
solicitous
for
his
own
safety
,
he
fled
into
his
back
Kingdom
.
Cyrus
after
this
victory
having
setled
the
affairs
in
Babylon
,
did
carry
the
war
into
Lydia
,
where
he
easily
overcame
the
Army
of
Croesus
;
they
being
discouraged
at
the
fortune
of
the
former
fight
,
Craesus
himself
was
taken
;
but
by
how
much
the
war
was
of
the
less
danger
,
by
so
much
the
milder
was
the
victory
.
Croesus
had
his
life
,
and
some
parts
of
his
Patrimony
,
and
the
City
Borce
granted
to
him
,
in
which
although
he
lived
not
a
Kingly
life
,
yet
it
was
next
to
Kingly
Majesty
.
This
clemency
was
no
less
profitable
to
the
Conqueror
then
the
Conquered
;
for
it
being
known
that
war
was
made
against
him
,
Auxiliaries
came
in
such
great
numbers
to
him
out
of
all
Greece
,
as
to
extinguish
a
common
fire
;
so
great
was
the
love
which
the
Cities
in
general
did
profess
to
Croesus
,
that
Cyrus
would
have
pull'd
a
heavy
war
from
all
Greece
upon
himself
,
if
he
had
determined
any
thing
too
cruelly
against
Croesus
.
In
the
process
of
time
Cyrus
being
imployed
in
other
wars
,
the
Lydians
again
rebelled
,
who
being
again
overcome
,
their
horses
and
arms
were
taken
from
them
,
and
they
were
commanded
to
exercise
voluptuous
and
effeminate
arts
and
employments
,
by
which
means
that
industrious
&
heretofore
powerful
and
warlike
Nation
being
weakned
by
sloth
and
riot
,
did
lose
their
antient
vertue
,
and
whom
before
Cyrus
no
wars
could
master
,
being
fallen
into
luxury
,
ease
and
excess
did
overcome
.
The
Lydians
had
many
Kings
before
Croesus
famous
for
many
adventures
;
but
the
fortune
of
Candaules
is
to
be
compared
unto
none
,
who
,
when
he
made
his
wife
the
subject
of
all
his
discourse
,
whom
he
too
much
loved
for
the
excellence
of
her
beauty
;
and
as
if
silence
were
the
enemy
of
beauty
,
being
not
content
with
the
tacit
conscience
of
his
pleasures
,
unless
he
revealed
the
secrets
of
wedlock
,
to
add
at
last
a
proof
to
his
asseveration
,
shewed
her
naked
to
his
companion
Gyges
,
by
which
fact
he
made
both
his
friend
his
enemy
,
being
allured
to
commit
adultery
with
his
wife
,
and
her
love
being
thus
betrayed
to
another
,
he
estranged
his
wife
from
himself
;
for
not
long
after
the
murder
of
Candaules
,
was
the
reward
of
the
marriage
.
The
wife
being
●ndowred
with
the
blood
of
her
husband
,
delivered
both
her self
and
the
Kingdom
of
her
Husband
to
her
adulterer
:
Cyrus
,
Asia
being
overcome
,
and
all
the
East
brought
into
his
power
,
did
make
war
upon
the
Scythians
.
In
that
time
Thomyris
was
Queen
of
the
Scythians
,
who
being
not
(
like
a
woman
)
affrighted
at
the
approach
of
her
enemies
,
she
suffered
them
to
pass
over
the
river
of
Araxes
when
she
might
have
hindred
them
,
conceiving
that
the
event
of
the
battell
would
prove
more
successful
to
her
within
the
bounds
of
her
own
Kingdom
,
and
that
the
flight
would
be
more
difficult
to
her
enemies
by
reason
of
the
interposition
of
the
river
;
Cyrus
therefore
when
he
had
passed
over
his
forces
,
having
advanced
a
little
further
into
Scythia
,
did
there
pitch
his
tents
;
on
the
next
day
dissembling
a
fear
,
as
if
he
flying
back
had
forsaken
his
Camp
,
he
left
behind
him
great
store
of
wine
,
and
of
those
things
which
were
necessary
for
a
Banquet
,
which
when
it
was
declared
to
the
Queen
,
she
sent
her
young
son
to
pursue
him
with
the
third
part
of
the
Army
.
When
he
came
to
Cyrus
Camp
,
the
young
man
being
unexperienced
in
the
affairs
of
war
,
forgetting
his
enemies
,
and
as
if
he
came
to
feast
and
not
to
fight
,
did
permit
the
Barbarians
,
unaccustomed
to
wine
,
to
overburthen
themselves
with
it
,
and
the
Scythians
were
overcome
with
wine
before
they
were
overcome
in
war
;
for
this
being
discovered
,
Cyrus
returning
by
night
did
oppress
them
,
not
thinking
of
him
,
and
put
all
the
Scythians
to
the
sword
,
and
the
son
of
their
Queen
.
Thomyris
(
so
great
an
Army
being
lost
,
and
which
is
more
to
be
lamented
,
her
only
son
)
did
not
pour
forth
her
grief
into
tears
that
she
was
childless
,
but
did
reserve
it
into
the
comfort
of
revenge
,
and
with
the
like
policy
of
deceit
circumvented
her
enemies
insulting
at
their
late
victory
;
for
counterfeiting
a
distrust
of
her
strength
,
and
retiring
in
some
disorder
,
by
reason
of
the
loss
received
,
she
brought
Cyrus
into
a
straight
betwixt
two
hills
,
where
her
Ambuscado
being
lodged
,
she
killed
two
hundred
thousand
of
the
Persians
,
with
the
King
himself
.
In
which
victory
this
also
was
memorable
,
That
there
remained
not
a
messenger
of
so
great
an
overthrow
.
The
head
of
Cyrus
being
cut
off
,
the
Queen
commanded
it
to
be
cast
into
a
tub
filled
with
the
blood
of
men
,
with
this
exprobration
of
his
cruelty
,
Satisfie
thy self
,
she
said
,
with
blood
which
thou
thirstedst
after
,
and
of
which
thou
hast
always
been
insatiable
.
Cyrus
did
reign
thirty
yeers
,
being
admirably
remarkable
not
only
in
the
beginning
of
h●s
reign
,
but
by
a
continual
success
through
all
his
life
.
His
son
Cambyses
did
succeed
him
,
who
add●d
Aegypt
to
his
Fathers
Empire
;
but
being
offended
with
the
superstitions
of
the
Aegyptians
,
he
commanded
the
Temples
of
Apis
,
and
of
others
of
their
Gods
to
be
demolished
;
He
sent
also
his
Army
to
destroy
the
most
famous
Temple
of
Ammon
,
which
Army
was
lost
,
being
overwhelmed
with
tempests
,
and
with
hills
of
sands
.
After
this
he
saw
in
his
sleep
that
his
brother
Mergides
should
reign
;
being
affrighted
at
which
vision
,
he
delayed
not
to
commit
parricide
after
sacriledge
;
for
it
was
not
easie
for
him
to
spare
his
own
,
who
had
committed
violence
against
the
Gods
.
To
this
so
cruell
an
execution
he
selected
one
of
his
friends
,
a
Magician
called
Comaris
.
In
the
mean
time
,
he
himself
being
grievously
wounded
in
the
thigh
with
his
own
sword
dropping
by
chance
out
of
his
scabberd
,
died
of
that
wound
,
and
endured
the
punishment
either
of
parricide
commanded
,
or
of
sacriledge
committed
.
This
being
made
known
by
a
Mesenger
,
Magus
committed
the
villany
before
the
death
of
the
King
was
reported
,
and
Mergides
being
killed
,
to
whom
the
Kingdom
was
due
,
he
sub●litu●ed
his
own
brother
Oropastes
in
his
room
;
for
he
was
like
unto
him
in
the
favor
of
face
,
and
in
the
lineaments
of
body
,
and
no
man
suspecting
the
deceit
,
Oropastes
was
made
King
in
the
stead
of
Mergides
;
which
was
reserved
the
more
private
,
because
amongst
the
Persians
the
person
of
the
King
under
the
awful
pretext
of
Majes●ie
is
always
concealed
:
Therefore
the
Magi
to
win
unto
them
the
favor
of
the
people
,
did
forbear
the
Tributes
,
and
granted
a
vacation
from
wars
for
three
yeers
,
that
they
might
confirm
the
Government
to
them
by
favours
and
largesses
which
they
had
obtained
by
deceit
,
which
was
first
suspected
by
Orthanes
,
one
of
the
Nobility
,
a
man
of
a
most
sharp
apprehension
;
therefore
by
his
Agents
he
enquires
of
his
daughter
,
who
was
one
of
the
Kings
Concubines
,
whether
the
Son
of
Cyrus
were
King
or
no
;
who
returned
answer
,
that
she
did
not
know
it
her self
,
nor
could
learn
it
of
another
,
because
every
one
of
them
were
shut
up
by
themselves
.
He
then
commanded
her
to
feel
his
head
being
asleep
,
for
Cambyses
had
cut
off
both
the
ears
of
Magus
.
Being
then
assured
by
his
daughter
that
the
King
was
without
ears
,
he
decla●ed
it
to
the
Nobility
,
and
by
the
Religion
of
an
Oath
,
did
oblige
them
to
the
slaughter
of
this
counterfeit
King
.
There
were
only
seven
that
were
conscious
of
this
confederacy
,
who
immediately
,
that
they
might
not
have
the
leisure
to
repent
and
disclose
the
plot
,
with
swords
under
their
garments
did
repair
to
the
Court.
There
those
being
killed
whom
they
met
with
in
the
way
,
they
came
unto
the
Magi
,
who
wanted
not
courage
to
defend
themselves
;
for
with
drawn
swords
they
killed
two
of
the
Conspirators
;
howsoever
they
were
apprehended
by
the
greater
number
,
one
of
whom
being
fast
in
the
arms
of
Gobrias
,
his
companions
doubting
lest
they
should
kill
him
in
the
stead
of
Magus
,
because
it
was
acted
in
a
dark
place
,
he
commanded
them
to
make
sure
work
of
it
,
though
the
sword
should
pass
even
thorough
his
own
body
;
but
fortune
so
disposing
,
he
was
preserved
,
and
Magus
slain
.
The
Magi
being
destroyed
,
great
was
the
glory
which
these
Princes
did
obtain
for
the
Kingdome
restored
;
but
greater
far
was
their
glory
in
this
,
that
when
they
were
in
debate
on
a
Successor
,
they
did
so
well
agree
upon
it
;
for
they
were
so
equal
in
vertue
and
nobility
,
that
the
equality
could
hardly
give
an
advantage
to
the
people
in
the
Election
:
They
therefore
of
themselves
found
out
a
way
by
which
they
might
commit
a
triall
of
themselves
both
to
Religion
and
to
Fortune
.
They
did
all
agree
,
that
on
an
appointed
morning
they
should
on
the
break
of
day
come
every
one
on
horseback
before
the
Court
,
and
he
whose
horse
was
first
heard
to
neigh
before
the
rising
of
the
Sun
,
he
should
be
King
.
For
the
Persians
do
believe
the
Sun
to
be
the
only
God
,
and
that
horses
are
consecrated
to
him
.
Darius
the
son
of
Hystaspes
was
one
of
their
Associates
,
who
being
desirous
of
the
Kingdom
,
the
master
of
his
horse
assured
him
,
that
if
that
were
all
which
made
the
victory
doubtful
,
he
should
take
no
more
care
for
it
;
therefore
on
the
night
before
the
appointed
day
he
brought
a
Mare
to
the
same
place
,
and
did
let
loose
the
horse
unto
her
,
conceiving
by
eagerness
to
the
Venereal
pleasure
that
it
would
so
fall
out
,
as
indeed
it
did
.
On
the
next
day
when
they
all
met
on
the
prefixed
hour
,
the
horse
of
Darius
,
the
place
being
known
unto
him
,
did
presently
neigh
aloud
,
out
of
his
desire
to
the
Mare
,
and
the
other
horses
being
dull
and
heavy
,
did
give
a
happy
auspication
to
his
Master
.
So
great
was
the
moderation
of
the
rest
of
the
Nobility
,
that
this
auspication
being
heard
,
they
rather
leaped
then
alighted
from
their
horses
,
and
saluted
Darius
King
.
The
people
also
following
the
approbation
of
the
Princes
,
did
constitute
him
King
.
Thus
the
Kingdom
of
the
Persians
being
recovered
by
the
vertue
of
seven
of
the
most
noble
of
the
Princes
,
in
so
short
a
space
,
was
conferred
into
the
power
of
one
.
It
is
altogether
incredible
to
consider
with
what
a
pious
gallantry
this
was
done
,
insomuch
that
they
refused
not
to
dye
themselves
to
pluck
the
Kingdom
from
the
Magi
;
howsoever
Darius
besides
his
personableness
and
his
vertue
,
worthy
of
the
Empire
,
was
of
neer
relation
in
blood
to
the
ancient
Kings
;
therefore
in
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
,
to
confirm
it
with
royal
Nuptials
,
he
took
to
wife
the
daughter
of
Cyrus
,
that
so
the
Kingdom
might
not
seem
to
be
translated
to
a
stranger
,
but
to
be
returned
into
the
Family
of
Cyrus
.
In
process
of
time
,
when
the
Assyrians
revolced
,
and
had
possessed
themselves
of
Babylon
,
and
the
King
being
in
a
passion
by
reason
of
the
difficulty
of
the
Siege
,
Zopyrus
one
of
the
seven
Confederates
,
gave
command
that
his
body
at
his
own
house
should
be
torn
all
over
with
rods
,
and
that
his
nose
,
lips
,
and
ears
should
be
cut
off
,
and
in
this
posture
he
unexpectedly
presented
himself
to
the
King
.
Darius
being
amazed
,
and
demanding
the
cause
of
so
foul
and
deformed
a
violence
,
he
softly
informed
him
to
what
purpose
it
was
done
;
and
prepar'd
with
counsel
for
the
design
,
he
made
haste
to
Babylon
under
the
Title
of
a
Renegado
.
There
he
shewed
unto
the
people
his
dismembred
body
;
He
complained
of
the
cruelty
of
the
King
,
by
whom
he
was
over-reach'd
in
his
share
of
the
Kingdom
,
not
▪
by
vertue
,
but
by
auspice
;
not
by
the
judgment
of
men
,
but
by
the
neighing
of
a
horse
;
he
adviseth
them
to
take
an
example
from
his
friends
what
his
enemies
must
expect
;
he
exhorts
them
not
to
trust
unto
their
wals
more
then
to
their
arms
,
and
that
they
would
suffer
themselves
to
mannage
the
common
war
with
fresh
and
doubled
resolutions
.
The
nobility
and
vertue
of
the
man
was
known
to
them
all
,
neither
did
they
doubt
of
his
fidelity
,
having
the
wounds
on
his
body
,
and
those
marks
of
injury
as
the
pledges
of
it
.
He
was
therefore
made
Captain
by
the
consent
of
all
,
and
once
and
again
the
Persians
on
purpose
giving
back
,
he
made
with
a
small
party
successful
encounters
.
At
last
,
when
the
whole
Army
was
committed
to
his
charge
,
he
betrayed
it
to
the
King
,
and
reduced
the
whole
City
into
his
power
.
After
this
,
Darius
made
war
against
the
Scythians
,
which
shall
be
declared
in
the
following
volume
.
The
Second
Book
OF
IVSTINE
.
IN
this
relation
of
the
atchievements
of
the
Scythians
which
were
of
large
extent
and
magnificence
,
we
must
derive
their
Pedigree
from
their
first
original
;
for
they
had
beginnings
as
illustrious
as
was
their
Empire
,
and
were
no
less
famous
under
the
government
of
women
then
of
men
;
for
the
men
did
found
the
Kingdom
of
the
Parthians
and
the
Bactrians
,
and
the
women
did
erect
the
kingdom
of
the
Amazons
;
if
you
consider
the
deeds
done
both
by
the
men
and
women
,
it
will
be
uncertain
to
determine
which
of
their
Sexes
were
most
famous
.
The
Nation
of
the
Scythians
was
always
esteemed
to
be
of
all
most
antient
;
although
for
a
long
time
there
was
a
contention
betwixt
the
Scythians
and
Egyptians
,
concerning
the
Antiquity
of
their
Nations
.
The
Egyptians
alleadging
that
in
the
beginning
of
all
things
,
when
other
Lands
did
burn
with
the
immoderate
heat
of
the
Sun
,
or
were
frozen
with
the
extremity
of
the
cold
;
so
that
they
were
not
onely
incapable
to
produce
men
,
but
could
neither
receive
or
entertain
any
adventitious
,
before
habiliments
for
their
bodies
were
found
out
,
to
defend
them
from
the
violence
of
the
heat
or
cold
;
or
the
intractableness
of
the
places
were
made
more
tolerable
by
remedies
procured
by
Art
;
Egypt
was
always
so
temperate
,
that
neither
the
heat
of
the
Summer
,
nor
the
cold
of
the
Winter
,
did
oppress
her
inhabitants
.
The
soil
was
also
so
fruitful
,
that
no
place
did
more
abound
with
nourishment
for
the
use
of
mankinde
;
therefore
it
in
reason
may
appear
that
men
were
first
born
there
,
where
they
could
most
easily
be
brought
up
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Scythians
conceived
the
temper
of
the
Heavens
to
be
an
Argument
of
no
force
to
prove
Antiquity
;
for
when
Nature
did
first
distribute
the
beginings
either
of
heat
or
cold
unto
Countries
,
she
straight
way
,
not
onely
produced
creatures
to
endure
the
constitution
of
that
Clime
,
but
divers
kinds
of
Fruits
and
Trees
,
aptly
qualified
and
suitable
to
the
condition
of
the
Countries
.
And
by
how
much
the
Climate
of
the
Scythians
is
more
sharp
then
the
Egyptians
,
by
so
much
their
bodies
and
their
understandings
are
more
solid
.
But
if
the
world
was
ever
entire
in
one
piece
,
as
it
is
now
divided
into
many
;
or
if
in
the
beginning
of
things
the
deluge
of
waters
did
overwhelm
the
earth
,
or
if
the
fire
which
begot
the
world
did
possess
all
things
;
the
Scythians
in
every
respect
were
most
antient
in
their
original
:
for
if
the
fire
first
possessed
all
things
,
which
by
degrees
being
extinguished
,
gave
place
unto
the
earth
;
there
was
no
place
that
was
sooner
severed
from
the
fire
then
the
North
,
by
reason
of
the
cold
;
as
to
this
day
it
is
to
be
seen
,
that
no
Clime
is
more
stiffe
with
Winter
;
but
Egypt
and
all
the
East
received
long
afterwards
their
temper
,
seeing
it
doth
still
burn
with
the
violent
heat
of
the
Sun
.
On
the
other
side
,
if
all
Lands
were
heretofore
drowned
in
the
Deeps
,
no
doubt
but
every
highest
part
(
the
waters
flowing
down
)
was
first
uncovered
,
and
that
the
water
stayed
for
a
long
time
in
the
lower
Countries
;
and
the
sooner
that
any
part
of
the
earth
became
dry
before
the
other
,
the
sooner
it
began
to
bring
forth
creatures
.
But
Scythia
is
so
high
in
her
situation
above
all
other
Lands
,
that
all
Rivers
which
have
their
beginnings
there
,
do
flow
down
first
unto
the
Maeotick
,
then
into
the
Pontick
,
and
afterwards
into
the
Egyptian
Sea
,
but
Egypt
(
whose
fences
have
been
made
at
the
care
and
charges
of
such
great
Kings
,
and
so
many
ages
,
and
provided
with
so
many
Banks
against
the
force
of
the
falling
Rivers
,
and
cut
into
so
many
Ditches
,
that
when
the
waters
are
drayned
from
one
place
they
are
received
into
another
;
and
yet
for
all
this
cannot
be
inhabited
,
unless
Nilus
too
be
excluded
)
cannot
appear
to
pretend
to
any
antiquity
,
which
both
by
the
exaggeration
either
of
her
Kings
,
and
of
Nilus
drawing
so
much
mud
after
it
,
doth
seem
of
all
Lands
to
be
the
last
inhabited
.
The
Egyptians
being
overcome
with
these
Arguments
,
the
Scythians
were
always
esteemed
the
more
Antient.
Scythia
being
stretch'd
forwards
towards
the
East
,
is
inclos'd
on
one
side
with
Pontus
,
and
on
the
other
with
the
Riphaean
mountains
,
on
the
back
of
us
with
Asia
,
and
the
River
Phaesis
.
The
men
have
no
limits
to
their
possessions
,
they
Till
not
the
ground
,
nor
have
any
house
or
shelter
,
or
place
of
residence
being
accustomed
to
wander
through
waste
and
unfrequented
places
,
as
they
drive
and
feed
their
Cattel
:
they
carry
their
wives
and
children
with
them
in
Waggons
:
Which
(
being
covered
with
the
Hides
of
Beasts
to
defend
them
from
the
showers
and
tempests
)
they
do
use
in
the
stead
of
houses
.
The
Justice
of
the
Nation
is
more
beautified
by
the
simplicity
of
their
conversation
,
then
by
their
Laws
.
There
is
no
crime
amongst
them
more
capitall
then
theft
;
for
having
flocks
and
droves
without
any
house
or
fence
,
what
would
be
safe
amongst
them
if
it
were
lawful
for
them
to
steal
?
they
despise
gold
and
silver
as
much
as
other
men
do
covet
it
.
They
feed
on
milk
and
honey
.
The
use
of
Wool
and
of
Apparel
is
unknown
unto
them
;
and
because
they
are
pinched
with
continual
cold
,
they
are
cloathed
with
the
skins
of
wild
beasts
,
great
and
smal
.
This
their
continence
hath
endued
them
with
such
a
righteousness
of
conversation
,
that
they
covet
not
any
thing
which
is
their
neighbours
;
for
there
is
the
desire
of
riches
where
is
the
use
of
it
;
and
it
were
to
be
wished
that
in
other
men
there
were
the
like
moderation
and
abstinence
;
surely
not
so
many
wars
should
be
continued
through
all
Ages
,
almost
over
all
Lands
,
neither
should
the
sword
devour
more
men
then
the
natural
condition
of
Fate
.
It
is
wonderful
indeed
,
that
Nature
hath
granted
that
to
these
,
which
the
Grecians
could
not
attain
unto
by
the
repeated
Instructions
of
their
wise
men
,
and
the
Precepts
of
their
Philosophers
,
and
that
their
refined
Manners
should
stoop
in
the
comparison
to
unrefined
Barbarism
;
so
much
the
ignorance
of
vices
hath
profited
more
in
them
,
then
doth
in
others
the
knowledge
of
vertue
.
The
Scythians
thrice
attempted
the
chief
command
of
Asia
,
they
themselves
did
always
remain
either
untouched
or
unconquered
by
the
forces
of
others
;
by
a
shamefull
flight
they
removed
from
Scythia
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
.
They
destroyed
Cyrus
with
all
his
Army
,
and
in
the
same
manner
they
overthrew
Zopyron
one
of
the
Commanders
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
with
all
his
power
:
They
heard
of
,
but
not
felt
the
arms
of
the
Romans
.
They
erected
the
Parthian
and
Bactrian
Kingdoms
,
a
Nation
proud
of
war
and
labor
.
The
strength
of
their
bodies
is
great
,
they
lay
up
nothing
which
they
are
afraid
to
lose
,
and
where
they
are
Conquerors
,
they
desire
nothing
but
glory
.
Vexores
King
of
Aegypt
was
the
first
that
made
war
upon
the
Scythians
,
having
first
by
Ambassadors
sent
a
Summons
to
them
to
obey
him
;
But
the
Scythians
being
before
advertised
by
their
Neighbours
of
the
coming
of
the
King
,
made
answer
,
We
wonder
that
the
Commander
of
so
rich
a
People
should
so
foolishly
make
war
against
poor
men
,
having
more
reason
to
look
to
his
affairs
at
home
;
for
here
the
event
of
the
war
is
uncertain
,
the
rewards
of
the
Conquest
are
none
,
and
the
losses
are
apparent
;
therefore
they
would
not
attend
till
he
should
come
to
them
,
when
in
so
great
and
rich
an
enemy
there
was
more
by
them
to
be
expected
,
and
therefore
of
their
own
accord
they
were
resolved
to
meet
him
.
Their
deeds
did
jump
and
overtake
their
words
;
and
the
King
understanding
that
they
marched
towards
him
with
so
much
speed
,
he
turned
his
back
upon
them
,
and
his
Army
with
all
the
Bag
and
Baggage
being
left
behind
,
he
timorously
escaped
into
his
Kingdom
.
The
Marshes
did
hinder
the
Scythians
from
the
pursuit
.
Being
returned
from
thence
they
subdued
Asia
,
and
made
it
tributary
,
a
small
tribute
being
imposed
rather
to
shew
their
titular
Command
,
then
for
any
reward
of
their
victory
.
Having
stayed
fifteen
yeers
in
establishing
the
affairs
of
Asia
,
they
were
called
back
by
the
importunity
of
their
wives
,
it
being
assured
them
by
their
Ambassadors
,
that
unless
they
did
return
with
more
speed
,
they
would
seek
for
issue
from
their
Neighbours
,
nor
ever
suffer
through
their
default
,
that
the
Nations
of
the
Scythians
should
have
no
name
in
posterity
.
Asia
was
tributary
to
the
Scythians
for
the
space
of
one
thousand
and
five
hundred
yeers
;
Ninus
King
of
the
Assyrians
did
put
a
period
to
the
tribute
:
But
in
this
interval
of
time
,
two
young
men
of
royall
blood
amongst
the
Scythians
,
Plinos
and
Scolopythus
being
driven
from
their
own
Countrey
by
the
faction
of
the
Nobility
,
did
draw
with
them
a
gallant
and
numerous
train
of
young
men
,
and
sitting
down
in
the
coast
of
Cappadocia
,
neer
unto
the
River
of
Thermodoon
,
they
did
inhabite
the
Themiscyrian
Plains
which
they
had
conquered
to
obedience
:
Being
unaccustomed
there
for
the
space
of
many
yeers
to
plunder
their
Neighbours
,
they
were
at
last
slain
through
treachery
by
the
conspiracy
of
the
people
.
Their
wives
when
they
observed
their
punishment
to
be
without
children
,
to
be
added
to
their
banishment
,
did
put
on
arms
,
and
first
by
removing
,
and
afterwards
by
commencing
wars
,
they
did
defend
their
own
Territories
.
They
also
did
forbear
the
desire
of
marriage
with
their
Neighbours
,
calling
i●
slavery
,
not
Matrimony
;
a
singular
example
to
Posterity
.
They
did
increase
their
Common-wealth
without
men
,
at
the
same
time
when
they
did
desend
themselves
with
the
contempt
of
them
;
And
lest
some
women
should
seem
more
happy
then
others
,
they
killed
those
men
who
did
remain
alive
amongst
them
,
and
afterwards
prosecuted
the
revenge
of
their
slaughtered
husbands
on
the
destruction
of
their
Neighbors
.
Peace
then
being
obtained
by
war
,
lest
their
Nation
should
fail
,
they
mingled
in
copulation
with
their
Neighbors
;
If
any
male-children
were
born
,
they
were
killed
;
They
exercised
their
Virgins
in
the
same
way
of
education
as
they
were
bred
up
themselves
,
not
in
sloth
,
or
the
manufactures
of
wool
,
but
in
arms
,
horses
and
hunting
,
the
right
breasts
of
every
Infant
Virgin
being
bu●ned
off
,
that
afterwards
by
not
drawing
of
it
home
,
it
should
not
hinder
the
force
of
the
arrow
from
the
Bowe
;
from
them
they
are
called
Amazons
.
They
had
two
Queens
,
Marthesia
and
Lampedo
,
who
,
their
forces
being
divided
into
two
parts
,
being
now
renowned
for
their
wealth
,
did
make
war
by
turns
,
carefully
defending
their
Territories
;
and
because
authority
should
not
be
wanting
to
their
successes
,
they
declared
that
they
were
begotten
of
Mars
.
The
greatest
part
of
Europe
being
conquered
,
they
seized
on
several
Cities
in
Asia
also
,
and
having
there
builded
Ephesus
and
many
other
Towns
,
they
sent
home
one
part
of
their
Army
laden
with
a
migh●y
booty
:
The
rest
who
stayed
behind
to
desend
what
they
had
got
in
Asia
,
were
overcome
by
the
concourse
of
the
Barbarians
,
and
were
killed
with
their
Queen
Marthesia
;
in
whose
place
her
daughter
Orithya
succeeded
in
the
Kingdom
,
who
besides
her
singular
industry
in
the
war
,
hath
been
admirable
through
all
Ages
for
the
preservation
of
her
Virginity
.
By
her
prowess
so
much
same
and
glory
was
derived
to
the
Amazons
,
that
the
King
who
imposed
the
twelve
labours
upon
Hercules
,
did
command
him
as
a
task
impossible
to
bring
him
the
Arms
of
the
Queen
of
the
Amazons
;
therefore
he
sayling
thither
with
nine
long
ships
did
unexpectedly
assault
them
,
the
youth
of
the
Princes
of
Greece
accompanying
him
.
Two
▪
sisters
of
the
four
did
then
govern
the
Kingdom
of
the
Amazons
,
Antiopa
,
and
Orithya
;
Orithya
was
then
employed
in
the
wars
abroad
;
When
Hercules
did
steer
towards
the
Amazonian
shore
,
there
were
but
a
small
and
unusual
number
with
Antiopa
the
Queen
,
fearing
no
invasion
of
an
enemy
;
wherefore
it
came
to
pass
,
that
a
few
being
awakened
by
the
sudden
Alarum
had
recourse
to
Arms
,
and
became
an
easie
victory
to
their
Enemies
;
many
were
slain
and
taken
prisoners
,
amongst
whom
were
the
two
sisters
of
Antiopa
;
Menalippe
who
was
taken
by
Hercules
,
and
Hippolite
by
Theseus
,
who
having
mnde
his
prisoner
his
reward
,
did
afterwards
take
her
into
marriage
,
by
whom
he
begat
Hippolitus
;
Hercules
after
the
victory
restored
Menalippe
to
her
sister
,
and
took
for
his
reward
the
Armour
of
the
Queen
:
and
having
performed
what
he
was
commanded
,
he
returned
to
the
King
.
But
Orithya
returning
,
when
she
found
that
a
war
was
made
upon
her
sisters
,
and
that
the
Prince
of
the
Athenians
was
the
chief
actor
,
she
perswaded
her
companions
to
revenge
,
alledging
that
Pontus
and
Asia
were
subdued
in
vain
,
if
they
still
lay
open
not
only
to
the
wars
,
but
to
the
rapines
of
the
Grecians
.
She
desired
aid
of
S●g●llus
King
of
the
Scythians
,
representing
that
she
was
of
the
same
generation
with
him
;
she
made
apparan●
to
him
the
destruction
long
ago
of
all
the
husbands
of
the
Amazous
,
the
necessity
that
first
made
the
women
to
take
Arms
,
and
the
causes
of
the
war
,
and
that
they
had
purchased
by
their
vertue
that
the
Scythians
should
not
be
found
to
have
women
less
industrious
then
were
the
men
.
He
being
moved
by
the
temptation
of
domestick
glory
,
did
send
his
son
Penaxagoras
to
her
aid
with
a
very
great
body
of
horse
.
But
some
difference
being
occasioned
before
the
Battel
,
she
being
abandoned
of
her
Auxiliaries
was
overcome
by
the
Athenians
.
Nevertheless
she
had
the
Tents
of
the
Scythians
for
her
receptacle
,
by
whose
assistance
being
untouch'd
by
other
Nations
she
returned
into
her
Kingdom
.
After
her
Pensithelea
enjoyed
the
Kingdom
,
who
bringing
aid
against
the
Greeks
,
and
fighting
in
the
Trojan
war
amongst
the
most
valiant
men
,
did
give
many
demonstrations
of
her
singular
valour
;
but
she
being
kill'd
at
last
,
and
her
Army
consumed
,
those
few
that
were
left
being
nardly
able
to
defend
themselves
against
their
Neighbours
,
did
continue
unto
the
time
of
Alexander
the
Great
.
Their
Queen
Minothaea
or
Thalestris
having
obtained
of
Alexander
for
thi●teen
days
together
to
enjoy
his
company
to
have
issue
by
him
,
being
returned
to
her
Kingdom
,
not
long
after
was
extinguished
,
and
with
her
the
whole
name
of
the
Amazons
.
But
the
Scythians
in
their
third
Asian
expedition
,
when
they
were
seven
yeers
absent
from
their
wives
and
children
,
were
received
on
their
return
by
a
war
from
their
own
slaves
;
for
their
wives
being
wearied
with
the
long
expectation
of
their
husbands
,
and
believing
that
they
were
not
detained
by
the
war
,
but
destroyed
,
did
marry
their
servants
left
behind
to
have
a
care
of
their
cat●el
,
who
being
now
armed
did
prohibit
their
Masters
like
strangers
from
their
own
Territories
,
being
returned
with
victory
.
The
fight
being
doubtful
,
the
Scythians
did
admonish
one
another
to
change
the
manner
of
the
war
,
and
to
remember
that
they
did
not
encounter
with
enemies
but
with
servants
,
and
that
they
must
not
overcome
now
by
the
Law
of
Arms
,
but
by
Authority
of
Masters
,
and
not
use
weapons
but
scourges
;
and
the
sword
being
laid
by
,
rods
and
whips
,
and
such
other
instruments
of
servile
fear
were
to
be
provided
;
The
Councel
being
approved
,
and
all
well
appointed
as
it
was
prescribed
,
as
they
made
their
approach
unto
their
enemies
,
they
held
out
the
lash
unto
them
not
thinking
of
it
,
which
struck
so
sudden
and
deep
impression
into
them
,
that
they
overcame
them
with
the
fear
of
stripes
,
whom
they
could
not
with
the
sword
,
and
they
fled
away
not
like
to
conquered
enemies
,
but
a
pack
of
fugi●ive
slaves
;
whosoever
of
them
were
taken
were
fastned
to
the
Cross
.
The
women
also
being
conscious
to
themselves
,
what
they
had
done
,
did
end
their
own
lives
with
their
own
hands
,
some
with
knives
,
and
some
with
halters
.
After
this
the
Scythians
●ad
peace
untill
the
time
of
King
Lanthin
,
against
whom
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
,
when
he
could
not
obtain
his
daughter
in
marriage
,
did
commence
a
war
,
and
invaded
Scythia
with
seven
hundred
thousand
armed
men
;
but
his
enemies
declining
the
fight
,
he
fearing
that
the
bridge
of
Ister
being
broken
down
,
he
should
be
stopped
in
his
return
,
did
timorously
fly
back
,
having
lost
ninety
thousand
men
in
the
expedition
,
which
brush
in
so
vast
a
multitude
of
men
was
hardly
reputed
as
any
loss
at
all
.
After
that
,
he
subdued
Asia
and
Macedonia
,
and
overcame
the
Ionians
in
a
fight
at
Sea
;
and
it
being
known
that
the
Athenians
did
bring
aid
to
the
Ionians
against
him
,
he
turned
all
the
force
and
fury
of
the
war
against
them
.
And
now
because
we
are
come
to
the
wars
of
the
Athenians
,
which
were
managed
not
only
beyond
hope
,
but
above
belief
;
and
because
the
acts
of
the
Athenians
were
greater
in
effect
then
their
wishes
,
I
will
in
a
few
words
give
you
the
original
of
them
;
and
the
rather
because
they
rose
not
as
other
Nations
from
small
beginnings
to
their
heigh
of
glory
;
for
they
besides
those
additions
which
by
degrees
they
purchased
by
their
valour
,
did
also
much
boast
of
their
original
;
for
they
were
not
Aliens
,
neither
did
a
collected
Refuse
of
people
give
an
original
to
this
City
,
but
they
were
born
in
the
same
Soyl
which
they
did
inhabit
,
and
where
was
their
seat
there
was
also
their
original
.
They
first
taught
the
Manufacture
of
Wool
,
and
the
use
of
Oyl
and
Wine
,
and
shewed
to
those
who
fed
on
Aco●ns
,
how
to
plough
and
sowe
;
without
all
doubt
good
letters
and
eloquence
and
the
order
of
civill
Discipline
have
Athens
as
their
Temple
.
Before
the
days
of
Deucalion
they
had
Cecrops
for
their
King
,
whom
Antiquity
did
feign
to
be
of
two
forms
,
he
being
the
first
who
in
marriage
joyned
the
male
unto
the
female
.
Cranaus
succeeded
him
,
whose
daughter
Attis
did
give
a
name
to
the
whole
Countrey
.
After
him
Amphitrion
reigned
,
who
first
of
all
did
consecrate
the
City
to
Minerva
,
and
called
it
by
the
name
of
Athens
.
In
his
time
a
Deluge
of
water
overwhelmed
the
greatest
part
of
Greece
;
those
only
were
preserved
alive
whom
the
tops
of
the
mountains
received
into
protection
,
or
who
were
transported
in
ships
to
Deucalion
King
of
Thessaly
,
for
which
cause
he
is
said
to
restore
mankind
.
By
order
of
Succession
the
Kingdom
descended
to
Erictheus
,
in
whose
Reign
the
sowing
of
Corn
was
found
out
by
Triptolemus
at
Eleusinum
,
for
the
honor
of
which
gift
were
the
mighty
devotions
celebrated
by
women
,
called
Eleusina
sacra
.
Aegeus
,
the
father
of
Theseus
,
possessed
also
the
Kingdom
of
Athens
,
from
whom
Medea
departing
being
divorced
from
him
,
by
reason
of
the
full
age
of
her
Step-son
,
did
repair
to
Colchos
with
her
son
Meaus
,
begotten
by
Aegeus
.
After
Aegeus
,
Theseus
;
and
after
Theseus
,
Demophoon
(
who
assisted
the
Greeks
against
the
Trojans
)
did
possess
the
Kingdom
of
Athens
.
There
were
some
old
grudges
betwixt
the
Athenians
and
the
Dorians
,
which
the
Dorians
intending
to
revenge
,
asked
counsel
of
the
Oracle
concerning
the
event
of
the
war
;
it
was
answered
,
that
the
Dorians
should
have
the
better
if
they
killed
not
the
King
of
the
Athenians
:
When
the
Armies
therefore
were
to
joyn
in
Battel
,
the
Dorian
Souldiers
received
Orders
above
all
things
to
be
careful
of
the
person
of
the
Athenian
King
;
Codrus
at
that
time
was
King
of
the
Athenians
,
who
(
the
answer
of
God
,
and
instructions
of
the
enemies
being
understood
)
having
put
off
his
royal
habiliments
came
all
in
rags
(
carrying
on
his
neck
a
bundle
of
vines
)
into
the
Camp
of
the
Dorians
,
where
in
the
throng
of
those
that
did
oppose
him
he
was
slain
by
a
souldier
whom
he
cunningly
wounded
with
his
hook
.
The
body
of
the
King
being
known
,
the
Dorians
marched
back
without
any
engagement
at
all
:
By
this
means
the
Athenians
were
delivered
from
the
war
by
the
vertue
of
their
King
,
who
for
the
safety
of
his
Country
,
did
devote
himself
to
destruction
.
After
Codrus
there
was
no
King
of
Athens
,
which
is
added
to
the
memory
of
Codrus
his
name
.
The
administration
of
the
Commonwealth
was
transmitted
to
yeerly
Magistrates
;
but
the
City
had
then
no
Laws
at
all
,
because
the
will
of
the
Rulers
did
pass
for
Laws
.
Solon
therefore
was
chosen
,
a
man
famous
for
Justice
,
who
with
his
Laws
did
as
it
were
erect
a
new
City
,
and
did
deport
himself
with
so
great
a
temper
between
the
Senate
and
the
People
,
that
when
he
propounded
something
for
one
order
,
which
might
seem
to
displease
the
other
,
he
received
equall
thanks
from
both
.
Amongst
many
excellent
things
of
this
man
,
this
doth
most
prefer
it self
to
observation
.
The
Athenians
and
the
Megarans
did
contend
with
arms
for
the
propriety
of
the
Isle
of
Megara
,
almost
to
the
utter
destruction
of
both
parties
.
After
many
overthrows
,
it
began
to
be
a
capital
offence
amongst
the
Athenians
,
if
any
one
had
but
propounded
the
vindication
of
their
right
to
the
Island
;
Solon
being
therefore
perplexed
,
left
by
his
silence
he
should
be
unprofitable
to
the
Commonwealth
,
or
by
his
speech
he
should
indanger
his
life
,
he
disguised
himself
into
a
madness
,
by
the
liberty
whereof
he
could
not
only
speak
,
but
do
things
that
were
prohibited
.
In
a
torn
unfashioned
habite
,
just
like
a
mad
man
,
he
came
into
the
publick
,
where
a
great
assembly
being
drawn
together
,
that
the
better
he
might
dissemble
his
counsell
,
he
began
to
perswade
the
people
in
verses
unaccustomed
to
him
,
to
that
which
was
forbidden
,
and
so
possessed
the
minds
of
them
all
,
that
immediately
war
was
decreed
against
the
Megarans
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Megarans
being
mindful
of
the
war
which
was
made
against
them
by
the
Athenians
;
and
fearing
lest
they
should
seem
in
vain
to
have
attempted
war
against
them
,
did
repair
to
their
ships
,
having
a
design
to
oppress
by
night
the
Athenian
Matrons
at
their
Eleusin
devotions
.
Which
being
understood
,
Pisistratus
Captain
General
of
the
Athenians
,
did
lay
an
Ambush
for
them
,
the
Mat●ons
being
commanded
to
celebrate
their
Devotions
with
their
accustomed
noise
and
clamor
on
the
very
approach
of
their
enemies
,
that
they
might
not
perceive
they
were
discovered
;
and
Pisistratus
having
unexpectedly
set
upon
them
,
as
they
came
down
from
their
ships
he
easily
overcame
them
;
their
Fleet
being
taken
,
he
immediately
did
set
sails
for
Megara
,
the
women
above
the
Decks
being
mixt
with
the
men
,
that
they
might
pretend
a
show
of
the
captive
Matrons
.
The
Megarans
when
they
observed
the
form
and
building
of
the
ships
,
and
the
booty
that
was
purchased
,
ran
down
to
the
shore
to
meet
them
,
where
being
all
slain
,
Pisistratus
became
almost
Master
of
the
City
it self
.
Thus
the
Megarans
by
their
own
deceit
did
give
a
victory
to
their
enemies
;
but
Pisistratus
as
if
he
overcame
for
himself
,
and
not
for
his
Countrey
,
did
by
subtility
invade
the
soveraign
Authority
;
for
having
afflicted
himself
at
home
with
voluntary
stripes
,
his
body
being
torn
,
he
came
forth
into
the
Market-place
,
and
an
Assembly
being
called
,
he
shewed
his
wounds
unto
the
people
;
be
complained
of
the
cruelty
of
the
Rulers
,
by
whom
he
dissembled
that
he
suffered
this
opprobrious
injury
;
tears
were
added
to
his
complaints
,
and
by
his
envious
words
the
credulous
people
were
incensed
;
he
affirmed
that
he
was
hated
by
the
Senate
for
his
love
unto
the
people
;
and
obtained
a
Guard
for
the
preservation
of
his
person
;
by
the
power
of
whom
being
established
in
his
tyranny
he
reigned
three
and
thirty
yeers
.
After
his
death
,
Diocles
one
of
his
sons
,
having
ravished
a
Virgin
,
was
killed
by
the
brother
of
the
Maid
.
His
other
brother
Hippias
being
setled
in
his
fathers
Government
,
did
command
the
killer
of
his
Brother
to
be
apprehended
,
who
when
by
torments
he
was
inforced
to
name
those
who
were
guilty
with
him
of
the
murder
,
he
named
all
the
friends
of
the
Tyrant
,
who
being
put
to
death
,
the
Tyrant
demanded
if
there
were
any
yet
remaining
of
them
;
he
answered
,
there
are
no
more
whom
I
now
desire
to
have
dead
,
but
the
Tyrant
himself
;
by
which
words
,
after
the
revenge
of
his
Sisters
chastity
,
he
shewed
himself
to
be
a
Conqueror
of
the
Tyrant
himself
.
By
his
vertue
the
City
being
admonished
of
her
liberty
,
Hippias
at
last
was
driven
from
his
Kingdom
into
banishment
,
who
repairing
to
the
Persians
,
did
offer
himself
as
a
Guide
unto
Darius
in
his
war
against
his
Countrey
.
Therefore
the
Athenians
(
the
approach
of
Darius
being
understood
)
desiring
aid
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
a
City
then
in
friendship
with
them
,
and
finding
that
by
reason
of
some
Religion
they
demanded
the
respite
of
four
days
,
their
assistance
being
not
regarded
,
with
ten
thousand
of
their
own
Citizens
,
and
a
thousand
Auxiliaries
of
the
Platensians
,
they
advanced
into
the
fields
of
Marathon
,
against
six
hundred
thousand
of
their
Enemies
;
Miltiades
was
Captain
Gene●al
of
the
war
,
and
the
Author
,
not
expecting
the
Lacedemonian
aid
;
who
was
armed
with
so
great
a
confidence
,
that
he
believed
there
was
more
advantage
in
the
swiftness
of
the
march
,
then
in
the
assistance
of
his
friends
.
Great
therefore
was
the
cheerfulness
and
courage
of
their
minds
,
which
they
shewed
in
their
eager
running
to
the
battel
,
insomuch
that
when
there
was
the
space
of
a
mile
betwixt
both
Armies
,
in
full
speed
,
and
before
the
flight
of
their
arrows
,
they
came
up
unto
the
faces
of
their
enemies
;
neither
was
success
wanting
to
their
boldness
;
for
they
fought
with
so
much
courage
,
that
you
would
take
these
to
be
men
,
and
the
other
sheep
.
The
Persians
being
overcome
,
did
fly
into
their
ships
,
many
of
which
were
sunk
,
and
many
taken
.
In
this
fight
so
great
was
the
prowess
of
every
one
,
that
it
is
hard
to
judge
whose
praise
was
the
greatest
:
But
the
glory
of
young
Themistocles
did
apparently
shine
forth
amongst
the
rest
,
in
whom
his
Imperatorious
Honours
to
come
were
easily
to
be
seen
.
The
glory
also
of
Cynegirus
an
Athenian
Souldier
,
is
celebrated
by
the
praises
of
many
Writers
,
who
after
innumerable
slaughters
in
the
fight
,
when
he
had
driven
the
flying
enemies
to
their
ships
,
he
took
hold
of
a
ship
laden
with
men
with
his
right
hand
,
nor
did
he
let
loose
his
hold
till
he
lost
that
hand
:
His
right
hand
being
cut
off
,
he
fastened
upon
the
ship
with
his
left
hand
;
and
having
lost
that
also
,
he
took
hold
of
the
ship
with
his
mouth
;
so
great
was
his
courage
,
that
being
not
wearied
with
so
many
slaughters
,
nor
(
both
his
hands
being
lost
)
being
yet
overcome
,
at
the
last
thus
dismembred
as
he
was
,
and
like
an
inraged
wild
beast
,
he
fought
even
with
his
teeth
.
In
that
battel
the
Persians
lost
two
hundred
thousand
men
,
besides
those
who
perished
at
Sea
.
Hippias
the
Athenian
Tyrant
was
also
slain
,
the
Author
and
Promoter
of
the
war
,
the
Gods
the
revengers
of
his
Countrey
,
taking
punishment
of
his
treachery
.
In
the
mean
time
Darius
when
he
would
renew
the
war
,
died
in
the
very
preparation
of
it
,
many
children
being
left
begotten
both
before
and
after
his
reign
.
Artobazanes
being
eldest
by
the
priviledge
of
his
age
did
challenge
the
Kingdom
,
which
the
right
and
order
of
birth
and
nature
her self
doth
allow
to
the
Nations
:
But
Xerxes
did
make
his
plea
not
in
relation
to
order
,
but
to
the
happiness
of
his
birth
;
It
was
true
indeed
,
he
said
,
that
Artobazanes
was
the
first-born
,
but
when
Darius
was
a
private
man
;
but
he
was
born
when
Darius
was
a
King
;
therefore
his
brothers
who
were
born
to
Darius
being
but
a
private
man
,
could
not
challenge
to
themselves
the
Kingdom
,
but
only
that
private
Fortune
which
Darius
had
before
he
was
a
King
;
He
alledging
that
he
was
the
first
whom
his
Father
being
a
King
,
did
beget
to
inherit
the
Kingdom
.
To
this
it
was
added
that
Artobazanes
was
born
when
not
only
his
father
but
his
mother
also
were
of
a
private
Fortune
:
but
he
was
born
his
mother
being
a
Queen
,
and
that
he
never
saw
his
father
but
when
a
King
;
moreover
that
King
Cyrus
on
his
mothers
side
was
his
Grandfather
,
not
only
the
heir
but
the
erector
of
so
great
an
Empire
:
Therefore
if
the
Father
had
left
both
Brothers
endued
with
equall
right
,
yet
he
should
carry
it
,
both
by
the
right
of
his
Mother
,
and
his
Grandfather
.
This
strife
,
with
concording
affections
,
they
did
refer
to
their
Uncle
Artaphernes
,
as
to
a
Domestick
Judge
,
who
,
the
cause
being
examined
,
made
Xerxes
King
;
and
so
brotherly
was
the
contention
,
that
neither
the
Conqueror
did
insult
,
nor
the
conquered
repine
;
and
in
the
very
height
of
the
contestation
they
sent
presents
to
one
another
,
and
had
not
only
undistrustful
but
delightful
feastings
together
.
The
Judgement
it self
was
also
given
without
arbitrators
,
and
without
reproaches
;
so
much
more
moderately
did
brothers
then
decide
great
Kingdoms
amongst
themselves
,
then
they
do
now
share
but
small
Patrimonies
.
Xerxes
made
preparations
five
yeers
together
for
the
Grecians
;
which
when
Demaratus
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
who
lived
as
a
banished
man
in
the
Court
of
Xexes
,
understood
,
being
more
friendly
to
his
Countrey
after
his
flight
,
then
to
the
King
after
his
benefits
,
lest
they
should
be
oppressed
by
an
unexpected
war
,
he
did
certifie
the
particulars
to
the
Magistrates
in
Tables
of
wood
,
and
covered
the
Letters
with
wax
spread
over
them
,
that
neither
the
Characters
might
be
read
,
which
would
have
bin
if
they
had
nothing
to
cover
them
,
nor
the
fresh
wax
betray
the
deceit
;
he
then
gave
them
to
a
faithful
servant
to
be
carried
,
and
did
command
him
to
deliver
them
to
the
Magistrates
of
Sparta
,
which
being
brought
unto
them
,
it
held
them
long
in
suspence
at
Lacedemon
;
for
they
saw
nothing
written
,
and
yet
believed
that
they
were
not
sent
in
vain
,
and
that
the
business
was
so
much
the
greater
,
by
how
much
it
was
the
more
concealed
.
The
men
not
knowing
what
to
conjecture
,
the
sister
of
King
Leonides
found
out
the
design
of
the
writer
;
the
wax
therfore
being
taken
off
,
the
advertisements
of
the
war
were
discovered
.
Xerxes
had
by
this
time
armed
seven
hundred
thousand
men
out
of
his
own
Dominions
,
&
had
three
hundred
thousand
sent
to
his
assistance
,
that
it
is
not
unworthily
recorded
that
Rivers
were
drank
up
,
and
that
all
Greece
was
hardly
able
to
contain
his
Army
;
he
was
also
said
to
have
one
hundred
thousand
Ships
.
To
this
so
great
an
Army
a
General
was
wanting
;
for
if
you
look
upon
the
King
,
you
will
rather
extol
his
wealth
then
his
conduct
,
of
which
there
was
such
abundance
in
his
Kingdom
,
that
when
Rivers
were
consumed
with
his
multitudes
,
yet
his
Exchequer
was
still
full
.
He
was
always
seen
the
last
in
the
fight
,
and
the
first
in
the
flight
;
humble
in
dangers
,
and
when
the
occasion
of
fear
was
over
,
one
high-minded
.
Before
the
trial
of
the
War
,
as
if
he
was
Lord
of
Nature
her self
,
by
the
confidence
o●
his
numbers
he
levelled
mountains
and
raised
the
valleys
all
to
one
height
;
some
Seas
he
covered
with
Bridges
,
and
contracted
others
,
for
the
advantage
of
the
Saylors
.
His
entrance
into
Greece
as
it
was
terrible
,
so
was
his
departing
foul
and
shamefull
;
for
when
Leonides
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
had
secured
the
Straights
of
Thermopylae
with
four
thousand
men
,
Xerxes
in
contempt
of
their
powers
,
commanded
those
of
his
souldiers
to
encounter
them
,
whose
kinsmen
were
slain
in
the
Marathonian
Plains
,
who
whiles
they
began
to
revenge
their
friends
,
were
the
beginning
of
the
overthrow
;
and
these
being
followed
by
an
unprofitable
multitude
,
a
greater
slaughter
was
occasioned
.
Three
dayes
together
there
they
fought
,
to
the
grief
and
indignation
of
the
Persians
;
on
the
fourth
,
when
it
was
reported
to
Leonides
,
that
the
tops
of
the
Straights
were
possessed
by
twenty
thousand
of
the
enemie
,
he
exhorted
his
associates
to
drawback
,
and
to
reserve
themselves
for
some
better
service
for
their
Countrey
:
He
would
try
his
own
fortune
,
he
said
,
with
the
Lacedemonians
,
being
more
indebted
to
his
Country
then
to
his
life
;
the
residue
were
to
be
preserved
for
the
general
defence
of
Greece
.
The
command
of
the
King
being
heard
,
the
rest
were
dismissed
,
and
the
Lacedemonians
only
remained
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
war
,
counsell
being
asked
of
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
,
it
was
answered
,
that
either
the
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
or
the
City
must
fall
;
therefore
when
King
Leonides
did
set
forth
to
the
War
,
he
so
confirmed
the
resolution
of
his
own
souldiers
,
that
they
all
knew
he
advanced
with
a
mind
resolved
to
dye
.
He
therefore
did
possess
himself
of
the
Straights
,
that
he
might
overcome
with
a
few
with
greater
glory
,
or
fall
with
less
dammage
to
the
Common-wealth
.
His
Companions
therefore
being
dismissed
,
he
exhorted
the
Spartans
to
remember
that
howsoever
did
they
fight
,
they
must
fall
,
and
that
they
should
take
heed
lest
they
might
seem
to
have
more
couragiously
stood
still
,
then
to
have
fought
;
therefore
he
said
they
were
not
to
attend
to
be
invironed
by
their
enemies
,
but
as
soon
as
night
should
administer
the
opportunity
to
fall
unexpectedly
upon
them
secure
,
and
hugging
an
abusing
joy
:
The
Conquerors
,
he
said
,
could
never
dye
more
honourably
then
in
the
Tents
of
their
enemies
.
It
was
no
hard
task
to
perswade
those
who
were
resolved
to
dye
:
they
presently
buckled
on
their
Arms
,
and
six
hundred
men
did
beat
up
the
Quarters
of
five
hundred
thousand
;
immediately
they
advanced
to
the
Pavilion
of
the
King
to
dye
with
him
,
or
if
they
were
over-powered
to
dye
especially
in
his
tent
and
sight
.
The
Alarum
was
heard
over
all
the
Camp
.
The
Lacedemonians
after
they
could
not
find
cut
the
King
,
did
fly
up
and
down
as
Conquerors
over
all
the
Camp
,
and
killed
or
overthrew
whatsoever
did
oppose
them
,
as
knowing
that
they
did
not
fight
in
hope
of
victory
,
but
to
revenge
their
own
deaths
.
The
fight
was
continued
from
the
beginning
of
night
unto
the
greatest
part
of
the
next
day
;
at
the
last
not
overcome
,
but
being
weary
with
overcoming
,
they
fell
upon
the
great
heaps
of
the
carka●es
of
their
enemies
.
Xerxes
having
received
two
overthrows
by
land
,
was
determined
to
try
his
fortune
on
the
Sea
.
But
Themistocles
the
General
of
the
Athenians
,
when
he
understood
that
the
Ionians
,
against
whom
the
King
of
the
Persians
had
undertaken
this
war
,
had
set
forth
to
Sea
with
a
Navy
to
his
assistance
,
he
resolved
to
sollicite
them
to
take
part
with
him
;
and
because
he
could
not
have
the
opportunity
to
confer
with
them
,
he
provided
that
Symbols
should
be
provided
and
left
written
on
the
stones
,
by
which
they
were
to
sail
,
in
these
words
:
What
madness
hath
possessed
you
,
O
Ionians
?
What
crime
is
this
which
you
undert●ke
?
Did
you
before
make
war
upon
us
your
Founders
,
and
do
you
now
intend
it
again
upon
us
your
Defenders
?
Did
we
therefore
build
your
Walls
,
that
they
should
be
those
who
must
overthrow
our
own
?
What
,
was
not
this
the
cause
that
at
first
made
Darius
,
and
now
Xerxes
to
make
war
against
us
,
because
we
would
not
forsake
you
rebelling
?
Come
away
from
that
Siege
into
our
Tents
,
or
if
you
think
this
Counsel
not
safe
,
the
battels
being
joyned
,
withdraw
your selves
by
degrees
,
keep
back
your
Oars
,
and
depart
from
the
War
.
Before
the
Battel
at
Sea
was
fought
,
Xerxes
had
sent
four
thousand
men
to
plunder
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
,
as
if
he
would
wage
war
not
with
men
onely
,
but
also
with
the
Immortal
Gods
:
who
were
all
destroyed
with
tempests
and
thunders
that
he
might
understand
that
the
greater
the
anger
of
the
Gods
is
,
by
so
much
there
is
no
power
of
men
that
is
able
to
stand
against
them
.
After
this
he
set
on
fire
Thespiae
and
Placeae
,
and
Athens
,
destitute
of
inhabitants
;
and
because
with
his
sword
he
could
not
destroy
the
men
,
he
did
devour
their
houses
with
fire
;
for
the
Athenians
after
the
battel
of
Marathon
(
Themistocles
forewarning
them
that
the
victory
over
the
Persians
would
not
be
the
end
,
but
the
cause
of
a
greater
war
)
did
build
two
hundred
ships
,
and
having
asked
Counsel
of
the
Oracle
on
the
approach
of
Xerxes
,
the
answer
was
,
that
they
should
defend
themselves
with
walls
of
wood
.
Themistocles
conceiving
that
by
the
Oracle
,
a
defence
of
shipping
was
●mplicitely
understood
,
did
perswade
them
all
,
that
their
Country
was
their
confines
,
and
not
their
walls
,
and
that
the
City
did
consist
not
in
the
houses
but
the
Citizens
;
therefore
they
should
better
commit
their
safety
to
their
ships
,
then
to
their
City
,
and
that
God
was
the
Author
of
this
counsel
.
This
counsel
being
approved
of
,
and
the
City
being
abandoned
,
they
lodged
their
wives
and
children
with
their
most
precious
moveables
in
the
close
Islands
;
they
themselves
being
armed
,
did
repair
unto
their
ships
.
There
were
other
Cities
also
that
followed
the
example
of
the
Athenians
.
When
all
their
Fleet
was
united
and
resolved
for
a
Sea-fight
,
and
had
possessed
themselves
of
the
Straights
of
Salamis
,
that
they
might
not
be
circumvented
by
the
multitude
of
Xerxes
Fleet
,
there
did
arise
a
dissention
amongst
the
Princes
,
who
when
they
would
forsake
the
war
to
defend
their
own
possessions
,
Themistocles
fearing
that
by
the
departure
of
his
confederate●
his
strength
should
be
diminished
,
did
acquaint
Xerxes
by
a
faithful
servant
,
that
he
might
now
with
ease
take
all
Greece
,
being
drawn
up
into
one
place
.
But
if
the
strength
of
the
Cities
,
which
we●e
now
marching
homeward
should
be
scattered
he
must
pursue
after
then
one
by
one
with
greater
labor
.
By
this
artifice
,
he
prevailed
upon
the
King
to
give
a
sign
and
sound
to
the
battel
:
The
Greeks
also
being
busied
at
the
advance
of
their
enemies
,
did
prepare
for
the
fight
with
their
●nited
powers
.
The
King
in
the
mean
time
(
one
part
of
his
ships
not
far
from
him
)
did
stand
upon
the
shore
as
spectator
of
the
fight
but
Artemisia
Queen
of
Halicarnassus
,
who
came
to
the
aid
of
Xerxes
in
her
own
person
,
did
fight
most
gallantly
amongst
the
foremost
of
the
Commanders
;
for
as
you
might
here
behold
a
womanish
fear
in
a
man
,
so
in
a
woman
you
might
see
a
manly
courage
.
When
the
fight
was
doubtful
,
the
Ionians
according
to
the
Instructions
of
Themistocles
,
did
by
degrees
with-draw
themselves
from
the
fight
,
whose
revolt
did
alter
the
resolution
of
their
companions
;
therefore
looking
round
about
them
where
to
fly
,
they
were
at
a
stand
,
and
presently
after
being
overcome
,
they
were
all
put
to
slight
.
In
the
violence
of
this
fear
,
many
ships
were
drowned
,
and
many
sunk
,
and
many
dreading
as
much
the
anger
of
their
King
as
the
fury
of
their
enemies
,
did
steal
away
into
Persia
.
Xerxes
being
amazed
at
this
overthrow
,
and
uncertain
what
to
resolve
upon
,
Mardonius
came
unto
him
,
and
did
exhort
him
that
he
would
return
into
his
own
Kingdom
,
lest
the
report
of
the
unprosperous
war
might
occasion
some
sedition
at
home
;
and
as
the
custome
is
,
making
the
best
of
all
things
,
he
desired
that
he
would
leave
to
him
the
command
of
three
hundred
thousand
of
selected
men
,
with
which
he
would
eithet
to
his
glory
overcome
all
Greece
,
or
if
the
event
fell
otherwise
,
he
should
fall
before
the
enemies
without
the
infamy
of
his
Master
.
The
counsell
being
applauded
,
the
Army
was
delivered
to
Mardonius
,
and
the
King
himself
intended
to
lead
back
the
remainder
of
them
into
his
own
Kingdom
.
But
the
Grecians
having
notice
ot
the
Kings
retreat
,
did
take
counsell
to
break
down
the
bridge
,
which
Xerxes
as
if
he
had
been
Conqueror
of
the
Sea
,
had
made
at
Abydos
,
that
his
passage
being
hindred
,
he
should
either
be
destroyed
with
his
Army
,
or
through
desperation
of
success
,
be
inforced
to
sue
for
peace
.
But
Themistocles
fearing
lest
the
enemies
being
shut
up
in
Greece
,
it
might
raise
their
desperation
into
resolution
,
and
enforce
them
with
their
swords
to
open
that
way
which
was
obstructed
to
them
;
he
declared
that
there
already
were
too
many
Enemies
left
in
Greece
behind
,
and
that
their
numbers
ought
not
to
be
increased
by
obstructing
them
in
their
return
.
When
he
could
not
prevail
by
his
counsell
,
he
sent
the
same
servant
to
Xerxes
,
and
did
thoroughly
inform
him
of
it
,
and
perswaded
him
by
a
swift
flight
to
make
sure
his
passage
.
He
being
amazed
at
the
information
of
the
Messenger
,
left
all
his
sould●ers
to
be
commanded
by
his
Captains
,
and
himself
with
a
small
retinue
did
make
all
haste
unto
Abydos
:
Where
when
he
found
the
bridge
to
be
loose
and
broken
by
the
winters
stroms
,
in
a
great
feare
he
passed
over
in
a
Fishers
Sceph
.
It
was
a
sight
worthy
the
observation
,
and
in
the
estimation
of
things
to
be
admired
for
the
variousness
of
human
condition
,
to
behold
him
hiding
himself
in
a
small
vessel
,
whom
not
long
before
scarce
all
the
Sea
could
contain
:
and
that
he
should
be
without
the
attendance
of
servants
,
whose
armies
by
reason
of
their
multitude
were
a
burden
grievous
to
the
earth
to
bear
them
.
Neither
had
his
Armies
by
Land
which
he
assigned
to
his
Captains
,
a
more
happy
expedition
;
for
to
their
daily
travell
(
there
being
no
rest
to
the
fearfull
)
famine
was
joyned
,
and
the
want
continuing
many
days
did
bring
the
Plague
upon
them
;
and
so
great
was
the
noysomness
of
the
dying
,
that
the
High-ways
were
filled
with
Carkases
;
and
Beasts
,
and
Birds
of
Prey
did
follow
the
Army
,
being
tempted
by
the
multitude
of
the
Carkases
.
In
the
mean
time
Mardonius
did
sack
Olynthus
in
Greece
,
and
did
sollicite
the
Athenians
to
the
hope
of
peace
,
and
to
the
friendship
of
the
King
,
promising
them
to
build
again
their
Citie
that
was
burned
,
and
to
make
it
greater
then
before
;
when
he
found
that
they
would
sell
their
liberty
at
no
price
,
having
burned
what
he
began
to
rebuild
,
he
marched
with
his
Army
into
Baeotia
;
thither
the
forces
of
the
Greeks
did
follow
him
,
which
consisted
of
one
hundred
thousand
men
.
The
battell
there
being
fought
,
the
fortune
of
the
King
was
not
changed
with
the
General
Mardonius
being
overcome
,
did
fly
as
out
of
a
wrack
at
Sea
,
with
a
few
men
;
his
tents
full
of
Princely
wealth
were
taken
,
and
the
Persian
gold
being
divided
amongst
them
,
the
luxury
of
riches
did
there
first
seize
upon
the
Grecians
.
On
that
day
in
which
the
forces
of
Mardonius
were
overthrown
,
there
was
a
fight
also
at
Sea
against
the
Persians
under
the
Mountain
of
Mycale
in
Asia
.
There
before
the
engagement
,
when
the
two
Fleets
stood
opposite
to
one
another
,
it
was
with
confidence
reported
to
both
Armies
that
the
Grecians
had
obtained
the
Victory
,
and
that
the
Army
of
Mardonius
was
utterly
overthrown
;
so
great
in
this
was
the
celerity
of
Fame
,
that
when
in
the
morning
the
Battell
was
fought
in
Baeotia
,
in
a
few
hours
through
so
many
Seas
,
and
so
many
hills
and
valleys
,
it
was
brought
by
neon
into
Asia
.
The
war
being
ended
,
there
was
a
counsell
called
concerning
the
rewards
of
the
Cities
;
and
by
the
judgement
of
all
,
the
vertue
and
the
prowess
of
the
Athenians
was
preferred
above
the
rest
,
and
by
the
attestation
of
all
the
Cities
,
Themistocles
being
judged
to
be
the
most
meritorious
amongst
the
Commanders
,
did
increase
the
glory
of
his
Country
.
The
Athenians
therefore
being
enlarged
both
by
the
rewards
of
the
War
,
and
by
the
glory
of
it
,
did
begin
again
to
build
their
City
;
and
because
their
walls
were
stronger
,
and
of
a
greater
compass
then
they
were
before
,
they
began
to
be
suspected
to
the
Lacedemonians
,
wisely
fore-seeing
that
if
the
Ruines
of
their
Citie
could
give
them
so
great
additions
,
what
would
they
now
purchase
,
the
City
being
enlarged
and
walled
about
?
They
therefore
did
send
Ambassadors
to
admonish
them
,
not
to
build
again
Fortifications
for
their
Enemies
,
and
the
Receptacles
of
a
War
to
come
.
Themistocles
observing
that
they
envyed
the
increasing
glory
of
their
City
,
yet
determining
not
to
deal
abruptly
with
them
,
did
answer
the
Ambassadors
that
they
would
send
messengers
of
their
own
to
Lacedemon
,
who
should
debate
with
them
concerning
the
same
subject
.
The
Spartans
being
dismissed
,
he
exhorted
the
Athenians
to
make
haste
of
the
work
,
and
not
long
after
he
did
go
himself
as
an
Ambassador
to
Lacedemon
;
and
sometimes
in
his
journey
counterfeiting
an
indisposition
in
his
body
,
sometime
accusing
the
sloth
of
his
fellow-Ambassadors
,
without
whom
nothing
could
be
concluded
,
he
from
day
to
day
so
long
delayed
the
time
,
that
he
gave
them
at
Athens
the
leisure
to
accomplish
the
work
.
In
the
mean
time
it
was
told
the
Spartans
that
the
buildings
at
Athens
were
almost
finished
,
whereupon
they
sent
Ambassadors
again
to
look
upon
the
work
.
Themistocles
hearing
of
it
,
did
write
unto
the
Magistrates
at
Athens
to
keep
the
Ambassadors
of
Lacedemon
in
safe
custody
,
and
to
detain
them
as
a
pledge
,
lest
any
thing
should
be
determined
too
cruelly
against
himself
.
He
then
addressed
himself
to
the
Senate
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
where
he
declared
that
Athens
was
fenced
round
about
,
and
that
they
were
able
now
to
sustain
a
War
,
not
only
by
their
Walls
,
but
by
their
Armies
:
And
if
for
that
they
would
make
him
suffer
,
he
told
them
that
their
Ambassadors
were
detained
at
Athens
as
a
pledge
of
his
safety
.
He
then
did
sharply
reprehend
them
,
for
that
they
sought
to
increase
their
own
power
not
by
the
strength
but
by
the
weakening
of
their
Associates
.
Being
dismissed
to
Athens
,
he
was
received
by
the
Citizens
as
if
Sparta
had
been
triumphed
over
.
After
this
,
the
Spartans
(
that
their
Army
might
not
be
corrupted
with
sloth
,
and
to
revenge
the
War
which
the
Persians
had
made
on
their
City
and
on
Greece
)
did
of
their
own
accord
make
incursions
into
,
and
plundred
the
Confines
of
Persia
.
They
chose
Pausanias
to
be
General
both
for
their
own
Army
,
and
the
Army
of
their
Associates
,
who
for
his
Conduct
affected
the
whole
Kingdom
of
Greece
,
and
contracted
with
Xerxes
for
the
marriage
of
his
daughter
,
(
a
reward
of
his
treachery
;
)
to
which
purpose
he
restored
the
prisoners
,
that
by
some
benefit
he
might
oblige
to
him
the
belief
of
the
King
.
He
also
wrote
to
Xerxes
,
that
whatsoever
Messengers
he
sent
unto
him
,
he
should
put
them
to
death
,
lest
the
negotiation
betwixt
them
should
be
betrayed
by
their
tongues
;
but
Aristides
the
Captain
of
the
Athenians
,
being
chosen
his
Companion
in
the
War
,
by
crossing
the
designs
of
his
Colleague
,
and
wisely
providing
for
the
imminent
danger
,
did
find
out
the
Treason
,
and
not
long
after
Pausanias
being
accused
was
condemned
.
Xerxes
when
he
found
the
plot
discovered
,
made
War
again
upon
the
Grecians
,
who
elected
for
their
Captain
Cimon
the
Athenian
,
the
Son
of
Miltiades
a
young
Gentleman
,
the
example
of
whose
piety
did
declare
his
greatness
to
come
;
for
to
give
him
Funerall
Rites
,
he
redeemed
the
body
of
his
Father
out
of
prison
,
where
he
dyed
,
being
accused
to
have
purloined
from
the
publike
Treasury
,
and
took
the
Bonds
upon
himself
;
neither
did
he
deceive
in
war
the
expectation
of
his
Friends
;
for
being
not
inferiour
to
the
valour
of
his
Father
,
he
enforced
Xerxes
to
fly
back
with
fear
into
his
Kingdom
,
being
overcome
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
THE
THIRD
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
XErxes
the
King
of
the
Persians
,
the
terror
before
of
the
Nations
,
the
wars
being
unfortunately
mannaged
abroad
,
began
at
last
to
be
despised
at
home
;
for
the
Majesty
of
the
King
daily
diminishing
,
his
Lieutenant
Artabanus
having
flattered
himself
with
the
hope
of
the
Kingdom
,
did
come
in
an
evening
with
seven
sons
he
had
into
the
Court
,
which
by
the
interest
of
friendship
lay
always
open
to
him
,
where
having
slain
the
King
,
he
by
policy
did
attempt
to
take
away
his
sons
,
who
opposed
his
desire
;
and
not
mistrusting
Artaxerxes
being
very
young
,
he
reported
that
the
King
was
slain
by
his
own
Son
Darius
,
that
he
might
the
sooner
enjoy
the
Kingdom
:
He
perswaded
Artaxerxes
by
Parricide
to
revenge
Parricide
,
and
coming
to
the
house
of
Darius
being
asleep
they
killed
him
,
as
if
being
guilty
he
had
coun●er●e●ted
sleep
on
purpose
.
After
this
,
when
Artabanus
saw
that
one
of
the
Royall
Issue
was
yet
remaining
,
and
did
out-live
his
villany
,
and
withall
feared
the
contention
of
the
Nobility
concerning
the
possession
of
the
Kingdom
,
he
assumed
Baccabassus
to
be
a
partner
of
his
co●nsells
,
who
being
contented
with
his
present
condition
,
did
reveal
to
Artaxerxes
how
his
Father
was
slain
,
and
his
Brother
murdered
upon
a
false
suspicion
of
Parricide
,
and
that
Treason
was
plotted
against
himself
.
This
being
understood
,
Artaxerxes
fearring
the
number
of
the
sons
of
Artabanus
,
did
command
that
his
Army
should
be
mustered
on
the
next
day
,
that
he
might
take
into
his
observation
the
number
of
his
souldiers
,
and
their
particular
industry
and
experience
in
their
exercise
of
Arms
:
Therefore
when
amongst
the
rest
Artabanus
was
present
and
in
Arms
,
the
King
dissembled
that
his
Coat
of
Mayl
was
not
fit
for
him
,
and
desired
Artabanus
to
make
an
exchange
,
who
being
busie
to
disarm
himself
,
and
unprepared
for
defence
,
the
King
did
run
him
through
with
his
sword
.
After
this
,
he
commanded
the
sons
of
Artabanus
to
be
apprehended
;
and
at
once
this
excellent
young
man
did
revenge
the
slaughter
of
his
Father
,
the
death
of
his
Brother
,
and
delivered
himself
from
treachery
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
carried
in
Persia
,
all
Greece
being
divided
into
two
parts
by
the
Lacedemonians
and
Athenians
,
they
from
Forraign
Wars
did
convert
their
Swords
into
their
own
bowels
:
Therefore
of
one
people
there
were
constituted
two
bodies
,
and
men
heretofore
of
one
and
the
same
Camp
,
were
now
divided
into
two
hostile
Armies
.
The
Lacedemonians
did
draw
to
their
party
the
common
Auxiliaries
heretofore
of
both
Cities
;
but
the
Athenians
being
as
renowned
for
their
Antiquity
as
their
Acts
,
did
trust
in
their
own
strength
;
and
so
these
two
most
powerful
people
of
Greece
,
equal
by
the
Institutions
of
Solon
,
and
the
Laws
of
Lycurgus
,
did
throw
themselves
into
a
War
through
the
emulation
of
greatness
.
Lycurgus
when
he
succeeded
his
brother
Polybites
King
of
Sparta
,
and
could
challenge
the
Kingdom
for
himself
,
did
with
great
fidelity
restore
it
to
his
son
Charilaus
(
born
after
his
Fathers
death
)
when
he
came
unto
age
,
to
give
an
example
to
Posterity
how
much
the
Rights
of
Piety
amongst
all
good
men
should
prevail
above
the
temptation
of
riches
;
therefore
in
the
Parenthesis
of
time
whiles
the
Infant
grew
up
,
he
being
his
protector
,
made
Laws
for
the
Spartans
;
Laws
not
more
famous
for
their
justice
,
then
for
the
example
of
the
Law-giver
;
for
he
ordained
nothing
in
any
Law
for
others
,
of
which
he
first
of
all
had
not
made
a
rule
of
it
in
himself
.
He
confirmed
the
people
in
their
obedience
to
their
Governors
,
and
the
Governors
to
Justice
in
the
execution
of
their
places
of
Command
.
He
perswaded
parsimony
to
all
,
believing
that
the
labors
of
the
war
would
be
more
easie
by
the
daily
exercise
of
frugality
;
he
commanded
all
things
to
be
bought
not
with
money
but
with
exchange
of
wares
;
he
took
away
the
use
of
Gold
and
Silver
as
the
occasion
of
all
wickedness
;
he
divided
the
administration
of
the
Common-wealth
by
orders
;
he
gave
to
their
Kings
the
power
of
the
Wars
;
to
the
Magistrates
the
Seats
of
Judgement
and
annuall
Successions
;
to
the
Senate
the
Custody
of
the
Laws
;
to
the
People
the
substituting
of
the
Senate
,
and
the
power
of
creating
such
Magistrates
whom
they
pleased
;
he
made
an
equal
division
of
Land
to
all
,
that
their
Patrimonies
being
alike
,
no
man
might
be
made
more
powerful
then
his
Neighbour
;
he
commanded
all
men
to
keep
their
feasts
in
publike
,
that
no
mans
riches
or
his
luxury
should
be
concealed
.
It
was
permitted
to
young
men
to
wear
but
one
suit
of
Apparel
during
the
space
of
one
whole
year
,
and
that
no
man
should
be
clothed
better
then
another
,
nor
feast
more
voluptuously
,
lest
the
imitation
should
be
turned
into
luxury
.
He
instituted
that
the
boys
at
fourteen
years
of
age
should
not
be
brought
up
in
the
City
,
but
in
the
field
,
that
they
might
lay
forth
their
first
yeers
not
in
riot
,
but
in
labour
:
They
were
permitted
neither
bed
nor
pillows
to
lie
upon
,
nor
to
eat
any
warm
things
,
nor
to
return
into
the
City
untill
they
were
at
mans
estate
.
He
ordained
that
the
Virgins
should
be
married
without
portions
.
He
commanded
that
wives
should
not
be
chosen
for
their
money
;
for
he
said
that
husbands
would
more
severely
observe
the
Laws
of
Matrimony
when
they
were
obliged
by
no
respects
of
Dowry
.
He
ordained
that
the
greatest
reverence
should
not
be
given
to
men
rich
or
powerful
,
but
to
those
who
were
of
the
greatest
age
;
and
to
speak
the
truth
,
age
had
nowhere
in
the
world
a
more
venerable
respect
;
and
because
their
manners
before
being
dissolute
,
these
Laws
at
first
might
appear
to
be
harsh
and
hard
,
he
dissembled
that
Apollo
of
Delphos
was
the
Author
of
them
,
and
that
he
received
them
from
his
Instructions
,
that
so
the
fear
of
Religion
might
take
away
all
tediousness
from
the
obedience
of
them
.
Lastly
,
that
he
might
give
eternity
to
his
Laws
,
he
did
oblige
the
City
by
oath
that
they
should
change
nothing
in
their
Laws
till
he
returned
,
and
counterfeited
that
he
would
go
to
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
to
consult
what
should
be
taken
away
or
added
to
them
.
But
he
travelled
not
to
Delphos
,
but
to
Creet
,
and
lived
there
in
perpetuall
banishment
,
and
dying
he
commanded
that
his
bones
should
be
cast
into
the
Sea
,
left
being
brought
to
Lacedemon
they
should
think
themselves
discharged
of
the
Religion
of
their
Oath
,
and
dissolve
their
Laws
.
With
these
Laws
the
City
4o
flourished
in
a
little
time
,
that
when
they
made
war
with
the
Messenians
for
defiling
their
Virgins
in
a
solemn
sacrifice
of
the
Messenians
,
they
bound
themselves
by
a
great
Oath
that
they
would
never
return
untill
they
had
levelled
Messenia
to
the
ground
;
so
much
did
they
promise
to
themselves
either
by
their
strength
,
or
by
their
fortune
;
therefore
when
contrary
to
their
confidence
they
were
detained
ten
yeers
in
the
siege
of
the
City
,
and
after
so
long
a
widdowhood
were
called
back
by
the
complaints
of
their
wives
,
they
fearing
that
this
continuation
of
the
war
they
should
endammage
themselves
more
then
the
Messenians
;
for
what
yong
men
the
Messeninas
lost
in
the
War
,
could
be
supplyed
again
by
the
fruitfulness
of
the
women
;
but
unto
them
their
losses
in
the
War
were
dayly
,
and
the
Husbands
being
absent
,
there
could
not
be
any
fruitfulness
of
their
Wives
;
therefore
they
did
choose
yong
men
out
of
that
number
of
the
Soldiers
,
who
after
the
administration
of
the
Oath
,
did
come
as
Recruits
unto
the
Army
;
who
being
sent
back
to
Sparta
,
a
promiscuous
copulation
with
all
women
was
permitted
,
thinking
that
the
conception
would
be
more
mature
,
if
the
women
did
deserve
for
it
by
the
4ryal
and
use
of
several
men
.
The
Children
born
from
these
were
called
Parthenians
,
in
reflection
on
their
mothers
chastity
;
who
when
they
arrived
to
Thirty
years
of
Age
,
for
the
fear
of
Penury
(
for
they
having
no
Father
into
whose
Patrimony
a
Succession
might
be
hoped
)
did
choose
for
their
Captain
Phalantus
the
Son
of
Aratus
,
who
was
the
Author
to
the
Spar●ans
of
sending
home
the
yong
men
for
the
pro●agation
of
Children
:
that
as
they
had
his
Fa●her
the
Author
of
their
Original
,
so
they
might
4ave
his
Son
the
Original
of
their
hope
and
dig●ity
.
Not
taking
leave
of
their
Mothers
by
4hose
loosness
they
thought
they
had
contracted
44famy
,
they
travel'd
to
seek
out
new
Habitati●ns
,
and
through
many
Adventures
having
been
tossed
long
upon
the
Seas
,
they
arrived
at
last
in
Italy
,
and
the
Tower
of
Tarentum
being
taken
,
and
the
ancient
Inhabitants
forced
from
it
,
they
there
made
a
Plantation
for
themselves
.
But
after
many
years
their
Captain
Phalantus
being
by
sedition
driven
into
banishment
,
did
repair
unto
Brundusium
,
to
which
place
the
ancient
Tarentines
,
retired
,
being
(
as
I
have
said
)
forced
from
their
own
Habitations
.
He
dying
,
did
perswade
them
that
they
should
beat
his
bones
and
last
Relicts
into
dust
,
and
privately
strow
them
on
the
publick
place
of
meeting
of
the
Tarentines
;
for
Apollo
at
Delphos
did
by
this
means
promise
that
they
should
recover
their
City
and
Country
again
:
they
conceiving
that
to
fulfil
his
revenge
,
he
had
betrayed
the
fate
of
the
Citizens
,
did
obey
his
Instructions
.
But
the
sense
of
the
Oracle
was
contrary
,
for
it
promised
by
this
deed
,
a
perpetuity
to
them
,
and
not
an
amissi●n
of
their
City
.
Thus
by
the
counsel
of
their
banisht
Captain
,
and
the
officiousness
of
the
Enemies
,
the
City
of
Tarentum
was
through
all
Ages
possessed
by
the
Parthenians
;
In
the
memory
of
which
benefit
,
divine
honours
were
decreed
to
Phalantus
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
Messenians
when
they
could
not
be
overcome
by
prowess
,
were
circumvented
by
deceit
,
&
having
for
fourscore
yeers
endured
the
grievous
scourges
,
and
for
the
most
part
the
bonds
,
and
the
other
calamities
of
a
conquered
City
;
after
a
long
patience
of
punishments
they
renewed
the
War
,
and
the
Lacedemonians
did
so
much
the
more
eagerly
combine
themselves
unto
Arms
,
because
they
were
to
fight
against
their
own
Captains
;
therefore
when
injury
on
this
side
,
and
indignitie
on
the
other
side
did
exasperate
their
swords
,
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
being
consulted
,
the
Lacedemonians
were
commanded
to
fetch
a
Captain
for
their
War
from
Athens
.
The
Athenians
when
they
understood
the
Answer
of
the
Oracle
,
in
the
disgrace
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
did
send
Tyrtaeus
the
Poet
,
a
man
lame
in
feet
,
who
being
overthrown
in
three
battels
,
did
bring
down
the
Spartans
to
so
much
desperation
,
that
they
set
free
their
servants
for
recruits
of
their
Armie
;
and
the
Widows
of
the
slain
were
promised
to
them
in
marriage
,
that
they
might
succed
not
only
in
the
number
,
but
also
in
the
dignity
of
the
Citizens
that
were
lost
.
But
the
Kings
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
least
by
fighting
against
Fortune
,
they
should
heap
more
calamity
upon
their
City
,
would
have
marched
back
with
their
Army
,
had
not
Tyrtaeus
intervened
,
who
at
a
full
Assembly
recited
to
the
Army
some
Verses
he
had
made
,
by
which
he
shot
so
great
a
heat
of
courage
into
the
breasts
of
the
Souldiers
,
that
more
mindful
of
their
burial
then
of
their
safety
,
they
fastened
Medals
on
their
right
Arms
,
in
which
their
own
and
their
Fathers
Names
were
engraven
,
that
if
the
fury
of
the
battel
should
have
deveured
them
all
,
and
by
the
space
of
time
the
lineaments
of
their
bodies
should
lie
confused
together
,
yet
by
the
observation
of
their
Titles
they
might
be
discovered
and
delivered
unto
burial
.
When
the
Kings
perceived
the
Army
to
bee
thus
encouraged
,
they
sent
a
Messenger
to
e●form
the
Enemy
with
their
Resolutions
,
which
possessed
the
Messenians
not
with
any
fear
,
but
a
mutual
emulation
;
they
fought
therefore
with
such
height
of
Courage
,
that
there
was
scarce
ever
seen
a
more
bloody
battel
;
the
Lacedemonians
at
last
did
obtain
the
victory
.
In
the
process
of
time
,
the
Messenians
commenced
the
third
War
,
at
which
time
the
Lacedemonians
amongst
their
other
Associates
did
call
the
Athenians
to
their
ayd
;
but
suspecting
their
fidelity
,
and
pretending
them
to
be
supervacaneous
,
they
dismissed
them
from
the
service
,
which
left
so
deep
an
impression
in
the
hearts
of
the
Athenians
,
that
they
translated
the
money
(
which
was
collected
over
all
Greece
for
the
Persian
War
)
from
Delos
unto
Athens
,
least
it
should
be
a
prey
to
the
Lacedemonians
:
But
the
Lacedemonians
were
not
contented
with
it
;
for
being
engaged
themselve●
in
the
Messenian
War
,
they
sent
to
the
Pelopen●iensians
to
invade
the
Athenians
,
whose
Forces
at
that
present
were
but
small
,
their
Fleet
being
commanded
into
Aegypt
;
therefore
fighting
at
Sea
they
were
easily
overcome
,
but
by
the
return
of
their
Associates
,
being
increased
both
in
ships
and
men
,
they
renewed
the
War
;
and
now
the
Lacedemonians
giving
some
respite
to
the
Messenians
,
did
turn
themselves
and
their
arms
against
the
Athenians
;
the
Victory
was
a
long
time
doubtful
;
at
last
they
left
off
with
equal
loss
;
and
the
Lacedemonians
being
called
back
to
the
war
again
of
the
Messenians
,
least
in
the
mean
time
they
should
leave
the
Athenians
idle
,
they
bargain'd
with
the
Thebans
to
restore
unto
them
the
Government
of
Boeotia
which
they
lost
in
the
times
of
their
troubles
with
the
Persians
,
if
they
would
undertake
the
War
against
the
Athenians
;
so
great
was
the
fury
of
the
Spartans
,
that
being
envolved
in
two
Wars
,
they
refused
not
to
undertake
the
third
if
they
could
get
any
to
assist
them
who
was
an
enemy
to
their
Enemies
;
Therefore
the
Athenians
against
so
great
tempest
of
the
War
did
chuse
two
Captains
,
Pericles
a
man
of
approved
vertue
,
and
Sophocles
the
writer
of
Tragedies
,
who
having
divided
their
Army
,
did
waste
the
Fields
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
and
added
many
Cities
of
Achaia
to
their
Government
,
with
which
misfortunes
the
Lacedemonians
being
disco●raged
,
did
make
peace
with
the
Athenians
for
thirty
yeers
,
but
their
enmities
could
not
endure
so
tedious
a
truce
;
therefore
in
the
space
of
less
then
fi●teen
yeers
they
invaded
the
borders
of
Athens
,
and
plundred
the
Countrey
in
the
despite
of
God
and
man
;
and
that
they
might
not
seem
to
desire
a
prey
rather
then
an
encounter
,
they
challenged
the
Athenians
to
battel
;
but
by
the
counsel
of
Pericl●s
,
the
Athenians
deferr'd
the
injury
of
the
loss
sustain'd
to
an
apt
time
of
revenge
,
thinking
it
not
good
discretion
to
joyn
in
battel
with
the
Enemies
,
when
without
danger
they
could
be
revenged
of
them
.
Certain
daies
being
passed
,
they
went
aboard
their
Ships
,
and
the
Lacedemonians
not
thinking
of
it
,
they
plunder'd
all
Sparta
,
and
brought
away
far
more
then
before
they
lost
,
and
in
reference
to
this
booty
taken
,
the
revenge
was
above
the
anger
.
This
Expedition
of
Pericles
was
famous
,
but
much
more
famous
was
his
contempt
of
his
private
Patrimony
:
for
the
Enemies
when
they
made
havock
of
the
rest
,
did
leave
his
Fields
untouched
,
hoping
by
that
means
to
pluck
upon
him
either
danger
by
the
envie
,
or
the
infamy
of
treachery
by
suspition
;
which
Pericles
foreseeing
,
did
both
declare
it
unto
the
people
,
and
to
decline
the
assault
of
envie
,
did
give
away
those
Fields
to
the
Commonwealth
,
and
so
where
his
danger
was
most
sought
after
,
he
found
his
greatest
safety
.
Not
long
after
,
there
was
another
battel
at
Sea
,
in
which
the
Lacedemonians
being
overcome
,
were
put
to
flight
,
neither
did
they
cease
afterward
,
but
by
various
fortune
of
the
War
,
either
by
Sea
or
by
land
they
destroyed
one
another
.
At
the
last
,
being
wearyed
by
so
many
calamities
,
they
made
a
peace
for
fifty
yeers
,
which
they
observed
but
six
;
for
the
Articles
which
they
signed
in
their
own
names
,
they
did
break
in
the
persons
of
their
Associates
,
as
if
they
were
guilty
of
less
perjurie
by
bringing
ayd
to
their
Confederates
,
then
if
they
had
proclaimed
open
War
themselves
.
The
War
was
hence
translated
into
Sicily
,
which
before
I
shall
declare
,
some
few
things
are
to
be
first
spoken
concerning
the
situation
of
the
Iland
.
THE
FOVRTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
IT
is
reported
that
Sicily
by
some
narrow
necks
of
Land
was
heretofore
joyned
to
Italy
,
and
that
it
was
torn
from
it
as
from
the
greater
body
by
the
impetuousness
of
the
upper
Sea
,
which
is
carryed
that
way
with
all
the
weight
of
its
Waves
.
The
Earth
itself
is
light
&
brittle
,
and
so
full
of
holes
&
flaws
,
that
it
lies
almost
all
open
to
the
gusts
of
the
winds
;
and
there
is
a
natural
vertue
and
faculty
in
it
,
both
for
the
begetting
and
the
nourishing
of
fire
;
for
it
is
reported
that
within
,
it
is
full
of
the
veins
of
Pitch
and
Rozen
,
which
is
the
cause
that
the
wind
in
the
bowels
of
the
Earth
wrastling
with
the
fire
,
it
often
and
in
several
places
doth
belch
forth
sometimes
fire
,
sometimes
vapours
,
and
sometimes
smoak
;
and
from
hence
through
so
many
Ages
,
the
fire
of
Aetna
doth
continue
;
and
where
the
winds
do
work
more
strong
through
the
spiraments
of
the
Caves
,
heaps
of
Sands
are
cast
forth
.
The
Promontory
next
to
Italy
is
called
Rhegium
,
which
according
to
the
Greek
doth
signifie
abrupt
:
Neither
is
it
a
wonder
,
that
the
Antiquity
of
this
place
should
bee
so
fabulous
,
in
which
so
many
wonderful
things
do
meet
together
.
First
,
there
is
nowhere
a
more
violent
Sea
,
and
not
only
with
a
rapid
but
a
cruel
force
,
and
terrible
not
only
to
the
Saylors
but
Spectators
afar
off
:
so
great
also
is
the
combate
of
the
Waves
tilting
one
against
another
,
that
you
may
behold
some
of
them
as
it
were
turning
their
backs
to
dive
into
the
bottom
of
the
Gulph
,
and
others
in
foaming
triumph
to
ride
aloft
as
Conquerours
over
them
;
you
may
hear
the
roar
of
their
rage
in
the
height
,
and
the
groans
again
of
their
fall
into
the
Deeps
.
The
perpetual
fires
of
the
Hill
of
Aetna
and
of
the
Aeolian
Ilands
do
come
so
neer
,
that
you
would
think
the
very
fire
is
nourished
by
the
water
;
for
otherwise
in
so
narrow
a
compass
,
so
great
a
fire
could
never
continue
so
many
Ages
,
if
it
were
not
fed
by
the
nutriture
of
the
moysture
:
From
hence
the
Fables
did
produce
Scylla
and
Charibdis
;
from
hence
those
barkings
were
heard
,
from
hence
were
those
strange
shapes
of
the
Monster
believed
,
when
the
Saylers
by
,
affrighted
with
the
great
noyse
and
swallows
of
the
whirl-Pools
,
did
conceive
those
Waves
did
bark
,
which
the
voraginousness
of
the
devouring
Sea
did
commit
and
clash
together
.
The
same
cause
makes
the
fire
of
the
Monntain
Aetna
to
be
perpetual
;
for
this
concurse
and
wrastling
of
the
water
doth
take
down
with
it
into
the
bottom
of
the
deeps
the
enforced
spirit
,
and
there
suffocates
and
keeps
it
down
so
long
,
until
diffused
through
the
pores
of
the
Earth
,
it
kindles
the
nutriment
of
the
fire
.
The
neerness
of
Italy
and
of
Sicily
,
and
the
height
of
their
Promontories
is
so
equal
,
that
it
gives
no
less
admiration
to
us
,
then
it
did
terror
to
Antiquity
,
who
did
believe
(
the
Promontories
meeting
both
,
and
uniting
themselves
into
one
,
and
by
and
by
again
dividing
)
that
Ships
oftentimes
were
by
them
intercepted
and
comsumed
.
Neither
was
this
invented
by
the
Antients
for
the
delightfulness
of
the
Story
,
but
by
the
fear
and
wonder
of
the
Saylers
;
for
such
is
the
condition
of
the
place
to
those
who
at
distance
do
observe
it
,
that
you
would
believe
it
rather
to
be
a
Harbour
then
a
Passage
,
to
which
when
you
are
arrived
,
you
will
think
that
the
Promontories
did
cleave
asunder
and
were
divided
,
which
before
were
joyned
into
one
.
Sicily
was
first
called
Trinacria
,
and
afterwards
Sicania
:
At
the
beginning
it
was
the
Country
of
the
Cyclops
,
who
being
extinguished
,
Aeolus
possessed
himself
of
the
command
of
the
Iland
,
after
whom
every
one
did
stoop
to
the
Government
of
Tyrants
,
there
being
never
any
Land
more
fruitful
of
them
.
In
the
number
of
whom
when
Anaxilaus
with
justice
and
mercy
contended
with
the
cruelty
of
others
,
his
moderation
gain'd
him
no
little
profit
;
for
when
dying
he
left
many
little
children
,
and
committed
the
Tutelage
of
them
to
Micythus
a
servant
of
his
of
approved
fidelity
,
so
great
was
the
love
which
they
did
all
bear
unto
his
Memory
,
that
they
chose
rather
to
obey
a
servant
,
then
to
abandon
the
children
of
the
King
;
and
the
Governors
of
the
Ci●ie
forgetting
their
dignity
,
did
permit
that
the
Majesty
of
the
Kingdom
should
be
administred
by
a
servant
.
The
Government
of
Sicily
was
heretofore
attempted
by
the
Carthaginians
,
and
with
various
success
they
for
a
long
time
did
fight
with
the
Tyrants
;
but
their
General
Hamilcar
being
lost
at
last
with
his
whole
Army
,
the
conquered
were
quiet
for
a
season
:
In
the
mean
time
,
when
the
Inhabitants
of
Regium
did
labour
with
discord
,
and
the
City
was
divided
into
two
parts
,
the
old
Souldiers
who
combined
altogether
being
called
by
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
of
Imera
to
their
ayd
,
having
relieved
the
City
,
did
fall
upon
their
friends
whom
they
came
to
assist
,
and
not
only
seized
upon
their
City
,
but
took
their
Wives
and
Children
captive
,
their
Fathers
and
Husbands
being
slain
who
did
oppose
them
;
a
villany
by
no
Tyrants
to
bee
paralleld
.
How
much
more
honourable
were
it
for
the
Rhegians
in
this
cause
to
be
conquered
then
to
conquer
?
for
although
by
the
Laws
of
War
they
had
served
the
Authors
of
their
Captivitie
,
or
,
their
Countrey
being
lost
,
they
were
necessitated
to
be
banished
,
yet
they
should
never
have
left
their
City
nor
their
Wives
and
Children
as
a
prey
to
the
most
barbarous
of
Tyrants
,
nor
be
sacrificed
themselves
almost
on
their
own
Altars
,
and
in
the
presence
of
the
gods
of
their
Countrey
.
The
Catanians
also
,
when
they
found
the
Syracusians
too
heavily
to
oppress
them
,
distrusting
their
own
strength
,
desired
ayd
of
the
Athenians
,
who
whether
out
of
the
desire
to
encrease
their
Dominions
,
being
masters
already
of
Greece
and
Asia
,
or
whether
for
fear
that
the
Lacedemonians
Forces
should
be
added
to
the
Syracusian
Navie
,
sent
Lamponius
their
Captain
with
a
Fleet
into
Sicily
,
that
under
pretence
of
assisting
the
Catanians
,
they
should
indeavour
to
possess
themselves
of
the
whole
Iland
.
And
because
their
first
beginnings
were
prosperous
enough
,
their
Enemies
being
often
slain
or
routed
,
with
a
great
Navie
and
a
stronger
Army
they
came
again
to
Sicily
,
under
the
command
of
Lachetes
and
Chariades
;
But
the
Catanians
either
through
fear
of
the
Athenians
,
or
the
tediousness
of
the
War
,
made
peace
with
the
Syracusians
,
the
Auxiliaries
of
the
Athenians
being
dismissed
:
Not
long
after
,
when
this
Covenant
of
Peace
was
ill
observed
by
the
Saracusians
,
they
sent
their
Ambassadors
again
to
Athens
,
who
in
old
and
ragged
habiliments
,
their
hair
both
of
head
and
beard
being
of
an
unsightly
length
,
and
in
a
most
slovenly
and
deformed
posture
,
to
move
compassion
,
did
address
themselves
to
the
Assembly
.
Tears
were
added
to
their
prayers
,
and
their
supplications
so
prevailed
upon
the
people
inclined
to
pity
,
that
they
condemned
their
Captains
who
brought
back
their
Auxiliaries
from
them
.
Hereupon
a
great
Navie
was
prepared
;
Nicias
,
and
Alcibiades
,
and
Lamachus
were
made
Captains
,
and
so
formidable
an
Army
was
sent
into
Sicily
,
that
they
became
even
a
terror
to
those
unto
whose
ayd
they
marched
.
Not
long
after
Alcibiades
being
called
back
to
answer
to
the
Charge
that
was
brought
against
him
,
Nicias
and
Lamachus
did
obtain
two
Victories
by
Land
,
and
with
a
close
siege
having
begirt
their
Enemies
,
they
block'd
up
the
passage
,
which
brought
them
their
relief
from
Sea
.
The
Syracusians
labouring
under
the
burden
of
these
necessities
,
desired
ayd
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
which
was
dispatched
to
them
but
with
one
Captain
,
Gylippus
by
name
,
but
such
a
one
that
no
assistance
could
be
comparable
to
his
.
He
(
the
nature
and
course
of
the
War
being
understood
,
and
yet
almost
in
a
lost
condition
,
they
had
drawn
together
some
few
inconsiderable
Forces
our
of
Greece
and
Sicily
)
did
in
the
first
place
possess
himself
of
some
places
of
reserve
fit
for
the
carrying
on
of
the
War
:
After
this
being
twice
routed
;
in
the
third
encounter
,
he
slew
Lamachus
one
of
their
Commanders
of
the
Athenians
,
and
having
put
his
Enemies
to
flight
,
he
relieved
his
besieged
friends
.
On
this
the
Athenians
transferr'd
the
War
from
Land
to
Sea
,
which
being
suddenly
known
,
Gylippus
sent
to
Lacedemon
for
the
Fleet
to
his
assistance
,
and
for
some
recruits
if
need
were
for
the
service
of
the
Land
.
The
Athenians
also
sent
Demosthenes
and
Eurymedon
in
the
place
of
their
Captain
that
was
killed
,
with
supplies
both
of
men
and
money
.
And
by
the
common
decree
of
Cities
,
the
Pelopennesians
sent
Auxiliaries
in
great
numbers
to
the
Syracusians
;
and
as
if
that
the
War
of
Greece
was
translated
into
Sicily
,
they
did
fight
on
both
sides
in
the
height
of
resolution
with
all
the
powers
they
could
make
.
In
the
first
encounter
at
Sea
the
Athenians
were
overcome
,
who
lost
all
,
and
all
their
moneys
both
publick
and
private
:
This
distress
at
Sea
was
seconded
by
a
distress
at
Land
,
and
being
routed
there
also
,
it
was
the
counsel
of
Demosthenes
,
that
they
should
remove
themselves
,
and
the
War
from
Sicily
,
whiles
their
affairs
,
though
shaken
and
ruinous
,
were
not
quite
lost
,
and
that
they
ought
not
to
persevere
any
longer
in
a
War
unluckily
begun
;
he
alleaged
that
there
may
be
more
grievous
and
more
unfortunate
Wars
at
home
,
for
which
they
ought
to
reserve
the
Forces
of
their
City
.
But
Nicias
,
whether
through
shame
of
the
ill
success
,
or
through
f●ar
to
leave
destitute
the
hopes
by
abandoning
the
cause
of
his
Associates
,
or
fate
so
ordaining
it
,
was
resolved
not
to
stir
.
Therefore
the
fight
again
at
Sea
was
renewed
,
and
they
were
called
back
from
the
storm
of
their
former
misfortune
,
to
some
hope
of
Victory
;
But
by
the
unexperience
of
their
Captains
who
assaulted
the
Syracusians
,
defending
themselves
in
the
streights
of
the
Sea
,
they
were
easily
overcome
.
Eurymedon
their
Captain
fighting
most
bravely
amongst
the
foremost
,
was
the
first
that
was
slain
:
The
thirty
ships
which
he
commanded
were
all
immediately
devoured
by
the
fire
.
Demosthenes
and
Nicias
being
themselves
all
overcome
,
did
convey
their
Army
to
the
shoar
,
thinking
that
their
flight
would
be
more
safe
by
Land
,
whereupon
Gylippus
seized
upon
one
hundred
and
thirty
of
their
ships
which
they
had
abandoned
,
and
pursuing
the
Athenians
in
their
flight
,
he
took
many
Prisoners
,
and
put
many
to
the
sword
.
Demosthenes
(
the
Army
being
lost
)
did
with
his
sword
by
a
voluntary
death
redeem
himself
from
Captivity
:
But
Nicias
,
who
would
not
be
admonished
by
the
counsel
of
Demosthenes
to
provide
for
himself
,
did
encrease
his
overthrow
with
the
dishonour
of
Captivity
.
THE
FIFTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
WHiles
the
Athenians
for
two
years
together
did
make
war
in
Sicily
more
eagerly
then
happily
;
one
of
their
Generals
,
and
a
contriver
of
that
War
,
Alcibiades
by
name
,
being
absent
,
was
accused
at
Athens
for
having
divulged
the
mysteries
of
Ceres
,
which
were
solemnized
by
nothing
more
then
silence
;
and
being
called
back
from
the
war
to
his
tryal
,
either
not
enduring
the
consciousness
,
or
the
indignity
of
the
Charge
,
conveyed
himself
privately
away
into
banishment
at
Elis
;
where
he
perswaded
the
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
(
the
State
of
the
Athenians
being
sorely
shaken
)
by
the
adverse
war
in
Sicily
,
to
invade
their
Territories
at
home
;
whereupon
all
the
Cities
of
Greece
did
come
of
their
own
accord
to
his
assistance
,
as
to
put
out
a
common
fire
;
so
general
a
hatred
the
Athenians
had
contracted
by
their
cruelty
,
through
the
immoderate
desire
of
Soveraignty
.
Darius
also
King
of
the
Persians
,
being
not
unmindful
of
the
ancient
enmity
of
this
City
to
them
,
(
a
league
being
made
with
the
Lacedemonians
by
Tissafernes
Governor
of
Lydia
)
did
promise
to
assist
the
Grecians
in
all
the
charges
of
the
war
.
This
was
his
pretence
to
comply
with
the
Grecians
;
but
he
feared
in
earnest
,
lest
the
Athenians
being
overthrown
,
the
Lacedemonians
should
transfer
the
war
on
him
.
Who
would
therefore
wonder
that
so
flourishing
an
Estate
as
was
this
of
Athens
,
should
fall
to
the
ground
,
when
to
oppose
it
alone
,
all
the
Powers
of
the
East
did
unite
themselves
together
?
but
they
fell
not
in
a
sluggish
or
an
unbloody
war
,
but
fought
to
the
last
man
;
and
being
sometimes
Conquerors
,
they
were
not
overcome
but
rather
worn
out
by
the
variety
of
their
fortune
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
war
,
all
their
Consederates
revolted
from
them
,
as
commonly
it
is
seen
,
that
where
fortune
,
thither
also
the
favour
of
men
does
incline
;
Alcibiades
also
did
help
on
the
war
made
against
his
Country
,
not
with
the
industry
of
a
common
Souldier
,
but
with
the
power
of
a
Commander
:
For
having
received
a
squadron
of
five
ships
,
he
sailed
into
Asia
;
and
by
the
authority
of
his
name
,
compelled
the
Cities
which
paid
tribute
there
to
Athens
,
to
rebel
against
them
;
For
they
knew
that
he
was
famous
at
home
,
and
saw
him
not
made
less
by
banishment
;
and
he
being
a
Captain
not
so
much
taken
from
the
Athenians
,
as
offered
to
the
Lacedemonians
,
they
weighed
the
Government
he
had
go●ten
with
that
which
he
had
lost
:
But
his
vertue
contracted
amongst
the
Lacedemonians
more
env●e
then
favour
;
Therefore
when
the
Rulers
had
commanded
that
by
treachery
he
should
be
slain
,
being
one
tha●
did
emulate
their
glory
,
it
being
made
known
to
Alcibiades
by
the
wife
of
King
Agis
,
with
whom
he
was
too
familiar
,
he
fled
to
Tissafernes
the
Lieutenant
of
King
Darius
,
into
whom
he
quickly
did
insinua
e
himself
by
the
officiousness
of
his
Courtship
and
his
eloquence
;
For
he
was
in
the
flower
of
his
youth
&
beauty
,
and
famous
also
amongst
the
Athenians
for
his
Oratory
,
more
happy
in
procuring
friendships
then
in
preserving
them
;
for
the
vices
of
his
manners
did
lie
hid
under
the
shadow
of
his
Eloquence
;
he
perswaded
Tissafernes
that
he
should
not
contribute
so
much
in
money
to
the
Fleet
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
alledging
that
the
Ionians
were
to
pay
part
of
it
,
for
whose
liberty
being
tributary
to
Athens
,
the
war
was
undertaken
;
neither
were
the
Lacedemonians
(
he
said
)
too
prodigally
to
be
seconded
with
Auxiliaries
;
for
he
ought
to
consider
that
he
provided
a
Victory
for
another
,
not
for
himselfe
;
and
so
far
onely
,
the
war
was
to
be
relieved
,
that
it
might
not
for
want
be
abandoned
.
For
in
this
discord
of
the
Greeks
,
the
King
of
Persia
might
stand
as
an
Arbitrator
b●th
of
Peace
and
War
,
and
overcome
them
by
their
mutual
Arms
whom
he
could
not
by
his
own
.
And
the
war
being
ended
,
it
may
come
to
his
turn
afterwards
to
fight
with
the
Conquerors
;
Greece
therefore
he
said
,
was
to
be
over-run
with
Domestick
wars
,
that
they
might
not
have
the
leisure
to
look
abroad
;
and
the
powers
of
the
Parties
were
to
kept
equal
,
and
the
weaker
to
be
relieved
with
ayd
;
for
he
may
be
sure
,
that
the
Lacedemonians
who
profess
themselves
to
be
the
Defenders
of
the
liberty
of
Greece
,
will
not
be
quiet
after
this
Victory
.
This
Speech
was
agreeable
to
Tissafernes
;
therefore
the
prom●sed
provisions
for
the
war
were
〈◊〉
but
slowly
in
;
he
sent
also
but
part
of
the
R●yal
Navy
,
lest
he
should
compleat
the
Victory
,
and
lay
a
necessity
on
the
other
side
to
lay
down
their
Arms.
Alcibiades
in
the
mean
time
,
did
make
this
known
to
the
Citizens
of
Athens
,
unto
whom
when
their
Ambassadors
did
arrive
,
he
promised
them
the
friendship
of
the
King
,
if
the
command
of
the
Common-wealth
were
translated
from
the
people
to
the
Senate
;
hoping
that
either
by
the
agreement
of
the
City
he
should
be
chosen
General
by
all
,
or
a
difference
being
made
betwixt
the
people
and
Senate
,
he
should
be
called
by
one
of
the
parties
to
their
assistance
;
But
by
reason
of
the
imminent
danger
of
the
war
,
the
Athenians
had
a
greater
care
of
their
safety
then
their
dignity
.
Therefore
the
people
giving
way
unto
it
,
the
Government
was
translated
to
the
Senate
;
whom
when
they
mannaged
themselves
with
great
cruelty
to
the
people
,
according
to
the
pride
inherent
to
that
Nation
,
every
one
by
himselfe
exercising
the
power
of
a
Tyrant
,
Alcibiades
was
called
from
his
banishment
by
the
Army
,
and
chosen
Admiral
of
the
Navie
:
He
immediately
sent
to
Athens
that
he
would
make
haste
unto
them
with
an
Army
,
and
if
they
would
not
restore
it
,
he
would
by
force
take
from
the
f
ur
hundred
,
the
priv●ledges
of
the
people
.
The
Peers
affright●d
with
this
Rem●nstrance
,
did
attempt
in
the
first
place
to
betray
the
City
to
the
La●ed●monians
,
which
when
by
the
vigilance
of
the
Army
,
it
could
not
be
effected
,
they
undertook
a
wilful
banishment
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Alcibiades
,
his
Country
be●ng
delivered
from
the
intestine
trouble
,
with
great
care
and
industry
equipped
his
Fleet
,
and
lanched
forth
against
the
Lacedemonians
,
and
being
expected
by
Mindarus
and
Pharnabasus
,
the
two
Admirals
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
the
battel
being
begun
,
the
Athenians
had
the
Victory
:
In
this
battel
,
the
greatest
part
of
the
Army
,
and
almost
all
the
Commanders
and
Officers
of
the
Lacedemonians
were
slain
;
Not
long
after
,
when
they
brought
the
War
from
Sea
to
Land
,
they
were
overcome
again
;
being
discouraged
with
those
losses
,
they
desired
a
peace
;
which
that
it
might
not
be
obtained
,
was
procured
by
their
policy
who
knew
which
way
to
make
a
mercenary
advantage
of
it
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
Carthaginians
having
made
war
in
Sicily
,
the
Auxiliaries
sent
to
the
Lacedemonians
from
the
Syracusians
were
called
back
;
and
the
Lacedemonians
being
left
destitute
,
Alcibiades
with
his
conquering
Navie
did
make
spoile
in
Asia
,
and
fought
many
battels
in
many
places
,
and
being
every-where
a
Conqueror
,
he
reduced
the
Cities
which
revolted
,
he
subdued
some
others
,
and
added
them
to
the
Commonwealth
of
Athens
.
And
thus
having
vindicated
the
antient
glory
of
the
Athenians
by
Sea
,
and
made
himself
mo●e
famous
by
some
Conquests
by
Land
,
being
much
desired
by
the
Citizens
,
he
returned
to
Athens
;
In
these
encounters
he
took
two
hundred
ships
from
the
Enemy
and
a
great
booty
:
The
Army
rerurning
in
triumph
,
the
people
in
throngs
came
forth
to
meet
them
,
and
with
wonder
they
gaze
upon
all
the
Souldiers
in
general
,
but
on
Alcibiades
in
particular
:
The
whole
City
did
fasten
on
him
their
eyes
;
they
extolled
him
as
sent
from
Heaven
,
and
beheld
him
as
Victory
her self
:
They
repeated
what
he
atchieved
for
his
Country
,
and
what
being
a
banished
man
,
he
had
acted
against
it
,
excusing
him
that
he
was
incensed
and
provoked
to
it
;
So
much
of
high
concernment
there
was
in
this
one
man
that
he
was
both
the
Author
of
their
large
Dominions
subverted
,
and
again
restored
.
They
did
prosecute
his
merits
not
onely
with
all
humane
,
but
with
divine
honors
,
and
contended
with
themselves
whither
they
more
contumeliously
expelled
him
,
or
more
honourably
received
him
;
they
brought
those
gods
to
gratulate
him
to
whose
execrations
they
had
before
devoted
him
,
and
they
would
now
place
him
in
Heaven
,
to
whom
they
had
denyed
the
society
of
men
.
They
made
satisfaction
for
disgrace
with
honors
,
for
losses
w●th
rewards
,
and
for
execrations
with
prayers
.
They
discoursed
no●
of
the
adverse
fight
in
Sicily
,
but
of
the
Victory
of
Greece
,
not
of
the
Fleets
he
lost
,
but
of
those
he
won
,
not
of
Syracuse
,
but
of
Ionia
and
Hellespont
.
This
was
the
fortune
of
Alcibiades
who
never
knew
a
mean
either
in
the
favours
or
the
displeasure
of
his
Citizens
.
Whiles
this
was
done
at
Athens
,
the
Lacedemonians
made
Lysander
General
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
and
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
had
made
his
Son
Cyrus
Governor
of
Lydia
,
and
Ionia
in
the
place
of
Tissafernes
,
who
with
men
and
money
did
raise
up
the
Lacedemonians
to
the
hope
of
their
former
fortune
.
Being
increased
in
their
strength
with
the
suddenness
of
their
approach
,
they
suppressed
Alcibiades
sent
into
Asia
with
one
hundred
ships
,
and
spoiling
the
Countrey
made
rich
with
long
peace
,
his
Souldiers
in
the
desire
of
the
booty
being
dispersed
,
and
not
suspecting
the
coming
of
an
Enemy
;
so
great
therefore
was
the
slaughter
which
the
Lacedemonians
made
,
that
in
this
fight
the
Athenians
received
a
greater
wound
then
they
did
give
in
the
former
;
and
so
great
was
their
desperation
,
that
immediately
they
changed
their
General
Alcibiades
for
Conon
,
believing
,
they
were
overcome
,
not
by
the
fortune
of
the
war
,
but
by
the
deceit
of
Alcibiades
,
on
whom
the
former
injuries
more
prevailed
then
the
latter
benefits
;
they
alleaged
that
in
the
former
war
,
he
over-came
onely
to
shew
the
Enemies
what
a
General
they
had
despised
,
and
yet
he
might
fell
the
Victory
more
deer
unto
them
;
for
the
vigor
of
his
wit
,
his
love
to
vices
,
and
the
luxury
of
his
manners
,
made
all
things
credible
in
Alcibiades
:
Fearing
therefore
the
violence
of
the
people
,
he
betook
himself
to
a
willing
banishment
.
Conow
succeeding
Alcibiades
in
the
Government
of
the
Army
,
having
before
his
eyes
,
how
great
a
Captain
he
was
that
was
before
him
,
did
make
the
Navie
readic
with
the
greatest
industry
;
but
men
were
wanting
to
the
ships
,
the
most
valiant
being
slain
in
taking
the
spoils
of
Asia
;
Boyes
therefore
and
old
men
were
armed
,
and
great
was
the
number
of
the
Souldiers
,
but
weak
was
the
strength
of
the
Army
.
The
Lacedemonians
made
no
long
work
of
them
;
for
being
unable
to
resist
,
they
were
everywhere
either
killed
or
taken
prisoners
;
and
so
great
was
the
overthrow
,
that
not
onely
the
Common-wealth
,
but
even
the
name
of
the
Athenians
did
seem
to
be
extinguished
;
so
lost
and
desperate
was
their
condition
,
and
so
great
an
exigence
were
they
brought
unto
,
that
for
want
of
Souldiers
,
they
gave
the
priviledges
of
the
freedom
of
the
City
to
strangers
,
liberty
to
slaves
,
and
impunity
to
the
condemned
;
and
with
this
c●nscribed
Army
composed
of
the
out-casts
of
men
,
the
late
Lords
of
Greece
did
defend
their
Liberties
.
They
had
once
more
a
minde
to
try
their
fortune
at
Sea
,
and
they
were
possessed
with
such
a
sudden
height
of
courage
,
that
when
they
before
despaired
of
their
lives
,
they
were
now
even
confident
of
Victory
.
But
these
were
not
the
Souldiers
who
should
uphold
the
name
of
the
Athenians
,
nor
these
the
Forces
with
which
they
were
accustomed
to
overcome
;
neither
could
any
military
abilities
be
expected
from
these
men
,
who
were
inured
to
bonds
,
and
not
unto
Tents
:
They
were
all
therefore
either
killed
or
taken
;
Conon
their
General
only
remained
alive
,
who
fearing
the
cruelty
of
the
Citizens
,
with
eight
ships
did
repair
unto
Evagoras
the
King
of
Cyprus
.
But
the
General
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
the
war
happily
being
mannaged
,
did
insult
over
the
fortune
of
his
Enemies
:
He
sent
the
ships
he
took
,
the
booty
being
layd
forth
upon
the
Decks
,
in
the
way
of
triumph
to
Lacedemon
,
and
received
the
Cities
into
his
protection
which
payed
tribute
to
Athens
:
the
fear
of
the
doubtful
fortune
of
the
war
,
detaining
them
till
then
in
their
fidelity
;
the
Athenians
had
now
nothing
left
them
but
the
Citie
it self
;
when
this
was
reported
at
Athens
,
they
all
abandoning
their
honours
,
did
traverse
the
streets
of
the
City
in
great
fear
;
they
demanded
the
news
of
one
another
,
and
examined
the
authority
of
the
Messengers
;
imprudency
kept
not
at
home
the
young
,
nor
delibity
the
old
,
nor
the
weakness
of
their
Sexe
the
women
:
So
much
the
sence
of
the
calamity
had
possessed
every
Age.
Late
in
the
night
they
assembled
in
the
Market-place
,
and
began
to
lament
the
publick
misfortune
;
some
bewailed
their
brothers
,
some
their
sons
,
some
their
parents
,
some
their
kindred
,
some
their
friends
deerer
then
their
kindred
,
and
with
private
mischances
mingled
the
publick
losses
;
sometimes
thinking
of
the
ruine
of
themselves
,
sometimes
of
the
ruine
of
their
Countrey
,
sometimes
conceiving
the
fortune
of
the
living
to
be
more
miserable
then
the
fortune
of
the
dead
;
they
did
every
one
propound
unto
themselves
,
siege
and
famine
,
and
the
proud
conquering
Enemy
.
The
destruction
and
firing
of
the
City
,
the
general
captivity
,
and
most
miserable
slavery
did
still
present
it self
before
their
eyes
,
believing
that
the
ruines
of
the
former
City
were
far
more
happy
,
when
their
sons
and
fathers
being
alive
,
they
were
onely
punish'd
with
the
destruction
of
their
walls
and
honours
:
They
had
now
no
Fleet
to
which
as
before
they
might
repair
,
nor
had
they
any
Army
by
whose
valour
being
preserved
,
they
might
build
greater
walls
.
In
this
manner
lamenting
the
condition
of
their
City
,
their
Enemies
came
upon
them
,
and
at
once
did
inviron
them
with
an
Army
,
and
besieged
them
with
hunger
:
They
knew
that
not
many
of
their
forces
remained
;
and
they
provided
that
no
man
should
be
brought
in
;
with
which
growing
miseries
the
Athenians
being
discouraged
,
after
a
long
famine
attended
with
a
great
mortality
,
they
desired
peace
:
And
a
long
debate
there
was
amongst
the
Lacedemonians
and
their
Associates
,
Whether
it
were
expedient
that
it
should
be
vouchsafed
them
or
not
:
when
many
were
of
judgement
that
the
very
name
of
the
Athenians
was
to
be
extinguished
,
and
the
City
utterly
to
be
destroyed
with
fire
.
The
Lacedemonians
denying
that
of
the
two
eyes
of
Greece
,
one
of
them
was
to
be
plucked
out
,
did
promise
peace
unto
them
,
if
they
would
pull
down
their
wals
towards
Pyreum
,
and
surrender
the
ships
unto
them
,
which
were
left
,
and
withal
receive
thirty
of
their
Delegats
to
govern
their
Commonwealth
.
The
City
being
delivered
upon
these
conditions
:
the
Lacedemonians
did
commit
unto
Lysander
the
charge
of
it
.
This
yeer
was
remarkable
for
the
besieging
and
taking
of
Athens
,
and
for
the
death
of
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
,
and
for
the
banishment
of
Dionysius
the
great
Tyrant
in
Sicily
.
The
State
of
Athens
being
altered
,
the
condition
of
the
Citizens
was
changed
with
it
:
Thirty
Rulers
were
set
over
the
Common-wealth
who
became
all
Tyrants
;
for
at
their
entrance
into
their
government
,
they
did
take
unto
themselves
a
Guard
of
three
hundred
men
,
there
scarce
remaining
so
many
Citizens
by
reason
of
so
many
overthrows
;
and
as
if
this
number
were
too
little
to
secure
the
City
,
it
received
a
Garrison
of
seven
hundred
Souldiers
of
the
Lacedemonians
;
after
this
they
began
the
slaughter
of
the
Citizens
with
a
design
upon
Alcibiades
,
left
he
should
invade
the
Commonwealth
again
with
an
intent
to
deliver
it
.
When
they
found
that
he
was
fled
to
Artaxerxes
the
King
of
the
Persians
▪
they
sent
in
full
speed
to
intercept
him
in
the
way
,
and
having
found
where
he
was
,
when
they
could
not
openly
put
him
to
death
,
they
burned
him
alive
in
the
chamber
where
he
slept
.
The
Tyrants
being
delivered
from
this
fear
of
their
Revenger
,
did
fill
the
wretched
Relicks
of
the
City
with
slaughters
and
rapine
▪
which
cruelty
when
they
found
it
,
did
displease
Theramenes
,
who
was
one
of
their
numbers
,
they
did
put
him
to
death
to
be
a
terror
to
the
rest
;
whereupon
they
fled
all
out
of
the
City
,
and
Greece
was
filled
with
the
Athenian
exiles
,
which
being
all
the
security
they
had
,
that
also
was
taken
from
these
miserable
men
;
for
by
an
Edict
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
the
Cities
were
prohibited
to
receive
the
banished
;
on
this
,
they
all
conveyed
themselves
to
Argos
and
Thebes
;
where
they
not
onely
lived
in
banishment
,
but
entertained
the
grateful
hopes
to
be
restored
to
their
Countrey
.
Amongst
the
number
of
the
banished
,
there
was
one
Thrasibulus
,
a
man
of
great
vigour
both
in
body
and
in
minde
,
and
of
noble
Parentage
,
who
propounding
to
himself
,
that
something
although
with
danger
ought
to
be
undertaken
for
the
publick
safety
,
having
drawn
the
banished
men
together
,
he
seized
upon
Phyle
a
Castle
on
the
Borders
of
Athens
;
neither
was
the
favour
and
assistance
of
some
other
of
the
Cities
wanting
,
who
had
in
compassion
the
extremity
of
their
sad
condition
:
Therefore
Hismenias
the
Prince
of
the
Thebans
did
assist
them
with
private
,
although
he
could
not
with
publick
helps
:
And
Lysias
the
Syracusian
Orator
,
being
also
a
banish'd
man
,
did
send
at
his
own
charge
five
hundred
Souldiers
to
assist
them
in
this
recovery
of
the
Countrey
of
the
common
Eloquence
.
The
encounter
was
sharp
,
the
Athenians
exercising
all
their
courage
for
the
recovery
of
their
own
Countrey
,
and
the
Lacedemonians
fighting
more
securely
for
the
possessions
which
belong'd
to
others
;
the
Tyrants
at
last
were
overcome
,
who
flying
into
the
City
,
having
in
revenge
filled
it
with
slaughter
,
they
did
also
dispoil
it
of
Arms
;
and
suspecting
all
the
Athenians
to
be
guilty
of
treachery
,
they
commanded
them
to
depart
out
of
the
City
,
and
to
live
in
the
ruines
of
the
Suburbs
which
were
pulled
down
,
and
in
the
mean
time
they
defended
themselves
with
forraign
Souldiers
.
After
this
,
they
attempted
to
corrupt
Thrasibulus
,
and
to
promise
him
a
share
in
the
Goverment
,
which
he
refusing
to
accept
,
they
desired
ayd
of
the
Lacedemonians
which
being
sent
unto
them
,
they
renewed
the
encounter
,
in
which
Critius
and
Hippomachus
two
of
the
most
cruel
of
all
the
Tyrants
were
killed
;
the
others
being
overcome
,
when
their
Army
(
which
for
the
greatest
part
consisted
of
the
Athenians
)
did
flie
away
,
Thrasibulus
with
a
loud
voice
did
cry
out
unto
them
,
and
demanded
,
What
made
them
to
fly
from
the
Conqueror
,
whom
they
ought
rather
to
assist
as
the
Desendor
of
their
common
liberty
?
He
told
them
that
his
Army
was
composed
of
their
own
Citizens
and
not
of
Enemies
;
neither
did
he
take
up
Arms
to
force
any
thing
from
them
,
but
to
restore
unto
them
what
they
had
lost
;
he
made
war
,
he
said
,
on
the
thirty
Tyrants
,
and
not
on
the
City
of
Athens
;
he
did
admonish
them
that
they
were
all
of
one
blood
,
of
one
Law
,
of
one
Religion
,
and
of
one
Militia
through
the
course
of
so
many
wars
:
He
did
implore
them
to
have
compassion
on
their
banished
Citizens
;
and
though
they
themselves
would
be
patient
slaves
,
yet
they
should
restore
their
Countrey
unto
them
,
that
they
might
receive
their
liberty
.
With
these
words
he
so
prevailed
upon
them
,
that
the
Army
being
return'd
into
the
City
,
they
commanded
the
Tyrants
to
remove
to
Eleusina
,
ten
being
substituted
who
should
govern
the
Common-wealth
,
who
being
nothing
terrified
with
the
example
of
the
former
Tyrants
,
did
tread
in
the
same
paths
of
cruelty
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
mannaged
at
Athens
,
it
was
enformed
at
Lacedemon
,
that
the
Athenians
had
taken
Arms
again
;
whereupon
Pausanias
their
King
was
sent
to
suppress
them
,
who
being
touched
with
compassion
,
did
restore
the
banish'd
Citizens
to
their
City
,
and
commanded
the
ten
Tyrants
to
abandon
the
City
,
and
to
go
to
their
companions
to
Eleusina
.
Peace
being
made
,
not
many
dayes
after
,
the
Tyrants
on
a
sudden
,
resenting
with
indignation
,
that
the
banished
were
restored
,
and
that
they
were
condemned
to
banishment
,
as
if
the
liberty
of
the
Citizens
were
their
slavery
,
they
did
make
a
new
war
upon
the
Athenians
:
But
a
Treaty
being
had
,
as
if
they
were
to
receive
again
their
Domination
(
being
in
the
way
by
policy
intercepted
)
they
were
all
put
to
death
,
and
made
the
sacrifices
of
the
publick
peace
.
The
people
whom
before
they
commanded
to
live
about
the
ruines
of
the
remotest
walls
,
were
called
back
into
the
City
;
and
the
City
dispersed
into
many
members
,
was
reduced
again
into
one
body
;
and
that
no
dissention
should
arise
concerning
any
thing
committed
in
the
time
of
war
,
they
all
did
oblige
themselves
by
oath
,
that
there
should
be
an
oblivion
of
all
dissentions
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
Thebans
and
Corinthians
did
send
Ambassadors
to
Sparta
,
to
demand
their
proportion
in
the
spoils
of
the
common
war
and
danger
,
which
being
denyed
,
they
did
not
openly
declare
a
war
against
the
Lacedemonians
,
but
with
silence
did
conceive
so
great
an
indignation
,
that
all
might
understand
that
a
war
was
designed
.
Much
about
that
time
,
Darius
the
King
of
the
Persians
dyed
,
leaving
behind
him
two
sons
,
Artaxerxes
and
Cyrus
.
His
Kingdom
he
bequeathed
to
Artaxerxes
,
and
to
Cyrus
the
Cities
of
which
he
was
before
Lieutenant
:
This
Legacy
of
the
Father
,
did
seem
to
Cyrus
to
be
unequal
;
he
therefore
privily
prepared
war
against
his
brother
,
which
when
it
was
told
to
Artaxerxes
,
he
sent
for
his
brother
,
who
pretending
innocency
,
did
come
unto
him
,
and
was
by
him
bound
with
chains
of
gold
,
and
had
been
put
to
death
,
if
his
mother
had
not
commanded
him
to
the
contrary
▪
Cyrus
being
dismissed
,
did
now
begin
to
make
war
against
his
brother
,
not
covertly
,
but
openly
;
not
dissembl●ngly
,
but
professedly
,
and
from
all
places
did
draw
Auxiliaries
to
him
.
The
Lacedemonians
being
mindful
of
the
assistance
he
sent
them
in
their
war
against
the
Athenians
,
did
decree
to
send
help
upon
him
,
but
in
such
a
way
as
if
they
did
not
take
notice
against
whom
the
war
was
made
,
that
if
the
occasion
so
required
,
they
might
procure
unto
themselves
the
favour
of
Cyrus
:
and
if
Artaxerxes
had
overcome
,
they
might
hope
for
his
Patronage
and
his
pardon
,
because
they
determined
nothing
openly
against
him
.
But
in
the
encounter
,
the
chance
of
the
fight
having
brought
both
brothers
directly
opposite
one
against
another
,
Artaxerxes
was
first
wounded
by
his
brother
,
but
was
delivered
from
further
danger
by
the
swiftness
of
his
horse
;
Cyrus
being
overpowred
by
the
King's
Life
▪
guard
was
slain
out-right
.
Artaxerxes
being
Conqueror
,
enjoyed
the
Army
and
the
spoils
of
his
brothers
war.
In
that
battel
Cyrus
had
ten
thousand
Greeks
that
came
to
his
assistance
,
who
in
that
part
of
the
field
where
they
stood
did
overcome
,
and
after
the
death
of
Cyrus
,
could
neither
be
conquered
by
the
power
of
so
great
an
Army
,
nor
yet
taken
by
treachery
,
but
returning
in
so
great
a
march
through
so
many
unconquered
Nations
and
barbarous
people
,
they
with
their
valour
did
secure
themselves
,
even
unto
the
confines
of
their
own
Countrey
.
THE
SIXTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
THe
Lacedemonians
after
the
common
condition
of
men
,
who
the
more
they
have
,
the
more
they
do
desire
,
being
not
content
that
their
strength
was
doubled
by
the
access
of
the
Athenian
power
,
did
begin
to
affect
the
Government
of
all
Asia
;
The
greatest
part
whereof
being
under
the
command
of
the
King
of
the
Persians
,
Dercillides
who
was
chosen
general
for
that
war
,
when
he
found
that
he
was
to
fight
against
two
of
the
Lieutenants
of
Artaxerxes
,
Pharnabasus
and
Tissafernes
,
who
were
attended
with
the
powers
of
formidable
Nations
,
he
resolved
to
make
a
peace
with
one
of
them
.
Tissafernes
seemed
most
fit
for
his
design
,
being
more
remarkable
for
his
industry
,
and
more
powerful
by
the
Souldiers
of
the
late
King
Cyrus
,
who
being
treated
with
,
and
conditions
being
agreed
upon
betwixt
them
,
he
was
dismissed
;
whereupon
he
was
accused
by
Pharnabasus
before
the
King
,
that
he
repulsed
not
the
Lacedemonians
who
had
invaded
Asia
,
but
maintained
them
at
the
King's
charge
,
and
contracted
with
them
to
delay
the
wars
,
as
if
all
the
loss
of
the
Empire
should
not
be
put
upon
one
score
.
He
alledged
it
to
be
an
unworthy
thing
,
that
the
war
should
be
bought
,
and
not
carried
on
with
resolution
,
and
that
the
Enemy
should
be
removed
with
money
and
not
with
Arms
:
Tissafernes
being
estranged
from
the
King
by
these
complaints
:
Pharnabasus
did
perswade
him
,
for
the
mannaging
of
the
wars
at
Sea
,
to
make
Conon
the
Athenian
Admiral
in
his
place
,
who
,
his
Countrey
being
lost
by
war
,
did
led
a
banished
life
in
Cyprus
;
for
the
Athenians
,
although
they
were
broken
in
their
fortunes
,
had
yet
some
strength
at
Sea
;
and
if
one
were
to
be
chosen
,
he
alledged
that
they
could
not
finde
amongst
them
an
abler
man
.
Having
received
five
hundred
talents
,
he
was
commanded
to
make
Conon
Admiral
of
the
Fleet
:
This
being
known
at
Lacedemon
,
they
by
their
Ambassadors
did
desire
ayd
of
Hercimon
King
of
Aegypt
for
the
carrying
on
of
the
war
at
Sea
,
who
sent
them
one
hundred
ships
,
and
six
hundred
thousand
measures
of
corn
;
and
very
great
ayd
was
also
sent
unto
them
from
the
rest
of
their
Associates
:
But
a
worthy
Commander
was
wanting
to
so
great
an
Army
,
and
against
so
great
a
Captain
;
Therefore
their
Associates
desiring
Agesilaus
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
to
lead
forth
their
Armies
,
it
was
a
long
time
debated
whether
they
should
make
him
their
General
or
no
,
by
reason
of
the
answer
of
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
,
which
denounced
a
period
to
their
Government
when
the
royal
Command
halted
;
for
Agesilaus
was
lame
of
his
feet
;
but
at
last
,
resolving
that
it
were
safer
that
the
King
▪
then
Kingdom
should
halt
,
they
sent
Agesilaus
with
a
form●dable
Army
into
Asia
:
Two
such
Captains
as
these
to
command
in
this
war
could
not
easily
be
matched
again
;
for
they
were
equal
in
age
,
valour
,
counsel
,
providence
,
and
in
the
glory
of
their
atchievements
:
and
when
fortune
gave
them
a
parity
in
all
things
,
yet
she
preserved
them
unconquered
by
one
another
.
Great
was
the
preparation
of
both
for
the
war
,
great
were
the
acts
which
they
performed
:
But
a
sedition
of
the
Souldiers
(
whom
the
former
Lieutenants
of
the
King
had
defrauded
of
their
pay
)
disturbed
Conon
;
the
Souldiers
demanding
their
Arrears
the
more
roundly
,
because
knowing
their
duties
in
the
war
should
be
the
harder
under
so
great
a
Captain
,
Conon
having
a
long
time
wearyed
the
King
in
vain
with
Letters
,
did
at
the
last
repair
in
his
own
person
to
him
;
but
being
denyed
either
to
see
him
or
to
speak
with
him
,
because
he
would
not
prostrate
himself
unto
him
after
the
custom
of
the
Persians
,
he
treated
with
him
by
Messengers
,
and
complained
that
the
wars
of
the
most
mighty
King
did
suffer
through
indigence
,
and
having
an
Army
equal
to
the
Enemies
,
he
was
overcome
by
the
want
of
money
,
in
which
he
did
exceed
them
,
and
was
found
inferiour
in
that
part
of
strength
in
which
he
was
far
superiour
.
He
desired
that
the
moneys
for
the
war
might
be
trusted
into
his
hand
,
it
being
dangerous
that
it
should
be
committed
unto
many
:
The
moneys
being
received
,
he
returned
to
the
Navie
,
and
made
no
delay
in
the
prosecution
of
the
war.
He
acted
many
things
valiantly
,
and
many
things
happily
;
he
plundred
the
Fields
,
he
sacked
the
Cities
of
his
Enemies
,
and
as
a
Tempest
,
did
beat
down
all
before
him
.
With
which
proceedings
,
the
Lacedemonians
being
affrighted
,
did
determine
to
call
back
Agesilaus
out
of
Asia
for
the
defence
of
his
own
Countrey
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Lysander
being
left
by
Agesilaus
to
command
the
Forces
at
home
in
his
absence
,
being
resolved
to
try
the
fortune
of
the
war
by
battel
,
did
with
great
care
and
industry
provide
a
mighty
Navie
,
and
Conon
being
ready
to
joyn
in
battel
with
the
Enemy
,
did
with
great
judgement
assign
unto
every
ship
its
station
,
and
the
emulation
of
the
Souldiers
was
no
less
then
of
the
Captains
;
for
Conon
the
Admiral
did
not
so
much
labour
for
the
Persians
as
for
his
Countrey
,
and
in
their
afflicted
estate
,
as
he
was
heretofore
the
Author
of
their
loss
,
so
he
would
now
be
the
author
of
their
power
restored
,
and
receive
that
Countrey
by
conquering
,
which
he
had
lost
by
being
conquered
,
which
would
be
so
much
the
more
glorious
,
that
he
fought
not
with
the
forces
of
the
Athenians
,
but
of
another
Nation
,
and
fighting
at
the
charge
and
danger
of
the
King
of
Persia
▪
he
should
overcome
for
the
advantage
of
his
own
Countrey
,
and
gain
true
renown
by
other
arts
then
the
former
Generals
of
Athens
had
purchased
;
for
they
defended
their
Countrey
by
overcoming
the
Persians
,
he
by
making
the
Persians
Conquerors
,
should
restore
his
Countrey
being
lost
.
On
the
other
side
,
Lysander
besides
his
conjunction
with
Agesilaus
,
was
also
an
emulator
of
his
vertues
,
and
did
contend
that
he
might
not
fall
shore
of
him
in
his
acchievements
&
the
splendor
of
his
glory
,
and
not
in
the
moment
of
an
hour
by
his
over-sight
subvert
the
State
,
gain'd
by
so
many
battels
,
and
continued
for
so
many
Ages
.
The
same
was
the
care
of
the
Souldiers
,
and
of
all
the
Commanders
,
whom
a
deeper
impression
did
possess
,
not
so
much
that
they
should
onely
lose
the
great
riches
they
had
obtained
,
as
that
the
Athenians
should
again
recover
it
of
them
:
But
by
how
much
the
fight
was
the
more
perillous
,
the
Victory
of
Conon
was
by
so
much
more
glorious
.
The
Lacedemonians
being
overcome
;
The
Garrisons
of
the
Enemies
were
drawn
away
from
Athens
,
and
the
people
restored
to
their
ancient
dignity
,
were
delivered
from
their
bondage
,
and
many
Cities
were
reduced
:
This
was
the
beginning
to
the
Athenians
of
reassuming
their
power
,
and
to
the
Lacedemonians
of
ending
theirs
,
who
as
o●
they
had
lost
their
valour
with
their
Dominions
,
did
begin
to
be
despised
by
their
next
neighbours
:
First
of
all
the
Thebans
,
the
Athenians
helping
them
,
did
make
war
upon
them
,
which
City
out
of
the
infinite
advantages
by
the
vertue
of
their
General
Epaminondas
,
was
raised
up
to
be
the
Commandress
of
all
Greece
:
The
fight
was
by
Land
in
which
the
fortune
of
the
Lacedemonians
was
the
same
,
as
it
was
against
Conon
at
Sea
:
In
that
battel
Lysander
was
slain
,
who
was
General
before
against
the
Athenians
when
they
were
overcome
by
the
Lacedemonians
:
Pausanias
also
,
another
Captain
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
being
accused
of
treachery
,
did
betake
himself
to
banishment
.
The
Thebans
having
obtained
the
Victory
,
did
advance
with
all
their
Army
to
the
City
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
thinking
suddenly
to
become
masters
of
it
,
because
they
were
abandoned
of
all
their
Associates
:
Which
the
Lacedemonians
fearing
,
they
sent
for
Agesilaus
their
King
out
of
Asia
,
who
did
there
gallant
service
for
the
defence
of
his
own
Countrey
;
for
Lysander
being
slain
,
they
had
confidence
in
no
other
Commander
;
and
because
it
was
long
before
he
came
,
with
an
Army
suddenly
mustred
,
they
adventred
of
themselves
to
fight
with
their
Enemies
;
but
being
conquered
not
long
before
,
they
had
neither
strength
nor
courage
to
oppose
their
Conquerors
;
therefore
at
their
first
encoun●er
they
were
overthrown
▪
but
Agesilaus
came
opportunely
to
their
rescue
;
and
the
fight
being
renewed
,
he
with
his
fresh
Souldiers
being
all
hardned
to
the
services
of
the
war
,
did
with
an
easie
violence
pluck
the
Victory
from
his
Enemies
;
but
he
received
a
dangerous
wound
himself
;
which
being
understood
,
the
Athenians
fearing
least
the
Lacedemonians
being
Conquerors
,
they
should
be
reduced
into
their
ancient
condition
of
servitude
,
did
leavie
a
new
Army
,
and
sent
it
to
the
ayd
of
the
Boeotians
under
the
command
of
Iphicrates
,
a
gentleman
of
not
above
twenty
yeers
of
age
,
but
of
a
vast
expectation
:
The
vertue
of
this
young
man
was
admirable
,
for
amongst
so
many
,
and
so
great
Captains
,
the
Athenians
had
never
any
General
before
,
of
greater
hope
or
forwardness
,
in
whom
there
were
not
onely
all
the
Arts
belonging
to
a
Commander
,
but
to
an
Orator
also
.
Conon
having
understood
of
the
return
of
Agesilaus
,
did
draw
back
out
of
Asia
to
spoyl
the
C●untrey
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
who
,
the
fear
of
the
war
growing
round
about
them
,
were
brought
almost
to
the
bottom
of
despair
,
having
plundred
the
Countrey
of
his
Enemies
,
he
marched
to
Athens
,
where
he
was
entertained
with
great
joy
of
all
the
Citizens
,
but
he
himself
was
more
possessed
with
grief
to
behold
the
City
burned
and
pulled
down
by
the
Lacedemonians
,
then
he
was
with
joy
to
see
it
restored
to
its
freedom
:
Therefore
what
places
were
burned
he
repaired
,
and
what
places
were
pull'd
down
he
re-edified
out
of
the
profit
of
the
booty
,
&
of
the
Army
of
the
Persians
:
This
was
the
fate
of
Athens
,
that
being
before
burned
by
the
Persians
,
it
was
builded
up
again
with
their
spoyls
,
and
being
now
destroyed
by
the
Lacedemonians
,
it
was
●estored
again
with
the
treasure
that
was
taken
from
them
,
and
the
condition
of
the
war
be●ng
changed
,
they
had
now
those
for
their
Associates
,
who
were
then
their
Enemies
;
and
they
were
now
their
Enemies
to
whom
they
were
then
united
in
the
neerest
bonds
of
society
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
mannaged
,
Artaxerxes
King
of
the
Persians
sent
Ambassadors
into
Greece
,
by
whom
he
commanded
all
to
lay
down
their
Arms
,
and
whosoever
should
refuse
so
to
do
,
he
would
esteem
him
for
an
Enemy
.
He
restored
liberty
and
all
that
belonged
to
them
to
the
Cities
,
which
he
did
not
thereby
to
give
redress
to
the
labours
and
the
wars
of
Greece
,
occasioned
by
the
growing
hatred
of
the
Citizens
,
but
that
he
himself
being
wholly
imployed
in
the
Aegyptian
war
,
by
reason
of
the
ayd
which
they
sent
the
Lacedemonians
against
his
Lieutenants
,
his
Armies
should
not
be
detained
in
Greece
:
The
Grecians
being
wearyed
with
many
wars
,
did
e●dily
obey
him
.
This
yeer
was
remarkable
,
not
onely
that
a
sudden
Peace
was
made
over
all
Greece
,
but
that
at
the
same
time
also
the
City
of
Rome
was
taken
by
the
Galls
.
But
the
Lacedemonians
being
secure
,
and
having
treacherously
observed
the
absence
of
the
Arcadians
,
did
lay
a
vigorous
siege
unto
their
Castle
,
and
having
taken
it
,
they
did
put
a
Garrison
into
it
.
The
Arcadians
therefore
with
a
prepared
Army
,
taking
the
Thebans
unto
their
ayd
,
were
resolved
to
regain
what
they
lost
by
war
:
In
the
fight
,
Archidamus
the
General
of
the
Lacedemonians
was
wounded
,
who
when
he
beheld
the
destruction
of
his
men
,
demanded
by
a
Herald
the
bodies
of
the
dead
to
give
them
burial
:
For
amongst
the
Grecians
,
this
was
a
sign
of
a
victory
acknowledged
;
with
which
confession
the
Thebans
being
contented
,
they
sounded
a
retreat
.
Some
few
daies
after
,
neither
of
them
exercising
hostility
against
each
other
,
when
as
it
were
by
a
silent
consent
,
there
was
a
truce
,
the
Lacedemonians
being
engaged
in
another
war
,
the
Thebans
under
the
command
of
Epaminondis
,
entertained
a
sudden
hope
to
become
masters
of
their
Citie
;
therefore
in
the
beginning
of
the
night
,
in
a
silent
match
,
they
did
advance
to
Lacedemon
;
but
they
could
not
take
the
Citizens
unprepared
;
for
the
old
men
and
the
weaker
youth
,
the
approach
of
their
Enemies
being
discovered
,
did
meet
them
in
Arms
at
their
very
entrance
into
their
Gates
,
and
not
above
one
hundred
men
,
and
disabled
too
by
their
age
,
did
enter
into
a
fight
against
fifteen
thousand
Souldiers
;
so
much
strength
and
courage
the
sight
of
their
City
,
and
of
their
houshold
gods
did
administer
,
who
infused
into
them
greater
spirits
,
as
much
by
their
presence
as
by
the
remembrance
of
them
;
for
when
they
saw
for
whom
,
and
amongst
whom
they
stood
,
they
were
all
of
a
resolution
either
to
overcome
or
die
;
a
few
old
men
undertook
the
whole
brunt
of
the
battel
,
unto
whom
(
before
that
day
appeared
)
not
all
the
youth
and
Army
of
their
Enemies
could
be
equal
:
In
this
fight
,
two
Captains
of
the
Enemies
were
slain
.
In
the
mean
time
,
when
the
coming
of
Agesilaus
was
reported
,
the
Thebans
retreated
,
and
some
few
hours
after
the
battail
again
began
;
for
the
youth
of
the
Lacedemonians
being
inflamed
with
the
courage
and
glory
of
their
old
men
,
could
not
be
kept
back
,
but
would
throw
themselves
upon
their
Enemies
;
howsoever
the
Thebans
had
the
Victory
,
and
Epaminondas
performing
the
duty
not
onely
of
a
General
,
but
of
a
resolute
and
couragious
Souldier
,
was
grievously
wounded
,
which
being
understood
,
the
Thebans
through
the
excess
of
grief
were
possessed
with
fear
;
and
the
Lacedemonians
through
the
excess
of
joy
with
a
kind
of
amazement
,
and
as
it
were
with
a
consent
on
both
sides
,
they
departed
from
the
bat●el
.
Some
few
daies
afterwards
,
Epaminondas
deceased
,
with
whom
the
whole
strength
of
that
Common-wealth
dyed
also
;
for
as
if
you
break
or
blunt
the
edge
of
any
weapon
,
you
take
from
the
residue
of
the
steel
the
power
to
hurt
;
so
this
Captain
who
was
the
edge
of
their
courage
being
taken
away
,
the
whole
strength
and
vigor
of
that
Theban
Commonwealth
was
immediately
rebated
;
insomuch
that
they
did
not
seem
onely
to
lose
him
,
but
to
have
all
perished
with
him
;
for
before
this
Captain
,
they
did
never
mannage
any
memorable
war
,
and
were
famous
afterwards
,
not
for
their
vertues
,
but
their
overthrows
;
so
apparent
it
was
that
the
glory
of
his
Countrey
was
born
and
dyed
with
him
.
It
is
hard
to
say
,
whether
he
was
a
better
man
or
a
better
Captain
;
for
he
sought
the
Government
not
for
himself
,
but
for
his
Countrey
,
and
was
so
careless
of
money
,
that
he
had
not
wherewith
to
defray
the
charges
of
his
own
Funeral
;
moreover
,
he
was
no
more
covetous
of
glory
then
of
money
;
for
the
Commands
were
all
thrown
upon
him
,
refusing
and
drawing
back
from
them
;
and
he
so
deported
himself
in
his
places
of
honour
,
that
hee
seemed
not
to
receive
,
but
to
give
an
ornament
to
the
dignity
it self
;
So
great
was
his
knowledge
in
Letters
and
Philosophy
,
that
it
may
be
wonderful
how
that
excellent
experience
in
the
affairs
of
war
should
arrive
unto
a
man
born
amongst
the
Arts
;
neither
did
the
manner
of
his
death
differ
from
the
institutions
of
his
life
;
for
being
brought
half
dead
into
his
Tent
,
he
collecting
his
voyce
and
spirits
,
demanded
onely
if
his
Enemy
had
taken
his
Buckler
from
him
when
he
fell
,
which
when
hee
understood
was
preserved
,
he
desired
to
see
it
,
and
it
being
brought
unto
him
,
he
kissed
it
as
the
companion
of
his
labours
and
his
glory
.
Hee
again
demanded
,
Who
had
obtained
the
Victory
?
when
it
was
answered
,
The
Thebans
;
he
replyed
,
It
was
well
;
and
so
gratulating
his
Countrey
,
he
did
give
up
his
last
breath
.
In
his
grave
the
vertues
not
onely
of
the
Thebans
,
but
of
the
Athenians
also
was
buried
;
for
he
being
taken
away
,
whom
they
were
accustomed
to
emulate
,
they
did
degenerate
into
sloth
,
and
laid
forth
the
publick
Revenues
,
not
as
before
,
on
Fleets
and
Armies
,
but
on
festival
dayes
,
and
on
the
setting
forth
of
Playes
,
and
visiting
the
Scene
oftner
then
the
Camp
;
they
onely
celebrated
the
Theators
,
famous
with
Poets
and
Actors
,
praysing
their
Poets
and
their
Orators
more
then
their
Captans
;
by
which
means
it
came
to
pass
that
in
these
leisures
of
the
Grecians
,
the
name
of
the
Macedons
,
but
ignoble
and
obscure
before
,
should
rise
into
glory
;
and
that
Philip
bred
up
in
the
vertues
and
institutions
of
Epaminondas
and
Pelopidas
(
being
three
yeers
as
an
Hostage
at
Thebes
)
should
put
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
on
the
necks
of
Greece
and
of
Asia
as
the
yoak
of
their
servitude
.
THE
SEVENTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
MAcedonia
was
heretofore
called
Aemathia
,
after
the
name
of
their
King
Emathion
,
the
first
experiments
of
whose
vertue
were
extant
in
those
places
.
Their
beginnings
were
but
small
,
and
their
b●unds
but
narrow
;
the
people
were
called
Pelasgi
,
and
the
Country
Boeotia
;
But
afterwards
by
the
prowess
of
their
Kings
,
and
the
industry
of
their
Nation
,
having
first
subdued
their
borderers
,
and
after
them
,
other
People
and
Nations
,
they
extended
their
Empire
to
the
furthest
bounds
of
the
Orient
.
Telegonus
the
father
of
Astriopaeus
whose
name
we
have
received
amongst
the
most
famous
Commanders
in
the
Tro●on
war
,
was
said
to
reign
in
the
Country
of
Poeonia
,
which
now
is
a
part
of
Macedonia
;
On
the
other
side
in
Europa
,
there
ra●gned
Europus
by
name
;
But
Caranus
with
a
vast
multitude
of
the
Grecians
,
being
commanded
by
the
Oracle
to
lo●k
out
a
seat
for
h●m●n
Macedonia
,
when
he
came
into
Emathia
,
he
unexpectedly
possessed
himself
of
the
City
of
Ediss●
,
he
Inhabitants
not
perceiving
it
by
reason
of
a
tempest
,
and
a
great
mist
that
did
attend
it
.
In
this
expedition
,
he
followed
the
conduct
of
a
slock
of
G●●ts
,
who
●led
towards
the
Town
from
the
violence
of
the
tempest
,
and
calling
the
Oracle
into
his
memory
,
by
which
he
was
commanded
to
seek
out
a
place
to
rule
in
,
the
Goats
being
his
leaders
,
he
made
that
City
the
●eat
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
whithersoever
afterwards
●e
advanced
,
he
religiously
observed
to
have
the
same
Goats
before
his
Ensigns
to
be
the
Leaders
on
in
his
enterprize
,
who
were
the
authors
of
his
Kingdom
;
for
the
memory
of
this
event
,
he
called
the
City
Edissa
,
Aegaea
;
and
the
people
Aegae●des
.
After
this
,
Midas
being
forced
away
(
for
he
also
possessed
a
part
of
Macedonia
)
and
some
other
Kings
with
him
,
he
alone
succeeded
into
the
place
of
them
all
,
and
having
united
the
Nations
into
one
,
he
brought
the
several
people
of
Macedonia
into
one
body
,
and
the
Kingdom
increasing
,
he
made
the
founda●ion
strong
with
an
intent
to
raise
it
higher
.
After
him
Perdicas
reigned
,
whose
life
was
famous
,
and
his
last
words
at
his
death
were
as
memorable
as
the
precepts
of
the
Delphian
Oracle
;
for
full
of
age
and
dying
,
he
shewed
to
his
Son
Argaeus
,
the
place
where
he
would
be
buryed
,
and
commanded
that
not
onely
his
own
but
the
bodies
of
all
who
succeded
him
in
his
Kingdom
should
be
interred
the
same
place
,
presaging
that
if
the
Relicks
of
his
Successors
should
be
buryed
there
,
the
Kingdom
should
perpetually
continue
in
that
Family
;
And
it
is
superstitiously
believed
that
the
issue
failed
in
Alexander
,
because
he
changed
that
place
of
Sepulchre
.
Argaeus
having
governed
the
Kingdom
moderately
,
and
with
the
love
of
the
people
did
leave
Philip
his
Successor
,
who
being
taken
away
by
an
untimely
death
,
did
make
Europus
a
little
child
his
Heir
.
At
this
time
the
Macedonians
had
daily
wars
with
the
Thracians
and
Illyrians
,
by
whose
Armes
being
hardned
as
with
a
daily
exercise
,
they
became
a
terror
to
their
neighbours
by
the
glory
of
their
atchievements
.
The
Illyrians
contemning
the
Infancy
of
their
King
did
make
war
upon
the
Macedons
,
who
being
overcome
in
the
battel
,
the
little
Infant
their
King
was
brought
forth
in
his
Cradle
,
and
placed
in
the
front
of
their
Army
,
whereupon
they
renewed
the
encounter
with
greater
violence
;
for
they
were
beaten
they
conceived
before
,
because
in
the
fight
they
had
not
with
them
the
auspicious
presence
of
their
King
,
and
should
now
overcome
,
because
out
of
a
superstition
,
they
were
possessed
with
a
confidence
that
they
should
be
Conquerors
;
the
compassion
also
on
their
Infant
Prince
did
leave
an
impression
on
them
,
whom
if
they
were
overcome
,
they
should
make
him
of
a
King
a
Captive
.
The
battels
therefore
being
joyned
,
with
a
great
slaughter
they
overthrew
the
Illyrians
,
and
made
it
apparent
to
their
Enemies
,
that
in
the
former
encounter
the
Macedons
wanted
not
courage
but
a
King
.
Amyntas
succeeded
him
famous
by
his
own
vertue
,
but
more
renowned
by
the
excellent
endowments
of
Alexander
his
Son
,
in
whose
nature
the
ornaments
of
all
vertues
were
so
extant
,
that
in
the
various
exercis●
of
sports
,
he
contended
at
the
Olympian
Games
.
In
the
mean
time
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
being
routed
,
and
making
haste
out
of
Scythia
in
a
dishonourable
flight
,
least
he
should
grow
every-where
contemptible
by
his
loss
,
he
sent
Megabazus
with
a
part
of
his
Army
to
subdue
Thrace
and
the
other
Kingdoms
adjacent
to
it
,
in
which
number
was
Macedonia
,
a
place
then
accounted
so
poor
,
that
it
was
hardly
worth
looking
after
.
In
obedience
to
the
Kings
command
,
Megabazus
not
long
after
sent
Ambassadors
to
Amyntas
King
of
the
Macedons
,
demanding
that
pledges
might
be
given
to
him
as
an
earnest
of
the
peace
to
come
:
The
Ambassadors
being
bountifully
entertained
,
in
the
height
of
the
banquet
and
of
wine
,
required
of
Amyntas
that
to
the
magnificence
of
the
Feast
,
they
would
add
the
priviledges
of
Familiarity
,
and
send
for
their
sons
,
their
wives
,
and
daughters
,
which
amongst
the
Persians
is
the
pledge
and
assurance
of
entertainment
:
Who
when
they
came
,
the
Persians
handling
the
Ladies
with
too
petulant
a
wantonness
,
Alexander
the
son
of
Amyntas
desired
his
Father
in
respect
of
his
age
and
gravity
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
depart
from
the
Feast
,
promising
that
he
would
try
the
jests
and
frolicks
of
his
Guests
.
His
father
being
gone
,
he
not
long
after
,
called
all
the
women
from
the
Banquet
,
in
a
pretence
to
dress
them
finer
,
and
to
return
them
more
acceptable
to
them
:
In
their
places
he
brings
in
young
men
disguised
in
the
apparrel
of
Matrons
,
and
commands
them
to
chastise
the
wantonness
of
the
Ambassadors
with
the
swords
which
they
carried
under
their
garments
.
And
thus
all
of
them
being
slain
,
Megabazus
being
ignorant
of
the
event
,
and
seeing
they
returned
not
,
did
command
Bubaris
thither
with
a
part
of
his
Army
onely
,
as
into
a
poor
and
easie
war
,
scorning
to
go
himself
least
he
should
be
dishonoured
to
make
war
in
his
own
person
with
so
contemptible
a
Nation
.
But
Bubaris
before
the
war
,
being
inflamed
with
the
love
of
the
daughter
of
Amyntas
,
instead
of
making
wars
,
did
make
a
marriage
;
and
all
hostility
being
layd
aside
,
he
entred
into
the
obligations
of
affinity
.
After
the
departure
of
Bubaris
from
Macedonia
,
Amyntas
the
King
deceased
,
to
whose
son
and
Successor
Alexander
,
the
consanguinity
with
Bubaris
not
onely
procured
peace
in
the
time
of
Darius
,
but
confirmed
Xerxes
to
him
,
insomuch
that
he
endued
him
with
the
command
of
the
whole
Countrey
,
between
the
Hills
of
Olympus
and
Haemus
,
when
like
a
Tempest
he
invaded
Greece
.
But
Amyntas
increased
his
Kingdom
as
well
by
his
own
valour
as
by
the
liberality
of
the
Persians
.
By
order
of
succession
,
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
came
afterwards
to
Amyntas
the
son
of
his
brother
Menelaus
;
he
also
was
famous
for
his
industry
,
and
accomplished
with
all
royal
vertues
:
He
begat
three
sons
of
his
first
wife
,
Eurydice
;
Alexander
,
Perdicas
,
and
Philip
the
Father
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
a
daughter
called
Euryone
;
and
on
his
second
wife
Cygaea
,
Archelaus
,
Aridaeus
,
and
Menelaus
:
He
made
great
war
,
first
with
the
Olynthians
,
and
afterwards
with
the
Illyrians
,
and
had
lost
his
life
by
the
treason
of
his
wife
Eurydice
who
contracting
a
marriage
with
her
son
in-law
,
had
undertaken
to
kill
her
husband
,
and
to
deliver
the
Kingdom
unto
her
adulteror
,
which
had
taken
effect
if
her
daughter
had
not
betrayed
the
loosness
of
the
Mother
,
and
the
counsels
of
her
wickedness
.
The
old
man
deliverd
from
so
many
dangers
,
deceased
,
the
Kingdom
being
left
to
Alexander
the
eldest
of
his
Sons
.
Alexander
in
the
beginning
of
his
reign
bought
his
peace
of
the
Illyrians
,
a
sum
of
moneys
being
agreed
upon
,
and
his
Brother
Philip
being
given
them
as
a
pledge
;
in
the
process
of
time
he
made
peace
with
the
Thebans
,
having
given
the
same
pledge
unto
them
,
which
conduced
much
to
the
growing
fortunes
of
Philip
by
the
advantage
of
his
education
;
for
being
three
yeers
a
pledge
at
Thebes
,
he
received
the
first
rudiments
of
his
youth
in
a
City
of
ancient
severity
,
and
in
the
house
of
Epaminondas
who
was
as
great
a
Philosopher
as
a
General
.
Not
long
after
Alexander
being
assaulted
by
the
treason
of
his
Mother
Euridice
,
was
slain
;
his
Father
had
pardoned
her
before
,
being
guilty
of
contriving
his
death
,
in
relation
to
the
children
he
had
by
her
,
not
thinking
she
would
prove
so
pernicious
unto
them
.
His
brother
Perdicas
did
also
lose
his
life
,
being
killed
by
the
treasonable
plotting
of
his
mother
:
A
most
unworthy
thing
it
was
that
the
children
should
be
deprived
of
their
lives
by
their
mother
for
her
lust
,
the
consideration
of
whom
had
before
protected
her
from
the
punishment
due
unto
her
for
her
wickedness
.
This
murther
of
Perdicas
seemed
the
more
grievous
,
because
the
little
son
whom
he
left
could
not
prevail
upon
her
cruelty
to
take
compassion
of
him
.
Philip
a
long
time
did
deport
himself
not
as
a
King
,
but
as
a
Guardian
to
the
Infant
.
But
when
great
wars
did
threaten
the
Kingdom
,
and
that
the
help
would
be
too
late
in
the
expectation
of
the
Infant
,
he
took
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
Kingdom
,
being
compell'd
unto
it
by
the
people
.
In
the
beginning
of
his
reign
,
the
hopes
were
great
that
were
conceived
of
him
both
for
his
wit
,
which
promised
him
to
prove
a
great
man
,
and
for
the
ancient
fates
of
Macedon
,
which
sang
that
one
of
the
sons
of
Amyntas
being
King
,
the
state
of
that
Kingdom
should
be
most
flourishing
;
And
this
was
the
man
who
was
preserved
from
the
wickedness
of
his
mother
,
to
make
good
the
hopes
of
the
people
and
to
justifie
the
Oracle
.
When
on
one
side
,
the
most
unworthy
murder
of
his
brothers
,
on
the
other
side
the
multitude
of
his
Enemies
,
the
fear
of
new
treacheries
,
the
want
occasioned
by
the
continual
wars
,
and
the
Kingdom
exhausted
of
Souldiers
,
did
much
distract
him
and
the
wars
of
many
Nations
from
several
places
did
at
one
time
conspire
to
oppress
Macedonia
,
because
he
could
not
answer
them
all
at
once
,
he
thought
it
expedient
to
dispence
with
some
for
a
while
;
he
therefore
upon
an
agreement
did
compound
for
a
peace
with
some
;
others
he
overcame
with
easie
assaults
,
by
the
conquest
of
whom
he
confirmed
the
doubtful
minds
of
his
Souldiers
,
and
took
from
himself
the
contempt
of
his
Enemies
.
His
first
war
was
with
the
Athenians
,
who
being
overcome
by
an
Ambu●cado
,
he
without
money
(
for
fear
of
a
greater
war
)
did
permit
them
all
to
go
safe
away
,
when
it
lay
in
his
power
to
have
put
them
all
to
the
sword
:
The
war
being
afterwards
carryed
against
the
Illyrians
,
he
slew
many
thousands
of
his
Enemies
:
Afterwards
he
took
the
famous
City
of
Larissaea
,
from
whence
he
unexpectedly
advanced
against
the
Thessalians
,
not
for
the
desire
of
prey
,
but
that
he
might
add
to
his
Army
the
strength
of
the
Thessalian
Cavalry
,
by
which
means
(
the
body
of
their
horse
being
joyn'd
to
his
foot
)
he
made
his
Army
invincible
.
The
event
of
these
things
answering
his
expectation
with
success
,
he
took
to
wife
Olympias
the
daughter
of
Neoptolemus
King
of
the
Molossians
;
her
brothers
son
Arymbas
,
who
was
her
overseer
,
and
was
then
King
of
the
Molossians
did
make
the
marriage
,
having
himself
marryed
Troas
the
sister
of
Olympias
,
which
was
the
cause
of
his
destruction
,
and
the
manifold
calamities
which
afterwards
fell
upon
him
;
for
whiles
he
hoped
to
make
some
additions
to
his
Kingdom
by
the
affinity
of
Philip
,
being
depriv'd
by
him
of
his
own
Kingdom
,
he
grew
old
in
banishment
.
These
things
being
thus
passed
,
Philip
being
now
not
contented
onely
to
remove
wars
,
did
now
provoke
and
challenge
others
Nations
of
his
own
accord
.
As
he
was
besieging
Methona
,
an
arrow
from
the
walls
as
he
was
passing
by
,
did
put
out
his
right
eye
;
for
all
which
wound
he
became
not
the
flower
in
the
prosecution
of
the
war
,
nor
was
he
made
more
angry
by
it
against
his
Enemies
,
who
some
days
afterwards
having
supplicated
for
peace
,
he
did
grant
it
to
them
,
and
was
not
onely
moderate
,
but
also
merciful
against
the
conquered
.
THE
EIGTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
WHiles
the
Cities
of
Greece
sought
every
one
to
enjoy
,
they
all
lost
the
Soveraignty
of
Greece
;
for
restlessly
running
into
mutual
destruction
they
perished
,
being
overcome
of
all
:
and
not
unless
oppressed
,
they
found
what
every
one
did
loose
;
For
Philip
lying
in
wait
in
Macedonia
(
as
in
a
watch-Tower
)
for
the
liberties
of
them
all
,
whiles
he
did
foment
their
divisions
by
sending
ayd
to
the
weaker
parties
,
he
made
both
the
Conquerors
and
Conquered
to
undergo
the
yoak
of
servitude
.
The
Thebans
were
the
cause
and
the
beginning
of
this
calamity
,
who
when
they
were
masters
of
all
,
and
carrying
their
good
fortune
with
too
impotent
a
mind
,
did
publickly
before
a
general
Councel
at
Greece
accuse
the
Lacedemonians
and
Phocensians
,
as
if
before
they
had
endured
but
small
punishments
for
the
slaughters
and
the
rapines
which
they
committed
:
it
was
layd
to
the
charge
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
that
they
had
seized
upon
the
Tower
of
Thebes
in
the
time
of
truce
,
and
to
the
Phocensians
that
they
had
plundered
Baeotia
,
as
if
after
Arms
and
War
there
were
a
place
left
for
the
Laws
:
When
the
judgement
was
carryed
according
to
the
pleasure
of
the
Conquerors
,
they
were
condemned
in
a
greater
sum
of
money
then
they
were
able
to
pay
.
Therefore
the
Phocensians
when
they
were
deprived
of
their
wives
and
children
,
and
possessions
,
in
a
desperate
condition
,
Philomelus
being
their
Captain
,
they
seized
upon
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
,
and
being
angry
with
men
,
they
would
be
revenged
of
God
;
being
made
rich
with
the
gold
and
silver
which
there
they
found
,
they
made
war
upon
the
Thebans
with
a
mercenary
Army
;
and
though
all
abhorred
this
act
of
the
Phocensians
,
by
reason
of
the
sacriledge
,
yet
the
Thebans
contracted
more
envie
by
it
,
by
whom
they
were
enforced
to
this
necessity
,
and
both
the
Lacedemonians
,
and
Athenians
sent
ayd
unto
them
.
In
the
first
encounter
Philomelus
became
master
of
the
Camp
and
Tents
of
the
Thebans
;
but
in
the
second
battel
he
fell
first
of
all
,
fighting
amongst
the
thickest
of
his
Enemies
,
and
with
the
forfeit
of
his
impious
blood
did
answer
for
the
crime
of
his
sacriledge
.
Onomerchus
was
made
Captain
in
his
place
,
against
whom
the
Thebans
and
Thessalians
chose
not
a
Captain
of
their
own
Citizens
for
fear
of
his
domineering
if
he
should
prove
Conqueror
,
but
Philip
King
of
the
Macedonians
to
be
their
General
;
and
of
their
own
accord
they
did
fall
into
that
power
and
domination
in
another
Commander
which
they
feared
in
their
own
.
Philip
therefore
,
as
if
he
was
rather
a
revenger
of
the
Sacriledge
,
then
of
the
Thebans
,
commanded
all
his
souldiers
to
weare
wreaths
of
bayes
on
their
brows
;
and
thus
as
if
god
was
his
conduct
,
he
advanced
to
the
battel
.
The
Phocensians
seeing
the
Ensigns
of
the
God
,
being
affrighted
with
the
consciousness
of
their
offence
,
throwing
down
their
Arms
,
did
fly
away
,
and
with
great
slaughter
and
bloodshed
did
expiate
the
violation
of
Religion
.
It
is
incredible
,
what
glory
this
atchievement
brought
to
Philip
amongst
all
Nations
;
Him
they
extoll'd
as
the
vindicator
of
sacriledge
,
the
Revenger
of
Religion
,
which
the
world
with
all
its
power
was
obliged
to
keep
undefiled
;
the
onely
man
who
was
thought
worthy
to
exact
a
Piacle
for
the
sin
committed
to
plunder
God
.
He
next
unto
the
gods
was
esteemed
,
by
whom
the
majesty
of
the
gods
was
vindicated
:
But
the
Athenians
,
the
event
of
the
war
being
understood
,
did
seize
upon
the
streits
at
Thermophyle
to
keep
Philip
from
Greece
,
as
they
did
heretofore
the
Persians
,
but
not
with
the
same
courage
nor
the
same
cause
;
for
then
they
fought
for
the
liberty
of
Greece
,
now
for
publick
sacriledge
;
then
to
vindicate
the
Temples
from
the
violent
prophanation
of
the
Enemies
,
now
to
defend
the
violent
Prophaners
against
the
Vindicators
of
them
,
and
they
deported
themselves
as
defenders
of
that
wickedness
in
which
it
was
a
shame
to
be
Connivers
,
being
altogether
unmindful
that
in
the
uncertainty
of
their
affaires
they
had
heretofore
repaired
to
that
god
as
to
the
Author
of
their
Counsels
:
and
he
being
their
conduct
,
they
had
undertook
so
many
wars
,
and
formerly
erected
so
many
Cities
,
and
obtained
so
great
a
Soveraignty
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
and
mannaged
nothing
either
publick
or
private
without
the
majesty
of
his
divinity
.
Who
would
imagine
that
wits
adorned
with
all
variety
of
learning
,
and
brought
up
under
such
excellent
Laws
and
Institutions
,
should
commit
so
horrible
an
impiety
,
that
they
had
nothing
left
,
of
which
after
it
they
might
justly
accuse
the
Barbarians
?
But
Philip
observed
no
more
faith
himself
towards
his
Associates
;
for
fearing
least
he
should
be
overcome
himself
of
his
Enemies
in
the
impiety
of
sacriledge
,
in
a
hostile
manner
he
seized
upon
those
Cities
,
of
which
but
immediately
before
he
was
Protector
;
those
Cities
which
sought
under
his
conduct
,
those
Cities
which
gratulated
both
him
and
themselves
for
the
victory
they
had
obtained
,
he
in
a
scornful
manner
sold
not
long
afterward
both
the
wives
and
children
of
them
all
;
he
spared
not
the
Temples
,
nor
the
consecrated
houses
,
nor
the
publick
,
nor
the
private
gods
whom
not
long
before
he
adored
:
Insomuch
that
he
seemed
not
to
be
the
Revenger
of
sacriledge
,
but
to
grant
a
liberty
for
sacriledges
;
After
this
,
as
if
he
had
done
admirably
well
,
he
marched
into
Cappadocia
,
where
having
mannaged
the
war
with
the
like
perfidiousness
and
the
neighbouring
Kings
being
taken
and
slain
by
treachery
,
he
joyned
the
whole
Country
of
Cappadocia
to
the
Kingdom
of
the
Macedons
:
After
this
to
take
away
the
infamy
of
envie
,
with
which
at
that
present
he
laboured
above
other
men
,
he
sent
several
persons
through
several
Kingdoms
and
most
flourishing
Cities
,
to
plant
a
belief
that
King
Philip
had
laid
up
a
great
bank
of
money
for
the
erecting
of
new
walls
through
the
Cities
,
and
for
the
building
of
Fanes
and
Temples
,
and
made
Proclamations
by
Heralds
,
to
the
end
that
work-men
might
come
in
to
undertake
the
building
,
who
when
they
came
to
Macedonia
,
being
frustrated
by
long
delayes
,
they
departed
home
in
silence
,
fearing
the
anger
of
the
King
.
After
this
he
invaded
the
Olynthians
,
who
after
his
slaughter
of
one
of
his
brothers
,
did
in
compassion
entertain
the
two
other
,
whom
Philip
resolved
to
put
to
death
,
pretending
they
desired
to
partake
with
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
being
the
children
of
his
mother-in-law
;
for
this
onely
cause
he
utterly
destroyed
this
ancient
and
noble
City
,
and
his
brothers
being
delivered
to
their
destined
destruction
,
he
enjoyed
a
great
booty
together
with
the
desires
of
his
paricide
.
After
this
,
as
if
all
things
were
lawful
which
he
had
a
mind
to
do
,
he
seized
upon
the
golden
Mines
in
Thessaly
,
and
on
the
silver
Mines
in
Thrace
,
and
that
he
might
leave
nothing
inviolated
,
he
at
last
resolved
to
exercise
Pyracies
on
the
Seas
:
These
things
in
this
manner
mannaged
▪
it
came
to
pass
that
the
two
brothers
of
the
King
of
Thrace
did
make
choyce
of
him
as
an
Arbitrator
of
their
differences
,
not
out
of
any
contemplation
of
his
justice
,
but
both
of
them
fearing
least
by
his
assistance
he
should
add
more
strength
and
quite
over-ballance
the
cause
and
power
of
the
other
.
But
Philip
,
(
according
to
the
versatilness
of
his
wit
)
did
come
with
a
gallant
Army
,
the
two
brothers
unsuspecting
it
,
not
as
an
Arbitrator
but
a
General
,
and
deprived
them
both
of
the
Kingdom
by
force
,
not
like
a
Judge
,
but
as
a
Theif
and
a
plunderer
.
While
those
thing
were
in
agitation
,
the
Athenians
sent
Ambassadors
to
him
to
desire
a
peace
,
who
having
had
audience
,
he
sent
himself
Ambassadors
to
Athens
with
the
condition
of
it
,
and
a
peace
was
concluded
for
the
advantage
of
them
both
.
There
came
also
Ambassadors
from
the
other
Cities
of
Greece
,
not
so
much
for
the
love
of
peace
,
as
for
the
sears
of
war
;
for
the
fire
of
their
rage
being
not
to
be
extinguished
but
by
blood
,
the
Thebans
and
Boetians
did
desire
that
he
would
vouchsafe
to
profess
himself
to
be
the
General
of
Greece
against
the
Phocensians
,
being
possessed
with
so
great
a
hatred
against
the
Phocensians
,
that
forgetful
of
their
own
ruine
,
they
desired
rather
to
perish
themselves
then
not
to
destroy
them
,
and
to
endure
the
known
cruelty
of
Philip
then
to
pardon
their
Enemies
.
The
Ambassadors
of
the
Phocensians
on
the
other
side
,
the
Lacedemonians
and
Athenians
being
joyned
with
them
,
did
crave
that
the
war
might
not
proceed
,
this
being
the
third
time
that
they
bought
with
moneys
a
forbearance
of
it
.
A
vile
thing
it
was
,
and
shameful
to
behold
,
that
Greece
being
at
that
time
the
mistress
of
the
world
,
both
in
strength
and
dignity
,
and
alwaies
the
Conqueress
of
Kings
and
Nations
,
and
at
that
time
the
Commandress
of
so
many
Cities
,
should
humble
her self
at
the
doors
of
a
stranger
,
and
either
craving
or
deprecating
war
,
should
put
all
her
hope
in
the
assistance
of
another
.
The
Revengers
of
the
world
were
brought
so
low
by
their
own
discords
and
by
civil
wars
,
that
of
their
own
accord
they
flattered
a
sordid
part
not
long
before
of
their
own
clientry
;
and
this
especially
was
done
by
the
Thebans
and
the
Lacedemonians
before
emulous
which
of
them
both
should
enjoy
the
absolute
command
of
Greece
,
as
Greece
at
this
present
would
have
the
command
of
them
.
Philip
in
these
dissentions
,
for
the
ostentation
of
his
glory
,
did
ride
as
it
were
in
triumph
over
the
tops
of
so
great
Cities
,
and
did
deliberate
with
himself
which
part
was
most
worthy
of
him
.
Having
given
audience
in
private
to
the
Ambassadors
on
both
sides
,
to
the
one
side
he
did
promise
the
forbearance
of
the
war
,
having
obliged
them
by
an
Oath
not
to
divulge
his
answer
;
unto
the
others
he
gave
assurance
,
that
he
suddenly
and
powerfully
would
assist
them
;
he
commanded
both
either
to
prepare
for
war
or
to
fear
it
;
and
thus
with
a
double
answer
both
sides
being
secure
,
he
seized
upon
the
straights
of
Thermophylae
.
Then
the
Phocensians
finding
themselves
circumvented
by
the
treachery
of
Philip
had
their
recourse
to
Arms
,
but
they
had
not
the
leisure
to
prepare
an
Army
,
nor
to
draw
unto
them
any
Auxiliaries
:
and
Philip
threatned
utterly
to
destroy
them
,
if
they
would
not
surrender
themselves
unto
him
.
But
there
was
no
more
trust
in
his
composition
,
then
there
was
in
his
promise
that
the
war
should
be
forborn
;
They
were
therefore
everywhere
put
to
slaughter
,
and
violated
;
the
Children
were
pluck'd
from
their
Parents
,
the
Wives
from
their
Husbands
,
and
the
Images
of
the
gods
were
not
safe
,
nor
left
in
their
own
Temples
.
This
was
all
the
miserable
comfort
that
they
enjoyed
,
that
when
Philip
had
defrauded
his
Associates
in
the
distribution
of
the
booty
,
and
ingrossed
it
all
to
himself
,
they
could
finde
nothing
of
their
own
goods
amongst
their
Enemies
.
Being
returned
into
his
Kingdom
,
he
drove
Cities
and
People
as
Shepherds
do
their
Flocks
,
sometimes
into
their
Summer
,
and
sometimes
into
their
Winter
Pastures
:
He
translated
every
place
according
to
his
own
pleasure
,
as
he
would
have
them
peopled
or
left
desolate
;
lamentable
was
the
face
of
all
things
,
and
like
unto
an
utter
ruine
.
There
was
no
fear
of
any
invasion
of
the
Enemy
,
no
running
about
of
the
Souldiers
in
the
streets
,
no
tumult
of
Arms
,
no
plundering
of
goods
,
nor
forcing
men
into
Captivity
,
but
a
silent
grief
and
sadness
did
possess
them
,
and
a
fear
that
even
the
very
tears
in
their
eyes
should
be
censur'd
for
delinquency
:
Their
griefs
did
increase
in
their
counterfeiting
,
and
in
their
concealing
of
them
,
sinking
so
much
the
deeper
,
by
how
much
they
were
the
less
seen
to
express
them
:
Sometimes
they
revolved
in
their
mindes
the
Sepulchers
of
their
Ance●●●rs
,
sometimes
their
old
houshold
gods
,
sometimes
their
own
houses
in
which
they
begot
their
children
,
and
in
which
they
were
begot
themselves
:
Sometimes
they
lamented
their
own
misfortune
that
they
lived
to
see
that
day
,
sometimes
the
misfortune
of
their
children
that
they
were
not
born
after
it
.
Philip
in
the
mean
time
did
remove
some
of
them
into
the
frontier
Garrisons
,
and
set
them
before
the
faces
of
their
Enemies
;
others
he
did
dispose
of
into
the
farthest
bounds
of
his
Kingdom
:
Some
whom
he
had
taken
Prisoners
in
the
war
he
reserved
at
home
to
supply
his
Cities
,
and
so
out
of
many
Countreys
and
Nations
he
constituted
one
Kingdom
and
People
.
The
affairs
of
Macedonia
being
set
in
order
,
he
became
master
of
the
Dardanians
,
and
other
neighbouring
places
taken
by
deceit
;
neither
did
he
abstain
from
those
who
were
most
neer
unto
him
;
for
he
determined
to
drive
Arymbas
out
of
his
Kingdom
who
was
King
of
Epirus
,
and
in
the
neerest
consanguinity
obliged
to
his
wife
Olympias
;
and
for
this
purpose
he
sent
for
Alexander
the
brother
of
his
wife
Olympias
,
a
boy
of
a
sweet
and
lovely
countenance
to
come
in
his
sisters
name
to
Macedonia
,
and
with
all
his
art
having
sollicited
him
into
the
hope
of
his
Fathers
Kingdom
,
dissembling
his
lust
,
he
enforced
him
to
grant
him
the
unlawful
use
of
his
body
,
thinking
that
he
would
be
more
obsequious
to
him
either
through
this
familiarity
of
unlawful
love
,
or
through
the
benefit
of
the
Kingdom
;
therefore
when
he
arrived
to
the
age
of
twenty
yeers
,
he
took
the
Kingdom
from
Arymbas
and
gave
it
unto
him
,
being
unrighteous
in
both
,
for
that
he
observed
not
the
rights
of
consanguinity
in
him
f
om
whom
he
took
the
Kingdom
,
and
that
he
made
him
his
prostitute
before
he
made
him
a
King
unto
whom
he
gave
it
.
THE
NINTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
WHen
Philip
had
advanced
into
Greece
,
sollicited
by
the
plundering
of
a
few
Cities
,
and
finding
by
their
riches
how
great
was
the
wealth
of
them
all
,
he
intended
to
make
war
upon
all
Greece
;
and
thinking
that
if
he
could
be
master
of
Bizantium
a
famous
Sea-Town
,
i●
would
much
conduce
to
his
affairs
,
it
being
a
gallant
reserve
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
he
layd
a
siege
unto
it
shutting
her
Gates
against
him
▪
This
City
was
first
builded
by
Pausanias
King
of
the
Sparians
,
and
possessed
by
him
for
th●
space
of
seven
yeers
.
Afterwards
by
the
several
inclinations
of
Victory
,
it
was
sometimes
in
the
power
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
and
sometimes
of
the
Athenians
,
which
uncertain
possession
was
the
cause
that
neither
of
them
either
helping
it
or
owning
it
as
their
own
,
she
did
more
constantly
maintain
her
liberty
.
Philip
therefore
being
weary
,
and
his
stock
exhausted
with
the
long
delay
of
the
siege
,
made
use
of
Piracy
for
the
purchase
of
moneys
,
and
having
taken
one
hundred
and
seventy
ships
,
he
refreshed
his
Army
distracted
and
languishing
through
want
;
And
that
so
great
a
power
might
not
be
held
in
a
League●
before
one
Town
,
taking
with
him
the
most
valiant
of
them
,
he
besie●ed
many
Cities
of
the
Ch●●sonesians
,
and
sent
for
his
son
Alexander
,
being
then
eighteen
yeers
of
age
to
come
unto
him
,
that
he
might
learn
under
him
the
first
rudiments
of
the
War
.
He
marched
also
into
Scythia
to
see
what
plunder
he
could
get
there
,
and
like
a
Merchant
he
maintained
one
war
by
the
profits
of
another
.
At
that
time
Matthaeas
was
King
of
the
Scythians
,
who
being
oppressed
by
the
war
of
the
I
strians
did
desire
the
assistance
of
Philip
by
the
Apollonians
,
promising
to
adopt
him
into
the
succession
of
the
Kingdom
of
Scythia
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
King
of
the
I
strians
dying
,
delivered
the
Scythians
both
from
the
fear
of
the
war
,
and
the
need
of
assistance
.
Therefore
Matthaeas
having
dismissed
the
Macedonians
,
commanded
them
to
acquaint
Philip
that
he
neither
desired
his
ayd
,
nor
did
intend
his
adoption
;
for
the
Scythians
,
he
said
,
did
not
need
the
revenge
of
the
Macedonians
,
being
better
men
then
themselves
,
neither
his
Son
being
alive
did
he
want
an
〈◊〉
This
being
understood
,
Philip
sent
Ambassadors
to
Matthaeas
,
desiring
of
him
to
lend
him
some
moneys
towards
the
charge
of
the
siege
,
least
through
want
he
should
be
enforced
to
forsake
the
war
,
which
the
more
re●dily
he
said
he
ought
to
do
because
he
paid
not
the
souldiers
whom
he
sent
unto
his
ayd
,
who
received
nothing
for
their
service
nor
for
the
charges
of
their
march
in
the
way
.
Matthaeas
excusing
himself
by
reason
of
the
unkindness
of
the
heaven
,
&
the
barrenness
of
the
earth
,
that
neither
inriched
the
Scythians
with
Patrimonies
,
nor
allowed
them
sustenance
,
made
answer
that
he
had
no
wealth
wherewith
to
satisfie
so
great
a
King
,
and
therefore
it
were
more
honourable
for
him
to
deny
him
altogether
then
to
contribute
but
a
little
to
him
;
the
Scythians
he
said
,
were
esteemed
not
by
their
wealth
,
but
by
the
vertues
of
their
minde
,
&
by
the
strength
and
hardness
of
their
bodies
.
Philip
finding
himself
de●ided
,
having
raised
the
siege
before
Byzantium
,
did
advance
against
the
Scythians
,
who
to
make
them
the
more
secure
did
send
Ambassadors
to
enform
Matthaeas
,
that
when
he
besieged
Byzantium
,
he
had
vowed
a
Statue
to
Hercules
,
and
that
he
now
came
to
erect
it
at
the
mouth
of
the
River
of
Ister
;
he
therefore
desired
that
coming
as
a
friend
to
the
Scythians
,
he
might
be
allowed
a
peaceable
entrance
to
perform
his
religion
to
his
god
:
Matthaeas
made
answer
,
that
if
he
would
perform
his
vowes
,
he
should
send
the
Effigies
unto
him
,
and
promised
that
it
should
not
onely
be
erected
accordingly
as
he
desired
,
but
that
it
should
stand
inviolated
.
He
sent
him
word
that
he
could
not
give
way
that
his
Army
should
enter
into
his
Dominions
,
and
if
he
should
erect
any
Statue
,
the
Scythians
being
unwilling
,
he
would
pull
it
down
again
,
when
he
was
departed
,
and
convert
the
brass
of
the
Statue
into
heads
for
arrows
.
With
these
passages
the
minds
of
both
being
much
exasperated
,
the
battel
was
begun
.
The
Scythians
excell'd
in
vertue
and
valor
;
howsoever
they
were
overcome
by
the
policy
of
Philip.
There
were
taken
twenty
thousand
women
and
children
,
and
a
vast
booty
of
Cattel
,
but
of
gold
and
silver
nothing
at
all
:
And
although
it
were
before
reported
,
it
was
at
this
time
first
of
all
believed
how
poor
the
Scythians
were
.
Twenty
thousand
of
their
Mares
of
a
brave
race
were
sent
into
Macedonia
for
breed
.
But
the
Triballians
did
meet
with
Philip
on
his
return
from
Scythia
;
they
denied
to
give
him
passage
,
unless
they
received
part
of
the
prey
;
From
hence
began
the
quarrel
,
and
by
and
by
the
fight
,
in
which
Philip
was
so
sorely
wounded
in
his
thigh
,
that
through
his
body
his
horse
was
killed
;
when
all
conceived
him
to
be
slain
,
the
booty
was
all
lost
;
therefore
the
devoted
spoyls
of
the
Sythians
were
to
be
lamented
rather
than
enjoyed
by
the
Macedons
;
as
soon
as
he
began
to
recover
of
his
wound
,
he
brought
upon
the
Athenians
his
long
dissembled
war
,
to
whose
cause
the
Thebans
did
joyn
themselves
,
fearing
least
the
Athenians
being
overcome
,
the
flames
of
the
neighbouring
war
should
whirle
upon
them
.
A
league
being
therefore
made
betwixt
the
two
Cities
that
not
long
before
were
at
the
greatest
enmity
,
they
wearved
Greece
with
their
Ambassadors
,
alleadging
that
the
common
Enemy
was
to
be
repelled
by
the
common
strength
;
for
they
said
that
Philip
would
not
leave
off
,
if
the
affairs
at
first
succeeded
according
to
his
minde
,
until
he
had
subdued
all
Greece
unto
him
.
Some
Cities
being
perswaded
by
the
Athenians
did
unite
themselves
unto
them
,
but
the
fear
of
the
war
did
draw
many
unto
Philip
:
the
battel
being
begun
when
the
Athenians
did
much
exceed
in
the
number
of
the
Souldiers
,
they
were
overcome
by
the
valor
of
the
Macedons
inured
to
daily
wars
;
howsoever
they
fell
not
unmindful
of
their
antient
glory
;
for
with
honourable
wounds
they
dying
,
did
all
cover
that
place
of
the
field
with
their
bodies
which
their
Captains
did
assign
them
to
fight
in
.
This
day
did
set
a
period
to
all
Greece
,
in
the
respect
of
their
antient
liberty
,
and
the
glory
of
the
Soveraignty
of
their
command
.
The
joy
of
this
Victory
was
craftily
dissembled
by
Philip
,
for
he
did
not
observe
it
as
a
day
consecrated
to
Triumphs
;
he
was
not
seen
to
laugh
at
the
banquet
;
he
neither
crowned
his
head
,
nor
anointed
his
body
,
and
as
much
as
in
him
was
,
he
so
overcame
that
no
man
could
perceive
him
to
be
a
Conqueror
:
He
commanded
that
he
should
not
be
called
the
King
,
but
the
Captain
of
Greece
;
and
he
so
tempered
himself
betwixt
a
silent
joy
,
and
the
publick
grief
of
his
Enemies
,
that
his
own
Souldiers
could
not
observe
him
to
rejoyce
,
nor
his
Enemies
to
insult
.
And
though
the
Athenians
were
alwaies
most
pernicious
to
him
,
yet
he
sent
home
their
prisoners
without
ransome
,
and
restored
the
carkasses
of
the
dead
to
burial
,
and
of
his
own
accord
gave
order
that
they
should
be
carryed
to
the
Sepulchers
of
their
Fathers
:
Moreover
,
he
sent
his
Son
Alexander
and
his
friend
Antipater
to
Athens
,
to
establish
a
firm
friendship
and
a
peace
betwixt
them
.
But
he
was
not
so
indulgent
to
the
Thebans
;
for
he
not
onely
sold
their
Captives
but
also
the
carkasses
of
their
slain
.
Some
of
the
Rulers
of
that
City
he
beheaded
,
some
he
forced
into
banishment
,
and
seized
on
all
their
goods
,
and
restored
those
into
their
Country
who
had
been
banished
from
it
,
out
of
which
number
he
appointed
three
hundred
to
be
the
Judges
and
Rulers
of
the
City
,
by
whom
when
some
of
the
most
powerful
of
the
Citizens
were
accused
,
that
unjustly
they
had
driven
them
into
banishment
,
they
were
of
that
constancy
,
they
all
in
general
confessed
that
they
were
all
the
Authors
of
it
,
and
with
confidence
affirmed
that
it
was
better
with
the
Commonwealth
by
far
when
they
were
condemned
persons
,
then
it
could
be
now
when
they
were
restored
.
A
wonderful
confidence
it
was
;
they
passed
a
sentence
as
well
as
then
they
could
,
on
the
Judges
of
their
lifes
and
deaths
,
and
did
contemn
that
absolution
which
their
Enemies
could
give
them
,
and
because
they
could
not
revenge
by
deeds
,
they
assumed
to
themselves
a
liberty
by
words
.
The
affairs
being
thus
composed
in
Greece
,
Philip
commanded
that
Ambassadors
out
of
all
the
Cities
should
be
called
to
Corinth
,
to
consider
on
the
present
occasions
,
and
to
provide
for
the
future
:
He
there
appointed
to
all
Greece
a
condition
of
Peace
,
according
to
the
merits
of
every
City
,
and
chose
to
himself
a
Counsel
,
and
as
it
were
a
Parliament
out
of
all
.
The
Lacedemonians
onely
did
despise
both
the
Law
and
the
Law-giver
,
affirming
that
it
was
a
slavery
and
not
a
peace
which
was
imposed
upon
them
by
the
Conqueror
,
and
did
not
proceed
from
the
Cities
.
After
this
the
Auxiliaries
of
every
City
were
listed
,
by
whom
the
King
was
to
be
assisted
against
any
invasion
,
or
he
being
their
General
,
was
to
make
war
himself
with
them
,
and
to
lead
them
forth
against
any
Nation
;
for
it
was
not
doubtful
that
the
Empire
of
the
Persians
was
the
design
of
these
great
preparations
.
The
number
of
his
Auxiliaries
of
foot
were
two
hundred
thousand
,
and
fifteen
thousand
horse
:
Besides
these
,
there
was
the
Army
of
Macedonia
,
and
an
Army
of
the
barbarous
Nations
who
were
contiguous
to
them
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
Spring
,
he
sent
three
of
his
cheif
Commanders
into
that
part
of
Asia
which
was
under
the
power
of
the
Persians
,
Parmenio
,
Amyntas
,
and
Attalus
,
whose
sister
he
had
lately
marryed
;
Olympias
the
Mother
of
Alexander
being
repudiated
upon
the
suspition
of
incontinence
.
In
the
mean
time
until
the
Auxiliaries
of
Greece
might
be
drawn
into
one
body
,
he
did
celebrate
the
Nuptials
of
his
daughter
Cleopatra
,
and
of
Alexander
whom
he
had
made
King
of
Epirus
.
The
day
was
remarkable
for
the
magnificence
of
the
two
Kings
,
the
one
marrying
,
the
other
giving
his
daughter
in
marriage
:
Neither
was
there
wanting
the
delightfulness
of
Enterludes
,
to
the
beholding
whereof
when
Philip
passed
without
a
guard
between
the
two
Alexanders
,
his
Son-in-law
,
and
his
own
Son
,
Pausanias
one
of
the
Nobility
,
being
suspected
by
no
man
,
did
kill
King
Philip
as
he
was
passing
through
the
crowd
,
and
made
the
day
destined
to
mirth
and
marriage
black
with
the
lamentation
of
a
Funeral
:
This
Pausanias
about
the
fourteenth
yeer
of
his
age
,
was
enforced
to
be
a
prostitute
to
Attalus
,
to
which
indignity
this
ignominy
was
added
,
that
Attalus
having
afterwards
brought
him
into
the
Banquet
,
and
made
him
drunk
with
wine
,
did
not
onely
expose
him
to
his
own
lust
,
but
to
the
lust
of
all
his
guests
,
and
rendred
him
a
common
laughing
stock
amongst
them
all
:
Which
Pausanias
with
great
indignation
resenting
,
did
oftentimes
complain
of
it
to
Philip
;
And
finding
that
he
was
both
deluded
and
delayed
in
his
just
complaints
,
and
that
his
Adversarie
moreover
was
honoured
with
a
new
addition
of
power
and
greatness
,
he
converted
his
anger
against
Philip
himself
,
and
that
revenge
which
he
could
not
have
on
his
Adversary
,
he
took
on
his
unrighteous
Judge
,
It
is
also
believed
that
he
was
encouraged
to
it
by
Olympias
the
Mother
of
Alexander
,
and
that
Alexander
himself
was
not
ignorant
of
the
murther
of
his
Father
;
for
Olympias
was
no
less
troubled
at
her
divorce
,
and
that
Cleopatra
was
perferr'd
above
her
,
then
Pausanias
was
at
the
violation
of
his
honour
.
It
was
conceived
also
that
Alexander
suspected
that
his
brother
begot
of
his
Step-mother
,
did
aspire
unto
the
Kingdom
;
and
so
far
the
jealousie
did
advance
it self
,
that
at
a
former
Banquet
he
first
quarrelled
with
Attalus
,
and
afterwards
with
his
Father
,
insomuch
that
Philips
did
follow
him
from
the
Table
with
a
drawn
Sword
,
and
was
hardly
deteined
by
the
intreaties
of
his
friends
from
the
slaughter
of
his
son
.
Wherefore
Alexander
did
first
convey
himself
with
his
Mother
to
his
Uncle
in
Epirus
,
and
from
thence
to
the
Kings
of
the
Illyrians
,
and
was
hardly
afterwards
reconciled
to
his
Father
,
and
with
much
difficulty
was
perswaded
by
his
kinsmen
to
return
unto
him
.
Olympias
also
did
sollicite
her
brother
Alexander
the
King
of
Epirus
to
undertake
the
war
,
and
had
overcome
him
to
it
,
if
the
Father
had
not
prevented
his
Son-in-law
by
the
collocation
of
his
daughter
to
him
:
With
these
provocations
of
jealousie
and
anger
,
it
is
believed
that
both
of
them
did
incite
Pausanias
to
the
commission
of
so
desperare
an
Act.
Sure
it
is
,
that
Olympias
had
horses
ready
for
Pausanias
,
if
it
had
been
his
fortune
to
have
escaped
;
and
she
her self
,
the
death
of
the
King
being
understood
,
when
under
the
pretence
of
the
duty
,
she
came
in
great
haste
that
night
to
attend
his
Hearse
,
she
did
impose
on
the
very
same
night
a
Crown
of
Gold
on
the
head
of
Pausanias
then
hanging
on
the
Cross
,
which
none
but
she
would
have
been
so
bold
to
have
adventured
,
the
Son
of
Philip
being
alive
.
Some
few
daies
after
,
she
caused
his
body
to
be
taken
off
from
the
Cross
and
burn'd
,
and
in
the
same
place
she
did
erect
him
a
Monument
,
and
struck
such
a
superstition
into
the
people
,
that
she
provided
that
for
the
honor
of
his
memory
,
here
should
be
yeerly
made
a
parentation
to
him
:
After
this
,
she
caused
Cleopatra
(
for
whose
sake
she
was
divorced
from
Philip
,
having
first
in
her
own
lap
killed
her
daughter
)
to
end
her
life
by
hanging
,
and
satisfied
her
revenge
by
beholding
her
in
that
lamentable
posture
swinging
on
the
Tree
.
Last
of
all
,
she
consecrated
that
sword
with
which
the
King
was
slain
to
Apollo
,
under
the
name
of
Myrtalis
;
for
so
Olympias
was
called
when
she
was
a
little
one
.
All
which
was
done
so
opnely
,
that
it
may
be
seared
least
the
fact
committed
by
her
were
not
approved
by
others
:
Philip
deceased
about
the
seven
and
fourtieth
yeer
of
his
age
,
after
he
had
reigned
five
and
twenty
yeers
.
He
begat
on
Larissaea
the
Danceress
Aridaeus
,
who
reigned
after
Alexander
:
He
had
also
many
other
Sons
from
divers
other
marriages
,
it
being
the
custom
of
Kings
to
take
them
into
Marriage
as
many
as
they
pleased
;
but
they
all
dyed
,
some
by
natural
deaths
,
and
some
by
the
sword
.
He
was
a
King
more
studious
of
the
preparations
of
Arms
then
Feasts
;
his
greatest
riches
were
the
utensils
of
war
,
and
yet
he
was
more
cunning
to
get
riches
then
to
perserve
them
,
which
made
them
alwaies
poor
,
though
he
was
alwaies
plundering
:
Mercy
and
Treachery
were
in
him
equally
beloved
:
No
way
whatsoever
to
overcome
his
Enemies
did
appear
sordid
to
him
;
In
his
discourse
he
was
both
pleasing
and
deceitful
,
and
one
who
would
alwaies
promise
more
then
he
would
perform
;
he
was
master
of
his
Arts
both
in
jeast
and
in
earnest
:
He
observed
his
friendships
not
by
faithfulness
but
by
profit
:
To
dissemble
love
in
hatred
,
to
plant
sedition
amongst
friends
,
and
to
insinuate
himself
both
with
friends
and
foes
was
his
daily
Custome
:
Excellent
he
was
in
Eloquence
and
in
the
acuteness
of
a
fine
flourish
in
his
words
,
full
of
delicate
composures
,
that
neither
facility
was
wanting
to
the
ornament
▪
nor
the
ornament
of
invention
to
the
facility
.
Alexander
did
succeed
him
greater
then
his
Father
both
in
vertues
and
in
vices
.
Their
way
was
different
in
the
Conquests
they
obtained
:
The
Son
mannaged
his
wars
by
apparent
valour
,
the
Father
by
deceits
:
The
Father
joyned
his
Enemies
being
surprized
;
the
Son
being
openly
overcome
;
The
Father
more
subtle
in
Counsel
;
the
Son
more
magnificent
in
minde
;
The
Father
would
commonly
dissemble
his
passions
,
and
overcome
them
;
The
Son
inflam'd
with
rage
knew
neither
how
to
delay
,
not
moderate
his
revenge
;
Both
of
them
were
too
greedy
of
wine
,
but
their
vices
in
the
excess
were
different
.
It
was
the
custome
of
the
Father
from
the
Banket
to
advance
against
the
Enemy
,
to
encounter
him
,
and
unadvisedly
to
expose
himself
unto
all
dangers
;
Alexander
was
more
furious
against
his
own
friends
then
against
his
Enemies
;
wherefore
the
battels
have
oftentimes
sent
back
Philip
wounded
,
and
his
Son
hath
often
come
from
the
Banquet
the
killer
of
his
Friends
;
This
would
not
reign
over
his
friends
,
the
other
would
usurp
and
grow
upon
them
;
Tbe
Father
did
choose
rather
to
be
beloved
,
the
Son
to
be
feared
;
The
love
to
Learning
was
equal
to
them
both
▪
The
Father
was
more
full
of
Policy
,
the
Son
of
Fidelity
;
The
Father
more
moderate
in
his
speech
,
the
Son
in
his
actions
,
for
he
had
alwayes
a
more
ready
and
a
more
honest
minde
to
be
merciful
to
those
whom
he
overcame
;
The
Father
was
addicted
to
thrift
,
but
the
Son
to
excess
:
By
these
Arts
the
Father
layd
the
foundation
for
the
Conquest
of
the
World
,
and
the
Son
accomplished
the
glory
of
the
work
.
THE
TENTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ARtaxerxes
King
of
the
Persians
had
fifteen
Sons
by
a
hundred
Concubines
,
but
he
had
onely
three
begotten
in
lawful
marriage
;
Darius
,
Ariarctos
,
and
Occhus
.
Of
these
against
the
Lawes
of
the
Persians
,
amongst
whom
the
Kingdom
suffered
no
change
but
by
death
,
Artaxerxes
being
alive
,
did
out
of
his
Fatherly
indulgence
make
Darius
King
,
thinking
that
there
was
nothing
taken
from
the
Father
which
was
conferr'd
upon
the
Son
,
and
that
he
should
take
a
sincerer
joy
in
his
paternal
Interest
,
if
he
alive
did
behold
the
Ensign
of
his
Majesty
in
his
Son
.
But
Darius
after
these
unaccustom'd
examples
of
indulgence
,
took
counsel
to
kill
his
Father
:
He
had
been
wicked
enough
,
if
he
onely
had
conceived
the
parricide
in
his
minde
;
but
so
much
the
more
wicked
,
that
into
the
society
of
the
villany
he
took
his
fifty
brothers
to
be
partakers
of
it
;
Prodigious
it
was
,
that
in
so
great
a
number
,
the
parricide
could
not
onely
be
contracted
but
concealed
,
and
that
amongst
fifty
of
his
children
there
was
not
one
found
whom
neither
the
Majesty
of
the
King
,
nor
the
reverence
of
an
ancient
man
,
nor
the
indulgence
of
a
Father
,
could
recal
from
so
horrible
an
act
.
What
was
the
name
of
a
Father
so
vile
amongst
so
great
a
number
of
his
Sons
,
that
he
who
should
be
safe
even
against
his
Enemies
by
their
defence
,
being
circumvented
by
their
Treason
,
should
now
be
safer
amongst
his
Enemies
then
amongst
his
own
children
?
The
cause
of
the
Parricide
was
far
more
wicked
then
the
Parricide
it self
;
for
Cyrus
being
slain
in
the
brothers
war
,
as
mention
above
is
made
,
Artaxerxes
the
King
took
his
Concubine
Aspasia
into
marriage
;
Darius
did
demand
that
his
Father
should
give
her
unto
him
,
as
he
had
delivered
up
his
Kingdom
,
who
being
too
indulgent
to
his
children
,
did
promise
at
first
that
he
would
do
it
,
and
not
long
after
repenting
hims●l●
,
and
honestly
denying
what
rashly
he
had
promised
,
he
made
her
a
Prioress
in
the
Temple
of
the
Sun
,
whereby
a
perpetual
abstinence
from
all
men
was
religiously
imposed
on
her
.
The
young
man
being
much
incensed
at
it
,
did
first
quarrel
with
his
Father
;
and
not
long
after
having
made
a
conspiracy
with
his
brothers
,
whiles
he
sought
to
betray
his
Father
,
being
discovered
and
apprehended
with
his
Associates
,
they
expiated
with
their
blood
the
designed
Parricide
,
and
did
punishment
to
the
Gods
the
Revengers
of
paternal
Majesty
.
The
Wives
also
of
them
all
with
all
their
children
were
put
to
death
,
that
there
should
not
be
so
much
as
a
shadow
to
be
seen
of
so
great
a
villany
.
After
this
Artaxerxes
having
contracted
a
disease
by
the
excess
of
grief
deceased
himself
a
happier
King
then
a
Father
.
The
Inheritance
of
the
Kingdom
by
order
of
succession
was
devolved
on
Occhus
,
who
fearing
the
like
conspiracy
,
did
fill
the
Court
with
the
slaughter
of
his
kinsmen
,
and
the
ruins
of
the
Princes
,
being
touched
with
no
compassion
in
the
respect
either
of
blood
,
or
sex
,
or
age
;
belike
that
he
might
not
be
more
innocent
then
the
Parricides
his
brothers
.
And
having
as
it
were
thus
purified
his
Kingdom
,
he
made
war
upon
the
Armenians
;
in
which
one
of
the
Enemies
having
sent
a
challenge
to
try
his
force
in
Arms
with
any
in
a
single
fight
,
Codoman
with
the
good
opinion
of
all
,
advanced
to
encounter
him
,
who
the
Enemy
being
slain
,
did
restore
both
victory
to
the
Persians
and
almost
their
lost
glory
.
For
this
atchievement
so
gallantly
performed
,
he
was
made
Governor
of
the
Armenians
,
and
in
the
process
of
time
,
after
the
death
of
Occhus
in
the
memory
of
his
ancient
valor
,
he
was
chosen
King
by
the
people
,
and
being
honoured
with
the
name
of
Darius
,
that
nothing
might
be
wanting
to
the
regal
Majesty
,
he
a
long
time
mannaged
the
war
with
great
courage
;
but
uncertain
fortune
against
Alexander
the
Great
;
at
the
last
,
being
overcome
by
him
,
and
slain
by
his
own
kinsmen
,
he
ended
his
life
with
the
Empire
of
the
Persians
.
THE
ELEVENTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
AS
there
were
divers
Nations
in
the
Army
of
Philip
,
so
he
being
slain
,
there
were
divers
agitations
of
minds
in
his
Army
:
Some
being
oppressed
with
the
injury
of
servitude
did
advance
themselves
to
some
hope
of
liberty
;
others
not
pleased
with
the
tediousness
of
so
remote
a
war
,
did
rejoyce
that
the
expedition
would
be
remitted
:
Some
there
were
who
lamented
that
the
torch
lighted
for
the
marriage
of
the
daughter
should
be
now
imployed
to
be
put
under
the
pile
of
the
Father
.
And
no
small
fear
it
was
that
possessed
his
friends
at
so
sudden
a
Change
of
the
affairs
,
revolving
in
their
minds
how
much
Asia
was
provoked
before
Europe
was
subdued
,
and
how
unfaithful
and
uncertain
were
the
Illyrians
,
the
Thracians
and
Dardaneans
and
others
of
the
barbarous
Nations
that
were
adjacent
to
them
,
which
people
if
they
should
all
revolt
together
,
it
was
impossible
to
redress
it
.
In
these
destractions
the
coming
of
Alexander
was
as
a
Soveraign
remedy
,
who
in
a
set
speech
did
for
the
present
so
perswade
and
comfort
the
Souldiers
,
that
he
took
off
all
fear
from
the
timerous
,
and
did
raise
the
opinion
of
all
into
a
great
hope
of
him
:
He
was
then
but
twenty
yeers
of
age
,
in
which
he
so
moderately
promised
so
much
that
it
might
appear
to
all
that
he
reserved
more
for
the
proof
.
He
gave
to
the
Macedonians
the
immunity
of
all
things
,
unless
a
discharge
from
the
wars
,
by
which
he
so
much
attracted
their
love
,
that
they
said
they
had
changed
onely
the
body
,
but
not
the
vertue
nor
the
valor
of
the
King
.
The
first
care
he
had
was
for
his
Fathers
obsequies
at
which
he
gave
a
charge
above
all
things
that
all
who
were
guilty
of
his
Fathers
death
should
be
slain
before
the
Tombe
of
his
Father
;
he
onely
reprieved
Alexander
the
brother
of
the
Lyncestae
,
preserving
in
him
the
inaguration
into
his
dignity
;
for
he
was
the
first
that
did
salute
him
King
.
He
also
took
care
that
his
brother
Caraunus
born
of
his
Step-mother
,
who
aspired
to
the
Kingdom
,
should
be
put
to
death
.
In
the
first
beginning
of
his
Reign
he
awed
many
Nations
that
were
about
to
rebel
,
&
appeased
divers
seditions
in
the
East
,
and
joyful
at
the
success
of
his
proceedings
he
marched
privately
into
Greece
,
where
having
called
all
the
Cities
to
Corinth
after
the
example
of
his
Father
,
he
was
made
General
in
his
place
.
After
this
,
he
did
go
on
with
the
preparations
for
the
Persian
war
,
which
was
begun
by
his
Father
;
and
being
altogether
imployed
to
make
provision
for
it
,
he
was
enformed
that
the
Athenians
,
Thebans
,
and
Lacedemonians
had
revolted
from
him
to
the
Persians
,
and
that
the
Author
of
that
treachery
was
Demosthenes
the
Orator
,
who
was
corrupted
by
the
Persians
with
a
great
sum
of
gold
:
He
alledged
that
all
the
Forces
of
the
Macedonians
were
overthrown
by
the
Triballians
with
their
King
,
and
in
his
speech
composed
for
that
purpose
,
he
produced
his
Author
before
the
people
,
who
affirmed
that
he
was
wounded
in
the
same
battel
wherein
the
King
was
slain
:
By
which
report
the
resolutions
of
almost
all
the
Citizens
being
startled
,
they
resolved
to
shake
off
the
Garrisons
of
the
Macedons
;
to
meet
with
and
to
prevent
these
difficulties
,
he
marched
into
Greece
with
so
much
speed
,
and
with
so
gallant
and
so
prepared
an
Army
,
that
whom
they
knew
not
of
to
come
,
they
could
hardly
believe
they
saw
.
In
his
way
he
exhorted
the
Thessalians
,
and
did
put
them
in
minde
of
the
benefits
of
Philip
his
Father
to
them
,
and
of
the
neer
relations
of
his
Mother
descended
from
the
generation
of
the
Aeacidans
.
His
exhortation
was
agreeable
to
the
Thessalians
;
they
created
him
General
of
Greece
after
the
example
of
his
Father
,
and
delivered
to
him
all
their
tributes
and
revenews
.
But
the
Athenians
as
they
were
the
first
in
the
revolt
,
so
they
began
to
be
the
first
in
repentance
,
and
turning
the
contempt
of
their
Enemy
into
their
admiration
of
him
,
they
extoll'd
the
youth
of
Alexander
despised
before
above
the
vertue
of
the
ancient
Captains
;
Ambassadors
therefore
being
sent
,
they
besought
a
forbearance
of
the
war
;
Alexander
having
heard
them
and
severely
reprehended
them
,
did
remit
the
war
.
After
this
he
advanced
against
the
Thebans
,
and
would
have
exercised
the
same
indulgence
towards
them
,
if
he
had
found
the
same
repentance
;
but
the
Thebans
were
resolved
to
make
use
of
their
Arms
,
and
not
of
entreaties
or
deprecations
.
Being
overcome
,
they
endured
the
heaviest
punishments
of
the
most
miserable
captivity
:
When
a
Councel
was
called
to
debate
on
the
utter
destruction
of
the
City
,
the
Phocensian●
and
Plataeans
,
the
Thespians
and
Orchomaenians
the
Associates
of
the
Macedonians
,
and
the
partakers
with
Alexander
in
this
victory
,
did
demonstrate
to
him
the
ruines
of
their
own
Cities
,
and
the
cruelty
of
the
Thebans
,
charging
them
with
their
inclinations
towards
the
Persians
against
the
liberty
of
Greece
,
not
onely
for
the
present
,
but
for
the
continuance
of
many
Ages
,
for
which
cause
the
hatred
of
all
people
was
upon
them
to
be
manifested
,
by
this
that
they
have
all
bound
themselves
by
an
oath
,
the
Persians
being
overcome
,
to
pull
down
Thebes
.
To
this
they
added
the
fables
of
their
former
abhominations
,
with
which
they
have
filled
all
Scenes
,
insomuch
that
they
are
to
be
abhorred
,
not
onely
for
their
present
treachery
,
but
for
their
ancient
infamy
.
Eleadas
one
of
the
Captives
having
obtained
liberty
to
speak
,
did
alledge
that
they
did
not
revolt
from
the
King
whom
they
heard
to
be
slain
,
but
from
the
heirs
of
the
King
;
and
what
by
them
was
committed
,
was
not
so
much
by
the
guilt
of
treachery
as
by
the
provocation
of
cruelty
,
for
which
already
they
had
endured
grievous
punishments
;
their
youth
being
overthrown
,
there
remained
onely
he
said
,
a
company
of
old
men
and
women
,
who
were
as
weak
as
they
were
harmless
,
and
were
so
vex'd
with
adulteries
and
reproaches
,
that
they
never
endured
any
thing
more
grievous
;
he
intreated
not
he
said
for
the
Citizens
who
were
so
few
,
but
for
the
innocent
ground
of
his
Country
,
and
for
the
City
which
had
not
onely
brought
forth
men
but
gods
:
He
supestitiously
conjured
the
King
by
the
remembrance
of
Hercules
,
who
was
born
amongst
them
,
and
from
whom
the
Nation
of
the
Aeacidans
did
derive
their
Original
,
that
he
would
forbear
all
further
execution
:
He
besought
,
his
father
Philip
having
had
his
education
in
that
City
,
that
he
would
vouchsafe
to
spare
it
,
it
being
the
City
which
adored
some
of
his
Ancestors
being
born
gods
amongst
them
,
and
which
saw
others
who
being
there
brought
up
were
Kings
of
the
supreamest
dignity
.
But
anger
was
more
powerful
then
prayer
;
the
City
therefore
was
levell'd
to
the
ground
:
the
Fields
were
divided
amongst
the
Conquerors
;
the
Captives
were
sold
,
whose
prizes
were
set
not
for
the
profit
of
the
Buyers
,
but
at
the
rate
of
the
hatred
of
the
Enemy
.
Their
sad
condition
was
lamented
by
the
Athenians
,
who
opened
their
Gates
to
receive
them
against
the
mandate
of
the
King
:
which
Alexander
took
so
grievously
,
that
the
Athenians
by
a
second
Ambassy
beseeching
him
to
forbear
the
war
;
he
did
remit
it
on
that
condition
,
that
their
Orators
and
Captains
by
whose
confidence
they
so
often
had
rebelled
,
might
be
delivered
to
him
;
into
so
great
a
strait
the
Athenians
were
brought
,
that
rather
then
undergo
the
war
,
their
Orators
being
retained
,
their
Captains
were
sent
into
banishment
,
who
immediately
going
to
Darius
,
were
of
no
small
moment
in
the
Army
of
the
Persians
;
Alexander
being
now
wholy
design'd
▪
on
the
Persian
war
did
put
to
death
those
kindred
of
his
step-mothers
,
whom
Philip
advancing
to
the
places
of
highest
dignity
had
set
over
the
Kingdom
;
neither
was
he
more
indulgent
to
those
who
were
more
neer
unto
him
,
if
they
nourished
aspiring
thoughts
and
were
fit
for
Government
,
that
no
occasion
of
sedition
might
call
him
back
being
imployed
in
his
war
in
Asia
;
&
he
took
into
the
war
those
Pensioners
of
the
King
with
him
,
the
abilities
of
whose
understandings
were
more
eminent
then
their
fellows
,
leaving
those
who
were
of
any
age
and
gravity
behind
him
for
the
defence
of
his
Kingdom
.
After
this
,
having
drawn
his
Army
all
into
one
Body
,
he
speedily
embarked
them
,
and
being
come
into
the
sight
of
Asia
,
being
inflamed
with
an
incredible
ardor
of
spirit
,
he
erected
twelve
Altars
,
where
he
made
his
vowes
to
the
gods
of
war
:
He
divided
all
the
Patrimony
which
he
had
in
Macedonia
and
in
Europe
amongst
his
friends
,
alledging
that
Asia
was
sufficient
for
himself
;
And
before
that
any
of
his
ships
put
forth
to
Sea
,
he
offered
sacrifices
,
desiring
Victory
in
this
war
,
in
which
he
was
to
be
the
Revenger
of
Greece
so
often
invaded
by
the
Persians
;
whose
Empire
was
great
,
old
,
and
over-ripe
,
it
being
now
high
time
that
it
should
receive
others
by
turns
,
who
could
do
better
:
Neither
were
the
presageful
resolutions
of
his
Army
less
then
his
own
;
for
all
of
them
forgetting
their
wives
and
children
,
and
the
war
that
was
to
be
mannaged
so
far
from
their
own
Country
,
did
propound
unto
themselves
the
Persian
Gold
,
and
the
Riches
of
all
the
East
as
already
their
own
booty
:
when
they
drew
neer
unto
the
Continent
,
Alexander
first
of
all
did
throw
a
dart
as
into
the
hostile
La●d
,
and
in
his
Armor
leaping
on
the
shoar
and
valting
aloft
,
did
cut
a
fine
caper
or
two
;
he
there
offered
sacrifices
,
praying
that
those
Countries
would
not
unwillingly
receive
him
their
King
:
In
Ilium
also
he
did
parentate
to
the
Tombs
of
those
who
fell
in
the
Trojan
war
;
advancing
afterwards
towards
the
Enemy
,
he
caused
a
Proclamation
to
be
published
,
forbidding
his
Souldiers
to
plunder
,
alledging
that
they
must
spare
their
own
goods
,
nor
destroy
those
things
which
they
came
to
possess
.
In
his
Army
there
were
two
and
thirty
thousand
foot
,
and
four
thousand
and
five
hundred
horse
,
and
a
Fleet
consisting
of
one
hundred
and
fourscore
and
two
ships
.
With
this
so
inconsiderable
an
Army
,
it
is
hard
to
say
whether
he
more
wonderfully
overcame
all
the
World
,
or
that
he
durst
undertake
to
do
it
,
especially
when
to
so
dangerous
a
war
he
chose
not
an
Army
of
robustious
men
,
or
in
the
first
flower
of
their
youth
,
but
old
Souldiers
,
and
some
who
by
the
Laws
of
war
were
to
be
dismissed
by
reason
of
their
Age
,
and
who
had
served
in
the
wars
of
his
Father
and
his
Grandfather
,
that
you
would
have
taken
them
to
be
selected
masters
of
the
war
rather
then
Souldiers
;
neither
in
the
first
files
or
ranks
was
any
a
leading
man
who
was
not
threescore
yeers
of
age
,
insomuch
that
had
you
beheld
the
order
of
their
Camp
,
you
would
have
said
that
you
had
seen
a
Senate
of
some
ancient
Commonwealth
.
Therefore
in
the
battel
no
man
thought
of
flight
but
of
Victory
,
neither
did
they
put
any
hope
in
the
nimbleness
of
their
feet
,
but
in
the
strength
of
their
Arms.
On
the
other
side
,
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
in
the
confidence
of
his
strength
,
affirmed
that
nothing
was
to
be
done
by
circumvention
,
and
that
the
close
counsel
of
a
stollen
Victory
was
not
suitable
to
his
greatness
:
He
thought
it
more
honourable
to
drive
back
the
war
then
not
to
admit
it
,
and
not
to
prohibite
the
Enemy
into
his
Confines
,
but
to
receive
him
into
his
Kingdom
.
The
first
battel
was
in
the
Plain
of
Adrastum
,
where
there
being
six
hundred
thousand
in
the
Army
of
the
Persians
,
they
were
put
to
flight
,
being
overcome
as
much
by
the
policy
of
Alexander
as
by
the
courage
of
the
Macedons
;
great
was
the
slaughter
of
the
Persians
;
in
the
Army
of
Alexander
there
were
slain
but
nine
foot-men
,
and
one
hundred
and
twenty
horse
,
whom
for
the
encouragement
of
their
fellows
,
the
King
caused
to
be
honourably
enterred
,
and
commanded
Statues
to
be
cut
for
them
,
as
for
some
memorable
Commanders
,
and
gave
priviledges
of
immunity
to
all
their
kindred
.
After
this
victory
,
the
greater
part
of
Asia
did
submit
unto
him
;
He
also
made
many
wars
with
the
Lieutenants
of
Darius
whom
he
overcame
not
so
much
by
arms
as
by
the
terror
of
his
Name
.
Whiles
those
things
were
thus
managed
,
he
understood
by
one
of
his
Captives
,
that
a
treason
was
plotted
against
him
by
Alexander
of
Lynceste
,
the
Son-in-law
of
Antipater
,
who
was
the
Kings
Lieutenant
in
Macedonia
,
and
fearing
that
if
he
should
put
him
to
death
,
it
might
occasion
some
tumult
in
Macedonia
,
he
onely
confined
him
to
Imprisonment
and
Bonds
;
After
this
,
he
advanced
to
the
City
of
Gordium
,
which
is
situated
between
both
the
Phrygias
,
which
City
he
desired
to
be
master
of
,
not
so
much
for
the
booty
,
as
for
that
he
understood
that
in
that
City
in
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
,
there
was
consecrated
the
plough
of
Gordius
,
the
knots
of
whose
cord
if
any
could
unlose
,
the
Oracle
did
persage
of
old
that
he
should
raign
over
all
Asia
.
The
cause
and
original
was
from
this
;
When
Gardius
was
ploughing
in
this
Country
with
his
Oxen
,
great
flights
of
birds
of
all
sorts
did
flie
round
about
him
,
and
repairing
to
the
Augurs
of
the
next
City
to
know
the
reason
of
it
,
he
met
in
the
Gate
of
the
City
a
Virgin
of
an
excellent
beauty
,
and
having
demanded
of
her
to
what
Augur
he
should
more
particularly
address
himself
,
she
having
understood
the
occasion
,
and
having
some
knowledge
herself
in
the
Art
,
by
the
instructions
of
her
Parents
,
did
make
answer
that
the
Kingdom
was
presaged
to
him
,
and
did
offer
her self
the
companion
of
his
hope
,
and
to
be
his
companion
in
marriage
.
So
●air
a
condition
did
seem
to
be
the
first
felicity
of
the
Kingdom
.
After
the
marriage
,
there
did
arise
a
sedition
amongst
the
Phrygians
;
and
counsel
being
asked
,
what
a
period
should
be
put
unto
the
differences
:
and
when
the
Oracles
did
answer
,
That
to
end
the
discord
there
was
need
of
a
King
;
and
it
being
demanded
again
,
who
should
be
the
King
:
They
were
commanded
to
make
him
King
whom
they
should
finde
with
a
Plough
entring
into
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
.
Gordius
was
the
man
whom
presently
they
saluted
as
their
King
.
He
consecrated
to
Regal
Majesty
in
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
the
Plough
by
which
the
Kingdom
was
conferr'd
on
him
.
After
him
there
reigned
his
Son
Midas
,
who
being
instructed
by
Orpheus
with
the
solemnities
belonging
to
the
worship
of
their
gods
,
did
fill
all
Phrygia
with
Religion
and
Ceremonies
,
by
which
during
the
whole
course
of
his
life
,
he
was
safer
then
by
his
Arms.
Alexander
therefore
,
the
City
being
taken
,
when
he
came
into
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
,
he
demanded
where
the
Plough
was
,
which
being
shewed
unto
him
,
when
he
could
not
discover
the
ends
of
the
cord
lying
hid
among
the
multiplicity
of
the
foldings
,
he
gave
a
violent
interpretation
to
the
sense
of
the
Oracle
,
and
cutting
the
cords
asunder
with
his
sword
,
he
found
the
ends
lying
undiscovered
in
the
mysterie
of
the
twists
.
Whiles
he
was
doing
this
,
he
was
informed
that
Darius
was
approaching
to
give
him
battel
with
a
formidable
Army
.
Therefore
fearing
the
danger
of
the
streights
,
he
in
a
swift
march
did
lead
his
Army
over
the
Mountain
of
Taurus
;
in
which
expedition
,
his
foot
without
any
respite
did
run
five
hundred
furlongs
:
When
he
came
unto
Tarsus
,
being
taken
with
pleasantness
of
the
River
Cydnus
running
through
the
midst
of
the
City
,
having
unbuckled
his
Armor
,
and
being
covered
with
sweat
and
dust
,
he
threw
himself
into
the
River
which
,
was
extreamly
cold
.
On
an
sudden
;
so
great
and
so
chilling
a
benumnedness
did
posses
every
joynt
,
that
being
speechless
,
the
danger
could
be
neither
deferred
,
nor
any
hope
o●
remedy
admitted
.
There
was
one
of
his
Physitians
Philip
by
Name
who
promised
to
give
a
redress
unto
his
evil
,
but
some
letters
sent
the
day
before
by
Parmenio
from
Cappodocia
did
render
him
suspected
to
the
King
,
who
not
knowing
of
Alexander's
sickness
did
write
unto
him
to
have
a
careful
eye
on
Philip
his
Physitian
,
because
he
was
corrupted
by
Darius
with
a
great
sum
of
money
;
howsoever
thinking
it
safer
to
doubt
the
trust
of
his
Physitian
,
then
his
undoubted
disease
,
having
received
the
Cup
,
he
delivered
the
letters
to
him
,
&
sted
fastly
did
behold
him
as
he
drank
the
physick
:
Having
observed
h●m
to
be
not
moved
at
the
sense
of
the
letter
,
he
became
more
cheerful
,
&
on
the
fourth
day
afterwards
was
recovered
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Darius
advanced
towards
him
with
an
Army
of
three
hundred
thousand
foot
,
&
one
hundred
thousand
horse
:
The
multitude
of
his
numbers
did
trouble
Alexander
in
the
respect
of
the
fewness
of
his
Souldiers
,
but
computing
with
himself
what
great
atchievements
he
had
performed
by
that
paucity
,
and
how
many
Nations
he
had
overthrown
,
his
hope
did
overcome
his
fear
,
and
thinking
it
dangerous
to
delay
the
Battel
least
some
desperation
should
grow
upon
the
minds
of
his
Souldiers
,
being
mounted
on
horse-back
he
did
ride
about
his
Army
,
and
by
several
exhortations
did
enflame
the
courage
of
the
several
Nations
;
he
stirr'd
up
the
Illyrians
and
the
Thracians
with
the
ostentation
of
the
wealth
of
the
Persians
,
the
Grecians
with
the
memory
of
their
former
wars
,
&
with
their
perpetual
hatred
against
the
Persians
:
He
put
the
Macedonians
in
mind
of
Europe
overcome
,
and
of
Asia
desired
by
them
;
and
that
the
world
had
not
any
Souldiers
that
were
comparable
unto
them
:
This
battel
he
said
would
put
an
end
to
their
labors
,
but
no
end
unto
their
glory
:
As
he
delivered
these
words
,
he
did
once
and
again
command
his
Army
to
stand
,
that
by
that
delay
they
might
the
better
observe
and
sustain
the
unwe●ldy
numbers
of
their
Enemies
;
neither
was
Darius
less
industrious
in
the
marshalling
of
his
Army
;
for
omitting
no
office
of
a
General
,
he
in
his
own
person
did
ride
about
the
Army
,
and
did
exhort
every
one
,
and
admonish
them
of
the
ancient
glory
of
the
Persian
Empire
,
and
of
their
everlasting
possession
which
was
given
of
it
by
the
immortal
Gods
.
After
this
the
battel
was
fought
with
great
resolution
,
in
which
both
Kings
were
wounded
,
and
the
fight
was
doubtful
until
Darius
fled
,
whereupon
there
followed
a
great
slaughter
of
the
Persians
;
there
were
slain
of
their
foot
threescore
and
ten
thousand
,
and
ten
thousand
of
their
horse
,
and
forty
thousand
were
taken
Prisoners
.
Of
the
Macedons
there
were
slain
one
hundred
and
thirty
foot
,
and
one
hundred
and
fifty
horse
:
In
the
Camp
of
the
Persians
,
there
was
found
much
gold
,
and
other
rich
movables
.
Amongst
the
Captives
,
there
were
the
Mother
,
and
the
Wife
,
who
was
also
the
sister
of
Darius
,
and
his
two
daughters
,
to
visit
and
to
comfort
:
who
when
Alexander
came
in
person
with
some
men
in
Arms
,
they
imbracing
one
another
as
if
immediately
they
were
to
die
,
did
make
a
skrieking
lamentation
▪
then
humbling
themselves
to
the
knees
of
Alexander
,
they
desired
not
life
,
but
onely
a
respite
from
death
so
long
until
they
had
buried
the
body
of
Darius
.
Alexander
beimg
moved
at
their
so
great
a
piety
,
did
both
give
them
an
assurance
of
the
life
of
Darius
,
and
withal
took
from
them
the
fear
of
death
,
and
did
command
that
they
should
be
esteemed
and
saluted
as
Queens
,
and
commanded
the
daughters
of
Darius
to
look
for
husbands
suitable
to
the
dignity
of
their
Father
.
After
this
taking
into
his
observation
,
the
riches
and
precious
Furniture
of
Darius
,
he
was
possessed
with
admiration
at
it
;
he
then
first
began
to
delight
himself
with
luxurious
Banquets
,
and
the
magnificence
of
Feasts
,
and
to
be
tempted
by
the
beauties
of
Barsine
his
Capive
,
on
whom
having
afterwards
begot
a
Son
,
he
did
call
him
Hercules
.
But
remembr●ing
that
Darius
was
yet
alive
,
he
commanded
Parmenio
to
seize
upon
the
Persian
Fleet
,
and
sent
some
others
of
his
friends
to
take
possession
of
some
Cities
in
Asia
,
which
the
fame
of
his
Victory
being
understood
,
came
presently
into
the
hands
of
the
Conquerors
,
the
Lieutenants
of
Darius
delivering
themselves
with
vast
sums
of
gold
unto
them
.
After
this
he
advanced
into
Syria
,
where
many
Kings
of
the
East
with
Fillets
and
Miters
did
meet
him
;
of
whom
some
he
received
into
the
society
of
his
friendship
according
to
their
merits
,
and
from
others
he
took
their
Kingdom
,
new
Kings
being
chosen
in
their
places
.
Amongst
others
,
A'bdolominus
chosen
King
of
Sidonia
by
Alexander
was
remarkable
,
who
living
but
miserably
before
(
all
his
imployment
being
either
to
scoure
ditches
,
or
to
water
gardens
)
was
ordained
King
by
him
,
the
Nobility
of
that
Kingdom
being
rejected
,
least
they
should
impute
their
royalty
to
their
birth
,
and
not
to
the
benefit
of
the
giver
;
When
the
City
of
Tyre
had
sent
to
Alexander
by
their
Ambassadors
a
Crown
of
gold
of
great
weight
in
the
pretence
of
gratulation
,
the
gift
being
gratefully
accepted
,
Alexander
did
declare
unto
them
that
he
would
repair
himself
unto
Tyre
to
pay
his
vows
to
Hercules
;
the
Ambassadors
replying
that
he
should
perform
that
better
in
the
old
Town
of
Tyre
,
and
in
the
more
ancient
Church
,
&
desiring
withal
that
he
would
forbear
to
enter
into
their
new
City
;
Alexander
was
so
incensed
at
it
,
that
he
threatned
utterly
to
destroy
their
City
:
and
immediately
drawing
his
Army
to
the
Iland
,
he
was
not
less
resolutely
received
by
the
Tyrians
through
the
confidence
they
had
of
being
assisted
by
the
Carthaginians
.
The
example
also
of
Dido
did
confirm
them
in
their
resolution
,
who
,
Carthage
being
builded
,
were
masters
of
the
third
part
of
the
World
,
thinking
it
dishonourable
,
if
their
women
had
more
resolution
to
subdue
forreign
Kingdoms
,
then
they
had
to
defend
their
own
liberty
:
Those
therefore
who
were
unfit
for
the
service
of
the
war
being
removed
to
Carthage
,
and
the
ayd
of
that
City
desired
to
be
hastned
,
they
were
not
long
after
taken
by
treachery
:
After
this
he
took
Rhodes
,
Aegypt
,
and
Cilicia
upon
composition
,
and
was
resolved
to
go
to
Jupiter-Hammon
to
ask
counsel
of
him
concerning
the
event
of
things
to
come
,
and
concerning
his
own
Original
;
for
his
mother
Olympias
had
confessed
to
his
Father
Philip
,
that
Alexander
was
not
begotten
by
him
,
but
by
a
serpent
of
a
vast
extent
and
bulk
.
And
Philip
not
long
before
his
death
,
did
openly
confess
that
Alexander
was
not
his
Son
,
and
caused
Olympias
to
be
divorced
from
him
as
being
guilty
of
incontinence
;
Alexander
therefore
desiring
to
know
the
divinity
of
his
Original
,
and
to
deliver
his
Mother
from
Infamy
,
did
send
some
before
him
to
suborn
the
Priests
what
answers
they
should
give
unto
him
.
Entring
into
the
Temple
,
the
Priests
immediately
did
salure
him
as
the
Son
of
Ammon
;
He
being
joyful
of
this
his
adoption
by
the
God
,
did
command
that
he
should
be
esteemed
as
his
Father
.
After
this
he
demanded
,
whether
he
had
taken
full
revenge
on
all
the
Murtherers
of
his
Father
:
It
was
answered
,
That
his
Father
could
neither
be
killed
nor
die
,
but
the
revenge
for
King
Philip
was
fully
performed
.
After
this
having
propounded
a
third
demand
unto
them
:
It
was
answered
,
That
both
Victory
in
all
wars
,
and
the
possession
of
all
Lands
was
granted
to
him
.
His
Companions
also
were
enjoyned
by
the
Priests
to
worship
him
as
a
God
,
and
not
as
a
King
.
From
hence
he
was
possessed
with
a
strange
insolence
,
and
a
wonderful
pride
of
minde
,
being
altogether
estranged
from
that
familiarity
which
he
had
learned
by
the
letters
of
the
Grecians
,
and
the
Institutions
of
the
Macedons
:
being
returned
from
Hammon
,
he
builded
Alexandria
,
and
commanded
that
a
Col●ny
of
the
Macedons
should
be
the
chief
Seat
of
Aegypt
.
Darius
flying
to
Babylon
,
desired
Alexander
by
letters
,
that
he
might
have
the
liberty
to
redeem
the
Captive
Ladies
,
and
promised
him
a
vaste
sum
of
money
.
But
Alexander
returned
answer
,
That
to
redeem
those
Captives
,
he
must
not
onely
have
his
money
,
but
all
his
Empire
.
Not
long
after
Darius
did
write
again
to
Alexander
,
and
in
his
letter
he
offered
him
the
marriage
of
his
Daughter
,
and
a
great
part
of
the
Empire
;
but
Alexander
did
write
back
unto
him
,
that
he
gave
him
but
that
which
was
his
own
before
,
and
commanded
him
to
come
as
a
Suppliant
to
him
,
and
to
permit
the
Conqueror
to
dispose
of
the
Kingdom
at
his
own
pleasure
.
Wherefore
having
abandoned
all
hope
of
peace
,
Darius
did
prepare
again
for
the
war
,
and
advanced
against
Alexander
with
four
hundred
thousand
foot
,
and
one
hundred
thousand
horse
.
In
his
march
he
was
enformed
that
his
Wife
was
dead
in
her
extremity
of
pain
by
an
abortive
birth
,
and
that
Alexander
did
lament
her
death
,
and
assisted
at
her
burial
,
which
civilities
he
used
towards
her
,
not
out
of
the
heat
of
vain
love
,
but
the
obligations
of
humanity
;
for
he
was
assured
that
Alexander
did
never
see
her
but
once
,
when
he
oftentimes
repaired
to
comfort
his
Mother
and
his
Daughters
;
Darius
then
confessing
that
he
was
truly
conquered
,
when
after
so
many
battels
his
Enemy
in
courtesies
did
overcome
him
,
and
that
it
should
not
be
altogether
unpleasing
to
him
if
he
could
not
be
victorious
,
especially
when
he
was
conquered
by
such
an
Enemy
,
did
write
the
third
time
unto
Alexander
,
and
gave
him
thanks
for
his
civil
respects
unto
his
Family
,
and
offered
him
his
other
Daughter
to
Wife
,
and
the
greater
part
of
his
Kingdom
,
even
to
the
River
of
Euphrates
,
and
thirty
thousand
talents
for
the
other
Captives
.
Alexander
returned
answer
,
That
the
giving
thanks
of
an
Enemy
was
superflucus
,
neither
had
he
done
any
thing
in
flatto●y
of
him
,
or
in
the
distrust
of
the
event
of
the
war
,
or
to
complement
for
conditions
of
peace
,
but
out
of
the
greatness
of
his
minde
by
which
he
had
learned
to
contend
against
the
Forces
,
but
not
the
calamities
of
his
Enemies
:
He
promised
that
he
would
allow
the
same
Grants
to
Darius
,
if
he
would
be
his
Second
and
not
his
Equal
:
But
as
the
World
could
not
be
governed
by
two
Suns
,
no
more
could
it
endure
the
Government
of
two
such
great
Empires
in
a
safe
condition
:
Therefore
he
should
come
,
he
said
,
and
make
a
surrender
of
himself
on
that
present
day
,
or
prepare
for
the
battel
on
the
next
▪
nor
promise
to
himself
any
other
fortune
then
of
what
before
he
had
the
experience
.
On
the
next
day
,
their
Armies
stood
both
in
battel-array
;
Immediately
before
the
fight
began
,
a
deep
sleep
invaded
Alexander
,
possessed
with
too
much
care
,
who
being
onely
wanting
in
the
battel
,
he
was
with
much
ado
awakned
by
Parmenio
:
All
men
demanding
the
cause
of
so
sound
asleep
in
such
apparent
danger
,
when
in
his
greatest
leisures
he
was
alwayes
moderate
of
it
;
He
made
answer
,
that
being
delivered
from
a
great
sear
,
the
suddenness
of
his
security
was
the
occasion
of
it
,
for
he
might
now
fight
at
once
with
all
the
Forces
of
Darius
,
being
afraid
before
that
the
wars
would
be
delayed
if
the
Persians
should
have
divided
their
Army
.
Before
the
battel
did
begin
both
the
Armies
made
a
stand
,
and
did
look
on
one
another
.
The
Macedons
did
wonder
at
the
multitudes
of
their
Enemies
,
at
the
greatness
of
their
bodies
,
and
the
beauty
of
their
Armor
:
The
Persians
were
amazed
that
so
many
thousand
of
their
Souldiers
had
so
often
by
so
few
been
overcome
.
The
two
Kings
did
ride
round
ab●ut
their
Armies
;
Darius
assured
his
,
that
if
the
division
were
made
throughout
his
Army
,
he
had
ten
men
in
arms
to
fight
against
but
one
of
his
Enemies
.
Alexander
admonished
the
Macedonians
not
to
be
troubled
with
the
multitudes
of
their
Enemies
,
nor
with
the
greatness
of
their
bodies
,
or
the
novelty
of
the
complexion
of
their
Arms
:
he
commanded
them
onely
to
remember
that
this
is
the
third
time
they
fought
with
them
,
and
so
consider
that
they
were
become
never
the
better
men
by
their
so
often
flying
away
,
but
carryed
alwayes
with
them
the
sad
remembrance
of
their
former
overthrows
,
&
of
so
much
blood
they
had
lost
before
in
the
two
other
battels
;
He
assured
them
that
as
Darius
did
exceed
in
men
,
so
did
he
in
strength
:
He
perswaded
them
to
despise
that
Army
shining
with
gold
and
silver
,
in
which
there
was
more
booty
then
danger
;
the
Victory
being
not
to
be
purchased
by
the
glittering
of
ornaments
,
but
by
the
edge
of
the
sword
.
After
this
both
Armies
were
joyned
in
battel
;
The
Macedons
in
contempt
of
the
Enemy
so
often
overcome
,
did
throw
themselves
upon
the
swords
of
the
Persians
.
And
the
Persians
desired
rather
manfully
to
die
then
to
be
overcome
▪
seldom
more
blood
in
any
fight
was
shed
.
Darius
when
he
saw
his
Army
overthrown
,
would
willingly
have
dyed
himself
:
But
those
who
stood
next
unto
him
did
compel
him
to
flie
:
Some
perswading
him
to
break
down
the
Bridge
of
the
River
of
Cydnus
to
stop
the
passage
of
his
Enemies
;
he
made
answer
,
That
he
would
not
so
dishonourably
provide
for
his
own
safety
by
exposing
so
many
thousands
of
his
Souldiers
to
the
fury
of
their
Enemies
,
and
that
the
same
way
of
flight
was
to
he
open
to
others
,
which
lay
open
to
himself
.
Alexander
in
his
own
person
was
alwayes
present
in
the
greatest
difficulties
,
and
where
he
saw
his
Enemies
on
their
thickest
squadrons
to
fight
most
bravely
,
he
clapped
in
upon
them
,
and
would
have
all
the
dangers
to
be
wholy
his
own
and
not
his
Souldiers
.
In
this
battel
h●
gained
unto
himself
the
whole
Empire
of
Asia
in
the
fifth
yeer
of
his
reign
,
and
so
great
was
his
felicity
,
that
after
this
no
man
durst
to
rebel
;
and
the
Persians
after
the
Empire
which
continued
so
many
yeers
did
patiently
endure
the
yoak
of
servitude
.
His
Souldiers
being
rewarded
and
refreshed
,
so
great
was
the
booty
,
that
it
took
up
forty
daies
to
receive
the
full
account
of
it
;
he
found
hid
in
the
City
eleven
thousand
Talents
:
After
this
,
he
took
Persepolis
the
chief
Seat
of
the
Persian
Empire
,
a
City
renowned
for
many
yeers
,
and
full
of
the
spoyls
of
the
World
,
which
first
appeared
at
the
destruction
of
it
.
As
those
things
thus
passed
,
eight
hundred
Greeks
did
come
unto
him
,
who
with
dismembred
bod●es
did
endure
the
punishment
of
their
Captivity
,
beseeching
him
that
as
he
had
delivered
Greece
,
so
he
would
deliver
them
also
from
the
cruelty
of
their
Enemies
.
The
King
having
granted
them
leave
to
return
to
their
own
Country
,
they
made
choyce
to
be
seated
rather
in
a
plantation
abroad
,
least
in
the
stead
of
joy
,
they
should
present
unto
their
Parents
the
lamentable
and
loathed
spectacle
of
themselves
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Darius
to
purchase
favour
of
the
Conqueror
,
was
bound
by
his
knismen
in
golden
chains
in
a
Town
of
the
Parthians
called
Tancas
.
I
believe
the
immortal
gods
,
so
ordained
it
,
that
the
Empire
of
the
Persians
should
have
its
end
in
their
Land
who
were
afterwards
to
succeed
in
the
Government
.
Alexander
pursuing
the
chase
in
a
full
gallop
came
to
the
same
Town
on
the
next
day
.
He
there
understood
that
Darius
in
a
close
waggon
was
carryed
away
by
night
;
his
Army
therefore
being
commanded
to
follow
,
he
pursued
him
with
onely
seven
thousand
horse
,
and
in
the
way
had
many
and
dangerous
encounters
;
And
having
in
the
chase
numbred
many
miles
,
when
he
could
not
receive
the
least
notice
of
Darius
,
he
respited
a
little
to
breathe
and
bait
his
horses
.
As
one
of
his
Souldies
did
go
unto
the
next
spring
,
he
found
Darius
bleeding
through
many
wounds
,
but
yet
alive
;
whereupon
he
made
use
of
his
Captive
to
be
his
Interpreter
,
whom
when
Darius
found
by
his
voyce
to
be
a
Persian
,
he
said
that
this
brought
some
comfort
to
him
in
his
present
misfortunes
,
that
he
should
speak
to
one
who
understood
him
,
and
should
not
in
vain
breathe
forth
his
last
words
.
He
desired
that
it
might
be
represented
to
Alexander
that
he
dyed
much
in
his
debt
;
being
obliged
to
him
for
many
favours
,
having
never
the
happiness
to
return
any
;
he
was
much
to
thank
him
that
he
deported
himself
towards
his
Mother
and
his
children
,
not
like
an
Enemy
,
but
a
King
;
and
was
more
happy
in
his
Adversary
,
then
in
his
own
kindred
;
for
the
lives
of
his
Mother
and
his
children
were
given
to
them
(
he
said
)
by
his
Ennemy
,
but
his
life
was
taken
away
by
his
kinsmen
to
whom
he
had
given
both
life
and
Kingdoms
,
for
which
he
should
receive
that
recompence
,
which
he
being
a
Conqueror
should
be
pleased
himself
to
take
;
All
the
thankfulness
which
he
being
a
dying
man
could
return
unto
him
,
was
to
beseech
the
powers
above
,
and
the
powers
below
,
and
the
gods
that
dispose
of
Scepters
,
that
they
would
grant
him
the
Empire
of
all
the
World
;
For
himself
he
desired
to
have
rather
a
solemn
then
a
sumptuous
Funeral
.
As
for
what
pertained
to
the
Revenger
of
his
death
,
it
ought
he
said
to
be
made
Exemplar
,
it
being
not
onely
Alexanders
but
the
common
cause
of
all
Kings
,
which
to
neglect
,
would
be
as
dishonourable
as
it
were
dangerous
;
for
as
in
one
,
the
Example
of
his
justice
,
so
in
the
other
,
the
cause
of
his
futu●e
safety
would
be
declared
;
for
the
performance
of
which
he
gave
his
right
hand
,
the
onely
pledge
of
the
Faith
of
a
King
.
Having
spoken
these
word●
and
stretched
forth
his
hands
he
dyed
;
which
when
it
was
reported
unto
Alexander
,
having
beheld
him
,
he
with
tears
prosecuted
his
death
so
unworthy
of
that
height
wherein
he
lived
;
and
commanded
that
his
body
should
be
buried
after
the
manner
of
their
Kings
,
and
be
carryed
to
the
Tombs
of
his
Predecessors
.
THE
TWELFTH
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ALexander
after
this
with
great
Funeral
expences
did
honour
those
Souldiers
whom
he
lost
in
the
pursute
of
Darius
,
and
divided
fifteen
thousand
Talents
amongst
their
fellows
who
did
accompany
him
in
that
Expedition
.
The
greatest
part
of
their
horses
were
lost
by
the
excessive
heat
,
and
those
which
remained
alive
made
unserviceable
.
The
treasure
consisting
of
one
hundred
and
three
and
fifty
thousand
Talents
,
was
brought
all
into
one
Exchequer
,
and
Parmenio
was
made
Chancellor
of
it
.
In
the
mean
time
Letters
were
received
from
Antipater
in
Macedonia
,
in
which
the
war
of
Agis
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
in
Greece
,
the
war
of
Alexander
(
King
of
Epirus
)
in
Italy
,
and
the
war
of
Zopyron
his
Lieutenant
in
Scythia
were
contained
,
with
which
news
he
was
diversly
affected
,
but
received
more
joy
by
the
death
of
the
two
Kings
that
did
emulate
his
glory
,
then
he
expressed
grief
for
the
loss
of
Zopyron
with
his
Army
:
For
after
the
departure
of
Alexander
,
almost
all
Greece
,
taking
advantage
of
his
absence
,
did
combine
to
take
Arms
for
the
recovery
of
their
liberty
;
In
which
they
followed
the
authority
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
who
alone
despised
the
peace
with
Philip
and
Alexander
,
and
refused
the
conditions
of
it
.
The
General
of
this
war
was
Agis
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
;
which
insurrection
Antipater
,
having
drawn
his
forces
together
,
did
suppress
in
the
very
beginning
of
it
.
The
slaughter
howsoever
was
great
on
both
sides
:
Agis
when
he
beheld
his
Souldiers
to
turn
their
backs
,
having
cleared
himself
of
his
Guard
,
that
he
might
be
equal
to
Alexander
,
though
not
in
fortune
,
yet
in
courage
,
did
make
so
great
a
slaughter
of
his
Enemies
,
that
sometimes
he
drove
whole
Troops
of
them
before
him
:
At
the
last
,
though
he
was
over-born
by
the
multitude
,
yet
he
overcame
them
all
in
glory
.
And
Alexander
King
of
Epirus
being
called
into
Italy
by
the
Tarentines
,
desiring
ayd
against
the
Brutians
,
did
march
with
so
much
resolution
,
that
if
in
the
division
of
the
world
,
the
West
by
lot
had
fallen
to
him
,
and
the
East
to
Alexander
the
Son
of
Olympias
his
sister
,
he
might
have
found
no
less
a
subject
of
glory
,
in
Italy
,
Africk
,
and
in
Sicily
,
then
the
other
in
Asia
,
and
amongst
the
Persians
.
To
this
may
be
added
,
that
as
the
Oracles
at
Delphos
did
fore-warn
Alexander
the
Great
of
treachery
in
Macedonia
;
so
he
was
advised
by
Jupiter
of
Dodona
to
take
heed
of
the
City
of
Pandosia
and
of
the
Acherusian
River
,
which
being
both
in
Epirus
,
he
being
ignorant
that
they
were
both
in
Italy
also
,
did
more
readily
undertake
a
forreign
war
to
decline
the
danger
which
was
threatned
by
the
destinies
as
he
conceived
at
Rome
.
Being
advanced
in
Italy
,
he
first
of
all
made
war
with
the
Apulians
;
the
fate
of
whose
City
being
understood
,
he
not
long
after
made
peace
and
friendship
with
their
King
.
At
that
time
Brundusium
was
the
City
of
the
Apulians
,
which
the
Aetolians
(
following
the
Conduct
of
their
Captain
Dio
medes
,
renowned
for
his
atchievements
at
the
siege
of
Troy
)
did
build
.
But
being
forced
away
by
the
Apulians
,
it
was
told
them
by
the
Oracle
,
that
perpetually
they
should
possess
the
place
which
they
first
found
out
,
wherefore
by
their
Ambassadors
they
demanded
of
the
Apulians
,
that
their
City
should
be
restored
to
them
▪
and
threatned
to
bring
a
war
upon
them
,
if
they
should
detain
it
.
But
the
Apulians
having
notice
of
the
Oracle
,
did
put
the
Ambassadors
to
death
,
and
did
bury
them
in
their
City
,
to
have
there
their
perpetual
residence
.
And
being
thus
discharged
of
the
Oracle
,
they
for
a
long
time
did
possess
the
City
,
which
when
Alexander
of
Epirus
understood
,
in
reverence
to
the
Antiquity
of
the
place
,
he
did
abstain
from
making
war
upon
the
Apulians
:
But
he
made
war
against
the
Brutians
and
Lucanians
,
and
took
many
of
their
Cities
;
afterwards
he
made
peace
with
the
Metapontinians
,
the
Rutilians
,
and
the
Romans
.
But
the
Brutians
and
Lucanians
having
the
assistance
of
their
Neighbours
,
did
renew
the
war
with
greater
courage
,
in
which
the
King
neer
unto
the
City
of
Pandosia
&
the
River
Acheron
was
killed
,
the
name
of
the
fatal
place
being
not
known
until
he
fell
;
and
dying
▪
he
understood
that
the
danger
of
death
was
not
in
his
own
Countrey
,
for
the
fear
of
which
he
did
●●e
his
Countrey
.
The
Tyrians
having
at
the
publick
charge
redeemed
his
Body
,
did
commit
it
unto
Burial
.
Whiles
those
things
were
done
in
Italy
,
Zopyron
,
who
was
made
Lieutenant
of
Pontus
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
conceiving
himself
to
be
but
as
an
idle
person
,
if
he
should
do
nothing
memorable
himself
,
having
drawn
together
an
Army
of
thirty
thousand
men
,
did
make
war
upon
the
Soythians
:
being
slain
with
all
his
Army
,
he
suffered
for
the
rashness
of
making
wars
on
that
innocent
Nation
:
When
these
things
were
brought
to
Alexander
in
Parthia
,
having
dissembled
a
sorrow
for
the
death
of
Alexander
his
kinsman
King
of
Epirus
,
he
commanded
his
Army
to
quarters
for
the
space
of
three
dayes
;
And
all
men
suggesting
to
themselves
,
that
in
Darius
death
the
war
was
ended
,
and
expecting
now
a
speedy
return
into
their
own
Country
,
and
in
their
imagination
already
embracing
their
wives
and
children
,
Alexander
did
call
them
forth
to
a
general
convention
,
and
declared
unto
them
,
that
nothing
was
as
yet
atchieved
by
so
many
famous
battels
,
if
the
more
Eastern
Enemies
should
remain
untouched
;
neither
did
he
make
war
for
the
body
,
but
the
Empire
of
Darius
;
those
he
said
were
to
be
pursued
who
fled
away
and
revolted
from
him
.
Having
with
his
speech
given
new
heat
to
the
courage
of
his
Souldiers
,
he
subdued
the
Mardians
and
Hercanians
.
In
that
place
Thalestris
or
Minothaeae
Queen
of
the
Amazons
did
address
her self
unto
him
with
three
hundred
thousand
women
,
having
travelled
▪
five
and
twenty
dayes
through
most
hostile
Nations
,
to
have
Issue
by
him
;
her
countenance
and
the
cause
of
her
coming
was
the
subject
of
much
wonder
,
both
for
the
strangeness
of
her
habit
,
and
the
strangeness
of
her
desire
;
To
satisfie
which
,
the
King
took
the
leisure
of
thirty
dayes
,
and
when
she
thought
that
her
womb
was
pregnant
,
she
departed
.
After
this
Alexander
assumed
the
habit
and
the
diadem
of
the
Kings
of
Persia
,
before
unused
by
the
Kings
of
Macedon
,
as
if
he
had
translated
himself
into
the
customes
and
fashions
of
those
whom
he
had
overcome
;
which
,
that
it
might
not
more
enviously
be
beheld
in
him
alone
,
he
commanded
his
friends
also
to
take
unto
them
the
long
robe
of
gold
and
purple
.
And
that
he
might
imitate
as
well
their
riot
as
their
habit
,
he
divided
the
nights
by
turns
amongst
the
flocks
of
his
Concubines
,
as
remarkable
for
their
birth
as
for
their
beauty
,
to
which
he
added
,
the
magnificence
of
banquets
,
least
his
luxury
should
not
seem
compleat
.
And
according
to
the
vanity
of
royal
pomp
,
he
made
his
Feasts
more
delightful
with
Enterludes
,
being
altogether
unmindful
that
so
great
wealth
with
such
profuseness
is
accustomed
to
be
consumed
and
not
enlarged
.
Amongst
these
things
great
was
the
Indignation
of
all
,
over
all
the
Camp
,
that
he
so
degenerated
from
his
Father
Philip
,
that
he
cared
not
for
the
name
of
his
own
Country
,
and
followed
the
dissoluteness
of
the
Persians
▪
whom
for
such
dissoluteness
he
overcame
;
and
that
he
might
not
onely
seem
to
addict
himself
to
the
vices
of
those
whom
with
arms
he
had
subdued
,
he
permitted
his
Souldiers
to
marry
those
female
Captives
,
to
whom
they
had
indeared
themselves
:
politickly
conceiving
that
having
in
their
Tents
a
representation
of
their
houses
and
Families
at
home
,
the
labour
of
the
war
would
be
both
more
pleasant
by
the
company
of
their
wives
;
and
their
desires
to
return
into
their
Countries
,
would
be
more
moderate
:
And
that
Macedonia
also
should
be
less
exhausted
with
recruits
,
if
young
Souldiers
should
succeed
in
their
old
Fathers
places
,
and
fight
in
the
same
works
in
which
they
were
born
,
being
likely
to
be
more
constant
upon
duty
,
exercising
not
onely
their
youth
and
childhood
,
but
having
their
cradles
also
rocked
in
the
Camp
.
This
Custom
remained
afterwards
amongst
the
Successors
of
Alexander
,
and
maintenance
was
provided
for
the
Infants
,
and
Instruments
for
the
making
of
Arms
,
and
the
furniture
for
horse
were
given
them
to
practice
on
,
when
they
were
but
young
;
and
their
Fathers
had
allowances
appointed
them
according
to
the
number
of
their
children
,
and
if
their
Fathers
dyed
,
nevertheless
the
children
had
the
pensions
of
their
Father
,
their
Infancy
amongst
so
many
Expeditions
being
as
a
continual
war-fare
.
Therefore
from
their
minority
being
enured
to
labour
and
to
dangers
,
their
Armies
were
unconquerable
;
for
they
thought
no
otherwise
of
their
Tents
then
of
their
Country
,
and
that
an
encounter
was
alwayes
nothing
else
but
Victory
.
This
is
that
off-spring
which
were
called
Epigoni
:
The
Parthians
being
overcome
,
Andragoras
one
of
the
most
noble
of
the
Persians
was
made
Governor
of
them
,
from
whom
the
Kings
of
Parthia
did
afterwards
derive
their
Original
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Alexander
did
begin
to
exercise
his
rage
on
his
own
men
,
not
like
a
King
,
but
like
an
Enemy
:
Nothing
more
incensed
him
then
that
he
was
upbraided
by
them
,
that
he
had
subverted
the
Customs
of
his
Father
Philip
,
and
of
his
own
Country
,
for
which
offence
old
Parmenio
next
unto
the
King
in
Dignity
,
and
his
Son
Philotas
(
being
questioned
for
other
pretences
)
were
both
put
to
death
.
On
this
there
did
arise
a
murmur
over
all
the
Camp
,
in
compassion
of
the
condition
of
the
innocent
old
man
and
of
his
Son
,
and
sometimes
they
were
heard
to
speak
,
that
they
could
not
hope
for
any
better
themselves
;
which
when
it
was
reported
unto
Alexander
,
fearing
least
the
same
reproach
should
be
divulged
in
Macedonia
,
and
that
the
glory
of
his
Victories
should
be
eclipsed
by
the
ignomy
of
his
cruelty
,
he
dissembled
that
he
would
send
some
of
his
friends
into
his
own
Country
▪
who
should
be
the
Messengers
of
his
Conquests
.
He
desired
the
Souldiers
to
write
freely
unto
their
friends
,
being
but
seldom
to
enjoy
such
an
apportunity
again
,
by
reason
of
the
more
distant
remoteness
of
the
war
.
This
being
done
,
he
commanded
the
packet
to
be
brought
privately
unto
him
,
by
which
having
discovered
what
every
▪
one
thought
of
him
,
he
reduced
them
who
had
written
to
their
friends
more
hardly
of
him
into
one
Company
,
either
with
an
intent
to
destroy
them
,
or
to
distribute
them
into
Colonies
in
the
furthest
parts
of
the
world
.
After
this
he
subdued
the
Dracans
,
Evergetans
,
Parimans
,
Paropamissidans
,
Hydaspians
,
and
the
other
Nations
which
live
at
the
foot
of
Caucasus
.
In
the
mean
time
Bessus
,
one
of
the
friends
of
Darius
was
brought
bound
in
chains
,
who
had
not
onely
betrayed
,
but
also
killed
the
King
,
whom
Alexander
delivered
to
the
brother
of
Darius
to
be
tormented
,
in
revenge
of
his
treason
,
thinking
Darius
was
not
so
much
his
Enemy
as
he
had
been
a
friend
to
him
by
whom
he
was
slain
:
And
that
he
might
give
a
name
to
those
Lands
,
he
builded
the
City
of
Alexandria
on
the
River
of
Tanaia
,
within
seventeen
daies
having
made
a
Wall
about
it
six
miles
in
compass
,
and
translated
thither
the
people
of
three
Cities
which
Cyrus
had
erected
.
He
builded
also
twelve
Cities
amongst
the
Bactrians
and
the
Sogdians
,
having
distributed
amongst
them
whomsoever
he
found
to
be
seditious
in
his
Army
.
After
this
,
upon
a
holy
day
,
he
called
his
friends
together
to
a
banquet
,
where
mention
being
made
by
them
in
their
wine
,
of
the
deeds
performed
by
Philip
,
Alexander
preferr'd
himself
above
his
Father
,
and
extoll'd
unto
the
Skies
the
greatness
of
his
own
atchievements
,
the
greatest
parts
of
his
Guests
assenting
to
him
:
Therefore
when
Clytus
one
of
the
old
men
tempted
by
the
confidence
of
his
friendship
with
the
King
,
did
advance
the
memory
of
Philip
and
the
battels
which
he
fought
,
he
so
inflamed
Alexander
,
that
a
spear
being
snatched
from
one
of
the
Guard
,
he
killed
him
at
the
banquet
,
and
insulting
over
him
,
he
objected
to
him
,
being
dead
,
how
bravely
he
defended
his
Father
Philip
,
and
how
highly
he
praised
his
wars
.
After
his
passion
was
blown
over
,
and
he
was
satisfied
with
his
blood
,
and
the
consideration
of
his
reputation
succeeded
into
the
room
of
his
anger
,
pondering
with
himself
sometimes
the
person
of
him
who
was
slain
,
and
sometimes
the
cause
of
his
being
slain
,
he
began
to
repent
of
what
he
had
done
,
and
that
he
gave
so
discontented
an
ear
to
the
prayses
of
his
Father
,
which
he
ought
not
to
have
given
to
his
reproaches
,
and
lamented
that
his
old
friend
,
and
his
innocent
one
was
slain
by
him
,
being
full
of
wine
and
supper
,
and
by
the
same
fury
being
hurryed
into
repentance
,
as
he
was
into
passion
,
he
would
have
kill'd
himself
:
Melting
into
tears
,
he
did
imbrace
the
body
of
the
dead
,
he
did
handle
his
wounds
,
and
did
confess
his
madness
to
him
,
as
if
he
had
heard
him
,
and
taking
the
spear
again
into
his
hand
,
he
turned
the
point
of
it
to
himself
,
and
had
done
a
thorough
execution
with
it
,
if
his
friends
had
not
prevented
him
;
this
resolution
to
die
continued
with
him
certain
dayes
afterwards
.
The
remembrance
of
his
Nurse
,
sister
unto
Clytus
,
was
an
addition
to
his
repentance
,
for
whom
being
absent
,
he
was
greatly
ashamed
that
he
returned
her
so
foul
a
recompence
for
the
nourishments
she
had
given
him
,
and
that
being
a
young
man
and
a
Conqueror
,
he
should
with
Funerals
requite
her
in
whose
arms
he
was
bred
up
.
He
then
considered
what
reports
,
what
disgrace
he
had
by
this
violent
act
pull'd
upon
himself
,
not
onely
in
his
Army
,
but
amongst
the
conquer'd
Nations
,
how
much
fear
and
hatred
he
had
cotracted
amongst
his
friends
,
how
sad
he
had
made
his
Feast
,
sitting
more
terrible
at
his
banquet
with
his
friends
,
then
armed
in
face
of
his
Enemies
.
Then
Parmenio
and
Philotas
,
then
Amyntas
his
kinsman
,
then
his
Step-mother
and
his
Bothers
being
killed
,
then
Attalus
,
Eurilochus
and
Pausanias
,
and
others
of
the
slaughter'd
Princes
of
Macedonia
,
did
present
themselves
unto
his
memory
.
For
this
he
four
dayes
persevered
in
an
abstinence
from
all
meat
,
until
at
last
he
was
intreated
by
the
prayers
of
all
the
Army
,
desiring
that
he
would
not
lament
so
much
the
death
of
one
,
as
to
destroy
them
all
,
nor
forsake
them
whom
he
had
brought
into
the
furthest
part
of
the
East
amongst
barbarous
and
cruel
Nations
,
and
provoked
by
the
war
.
The
perswasions
of
Calisthenes
,
the
Philosopher
,
did
prevail
much
upon
him
,
who
was
his
familiar
acquaintance
,
and
bred
up
with
him
in
the
School
of
Aristotle
,
and
was
at
that
time
sent
for
by
him
to
commit
his
Deeds
to
History
.
Having
therefore
called
back
his
mind
to
the
war
,
he
took
into
his
protection
the
Dracons
and
Chorasmians
,
who
did
submit
unto
him
;
Not
long
after
,
to
make
himself
yet
more
hateful
,
he
commanded
that
he
should
not
only
be
worshipped
,
but
adored
,
which
was
the
onely
thing
he
had
forborn
in
the
proud
imitation
of
the
Persian
Kings
.
Calisthenes
was
the
most
sharp
and
resolute
of
all
that
did
contradict
it
,
which
brought
a
destruction
both
on
him
and
many
others
of
the
Princes
of
the
Macedons
,
for
they
were
all
put
to
death
under
the
pretence
of
treason
.
Netheless
the
Macedons
would
not
admit
of
adoration
,
but
onely
retained
the
Custom
of
saluting
their
King
:
After
this
he
marched
into
India
to
bound
his
Empire
with
the
Ocean
and
the
farthest
East
,
to
which
glory
,
that
the
ornaments
of
his
Army
might
be
agreeable
,
he
cover'd
with
silver
the
trappings
of
their
horses
,
and
the
arms
of
his
Souldiers
,
and
from
their
silver
bucklers
he
called
his
Army
Argyraspidae
.
When
he
came
unto
the
City
of
Nysa
,
the
Inhabitants
not
resisting
him
by
reason
of
their
religious
confidence
in
the
assistance
of
their
god
Bacchus
,
by
whom
that
City
was
builded
,
he
commanded
that
it
should
be
spared
,
being
glad
that
he
followed
not
onely
the
Militia
,
but
the
foot
▪
steps
of
the
god
.
After
this
he
did
lead
his
Army
to
the
sight
of
the
holy
Hill
,
which
was
cloathed
with
Vines
and
lvie
,
the
goods
of
Nature
,
and
that
so
elegantly
,
as
if
it
had
been
adorned
by
the
art
and
industry
of
the
hand
of
the
Planter
.
But
his
Army
was
no
sooner
marched
to
the
Hill
,
but
transported
with
a
sudden
rapture
,
they
did
by
instinct
break
forth
into
the
sacred
ululations
of
the
God
,
and
to
the
amazement
of
the
King
,
did
run
up
and
down
without
any
prejudice
,
that
he
might
understand
that
by
sparing
the
Inhabitants
,
he
provided
as
well
for
his
Army
as
for
them
.
From
thence
he
marched
to
the
Hills
of
Dodalus
,
and
to
the
Kingdom
of
Queen
Cleophis
,
who
having
yielded
her self
unto
him
,
she
received
back
her
Kingdom
,
having
redeemed
it
by
granting
him
the
use
of
her
body
;
obtaining
that
by
wantonness
which
she
could
never
have
purchased
by
the
force
of
arms
;
She
called
her
son
Alexander
,
who
was
begotten
by
him
,
who
afterwards
enjoyed
the
Kingdom
of
the
Indians
.
Queen
Cleophis
by
reason
of
this
violation
of
her
chastity
was
afterwards
called
by
the
Indians
,
The
royal
Whore
.
Having
marched
almost
through
India
,
when
he
came
to
a
Rock
as
wonderful
in
its
bigness
,
as
in
the
difficulty
of
its
ascent
,
into
which
many
Nations
fled
,
he
understood
that
Hercules
was
by
an
Earthquak
prohibited
from
the
taking
of
it
.
Being
therefore
transported
with
a
desire
to
overcome
the
Acts
and
Labors
of
Hercules
,
with
infinite
difficulty
and
danger
,
he
became
master
of
it
,
and
took
into
his
protection
all
the
Nations
in
that
place
.
One
of
the
Kings
of
the
Indians
was
called
Porus
,
as
admirable
by
the
strength
of
his
body
,
as
by
the
greatness
of
his
minde
,
who
having
understood
before
of
the
advance
of
Alexander
,
had
prepared
an
Army
to
entertain
him
.
The
battels
being
joyned
,
he
commanded
his
Army
to
invade
the
Macedons
,
and
demanded
for
their
King
,
being
resolved
as
a
private
Enemy
to
fight
with
him
hand
to
hand
;
Alexander
made
no
delay
to
answer
him
,
and
in
the
first
encounter
having
fallen
head-long
to
the
ground
,
his
horse
being
killed
under
him
,
he
was
preserved
by
the
concourse
of
his
Guard
.
Porus
being
almost
covered
with
blood
from
many
wounds
which
he
received
,
was
taken
Prisoner
,
and
with
such
indignation
grieved
that
he
was
overcome
,
that
after
his
Enemy
had
given
him
quarter
,
he
would
neither
take
any
sustenance
,
nor
suffer
his
wounds
to
be
dressed
,
and
with
much
difficulty
was
perswaded
to
be
contented
to
live
.
Alexander
in
the
honour
of
his
valour
,
did
send
him
back
safe
into
his
own
Kingdom
:
He
erected
there
two
Cities
,
one
called
Nicaea
,
the
other
Bucephale
,
after
the
name
of
his
horse
:
After
that
having
overthrown
their
Armies
,
he
took
the
Adrestrians
,
Strathenians
,
Passidams
,
and
Gangaritans
;
when
he
came
to
the
Euphites
where
they
attended
his
coming
with
an
Army
of
two
hundred
thousand
horse
,
all
his
Army
being
tired
as
well
by
the
numbers
of
their
Victories
as
by
their
labors
did
beseech
him
with
tears
,
that
he
would
put
at
last
a
period
to
the
war
,
and
once
think
upon
a
return
into
his
Country
;
they
besought
him
to
look
upon
the
yeers
of
his
Souldiers
whose
age
would
scarce
suffice
to
their
return
;
some
shewed
him
their
gray
hairs
,
some
their
wounds
,
some
their
bodies
consumed
with
sickness
,
and
some
their
bodies
with
the
loss
of
blood
.
They
onely
(
they
said
)
were
the
men
who
enduced
the
continual
war-fare
of
two
Kings
,
Philip
and
Alexander
:
They
did
entreat
him
that
he
would
restore
their
Relicts
and
what
was
left
of
them
to
the
graves
of
their
Fathers
,
there
being
no
defect
in
their
zeal
,
but
in
their
age
:
Howsoever
,
if
he
would
not
spare
his
Souldiers
,
that
he
would
spare
himself
,
and
not
weary
his
good
Fortune
by
too
much
oppressing
it
;
Being
moved
with
these
so
just
entreaties
he
commanded
his
Camp
(
as
to
give
an
end
to
his
Victories
)
to
be
made
more
magnificent
then
was
usual
,
that
by
the
large
extents
thereof
,
both
the
Enemy
should
be
terrified
,
and
an
admiration
of
him
should
be
left
unto
posterity
.
His
Souldiers
did
never
undertake
any
work
more
readily
;
and
their
adjacent
Enemies
being
slain
with
a
great
joy
they
returned
unto
them
.
From
thence
he
marched
to
the
River
Acesines
on
which
he
sailed
to
the
Ocean
;
The
Gesonae
there
and
the
Asybians
(
two
Nations
of
whom
Hercules
was
the
Founder
)
did
submit
unto
him
;
from
thence
he
sailed
to
the
Ambrians
and
Sycambrians
,
which
Nations
with
fourescore
thousand
armed
foot
,
and
threescore
thousand
horse
were
ready
to
receive
him
;
Having
overthrown
them
in
battel
he
did
lead
his
Army
to
their
Citie
,
and
being
himself
the
first
man
that
scaled
the
Walls
,
when
he
found
the
City
to
be
abandoned
by
its
Defendants
,
he
leaped
down
without
any
Guard
into
it
;
The
Enemy
when
they
did
behold
him
alone
,
with
a
great
shout
from
every
place
ran
towards
him
,
to
try
if
in
one
man
they
could
end
the
wars
of
the
World
,
and
give
a
revenge
to
so
many
Nations
.
Alexander
did
as
resolutely
resist
them
,
and
did
fight
alone
against
so
many
thousands
:
It
is
incredible
to
be
spoken
,
that
not
the
multitude
of
his
Enemies
,
nor
the
pointed
force
of
their
weapons
,
nor
the
cries
and
shouts
they
made
provoking
one
another
could
any
wayes
affright
him
;
he
alone
did
kill
and
put
to
flight
so
many
thousands
of
them
;
but
when
he
perceiv'd
that
he
began
to
be
over-powred
by
their
numbers
,
he
applyed
himself
to
the
body
of
a
Tree
that
stood
close
unto
the
Wall
,
by
which
defence
he
along
time
did
sustain
their
multitudes
:
His
friends
at
length
(
the
danger
being
understood
)
did
leap
down
unto
him
,
of
which
many
were
slain
,
and
the
battels
continued
doubtful
until
all
his
Army
(
the
Walls
being
thrown
down
)
did
come
to
his
assistance
:
In
this
fight
being
shot
with
an
arrow
under
the
breast
,
he
fainted
▪
through
the
loss
of
blood
,
yet
he
fought
so
long
with
one
knee
on
the
ground
until
he
had
killed
him
who
wounded
him
.
The
cure
of
the
wound
was
more
grievous
then
the
wound
it self
;
but
being
at
last
restored
from
almost
a
desperation
of
recovery
,
he
sent
Polipercon
with
his
Army
unto
Babylon
.
He
himself
with
a
selected
number
of
Souldiers
did
go
aboard
his
Fleet
to
make
some
discovery
on
the
Ocean
.
When
he
landed
at
the
City
of
King
Ambigerus
,
the
Inhabitants
understanding
that
he
was
not
to
be
overcome
by
the
sword
,
did
arm
their
Darts
with
poyson
,
and
with
a
double
wound
of
death
,
forcing
their
Enemies
to
retreat
from
their
Walls
,
they
killed
many
of
them
.
When
amongst
others
,
Ptolomy
was
deadly
wounded
,
and
was
even
ready
to
expire
,
an
herb
was
shown
to
the
King
in
his
sleep
as
a
remedy
for
the
poyson
;
which
being
found
out
and
steeped
in
Ptolomys
drinck
,
he
was
suddenly
delivered
from
the
danger
,
and
by
this
remedy
the
greater
part
of
the
Army
was
preserved
.
The
City
being
taken
,
he
returned
to
his
ships
and
sacrificed
to
the
Ocean
,
imploring
a
happy
return
into
his
Country
;
And
(
as
a
Chariot
driven
about
the
gole
)
having
put
bounds
unto
his
Empire
,
where
the
creeks
,
or
the
solitudes
of
the
Land
did
suffer
him
to
pass
,
or
the
Sea
was
navigable
,
he
was
at
last
brought
by
a
favourable
tide
into
the
mouth
of
the
River
of
Indus
.
There
as
a
Monument
of
what
he
had
done
,
he
builded
the
City
of
Barce
,
and
erected
Altars
,
having
left
one
of
his
friends
as
his
Lieutenant
over
the
Maritine
Indians
:
Being
afterwards
to
march
altogether
by
Land
,
having
understood
that
the
places
were
dry
,
about
the
middle
of
his
way
he
caused
Wells
to
be
digged
,
and
great
store
of
fresh
water
being
found
he
came
to
Babylon
.
Many
of
the
conquered
Nations
did
there
by
their
Ambassadors
accuse
his
Lieutenants
,
whom
Alexander
without
any
respect
of
friendship
did
cause
to
be
put
to
death
in
the
sight
of
the
Ambassadors
.
After
this
he
took
to
marriage
Statyra
the
daughter
of
King
Darius
,
and
gave
in
marriage
to
the
Princes
of
the
Macedons
the
most
noble
of
the
Virgins
chosen
cut
of
all
Nations
,
that
by
the
community
of
the
fact
,
the
fault
of
the
King
might
appear
the
less
.
He
then
called
his
Army
together
,
&
promised
at
his
own
charges
to
pay
all
their
debts
,
that
intirely
they
might
carry
home
with
them
both
their
booty
and
their
pay
.
This
munificence
was
remarkable
,
not
onely
for
the
sum
but
for
the
ground
of
the
Gift
,
nor
was
it
more
grateful
to
the
Debtors
then
to
the
Credit●rs
,
because
the
exaction
as
well
as
the
solution
was
of
equal
difficulty
to
them
both
:
Three
and
twenty
thousand
Talents
were
layd
forth
in
this
largess
.
The
old
Souldiers
being
dismissed
,
he
supplyed
his
Army
with
those
of
younger
age
,
who
being
retained
did
murmur
at
the
departure
of
the
old
Souldiers
,
and
demanded
to
be
discharged
themselves
;
they
required
that
Alexander
would
not
number
their
yeers
but
their
pay
unto
them
;
and
being
chosen
into
the
same
war
with
old
Souldiers
,
they
thought
it
just
they
should
be
disobliged
of
their
oath
with
them
;
at
last
they
turn'd
their
entreaties
to
reproaches
,
and
told
him
since
he
had
so
great
a
minde
to
it
,
he
should
end
the
wars
alone
with
his
Father
Hammon
.
Alexander
on
the
other
side
,
sometimes
did
chastise
his
Souldiers
,
sometimes
he
did
perswade
them
that
they
would
not
with
seditions
clow'd
the
glory
of
their
warfare
.
At
the
last
,
when
he
found
that
he
prevailed
nothing
by
words
,
he
leaped
unarmed
from
the
tribunal
amongst
the
armed
multitude
,
to
apprehend
the
authors
of
the
sedition
,
and
no
man
opposing
him
,
he
with
his
own
hand
took
twelve
of
them
and
hurried
them
to
punishment
;
either
the
fear
of
the
King
did
give
them
so
great
a
patience
to
die
,
or
the
Discipline
of
the
war
did
give
the
King
so
great
a
constancy
to
exact
punishment
of
them
.
After
this
,
having
called
the
Auxiliaries
of
the
Persians
to
convention
by
themselves
,
he
extolled
their
perpetual
fidelity
,
both
towards
himself
and
towards
their
former
Kings
:
He
made
mention
of
his
benefits
to
them
,
and
that
he
never
did
deport
himself
towards
them
as
being
conquered
,
but
rather
as
the
Companions
of
his
Conquests
;
lastly
,
that
he
transposed
himself
into
their
manners
and
fashions
,
and
not
they
into
the
manners
of
his
Country
,
and
that
the
Conquerors
did
mingle
in
marriage
and
affinity
with
the
conquered
;
He
declared
that
he
was
now
resolved
to
commit
the
Custody
of
his
Body
not
to
the
Macedons
onely
but
to
them
;
And
accordingly
he
chose
out
of
their
young
men
one
thousand
of
them
to
be
in
the
number
of
his
Guard
;
he
mingled
also
a
party
of
the
Persian
Auxiliaries
with
his
own
Army
to
inure
themselves
to
the
Discipline
of
the
Macedons
,
which
the
Macedons
took
much
to
heart
,
alledging
that
the
Enemies
of
the
King
were
overcome
by
him
for
their
own
advantage
.
Then
they
all
weeping
did
repair
unto
him
,
and
besought
him
that
he
would
rather
satisfie
himself
with
their
punishments
then
with
their
ignominy
.
By
which
modesty
they
prevailed
so
much
upon
him
,
that
he
dis-authorized
eleven
thousand
of
the
antient
Souldiers
.
Of
his
old
friends
there
were
dismissed
Polypercon
,
and
Clytus
,
Gorgias
,
Polydamas
,
and
Antigonus
.
In
their
return
,
Craterus
was
appointed
to
be
their
chief
,
who
was
also
to
be
the
Kings
Lieutenant
in
Macedonia
in
the
place
of
Antipater
,
who
was
called
out
of
Macedonia
to
bring
some
Recruits
unto
the
Army
and
to
be
in
the
place
of
Craterus
:
Their
pay
was
given
to
them
in
their
return
,
as
if
they
had
continned
still
in
the
Army
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
managed
,
Ephestion
dyed
,
one
of
the
Kings
friends
,
and
most
deer
unto
him
both
by
the
endowments
of
his
beauty
,
and
by
the
obsequiousness
of
his
youth
,
whom
Alexander
contrary
to
the
dignity
of
a
King
,
did
a
long
time
lament
,
and
erected
him
a
Tomb
on
which
he
layd
forth
twelve
thousand
Talents
,
and
commanded
after
he
was
dead
,
that
he
should
be
worship'd
as
a
god
.
Returning
to
Babylon
from
the
furthest
shores
of
the
Ocean
,
he
was
informed
that
Ambassadors
from
Carthage
and
other
Cities
of
Africk
,
as
also
from
Spain
,
Sicily
,
France
and
Sardinia
,
and
from
divers
Cities
of
Italy
,
did
attend
his
arrival
.
The
terror
of
his
name
had
so
possessed
the
whole
World
,
that
all
Nations
submitted
to
him
as
to
their
destined
King
:
For
this
cause
approaching
to
Babylon
to
keep
as
it
were
a
Parliament
of
the
World
,
some
of
the
Magicians
did
advise
him
not
to
enter
into
the
City
,
affirming
that
it
would
be
fatal
to
him
:
wherefore
Babylon
being
omited
,
he
turned
aside
to
Byrsia
an
unpeopled
City
,
on
the
other
side
of
Euphrates
;
He
was
there
importuned
by
Anaxarchus
the
Philosopher
to
despise
again
the
presages
of
the
Magicians
as
things
false
and
uncertain
,
and
unknown
to
men
if
proceeding
from
the
Fates
,
or
if
from
Nature
,
not
to
be
prevented
.
Being
returned
therefore
to
Babylon
,
after
the
leisures
of
many
days
,
he
again
prepared
a
solemn
Feast
,
which
sometimes
before
he
had
intermitted
,
where
having
devoted
himself
altogether
to
mirth
,
in
the
excess
of
drinking
he
added
night
unto
the
day
:
Thessalius
Medius
afterwards
to
a
new
Bower
did
invite
both
him
and
his
Companions
;
having
taken
the
Cup
into
his
hand
,
in
the
middle
of
his
draught
he
groaned
as
if
he
had
been
struck
through
with
a
sword
,
and
being
carryed
half
dead
from
the
Banquet
,
he
was
tormented
with
so
great
a
pain
,
that
to
free
himself
of
it
,
he
demanded
for
a
sword
,
and
his
body
became
so
extreamly
tender
,
that
he
complained
at
the
touches
of
his
friends
,
as
if
he
had
received
so
many
wounds
.
His
friends
divulged
the
cause
of
his
disease
to
be
a
distemper
by
the
excess
of
wine
,
when
indeed
it
was
treason
,
the
infamy
whereof
the
powerfulness
of
his
Successors
did
suppress
.
The
Authour
of
the
Treason
was
Antipater
,
who
when
he
beheld
the
dearest
of
his
friends
commanded
to
death
,
his
Son-in-law
Alexander
Lycestos
slain
,
and
himself
having
done
considerable
service
in
Greece
,
not
respected
only
,
but
also
made
distastful
to
the
King
,
and
morever
accused
by
his
Mother
Olympias
for
divers
insolencies
:
when
he
considered
also
some
few
daies
before
,
what
were
the
punishments
which
the
Lieutenants
of
the
conquered
Nations
too
cruelly
indured
,
and
conjectured
that
he
himself
was
called
out
of
Macedonia
,
not
to
the
society
of
the
war
but
to
be
a
partaker
of
their
punishment
;
therefore
to
make
sure
work
with
the
King
,
he
with
poyson
suborn'd
his
Son
Cassander
,
who
with
his
brother
Philip
and
Jolla
were
accustomed
to
minister
unto
him
;
So
great
was
the
strength
of
this
poyson
,
that
it
could
not
be
contained
either
in
Iron
or
in
Brass
,
or
in
any
shell
,
and
could
no
way
be
carryed
,
but
in
the
hoof
of
an
horse
.
Cassander
was
instructed
that
he
should
not
commit
the
trust
of
it
unto
any
but
to
Thessalus
and
his
brothers
.
For
this
cause
therefore
the
Feast
was
prepared
and
renewed
in
the
house
of
Thessalus
.
Philip
and
Jollas
,
who
were
accustomed
to
take
an
assay
of
the
Kings
Cup
,
had
the
poyson
ready
in
cold
water
,
and
having
tasted
of
the
wine
they
put
the
poyson
afterwards
into
it
.
Four
days
afterwards
,
Alexander
finding
that
death
undoubtedly
was
approaching
,
he
said
,
that
he
acknowledged
the
fate
of
the
Family
of
his
Ancestors
(
most
of
the
Aeacidans
dying
about
the
thirtieth
yeer
of
their
age
:
)
After
this
he
pacified
the
Souldiers
growing
into
tumults
,
and
suspecting
that
he
perished
by
treason
,
and
being
brought
into
the
highest
and
the
most
conspicuous
place
of
the
City
,
he
did
admit
them
all
into
his
presence
,
and
gave
them
his
right
hand
to
kiss
.
When
they
all
wept
,
he
was
seen
to
be
not
onely
without
tears
himself
,
but
without
the
least
show
of
a
troubled
minde
,
and
comforted
some
who
impatiently
did
lament
;
he
gave
to
others
his
instructions
to
deliver
from
him
to
their
Parents
;
so
invincible
was
his
courage
now
against
death
,
as
it
was
before
against
his
Enemies
.
The
Souldiers
being
dismissed
,
he
demanded
of
his
friends
who
stood
round
about
him
,
if
they
thought
they
should
finde
another
King
that
was
like
unto
him
?
they
all
holding
their
peace
,
he
said
,
that
as
he
himself
was
ignorant
of
that
,
so
he
was
confident
of
this
,
and
did
presage
it
,
and
did
almost
with
his
eyes
behold
how
much
blood
Macedonia
should
lose
in
this
contention
,
and
with
how
many
slaughters
she
would
parentate
to
him
being
dead
:
At
the
last
,
he
commanded
his
body
to
be
burryed
in
the
Temple
of
Hammon
.
When
his
friends
beheld
him
to
faint
away
,
they
demanded
whom
he
would
make
heir
of
his
Empire
?
he
made
answer
,
The
most
worthy
.
So
great
was
the
magnitude
of
his
minde
,
that
when
he
had
left
behind
him
his
Son
Hercules
,
his
brother
Aridaeus
,
and
his
wife
Roxane
great
with
child
,
forgetting
those
obligations
,
he
did
nominate
the
most
worthy
to
be
his
heir
;
as
if
it
were
a
sin
,
that
any
but
a
valiant
man
should
succeed
a
valiant
man
,
or
the
wealth
of
so
great
an
Empire
should
be
left
to
any
but
to
approved
resolutions
:
With
these
words
as
if
he
had
sounded
into
his
friends
ears
a
charge
unto
the
battel
,
or
had
sent
the
evil
spirit
of
discord
amongst
them
,
they
all
grew
immediatly
jealous
of
one
another
,
and
in
a
popular
ambition
,
did
all
tacitely
seek
the
favour
of
the
Souldiers
.
On
the
sixth
day
,
being
speechless
,
having
taken
his
Ring
from
his
finger
he
delivered
it
to
Perdicas
,
which
for
the
present
did
pacifie
a
little
the
growing
dissention
of
his
friends
;
for
although
he
was
not
named
Heir
by
voyce
,
yet
by
choyce
he
seemed
to
be
elected
.
Alexander
deceased
being
three
and
thirty
yeers
of
age
and
one
month
,
a
man
endued
with
a
mightiness
of
spirit
above
the
capacity
of
men
.
On
that
night
when
his
Mother
Olympias
did
conceive
him
,
she
seemed
in
her
sleep
to
have
commerce
with
a
great
Serpent
,
neither
was
she
deceived
in
her
dream
,
which
by
God
was
presented
to
her
;
for
undoubtedly
she
had
in
her
womb
a
burden
above
the
condition
of
mortality
;
and
although
the
generation
of
the
Aeacidans
from
the
first
memory
of
Ages
,
and
the
Kingdoms
of
her
Father
,
brother
,
and
husband
,
and
of
her
Ancestors
before
them
,
did
render
his
mother
most
illustrious
,
yet
she
was
not
more
famous
by
any
Title
,
then
by
the
name
of
her
Son
.
There
appeared
also
many
presages
of
his
greatness
on
the
day
of
his
birth
;
for
two
Eagles
flying
all
that
day
round
about
the
place
,
did
pearch
at
last
upon
the
Battlements
of
his
Fathers
Court
,
prognosticating
unto
him
,
the
two
Empires
of
Europe
and
Asia
,
and
on
the
same
day
his
Father
received
the
glad
tidings
of
two
Victories
,
the
one
in
Illyria
,
and
the
other
in
the
Olympick
race
,
to
which
places
he
sent
some
Chariots
drawn
all
with
four
horses
,
which
portented
to
the
Infant
the
victory
of
the
whole
World
.
He
was
of
an
admirable
apprehension
in
the
study
of
letters
,
and
having
passed
his
minority
,
he
for
the
space
of
five
yeers
had
his
education
under
Aristotle
,
the
most
excellent
of
all
the
Philosophers
.
Being
invested
in
his
Fathers
Kingdom
,
he
commanded
that
in
his
Title
he
should
be
called
King
of
all
Lands
and
Lord
of
the
World
.
So
great
a
confidence
had
his
Souldiers
in
him
that
he
being
present
they
feared
not
,
though
unarmed
,
the
arms
of
any
Enemy
.
He
therefore
never
encountred
any
Enemy
whom
he
did
not
overcome
,
nor
besieged
any
City
which
he
did
not
take
,
nor
invaded
any
Nation
over
whom
he
did
not
triumph
.
At
the
last
,
he
was
overcome
not
by
any
prowess
of
the
Enemy
but
by
Treason
and
the
Civil
fraud
of
his
own
Subjects
.
THE
Thirteenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ALexander
the
Great
being
deceased
in
the
flower
of
his
Age
and
the
height
of
his
Victories
,
a
sad
silence
there
was
over
all
Babylon
and
over
all
men
.
The
conquered
and
barbarous
Nations
would
not
believe
the
report
,
who
believ'd
him
to
be
as
immortal
as
he
was
invincible
;
They
called
to
minde
how
often
he
had
been
pluckt
from
sudden
death
,
how
often
his
sword
being
broke
,
and
his
buckler
slipt
from
his
hand
,
he
on
a
sudden
presented
himself
to
his
Souldiers
not
onely
safe
but
a
Conqueror
.
But
as
soon
as
it
was
believed
that
he
was
dead
,
all
the
barbarous
Nations
,
whom
not
long
before
he
overcame
,
did
leave
him
not
as
an
Enemy
but
a
Father
.
The
mother
also
of
Darius
(
who
her
son
being
lost
,
yet
repented
not
by
the
indulgence
of
the
Conqueror
that
she
lived
that
day
,
although
reduced
from
the
height
of
Majesty
into
Captivity
)
having
heard
of
the
death
of
Alexander
,
she
wilfully
ended
her
own
life
,
not
that
she
preferr'd
an
Enemy
above
her
Son
,
but
because
she
found
the
piety
of
a
Son
in
him
whom
she
had
fear'd
as
an
Enemy
.
On
the
other
side
the
Macedons
did
rejoyce
as
if
they
had
lost
rather
an
Enemy
then
a
Citizen
and
a
King
of
so
great
a
Majesty
,
condemning
his
great
severity
,
and
the
daily
dangers
of
the
war
.
To
this
you
may
add
that
the
Princes
looked
after
the
Soveraignty
of
command
,
the
common
Souldiers
after
the
treasure
and
the
heavie
and
great
weight
of
gold
as
an
unexpected
booty
,
those
bending
their
thoughts
to
the
succession
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
these
to
the
inheritance
of
his
riches
;
for
you
are
to
understand
that
there
was
in
the
treasury
one
hundred
thousand
,
and
in
the
office
of
the
yeerly
revenews
by
tributes
three
hundred
thousand
Talents
;
But
the
friends
of
Alexander
did
not
undeservedly
expect
the
Kingdom
;
for
they
were
of
that
vertue
and
veneration
that
you
would
have
believ'd
every
one
of
them
to
be
a
King
,
such
a
graceful
beauty
of
countenance
,
such
a
tall
streightness
of
body
,
such
a
greatness
and
vigor
of
strength
and
wisdom
were
in
them
all
,
that
they
who
did
not
know
them
,
would
have
judged
them
not
to
be
selected
out
of
one
people
,
but
out
of
all
the
Nations
in
the
Earth
.
For
never
Macedonia
before
,
nor
any
other
Nation
did
flourish
in
the
production
of
such
famous
men
,
whom
Philip
first
of
all
,
and
after
him
Alexander
did
select
with
so
much
care
,
that
they
seemed
not
so
much
to
be
chosen
into
the
society
of
the
war
,
as
into
the
succession
of
the
Kingdom
.
Who
would
therefore
wonder
that
the
world
should
be
conquered
by
such
ministrators
,
when
the
Army
of
the
Macedons
was
governed
rather
by
so
many
Kings
then
Captains
,
who
never
had
found
any
equal
to
them
,
if
they
had
not
fallen
out
amongst
themselves
;
and
Macedonia
in
the
roome
of
one
should
have
had
many
Alexanders
,
if
Fortune
had
not
armed
them
by
the
emulation
of
their
vertue
into
their
mutual
destruction
.
But
Alexander
being
deceas'd
,
they
were
neither
secure
nor
joyful
,
drawing
both
their
persons
and
competitions
into
one
place
,
neither
were
the
common
Souldiers
less
sollicitous
,
whose
liberty
was
more
dissolute
,
and
whose
favor
more
uncertain
:
Their
equality
did
encrease
their
discord
,
not
one
of
them
all
so
excelling
another
▪
that
any
one
of
them
should
submit
unto
him
.
Therefore
putting
on
their
Arms
,
they
came
all
unto
the
Court
to
form
a
new
State
according
to
the
emergency
of
the
present
affairs
.
Perdiccas
was
of
judgement
,
that
they
should
attend
the
Issue
of
Roxanes
womb
,
who
being
eight
Moneths
with
childe
,
was
almost
ready
to
be
delivered
,
&
if
she
brought
forth
a
Boy
,
that
he
should
be
his
Successor
in
the
Kingdom
.
Meleager
denied
that
the
Counsels
ought
to
be
delayed
to
the
doubtful
events
of
the
birth
of
the
child
,
neither
ought
they
to
attend
when
Kings
should
be
born
unto
them
,
when
they
might
make
choyce
of
those
who
were
born
already
;
for
if
they
would
have
a
child
,
there
was
at
Pergamus
the
Son
of
Alexander
,
begotten
on
Arsine
;
or
if
they
would
rather
have
a
young
man
,
there
was
in
the
Camp
Aridaeus
the
brother
and
companion
of
Alexander
,
and
most
acceptable
to
all
,
though
not
in
his
own
,
yet
in
the
name
and
notion
of
Philip
his
Father
.
He
alledged
that
Roxane
received
her
original
from
the
Persians
,
neither
was
it
lawful
that
Kings
should
be
derived
to
the
Macedons
from
those
whose
Kingdoms
they
destroyed
,
and
that
Alexander
himself
was
against
it
,
who
dying
made
no
mention
of
him
.
Ptolomy
refused
Aridaeus
to
be
King
,
not
onely
by
reason
of
his
Mothers
infamy
,
being
begot
on
Larissaea
the
Danceress
,
but
also
by
reason
of
his
own
incapacity
,
least
he
having
the
Title
onely
,
another
should
govern
the
Empire
;
it
was
therefore
better
he
said
to
make
choyce
of
those
who
in
regard
of
their
virtue
were
next
unto
the
King
,
who
might
govern
the
Provinces
,
and
might
command
war
or
peace
,
then
to
subject
themselves
to
the
command
of
unworthy
men
under
the
pretence
of
a
King
.
The
opinion
of
Perdiccas
was
approved
by
the
consent
of
all
:
It
was
therefore
agreed
upon
,
that
they
should
attend
untill
Roxane
was
delivered
of
her
child
,
and
if
it
were
a
Male
,
that
Leonatus
,
Perdiccas
,
Craterus
and
Antipater
should
be
his
Guardians
,
and
immediately
they
every
one
did
take
their
oaths
to
perform
the
office
of
a
Guardian
.
When
all
the
horsemen
did
the
like
,
the
foot
being
offended
,
that
they
were
not
assumed
into
the
participation
of
their
Counsels
,
did
choose
Aridaeus
the
brother
of
Alexander
to
be
their
King
,
and
did
provide
him
with
a
Guard
out
of
their
own
Companies
,
and
commanded
that
he
should
be
called
Philip
after
the
name
of
his
Father
,
which
when
it
was
reporred
unto
the
Horsemen
,
they
sent
two
of
the
Nobility
,
Attalus
and
Meleager
to
pacifie
their
minds
,
who
seeking
a
new
power
to
themselves
by
a
compliance
with
the
people
,
omitting
their
legation
,
did
accord
with
them
.
On
this
the
sedition
did
encrease
,
and
it
began
now
to
have
both
head
and
Counsel
.
The
foot
being
all
in
arms
did
break
into
the
Court
to
destroy
their
Cavalry
,
which
being
understood
,
the
Horse
surprized
with
fear
,
did
abandon
the
City
,
and
having
encamped
not
far
from
it
,
the
Foot
themselves
were
startled
at
it
.
But
the
contestation
of
the
Nobility
ceased
not
:
Attalus
did
send
to
kill
Perdiccas
who
was
Captain
of
the
other
party
,
to
whom
,
being
armed
and
out-daring
them
,
when
the
Executioner
durst
not
approach
,
Perdiccas
was
of
so
great
a
resolution
,
that
of
his
own
accord
he
came
unto
them
,
and
admonished
them
to
look
back
upon
the
crime
which
they
were
about
to
commit
,
and
consider
against
whom
they
had
taken
arms
,
not
Persians
,
but
Macedons
,
not
enemies
,
but
Citizens
,
and
most
of
them
their
nearest
kinsmen
,
certainly
their
fellow
Souldiers
,
and
companions
in
the
same
Tents
and
dangers
;
it
would
be
a
gallant
spectacle
he
said
unto
their
Enemies
,
who
would
rejoyce
in
their
mutual
slaughter
,
by
whose
arms
they
were
overcome
,
and
to
see
them
with
their
own
blood
to
parentate
to
the
ghosts
of
their
Enemies
whom
they
had
slain
.
When
Perdiccas
had
spoken
this
according
to
that
excellent
eloquence
which
was
natural
in
him
,
he
so
prevailed
upon
the
Footmen
,
that
his
Counsels
being
approved
,
he
was
chosen
General
by
them
all
.
The
Horse
at
the
same
time
being
reduced
into
concord
with
the
Footmen
,
did
chose
Aridaeus
for
their
King
▪
But
a
portion
of
the
Empire
was
reserved
for
the
Son
of
Alexander
,
if
a
Son
were
born
unto
him
:
When
this
was
done
,
the
dead
body
of
Alexander
was
placed
in
the
midst
of
them
,
that
the
Majesty
of
it
should
be
a
witness
to
their
Decrees
:
These
things
being
composed
,
Antipater
was
made
Governor
of
Macedonia
and
of
Greece
.
The
custody
of
the
Treasure
was
committed
to
Craterus
:
The
care
of
the
Army
and
of
all
Military
affairs
was
assigned
to
Meleager
and
Perdiccas
;
And
Aridaeus
was
commanded
to
convey
the
body
of
Alexander
unto
the
Temple
of
Ammon
.
Perdiccas
being
incensed
against
the
Authors
of
the
sedition
,
did
on
a
sudden
(
his
Colleague
being
ignorant
of
it
)
command
that
there
should
be
a
lustrati●n
of
the
Army
for
the
death
of
the
King
;
and
having
brought
the
Army
into
the
Field
,
all
men
agreeing
to
it
,
he
privately
commanded
that
the
seditious
persons
should
be
called
out
of
every
Band
,
and
delivered
to
punishment
.
Being
returned
,
the
Provinces
were
by
him
divided
amongst
the
Princes
,
that
at
once
he
might
remove
the
Emulators
,
and
make
the
allotments
in
the
Empire
the
benefit
of
his
bounty
.
Aegypt
in
the
first
place
and
a
part
of
Africa
and
Arabia
did
come
by
lot
to
Ptolomy
,
whom
Alexander
from
an
ordinary
Souldier
had
advanced
for
his
Chivalry
,
Cleomenes
,
who
builded
Alexandria
,
was
commanded
to
deliver
that
Province
to
him
:
Laomedon
the
Mitylaenean
received
Syria
which
bounded
on
it
;
Philotas
with
his
Son
received
Cilicia
and
Illyria
;
Acropatus
was
Governor
of
Media
the
greater
,
and
Alcetes
the
brother
of
Perdiccas
was
set
over
Media
the
less
:
Susia
and
the
Nat
on
thereabouts
was
assigned
to
Synus
;
and
Phrygia
the
greater
was
assigned
to
Antigonus
the
Son
of
Philip
:
Learchus
obtained
Lycia
and
Pamphilia
;
Cassander
was
to
command
Caria
,
and
Menander
Lydia
;
Thracia
and
the
Countries
n●er
to
the
Pontick
Sea
were
given
to
Lysimachus
,
and
Cappadocia
and
Paphlagonia
to
Eumenes
.
The
chief
Tribunalship
of
the
Camp
was
given
to
Seleuchus
the
Son
of
Antiochus
;
Cassander
the
Son
of
Antipater
was
set
over
the
Life-guard
of
the
King
:
The
former
Lieutenants
were
retained
in
the
further
Bactria
,
and
the
Kingdoms
of
India
;
but
Taxiles
commanded
all
betwixt
the
two
Rivers
Hydaspes
and
Indus
;
Phiton
the
Son
of
Ag●nor
was
sent
into
the
Colonies
planted
amongst
the
Indians
;
Axiarches
was
to
command
the
Parapomeni
,
and
bounds
of
the
Moun●a●n
Caucasus
;
Statanor
was
set
over
the
Dracans
and
Argaeans
,
and
Amyntas
the
Bractrians
;
Sythaeus
obtained
the
Sogdians
,
Nicanor
the
Parthians
,
Philip
the
Hyrcanians
,
Phratafarnes
the
Armenians
,
Neoptolemus
the
Persians
,
Peucestes
the
Babylonians
,
Arthous
the
Pelasgians
,
and
Arche●ilaus
the
Mesopotamians
.
This
division
of
the
Empire
,
which
was
as
a
fatal
gift
to
every
one
,
did
prove
unto
many
a
subject
of
great
additions
;
for
not
long
after
as
if
they
had
divided
Kingdoms
,
and
not
Lieutenantships
,
being
made
Kings
of
Lieutenants
,
they
purchased
great
wealth
for
themselves
,
and
dying
,
left
it
to
their
posterity
.
When
this
was
done
in
the
East
,
the
Athenians
and
Aetolians
with
all
their
power
did
proceed
in
the
war
which
they
undertook
Alexander
being
alive
.
The
occasion
of
the
war
was
,
That
Alexander
returning
out
of
India
did
send
letters
into
Greece
,
by
which
the
banished
of
all
Cities
were
restored
,
those
onely
excepted
who
were
guilty
of
murther
.
These
Letters
being
read
all
Greece
being
present
at
the
Olympick
Fair
,
a
great
combustion
did
arise
,
because
many
of
the
banished
men
were
driven
from
their
Country
,
not
by
the
Laws
,
but
by
the
faction
of
the
Princes
,
who
feared
that
being
called
back
,
they
might
grow
more
powerful
then
themselves
in
the
Common-wealth
.
Many
Cities
d●d
therefore
openly
murmur
,
and
declared
that
their
liberty
was
to
be
vindicated
by
war
.
The
Athenians
and
Aetolians
were
the
chief
sticklers
in
it
:
Which
when
it
was
reported
to
Alexander
,
he
commanded
that
a
Fleet
of
one
thousand
ships
should
be
in
readiness
,
with
which
he
would
prosecute
war
in
the
West
,
resolving
with
a
strong
power
to
level
Athens
to
the
ground
.
The
Athenians
therefore
having
drawn
an
Army
together
of
thirty
thousand
Souldiers
,
and
two
hundred
ships
,
did
make
war
against
Antipater
,
who
by
lot
was
Governor
of
Greece
,
and
delaying
the
battel
,
and
protecting
himself
within
the
Walls
of
Heraclea
,
the
Athenians
did
close
besiege
him
.
At
the
same
time
Demosthenes
the
Athenian
Orator
,
who
was
driven
from
his
Country
,
being
condemned
for
bribery
,
having
received
a
sum
of
gold
from
Harpalus
,
and
who
fled
from
the
cruelty
of
Alexander
,
having
perswaded
the
City
to
war
against
him
,
did
lead
a
banished
life
at
Megarae
,
who
when
he
understood
that
the
Athenians
had
sent
Hyperides
their
Ambassador
to
sollicite
the
Pelopennensians
to
joyn
in
war
with
them
,
having
followed
him
to
Syceon
,
he
by
his
Eloquence
joyned
Arges
,
&
Corinth
,
and
other
Cities
to
the
Athenians
:
For
which
he
was
called
back
from
banishment
,
the
Athenians
having
sent
a
ship
to
meet
him
in
the
way
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Antipater
being
besieged
in
Heraclea
,
Leosthenes
the
Captain
of
the
Athenians
was
slain
with
a
dart
from
the
Wall
as
he
came
to
give
some
directions
in
the
Leaguer
,
which
so
encouraged
Antipater
,
that
he
sallyed
forth
and
possessed
himself
of
some
of
the
works
of
the
Enemies
.
After
that
,
he
by
his
Ambassadors
desired
help
of
Leonatus
,
who
when
he
marched
to
his
assistance
,
the
Athenians
meeting
▪
him
with
a
gallant
Army
,
and
having
given
him
battel
on
horse-back
,
he
received
a
grievous
wound
,
of
which
he
dyed
:
Antipater
,
although
he
beheld
his
Auxiliaries
were
overcome
,
yet
he
in
wardly
rejoyced
at
the
death
of
Leonatus
;
for
he
gratulated
himself
that
his
emulator
was
taken
from
him
,
and
that
the
remainder
of
his
fortes
was
come
unto
him
:
Therefore
with
this
addition
to
his
Army
,
when
he
appeared
to
be
equal
to
his
Enemy
in
strength
,
having
raised
the
siege
,
he
marched
into
Macedonia
▪
Whereupon
the
Forces
of
the
Grecians
,
the
Enemy
being
driven
from
their
Confines
,
did
steal
away
into
their
own
Cities
:
In
the
mean
time
,
Perdiccas
having
made
an
unjust
war
on
Ariarathes
the
King
of
the
Cappadocians
,
and
being
Conqueror
in
the
battel
,
did
bring
nothing
from
him
but
wounds
&
danger
;
for
the
Cappadocians
flying
from
the
fight
into
the
City
,
having
slain
their
own
wives
and
children
,
did
set
their
own
houses
on
fire
with
all
the
Forces
which
they
had
;
and
having
brought
thither
all
their
wealth
,
they
threw
both
it
and
themselves
into
the
flame
,
so
that
their
Enemies
,
the
Conquerors
of
them
&
their
Possessions
,
did
enjoy
nothing
but
only
the
spectacle
of
the
fire
.
After
this
,
that
by
his
power
he
might
arrive
to
royal
Authority
,
he
pretended
to
the
marriage
of
Cleopatra
sister
to
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
Wife
to
Alexander
late
King
of
Epirus
,
Olympias
her
Mother
seeming
enclined
to
it
.
But
he
resolved
first
to
over-reach
Antipater
under
this
pretence
of
affinity
;
he
therefore
dissembled
to
desire
his
daughter
in
marriage
,
to
the
end
that
he
might
the
sooner
obtain
of
him
a
recruit
of
young
men
out
of
Macedonia
,
which
deceit
Antipater
fore-saw
,
and
whiles
Perdiccas
courted
two
Ladies
at
the
same
time
,
he
obtained
neither
.
After
this
,
there
did
arise
a
war
betwixt
him
and
Antigonus
:
Craterus
and
Antipater
assisted
Antigonus
in
their
own
persons
,
and
having
made
a
Peace
with
the
Athenians
,
did
substitute
Polypercon
in
the
Government
of
Greece
and
Macedonia
.
The
affairs
of
Perdiccas
being
in
some
difficulty
,
he
came
into
Cappadocia
,
and
he
took
into
Counsel
with
him
Aridaeus
,
and
the
Son
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
the
charge
of
whom
was
committed
to
him
to
debate
there
concerning
the
carrying
on
of
the
war
.
It
was
the
opinion
of
some
that
the
war
should
be
translated
into
Macedonia
,
the
head
and
original
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
where
Olympias
the
Mother
of
Alexander
lived
,
who
would
bring
no
small
moment
to
their
party
,
besides
the
favor
of
the
Inhabitants
in
their
respect
to
the
names
of
Alexander
and
Philip.
Others
differed
in
judgement
from
it
,
and
it
was
concluded
that
it
was
better
for
the
present
to
begin
with
Aegypt
,
least
whiles
they
were
withdrawn
into
Macedonia
,
Asia
might
be
seized
on
by
Ptolomy
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Paphlagonia
,
Caria
,
Lycia
and
Phrygia
were
added
to
the
Provinces
of
which
Eumenes
was
Governor
:
It
was
appointed
that
they
should
there
attend
the
coming
of
Antipater
and
Craterus
:
Alcetas
the
brother
of
Perdiccas
and
Neoptolemus
,
did
joyn
themselves
with
their
Armies
to
the
Armies
of
Perdiccas
:
The
charge
of
the
Navie
was
committed
to
Clytus
;
Cilicia
was
taken
from
Philotas
,
and
given
to
Philoxenus
:
Perdiccas
himself
with
a
formidable
Army
did
march
into
Aegypt
;
And
thus
the
Macedons
,
their
Captains
being
divided
into
two
parties
,
were
armed
against
their
own
bowels
,
and
turning
their
swords
from
an
hostile
war
,
they
covered
themselves
with
civil
blood
,
after
the
example
of
mad
men
who
themselves
do
tear
their
own
hands
and
members
.
Ptolomy
in
Aegypt
with
wise
industry
did
lay
up
great
riches
;
for
with
singular
moderation
of
government
he
attracted
the
Aegyptians
to
him
,
and
obliged
the
neighbouring
Kings
with
benefits
and
all
civil
respects
:
He
also
enlarged
the
bounds
of
his
Empire
,
having
possessed
himself
of
the
City
Cyrene
,
and
was
now
so
great
,
that
he
feared
not
so
much
his
Enemies
as
he
himself
was
become
terrible
to
them
.
The
City
of
Cyrene
was
builded
by
Aristaeus
,
who
being
tongue-tyed
,
was
called
Battus
.
Cyrenus
his
Father
King
of
the
Iland
of
Thera
,
when
he
came
to
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
to
implore
the
god
to
take
away
the
disgrace
from
his
Son
who
could
not
speak
,
he
received
an
answer
by
which
his
Son
Battus
was
commanded
to
go
to
Africa
,
and
to
build
there
the
City
Cyrene
,
which
being
done
,
he
should
enjoy
the
use
of
his
tongue
:
When
the
answer
seem'd
like
a
jeer
,
by
reason
of
the
similitude
of
the
Iland
Theramenis
,
from
which
they
were
commanded
to
travel
so
great
a
journey
to
build
a
City
in
Africa
,
the
Oracle
was
was
not
obeyed
:
Not
long
after
,
having
their
contumaciousness
punish'd
with
a
Pestilence
,
they
were
enforced
to
be
obedient
to
the
Oracle
,
their
number
being
so
few
,
that
all
of
them
could
scarce
fill
one
ship
;
when
they
came
into
Africa
,
having
driven
away
the
Inhabitants
,
they
seated
themselves
on
the
Hill
Cyra
,
delighted
both
with
the
pleasantness
of
the
place
,
and
the
abundance
of
the
water
.
There
Battus
their
Captain
,
the
knots
of
his
tongue
being
un●yed
,
did
begin
to
speak
,
which
encouraged
them
(
the
promises
of
the
god
being
in
some
part
fulfilled
)
to
proceed
in
the
building
of
the
City
;
Having
there
pitched
their
Tents
,
they
received
the
opinion
of
the
ancient
Fable
,
that
Cyrene
,
a
Virgin
of
an
excellent
beauty
,
being
forced
from
the
Hill
Pelion
to
Thessaly
by
Apollo
,
and
brought
to
the
cliffs
of
the
same
Hill
which
they
did
inhabite
,
being
bid
by
the
god
,
did
bring
forth
four
Children
,
Nomius
,
Aristaeus
,
Eurocus
and
Agaeus
;
those
who
were
sent
by
their
Father
Hypsaeus
King
of
Thessaly
to
seek
out
the
Virgin
,
did
reside
in
the
same
place
with
her
,
being
taken
with
the
pleasure
of
the
place
.
Three
of
the
Boys
being
grown
unto
age
,
did
return
afterwards
into
Thessaly
,
where
they
enjoyed
their
Fathers
Kingdom
;
Aristaeus
did
reign
in
Arcadia
,
and
first
delivered
unto
men
the
use
of
Bees
,
and
Honey
,
and
Milk
,
and
Curds
,
and
the
knowledge
of
the
Solstices
,
and
the
motion
of
the
Stars
:
Which
being
understood
,
Battus
(
the
name
of
the
Virgin
being
known
by
the
Oracle
)
did
build
the
City
Cyrene
.
Ptolomy
being
encreased
with
the
strength
of
this
City
,
did
make
ready
for
war
against
the
coming
of
Perdiccas
:
But
the
hatred
contracted
by
his
arrogance
,
did
more
hurt
Perdiccas
then
all
the
Forces
of
his
Enemies
,
insomuch
that
his
Companions
not
enduring
him
,
did
fly
away
in
Troops
unto
Antipater
.
Neoptolemus
being
left
for
the
assistance
of
Eumenes
,
would
not
onely
fly
away
,
but
also
attempted
to
betray
the
Army
,
which
when
Eumenes
perceived
,
he
held
it
necessary
to
fight
with
the
Traytor
,
and
Neoptolemus
being
overcome
did
fly
unto
Antipater
,
and
Polypercon
did
perswade
them
by
continual
marches
to
advance
against
Eumenes
,
and
to
fall
upon
him
,
being
proud
of
the
Victory
,
and
grown
secure
by
reason
of
his
flight
;
But
Eumenes
had
notice
of
it
,
and
the
treacheries
were
turned
against
the
Traytors
,
who
thinking
to
have
assaulted
him
,
unsuspecting
their
advance
,
and
unprepared
to
receive
them
,
they
were
assaulted
themselves
,
not
thinking
of
his
approach
,
and
wearyed
withall
by
their
watching
and
their
travels
in
the
night
.
In
that
fight
Polypercon
was
slain
and
Neoptolemus
fighting
hand
to
hand
a
long
time
with
Eumenes
(
both
of
them
being
wounded
)
was
at
the
last
overcome
and
killed
by
him
.
Eumenes
being
Conqueror
in
two
battels
,
did
a
little
support
the
afflicted
parties
of
his
Companions
.
And
Perdiccas
at
last
being
slain
,
he
was
saluted
as
King
by
the
Army
of
the
Enemy
with
Phython
,
and
Illyrius
,
and
Alcetas
the
brother
of
Perdiccas
,
and
war
was
decreed
against
them
by
Antigonus
.
THE
Fourteenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
EVmenes
having
understood
that
Perdiccas
was
slain
,
and
himself
adjudged
as
an
Enemy
by
the
Macedoniaens
,
and
that
war
was
denounced
against
him
by
Antigonus
,
did
of
his
own
accord
declare
it
to
his
Souldiers
,
lest
fame
should
make
it
greater
then
it
was
,
or
affright
the
minds
of
the
Souldiers
with
the
novelty
of
the
danger
,
and
withall
that
he
might
take
new
counsels
from
their
motions
,
if
he
found
that
they
were
animated
against
him
;
He
therefore
constantly
professed
,
that
if
these
things
were
a
terror
unto
any
of
them
,
he
would
willingly
grant
him
leave
to
depart
:
By
which
words
he
so
enflamed
the
minds
of
all
to
adhere
unto
him
,
that
of
their
own
accord
they
did
exhort
him
to
the
war
,
affirming
that
with
their
swords
they
would
cut
in
pieces
the
Decrees
of
the
Macedons
.
Being
advanced
with
his
Army
into
Aetolia
,
he
commanded
the
Cities
to
pay
him
contribution
,
and
violently
forced
it
from
those
who
refused
it
.
Afterwards
he
marched
unto
Sardis
,
to
Cleopatra
the
sister
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
that
by
her
voyce
the
chief
Officers
and
Centurions
might
be
confirmed
,
concieving
that
regal
Majesty
would
turn
all
to
that
side
for
which
she
stood
.
Such
was
the
veneration
of
the
greatness
of
Alexander
,
that
even
by
the
addresses
of
women
,
the
favor
of
his
sacred
name
was
implored
.
On
his
return
,
Letters
were
found
dispersed
over
all
the
Camp
,
in
which
great
rewards
were
promised
to
those
who
should
bring
the
Head
of
Eumenes
to
Antigonus
;
Eumenes
having
understood
it
,
and
called
the
Souldiers
to
an
Assembly
,
did
in
the
first
place
give
thanks
that
there
was
not
any
found
amongst
them
who
preferr'd
the
hope
of
a
bloody
reward
above
the
Oath
of
his
fidelity
,
and
craftily
concluded
that
these
Letters
were
contrived
and
scattered
by
his
directions
,
thereby
to
make
a
trial
of
their
resolutions
:
He
declared
that
his
safety
consisted
in
the
power
of
them
all
,
and
that
none
of
the
Generals
would
so
overcome
,
as
to
decree
that
such
a
most
wicked
act
should
be
determined
against
him
.
By
this
means
he
confirmed
the
staggering
resolutions
of
his
Souldiers
for
the
present
,
and
provided
for
the
future
,
that
if
any
such
thing
should
happen
again
,
his
Souldiers
might
believe
that
it
was
no
corruption
of
their
Enemy
,
but
the
temptation
of
their
General
:
They
therefore
all
by
throngs
did
offer
themselves
and
their
endevours
for
the
preservation
of
his
person
.
In
the
mean
time
Antigonus
came
upon
them
with
his
Army
,
and
having
encamped
close
unto
him
,
did
on
the
next
day
set
his
Army
in
Array
to
give
him
battel
.
Eumenes
also
with
great
care
marshalled
the
Field
,
and
made
no
delay
of
the
encounter
;
but
being
overcome
,
he
fled
into
a
Castle
that
was
fortified
,
where
when
he
saw
that
he
must
undergo
the
fortune
of
a
siege
,
he
disbanded
the
greater
part
of
his
Army
,
lest
he
should
be
delivered
to
the
enemy
by
the
consent
of
the
multitude
,
or
the
siege
should
be
oppressed
by
their
numbers
.
After
this
,
in
a
most
humble
manner
he
sent
Ambassadors
to
Antipater
,
who
only
was
equal
in
power
to
Antigonus
,
who
when
he
found
that
considerable
ayds
were
sent
unto
him
by
Antipater
,
he
raysed
the
siege
.
Eumenes
was
now
delivered
from
the
fear
of
death
,
but
not
from
the
fear
of
danger
,
having
before
disbanded
a
great
part
of
his
Army
.
Therefore
looking
round
about
him
to
provide
for
his
safety
,
it
seemed
most
expedient
to
him
to
have
recourse
to
the
Argyraspides
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
an
invincible
Army
,
and
shining
with
the
glory
of
so
great
and
so
many
Victories
.
But
Alexander
being
deceased
,
the
Argyraspides
disdained
to
be
commanded
by
any
,
conceiving
that
the
Militia
under
others
would
be
but
disgraceful
after
the
memory
of
so
great
a
King
.
Eumenes
therefore
did
court
them
with
alluring
words
,
and
full
of
submissive
respects
,
did
complement
with
every
one
of
them
,
sometimes
calling
them
his
fellow-Souldiers
,
sometimes
his
Patrons
,
sometimes
the
Companions
of
his
dangers
in
the
great
labours
of
the
East
,
sometimes
his
Supporters
,
and
the
onely
Refuges
of
his
safety
;
they
(
he
said
)
were
the
onely
men
by
whose
valour
the
East
was
overcome
,
the
onely
men
who
exceeded
the
wars
of
Bacchus
,
and
the
Monuments
of
Hercules
,
by
whom
Alexander
was
made
great
,
by
whom
he
obtained
divine
honours
and
immortal
glory
;
He
besought
them
to
receive
him
,
not
as
their
General
,
but
as
their
fellow-Souldier
,
and
to
be
admitted
as
a
member
of
their
body
.
Being
on
this
condition
entertained
,
he
not
long
after
by
admonishing
all
of
them
,
and
by
gently
correcting
what
was
done
amiss
amongst
them
,
did
by
degrees
usurp
the
Soveraignty
of
Command
;
nothing
was
done
in
the
Camp
without
him
,
nothing
could
be
contrived
or
determined
without
his
Policy
.
At
the
last
,
when
it
was
declared
that
Antigonus
came
against
him
with
an
Army
,
he
enforced
them
to
come
down
and
to
give
him
battel
,
where
when
they
despised
the
Commands
of
their
General
,
they
were
overcome
by
the
valour
of
their
Enemies
.
In
that
battel
,
they
did
not
onely
lose
their
glory
gained
in
so
many
wars
,
but
their
booty
also
,
with
their
wives
and
children
.
But
Eumenes
,
who
was
the
Author
of
their
overthrow
,
and
had
no
other
hope
of
safty
,
did
encourage
the
conquer'd
,
affirming
that
they
were
superior
to
their
Enemies
in
courage
;
for
they
slew
five
thousand
of
them
,
and
if
they
would
but
continue
the
war
,
he
assured
them
that
the
Enemy
of
their
own
accord
would
desire
peace
of
them
.
He
enformed
them
that
their
losses
(
by
which
they
thought
themselves
overcome
)
were
but
two
thousand
women
,
and
a
few
children
and
slaves
,
which
were
but
the
luggage
,
&
the
lumber
of
the
war
,
and
to
be
repaired
by
fighting
and
prosecuting
,
and
not
by
forsaking
the
Victory
.
But
the
Argyraspides
made
answer
that
they
would
neither
fly
,
after
the
dammages
of
Matrimony
,
and
the
losses
of
their
wives
,
nor
would
they
make
war
against
their
own
children
.
Moreover
,
they
did
torment
him
with
reproaches
,
that
in
their
returning
home
after
so
many
yeers
of
their
pay
dearly
earned
with
the
rewards
of
so
many
Victories
,
he
recalled
them
(
being
discharged
)
into
new
wars
and
battels
as
lasting
as
they
were
dangerous
,
and
had
with
vain
promises
deceived
them
,
being
almost
at
their
journeys
end
in
the
very
entrance
of
their
Country
,
and
the
sight
of
their
houshold
gods
,
and
now
having
lost
all
the
booty
which
they
gained
in
their
happy
warfare
,
he
would
not
permit
them
in
the
penury
of
their
old
age
to
rest
,
being
overcome
:
Immediately
upon
this
,
their
Captains
not
knowing
of
it
,
they
sent
Ambassadors
to
Antigonus
,
demanding
that
what
they
had
lost
,
might
be
restored
to
them
:
He
promised
that
all
things
should
be
returned
,
if
they
would
deliver
up
Eumenes
unto
him
;
which
being
understood
,
Eumenes
with
a
few
men
did
attempt
to
fl●e
,
but
being
brought
back
,
and
his
affairs
altogether
desperate
,
there
being
a
great
concourse
of
the
multitude
,
he
desired
to
have
the
liberty
to
speak
unto
the
Army
,
which
being
readily
granted
by
them
all
,
silence
being
made
,
and
his
handcuffs
of
steel
taken
off
,
he
stretched
forth
his
hand
unto
the
people
,
having
yet
some
other
chains
upon
him
,
and
said
:
Souldiers
,
Behold
here
,
the
habits
and
the
ornaments
of
your
General
,
which
none
of
the
Enemies
have
imposed
upon
me
,
for
that
would
be
my
comfort
:
I●
is
you
,
who
of
a
Conquerour
have
made
me
conquered
,
and
of
a
General
a
Captive
;
four
times
within
this
one
yeer
have
you
obliged
your selves
unto
me
in
an
Oath
of
fidelity
,
but
that
I
do
omit
,
for
it
becomes
nor
the
miserable
to
be
reproachful
:
One
thing
I
intreat
of
you
,
that
if
Antigonus
be
resolved
to
take
away
my
life
,
that
you
will
give
me
the
leave
to
die
amongst
you
.
For
it
concerns
not
him
at
all
,
where
or
in
what
manner
I
shall
fall
;
and
I
shall
by
this
means
be
delivered
from
the
ignominy
of
death
.
This
,
if
I
shall
obtain
,
I
will
disoblige
you
all
of
the
Oath
,
by
which
you
have
so
often
devoted
your selves
unto
me
;
or
if
you
are
ashamed
to
lay
violent
hands
upon
me
,
desiring
it
,
give
me
a
sword
,
and
permit
your
General
to
do
that
for
you
without
any
Oath
,
which
you
have
so
often
sworn
,
that
you
would
act
for
your
General
.
When
he
could
not
obtain
it
of
them
,
he
turned
his
entreaties
into
curses
,
and
in
a
great
passion
:
But
you
(
he
said
)
O
devoted
Heads
,
may
the
gods
,
the
Revengers
of
perjury
,
look
down
in
judgements
on
you
,
and
give
unto
you
such
ends
as
you
have
given
to
your
Generals
▪
It
is
you
who
have
imbrued
your
guilty
hands
in
the
blood
of
Perdiccas
;
It
is
you
who
attempted
the
murder
of
Antipater
;
It
is
you
(
which
is
the
worst
of
all
)
who
would
have
killed
Alexander
himself
,
if
it
were
possible
for
him
to
have
fallen
by
a
mortal
hand
,
having
so
often
tormented
him
with
your
seditions
;
I
now
the
last
sacrifice
of
such
perfidious
wretches
,
do
fix
these
curses
and
imprecations
on
you
:
May
you
live
all
your
lives
Vagabonds
&
desolate
in
Tents
and
in
banishment
:
May
your
own
Arms
devour
you
,
by
which
you
have
destroyed
more
Captains
of
your
own
then
of
your
enemies
.
Being
full
of
passion
,
he
commanded
his
keepers
to
go
before
to
the
Camp
of
Antigonus
:
The
Army
followed
,
having
betrayed
their
General
,
&
he
himself
a
Captive
,
did
bring
the
triumph
of
himself
to
the
Tents
of
his
Conqueror
:
They
delivered
all
the
Trophies
,
all
the
Palms
and
Lawrels
of
King
Alexander
,
together
with
themselves
unto
the
Conqueror
;
and
that
nothing
of
the
pomp
might
be
wanting
,
their
Elephants
,
and
the
Auxiliaries
of
the
East
did
follow
.
Much
more
honourable
was
this
for
Antigonus
,
then
so
many
Victories
were
for
Alexander
;
for
though
Alexander
conquered
the
East
,
Antigonus
conquered
those
by
whom
the
East
was
overcome
.
Antigonus
therefore
divided
amongst
his
Army
these
Conquerors
of
the
World
,
having
restored
all
things
to
them
which
he
took
from
them
in
the
former
victory
.
After
this
,
he
did
set
a
Guard
upon
Eumenes
,
being
not
admitted
to
come
into
his
presence
,
in
respect
of
the
familiarity
of
their
former
friendship
▪
In
the
mean
time
,
Eurydice
the
wife
of
Aridaeus
,
the
King
of
the
Macedons
,
as
soon
as
she
heard
that
Polypercon
was
returned
out
of
Greece
into
Macedonia
,
and
that
Olympias
was
sens
for
by
him
,
being
possessed
with
a
female
emulation
,
and
abusing
the
weakness
of
her
Husband
,
whose
Offices
she
challenged
to
her self
,
she
did
write
to
Polypercon
in
the
name
of
the
King
to
deliver
the
Arms
to
Cassander
to
whom
the
King
had
transferred
the
administration
of
the
Kingdom
;
she
sent
also
Letters
to
Antigonus
to
the
same
effect
in
Asia
,
by
which
benefit
Cassander
being
obliged
,
did
perform
all
things
which
the
boldness
of
the
Queen
did
prompt
him
to
;
Having
marched
into
Greece
,
he
made
war
there
on
many
Cities
,
by
the
destruction
whereof
the
Spartans
being
affrighted
,
as
by
a
fire
in
a
neighbours
house
,
distrusting
to
their
arms
,
they
did
enclose
their
City
with
a
Wall
,
contrary
to
the
answer
of
the
Oracles
,
and
the
ancient
glory
of
their
Predecessors
,
whose
honourable
custom
alwayes
it
was
to
defend
it
with
their
arms
and
not
with
their
Walls
;
So
much
they
degenerated
from
their
Ancestors
,
that
when
for
many
yeers
,
the
wall
of
their
City
was
the
vertue
and
the
valour
of
their
Citizens
,
they
now
conceived
they
could
not
be
safe
unless
they
lay
h●d
under
the
protection
of
a
Wall
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
mannaged
,
the
troubled
Estate
of
Macedonia
did
call
back
Cassander
out
of
Greece
;
for
Olympias
the
Mother
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
being
come
from
Epirus
towards
Macedonia
,
Aeacidas
the
King
of
the
Molossi
following
her
,
she
was
forbidden
by
Eurydice
and
King
Aridaeus
to
enter
into
the
Confines
of
that
Kingdom
,
which
so
incensed
the
Macedons
,
both
in
the
regard
of
the
memory
of
her
Husband
,
the
greatness
of
her
Son
,
and
the
indignity
of
the
act
,
that
they
all
sided
with
Olympias
,
by
whose
command
both
Eurydice
and
King
Aridaeus
were
both
slain
,
having
raigned
six
yeers
after
the
decease
of
Alexander
.
But
Olympias
enjoyed
not
the
Kingdom
long
afterwards
;
for
having
committed
many
great
slaughters
of
the
Princes
after
a
womanish
,
rather
then
a
manly
way
,
she
turned
the
love
of
her
Subjects
into
hatred
.
Therefore
having
heard
of
the
approach
of
Cassander
,
distrusting
to
the
Macedons
,
she
fled
with
Roxane
her
daughter-in-law
,
and
Hercules
her
grand-child
,
into
the
City
of
Pictua
.
In
her
journey
Dardamia
the
daughter
of
King
Aeacidas
,
and
Thessalonice
her
kinswoman
(
being
also
famous
her self
by
the
name
of
Philip
her
Father
)
and
many
other
Ladies
of
royal
blood
,
a
gallant
rather
then
a
profitable
company
,
did
attend
her
.
When
Cassander
was
informed
of
it
,
in
a
swift
match
he
came
to
Pictua
,
and
layd
a
close
siege
unto
the
City
;
Which
when
it
was
oppressed
with
the
sword
and
famine
,
Olympias
being
no
longer
able
to
endure
the
tediousness
of
the
siege
,
having
Articles
for
her
life
,
did
deliver
her self
to
the
Conqueror
.
But
Cassander
having
called
the
people
to
an
Assembly
to
understand
what
they
would
have
done
in
relation
to
Olympias
,
he
suborned
the
Parents
and
kindred
of
the
noble
men
whom
she
had
put
to
death
,
who
having
put
on
mourning
habits
,
did
accuse
the
cruelty
of
the
woman
,
by
whom
the
Macedons
were
so
much
instigated
,
that
without
any
respect
to
her
former
Majesty
,
they
did
decree
that
she
should
be
put
to
death
,
being
altogether
unmindful
that
by
her
Son
and
Husband
,
they
not
onely
enjoyed
their
lives
with
safety
amongst
their
neighbours
,
but
also
became
masters
of
such
great
wealth
,
as
also
of
the
Empire
of
the
world
.
But
Olympias
,
when
she
beheld
the
armed
men
to
come
resolutely
towards
her
,
being
cloathed
in
royal
habiliaments
,
and
leaning
on
her
two
Maids
,
she
did
go
to
meet
them
:
The
Executioners
beholding
her
,
were
amazed
,
and
stood
still
,
startled
at
the
Majesty
of
her
presence
,
and
the
names
of
so
many
of
their
Kings
which
came
at
once
into
their
memory
:
At
the
last
,
they
were
commanded
by
Cassander
to
run
her
through
with
a
sword
;
she
drew
not
back
from
the
sword
,
nor
at
the
thrust
that
was
made
,
nor
gave
any
shrike
like
a
woman
,
but
submitted
unto
death
after
the
manner
of
valiant
men
,
and
for
the
glory
of
her
antient
family
;
insomuch
that
you
might
have
seen
Alexander
again
in
his
dying
mother
;
Moreover
,
she
covered
her
face
with
her
hair
,
and
the
neither
parts
of
her
body
with
her
garments
,
that
nothing
unseemly
might
be
discovered
.
After
this
Cassender
did
take
to
wife
Thessalonice
the
daughter
of
King
Aridaeus
,
and
sent
the
Son
of
Alexander
with
the
Mother
to
be
kept
prisoners
in
the
Tower
of
Amphipolis
.
THE
Fifteenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
PErdiccas
and
his
brother
Alcetas
,
Eumenes
and
Polypercon
,
and
divers
Captains
of
the
other
party
being
slain
,
the
contention
betwixt
the
Successors
of
Alexander
the
Great
did
seem
to
be
at
an
end
,
when
on
the
sudden
a
new
discord
did
arise
betwixt
the
Conquerors
themselves
:
For
Ptolomy
,
Cassander
&
Lysimachus
,
requiring
that
the
Provinces
and
the
booty
of
the
money
that
was
taken
should
be
divided
;
Antigonus
denyed
to
admit
any
Companions
in
the
booty
,
having
undertaken
all
the
danger
himself
;
And
that
he
might
seem
to
make
an
honest
war
against
his
Companions
,
he
declared
that
he
would
revenge
the
death
of
Olympias
,
slain
by
Cassander
,
and
deliver
the
Son
of
Alexander
with
his
Mother
from
their
imprisonment
at
Amphipolis
.
This
understood
,
Ptolomy
and
Cassander
having
entred
into
a
league
with
Lysimachus
and
Seleucus
,
did
with
great
industry
provide
for
the
war
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
Ptolomy
had
in
his
possession
Aegypt
with
a
greater
part
of
Africk
,
and
Cyprus
,
and
Ph●nicia
.
Macedonia
and
Greece
obeyed
Cassander
;
Antigonus
had
all
Asia
and
a
part
of
the
East
,
whose
Son
Demetrius
in
the
first
encounter
of
the
battel
was
overcome
by
Ptolomy
at
Calama
:
In
which
fight
,
the
glory
of
the
moderation
of
Ptolomy
was
greater
then
his
victory
;
for
he
dismissed
the
friends
of
Demetrius
,
not
onely
with
their
own
goods
,
but
also
honoured
them
with
the
additions
of
great
presents
,
and
restored
to
Demetrius
all
his
private
treasure
and
family
▪
and
dismissed
him
with
an
honourable
complement
,
that
he
undertook
the
war
not
for
booty
,
but
for
dignity
,
being
displeased
that
Antigonus
,
having
overcome
the
Captains
of
the
other
party
,
would
reserve
intirely
to
himself
the
rewards
of
the
common
victory
.
Whiles
these
things
were
in
agitation
,
Cassander
returning
from
Apollonia
,
did
fall
upon
the
Abderitae
,
who
having
left
their
Country
by
reason
of
the
abundance
of
Frogs
and
Mice
,
did
seek
out
new
places
of
habitation
;
wherefore
fearing
lest
they
should
come
into
Macedonia
,
he
made
peace
with
them
and
received
them
into
the
society
of
his
friendship
,
having
assigned
lands
unto
them
in
the
furthest
borders
of
Macedonia
:
After
this
,
fearing
least
Hercules
the
Son
of
Alexander
,
who
was
now
fourteen
yeers
of
age
,
in
the
favor
of
his
Fathers
name
should
be
called
into
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
,
he
commanded
him
privately
to
be
killed
with
his
mother
Arsine
,
and
that
their
bodies
should
be
covered
with
Earth
,
least
the
murder
of
them
should
be
betrayed
by
their
Sepulture
;
and
as
if
he
had
committed
but
a
small
crime
,
first
in
the
poysoning
of
the
King
,
afterwards
in
the
murther
of
his
mother
Olympias
,
and
then
in
the
murder
of
his
wife
Arsine
and
her
Son
,
he
killed
also
by
the
same
deceit
the
other
Son
of
Alexander
with
Roxane
her
mother
,
as
if
he
could
not
otherwise
then
by
villany
obtain
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
,
which
he
so
inordinately
affected
.
In
the
mean
time
Ptolomy
did
fight
again
with
Demetrius
at
Sea
;
and
having
lost
his
Navie
,
and
yielded
the
victory
to
his
Enemy
,
he
fled
into
Aegypt
.
Demetrius
sent
back
Leuticus
the
Son
of
Ptolomy
,
and
his
brother
Menalaus
and
their
friends
,
with
all
that
did
belong
unto
them
,
being
provoked
before
to
the
same
remuneration
by
Ptolomy
:
And
that
it
might
appear
that
they
were
not
inflamed
with
hatred
,
but
the
glory
of
Dignity
and
Domination
,
they
did
contend
who
should
exceed
each
other
in
gifts
and
presents
in
the
heat
of
the
wars
;
so
much
more
honourably
were
wars
managed
then
,
then
friendships
are
professed
now
:
Antigonus
being
puft
up
with
the
victory
,
commanded
that
the
people
should
give
him
,
and
his
Son
Demetrius
,
the
Title
of
a
King
;
And
Ptolomy
,
that
he
might
be
of
no
less
Authority
amongst
his
Souldiers
,
was
also
saluted
as
King
by
the
Army
,
which
being
understood
,
Cassander
and
Lysimachus
did
challenge
to
themselves
the
regal
Majesty
:
They
abstained
from
the
Ornaments
of
this
honour
as
long
as
the
Sons
of
their
King
were
al●ve
;
and
so
great
was
their
modesty
,
that
when
they
had
the
Estates
of
Kings
,
they
were
well
contented
to
abstain
from
the
Titles
of
a
King
,
as
long
as
Alexander
had
any
Heir
remaining
:
But
Ptolomy
and
Cassander
,
and
the
Captains
of
the
other
faction
,
when
they
perceived
they
were
all
reproached
by
Antigonus
▪
whiles
they
made
a
private
war
of
every
one
,
and
not
a
common
war
of
all
,
and
were
unwilling
to
assist
one
another
,
as
if
the
victory
were
onely
for
one
,
and
not
for
all
;
confirming
themselves
joyntly
by
Letters
,
they
did
appoint
a
time
and
place
to
meet
together
,
and
provide
for
the
war
with
united
Forces
.
At
which
,
when
Cassander
could
not
be
present
by
reason
of
the
war
with
his
Neighbours
,
he
sent
Lysimachus
to
his
ayd
with
a
formidable
power
:
This
Lysimachus
was
famous
in
Macedonia
by
the
Nobility
of
his
discent
,
but
more
famous
by
his
vertue
then
his
Nobility
,
which
was
so
eminent
in
him
,
that
in
the
greatness
of
his
mind
,
in
the
knowledge
of
Philosophy
,
and
in
the
glory
of
strength
he
excelled
all
by
whom
the
East
was
overcome
;
For
when
Alexander
the
Great
did
falsely
accuse
Calisthenes
the
Philosopher
of
the
Treason
that
was
contriv'd
against
him
,
being
indeed
angry
because
he
did
forbear
to
worship
him
according
to
the
custome
of
Persia
,
and
had
rendred
him
a
lamentable
and
deformed
spectacle
by
cruelty
,
dismembring
his
body
,
and
cutting
off
his
nose
and
lips
,
and
carrying
him
shut
up
in
a
kennel
with
a
Dog
to
be
a
terror
to
the
rest
;
Lysimachus
would
then
repair
unto
him
,
and
hear
and
take
instructions
from
him
,
and
in
compassion
of
so
great
a
man
,
suffering
forhis
liberty
,
and
not
for
any
crime
,
he
gave
him
poyson
to
put
a
period
to
his
miseries
,
to
which
Alexander
did
give
so
hainous
an
Interpretation
,
that
he
commanded
him
to
be
objected
to
a
hungry
and
an
enraged
Lyon
,
who
when
at
the
first
sight
with
a
swift
and
eager
violence
he
did
run
upon
him
to
devour
him
,
Lysimachus
having
wrapt
his
hand
in
a
cloath
,
did
thrust
it
into
the
mouth
of
the
beast
,
and
plucked
out
at
once
both
the
tongue
and
the
life
of
the
Lyon
,
which
when
it
was
reported
to
Alexander
,
the
admiration
was
turned
into
satisfaction
,
and
alwayes
afterwards
he
had
him
in
an
higher
respect
for
the
constancy
of
so
great
a
vertue
;
and
Lysimachus
with
great
patience
indu●ed
the
contumely
of
the
King
,
as
the
contumely
of
his
Father
;
And
at
last
,
the
memory
of
this
act
being
banished
from
his
minde
,
the
King
in
India
being
in
the
pursuit
of
some
routed
Enemies
,
and
his
Guard
not
able
to
overtake
him
by
reason
of
the
swiftness
of
his
horse
,
he
onely
was
his
Companion
through
the
vast
Desarts
of
the
Sands
,
which
when
his
brother
Philip
did
before
endevour
to
perform
,
he
expired
in
the
Arms
of
the
King
;
but
Alexander
alighting
from
his
horse
,
did
wound
Lysimachus
in
the
forehead
so
deeply
with
the
point
of
his
Spear
,
that
his
blood
could
not
be
stanched
,
before
the
King
having
taken
the
Diadem
from
his
own
head
,
did
impose
it
on
his
to
binde
the
wound
,
which
was
an
earnest
to
Lysimachus
of
the
royal
Majesty
to
come
;
And
after
the
death
of
Alexander
,
when
the
Provinces
were
divided
amongst
his
Successors
,
the
most
fierce
of
all
the
▪
Nations
were
assigned
to
him
as
the
most
valiant
of
them
all
,
so
much
he
did
exceed
the
rest
by
the
approbation
of
them
all
.
But
before
the
war
was
carryed
on
betwixt
Ptolomy
and
his
Associates
against
Antigonus
,
Seleucus
marched
down
from
Asia
the
greater
,
being
a
new
Enemy
unto
him
;
famous
also
was
the
vertue
of
Seleucus
,
and
his
Original
admirable
;
for
his
mother
Laodice
being
married
to
Antiochus
a
great
Commander
in
the
Army
of
Philip
,
did
seem
in
her
sleep
to
have
conceived
with
child
by
Apollo
,
and
to
have
received
a
Ring
from
him
,
the
reward
for
the
use
of
her
body
;
In
this
Ring
,
there
was
a
Gem
,
and
an
Anchor
engraven
on
it
;
which
she
dreamed
she
was
commanded
at
her
delivery
to
give
to
her
Son
for
a
gift
.
This
apparition
was
truly
wonderful
;
for
on
the
next
day
,
the
Ring
with
the
Anchor
engraven
on
it
was
found
in
the
bed
,
and
the
figure
of
an
Anchor
was
apparently
to
be
seen
on
the
thigh
of
Seleucus
when
he
was
born
.
Seleucus
going
afterwards
into
the
Persian
war
with
Alexander
the
Great
,
Laodice
did
give
that
Ring
unto
him
,
having
first
taught
him
the
original
of
his
pedigree
.
After
the
death
of
Alexander
,
having
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
the
East
,
he
did
build
a
City
,
and
consecrated
it
to
the
memory
of
the
Gem
of
his
original
;
for
he
called
the
City
Antiochia
after
the
memory
of
Antiochus
his
Father
,
and
consecrated
to
Apollo
the
Fields
adjoyning
to
it
.
The
argument
of
his
original
did
remain
to
his
posterity
;
for
his
Sons
and
Grandson●
had
all
of
them
the
impression
of
an
Anchor
on
their
thighs
as
a
natural
mark
o●
their
Family
.
He
made
many
wars
in
the
East
,
after
the
division
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
betwixt
him
and
his
Companions
.
In
the
first
place
he
surprized
Babylon
,
an●
having
encreased
his
strength
by
the
victory
he
overcame
the
Bactrians
,
and
marched
into
India
,
which
after
the
death
of
Alexander
,
ha●
killed
his
Lieutenants
,
and
shaken
off
from
their
necks
the
yoak
of
servitude
.
Sandrocottu●
was
the
Author
of
this
liberty
,
which
afterwards
he
turned
into
slavery
;
for
having
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
,
he
by
tyranny
oppressed
the
people
whom
he
ha●
delivered
from
sorraign
domination
:
He
was
born
of
ignoble
parentage
,
but
enforced
to
take
upon
him
the
Government
of
thi●
Kingdom
by
the
Majesty
and
providence
of
God
.
For
having
offended
Alexander
by
his
petulance
,
and
being
commanded
to
be
killed
,
he
purchased
his
safety
by
the
swiftness
of
his
feet
;
And
being
drousie
and
weary
by
the
length
of
his
travel
,
a
Lyon
of
a
great
bigness
did
approach
unto
him
in
his
sleep
,
and
with
his
tongue
wiped
away
the
sweat
which
did
run
down
his
face
,
and
did
gently
leave
him
,
being
awakned
.
Being
by
this
prodigy
advanced
to
the
hope
of
the
Kingdom
,
he
sollicited
the
Indians
to
rebellion
,
having
drawn
a
company
of
Thieves
to
his
assistance
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
war
against
the
Lieutenants
of
Alexander
,
an
Elephant
of
an
infinite
bulk
,
did
of
his
own
accord
draw
neer
unto
him
,
and
as
if
he
had
been
tame
by
discipline
,
did
receive
him
on
his
back
;
Sandrocottus
became
afterwards
a
great
Leader
,
and
a
famous
master
of
the
war
;
and
having
thus
gained
the
Kingdom
,
he
had
possessed
himself
of
all
India
at
that
time
when
Seleucus
did
lay
the
foundations
of
his
future
greatness
,
who
having
made
peace
with
Sandrocottus
,
and
settled
his
affairs
in
the
East
,
did
march
down
to
the
war
against
Antigonus
;
And
the
Armies
of
all
the
Associates
being
united
,
the
battel
was
fought
,
in
which
Antigonus
was
slain
,
and
Demetrius
his
Son
put
to
flight
.
But
the
Associates
,
the
war
with
Antigonus
being
ended
,
did
again
turn
their
arms
upon
themselves
,
and
not
agreeing
upon
the
booty
,
were
divided
again
into
Factions
.
Seleucus
was
joyned
with
Demetrius
,
and
Ptolomy
with
Lysimachus
,
and
Cassander
being
dead
,
his
Son
Philip
did
succeed
him
,
and
thus
new
wars
did
arise
in
Macedonia
.
THE
Sixteenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
AFfter
the
death
of
King
Cassander
and
his
Son
Philip
,
Queen
Thessalonica
the
wife
of
Cassander
was
slain
not
long
afterwards
by
her
Son
Antipater
,
she
having
besought
and
conjured
him
by
her
breasts
that
gave
him
suck
to
spare
her
life
.
The
cause
of
the
Parricide
,
was
,
that
after
the
death
of
her
Husband
,
she
seemed
to
be
more
inclined
to
Alexander
in
the
division
of
the
Kingdom
amongst
the
brothers
.
This
wicked
act
appeared
to
all
men
to
be
so
much
the
more
grievous
,
there
being
not
the
lest
evidence
of
any
deceit
in
the
Mother
,
although
in
parricide
no
cause
can
be
pretended
to
be
just
enough
to
defend
the
wickedness
.
Alexander
resolving
to
make
war
with
his
brother
in
the
revenge
of
his
Mothers
death
,
desired
ayd
of
Demetrius
;
and
Demetrius
in
hope
to
obtain
the
Kingdom
,
made
n●
delay
to
advance
to
his
assistance
;
and
Lysimachus
fearing
his
coming
,
did
perswade
his
Son-in-law
Antipater
to
be
reconciled
to
his
brother
▪
and
not
permit
the
Enemy
of
his
Father
to
enter
into
Macedonia
;
when
Demetrius
had
understood
that
there
was
an
agreement
made
betwixt
the
brothers
,
he
killed
Alexander
by
treacheries
,
and
having
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
,
he
called
the
Army
to
an
Assembly
to
excuse
the
murther
.
He
alledged
that
Alexander
had
first
of
all
a
design
upon
him
,
and
that
for
his
own
part
,
he
rather
prevented
then
committed
treachery
.
As
for
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
,
he
said
,
it
was
more
due
to
him
,
both
for
the
experience
of
his
age
,
and
for
other
considerations
;
for
his
Father
was
Companion
to
King
Philip
,
and
to
Alexander
the
Great
in
all
their
wars
,
and
he
was
afterwards
Governor
of
the
children
of
Alexander
,
and
a
General
in
their
wars
to
prosecute
those
who
revolted
from
them
.
On
the
other
side
,
Antipater
the
Grandfather
of
these
young
men
was
alwayes
a
more
inexorable
minister
of
the
Kingdom
then
the
Kings
themselves
;
and
Cassander
their
Father
was
the
destroyer
of
the
Royal
Family
,
who
put
to
death
both
the
wives
and
children
of
Alexander
,
and
ceased
not
till
he
had
utterly
destroyed
the
whole
Progeny
of
him
:
and
because
he
could
not
light
upon
Cassander
,
the
revenge
of
these
horrid
murders
was
translated
to
his
Sons
,
for
which
cause
Philip
and
Alexander
(
if
the
spirits
of
the
departed
have
any
sense
)
had
rather
that
their
Revengers
,
then
the
Murderers
of
them
and
their
Posterity
should
enjoy
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
.
The
people
being
pacified
with
these
words
,
he
was
saluted
King
of
Macedonia
.
But
Lysimachus
when
he
was
oppressed
with
the
war
of
Dromiches
King
of
the
Thracians
,
least
at
the
same
▪
time
also
he
might
be
enforced
to
fight
with
Demetrius
,
he
made
a
peace
with
him
,
having
delivered
to
him
the
other
part
of
Macedonia
which
belonged
to
his
Son-in-law
Antipater
.
Therefore
Demetrius
being
possessed
with
all
the
strength
of
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
,
did
resolve
to
seize
upon
Asia
,
when
Ptolomy
,
Seleucus
,
and
Lysimachus
having
made
a
proof
before
of
what
force
was
Concord
,
did
enter
into
a
League
together
,
and
having
amassed
their
Forces
into
one
body
,
they
〈◊〉
the
war
against
Demetrius
into
Europe
.
Pyrrhus
,
King
of
Epirus
,
did
joyn
himself
unto
them
as
their
Companion
in
the
war
,
hoping
that
Demetrius
could
lose
Macedonia
as
easily
and
as
suddenly
as
he
obtained
it
;
neither
was
he
deceived
in
his
expectation
.
For
his
Army
being
corrupted
,
and
himself
put
to
flight
,
he
left
his
Kingdom
to
the
Conquerors
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Lysimachus
killed
his
Son-in-law
Antipater
,
complaining
that
the
Kingdom
was
taken
from
him
by
his
deceit
,
and
committed
into
Custody
his
own
Daughter
Euridice
,
the
companion
of
his
complaints
;
And
thus
all
the
Family
of
Antipater
,
partly
by
slaughter
,
partly
by
punishment
,
became
so
many
sacrifices
to
satisfie
the
revenge
of
the
Ghost
of
Alexander
,
both
for
his
own
death
,
and
for
the
destruction
of
all
his
off-spring
.
Demetrius
also
being
surrounded
by
so
many
Armies
,
when
it
was
in
his
power
to
die
honourably
,
chose
shamefully
rather
to
deliver
himself
to
Seleucus
.
The
war
being
ended
,
Ptolomy
dyed
full
of
the
glory
of
his
atchievements
:
He
against
the
law
of
Nations
delivered
the
Kingdom
to
his
youngest
Son
,
not
long
before
the
last
infirmity
of
his
Age
,
and
afterwards
did
give
a
reason
of
it
to
the
people
;
the
favour
which
the
young
man
gained
,
was
no
less
in
receiving
,
then
was
his
Fathers
in
delivering
the
Scepter
;
Amongst
other
Examples
of
mutual
piety
betwixt
the
Father
and
the
Son
,
it
procured
the
young
man
many
respects
of
love
amongst
the
people
,
that
his
Father
having
publickly
delivered
his
Kingdom
to
him
,
did
privately
attend
upon
him
amongst
the
Guard
,
affirming
that
to
be
the
Father
of
a
King
,
was
more
honourable
then
to
enjoy
any
Kingdom
whatsoever
.
But
discord
,
an
assiduous
evil
amongst
equals
,
had
moved
a
new
war
betwixt
Lysimachus
&
King
Pyrrhus
,
Associates
▪
not
long
before
against
Demetrius
.
Lysimachus
being
the
Conqueror
,
having
routed
Pyrrhus
,
did
possess
himself
of
Macedonia
:
He
afterwards
did
make
war
against
the
Thracians
,
and
not
long
after
against
the
Heraclians
,
the
beginning
and
the
ending
of
whose
City
was
admirable
;
For
the
pestilence
raging
in
Boeotia
,
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
answered
that
they
should
plant
a
Colony
in
the
Country
of
Pontus
,
which
they
should
dedicate
to
Hercules
.
When
it
was
omitted
by
reason
of
the
fear
of
the
long
and
dangerous
voyage
by
Sea
,
every
man
desiring
rather
to
die
in
his
own
Country
,
the
Phocensians
made
war
against
them
,
and
being
after
vanquished
by
them
,
they
again
had
recourse
to
the
Oracle
,
which
answered
,
That
the
remedy
was
the
same
both
for
the
war
and
the
pestilence
.
Therefore
a
considerable
Colony
being
drawn
together
,
and
brought
to
Metapontus
,
they
builded
the
City
of
Heraclea
,
and
because
they
were
brought
thither
by
the
Ordinance
of
the
Destinies
in
a
short
time
,
they
obtained
grea●
possessions
.
This
City
afterwards
maintained
many
wars
against
their
Neighbours
,
and
much
they
suffered
by
dissentions
at
home
:
Amongst
other
passages
of
magnificence
,
this
one
is
memorable
.
When
the
Athenians
were
masters
of
all
,
and
the
Persians
were
overcome
,
it
was
ordered
by
the
Athenians
that
the
tribute
of
Asia
and
of
Greece
should
be
for
the
maintenance
of
their
Navie
;
all
other
Cities
readily
submitting
for
their
own
safety
,
the
Heraclians
onely
refused
by
reason
of
their
ancient
friendship
with
the
Kings
of
Persia
.
Mala●tus
therefore
being
sent
with
an
Army
to
force
them
to
Contribution
which
they
were
resolved
not
to
pay
,
whiles
he
was
plundering
their
Country
,
having
left
his
ships
in
their
Harbour
,
there
did
arise
on
a
sudden
so
great
a
tempest
that
he
lost
all
his
Fleet
with
the
greatest
part
of
his
Army
;
therefore
when
they
could
not
return
by
Sea
,
having
lost
all
their
ships
,
nor
durst
adventure
to
return
by
Land
with
so
small
an
Army
amongst
so
many
warlike
Nations
,
the
Heraclians
thinking
it
more
honourable
to
confer
a
benefit
then
to
revenge
a
discourtesie
,
did
send
them
home
furnished
both
with
Seamen
and
Provisions
,
believing
that
herein
they
had
provided
well
for
themselves
,
and
for
their
Fields
,
having
by
this
act
confirmd
those
to
be
their
friends
who
were
before
their
Enemies
.
Amongst
many
other
calamities
they
also
indured
the
heavie
burthen
of
Tyranny
;
for
when
the
common
people
did
too
impotently
demand
new
tables
and
a
levelling
proportion
to
be
shared
amongst
them
in
the
Fields
of
those
who
were
rich
,
the
business
being
often
debated
in
the
Senate
,
when
it
could
not
be
determined
,
the
Senate
desired
ayd
of
Timotheus
General
of
the
Athenians
,
and
not
long
after
of
Epaminondas
General
of
the
Thebans
:
but
both
of
them
refusing
it
,
they
had
recourse
to
Clearchus
whom
they
themselves
had
forced
into
banishment
:
So
great
was
the
necessity
of
their
calamities
,
that
they
called
him
back
to
the
defence
of
their
Countrie
,
whom
they
had
commanded
never
to
return
unto
it
.
But
Clearchus
returning
more
wicked
from
his
banishment
,
conceiving
this
dissention
of
the
people
to
be
a
prompt
occasion
offered
to
him
to
exercise
his
tyranny
,
he
had
first
a
conference
with
Mithridates
the
Enemy
of
his
Citizens
,
and
having
entred
into
a
League
,
he
compounded
with
him
to
be
made
his
Lieutenant
,
and
to
betray
the
City
to
him
as
soon
as
he
was
called
back
into
his
Country
.
Afterwards
he
turned
the
treachery
which
he
had
prepared
for
the
Citizens
against
Mithridates
himself
:
For
being
returned
from
banishment
,
as
the
Arbitrator
of
the
civil
discord
,
the
time
being
appointed
in
which
he
should
deliver
the
City
to
Mithridates
,
he
took
him
Prisoner
with
his
friends
,
and
having
received
a
vast
sum
of
money
for
his
ransom
,
he
delivered
him
being
taken
.
And
as
to
Mithrdates
he
suddenly
made
himself
an
Enemy
of
a
friend
,
so
being
called
back
to
defend
the
cause
of
the
Senate
,
he
immediately
became
the
Patron
of
the
people
,
and
not
only
incensed
the
people
against
the
Authors
of
the
power
,
by
whom
he
was
called
back
into
his
Country
,
and
by
whom
he
was
placed
at
the
helm
of
Government
,
but
exercised
his
usurped
power
in
the
highest
demonstrations
of
Cruelty
and
Tyranny
.
The
people
therefore
being
called
to
an
Assembly
,
he
declared
that
he
would
be
no
longer
present
nor
assist
the
Senate
in
their
rage
against
the
people
,
but
would
take
their
parts
if
they
persevered
in
their
former
cruelty
;
and
if
they
conceived
themselves
to
be
equal
in
strength
to
deal
with
them
,
he
would
depart
with
his
Souldiers
,
nor
have
any
hand
in
their
civil
discords
;
but
if
they
distrusted
in
their
own
strengths
,
he
would
not
be
wanting
to
be
a
Protector
to
in
them
.
He
desired
them
therefore
to
ask
counsel
of
themselves
,
whether
they
would
command
him
to
be
gone
or
to
remain
their
Companion
in
the
common
cause
.
The
people
being
excited
with
these
words
did
transfer
into
his
power
the
chief
Government
of
all
,
&
whiles
they
were
incensed
at
the
power
of
the
Senate
,
they
delivered
themselves
,
their
wives
,
and
children
,
unto
the
domination
of
a
Tyrant
.
Clearchus
having
seized
upon
threescore
of
the
Senators
(
for
the
rest
were
fled
away
)
did
throw
them
into
prison
,
being
laden
with
Irons
.
The
people
rejoyced
especially
that
the
Senate
were
overthrown
by
the
Captain
General
of
the
Senators
,
and
that
their
ayd
was
converted
into
their
destruction
;
and
Clearchus
threatned
sudden
death
to
every
one
of
them
on
purpose
to
raise
the
market
of
them
to
a
higher
rate
.
For
under
the
pretence
of
withdrawing
them
from
the
fury
of
the
people
,
having
received
from
them
great
sums
of
money
,
and
despoyled
them
of
their
fortunes
,
he
not
long
after
did
despoyl
them
of
their
lives
;
And
having
understood
that
war
was
made
against
him
by
those
Senators
who
fled
away
,
the
Cities
prompted
to
compassion
being
come
to
their
assistance
,
he
did
set
free
their
Servants
:
and
that
no
affliction
should
be
wanting
in
these
potent
Familes
,
he
enforced
their
wives
and
their
daughters
to
marry
their
own
Servants
,
death
being
proposed
to
every
one
that
should
refuse
it
;
by
this
means
he
thought
to
render
the
Servants
more
faithful
to
him
,
and
more
unreconcileable
to
their
masters
.
But
these
sad
Nuptials
were
made
more
grievous
by
the
sudden
Funerals
of
the
Matrons
;
for
many
of
them
before
their
Nuptials
,
and
some
on
the
very
day
in
which
they
were
marryed
,
having
first
killed
their
husbands
,
did
afterwards
kill
themselves
,
and
delivered
themselves
from
their
encreasing
calamities
by
the
vertue
of
an
ingenious
shame
.
Not
long
after
this
,
the
battel
was
fought
,
in
which
the
Tyrant
being
Conqueror
,
he
in
the
way
of
triumph
did
drag
the
conquered
Senators
before
the
faces
of
Citizens
,
and
being
returned
into
the
City
,
he
bound
some
of
them
,
he
racked
others
,
and
slew
many
;
there
was
no
place
free
from
his
cruelty
;
insolence
was
added
to
his
savageness
,
and
arrogance
to
his
fury
.
And
now
by
the
success
of
his
continual
felicity
he
did
forget
himself
to
be
a
man
,
and
did
call
himself
the
Son
of
Jupiter
.
When
he
would
be
seen
in
publick
,
a
golden
Eagle
was
born
before
him
in
the
honour
of
his
discent
:
His
body
was
cloathed
with
a
garment
of
Purple
;
he
did
wear
buskins
on
his
feet
after
the
custom
of
Tragick
Kings
,
and
a
Crown
of
Gold
upon
his
Head
:
He
also
called
his
Son
Ceraunus
,
that
he
might
delude
the
gods
not
onely
with
lyes
,
but
also
with
names
.
Two
of
the
most
noble
of
the
young
men
,
Chion
and
Leonides
,
complaining
at
these
things
with
indignation
,
and
resolved
to
deliver
their
Country
,
did
conspire
the
death
of
the
Tyrant
.
These
two
were
the
Scholars
of
Plato
the
Philosopher
,
who
desiring
to
exhibite
that
vertue
to
their
Country
to
which
they
daily
were
instructed
by
the
precepts
of
their
Master
,
they
did
prepare
an
Ambush
of
fifty
of
their
kindred
,
as
if
they
were
all
their
Clients
,
and
repairing
themselves
to
the
Tower
to
the
Kings
,
as
two
in
great
contestation
,
being
admitted
by
the
right
of
Familiarity
,
whiles
the
Tyrant
intentively
heard
the
former
of
them
pleading
his
cause
,
he
was
killed
by
the
other
;
but
their
friends
coming
in
not
timely
enough
to
their
assistance
,
they
were
both
cut
in
pieces
by
the
Guard
,
by
which
it
came
to
pass
that
the
Tyrant
indeed
was
killed
,
but
their
Country
was
not
delivered
;
For
Satyrus
the
brother
of
Clearchus
did
the
same
way
invade
the
Tyranny
,
and
Heraclia
for
many
yeers
by
degrees
of
succession
was
possessed
by
Tyrants
.
THE
Seventeenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
MUch
about
the
same
time
there
was
a
terrible
Earthquake
in
the
Countries
of
Hellespont
and
Chersonesus
,
in
which
though
they
trembled
all
over
,
yet
the
City
onely
of
Lysimachia
erected
by
Lysimachus
two
and
twenty
yeers
before
,
was
utterly
overthrown
,
which
portended
dismal
things
to
come
both
to
Lysimachus
and
to
his
Generation
,
and
the
ruine
of
the
Kingdom
with
the
desolation
of
the
afflicted
Countries
round
about
him
.
Neither
was
belief
wanting
to
the
prodigy
;
for
not
long
after
,
he
killed
his
Son
Agathocles
by
poyson
,
having
used
therein
the
assistance
of
his
Stepmother
Arsyrice
,
it
being
the
more
horribly
remarkable
;
for
(
having
ordained
him
into
the
succession
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
made
many
prosperous
wars
under
his
Conduct
)
he
now
hated
him
not
onely
beyond
the
obligation
of
a
Father
,
but
beyond
the
Example
of
Humanity
.
This
was
his
first
stain
and
the
beginning
of
his
growing
ruine
;
For
this
parricide
was
attended
with
the
slaughter
of
the
Princes
,
who
were
punished
to
death
because
they
lamented
the
death
of
the
young
man
.
Therefore
those
who
were
Commanders
in
his
Army
,
did
in
great
numbers
fall
away
from
him
to
Seleucus
,
&
enforced
him
(
being
prone
enough
before
out
of
the
emulation
of
glory
)
to
make
war
against
Lysimachus
.
This
was
the
last
contestation
betwixt
the
fellow
-
Souldiers
of
Alexander
,
and
(
as
it
were
)
reserved
by
Fortune
to
make
the
example
of
their
parallel
the
more
admirable
.
Lysimachus
was
seventy
and
four
yeers
of
age
,
and
Seleucus
seventy
and
seven
:
But
in
this
old
age
,
they
had
both
of
them
the
resolutions
of
youth
,
and
an
insatiable
desire
to
encrease
Soveraignty
of
Command
;
for
when
but
these
two
did
seem
as
it
were
to
be
masters
of
the
whole
world
,
they
were
shut
up
into
too
narrow
bounds
,
and
measured
the
end
of
their
lives
,
not
by
the
space
of
yeers
but
by
this
limits
of
their
Empire
.
In
that
war
Lysimachus
having
lost
▪
before
in
divers
charges
fifteen
sons
,
dying
not
uncouragiously
,
did
discend
into
the
Grave
himself
being
the
last
Hearse
of
all
his
Family
:
Seleucus
rejoycing
in
so
great
a
victory
,
and
which
he
conceived
to
be
greater
then
the
victory
,
that
he
was
the
last
that
lived
of
the
cohort
of
Alexander
,
and
a
Conquerour
of
the
Conquerors
,
did
vaunt
of
his
fortune
,
as
if
it
had
been
a
work
of
Divinity
,
and
above
the
condition
of
man
,
being
altogether
ignorant
,
that
not
long
afterwards
he
was
to
be
an
Example
himself
of
the
frailty
of
the
condition
of
man
;
for
at
the
end
of
seven
Moneths
he
was
slain
,
being
circumvented
by
the
treachery
of
Ptolomy
,
whose
sister
Lysimachus
had
marryed
,
and
lost
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
(
which
he
took
away
from
Lysimachus
)
together
with
his
life
.
Therefore
Ptolomy
being
ambitious
to
please
the
people
,
for
the
honour
of
the
memory
of
Ptolomy
the
Great
,
and
in
the
favour
of
the
revenge
of
Lysimachus
,
did
first
resolve
to
reconcile
unto
him
the
children
of
Lysimachus
,
and
desired
the
marriage
of
Arsinoe
his
own
sister
who
was
their
Mother
;
having
promised
to
adopt
them
his
own
Sons
,
thinking
thereby
that
they
would
attempt
nothing
against
him
,
being
restrained
by
their
duty
to
their
mother
,
and
by
their
calling
of
him
Father
.
He
desired
also
by
letters
the
friendship
of
his
brother
the
King
of
Aegypt
,
professing
that
he
would
forget
the
offence
of
his
succeeding
in
his
Fathers
Kingdom
,
&
would
demand
no
more
of
him
being
his
brother
,
the
injury
being
received
from
his
Father
:
With
all
his
Art
he
flattered
Eumenes
and
Antigonus
the
Sons
of
Demetrius
,
and
Antiochus
the
Son
of
Seleucus
,
against
whom
he
was
to
make
war
,
for
fear
a
third
Enemy
should
arise
unto
him
.
Neither
was
Pyrrhus
the
King
of
Epirus
omitted
,
it
being
of
great
concernment
to
what
party
he
became
a
friend
,
who
desiring
himself
to
master
them
all
,
did
labour
to
have
an
interest
in
every
party
.
Therefore
having
promised
to
assist
the
Tarentines
against
the
Romans
,
he
desired
ships
of
Antigonus
to
transport
his
Army
;
he
desired
moneys
of
Antiochus
who
was
more
considerable
both
in
men
and
money
;
he
desired
of
Ptolomy
the
ayd
of
the
Macedonian
Souldiers
;
Ptolomy
who
made
no
delay
to
gratifie
him
,
having
a
numerous
Army
,
did
lend
unto
him
for
the
space
of
two
yeers
,
and
no
longer
,
five
thousand
foot
,
four
thousand
horse
,
and
fifty
Elephants
,
for
which
Pyrrhus
having
taken
to
marriage
the
daughter
of
Ptolomy
,
did
leave
him
invested
in
the
Kingdom
.
But
because
we
are
come
to
the
mention
of
Epirus
,
we
must
deliver
a
few
things
concerning
the
Original
of
that
Kingdom
.
In
that
Countrey
was
first
of
all
the
Kingdom
of
the
Molossians
:
Afterwards
,
Pyrrhus
the
Son
of
Achilles
having
lost
his
Fathers
Kingdom
by
his
long
absence
in
the
Trojan
wars
,
did
plant
himself
in
this
Country
,
the
people
being
first
called
Pyrrhide
,
afterwards
Epirotae
:
But
Pyrrhus
when
he
came
to
ask
counsel
in
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
of
Dodona
,
he
there
saw
and
by
force
took
unto
him
Anassa
the
Niece
of
Hercules
,
by
whom
he
had
eight
children
:
He
marryed
those
who
were
Maids
to
the
neighboring
Kings
,
and
purchased
to
himself
great
Possessions
by
the
ayd
of
affinity
:
and
gave
unto
Helenus
the
Son
of
King
Priamus
for
his
singular
knowledge
in
Prophecy
the
Kingdom
of
Chaonia
,
and
Andromache
the
relict
of
Hector
to
wife
,
whom
in
the
division
of
the
Trojan
booty
he
took
unto
his
own
bed
.
Not
long
after
he
was
slain
at
Delphos
between
the
Altars
of
the
god
by
the
teachery
of
Orestes
the
Son
of
Agamemnon
.
Piales
his
Son
succeeded
him
and
by
order
of
succession
the
Kingdom
was
devolved
to
Arymbas
,
who
being
of
a
tenderage
,
and
the
onely
child
that
remayned
of
that
Regal
Family
,
had
Guardians
assigned
him
with
great
care
,
both
for
his
preservation
&
his
education
:
And
being
sent
to
Athens
to
be
instructed
there
,
he
was
so
much
the
more
acceptable
to
the
people
,
as
he
was
more
learned
then
all
his
Predecessors
▪
He
first
made
Laws
,
and
ordained
a
Senate
and
yearly
Magistrats
,
and
the
form
of
a
Commonwealth
;
and
as
the
Country
became
more
famous
by
Pyrrhus
,
so
it
was
reduced
to
more
humanity
under
the
Government
of
Arymbas
.
His
Son
was
named
Neoptolomus
,
from
whom
Olympias
was
immediately
discended
,
who
was
the
Mother
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
Alexander
who
after
him
enjoyed
the
Kingdom
of
Epirus
,
and
having
made
war
in
Italy
,
he
was
slain
amongst
the
Brutians
.
After
his
death
,
his
brother
Aeacides
succeeded
in
the
Kingdom
,
who
by
his
daily
wars
against
the
Macedonians
having
too
much
wearyed
and
exhausted
the
people
,
did
contract
the
hatred
of
the
Citizens
,
and
being
forced
into
banishment
by
them
,
he
left
his
Son
Pyrrhus
a
young
child
of
two
yeers
of
age
to
succeed
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
who
when
he
was
fought
for
by
the
people
to
be
put
to
death
by
reason
of
the
hatred
which
they
did
bear
unto
Father
,
he
was
privately
conveyed
to
the
Illyrians
,
and
delivered
to
Beroe
the
daughter
of
King
Glaucias
to
be
nursed
by
her
,
who
was
himself
of
the
Family
of
the
Aeacidans
;
The
King
either
in
the
compassion
of
his
fortune
,
or
delighted
with
his
sportfulness
,
did
not
onely
protect
him
a
long
time
against
Cassander
King
of
Macedonia
,
although
he
threatned
to
make
war
against
him
for
detaining
of
him
,
but
also
did
adopt
him
into
the
succession
of
the
Kingdom
,
with
which
the
Epirots
were
so
overcome
,
that
turning
their
Hatred
into
Pity
,
they
called
him
back
at
eleven
yeers
of
age
,
having
set
Guardians
over
him
,
who
were
to
govern
the
Kingdom
until
he
arrived
to
maturity
of
age
.
Being
a
young
man
,
he
made
many
wats
,
and
began
to
be
so
great
in
the
success
thereof
,
that
he
seemed
alone
to
be
able
to
defend
the
Tarentines
against
the
Romans
▪
THE
Eighteenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
PYrrhus
therefore
King
of
Epirus
,
being
again
wearyed
by
a
new
Embassie
of
the
Tarentines
,
and
by
the
Petitions
of
the
Lucanians
and
Samnites
who
also
needed
ayd
against
the
Romans
,
was
not
much
induced
by
the
Petitions
of
the
Suppliants
,
as
by
the
hope
of
invading
the
Empire
of
Italy
,
and
did
promise
that
he
would
assist
them
with
his
Army
.
The
E●
▪
amples
of
his
Ancestors
did
carry
him
on
med
violently
to
it
,
being
well
enclined
to
it
of
himself
,
that
he
might
not
seem
to
be
inferior
to
his
Uncle
Alexander
,
whom
the
same
Tarantines
used
as
their
Protector
against
the
Brutians
,
or
to
have
less
resolution
then
Alexander
the
Great
,
who
in
a
war
so
remote
from
his
own
Country
had
subdued
the
East
:
Therefore
having
left
his
Son
Ptolomy
about
the
fifteenth
yeer
of
his
age
to
be
the
Keeper
of
his
Kingdom
,
he
landed
his
Army
in
the
Haven
of
Tarentum
,
having
taken
with
him
his
two
young
Sons
Alexander
and
Helenus
,
to
be
some
solace
to
him
in
so
remote
an
Expedition
.
Valerius
Levinus
the
Roman
Consul
,
having
heard
of
his
arrival
,
did
march
towards
him
with
all
speed
,
with
a
resolution
to
give
him
battel
before
his
Auxiliaries
could
be
drawn
together
;
And
having
put
his
Army
in
array
,
the
King
though
inferiour
in
the
number
of
Souldiers
,
made
no
delay
to
encounter
him
:
The
Romans
being
Conquerors
,
at
first
were
amazed
,
and
enforced
to
forsake
the
battel
at
the
unusal
sight
and
charge
of
the
Elephants
;
these
strange
monsters
of
the
Macedonians
did
on
a
sudden
conquer
the
Conquerors
,
neither
had
their
Enemies
an
unbloody
victory
:
For
Pyrrhus
himself
was
grievously
wounded
,
and
〈◊〉
great
part
of
his
Souldiers
being
slain
,
he
〈◊〉
a
greater
glory
then
a
joy
of
the
Victory
.
Many
of
the
Cities
of
Italy
following
the
event
of
this
battel
,
did
deliver
themselves
to
Pyrrhus
;
Amongst
the
rest
,
the
Locri
having
betrayed
the
Roman
Garrison
did
submit
to
Pyrrhus
:
Pyrrhus
out
of
the
booty
which
he
took
,
sent
back
to
Rome
two
hundred
Souldiers
whom
he
had
taken
Prisoners
without
any
ransom
,
that
the
Romans
might
take
notice
as
well
of
his
liberality
as
of
his
valour
:
Some
time
being
passed
,
when
the
Army
of
the
Associates
were
drawn
altogether
,
he
joyned
in
battel
again
with
the
Romans
,
in
which
his
fortune
was
the
same
as
in
the
former
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Mago
the
General
of
the
Carthaginians
,
being
sent
with
one
hundred
and
twenty
ships
to
bring
Auxiliaries
to
the
Romans
,
did
address
himself
to
the
Senate
,
affirming
that
the
Carthaginians
did
deeply
resent
that
in
Italy
they
should
suffer
the
calamity
of
war
from
a
forraign
King
:
For
which
cause
he
was
sent
,
that
the
Romans
being
enfested
by
a
forraign
Enemy
,
they
should
also
be
relieved
by
a
forraign
Enemy
.
The
Senate
having
returned
their
hearty
thanks
to
the
Carthaginians
,
did
send
back
their
Auxiliaries
.
But
Mago
after
the
fine
subtilty
of
the
Punick
wit
,
after
a
few
days
did
repair
privately
to
Pyrrhus
as
a
peace-maker
from
the
Carthaginians
,
to
dive
into
his
Counsels
concerning
Sicily
,
to
which
place
Fame
reported
that
he
was
designed
.
And
indeed
,
that
was
the
cause
why
the
Romans
sent
back
the
Carthaginians
ayd
,
lest
Pyrrhus
in
the
war
with
Rome
,
being
detained
in
Italy
,
should
not
have
the
liberty
to
transport
his
Army
and
the
war
into
Sicily
.
Whiles
these
things
were
in
agitation
,
Fabricius
Lucinus
being
sent
Ambassador
from
the
Senate
of
Rome
,
did
conclude
a
peace
with
Pyrrhus
;
to
confirm
which
,
Cyneas
being
sent
to
Rome
with
great
presents
from
Pyrrhus
,
found
not
any
whose
hand
was
open
to
entertain
them
:
There
was
almost
at
the
same
time
,
another
Example
of
the
same
continuance
of
the
Romans
;
for
an
Ambassie
being
sent
from
the
Senate
into
Aegypt
,
when
they
had
refused
great
gifts
offered
to
them
by
King
Ptolomy
,
some
few
days
after
being
invited
to
a
supper
,
they
had
Crowns
of
Gold
sent
to
them
,
which
having
received
in
a
complement
of
an
honour
,
the
next
day
they
imposed
them
on
the
Statues
of
the
King
.
Cyneas
when
he
brought
back
word
that
the
Peace
with
the
Romans
was
disturbed
by
Appius
Claudius
,
Pyrrhus
demanded
of
him
what
manner
of
City
Rome
was
;
He
made
answer
,
That
it
seemed
to
him
to
be
a
City
all
of
Kings
.
After
this
,
the
Ambassadors
of
Sicily
came
to
Pyrrhus
,
delivering
to
him
the
command
of
the
whole
Iland
,
which
was
extreamly
harrassed
with
the
daily
wars
of
the
Carthaginians
.
Therefore
having
left
his
Son
Alexander
at
Locri
,
and
put
strong
Garrisons
into
the
Cities
,
he
passed
over
with
his
Army
into
Sicily
.
And
because
mention
hath
been
made
of
the
Carthaginians
,
we
will
speak
something
of
their
original
,
the
Genealogy
of
the
Tyrians
being
to
be
extracted
from
many
generations
,
whose
conditions
also
were
much
to
be
lamented
.
The
Nation
of
the
Tyrians
discended
from
the
Phoenicians
;
who
being
shaken
with
an
Earthquake
,
having
abandoned
their
Country
,
did
first
inhabit
the
Assyrian
marsh
,
and
not
long
afterwards
the
shoar
next
unto
the
Sea
where
they
builded
a
City
and
called
it
Sidon
,
from
the
abundance
that
was
there
of
fishes
;
for
the
Phoenicians
call
a
fish
Sidon
;
After
the
process
of
many
yeers
,
being
overcome
by
King
Ascalon
,
they
took
shipping
again
,
and
did
build
the
City
of
Tyre
in
the
yeer
before
the
destruction
of
Troy
;
and
being
long
and
variously
wearied
with
the
wars
of
the
Persians
,
they
were
Conqueros
at
the
last
;
but
their
Forces
being
exhausted
,
they
endured
unworthy
punishments
by
their
own
Servants
at
that
time
abounding
in
their
multitudes
,
who
having
made
a
conspiracy
,
did
kill
all
the
free
people
and
their
masters
with
them
;
and
possessing
themselves
of
the
City
,
they
enjoyed
the
Houses
of
their
Masters
,
they
invaded
the
Commonwealth
,
they
marryed
wives
and
begat
children
.
One
amongst
so
many
thousands
of
the
slaves
,
being
of
a
better
disposition
,
and
prompted
to
take
compassion
on
the
old
man
his
Master
and
his
little
Son
,
did
not
kill
them
with
cruelty
,
but
look'd
upon
them
with
pious
pity
and
humanity
;
therefore
when
he
had
removed
them
out
of
the
way
,
as
if
they
had
been
slain
,
the
slaves
taking
into
consideration
the
present
condition
of
their
Republick
,
they
thought
it
expedient
to
have
a
King
created
out
of
their
own
Corporation
,
and
to
make
choyce
of
him
as
most
acceptable
to
the
gods
,
who
first
could
discover
the
rising
Sun
.
This
design
he
acquainted
Strato
with
,
for
so
his
Masters
name
was
called
whom
he
had
privately
conceald
:
and
being
by
him
instructed
of
the
place
of
the
Randezvous
,
when
at
midnight
they
came
all
forth
into
one
Field
,
the
others
looking
towards
the
East
,
he
alone
did
turn
himself
towards
the
West
;
It
appeared
unto
them
a
madness
to
look
for
the
rising
of
the
Sun
in
the
Hemiphere
of
the
West
:
But
when
the
day
brake
forth
,
and
the
Sun
began
to
shine
on
the
highest
tops
of
all
their
Cities
;
others
expecting
that
they
should
in
the
East
behold
the
rising
of
the
Sun
,
he
showed
them
in
the
West
the
fulgor
of
it
,
where
it
did
gild
the
Pinnacles
of
their
Temples
.
The
device
appeared
to
exceed
the
apprehension
of
a
slave
;
and
Strato
being
examined
,
he
confessed
that
he
had
been
one
of
their
Masters
:
Then
they
understood
how
much
ingenious
understandings
were
superiour
to
the
servile
,
and
that
slaves
may
overcome
in
numbers
and
malice
,
but
not
in
wisdom
;
pardon
therefore
was
granted
to
the
old
man
and
his
Son
;
and
as
if
they
had
been
preserved
by
Providence
,
they
immediately
created
Strato
their
King
;
after
whose
death
the
Kingdom
passed
to
his
Son
,
and
afterwards
to
his
Grandsons
.
This
outragious
villany
of
the
slaves
,
was
everywhere
reported
as
an
Example
to
be
feared
over
all
the
World
:
Therefore
in
the
process
of
time
,
when
Alexander
the
Great
made
war
in
the
East
,
having
sacked
the
City
of
the
Tyrians
,
he
lastned
all
to
the
Cross
who
remained
alive
,
as
the
Revenger
of
the
publick
security
in
the
remembrance
of
this
their
ancient
slaughter
;
But
he
preserved
the
Family
of
Strato
inviolate
,
and
restored
the
Kingdom
to
his
posterity
;
ingenuous
and
innocent
Inhabitants
being
commanded
to
inhabit
that
City
,
and
so
the
servile
race
being
utterly
extirpated
,
a
new
generation
of
Citizens
was
erected
.
The
Tyrians
being
thus
founded
by
the
auspication
of
Alexander
,
did
soon
grow
rich
by
thrift
and
industry
:
But
before
the
murders
committed
on
their
Masters
,
when
they
abounded
both
in
wealth
&
numbers
,
having
sent
a
Colony
into
Africa
,
they
builded
the
City
of
Vtica
:
In
the
mean
time
,
the
King
of
Tyrus
deceased
,
having
left
Heirs
Pygmalion
his
Son
,
and
Eliza
his
daughter
,
a
Virgin
of
an
excellent
beauty
;
The
people
delivered
the
Kingdom
to
Pygmalion
a
boy
of
a
very
tender
age
.
Eliza
marryed
her
Uncle
Sichaeus
the
Priest
of
Hercules
,
which
was
an
honour
next
unto
the
King
.
He
had
great
but
concealed
treasures
,
and
for
fear
of
the
King
he
did
hide
his
gold
,
not
in
Houses
or
Coffers
,
but
in
the
Earth
,
which
though
it
was
unknown
to
men
,
yet
Fame
reveal'd
it
to
Pygmalion
,
who
being
transported
with
an
insatiable
desire
of
it
,
and
forgetting
all
respects
of
nature
and
humanity
,
did
impiously
kill
his
Uncle
,
who
was
also
his
brother-in-law
.
Eliza
for
a
long
time
could
not
endure
the
presence
of
Pygmalion
by
reason
of
the
horrid
murder
he
had
committed
;
at
the
last
,
having
dissembled
her
hatred
,
and
made
more
smooth
her
brow
,
she
privately
attempted
to
fly
away
,
and
having
taken
into
her
society
some
of
the
Princes
who
were
equally
exasperated
against
the
King
,
she
truly
conceived
that
they
had
the
same
desire
to
make
an
escape
with
her
.
After
this
she
made
her
deceitful
addresses
to
her
brother
,
and
represented
to
him
that
she
had
a
desire
to
live
in
his
Court
,
that
the
house
of
her
Husband
might
no
longer
renew
any
subject
of
grief
unto
her
,
she
being
desirous
to
forget
him
,
and
that
no
longer
the
imagination
of
him
might
reflect
so
sad
upon
her
.
Pygmalion
did
give
no
unwilling
eare
to
these
words
of
his
sister
,
thinking
that
with
her
the
gold
of
Sychaeus
would
come
along
unto
him
.
But
Eliza
in
the
dusk
of
the
evening
,
did
put
into
the
ships
not
onely
the
goods
but
the
servants
of
the
King
,
who
were
sent
by
him
to
attend
her
in
his
removal
to
the
Court
:
and
being
carryed
into
the
main
,
she
commanded
them
to
throw
into
the
Sea
some
great
bags
and
sacks
of
sand
,
which
she
said
were
all
bags
of
gold
,
and
so
made
up
and
corded
,
that
by
their
handling
they
could
not
discover
what
the
heavie
burden
was
.
Then
she
melting
into
tears
,
did
implore
Sichaeus
with
a
mournful
voyce
,
that
favourably
he
would
receive
his
own
wealth
which
he
left
,
and
take
those
as
sacrifices
to
his
grave
which
were
the
cause
of
his
death
:
After
this
,
she
sent
for
the
servants
of
the
King
,
and
declared
to
them
,
that
for
her
part
,
she
wished
for
death
many
yeers
ago
,
but
grievous
and
dismal
torments
did
hang
over
their
own
heads
,
who
had
taken
to
satisfie
the
avarice
of
the
Tyrant
,
the
wealth
of
Sychaeus
,
for
the
hope
of
which
the
King
had
murdered
him
.
These
words
having
shot
a
general
fear
into
them
,
she
took
them
along
with
her
as
the
companions
of
her
flight
,
and
on
that
night
also
a
prepared
company
of
Senators
did
unite
themselves
unto
her
,
and
under
pretence
of
renewing
the
Sacrifices
in
the
honour
of
Hercules
,
whose
Priest
Sichaeus
was
,
they
sought
new
habitations
by
a
wilful
banishment
.
Sayling
along
the
Coast
,
they
were
first
driven
into
the
I
le
of
Cyprus
,
where
the
Priest
of
Jupiter
by
the
admonition
of
the
god
,
did
offer
himself
a
companion
to
Eliza
,
with
his
wife
and
children
,
to
be
a
partaker
of
her
fortune
,
having
agreed
with
her
to
have
for
himself
and
his
posterity
the
perpetual
honor
of
the
Priesthood
.
The
condition
was
taken
for
a
manifest
token
of
a
good
fortune
to
come
.
It
was
the
custom
of
the
Cyprians
to
send
their
Virgins
on
set
days
before
their
marriage
to
the
Sea-shore
,
to
provide
themselves
a
Dowry
by
the
use
of
their
bodies
,
and
to
offer
sacrifice
afterwards
to
Venus
for
the
rest
of
their
chastity
:
Eliza
commanded
that
fourscore
of
the
youngest
of
them
should
be
taken
away
and
carryed
to
her
ships
,
that
so
both
the
young
men
she
took
with
her
might
enjoy
wives
,
and
her
City
grew
numerous
by
Posterity
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Pygmalion
having
understood
the
flight
of
her
sister
,
and
resolving
to
prosecute
her
with
an
impious
war
,
he
was
with
much
difficulty
restrained
by
the
entreaties
of
his
Mother
,
and
by
the
threatnings
of
the
gods
,
the
Prophets
by
inspirations
presaging
to
him
,
that
he
should
not
go
unpunished
,
if
he
hindred
the
beginnings
of
a
City
,
which
promised
to
be
the
most
flourishing
one
in
the
World
;
by
this
means
Eliza
and
those
who
fled
with
her
,
had
leave
to
breathe
;
therefore
being
brought
into
the
Coasts
of
Africa
,
she
sollicited
the
Inhabitants
,
rejoycing
at
the
arrival
of
Strangers
▪
and
the
Commerce
of
Traffick
with
them
,
to
make
friendship
with
her
:
Having
then
bought
a
place
no
larger
then
what
might
be
incompassed
with
the
Hide
of
an
Ox
,
in
which
she
might
refresh
her
Associates
,
weary
with
their
long
travel
,
until
she
advanced
further
;
she
divided
and
did
cut
the
Hide
into
long
and
thin
thongs
,
by
which
artifice
she
gained
a
far
larger
extent
of
ground
then
she
seemed
to
desire
,
by
reason
whereof
the
place
was
afterwards
call'd
,
The
Burss
.
The
Neighbors
out
of
every
Country
in
a
short
time
,
did
in
great
numbers
resort
thither
,
and
in
hope
of
gain
brought
many
things
to
be
bought
by
their
new
Guests
,
and
making
Booths
to
vent
their
Commodities
,
it
appeared
by
the
frequency
of
the
people
,
like
a
new
City
.
The
Ambassadors
also
of
the
Vticensians
did
bring
presents
to
them
as
to
their
kindred
,
and
did
exhort
them
to
build
a
City
where
they
had
made
their
mansion
.
The
Africans
also
had
a
great
desire
to
entertain
these
new
Inhabitants
;
therefore
Carthage
was
builded
by
the
general
consent
of
all
the
Tyrians
,
paying
a
yeerly
Tribute
for
the
ground
on
which
the
City
was
builded
:
In
the
first
foundations
of
the
City
,
there
was
found
the
head
of
a
Bullock
,
which
was
the
token
indeed
of
a
fruitful
Earth
,
but
of
a
labourious
and
a
servile
City
;
wherefore
they
translated
the
City
into
another
place
;
There
the
head
of
an
horse
,
(
portending
that
they
should
be
a
wa●like
and
powerful
people
)
did
give
a
happy
auspication
to
the
original
of
their
City
.
The
Nations
coming
in
throngs
to
give
their
judgement
on
this
new
City
,
in
a
short
time
,
both
the
people
and
the
City
were
greatly
enlarged
.
The
affairs
of
the
Carthaginians
flourishing
thus
in
continual
success
,
Hiarbas
King
of
the
Mauritanians
having
sent
ten
of
his
Princes
to
them
,
he
demanded
Eliza
for
wife
,
and
threatned
to
make
war
upon
them
if
they
should
deny
him
:
The
Ambassadors
fearing
to
declare
their
Message
to
the
Queen
,
they
dealed
with
her
according
to
the
capritiousness
of
the
Punick
apprehension
,
and
expressed
to
her
that
the
King
desired
to
have
one
who
should
teach
the
Africans
more
refined
Arts
and
manners
;
but
none
of
their
own
consanguinity
could
be
found
who
would
come
unto
them
living
like
Barbarians
,
and
not
to
be
distinguished
from
the
manners
of
beasts
▪
Being
then
reproved
by
the
Queen
if
they
themselves
would
refuse
any
difficulty
or
travel
for
the
improvement
of
their
Country
,
to
which
if
necessity
did
require
,
they
did
owe
their
lives
,
they
delivered
to
the
Queen
the
mandats
of
the
King
,
alledging
that
if
she
intended
well
to
her
own
City
,
she
must
do
that
her self
which
she
prescribed
unto
others
.
Being
circumvented
by
this
deceit
,
having
with
many
tears
and
great
lamentation
invoked
the
name
of
Sichaeus
,
she
at
last
made
answer
,
That
she
would
go
whether
her
own
stubborn
fortunes
and
the
destinies
of
her
City
did
call
her
.
For
which
having
taken
the
space
of
three
Monthes
,
she
at
the
end
thereof
,
erected
a
huge
pile
of
wood
in
the
Suburbs
of
her
City
,
and
as
she
would
appease
the
ghost
of
her
Husband
,
she
slew
many
sacrifices
;
and
having
a
drawn
sword
in
her
had
,
she
did
ascend
the
funeral
pile
,
and
looking
back
on
her
people
,
she
told
them
that
she
would
go
to
her
Husband
accordingly
as
he
had
enjoined
her
,
and
ended
her
life
with
the
sword
:
As
long
as
Carthage
was
unconquered
,
she
was
afterwards
honoured
for
a
Goddess
.
This
City
was
builded
before
Rome
threescore
and
twelve
yeers
,
and
as
it
was
famous
for
war
,
so
the
state
thereof
at
home
was
troubled
with
much
contention
.
When
amongst
many
other
calamities
,
they
were
afflicted
also
with
the
plague
,
they
used
the
Religion
of
a
most
bloody
devotion
,
&
an
abhomination
for
their
remedy
,
for
they
offered
men
in
Sacrifice
,
and
laid
their
children
on
their
bloody
Altars
,
whose
Infancy
would
have
provoked
their
Enemies
to
compassion
,
and
with
their
blood
they
desired
peace
of
the
gods
,
for
whose
life
the
gods
were
accustomed
by
other
Nations
to
be
devoutly
importuned
.
The
gods
therefore
being
averse
to
so
horrid
an
impiety
,
when
a
long
time
they
had
fought
unfortunately
in
Sicily
,
the
war
being
translated
into
Sardina
,
they
were
overthrown
in
a
great
battel
,
having
lost
the
best
part
of
their
Army
,
for
which
they
commanded
Macheus
(
under
whose
conduct
they
had
subdued
a
part
of
Sicily
,
and
performed
great
atchievements
against
the
Africans
)
to
be
banished
with
the
part
of
the
Army
which
remained
:
Which
the
Souldiers
took
so
heavily
,
that
they
sent
Ambassadors
to
Carthage
,
who
in
the
first
place
were
to
desire
the
liberty
to
return
into
their
Country
,
and
a
pardon
for
their
unhappy
warfare
,
and
if
not
,
to
declare
unto
them
,
That
if
they
could
not
obtain
it
by
entreaties
,
they
would
command
it
by
arms
.
When
the
threatnings
as
well
as
the
Petitions
of
the
Ambassadors
were
despised
,
they
not
long
after
having
embarked
themselves
▪
did
advance
in
arms
unto
the
City
.
There
having
called
both
the
gods
and
men
to
witness
,
that
they
came
not
to
ruine
,
but
to
be
restored
to
their
Country
,
and
to
manifest
to
the
Citizens
,
that
in
the
managing
of
the
former
war
,
they
wanted
not
valour
,
but
fortune
,
having
besieged
the
City
,
and
cut
off
all
provisions
from
coming
to
it
,
they
brought
the
Carthaginians
to
the
lowest
desperation
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Cartalo
the
Son
of
the
banished
Machaeus
,
when
he
was
sent
for
by
his
Father
,
as
he
passed
by
the
Leaguer
in
his
return
from
Tyre
(
to
which
place
he
was
sent
by
the
Carthaginians
to
carry
the
Tenths
to
Hercules
out
of
the
Sicilian
prey
,
which
his
Father
took
)
he
returned
answer
,
That
he
would
first
discharge
the
obligations
of
publick
Religion
before
the
duties
of
private
piety
;
This
answer
,
although
it
much
troubled
his
Father
,
yet
he
durst
not
offer
any
violence
to
Religion
;
Not
long
after
,
the
people
having
made
Cartalo
their
Agent
,
to
desire
that
Machaeus
would
suffer
provisions
to
be
brought
with
safety
to
the
City
,
when
he
came
unto
his
Father
,
being
cloathed
in
purple
and
the
fillets
of
the
Priesthood
hanging
down
from
his
Miter
,
his
Father
calling
him
aside
did
speak
unto
him
;
And
how
darest
thou
,
wretch
as
thou
art
,
to
approach
into
the
presence
of
so
many
miserable
Citizens
cloathed
in
that
purple
&
glistering
with
gold
!
How
darest
thou
,
as
it
were
in
triumph
to
enter
into
our
sad
mournful
Tents
,
in
such
a
slowing
habit
and
ornaments
of
quiet
felicity
!
Couldst
thou
finde
none
else
to
whom
to
vaunt
thy self
?
was
there
no
place
so
fit
for
thee
as
this
Camp
,
where
is
nothing
to
be
represented
,
but
the
sordid
condition
of
thy
Father
,
and
the
reproaches
of
his
unhappy
banishment
?
Not
many
daies
since
being
sent
for
by
me
,
thou
didst
not
onely
proudly
despise
(
I
will
not
say
)
thy
Father
,
but
I
am
confident
,
the
General
of
thy
own
Citizens
;
And
what
shewest
thou
more
in
that
purple
,
and
those
Crowns
,
then
the
titles
of
my
Victories
?
Since
therefore
,
thou
wilt
acknowledge
nothing
of
a
Father
,
but
the
title
onely
of
a
banished
man
,
I
am
resolved
to
shew
my self
not
like
a
Father
but
a
Souldier
,
and
I
will
make
thee
an
Example
that
none
hereafter
shall
be
so
bold
as
to
scorn
the
unhappy
miseries
of
his
Father
;
having
said
this
,
he
commanded
him
to
be
fastned
to
a
most
high
Cross
,
in
his
gorgeous
habiliments
in
the
sight
of
the
whole
City
.
Some
few
days
afterwards
he
surprized
Carthage
,
and
having
called
forth
the
people
to
an
Assembly
,
he
complained
of
the
injury
of
his
banishment
,
he
excused
the
necessity
of
the
war
,
he
forgave
the
contempt
of
his
former
Victories
,
&
having
punished
the
chief
Authors
of
the
injurious
banishment
of
the
miserable
Citizens
,
he
pardoned
all
the
rest
;
And
having
put
to
death
ten
of
the
Senators
,
he
restored
the
City
to
her
former
Laws
.
And
not
long
after
being
accused
to
have
affected
the
Kingdom
,
he
suffered
double
punishment
,
both
for
the
murder
of
his
Son
,
and
for
the
violation
of
the
liberties
of
his
Country
.
In
his
place
Mago
was
chosen
General
,
by
whose
industry
and
courage
the
wealth
of
the
Carthaginians
,
and
the
limits
of
their
Empire
,
and
their
glory
in
the
affairs
of
war
increased
.
THE
Nineteenth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
MAgo
the
General
of
the
Carthaginians
,
having
established
their
government
by
an
orderly
course
of
military
Discipline
,
and
confirmed
the
strength
of
that
City
,
as
well
by
the
art
of
war
as
by
his
policy
,
deceased
,
having
left
behind
him
two
Sons
,
Asdrubal
and
Amilcar
,
who
treading
in
the
pathes
of
their
Fathers
vertue
,
did
succeed
as
well
in
the
greatness
,
as
in
the
genealogy
of
their
Father
.
Under
their
conduct
war
made
against
the
Illyrians
:
They
fought
also
against
the
Africans
,
demanding
the
Tribute
for
the
ground
of
their
City
,
the
payment
whereof
for
many
yeers
was
neglected
:
But
as
the
cause
of
the
Africans
was
more
just
,
so
their
fortune
was
better
;
And
the
war
was
concluded
with
them
not
by
Arms
,
but
with
the
payment
of
the
moneys
:
And
Asdrubal
being
grievously
wounded
,
dyed
in
Sardinia
,
having
delivered
up
the
Government
to
his
brother
Amilcar
:
The
general
lamentation
in
the
City
,
and
his
eleven
Dictatorships
,
and
four
Triumphs
,
did
make
his
death
the
more
remarkable
.
The
courage
also
of
the
Enemy
did
encrease
,
as
if
the
Carthaginians
had
lost
their
Army
with
their
Captain
;
The
people
therefore
of
Sicilia
having
addressed
themselves
to
Leonidas
brother
of
the
King
of
the
Spartans
(
by
reason
of
the
daily
injuries
committed
by
the
Carthanigians
)
the
war
between
them
continued
long
with
various
success
.
Whiles
these
things
were
in
action
,
Ambassadors
came
to
Carthage
from
Darius
King
of
the
Persians
,
bringing
an
Edict
with
them
,
in
which
the
Carthaginians
were
forbidden
to
sacrifice
men
upon
their
Altars
,
as
also
to
eat
the
flesh
of
dogs
,
they
were
also
commanded
to
burn
,
and
not
to
bury
in
the
ground
the
bodies
of
the
dead
;
they
desired
also
ayd
of
the
Carthaginians
against
the
Grecians
,
on
whom
Darius
was
resolved
to
make
war.
But
the
Carthaginians
refusing
to
send
Auxiliaries
by
reason
of
the
daily
wars
with
their
Neighbors
,
did
readily
obey
him
in
the
rest
,
lest
that
they
might
seem
to
be
obstinate
altogether
.
Amilcar
in
the
mean
time
was
killed
in
the
Sicilian
war
,
having
left
behind
him
three
Sons
,
Hamilco
,
Hanno
,
and
Gisco
.
Asdrubal
also
had
the
same
number
of
Sons
,
Annibal
,
Asdrubal
,
and
Sapho
,
by
whom
the
affairs
of
the
Carthaginians
were
governed
in
those
times
;
they
invaded
the
Mauritanians
,
and
fought
against
the
Numidians
;
and
the
Africans
were
compelled
to
remit
the
Tribute
which
was
demanded
for
their
City
:
Afterwards
when
so
a
great
a
Family
of
the
chief
Commanders
began
to
be
heavie
to
the
City
,
because
they
did
act
and
determine
all
things
of
themselves
,
the
City
made
choyce
of
one
hundred
of
the
Senators
,
unto
whom
the
Generals
(
returning
from
the
war
)
were
to
give
an
account
of
what
they
had
done
for
the
publick
service
,
that
being
under
the
power
of
this
supream
Court
,
they
might
so
in
war
dispose
of
their
Commands
,
that
they
might
have
a
regard
to
Justice
and
to
the
Laws
at
home
.
Amilco
succeeded
General
in
Sicily
in
the
place
of
Amilcar
,
who
when
he
made
many
successful
encounters
,
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
did
at
last
on
a
sudden
,
lose
all
his
Army
by
the
rage
of
a
pestilential
Planet
.
Which
when
it
was
reported
at
Carthage
,
the
City
was
so
full
of
sorrow
and
lamentation
,
as
if
it
had
been
taken
it self
:
The
shops
and
houses
were
shut
up
;
so
were
the
Temples
of
the
gods
;
no
publick
duties
of
religion
were
performed
,
and
all
Offices
intermitted
which
belonged
to
the
administration
of
justice
.
They
all
slocked
in
throngs
to
the
Haven
,
and
asked
those
few
who
came
out
of
the
ships
(
who
escaped
the
fury
of
the
mortality
)
how
their
Sons
and
kinsmen
did
;
and
when
they
were
assured
of
their
deaths
,
of
which
before
they
were
uncertain
,
and
were
in
some
hopes
that
the
Reports
were
false
,
they
filled
all
the
shoar
with
their
lamentations
;
nothing
was
heard
but
sighes
and
throbs
,
and
the
sad
complaints
of
the
unhappy
Parents
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
distressed
General
Amilco
came
down
out
of
his
own
ship
,
raggedly
cloathed
,
and
in
the
habit
of
a
servant
;
the
multitudes
of
the
mourners
pressed
round
about
him
to
behold
him
;
And
he
amongst
the
rest
lifting
up
his
hands
to
Heaven
,
sometimes
bewailed
his
own
,
and
sometimes
the
publick
fortune
;
sometime
he
accused
the
gods
who
took
from
them
so
many
Ornaments
and
Trophies
of
the
war
,
and
of
the
victories
which
they
had
given
them
,
and
had
destroyed
the
victorious
Army
,
not
by
war
but
pestilence
,
so
many
Cities
being
taken
,
and
the
Enemies
so
often
overcome
in
the
battels
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
Howsoever
,
he
said
,
he
brought
some
comfort
to
the
Citizens
,
that
the
Enemies
though
they
might
rejoyce
,
yet
they
could
not
glory
in
their
calamity
,
for
they
could
neither
say
,
that
those
who
were
dead
were
killed
,
or
that
those
who
returned
,
were
routed
by
them
.
The
booty
he
said
,
which
the
Enemy
found
in
their
abandoned
Tents
,
was
not
such
as
they
could
boast
to
be
the
spoyls
of
a
conquered
Enemy
,
but
such
as
by
the
casual
deaths
of
their
Masters
,
they
had
seized
upon
,
being
poor
and
transitory
things
,
which
no
body
was
left
to
own
;
&
that
in
relation
to
their
enemies
,
they
departed
Conquerors
,
but
in
the
relation
to
the
plagues
,
they
departed
conquered
:
Howsoever
,
he
affirmed
that
he
took
nothing
more
neer
unto
his
heart
,
then
that
he
could
not
die
himself
amongst
so
many
most
valiant
men
,
and
was
preserved
not
for
any
delight
which
he
took
in
life
,
but
onely
to
be
the
sport
of
calamity
;
yet
nevertheless
,
having
brought
the
miserable
relicks
of
his
Army
to
Carthage
,
he
would
follow
also
himself
his
deceased
Souldiers
,
and
would
make
it
apparent
to
his
Country
,
that
he
did
not
continue
to
that
day
,
because
he
had
a
minde
to
live
,
but
that
he
would
not
by
his
death
,
betray
these
whom
the
direful
pestilence
had
spared
,
by
leaving
them
amongst
the
Armies
of
their
Enemies
.
With
this
Resolution
and
complaint
,
having
entred
the
City
,
as
he
came
to
the
threshold
of
his
own
door
,
he
dismissed
the
multitude
that
followed
him
with
his
last
Farewel
unto
them
,
and
having
locked
the
door
,
with
his
sword
he
put
a
period
to
his
own
life
,
not
admitting
any
,
not
so
much
as
his
own
Sons
to
come
unto
him
.
THE
Twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
THe
Carthaginians
being
driven
out
of
Sicily
,
Dionysius
seized
upon
the
command
of
the
whole
Iland
,
and
thinking
so
great
an
Army
without
action
would
be
prejudicial
to
his
Kingdom
,
he
transported
his
forces
into
Italy
,
that
the
Souldiers
should
be
both
exercised
with
continual
labor
,
and
the
bounds
of
his
Kingdom
enlarged
;
His
first
war
there
was
amongst
the
Grecians
who
enhabited
the
next
Coasts
of
the
Italian
Sea
,
who
beings
overcome
,
he
assaulted
all
their
Neighbors
,
and
destined
to
himself
all
the
Grecians
that
possessed
Italy
,
who
at
that
time
enjoyed
not
onely
a
part
but
almost
all
Italy
;
for
many
Cities
after
so
great
a
Tract
of
Antiquity
,
do
to
this
day
demonstrate
that
they
received
their
original
from
the
Grecians
.
For
the
people
of
Tuscany
,
who
inhabit
the
Coast
of
the
lower
Sea
,
did
come
from
Lydia
;
And
Troy
being
taken
and
sacked
,
did
send
forth
the
Venetians
,
who
are
the
Inhabitants
on
the
Coasts
of
the
upper
Sea
under
Antenor
their
Commander
;
Adria
also
which
is
washed
by
the
Illyrian
Sea
,
is
a
Greek
City
which
gives
a
name
to
the
Adriatick
,
and
so
is
Arpos
which
(
Troy
being
overthrown
)
Diomedes
builded
,
being
brought
by
shipwrack
into
that
place
;
Pisca
also
amongst
the
Ligurians
,
is
beholding
to
the
Graecians
for
her
original
.
And
amongst
the
Tuscans
,
Tarquinia
derives
her
beginning
from
the
Thessalians
,
and
the
Spinambrians
and
Perusians
from
the
Achaians
;
What
shall
I
speak
of
the
City
Cere
,
and
the
Latine
people
who
seem
to
be
planted
by
Aeneas
?
And
are
not
the
Falicians
,
Japigians
,
Nolans
,
Abelans
,
Plantations
from
Calcedo
in
Greece
?
What
shall
I
speak
of
all
the
Provinces
of
Campania
?
What
shall
I
speak
of
the
Brutians
,
Sabinians
,
and
the
Samnits
?
what
of
the
Tarentins
which
we
have
read
did
come
from
Lacedaemon
,
and
were
called
Spurii
.
It
is
recorded
that
Philoctetes
did
build
the
City
of
the
Thurins
,
whose
Monument
is
yet
to
be
seen
in
that
place
;
As
also
the
Arrows
of
Hercules
which
were
the
first
ruine
of
Troy
,
are
to
be
seen
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
.
The
Metapontins
also
do
shew
in
the
Temple
of
Minerva
those
Tools
of
Iron
with
which
Epeus
,
from
whom
they
are
derived
,
did
build
the
Trojan
horse
;
by
reason
of
these
Inhabitants
,
all
that
part
of
Italy
is
called
Graecia
major
.
But
in
the
beginning
of
these
Originals
,
the
Metapontins
with
the
Sybarits
and
Crotonians
,
did
resolve
to
drive
all
the
other
Grecians
out
of
Italy
;
and
having
first
of
all
taken
by
force
the
City
of
Syris
,
they
killed
fifty
young
men
,
embracing
the
Image
of
Minerva
,
and
the
Priestess
her self
amongst
the
Altars
of
the
Goddess
,
having
on
her
the
Sacerdotial
ornaments
.
Wherefore
when
they
were
punished
with
pestilence
and
sedition
;
the
Crotonians
first
of
all
repaired
to
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
for
a
remedy
,
to
whom
it
was
answered
,
That
an
end
to
their
calamity
would
ensue
,
if
they
would
pacifie
the
violated
power
of
Minerva
,
and
the
ghosts
of
the
slaughtered
young
men
:
Therefore
when
they
began
in
the
first
place
to
erect
the
Statue
of
Minerva
;
and
afterwards
of
the
young
men
according
to
the
just
proportion
of
their
bodies
,
the
Metapontins
having
understood
the
Oracle
of
the
gods
,
did
resolve
to
be
as
forward
in
the
Religion
as
they
,
and
erected
small
Images
of
stone
to
the
young
men
,
and
pacified
the
goddess
with
Manufactures
of
Wool
.
And
thus
the
Plague
was
ceased
in
both
places
,
the
one
striving
who
should
exceed
in
magnificence
,
and
the
other
in
swiftness
:
The
Crotonians
being
recovered
to
their
health
,
were
not
long
quiet
.
But
being
discontented
,
that
in
the
taking
of
the
City
of
Syris
,
the
Locrensians
did
send
Auxiliaries
against
them
,
they
made
war
upon
them
,
which
so
troubled
the
Locrensians
,
that
they
besought
ayd
of
the
Lacedemonians
;
The
Lacedemonians
being
unwilling
to
employ
their
forces
into
so
remote
a
war
,
did
advise
them
to
crave
ayd
of
Castor
&
Pollux
;
Neither
did
the
Ambassadors
despise
the
counsel
of
their
friends
;
And
departing
to
the
next
Temple
,
having
offered
sacrifice
,
they
implored
the
assistance
of
the
gods
,
and
having
obtained
as
they
thought
what
they
desired
,
and
being
as
ioyful
as
if
they
should
carry
the
gods
themselves
with
them
,
they
placed
Cussions
for
them
in
the
ship
,
and
by
a
fortunate
adventure
they
brought
home
comfort
to
their
distressed
Army
in
the
stead
of
help
.
This
being
known
,
the
Crotonians
themselves
did
send
Ambassadors
to
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
,
imploring
the
grant
of
victory
,
and
prosperous
events
in
th●
wars
to
come
.
It
was
answered
,
that
the
Enemies
were
first
to
be
overcome
by
Votes
,
and
afterwards
by
Arms.
Hereupon
the
Locrensians
devoted
to
Apollo
the
Tythes
or
Tenths
of
their
booty
,
having
understood
that
the
Crotonians
had
devoted
but
the
ninth
part
,
which
they
reserved
with
great
privacy
,
lest
the
answer
of
the
god
being
known
,
they
should
be
overcome
in
their
Votes
.
Therefore
when
both
Armies
were
drawn
into
battel-Array
,
and
there
were
marshalled
in
the
Field
one
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
armed
men
of
the
Crotonians
,
the
Locrensians
looking
upon
their
own
Musters
,
which
could
not
at
the
most
amount
to
above
fifteen
thousand
men
,
having
abandoned
all
hope
of
Victory
,
they
did
destinate
themselves
to
a
certain
death
;
and
so
honourable
an
heat
did
grow
upon
them
all
out
of
this
desperation
,
that
in
the
battel
they
thought
themselves
to
be
Conquerors
,
if
they
dyed
not
unrevenged
.
Thus
whiles
they
desired
to
die
honourably
,
they
overcame
happily
;
and
their
despair
was
the
original
of
their
Victory
.
In
the
heat
and
height
of
the
labour
of
their
sword
,
an
Eagle
constantly
appeared
to
fly
in
the
front
of
the
Locrensian
Army
,
and
sometimes
wheeling
about
the
wings
of
the
Army
,
she
would
immediately
return
and
be
seen
again
to
hover
over
them
,
until
they
were
become
Masters
of
the
Field
.
In
the
wings
of
their
battel
there
were
also
seen
two
young
men
to
fight
in
Armor
far
different
from
others
,
and
remarkable
by
the
height
and
greatness
of
their
bodies
,
and
by
their
white
horses
,
and
co●cineous
paludaments
;
neither
did
they
appear
any
longer
then
whiles
the
battels
were
fighting
.
The
incredible
swiftness
of
the
report
of
the
victory
did
encrease
the
wonder
of
it
:
For
on
the
same
day
on
which
the
Battel
was
fought
in
Italy
,
the
Victory
of
the
Locrensians
was
reported
at
Corinth
and
Athens
,
and
at
Lacedaemon
.
After
this
,
the
Crotonians
delighted
themselves
,
neither
in
the
exercises
of
honour
,
nor
in
the
use
of
Arms
,
for
they
hated
what
so
unhappily
they
undertook
,
and
had
changed
their
lives
into
luxury
,
had
it
not
been
for
the
documents
of
Pythagoras
the
Philosopher
,
who
being
born
at
Samos
,
was
the
Son
of
Demaratus
a
rich
Merchant
;
he
was
indued
with
excellent
gifts
of
wisdom
and
understanding
,
and
travelled
first
into
Aegypt
,
and
afterwards
to
Babylon
to
learn
the
motion
of
the
Stars
,
and
to
understand
the
beginning
of
the
World
;
And
having
therein
attained
to
the
perfection
of
knowledge
,
he
returned
to
Creet
and
Lacedaemon
,
to
instruct
himself
in
the
Laws
of
Minos
and
Ly●urgus
,
with
which
(
their
Laws
being
the
most
famous
of
all
in
those
daies
)
he
reduced
the
people
of
Crotona
from
the
abuse
of
riot
by
his
example
,
to
the
use
of
temperance
and
frugality
.
He
daily
extolled
vertue
,
and
cryed
down
the
vices
of
luxury
,
and
did
number
to
them
how
many
Cities
were
destroyed
by
this
devouring
sin
;
and
at
last
he
was
so
much
followed
by
the
multitude
,
that
what
was
thought
almost
incredible
,
even
some
of
the
most
riotous
of
those
people
were
converted
into
the
manners
and
principles
of
the
most
thrifty
of
men
.
He
had
several
Schools
and
several
Auditories
,
and
distinctly
taught
the
Matrons
from
the
men
,
&
the
children
from
their
Parents
:
He
taught
the
Matrons
chastity
,
and
obsequiousness
towards
their
husbands
;
and
he
taught
their
husbands
temperance
,
and
to
be
lovers
of
Learning
.
He
alwayes
prompted
both
unto
frugality
,
as
if
it
were
the
mother
of
all
vertues
,
and
by
his
daily
disputation
he
so
prevailed
that
the
Matrons
did
leave
off
their
Garments
of
gold
,
and
other
ornaments
of
their
dignity
,
as
the
instruments
of
luxury
;
and
these
ornaments
being
brought
them
into
the
Temple
of
Juno
,
they
were
by
these
Matrons
consecrated
to
the
goddess
her self
,
professing
that
the
best
ornaments
of
Matrons
was
chastity
and
not
gorgeous
apparrel
:
How
much
also
he
prevailed
by
conquest
on
the
young
men
,
the
conquered
spirits
of
the
contumacious
women
●id
declare
.
But
when
three
hundred
of
the
young
men
having
obliged
themselves
by
oath
,
through
the
Interest
of
their
society
,
did
like
Separatists
segregate
themselves
from
the
rest
of
their
Citizens
,
being
suspected
to
hold
a
clandestine
Conspirary
,
they
exasperated
the
Citizens
against
them
,
who
would
have
burned
them
altogether
being
convened
in
one
house
.
In
this
tumult
there
perished
about
threescore
of
them
;
the
rest
were
condemned
to
banishment
.
Pythagoras
having
lived
twenty
years
at
Crotona
,
did
remove
himself
to
Metapontum
,
in
which
City
he
dyed
;
they
had
there
so
great
an
admiration
of
him
,
that
they
made
of
his
house
a
Temple
,
and
did
worship
him
as
a
god
.
Dionysius
the
Tyrant
having
(
as
before
we
mentioned
)
transported
his
Army
out
of
Sicily
into
Italy
,
and
made
war
upon
the
Grecians
who
there
inhabited
,
he
overcame
the
Locrians
,
and
did
assault
the
Crotonians
through
a
long
respite
scarce
resuming
new
strength
,
so
great
was
their
overthrow
of
their
former
war
;
they
now
more
valiantly
resisted
with
a
few
men
the
powerful
Army
of
Dionysius
,
then
heretofore
with
many
thousands
they
resisted
the
inconsiderable
number
of
the
Locrensians
:
So
much
vertue
hath
poverty
against
insolent
riches
,
and
sometimes
so
much
more
certain
is
a
dispaired
then
a
presumed
Victory
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
Ambassadors
of
the
Gauls
,
who
not
many
Moneths
before
had
burned
Rome
,
did
address
themselves
to
Dionysius
making
wars
in
Italy
,
and
desired
a
league
and
friendship
of
him
,
they
affirmed
that
their
Nation
was
now
seated
between
his
Enemies
,
and
would
be
of
great
concernment
to
him
,
both
to
attend
him
in
the
Van
▪
or
to
defend
him
if
his
Enemies
should
take
the
advantage
to
press
upon
him
in
the
Rear
.
This
Embassie
was
acceptable
to
Dionysius
;
wherefore
having
entred
into
a
league
with
them
,
and
re-inforced
his
Army
with
Auxiliaries
from
them
,
he
did
begin
the
war
again
.
The
cause
which
brought
these
Gauls
to
seek
new
habitations
in
Italy
,
was
civil
discord
and
daily
dissentions
at
home
,
being
weary
with
the
tediousness
whereof
,
when
they
came
in
multitudes
into
Italy
,
they
did
drive
the
Tuscans
from
their
possessions
,
and
builded
Millain
,
Comum
,
Brixia
,
Verona
,
Bergomum
,
Tridentum
,
and
Vincentia
.
The
Tuscans
at
the
same
time
under
the
command
of
Rhetus
,
having
lost
their
ancient
habitations
,
did
possess
themselves
of
the
Alpes
,
and
called
the
Country
which
they
commanded
Rhetia
,
after
the
name
of
their
Commander
.
Not
long
afterwards
,
Dionysius
was
called
back
into
Sicily
by
the
Carthaginians
,
who
having
recovered
themselves
by
the
aggregation
of
new
Forces
,
did
begin
the
war
again
which
they
had
abandoned
by
reason
of
the
Pestilence
.
Hanno
was
chosen
General
of
the
war
,
whose
Enemy
Suniator
the
most
powerful
at
that
time
of
all
the
Carthaginians
,
when
in
hatred
to
him
he
had
frequently
in
the
Greek
Tongue
acquainted
Dionysius
of
the
approch
of
the
Army
,
and
of
the
temper
and
sloath
of
the
General
,
the
letters
being
intercepted
,
he
was
accused
of
Treason
,
and
condemned
for
it
,
and
an
Act
was
passed
by
the
Senate
,
that
no
Carthaginian
should
afterwards
either
speak
or
write
in
the
Greek
Tongue
,
that
they
might
hold
no
discourse
,
nor
write
unto
the
Enemy
without
an
Interpreter
:
Not
long
after
Dionysius
,
whom
neither
Sicily
nor
Italy
could
contain
,
being
overcome
and
wearyed
out
with
the
daily
encounters
in
the
war
,
was
slain
by
the
treachery
of
his
own
Souldiers
.
THE
One
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
DIonysius
the
Tyrant
being
slain
in
Sicily
,
the
Souldiers
did
substitute
in
his
place
his
eldest
Son
,
who
was
called
after
his
Fathers
Name
,
both
for
the
maturity
of
his
Age
,
and
that
the
Kingdom
might
be
more
firmly
united
,
if
it
continued
in
the
power
of
one
man
,
then
if
it
should
be
by
parts
divided
amongst
many
of
his
children
.
But
Dionysius
in
the
beginning
of
his
raign
had
a
desire
to
take
away
his
Uncles
as
those
who
would
be
partakers
with
him
in
his
Kingdom
,
and
be
the
perswaders
of
his
brothers
to
have
it
divided
amongst
them
.
And
the
better
to
dissemble
his
design
,
he
thought
it
requisite
in
the
first
place
to
assure
himself
of
the
good
opinion
of
the
people
,
being
more
excusedly
to
perform
what
he
had
determined
,
if
he
stood
fast
in
the
approbation
of
them
all
.
He
delivered
therefore
out
of
prison
three
thousand
that
lay
there
in
chains
together
,
and
for
three
years
dismissed
the
payment
of
all
tributes
,
and
by
all
Artifices
sollicited
the
affections
of
all
men
to
him
.
Then
resolving
to
put
in
practice
his
contrived
villany
,
he
put
to
the
sword
not
onely
the
kinsmen
of
his
brothers
,
but
even
his
brothers
themselves
,
beginning
his
tyranny
first
in
his
own
Family
before
he
exercised
it
in
others
,
and
left
not
so
much
as
the
spirit
of
fraternal
consortment
to
those
to
whom
he
owed
a
consortment
in
his
Kingdom
.
His
emulators
being
thus
taken
away
,
and
falling
into
sloth
,
he
became
unweildy
in
his
body
by
too
much
riot
,
and
contracted
so
great
a
weakeness
in
his
eyes
,
that
he
could
not
endure
the
Sun
or
Dust
,
or
any
splendor
of
light
:
By
reason
of
which
,
believing
that
he
began
to
become
despicable
,
he
committed
outragious
cruelties
,
and
filled
not
as
his
Father
the
prisons
with
enchained
Citizens
,
but
filled
the
City
with
the
murthers
of
them
,
by
which
he
grew
both
contemptible
and
hateful
unto
all
.
Therefore
when
the
Syracusians
had
determined
war
against
him
,
he
was
in
a
great
suspence
whether
he
should
lay
down
his
royal
Authority
,
or
make
resistance
in
war
against
them
;
but
his
Souldiers
propounding
to
themselves
a
great
booty
,
and
the
plundering
of
the
City
,
he
was
enforced
by
them
to
try
it
out
in
battel
with
them
.
Being
overcome
,
when
not
long
after
he
had
the
same
ill
fortune
in
the
fight
again
,
he
sent
Ambassadors
to
Syracusae
,
promising
to
lay
down
his
tyranny
,
if
they
would
send
some
to
him
to
agree
upon
Articles
for
a
peace
.
The
Syracusians
sending
some
of
the
most
eminent
in
their
City
to
him
,
he
commanded
them
to
prison
,
and
brought
his
Army
to
overthrow
their
City
,
which
at
that
present
feared
no
assault
,
nor
the
approach
of
any
Enemy
at
all
:
The
fight
was
a
long
time
doubtful
in
the
City
,
but
the
Citizens
overcoming
with
their
multitudes
,
Dionysius
was
routed
and
beaten
out
of
it
.
And
fearing
to
be
besieged
in
the
Tower
,
he
fled
privately
into
Italy
with
all
his
Princely
furniture
:
Being
there
as
a
banished
man
,
he
was
received
by
the
Locrensians
,
who
were
in
friendship
with
him
,
and
he
possessed
himself
of
their
Tower
,
where
he
exercised
his
accustomed
cruelties
:
He
commanded
the
wives
of
the
chiefest
of
the
City
to
be
defloured
;
He
took
away
the
Virgins
by
force
,
and
having
ravished
them
,
he
returned
them
to
those
who
were
to
espouse
them
:
The
most
wealthy
of
all
the
City
he
commanded
to
be
expelled
,
or
to
be
slain
,
and
did
confiscate
their
goods
;
And
when
there
was
not
the
lest
occasion
for
any
further
rapine
,
he
circumvented
the
whole
City
by
this
studied
project
.
When
the
Locrensians
were
oppressed
by
the
war
of
Leophron
Tyrant
of
Rhegium
,
they
vowed
if
they
were
Conquerors
,
they
would
prostitute
their
Virgins
on
a
day
dedicated
to
Venus
.
This
vow
being
unperformed
,
when
they
made
unfortunate
wars
against
the
Lucanians
,
Dionysius
called
them
to
a
publick
Assembly
,
and
did
exhort
them
to
send
their
wives
and
daughters
into
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
dressed
in
the
richest
cloathes
they
could
put
on
,
and
that
one
hundred
of
them
,
chosen
by
lot
,
might
perform
the
publick
vow
,
and
that
for
Religions
sake
,
they
might
stand
one
whole
Moneth
in
the
open
Stews
,
all
men
having
before
taken
an
Oath
not
to
defile
any
of
them
▪
And
that
the
Virgins
might
not
be
deceived
,
performing
the
Vows
of
the
City
,
he
ordained
that
not
a
Maid
should
be
marryed
until
husbands
were
first
provided
for
them
:
This
counsel
being
approved
,
in
which
provision
was
made
both
for
the
superstition
and
the
chastity
of
the
Virgins
,
the
women
adorned
in
the
most
sumptuous
manner
did
come
in
throngs
to
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
every
one
of
whom
Dionysius
despoyled
,
having
sent
in
Souldiers
to
the
Temple
,
and
converted
the
Ornaments
of
the
Matrons
into
his
own
Wardrope
.
He
killed
also
some
of
the
Husbands
of
the
richest
of
them
:
and
some
women
he
tormented
to
betray
their
Husbands
wealth
;
when
by
these
arts
he
raigned
six
years
,
being
driven
from
the
City
by
the
Confederacy
of
the
Citizens
,
he
returned
into
Sicily
,
and
after
a
long
peace
,
all
men
being
secure
,
he
became
Master
of
Syracusae
by
treachery
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
mannaged
in
Sicily
,
Hanno
the
General
of
the
Carthaginians
in
Africa
employed
his
own
treasure
,
in
which
he
exceeded
the
bank
of
the
Common-wealth
,
to
become
absolute
Soveraign
of
all
,
and
attempted
having
first
killed
the
Senate
,
to
usurpe
the
Kingdom
.
For
the
acting
of
this
wickedness
,
he
set
apart
a
solemn
day
for
the
marriage
of
his
Daughter
,
that
by
the
religion
of
his
Vows
,
he
might
both
the
better
commit
and
conceal
his
abominable
design
.
He
prepared
a
Feast
for
the
people
in
the
publick
places
,
and
for
the
Senate
in
his
own
house
,
that
with
Cups
infected
with
poyson
,
he
might
more
secretly
and
without
any
witnesses
destroy
them
,
and
the
more
easily
invade
the
Commonwealth
deprived
of
her
Magistrates
.
This
being
betrayed
to
the
Senators
by
his
servants
,
the
wicked
plot
was
declined
but
not
revenged
,
least
in
a
man
so
powerful
the
plot
should
prove
more
prejudicial
being
known
then
concealed
.
Being
therefore
contended
by
a
decree
to
put
a
measure
to
the
charges
of
marriages
,
they
commanded
it
not
to
be
observed
by
one
or
some
few
,
bur
by
all
in
general
,
that
the
person
might
not
seem
to
be
pointed
at
,
but
the
vice
corrected
.
Being
prevented
by
this
Counsel
,
he
again
incited
the
slaves
to
a
Rebellion
;
and
having
appointed
another
day
for
the
slaughter
of
the
Senators
,
when
he
found
that
he
was
the
second
time
prevented
,
fearing
to
be
call'd
into
judgement
,
he
possessed
himself
of
a
fortified
Castle
having
armed
twenty
thousand
slaves
.
There
whiles
he
incited
the
Africans
and
the
King
of
Mauritania
to
make
war
on
the
Carthaginians
,
he
was
taken
,
and
being
scourged
with
rods
,
his
eyes
pulled
out
,
and
his
hands
and
legs
broken
,
that
a
due
punishment
might
be
exacted
of
every
one
of
his
members
,
he
was
put
to
death
in
the
sight
of
the
people
,
and
his
body
torn
with
rods
,
was
fastned
on
a
Cross
.
His
Sons
also
,
and
all
his
kindred
though
innocent
were
delivered
to
the
Executioner
,
that
not
●one
of
so
nefarious
a
Family
should
remain
either
to
imitate
his
wickedness
,
or
to
revenge
his
death
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Dionysius
being
received
by
the
Syracusians
,
when
he
grew
every
day
more
grievous
and
cruel
to
the
City
,
was
besieged
by
a
new
conspiracy
,
and
having
at
last
layd
down
both
his
Tyranny
and
his
Army
,
he
delivered
the
Tower
to
the
Syracusians
,
and
taking
with
him
some
necessaries
for
a
private
fortune
,
he
betook
himself
to
a
banished
life
in
Carinth
,
and
there
conceiving
things
most
humble
to
be
most
safe
,
he
descended
into
a
most
sordid
condition
of
life
,
for
being
not
contented
to
foot
it
up
and
down
in
publick
,
but
to
drink
also
,
and
not
onely
to
be
seen
in
Taverns
and
Houses
of
wantonness
,
but
to
continue
in
them
many
dayes
together
,
he
would
quarrel
with
the
vilest
scum
upon
the
basest
subject
,
and
be
seen
all
in
rags
and
squallid
,
and
rather
give
an
occasion
of
laughter
to
others
then
receive
it
from
them
;
he
would
stand
in
the
Shambles
and
devour
with
his
eyes
what
he
was
not
able
to
buy
;
he
would
complain
of
the
Bawds
and
Whores
before
the
Aedils
,
and
do
all
things
in
such
an
importunate
rudeness
,
that
he
seemed
rather
to
be
despised
then
to
be
feared
.
At
last
,
he
professed
himself
to
be
a
School-master
,
and
taught
children
in
open
places
,
that
he
might
either
be
seen
alwayes
in
publick
by
those
that
feared
him
,
or
more
readily
be
despised
by
those
that
feared
him
not
.
And
although
he
abounded
with
the
vices
of
a
Tyrant
,
yet
this
dissembling
of
his
vices
was
not
by
nature
,
but
by
art
he
counterfeited
to
have
lost
all
royal
shame
,
being
not
ignorant
how
hateful
was
the
very
name
of
Tyrants
without
their
revenews
.
He
endeavoured
also
to
take
away
the
envie
of
things
past
by
the
contempt
of
things
present
,
and
made
use
not
of
honest
,
but
of
safe
counsel
.
Nevertheless
,
amongst
those
arts
of
his
dissimulation
,
he
was
thrice
accused
to
affect
the
Tyranny
again
,
and
his
best
protection
was
the
despicableness
of
his
person
and
his
fortunes
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Carthaginians
being
amazed
at
the
great
success
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
fearing
that
he
would
add
Africa
to
the
Empire
of
Asia
,
sent
Amilcar
,
sirnamed
Rhodanus
(
a
man
famous
above
the
rest
for
eloquence
and
policy
)
to
discover
his
intents
:
Their
fear
was
encreased
by
the
taking
of
the
City
of
Tyre
,
the
mother
to
their
City
,
and
by
the
building
of
Alexandria
,
a
City
emulous
of
Carthage
on
the
bounds
of
Africk
and
Aegypt
,
and
by
the
perpetual
felicity
of
the
King
,
whose
desires
and
whose
fortune
could
not
any
wayes
be
bounded
:
Amilcar
having
obtained
access
to
the
King
by
the
means
of
Parmenio
,
he
dissembled
to
the
King
that
he
fled
unto
him
,
being
banished
from
his
own
Country
,
and
offered
himself
to
serve
him
in
his
expedition
against
it
.
And
having
dived
into
his
Counsels
,
he
wrote
all
things
to
the
Carthaginians
in
woodden
Tables
,
the
Letters
being
covered
with
wax
.
Howsoever
,
after
the
death
of
Alexander
,
the
Carthaginians
did
put
him
to
death
,
being
returned
into
his
own
Country
,
not
onely
by
an
ungrateful
but
with
a
cruel
sentence
▪
alledging
that
he
would
have
betrayed
their
City
unto
Alexander
the
Great
.
THE
Two
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
AGathocles
the
Tyrant
of
Sicily
,
who
arose
to
the
height
and
greatness
of
the
former
Dionysius
,
from
a
base
and
sordid
pedigree
did
advance
himself
unto
royal
Majesty
.
He
was
born
in
Sicily
,
his
Father
was
a
Potter
;
nor
had
he
a
more
honest
childhood
then
he
had
Original
;
for
being
admirable
in
beauty
,
and
the
lineaments
of
his
body
,
he
a
long
time
lived
by
the
passive
prostitution
of
his
body
:
And
being
come
to
sixteen
yeers
of
age
,
he
transferred
his
lust
from
men
to
women
.
Afterwards
being
infamous
with
both
Sexes
,
he
changed
his
course
of
life
,
and
committed
Robberies
.
In
process
of
time
he
travelled
to
Syracusae
,
and
was
sent
for
into
the
City
by
the
Inhabitants
,
where
he
lived
a
long
time
without
reputation
;
for
he
had
nothing
more
in
fortune
to
lose
,
nor
in
chastity
to
defile
.
Being
at
last
an
ordinary
Souldier
,
he
was
as
prone
to
any
villany
by
a
seditious
,
as
he
was
before
by
a
dissolute
life
.
He
was
resolute
and
active
,
and
very
eloquent
in
discourse
.
In
a
short
time
he
was
made
a
Centurion
&
not
long
afterwards
Tribune
of
the
Souldiers
.
In
the
first
war
against
the
Aetnaeans
,
he
shewed
the
Syracusians
excellent
demonstrations
of
his
Chivalty
.
In
the
following
war
against
the
Campanions
,
the
opinion
which
all
had
of
him
was
so
great
,
that
he
was
chosen
General
in
the
place
of
Damascen
deceased
,
whose
wife
(
having
known
her
first
by
adultery
)
he
did
take
unto
him
in
marriage
after
the
death
of
her
husband
.
And
being
not
contented
that
of
a
poor
man
he
suddenly
grew
rich
,
he
at
last
turned
Pyrat
against
his
own
Country
:
It
was
his
safety
,
that
his
Companions
being
taken
,
and
tormented
,
denyed
that
he
had
any
any
interest
amongst
them
.
Twice
he
endeavoured
to
possess
himself
of
Syracusae
,
and
twice
he
was
driven
into
banishment
for
it
.
In
the
hatred
to
the
Syracusians
he
was
made
first
Praetor
,
and
afterwards
General
by
the
Murgantins
,
amongst
whom
he
did
lead
a
banished
life
:
In
that
war
he
took
the
City
of
the
Leontins
,
and
began
to
besiege
the
City
of
Syracusae
,
to
the
defence
whereof
when
Amilcar
General
of
the
Carthaginians
was
desired
to
march
,
having
laid
aside
all
hostile
hatred
,
he
sent
considerable
Forces
to
relieve
it
.
In
one
and
the
same
time
,
the
City
of
Syracusae
was
defended
by
her
Enemies
in
a
civil
love
,
and
was
besieged
by
her
Citizens
in
a
civil
hatred
;
But
Agathocles
when
he
perceived
that
the
City
was
more
gallantly
defended
then
beleagured
,
did
by
his
Messengers
Petition
to
Amilcar
,
that
he
would
undertake
the
arbitration
for
a
peace
betwixt
him
and
the
Syracusians
,
promising
on
his
part
the
assured
peculiar
return
of
all
good
Offices
that
he
could
expect
.
Amilcar
being
possessed
with
this
hope
,
did
enter
into
a
league
with
him
,
being
induced
to
it
by
the
fear
of
his
power
,
considering
that
what
strength
by
this
confederacy
he
gave
to
Agathocles
against
the
Syracusians
,
he
added
as
much
to
himself
for
the
enlargement
of
his
private
fortunes
.
Therefore
Peace
was
not
onely
made
with
Agathocles
,
but
he
was
also
made
Praetor
of
Syracusae
:
After
this
tapers
of
wax
,
being
brought
forth
and
lighted
,
he
did
swear
to
Amilcar
to
be
careful
upon
all
occasions
to
advance
the
Interests
of
Carthage
.
Having
then
received
of
him
a
Garrison
of
five
thousand
Africans
,
he
killed
all
those
of
greatest
power
in
the
City
;
and
intending
as
it
were
to
form
a
new
Government
in
the
Common-wealth
,
he
commanded
the
people
to
be
called
forth
into
the
Theater
,
the
Senate
being
disposed
of
into
another
place
,
as
if
he
would
consult
with
them
concerning
something
before
hand
;
and
thus
having
ordered
his
affairs
,
and
brought
in
the
Souldiers
,
he
besieged
the
people
,
and
put
the
Senators
to
the
sword
;
and
having
finished
the
slaughter
of
them
,
he
killed
those
that
were
most
rich
,
and
most
forward
of
the
people
.
This
being
done
,
he
leavied
more
men
,
and
formed
an
Army
,
with
which
he
assaulted
the
neighbouring
Cities
,
fearing
no
Enemy
at
all
.
He
also
perfidiously
provoked
with
injuries
the
Associates
of
the
Carthaginians
,
Amilcar
permitting
it
.
Of
which
the
Confederate
Cities
did
complain
at
Carthage
,
not
onely
of
Agathocles
but
of
Hamilcar
:
of
the
one
as
a
domineering
Tyrant
,
and
of
the
other
as
a
Traytor
,
by
whom
the
fortunes
of
the
Confederates
were
given
to
a
most
deadly
Enemy
,
by
the
making
of
a
peace
with
him
,
and
by
delivering
Syracusae
to
him
as
the
pledge
of
their
Society
,
(
a
City
alwayes
at
enmity
with
the
Carthaginians
,
and
the
Rival
of
Carthage
for
the
command
of
Sicily
)
and
now
at
last
by
delivering
up
the
Cities
of
their
Confederates
to
the
same
Agothocles
under
the
title
of
a
friendship
,
they
did
declare
that
those
things
would
suddenly
redound
to
the
Carthaginians
themselves
,
and
they
should
suddenly
perceive
how
much
evil
they
brought
not
onely
to
Sicily
but
to
Africa
also
.
With
those
complaints
the
Senate
was
incensed
against
Amilcar
:
But
because
he
had
the
Command
of
the
Army
,
they
passed
silent
suffrages
on
him
,
and
commanded
that
before
they
were
reported
,
they
should
be
cast
into
an
urne
and
sealed
up
,
until
another
Amilcar
,
the
Son
of
Gisco
,
should
return
from
Sicily
:
But
the
death
of
Amilcar
prevented
these
close
contrivances
,
and
the
dumb
suffrages
of
the
Carthaginians
,
who
being
injuriously
condemned
by
his
own
Citizens
,
his
cause
unheard
,
was
delivered
from
them
by
the
friendship
of
death
.
This
administred
a
subject
to
Agathocles
to
make
war
against
the
Carthaginians
.
The
first
encounter
of
the
war
was
with
Amilcar
the
Son
of
Gisco
,
by
whom
being
overcome
,
he
retreated
to
Syracusae
to
renew
the
war
with
greater
Force
;
But
the
fortune
of
the
second
battel
was
the
same
as
of
the
former
;
wherefore
,
when
the
conquering
Carthaginians
had
laid
a
close
siege
to
Syracusae
,
Agathocles
finding
himself
neither
equal
to
them
in
strength
,
nor
any
wayes
prepared
to
endure
the
fury
of
the
siege
,
and
withal
(
by
reason
of
his
cruelty
and
other
offences
)
that
he
was
forsaken
of
his
Confederates
,
he
resolved
to
carry
the
war
into
Africa
.
A
wonderful
boldness
it
was
,
that
he
who
was
inferior
to
his
Enemy
in
his
own
Land
and
Cities
,
should
translate
the
war
into
their
Countrey
,
and
advance
to
encounter
with
them
abroad
,
being
not
able
at
home
to
desend
himself
,
and
that
being
overcome
he
should
insult
over
the
Conquerors
.
The
silence
of
this
counsel
was
no
less
admirable
then
was
the
design
he
undertook
▪
professing
onely
to
the
people
that
he
had
found
them
out
a
way
to
victory
:
He
desired
them
that
they
would
arm
themselves
with
a
resolution
patiently
for
a
while
to
indure
the
difficulties
of
the
siege
;
or
if
the
condition
of
their
present
fortune
was
grievous
to
any
of
them
,
he
gave
them
free
leave
to
depart
where
they
pleased
;
when
one
thousand
and
six
hundred
of
them
did
go
away
,
he
provided
the
rest
with
corn
and
money
for
the
necessity
of
the
siege
;
he
onely
took
with
him
fifty
Talents
for
his
present
use
,
being
to
provide
himself
with
other
things
rather
from
his
Enemy
then
his
Companions
;
Having
then
granted
freedom
to
all
the
servants
that
were
of
age
to
bear
arms
,
he
did
oblige
them
by
Oath
to
be
faithful
to
him
,
and
afterwards
shipped
them
and
the
greatest
part
of
his
Army
;
and
having
made
equal
the
condition
both
of
bond
and
free
,
he
conceived
that
there
would
be
betwixt
them
a
mutual
emulation
of
vertue
.
All
the
rest
were
left
for
the
defence
of
his
Country
.
In
the
seventh
year
of
his
raign
(
none
of
his
Souldiers
knowing
whether
they
were
to
be
transported
)
he
directed
his
course
to
Africa
,
taking
with
him
his
two
Sons
,
who
were
then
of
age
,
Archagathus
and
Heraclidas
;
when
they
all
believed
that
they
were
imbraked
either
to
plunder
Italy
or
Sardinia
,
having
landed
them
on
the
shore
of
Africa
,
he
declared
his
design
unto
them
,
and
enformed
them
in
what
condition
Syracusae
was
,
to
whom
there
was
no
other
help
remaining
then
to
do
unto
their
Enemies
what
they
suffered
themselves
.
The
war
,
he
said
,
was
managed
otherwise
at
home
then
it
was
abroad
;
Those
were
onely
the
ayds
at
home
,
which
the
strength
and
Forces
of
the
Country
did
administer
:
but
abroad
the
Enemy
was
often
overcome
with
his
own
strength
,
their
associates
revolting
from
them
,
and
in
the
hatred
of
continued
Soveraignty
looking
after
innovation
and
forraign
ayds
.
To
this
he
added
that
the
Cities
and
Castles
of
Africa
were
not
encompassed
with
Walls
not
builded
on
the
tops
of
Hills
,
but
lay
open
in
the
Champain
without
any
defence
,
and
these
might
easily
be
brought
to
joyn
in
society
with
him
to
prevent
their
utter
ruine
.
The
war
,
he
said
,
would
be
more
grievous
to
the
Carthaginians
in
Africa
it self
then
in
Sicily
,
where
they
would
all
joyn
their
Forces
together
against
one
City
more
famous
by
her
name
then
her
by
strength
;
and
what
strength
he
brought
not
with
him
,
he
would
take
it
there
.
Neither
would
the
sudden
fear
of
the
Carthaginians
be
of
a
small
moment
to
the
victory
,
who
undoubtedly
would
tremble
,
amazed
at
the
gallant
confidence
of
their
Enemies
;
And
this
terror
of
theirs
would
be
encreased
by
the
firing
of
their
Towns
,
and
the
plundering
of
their
Castles
and
contumacious
Cities
,
and
by
the
spoyls
of
Carthage
it self
:
By
all
which
they
should
perceive
,
that
war
not
onely
lay
open
to
them
against
others
,
but
to
others
also
against
them
;
and
by
this
means
that
the
Carthaginians
might
not
only
be
overcome
,
but
Sicily
be
delivered
from
the
burthen
of
their
Forces
;
for
the
Enemies
would
never
continue
in
the
besieging
of
Syracusae
,
when
they
were
put
so
hard
to
it
at
home
.
The
war
he
alledged
,
could
never
be
carryed
on
more
easily
,
nor
the
booty
be
more
abundant
;
for
Carthage
being
taken
,
all
Africa
and
Sicily
would
be
the
reward
of
the
Conquerors
;
Moreover
,
the
glory
of
this
honourable
warfare
was
so
great
,
that
it
would
continue
through
all
Ages
,
and
be
determined
by
no
measure
of
time
,
it
being
recorded
that
they
were
the
onely
men
in
the
world
,
who
translated
to
their
Enemies
the
wars
which
they
could
not
themselves
sustain
at
home
,
and
of
their
own
accord
followed
the
Conquerors
,
and
besieged
the
besiegers
of
their
own
City
:
He
concluded
that
the
war
therefore
was
to
be
carryed
on
by
them
all
with
a
gallant
&
joyful
resolution
,
there
being
no
reward
more
abundant
for
the
Conquerors
,
nor
any
monument
more
honourable
for
the
conquered
.
By
these
exhortations
the
courages
of
the
Souldiers
were
erected
;
but
they
were
amazed
again
at
the
portent
they
beheld
,
which
was
that
being
under
Sayl
the
Sun
was
ecclipsed
;
of
which
the
King
gave
an
account
with
no
less
care
then
was
his
preparation
for
the
war
,
he
affirmed
that
if
it
had
hapned
before
they
had
set
forth
,
it
might
be
believed
that
it
persaged
loss
unto
them
,
but
it
coming
to
pass
after
they
had
lanched
forth
,
it
did
portend
ill
to
those
against
whom
they
did
advance
.
Moreover
,
that
the
natural
defect
of
the
Stars
did
alwayes
persage
some
present
change
of
State
,
and
it
was
most
certain
that
the
condition
of
Carthage
being
then
in
their
height
of
flourish
,
there
was
a
change
persaged
by
it
,
and
calamity
to
come
.
The
Souldiers
being
thus
comforted
,
he
commanded
all
the
ships
to
be
burned
,
that
they
might
all
understand
that
the
means
of
their
flight
being
taken
away
,
they
must
either
overcome
or
fall
by
the
sword
.
Afterwards
having
born
down
all
before
them
wheresoever
they
did
march
,
and
set
on
fire
the
Towns
and
Castles
,
Hanno
General
of
the
Carthaginians
did
advance
to
give
them
battel
with
an
Army
of
thirty
thousand
men
:
The
battel
being
fought
,
two
thousand
of
the
Sicilians
,
and
three
thousand
of
the
Carthaginians
were
slain
with
the
General
himself
;
with
this
Victory
the
courages
of
the
Sicilians
were
erected
,
and
the
spirits
of
the
Carthaginians
fainted
.
Agathocles
,
his
Enemies
being
overcome
,
did
sack
and
raze
their
Towns
and
Castles
,
driving
away
great
booties
,
and
killing
many
thousands
of
his
Enemies
.
He
afterwards
pitched
his
Tents
within
five
miles
of
Carthage
,
that
they
themselves
from
the
Walls
of
their
Cities
might
behold
the
loss
of
those
things
which
were
most
pretious
to
them
,
together
with
the
wasting
of
their
Fields
,
and
the
burning
of
their
Towns
.
In
the
mean
time
the
great
Fame
over
all
Africa
of
the
Army
of
the
Carthaginians
being
overthrown
,
and
of
the
taking
of
their
Cities
being
divulged
,
a
sudden
wonder
and
amazement
did
invade
them
from
whence
should
arise
so
great
an
overthrow
in
so
potent
an
Estate
,
especially
from
an
Enemy
overcome
:
And
not
long
after
,
not
onely
all
Africa
,
but
the
most
noble
of
the
Cities
having
followed
the
novelty
,
did
revolt
to
Agathocles
,
and
assisted
the
Conqueror
both
with
corn
and
money
.
To
this
calamity
of
the
Carthaginians
the
news
of
their
Army
in
Sicily
overthrown
with
their
General
,
did
arrive
to
make
up
the
height
of
their
affliction
:
For
after
the
deparure
of
Agathocles
out
of
Sicily
,
the
Carthaginians
,
being
become
the
more
secure
in
their
Leagure
before
Syracusae
were
utterly
routed
,
and
cut
in
pieces
by
Antander
the
brother
of
Agathocles
:
Therefore
when
the
fortune
of
the
Carthaginians
was
the
same
both
at
home
and
abroad
,
not
onely
their
tributary
Cities
,
but
the
Kings
who
were
their
Confederates
revolted
from
them
,
weighing
the
interests
of
friendship
not
by
fidelity
but
success
:
Amongst
others
,
Offellas
King
of
the
Cyrene
,
who
entertained
a
vain
hope
to
be
master
of
all
Africa
did
by
his
Ambassadors
enter
into
a
League
with
Agathocles
,
and
accorded
with
him
,
that
the
Carthaginians
being
overcome
,
the
one
should
obtain
the
command
of
Sicily
,
and
the
other
of
Africa
:
Therefore
Offellas
came
with
a
formidable
Army
into
the
society
of
the
war
;
having
often
dined
together
,
Agathocles
who
alwayes
entertained
him
with
humble
submissions
and
flattering
complements
,
because
Offella
had
adopted
his
eldest
Son
to
succeed
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
did
at
the
last
kill
him
,
and
having
possessed
himself
of
his
Army
,
the
Carthaginians
renewing
the
war
with
all
their
might
,
were
overcome
again
in
a
great
battel
,
not
without
much
effusion
of
blood
on
both
sides
.
By
this
overthrow
the
Carthaginians
were
brought
to
so
great
a
desperation
,
that
(
if
there
had
not
been
an
insurrection
in
the
Army
of
Agathocles
)
Bomilcar
who
was
General
of
the
Carthaginians
,
had
revolted
to
him
with
the
remainder
of
his
Army
:
For
which
offence
he
was
fastned
to
a
Cross
in
the
middle
of
the
Market-place
,
to
make
the
same
place
the
monument
of
his
punishment
which
before
was
famous
for
the
Installation
of
his
honours
.
But
Bomilcar
with
so
great
resolution
endured
this
cruelty
of
the
Citizens
,
that
he
declaimed
against
the
wickedness
of
the
Carthaginians
from
the
height
of
the
Cross
,
as
from
the
height
of
a
judgement-seat
:
Sometimes
he
objected
how
Hanno
was
circumvented
by
them
with
false
accusation
that
he
aspired
to
the
Kingdom
;
sometimes
he
did
call
into
their
memory
the
banishment
of
innocent
Gisco
;
sometimes
the
silent
suffrages
against
his
Uncle
Amilcar
;
sometimes
he
alledged
the
nature
of
his
own
offence
,
which
was
that
he
had
rather
make
Agathocles
a
friend
unto
them
then
an
Enemy
:
After
he
had
roared
out
this
in
a
great
Assembly
of
the
people
,
he
expired
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Agathocles
having
overcome
all
in
Africa
,
did
deliver
his
Army
to
his
eldest
Son
Archagathus
,
and
returned
into
Sicily
,
conceiving
that
nothing
had
been
performed
in
Africa
,
if
Syracusae
in
Sicily
was
any
longer
besieged
:
For
after
the
slaughter
of
Amilcar
the
Son
of
Gisco
,
the
Carthaginians
had
sent
a
new
Army
thither
:
Therefore
on
his
first
approach
,
all
the
Cities
of
Sicily
,
having
heard
of
his
atchievements
in
Africa
,
did
strive
(
as
if
in
emulation
)
which
first
should
surrender
it self
unto
him
;
and
by
this
means
the
Carthaginians
being
driven
out
of
Sicily
,
he
became
the
a●●olute
Master
of
the
whole
Iland
;
And
returning
afterwards
to
Africa
,
he
was
received
by
an
insurrection
of
his
Souldiers
;
for
his
Son
had
deferred
the
payment
of
the
Army
until
his
Father
returned
.
Having
therefore
called
them
to
an
Assembly
,
he
stroaked
them
with
fair
words
,
and
told
them
that
their
Pay
was
not
to
be
demanded
of
him
,
but
to
be
sought
for
from
their
Enemy
,
and
that
a
common
victory
would
produce
a
common
booty
:
He
desired
them
to
be
patient
but
a
little
until
the
relicts
of
the
war
were
ended
,
and
when
Carthage
was
taken
,
he
would
satisfie
all
their
hopes
.
The
military
tumult
being
thus
pacified
,
some
few
daies
afterwards
,
he
did
bring
his
Army
to
the
Camp
of
his
Enemies
,
and
inconsiderately
engaging
with
them
,
he
lost
the
greatest
part
of
his
Army
.
Therefore
when
he
was
fled
into
his
Tents
,
and
saw
the
envie
and
blame
of
the
ill
managed
war
turned
upon
himself
,
and
feared
withal
the
former
offence
of
having
not
payed
his
Army
,
he
fled
away
about
midnight
,
having
not
any
with
him
but
his
Son
Archagathus
,
which
when
his
Souldiers
understood
,
they
were
struck
with
so
great
a
fear
,
as
if
they
had
been
all
taken
by
their
Enemies
.
They
declared
that
they
were
twice
abandoned
by
their
King
in
the
midst
of
all
their
Enemies
,
and
that
their
safety
was
forsaken
by
him
who
ought
by
the
Law
of
Arms
to
take
care
of
their
burial
.
When
they
would
have
purchased
their
King
who
was
received
by
the
Numidians
,
they
were
enforced
to
fly
back
unto
their
Tents
;
but
Archagathus
was
taken
by
them
,
who
had
lost
his
Father
in
the
error
of
the
night
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Agathocles
had
embarked
himself
for
Syracusae
in
the
same
ships
which
brought
him
from
Sicily
.
He
was
a
singular
Example
;
a
King
,
and
yet
the
forsaker
of
his
Army
;
and
a
Father
,
and
yet
the
betrayer
of
his
children
:
But
his
Souldiers
having
articled
for
an
agreement
in
Africa
,
after
the
flight
of
the
King
,
did
deliver
themselves
to
the
Carthaginians
,
having
first
killed
the
Sons
of
Agathocles
.
Archagathus
being
commanded
to
be
slain
by
Archesilaus
his
Fathers
old
friend
,
demanded
of
him
,
what
he
thought
that
Agothocles
would
do
by
his
children
by
whom
he
was
made
childless
:
To
whom
he
answered
,
That
it
was
enough
for
him
to
understand
that
they
out-lived
the
children
of
Agathocles
.
After
this
the
Carthaginians
sent
Commanders
into
Sicily●
,
to
prosecute
the
relicts
of
the
war
,
with
whom
on
equal
conditions
Agathocles
did
conclude
a
peace
.
THE
Three
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
AGathocles
King
of
Sicily
,
having
made
peace
with
the
Carthaginians
,
subdued
part
of
the
Cities
dissenting
from
him
through
confidence
of
their
own
strength
.
Afterwards
,
as
if
he
had
been
confined
too
closely
in
the
bounds
of
one
Iland
,
a
part
whereof
in
his
first
beginnings
he
could
not
presume
so
much
as
to
hope
for
,
he
transported
his
Army
into
Italy
,
following
the
example
of
Dionysius
who
subdued
many
Cities
in
that
Nation
.
His
first
Enemies
were
the
Brutii
,
who
appeared
to
him
to
be
the
most
valiant
and
the
most
rich
,
and
by
their
situation
most
prompt
to
be
injured
by
their
neighbours
;
for
they
had
driven
from
Italy
the
Inhabitants
of
many
Cities
,
who
had
been
Grecians
,
and
in
war
had
overcome
the
Lucanians
from
whom
they
had
derived
their
Original
,
and
had
afterwards
made
peace
with
them
on
equal
terms
:
So
great
was
the
wildness
of
their
nature
,
that
they
would
not
spare
their
own
Original
.
For
the
Lucanians
were
accustomed
to
institute
their
children
in
the
same
Laws
as
the
Lacedaemonians
did
:
For
in
their
beginning
to
be
striplings
,
they
were
bred
up
in
the
Woods
amongst
the
Shepherds
without
any
to
attend
them
,
and
without
any
garment
to
put
on
,
or
to
lie
down
in
,
that
so
in
their
first
years
they
might
inure
themselves
to
hardness
and
frugality
without
any
accommodation
of
the
City
:
Their
food
was
what
they
got
by
Hunting
;
their
drink
,
honey
and
milk
,
and
the
chry●●al
of
the
Fountain
;
And
thus
they
by
degrees
were
hardned
to
the
labours
of
the
war.
Fifty
of
their
number
were
first
accustome●
to
plunder
the
Fields
of
their
neighbours
,
their
multitude
encreasing
,
and
sollicited
by
the
prey
,
they
troubled
all
the
Countries
round
about
them
.
Therefore
Dionysius
the
Tyrant
of
Sicily
,
being
wearyed
with
the
complaints
of
his
Confederates
,
did
send
six
hundred
Africans
to
suppress
them
,
whose
Castle
(
it
being
betrayed
to
them
by
a
woman
called
Brutia
they
surprized
and
planted
there
a
City
;
the
Shepheards
flocking
thither
to
behold
and
inhabit
the
new
City
,
called
themselves
Bruti●
,
after
the
name
of
the
woman
.
Their
first
war
was
with
the
Lucanians
,
the
au
hors
of
their
original
;
and
being
elevated
with
the
victory
over
them
,
when
they
had
made
a
peace
on
equal
terms
,
they
subdued
the
rest
of
their
Neighbours
,
and
in
a
short
time
purchased
so
much
wealth
,
that
they
seemed
formidable
even
unto
Kings
.
At
last
,
Alexander
King
of
Epirus
,
when
he
came
with
a
great
Army
to
the
assi●●ance
of
the
Grecian
Cities
,
was
destroyed
by
them
with
all
his
Forces
;
whereupon
,
the
resolutions
of
them
being
inflamed
by
the
success
of
their
felicity
,
they
became
terrible
to
their
own
Neighbors
.
At
last
,
Agathocles
being
implored
to
invade
them
,
in
the
hope
of
enlarging
his
Territories
,
he
passed
from
Sicily
into
I
aly
.
The
Brutians
being
startled
at
the
noise
〈◊〉
his
approach
,
did
send
Ambassadors
into
Sicily
to
him
,
desiring
his
society
and
right
●and
of
friendship
,
whom
Agothocles
deluded
;
for
having
invited
them
to
supper
,
he
promised
them
audience
the
next
day
,
and
on
the
morning
following
he
embarked
his
Army
for
Italy
,
the
Ambassadors
suspecting
no
such
thing
:
But
the
event
of
the
deceit
was
not
fortunate
;
for
not
long
after
the
violence
of
his
disease
did
enforce
him
to
return
into
Sicily
,
and
being
taken
over
all
his
body
(
the
pestiferous
humour
raging
in
all
his
nerves
and
every
joynt
)
he
was
assaulted
as
it
were
with
an
inward
war
of
every
member
.
By
this
desperation
of
his
Recovery
,
a
war
began
betwixt
his
Son
and
his
Nephew
,
both
challenging
the
Kingdom
,
as
if
he
had
been
dead
;
in
this
war
his
Son
being
slain
,
his
Nephew
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
.
Agathocles
,
when
the
painfulness
of
his
disease
,
and
the
difficulty
of
the
cure
and
the
anguish
of
his
minde
did
daily
encrease
,
and
one
malady
did
grow
upon
and
strive
to
overtake
and
exceed
the
former
,
dispairing
of
his
life
,
did
by
Sea
send
back
his
wife
Theogena
to
Aegypt
from
whence
he
fetched
her
,
and
two
small
children
which
he
begot
of
her
,
with
all
his
money
,
family
,
and
Princely
movables
,
in
which
none
of
the
Kings
then
living
did
exceed
him
;
fearing
lest
the
fury
of
his
Enemy
,
who
usurped
and
plundered
his
Kingdom
,
should
se●●e
on
them
also
.
Nevertheless
his
wife
would
not
be
a●
long
〈…〉
me
plucked
from
the
embraces
of
her
sick
husband
,
and
did
beseech
him
,
That
her
departure
might
not
be
added
to
the
cruelty
of
his
Nephew
,
and
she
might
seem
as
unconscionably
to
forsake
her
husband
,
as
he
to
have
made
war
against
his
Uncle
;
she
affirmed
that
when
she
marryed
him
,
she
not
onely
undertook
to
be
a
partaker
in
his
prosperities
,
but
in
all
fortunes
whatsoever
,
and
would
willingly
purchase
with
the
danger
of
her
own
life
the
sad
happiness
to
receive
the
last
breath
of
her
husband
,
and
perform
his
funeral
Rights
,
in
which
(
she
being
gone
)
there
was
none
left
to
succeed
her
with
that
obsequiousness
of
piety
which
was
due
unto
him
.
His
little
children
departing
,
did
hang
upon
their
father
,
and
embraced
him
with
many
doleful
complaints
.
On
the
other
part
,
his
wife
who
should
see
her
husband
no
more
,
did
weary
him
with
her
kisses
;
and
no
less
miserable
were
the
tears
of
the
old
man
:
The
Mother
and
Children
bewailed
the
dying
Father
,
the
Father
bewailed
his
banished
wife
and
children
.
They
at
their
departure
lamented
the
melancholy
estate
of
the
old
and
sick
man
their
Father
:
he
lamented
the
condition
of
his
children
,
and
that
they
should
be
left
in
misery
whom
he
had
brought
up
unto
the
hope
of
a
Kingdom
.
Amongst
these
complaints
all
the
Court
resounded
with
the
lamentations
of
the
Standers
,
to
behold
this
so
sad
a
departure
;
at
length
the
necessity
of
their
Journey
,
did
impose
an
end
to
their
tears
;
and
the
death
of
the
King
did
follow
his
travelling
Family
.
Whiles
these
things
were
in
agitation
,
the
Carthaginians
understanding
how
the
affairs
were
carryed
in
Sicily
,
conceiving
that
an
occasion
was
offered
to
them
to
become
Masters
of
the
whole
Iland
,
they
passed
thither
with
a
great
Army
,
and
subdued
many
Cities
.
At
the
same
time
,
Pyrrhus
made
war
against
the
Romans
,
and
being
desired
by
the
Sicilians
to
assist
them
(
as
hath
been
mentioned
heretofore
)
when
he
came
to
Syracusae
,
and
had
there
conquered
many
places
,
he
was
called
as
well
King
of
Sicily
as
of
Epirus
.
In
which
felicity
rejoycing
,
he
bestowed
on
his
Son
Helenus
,
whom
he
begat
on
the
daughter
of
Agathocles
,
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
as
discending
to
him
by
the
priviledge
of
Inheritance
,
and
gave
to
his
Son
Alexander
the
Kingdom
of
Italy
:
After
this
he
made
many
prosperous
battels
with
the
Carthaginians
.
In
the
process
of
time
,
there
came
Ambassadors
from
his
Confederates
in
Italy
,
reporting
that
they
could
not
resist
the
Romans
,
and
that
they
must
surrender
all
unto
them
unless
they
were
relieved
with
sudden
supplies
.
Being
perplexed
with
this
doubtful
danger
,
and
uncertain
what
to
determine
,
or
whom
first
to
assist
,
he
providently
consulted
for
the
safefy
of
both
.
For
the
Carthaginians
pressing
him
on
this
side
,
and
the
Romans
on
the
other
,
it
appeared
dangerous
unto
him
not
to
transport
his
Army
into
Italy
,
but
far
more
dangerous
to
abandon
Sicily
,
least
that
the
one
should
not
appear
forsaken
,
nor
the
other
lost
for
the
want
of
Recruits
.
In
this
tempest
of
growing
dangers
,
the
safest
haven
of
Counsels
did
appear
to
fight
it
out
in
Sicily
with
all
the
powers
he
could
make
;
and
the
Carthaginians
being
beaten
,
to
carry
his
conquering
Army
into
Italy
.
The
battels
therefore
being
joyned
,
although
he
overcame
his
Enemies
,
yet
because
he
withdrew
his
Army
from
Sicily
,
he
was
interpreted
to
be
overcome
,
and
his
Confederates
revolting
from
him
,
he
lost
speedily
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
as
he
easily
did
obtain
it
.
But
having
found
no
better
fortune
in
Italy
,
he
returned
into
Epirus
:
His
fortune
in
both
these
places
was
as
admirable
as
exemplar
;
For
as
before
in
his
prosperity
,
the
happiness
of
his
affairs
flowing
above
and
beyond
his
desires
,
he
added
the
command
of
Italy
to
Sicily
,
and
grew
glorious
by
many
victories
against
the
Romans
:
●so
now
in
his
adversity
,
his
Fortune
having
destroyed
what
she
had
builded
,
and
made
him
an
example
of
humane
frailty
,
she
added
to
the
loss
of
Sicily
the
ruine
of
his
Navie
at
Sea
;
and
the
disgraceful
battel
against
the
Romans
,
and
his
dishonourable
departure
from
Italy
.
After
his
departure
from
Sicily
also
,
Hiero
was
made
chief
Magistrate
,
whose
moderation
was
so
great
,
that
with
the
approbation
of
all
the
Citizens
,
he
was
created
General
against
the
Carthaginians
,
and
not
long
afterwards
King
.
His
infant
Education
was
a
Prophetess
of
his
future
Majesty
;
for
he
was
the
Son
of
Hieroclytus
a
noble
man
,
who
derived
his
original
from
Gelus
an
antient
Tyrant
of
Sicily
,
but
his
birth
on
the
Mothers
side
was
sordidly
ignominious
:
For
he
was
begotten
on
a
Mayd-servant
,
who
was
his
mother
;
and
therefore
it
was
commanded
by
his
Father
,
that
he
should
be
exposed
as
the
disgrace
and
dishonour
of
his
Family
.
But
the
Bees
having
layd
honey
round
about
him
where
he
was
left
,
did
nourish
him
,
being
very
young
,
and
wanting
all
humane
comfort
for
many
days
;
by
reason
of
which
his
Father
being
admonished
by
the
South
▪
sayers
,
who
persaged
in
their
songs
that
the
Kingdom
was
portended
to
him
,
did
cause
him
to
be
brought
home
,
and
with
all
his
care
and
endeavor
,
did
instruct
and
bring
up
to
that
hope
of
Majesty
which
was
promised
;
being
but
a
boy
at
Shool
amongst
his
companions
,
a
Wolf
suddenly
appearing
,
took
his
book
from
him
;
and
being
a
young
man
,
and
learning
his
first
rudiments
in
the
art
of
war
,
an
Eagle
pearched
on
his
buckler
,
and
on
Owl
on
his
Spear
;
which
did
presage
,
that
he
should
be
wary
in
Counsel
,
high
in
courage
,
and
be
crown'd
a
King
at
last
.
He
often
fought
with
those
that
challenged
him
,
and
always
returned
a
Conqueror
;
he
was
rewarded
by
King
Pyrrhus
with
many
Military
gifts
;
he
was
as
admirable
for
his
strength
as
for
the
beauty
of
his
body
;
pleasing
in
discourse
,
just
in
employment
,
moderate
in
command
,
and
nothing
could
be
seen
that
was
wanting
in
him
of
a
King
,
but
the
Kingdom
only
.
THE
Four
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
WHile
these
things
were
thus
managed
in
Sicily
,
King
Ptolomy
sirnamed
Ceraunicus
,
and
Antiochus
and
Antigonus
dissenting
in
Greece
and
makeing
war
amongst
themselves
,
almost
all
the
Cities
of
Greece
being
encouraged
by
it
,
as
if
an
occasion
were
offered
them
to
recover
their
liberty
,
did
send
to
one
another
;
and
by
their
Ambassadors
having
obliged
themselves
into
a
league
of
friendship
,
they
did
break
forth
into
an
apparent
war
;
&
that
they
might
not
seem
to
make
war
with
Antigonus
,
they
assaulted
the
Aetolians
his
Confederates
,
pretending
that
the
cause
of
the
war
was
because
they
had
by
force
possessed
themselves
of
the
Cyrean
Fields
,
which
by
the
consent
of
all
Greece
,
were
dedicated
to
Apollo
.
To
this
war
,
they
made
choyce
of
Aras
for
their
General
,
who
with
a
prepared
Army
▪
did
spoyl
both
the
Cities
and
wrecks
of
Corn
which
was
layd
up
in
those
Fields
,
and
what
they
could
not
take
,
they
did
set
on
fire
:
Which
when
the
Aetolian
Shepherds
beheld
from
the
tops
of
the
Mountains
,
having
drawn
themselves
together
into
a
body
of
five
hundred
,
they
pursued
their
scattered
Enemies
,
not
knowing
how
numerous
they
were
,
because
the
amazement
of
the
sudden
assault
,
and
the
smoak
of
the
fire
had
taken
from
them
the
full
discovery
of
their
Enemies
,
and
having
killed
nine
thousand
of
them
,
they
put
the
residue
to
fight
.
After
this
the
Spartans
beginning
the
war
again
,
many
of
the
Cities
denyed
them
ayd
,
conceiving
that
they
sought
not
after
liberty
,
but
the
soveraign
command
of
Greece
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
wars
amongst
the
Kings
were
ended
;
for
Ptolomy
having
beaten
away
Antigonus
,
and
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
all
Macedonia
,
did
make
peace
with
Antiochus
,
and
joyned
in
affinity
with
Pyrrhus
,
his
daughter
being
given
to
him
in
marriage
;
and
being
safe
from
all
fear
of
a
forraign
Enemy
,
he
turned
his
unrighteous
minde
to
commit
domestick
wickedness
,
and
by
treachery
prepared
the
destruction
of
Arsinoe
his
sister
,
that
he
might
both
deprive
her
Sons
of
life
,
and
her self
of
the
possession
of
the
City
of
Cassandria
.
His
first
artifice
was
by
dissembling
his
love
to
convert
his
sister
in
the
way
of
marriage
;
for
he
could
not
otherwise
then
by
the
pretence
of
love
finde
access
to
the
Sons
of
his
sister
whose
Kingdom
he
would
enjoy
.
But
this
wicked
design
of
Ptolomy
was
made
known
unto
her
;
but
he
did
send
her
word
(
not
giving
any
belief
unto
him
)
that
he
would
come
and
joyn
with
her
Sons
in
the
fellowship
of
the
Kingdom
,
with
whom
he
would
not
contend
in
arms
to
force
the
Kingdom
from
them
,
but
because
he
would
more
confirm
it
on
them
by
his
presence
and
assistance
.
To
this
effect
,
he
desired
that
she
would
send
one
to
be
the
Attestator
of
his
oath
,
before
whom
he
would
oblige
himself
with
what
obsecrations
she
would
desire
in
the
presence
of
the
gods
of
his
Country
.
Arsinoe
was
uncertain
what
to
resolve
upon
,
fearing
,
if
she
should
send
,
she
should
be
deceived
by
perjury
:
and
if
she
should
not
send
,
she
should
pull
upon
her
the
fury
of
her
brothers
cruelty
.
But
more
careful
for
her
children
then
for
her self
,
whom
she
thought
she
should
be
the
better
able
to
protect
by
her
marriage
with
her
brother
,
she
sent
Dione
one
of
her
friends
,
who
being
brought
into
the
most
holy
Temple
of
Jupiter
(
a
Temple
of
the
ancient
Religion
of
the
Macedons
)
Ptolomy
having
laid
his
hands
on
the
Altars
and
touching
the
Images
and
Cushions
of
the
gods
,
did
swear
by
unheard
of
and
devoted
imprecations
,
that
he
most
sincerely
did
desire
the
marriage
of
his
sister
,
and
that
he
would
call
her
his
Queen
,
neither
would
he
ever
in
the
disgrace
of
her
take
any
other
wife
,
or
own
any
other
children
but
her
Sons
.
Arsinoe
after
she
was
delivered
from
fear
,
and
became
pregnant
with
hope
,
and
had
conference
with
her
brother
,
whose
countenance
and
flattering
eyes
promised
no
less
belief
then
did
his
Oaths
,
although
Ptolomy
his
Son
did
apparantly
disswade
her
,
and
enformed
her
of
the
deceit
,
yet
she
consented
to
marry
with
her
Brother
.
The
Nuptials
were
celebrated
with
great
solemnity
,
and
with
the
publick
joy
of
the
people
.
And
Ptolomy
having
that
day
called
forth
the
Army
to
an
Assembly
,
he
there
imposed
a
Diadem
on
the
head
of
his
sister
,
and
called
her
his
Queen
;
with
which
title
Arsinoe
being
transported
with
joy
(
because
she
had
now
regained
that
which
she
had
lo●t
before
by
the
death
of
her
former
husband
Lysimachus
)
did
of
her
own
accord
invite
her
husband
to
her
City
of
Cassandria
,
for
the
desire
of
which
the
deceit
was
contrived
:
And
going
before
to
compleat
the
preparations
,
she
commanded
that
a
holy-day
should
be
observed
in
the
City
for
the
approach
of
her
Husband
,
and
that
the
Houses
,
Temples
and
the
streets
should
be
adorned
,
and
that
Altars
should
be
erected
everywhere
,
and
that
sacrifices
should
be
in
a
readiness
.
She
also
commanded
her
two
Sons
,
Lysimachus
of
sixteen
years
of
Age
,
and
Philip
three
years
younger
,
being
both
of
an
excellent
feature
and
complexion
,
to
meet
him
with
Crowns
on
their
heads
.
Ptolomy
the
better
to
conceal
his
deceit
,
having
greedily
embraced
them
both
(
and
beyond
the
measure
of
true
affection
)
did
a
long
time
even
smother
them
with
his
kisses
.
When
he
approached
to
the
Gate
of
the
City
,
he
commanded
the
Citadel
to
be
seized
on
,
and
the
two
boys
to
be
slain
,
who
when
they
fled
to
their
Mother
,
they
were
killed
in
her
very
lap
as
she
was
kissing
them
;
Arsinoe
exclaiming
that
Ptolomy
had
committed
so
abominable
a
crime
under
the
pretence
of
marriage
,
and
offered
herself
to
the
Executioners
for
her
children
,
and
oftentimes
with
her
own
body
she
protected
the
embraced
bodies
of
her
children
,
and
would
willingly
receive
the
wounds
which
were
intended
to
them
:
At
the
last
being
denyed
to
be
present
at
the
funerals
of
her
children
,
she
was
brought
out
of
the
City
with
two
hand-maids
onely
,
her
garments
torn
,
and
her
hair
dishevelled
,
to
lead
a
banished
life
in
Samothracia
,
being
so
much
the
more
miserable
,
that
it
could
not
be
permitted
to
her
to
die
with
her
own
children
.
But
this
wickedness
of
Ptolomy
was
not
unrevenged
;
for
the
immortal
gods
revenging
so
many
perjures
and
cruel
Parricides
,
he
was
not
long
after
dispoyled
of
his
Kingdom
by
the
Gauls
,
and
being
taken
,
he
lost
his
life
by
the
sword
as
he
deserved
.
For
the
Gauls
(
their
multitudes
abounding
,
when
the
Land
●n
which
they
were
born
could
not
contain
them
)
did
send
as
it
were
like
vagabond
sojourners
three
hundred
thousand
men
to
look
out
new
habitations
:
Part
of
them
sate
down
in
Italy
,
who
took
and
set
on
fire
the
City
of
Rome
;
part
of
them
(
through
the
Armies
of
the
Barbarians
who
opposed
them
)
did
out
their
way
into
the
Coasts
of
Illyria
,
and
inhabited
Pannonia
,
following
the
auspication
of
the
birds
,
in
which
Art
the
Gauls
excell
above
all
others
;
a
hardy
,
bold
,
and
warlike
Nation
,
who
first
after
Hercules
(
to
whom
this
attempt
gave
an
admiration
for
his
vertue
,
and
a
belief
of
immortality
)
did
pass
over
the
unconquered
H
lls
of
the
Alps
,
and
places
intractible
by
the
extremity
of
cold
,
where
having
overcome
the
Pannonians
,
they
for
many
years
made
sundry
wars
with
their
Neighbours
.
Afterwards
by
the
temptations
of
success
,
having
divided
their
strength
,
some
of
them
advanced
as
far
as
Greece
,
some
as
far
as
Macedonia
,
laying
all
things
waste
before
them
.
So
great
was
the
terror
of
their
Name
,
that
Kings
not
provoked
by
them
would
of
their
own
accords
buy
their
p
ace
with
vast
sums
of
money
:
Onely
Ptolomy
King
of
Macedonia
d●●
without
●e●r
at
end
the
arrival
of
the
Gauls
,
and
with
a
few
S●u●d●ers
,
and
those
disordered
(
s
if
wars
were
managed
with
no
less
d
fficulty
then
parricides
were
committed
)
e
did
advance
to
meet
them
being
tormented
with
the
furies
of
his
bloody
Acts.
He
despised
also
the
Embassage
of
the
Dardanians
,
offering
him
twenty
thousand
armed
men
to
ayd
him
,
adding
this
to
their
contumely
,
that
Macedonia
was
in
a
sad
condition
,
if
when
they
alone
overcame
all
the
East
,
they
should
now
stand
in
need
of
the
Dardanian
Citizens
to
be
revenged
of
their
Enemies
:
He
boasted
that
he
had
the
Sons
of
those
in
his
Army
,
who
being
Conquerors
under
Alexander
the
Great
,
made
all
the
World
tributary
to
him
.
Which
when
it
was
reported
to
King
Dardanus
,
he
said
that
the
renowned
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
would
shortly
fall
by
the
rashness
of
one
heady
young
man
.
But
the
Gauls
under
the
commannd
of
Belgius
,
did
send
Ambassadors
to
Ptolomy
,
to
try
the
Resolutions
of
the
Macedons
,
offering
him
peace
if
he
would
purchase
it
with
money
;
But
Ptolomy
vaunted
to
his
Subjects
,
that
the
Gauls
did
supplicate
to
him
to
have
peace
for
fear
of
the
war
,
and
did
speak
as
insolently
to
the
Ambassadors
as
to
his
Subjects
;
He
assured
them
that
he
would
grant
them
no
peace
,
unless
they
should
give
him
their
Princes
for
Hostages
,
and
deliver
up
their
Arms
;
for
he
would
not
believe
them
unless
they
were
disarmed
.
This
answer
being
returned
,
The
Gauls
laughed
out-right
,
crying
out
on
every
side
that
he
should
shortly
perceive
whether
they
offered
peace
unto
him
for
his
advantage
or
their
own
.
Some
few
dayes
after
,
the
battel
was
fought
;
and
the
Macedons
being
overcome
,
were
beaten
down
:
Ptolomy
having
received
many
wounds
was
taken
,
his
head
was
cut
off
,
and
being
fixed
on
the
point
of
a
Lance
,
it
was
carryed
all
about
the
Army
to
the
terror
of
the
Macedons
:
So
fatal
was
this
overthrow
,
and
so
great
the
rout
,
that
few
of
them
were
preserved
by
flight
,
the
rest
were
either
all
slain
or
taken
Prisoners
.
When
this
was
reported
throughout
all
Macedonia
,
the
Gates
of
the
Cities
were
shut
,
all
places
were
filled
with
mourning
;
sometimes
they
lamented
the
loss
of
their
children
,
sometimes
they
feared
the
destruction
of
their
Cities
,
they
called
upon
the
names
of
Alexander
and
Philip
,
as
if
their
Kings
had
been
their
gods
,
and
emplored
their
assistance
under
whom
they
were
safe
,
not
onely
against
their
Enemies
,
but
also
Conquerors
of
the
World
;
they
emplored
them
that
they
would
defend
their
Country
,
which
by
the
glory
of
their
atchievements
,
they
had
made
second
unto
Heaven
,
and
to
relieve
those
now
in
their
distress
,
whom
the
fury
and
rashness
of
King
Ptolomy
had
destroyed
.
All
men
despairing
,
Sosthenes
one
of
the
Princes
of
the
Macedons
,
thinking
that
in
this
extremity
they
must
use
deeds
as
well
as
prayers
,
having
drawn
the
youth
of
the
Macedons
into
a
body
,
he
both
restrained
the
Gauls
growing
insolent
with
their
Victory
,
and
defended
the
Macedons
from
the
plunderings
of
their
Enemies
;
for
which
benefit
of
his
conduct
and
valour
(
many
of
the
Noble
men
of
Macedonia
affecting
the
Kingdom
)
he
by
his
birth
although
ignoble
,
was
advanced
above
them
all
▪
and
being
saluted
King
by
the
Army
,
he
compelled
the
Souldiers
to
take
the
Oath
of
Allegiance
,
not
in
name
of
the
King
,
but
of
the
General
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Brennus
under
whose
command
one
part
of
the
Gauls
had
poured
themselves
into
Greece
,
having
understood
of
the
victory
of
his
Associates
,
who
under
Belgiu
had
overcome
the
Macedons
,
disdaining
that
so
rich
a
booty
and
laden
with
the
spoyls
of
the
East
,
should
so
easily
be
abandoned
,
having
amassed
a
body
of
one
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
foot
,
and
fifteen
thousand
horse
,
did
break
into
Macedonia
:
and
having
plundred
the
Towns
,
and
preyed
the
Fields
,
Sosthenes
did
advance
against
him
with
a
gallant
Army
of
the
Macedons
,
but
being
not
so
numerous
,
they
were
overcome
by
the
multitude
,
and
the
weaker
by
the
stronger
.
The
Macedonians
being
overcome
,
did
hide
themselves
within
the
Walls
of
their
Cities
,
and
Brennus
being
Conqueror
,
did
plunder
up
and
down
the
Country
of
all
Macedonia
no
man
opposing
him
;
And
as
if
those
spoyls
were
too
unworthy
of
his
avarice
,
he
turned
his
minde
to
the
Temples
of
the
immortal
gods
,
prophanely
asserting
that
the
gods
being
rich
,
ought
out
of
their
abundance
to
contribute
unto
the
poverty
of
men
.
He
presently
therefore
marched
to
Delphos
,
preferring
gold
,
the
temptation
of
Religion
,
above
the
violation
of
the
immortal
gods
,
who
he
affirmed
did
stand
in
no
need
of
riches
,
it
being
their
custom
to
bestow
them
upon
men
.
The
Temple
of
Apollo
is
placed
at
Delphos
on
the
Hill
of
Parnassus
,
a
rock
everywhere
hanging
over
it
,
in
which
place
the
frequent
confluence
of
men
did
erect
a
City
,
who
coming
thither
in
great
numbers
,
to
the
confirmation
of
the
Majesty
of
the
god
did
inhabit
on
that
Rock
.
The
Temple
and
City
is
not
defended
by
Walls
,
but
by
precipices
not
made
by
hands
,
but
made
strong
and
guarded
by
Nature
;
so
that
it
is
hard
to
say
,
whether
the
strength
of
the
place
,
or
the
majesty
of
the
god
be
more
to
be
admired
:
The
middle
of
the
Rock
doth
open
it self
into
the
form
of
a
Theater
,
by
reason
whereof
,
the
clamour
of
men
,
and
the
clangor
of
the
Trumpets
when
they
are
sounded
(
the
hollowness
of
the
Rocks
returning
and
banding
the
sound
from
one
to
another
and
playing
with
it
amongst
themselves
)
the
sound
is
heard
more
multiplyed
by
the
reboation
,
and
appears
greater
far
then
when
at
first
it
was
delivered
.
This
is
that
which
striketh
a
greater
terror
of
Majesty
into
those
who
are
ignorant
of
the
cause
,
and
adds
a
reverent
amazement
to
the
admiration
;
much
about
this
hollow
of
the
Rock
on
the
middle
of
the
height
of
the
Hill
,
there
is
a
little
plain
,
and
in
it
a
deep
hole
,
out
of
which
the
Oracle
proceeds
,
which
being
a
cold
breath
driven
up
as
it
were
by
a
winde
,
doth
possess
the
minds
of
the
Priests
with
a
madness
,
who
being
filled
with
god
,
he
doth
enforce
them
to
give
answers
to
those
who
do
demand
them
:
By
reason
of
this
,
there
were
to
be
seen
many
and
very
rich
gifts
,
both
of
Kings
and
others
,
who
do
manifest
by
their
magnificence
both
the
gratititudes
of
the
Givers
,
and
the
Answers
of
the
gods
.
Brennus
when
he
beheld
the
Temple
,
did
make
a
halt
with
his
Army
,
debating
whither
he
should
presently
assault
it
,
or
give
his
weary
Souldiers
the
respite
of
one
night
,
to
refresh
themselves
.
Euridanus
and
Tessalonus
two
Commanders
,
who
joyned
themselves
unto
him
in
hope
of
the
booty
,
did
counsel
him
to
cut
off
all
delayes
,
whiles
the
Enemies
were
unprepared
,
and
his
new
approach
had
struck
a
terror
into
them
;
but
they
affirmed
that
if
they
should
give
them
the
deliberation
of
one
night
,
the
Enemies
might
put
on
new
resolutions
by
the
access
of
new
supplies
,
and
the
wayes
which
now
lay
open
might
be
obstructed
.
But
the
common
Souldiers
of
the
Gauls
out
of
their
long
want
,
when
they
found
the
Country
to
abound
with
wines
,
and
all
manner
of
provision
,
did
disperse
themselves
about
the
Fields
,
being
no
less
joyful
with
the
abundance
they
found
,
then
with
their
victory
;
and
forsaking
their
Ensigns
,
they
did
range
up
and
down
as
Conquerors
to
seise
on
all
things
;
which
gave
some
respite
to
the
Delphians
;
for
on
the
first
report
of
the
coming
of
the
Gauls
,
the
Country
people
were
prohibited
by
the
Oracle
to
bring
their
Vintage
and
Harvest
into
their
Towns
:
which
saving
counsel
was
not
understood
until
the
abundance
of
wine
and
other
provisions
being
left
as
a
temptation
and
delay
to
the
Gauls
,
the
Auxiliaries
of
the
neighbouring
Countries
had
the
leisure
to
draw
together
;
and
the
Delphians
being
encreased
by
the
access
of
their
Forces
,
did
fortifie
their
City
,
before
the
Gauls
falling
to
their
swill
of
Wine
as
to
their
prey
,
could
be
called
to
their
Standards
.
Brennus
out
of
all
his
Army
made
choyce
for
this
service
of
threescore
and
five
thousand
foot
.
The
Army
of
the
Delphians
and
their
Associates
did
not
amount
to
above
fourteen
thousand
,
in
contempt
of
whom
,
Brennus
the
more
to
encourage
his
men
,
did
shew
them
the
greatness
of
the
booty
,
and
the
Statues
drawn
with
four
horse
(
of
which
a
vast
number
were
seen
afar
off
)
all
with
solid
gold
;
moreover
he
affirmed
to
them
that
the
booty
was
far
more
considerable
in
the
weight
then
in
the
show
.
With
this
information
the
Gauls
being
as
much
inflamed
as
with
their
last
nights
Wine
,
did
fall
upon
the
onset
without
respect
of
danger
.
The
Delphians
on
the
other
side
,
putting
their
confidence
in
their
god
,
and
not
in
their
own
strength
,
did
with
contempt
oppose
their
Enemies
,
and
from
the
top
of
the
Hill
,
some
of
them
with
Arms
,
and
some
with
stones
did
overwhelm
and
repel
the
Gauls
in
their
Scalado
.
In
the
heat
of
this
encounter
,
on
a
sudden
the
Priests
of
all
the
Temples
,
&
the
Prophets
themselves
with
their
hair
dishevelled
in
their
most
solemn
habits
and
fillets
did
tremble
all
with
indignation
,
&
did
run
forth
mad
into
the
Front
of
the
Army
:
where
the
fight
most
violently
was
maintained
,
They
cryed
out
that
their
god
was
come
down
,
&
that
they
beheld
him
leaping
into
the
Temple
,
laughing
from
the
opened
Roofs
thereof
;
for
whiles
they
most
humbly
emplored
his
help
,
a
young
man
as
admirable
in
his
beauty
as
the
tall
proportion
of
his
body
,
with
two
armed
Virgins
who
were
his
Companions
did
appear
,
and
did
meet
them
out
of
the
two
adjoyning
Temples
of
Diana
and
Minerva
;
neither
did
they
onely
behold
them
with
their
eyes
,
but
they
heard
also
the
twang
of
his
Bow
,
and
the
clashing
of
his
Armour
;
they
therefore
conjured
them
by
the
utmost
Imprecations
,
that
they
would
not
delay
to
make
a
thorow-dispatch
upon
their
Enemies
,
the
gods
being
their
Leaders
,
and
to
joyn
themselves
Companions
with
them
in
the
Victory
;
with
these
words
being
enflamed
,
they
did
all
throw
themselves
upon
the
points
of
their
Enemies
swords
,
and
immediately
they
perceived
the
presence
of
their
god
;
For
part
of
the
Hill
(
being
torn
off
by
an
Earthquake
)
did
overwhelm
the
Army
of
the
Gauls
,
and
the
most
thick
and
pointed
wedges
did
fall
to
the
ground
not
without
some
wounds
to
the
Delphians
.
Immediately
there
followed
a
great
Tempest
of
hayl
,
lightning
,
&
thunder
which
devoured
those
who
fainted
by
reason
of
their
wounds
.
Brennus
their
General
,
when
he
could
not
endure
the
anguish
of
his
wounds
,
did
end
his
life
with
his
Poynedo
.
Belgius
the
other
of
their
Generals
,
the
Authors
of
this
war
being
punished
,
departed
in
a
flying
march
out
of
Greece
with
ten
thousand
of
his
Associates
:
But
Fortune
was
not
more
propitious
to
them
flying
;
for
fearful
as
they
were
,
there
was
no
night
without
rain
or
cold
,
nor
day
without
labor
and
danger
,
but
daily
storms
and
snow
concrete
with
Ice
,
and
hunger
,
and
weariness
,
and
above
all
the
great
evil
of
too
much
watching
did
consume
the
miserable
Relicks
of
the
unhappy
war
.
The
people
also
and
Nations
through
which
they
marched
,
did
pursue
them
flying
before
them
as
a
prey
;
By
which
means
it
came
to
pass
,
that
not
one
of
so
great
an
Army
,
who
not
long
before
being
too
confident
in
their
strength
and
numbers
presumed
to
plunder
the
gods
,
did
now
remain
to
witness
the
remembrance
of
so
great
an
overthrow
.
THE
Five
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
PEace
being
concluded
betwixt
the
two
Kings
,
Antigonus
and
Antiochus
;
when
Antigonus
returned
into
Macedonia
,
a
new
Enemy
did
on
a
sudden
arise
unto
him
;
for
the
Gauls
who
were
left
by
Brennus
to
defend
the
bounds
of
the
Nation
,
when
he
advanced
into
Greece
(
that
they
alone
might
not
seem
idle
)
having
armed
fifteen
thousand
foot
,
and
three
thousand
horse
,
did
invade
the
Getes
and
Tribals
,
and
having
overcome
them
,
they
did
hang
like
a
dark
cloud
over
Macedonia
,
and
sent
their
Ambassadors
to
King
Antigonus
to
offer
him
a
mercenary
Peace
,
and
to
discover
his
strength
.
Antigonus
with
royal
magnificence
did
invite
them
to
a
stately
Banquet
,
set
forth
in
the
highest
manner
that
could
be
devised
.
The
Gauls
admiring
the
vast
weights
of
gold
and
silver
,
which
on
purpose
were
layd
open
to
their
observations
,
and
being
provoked
by
the
abundance
and
variety
of
the
booty
,
returned
more
greedy
of
war
,
then
when
they
came
forth
.
The
King
also
commanded
that
the
Elephants
should
be
shewed
unto
them
for
a
terror
,
it
being
a
sight
unaccustomed
to
them
,
and
that
they
should
see
the
ships
laden
with
Souldiers
,
and
gallantly
equipped
,
being
ignorant
that
he
did
hereby
tempt
them
by
the
rlchness
of
the
booty
,
whom
he
thought
to
have
affrighted
by
the
greatness
of
his
power
.
The
Ambassadors
being
returned
,
made
all
things
greater
then
they
were
,
and
declared
both
the
wealth
and
the
security
of
the
King
;
his
Tents
,
they
said
,
were
covered
with
gold
and
silver
,
and
defended
neither
by
works
nor
ditches
:
and
as
if
their
riches
were
defence
enough
,
they
neglected
all
Military
duties
,
thinking
(
belike
)
that
they
needed
not
the
defence
of
Iron
,
because
they
abounded
with
gold
:
By
this
relation
the
desires
of
the
greedy
Nation
were
the
more
provoked
to
the
prey
.
The
Example
of
Belgius
did
the
more
excite
them
,
who
not
long
before
had
overthrown
the
Army
of
the
Macedons
,
and
killed
the
King
himself
.
With
the
general
consent
of
all
,
they
in
the
night
did
invade
the
Tents
of
the
King
,
who
foreseeing
this
tempest
,
did
give
order
the
day
before
to
take
away
all
the
precious
moveables
,
and
privately
to
hide
themselves
in
the
adjoyning
woods
;
neither
was
the
Camp
otherwise
preserved
,
then
that
it
was
thus
abandoned
;
For
the
Gauls
when
they
saw
all
things
forsaken
and
not
onely
without
Defenders
,
but
also
without
a
Guard
,
conceiving
it
to
be
rather
an
Ambush
then
a
flight
,
they
did
forbear
for
a
while
,
to
enter
into
the
Ports
thereof
.
At
last
,
they
possessed
themselves
of
them
,
rather
examining
and
searching
then
plundering
them
,
and
not
long
afterwards
,
taking
away
what
they
found
,
they
did
carry
it
to
the
shore
;
There
when
too
rashly
they
thought
to
seise
upon
the
ships
,
they
were
killed
by
the
Sea-men
,
and
by
a
part
of
the
Land
Army
,
who
fled
thither
with
their
Wives
and
children
suspecting
no
such
danger
:
And
so
great
was
the
slaughter
of
the
Gauls
,
that
the
report
and
opinion
of
this
Victory
procured
peace
to
Antigonus
,
not
from
the
Gauls
,
but
some
other
stubborn
Enemies
who
were
his
Neghbors
.
The
yong
men
of
the
Gauls
at
that
time
were
so
numerous
that
they
swarmed
all
over
Asia
,
neither
did
the
Kings
of
the
East
manage
any
wars
without
the
mercenary
Army
of
the
Gauls
;
neither
did
those
who
were
banished
or
beaten
from
their
Kingdoms
,
address
themselves
unto
any
but
to
the
Gauls
onely
.
So
great
was
the
terror
of
their
name
,
or
the
invincible
happiness
of
their
Arms
,
that
the
King
believed
their
Majestie
was
not
safe
,
nor
could
they
recover
it
being
lost
,
unless
they
were
assisted
by
the
valor
of
the
Gauls
:
Being
therefore
called
by
the
King
of
Bithynia
to
his
help
,
and
the
Victory
obtained
,
they
divided
the
Kingdom
with
him
,
and
called
that
Country
Gallograecia
;
Whiles
these
things
were
performed
in
Asia
,
Phyrrus
being
overcome
by
the
Carthaginians
in
a
battel
at
Sea
,
desired
ayd
of
Antigonus
King
of
Macedonia
,
declaring
that
if
he
assisted
him
not
,
he
must
be
enforced
to
return
into
his
Kingdom
,
and
seek
the
advancement
of
his
Fortunes
from
the
Romans
.
Which
when
his
Ambassadors
brought
him
word
was
denyed
,
(
having
dissembled
the
reason
)
he
pretended
a
sudden
departure
.
In
the
mean
time
,
he
commanded
hls
Confederates
to
provide
for
the
war
,
and
delivered
the
Government
of
the
Tower
of
Tarentum
to
Helenus
his
Son
and
Milo
his
friend
.
Being
returned
into
Epirus
,
he
immediately
invaded
the
bounds
of
Macedonia
,
where
Antigonus
did
meet
him
with
an
Army
,
and
being
overcome
by
him
,
was
put
to
flight
;
Pyrrhus
hereupon
did
take
Macedonia
into
his
power
,
and
as
if
he
had
ballanced
the
loss
of
Italy
and
Sicily
with
the
regaining
of
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
,
he
did
send
both
for
his
Son
and
for
his
friend
,
which
he
did
leave
at
Tarentum
.
Antigonus
with
a
few
horsemen
the
Companions
of
his
flight
,
being
on
a
sudden
forsaken
of
all
the
ornaments
of
his
dignity
,
did
repair
to
Thessalonica
,
to
behold
the
events
of
his
lost
Kingdom
,
hiring
a
mercenary
Army
of
the
Gauls
to
renew
the
war
;
And
being
again
utterly
overthrown
by
Ptolomy
the
Son
of
Pyrrhus
,
and
in
his
flight
attended
but
with
seven
men
,
he
not
onely
lost
all
hope
of
the
recovery
of
his
Kingdom
,
but
fled
into
solitary
places
and
made
them
the
best
procurers
of
his
safety
.
Pyrrhus
being
now
advanced
to
so
great
a
height
of
soveraignty
,
was
not
content
with
that
which
with
modesty
he
durst
not
aspire
unto
in
his
hopes
,
but
propounded
unto
himself
the
Empire
both
of
Greece
and
Asia
;
he
took
a
felicity
and
pride
in
his
wars
as
in
his
Soveraignty
;
for
no
man
could
resist
him
whithersoever
he
turned
his
power
;
but
as
he
was
esteemed
invincible
in
adding
Kingdom
unto
Kingdom
,
so
having
overcome
them
and
obtained
them
,
he
quickly
lost
them
,
being
more
fortunate
to
obtain
then
to
preserve
;
having
afterwards
transported
his
forces
on
the
other
side
of
Chersonesus
,
he
was
received
by
the
Embassies
of
the
Athenians
,
Achaians
,
and
Messenians
;
And
all
Greece
amazed
at
the
glory
of
his
name
,
and
at
the
wonders
of
his
Atchievements
against
the
Romans
and
Carthaginians
,
did
with
a
labouring
expectation
attend
his
arrival
.
His
first
war
in
Greece
was
against
the
Lacedemonians
,
where
he
was
opposed
more
by
the
valour
of
the
women
then
the
men
:
There
he
lost
his
Son
Ptolomy
,
and
the
ablest
and
the
choycest
men
in
his
Army
:
For
so
great
a
multitude
of
women
did
press
in
throngs
upon
him
for
the
defence
of
their
Country
,
as
he
was
besieging
Sparta
,
that
he
was
enforced
to
retreat
from
them
,
being
not
more
valiantly
then
modesty
overcome
.
Moreover
,
it
is
affirmed
that
his
Son
Ptolomy
was
so
able
a
man
of
his
hands
,
that
he
took
the
City
of
Corcyra
being
followed
onely
with
threescore
men
.
In
a
battel
at
Sea
,
there
being
but
seven
men
with
him
,
he
leaped
out
of
his
boat
into
the
ship
of
his
Enemies
,
and
did
enforce
it
to
obedience
.
And
at
the
assault
of
the
City
of
Sparta
he
gallopped
into
the
middle
of
the
City
,
and
was
there
killed
by
the
concurse
of
the
multitude
,
whose
body
,
when
it
was
brought
unto
his
Father
,
it
is
reported
that
Pyrrhus
said
that
he
was
slain
a
great
while
later
then
he
feared
or
then
his
rashness
did
deserve
.
Pyrrhus
being
beaten
back
by
the
Spartans
,
did
march
to
Argos
,
where
when
he
endeavoured
to
besiege
Antigonus
shut
up
in
that
City
,
he
(
fighting
most
violently
amongst
the
thickest
and
the
formost
)
was
slain
with
a
stone
thrown
from
the
Walls
;
his
head
was
brought
unto
Antigonus
,
who
using
the
victory
with
gentleness
,
did
dismiss
his
Son
Helenus
delivered
to
him
with
Epirus
,
and
gave
him
leave
to
depart
to
his
own
Kingdom
,
aud
delivered
him
the
body
of
his
unburyed
Father
to
be
interred
in
his
own
Country
.
Amongst
all
Authors
the
Fame
is
constant
and
clear
enough
,
that
no
King
either
of
that
or
the
former
Age
,
was
to
be
compared
to
Pyrrhus
;
and
that
not
onely
amongst
Kings
,
but
other
personages
,
there
was
seldom
any
to
be
found
of
a
more
just
or
a
more
Religious
life
.
So
great
was
his
knowledge
in
Military
affairs
,
that
although
he
made
war
with
so
great
Kings
,
as
Lysimachus
,
Demetrius
,
and
Antigonus
,
yet
he
alwayes
remained
unconquered
.
In
the
war
also
of
the
Illyrians
and
Sicilians
,
and
of
the
Romanes
,
and
Carthaginians
,
he
was
never
inferiour
to
them
,
and
oftentimes
a
Conqueror
,
who
though
his
Country
was
but
narrow
,
and
before
ignoble
,
by
the
Fame
of
his
atchievements
and
the
uprightness
of
his
conversation
he
did
renown
it
over
all
the
World
.
THE
Six
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
AFter
the
death
of
Pyrrhus
there
were
great
motions
and
tumults
of
war
,
not
onely
in
Macedonia
but
in
Asia
also
and
in
Greece
,
for
the
Pelopennesians
were
by
treachery
betrayed
to
Antigonus
,
and
according
to
the
several
inclinations
of
the
Inhabitants
,
partaking
either
of
joy
or
grief
,
as
the
several
Cities
either
hoped
for
ayd
from
Pyrrhus
,
or
were
afraid
of
his
power
;
so
now
they
either
entred
into
league
with
Antigonus
,
or
flung
themselves
upon
a
war
by
the
mutual
hatred
amongst
themselves
.
In
this
commotion
of
the
troubled
Provinces
,
the
City
also
of
Epirus
was
by
tyranny
invaded
by
Aristotimus
the
Prince
;
by
whom
when
many
of
the
Rulers
of
the
City
were
slain
,
and
more
of
them
driven
into
banishment
,
the
Aetolians
desiring
of
him
by
their
Ambassadors
,
that
the
Exuls
might
be
permitted
to
have
their
wives
and
children
come
unto
them
,
he
at
the
first
denyed
it
,
and
afterwards
as
if
he
had
repented
of
what
he
had
denyed
,
he
gave
all
the
Matrons
leave
to
repair
unto
their
banished
husbands
,
and
appointed
a
day
for
their
departure
.
They
as
if
they
should
for
ever
suffer
banishment
with
their
husbands
,
taking
with
them
their
richest
moveables
,
when
they
had
met
at
the
gate
of
the
City
to
travel
all
in
one
troup
,
they
were
apprehended
and
committed
to
prison
,
and
plundred
of
all
their
goods
,
the
little
children
being
slain
in
the
laps
of
their
Mothers
,
and
the
Virgins
their
daughters
ravished
.
All
men
being
amazed
at
this
domineering
cruelty
,
one
of
their
Rulers
Helemat
by
name
,
an
old
man
,
and
destitute
of
children
,
and
one
that
feared
not
the
respect
of
age
,
being
not
obliged
to
the
respect
of
pledges
,
having
called
to
his
house
the
most
faithul
of
his
friends
did
exhort
them
to
the
revenge
of
their
Country
.
They
all
debating
on
a
way
to
conclude
the
publick
with
their
private
danger
,
and
desiring
a
time
for
deliberation
,
he
sending
for
his
servants
,
did
command
them
to
lock
the
doors
,
withall
to
go
unto
the
Tyrant
,
and
desire
him
to
send
some
of
his
Guard
to
apprehend
the
Conspirators
assembled
in
his
house
,
objecting
to
every
one
of
them
,
that
because
he
could
not
be
the
Author
of
delivering
his
Country
,
he
would
be
the
revenger
of
it
being
forsaken
by
them
.
Hereupon
they
being
surprized
with
a
doubtful
danger
,
chusing
the
more
honourable
way
of
the
two
,
they
conspired
to
kill
the
Tyrant
,
and
Aristotimus
by
this
meanes
was
slain
in
the
fifth
Moneth
af
er
he
had
usurped
the
Tyranny
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Antigonus
being
oppressed
with
several
wars
,
which
he
made
against
King
Ptolomy
and
the
Lacedemonians
,
and
a
new
Army
of
Enemies
from
Gallograecia
,
having
left
in
his
Camp
some
few
Companies
to
defend
it
against
the
other
Enemies
,
he
marched
with
his
chief
power
against
the
Gauls
:
Which
being
understood
,
the
better
to
prepare
themselves
to
the
fight
,
they
did
offer
sacrifices
for
the
good
event
of
the
battel
;
And
a
great
slaughter
and
utter
destruction
,
being
persaged
to
them
by
the
entrails
of
the
beasts
,
they
desperately
turning
their
fear
into
a
fury
,
hoping
that
the
threatnings
and
the
anger
of
the
gods
could
be
expiated
by
the
slaughter
of
their
Families
,
they
killed
their
wives
and
children
,
beginning
the
auspications
of
the
war
with
such
a
detestable
Parricide
:
So
great
was
the
barbarousness
of
their
savage
minds
,
that
they
did
not
forbear
their
Infants
and
the
tenderness
of
that
age
which
even
their
Enemies
would
have
spared
,
but
made
a
na●alitious
and
an
intrinsick
war
with
their
own
bowels
their
children
,
and
with
the
mothers
of
their
children
,
for
whom
others
are
accustomed
to
undertake
wars
:
Therefore
as
if
they
had
redeemed
the
Victory
and
their
lives
by
the
barbarous
cruelty
,
(
bloody
as
they
were
from
the
streaming
murthers
of
their
wives
and
children
)
they
joyned
in
battel
with
their
Enemies
with
no
better
event
then
the
auspication
promised
;
for
fighting
,
the
furies
of
their
own
consciences
did
surround
them
before
their
Enemies
,
and
the
Ghosts
of
those
whom
they
had
murdered
,
ptesenting
themselves
alwayes
before
their
eyes
,
they
fell
upon
a
final
desolation
.
So
great
was
the
slaughter
,
that
the
gods
did
seem
to
have
combined
with
men
for
their
utter
destruction
.
After
the
event
of
this
battel
,
Ptolomy
and
the
Lacedemonians
declining
the
conquering
Army
of
Antigonus
,
did
retreat
into
more
safe
places
:
Antigonus
when
he
perceived
that
they
were
departed
,
the
courage
of
his
Souldiers
being
flushed
with
the
former
Victory
,
did
make
war
upon
the
Athenians
:
In
which
,
when
he
was
engaged
,
Alexander
King
of
Epirus
desiring
to
revenge
his
Fathers
death
,
did
plunder
the
borders
of
Macedonia
;
against
whom
when
Antigonus
marched
,
being
returned
out
of
Greece
,
he
was
forsaken
by
his
Souldiers
who
revolted
from
him
,
and
did
lose
with
his
Army
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
.
His
Son
Demetrius
being
in
his
minority
having
leavied
a
new
Army
in
his
Fathers
absence
,
did
not
only
recover
Macedonia
that
was
lost
,
but
dis-invested
Alexander
of
his
Kingdom
of
Epirus
.
So
great
was
the
inconstancy
of
the
Souldiers
,
or
the
variety
of
Fortune
,
that
Kings
were
even
now
but
banished
men
,
and
by
and
by
they
were
Kings
again
.
Alexander
when
he
fled
as
a
banished
man
into
Arcadia
,
was
not
long
after
restored
into
his
Kingdoms
with
as
great
an
applause
of
the
Epirots
as
with
the
help
of
their
Confederats
.
At
that
time
Agas
King
of
the
Cyrenians
dyed
who
before
his
sickness
(
to
compose
all
strifes
with
his
brother
Ptolomy
)
had
espoused
his
onely
daughter
Beronioe
to
his
Son
.
But
after
the
death
of
King
Antigonus
,
Arsinoe
the
Mother
of
the
young
Lady
,
that
she
might
dissolve
the
marriage
contracted
without
her
consent
,
did
send
for
Demetrius
the
brother
of
King
Antigonus
from
Macedonia
,
not
onely
to
the
marriage
of
Beronice
,
but
to
the
Kingdom
of
Cyrene
;
Demetrius
being
born
himself
of
the
daughter
of
Ptolomy
,
made
not
the
least
delay
;
but
having
a
fore-wind
to
his
own
desires
,
arrived
suddenly
at
Cyrene
,
and
by
the
confidence
of
the
comeliness
of
his
personage
,
endevouring
to
endeer
himself
to
his
Mother-in-law
Arsinoe
,
he
began
to
deport
himself
very
proudly
to
the
royal
Family
,
and
to
domineer
over
the
Souldiery
,
and
to
translate
his
affections
and
his
Courtship
from
the
daughter
to
the
mother
,
which
was
first
discovered
by
the
daughter
,
and
afterwards
abominated
both
by
the
people
and
the
Souldiers
:
Therefore
all
of
them
having
changed
their
affections
,
a
plot
was
laid
for
Demetrius
,
to
whom
Executioners
were
sent
being
in
bed
with
his
Mother-in-law
:
But
Arsinoe
having
heard
the
voyce
of
her
daughter
standing
at
the
door
,
and
giving
order
to
spare
her
Mother
,
did
for
a
while
with
her
own
body
protect
the
adulterer
,
who
being
slain
,
Beronice
with
the
preservation
of
her
piety
,
revenged
the
incontinency
of
her
Mother
;
and
in
the
choyce
of
her
husband
did
follow
the
judgement
of
her
Father
.
THE
Seven
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ANtiochus
King
of
Syria
being
dead
,
when
Seleucus
his
Son
succeeded
in
his
place
,
he
began
his
raign
with
Parricide
,
his
mother
perswading
him
to
it
,
who
ought
to
have
deterred
him
from
it
;
for
he
killed
his
Stepmother
Beronice
with
his
little
brother
begotten
on
her
:
Which
horrible
crime
being
committed
,
he
was
not
onely
tainted
with
Infamy
,
but
withall
he
involved
himself
in
a
war
with
Ptolomy
.
Moreover
,
Beronice
when
she
understood
that
Executioners
were
sent
to
take
away
her
life
,
she
shut
up
her self
in
her
Fathers
Daphne
,
where
when
it
was
reported
to
the
Cities
of
Asia
,
that
she
was
besieged
with
her
little
child
,
they
calling
to
their
minds
the
dignity
of
her
Father
,
and
of
her
Ancestors
,
and
prompted
to
compassion
at
the
indignity
of
her
Fortune
,
they
all
sent
ayd
unto
her
:
Her
brother
Ptolomy
being
also
startled
at
the
danger
of
his
sister
,
having
left
his
own
Kingdom
,
did
advance
to
her
relief
with
all
the
speed
that
could
be
.
But
before
the
arrival
of
any
ayd
,
Beronice
when
she
could
not
be
taken
by
force
,
was
killed
by
treachery
:
It
was
conceived
by
all
to
be
a
subject
most
worthy
of
lamentation
.
Therefore
when
all
the
Cities
who
had
revolted
from
her
,
had
provided
a
very
great
Fleet
,
being
amazed
at
this
example
of
horrid
cruelty
,
they
did
offer
themselves
and
their
ships
to
Ptolomy
,
who
if
he
had
not
been
called
back
into
Aegypt
by
some
intestine
sedition
,
had
possessed
himself
of
all
the
Kingdom
of
Seleucus
;
This
parricidial
guilt
had
brought
upon
him
so
much
hatred
;
or
the
unworthy
death
of
his
sister
had
purchased
to
Ptolomyes
much
affection
.
After
the
death
of
Ptolomy
,
when
Seleucus
had
set
forth
a
great
Navie
against
the
Cities
which
revolted
,
immediately
a
great
tempest
arising
,
as
if
the
gods
themselves
would
revenge
this
par●icide
,
he
lost
them
all
by
Tempest
,
neither
had
he
any
thing
left
of
so
great
a
preparation
,
but
his
naked
body
,
&
some
few
Companions
of
his
shipwrack
whom
Fortune
had
preserved
alive
;
A
lamentable
thing
it
was
,
and
yet
acceptable
to
him
;
for
the
Cities
,
which
in
hatred
of
him
had
revolted
to
Seleucus
(
as
if
the
gods
were
satisfied
in
his
punishment
,
themselves
being
the
Arbitrators
)
by
a
sudden
change
of
their
minde
,
being
touched
with
compassion
for
his
shipwrack
,
they
did
restore
themselves
unto
the
Authority
of
his
command
:
Rejoycing
therefore
in
his
calamity
,
and
made
more
rich
by
loss
,
he
made
war
upon
Ptolomy
,
conceiving
himself
now
equal
in
strength
unto
him
:
But
as
if
he
was
born
to
be
the
sport
of
fortune
,
and
had
onely
received
his
Kingdom
again
but
to
lose
it
again
,
being
various
in
battel
,
and
not
much
more
accompanied
then
after
his
shipwrark
,
he
fled
in
great
fear
to
Antiochia
:
from
whence
he
sent
Letters
to
his
Brother
Antiochus
,
in
which
he
did
implore
his
ayd
,
and
in
recompence
thereof
did
offer
to
him
all
that
part
of
Asia
which
lyeth
on
the
bounds
of
the
Hill
Taurus
.
Antiochus
being
but
fourteen
years
of
age
,
and
greedy
of
Soveraignty
above
his
years
,
took
hold
of
the
occasion
,
but
not
with
that
pious
minde
as
it
was
offered
;
but
desiring
like
an
Oppressor
,
to
force
all
from
his
brother
,
he
armed
himself
being
but
a
boy
with
a
wicked
but
a
manly
boldness
;
from
his
ravenous
disposition
he
was
called
Hierax
,
because
in
snatching
away
the
goods
from
other
men
he
followed
not
the
life
of
a
man
,
but
of
a
Bird
of
prey
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Ptolomy
,
when
he
understood
that
King
Antiochus
did
advance
to
the
ayd
and
help
of
Selencus
,
made
peace
with
Seleucus
for
ten
years
,
that
he
might
not
fight
at
once
against
two
:
But
peace
being
granted
by
the
Enemy
,
it
was
reversed
by
the
Brother
,
who
having
drawn
unto
him
a
mercenary
Army
of
the
Gauls
,
in
the
stead
of
a
Brother
did
render
himself
an
Enemy
.
In
that
war
by
the
prowess
of
the
Gauls
,
Antiochus
was
Conqueror
;
but
the
Gauls
believing
that
Seleucus
was
slain
in
the
battel
,
did
turn
their
swords
against
Antiochus
himself
,
believing
they
should
plunder
Asia
with
more
freedom
,
if
they
had
destroyed
all
the
Royal
Progeny
.
Which
when
Antiochus
perceived
,
he
ransomed
himself
from
them
as
from
high-way
men
with
gold
,
and
not
long
after
entred
into
a
league
with
his
own
mercenaries
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Eumenes
King
of
Bythinia
,
his
Brothers
being
dispersed
and
consumed
with
civil
discords
(
being
as
it
were
to
invade
the
uncertain
possession
of
Asia
)
assaulted
the
Gauls
,
and
the
Conqueror
Antiochus
at
once
,
who
being
weary
,
&c.
many
of
them
wounded
in
the
former
encounter
,
it
was
not
difficult
for
him
to
overcome
them
.
In
that
time
,
all
the
wars
were
designed
for
the
destruction
of
Asia
,
and
as
one
was
more
powerful
then
another
,
he
always
seized
upon
Asia
as
a
prey
.
The
two
Brothers
,
Seleucus
and
Antiochus
did
wage
war
for
Asia
;
Ptolomy
King
of
Aegypt
in
pretence
to
revenge
his
sister
,
did
also
greedily
covet
the
Empire
of
Asia
;
on
this
side
Eumenes
of
Bythinia
,
on
the
other
side
the
Gauls
being
always
a
mercenary
Army
,
did
make
a
prey
of
Asia
;
and
amongst
so
manythere
was
no
man
found
to
be
a
Defender
of
it
.
Antiochus
being
overcome
,
when
Eumenes
had
possessed
the
greatest
part
thereof
,
the
two
Brothers
,
(
the
booty
being
lost
for
which
they
made
war
)
could
not
yet
agree
amongst
themselves
,
but
,
the
forraign
Enemy
being
neglected
,
they
did
drive
on
a
war
for
the
mutual
destruction
of
themselves
:
In
which
Antiochus
being
overcome
the
second
time
,
and
wearyed
with
flying
,
which
continued
many
dayes
,
he
at
last
directed
his
course
to
Artamenes
his
Father-in-law
,
who
was
King
of
Cappodocia
:
He
having
nobly
entertained
him
at
first
,
did
not
long
after
contrive
to
take
away
his
life
by
treachery
,
which
Antiochus
having
understood
,
did
provide
for
his
safety
by
flight
.
And
when
wandring
up
and
down
,
he
could
finde
no
place
in
which
he
might
reside
with
safety
,
he
repaired
to
Ptolomy
his
Enemy
,
conceiving
his
assurance
to
be
more
safe
then
his
Brothers
,
being
either
conscious
what
he
intended
to
him
,
or
what
he
had
deserved
of
him
;
But
Ptolomy
being
not
to
be
reconciled
to
him
,
did
command
him
to
be
kept
in
close
imprisonment
,
from
whence
by
the
endeavors
of
a
woman
whom
familiarly
he
knew
,
he
made
an
escape
,
having
deceived
his
Keepers
,
and
flying
away
,
he
was
seized
upon
and
killed
by
Thieves
.
Much
at
the
same
time
,
Seleucus
having
lost
his
Kingdom
(
being
thrown
from
his
horse
)
did
lose
his
life
;
and
thus
these
two
brothers
,
being
Brothers
also
in
banishment
,
after
the
loss
of
their
Kingdoms
,
did
suffer
the
punishment
of
their
transgressions
.
THE
Eight
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
OLympias
the
Daughter
of
Pyrrhus
King
of
Epirus
,
having
lost
Alexander
her
husband
,
who
was
also
her
Brother
when
she
took
upon
her self
the
guardianship
of
her
two
Sons
Pyrrhus
and
Ptolomy
begotten
by
him
,
and
the
Government
also
of
the
Kingdom
;
the
Aetolians
attempting
to
force
from
her
part
of
Acarnania
which
her
husband
had
purchased
with
his
sword
,
she
addressed
her self
to
Demetrius
King
of
Macedonia
,
who
having
before
espoused
the
sister
of
Antiochus
King
of
Syria
,
she
delivered
him
her
own
Daughter
Phytia
in
marriage
also
,
that
so
by
the
right
of
consanguinity
she
might
obtain
that
assistance
which
she
could
not
procure
by
Compassion
:
The
Nuptials
therefore
were
solemnized
by
which
the
favour
of
the
new
marriage
was
confirmed
,
and
the
offence
for
giving
distast
to
the
old
was
contracted
:
But
the
first
wife
(
as
if
she
had
been
divorced
)
did
of
her
own
accord
depart
to
her
Brother
Antiochus
,
and
did
by
importunitie
inforce
him
to
make
war
upon
her
husband
.
The
Arcanians
also
distrusting
the
Epirots
,
did
implore
ayd
of
the
Romans
against
the
Aetolians
,
and
obtained
of
the
Senate
of
Rome
that
Ambassadours
should
be
sent
who
should
command
the
Aetolians
to
withdraw
their
Garrisons
from
the
Cities
of
Arcania
,
and
permit
those
to
be
free
who
onely
heretofore
refused
to
ayd
the
Grecians
against
the
Trojans
the
Authors
of
their
Original
.
But
the
Aetolians
returned
a
proud
answer
to
the
Ambassadors
of
Rome
,
upbraiding
them
with
the
Carthaginians
and
the
Gauls
,
by
whom
they
were
oppressed
with
so
many
wars
,
and
so
often
absolutely
overcome
;
they
told
them
that
they
must
first
open
their
Gates
to
fight
against
the
Carthaginians
,
which
the
fear
of
the
Punick
war
had
shut
,
before
they
could
translate
their
Army
into
Greece
:
They
desired
them
also
to
call
to
minde
who
they
were
whom
they
threatned
;
the
Romans
(
they
said
)
could
not
defend
their
own
Citie
against
the
Gauls
;
and
it
being
taken
,
they
did
not
rescue
it
by
the
sword
,
but
redeemed
it
with
Gold
;
which
Nation
having
invaded
Greece
with
a
far
greater
number
,
they
without
any
Auxiliaries
received
from
strangers
or
from
their
own
Country-men
did
totally
overthrow
,
and
gave
them
that
seat
for
their
Sepulchers
which
they
propounded
to
themselves
for
their
Armies
and
their
Empire
:
On
the
other
side
,
the
Romans
trembling
at
the
burning
of
their
City
,
did
give
the
leisure
to
the
Gauls
to
possess
themselvs
of
almost
all
Italy
.
They
declared
that
the
Gauls
were
first
to
be
beaten
out
of
Italy
,
before
they
should
impose
any
command
upon
the
Aetolians
,
and
that
they
should
first
defend
their
own
,
before
they
should
undertake
to
protect
the
interests
of
others
;
proceeded
further
in
disdainful
Interrogatories
;
and
what
men
are
these
Romans
?
Shepherds
who
by
robbery
detained
the
Lands
from
their
right
Master
;
who
through
the
infamy
of
their
discent
,
could
not
provide
themselves
with
Wives
,
unless
they
took
them
by
violence
;
who
erected
their
City
by
parricide
,
and
mingled
the
matter
of
the
foundation
with
brothers
blood
.
They
declared
,
that
the
Aetolians
were
always
Princes
of
Greece
,
and
exceeded
others
as
much
in
dignity
as
in
valor
;
They
were
the
onely
men
who
always
despised
the
Macedonians
flourishing
with
the
command
and
Soveraignty
of
the
World
,
who
feared
not
King
Philip
,
who
contemned
the
Edicts
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
after
his
conquest
of
the
Persians
and
the
Indians
,
when
the
world
trembled
under
his
Laws
.
They
therefore
admonished
the
Romans
to
be
contented
with
their
present
fortune
,
nor
provoke
those
Armies
by
whom
they
saw
the
Gauls
were
overthrown
,
and
the
Macedons
made
contemptible
;
And
having
thus
dismissed
the
Roman
Ambassadors
,
that
they
might
not
appear
to
have
spoken
more
couragiously
then
they
resolved
to
have
performed
,
they
plundered
that
part
of
Acarnania
which
bordered
on
Epirus
.
Olympias
had
now
delivered
her
Kingdoms
to
her
sons
,
and
Ptolomy
succeeded
in
the
place
of
Pyrrhus
his
deceased
brother
,
who
when
he
advanced
against
his
Enemies
with
a
gallant
Army
,
being
surprized
by
sickness
,
dyed
in
the
way
:
And
Olympias
her self
,
her
heart
being
pierced
through
and
through
for
the
loss
of
both
her
children
,
and
her
soul
sick
within
her
,
did
not
long
out-live
them
;
and
when
of
all
the
Royal
Family
there
not
any
remained
alive
but
onely
the
young
Lady
Nereis
with
her
sister
Laodamia
,
Nereis
marryed
Gelon
the
Son
of
the
King
of
Sicily
;
and
Laodamia
flying
to
the
Altar
of
Diana
,
did
there
lose
her
life
by
the
violence
of
the
people
;
which
facinorous
act
the
Immortal
Gods
revenged
with
the
continued
slaughters
,
and
almost
the
total
destruction
of
all
the
people
.
For
being
punished
with
barrenness
and
hunger
,
and
vexed
with
civil
discords
,
they
were
at
last
almost
utterly
consumed
by
Forreign
Wars
.
And
Milo
the
executioner
of
Laodamia
being
possessed
with
a
fury
,
attempting
sometimes
to
kill
himself
with
a
sword
,
sometimes
to
beat
out
his
brains
with
stones
,
at
the
last
tearing
out
his
bowels
with
his
teeth
died
the
twelfth
day
afterwards
.
These
things
being
thus
mannaged
in
Epirus
,
King
Demetrius
in
the
mean
time
deceased
in
Macedonia
,
leaving
his
Son
Philip
in
his
minority
,
to
whom
Antigonus
being
Tutor
,
having
married
his
mother
,
did
intend
to
possess
himself
of
the
Kingdom
.
In
the
process
of
time
,
when
he
was
kept
a
prisoner
in
his
own
Court
by
the
threats
and
sedition
of
the
Macedons
,
he
broke
forth
at
last
and
adventured
into
the
publick
without
a
Guard
;
and
having
thrown
his
Diadem
and
purple
robe
amongst
the
people
,
he
commanded
that
they
should
be
given
to
some
other
man
who
knew
better
to
govern
them
,
or
they
to
obey
him
.
For
his
part
,
he
understood
well
enough
the
ringols
in
that
envyed
Crown
,
and
the
weight
of
it
▪
not
by
his
pleasures
,
but
by
his
labours
and
his
dangers
.
He
did
put
them
in
minde
of
what
he
had
done
for
them
;
how
he
revenged
the
revolt
of
their
associates
;
how
he
suppressed
the
Dardanians
and
Thessalians
,
insulting
at
the
death
of
King
Demetrius
;
and
at
last
,
how
he
not
only
defended
,
but
increased
the
dignity
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
of
which
since
they
did
repent
,
he
d●d
lay
down
his
command
,
and
did
return
them
their
own
gift
,
because
they
demanded
a
King
over
whom
they
might
command
.
The
people
hearing
this
,
were
rebuked
by
their
own
shame
,
and
commanded
him
ro
receive
again
the
soveraignty
of
Command
,
which
he
refused
untill
the
Authors
of
the
sedition
were
delivered
to
him
to
be
punished
.
After
this
he
made
war
upon
the
Lacedemonians
,
who
alone
in
the
Wars
of
Philip
and
Alexander
,
despised
the
command
of
the
Macedons
,
and
the
Arms
which
were
feared
by
all
the
world
.
Betwixt
these
two
renowned
Nations
the
War
was
carried
on
on
both
sides
with
the
greatest
resolutions
:
Those
fighting
for
the
ancient
glory
of
the
Macedons
,
and
the
others
not
only
for
their
unstained
liberty
,
but
for
their
certain
safety
.
The
Lacedemonians
being
overcome
,
not
themselves
only
,
but
their
wives
and
children
sustained
their
misfortune
with
them
,
with
an
invincible
courage
.
In
the
Battel
not
any
one
of
the
men
was
indulgent
to
his
own
safety
,
nor
any
one
of
the
women
did
afterwards
bewail
her
lost
husband
:
The
old
men
extolled
the
honourable
death
of
their
sons
,
and
the
daughters
did
gratulate
their
Fathers
slain
in
the
field
.
They
all
lamented
their
own
condition
,
that
they
died
not
themselves
for
the
liberty
of
their
Country
.
The
Parents
did
receive
into
their
houses
all
that
were
wounded
,
they
comforted
the
sick
,
and
refreshed
all
the
weak
and
the
weary
.
In
so
great
an
overthrow
there
was
no
complaint
in
the
City
,
no
sign
of
fear
at
all
;
they
all
lamented
rather
their
publick
then
their
private
fortunes
:
presently
upon
this
Cleomenes
their
King
(
after
a
great
slaughter
of
his
enemies
)
being
covered
with
his
own
blood
,
and
with
the
blood
of
his
Enemies
,
retreated
to
the
City
,
and
having
entred
into
it
,
he
fate
not
down
to
demand
either
meat
or
drink
,
nor
eased
himself
by
putting
off
the
burden
of
his
Armour
,
but
leaning
against
the
wall
,
when
he
beheld
that
there
were
but
four
thousand
left
of
all
his
Army
,
he
exhorted
them
to
reserve
themselves
to
a
better
opportunity
to
do
their
Country
service
;
and
taking
his
wife
and
children
with
him
,
he
departed
to
Ptolomy
in
Egypt
,
by
whom
he
was
for
a
long
time
honourably
entertained
,
and
lived
in
the
height
of
regal
Majestie
:
And
at
last
after
the
death
of
Ptolomy
,
he
and
all
his
Family
were
slain
by
his
son
.
But
Antigonus
(
the
Lacedemonians
being
utterly
overthrown
)
did
lament
the
fortune
of
so
great
a
City
,
and
strictly
did
inhibit
his
Souldiers
to
plunder
;
and
moreover
gave
a
free
pardon
to
those
who
remained
alive
,
alledging
that
he
made
War
not
with
the
Lacedemonians
,
but
with
Cleomenes
in
whose
flight
all
his
anger
was
appeased
;
and
it
was
more
for
his
own
glory
that
Lacedemon
was
preserved
by
himself
,
then
if
it
were
taken
and
plundered
by
his
forces
.
He
therefore
spared
the
City
and
the
foundation
of
the
walls
because
there
were
no
men
left
to
whom
he
might
shew
indulgence
.
Not
long
after
he
died
himself
,
and
left
his
Kingdom
to
his
Son
Philip
,
being
above
fourteen
years
of
Age.
THE
Nine
and
twentieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
MUch
about
the
same
time
,
the
soveraign
Commands
of
the
whole
world
did
suffer
a
change
by
the
succession
of
new
Kings
;
for
Antigonus
,
the
Tutor
of
Philip
being
dead
,
Philip
raigned
afterwards
fourteen
years
in
Macedonia
,
and
Seleucus
being
in
Asia
,
Antiochus
was
made
King
both
of
it
and
Syria
before
he
was
fifteen
yeers
of
age
:
The
Kingdom
of
Cappadocia
was
delivered
by
his
Father
to
the
child
Ariathres
.
Ptolomy
possessed
himself
of
Egypt
having
slain
his
father
and
mother
,
and
for
this
parricidial
guilt
was
surnamed
The
Lover
of
his
Father
the
clean
contrary
way
.
The
Lacedemonians
constituted
Lycurgus
to
be
their
King
in
the
place
of
Cleomenes
.
And
that
in
no
place
there
should
a
change
be
wanting
,
Hannibal
,
being
not
yet
of
Age
,
was
chosen
General
of
the
Carthaginians
;
not
for
the
want
of
Commanders
,
but
for
his
hatred
to
the
Romans
,
which
arose
up
from
his
childhood
with
him
:
A
fatal
disease
he
was
not
only
to
the
Romans
,
but
to
Africa
it self
.
These
boys
being
kings
,
although
there
were
no
Governours
of
a
greater
age
,
yet
every
one
of
them
being
intent
to
follow
the
traces
of
their
Predecessors
,
there
shined
forth
a
growing
light
of
honour
in
them
all
.
Only
Ptolomy
as
he
was
nefarious
in
gaining
the
Kingdom
,
so
he
was
slothfull
in
the
administration
of
the
government
of
it
.
The
Dardanians
,
and
other
neighbouring
Nations
,
who
carried
an
inveterate
and
a
deadly
hatred
to
the
Kings
of
Macedonia
,
in
the
contempt
of
this
young
mans
age
,
did
daily
provoke
him
.
On
the
other
side
,
his
enemies
being
round
,
and
he
not
contented
only
to
defend
his
own
Dominions
,
desired
to
make
War
against
the
Aetolians
;
and
being
full
of
the
design
,
Demetrius
King
of
the
Illyrians
being
lately
overcome
by
Paul
the
Roman
Consul
,
did
with
an
humble
Petition
address
himself
unto
him
,
complaining
of
the
injury
of
the
Romans
,
who
were
not
contented
with
the
bounds
of
Italy
,
but
in
an
aspiring
hope
,
promising
to
themselves
the
Empire
of
all
the
World
,
did
make
War
upon
all
Nations
.
Thus
they
affected
the
soveraignty
of
Sicily
,
Sardinia
and
Spain
,
and
greedy
after
Africa
made
War
with
the
Carthaginians
,
and
with
Hannibal
himself
.
They
also
he
said
brought
a
war
upon
himself
for
no
other
cause
,
but
that
he
was
a
neighbour
unto
Italy
;
as
if
it
were
a
trespass
for
any
King
to
Reign
neer
the
bounds
of
their
Empire
;
but
above
all
things
he
was
to
be
an
example
of
Admonition
,
whose
Kingdom
by
how
much
it
was
more
noble
and
more
neer
unto
them
,
by
so
much
the
Romans
would
be
his
more
eager
Enemies
.
He
alledged
that
he
would
give
a
place
to
him
in
that
Kingdom
which
the
Romans
had
possessed
,
it
being
more
gracefull
to
him
to
see
a
friend
and
not
an
enemy
to
strive
with
him
in
the
possession
of
the
Soveraignty
.
With
this
speech
he
enforced
Philip
to
forbear
the
Aetolians
,
and
to
make
War
upon
the
Romans
,
conceiving
the
business
of
the
War
to
be
the
less
,
because
he
understood
that
they
had
been
already
beaten
by
Hannibal
at
the
lake
of
Thrasimen
.
Therefore
at
the
same
time
that
he
might
not
be
infested
with
mutual
War
,
he
made
peace
with
the
Aetolians
,
not
that
he
desired
to
translate
the
War
into
another
place
,
but
that
he
would
take
care
for
the
safety
of
Greece
,
which
he
affirmed
was
never
in
a
greater
danger
.
For
the
Empires
of
the
Carthaginians
and
of
the
Romans
growing
up
to
a
great
height
in
the
West
,
to
whom
the
Kingdom
of
Macedonia
was
only
a
delay
from
being
Masters
of
Greece
and
Asia
(
they
having
tryed
amongst
themselves
for
the
superiority
)
the
Conquerour
would
suddenly
invade
the
East
.
He
said
,
he
beheld
the
cloud
of
that
fierce
and
cruel
War
arising
in
Italy
,
and
the
storms
already
thundring
and
lightning
from
the
West
,
which
into
whatsoever
parts
of
the
world
the
Tempest
of
the
Victory
should
drive
,
it
would
pollute
all
things
with
a
crimson
shower
of
blood
.
Greece
indeed
he
said
had
oftentimes
indured
vast
motions
of
the
Persians
,
sometimes
of
the
Gauls
,
sometimes
of
the
Macedons
,
but
all
this
would
appear
no
more
then
a
sport
,
if
that
Army
of
the
Romans
which
was
now
in
Italy
should
pour
it self
into
another
Land
.
He
beheld
what
cruel
and
bloody
Wars
both
the
Nations
of
the
Romans
and
Carthaginians
amongst
themselves
did
make
,
being
equal
in
the
strength
of
their
forces
,
and
in
the
conduct
of
their
Generals
,
which
enmity
could
never
be
concluded
with
the
destruction
of
one
of
the
parties
only
,
without
the
ruine
of
their
neighbours
.
It
was
true
indeed
,
that
the
fierce
minds
of
the
Conquerours
were
less
to
be
feared
by
the
Macedonians
then
by
the
Grecians
;
for
they
were
more
remote
in
their
situation
,
and
more
strong
in
their
power
to
exercise
their
revenge
howsoever
;
he
was
confident
moreover
that
those
who
now
fought
in
Italy
with
so
much
might
,
would
not
content
themselves
with
that
victory
,
and
they
ought
even
in
Macedonia
to
fear
the
approach
of
the
Conquerors
.
With
this
pretence
the
War
being
ended
with
the
Aetolians
,
Philip
minding
nothing
more
then
the
Wars
against
the
Romans
and
Carthaginians
,
did
weigh
with
himself
the
strength
of
both
Armies
.
And
the
Romans
themselves
who
were
deeply
engaged
in
the
War
with
Hannibal
,
were
not
free
from
the
fear
of
the
Macedons
,
by
reason
of
the
ancient
valour
of
the
Macedons
,
and
the
glory
of
the
conquered
East
;
&
yong
Philip
being
industrious
&
prompt
to
the
War
,
&
withall
inflamed
with
an
emulation
to
tread
in
the
victorious
steps
of
Alexander
,
did
strike
a
new
terrour
into
them
.
Therefore
Philip
when
he
found
that
the
Romans
were
overcome
again
by
the
Carthaginians
in
a
second
Battel
,
professing
himself
to
be
an
Enemy
openly
to
the
Romans
,
he
did
begin
to
build
ships
to
transport
his
Army
into
Italy
.
He
sent
afterwards
an
Ambassador
to
Hannibal
with
Letters
,
to
enter
into
a
League
with
him
who
being
apprehended
by
the
Romans
,
and
brought
unto
the
Senate
,
was
dismissed
without
any
prejudice
,
not
in
honour
to
the
King
,
but
that
being
yet
but
doubtfull
they
might
not
make
him
an
undoubted
Enemy
.
When
it
was
afterwards
declared
to
the
Romans
,
that
Philip
would
pass
his
forces
into
Italy
,
they
sent
Levinus
the
Praetor
with
a
Fleet
well
equipaged
to
hinder
him
in
his
passage
,
who
when
he
arrived
in
Greece
,
he
inforced
the
Aetolians
with
many
promises
to
undertake
a
War
against
Philip.
At
the
same
time
also
Philip
did
sollicite
the
Aetolians
to
make
War
against
the
Romans
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Dardinians
began
to
make
spoil
on
the
borders
of
Macedonia
,
and
having
taken
thence
twenty
thousand
Captives
,
they
called
back
Philip
from
the
Roman
War
to
defend
his
own
Kingdom
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
in
action
,
the
Praetor
Levinus
having
entred
into
a
League
with
King
Attalus
did
plunder
Greece
,
with
which
the
Cities
being
dismayed
they
wearied
Philip
with
their
Embasseys
desiring
aid
of
him
;
and
the
Kings
of
Illyria
also
with
their
daily
supplications
did
importune
him
to
perform
his
promise
:
but
aboveall
,
the
plundred
Macedons
desired
revenge
.
He
being
besieged
with
so
great
and
so
many
difficulties
did
deliberate
with
himself
what
War
he
should
first
undertake
,
and
promised
unto
all
,
that
he
suddenly
would
send
ayd
unto
them
,
not
that
he
was
able
to
perform
what
he
promised
,
but
that
having
filled
them
with
hope
,
he
might
still
keep
them
obliged
in
the
Indentures
of
their
association
.
His
first
expedition
was
against
the
Dardanians
,
who
attending
to
make
an
advantage
of
his
absence
did
threaten
to
fall
upon
Macedonia
with
a
greater
weight
of
War
.
He
made
Peace
also
with
the
Romans
,
being
content
that
they
had
deferred
the
Macedonian
War
.
He
had
a
design
upon
Philopemenes
General
of
the
Achaeans
,
who
(
as
he
had
heard
)
did
privately
sollicite
the
Romans
,
and
the
tempers
of
their
associates
,
which
being
known
and
avoided
,
he
by
his
authority
commanded
the
Achaeans
to
depart
from
his
service
.
THE
Thirtyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
PHilip
being
intent
on
great
atchivements
in
Macedonia
,
the
manners
of
Ptolomy
in
Aegypt
were
far
different
from
him
;
for
the
Kingdom
being
obtained
with
the
Parricide
both
of
Father
and
Mother
,
and
the
slaughter
of
his
Brother
being
added
to
the
murder
of
his
Parents
,
as
if
he
had
done
very
bravely
in
it
,
he
afterwards
delivered
up
himself
to
luxury
,
and
the
whole
Country
followed
the
dissolute
manners
of
the
King
:
Therefore
not
only
his
friends
and
Lieutenants
,
but
all
the
Army
having
left
off
the
Arts
of
War
,
were
corrupted
with
the
looseness
of
the
Court
,
and
became
unarmed
by
sloth
and
riot
.
Which
being
understood
,
Antiochus
the
King
of
Syria
(
the
antient
hatred
betwixt
both
Kingdoms
exciting
him
)
in
a
sudden
War
did
possess
himself
of
many
of
his
Cities
,
and
did
invade
Egypt
it self
.
On
this
,
Ptolomy
was
surprized
with
fear
,
and
by
his
Ambassadors
desired
Antiochus
to
forbear
,
until
he
could
get
his
Army
in
a
readiness
.
And
having
drawn
very
considerable
Forces
from
Greece
,
he
overcame
Antiochus
,
and
had
dispoyled
him
of
his
Kingdom
if
he
had
but
a
little
helped
Fortune
and
improved
the
advantage
by
his
valour
.
But
contented
with
the
restauration
of
the
Cities
which
he
had
lost
,
and
having
made
a
Peace
,
he
greedily
imbraced
a
Subject
for
sloth
,
and
being
fallen
into
luxury
,
having
slain
his
wife
Eurydice
,
who
was
his
own
sister
,
he
was
overcome
by
the
allurements
of
Agathocle●
the
Harlot
,
and
forgetting
the
greatness
of
his
Name
and
Majesty
,
he
wasted
the
nights
in
wantonness
,
and
the
days
in
riot
.
Timbrels
and
Dances
were
added
(
the
Instruments
of
Luxury
)
and
he
was
not
now
looked
upon
as
a
King
,
but
as
a
professed
Master
of
looseness
;
he
delighted
himself
with
Minstrels
and
all
the
provocations
of
lust
.
This
was
the
hidden
disease
,
and
the
sad
symptomes
of
the
falling
Court.
Licentiousness
afterwards
increasing
,
the
impudence
of
the
incontinent
woman
could
not
be
contained
within
the
wals
of
the
Palace
,
whom
the
daily
and
intermingled
pollutons
of
the
King
with
her
Brother
Agathocles
,
(
a
prostitute
of
an
aspiring
come●ness
)
did
make
more
insolent
.
No
little
aggravation
to
this
was
the
Mother
Euanthe
,
who
held
more
fast
the
King
inthralled
with
the
allurements
of
both
her
children
:
Therefore
being
not
contented
to
possess
the
King
,
they
did
now
also
possess
the
Kingdom
:
Now
they
were
seen
in
publick
,
and
saluted
and
attended
.
Agathocles
the
Prostitute
being
joined
to
the
side
of
the
King
,
did
govern
the
City
,
and
the
women
did
dispose
of
the
S●a●s
of
Judicature
,
of
Lieutenant-ships
,
and
places
of
Command
;
neither
was
there
any
man
of
less
power
in
the
Kingdom
then
the
King
himself
.
In
the
mean
time
,
having
left
five
sons
by
his
sister
Eurydice
,
he
died
.
Thus
whiles
the
women
seized
upon
his
Exchequer
,
and
indeavoured
to
govern
the
Kingdom
,
by
making
a
League
with
the
deboystest
and
most
dissolute
persons
,
the
business
was
a
long
time
concealed
;
but
it
being
discovered
at
last
,
Agathocles
was
killed
in
the
first
place
by
the
concourse
of
the
multitude
,
and
the
women
(
to
revenge
the
death
of
Eurydice
)
were
fastened
upon
crosses
.
The
King
being
dead
,
and
the
infamy
of
the
Kingdom
being
as
it
were
expiated
by
the
punishment
of
the
Harlots
,
the
Alexandrians
did
send
their
Ambassadors
to
Rome
intreating
them
that
they
would
undertake
the
Guardianship
of
the
young
Prince
,
and
protect
the
Kingdom
of
Egypt
which
(
they
said
)
Philip
and
Antiochus
having
made
a
League
together
,
had
divided
amongst
themselves
.
The
Embassy
was
gratefull
to
the
Romans
at
that
time
seeking
an
occasion
to
make
War
against
Philip
,
who
lay
in
wait
to
entrap
them
in
the
time
of
the
Carthaginian
War
.
To
this
may
be
added
,
that
the
Carthaginians
and
Hannibal
being
overcome
,
the
Romans
feared
the
Arms
of
no
man
more
;
Considering
with
themselves
,
how
great
a
commotion
Pyrrhus
with
a
few
Bands
of
the
Macedonians
had
made
in
Italy
,
and
what
great
atchievements
they
had
performed
in
the
East
;
Ambassadors
were
therefore
sent
to
require
Philip
and
Antiochus
to
refrain
from
the
Kingdoms
of
Egypt
.
Marcus
Lepidus
was
also
sent
into
Egypt
to
be
protector
of
the
Kingdom
in
the
behalf
of
the
young
Prince
.
Whiles
these
things
were
in
action
,
the
Ambassadors
of
Attalus
King
of
Pergamus
and
of
Rhodes
did
address
themselves
to
Rome
,
complaining
of
the
injuries
of
King
Philip
,
which
complaint
took
away
all
the
delay
of
the
War
against
Macedonia
.
Immediatly
in
pretence
of
bringing
aid
to
their
associates
,
War
was
denounced
against
Philip
,
and
many
Legions
were
sent
with
the
Consul
into
Macedonia
:
And
not
long
afterwards
all
Greece
in
confidence
of
the
Romans
success
against
Philip
(
being
erected
into
a
hope
of
their
former
liberty
)
did
make
War
upon
him
;
so
that
the
King
being
urged
on
every
side
was
compelled
to
desire
peace
,
the
conditions
whereof
when
they
were
expounded
by
the
Romans
,
King
Attalus
began
to
redemand
his
priviledges
,
the
Rhodians
demanded
theirs
,
the
Achaeans
and
Aetolians
theirs
.
On
the
other
side
Philip
did
grant
that
he
could
be
induced
to
obey
the
Romans
,
but
it
would
be
an
unworthy
part
of
him
if
he
should
condiscend
that
the
Grecians
being
overcome
by
Philip
and
Alexander
his
Predecessors
,
and
brought
under
the
yoke
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
,
should
like
Conquerors
impose
Laws
of
peace
on
him
,
who
ought
rather
to
give
an
account
of
their
subje●●ion
then
lay
a
claim
to
liberty
.
At
the
last
Philip
being
importunate
,
a
Truce
was
made
for
two
moneths
,
and
the
peace
which
could
not
be
concluded
in
Macedonia
,
was
to
be
concluded
on
by
the
Senate
at
Rome
.
In
the
same
year
between
the
two
Ilands
of
Theramenes
and
Therasia
in
the
midst
betwixt
both
banks
and
the
Sea
,
there
was
a
great
Earthquake
.
In
which
to
the
wonder
of
those
who
sailed
by
,
the
waters
growing
suddenly
hot
,
there
arose
an
Iland
out
of
the
Deeps
:
And
on
the
same
day
an
Earthquake
in
Asia
did
shake
Rhodes
and
many
other
Cities
,
and
bringing
a
great
ruine
with
in
,
did
wholly
devour
others
.
All
men
being
affrighted
at
the
prodigie
,
the
prophets
presaged
that
the
rising
Empire
of
the
Romans
should
devour
the
ancient
one
of
the
Greeks
and
Macedons
.
The
Senate
in
the
mean
time
having
refused
to
make
any
Peace
with
Philip
,
he
sollicited
the
Tyrant
Nabis
into
the
society
of
the
War
;
and
having
brought
his
Army
into
the
field
,
and
marshalled
them
to
incounter
their
enemies
who
were
prepared
to
receive
them
,
he
did
exhort
them
by
declaring
to
them
that
the
Persians
,
Bactrians
,
and
the
Indians
,
and
all
Asia
,
even
to
the
end
of
the
East
was
overcome
by
the
Macedons
,
and
that
this
war
ought
so
much
the
more
couragiously
to
be
sustained
by
them
,
as
Liberty
is
more
noble
then
subjection
.
But
Flaminius
the
Roman
Consul
did
excite
his
Souldiers
unto
Battel
by
the
Commemoration
of
their
late
Atchievements
,
demonstrating
that
Carthage
and
Sicily
on
this
side
,
and
that
Italy
&
Spain
on
the
other
side
were
conquered
by
the
Roman
valour
;
and
that
Hannibal
was
not
to
be
ranked
below
Alexander
the
great
,
who
being
beaten
out
of
Italy
,
they
had
subdued
Africa
it self
,
the
third
part
of
the
world
.
Moreover
the
Macedons
were
not
to
be
esteemed
according
to
their
ancient
fame
,
but
by
their
present
strength
;
for
now
they
waged
not
war
with
Alexander
the
great
,
whom
perchance
they
heard
to
be
invincible
,
neirher
with
his
Army
who
subdued
the
East
,
but
with
Philip
a
boy
not
yet
grown
up
to
maturity
of
Age
,
who
hardly
was
able
to
maintain
the
bounds
of
his
own
Kingdom
;
and
with
those
Macedons
who
not
long
ago
became
a
prey
to
the
Dardanians
.
They
did
only
boast
of
the
honors
of
their
Ancestors
,
but
the
Romans
were
renowned
for
the
present
courage
of
their
Souldiers
;
for
Hannibal
,
and
the
Carthaginians
,
and
almost
all
the
West
were
not
overcome
by
any
other
Army
but
by
those
Souldiers
who
were
then
in
the
field
with
him
.
The
Souldiers
on
both
sides
being
stirred
up
with
those
exhortations
,
they
joyned
in
Battel
;
the
one
glorying
in
the
conquest
of
the
East
,
the
other
of
the
West
;
these
carrying
into
the
fight
the
ancient
and
obsolete
Honours
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
the
others
the
flower
of
their
Chivalry
,
flourishing
in
the
height
of
the
present
examples
.
But
the
Roman
fortune
overcame
the
Macedonians
:
And
Philip
having
lost
the
battel
,
desired
Peace
of
the
Consul
Flaminius
;
which
being
obtained
,
he
preserved
still
the
name
of
a
King
,
and
all
the
Cities
of
Thrace
being
lost
(
as
Members
that
had
no
interest
in
the
ancient
possession
of
the
Kingdom
)
he
onely
reserved
the
title
of
King
of
Macedonia
;
but
the
Aetolians
being
offended
,
because
Macedonia
was
not
taken
from
the
King
,
and
given
to
them
for
a
reward
of
their
service
,
did
send
Ambassadors
to
Antiochus
,
who
by
flattering
him
with
his
greatness
,
did
perswade
him
to
make
War
with
Rome
,
promising
him
that
all
Greece
would
be
ready
to
assist
him
.
THE
One
and
Thirtieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
PTolomy
surnamed
Philopater
,
King
of
Egypt
,
being
dead
,
the
tender
age
of
his
Son
,
who
was
left
to
inherit
the
Kingdom
,
being
despised
,
he
became
a
prey
to
his
own
Subjects
;
moreover
,
Antiochus
King
of
Syria
had
a
design
to
dispossess
him
of
Egypt
;
Therefore
when
he
had
invaded
Phaenicia
,
and
other
Cities
of
Syria
,
which
belonged
to
the
principality
of
Egypt
,
the
Senate
of
Rome
did
send
Ambassadors
to
him
to
declare
unto
him
that
he
should
abstain
from
the
Kingdom
of
the
yong
Prince
,
which
was
bequeathed
to
their
trust
by
the
last
Will
of
his
Father
.
But
these
Ambassadors
being
neglected
by
Antiochus
,
not
long
after
there
was
sent
from
Rome
another
Ambassy
,
who
making
no
mention
of
their
Ward
at
all
,
commanded
that
the
Cities
(
which
by
the
right
of
War
were
under
the
People
of
Rome
)
should
wholly
be
restored
to
them
.
Antiochus
refusing
it
,
War
was
denounced
against
him
,
which
he
as
hastily
did
undertake
as
unfortunately
he
did
manage
.
At
the
same
time
Nabis
the
Tyrant
did
seize
upon
many
Cities
of
Greece
.
Whereupon
the
Senate
(
that
the
Roman
forces
should
not
at
the
same
time
be
detained
in
a
double
War
)
did
write
unto
Flaminius
,
that
if
he
thought
good
,
he
should
first
free
Greece
from
Nabis
as
he
had
delivered
Macedonia
from
Philip.
For
this
cause
his
Commission
was
prolonged
.
The
name
of
Hannibal
did
also
make
the
war
of
Antiochus
more
terrible
,
against
whom
his
adversaries
(
who
envyed
his
name
in
Arms
)
did
in
private
accusations
complain
unto
the
Romans
that
he
had
entred
into
a
League
with
Antiochus
,
alledging
that
he
being
accustomed
to
military
Commands
and
the
arbitrary
power
of
the
sword
,
would
never
be
content
to
live
under
Laws
,
and
that
he
being
weary
of
the
peace
of
the
City
,
would
be
always
looking
after
new
causes
of
War
,
which
accusations
,
although
they
were
falsly
reported
,
yet
amongst
the
fearfull
they
passed
for
truth
.
The
Senate
being
surprised
with
the
fear
of
him
,
did
send
Servilius
Ambassador
into
Africa
to
discover
his
Designs
,
and
gave
him
private
Instructions
,
that
if
possibly
he
could
,
he
might
kill
him
by
his
emulators
,
and
free
the
Roman
people
from
the
fear
of
so
hated
a
Name
.
But
Hannibal
was
not
long
ignorant
of
the
design
,
being
a
man
experienced
both
to
foresee
and
to
prevent
dangers
,
and
preparing
for
adverse
fortune
in
prosperity
,
as
thinking
of
prosperous
fortune
in
adversity
.
Therefore
after
he
had
the
whole
day
presented
himself
in
publick
before
the
face
of
the
Senate
of
Carthage
,
and
of
the
Roman
Ambassador
,
the
evening
approaching
,
he
took
horse
and
repaired
to
his
Country-house
,
which
he
had
near
to
the
Sea-Coast
,
his
servants
not
knowing
of
it
;
and
being
commanded
to
attend
him
at
the
gate
of
the
City
.
He
had
there
ships
with
Marriners
in
a
readiness
,
which
lay
hid
in
a
Creek
,
and
vast
sums
of
money
,
that
when
occasion
required
,
neither
want
nor
inconveniency
should
delay
him
.
With
the
choisest
youth
of
his
Servants
,
whose
number
the
prisoners
which
he
had
taken
in
Italy
did
increase
,
he
imbarked
himself
,
and
directed
his
course
to
Antiochus
.
On
the
next
morning
the
City
expected
their
Commander
in
chief
,
and
at
that
time
Consul
,
in
the
place
of
publick
Assembly
,
whom
when
they
found
to
be
departed
,
they
were
possessed
with
as
great
a
fear
,
as
if
the
City
it self
had
bin
taken
.
And
the
Roman
Ambassador
,
as
if
a
new
War
already
was
brought
by
Hannibal
upon
Italy
,
returned
in
a
private
silence
unto
Rome
,
and
brought
along
with
him
the
melancholy
tidings
.
In
the
mean
time
Flaminius
(
having
with
him
some
of
the
associated
Cities
of
Greece
)
did
in
two
battels
overcome
Nabys
the
tyrant
,
and
left
him
,
as
it
were
,
unnerv'd
and
fainting
in
his
Kingdom
:
But
liberty
being
restored
to
Greece
,
and
the
Garrisons
drawn
off
from
the
Cities
,
when
the
Roman
Army
was
commanded
back
into
Italy
,
Nabys
being
incensed
at
the
nothingness
of
his
empty
fortunes
,
did
in
a
sudden
War
invade
again
many
of
the
Cities
,
with
which
the
Achaians
being
affrighted
(
that
the
neighbouring
Evil
might
not
creep
unto
them
)
they
constituted
their
Praetor
Philopemenes
to
be
their
General
,
a
man
of
admirable
industry
,
whose
courage
,
and
whose
conduct
in
that
War
was
so
apparent
,
that
in
the
Judgement
of
all
he
might
be
compared
to
Flaminius
the
Roman
General
.
At
the
same
time
Hannibal
came
to
Antiochus
,
and
was
received
as
a
gift
from
the
gods
,
and
by
his
arrival
the
King
was
possessed
with
so
great
a
heat
of
resolution
,
that
he
thought
not
so
much
on
the
war
it self
as
on
the
rewards
of
the
victory
.
But
Hannibal
who
had
experience
of
the
Roman
valour
,
affirmed
that
the
Romans
could
not
be
suppressed
but
in
Italy
it self
.
For
the
performance
of
which
service
he
desired
one
hundred
ships
,
ten
thousand
foot
,
and
one
thousand
horse
,
promising
with
those
unconsiderable
forces
to
make
as
great
a
War
in
Italy
as
he
did
ever
heretofore
,
and
bring
unto
the
King
sitting
in
his
throne
in
Asia
,
either
a
victory
over
the
Romans
,
or
the
equal
conditions
of
a
peace
;
for
he
said
,
that
there
was
wanting
only
a
General
to
the
Spaniards
inflamed
with
a
desire
to
commence
the
War
against
the
Romans
;
and
Italy
moreover
was
now
more
known
unto
him
then
heretofore
;
neither
would
Carthage
be
quiet
,
but
without
delay
would
send
Auxiliaries
to
him
.
These
counsels
being
acceptable
to
the
King
,
one
of
the
Confidents
of
Hannibal
was
sent
to
Carthage
to
exhort
them
to
the
War
,
being
too
covetous
of
it
,
before
he
represented
to
them
that
Hannibal
would
immediately
be
present
with
his
forces
,
and
did
not
communicate
to
either
of
the
Factions
any
thing
at
all
,
but
only
that
nothing
was
wanting
to
carry
on
this
War
but
the
resolutions
of
the
Carthaginians
;
for
Asia
would
defray
the
charges
,
and
lend
them
men
enough
for
the
War
.
When
these
things
were
reported
to
the
Carthaginians
,
the
Messenger
himself
was
apprehendrd
by
the
Enemies
of
Hannibal
,
and
being
brought
into
the
Sentate
(
according
to
the
subtilty
of
the
Carthaginian
wit
)
he
made
answer
,
that
he
was
sent
to
the
whole
Senate
;
for
his
business
did
not
belong
to
this
man
or
that
man
in
particular
,
but
did
concern
them
altogether
.
Whiles
they
debated
many
days
in
the
Senate
to
send
him
to
Rome
to
purge
the
publick
conscience
,
he
privately
took
shipping
and
returned
to
Hannibal
;
which
was
no
sooner
discovered
,
but
the
Carthaginians
sent
presently
an
Ambassador
to
Rome
.
The
Romans
also
sent
Ambassadors
to
Antiochus
,
who
under
that
pretence
might
discover
the
preparations
of
the
King
,
and
either
reconcile
Hannibal
to
the
Romans
,
or
by
their
daily
conversation
with
him
might
render
him
suspected
and
hated
by
the
King
.
The
Ambassadors
therefore
when
they
came
unto
Antiochus
at
Ephesus
,
they
delivered
to
him
the
desires
of
the
Senate
;
and
whiles
they
attended
for
an
answer
from
him
,
they
missed
not
a
day
to
give
a
visitation
unto
Hannibal
,
and
informed
him
that
unadvisedly
he
departed
from
his
Country
when
the
Romans
with
great
fidelity
did
observe
the
peace
,
not
made
so
much
with
the
Commonwealth
of
Carthage
;
as
with
himself
;
for
they
found
that
he
made
War
not
so
much
out
of
any
hatred
that
he
did
bear
unto
the
Romans
,
as
for
the
love
to
his
own
Country
,
to
which
the
best
of
men
do
owe
their
lives
.
These
they
said
were
the
publick
causes
of
War
amongst
the
People
,
but
not
of
private
ones
amongst
Commanders
.
They
afterwards
began
to
extoll
his
atchievements
,
by
the
discourse
whereof
he
being
delighted
,
did
more
often
and
more
greedily
converse
with
the
Ambassadors
,
being
ignorant
that
he
should
procure
hatred
with
the
King
by
his
familiarity
with
the
Romans
:
For
Antiochus
suspecting
that
he
had
reconciled
himself
to
the
Romans
by
his
often
discourse
with
them
,
did
refer
nothing
to
him
as
heretofore
he
was
accustomed
,
nor
made
him
partaker
of
any
of
his
Councels
,
but
did
begin
to
hate
him
as
his
Enemy
and
Betrayer
:
Thus
suspition
did
corrupt
all
the
preparations
for
the
War
,
there
appearing
no
General
in
the
field
,
either
to
take
the
Musters
,
or
to
exercise
the
Souldiers
.
The
substance
of
the
Roman
Embassie
to
Antiochus
was
,
that
he
should
be
contented
with
the
Borders
and
Frontiers
of
Asia
,
and
not
impose
upon
the
Romans
a
necessity
to
enter
into
Asia
with
an
Army
:
which
Message
being
despised
by
Antiochus
,
he
made
answer
that
it
became
his
Royalty
and
resolution
not
to
attend
a
War
,
but
to
give
it
.
The
Councel
of
War
being
often
called
afterwards
,
and
Hannibal
never
sitting
amongst
them
,
Antiochus
at
last
commanded
that
he
should
be
summoned
,
not
that
he
should
act
any
thing
which
he
propounded
,
but
that
he
might
not
appear
to
have
neglected
him
altogether
;
and
the
Councel
of
every
one
being
asked
,
at
the
last
he
demanded
his
advice
,
which
being
observed
by
Hannibal
,
he
professed
that
he
sufficiently
understood
that
he
was
called
by
him
to
the
Councel
of
War
,
not
that
he
wanted
advice
,
but
to
fill
up
the
number
of
the
Sentences
;
howsoever
out
of
his
inveterate
hatred
to
the
Romans
,
and
his
love
unto
the
King
,
with
whom
alone
he
enjoyed
a
safe
banishment
,
he
was
resolved
,
he
said
,
to
declare
unto
him
the
best
way
of
making
War
against
the
Romans
.
Desiring
then
to
be
excused
for
his
boldness
,
he
professed
that
he
approved
not
of
any
thing
of
the
present
Councels
or
Enterprises
,
neither
did
it
seem
good
in
his
Judgement
that
Greece
should
be
the
seat
of
the
War
,
when
Italy
afforded
a
far
more
plentifull
subject
for
it
.
For
the
Romans
,
he
said
,
could
not
be
overcome
but
by
their
own
Arms
,
nor
Italy
be
subdued
but
by
the
Italian
Forces
:
for
in
them
both
the
manner
of
the
War
and
the
People
did
differ
much
from
other
sorts
of
men
.
It
was
of
great
importance
in
other
Wars
to
take
the
first
advantages
of
place
and
time
,
to
lay
waste
the
fields
,
and
to
plunder
the
Cities
of
the
Enemies
;
but
with
a
Roman
,
if
you
first
either
plunder
them
of
their
goods
,
or
overcome
them
in
Battel
,
you
must
also
wrestle
and
tug
with
them
when
they
are
subdued
and
lying
on
the
ground
.
Wherefore
if
any
shall
provoke
them
in
their
own
Country
,
they
may
be
overcome
by
their
own
wealth
,
by
their
own
strength
,
and
by
their
own
Arms
,
as
he
himself
had
done
:
But
if
any
shall
draw
them
out
of
Italy
▪
which
is
the
fountain
of
their
strength
,
he
shall
be
as
much
deceived
,
as
he
who
would
dry
up
the
Rivers
,
should
attempt
it
not
at
the
head
of
the
Fountain
,
but
further
off
by
some
new
works
and
dams
which
he
should
make
.
This
he
said
was
his
Judgement
,
which
he
had
a
long
time
reserved
in
private
to
himself
,
and
freely
before
did
offer
it
unto
them
,
and
did
now
again
repeat
it
,
that
they
might
all
understand
the
way
of
making
War
with
the
Romans
,
and
that
although
invincible
abroad
,
they
are
easie
to
be
conquered
at
home
:
For
you
may
sooner
,
said
he
,
deprive
them
of
their
City
then
their
Empire
,
and
sooner
dispoyl
them
of
Italy
then
of
the
Provinces
:
they
were
taken
by
the
Gauls
,
and
almost
utterly
overthrown
by
my self
;
neither
was
I
or
my
Army
ever
overcome
untill
we
departed
from
them
.
But
when
we
returned
to
Carthage
,
the
fortune
of
the
War
was
suddenly
changed
with
the
place
.
The
Friends
of
the
King
were
the
Contradictors
of
this
Counsel
,
not
reflecting
on
the
profit
of
it
,
but
fearing
least
his
advice
being
approved
,
he
should
have
the
first
place
of
respect
with
the
King
.
But
Antiochus
was
not
so
much
displeased
with
the
Councel
as
with
the
Author
,
and
feared
lest
the
glory
of
the
Victory
should
be
Hannibals
and
not
his
own
;
all
things
therefore
were
corrupted
with
the
various
informations
of
the
flatterers
;
nothing
was
undertaken
either
according
to
Judgement
or
to
Reason
.
The
King
himself
being
fallen
into
Luxury
,
was
given
all
the
Winter
to
new
Marriages
.
On
the
other
side
,
Attilius
the
Roman
Consul
,
who
was
sent
into
this
War
,
did
with
elaborate
ca●e
and
industry
,
muster
his
Armies
,
and
provide
Arms
and
other
necessaries
for
the
war
;
he
confirmed
the
associated
Cities
,
he
allured
the
doubtfull
ones
,
the
event
of
the
war
consisting
in
the
preparations
of
either
side
.
The
King
therefore
beholding
his
men
to
give
back
at
the
first
charge
,
he
brought
no
succor
to
them
in
distress
,
but
was
the
foremost
in
the
flight
,
and
left
his
Tents
full
of
Riches
for
the
Conquerors
;
and
the
Romans
being
intent
on
the
plundring
of
them
,
he
fled
into
Asia
,
where
he
began
to
repent
of
the
Councel
he
neglected
,
and
having
called
back
Hannibal
,
he
promised
to
act
all
things
according
to
his
counsell
.
In
the
mean
time
it
was
reported
to
him
that
Livius
Menemus
,
the
Roman
Admiral
,
did
approach
,
being
sent
by
the
Senate
with
fourscore
Brazen-beaked
ships
to
make
a
war
by
Sea
.
Therefore
,
before
that
his
associated
Cities
should
revolt
to
the
Enemies
,
he
resolved
to
encounter
with
the
Enemy
by
Sea
,
hoping
by
a
new
Victory
to
abolish
the
Infamy
of
the
overthrow
lately
received
in
Greece
.
The
Navy
being
committed
to
the
charge
of
Hannibal
,
the
Battel
was
fought
.
But
neither
were
the
Asian
Souldiers
comparable
to
the
Romans
,
nor
their
Ships
to
theirs
,
which
were
armed
with
brass
on
their
sterns
;
howsoever
the
overthrow
was
the
less
by
the
policy
of
the
General
.
The
report
of
the
Victory
had
not
as
yet
arrived
at
Rome
,
and
the
City
was
therefore
in
suspence
concerning
the
creating
of
Consuls
.
But
who
could
be
a
better
Commander
against
Hannibal
▪
then
the
brother
of
Africanus
,
it
being
the
business
of
the
Scipio's
to
overcome
the
Carthaginians
?
Lucius
Scipio
therefore
was
created
Consul
,
and
his
brother
Africanus
was
given
as
Legate
to
him
,
that
Antiochus
might
understand
that
he
placed
not
a
greater
confidence
in
conquered
Hannibal
,
then
they
did
in
the
conquering
Scipio's
.
The
Scipio's
being
busie
in
the
transporting
of
their
Army
into
Asia
,
it
was
reported
to
them
that
the
War
was
everywhere
already
brought
to
a
period
,
and
accordingly
they
found
Antiochus
overcome
in
a
fight
by
Land
,
and
Hannibal
in
a
fight
by
Sea
.
Therefore
at
their
first
arrival
,
Antiochus
sent
Ambassadors
to
them
to
desire
peace
,
and
as
a
peculiar
gift
to
Africanus
,
they
brought
him
his
Son
,
whom
Antiochus
had
taken
,
as
he
was
transporting
himself
in
a
small
Bark
into
Asia
.
But
Africanus
returned
answer
,
that
private
benefit
ought
to
be
distinguished
from
publick
,
and
that
the
offices
due
unto
him
as
a
Father
were
of
one
Nature
,
and
the
Offices
due
unto
his
Countrey
were
of
another
,
which
ought
to
be
preferred
not
only
above
children
,
but
also
above
life
it self
.
Howsoever
he
declared
,
that
he
very
thankfully
accepted
the
gift
,
and
out
of
his
own
Fortunes
would
answer
the
munificence
of
the
King
.
As
for
that
which
belonged
either
to
Peace
or
War
;
he
made
answer
,
that
he
could
contribute
nothing
by
way
of
thankfulness
,
neither
could
he
fall
in
any
punctilio
from
the
rights
of
his
Countrey
;
for
his
son
being
taken
,
he
never
treated
with
the
King
concerning
his
ransom
,
nor
suffered
the
Senate
to
make
mention
of
it
,
but
as
it
was
worthy
of
the
Majesty
of
his
resolution
,
he
professed
that
he
would
recover
him
by
arms
.
After
this
the
Articles
of
the
Agreement
were
drawn
up
,
That
Asia
should
be
surrendred
to
the
Romans
,
and
Antiochus
be
contented
only
with
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
;
that
he
should
deliver
to
the
Romans
all
his
Ships
,
Prisoners
and
Renegadoes
,
and
give
full
satisfaction
to
the
Romans
for
their
Charges
in
the
War.
Which
when
it
was
reported
to
Antiochus
,
he
made
answer
,
that
he
was
not
so
overcome
as
to
be
content
to
be
dispoyled
of
his
Kingdom
;
and
alledged
,
that
what
the
Romans
had
propounded
to
him
,
were
rather
provocations
to
war
then
any
inducements
unto
peace
.
Great
preparations
therefore
were
made
for
war
on
both
sides
;
the
Romans
having
invaded
Asia
,
and
entred
into
Ilium
,
there
was
a
mutual
gratulation
between
the
Inhabitants
of
Ilium
and
them
;
the
inhabitants
of
Ilium
declared
that
Aeneas
and
other
of
their
Captains
proceeded
from
them
;
and
the
Romans
acknowledged
that
they
received
their
Original
of
them
.
Such&●o
general
was
the
joy
,
as
after
a
long
absence
is
accustomed
to
be
seen
betwixt
Fathers
and
Children
.
It
delighted
the
Inhabitants
of
Ilium
▪
that
their
Nephews
having
overcome
Africa
and
the
West
,
did
challenge
Asia
as
their
Hereditary
Kingdom
,
and
they
said
the
ruine
of
Troy
was
not
to
be
lamented
,
which
was
revived
again
in
a
happy
race
of
such
Noble
successors
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Romans
with
an
unsatisfied
desire
did
behold
the
Houshold
Gods
,
and
the
Cradles
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
the
Temples
and
Images
of
the
Gods
.
The
Romans
being
departed
from
Ilium
,
King
Eumenes
did
march
with
Auxiliaries
to
them
;
And
not
long
after
the
Battel
was
fought
with
Antiochus
,
when
in
the
right
wing
a
Roman
Legion
being
beaten
,
did
fly
back
to
the
Camp
with
more
disgrace
then
danger
;
one
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
Souldiers
,
Marcus
Aemilius
by
name
,
being
left
for
the
defence
of
the
Camp
,
commanded
his
Soldiers
immediately
to
buckle
on
their
Arms
,
which
being
done
,
he
did
lead
them
out
of
the
works
,
and
with
drawn
swords
did
threaten
those
that
fled
back
,
and
declared
that
there
should
not
a
man
of
them
be
left
alive
,
unless
they
returned
to
the
Battel
,
and
that
their
own
Tents
should
be
more
fatall
to
them
then
their
Enemies
swords
.
The
Legion
being
amazed
at
so
great
a
danger
,
the
Soldiers
Armed
by
the
Tribune
,
accompanying
them
,
they
returned
into
the
Battel
,
and
having
made
a
great
slaughter
of
their
Enemies
,
it
was
the
beginning
of
the
Victory
.
There
were
fifty
thousand
of
the
Enemies
slain
,
and
eleven
thousand
taken
.
Antiochus
again
desiring
peace
,
there
was
nothing
added
to
the
former
conditions
.
Africanus
declared
that
the
Romans
did
neither
abate
their
courage
being
overcome
,
neither
grew
they
insolent
with
the
success
of
Victory
.
They
divided
the
Cities
they
had
taken
amongst
their
Associates
,
judging
glory
more
proper
for
the
Romans
then
possessions
;
For
the
glory
of
the
Victory
was
to
be
owned
by
the
Roman
Name
,
and
the
luxury
of
wealth
was
left
to
their
Associates
.
THE
Two
and
thirtieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ANtiochus
being
overcome
,
the
Aetolians
who
inforced
him
to
make
wars
against
the
Romans
,
remained
alone
being
unequal
to
them
in
strength
,
and
destitute
of
all
help
.
And
not
long
after
being
overcome
,
they
lost
their
liberty
which
they
alone
amongst
so
many
Cities
of
Greece
had
preserved
unviolate
,
against
the
Dominations
of
the
Lacedemonians
and
Athenians
;
which
condition
was
so
much
the
more
afflicting
as
it
arrived
the
more
late
unto
them
:
They
computing
with
themselves
those
times
,
in
which
with
their
own
strength
they
resisted
such
numerous
Forces
of
the
Persians
,
and
those
when
in
the
Delphian
war
they
brake
the
violence
of
the
Gaules
,
terrible
both
to
Asia
and
Italy
;
which
glorious
commemoration
did
the
more
increase
the
desire
of
their
liberty
.
As
these
things
were
in
action
,
in
the
mean
time
there
arose
first
a
contention
,
and
afterwards
a
war
betwixt
the
Messenians
,
and
Achaians
,
concerning
the
honor
of
preheminence
,
in
which
Philopemenes
the
Noble
General
of
the
Achaians
was
taken
,
not
that
in
the
fight
he
spared
his
life
,
but
that
as
he
called
back
his
Soldiers
to
the
Battel
,
being
thrown
from
his
horse
as
he
leaped
a
ditch
,
he
was
invironned
and
oppressed
by
the
multitude
of
his
Enemies
.
As
he
lay
on
the
ground
,
the
Messenians
durst
not
kill
him
,
either
through
the
fear
of
his
courage
,
or
the
consciousness
of
his
dignity
.
Therefore
as
they
had
dispatched
all
the
war
in
him
alone
,
they
did
lead
him
Captive
round
about
Greece
in
the
way
of
Triumph
,
the
People
thronging
in
multitudes
to
behold
him
,
as
if
he
was
their
own
,
and
not
the
General
of
their
Enemies
approached
.
Neither
did
ever
the
Achaians
with
a
more
greedy
eye
behold
him
being
a
Conqueror
,
then
the
Messenians
did
now
being
conquered
.
Therefore
they
commanded
him
to
be
brought
into
the
Theater
,
that
they
might
all
have
a
full
view
of
him
,
whom
every
one
conceived
to
be
impossible
to
be
taken
.
Being
brought
afterwards
unto
the
Dungeon
,
in
the
respect
to
his
greatness
,
they
gave
him
poyson
:
which
he
took
as
cheerfully
as
if
he
had
conquered
death
,
as
he
had
heretofore
his
Enemies
;
He
demanded
afterwards
if
his
Lieutenant
Generall
Lycortal
,
whom
he
knew
to
be
second
to
him
in
the
affairs
of
war
,
had
escaped
,
and
having
understood
that
he
was
alive
,
and
in
safety
,
he
said
,
Then
it
goes
not
altogether
so
ill
with
the
Achaians
;
and
speaking
those
words
he
died
.
Not
long
after
the
war
being
renewed
,
the
Messenians
were
overcome
,
and
they
endured
the
punishment
for
the
death
of
Philopemenes
.
In
the
mean
time
Antiochus
King
of
Syria
,
when
he
was
oppressed
by
the
Romans
with
too
great
a
Tribute
,
and
groaned
under
the
burden
of
it
(
either
enforced
by
the
want
of
money
,
or
sollicited
by
avarice
,
by
which
under
the
pretence
of
a
necessitated
Tribute
,
he
hoped
that
he
more
excusedly
should
commit
Sacriledge
)
having
drawn
an
Army
together
,
did
by
night
assault
the
Temple
of
Dindymaean
Jove
.
Which
being
discovered
,
he
was
slain
with
all
his
Army
by
a
concourse
of
the
Inhabitants
.
When
many
Cities
of
Greece
●ame
to
Rome
to
complain
of
the
Injuries
of
Philip
King
of
the
Macedons
;
And
there
was
a
great
dispute
in
the
Senate
between
Demetrius
the
Son
of
Philip
,
whom
his
father
had
sent
to
satisfie
the
Senate
,
and
the
Ambassadors
of
the
Cities
;
the
young
man
being
confused
with
the
multitude
of
complaints
made
against
his
Father
,
did
on
a
suddain
hold
his
peace
;
The
Senate
being
moved
with
his
shamefastness
(
by
which
in
a
private
condition
he
before
endeered
himself
to
all
when
he
was
an
Hostage
at
Rome
)
did
give
him
the
cause
:
and
thus
Demetrius
by
his
modesty
obtained
pardon
for
his
Father
,
not
by
the
right
or
plea
of
defence
,
but
by
the
patronage
of
his
modesty
,
which
was
signified
by
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
that
it
might
appear
that
the
King
was
not
absolved
,
but
the
Father
rather
was
given
to
the
Son
;
Which
procured
to
Demetrius
not
the
grace
of
an
Ambassador
,
but
the
hatred
of
obtrectation
.
It
pulled
upon
him
the
emulation
and
envy
of
his
brother
Philip
,
and
the
cause
of
the
pardon
being
known
to
his
Father
who
was
pardoned
,
it
became
an
offence
,
Philip
disdayning
that
the
person
of
his
Son
was
of
more
moment
with
the
Senate
then
the
Authority
of
the
Father
,
or
the
dignity
of
regall
Majesty
.
Perseus
therefore
having
observed
the
sickness
of
his
Father
,
did
bring
daily
complaint
unto
him
against
Demetrius
being
absent
;
and
at
first
did
cause
him
to
be
hated
,
and
afterwards
to
be
suspected
by
him
;
sometimes
he
did
object
against
him
the
freindship
of
the
Romans
,
and
sometimes
treason
against
his
Father
.
At
the
last
he
counterfeited
that
treacheries
were
prepared
by
him
against
his
person
to
be
put
suddenly
in
Execution
,
to
the
trial
and
proof
whereof
the
Judges
were
sent
for
,
the
suborned
witnesses
examined
,
and
the
Charge
was
proved
which
was
objected
against
him
.
By
those
unjust
proceedings
the
Father
being
compelled
to
parricide
,
did
make
sad
all
the
Court
with
the
execution
of
his
Son
.
Demetrius
being
slain
,
Perseus
grew
not
more
dutifull
but
more
contumatious
against
his
Father
,
and
carried
himself
not
as
an
heir
of
the
Kingdom
,
but
as
the
King
himself
,
with
which
Philip
being
offended
,
did
daily
more
impatiently
lament
the
death
of
Demetrius
:
and
suspecting
that
he
was
circumvented
by
the
Treachery
of
Perseus
,
he
caused
the
witnesses
and
the
Judges
to
be
tormented
;
And
having
by
this
means
discovered
the
deceit
,
he
was
no
less
afflicted
with
the
wickedness
of
Perseus
,
then
with
the
innocent
death
of
Demetrius
;
which
he
was
resolved
to
have
revenged
if
he
had
not
been
prevented
by
death
;
For
not
long
after
his
disease
encreasing
by
the
Melancholy
and
perplexedness
of
his
spirit
,
he
deceased
,
having
left
great
preparations
of
war
against
the
Romans
,
which
Perseus
afterwards
employed
;
For
he
enforced
the
Gaules
,
called
Scordisci
,
to
joyn
in
league
with
him
,
and
he
had
made
a
great
war
against
the
Romans
if
he
had
not
died
.
For
the
Gaules
,
the
war
against
the
Delphians
being
unfortunately
mannaged
,
in
which
they
found
the
power
of
God
to
be
more
great
and
present
then
the
power
of
their
Enemies
,
having
lost
Brennus
their
Generall
,
some
part
of
them
did
fly
into
Asia
,
and
some
part
did
wander
up
and
down
in
Thracia
;
From
whence
in
the
same
path
in
which
they
marched
forth
,
they
returned
to
their
antient
Country
.
Of
these
a
considerable
number
did
sit
down
in
the
Confluent
of
the
River
Danubius
,
and
called
themselves
by
the
name
of
Scordisci
.
But
the
Tectosagi
when
they
arrived
at
their
antient
Country
of
Tholouse
,
were
there
visited
by
the
Pestilence
,
and
recovered
not
their
health
untill
being
admonished
by
the
answers
of
the
Diviners
,
they
had
drowned
all
their
Gold
and
Silver
which
they
had
got
by
Sacriledge
in
the
Lake
of
Tholouse
,
all
which
Coepio
the
Roman
Consul
did
a
long
time
afterwards
take
away
.
There
was
in
all
one
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
weight
of
Gold
,
and
five
millions
of
Silver
,
which
Sacriledge
was
the
cause
afterwards
of
the
destruction
of
Coepio
and
all
his
Army
.
The
tumult
also
of
the
Cambrian
war
did
follow
the
Romans
,
as
the
revenge
of
the
violation
of
the
consecrated
money
.
Not
a
small
number
of
the
Nation
of
the
Tectosagi
did
seat
themselves
in
Illyricum
,
being
delighted
with
the
sweetness
of
the
Air
and
the
Prey
,
and
having
spoyled
the
Istrians
,
they
did
inhabite
Pannonia
.
Fame
reports
that
the
Nation
of
the
Istrians
do
derive
their
Originall
from
Colchos
,
being
sent
by
King
Aetus
to
the
Argonauts
to
pursue
the
ravisher
of
his
daughter
,
who
as
soon
as
they
entered
into
Ister
out
of
Pontus
,
having
sailed
far
into
the
Channel
of
the
River
Sais
,
following
the
steps
of
the
Argonauts
,
they
carried
their
ships
on
their
shoulders
over
the
cliffes
of
the
hills
,
untill
they
came
to
the
shore
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
;
having
understood
that
the
Argonauts
by
reason
of
the
length
of
their
Ship
had
done
the
same
before
them
,
whom
when
the
Colchians
did
not
receive
,
they
either
through
fear
of
their
King
,
or
the
tediousness
of
their
long
Navigation
,
did
sit
down
at
last
neer
to
Aquileia
,
and
were
called
Istrians
,
after
the
Name
of
the
River
,
into
the
which
from
the
Sea
they
sayled
.
The
Dacians
also
are
a
Generation
of
the
Getes
,
who
when
they
fought
unfortunately
under
Olor
their
King
against
the
Bastarnians
,
were
commanded
,
that
when
they
were
in
bed
,
they
should
,
to
expiate
their
sloth
,
lay
their
feet
where
they
should
rest
their
heads
,
and
perform
those
houshold
offices
and
services
to
their
wives
,
which
their
wives
before
were
accustomed
to
do
to
them
.
Neither
was
this
custome
changed
,
untill
by
their
courage
they
had
wiped
away
the
old
Ignominy
which
they
had
received
in
the
war
.
Perseus
when
he
succeeded
in
the
Kingdom
of
Philip
his
Father
,
did
excite
all
these
Nations
to
joyn
in
assistance
with
him
against
the
Romans
.
In
the
mean
time
there
did
arise
a
war
betwixt
King
Prusias
,
to
whom
Annibal
fled
after
the
peace
granted
to
Antiochus
by
the
Romans
,
and
Eumenes
;
Which
war
Prusias
first
began
having
broken
the
League
through
the
confidence
he
had
in
Annibal
;
For
Annibal
(
when
amongst
other
of
the
Articles
of
the
Treaty
,
the
Romans
did
demand
of
Antiochus
that
he
should
deliver
him
up
unto
them
)
being
advertised
by
Antiochus
of
it
,
did
fly
to
Crete
;
Where
having
lived
for
many
years
a
quiet
life
,
and
found
himself
envied
by
reason
of
his
excessive
wealth
,
he
deposed
in
the
Temple
of
Diana
pitchers
filled
with
Lead
,
as
the
safegard
of
his
fortune
;
and
the
City
being
no
wayes
jealous
of
him
,
because
they
had
his
fortunes
with
them
as
his
,
he
repaired
to
King
Prusias
,
his
Gold
which
he
carried
with
him
being
melted
and
poured
into
hollow
Statues
,
least
his
riches
being
discovered
should
be
a
hinderance
to
his
life
.
Prusias
being
overcome
by
King
Eumenes
by
land
,
and
intending
to
try
the
fortune
of
a
Battel
by
Sea
,
Annibal
by
a
new
invention
was
the
Author
of
the
Victory
;
For
he
commanded
that
all
kinds
of
Serpents
stored
into
earthen
Vessels
in
the
middle
of
the
Battel
should
be
thrown
into
the
Ships
of
their
Enemies
.
It
seemed
ridiculous
to
the
Enemies
at
first
,
that
they
should
Arm
themselves
and
fight
with
earthen
Pots
,
who
could
not
encounter
their
Enemies
with
swords
;
But
when
their
Ships
began
to
be
filled
with
the
Serpents
,
they
were
circumvented
with
a
doubtfull
and
double
danger
,
and
yeilded
the
Victory
to
their
Enemies
.
When
these
things
were
declared
at
Rome
,
Ambassadors
were
sent
by
the
Senate
to
make
a
reconciliation
betwixt
both
Kings
,
and
to
demand
the
person
of
Annibal
;
but
Annibal
having
notice
of
it
,
did
take
poyson
and
prevented
the
Embassy
by
death
.
This
year
was
remarkable
by
the
death
of
three
of
the
most
famous
Generals
in
the
world
;
Annibal
,
Philopemenes
,
and
Scipio
Africanus
;
Most
certain
it
is
that
Annibal
when
Italy
trembled
at
the
thunder
of
his
Arms
,
did
never
sit
down
when
he
did
eat
,
nor
did
ever
drink
more
at
once
then
one
pint
of
wine
;
and
so
great
was
his
chastity
amongst
so
many
Captives
,
that
who
would
deny
that
he
was
born
in
Africa
?
It
was
undoubtedly
a
great
Argument
of
his
moderation
,
that
when
he
commanded
an
Army
of
divers
Nations
,
he
was
never
set
upon
by
any
treachery
of
his
own
men
,
nor
betrayed
by
the
deceit
of
others
,
when
his
Enemies
had
oftentimes
attempted
both
against
him
.
THE
Three
and
Thirtieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
THe
Romans
mannaged
the
Macedonian
war
with
less
noise
and
trouble
then
they
did
the
Carhaginian
;
But
with
so
much
the
more
honour
,
as
the
Macedons
in
fame
did
exceed
the
Carthaginians
;
For
the
Macedonians
were
not
onely
encouraged
with
the
glory
of
the
conquered
East
,
but
assisted
with
the
Auxiliaries
of
all
Kings
.
Therefore
the
Romans
sent
more
Embassies
to
their
Associates
,
and
received
Auxiliaries
from
Messanissa
King
of
the
Numidians
,
and
from
others
of
their
Confederates
;
And
amessage
was
sent
to
Eumenes
King
of
the
Bithynians
to
contribute
to
the
war
with
all
his
powers
.
And
(
besides
the
opinion
that
the
Army
of
the
Macedons
was
invincible
)
Perseus
had
provision
for
ten
years
war
laid
up
byhis
Father
,
both
in
his
Exchequer
,
and
his
Granaries
,
with
which
being
growng
insolent
,
&
forgetful
of
his
Fathers
fortune
,
he
commanded
his
Soldiers
to
call
to
mind
the
Ancient
glory
of
Alexander
.
The
first
encounter
was
of
the
horse
onely
,
in
which
Perseus
being
Conqueror
made
all
men
begin
to
doubt
,
and
to
incline
to
his
side
.
Howsoever
he
sent
Ambassadors
to
the
Consul
to
desire
that
peace
which
the
Romans
had
given
to
his
Father
being
overcome
,
offering
to
defray
the
charges
of
the
war
as
if
he
had
been
overcome
himself
.
But
Sulpitius
the
Consul
did
give
him
no
other
conditions
then
what
the
conquered
were
accustomed
to
receive
.
In
the
mean
time
,
through
the
fear
of
so
dangerous
a
war
,
the
Romans
made
Aemylius
Paulus
Consul
,
and
decreed
unto
him
contrary
to
custome
,
the
Macedonian
war
;
who
when
he
came
unto
the
Army
,
did
make
no
long
delay
of
the
battail
.
On
the
night
before
there
was
an
Ecclipse
of
the
Moon
.
All
men
judged
that
it
was
a
sad
portent
for
Perseus
,
and
that
the
end
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
was
thereby
presaged
.
In
that
Battel
Marcus
Cato
the
Son
of
Cato
the
Orator
,
when
amongst
the
thickest
of
his
Enemies
he
gave
admirable
Demonstrations
of
his
valor
,
having
fallen
from
his
horse
did
fight
on
foot
;
For
a
band
of
the
Enemies
with
a
horrid
cry
did
stand
round
about
him
,
falling
on
him
as
if
they
would
have
killed
him
lying
on
the
ground
.
Bur
he
having
suddenly
recollected
himself
,
did
get
upon
his
feet
,
and
made
a
great
slaughter
of
his
Enemies
,
the
Macedons
did
surround
him
on
every
side
,
and
did
throw
themselves
upon
him
to
take
away
his
life
,
but
he
striking
at
one
of
the
Commanders
,
his
sword
flying
from
his
hand
did
fall
into
the
midst
of
a
cohort
of
his
Enemies
,
to
recover
which
(
protecting
himself
with
his
Buckler
,
both
Armies
looking
on
)
he
was
covered
with
the
swords
of
his
Enemies
,
&
having
gained
his
sword
,
and
received
many
wounds
,
he
returned
with
a
general
acclamation
to
the
Army
;
his
fellows
imitating
his
valor
obtained
the
Victory
.
Perseus
the
King
fled
to
Samothracia
carrying
with
him
ten
thousand
talents
;
And
Cneus
Octavius
being
sent
by
the
Consul
to
pursue
him
,
did
take
him
prisoner
with
his
two
Sons
Alexander
and
Philip
,
and
brought
them
to
the
Consul
.
Macedonia
had
from
her
first
King
Caranus
to
Perseus
,
thirty
Kings
;
But
she
was
not
famous
for
Soveraignty
above
one
hundred
and
ninty
three
years
;
when
she
came
into
the
power
of
the
Romans
she
was
made
free
,
Magistrates
being
constituted
through
the
several
Cities
,
and
she
received
those
Laws
from
Aemylius
Paulus
which
to
this
day
she
doth
observe
.
The
Senates
of
all
the
Cities
of
the
Aetolians
(
because
they
were
uncertain
in
their
fidelity
)
were
sent
with
their
wives
and
children
unto
Rome
,
and
were
a
long
time
detained
there
,
that
they
might
make
no
innovation
in
their
Countries
;
but
the
City
being
wearyed
with
the
importunities
of
many
Ambassadors
,
they
were
hardly
,
after
many
years
,
suffered
to
return
into
their
Countries
.
THE
Four
and
thirtyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
THe
Carthaginians
and
Macedonians
being
subdued
,
and
the
strength
of
th●
Aetolians
being
weakned
by
the
Captivity
of
their
Princes
;
the
Achaians
onely
of
all
Greece
did
seem
at
that
time
most
powerful
to
the
Romans
,
not
by
the
excessive
wealth
of
every
one
of
their
particular
Cities
,
but
by
the
combination
of
them
all
;
for
although
the
Achaians
be
divided
by
their
Cities
as
by
so
many
members
,
yet
they
have
one
Body
and
one
Command
;
they
beat
off
the
dangers
which
threaten
particular
Cities
,
with
their
mutual
strength
.
The
Romans
therefore
seeking
out
an
occasion
of
the
war
,
fortune
did
luckily
present
them
with
the
complaints
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
whose
Fields
in
mutual
hatred
the
Achaians
had
laid
wast
.
The
Senare
answered
the
Lacedemonians
,
that
they
would
send
Ambassadors
into
Greece
,
to
look
upon
the
affairs
of
their
Associates
,
and
to
take
away
the
suspitions
of
all
injury
;
but
instructions
were
privily
given
to
the
Ambassadors
that
they
should
dissolve
this
intire
Body
of
the
Achaians
,
and
make
every
City
to
subsist
by
her
own
priviledges
,
that
so
they
might
more
easily
be
inforced
to
obedience
;
and
if
any
appeared
to
be
stubborn
,
that
they
should
be
broken
:
The
Princes
therefore
of
all
the
Cities
being
called
to
Corinth
,
the
Ambassadors
did
recite
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
▪
and
declared
what
was
the
Counsel
which
was
given
to
them
:
They
declared
,
that
it
was
expedient
for
all
,
that
every
City
should
have
her
own
Laws
,
and
her
own
priviledges
;
which
the
Achaians
no
sooner
understood
,
but
in
a
fury
they
presently
killed
all
that
were
strangers
;
and
had
violated
the
Romane
Ambassadors
themselves
,
if
upon
notice
of
the
tumult
,
they
had
not
fled
away
in
a
great
fear
.
When
this
was
declared
at
Rome
,
the
Senate
did
immediately
Decree
that
the
Achaian
war
should
be
undertaken
by
Mummius
the
Consul
;
who
not
long
after
,
having
transported
his
Army
into
Greece
,
and
all
things
with
great
care
being
provided
for
,
did
provoke
his
Enemies
to
battel
.
But
the
Achaians
(
as
if
it
had
been
no
trouble
at
all
to
conquer
the
Romanes
)
had
nothing
in
a
readiness
for
War
,
but
thinking
more
of
the
booty
then
the
fight
,
they
brought
their
Carriages
into
the
Field
to
draw
from
thence
the
spoyls
of
their
Enemies
,
and
placed
their
Wives
and
Children
on
the
adjacent
Hills
to
behold
the
pleasure
of
the
Battel
,
which
was
no
sooner
begun
,
but
being
slain
before
the
eyes
of
their
Wives
and
Children
,
they
became
a
sad
spectacle
to
them
for
the
present
,
and
left
them
a
grievous
remembrance
of
it
for
the
future
;
and
their
Wives
and
Children
being
made
Captives
of
Spectators
,
were
an
easie
prey
unto
their
Enemies
:
The
City
of
Corinth
it self
was
pull'd
down
,
and
all
the
people
sold
in
the
most
ignominious
manner
that
in
those
times
was
practised
,
that
this
Example
might
strike
a
fear
into
the
other
Cities
to
take
●eed
of
Innovations
for
the
time
to
come
.
Whiles
these
things
were
in
action
,
Antiochus
King
of
Syria
made
War
upon
Ptolomy
King
of
Egypt
,
the
Son
of
his
elder
Sister
,
but
●
slow
man
,
and
so
consumed
with
daily
luxury
,
that
he
not
onely
neglected
the
Offices
of
Regal
Majesty
,
but
was
deprived
also
of
the
sense
of
an
ordinary
man
:
Being
therefore
beaten
out
of
his
Kingdom
,
he
fled
to
Alexandria
to
his
younger
brother
Ptolomy
,
and
having
made
him
a
partaker
in
his
Kingdom
,
they
joyntly
sent
Ambassadors
to
the
Senate
at
Rome
,
by
whom
they
desired
their
help
and
implored
the
Faith
of
their
Society
;
The
supplications
of
the
Brothers
did
move
the
Senate
:
Therefore
Publius
Popilius
was
sent
Ambassador
to
Antiochus
to
command
him
not
to
invade
Egypt
;
or
if
he
was
already
in
it
,
to
withdraw
from
it
.
The
Ambassador
having
found
him
in
Egypt
,
the
King
kissed
him
;
for
Antiochus
above
the
rest
did
respect
Popilius
when
he
was
a
Hostage
at
Rome
;
Popilius
desired
him
to
forbear
all
private
friendship
,
when
the
Mandates
and
the
Interests
of
his
Country
intervened
;
and
having
produced
the
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
he
delivered
it
to
the
King
;
when
he
found
the
King
to
demur
upon
it
,
and
to
say
that
he
would
refer
it
to
the
Consultation
of
his
friends
;
Popilius
with
a
rod
which
he
had
in
his
hand
,
having
inclosed
him
in
a
spacious
Circle
,
that
it
might
contain
his
friends
with
him
,
did
require
him
to
counsel
with
them
in
the
Precinct
of
that
Round
,
and
not
to
move
out
of
it
before
he
had
given
an
Answer
to
the
Senate
,
Whether
he
would
have
peace
or
War
with
the
Romanes
.
This
sharp
proposition
did
so
blunt
the
minde
of
the
King
,
that
he
answered
that
he
would
obey
the
Senate
.
After
this
,
Antiochus
returning
to
his
Kingdom
,
dyed
,
having
left
behind
him
a
son
very
young
,
to
whom
when
Guardians
were
assigned
by
the
people
,
his
Uncle
Demetrius
(
who
was
then
a
Hostage
at
Rome
)
having
understood
of
the
death
of
his
brother
Antiochus
,
addressed
himself
unto
the
Senate
,
and
alledged
that
his
brother
being
alive
,
he
came
to
Rome
as
a
Hostage
for
him
:
but
being
dead
,
he
did
not
now
know
whose
Hostage
he
might
be
;
therefore
he
pleaded
that
it
was
just
he
should
be
dismissed
from
Rome
to
be
invested
in
his
Kingdom
,
which
as
it
was
due
by
the
law
of
Nations
to
his
elder
brother
,
so
it
was
now
due
unto
himself
who
must
have
the
precedency
of
the
Pupil
by
the
priviledge
of
Age
;
When
he
observed
that
the
Senate
(
silently
presuming
that
the
Kingdom
would
be
more
safe
unto
them
under
the
Pupil
,
then
under
him
)
were
un
willing
to
grant
him
leave
to
depart
.
Having
secretly
departed
to
Hostia
,
under
the
pretence
of
hunting
,
he
there
took
shipping
with
the
Companions
of
his
flight
;
and
being
brought
into
Syria
,
he
was
received
with
the
applause
of
all
men
;
and
the
young
Prince
being
put
to
death
,
the
Kingdom
by
his
Guardians
was
delivered
unto
him
.
Much
about
the
same
time
,
Prusias
King
of
Bithinia
contrived
how
to
put
to
death
his
son
Nicomedes
,
endeavouring
to
provide
for
his
younger
sons
whom
he
had
by
Nicomede's
Step-mother
,
and
who
were
then
at
Rome
:
But
the
plot
was
betrayed
by
those
who
undertook
to
perform
it
;
they
exhorted
the
young
man
(
being
provoked
by
the
cruelty
of
his
Father
)
to
prevent
the
deceit
,
and
return
the
wicked
act
upon
the
Author
of
it
;
nor
was
it
hard
to
perswade
him
to
it
,
therefore
(
being
sent
for
)
when
he
came
into
the
Kingdom
of
his
Father
,
he
was
saluted
as
King
,
and
Prusias
his
Father
being
dis-invested
of
his
Kingdom
,
became
as
a
private
man
,
and
was
forsaken
of
his
own
servants
.
When
he
concealed
himself
in
corners
,
he
was
discovered
and
commanded
to
be
killed
by
his
son
,
with
no
less
wickedness
then
he
commanded
his
son
to
be
killed
.
THE
Five
and
thirtyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
DEmetrius
having
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
conceiving
that
the
common
hatred
by
this
Innovation
would
prove
ruinous
to
himself
,
he
determined
to
inlarge
the
bounds
of
his
Soveraignty
,
and
to
encrease
his
Revenues
by
making
War
upon
his
Neighbours
.
Therefore
being
become
an
Enemy
to
Ariathes
King
of
Cappadocia
,
because
he
refused
to
marry
his
Sister
,
he
received
his
suppliant
Brother
Holofernes
injustly
driven
from
the
Kingdom
;
and
rejoycing
that
he
had
offered
to
him
an
honest
Title
of
the
War
,
he
determined
to
restore
to
him
his
Kingdom
:
But
Holofernes
having
ungratefully
made
a
League
with
the
Antiochians
,
and
growing
into
enmity
with
Demetrius
,
he
took
counsel
to
expel
him
from
the
Kingdom
,
by
whom
he
was
restored
to
it
;
which
although
Demetrius
understood
,
yet
he
spared
his
life
,
that
Ariathes
might
not
be
freed
from
the
War
which
his
brother
Demetrius
threatned
to
bring
upon
him
;
howsoever
having
apprehended
him
,
he
commanded
him
to
be
kept
bound
at
Seleucia
;
nevertheless
the
Antiochians
being
no
ways
terrified
at
it
,
did
continue
in
their
rebellion
against
him
.
Therefore
Ptolomy
King
of
Egypt
,
Attalus
King
of
Asia
,
and
Ariathes
King
of
Cappadocia
being
all
provoked
by
him
to
war
,
they
suborned
one
Prompalus
a
young
man
,
but
of
a
most
sordid
birth
and
condition
to
challenge
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
as
if
derived
to
him
from
his
Father
;
and
if
denied
,
to
recover
it
by
force
of
Arms
;
And
that
nothing
should
be
wanting
to
the
pretence
,
he
was
called
by
the
name
of
Alexander
,
and
reported
to
be
the
Son
of
Antiochus
.
So
general
a
hatred
they
did
bear
to
Demetrius
,
that
not
onely
Kingly
powers
,
but
the
Nobility
of
birth
also
by
the
consent
of
all
was
bestowed
on
this
counterfeit
:
Alexander
therefore
forgetting
the
baseness
of
his
former
condition
through
the
wonderful
variety
of
events
being
attended
with
the
Forces
of
all
the
East
,
did
make
war
upon
Demetrius
:
and
having
overcome
him
,
did
deprive
him
at
once
both
of
his
life
and
Kingdom
:
Howsoever
Demetrius
wanted
neither
care
nor
courage
to
provide
for
the
War
;
for
in
the
first
encounter
he
routed
his
Adversary
,
and
the
King
again
renewing
the
War
,
he
killed
afterwards
in
battel
many
thousands
of
his
Enemies
;
At
last
,
with
an
invincible
courage
,
he
fell
fighting
most
gallantly
amongst
the
thickest
of
his
Enemies
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
War
,
Demetrius
commended
both
his
Sons
with
a
vast
sum
of
Gold
to
his
Guest
Gnidius
,
both
that
they
should
be
exempted
from
the
dangers
of
the
War
;
and
if
fortune
so
ordained
it
,
that
they
should
be
preserved
to
revenge
their
Fathers
death
.
The
eldest
of
these
,
Demetrius
by
name
,
being
about
the
sixteenth
year
of
his
age
(
having
heard
of
the
luxury
of
Alexander
,
whom
such
unlooked
for
possessions
,
and
the
royal
ornaments
belonging
to
another
did
keep
a
Prisoner
in
his
own
Court
,
amongst
throngs
of
Concubines
)
the
Cretians
helping
him
,
did
set
upon
him
secure
,
and
fearing
no
Enemy
at
all
:
The
Antiochians
also
recompencing
their
old
offence
committed
against
his
Father
with
new
deservings
,
did
surrender
themselves
unto
him
;
and
his
Fathers
old
Souldiers
in
favor
of
the
young
man
(
preferring
the
Religion
of
their
old
oath
of
fidelity
above
the
pride
of
this
new
King
)
did
translate
both
themselves
and
their
Ensigns
to
Demetrius
;
And
thus
Alexander
being
forsaken
by
no
less
impetuousness
of
fortune
then
he
was
advanced
,
was
overcome
and
killed
in
the
first
encounter
,
and
by
his
punishment
satisfied
the
Ghost
both
of
Demetrius
whom
he
killed
,
and
of
Antiochus
whose
original
he
did
counterfeit
.
THE
Six
and
thirtyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
DEmetrius
having
recovered
his
Fathers
Kingdom
,
and
(
by
the
success
of
affairs
)
being
corrupted
himself
,
did
fall
through
the
vice
of
his
youth
into
sloth
and
riot
,
and
contracted
as
much
contempt
by
his
sloth
,
as
his
Father
had
hatred
by
his
pride
.
Therefore
when
the
Cities
did
everywhere
revolt
from
his
Command
,
to
wipe
away
the
blemish
of
his
idleness
,
he
made
War
upon
the
Parthians
.
The
Eastern
Nations
did
not
unwillingly
behold
his
approach
both
for
the
cruelty
of
Arsacidas
King
of
the
Parthians
,
and
for
that
being
accustomed
to
the
ancient
Command
of
the
Macedonians
,
they
did
with
indignation
endure
the
arrogance
of
this
new
people
:
Therefore
being
assisted
with
the
Auxiliaries
of
the
Persians
,
Elamites
,
and
the
Brastrians
,
he
overthrew
the
Parthians
in
many
battels
.
At
last
,
being
circumvented
by
the
pretence
of
a
peace
,
he
was
taken
;
and
being
led
in
triumph
through
the
Cities
,
he
was
shewed
(
as
a
mock
of
their
favour
)
to
the
people
that
revolted
;
and
being
afterwards
sent
into
Hyrcania
,
he
was
honourably
intreated
according
to
the
dignity
of
his
former
Fortune
.
Whiles
those
things
thus
passed
,
Trifo
who
laboured
in
Syria
to
be
constituted
by
the
people
to
be
the
Guardian
of
Antiochus
,
the
privign
of
Demetrius
,
having
slain
the
young
Prince
,
did
invade
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
which
having
a
long
time
enjoyed
,
the
favour
of
his
new
Command
growing
out
of
date
,
at
last
he
was
overcome
by
Antiochus
the
Brother
of
Demetrius
,
a
very
young
man
who
was
bred
up
in
the
Wars
of
Asia
;
and
thus
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
was
again
devolved
to
the
Issue
of
Demetrius
.
This
Antiochus
being
mindful
that
both
his
Father
was
hated
for
his
pride
,
and
his
Brother
made
contemptible
by
his
sloth
,
that
he
might
not
fall
into
the
same
vices
,
having
first
married
Cleopatra
his
Brothers
wife
,
he
followed
the
War
with
great
resolution
against
the
Cities
which
revolted
in
the
beginning
of
his
Brothers
raign
,
which
being
subdued
,
he
added
them
to
the
bounds
of
his
Empire
.
He
also
overcame
the
Jews
,
who
under
his
Father
Demetrius
in
the
Macedonian
Empire
had
by
their
arms
redeemed
themselves
into
liberty
:
So
great
was
their
power
,
that
after
him
,
they
would
not
endure
any
King
of
the
Macedons
,
and
using
their
own
Governours
,
they
infested
Syria
with
great
Wars
.
The
Jews
derive
their
Original
from
Damascus
,
which
is
the
most
noble
of
the
Cities
of
Syria
;
and
the
Syrian
Kings
do
boast
their
discent
in
a
direct
line
from
Queen
Semiramis
:
The
name
of
Damascus
was
given
to
the
City
by
Damascus
who
was
King
of
it
,
in
the
honour
of
whom
the
Syrians
have
worshipped
the
Sepulcher
of
his
wife
Arathes
as
a
Temple
,
and
esteemed
her
a
Goddess
in
the
height
of
their
most
Religious
devotions
;
After
Damascus
,
Abraham
,
Moses
and
Israel
were
Kings
:
But
the
happy
Issue
of
ten
children
made
Israel
more
famous
then
the
rest
of
his
Ancestors
;
he
delivered
to
his
Sons
the
people
divided
into
ten
Tribes
or
Kingdoms
,
and
commanded
▪
that
they
should
be
all
called
Jewes
,
after
the
name
Judah
who
dyed
not
long
after
the
division
of
the
Kingdoms
,
whose
memory
he
commanded
should
be
reverenced
by
them
.
His
portion
was
distributed
amongst
them
all
,
and
Joseph
was
the
youngest
of
the
brethren
,
who
fearing
his
excellent
wit
,
having
privately
intercepted
him
,
they
sold
him
to
forraign
Merchants
,
by
whom
being
brought
into
Egypt
,
when
by
the
sharpness
of
his
apprehension
he
had
learned
there
the
Magick
Arts
,
he
became
in
a
short
time
most
gracious
with
the
King
;
for
he
was
most
sagacious
in
the
discovery
of
wonderful
events
,
and
was
the
first
of
all
who
found
out
the
understanding
of
dreams
;
and
there
seemed
nothing
unknown
unto
him
which
belonged
to
the
Laws
either
of
God
or
men
,
insomuch
that
(
many
years
before
it
came
to
pass
)
he
foresaw
the
barrenness
of
the
Fields
;
and
Egypt
had
been
destroyed
by
Famine
,
if
the
King
by
his
admonition
had
not
given
command
that
the
fruits
of
the
Earth
should
for
many
years
together
be
preserved
;
And
so
great
was
his
Experience
,
that
his
Answers
seemed
to
be
given
not
from
a
man
,
but
God
.
Moses
was
his
Son
,
whom
besides
his
hereditary
knowledge
,
the
excellency
of
his
beauty
did
commend
.
But
when
the
Egyptians
were
plagued
with
itch
and
scabs
,
they
were
admonished
by
the
Oracle
to
expel
him
with
the
sick
from
the
bounds
of
Egypt
,
least
the
contagion
of
the
disease
should
spread
over
all
.
Being
therefore
made
Captain
of
the
banished
persons
,
he
took
away
by
stealth
the
sacred
things
of
the
Egyptians
,
which
they
attempting
to
recover
by
arms
,
were
enforced
to
return
back
by
Tempests
.
Moses
therefore
on
his
return
to
his
ancient
Country
of
Damascus
did
possess
himself
of
Mount
Sinai
,
where
he
and
his
people
being
afflicted
with
seven
dayes
continued
fast
,
in
the
Desarts
of
Arabia
,
when
he
arrived
to
his
journeys
end
,
he
by
a
fast
consecrated
the
seventh
day
to
all
Posterity
,
and
according
to
the
language
of
his
Nation
did
call
it
the
Sabbath
,
because
that
day
did
put
a
period
both
to
their
fasting
and
their
travel
:
And
(
in
remembrance
that
they
were
driven
from
Egypt
for
fear
of
the
contagion
)
least
for
the
same
cause
they
might
be
hated
by
the
Inhabitants
,
they
provided
by
a
Law
that
they
should
not
communicate
with
strangers
,
which
beginning
first
from
Policy
,
was
by
degrees
turned
afterwards
into
Discipline
and
Religion
.
After
the
death
of
Moses
,
his
Son
Arvas
who
was
a
Priest
also
in
the
Egyptians
Religion
,
was
created
King
;
and
it
was
always
afterwards
a
Custom
amongst
the
Jews
that
they
had
the
same
men
both
for
Kings
and
Priests
;
whose
justice
being
mixt
with
Religion
,
it
is
incredible
how
greatly
they
did
prosper
.
The
weath
of
the
Nation
did
arise
from
the
profits
of
the
Opobalsamum
which
doth
only
grow
in
those
Countries
;
for
it
is
a
Valley
like
a
Garden
which
is
invironed
with
continual
Hils
,
and
a●
it
were
inclosed
with
a
Wall
:
The
space
of
the
Valley
containeth
two
hundred
thousand
Acres
,
and
it
is
called
Jericho
.
In
that
Valley
there
is
a
Wood
as
admirable
for
its
fruitfulness
as
for
its
delight
;
for
it
is
intermingled
with
Palm-Trees
and
Opobalsamum
:
The
Trees
of
the
Opobalsamum
have
a
resemblance
like
to
Firr-Trees
,
but
that
they
are
lower
,
and
are
planted
and
husbanded
after
the
manner
of
Vines
:
On
a
set
season
of
the
year
they
do
sweat
Balsom
;
The
darkness
of
of
the
place
,
is
besides
as
wonderful
as
the
fruitfulness
of
it
:
For
although
the
Sun
shines
nowhere
hotter
in
the
World
,
there
is
naturally
a
moderate
and
a
perpetual
darkness
of
the
Ayr
:
There
is
a
Lake
also
in
that
Country
,
which
by
reason
of
its
greatness
and
unmoveableness
of
the
water
,
is
calld
the
dead
Sea
;
for
it
is
neither
stirred
with
the
Winds
,
the
glutinous
substance
(
with
which
all
the
water
is
covered
)
resisting
their
violence
,
neither
is
it
patient
of
Navigation
;
for
all
things
wanting
life
,
do
presently
sink
into
the
bottom
,
neither
doth
it
sustain
any
matter
,
unless
it
be
washed
over
with
Roch-Allum
dissolved
.
Xerxes
King
of
the
Persians
did
first
overcome
the
Jews
,
they
came
afterwards
with
the
Persians
themselves
into
the
power
of
Alexander
the
great
,
and
a
long
time
they
continued
in
subjection
to
the
Macedonian
Empire
;
when
they
revolted
from
Demetrius
,
and
desired
the
friendship
of
the
Romans
,
they
first
of
all
the
East
did
receive
their
liberty
,
the
Romans
at
that
time
giving
freely
out
of
other
mens
possessions
.
In
the
same
time
in
which
the
change
of
Government
in
Syria
was
alternately
managed
by
the
new
Kings
,
Attalus
King
of
Asia
polluted
that
most
flourishing
Kingdom
received
from
his
Uncle
Eumenes
,
with
the
slaughters
of
his
friends
,
and
the
punishments
of
his
neerest
kinred
;
feigning
sometimes
that
the
old
woman
his
Mother
,
sometimes
that
his
wife
Beronice
were
slain
by
their
treasonable
practices
.
After
the
fury
of
this
most
wicked
violence
,
he
did
put
on
ragged
clothes
,
and
made
short
his
beard
,
and
the
hair
of
his
head
after
the
manner
of
the
guilty
;
he
would
not
be
seen
in
publick
,
nor
shew
himself
to
the
people
,
he
would
have
no
feasts
of
mirth
at
home
,
or
any
appearance
of
a
sober
man
▪
as
if
he
would
altogether
by
taking
punishment
on
himself
,
give
satisfaction
to
the
Ghosts
of
the
slain
.
At
the
last
having
forborn
the
administration
of
his
Kingdom
,
he
digged
in
gardens
,
sowed
seeds
,
and
mingled
the
good
with
the
hurtful
,
and
having
steeped
them
all
in
the
juyce
of
poyson
,
he
sent
them
as
a
peculiar
gift
unto
his
friends
.
From
this
study
,
he
gave
himself
to
the
Art
of
making
of
brass
,
and
in
the
invention
of
tools
and
things
belonging
to
it
,
and
much
delighted
himself
with
the
melting
and
the
minting
of
pieces
in
Brass
.
After
this
,
he
bent
all
his
endeavours
and
design
to
make
a
Tomb
for
his
Mother
,
at
which
work
being
too
intent
,
he
contracted
a
disease
by
the
immoderate
heat
of
the
Sun
,
and
died
the
seventh
day
afterwards
.
By
his
Testament
the
People
of
Rome
were
made
Heirs
:
But
there
was
one
Aristonicus
descended
from
Eumenes
,
not
by
lawful
marriage
,
but
born
of
an
Ephesian
Strumpet
,
the
Daughter
of
a
Fidler
,
who
after
the
death
of
Attalus
did
invade
Asia
as
his
Fathers
Kingdom
:
And
having
made
many
happy
encounters
against
the
Cities
,
which
for
fear
of
the
Romans
would
not
deliver
themselves
unto
him
,
he
seemed
now
to
be
a
King
in
earnest
;
wherefore
Asia
was
decreed
to
Licinus
Crassus
the
Consul
,
who
being
more
intent
to
the
Attalick
booty
then
to
the
war
,
when
in
the
end
of
the
year
he
entred
into
Battail
with
the
Enemy
with
a
disordered
Army
,
being
overcome
,
he
with
his
own
blood
suffered
for
his
inconsiderate
avarice
.
The
Consul
Perpenna
being
sent
to
supply
his
place
,
at
the
first
encounter
did
overcome
Aristonicus
,
and
brought
him
under
subjection
,
and
carried
with
him
unto
Rome
the
hereditary
treasures
of
Attalus
;
which
his
successor
the
Consul
Marcus
Aquilius
repining
at
,
did
make
all
possible
haste
to
snatch
away
Aristonicus
from
Perpenna
,
to
become
the
gift
and
honor
of
his
Triumph
.
But
the
death
of
Perpenna
did
end
the
difference
of
the
Consuls
;
and
thus
Asia
being
made
the
Romans
,
she
sent
also
,
with
her
wealth
,
her
vices
unto
Rome
.
THE
Seven
and
thirtieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ARistonicus
being
taken
,
the
Massilians
sent
Ambassadors
to
Rome
,
humbly
intreating
for
the
Phocensians
their
Founders
,
whose
City
,
and
the
memory
of
whose
Name
,
because
they
were
alwayes
implacable
Enemies
to
the
people
of
Rome
,
both
at
that
time
,
and
before
,
in
the
war
of
Antiochus
,
the
Senate
commanded
should
be
utterly
extinguished
,
but
a
pardon
was
granted
by
the
importunity
of
the
Ambassadors
.
After
this
,
the
rewards
were
given
to
those
Kings
who
brought
in
their
Auxiliary
forces
against
Aristonicus
Syria
the
less
was
bestowed
on
Mithridates
of
Pontus
;
Lycaonia
and
Cilicia
were
given
to
the
sons
of
Ariarathes
,
who
fell
himself
in
that
war
;
and
the
people
of
Rome
were
more
faithful
to
the
sons
of
their
Confederate
Ariarathes
,
then
the
Mother
was
to
her
own
children
;
for
they
encreased
the
Dominions
of
his
son
in
his
nonage
,
and
she
took
away
his
life
from
him
:
For
Laodice
having
in
number
six
sons
by
King
Ariarathes
,
fearing
that
they
growing
into
years
,
she
should
no
longer
enjoy
the
administration
of
the
Kingdom
,
did
destroy
five
of
them
by
poyson
.
The
care
of
his
Kindred
did
preserve
the
yongest
from
the
violence
of
the
Mother
,
who
after
the
death
of
Laodice
(
for
the
people
did
cut
her
off
by
reason
of
her
cruelty
)
did
enjoy
the
Kingdom
alone
.
Mithridates
also
being
taken
away
by
a
sudden
death
,
did
leave
his
Kingdom
to
his
son
,
who
was
also
called
Mithridates
,
whose
Greatness
afterwards
was
such
,
that
he
excelled
in
Majesty
,
not
only
all
the
Kings
of
his
time
,
but
of
the
former
age
,
and
with
various
victory
held
war
with
the
Romans
for
the
space
of
six
and
forty
years
:
whom
the
most
famous
Generals
,
Sylla
,
Lucullus
and
others
at
the
first
,
and
Cneius
Pompeius
at
the
last
did
so
overcome
,
that
he
arose
alwaies
more
great
and
famous
in
renewing
of
the
war
,
and
became
more
terrible
by
his
losses
;
and
at
last
being
overcome
by
no
hostile
force
,
he
died
a
voluntarie
death
in
his
own
Kingdom
,
being
a
very
old
man
,
and
leaving
a
Son
to
succeed
him
,
many
signs
from
Heaven
did
presage
his
greatness
to
come
;
for
both
on
that
day
in
which
he
was
born
,
and
on
that
in
which
he
began
his
Reign
,
at
both
times
there
did
appear
a
Comet
,
which
for
seventie
nights
did
shine
so
brightly
,
as
all
Heaven
did
seem
to
be
in
a
flame
;
for
by
the
greatness
of
it
,
it
took
up
the
fourth
part
of
Heaven
,
and
by
its
splendor
it
overcame
the
light
of
the
Sun
;
and
when
it
did
either
rise
or
set
,
it
took
up
the
space
of
four
hours
.
Being
in
his
minoritie
,
he
laie
open
to
,
and
did
endure
the
treacherie
of
his
tutors
,
for
they
did
put
him
upon
a
wild
and
an
unmanaged
horse
,
and
did
command
him
not
onely
to
ride
him
,
but
to
exercise
his
horsmanship
,
and
to
throw
darts
from
him
;
but
Mithridates
deluding
their
design
,
by
governing
the
horse
beyond
the
expectation
of
his
age
,
they
conspired
against
him
by
poyson
,
which
he
suspecting
,
did
oftentimes
drink
Antidotes
,
and
with
such
exquisite
remedies
did
so
prepare
his
bodie
against
it
,
that
being
an
old
man
,
he
could
not
die
by
poyson
,
though
attempting
it
.
Fearing
afterwards
,
that
his
enemies
would
perform
with
the
sword
what
they
could
not
dispatch
with
poyson
,
he
pretended
he
would
solace
himself
with
the
recreation
of
hunting
;
wherefore
for
the
space
of
four
years
,
he
neither
entred
into
Citie
,
nor
came
in
the
Countrie
within
the
roof
of
any
house
,
but
wandred
in
the
woods
,
and
took
up
his
lodging
on
the
tops
of
severall
hills
,
no
man
knowing
in
what
place
he
was
,
being
accustomed
by
his
swiftness
of
foot
,
either
to
pursue
wild
beasts
,
or
to
flie
from
them
,
and
sometimes
by
main
force
to
grapple
with
them
.
By
which
means
he
both
eschewed
all
treason
that
was
designed
against
him
,
and
hardned
his
bodie
to
all
indurance
of
virtue
.
When
afterwards
he
came
to
the
management
of
the
Kingdom
,
he
immediately
contrived
not
so
much
how
to
rule
it
,
as
how
to
enlarge
it
,
and
by
an
incomparable
felicitie
overcame
the
Scythians
,
who
were
before
invincible
,
for
they
had
overthrown
Zopyro
the
Lieutenant
of
Alexander
the
great
,
with
thirtie
thousand
armed
men
,
and
killed
Cyrus
King
of
the
Persians
,
with
two
hundred
thousand
Souldiers
,
and
routed
Philip
King
of
the
Macedons
.
Being
increased
in
his
power
,
he
possessed
himself
of
Pontus
,
and
not
long
afterwards
of
Cappadocia
;
and
going
privately
out
of
his
Kingdom
,
he
sojourned
over
all
Asia
with
a
few
friends
,
and
thereby
gained
a
perfect
knowledge
of
all
the
Countrie
,
and
of
the
situation
of
every
Citie
.
After
that
,
he
travailed
higher
over
all
Bithynia
,
and
being
already
,
as
it
were
Lord
of
Asia
,
he
contrived
where
to
laie
his
best
opportunities
for
his
following
victories
.
After
this
he
returned
into
his
Kingdom
,
where
it
being
generally
noysed
abroad
that
he
was
dead
,
he
found
a
young
childe
,
which
in
his
absence
Laodice
,
who
was
both
his
sister
and
his
wife
,
had
brought
forth
.
But
after
his
long
travels
,
amidst
the
gratulations
both
of
his
safe
arrival
,
and
of
the
birth
of
his
son
,
he
was
in
danger
of
being
poysoned
;
for
his
sister
Laod
ce
believing
he
had
been
dead
,
did
fall
into
an
incontinent
life
,
and
attempting
to
conceal
one
sin
by
committing
a
greater
,
did
resolve
to
welcome
him
with
poyson
;
which
when
Mithridates
understood
by
her
maid
,
he
revenged
the
treason
which
was
plotted
,
on
the
author
of
it
.
And
winter
drawing
on
,
he
spent
his
time
,
not
at
the
banquet
,
but
in
the
field
,
not
in
sloth
,
but
in
exercise
,
not
amongst
his
companions
,
but
with
Kings
equal
to
him
,
either
in
the
horse-race
,
or
the
foot-race
,
or
by
trying
the
strength
of
bodie
.
He
also
by
daily
exercise
hardned
his
Armie
to
the
same
patience
of
labour
,
and
being
unconquered
himself
,
he
by
these
acts
made
his
Armie
invincible
.
Having
afterwards
made
a
league
with
Nicomedes
,
he
invaded
Paphlagonia
,
and
having
overcome
it
,
he
did
share
it
with
his
companion
Nicomedes
.
The
Senate
being
informed
that
Paphlagonia
was
again
in
the
possession
of
Kings
,
they
sent
Embassadors
to
them
both
,
to
command
them
to
restore
the
Nation
to
her
former
condition
.
Mithridates
when
he
believed
that
he
was
equall
to
the
Roman
Greatness
,
did
return
a
proud
answer
,
which
was
,
that
he
received
his
Kingdom
by
inheritance
,
and
did
much
wonder
that
they
should
trouble
themselves
with
a
Controversie
which
did
not
belong
unto
them
;
and
being
nothing
terrified
with
their
threatnings
,
he
seized
upon
Galatia
.
Nicomedes
,
because
he
could
not
defend
himself
by
right
,
made
answer
▪
that
he
would
restore
his
part
to
a
lawful
King
,
and
(
having
changed
his
Name
)
he
called
his
own
Son
Philomenos
,
after
the
name
of
the
Kings
of
Paphlagonia
,
and
in
a
false
name
and
title
enjoied
the
Kingdom
,
as
if
he
had
restored
it
to
the
true
Roial
Progenie
:
And
thus
the
Embassadors
being
deluded
,
did
return
to
Rome
.
THE
Eight
and
thirtyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
MIthridates
having
begun
his
parricides
by
the
murder
of
his
own
wife
,
determined
with
himself
to
put
to
death
the
Sons
of
his
other
sister
Laodice
,
whose
husband
Ariarathes
King
of
Cappadocia
he
had
treacherously
murdered
by
Gordius
,
thinking
he
had
done
nothing
in
murdering
of
the
father
,
if
the
young
men
still
enjoyed
their
fathers
Kingdom
,
with
a
desire
whereof
he
was
violently
transported
.
Whiles
he
was
busie
on
his
design
,
Nicomedes
King
of
Bithynia
did
invade
Cappadocia
,
destitute
of
a
King
;
which
when
Mithridates
understood
,
in
a
counterfeit
pietie
he
sent
assistance
to
his
sister
to
drive
Nicomedes
out
of
the
Kingdom
;
but
in
the
mean
time
a
contract
being
made
,
Laodice
had
espoused
her self
to
Nicomedes
.
At
which
Mithridates
being
much
troubled
,
he
drove
the
Garrison-Souldiers
and
others
of
the
Armie
of
Nicomedes
out
of
Bithynia
,
and
restored
the
Kingdom
to
his
sisters
son
,
which
was
an
honorable
act
indeed
,
if
it
had
not
been
attended
by
deceit
;
for
not
long
after
,
he
pretended
that
he
would
call
back
Gordius
from
banishment
,
whom
he
used
as
his
minister
in
the
murder
of
Ariarathes
,
and
restore
him
to
his
Countrie
,
hoping
if
the
young
man
should
not
give
waie
to
it
,
there
would
arise
from
thence
a
sufficient
cause
of
the
war
,
or
if
he
should
permit
it
,
that
the
Son
might
be
destroyed
by
thesame
man
who
killed
his
father
,
which
when
young
Ariarathes
did
understand
to
be
attempted
by
Mithridates
,
taking
it
deeply
to
heart
,
that
the
murderer
of
his
father
should
be
called
from
banishment
by
his
Uncle
,
he
imbodied
a
mightie
Armie
;
Mithridates
brought
into
the
field
four
score
thousand
foot
,
and
ten
thousand
horse
,
and
six
hundred
Chariots
armed
with
hooks
of
steel
,
and
Ariarathes
was
altogether
as
powerful
,
the
neighbouring
Kings
assisting
him
.
Mithridates
fearing
the
uncertain
chance
of
the
war
,
did
alter
his
counsels
,
by
causing
them
to
degenerate
into
treachery
;
&
having
by
his
Agents
courted
the
young
man
into
a
conference
,
and
hid
a
naked
sword
in
the
plates
of
his
garment
,
the
Searcher
being
sent
to
do
his
office
according
to
the
manner
then
of
Kings
,
with
great
curiositie
examined
about
the
bottom
of
his
belly
;
whereupon
he
desired
him
to
take
heed
,
lest
he
found
another
weapon
then
that
he
sought
for
;
the
treachery
being
thus
protected
by
the
jeast
,
Mithridates
having
called
him
aside
from
his
friends
,
as
if
he
would
confer
in
private
with
him
,
did
kill
him
,
both
the
armies
being
the
spectators
of
it
.
This
being
done
,
he
delivered
the
Kingdom
of
Cappadocia
to
Ariarathes
his
Son
,
being
but
eight
years
of
age
,
having
made
Gordius
Tutor
over
him
,
and
calling
him
by
the
name
of
Ariarathes
.
But
the
Cappadocians
being
incensed
at
the
crueltie
and
the
lust
of
Mithridates
,
his
Lieutenants
revolted
from
him
,
and
called
back
the
brother
of
the
slaughtered
King
from
Asia
,
where
he
was
bred
up
,
and
whose
name
was
Ariarathes
also
,
with
whom
Mithridates
renewed
the
war
,
and
having
overcome
him
,
did
expell
him
the
Kingdom
of
Cappadocia
;
and
not
long
after
the
young
man
(
having
contracted
an
infirmitie
by
his
melancholy
)
died
;
after
his
death
Nicomedes
fearing
least
by
the
addition
of
Cappadocia
,
Mithridates
should
also
invade
Bithynia
that
bordered
on
it
,
did
suborn
a
boy
,
as
remarkable
for
his
stature
as
his
countenance
,
to
demand
of
the
Senate
of
Rome
his
fathers
Kingdom
,
as
if
old
Ariarathes
had
three
,
and
not
two
Sons
born
unto
him
.
He
also
sent
his
wife
Laodice
to
Rome
to
be
a
witness
of
the
three
Sons
begotten
by
Ariarathes
.
Which
when
Mithridates
understood
,
he
with
the
like
impudence
,
sent
Gordius
to
Rome
,
to
assure
unto
the
Senate
,
that
the
Boy
to
whom
he
delivered
Cappadocia
,
was
begotten
of
that
Ariarathes
who
died
in
the
war
of
Aristonicus
,
bringing
his
Auxiliaries
to
the
Roman
Armie
▪
But
the
Senate
being
prepossessed
with
the
designs
of
the
Kings
,
would
not
give
to
false
Names
the
Kingdoms
of
others
,
but
took
Cappadocia
from
Mithridates
,
and
that
he
should
not
be
alone
in
discontent
,
they
took
away
also
Paphlagonia
from
Nicomedes
.
And
that
it
should
not
be
any
contumely
to
the
Kings
,
that
the
Kingdoms
which
were
taken
from
them
should
be
given
unto
others
,
both
people
received
the
Donation
of
their
libertie
.
But
the
Cappadocians
refused
their
gift
of
freedom
,
affirming
that
their
Nation
could
not
subsist
without
a
King
.
Therefore
the
Senate
did
constitute
Ariobarzenes
to
be
their
King
.
At
that
time
Tigranes
was
King
of
Armenia
,
not
long
before
given
as
a
pledge
to
the
Parthians
,
and
now
lately
dismissed
and
sent
by
them
home
to
his
Fathers
Kingdom
.
Mithridates
had
a
great
desire
to
joyn
him
with
him
in
the
war
against
the
Romans
,
which
he
had
before
determined
with
himself
.
Tigranes
thinking
nothing
what
an
offence
it
would
be
against
the
Romans
,
was
by
Gordius
excited
to
make
war
against
Ariobarzenes
,
a
man
of
a
heavy
temper
&
not
able
to
oppose
him
;
and
that
there
should
be
no
suspition
of
any
injury
to
be
contrived
by
deceit
,
Mithridates
did
give
him
his
Daughter
Cleopatra
into
mariage
.
Therefore
on
the
first
approach
of
Tigranes
,
Ariobarzenes
having
taken
all
things
with
him
that
he
could
call
his
own
,
did
repair
to
Rome
;
and
thus
by
the
means
of
Tigranes
,
Cappadocia
became
again
under
the
power
of
Mithridates
.
At
the
same
time
Nicomedes
being
deceased
,
his
son
,
who
was
also
called
Nicomedes
,
was
by
the
force
of
Arms
beaten
by
Mithridates
from
his
fathers
Kingdom
;
who
when
he
came
a
suppliant
to
Rome
,
it
was
decreed
in
the
Senate
,
that
they
should
both
be
restored
into
their
Kingdoms
;
to
the
effecting
of
which
,
Aquilius
Manlius
,
and
Malthinius
were
sent
Ambassadors
.
This
being
made
known
in
Asia
,
Mithridates
being
to
make
war
against
the
Romans
,
did
enter
into
a
league
with
Tigranes
,
and
articled
with
him
,
that
the
Cities
and
the
fields
should
be
the
part
of
Mithridates
,
but
the
Captives
and
all
the
movables
should
be
the
portion
of
Tigranes
.
And
Mithridates
having
pondered
with
himself
how
great
a
war
he
had
raised
,
sent
some
Ambassadors
to
the
Cymbrians
,
and
others
to
the
Gallogrecians
,
to
the
Sarmatians
and
Bastarnians
,
to
desire
assistance
of
them
.
For
heretofore
when
he
had
determined
with
himself
to
make
war
against
the
Romans
,
he
obliged
to
him
all
these
Nations
with
variety
of
gifts
and
benefits
.
He
also
sent
for
an
Army
out
of
Scythia
,
and
armed
all
the
East
against
the
Romans
:
therefore
with
no
great
difficulty
he
overthrew
Aquilius
and
Malthinius
,
who
commanded
the
Asiatick
Army
,
who
being
routed
and
driven
out
of
the
field
with
Nicomedes
,
he
wasreceived
with
an
extraordinary
great
applause
of
the
Cities
.
In
those
he
found
great
store
both
of
Gold
laid
up
by
the
thrifty
providence
of
the
former
Kings
;
he
found
also
great
store
of
Arms
and
Provision
for
the
war
,
with
which
being
furnished
,
he
remitted
to
the
Cities
their
publick
and
private
debts
,
and
for
five
years
did
free
them
from
all
Impositions
.
After
this
,
having
called
his
soldiers
to
a
general
Assembly
,
with
several
exhortations
he
did
excite
them
to
the
Roman
,
or
rather
the
Asiatick
Wars
.
The
Copy
of
his
Speech
I
have
thought
worthy
to
insert
into
the
narrow
compass
of
this
work
,
which
Pompeius
Trogus
did
interpret
to
be
indirect
,
and
reprehended
both
Livy
▪
and
Salust
,
that
(
inserting
set
speeches
into
their
writings
as
the
orations
of
the
parties
interested
)
they
did
exceed
the
bounds
of
History
.
Mithridates
said
,
that
it
was
to
be
wished
that
he
might
have
leave
to
take
Counsel
,
whether
war
or
peace
were
to
be
had
with
the
Romans
;
since
we
are
bound
to
resist
those
who
do
oppose
us
;
and
those
are
not
to
be
in
doubt
what
to
determine
on
,
who
are
without
hope
of
Victory
:
For
against
thieves
,
though
we
cannot
for
our
safety
,
yet
we
all
do
draw
our
sword
for
revenge
;
but
because
that
is
not
in
question
whether
we
ought
to
set
down
,
being
lookt
upon
not
only
with
hostile
minds
,
but
assaulted
also
with
hostile
arms
;
the
present
Counsel
to
be
demanded
is
,
upon
what
hope
and
account
we
may
maintain
the
wars
begun
?
For
his
own
part
,
he
affirmed
he
had
a
confidence
of
the
Victory
,
if
they
had
a
generous
Resolution
to
fight
:
and
it
was
known
as
much
to
his
soldiers
as
to
himself
,
that
the
Romans
that
were
to
be
overcome
,
were
they
who
overthrew
Aquilius
in
Bithynia
,
and
Malthinus
in
Cappadocia
;
But
if
other
examples
would
perswade
more
then
his
own
Experience
,
he
had
heard
that
Pyrrhus
King
of
Epirus
commanding
an
Army
of
not
above
five
thousand
Macedons
,
did
in
three
battails
overthrow
the
Romans
.
He
had
heard
that
Annibal
had
continued
a
Conquerour
in
Italy
for
the
space
of
sixteen
years
together
,
and
that
he
might
have
taken
the
City
it self
,
were
he
not
hindred
by
a
faction
of
emulating
and
envious
spirits
at
home
,
and
not
by
any
power
of
the
Romans
.
He
had
heard
he
said
,
how
the
people
of
Transalpine
Gaule
had
invaded
Italy
,
and
possessed
themselves
of
the
most
and
greatest
Cities
therein
,
and
had
there
larger
territories
then
they
enjoyed
in
Asia
,
which
was
said
to
be
but
weak
in
comparison
of
Rome
,
neither
was
Rome
only
overcome
by
the
Gauls
,
but
it
was
taken
also
by
them
,
and
nothing
was
left
them
but
only
the
top
of
one
hill
,
from
whence
they
were
removed
not
by
war
,
but
by
money
.
But
as
for
the
Gauls
(
whose
Name
was
so
terrible
to
the
Romans
)
he
had
a
great
part
of
them
amongst
his
own
Auxiliaries
;
for
the
Gauls
he
said
,
who
do
inhabit
Asia
,
do
only
differ
from
those
in
Italy
by
the
distance
of
place
,
but
had
the
same
original
,
the
same
courage
,
and
the
same
manner
of
fight
;
who
had
so
much
the
more
clear
and
apprehensive
wits
,
as
they
had
adventured
a
more
long
and
difficult
march
through
Illyricum
and
Thracia
,
who
have
their
residence
in
other
places
.
As
for
Italy
it self
,
did
they
never
hear
how
,
and
by
whom
Rome
was
builded
?
which
though
now
at
peace
with
it self
,
yet
some
of
them
dayly
for
their
liberty
,
and
others
for
the
power
of
Command
have
persevered
in
continual
wars
;
How
many
Armies
of
the
Romans
have
been
overthrown
by
the
Cities
of
Italy
,
and
some
of
them
by
a
new
way
of
Contumely
thrust
under
the
yoak
:
And
that
we
may
not
dwell
on
old
Examples
,
all
Italy
is
now
in
Arms
excited
by
the
Marsick
war
,
demanding
now
not
liberty
,
but
to
be
partakers
in
the
Empire
,
and
of
the
freedom
of
the
City
of
Rome
▪
neither
is
the
City
more
oppressed
with
the
neighbou●ing
war
of
Italy
,
then
with
the
domestick
faction
of
the
Governours
,
&
●
war
even
with
their
own
Citizens
doth
grow
upon
them
far
more
dangerous
then
the
war
with
Italy
.
The
Cymbrians
also
from
Germany
like
a
vast
deluge
of
wild
and
ungoverned
people
,
do
at
this
present
overwhelm
all
Italy
.
And
although
the
Romans
peradventure
could
maintain
the
several
wars
one
after
another
,
yet
they
must
needs
now
suffer
,
so
many
wars
coming
all
at
once
upon
them
,
insomuch
that
they
cannot
be
at
leisure
to
follow
this
very
war
that
they
do
make
upon
us
;
we
make
use
therefore
of
this
present
occasion
,
and
pluck
from
them
the
increase
of
their
strength
,
and
not
give
them
leave
to
rest
,
being
so
deeply
engaged
,
lest
hereat
they
might
finde
more
work
,
being
quiet
at
home
,
and
without
another
enemie
;
for
the
question
is
not
to
be
put
,
whether
we
should
take
arms
or
no
,
but
whether
of
our selves
,
or
provoked
by
the
Romans
.
But
the
war
he
said
was
indeed
begun
against
him
by
them
,
when
in
his
nonage
they
took
the
greater
Phrygia
from
him
,
which
they
granted
should
be
given
to
his
father
,
as
a
reward
for
the
aide
he
brought
against
Aristonicus
,
it
being
the
same
Countrie
which
Seleucus
Callimacus
gave
in
Dowrie
to
his
Grand-father
Mithridates
.
And
what
shall
I
say
to
the
command
laid
upon
me
to
depart
from
Paphlagonia
;
was
not
that
another
motive
of
the
war
?
espeeially
since
Paphlagonia
came
not
by
the
power
of
the
sword
,
but
descended
to
my
Father
by
inheritance
,
by
adoption
in
Will
,
and
by
the
death
of
successive
Kings
;
and
in
giving
obedience
to
their
violent
Decrees
,
I
have
no
waies
mitigated
them
,
but
they
have
still
deported
themselvs
more
violently
against
me
.
For
he
said
,
what
obsequiousness
was
not
afforded
to
them
by
him
?
was
not
Phrygia
and
Paphlagonia
taken
from
him
?
was
not
his
Son
forced
from
Cappadocia
?
which
by
the
Law
of
Nations
he
seized
upon
being
Conquerour
;
but
his
victorie
was
ravished
from
him
by
them
,
who
have
nothing
at
all
but
what
they
have
purchased
by
the
sword
.
Was
not
Crestos
the
King
of
Bithynia
(
against
whom
the
Senate
had
denounced
war
)
cut
off
by
him
to
do
them
a
favour
?
yet
in
whatsoever
Gordius
or
Tigranes
had
offended
,
it
must
be
reckoned
all
on
his
account
.
He
alledged
also
that
in
the
ignominie
of
him
,
the
Senate
of
their
own
accord
offered
that
libertie
to
Cappadocia
,
which
they
took
from
other
Nations
▪
and
that
people
instead
of
their
proffered
libertie
,
desiring
Gordius
to
be
their
king
,
it
could
not
be
granted
because
Gordius
was
his
friend
.
Nicomedes
also
by
their
command
had
made
war
upon
him
,
and
was
assisted
by
them
,
because
Mithridates
did
pass
unrevenged
;
and
now
they
finde
the
same
cause
of
war
with
Mithridates
,
because
he
would
not
tamely
yield
himself
to
be
torn
in
pieces
by
Nicomedes
the
Son
of
a
vaulting
woman
;
for
they
did
not
so
much
pursue
the
faults
of
Kings
,
as
their
Power
and
their
Majestie
,
neither
did
they
with
so
much
violence
exercise
his
art
on
him
alone
,
but
on
all
other
Kings
also
;
so
his
Grand-father
Pharnaces
was
by
their
arbitration
delivered
up
to
Eumenes
King
of
Pergamus
;
So
Eumenes
again
,
in
whose
Ships
they
were
first
transported
into
Asia
,
by
whose
Armie
rather
then
by
their
own
,
they
overcame
both
Antiochus
the
great
,
and
the
Gauls
in
Asia
;
and
not
long
after
King
Perseus
in
Macedonia
,
was
at
the
last
censured
by
them
as
their
Enemie
,
and
forbidden
to
come
into
Italie
;
and
because
they
thought
it
would
render
them
odious
to
make
war
with
him
in
his
own
person
,
they
deferred
it
for
a
while
,
to
carrie
it
on
with
more
violence
against
his
Son
Aristonicus
.
They
professed
that
no
man
deserved
better
of
them
,
then
Masinissa
King
of
the
Numidians
;
to
him
they
imputed
the
Conquest
of
Annibal
,
the
Captivitie
of
Syphax
▪
and
the
destruction
of
Carthage
;
to
him
as
well
as
unto
the
two
Scipios
,
called
Africani
,
the
title
was
ascribed
of
Preserver
of
the
Citie
;
and
yet
the
war
waged
but
the
other
daie
in
Africa
with
his
Son
,
was
so
inexpiable
,
that
having
overcome
him
,
they
would
give
no
respect
in
him
to
the
memorie
of
his
Father
,
but
he
must
endure
both
imprisonment
,
and
become
the
spectacle
of
the
Triumph
.
This
condition
and
height
of
hatred
was
imposed
by
them
on
all
Kings
,
because
their
own
Kings
were
such
,
at
whose
very
names
they
might
blush
,
being
either
Stepherds
of
the
Aborigines
,
or
Southsaiers
of
the
Sabins
,
or
Ex●ls
of
the
Corinthians
,
or
slaves
and
varlets
of
the
Tuscans
,
or
(
whose
name
is
most
honourable
amongst
them
,
and
as
they
themselves
assert
are
their
founders
)
those
who
were
nourished
with
the
Milk
of
a
Shee
▪
Wolf
;
accordingly
all
their
people
have
the
minds
of
Wolves
,
insatiate
of
blood
,
and
greedie
and
hungry
after
riches
and
soveraigntie
.
But
if
he
would
descend
to
compare
himself
in
his
Nobilitie
with
them
,
he
was
far
more
famous
he
said
,
then
that
litter
of
mongrels
▪
deriving
his
Ancestors
on
his
fathers
side
,
from
Cyrus
and
Darius
,
the
founders
of
the
Persian
Empire
,
and
on
his
mothers
side
from
Alexander
the
great
,
and
Nicanor
Seleucus
,
the
Erectors
of
the
Macedonian
Empire
;
or
if
he
should
compare
his
people
to
theirs
,
they
were
of
those
Nations
who
are
not
onely
equal
to
the
Roman
Empire
,
but
opposed
the
Macedonian
;
no
Nation
that
is
subject
unto
him
,
did
ever
stoop
to
the
commands
of
a
forreign
Potentate
,
and
obeyed
none
but
their
own
Domestick
Kings
;
would
they
have
him
to
make
mention
of
Cappadocia
or
Paphlagonia
,
of
Pontus
or
Bithynia
,
or
of
Armenia
,
the
greater
or
the
less
,
none
of
which
Nations
,
neither
Alexander
the
great
,
who
subdued
all
Asia
,
nor
any
of
his
Successors
or
Posteritie
ever
touched
.
As
for
Scythia
,
it
is
true
indeed
,
that
two
Kings
before
him
adventured
not
so
much
to
subdue
as
to
invade
it
;
Darius
by
name
,
and
Philip
,
who
had
much
to
do
to
escape
from
thence
by
flight
,
from
whence
he
shall
receive
the
greatest
part
of
his
strength
against
the
Romans
.
He
affirmed
he
undertook
the
Pontick
wars
,
with
far
more
fear
and
diffidence
then
this
,
he
being
then
but
a
young
man
,
and
unexperienced
in
the
Discipline
of
war
.
The
Scythians
▪
howsoever
then
his
enemies
,
(
besides
their
Arms
,
and
courage
of
their
minds
)
were
fortified
with
the
solitude
and
inhospitable
coldness
of
their
climate
,
by
which
,
their
great
labor
in
war
,
and
their
contempt
of
dangers
was
the
more
declared
;
amongst
which
difficulties
,
there
could
not
be
any
hope
of
reward
expected
from
a
wandring
enemie
,
and
destitute
not
onely
of
money
,
but
of
habitations
;
but
he
now
undertook
another
waie
of
war
;
for
there
is
no
climate
more
temperate
then
the
Air
of
Asia
,
nor
any
place
more
fruitful
of
soyl
,
nor
more
pleasant
in
the
multitude
of
Cities
;
and
they
should
consume
the
greatest
part
of
their
time
,
not
as
it
were
in
war
,
but
in
keeping
of
holy-daies
;
and
it
is
hard
to
say
,
in
a
service
more
easie
or
more
aboundant
,
whether
they
are
to
march
to
the
neighboring
possessions
of
the
Attalick
Kingdoms
,
or
to
the
antient
Cities
of
Lydia
&
Jonia
,
which
they
should
not
go
to
overcome
,
but
to
possess
.
And
Asia
it self
,
desirous
of
his
approach
,
doth
so
much
expect
him
,
that
she
seemeth
even
to
court
his
presence
,
and
to
call
upon
him
with
her
voice
;
so
hateful
had
the
Romans
made
themselves
unto
her
,
by
the
ravenous
avarice
of
their
Proconsuls
,
the
exactions
of
their
Publicans
,
and
the
calumnie
of
their
contentions
.
Let
them
therefore
(
he
concluded
)
follow
him
with
resolution
,
and
collect
to
themselves
what
so
great
an
Armie
might
atchieve
under
his
command
,
whom
without
the
aide
of
any
Souldier
,
they
saw
with
his
own
strength
to
have
taken
in
Cappadocia
,
and
to
have
slain
the
King
thereof
,
who
the
first
of
all
mankinde
subdued
Pontus
and
all
Scythia
,
which
no
man
before
him
could
with
safetie
pass
by
,
much
less
invade
.
Nor
could
his
Souldiers
be
ignorant
,
he
said
,
of
his
Justice
and
liberalitie
,
having
those
demonstrations
of
it
,
that
alone
of
all
Kings
he
possessed
not
onely
his
Fathers
Kingdoms
,
but
had
added
other
Kingdoms
to
them
,
by
reason
of
his
munificence
,
as
Colchos
,
Paphlagonia
,
and
Bosp●orus
.
Having
with
this
Oration
excited
his
Souldiers
,
in
the
three
and
thirtieth
year
of
his
Reign
he
descended
to
the
wars
with
Rome
.
At
the
same
time
King
Ptolomy
being
dead
in
Egypt
,
his
Kingdom
and
his
sister
Queen
Cleopatra
,
who
was
his
wife
also
,
was
by
Embassadors
presented
to
that
Ptolomy
,
who
was
King
of
Cyrene
.
At
which
Ptolomy
much
rejoyced
,
but
especially
that
without
contestation
he
should
be
possessed
in
his
Brothers
Kingdom
,
to
which
he
knew
that
the
Son
of
his
Brother
was
appointed
both
by
his
mother
Cleopatra
,
and
by
the
favor
of
the
Princes
.
Not
long
after
(
all
being
displeased
with
him
)
he
no
sooner
entred
into
Alexandria
,
and
commanded
all
the
favourers
of
the
young
childe
to
be
put
to
death
;
and
on
that
very
day
in
which
he
married
his
mother
,
he
killed
the
young
Prince
in
the
mothers
imbraces
of
him
,
in
the
midst
of
the
Banquet
and
the
solemnitie
of
this
marriage
;
and
thus
he
ascended
his
sisters
bed
,
bloodie
with
the
slaughter
of
her
Son
.
Afterwards
,
he
was
not
more
milde
unto
the
people
who
called
him
unto
the
succession
of
the
Kingdom
;
for
licentiousness
being
given
to
the
forreign
Souldiers
,
all
things
did
daily
flow
with
blood
,
and
at
last
(
having
by
force
ravished
her
daughter
,
and
taken
her
afterwards
into
marriage
)
he
divorced
himself
from
his
sister
.
With
which
crueltie
the
people
being
affrighted
,
they
stole
away
into
several
places
,
and
having
wilfully
banished
themselves
,
they
forsook
their
Country
for
the
fear
of
death
.
Ptolomy
therefore
with
his
own
servants
being
left
alone
in
so
great
a
City
,
when
he
perceived
himself
to
be
a
King
not
of
men
,
but
of
empty
houses
,
did
publish
a
declaration
,
solliciting
all
Strangers
to
inhabit
the
City
,
who
coming
in
great
numbers
to
him
,
he
not
long
after
did
go
himself
to
meet
Scipio
Africanus
,
Spurius
Mummius
,
and
Lucius
Metellus
the
Ambassadors
of
the
Romans
,
who
made
a
visitation
into
those
parts
to
observe
the
condition
and
kingdoms
of
their
Confederates
.
But
he
appeared
as
ridiculous
to
the
Romans
,
as
bloody
to
all
the
Citizens
;
for
he
was
deformed
in
countenance
,
and
short
in
stature
,
and
by
the
obeseness
of
his
strutting
belly
,
more
like
unto
a
Beast
then
to
a
man
;
which
filthiness
,
his
tiffanies
and
light
garments
which
he
had
on
did
encrease
,
as
if
those
parts
offered
themselves
to
be
seen
as
through
a
vail
,
which
Modesty
commands
us
with
diligence
to
conceal
.
After
the
departure
of
the
Ambassadors
,
amongst
whom
while
Africanus
walked
forth
to
behold
the
City
,
he
became
a
spectacle
of
honor
himself
to
the
Alexandrians
;
Ptolomy
(
being
hated
by
the
Strangers
also
that
were
become
Citizens
)
did
silently
for
fear
of
treachery
,
depart
into
banishment
,
having
taken
with
him
his
son
which
he
had
begotten
on
his
sister
,
and
his
new
wife
whom
he
had
married
,
having
put
away
her
mother
,
and
having
with
money
contracted
a
mercenary
army
,
be
made
war
at
once
on
his
Sister
,
and
his
Country
;
After
this
,
having
sent
for
his
eldest
son
from
Cyrene
,
that
the
Alexandrians
should
not
make
him
their
King
against
him
,
he
put
him
to
death
;
whereupon
the
people
pulled
down
his
Statues
and
Images
,
which
he
conceiving
to
be
done
in
favour
of
his
Sister
,
he
slow
that
Son
also
whom
he
begot
on
her
,
and
having
divided
his
Body
into
several
parts
,
and
put
it
into
a
Coffin
,
he
sent
it
to
his
Mother
on
that
day
whereon
she
made
yeerly
a
great
feast
for
the
solemnity
of
his
Birth
;
which
was
a
sight
not
only
grievous
and
much
lamented
by
the
Mother
,
but
by
all
the
City
also
,
and
brought
so
much
grief
in
the
height
of
all
their
mirth
at
the
banket
,
that
all
the
Court
was
filled
with
a
great
and
a
suddain
lamentation
.
The
Inclinations
of
the
Princes
being
therefore
turned
from
feasting
into
mourning
,
they
shewed
to
the
people
the
dismembred
body
of
the
young
Prince
,
and
by
the
murder
of
his
own
son
did
declare
what
they
ought
themselves
to
expect
of
their
King
.
Cleopatra
having
ended
the
dayes
of
her
mourning
for
the
death
of
her
son
,
when
she
perceived
that
she
was
oppressed
by
a
war
also
from
her
late
husband
her
brother
,
she
by
her
Ambassadors
demanded
aid
of
Demetrius
King
of
Syria
,
whose
own
fortunes
were
as
various
as
they
were
memorable
;
For
when
Demetrius
made
war
against
the
Parthians
,
as
mention
hath
been
made
before
,
and
in
many
encounters
overcame
them
,
being
on
a
sudden
surrounded
by
an
Ambuscado
,
having
lost
his
Army
,
he
was
taken
himself
.
Arsacides
King
of
the
Parthians
,
in
the
greatness
of
his
royal
spirit
having
sent
him
into
Hyrcania
,
did
not
only
honour
him
with
the
Respect
due
unto
a
King
,
but
gave
him
his
daughter
also
in
marriage
,
and
promised
to
restore
unto
him
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
which
in
his
absence
Trypho
became
Master
of
.
After
his
death
,
Demetrius
despayring
of
return
,
and
not
enduring
Captivity
,
and
loathing
a
private
life
,
although
a
fatt
one
and
a
wealthy
,
did
contrive
with
himself
how
he
might
escape
into
his
own
Kingdom
.
His
friend
Calamander
was
both
his
Companion
,
and
his
perswader
to
undertake
this
journey
,
who
after
his
Captivity
in
Syria
,
having
hired
a
guide
,
did
bring
him
disguized
in
a
Parthians
habit
through
the
desarts
of
Arabia
into
Babylon
;
But
Phrahartes
who
succeeded
Arsacides
,
by
the
swiftness
of
his
horses
did
cause
him
to
be
brought
back
,
being
overtaken
by
the
compendiousness
of
their
goings
;
Being
brought
unto
the
King
,
he
not
only
pardoned
Calamander
,
but
gave
him
a
reward
for
his
fidelity
to
his
friend
;
but
having
very
roundly
checked
Demetrius
,
he
sent
him
to
his
wife
in
Hyrcania
,
and
commanded
that
he
should
be
observed
by
a
stricter
guard
:
In
process
of
time
,
when
the
children
which
he
had
by
his
wife
,
did
seem
to
be
a
stronger
obligation
on
him
for
his
fidelity
,
he
did
endeavour
to
make
his
escape
again
,
having
the
same
friend
to
be
his
Companion
▪
but
by
the
same
infelicity
he
was
taken
again
near
unto
the
bounds
of
his
own
Kingdom
▪
and
being
the
second
time
brought
unto
the
King
,
he
was
looked
upon
as
a
hated
man
,
and
not
suffered
to
come
into
his
presence
.
But
being
then
also
dismissed
to
his
wife
and
children
,
he
was
sent
back
into
Hyrcania
and
confined
to
a
City
,
upon
a
penalty
not
to
go
out
of
it
,
and
in
the
reproach
of
his
childish
levity
,
was
laden
with
golden
shackles
.
But
no
compassion
of
the
Parthians
,
nor
respect
of
any
consanguinity
was
the
occasion
of
this
their
clemency
towards
Demetrius
,
but
because
the
Parthians
affected
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
they
determined
to
make
use
of
Demetrius
against
his
brother
Antiochus
,
as
the
opportunity
of
time
or
the
fortune
of
the
war
should
require
.
This
being
understood
,
Antiochus
thinking
it
discretion
to
take
the
advantage
to
begin
the
war
,
did
conduct
his
Army
,
which
he
had
hardened
with
many
neighbouring
wars
against
the
Parthians
;
But
his
preparation
for
luxury
,
was
no
less
then
for
the
carrying
on
of
the
war
,
for
three
thousand
of
his
black
guard
followed
eight
thousand
of
the
armed
men
;
amongst
whom
also
,
a
great
number
were
Cooks
,
Bakers
and
Players
▪
and
all
of
them
so
abounding
with
Gold
and
Silver
,
that
the
common
Soldiers
had
their
shoes
enterlaced
with
Gold
,
and
trod
upon
that
mettal
;
for
the
love
of
which
all
other
Nations
do
fight
with
steel
.
In
their
Kitchings
also
their
instruments
were
of
silver
,
as
if
they
advanced
rather
to
keep
some
great
feast
,
then
to
prosecute
a
war
.
Anticohus
approaching
,
many
Kings
of
the
East
did
meet
him
,
who
in
detestation
of
the
Parthian
Pride
,
delivered
themselves
and
their
kingdoms
to
him
.
Not
long
after
the
battail
began
,
and
Antiochus
having
overthrown
his
Enemies
in
three
several
fields
,
and
possessed
himself
of
Babylon
,
he
was
called
Antiochus
the
great
;
And
the
people
in
all
the
neighbouring
Nations
revolting
to
him
,
there
was
nothing
left
to
the
Parthians
but
their
own
Country
,
and
the
boundaries
of
it
.
At
the
same
time
Phrahartes
sent
Demetrius
into
Syria
with
a
considerable
Army
of
the
Parthians
,
to
possess
himself
of
his
own
Kingdom
,
that
upon
that
account
Antiochus
should
be
called
off
from
Parthia
to
defend
his
own
Interests
.
And
because
he
could
not
overcome
him
by
strength
,
he
did
every
where
attempt
him
by
Stratagems
.
The
Army
of
Antiochus
abounding
with
multitudes
,
the
winter
coming
on
,
he
quartered
his
Army
in
several
Cities
,
which
was
the
cause
of
his
destruction
;
For
when
the
Cities
beheld
themselves
oppressed
with
the
billeting
▪
&
the
injuries
of
the
soldiers
,
they
revolted
to
their
old
Masters
the
Parthians
and
on
a
prefixed
day
,
by
treacheries
they
did
all
assault
the
divided
Army
,
that
thereby
one
might
be
disabled
to
bring
assistance
unto
the
other
.
Which
when
Antiochus
understood
,
being
resolved
to
relieve
those
who
were
next
unto
him
,
he
advanced
with
that
party
which
with
him
had
their
winter
quarters
.
In
his
way
,
he
encountred
with
the
King
of
the
Parthians
,
against
whom
in
his
person
he
fought
more
couragio●sly
then
all
his
Armie
.
At
last
when
he
had
overcome
his
enemies
by
fine
force
,
being
abandoned
of
his
own
Souldiers
through
the
treacherie
of
their
fear
,
he
was
slain
.
Phrahartes
did
bestow
upon
him
the
solemnitie
of
magnificent
funerals
,
after
the
manner
of
Kings
,
and
(
being
taken
with
the
love
of
the
Virgin
)
did
marrie
the
daughter
of
Demetrius
,
which
Antiochus
had
brought
along
with
him
,
and
began
to
repent
that
ever
he
suffered
Demetrius
to
go
away
;
and
having
sent
in
full
speed
several
troops
of
horse
to
fetch
him
back
,
they
found
him
in
safetie
in
his
own
Kingdom
,
fearing
the
same
design
of
Phrahartes
,
and
having
in
vain
attempted
all
things
to
reduce
him
,
they
returned
to
their
own
King
.
THE
Nine
and
thirtyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
ANtiochus
being
overthrown
in
Parthia
with
his
Armie
,
his
Brother
Demetrius
being
delivered
from
the
Captivitie
of
the
Parthians
and
restored
to
his
own
Kingdom
,
when
all
Syria
was
in
lamentation
by
reason
of
the
loss
of
the
Armie
,
as
if
he
had
happily
managed
his
own
and
his
Brothers
wars
with
Parthia
,
in
which
the
one
of
them
was
taken
,
and
the
other
slain
,
he
was
resolved
to
make
another
war
in
Egypt
,
his
mother
in
law
Cleopatra
having
promised
him
that
Kingdom
as
the
reward
of
his
assistance
against
her
Brother
.
But
whiles
he
affected
the
possessions
of
other
men
(
as
oftentimes
it
comes
to
pass
)
he
lost
his
own
by
the
revolt
of
Syria
;
for
the
Antiochians
first
of
all
under
the
command
of
their
General
Trypho
,
having
in
detestation
the
pride
of
their
King
which
became
intolerable
by
the
exercise
of
his
Parthian
crueltie
,
and
after
them
the
Apamenians
and
other
Cities
following
their
examples
,
did
revolt
from
King
Demetrius
in
his
absence
.
But
Ptolomy
King
of
Egypt
,
having
his
Kingdom
invaded
by
him
,
when
he
understood
that
his
sister
Cleopatra
having
taken
with
her
the
wealth
of
Egypt
,
was
fled
unto
her
Daughter
and
to
Demetrius
her
Son
in
law
,
did
suborn
a
young
man
of
Egypt
the
son
of
Protarchus
a
Merchant
,
who
by
armes
should
demand
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
;
and
the
plot
was
laid
as
if
he
had
been
received
into
the
Royal
Family
by
the
adoption
of
King
Antiochus
;
and
the
Syrians
despising
not
any
who
was
imposed
upon
them
to
be
their
King
,
the
name
of
this
their
King
that
they
might
no
longer
endure
the
arrogance
of
Demetrius
)
was
called
Alexander
,
and
great
aides
were
sent
him
out
of
Egypt
▪
In
the
mean
time
,
the
bodie
of
Antiochus
slain
by
the
King
of
the
Parthians
,
was
brought
in
a
silver
Coffin
,
being
sent
by
him
to
be
buried
in
Syria
,
which
was
received
with
infinite
solemnitie
,
both
from
all
the
Cities
and
from
King
Alexander
himself
,
to
leave
a
fairer
gloss
upon
the
fable
;
and
this
procured
him
the
general
favour
and
acclamations
of
the
people
,
all
men
believing
that
his
tears
came
as
much
from
his
heart
as
from
his
eyes
.
But
Demetrius
being
overcome
by
Alexander
,
when
he
was
besieged
round
with
calamities
,
he
was
at
last
forsaken
by
his
own
wife
and
children
.
Being
therefore
le●t
with
a
few
poor
servants
when
he
repaired
to
Tyrus
,
to
defend
himself
there
by
the
religion
of
the
Temple
,
going
out
of
the
Ships
,
he
was
killed
by
the
commandment
of
the
Lieutenant
.
Seleucus
,
one
of
his
Sons
,
because
he
assumed
the
Diademe
without
the
Authoritie
of
his
mother
,
was
slain
by
her
▪
the
other
(
whose
Name
▪
by
reason
of
the
greatness
of
his
Nose
was
Gryphus
)
was
ordained
King
as
yet
by
the
mother
,
that
the
Name
of
the
King
might
be
with
the
Son
,
but
all
the
command
of
Soveraigntie
with
the
mother
.
But
Alexander
having
seized
upon
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
being
puffed
up
with
the
vanitie
of
his
present
success
,
did
begin
now
by
a
contumelious
arrogance
to
despise
Ptolomy
himself
by
whom
he
was
advanced
into
the
Kngdom
.
Ptolomy
therefore
having
reconciled
himself
unto
his
sister
,
did
endeavor
with
all
his
power
to
destroy
the
Kingdom
of
Alexander
,
which
in
the
hatred
to
Demetrius
he
had
procured
to
him
by
his
own
power
;
To
which
purpose
he
sent
Auxiliaries
into
Greece
to
Gryphus
,
and
his
daughter
Gryphina
to
be
espoused
to
him
,
that
he
might
sollicite
the
people
to
the
aide
of
his
Nephew
,
not
onely
by
his
affinity
to
him
,
but
by
the
societie
of
the
war
.
Neither
was
it
in
vain
;
for
when
all
perceived
Gryphus
recruited
with
the
Egyptian
forces
,
they
did
by
degrees
begin
to
revolt
from
Alexander
.
Not
long
after
the
battaile
was
●ought
,
in
which
Alexander
being
conquered
,
did
flie
to
Antiochia
.
Being
there
destitute
of
money
,
and
the
Souldiers
complaining
for
want
of
pay
he
commanded
the
Effigies
of
VICTORY
being
all
of
solid
Gold
,
to
be
taken
away
from
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
,
laughing
at
the
Sacriledge
with
this
scorn
of
prophan●r
wit●
for
VICTORY
he
said
was
lent
him
by
Jupiter
.
Not
long
after
,
when
he
commanded
●●e
Effigies
of
Jupiter
himself
,
being
all
of
beaten
Gold
,
and
of
an
infin●●e
weight
to
be
taken
away
,
he
was
met
with
in
the
Sacriledge
and
enforced
to
fly
,
by
reason
of
the
concourse
of
the
multitude
,
and
a
great
Tempest
following
him
,
he
was
taken
by
Thieves
,
being
forsaken
of
his
own
men
,
and
was
by
them
▪
brought
unto
Gryphus
,
who
did
put
him
to
death
.
Gryphus
having
recovered
his
fathers
Kingdom
,
and
being
delivered
from
all
forrein
dangers
,
was
set
upon
by
the
Son
of
his
own
Mother
,
who
in
her
immoderate
desire
of
Soveraigntie
,
having
betrayed
her
Husband
Demetrius
,
and
killed
one
of
her
Sons
,
and
complaining
that
her
Dignitie
suffered
Diminution
by
the
greatness
and
the
Victories
of
her
Son
,
she
offered
him
a
Boule
of
poyson
as
he
came
hot
from
hunting
.
But
Gryphus
having
notice
of
this
treason
,
as
if
he
would
contend
with
his
mother
in
complement
,
desired
her
to
drink
first
her self
;
but
she
refusing
it
,
he
grew
importunate
upon
her
;
at
the
Iast
the
witness
being
produced
,
did
convict
her
,
and
affirmed
that
she
had
nothing
left
to
defend
her self
,
but
onely
to
drink
that
which
she
offered
to
her
Son
.
The
Queen
being
thus
overcome
,
her
wickedness
being
turned
upon
her self
,
she
died
by
the
same
poyson
which
she
had
prepared
for
another
.
Gryphus
having
obtained
securitie
for
his
Kingdom
,
did
live
for
the
space
of
eight
years
secure
himself
.
At
the
last
he
found
a
Rival
in
his
Kingdom
;
it
was
his
Brother
Cyricaenus
born
of
the
same
mother
,
but
begotten
of
his
Uncle
Antiochus
,
whom
when
he
endeavored
to
take
away
by
poyson
,
he
exasperated
him
to
contend
with
him
the
sooner
in
Arms
for
his
establishment
in
the
Kingdom
.
Amongst
these
parricidial
discords
in
the
kingdom
of
Syria
,
Ptolomy
King
of
Egypt
dyed
,
the
kingdom
of
Egypt
being
left
to
his
wife
and
to
one
of
his
Sons
,
whom
she
should
make
choice
of
to
succeed
him
;
as
if
the
State
of
Egypt
should
be
more
quiet
then
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
when
the
mother
having
elected
one
of
her
Sons
to
be
her
successor
,
should
have
the
other
to
be
her
enemie
.
Therefore
when
she
was
more
inclined
to
her
younger
Son
,
she
was
compelled
by
the
people
to
make
choice
of
the
elder
,
to
whom
before
she
would
give
the
Kingdom
,
she
took
away
his
wife
,
and
inforced
him
to
divorce
from
his
bed
his
most
dear
sister
Cleopatra
,
and
to
marrie
his
yonnger
sister
Seleuce
,
not
with
the
impartial●tie
of
a
motherly
affection
to
her
two
daughters
,
having
taken
a
husband
from
one
of
them
and
given
him
unto
the
other
.
But
Cleopatra
being
not
so
much
forsaken
by
her
husband
,
as
dismissed
from
him
by
the
willfulness
of
her
mother
,
was
married
afterwards
to
Cyricaenus
in
Syria
;
and
that
she
should
not
bring
him
the
bare
and
emptie
name
onely
of
a
wife
,
she
sollicited
the
Armie
of
Cyprus
,
and
having
engaged
them
to
her
▪
she
brought
them
as
a
Dowrie
to
her
husband
.
Cirycaenus
being
now
equall
to
him
in
strength
,
the
battaile
was
fought
,
and
Cyricaenus
being
overcome
was
put
to
flight
and
came
to
Antioch
,
which
was
presently
besieged
by
Gryphus
,
in
which
Citie
was
also
Cleopatra
the
wife
of
Cyricaenus
;
the
Citie
being
taken
,
Gryphina
the
wife
of
Gryphus
commanded
nothing
more
earnestly
then
that
her
sister
Cleopatra
should
be
sought
out
,
not
to
assist
her
in
her
Captivity
,
but
to
be
sure
that
she
might
not
escape
the
calamitie
of
it
,
because
that
in
the
emulation
of
her
,
she
did
come
into
that
Kingdom
,
and
by
marrying
the
enemie
of
her
sister
,
did
make
her self
an
enemie
unto
her
;
she
accused
her
for
drawing
forreign
Armies
into
the
contestation
of
the
Brothers
,
and
that
it
was
not
for
nothing
that
she
was
divorced
from
her
Brother
,
and
that
she
married
another
without
the
Kingdom
of
Egypt
,
against
the
will
of
her
mother
.
On
the
other
side
,
Gryphus
did
desire
her
that
she
would
not
compell
him
to
commit
so
foul
a
crime
,
and
that
never
any
of
his
Ancestors
after
so
many
wars
both
at
home
and
abroad
,
having
overcome
their
enemies
,
did
offer
any
violence
to
the
women
,
whom
their
sex
did
exempt
from
the
danger
of
the
war
,
and
from
the
crueltie
of
the
Conqueror
;
but
to
plead
for
her
,
besides
the
Laws
of
war
,
there
was
also
the
contiguitie
of
blood
,
she
being
her
own
sister
,
against
whom
so
bloodily
she
raged
,
and
his
own
cosen
German
,
and
the
mother
of
children
betwixt
them
;
to
this
neer
relation
of
consanguinitie
,
he
added
the
superstition
of
the
Temple
to
which
she
fled
to
protect
her self
,
and
that
the
gods
were
so
much
the
more
religiously
to
be
worshipped
,
as
they
were
more
propitious
and
favourable
to
him
in
his
conquest
;
besides
,
she
being
slain
,
nothing
was
diminished
of
the
strength
and
power
of
Cyricaenus
.
But
by
how
much
Gryphus
was
the
more
unwilling
,
by
so
much
her
sister
was
inflamed
with
a
female
pertinatiousness
,
conceiving
those
words
of
his
proceeded
from
love
and
not
from
pittie
.
Therefore
having
called
the
Souldiers
to
her
,
she
sent
them
her self
to
kill
her
sister
,
who
entering
into
the
Temple
,
when
they
could
not
drag
her
out
of
it
,
they
cut
off
her
hands
,
holding
fast
on
the
Image
of
the
goddess
,
and
in
her
last
words
having
cursed
the
Author
of
the
Parricide
,
the
gods
besides
being
violated
,
she
died
but
to
revenge
her self
;
for
not
long
after
,
another
battaile
being
fought
,
and
Cyricaenus
Conquerour
,
he
took
Gryphina
the
wife
of
Gryphus
prisoner
,
who
killed
her
sister
,
and
by
her
death
did
parentate
to
the
Ghosts
of
his
wife
.
But
Cleopatra
in
Egypt
,
when
she
was
offended
that
her
Son
Ptolomy
was
her
companion
in
the
Kingdom
,
she
excited
the
people
against
him
,
and
having
taken
from
him
his
Wife
Seleuce
,
and
so
much
the
more
unworthily
because
he
had
two
children
by
her
,
she
compelled
him
to
live
a
banished
life
,
having
sent
for
her
younger
Son
Alexander
,
and
crowned
him
King
in
the
place
of
his
Brother
;
and
being
not
content
to
have
banished
him
out
of
the
Kingdom
,
she
prosecuted
a
War
against
him
in
Cyprus
,
and
having
driven
him
from
thence
also
,
she
killed
the
General
of
her
own
Army
,
because
he
permitted
him
to
escape
alive
out
of
his
hands
:
although
Ptolomy
being
no
wayes
inferior
to
him
in
strength
,
did
willingly
depart
out
of
the
Iland
,
that
he
might
not
be
engaged
in
a
War
against
his
own
Mother
.
Alexander
being
terrified
with
this
cruelty
of
his
Mother
,
did
also
himself
forsake
her
,
preferring
a
safe
and
quiet
life
above
a
dangerous
Kingdom
.
But
Cleopatra
fearing
that
her
eldest
Son
Ptolomy
should
be
assisted
by
Cyricaenus
to
be
by
him
restored
into
Egypt
,
did
send
great
Ayds
to
Gryphus
,
and
Seleuce
to
be
his
wife
,
who
must
now
be
espoused
to
the
Enemy
of
her
former
husband
,
and
by
Ambassadors
called
back
Alexander
her
Son
into
the
Kingdom
,
whose
life
when
by
treachery
she
contrived
to
take
away
,
being
prevented
by
him
,
she
was
killed
herself
,
and
yielded
up
her
spirit
not
by
fate
but
parricide
.
Worthy
she
was
of
this
infamy
of
death
,
who
drove
her
own
Mother
from
the
bed
of
her
husband
,
and
possessed
her
room
in
it
,
and
successively
made
her
two
Daughters
Widows
after
their
alternate
marriage
with
their
own
Brothers
,
who
banished
one
of
them
,
&
afterwards
made
war
against
him
,
and
having
taken
the
Kingdom
also
from
the
other
,
did
endeavor
to
put
him
to
death
by
treachery
.
But
Alexander
had
the
leisure
to
repent
of
this
horrible
act
;
for
when
ever
it
was
known
that
the
Mother
was
slain
by
the
violence
of
the
Son
,
he
was
forced
into
banishment
by
the
people
,
and
Ptolomy
being
called
back
,
the
Kingdom
was
restored
to
him
,
who
would
neither
make
War
with
his
Mother
,
nor
take
away
by
Arms
from
his
brother
what
he
himself
did
first
possess
.
Whiles
these
things
were
thus
carryed
,
his
brother
begotten
on
a
Concubine
,
to
whom
his
Father
in
his
Will
did
leave
the
Kingdom
of
Cyrene
,
did
decease
,
having
made
the
people
of
Rome
his
Heir
;
for
now
the
fortune
of
Rome
being
not
content
with
the
bounds
of
Italy
,
did
begin
to
extend
it self
to
the
Kingdoms
of
the
East
.
Therefore
that
part
of
Lybia
was
made
a
Province
,
and
afterwards
Crete
and
Cilicia
being
subdued
in
the
Piratick
War
,
were
reduced
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
by
which
meanes
the
Kingdoms
of
Syria
and
Egypt
being
streightned
by
the
Roman
neighbourhood
,
and
accustomed
heretofore
to
raise
advantages
to
themselves
by
Wars
,
with
those
who
were
next
unto
them
,
the
power
of
wandring
abroad
being
taken
away
,
they
turned
their
own
strength
into
their
own
bowels
,
insomuch
that
consuming
themselves
with
daily
encounters
,
they
grew
into
contempt
with
their
neighbors
,
and
became
a
prey
to
the
Nation
of
the
Arabians
but
weak
and
contemptible
before
;
whose
King
Herotimus
in
the
confidence
of
six
hundred
Sons
begotten
on
divers
Concubines
,
with
divided
Armies
did
sometimes
invade
and
plunder
Egypt
,
and
sometimes
Syria
,
and
advanced
the
name
of
the
Arabians
,
making
it
great
by
the
weakness
of
the
neighbouring
Princes
.
THE
Fortyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
THe
mutual
hatreds
of
the
Brothers
,
and
not
long
afterwards
the
enmity
of
the
Sons
succeeding
the
hatred
of
their
Parents
,
when
both
the
Kings
and
Kingdom
of
Syria
was
consumed
by
an
inexpiable
War
,
the
people
were
enforced
to
seek
forraign
Ayd
,
and
began
to
look
upon
the
Kings
that
were
strangers
to
them
;
Therefore
when
one
part
of
them
were
of
opinion
that
Mithridates
should
be
sent
for
out
of
Pontus
,
and
another
part
thought
that
Ptolomy
should
be
sent
for
out
of
Egypt
,
it
being
advertised
that
Mithridates
was
involved
in
the
Roman
War
,
and
that
Ptolomy
was
an
Enemy
unto
Syria
,
they
all
agreed
upon
Tigranes
King
of
Armenia
who
was
supplyed
(
besides
his
own
strength
)
with
the
Society
of
the
Parthians
,
and
the
affinity
of
Mithridates
.
Tigranes
being
therefore
sent
for
into
the
Kingdom
of
Syria
,
for
the
space
of
eighteen
years
most
peaceably
enjoyed
the
Kingdom
,
neither
did
he
provoke
any
by
War
,
neither
being
provoked
did
he
conceive
it
necessary
to
make
war
against
any
other
.
But
as
Syria
was
safe
from
the
in
vasion
of
Enemies
,
so
it
was
made
desolate
by
an
Earthquake
,
in
which
one
hundred
and
seventy
thousand
persons
,
and
many
Cities
were
destroyed
:
The
South-sayers
being
consulted
,
did
make
answer
,
that
this
Prodigie
did
portend
the
change
of
affairs
in
the
Kingdoms
of
the
East
.
Tigranes
therefore
being
overcome
by
Lucullus
,
Antiochus
the
Son
of
Cyricaenus
was
made
King
of
Syria
by
him
.
But
what
Lucullus
gave
,
Pompey
afterwards
did
take
away
;
for
he
demanding
the
Kingdom
of
him
,
he
made
answer
,
That
he
would
not
make
him
King
of
Syria
,
either
desiring
or
refusing
it
,
having
for
the
space
of
eighteen
years
,
during
which
Tigranes
possessed
Syria
,
dishonourably
concealed
himself
in
a
corner
of
Cilicia
;
but
Tigranes
being
overcome
,
he
now
desired
of
the
Romans
the
reward
of
another
mans
labour
;
Therefore
as
he
did
not
dispossess
him
of
the
Kingdom
when
he
had
it
;
so
because
he
gave
way
to
Tigranes
,
he
would
not
grant
him
that
which
he
could
not
defend
,
least
he
should
render
Syria
again
obnoxious
to
the
robberies
of
the
Arabians
and
the
Jewes
:
He
therefore
reduced
it
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
and
thus
by
the
discord
of
the
consanguineous
Kings
,
the
East
by
degrees
became
under
the
power
of
the
Romans
.
THE
One
and
fortyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
THe
Parthians
in
whose
power
(
as
if
they
had
made
a
division
of
the
World
with
the
Romans
)
the
Empire
of
the
East
is
at
this
time
resident
,
were
the
banished
men
of
Sythia
;
which
by
their
own
language
is
interpreted
;
for
in
the
Sythian
tongue
,
a
Parthian
doth
signifie
a
banished
man
.
In
the
time
of
the
Medes
and
Assyrians
,
they
were
the
most
obscure
of
all
the
Nations
in
the
East
;
and
afterwards
when
the
Empire
of
the
East
was
translated
from
the
Medes
unto
the
Persians
,
like
people
without
a
name
they
became
always
he
prey
of
the
Conquerors
.
At
last
the
Macedons
having
triumphed
over
all
the
East
,
did
make
them
their
servants
:
And
indeed
it
may
appear
wonderful
,
that
by
their
courage
they
were
advanced
to
so
great
a
happiness
,
as
to
raign
over
those
Nations
under
whose
command
they
were
accounted
before
but
as
a
servile
Generation
:
And
being
provoked
by
the
Romans
by
their
greatest
Generals
in
their
most
flourishing
estate
of
the
Empire
,
they
were
of
all
Nations
not
onely
their
equals
but
their
Conquerors
:
Howsoever
,
it
is
more
their
glory
to
rise
and
grow
up
amongst
hose
Empires
of
Assyria
,
Media
,
and
Persia
,
(
before
remembred
)
and
the
most
renowned
Bactrian
Dominion
of
one
thousand
Cities
,
then
to
be
famous
in
the
Conquests
of
a
Nation
so
remote
:
Moreover
it
is
remarkable
,
that
when
they
were
daily
vexed
with
the
great
Wars
against
the
Sythians
and
their
neerer
Enemies
,
and
were
oppressed
round
with
all
manner
of
dangers
,
they
did
not
onely
possess
themselves
of
the
solitary
and
waste
places
betwixt
Hyrcania
and
the
Dacans
,
but
privily
became
masters
of
the
Borders
of
the
Areans
,
Spartans
,
and
Majans
:
Afterwards
their
neighbours
not
permitting
but
opposing
them
,
they
did
so
far
advance
themselves
,
that
they
inhabited
as
well
the
clifts
and
tops
of
the
Rocks
and
Mountains
,
as
the
low
and
spacious
plains
:
By
which
means
it
comes
to
pass
,
that
either
the
excess
of
cold
or
heat
doth
give
bounds
to
the
greatest
part
of
Parthia
;
for
the
snow
doth
possess
the
Mountains
,
and
the
heat
doth
afflict
the
Valleys
.
The
Government
of
the
Nation
after
their
revolt
from
the
Empire
of
the
Macedons
was
under
Kings
.
The
order
or
estate
of
the
Commons
is
next
to
the
Majesty
of
Kings
;
from
hence
they
derive
both
Generals
in
War
,
and
Magistrates
in
peace
:
Their
speech
is
mixt
betwixt
the
Sythian
language
and
the
Median
;
They
are
cloathed
after
their
old
Custom
;
and
if
their
fortunes
do
grow
high
,
they
are
apparalled
like
the
Medes
,
with
a
garment
translucently
thin
and
fluent
;
In
their
Wars
,
they
use
both
their
own
and
the
Sythian
Discipline
;
They
have
not
as
other
Nations
,
an
Army
composed
of
free-men
,
but
the
greatest
part
of
it
doth
consist
of
servants
;
the
Communalty
of
whom
(
they
being
never
to
be
made
free
)
doth
daily
encrease
as
more
are
daily
born
:
They
bring
up
these
with
as
great
care
as
they
do
their
own
children
,
and
teach
them
both
to
ride
and
shoot
with
great
industry
:
As
every
one
is
more
rich
,
so
in
the
service
of
the
War
he
brings
in
more
Horses
to
the
King
.
When
fifty
thousand
of
their
Cavalry
did
meet
Mark
Anthony
in
the
Field
,
making
war
upon
them
,
there
were
not
above
four
hundred
and
fifty
of
them
that
were
free
born
:
They
are
not
used
to
fight
hand
to
hand
,
or
to
maintain
a
league
before
a
City
:
They
fight
always
with
their
Horses
either
charging
or
wheeling
about
;
they
also
oftentimes
do
counterfeit
themselves
to
be
routed
,
that
they
may
return
with
the
greater
advantage
,
whereby
they
both
finde
their
pursuers
to
lie
open
to
their
swords
,
and
unprepared
to
receive
the
second
impression
of
their
Charge
;
their
sound
unto
the
Battel
is
not
given
by
a
Trumpet
,
but
by
a
Drum
;
neither
do
they
long
hold
out
in
fight
;
for
they
were
not
to
be
indured
,
if
they
had
as
much
perseverance
in
the
fight
,
as
impetuousness
in
the
first
shock
of
the
charge
.
Oftentimes
in
the
very
heat
of
the
first
charge
they
forsake
their
battel
,
and
after
their
fight
they
will
immediately
rally
and
renew
the
fight
again
,
and
when
you
think
you
are
most
sure
of
Conquest
,
the
greatest
difficulty
and
danger
of
the
Battel
is
to
come
;
Their
defence
for
themselves
and
for
their
Horses
,
are
plumed
Coats
of
Mail
,
on
which
are
such
waving
Plumes
●at
they
do
cover
all
the
bodies
of
both
;
They
have
no
use
either
of
Gold
or
Silver
,
but
onely
on
their
Armor
;
through
the
delight
of
various
lust
,
they
have
every
one
several
Wives
;
neither
is
there
any
crime
amongst
them
which
is
prosecuted
with
a
greater
punishment
then
adultery
;
Wherefore
they
forbid
their
women
not
onely
the
company
of
men
at
their
Banquets
,
but
also
the
sight
of
them
;
they
eat
no
flesh
but
what
they
procure
by
hunting
;
they
are
always
carryed
on
Horses
;
on
those
they
mannage
their
Wars
,
on
chose
they
celebrate
their
Feasts
,
and
perform
all
pu●lick
and
private
Offices
;
on
those
they
ever
move
,
or
stand
still
,
on
those
they
constantly
trade
and
discourse
.
This
is
the
greatest
difference
betwixt
their
Slaves
and
their
Free-born
,
that
the
Servants
in
times
of
no
War
do
go
on
foot
,
the
Free-men
do
always
ride
on
horseback
;
their
common
burial
is
no
other
then
to
be
devoured
by
birds
or
dogs
;
their
bones
being
all
that
is
left
,
are
covered
with
the
Earth
;
as
for
their
Religion
,
they
are
most
devout
in
the
worship
of
their
gods
;
the
d
sp●sitions
of
the
Nation
are
lofty
,
seditious
,
deceitful
,
petulant
;
they
comman●
boldness
in
men
,
and
courtesie
in
women
;
they
are
always
apt
to
rise
at
any
commotion
either
Forraign
or
Domestick
,
they
are
more
prompt
to
act
then
to
speak
;
therefore
they
cover
all
things
with
silence
whether
good
or
bad
;
they
are
prone
unto
lust
,
frugal
in
their
diet
,
and
with
us
faith
either
in
their
words
or
promises
,
unless
it
complies
with
their
advantage
;
they
obey
their
Princes
,
not
for
reverence
,
but
for
fear
.
After
the
death
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
when
the
Kingdoms
of
the
East
were
divided
amongst
his
Successors
,
none
of
the
Macedons
vouchsafing
to
command
over
so
poor
a
Nation
as
they
were
,
delivered
it
to
Stratagenor
,
one
of
their
Associates
in
their
wars
.
The
Parthians
therefore
,
the
Macedonians
being
divided
and
exercised
in
civil
Wars
,
did
follow
Eumenes
with
the
other
Nations
of
Upper
Asia
,
who
being
overcome
,
they
came
unto
Antigonus
:
Afterwards
they
followed
the
Ensigns
of
Nicanor
Seleucus
,
and
(
he
being
dead
)
of
Antiochus
and
his
Successors
,
from
whose
Nephews
Son
Seleucus
they
first
of
all
revolted
.
In
the
first
Carthaginian
War
,
Lucius
Manlius
Piso
and
Attilius
Regulus
being
Consuls
,
the
discord
of
the
two
Brothers
Seleucus
and
Antiochus
did
give
them
an
impunity
for
this
desertion
;
for
the
two
brothers
contending
to
pluck
the
Kingdom
from
one
another
,
they
did
forbear
to
prosecute
against
the
Revolters
.
At
the
same
time
Theodotus
the
Lieutenant
of
the
thousand
Cities
of
the
Bactrians
revolted
also
,
and
commanded
himself
to
be
called
King
,
whose
Example
all
the
people
of
the
East
following
,
there
was
a
general
revolt
from
the
Macedons
.
There
was
in
those
times
a
man
called
Arsaces
,
of
an
uncertain
birth
,
but
of
an
undoubted
courage
,
who
being
accustomed
to
live
by
theft
,
and
upon
the
spoyl
,
having
understood
that
Seleucus
was
overcome
by
the
Gauls
,
being
delivered
from
the
fear
&
the
danger
of
him
,
having
invaded
the
Parthians
with
a
company
of
Thieves
,
he
suppressed
Andragores
their
Lieutenant
,
and
not
long
after
having
killed
him
,
he
usurped
the
Empire
of
that
Nation
:
After
that
he
possessed
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
the
Hyrcanians
;
and
having
thus
invested
himself
with
the
command
of
two
Cities
,
he
prepared
a
great
Army
for
the
fear
of
Seleucus
and
Theodotus
King
of
the
Bactrians
;
but
being
quickly
delivered
from
his
fear
by
the
death
of
Theodotus
,
he
entred
into
a
League
and
Covenant
with
his
Son
,
whose
name
was
Theodotus
also
;
and
not
long
after
he
encountring
with
King
Seleucus
,
who
advanced
with
his
Army
to
make
War
against
the
Revolters
,
he
overcame
him
;
the
day
of
which
Conquest
the
Parthians
observe
in
their
Almanacks
as
an
Holiday
,
it
being
the
beginning
of
their
liberty
.
Seleucus
being
called
back
,
and
some
intermission
of
time
being
given
to
the
new
troubles
in
Asia
,
he
founded
and
formed
the
Parthian
Kingdom
,
and
made
choyce
of
a
Militia
;
he
fortified
the
Castles
,
and
confimed
the
Cities
,
and
erected
the
City
Clara
on
the
Mount
of
Thabor
;
such
is
the
condition
of
that
place
,
that
there
is
nothing
more
secure
or
more
delightful
;
for
it
is
so
invironed
with
Rocks
and
Clifts
,
that
the
safety
of
the
place
needs
no
Defe●ders
;
and
so
great
is
the
fruitfulness
of
the
adjacent
plains
,
that
it
is
almost
oppressed
with
its
own
abundance
:
Such
a
variety
there
is
also
both
of
Fountains
and
Forrests
,
that
copiously
it
is
watered
,
and
attracteth
the
neighbouring
people
with
the
delight
of
hunting
.
Arsaces
in
this
manner
having
both
attempted
and
obtained
a
Kingdom
,
became
no
less
famous
amongst
the
Parthians
,
then
Cyrus
amongst
the
Persians
,
or
Alexander
amongst
the
Macedons
,
or
Romulus
amongst
the
Romans
,
and
deceased
in
a
ripe
old
Age.
To
whose
memory
the
Parthians
have
ascribed
this
honour
,
that
they
have
ever
since
called
all
their
succeeding
Kings
by
the
name
of
Arsaces
.
His
Son
and
Successor
was
also
himself
called
Arsaces
,
who
commanding
an
Army
of
one
hundred
thousand
foot
,
and
twenty
thousand
horse
,
did
with
admirable
prowess
fight
against
Antiochus
the
Son
of
Seleucus
,
with
one
hundred
thousand
foot
,
&
twenty
thousand
horse
,
and
at
last
he
entred
into
a
Confederary
with
him
.
Pampatius
was
the
third
King
of
the
P
rthians
,
and
he
also
was
called
Arsaces
;
for
as
I
have
mentioned
heretofore
,
the
Parthians
by
that
name
called
all
their
Kings
,
as
the
Romans
do
call
every
Emperour
Caesar
and
Augustus
.
He
having
raigned
twelve
years
,
deceased
,
having
left
behind
him
two
Sons
,
Mithridates
and
Pharnaces
;
Pharnaces
being
the
elder
did
inherit
the
Kingdom
after
the
Custom
of
the
Nation
,
and
having
overcome
the
valiant
Nation
of
the
Mardi
,
he
not
long
after
dyed
,
having
left
behind
him
many
Sons
,
who
being
all
rejected
by
him
,
he
left
the
Kingdom
to
his
brother
Mithridates
,
a
man
admirable
for
his
Vertue
,
thinking
that
he
owed
more
to
his
Kingdom
then
to
the
name
of
a
Father
,
and
was
more
obliged
to
provide
for
his
Country
then
his
children
.
At
the
same
time
almost
as
Mithridates
began
his
Raign
in
Parthia
,
Eucratides
was
invested
in
the
Kingdom
of
Bactria
,
being
both
of
them
men
of
excellent
Spirits
.
But
the
fortune
of
the
Parthians
being
more
happy
,
that
Nation
was
advanced
under
the
raign
of
Mithridates
to
the
height
of
all
their
glory
;
but
the
Bactrians
being
distressed
by
several
Wars
,
did
at
the
last
not
onely
lose
their
Kingdom
,
but
their
liberty
:
For
being
wearyed
with
the
Wars
of
the
Sogdians
,
the
Dranganits
,
and
the
Indians
,
they
were
at
last
as
men
without
spirit
or
blood
,
suppressed
by
an
inconsiderable
number
of
the
Parthians
.
Howsoever
Eucratides
mannaged
many
Wars
with
great
resolution
,
being
much
wasted
,
with
which
when
he
was
at
last
beleaguered
by
Demetirus
King
of
the
Indians
,
he
by
daily
sallies
with
three
thousand
men
did
overcome
threescore
thousand
of
his
Enemies
:
and
having
raised
the
siege
in
the
fifth
Moneth
after
it
was
begun
,
he
made
India
stoop
in
obedience
to
him
,
from
whence
when
he
withdrew
his
Army
,
he
was
killed
in
the
march
homewards
,
by
his
own
Son
,
whom
he
made
partner
with
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
who
not
dissembling
the
murder
of
his
Father
(
as
if
he
had
killed
an
Enemy
,
rather
then
a
Father
)
caused
his
Chariot
to
be
hurried
over
the
place
where
his
blood
was
spilt
,
and
commanded
that
his
body
should
be
thrown
away
,
as
unworthy
to
be
buryed
.
Whiles
these
things
thus
passed
amongst
the
Bactrians
,
a
new
War
did
arise
amongst
the
Parthians
and
the
Medes
,
and
the
fortune
of
both
Nations
being
a
long
time
various
,
the
Bactrians
were
at
last
overcome
by
the
Parthians
;
Mithridates
being
more
formidable
by
this
access
of
new
power
,
did
make
Bacasus
his
Lieutenant
in
the
Kingdom
of
Media
,
and
marched
himself
into
Hyrcania
;
From
whence
being
returned
,
he
waged
War
with
the
King
of
the
Elamits
,
who
being
overcome
,
he
also
added
that
Nation
to
his
Kingdom
;
and
many
Nations
being
subdued
,
he
extended
the
Empire
of
the
Parthians
from
Mount
Caucasus
to
the
River
of
Euphrates
,
and
being
at
last
visited
with
sickness
,
he
dyed
in
an
old
age
,
no
less
glorious
then
Arsaces
his
Grandfather
.
THE
Two
and
fortyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
AFter
the
death
of
Mithridates
King
of
the
Parthians
,
Phrahartes
his
Son
was
made
King
,
who
when
he
determined
to
make
War
on
Syria
,
to
be
revenged
on
Antiochus
,
who
attempted
the
Parthians
Kingdom
,
he
was
called
back
by
the
commotion
of
the
Scythians
to
defend
his
own
possessions
;
for
the
Scythians
being
sollicited
with
the
promise
of
great
rewards
to
help
the
Parthians
against
King
Antiochus
,
they
came
with
their
Auxiliaries
just
when
the
War
was
ended
;
when
they
were
denyed
their
pay
,
to
reproach
them
for
their
assistance
which
came
so
late
,
the
Scythians
grieving
that
they
had
made
so
great
a
march
to
so
little
purpose
,
when
they
desired
that
either
their
pay
should
be
given
them
for
their
travel
,
or
an
Enemy
with
whom
they
might
encounter
,
they
had
a
proud
answer
returned
them
,
whereat
being
incensed
,
they
began
to
plunder
the
Borders
of
the
Parthians
.
Phrahartes
therefore
advancing
against
the
Scythians
,
did
leave
one
Hymerus
for
the
defence
of
his
Kingdom
,
having
obliged
him
by
his
love
from
the
flower
of
his
youth
,
who
unmindful
of
the
courtesies
received
,
and
whose
substitute
he
was
,
did
afflict
the
Babylonians
and
many
other
Cities
with
tyrannical
cruelty
.
Phrahartes
himself
in
this
War
did
proudly
and
insolently
deport
himself
towards
the
Army
of
the
Grecians
,
whom
he
had
then
with
him
(
having
taken
them
prisoners
in
the
War
which
he
made
against
Antiochus
)
being
altogether
unmindful
that
no
Captivity
could
abate
their
spirits
,
and
that
the
indignity
of
new
injuries
did
more
exasperate
them
.
Therefore
in
the
battel
when
they
perceived
the
Army
of
the
Parthians
deeply
engaged
,
they
revolted
to
the
Enemy
,
and
executed
their
long
desired
revenge
on
the
Parthian
Army
,
by
their
slaughter
of
them
,
and
by
the
death
of
their
King
Phrahartes
himself
:
In
his
place
his
Uncle
Artabanus
was
chosen
King
.
The
Scythians
being
contented
with
the
Victory
,
having
plundred
their
Country
,
return
home
.
But
Artabanus
having
made
War
upon
the
Inhabitants
of
Colchos
,
and
received
a
wound
in
his
arm
,
not
long
after
deceased
by
the
anguish
of
it
.
His
Son
Mithridates
did
succeed
him
,
whose
Atchievements
did
gain
him
the
same
name
of
GREAT
;
for
being
enflamed
with
the
emulation
of
the
Acts
of
his
Predecessors
,
he
excelled
their
glories
by
the
greatness
of
his
vertues
;
he
made
many
Wars
with
his
neighbours
,
where
he
shewed
great
demonstrations
of
his
valour
,
and
added
many
Nations
to
the
Parthian
Kingdom
,
and
having
made
many
prosperous
Wars
against
the
Scythians
,
he
revenged
the
injuries
of
his
Predecessors
,
and
made
War
at
last
upon
Artoadistes
King
of
the
Armenians
.
But
because
we
have
here
a
passage
opened
to
Armenia
,
we
will
in
the
first
place
derive
its
original
from
the
first
beginning
;
neither
is
it
fit
that
it
should
be
passed
by
in
silence
,
it
being
so
great
a
Kingdom
,
whose
bounds
,
Parthia
being
excepted
,
doth
exceed
the
magnitude
of
any
Kingdom
whatsoever
;
for
Armenia
lies
open
from
Cappadocia
towards
the
Caspian
Sea
eleven
hundred
miles
in
length
;
the
latitude
of
it
conteineth
but
seven
hundred
onely
:
It
was
founded
by
Armenius
the
Companion
of
Jason
the
Thessalian
,
whom
when
King
Pelias
desired
to
have
destroyed
by
reason
of
his
excellent
valour
,
thinking
him
dangerous
to
his
Kingdom
,
he
was
commanded
to
be
one
of
the
adventurers
into
Colchos
,
to
bring
home
the
Fleece
of
the
Ram
,
so
famous
amongst
all
Nations
;
the
King
hoping
that
he
would
be
destroyed
either
by
the
length
of
the
Expedition
,
or
by
war
amongst
the
most
barbarous
of
the
Nations
.
Jason
therefore
,
the
report
being
spread
abroad
of
that
glorious
expedition
,
when
the
most
noble
of
the
youth
of
the
whole
world
did
strive
who
first
should
come
into
that
service
,
did
compose
an
Army
of
most
excellent
men
,
who
were
called
Argonautae
,
whom
after
great
atchievements
,
when
he
had
brought
back
safe
into
Greece
,
they
were
with
great
force
beaten
from
Thessaly
by
the
Sons
of
Pelias
;
Jason
therefore
with
a
great
multitude
(
who
on
the
report
of
his
glory
,
came
daily
out
of
all
Nations
to
him
)
his
Wife
Medea
being
his
companion
(
whom
having
repudiated
,
he
again
in
the
commiseration
of
her
banishment
did
take
into
the
participation
of
his
Bed
)
and
Medius
his
Stepson
,
begotten
by
Aegeus
King
of
the
Athenians
,
did
return
to
Colchos
,
and
restored
there
his
Father-in-law
driven
from
the
Kingdom
.
After
that
he
made
great
Wars
against
the
neighbours
,
and
added
to
the
Kingdom
of
his
Father-in-law
,
divers
Cities
that
were
taken
,
to
take
away
the
injury
of
the
former
War
,
in
which
he
both
took
by
force
his
daughter
Medea
,
and
killed
Aeg●alus
the
Son
of
Aetas
,
and
part
of
them
he
distributed
to
the
people
whom
he
had
brought
with
him
to
serve
him
in
his
Wars
:
He
was
the
first
of
all
men
who
subdued
that
part
of
the
world
,
Hercules
and
Bacchus
excepted
,
who
were
said
to
be
the
Conquerors
and
the
Kings
of
all
the
East
.
To
some
of
the
people
he
assigned
Phrygius
and
Ansistratus
to
be
their
Generals
,
who
were
the
drivers
of
the
Chariot
of
Castor
and
Pollux
;
he
made
a
league
also
with
the
Albanians
,
who
having
followed
Hercules
out
of
the
Mount
Albania
in
Italy
after
he
had
slain
Geryon
,
did
drive
his
Cattel
through
Italy
,
and
who
being
mindful
from
whence
they
derived
their
Original
,
did
in
the
War
of
Mithridates
salute
the
Army
of
Cneius
Pompeius
by
the
name
of
brethren
.
All
the
East
therefore
did
erect
Temples
and
constitute
Divine
Honours
to
him
,
which
many
years
afterwards
,
Parmenio
Lieutenant
General
under
Alexander
the
Great
did
command
to
be
pulled
down
and
abolished
,
that
no
name
in
the
East
should
be
of
more
veneration
then
the
name
of
Alexander
himself
.
After
the
death
of
Jason
,
Medus
was
the
emulator
of
his
vertues
,
who
in
the
honour
of
his
Mother
Medea
,
did
build
a
City
,
and
called
it
after
her
name
,
and
founded
the
Kingdom
of
the
Medes
after
his
own
name
,
in
the
Majesty
whereof
the
Empire
afterwards
did
a
long
time
flourish
.
The
Amazonians
are
near
unto
the
Albanians
whose
Queen
Thalestris
desired
for
generation
to
have
the
carnal
knowledge
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
as
we
finde
it
asserted
by
several
Authors
.
Armenius
also
being
himself
a
Thessalian
,
and
one
in
the
number
of
Jasons
Captains
,
having
recollected
a
considerable
party
that
wandred
up
and
down
after
the
death
of
Jason
,
did
plant
Armenia
,
from
whose
Hills
the
River
Tygris
doth
first
flow
but
with
small
beginnings
,
and
after
some
space
she
hides
her self
under
Earth
,
through
which
running
undiscovered
for
the
space
of
five
and
twenty
miles
,
she
sheweth
again
her self
,
and
appears
a
great
and
violent
River
in
the
Country
of
Sophone
,
from
whence
falling
down
,
is
received
into
the
waters
of
Euphrates
.
But
Mithridates
King
of
the
Parthians
,
after
the
war
of
Armenia
,
was
expelled
by
the
Senate
from
the
Parthian
Kingdom
,
by
reason
of
his
cruelty
:
His
brother
Horodes
having
possessed
himself
of
the
vacant
Kingdom
,
did
for
a
long
time
besiege
Babylonia
,
whither
Mithridates
fled
,
and
at
last
compelled
the
Inhabitants
,
being
oppressed
by
famine
,
to
surrender
themselves
;
and
Mithridates
of
his
own
accord
in
confidence
of
the
contiguity
of
his
blood
,
did
deliver
himself
unto
the
power
of
Horodes
.
But
Horodes
taking
him
to
be
rather
an
enemy
then
his
brother
,
did
in
his
own
presence
command
him
to
be
slain
.
After
this
he
made
War
upon
the
Romans
,
and
overthrew
Crassus
the
Roman
General
,
with
his
Son
,
and
all
the
Roman
Army
.
His
Son
Pacocus
having
performed
great
atchievements
in
Syria
,
and
being
sent
to
pursue
the
relicts
of
the
Roman
Army
,
was
called
back
into
Parthia
,
being
suspected
by
his
Father
,
in
whose
absence
the
Army
of
the
Parthians
being
left
in
Syria
,
were
slain
by
Cassius
the
Quaestor
of
Crassus
,
with
all
their
Captains
.
This
being
performed
,
not
long
after
there
did
arise
the
Civil
Wars
of
the
Romans
betwixt
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
in
which
the
Parthians
took
the
part
of
Pompey
,
both
by
reason
of
their
association
with
him
in
the
war
with
Mithridates
,
&
because
of
the
death
of
Crassus
,
whose
Son
they
heard
did
side
with
Caesar
,
and
who
they
doubted
not
would
thoroughly
revenge
his
Fathers
death
,
if
Caesar
were
the
Conqueror
;
Therefore
Pompey
and
all
his
party
being
overcome
,
they
afterwards
sent
their
Auxiliaries
to
Cassius
and
Brutus
against
Augustus
and
Antonius
;
and
after
the
end
of
that
war
,
having
entred
into
a
league
with
Labienus
,
they
made
desolate
with
their
Armies
both
Syria
and
Asia
,
and
being
as
high
in
their
resolutions
as
their
numbers
,
they
assaulted
the
Camp
of
Ventidius
;
who
after
Cassius
,
in
the
absence
of
Pacorus
did
overthrow
the
Parthian
Armie
;
but
Ventidius
having
dissembled
a
fear
,
did
a
long
time
contain
himself
within
the
Camp
,
and
permitted
the
Parthians
for
a
while
to
insult
;
who
being
insolent
and
secure
,
he
at
the
last
did
send
forth
one
part
of
the
legions
against
them
,
who
charging
upon
them
with
great
courage
,
did
utterly
rout
them
;
Pacorus
conceiving
that
his
flying
men
had
drawn
along
after
them
the
Roman
legions
to
pursue
them
,
did
set
upon
the
Camp
of
Ventidius
,
supposing
it
to
be
destitute
of
defenders
;
whereupon
Ventidius
sallying
forth
with
the
other
part
of
the
legions
,
did
cut
off
the
whole
Armie
of
the
Parthians
,
with
the
King
Pacorus
himself
;
neither
did
the
Parthians
in
any
war
receive
a
greater
wound
then
in
that
battail
.
When
these
things
were
reported
in
Parthia
,
Horodes
the
father
of
Pacorus
,
who
not
long
before
had
understood
that
all
Syria
was
plundred
,
and
Asia
seized
upon
by
the
Parthians
,
and
who
did
glorie
▪
that
his
Son
Pacorus
was
a
Conqueror
of
the
Romans
,
being
on
a
suddain
informed
both
of
the
death
of
his
Son
,
and
the
total
destruction
of
the
Armie
,
his
grief
was
heightned
into
furie
.
For
the
space
of
many
daies
he
would
not
speak
to
any
,
nor
take
any
sustenance
,
nor
utter
any
words
at
all
,
insomuch
that
he
seemed
to
be
a
dumb
man
.
After
many
days
,
when
grief
had
opened
the
passage
of
his
voice
,
he
called
upon
nothing
but
Pacorus
;
he
seemed
as
if
he
both
heard
and
saw
Pacorus
,
and
would
stand
still
and
speak
as
if
he
discoursed
with
him
,
and
somtimes
would
lamentably
condole
him
,
being
slain
.
After
a
long
time
of
sorrow
,
another
affliction
did
invade
the
miserable
old
man
,
which
was
to
determine
with
himself
,
which
of
his
thirtie
Sons
he
should
make
King
in
the
place
of
Pacorus
.
He
had
many
Concubines
,
on
whom
so
great
a
number
of
children
were
begotten
,
and
every
one
of
them
was
importunate
with
him
to
make
choice
of
her
own
Son
;
but
the
fate
of
Parthia
did
so
ordain
,
(
it
being
there
a
solemn
custom
to
have
Kings
to
be
parricides
)
that
the
most
wicked
of
them
all
,
Phrahartes
by
name
,
should
be
elected
King
,
who
no
soo●ner
was
invested
in
his
royaltie
,
but
(
as
if
he
would
not
die
a
natural
death
,
and
when
he
would
have
him
)
did
kill
his
father
,
and
afterwards
put
to
death
his
thirtie
Brothers
;
neither
did
his
guilt
cease
here
;
for
perceiving
that
the
Peers
of
the
Kingdom
were
much
incensed
against
him
for
his
daily
cruelties
,
he
commanded
his
own
Son
,
being
almost
of
age
,
to
be
killed
,
that
there
should
not
one
remain
who
might
bear
the
name
of
a
King
.
Marke
Antony
made
war
upon
him
with
sixteen
gallant
Legions
,
because
he
brought
aide
to
Pompey
and
his
partie
,
against
Caesar
and
himself
;
but
his
Armie
being
sorely
weakned
by
many
encounters
,
he
retreated
from
Parthia
;
by
which
victorie
,
Phrahartes
being
grown
more
insolent
,
when
he
determined
many
things
cruelly
against
the
people
,
he
was
driven
into
banishment
by
them
;
and
having
with
repeated
importunities
for
a
long
time
wearied
the
neighboring
Cities
,
and
last
of
all
the
Scythians
,
he
was
by
their
great
assistance
restored
unto
his
Kingdom
.
In
his
absence
the
Parthians
had
constituted
one
Tyridates
to
be
their
King
,
who
understanding
of
the
advance
of
the
Scythians
,
did
flie
with
a
great
number
of
his
friends
to
Caesar
,
making
war
at
the
same
time
in
Spain
,
carrying
with
him
as
a
pledge
to
Caesar
,
the
youngest
Son
of
Phrahartes
,
whom
he
took
away
by
force
,
being
too
negligently
guarded
.
Which
being
understood
,
Phrahartes
sent
presently
Embassadors
to
Caesar
,
demanding
that
his
servant
Tyridates
and
his
Son
should
be
restored
to
him
.
Caesar
having
understood
the
Embassie
of
Phrahartes
,
and
the
desires
of
Tyridates
,
(
for
he
desired
also
to
be
restored
to
the
Kingdom
)
affirming
that
the
Romans
would
have
a
Right
to
Parthia
,
if
the
Kingdom
thereof
should
be
at
his
disposing
,
did
make
answer
,
That
he
would
neither
deliver
Tyridates
to
the
Parthians
,
neither
would
he
aide
Tyridates
against
them
.
And
that
it
might
appear
that
Caesar
was
not
of
that
sullen
temper
,
that
they
could
prevail
nothing
at
all
upon
him
,
he
sent
Phrahartes
his
Son
without
ransom
,
and
allowed
Tyridates
a
large
exhibition
as
long
as
he
would
continue
with
the
Romans
.
After
this
,
the
war
in
Spain
being
ended
,
when
he
came
into
Syria
to
compose
the
State
of
the
East
,
Phrahartes
was
possessed
with
a
great
fear
that
he
would
make
war
against
him
.
Therefore
the
Captains
over
all
Parthia
,
that
were
taken
Prisoners
in
the
Armies
of
Crassus
,
or
of
Antony
,
were
recollected
,
and
the
Ensigns
that
were
taken
,
were
also
sent
back
to
Augustus
;
with
them
the
Sons
and
Nephews
also
of
Phrahartes
were
given
as
pledges
to
Augustus
;
and
Caesar
prevailed
more
with
the
greatness
of
his
Name
,
then
another
Emperor
could
have
done
by
Arms.
THE
Three
&
fortyeth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
THe
affairs
of
Parthia
,
and
the
East
,
and
almost
of
all
the
world
,
being
described
;
Trogus
,
as
after
a
long
pilgrimage
,
doth
return
home
,
thinking
it
the
part
of
an
ungrateful
Citizen
,
if
having
illustrated
the
actions
of
all
Nations
,
he
should
conceal
the
affairs
only
of
his
own
Countrie
.
He
briefly
therefore
toucheth
upon
the
beginning
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
that
he
might
not
exceed
the
measure
of
his
propounded
work
,
and
not
in
silence
to
pass
by
the
original
of
that
Citie
which
is
the
head
of
the
whole
World
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Italie
were
first
the
Aborigines
,
whose
King
Saturn
was
reported
to
be
of
so
great
Justice
,
that
no
man
served
under
him
,
neither
had
he
any
thing
private
to
himself
,
but
all
things
were
undivided
and
common
unto
all
as
one
patrimonie
to
them
.
In
the
memorie
of
which
example
,
it
was
provided
that
in
the
Saturnalia
,
the
Interests
of
every
one
being
made
equal
,
the
servants
did
everywhere
in
their
banquets
,
lie
down
along
with
their
masters
.
Therefore
Italie
was
called
Saturnia
,
after
the
Name
of
their
King
;
and
the
Hill
where
Saturn
did
inhabite
,
being
by
Jupiter
driven
from
his
own
Seat
,
is
called
the
Capitol
.
The
third
King
who
Reigned
in
Italie
after
him
,
was
Faunus
,
in
whose
time
Evander
came
into
Italie
from
Pallantheum
,
a
Citie
of
Arcadia
,
with
a
small
Retinue
,
to
whom
Faunus
did
bountifully
assign
certain
fields
and
a
Hill
,
which
he
afterwards
called
the
Hill
Palatine
.
At
the
foot
of
this
Hill
he
errected
a
Temple
to
Lycaeus
,
whom
the
Greeks
call
Pan
,
and
the
Romans
Lupercus
.
The
Effigies
of
the
god
is
cloathed
with
the
skin
of
a
Goat
,
in
which
habit
they
rnn
up
and
down
in
Rome
at
the
Lupercals
.
Faunus
had
a
wife
whose
name
was
Fatua
,
who
being
daily
filled
with
a
divine
Spirit
,
did
as
it
were
in
a
furie
presage
of
things
to
come
,
from
whence
those
that
to
this
daie
are
inspired
,
are
said
to
fatuate
,
or
to
foretell
the
events
of
Fates
to
come
.
Latinus
conceived
in
whoredom
,
was
the
son
of
the
daughter
of
Faunus
,
and
of
Hercules
,
who
at
that
time
having
killed
Geryon
,
did
drive
his
Cattle
through
Italie
,
the
rewards
of
his
Victorie
.
In
the
Reign
of
Latinus
,
Aeneas
came
from
Ilium
into
Italie
,
Troy
being
sacked
and
destroyed
by
the
Greeks
.
He
was
immediately
entertained
with
war
,
and
drawing
forth
his
Armie
to
battail
,
Latinus
sending
a
Trumpet
to
parly
with
him
,
was
possessed
with
such
an
admiration
of
him
,
that
he
received
him
into
the
societie
of
the
Kingdom
,
and
Lavinia
being
given
him
in
marriage
,
he
was
the
son
in
law
to
Latinus
.
After
this
they
had
both
war
with
Turnus
King
of
the
Rutilians
,
because
Lavinia
who
before
the
arrival
of
Aeneas
was
betrothed
to
him
,
was
denied
him
in
marriage
.
In
this
war
both
Turnus
and
Latinus
perished
;
therefore
when
Aeneas
by
the
Law
of
Arms
commanded
over
both
people
,
he
builded
a
Citie
after
the
name
of
his
wife
Lavinia
.
He
afterwards
made
war
against
Mezentius
King
of
the
Tuscans
,
in
which
dying
himself
,
his
Son
Ascanius
did
succeed
him
,
who
having
abandoned
the
Citie
Lavinium
,
did
build
long
Alba
,
which
for
three
hundred
years
was
the
Metropolis
of
the
Kingdom
.
After
the
Reign
of
many
Kings
of
that
Citie
,
at
the
last
Numitor
and
Amulius
did
enjoy
the
Kingdom
▪
but
when
Amulius
had
disenthroned
Numitor
,
who
was
the
more
respected
by
reason
of
his
age
,
he
politickly
devoted
his
Daughter
Rhea
to
a
perpetual
Virginitie
,
that
there
should
be
no
more
children
out
of
the
race
of
Numitor
,
to
take
revenge
on
him
for
the
usurpation
of
the
Kingdom
;
and
the
better
to
conceal
his
design
,
a
pretence
of
honor
was
added
to
the
injurie
,
and
she
seemed
not
so
much
to
be
a
person
condemned
,
as
a
Voteress
elected
.
Therefore
being
shut
up
in
a
Wood
sacred
to
Mars
,
she
brought
forth
two
children
at
one
birth
;
it
is
uncertain
whether
begotten
by
Mars
or
by
incontinence
with
another
.
Amulius
his
fear
being
multiplyed
by
the
birth
of
the
two
boys
,
did
command
them
to
be
exposed
,
and
laded
Rhea
with
chains
,
by
the
injurie
and
burden
whereof
she
not
long
after
died
.
But
fortune
prospicient
to
the
Original
of
Rome
,
did
provide
a
Woolf
to
give
suck
to
the
children
,
who
having
lost
her
whelps
,
and
desiring
to
emptie
her
teats
,
did
offer
her self
as
a
Nurse
to
the
Infants
,
and
returning
often
to
the
children
,
as
to
her
own
young
ones
;
Faustulus
the
Shepherd
observed
it
,
and
having
taken
them
from
the
Woolf
,
he
brought
them
up
amongst
the
flocks
in
a
rural
life
.
It
is
by
manifest
arguments
believed
,
that
the
boys
were
begotten
by
Mars
,
both
because
they
were
born
in
his
Grove
,
and
were
nursed
also
by
a
Woolf
,
which
is
a
creature
under
the
protection
of
Mars
.
One
of
the
boys
was
called
Remus
▪
and
the
other
Romulus
;
being
at
mans
estate
,
in
their
daily
exercises
amongst
the
Shepherds
,
they
did
encrease
their
strength
and
swiftness
,
and
did
oftentimes
with
prompt
industrie
drive
away
the
Theeves
that
came
to
steal
the
Cattle
.
It
so
fell
out
that
Remus
at
last
was
taken
by
them
,
and
as
if
he
was
himself
the
same
which
he
did
forbid
in
another
,
he
was
brought
unto
the
King
,
and
accused
to
have
been
accustomed
to
rob
the
flocks
of
Numitor
;
wherefore
the
King
did
deliver
him
to
Numitor
to
be
revenged
of
him
.
But
Numitor
being
moved
with
the
flourish
of
his
youth
,
and
his
suspition
calling
to
his
minde
his
Nephew
exposed
,
when
the
similitude
of
the
savor
of
his
daughter
,
and
the
time
at
which
he
was
exposed
,
did
agree
with
his
age
▪
and
held
him
very
doubtful
:
Behold
then
Faustulus
came
unexpectedly
with
Romulus
,
by
whom
the
Original
of
the
●oys
being
understood
,
the
plot
immediatey
was
contrived
;
the
young
men
were
armed
or
the
revenge
of
their
mothers
death
,
and
Numitor
for
his
Kingdom
taken
from
him
.
Amulius
being
slain
,
the
Kingdom
was
retored
to
Numitor
,
and
the
Citie
of
Rome
was
●uilded
by
the
young
men
;
the
Senate
then
was
constituted
,
consisting
of
one
hundred
Seniors
,
who
were
called
Fathers
.
The
Neighbors
also
disdaining
that
their
daughters
should
be
married
unto
Shepherds
,
the
Sabin
Virgins
were
taken
away
by
violence
,
and
the
Nations
about
them
being
overcome
by
Arms
,
they
first
obtained
the
Empire
of
Italie
,
and
afterwards
of
the
world
.
In
those
times
it
was
the
custom
of
Kings
,
instead
of
Diadems
,
to
use
Spears
,
which
the
Greeks
call
Scepters
;
for
in
the
beginning
of
time
,
the
Antients
worshipped
Spears
for
the
immortal
Gods
;
in
the
memorie
whereof
,
Spears
at
this
daie
are
added
to
the
Images
of
the
gods
.
In
the
times
of
King
Tarquin
,
the
youth
of
the
Phocensians
being
brought
into
the
mouth
of
Tyber
;
did
enter
into
friendship
with
the
Romans
;
and
sayling
from
thence
into
the
furthest
parts
of
France
,
they
builded
Massilia
betwixt
the
Ligurians
and
other
fierce
Nations
of
the
Gauls
,
and
performed
great
atchievements
,
whiles
by
Arms
they
either
protected
themselves
against
their
barbarous
insolence
,
o●
whiles
of
their
own
accord
they
did
provoke
them
,
of
whom
they
were
provoked
heretofor●
.
For
the
Phocensians
(
being
compelled
by
the
barrenness
of
their
soyl
)
did
live
with
more
industrie
and
alacritie
on
the
Seas
,
then
on
the
Land
,
and
did
lead
their
lives
somtimes
by
fishing
,
somtimes
by
trading
,
but
for
the
most
part
by
Pyracie
,
which
at
that
time
was
accounted
honorable
.
Therefore
having
sailed
into
the
farthest
Coasts
of
all
the
Ocean
,
they
came
into
a
harbor
at
the
mouth
of
the
River
of
Rhone
,
and
being
delighted
with
the
pleasure
of
the
place
,
on
their
return
to
their
own
Countrie
,
discovering
to
others
what
they
had
seen
themselves
,
they
stirred
up
many
men
to
undertake
that
voyage
.
Furius
and
Peranus
were
the
Admiral
and
Vice-Admiral
of
their
Fleet.
They
came
to
the
King
of
the
Segoregians
,
S●●anus
by
name
,
in
whose
Territories
they
d●●ired
to
build
their
City
,
desiring
his
friendship
.
It
so
fell
out
,
that
the
King
on
th●●
daie
was
employed
in
the
preparations
for
the
marriage
of
his
daughter
Gyptis
;
for
whom
according
to
the
custom
of
that
Nation
,
he
intended
to
provide
a
husband
,
who
was
to
be
chosen
by
her self
,
at
a
great
and
solemn
feast
prepared
for
that
purpose
.
Therefore
all
the
Suitors
being
invited
to
the
●inner
,
the
Grecian
Guests
were
also
intreatd
to
be
present
at
it
.
The
Virgin
then
(
acording
to
the
custom
being
brought
in
)
and
eing
commanded
by
her
father
to
give
waer
unto
him
whom
she
would
make
choice
of
●o
be
her
husband
,
she
passing
by
all
the
Gauls
,
did
turn
towards
the
Greeks
,
and
gave
the
water
to
Peranus
,
who
being
made
of
a
guest
a
Son
in
law
,
had
a
place
assigned
to
him
wherein
to
build
his
Citie
.
Mas●ilia
therefore
was
builded
neer
unto
the
mouth
of
the
River
of
Rhone
on
a
remote
Bay
,
as
it
were
an
angle
of
the
Sea
.
But
the
Ligurians
envying
the
prosperitie
and
increase
of
the
Citie
,
did
wearie
the
Grecians
with
daily
wars
,
who
in
beating
back
the
dangers
from
them
,
became
so
glorious
,
that
their
enemies
being
overthrown
,
they
sent
forth
many
Colonies
into
the
neighboring
Countries
;
from
these
the
Gauls
being
instructed
,
their
barbarous
manners
being
either
quite
laid
aside
,
or
more
civilized
,
they
learned
the
use
of
a
more
refined
course
of
life
;
as
to
exercise
and
mitigate
the
field
s
with
ploughs
,
and
to
environ
and
to
defend
their
Cities
with
Walls
.
They
then
began
to
live
not
only
by
Arms
,
but
Laws
;
they
learned
to
prune
the
Vine
,
and
to
plant
the
Olive
.
And
so
great
a
beautie
and
order
was
observed
both
in
disposing
of
the
things
and
men
;
that
Greece
did
not
seem
to
come
into
Gallia
,
but
Gallia
to
be
translated
into
Greece
.
Senanus
King
of
the
Segoregians
being
dead
,
from
whom
the
place
was
received
to
build
the
Citie
,
his
Son
Commanus
did
succeed
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
and
a
certain
King
affirming
that
the
time
would
come
,
when
Massilia
should
be
the
destruction
of
the
neighboring
people
;
did
argue
that
it
might
be
suppressed
in
the
Original
,
lest
growing
strong
by
degrees
,
it
might
at
last
suppress
him
,
who
gave
both
an
Original
and
an
encrease
unto
it
;
to
the
performance
whereof
he
inserted
this
following
Fable
.
A
Bitch
great
with
whelp
,
did
petition
to
a
Shepherd
to
give
her
room
in
which
to
bring
forth
her
young
ones
;
which
being
obtained
,
she
petitioned
to
him
again
to
grant
her
the
same
room
to
bring
up
her
young
ones
;
at
the
last
her
whelps
growing
into
age
,
and
she
being
supported
with
her
Domestick
numbers
,
did
challenge
the
proprietie
of
the
place
unto
her self
.
So
the
Massilians
who
do
now
appear
to
be
but
strangers
,
may
in
a
short
time
become
Lords
of
the
Countrie
.
The
King
being
incited
by
the
application
of
this
storie
,
did
attempt
by
deceits
to
destroy
the
Massilians
.
Therefore
on
the
Holy-day
dedicated
to
Flora
,
he
sent
many
lustie
and
able
men
into
the
Citie
,
to
be
entertained
as
guests
,
and
gave
order
that
many
more
should
be
brought
in
Carts
,
in
which
they
should
be
covered
with
green
leaves
,
whiles
he
himself
with
his
Armie
lay
hid
in
the
next
hills
,
that
they
might
be
present
when
the
opportunitie
served
for
their
Ambush
,
and
the
Gates
in
the
night
being
opened
to
receive
their
Carts
,
they
might
with
armed
men
invade
the
Citie
drowned
in
wine
and
sleep
.
But
a
woman
,
who
by
the
contiguitie
of
blood
had
neer
relation
to
the
King
,
being
accustomed
to
play
the
wanton
with
one
of
the
Grecians
,
pittying
the
loveliness
of
the
young
man
in
her
embraces
of
him
,
did
betray
the
deceit
unto
him
,
and
desired
him
to
decline
the
danger
.
He
immediately
informed
the
Magistrates
with
it
;
and
the
prepared
treacheries
being
discovered
,
the
Ligurians
were
apprehended
,
and
lying
hid
were
drawn
out
of
the
Carts
,
and
being
all
put
to
death
,
deceits
were
prepared
for
the
deceitful
King
,
and
seven
thousand
of
the
Ligurians
were
slain
with
the
King
himself
.
After
this
,
the
Massilians
did
alwaies
upon
their
Holy-daies
keep
their
Gates
shut
,
and
observed
a
strict
watch
,
and
had
Centinels
to
walk
their
Rounds
on
the
walls
,
and
to
take
notice
of
strangers
,
and
to
demand
the
word
;
and
thus
,
as
if
they
were
invironed
with
war
,
they
managed
their
Citie
in
the
times
of
peace
;
so
punctually
good
Instructions
are
observed
there
▪
not
so
much
by
the
necessitie
of
the
times
,
as
by
the
custom
of
doing
well
.
After
this
the
Massilians
had
for
many
years
great
wars
with
the
Ligurians
and
the
Gauls
,
which
both
increased
the
glorie
of
the
Citie
,
and
amongst
the
neighboring
Countries
,
made
famous
the
valor
of
the
Greeks
by
their
multiplied
Victories
.
And
when
a
new
war
arose
from
Carthage
,
they
having
surprized
the
Busses
of
their
Fishermen
▪
they
often
overthrew
the
Armie
of
the
Carthaginians
,
and
gave
peace
unto
them
,
being
conquered
.
They
entred
into
a
league
with
the
Spaniards
;
and
almost
from
the
first
foundation
of
their
Citie
,
they
observed
their
friendship
with
the
Romans
with
great
fidelitie
,
and
in
all
their
wars
industriously
assisted
their
associats
,
which
both
increased
the
confidence
of
their
strength
,
and
purchased
them
peace
from
their
enemies
.
When
Massilia
flourished
therefore
with
the
same
of
their
atchievements
,
the
abundance
of
their
wealth
,
and
the
glorie
of
their
strength
,
the
neighboring
people
in
conspiring
multitudes
did
gather
themselves
together
to
root
out
the
name
of
the
Massilians
,
as
to
extinguish
a
common
fire
.
By
the
consent
of
all
,
Caramandus
was
chosen
General
,
who
when
he
besieged
the
Citie
with
a
powerful
Armie
of
chosen
men
,
being
affrighted
in
his
sleep
with
the
vision
of
a
hard
favoured
woman
,
who
called
her self
a
goddess
,
he
offered
peace
of
his
own
accord
to
the
Massilians
,
and
having
desired
that
he
might
be
allowed
the
libertie
to
enter
into
their
Citie
,
and
to
worship
their
gods
,
when
he
came
unto
the
Temple
of
Minerva
,
and
beheld
in
the
p●rtalls
of
it
,
the
image
of
the
goddess
which
he
beheld
before
in
his
sleep
,
he
immediately
cried
out
,
that
that
was
she
who
did
affright
him
in
the
night
,
and
commanded
him
to
raise
the
siege
;
and
having
gratulated
the
Massilians
,
that
the
immortal
gods
had
care
of
them
,
he
entred
into
a
perpetual
league
with
them
,
having
recompenced
the
goddess
with
a
chain
of
Gold
.
Peace
being
obtained
,
and
their
securitie
established
,
the
Embassadors
of
the
Marsilians
having
returned
from
Delphos
,
to
which
place
being
sent
,
they
had
brought
gifts
unto
Apollo
,
did
inform
them
that
they
heard
in
the
way
that
the
Citie
of
Rome
was
taken
by
the
Gauls
and
set
on
fire
;
they
seemed
to
be
much
afflicted
at
the
loss
,
and
did
prosecute
it
with
a
publick
funeral
,
and
sent
their
Gold
,
both
what
they
had
in
private
as
well
as
publick
,
to
make
up
the
summe
,
having
understood
that
they
had
redeemed
their
Citie
and
their
peace
with
money
from
the
Gauls
.
For
which
benefit
,
it
was
decreed
by
the
Senate
,
that
they
should
be
made
free
of
Rome
,
and
a
place
allowed
them
in
the
publick
Spectacles
,
and
a
solemn
league
was
again
confirmed
perpetually
to
be
observed
with
equal
Interests
on
both
sides
.
In
his
last
book
Trogus
affi●ms
that
his
Ancestors
derived
their
original
from
the
Volscians
,
that
his
Grandfather
Trogus
Pompeius
was
made
free
of
the
Citie
,
at
what
time
Cneius
Pompeius
made
war
against
Sertorius
in
Spain
;
he
affirmeth
also
,
that
his
Uncle
under
the
same
Pompey
,
was
Colonel
of
a
Regiment
of
horse
,
in
the
war
against
Mithridates
,
and
that
his
father
served
in
the
wars
under
Caius
Caesar
,
and
that
he
was
both
his
Secretarie
,
the
master
of
the
Complements
,
and
had
the
office
of
the
Seal
.
THE
Four
and
Fortieth
BOOK
OF
IVSTINE
.
SPain
,
as
it
is
she
doth
shut
up
the
limits
of
Europe
,
so
it
is
the
conclusion
of
this
Work
.
The
Antients
called
it
first
Hyberia
,
from
the
River
Hyberus
,
and
after
Spain
●om
Hispanus
.
It
is
situated
betwixt
Africk
nd
France
,
and
inclosed
with
the
main
●cean
and
the
Pyrenaean
mountains
;
and
as
is
less
then
either
Africk
or
France
,
so
it
more
fruitful
then
either
;
for
it
is
not
scorched
with
the
violence
of
the
Sun
as
Africa
,
neither
is
it
troubled
with
daily
windes
as
France
,
but
enjoyes
a
mean
betwixt
both
,
and
by
its
temperate
heat
,
and
seasonable
and
pregnant
showers
,
it
produceth
all
variety
of
fruits
,
insomuch
that
it
sufficeth
not
only
the
Inhabitants
,
but
sendeth
forth
abundance
of
all
things
to
Italie
and
the
Citie
of
Rome
;
neither
is
there
in
it
only
great
store
of
Corn
,
but
also
of
wine
,
honie
▪
and
oyl
.
There
is
in
it
also
,
an
abundance
of
steel
,
and
of
swift
horses
;
and
it
is
not
only
to
be
praised
for
the
outward
goods
of
the
earth
,
and
which
are
on
the
superfiices
of
it
,
but
for
the
many
Mines
,
and
richness
of
the
metals
in
the
bowels
of
it
.
There
is
also
abundance
of
Flax
and
Spartus
,
and
no
Count●ie
in
the
world
undoubtedly
,
is
more
full
of
minion
.
In
this
Kingdom
,
the
courses
of
the
Rivers
are
not
now
so
violent
as
to
bring
any
hurt
by
their
swiftness
,
but
smooth
and
gentle
,
and
water
both
the
fields
and
Vine-yards
,
and
by
the
high
tides
from
the
Ocean
,
very
full
of
fish
.
Many
of
their
Rivers
are
rich
in
Gold
,
which
are
celebrated
by
the
praises
of
many
writers
;
It
onely
joyns
to
France
by
one
ridge
of
the
Pyrenaean
hills
;
on
all
other
parts
of
it
,
like
to
a
circle
,
it
is
surrounded
by
the
Sea
.
The
Form
of
the
Countrie
is
almost
four
square
,
unless
when
it
is
shut
in
by
the
Pyrenaean
Hills
,
the
Sea
shores
being
there
more
straight
and
narrow
.
The
space
of
the
Pyrenaean
Hills
doth
contain
six
hundred
miles
.
The
salubrity
of
the
air
and
the
equal
temper
of
it
throughout
all
Spain
is
not
infected
with
any
hea●ie
mists
from
the
marshes
;
to
this
may
be
added
the
cool
aires
from
the
Sea
,
and
the
gentle
and
daily
whisperings
of
the
windes
,
which
piercing
through
all
the
Countrie
,
is
an
occasion
of
a
great
and
general
health
to
all
.
The
bodies
of
the
men
are
prepared
for
hunger
and
labor
,
and
their
resolutions
for
death
.
They
are
all
and
altogether
given
to
frugalitie
,
and
covet
war
rather
then
sloth
;
if
they
want
an
enemie
abroad
,
they
will
seek
him
at
home
.
They
have
been
oftentimes
tormented
to
death
,
for
the
concealing
of
things
committed
to
their
trust
;
so
much
more
strong
is
the
care
of
their
taciturnitie
then
of
their
life
.
The
patience
of
that
servant
is
made
famous
in
the
Carthaginian
war
,
who
having
revenged
his
master
,
did
insult
with
lowd
laughter
on
the
rack
,
and
in
an
unclouded
and
pure
joy
,
overcame
the
horror
of
death
,
and
the
crueltie
of
his
tormentors
.
The
Nation
are
swift
of
feet
,
they
have
for
the
most
part
active
spirits
;
Horses
for
service
in
war
,
and
good
swords
are
more
dear
unto
them
then
their
own
blood
.
They
have
no
feasts
there
but
on
holy-daies
.
After
the
second
Carthaginian
war
,
they
learned
of
the
Romans
to
be
bathed
in
hot
water
.
In
a
long
course
of
time
they
had
never
any
famous
General
besides
Veriatus
,
who
for
the
space
of
ten
years
,
wearied
the
Romans
with
various
victory
,
(
so
much
the
more
neer
to
beasts
then
unto
men
are
their
dispositions
)
Neither
was
he
elected
by
the
suffrages
of
the
people
,
but
they
followed
him
as
a
warie
man
,
and
expert
to
decline
dangers
;
and
so
great
was
his
valor
,
and
his
continence
,
that
though
oftentimes
he
overthrew
the
Armies
of
the
Consuls
,
and
was
renowned
for
great
atchievements
,
yet
he
never
changed
his
arms
nor
his
habit
,
no
not
so
much
as
his
diet
,
and
continued
in
the
same
fashion
of
cloaths
and
Arms
in
which
at
first
he
began
to
fight
,
insomuch
that
every
common
Souldier
did
seem
more
gallant
then
the
General
himself
.
In
Portugal
,
neer
unto
the
River
of
Tagus
,
it
is
affirmed
by
divers
Authors
,
that
Mares
do
conceive
by
the
winde
,
which
fables
received
their
original
by
the
fruitfulness
and
abundance
of
them
,
who
are
found
to
be
so
swift
in
Galizia
,
and
in
Portugal
,
that
not
undeservedly
they
seem
to
be
conceived
by
the
winde
.
The
Galizians
do
derive
their
pedigree
from
the
Grecians
;
for
after
the
end
of
the
Trojan
war
,
Teucer
being
hated
by
his
father
Telamon
,
and
not
received
into
the
Kingdom
by
reason
of
the
death
of
his
Brother
Ajax
,
sayled
unto
Cyprus
,
and
builded
there
the
Citie
Salamina
,
after
the
Name
of
his
antient
Countrie
;
to
which
place
(
having
understood
of
the
death
of
his
father
)
he
not
long
afterwards
returned
;
But
when
Eurix
the
Son
of
Ajax
would
not
suffer
him
to
land
;
he
lanched
forth
into
the
Deeps
again
,
and
by
rough
windes
was
driven
to
the
Coasts
of
Spain
;
where
he
possessed
himself
of
that
place
on
which
new
Carthage
now
doth
stand
;
from
thence
he
sayled
to
Galizia
,
and
having
planted
there
a
Colony
,
he
gave
a
name
unto
that
Nation
.
Howsoever
Galizia
is
said
to
be
the
portion
of
Amphilochus
.
The
Countrie
doth
abound
with
Lead
,
and
Brass
,
and
with
Minion
also
,
which
giveth
a
Name
to
the
neighboring
River
.
And
it
is
so
rich
in
Gold
,
that
oftentimes
in
ploughing
the
ground
,
they
do
turn
up
the
Oar
of
Gold
with
it
.
On
the
bounds
of
this
Nation
,
is
a
consecrated
Hill
,
and
which
it
is
accounted
a
great
sin
to
violate
with
Iron
,
but
when
the
earth
is
cleaved
with
thunder
▪
Bolts
,
which
is
usual
in
those
places
;
it
is
permitted
to
any
to
collect
the
detected
Oar
as
the
gift
of
God
.
The
women
do
exercise
themselves
in
houshold
affairs
,
and
in
manuring
of
the
ground
;
the
men
do
live
by
their
swords
and
by
their
plunder
.
Steel
with
them
is
a
principal
commoditie
,
but
their
water
is
more
violent
then
Steel
it self
,
for
the
Steel
being
extinguished
in
it
,
is
made
more
sharp
&
hard
;
neither
do
they
approve
of
any
weapon
which
is
not
dipped
in
the
River
of
Bilbo
,
or
in
Chalybs
,
from
whence
the
Inhabitants
who
live
neer
unto
this
River
are
called
Chalybes
,
&
are
said
to
excell
all
others
in
the
commoditie
of
Steel
.
But
the
Curetians
do
inhabite
the
Forrests
of
the
Tertesians
,
in
which
it
is
reported
that
the
Titanian
Gyants
made
war
against
the
gods
.
The
most
antient
of
their
Kings
was
Gargoris
,
who
did
first
finde
out
the
use
of
hony
.
He
,
when
a
Nephew
was
born
unto
him
by
the
incontinence
of
his
own
Daughter
,
being
ashamed
at
the
dishonor
of
the
act
,
he
commanded
that
the
little
one
,
by
several
varieties
of
death
should
be
destroyed
;
but
being
preserved
by
fortune
,
through
so
many
chances
,
he
at
the
last
,
even
by
the
compassion
of
the
dangers
themselves
,
did
arrive
unto
the
Kingdom
.
First
of
all
,
when
he
commanded
him
to
be
exposed
,
he
after
certain
daies
did
send
to
enquire
after
his
Body
,
and
found
that
he
was
wonderfully
preserved
,
and
nourished
by
the
milk
of
several
wilde
beasts
;
Being
brought
home
,
he
commanded
him
to
be
cast
into
a
narrow
path
in
which
the
droves
and
heads
of
Cattel
were
accustomed
to
pass
;
too
cruel
he
was
in
this
,
to
have
the
young
childe
rather
to
be
trod
upon
by
the
mui●tude
of
the
Beasts
,
then
to
perish
by
a
single
death
;
and
remaining
untouched
by
them
,
and
not
wanting
nourishment
,
he
commanded
that
he
should
be
cast
to
fierce
bandogs
,
impatient
by
the
abstinence
of
many
dayes
;
and
they
also
forbearing
him
,
he
not
long
afterwards
commanded
that
he
should
be
cast
unto
the
hogs
,
who
did
not
onely
not
hurt
him
,
but
some
of
the
Sows
did
nourish
him
,
with
their
milk
;
whereupon
at
the
last
,
he
commanded
that
he
should
be
cast
into
the
Ocean
.
Then
by
the
present
power
of
Providence
,
as
if
he
was
carryed
rather
in
a
Ship
then
on
the
waves
,
by
a
gentle
tide
he
was
brought
to
the
land
safe
,
betwixt
the
raging
sands
and
the
reciprocating
Billowes
:
And
not
long
after
there
did
appear
a
Hinde
,
who
did
offer
her
strutting
dugs
unto
the
little
one
,
who
by
his
daily
conversation
with
his
nurse
,
became
of
a
wonderful
swiftness
of
body
,
and
a
long
time
wandred
on
the
Mountains
and
the
Valleys
amongst
the
herds
of
the
Dear
,
being
no
ways
inferior
in
his
swiftness
to
them
:
At
the
last
,
he
was
taken
in
a
snare
,
and
given
as
a
great
present
to
the
King
,
and
being
discovered
to
be
his
Nephew
by
the
similitude
of
his
lineaments
,
and
by
the
marks
of
his
body
,
which
presently
after
his
birth
were
burned
on
it
;
in
the
admiration
of
the
deliverances
from
so
many
chances
and
dangers
,
he
was
ordained
by
the
King
to
be
his
Successor
in
the
Kingdom
;
his
name
was
called
Habis
,
and
no
sooner
was
he
invested
in
the
Kingdom
,
but
he
shewed
such
proofs
of
nobility
and
greatness
,
that
it
appeared
he
was
not
in
vain
delivered
from
so
many
dangers
by
the
Majesty
of
God
;
for
by
Laws
he
did
unite
the
barbarous
people
,
and
taught
them
how
to
yoak
the
Oxen
,
and
to
plough
and
sow
the
ground
,
and
enforced
them
to
feed
on
better
nourishment
then
what
the
trees
or
Plants
provided
,
belike
in
the
hate
of
those
things
which
he
himself
had
endured
.
The
education
of
this
Prince
would
seem
fabulous
,
but
that
it
is
recorded
,
that
the
Builders
of
Rome
were
nourished
by
a
Woolf
,
and
that
a
Bitch
did
give
suck
unto
Cyrus
King
of
Persia
:
The
people
were
by
him
forbidden
to
exercise
any
servile
labour
,
and
they
were
distributed
by
him
into
seven
Cities
.
Habis
being
dead
,
the
Kingdom
for
many
Generations
continued
amongst
his
Successors
.
But
in
another
part
of
Spain
which
consisteth
most
of
Ilands
,
the
Kingdom
was
in
the
power
of
Geryon
.
In
this
place
there
is
such
abundance
of
grass
,
and
withall
so
pleasant
,
that
if
by
the
providence
of
the
herdsmen
the
Cattel
were
not
enforced
to
discontinue
feeding
,
their
bodies
would
break
by
the
excess
.
From
hence
the
Droves
of
Geryon
,
in
those
times
accounted
the
onely
wealth
of
the
world
,
were
of
that
fame
amongst
the
Nations
,
that
by
the
greatness
of
the
booty
,
they
allured
Hercules
out
of
Asia
.
It
is
recorded
in
Story
,
that
Geryon
was
not
a
Gyant
of
three
bodies
,
as
the
Fables
do
make
mention
,
but
that
there
were
three
brothers
of
so
fast
a
concord
,
that
all
three
seemed
to
be
governed
by
one
minde
,
and
that
Hercules
did
not
of
his
own
accord
make
War
upon
them
,
but
having
observed
that
his
own
droves
of
Cattle
were
forced
from
him
,
he
regained
of
them
what
he
had
lost
by
the
sword
.
After
the
Succession
of
many
Kings
in
Spain
,
the
Carthaginians
first
of
all
possessed
themselves
of
it
;
for
when
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Gades
being
obedient
to
the
vision
,
had
translated
into
Spain
the
holy
things
of
Hercules
from
Tyre
,
from
which
place
the
Carthaginians
also
do
derive
their
Original
,
and
had
builded
them
there
a
City
,
the
neighbouring
people
of
Spain
envying
the
growing
happiness
of
the
new
City
,
and
upon
that
account
provoking
them
to
War
,
the
Carthaginians
being
of
the
same
kindred
,
did
send
relief
unto
them
,
and
by
a
happy
Expedition
they
both
vindicated
the
Gaditans
from
injury
,
and
added
the
greatest
part
of
Spain
to
the
Empire
of
their
command
:
And
afterwards
being
incited
by
the
fortune
of
their
first
Expedition
,
they
sent
Amilcar
their
General
,
with
a
great
Army
to
make
themselves
masters
of
all
the
Province
,
who
having
performed
great
atchievements
,
whiles
he
followed
his
fortune
too
inconsiderately
,
he
was
betrayed
in
an
Ambush
and
slain
.
Asdrubal
his
Son-in-law
was
sent
to
supply
his
plae
who
was
slain
himself
by
the
servant
of
a
Spaniard
,
in
the
revenge
of
the
unjust
death
of
his
Master
.
Annibal
the
Son
of
Amilcar
did
succeed
him
,
and
was
a
greater
General
then
them
both
;
for
having
excelled
them
in
his
atchievements
,
he
subdued
all
Spain
,
and
having
afterwards
made
war
on
the
Romans
,
he
afflicted
Italy
with
several
losses
and
overthrows
for
the
space
of
16
years
.
The
Romans
in
the
mean
time
having
sent
the
Scipioes
into
Spain
,
did
first
of
all
drive
the
Carthaginians
out
of
that
Province
;
afterwards
they
had
great
Wars
with
the
Spaniards
themselves
,
neither
could
they
be
conquered
to
an
absolute
obedience
,
untill
Augustus
Caesar
,
having
subdued
all
the
world
,
did
carry
thither
his
conquering
swords
,
and
having
by
Laws
brought
the
barbarous
and
rude
people
into
a
more
civil
course
of
life
,
he
reduced
all
Spain
into
the
form
of
a
Province
.
The
End
of
the
Books
of
JVSTINE
the
HISTORIAN
.
Collections
taken
from
the
Books
of
Sextus
Aurelius
Victor
,
on
the
lives
and
manners
of
the
Roman
Emperors
,
from
the
time
of
Caesar
Augustus
,
to
the
Emperor
Theodosius
.
Octavianus
Augustus
Caesar
.
IN
the
seven
hundred
and
two
and
twentyeth
year
after
the
City
of
Rome
was
built
,
but
in
the
four
hundred
and
eightieth
year
after
the
expulsion
of
the
Kings
,
the
custome
was
renewed
at
Rome
to
obey
onely
one
person
,
not
entituled
a
King
,
but
an
Emperor
,
or
by
a
more
reverend
Name
Augustus
.
Octavianus
was
the
Son
of
Octavius
a
Senator
by
the
Mothers
side
;
he
derived
his
discent
from
Aeneas
by
the
Julian
Family
;
and
by
the
adoption
of
Caius
Caesar
his
great
Uncle
,
he
was
called
Caius
Caesar
,
and
by
reason
of
his
victories
sirnamed
Augustus
:
Being
established
in
the
Empire
,
he
exercised
the
Tribunitian
power
of
himself
;
He
reduced
the
Country
of
Egypt
,
being
before
unpassable
by
reason
of
the
Marshes
and
the
inundation
of
Nilus
,
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
which
that
he
might
make
serviceable
to
the
City
by
the
transportation
of
Corn
,
he
caused
with
the
great
labour
of
his
Souldiers
,
all
the
deep
ditches
to
be
opened
,
which
the
negligence
of
Antiquity
had
covered
with
mud
.
In
his
time
four
hundred
Millions
of
measures
of
Corn
were
brought
yearly
out
of
Egypt
unto
Rome
.
To
the
number
of
the
Provinces
of
the
people
of
Rome
he
added
the
Cantabrians
and
Aquanians
,
the
Rhoetians
,
Vindelicans
,
Vandals
,
and
Dalmatians
;
he
overthrew
the
Swedes
,
and
the
Cattans
,
and
translated
the
Sycambrians
into
France
,
and
enforced
the
Pannonians
to
be
tributary
to
Rome
,
and
compelled
the
people
of
the
Gothes
and
Bastarnians
to
a
peace
,
having
first
provoked
them
to
feel
his
power
by
War
.
The
Persians
presented
their
Hostages
unto
him
,
and
granted
him
the
permission
to
chuse
them
a
King
.
The
Indians
moreover
and
the
Scythians
,
the
Garamants
and
Ethiopians
did
send
their
Ambassadors
with
Presents
to
him
:
He
so
much
abhorred
all
Wars
,
troubles
,
or
division
,
that
he
would
never
denounce
War
upon
any
Nation
,
unless
for
great
and
just
causes
;
alledging
that
it
shewed
a
vain-glorious
and
most
unconstant
minde
,
either
in
the
immoderate
desire
of
triumph
,
and
for
a
few
unfruitful
leaves
in
a
Laurel
Garland
,
rashly
to
throw
the
safety
of
the
Citizens
into
the
danger
of
doubtful
war.
He
affirmed
that
nothing
was
more
incongruous
to
a
good
Emperor
then
precipitation
,
and
that
every
thing
is
done
soon
enough
that
is
well
done
;
and
that
Arms
are
never
to
be
undertaken
unless
for
some
necessary
cause
,
lest
the
Victory
being
obtained
by
a
great
loss
,
and
accompanied
but
with
small
advantage
,
it
may
resemble
those
who
do
fish
with
a
golden
hook
,
the
which
being
lost
or
broken
off
,
the
loss
cannot
be
recompensed
with
any
gain
of
fish
that
can
be
taken
.
In
his
time
,
the
Roman
Army
that
was
beyond
the
Rhine
was
destroyed
,
and
the
Tribunes
and
the
Propraetor
slain
;
which
he
so
deeply
resented
,
that
in
the
height
of
lamentation
,
he
would
beat
his
head
against
the
wall
,
and
did
put
on
mourning
apparel
,
and
was
known
by
all
the
Liveries
of
sorrow
and
deformity
;
he
much
reproved
the
practise
of
his
Uncle
,
who
too
much
flattering
the
common
Souldiers
,
and
calling
them
his
companions
,
whiles
he
sought
to
become
dearer
to
them
,
he
lessned
the
Authority
of
a
Prince
;
he
deported
himself
with
great
clemency
towards
the
Citizens
;
he
was
most
faithful
to
his
friends
;
the
chiefest
whereof
was
Mecaenas
,
whom
he
loved
for
his
secrecy
,
as
he
did
Agrippa
for
his
modesty
and
patience
in
enduring
of
labour
;
he
also
loved
Virgil
;
he
was
very
careful
whom
he
entertained
into
his
friendship
;
but
having
once
acknowledged
them
,
he
was
most
constant
to
preserve
them
;
he
applyed
himself
much
to
the
study
of
the
liberal
Arts
,
but
most
of
all
to
Eloquence
,
so
that
no
day
did
pass
in
which
he
did
not
write
,
read
and
declaim
;
he
made
some
new
Laws
,
and
others
he
corrected
,
and
inserted
his
own
name
to
them
;
he
encreased
and
adorned
Rome
with
many
Structures
,
glorying
with
these
words
,
I
found
the
City
made
with
Brick
,
but
I
leave
it
made
of
Marble
;
he
was
milde
,
grateful
,
of
a
civil
and
a
pleasant
nature
,
beautiful
over
all
his
body
,
but
most
in
the
lustre
of
his
eyes
,
which
did
dart
forth
their
beams
after
the
manner
of
the
brightest
Stars
,
and
therefore
he
gladly
did
give
way
,
that
those
who
looked
s●ed●as●ly
upon
him
should
draw
off
their
eyes
,
as
being
dazzled
with
the
glory
of
his
own
.
A
certain
Souldier
having
turned
himself
from
beholding
his
face
,
and
being
demanded
wherefore
he
did
so
;
He
made
Answer
,
because
I
cannot
endure
the
lightning
flying
from
your
eyes
.
Howsoever
so
great
a
man
was
not
without
his
faults
;
for
he
was
angry
,
but
not
immoderately
,
privately
envious
,
and
openly
ambitious
,
and
beyond
all
measure
desirous
of
Soveraignty
;
a
great
player
at
dice
,
and
although
much
given
to
wine
and
high
food
,
he
did
sleep
but
little
;
he
was
inclined
to
lust
,
even
to
the
reproach
of
common
Fame
;
for
he
was
accustomed
to
lie
betwixt
twelve
prostitute
Boyes
,
and
as
many
maids
;
being
divorced
from
his
wife
Scribonia
,
he
fell
in
love
with
Livia
the
wife
of
another
man
,
and
marryed
her
,
her
husband
giving
way
unto
it
;
she
had
at
that
time
two
Sons
,
Tiberius
and
Drusus
;
Augustus
although
he
was
a
slave
unto
his
lust
,
yet
he
was
a
great
punisher
of
it
in
others
,
after
the
manner
of
men
,
who
are
severe
in
chastising
those
crimes
which
they
themselves
with
greediness
commit
:
For
he
condemned
Ovid
to
banishment
because
he
composed
three
Books
of
the
Art
of
Love
;
he
was
much
taken
with
all
manner
of
spectacles
,
especially
with
the
strange
shapes
,
and
the
numbers
of
wilde
beasts
;
having
lived
seventy
and
seven
years
he
dyed
of
a
sickness
at
Nola
,
although
some
do
write
that
he
was
poysoned
by
the
treachery
of
Livia
,
who
because
in
a
Step-mothers
hatred
,
she
had
caused
Agrippa
to
be
condemned
into
an
Iland
,
and
found
he
was
to
be
recalled
,
did
fear
that
when
he
was
constituted
Emperour
,
he
would
call
her
to
strict
account
for
it
,
what
she
had
made
him
to
endure
;
but
howsoever
it
was
,
whether
he
fell
by
the
treachery
of
Livia
,
or
dyed
a
natural
death
,
the
Senate
decreed
to
prosecute
him
being
dead
,
with
many
and
new
honours
:
For
having
before
given
him
the
litle
of
the
Father
of
his
Country
,
they
now
consecrated
semples
unto
him
,
not
only
in
Rome
,
but
in
all
the
most
famous
Cities
of
the
Empire
,
all
men
commonly
saying
,
I
would
he
had
never
been
born
,
or
had
never
dyed
The
Government
of
the
whole
World
in
the
hands
of
one
man
being
of
a
dangerous
beginning
,
was
of
an
excellent
ending
.
For
in
obtaining
the
Empire
,
he
was
accounted
an
Oppressor
of
the
liberty
,
and
yet
in
the
management
thereof
he
so
loved
the
Citizens
,
that
but
three
dayes
provision
of
Corn
being
found
in
the
Granaries
of
Rome
,
he
had
resolved
to
die
himself
by
poyson
,
it
in
the
mean
time
the
Fleet
laden
with
Corn
had
not
returned
from
the
Provinces
;
which
being
arrived
,
the
safety
of
his
Country
was
imputed
to
his
Felicity
;
he
raigned
six
and
fifty
years
,
twelve
with
Mark
Anthony
,
and
four
and
forty
alone
;
certainly
he
could
never
have
contracted
to
himself
the
whole
power
of
the
Commonwealth
,
nor
so
long
have
enjoyed
it
,
had
he
not
abounded
with
most
excellent
gifts
both
of
Art
and
Nature
.
Claudius
Tiberius
.
CLaudius
Tiberius
the
Son
of
Livia
,
and
Step-son
to
Augustus
Caesar
,
did
raign
four
and
twenty
years
:
He
was
called
Claudius
Tiberius
Nero
,
and
by
the
wits
of
Rome
,
by
reason
of
his
great
love
to
Wine
,
Caldiu
,
Biberius
Mero
:
He
was
expert
enough
in
all
the
Arts
of
War
,
and
fortunate
withall
under
Augustus
,
before
he
was
made
Emperor
,
so
that
the
Government
of
the
Commonwealth
did
not
seem
unworthily
to
be
committed
to
him
:
He
had
the
knowledge
of
good
Letters
,
and
was
more
excellent
in
his
elocution
,
then
candid
in
his
apprehension
;
for
he
was
of
a
cruel
,
covetous
,
and
treacherous
disposition
,
pretending
to
do
those
things
,
to
which
he
had
not
the
least
inclination
;
he
seemed
to
be
offended
with
those
whose
counsel
he
did
follow
,
and
to
bear
good
will
to
those
whom
he
most
hated
;
he
was
better
in
sudden
Answers
then
those
that
were
deliberated
;
he
fainedly
refused
the
Government
of
the
Empire
,
which
was
offered
him
by
the
Senate
,
and
found
out
thereby
what
every
man
did
say
or
think
of
him
,
which
was
the
occasion
of
the
death
of
many
excellent
men
,
who
conceiving
that
according
to
the
sence
of
his
long
Speeches
he
did
decline
the
burden
of
the
Empire
,
whiles
they
delivered
their
opinions
therein
,
and
as
they
thought
according
to
his
own
desires
,
they
incurred
the
greatest
danger
,
and
met
with
a
certain
ruine
.
He
reduced
the
Cappadocians
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
and
deposed
their
King
Archelaus
;
he
suppressed
the
great
Robberies
of
the
Getulians
,
and
finely
cajoled
Marabodunus
King
of
the
Switzers
;
having
with
incredible
fury
lived
in
the
height
of
cruelty
and
injustice
,
punishing
both
the
guiltless
and
the
guilty
,
and
as
well
his
friends
as
strangers
;
all
discipline
of
War
being
neglected
,
Armenia
was
spoyled
by
the
Parthians
,
Moesia
by
the
Dacians
,
Pannonia
by
the
Sarmatians
,
and
France
by
the
neighbouring
Nations
;
having
lived
seventy
eight
years
he
was
destroyed
by
the
treachery
of
Caligula
.
Caius
Caesar
Caligula
.
CAligula
raigned
four
years
;
he
was
the
Son
of
Germanicus
;
and
because
he
was
born
in
the
Army
,
he
took
his
name
according
to
the
shooe
the
Souldiers
do
wear
,
which
the
Latines
call
Caligula
.
Before
he
was
made
Emperor
,
he
was
dear
and
acceptable
to
all
,
but
after
he
was
invested
with
the
Empire
,
he
was
such
a
one
that
not
undeservedly
it
was
said
of
him
,
That
there
was
never
a
more
cruel
Lord
then
himself
,
He
defiled
his
three
sisters
,
and
did
wear
that
manner
of
habit
in
which
his
gods
were
cloathed
;
he
affirmed
himself
to
be
Jupiter
for
his
incest
,
and
amongst
the
roaring
Boyes
he
called
himself
Bacchus
.
I
know
not
well
whether
it
be
expedient
to
commit
his
name
to
memory
:
but
because
we
delight
to
know
all
things
concerning
Princes
,
and
that
wicked
men
might
decline
such
bad
Examples
for
the
fear
of
infamy
,
I
have
inserted
his
name
in
this
Catalogue
;
he
caused
noble
Matrons
to
be
prostituted
in
his
Palace
unto
publick
lust
,
and
was
the
first
,
who
having
set
the
Diadem
on
his
head
,
did
command
himself
to
be
called
Lord
.
In
the
space
of
three
miles
in
the
Bay
of
Puteoli
,
having
cast
up
the
sand
,
and
made
the
ground
firm
and
passable
,
being
clothed
in
habiliaments
wrought
all
over
with
gold
,
and
having
on
his
head
a
Crown
of
Brass
,
he
did
ride
as
triumphant
in
a
Chariot
drawn
with
two
horses
richly
entrapped
;
not
long
afterwards
he
was
killed
by
his
own
Souldiers
.
Claudius
Tiberius
.
CLaudius
Tiberius
,
the
Son
of
Drusus
,
the
Brother
of
Tiberius
,
and
Uncle
to
Caligula
,
did
Reign
fourteen
years
.
He
when
the
Senate
had
decreed
,
that
the
stock
of
the
Caesars
should
be
rooted
out
,
being
found
by
the
Souldiers
where
he
laie
hid
in
a
blinde
hole
,
because
he
seemed
to
them
to
be
a
modest
and
a
tame
thing
,
they
having
no
knowledge
at
all
of
him
,
was
made
Emperor
.
He
was
much
addicted
unto
drunkenness
,
glutrony
,
and
lust
,
cowardly
,
and
almost
stupid
,
slothful
and
timerous
,
and
a
slave
to
the
commands
of
his
servants
and
his
wife
.
In
his
time
Scribonianus
Carmillus
being
made
Emperor
amongst
the
Dalmatians
,
was
immediately
put
to
death
.
The
Moores
were
expelled
from
their
Provinces
,
and
the
Armie
of
the
Masulamians
was
overthrown
,
and
the
water
called
Aqua
Claudia
was
brought
unto
Rome
.
His
wife
Messalina
,
at
the
first
privately
,
and
afterwards
openly
,
and
as
it
were
by
Authoritie
,
did
pollute
her self
with
adulteries
;
and
many
for
fear
abstaining
to
join
with
her
,
were
put
to
death
.
Afterwards
being
inflamed
with
a
more
desperate
lust
,
she
commanded
the
most
noble
of
the
Matrons
and
the
Virgins
to
go
along
with
her
and
to
do
as
she
did
;
and
men
were
compelled
to
be
present
,
and
if
any
one
did
refuse
,
he
was
immediately
accused
of
one
capital
crime
or
other
,
and
he
and
his
whole
Family
were
condemned
to
suffer
all
the
tormen's
that
crueltie
could
invent
,
insomuch
that
she
seemed
to
command
all
her self
,
rather
then
to
be
subject
to
the
Emperor
her
husband
.
And
her
servants
made
free
,
being
preferred
to
the
places
of
the
cheifest
Authoritie
,
they
did
pollute
all
things
with
their
whoredoms
and
murders
,
and
banishments
and
proscriptions
;
amongst
whom
she
made
Felix
Governor
of
the
Legions
in
Iudaea
.
At
the
triumph
over
the
Britains
,
she
gave
unto
Possidius
the
Eunuch
,
a
gallant
suit
of
Arms
,
as
a
partaker
of
this
victorie
amongst
the
most
valiant
of
the
Souldiers
;
in
the
mean
time
Polybus
in
gre●
state
did
walk
in
the
midst
of
the
two
Consuls
.
Narcissus
the
Secretarie
did
surpass
them
all
,
and
seemed
to
be
his
masters
master
.
Pallas
being
honored
with
the
Robes
of
a
Praetor
,
was
grown
so
rich
,
that
he
being
the
cause
of
the
great
Dehaust
of
moneys
in
the
Exchequer
,
it
was
wittily
divulged
in
the
Libel
,
that
the
Emperor
might
have
supplies
of
monie
enough
if
he
might
be
received
by
his
two
slaves
into
their
societie
.
In
this
time
a
Phoenix
was
seen
in
Egypt
,
which
bird
they
say
did
flie
out
of
Arabia
in
the
five
hundred
year
of
its
age
,
to
some
memorable
places
thereabouts
;
An
Island
did
suddenly
rise
up
out
of
the
Aegean
Sea
.
This
Claudius
married
Agrippina
the
daughter
of
his
own
Brother
Germanicus
,
who
procured
the
Empire
for
her
Son
,
and
first
made
away
her
step-son
by
manifold
treacheries
,
and
afterwards
her
own
husband
by
poyson
.
He
lived
threescore
and
four
years
,
whose
Funeral
(
as
sometimes
the
Funeral
of
Tarquinius
Priscus
)
was
a
long
time
concealed
;
whilest
the
Guard
,
corrupted
by
the
craft
and
largesses
of
this
woman
,
did
dissemble
that
he
was
but
sick
;
Nero
his
step-son
did
take
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
Empire
.
Domitian
Nero.
DOmitian
Nero
,
the
Son
of
Domitian
Aenobarbus
and
Agrippina
,
reigned
sixteen
years
.
He
for
the
space
of
five
years
seemed
tolerable
,
whereupon
some
have
delivered
,
that
the
Emperor
Trajan
was
accustomed
to
say
,
That
all
Princes
do
differ
much
from
the
first
five
years
of
Nero.
He
builded
in
the
City
an
Amphitheatre
,
and
places
to
bathe
in
.
By
the
permission
of
Polemon
Regulus
,
he
reduced
Pontus
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
whereupon
it
was
called
Pontus
Polemoniacus
;
he
also
reduced
the
Cottian
Alps
,
Cottius
the
King
thereof
being
dead
;
the
rest
of
his
life
he
did
lead
with
such
infamie
and
dishonor
,
that
any
one
might
be
ashamed
but
to
make
mention
of
it
;
for
he
made
such
a
progress
in
all
wickedness
,
that
he
spared
not
either
his
own
or
any
others
modestie
,
and
at
the
last
being
cloa●hed
in
the
habite
of
Virgins
when
they
are
to
be
married
,
the
Senate
openly
being
called
,
and
the
Dowrie
named
,
the
people
flocked
round
about
as
to
a
wedding
;
and
being
covered
with
the
skin
of
a
wilde
beast
,
he
shewed
to
both
sexes
many
proofs
of
abhorred
lust
.
He
defiled
his
own
mother
,
and
afterwards
killed
her
;
he
married
Octavia
,
and
Sabina
,
surnamed
Poppea
,
their
husbands
being
slain
.
Not
long
afterwards
,
Galba
in
Spain
,
and
Caius
Julius
did
attempt
to
dispossess
him
of
the
Empire
;
when
he
understood
of
the
approach
of
Galba
,
and
that
it
was
decreed
by
the
Senate
,
that
his
neck
being
put
into
a
fork
,
(
after
the
antient
manner
)
he
should
be
whipped
to
death
with
rods
,
being
forsaken
on
all
sides
,
he
did
steal
out
of
the
Citie
about
midnight
,
and
none
following
him
but
Phaon
,
Epaphroditus
,
Nephitus
,
and
the
Eunuch
Sporus
,
whom
somtimes
Nero
had
assaied
in
the
spite
of
nature
to
turn
into
a
woman
,
he
did
thrust
himself
through
with
a
sword
,
the
impure
Eunuch
Sporus
helping
his
trembling
hand
,
and
when
he
found
that
there
was
none
of
them
that
would
kill
him
outright
,
he
cried
out
;
Is
it
so
!
have
I
neither
a
friend
left
me
,
nor
an
enemie
?
I
have
lived
wickedly
,
and
shall
die
as
wretchedly
.
He
died
in
the
two
and
thirtieth
year
of
his
age
;
the
Persians
so
much
did
love
him
,
that
they
sent
Embassadors
to
desire
leave
that
they
might
be
permitted
to
build
a
Monument
for
him
.
But
all
the
Provinces
and
the
Citie
of
Rome
so
much
rejoyced
at
his
death
,
that
the
people
having
on
their
heads
the
Caps
of
manumission
,
did
triumph
as
if
they
had
been
delivered
from
a
cruel
master
.
Sergius
Galba
.
GAlba
derived
of
the
noble
Family
of
the
Sulpitii
,
Reigned
seven
moneths
,
and
as
many
daies
.
He
being
infamous
in
his
youth
,
was
intemperate
in
his
diet
,
and
ordered
all
things
according
to
the
counsel
of
his
three
friends
,
Junius
,
Cornelius
,
and
Caelius
,
insomuch
that
as
well
amongst
the
common
people
as
the
Courtiers
,
they
were
called
his
School-masters
.
Before
he
did
take
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
Empire
,
he
ruled
many
Provinces
excellently
well
,
and
was
so
severe
unto
Souldiers
,
that
as
soon
as
he
came
into
the
Camp
,
it
was
in
all
the
mouths
of
the
Souldiers
,
Souldiers
stand
to
your
Arms
,
Galba
is
here
,
and
not
Getulicus
.
Being
seventie
three
years
of
age
,
whiles
in
his
coislet
he
endeavored
to
appease
the
Legions
stirred
up
by
the
sedition
of
Otho
,
he
was
slain
at
the
Lake
of
Curtius
.
Otho
Salvius
.
SAlvius
Otho
,
derived
of
noble
parentage
,
in
the
Citie
of
Terentinum
,
Reigned
four
moneths
;
he
was
dishonest
in
all
his
life
,
but
especially
in
his
youth
.
Being
overcome
by
Vitellius
first
at
Placontia
,
and
afterwards
at
Bebriacum
;
he
did
run
himself
through
with
his
own
sword
,
in
the
seven
and
thirtieth
year
of
his
age
.
He
was
so
beloved
by
his
own
Souldiers
,
that
many
of
them
having
seen
his
dead
bodie
,
did
with
their
own
hands
become
their
own
Executioners
.
Aulus
Vitellius
.
VItellius
was
born
of
a
noble
Family
,
and
Reigned
but
eight
moneths
,
his
father
was
Lucius
Vitellius
,
who
was
the
third
time
Consul
;
he
was
cruel
of
minde
,
extreamly
covetous
,
and
extreamly
prodigal
.
In
his
time
Vespasian
did
possess
himself
of
the
Government
in
the
East
,
by
whose
Souldiers
Vitellius
being
overcome
in
a
batta●l
under
the
Walls
of
the
Citie
of
Rome
,
and
plucked
out
of
his
Palace
where
he
had
hid
himself
,
he
was
dragged
about
the
Citie
with
his
hands
bound
behinde
him
,
as
a
spectacle
for
all
to
look
upon
.
And
lest
the
impudent
man
,
in
the
consciousness
of
the
evils
he
had
committed
,
should
for
shame
hold
down
his
head
,
a
sword
was
put
under
his
chin
;
and
being
half
naked
,
many
casting
dirt
,
and
others
more
filthie
excrements
in
his
face
,
he
was
drawn
to
the
Gemonian
Ladders
,
where
he
caused
Sabinus
the
Brother
of
Vespasian
to
be
slain
;
and
falling
by
many
wounds
which
he
received
from
several
swords
,
he
there
died
himself
;
He
lived
seven
and
fiftie
years
.
All
those
of
whom
I
have
here
spoken
,
especially
those
of
the
Cesarian
race
,
were
of
such
learning
and
eloquence
,
insomuch
that
abounding
with
all
manner
of
vices
(
Augustus
onely
excepted
)
they
had
nothing
else
to
commend
them
.
Vespasian
.
VEspasian
Reigned
ten
years
.
Amongst
other
vertues
of
this
man
,
this
was
the
most
remarkable
,
that
he
would
forget
all
enmities
,
insomuch
that
he
married
to
a
most
honorable
man
,
the
daughter
of
Vitellius
,
having
a
very
great
dowrie
.
He
patiently
endured
the
insurrections
of
his
friends
,
answering
their
reproaches
(
as
he
was
the
most
wittie
man
in
the
world
)
with
sharp
and
innocent
conceits
of
mirth
.
He
so
prevailed
upon
Licinius
Mutianus
,
presuming
too
much
upon
his
own
merit
,
because
by
his
assistance
he
obtained
the
Empire
,
that
a
third
friend
being
called
in
,
and
familliar
to
them
both
,
he
did
pacifie
him
with
these
few
words
,
You
know
me
to
be
a
man
▪
But
what
shall
we
speak
of
friends
,
since
he
despised
also
the
tauntings
of
the
Lawyers
,
and
the
reproaches
of
the
Philosophers
.
In
a
short
time
he
refreshed
the
world
,
wearied
and
exhausted
with
war
;
for
he
had
rather
overcome
by
perswasions
then
by
torment
,
or
to
put
to
death
the
ministers
of
tyranny
,
unless
it
were
those
who
had
been
found
to
be
too
bloody
instruments
,
thinking
most
wisely
,
that
wicked
deeds
are
in
many
restrained
onely
by
fear
.
Moreover
,
he
abolished
many
vices
in
admonishing
the
offenders
by
most
just
Laws
,
and
which
is
more
effectual
,
by
the
Example
of
his
own
life
.
Nevertheless
there
are
some
who
do
accuse
him
of
covetousness
,
when
it
is
manifest
enough
that
through
the
want
of
money
and
the
re-edification
of
so
many
ruined
Cities
,
he
was
enforced
to
impose
those
Taxes
which
were
not
known
before
his
time
,
nor
after
it
:
He
re-edified
Rome
wasted
with
former
fires
,
and
gave
free
leave
to
any
to
build
the
houses
again
,
if
the
old
masters
of
them
were
not
to
be
found
;
he
repaired
the
Capitol
,
the
House
of
Peace
,
and
the
Monuments
of
Claudius
,
and
builded
many
new
Cities
in
all
Lands
which
were
under
the
Romane
jurisdiction
;
the
Cities
were
renewed
with
excellent
Art
and
Elegance
,
and
the
Avenues
unto
them
fortified
with
great
industry
.
The
Flaminian
Mountains
were
made
hollow
and
cut
down
on
both
sides
,
and
a
way
made
to
pass
through
them
,
which
way
is
how
commonly
called
The
Rock
Pertuse
;
he
new
formed
and
established
a
thousand
Nations
who
hardly
before
were
reckoned
to
be
two
hundred
,
the
greatest
part
of
them
being
extinguished
by
the
cruelty
of
Tyrants
.
Vologese
King
of
the
Parthians
was
through
fear
constrained
to
seek
peace
of
him
.
By
his
vertue
Syria
,
which
is
also
called
Palestine
,
Curaminia
,
Tracheta
,
and
Comagine
,
which
at
this
day
we
call
Augustophratensis
,
were
reduced
to
the
Roman
Provinces
;
Judaea
also
was
added
to
them
;
his
friends
advising
him
to
beware
of
Mutius
Pomposianus
who
aspired
to
the
Empire
,
he
made
him
Consul
,
with
this
allusion
,
That
the
time
might
come
he
would
be
mindful
of
so
great
a
benefit
;
he
governed
the
Empire
with
great
uniformity
;
he
watched
much
in
the
night
,
and
the
great
affairs
of
the
Commonwealth
being
over
,
he
permitted
his
friends
to
come
unto
him
,
putting
on
his
Princely
habiliments
whiles
he
was
saluted
;
The
first
thing
that
he
did
,
was
to
exercise
his
body
,
afterwards
he
rested
,
and
having
washed
,
he
fell
to
his
meat
with
a
better
stomack
;
The
love
unto
this
good
Emperor
hath
caused
me
to
speak
so
much
of
him
,
whom
the
Romane
Commonwealth
for
the
space
of
56
years
after
the
death
of
Augustus
,
being
almost
breathless
and
spent
by
the
cruelty
of
Tyrants
,
by
Providence
enjoyed
that
it
might
not
altogether
fall
into
decay
;
he
lived
threescore
and
ten
years
wanting
but
one
,
and
dyed
;
with
his
most
serious
studies
,
he
always
mingled
jests
with
which
he
was
much
delighted
.
I
finde
that
a
blazing
Star
appearing
formidable
by
his
fiery
train
,
This
(
saith
he
)
pertains
to
the
King
of
the
Parthians
who
doth
wear
a
long
bush
of
hair
.
At
the
last
,
being
tormented
with
the
repletion
of
the
belly
,
he
rising
from
his
bed
,
did
say
,
That
it
becomes
an
Emperour
standing
on
his
feet
to
depart
out
of
the
world
.
Titus
.
TItus
called
Vespasian
after
his
Fathers
name
,
born
of
Domicilla
a
Free-woman
,
raigned
two
years
,
two
moneths
and
twenty
dayes
.
He
from
a
childe
most
diligently
applyed
himself
to
the
excellent
studies
of
Vertue
and
Military
Discipline
,
and
above
all
to
learning
,
which
he
afterwards
shewed
by
the
gifts
both
of
his
minde
and
body
;
taking
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
Empire
,
it
is
incredible
how
much
he
excelled
those
who
were
before
him
,
especially
in
clemency
,
liberality
,
magnificene
,
and
in
the
contempt
of
money
;
all
which
graces
were
so
much
the
more
esteemed
in
him
,
because
many
thought
that
being
discended
of
a
private
man
,
he
would
be
more
cruel
to
private
men
himself
,
and
be
given
to
avarice
and
to
riot
;
For
having
gotton
the
office
of
the
Praetor
in
the
raign
of
his
Father
,
he
oppressed
many
of
his
opposites
,
having
his
Emissaries
in
the
Theaters
and
in
the
Army
who
did
cast
forth
envious
and
railing
accusations
against
them
,
and
as
if
they
had
been
convicted
of
the
crimes
of
which
they
were
accused
,
he
did
demand
them
unto
punishment
,
amongst
whom
he
commanded
that
Cecinna
a
Consulary
man
,
whom
he
had
invited
to
supper
,
should
be
put
to
death
upon
suspition
that
he
had
defiled
his
wife
Berenice
,
and
all
men
took
very
grievously
the
quarrels
which
he
revenged
in
the
time
of
his
Father
,
alledging
that
he
was
greedy
of
spoyls
,
and
that
he
would
be
another
Nero
when
he
had
got
the
Empire
into
his
hands
.
But
these
things
falling
out
better
,
did
procure
him
such
immortal
Glory
,
that
he
was
called
The
Delight
and
the
Love
of
mankinde
.
As
soon
as
he
was
invested
with
the
Government
of
the
Empire
,
he
sent
Berenice
home
,
and
commanded
the
Companies
of
the
Eunuches
to
depart
,
which
was
a
good
sign
that
he
had
changed
his
intemperate
life
;
And
the
succeeding
Emperours
being
accustomed
to
confirm
the
Donations
and
Grants
made
by
the
former
Emperours
,
he
as
soon
as
he
took
upon
him
the
Government
,
in
the
first
place
,
of
his
own
accord
did
ratifie
them
.
One
day
calling
to
minde
in
the
Evening
,
that
he
had
performed
no
good
office
to
any
man
that
day
,
in
a
reverend
and
celestial
Speech
he
thus
expressed
himself
,
O
my
friends
,
we
have
lost
a
day
;
of
such
a
magnificent
liberality
he
was
.
He
so
famous
made
his
Clemency
,
that
when
two
men
of
great
Honour
had
conspired
against
him
,
and
could
not
deny
the
intended
Treason
,
he
first
admonished
them
,
and
afterwards
having
brought
them
into
the
publick
Spectacles
,
he
did
place
them
on
each
side
of
himself
,
and
having
sent
for
a
sword
from
the
Fencers
being
present
,
whose
exercises
were
that
day
to
be
seen
,
he
did
give
it
first
to
the
one
and
afterwards
to
the
other
,
who
being
amazed
at
it
,
and
wondring
at
his
constancy
,
See
you
not
(
said
he
)
that
power
is
given
by
Providence
,
and
that
it
is
in
vain
to
attempt
a
villany
either
in
hope
to
commit
it
,
or
through
fear
to
be
disappointed
of
it
?
He
also
with
tears
in
his
eyes
did
oftentimes
request
his
brother
Domitian
,
who
sollicited
the
Souldiers
against
him
,
that
he
would
not
seek
to
obtain
that
by
parricide
which
would
come
unto
him
in
course
and
with
his
own
consent
,
nay
,
which
he
had
already
,
since
he
was
his
partner
in
the
Empire
.
In
his
time
,
the
Mountain
of
Vesuvius
in
Campania
did
begin
to
burn
,
and
there
was
a
great
fire
in
Rome
which
burned
night
and
day
for
three
dayes
together
;
there
was
also
one
of
the
greatest
plagues
that
was
ever
known
,
with
which
calamity
many
being
afflicted
,
with
his
own
money
he
provided
all
kinde
of
remedies
,
and
in
his
own
person
would
visit
and
relieve
the
sick
,
and
comfort
those
who
mourned
for
the
death
of
their
friends
.
He
lived
one
and
forty
years
,
and
dyed
of
a
feaver
in
the
same
place
amongst
the
Sabines
where
his
Father
dyed
.
It
can
hardly
be
believed
how
great
a
lamentation
there
was
for
his
death
,
both
in
the
City
and
the
Provinces
,
who
calling
him
Their
publick
Delight
,
did
so
bewaile
him
as
if
the
whole
world
had
been
deprived
of
a
perpetual
preserver
.
Domitian
.
DOmitian
the
Son
of
Domicilla
a
free
woman
,
the
Brother
of
Titus
,
raigned
fifteen
years
;
he
at
the
first
pretended
clemency
,
and
seemed
to
be
more
tolerable
both
at
home
and
abroad
,
and
not
to
be
so
cowardly
as
indeed
he
was
:
He
overcame
the
C●ttuns
and
the
Germans
,
and
administred
the
Law
most
justly
:
He
builded
many
houses
in
Rome
,
either
begun
before
,
or
also
anew
from
the
foundation
:
He
restored
the
Library
consumed
with
the
fire
,
Copies
everywhere
being
sent
for
,
but
especially
from
Alexandria
.
He
was
so
skilful
an
Archer
,
that
standing
far
off
,
he
would
shoot
Arrows
betwixt
the
fingers
of
a
mans
hand
stretched
forth
:
Afterwards
growing
cruel
and
out-ragious
,
he
exacted
unjust
punishments
by
the
murders
of
good
men
,
and
after
the
manners
of
Caligula
he
commanded
men
to
call
him
Lord
and
God
,
and
sending
off
his
Attendants
,
he
ridiculously
would
pursue
swarms
of
flies
:
He
raged
with
that
lust
,
the
filthy
exercise
whereof
the
Greeks
call
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
from
his
pursuing
the
flies
it
came
to
pass
that
a
certain
man
asking
who
was
in
the
Palace
,
Answer
was
made
,
Not
so
much
as
a
flie
;
with
those
cruelties
of
his
,
and
especially
with
the
injury
of
words
(
by
which
an
aspersion
of
lust
was
laid
upon
him
,
)
Anthony
being
incensed
did
invade
the
Empire
,
having
at
that
time
the
command
of
the
Upper
Germany
;
but
he
being
slain
in
a
battel
by
Normanus
Appius
,
Domitian
growing
more
furious
against
all
kinde
of
men
did
prosecute
even
his
own
friends
with
the
utmost
cruelty
;
Therefore
many
in
fear
of
his
unbounded
rage
did
conspire
against
him
,
Parthenius
the
Groom
of
his
Chamber
,
and
Stephanus
inciting
them
,
to
whom
was
added
one
Clodian
fearing
to
be
punished
for
the
sums
of
money
he
had
intercepted
,
Domitia
also
the
wife
of
the
tyrant
fearing
to
be
tormented
by
him
for
the
love
she
did
bear
to
Paris
the
Stage-Player
,
was
one
of
the
Conspiracy
;
Domitian
by
their
instigation
having
his
Body
printed
full
of
wounds
dyed
in
the
five
and
fortieth
yeer
of
his
life
.
The
Senate
decreed
that
there
should
be
no
more
honor
done
unto
him
at
his
funeral
then
was
allowed
to
a
common
Ruffian
,
and
that
his
name
should
be
razed
out
of
the
Registers
of
Honour
.
In
his
time
the
secular
Playes
were
celebrated
.
Cocceius
Nerva
.
HItherto
such
as
were
born
in
Rome
or
in
Italy
did
govern
the
Empire
;
Strangers
afterwards
were
advanced
to
the
Goverment
of
it
,
by
whose
vertue
the
City
was
much
strengthned
;
For
,
who
was
there
more
wise
or
more
moderate
then
Nerva
?
who
more
divine
then
Trajan
?
who
more
excellent
then
Adrian
?
Cocceius
Nerva
was
born
in
the
Town
of
Narnia
,
he
raigned
thirteen
Moneths
and
ten
dayes
;
Having
taken
upon
him
the
Empire
,
a
rumor
being
raised
that
Domitian
was
still
a
live
&
approaching
,
he
was
surprised
with
so
great
a
fear
,
that
his
countenance
being
changed
,
and
his
voyce
lost
,
he
was
hardly
able
to
stand
upon
his
legs
;
but
being
afterwards
assured
to
the
contrary
by
Parthenius
,
he
returned
to
his
former
temper
:
Being
joyfully
received
by
the
whole
Senate
,
Arrius
Antonius
,
a
Gentlemen
of
a
high
spirit
,
and
his
greatest
friend
,
wisely
observing
the
estate
of
those
who
did
bear
rule
before
him
,
did
embrace
him
saying
,
That
he
did
gratulate
the
Senate
,
the
People
,
and
the
Provinces
,
but
he
could
not
gratulate
him
;
It
having
been
better
for
him
alwayes
to
suppress
ill
Princes
,
then
taking
upon
him
so
great
a
burthen
to
be
subject
not
onely
to
the
troubles
and
the
dangers
,
but
also
to
the
reports
of
all
as
wel
enemies
as
friends
,
who
when
they
presume
that
they
have
deserved
all
things
,
if
they
cannot
extort
any
thing
from
him
,
will
be
more
cruel
then
the
greatest
Enemies
:
He
forgave
all
the
penalties
due
at
that
time
for
not
paying
the
Tributes
;
he
relieved
the
afflicted
Cities
,
he
commanded
that
Boyes
and
Girles
born
of
poor
Parents
should
be
brought
up
throughout
all
the
Towns
of
Italy
at
the
charge
of
the
Commonwealth
:
He
(
that
he
might
not
be
terrified
by
the
access
of
Malignants
)
was
then
advertised
by
the
saying
of
Mauritius
a
grave
and
an
ingenious
man
,
who
being
his
familiar
friend
and
at
Supper
with
him
,
when
he
beheld
Veientones
,
who
had
been
Consul
to
be
present
,
who
had
brought
many
private
informations
to
Domitian
against
him
:
mention
being
made
in
the
time
of
Supper
of
Catulus
,
who
was
the
chief
informer
;
What
would
he
have
done
(
said
Nerva
)
if
he
had
out-lived
Domitian
?
Why
?
he
would
have
supped
with
us
too
(
said
Mauritius
;
)
He
was
a
most
knowing
and
frequent
reconciler
of
all
differences
.
He
removed
Calphurnius
Crassus
with
his
Wife
to
Tarentum
for
solliciting
the
Souldiers
with
great
promises
against
him
,
the
Senators
reproving
him
for
his
too
much
lenity
.
When
the
Murtherers
of
Domitian
were
demanded
to
be
put
to
death
,
he
was
so
much
amazed
at
it
,
that
he
could
not
forbear
to
vomit
or
defer
the
forced
burthen
of
his
belly
;
howsoever
,
he
did
vehemently
oppose
the
Vote
of
the
Senate
,
saying
,
That
it
were
better
to
die
,
then
to
injure
the
power
of
the
Empire
,
and
to
betray
those
by
whose
meanes
he
assumed
the
Authority
which
he
had
.
But
the
Souldiers
letting
alone
their
Prince
,
did
kill
Petronius
with
a
sword
,
but
the
privie
members
of
Parthenius
were
first
cut
off
and
thrown
in
his
face
:
Gusperius
redeemed
his
life
with
great
sums
of
money
,
and
grown
more
insolent
,
he
constrained
Nerva
to
give
thanks
to
the
Souldiers
before
the
people
because
they
had
destroyed
the
worst
&
the
most
wicked
of
all
men
:
He
adopted
Trajan
into
the
place
of
a
Son
,
with
whom
he
lived
three
noneths
;
and
one
night
exclaiming
against
●ne
Regulus
with
a
very
loud
voyce
,
being
in
a
great
choler
against
him
,
he
fell
into
an
extream
sweat
▪
and
dyed
not
long
afterwards
on
the
same
day
wherein
there
was
an
Ecclipse
of
the
Sun
.
Vlpius
Trajanus
.
VLpius
Trajanus
born
in
the
City
of
Tudertum
was
called
Vlpius
of
his
Grandfather
,
and
Trajanus
of
Trajus
who
was
the
first
of
his
Fathers
stock
,
or
else
he
was
so
called
after
the
name
of
Trajane
his
Father
;
he
raigned
twenty
years
:
He
did
demonstrate
himself
to
be
so
brave
a
man
,
and
of
such
admirable
parts
,
that
the
great
wits
of
the
most
excellent
Writers
are
hardly
able
to
express
them
:
He
took
upon
him
the
Empire
at
Agrippine
a
noble
Colony
in
France
:
In
the
affairs
of
War
he
used
industry
;
in
the
affairs
of
peace
,
lenity
;
and
in
relieving
the
distressed
Cities
,
liberality
.
And
seeing
there
are
too
things
which
are
expected
in
great
Princes
,
Religion
at
home
,
and
Fortitude
in
Arms
abroad
,
and
Wisdom
in
both
;
he
was
indued
with
so
great
a
measure
of
the
noblest
gifts
,
that
he
seemed
to
enjoy
a
transcendent
temperature
of
all
Vertues
;
onely
he
was
a
little
too
much
addicted
to
meat
and
wine
;
he
was
liberal
towards
his
friends
,
and
did
use
the
society
of
them
as
if
he
enjoyed
with
them
the
same
society
of
life
;
He
builded
certain
Baths
in
the
honor
of
Sura
,
by
whose
means
he
attained
to
the
Empire
.
It
would
appear
superfluous
to
give
you
an
exact
account
of
him
in
particulars
;
it
is
sufficient
that
he
wss
absolute
in
all
things
;
He
was
patient
of
labour
,
studious
to
do
the
Souldiers
good
,
and
all
good
men
;
he
loved
the
most
candid
wits
&
the
most
learned
men
,
although
he
himself
was
not
much
indebted
unto
Learning
,
and
but
a
little
Eloquent
;
He
was
a
great
lover
of
Justice
,
and
as
well
a
finder
out
of
new
Rights
both
Humane
and
Divine
as
an
observer
of
the
Antient
:
All
which
in
him
seemed
so
much
the
greater
,
because
the
splendor
of
the
Romane
State
being
as
it
were
quite
destroyed
and
levelled
to
the
ground
by
many
cruel
Tyrants
,
he
was
thought
to
have
been
sent
by
Providence
for
the
redress
of
such
great
calamities
,
and
many
wonders
did
presage
his
coming
to
the
Empire
:
Amongst
the
rest
a
Chough
from
the
top
of
all
the
Capitol
was
heard
to
speak
in
the
Greek
tongue
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
is
by
Interpretation
,
It
shall
be
well
.
The
Ashes
of
his
Body
being
burned
,
were
brought
to
Rome
,
and
buryed
under
his
Pillar
in
the
Market-Place
of
Trajan
.
His
Image
(
as
those
who
did
come
in
triumph
were
accustomed
)
was
brought
into
the
City
,
the
Senate
and
the
Army
going
before
it
.
In
his
time
,
the
River
of
Tyber
overflowed
more
dangerously
by
far
then
in
the
raign
of
Nerva
,
and
covered
very
many
Houses
;
There
was
also
a
great
Earthquake
in
many
of
the
Provinces
attended
with
a
devouring
Pestilence
,
and
the
calamities
of
consuming
fires
,
all
which
he
much
helped
by
exquisite
remedies
,
and
ordained
for
the
time
to
come
that
no
House
should
be
higher
then
threescore
foot
,
because
of
the
vast
ruines
and
expences
when
such
fires
did
happen
,
whereupon
he
was
deservedly
called
A
Father
of
his
Country
:
He
lived
six
and
forty
years
.
Aelius
Adrianus
.
AELius
Adrianus
of
Italian
Parentage
,
and
cousin-germane
to
Trajan
the
Emperour
,
was
born
at
Adria
,
which
Town
standing
in
the
Country
of
the
Piceni
,
did
give
a
name
to
the
Adriatick
Sea
;
He
raigned
twelve
years
;
he
was
so
intirely
addicted
to
the
Greek
Tongue
,
that
by
many
in
derision
he
was
called
Graeculus
:
He
augmented
the
Attick
Studies
and
manners
,
not
onely
with
Poetry
,
but
with
the
faculty
o
singing
,
and
with
the
art
of
healing
,
and
with
Musick
and
Geometry
;
He
was
an
excellent
Painter
and
Carver
,
and
a
rare
workman
in
Brass
or
Marble
,
and
next
to
Polycletus
or
Euphranor
;
a
man
would
have
thought
that
he
had
been
onely
made
for
those
Arts
;
for
they
never
received
so
exquisite
an
elegancy
as
by
the
work
of
his
hands
;
He
had
a
memory
beyond
belief
,
and
could
remember
all
places
,
businesses
,
Souldiers
,
and
call
them
all
by
their
own
names
,
although
he
had
been
long
absent
from
them
;
He
travelled
on
foot
over
all
the
Provinces
,
and
in
that
Expedition
was
the
formost
by
far
of
all
that
were
with
him
;
in
the
way
he
restored
many
Cities
,
and
established
them
by
sundry
Orders
;
For
after
the
discipline
of
the
Legions
,
he
had
many
Bands
by
Hundreds
together
of
Smiths
,
Carpenters
,
Engineers
,
and
all
manner
of
workmen
either
for
the
building
the
walls
or
for
the
adorning
them
.
In
all
causes
he
was
a
most
absolute
Judge
,
being
born
as
it
were
to
be
an
Arbitrator
betwixt
Vice
and
Vertue
;
He
governed
his
affections
with
great
Artifice
,
and
cunningly
covered
his
insolent
,
envious
,
sullen
and
wanton
disposition
;
In
the
ostentation
of
himself
,
he
counterfeited
chastity
,
clemency
,
and
attraction
,
and
closely
carryed
his
Ambition
with
which
he
wholly
was
enflamed
;
He
was
most
ingenious
either
at
Questions
or
at
Answers
,
whither
it
were
in
earnest
or
in
jest
;
he
would
ex
tempore
give
you
verse
for
verse
,
&
sentence
for
sentence
,
insomuch
that
you
would
think
he
used
premeditation
in
whatsoever
he
did
speak
.
His
wife
Sabina
being
used
by
him
more
like
a
slave
then
a
wife
,
was
compelled
with
her
own
hands
to
be
her
own
Executioner
;
she
reported
what
an
inhumane
disposition
of
her
husband
she
indured
;
and
endevoured
(
she
said
)
that
she
might
not
prove
with
childe
by
him
to
the
ruine
of
mankinde
.
Being
overcome
with
the
pain
of
a
dropsie
which
a
long
time
he
patiently
endured
,
he
caused
many
of
the
Senators
to
be
slain
.
Divers
Kings
having
sent
rich
presents
to
him
to
purchase
their
Peace
,
he
boasted
openly
,
That
he
had
gained
more
by
ease
,
then
others
had
obtained
by
Arms.
He
established
the
Palatine
and
publick
Offices
,
and
reduced
them
and
the
Militia
into
that
form
in
which
it
continues
unto
this
day
,
some
few
things
since
being
changed
by
Constantine
;
He
lived
threescore
and
two
years
,
and
dyed
most
miserably
,
being
so
tormented
in
all
the
members
of
his
body
,
that
he
desired
the
most
faithful
of
his
servants
to
dispatch
him
,
but
was
kept
by
the
care
of
his
dearest
friends
from
doing
violence
on
himself
.
Antonius
Pius
.
ANtonius
called
Fulvius
or
Bonnonius
,
was
afterwards
sirnamed
Pius
;
he
raigned
three
and
twenty
years
;
He
was
adopted
by
Adrian
being
his
Son-in-Law
;
he
shewed
so
much
goodness
in
his
raign
,
that
he
lived
above
all
Example
,
although
that
Age
in
which
he
lived
did
compare
him
unto
Numa
;
Without
making
any
war
at
all
,
he
ruled
the
World
three
and
twenty
years
by
his
own
Authority
,
insomuch
that
all
Kings
,
Nations
,
and
people
,
did
stand
in
awe
of
him
,
and
loving
him
withall
,
they
rather
esteemed
him
to
be
their
Father
and
Patron
,
then
their
Lord
and
Emperor
,
and
with
one
consent
they
all
desired
his
determination
of
all
their
Controversies
,
looking
on
him
as
if
he
had
slid
down
from
Heaven
.
The
Indians
,
Bactrians
,
and
Hyrcanians
did
send
their
Ambassadors
to
him
,
being
moved
with
the
justice
of
so
great
an
Emperor
,
which
he
adorned
with
a
fair
and
pleasant
countenance
,
being
tall
in
stature
,
and
strong
of
limbs
:
Before
he
did
go
out
of
his
chamber
to
salute
any
man
,
his
manner
was
to
eat
a
morsel
of
bread
,
least
by
the
cooling
of
the
blood
about
his
heart
he
might
loose
his
strength
,
and
be
rendred
unable
in
the
performance
of
Publick
Affairs
,
which
he
executed
with
incredible
diligence
(
like
a
good
Master
of
a
Family
)
without
any
appearance
of
vain
glory
or
ostentation
:
He
was
so
meek
,
that
when
the
Senators
did
earnestly
perswade
him
to
punish
them
with
death
who
had
conspired
against
him
,
he
made
Answer
,
That
it
was
not
necessary
too
strictly
to
search
them
out
who
had
a
hand
in
it
;
for
if
they
should
be
found
to
be
many
in
number
,
he
well
understood
how
much
hatred
he
might
contract
unto
himself
thereby
.
Having
raigned
three
and
twenty
years
,
he
dyed
of
a
feaver
,
twelve
miles
from
Rome
,
at
a
Town
of
his
own
called
Lorium
.
Temples
,
Priests
,
and
infinite
other
things
were
decreed
in
the
Honour
of
him
.
His
meekness
was
such
,
that
when
on
a
time
the
people
of
Rome
would
have
stoned
him
for
want
of
bread
,
he
did
chuse
rather
to
satisfie
them
by
giving
them
the
reason
of
it
,
then
to
revenge
the
sedition
.
Marcus
Antonius
.
MArcus
Antonius
raigned
eighteen
years
;
he
was
a
man
of
a
Celestial
spirit●
,
a
sincere
maintainer
of
vertue
,
and
a
protector
of
Rome
in
the
publick
calamities
;
and
truly
,
if
he
had
not
been
born
for
that
time
,
all
the
glory
of
the
Empire
had
fallen
at
once
.
There
was
no
respite
at
all
from
Wars
,
which
most
of
all
raged
in
the
East
through
Illyria
,
Italy
and
France
.
Many
Cities
were
buried
in
the
ruines
which
the
Earthquakes
made
,
there
were
great
inundations
of
waters
and
much
pestilence
,
and
swarms
of
Locusts
that
devoured
the
grass
of
the
fields
,
insomuch
that
there
was
almost
no
judgement
by
which
men
can
be
said
or
thought
to
be
afflicted
,
which
in
his
raign
did
not
exercise
its
greatest
vengeance
.
I
do
believe
it
was
ordained
by
Providence
,
that
when
Nature
produceth
such
evils
as
are
unknown
to
men
,
the
counsels
of
such
righteous
Princes
should
be
present
to
asswage
and
redress
the
calamity
.
In
a
new
way
of
Benevolence
he
made
Antoninus
Verus
his
kinsman
partaker
with
him
in
the
Empire
,
who
afterwards
in
the
eleventh
year
of
his
raign
,
travelling
betwixt
Altinum
and
Concordia
,
did
die
by
a
percussion
of
blood
in
the
head
,
which
Disease
the
Greeks
call
the
Apoplexy
;
this
Verus
was
of
a
sharp
but
a
wanton
wit
,
a
great
lover
of
Verses
,
especially
those
which
are
called
Tragical
.
Marcus
Antoninus
.
AFter
his
decease
Marcus
Antoninus
raigned
alone
,
being
from
his
Infancy
a
man
of
a
quiet
spirit
;
It
is
observable
,
that
neither
joy
nor
sorrow
did
ever
make
any
change
in
his
countenance
;
he
was
much
addicted
to
the
study
of
Philosophy
,
and
was
exactly
learned
in
the
Greek
Tongue
.
He
permitted
the
more
apparent
of
the
Nobility
to
Feast
in
the
same
manner
,
and
to
have
such
Attendants
as
he
himself
was
accustomed
unto
.
When
his
treasury
was
exhausted
,
and
money
was
wanting
to
give
the
Souldiers
their
promised
largesses
,
being
unwilling
to
impose
any
Taxes
upon
the
Senate
or
the
Provinces
,
he
in
the
open
Market
of
Trajanus
for
the
space
of
two
Moneths
together
,
did
set
to
sale
all
the
Princely
Furniture
,
the
vessels
of
Gold
,
and
Cups
of
Chrystal
and
of
Myrrh
,
his
Wives
Wardrob
,
and
his
own
,
in
which
were
many
Garments
of
Silk
,
of
Gold
,
and
many
Ornaments
of
Pearls
and
Precious
Stones
,
whereby
he
gathered
together
a
great
mass
of
Gold
.
The
War
being
ended
,
and
the
Victory
obtained
,
he
restored
the
money
again
to
so
many
of
the
Merchants
as
would
return
their
bargains
,
and
troubled
not
any
of
them
who
refused
to
part
with
that
which
they
had
bought
.
In
his
raign
,
Cassius
endeavouring
to
play
the
Tyrant
,
was
put
to
death
;
in
the
nine
and
fiftieth
year
of
his
age
he
dyed
of
a
disease
at
Bendobona
:
When
the
news
thereof
was
brought
to
Rome
,
the
City
made
a
great
lamentation
for
him
,
and
the
Senators
weeping
,
and
clad
all
in
mourning
,
did
meet
in
the
Senate
House
,
and
what
was
hardly
believed
of
Romulus
,
was
with
one
consent
confidently
presumed
of
Marcus
Antoninus
,
that
he
was
received
into
Heaven
,
and
in
the
Honour
of
him
they
erected
Temples
,
Columns
,
and
many
other
Monuments
.
Commodus
.
AVrelius
Commodus
,
the
Son
of
Antoninus
called
also
Antoninus
,
raigned
thirteen
years
:
At
his
first
inauguration
it
was
suspected
what
an
Emperour
he
would
prove
;
for
being
counselled
by
his
Father
on
his
death
bed
,
not
to
suffer
the
Barbarians
to
grow
in
strength
,
He
made
Answer
,
That
men
in
health
and
safety
might
perform
some
actions
by
leasure
,
but
of
dead
men
nothing
could
be
expected
.
He
was
extreamly
addicted
to
lust
,
avarice
,
and
cruelty
,
and
kept
promise
with
none
;
he
was
most
cruel
to
those
whom
he
had
before
advanced
unto
the
greatest
honours
,
and
enriched
with
most
vast
rewards
.
He
was
so
deboyst
that
very
often
he
would
challenge
the
Fencers
at
their
own
weapons
,
and
play
with
them
openly
in
the
Amphitheater
.
Martia
,
a
woman
of
a
sordid
birth
,
but
excelling
in
beauty
and
in
light
and
wanton
arts
,
was
altogether
the
mistriss
of
his
heart
,
and
as
he
came
out
of
the
Bath
,
she
did
give
him
a
Cup
of
poysoned
drink
:
At
the
last
,
in
the
two
and
thirtieth
year
of
his
age
,
a
most
stout
and
strong
Wrastler
being
sent
unto
him
,
did
overthrow
him
,
and
held
his
Chaps
so
fast
together
,
that
he
dyed
.
Helvius
Pertinax
.
HElvius
Pertinax
raigned
but
eight
and
fifty
days
,
and
against
his
will
too
;
for
he
was
enforced
to
be
Emperor
,
and
for
that
cause
was
sirnamed
Pertinax
;
he
was
but
of
obscure
and
sordid
Parentage
,
and
from
the
Praetorship
of
the
City
was
advanced
to
be
the
Emperor
of
the
World
;
He
sell
by
the
wickedness
of
Julian
;
having
received
many
wounds
,
in
the
threescore
and
seventh
year
of
his
life
,
his
head
was
cut
off
and
carryed
all
about
the
City
:
This
end
had
this
man
,
the
example
of
humane
inconstancy
,
who
having
known
all
fortunes
,
and
endured
all
manner
of
labours
,
was
so
bandied
from
one
extream
unto
another
,
that
he
was
called
The
Tennis
Ball
of
Fortune
;
for
his
Father
was
at
first
but
a
slave
to
Lollius
Gentianus
,
who
lived
in
the
fenny
Country
amongst
the
Ligurians
,
and
he
himself
oftentimes
did
willingly
confess
himself
to
be
a
Retainer
to
him
,
during
the
time
of
his
residence
in
that
place
;
He
was
a
School-Master
of
the
Grammer
,
and
more
affable
then
profitable
,
for
which
cause
the
Grecians
called
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
An
injury
being
received
,
he
could
never
be
induced
to
revenge
it
;
He
loved
simplicity
,
and
escape
not
other
men
either
at
Table
,
Conference
,
or
in
Habit
;
being
dead
,
it
was
decreed
,
That
he
should
be
Deified
:
The
people
in
the
honour
of
him
,
with
repeated
applauses
,
cryed
out
until
they
could
speak
no
more
,
Pertinax
being
Emperor
,
we
lived
in
safety
,
we
feared
no
Enemy
.
A
righteous
Father
he
was
,
The
Father
of
the
Senate
,
the
Father
of
all
good
men
.
Didius
Julianus
.
DIdius
Julianus
being
born
in
Millan
,
raigned
seven
Moneths
,
he
was
noble
by
his
birth
,
an
excellent
Lawyer
,
but
factious
,
heady
,
and
ambitious
of
Government
;
In
his
raign
Niger
Piscennius
at
Antioch
,
and
Septimius
Severus
in
Pannonia
were
both
created
Augusti
:
By
this
Severus
Julianus
was
led
into
the
secret
Bathes
of
the
Palace
,
and
his
neck
being
stretched
forth
,
after
the
manner
of
those
who
were
condemned
,
his
Head
was
struck
off
,
and
afterwards
set
up
in
the
Court
where
the
Causes
were
pleaded
.
Septimius
Severus
.
SEptimius
Severus
raigned
eighteen
years
,
he
put
to
death
that
monster
of
men
Priscennius
,
and
afterwards
Albinus
,
who
made
himself
Caesar
at
Lions
in
France
.
Severus
left
his
two
Sons
Bassianus
and
Geta
to
be
his
Successors
;
He
made
a
wall
in
England
quite
cross
the
Land
from
Sea
to
Sea
,
containing
at
the
least
two
and
thirty
thousand
paces
in
length
;
He
was
the
most
warlike
of
all
the
Emperors
that
were
before
him
,
quick
of
apprehension
,
persevering
to
the
end
in
all
things
which
he
determined
,
and
where
he
inclined
to
favour
,
he
was
as
admirable
as
he
was
constant
,
diligent
in
seeking
out
,
and
liberal
in
giving
;
he
was
equally
vehement
both
towards
friends
and
foes
,
as
it
appeared
by
his
inriching
of
Lateranus
,
Chilo
,
Amilius
,
Bassus
,
and
some
others
,
as
also
in
those
great
and
memorable
Houses
of
receipt
which
are
called
the
Parthians
and
the
Laterans
;
he
permitted
no
man
in
his
Dominions
to
sell
his
Honours
;
he
was
sufficiently
instructed
in
the
Latine
Tongue
,
but
more
prompt
&
eloquent
in
the
Africk
,
being
born
at
Leptis
,
in
the
Province
of
Africa
;
he
was
afflicted
with
so
great
a
pain
in
all
the
members
of
his
body
,
but
especially
in
his
feet
,
that
being
not
able
to
endure
the
torment
,
he
called
for
poyson
,
which
being
denyed
,
he
with
great
greediness
did
so
glut
himself
with
gross
and
heavie
meats
,
that
being
not
able
to
digest
it
,
he
dyed
of
a
surfeit
in
the
sixtyeth
year
of
his
Age.
Antonius
Caracalla
.
AVrelius
Antonius
Bassianus
Caracalla
,
the
Son
of
Severus
,
was
born
at
Lions
,
and
raigned
six
years
alone
;
he
was
called
Bassianus
,
after
the
name
of
his
Mothers
Grandfather
:
Having
brought
with
him
a
full
and
large
Garment
out
of
France
,
which
was
there
called
Caracalla
,
hanging
down
unto
the
ankle●
,
the
people
that
came
to
salute
him
,
seeing
him
arrayed
in
that
Garment
,
did
call
him
Caracalla
,
after
the
name
thereof
;
He
caused
his
brother
Geta
to
be
slain
,
for
which
cause
vengeance
followed
him
,
and
being
troubled
in
his
Conscience
he
did
fall
mad
,
of
which
madness
he
was
afterwards
recovered
.
Having
seen
the
body
of
Alexander
King
of
the
Macedons
,
he
commanded
that
his
followers
should
call
him
Alexander
the
Great
;
and
by
the
suggestion
of
his
Flatterers
,
he
was
brought
to
such
a
fond
conceit
,
that
he
would
walk
like
Alexander
,
with
an
awful
and
threatning
countenance
,
and
bend
his
head
to
the
left
shoulder
,
and
whatsoever
he
observed
in
the
countenance
of
Alexander
,
he
would
imitate
to
the
life
,
and
did
perswade
himself
that
he
had
the
same
lineaments
,
and
proportions
:
He
was
much
addicted
to
lust
,
which
was
the
cause
that
he
marryed
his
own
Mother-in-law
.
In
his
jorney
to
Carrae
,
not
far
from
Edessa
,
going
out
of
the
way
to
ease
his
body
,
he
was
slain
by
a
Souldier
,
who
followed
him
as
a
Guard
to
his
person
;
He
lived
almost
thirty
years
,
his
body
afterwards
was
brought
unto
Rome
.
Oppilius
Macrinus
and
Diadumenus
.
MAcrinus
with
his
Son
Diadumenus
were
created
Emperours
by
the
Army
,
and
raigned
but
fourteen
Moneths
,
and
were
killed
by
the
same
Army
,
because
Macrinus
did
attempt
to
contract
their
pay
,
and
suppress
their
luxury
.
Aurelius
Heliogabalus
.
AVrelius
Antonius
Varius
,
who
was
also
called
Heliogabalus
,
was
the
Son
of
Caracalla
by
his
cousin-german
Semea
;
he
was
privately
begotten
in
adultery
,
and
raigned
two
years
and
eight
Moneths
;
Bassianus
Grandfather
to
his
Mother
Semea
,
was
the
Priest
of
the
Sun
;
When
Heliogabalus
came
to
Rome
with
a
great
expectation
both
of
the
Senate
and
the
Souldiery
,
he
defiled
himself
with
all
manner
of
pollutions
:
So
inordinate
was
his
concupiscence
,
that
nature
not
permitting
him
to
that
which
his
desires
did
prompt
him
unto
,
turning
his
lusts
into
himself
,
he
did
put
on
the
name
of
a
woman
▪
and
instead
of
Bassianus
,
commanded
himself
to
be
called
Bassiana
;
He
marryed
himself
to
a
Vestal
Virgin
,
and
having
cut
off
his
privie
parts
,
he
consecrated
himself
to
the
great
Mother
Cybele
;
He
made
his
cousin-german
Marcellus
,
who
afterwards
was
called
Alexander
,
a
Caesar
;
and
he
himself
was
slain
in
a
tumult
by
the
Souldiers
;
His
body
was
drawn
by
a
Souldier
through
all
the
streets
of
Rome
like
the
carkass
of
a
dog
,
in
a
military
Irony
,
calling
him
The
Whelp
of
a
ravening
and
an
untamed
lust
;
At
the
last
▪
the
bulk
of
his
body
being
so
great
that
it
would
not
enter
into
the
hollow
seat
of
a
Privie
,
they
did
drag
it
unto
Tiber
,
and
fastning
a
great
weight
unto
it
,
that
it
might
not
rise
again
,
they
did
cast
it
into
the
River
.
He
lived
sixteen
years
,
and
for
these
things
which
happened
to
him
,
was
called
Tiberinus
and
Tractisius
.
Severus
Alexander
.
SEverus
Alexander
raigned
thirteen
years
,
he
was
destructive
to
the
good
of
the
Common-wealth
:
In
his
time
Taurinus
was
made
Augustus
,
who
for
fear
did
cast
himself
into
the
River
Euphrates
.
At
that
time
Mauritius
did
take
upon
him
the
Empire
,
having
corrupted
many
of
the
Souldiers
;
but
when
Alexander
did
observe
himself
forsaken
of
the
Souldiers
,
he
cryed
out
upon
his
Mother
,
alleaging
that
she
was
the
occasion
of
his
death
;
and
the
Executioner
coming
to
him
,
he
covering
his
head
,
did
with
great
confidence
offer
his
neck
unto
him
to
be
struck
off
.
His
Mother
Mammea
did
carry
so
closs
a
hand
over
him
,
that
if
any
thing
at
Dinner
or
at
Supper
was
left
,
were
it
never
so
little
,
it
was
reserved
for
his
next
meale
.
Julius
Maximinus
.
IVlius
Maximinus
a
Souldier
born
in
Thrace
,
governed
three
years
,
who
while
he
prosecuted
the
rich
men
,
as
well
innocent
as
guilty
,
was
torn
in
pieces
at
Aquileia
,
and
his
Son
with
him
by
the
sedition
of
the
Souldiers
,
the
Souldiers
in
derision
crying
out
,
Of
a
bad
Sire
they
must
not
keep
a
whelp
.
Under
his
Government
,
Gordianus
the
Father
,
and
Gordianus
the
Son
,
one
after
another
did
take
upon
them
the
Government
,
and
one
of
them
after
another
came
to
confusion
.
In
the
like
manner
,
Pupianus
and
Balbinus
affecting
the
Principality
,
were
both
put
to
death
.
Gordianus
.
GOrdianus
,
the
Grandchild
of
Gordianus
by
his
Mother
,
was
born
at
Rome
;
he
was
the
Son
of
a
noble
Father
,
and
ruled
six
years
;
he
was
slain
at
Ctesiphon
by
Philip
a
Praetorian
Commander
,
the
Souldiers
being
stirred
up
into
sedition
;
this
was
done
in
the
twentyeth
year
of
his
life
:
His
body
being
interred
in
the
Confines
of
the
Roman
and
Persian
Empire
,
did
afterwards
give
a
name
unto
the
place
which
was
called
The
Sepulcher
of
Gordian
.
Philip.
MArcus
Julius
Philippus
ruled
five
years
;
he
was
slain
by
the
Souldiers
at
Verona
,
his
head
being
cleaved
a
sunder
in
the
middle
a
little
above
the
upper
row
of
his
teeth
;
his
Son
Gallus
Julius
Saturninus
being
about
twelve
years
of
age
was
slain
at
Rome
,
being
of
so
melancholy
a
disposition
,
that
after
he
was
five
years
of
age
,
he
could
by
no
sport
or
invention
be
moved
to
laughter
,
and
in
the
secular
Games
seeing
his
Father
to
laugh
profusely
,
although
he
was
but
a
childe
(
in
dislike
of
it
)
he
turned
his
face
from
him
.
This
Philip
was
born
but
of
mean
Parentage
,
his
Father
being
a
Captain
or
Leader
of
Robbers
.
Decius
.
DEcius
born
in
Pannonia
Bubalia
,
raigned
thirty
Moneths
,
and
made
his
Son
a
Caesar
;
he
was
a
man
well
learned
in
all
the
Arts
,
addicted
entirely
unto
vertue
,
pleasant
and
familiar
at
home
,
and
a
brave
man
at
Arms.
In
a
great
tumult
he
was
drowned
amongst
many
others
,
in
a
place
so
full
of
Bogs
and
Fens
that
his
body
could
never
afterwards
be
found
;
His
Son
also
was
slain
in
War
;
He
lived
fifty
years
;
In
his
time
Valens
Lucinianus
was
made
Emperour
.
Virius
Gallus
.
VIrius
Gallus
with
his
Son
Volusio
,
raigned
two
years
;
In
their
time
the
Senate
created
Hostilianus
Perpenna
Emperor
,
who
not
long
afterwards
dyed
of
the
Pestilence
.
In
their
time
also
Aemilianus
was
created
Emperour
in
Maesia
,
against
whom
both
the
Father
and
the
Son
marched
with
an
Army
,
and
were
slain
by
their
own
Souldiers
at
Interamnis
,
the
Father
being
seven
and
forty
years
of
Age
;
they
were
created
Emperors
in
the
Iland
of
Meningis
,
now
called
Girba
.
Aemilian
in
the
fourth
year
of
his
Government
was
slain
at
Spoletum
,
or
Pontes
which
by
reason
of
his
death
was
afterwards
called
Sanguinarius
,
being
a
place
in
equal
distance
betwixt
Ociculum
,
Narnia
,
and
the
City
of
Rome
;
He
was
by
his
birth
a
Moor
,
a
man
of
a
daring
spirit
,
but
not
too
rash
;
he
lived
seven
and
forty
years
.
Licinius
Valerianus
.
LIcinius
Valerianus
sirnamed
Colobius
,
raigned
15
years
;
he
was
descended
of
noble
Parentage
,
but
of
a
slow
and
stupid
disposition
,
and
not
fit
for
any
publick
place
either
in
Counsel
or
of
action
;
He
made
his
Son
Galienus
,
Augustus
,
and
his
Grandson
Cornelius
Valerianus
,
a
Caesar
:
In
their
times
,
Religianus
in
Moesia
,
Cassius
Labienus
Posthumus
in
France
,
(
the
Son
of
Galienus
being
slain
)
were
made
Emperors
:
In
the
same
manner
Aelianus
at
Mentz
,
Aemilianus
in
Egypt
,
Valerius
in
Macedonia
,
and
Aurelius
at
Millain
,
assumed
the
Imperial
Title
;
But
Valerianus
making
war
in
Mesopotamia
,
he
was
overcome
by
Sapores
King
of
the
Persians
,
and
not
long
afterwards
being
taken
,
grew
old
amongst
the
Parthians
,
in
an
ignoble
servitude
;
for
as
long
as
he
lived
,
the
King
did
set
his
foot
upon
his
neck
when
he
mounted
on
horsback
.
Galienus
.
GAlienus
in
the
place
of
his
Son
Cornelius
,
did
substitute
his
other
Son
Salonianus
;
he
was
addicted
to
the
uncertain
love
of
Concubines
,
Salonina
and
Pipa
;
but
he
coloured
his
love
to
Salonina
with
the
pretence
of
marriage
;
and
her
Father
the
King
of
the
Marcomans
did
grant
him
thereupon
by
covenant
,
one
part
of
the
upper
Pannonia
;
At
the
last
,
he
marched
against
Aureolus
,
whom
he
besiged
at
Pontus
,
and
obtained
it
,
which
place
afterwards
was
for
that
cause
called
Aureolus
;
he
also
besieged
Millain
,
but
by
the
contrivement
of
Aureolus
,
he
was
slain
by
his
own
Souldiers
,
after
he
had
raigned
fifteen
years
,
seven
with
his
Father
,
and
eight
by
himself
;
he
lived
fifty
years
.
Claudius
.
CLaudius
raigned
two
years
,
some
are
of
opinion
that
he
was
the
Son
of
Gordianus
;
others
say
of
the
woman
Licensa
,
by
whom
he
was
taught
how
to
deport
himself
towards
a
wife
;
he
was
appointed
Emperor
by
the
last
Will
and
Testament
of
Galienus
,
who
sent
unto
him
to
Ticinum
the
Imperial
Robes
by
Gallonins
Basilius
.
Aureolus
being
slain
by
his
own
Souldiers
,
he
received
the
Government
of
those
Countryes
,
and
fighting
against
the
Almains
,
not
far
from
the
Lake
of
Benacum
he
cut
in
pieces
such
a
multitude
of
them
,
that
of
their
infinite
numbers
scarce
a
half
part
remained
;
In
those
daies
Victorius
was
made
Emperor
;
And
when
Claudius
understood
by
the
Book
of
the
Destinies
,
which
he
commanded
to
be
looked
into
,
that
a
principal
man
of
the
Senate
must
die
,
Pomponius
Bassus
who
was
then
present
,
did
offer
himself
to
be
a
sacrifice
for
the
publick
:
but
he
not
suffering
the
Oracles
to
be
frustrated
,
did
give
his
own
life
a
free
gift
to
the
Common-wealth
,
having
first
expressed
himself
,
that
no
man
of
that
order
could
be
intepreted
to
be
the
principal
man
,
but
the
Emperor
onely
.
This
was
so
acceptable
to
every
one
,
that
he
was
not
onely
honoured
with
the
Title
of
a
Saint
,
but
they
also
made
him
a
Statue
of
Gold
,
and
did
place
it
neer
unto
the
Image
of
Jupiter
,
and
the
Nobles
also
in
the
Court
in
the
remembrance
of
his
piety
,
did
consecrate
unto
him
a
Golden
Image
.
Quintilius
.
HIs
brother
Quintilius
did
succeed
him
,
who
ruling
but
a
few
dayes
,
was
slain
.
Aurelian
.
AVrelian
born
but
of
mean
Parentage
,
for
as
some
affirm
,
his
Father
was
but
a
Farmer
in
the
Country
betwixt
Dacia
and
Macedonia
under
Aurelian
the
most
famous
Senator
;
he
ruled
five
years
,
&
was
not
unlike
either
to
Alexander
the
great
,
or
to
Caesar
the
Dictator
;
for
he
upheld
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
in
the
space
of
three
years
delivered
the
Empire
from
all
her
Enemies
,
whereas
Alexander
was
thirteen
year
making
a
way
by
his
Victories
into
India
,
and
Caesar
was
ten
years
in
subduing
France
,
and
four
years
afterwards
in
a
war
with
Pompey
,
and
the
Citizens
of
Rome
.
Aurelian
in
three
great
Battels
was
a
Conqueror
in
Italy
,
at
Placentia
near
unto
the
Ryne
of
Meutaurus
,
at
the
Temple
of
Fortune
,
and
in
the
Fields
of
Ticini
.
In
his
time
Septimius
was
proclaimed
Emperor
amongst
the
Dalmatians
,
but
he
was
presently
beheaded
by
his
own
Souldiers
.
In
his
time
the
Minters
of
money
rebelled
,
whom
he
suppressed
,
using
against
them
the
utmost
cruelty
;
He
was
the
first
man
amongst
the
Romans
who
did
wear
a
Diadem
upon
his
Head
;
and
arrayed
himself
in
cloth
of
Gold
made
fast
with
Pearls
and
precious
Stones
,
which
before
his
time
the
Romans
were
not
acquainted
withall
;
He
encompassed
the
City
with
stronger
and
larger
walls
then
before
,
and
made
orders
,
that
the
people
should
eat
Swins
flesh
;
He
advanced
Tetricius
,
and
made
him
Corrector
of
Lucania
,
having
been
before
proclaimed
Emperor
by
the
Souldiers
in
Gallia
,
elegantly
upbraiding
him
,
that
it
was
more
majestical
to
rule
some
part
of
Italy
,
then
to
raign
beyond
the
Alpes
.
At
the
last
,
by
the
treachery
of
his
servant
,
who
shewed
unto
some
Commanders
(
the
friends
of
Aurelian
)
their
own
names
in
a
Book
,
as
if
Aurelian
himself
had
set
them
down
and
designed
them
to
destruction
,
●e
was
slain
himself
by
them
in
the
midst
of
the
way
betwixt
Constantinople
and
Heraclea
:
He
was
a
fierce
,
cruel
,
and
a
bloody
man
all
his
time
,
and
the
Murtherer
of
his
own
sisters
Son
.
After
his
death
there
was
no
Emperor
for
the
space
of
seven
Moneths
.
Tacitus
.
TAcitus
was
the
next
who
did
take
upon
him
the
Empire
,
a
man
of
an
excellent
temper
,
who
in
the
two
hundreth
day
of
his
raign
dyed
at
Tarsus
of
a
Feaver
.
Florianus
.
FLorianus
succeeded
him
,
but
when
the
greatest
part
of
that
Cavalry
had
chosen
Probus
,
a
man
well
experienced
in
the
affairs
of
war
,
Florianus
having
as
it
were
in
sport
but
personated
an
Emperor
for
threescore
dayes
,
did
with
a
Lance
open
his
own
veins
,
out
of
which
his
blood
issued
so
abundantly
,
that
he
dyed
.
Probus
.
PRobus
a
Dalmatian
was
begotten
by
a
Father
who
was
an
husbandman
,
and
a
Gardner
;
He
ruled
six
years
,
and
overcame
Saturninus
in
the
East
,
and
afterwards
Proculus
and
Bonosus
who
were
made
Emperors
at
Agrippina
;
He
permitted
the
Gauls
and
the
Pannonians
to
have
Vines
,
and
by
his
Souldiers
hands
,
he
planted
the
Hill
of
Alma
at
Syrmius
and
Aureus
in
upper
Moesia
with
Vines
;
He
was
afterwards
killed
at
Syrmius
in
a
Tower
inclosed
with
Iron
.
Carus
.
CArus
was
born
in
Narbona
,
and
raigned
two
years
,
he
immediately
created
Carinus
and
Numerianus
,
Caesars
,
and
by
a
thunderbolt
was
slain
at
Ctesiphon
.
His
Son
Numerianus
being
afflicted
with
a
pain
in
his
eyes
,
and
carryed
up
and
down
in
a
little
Litter
,
was
slain
by
treachery
,
at
the
Instigation
of
Aper
who
was
his
Father-in-law
;
And
when
by
contrivement
,
his
death
was
cunningly
concealed
until
Aper
had
got
strength
enough
to
invade
the
Empire
,
the
Treason
was
discovered
by
the
most
noy
some
smell
of
the
dead
Corps
.
Sabinus
afterwards
invading
the
Empire
,
was
slain
by
Carinus
in
the
fields
of
Verona
:
This
Carinus
did
pollute
himself
with
all
manner
of
iniquities
,
he
did
put
to
death
many
innocent
persons
by
pretended
accusations
;
he
defiled
the
the
Marriage
beds
of
many
honourable
Personages
,
;
At
the
last
,
he
was
slain
by
the
hand
of
that
Tribune
whose
wife
he
was
said
to
have
defiled
.
Dioclesian
.
DIoclesian
a
Dalmatian
,
the
servant
heretofore
of
Amelinus
the
Senator
;
his
Mothers
name
,
and
the
name
of
the
Town
where
he
was
born
was
called
Dioclea
,
by
reason
whereof
until
he
was
made
Emperour
,
he
was
called
Dioclea
,
and
having
taken
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
World
,
he
changed
his
Grecian
name
into
a
Roman
;
he
raigned
five
and
twenty
years
;
He
made
Maximianus
Augustus
,
and
created
Constantine
,
Galerius
,
and
Armamentarius
,
Caesars
;
He
gave
Theodora
the
Step-daughter
of
Herculius
Maximianus
to
wife
to
Constantinus
,
having
caused
him
to
put
away
his
former
wife
.
In
his
time
Cerausio
was
made
Emperor
in
France
,
Achilleus
in
Egypt
;
and
Julian
in
Italy
;
but
they
all
fell
by
several
deaths
;
Amongst
whom
Julianus
having
a
dagger
thrust
through
his
ribbs
into
his
Bowels
,
did
throw
himself
into
the
fire
:
But
Dioclesian
of
his
own
accord
gave
up
the
Empire
in
Nicomedia
,
and
spent
his
old
Age
privately
in
his
own
possessions
,
and
being
afterwards
desired
by
Herculius
and
Galerius
to
take
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
Empire
again
,
like
a
man
flying
from
some
great
and
dangerous
evil
,
he
made
Answer
,
I
would
you
could
go
to
Salon
to
see
the
Plants
which
I
have
there
planted
with
my
own
hands
,
you
would
then
cer
ainly
judge
that
I
am
not
to
be
tempted
to
so
great
a
trouble
:
He
lived
threescore
and
eight
years
,
the
last
nine
years
whereof
he
lived
as
a
private
man
;
He
dyed
(
as
it
is
apparent
)
by
a
voluntary
fea●
;
for
being
invited
by
Constantinus
and
Licinius
to
their
Marriage
Feasts
,
and
having
excused
himself
,
that
by
reason
of
his
age
he
could
not
be
present
,
they
did
write
back
unto
him
threatning
Letters
,
in
which
he
was
charged
to
have
favoured
Maxentius
,
and
to
favour
Maximinus
,
whereupon
fearing
some
shameful
death
,
he
is
said
to
have
poysoned
himself
.
In
his
time
Constantius
,
the
Father
of
Constantine
,
and
Armamentarius
,
were
called
Caesars
August
.
When
Severus
was
created
Caesar
for
Italy
,
and
the
Sisters
Son
of
Maximinus
Galerius
for
the
East
;
at
the
same
time
Constantius
also
was
made
Caesar
.
Maxentius
was
made
Emperonr
in
a
Village
six
miles
from
Rome
in
the
way
as
you
go
to
Lavicanum
.
Afterwards
Licinius
was
made
Augustus
,
and
in
the
same
manner
was
Alexander
made
Emperor
at
Carthage
,
and
so
was
Valens
also
created
Emperor
;
But
Severus
was
slain
by
Herculius
Maximinus
at
Rome
amongst
the
Inns
;
and
his
Corps
was
put
into
the
Sepulcher
of
Galerius
,
distant
from
Rome
by
the
way
of
Appius
about
nine
miles
.
Galerius
Maximianus
.
GAlerius
Maximianus
,
his
privie
members
being
consumed
,
dyed
;
Maximianus
Herculeus
was
besieged
at
Massilia
by
Constantine
,
and
being
there
taken
was
strangled
with
a
halter
:
Alexander
had
his
throat
cut
by
the
Army
of
Constantine
.
Maxentius
when
he
was
to
fight
with
Constantine
,
having
made
a
Bridge
with
Boats
a
little
above
the
Bridge
Milvius
,
making
haste
on
horse-back
to
secure
the
Bridge
,
did
fall
with
his
horse
into
the
River
,
and
there
perished
,
and
through
the
weight
of
his
Armor
did
sink
so
deep
into
the
mud
,
that
his
body
could
hardly
be
found
again
.
Maximianus
dyed
a
natural
death
at
Tarsus
.
Valens
was
put
to
death
by
Licinius
.
Having
thus
acquainted
you
with
the
manner
of
their
deaths
,
I
will
now
give
you
a
Character
of
their
dispositions
;
Herculeus
Maximianus
was
by
nature
cruel
,
vehemently
addicted
to
lust
,
and
foolish
in
Counsel
,
of
ordinary
Parentage
,
being
born
in
the
wilde
parts
of
Pannonia
;
There
is
a
place
not
far
from
Syrmius
where
now
standeth
a
Palace
wherein
the
Parents
of
Herculeus
did
follow
mercenary
labour
;
He
dyed
in
the
sixtyeth
year
of
his
age
,
having
governed
the
Empire
twenty
year
;
He
begot
upon
Eutropia
the
Syrian
woman
,
Maxentius
and
Fausta
the
wife
of
Constantine
,
to
whose
Father
Constantius
he
gave
his
Step-daughter
Theodora
;
But
some
affirm
that
Maxentius
by
the
imposture
of
the
wife
of
Maximianus
was
brought
from
another
place
,
because
she
knew
that
it
would
be
most
acceptable
to
her
Husband
to
have
a
Son
,
whereas
indeed
he
was
not
the
Son
of
Maximianus
.
Howsoevet
it
was
,
Maximianus
himself
was
never
beloved
of
any
,
neither
of
his
own
Father
,
nor
of
his
Father-in-Law
Galerius
.
Galerius
Armentarius
.
GAlerius
,
although
rude
and
unexperienced
in
the
way
of
Justice
,
was
a
man
otherwise
commendable
enough
;
he
was
well
made
of
body
,
an
excellent
and
a
successful
Souldier
:
His
parents
were
Country
people
,
and
keepers
of
Heards
,
from
whence
he
had
his
name
Armentarius
;
He
was
born
in
Ducia
and
there
buryed
;
the
place
where
he
was
buryed
,
he
called
Romulus
,
after
the
name
of
his
Mother
Romula
;
He
would
insolently
affirm
,
that
his
Mother
mingled
with
a
Dragon
when
she
conceived
him
,
as
did
Olympias
the
Mother
of
Alexander
the
Great
.
Galerius
Maximinus
.
GAlerius
Maximinus
was
the
Son
of
the
Sister
of
Armentarius
,
and
before
he
was
made
Emperor
he
was
called
Daza
;
He
was
Caesar
four
years
,
and
called
Augustus
three
years
in
the
East
:
By
his
birth
and
education
he
was
a
Pastoral
man
,
but
a
great
lover
of
wise
and
learned
men
;
of
a
quiet
disposition
,
but
much
inclined
to
wine
,
in
the
excess
whereof
he
commanded
many
unlawful
things
,
of
which
afterwards
he
repented
,
and
gave
a
charge
to
all
his
followers
,
that
they
should
not
execute
his
desires
except
he
was
sober
,
or
gave
them
a
commandment
in
the
morning
.
Alexander
.
ALexander
was
by
birth
a
Phrygian
,
fearful
in
his
disposition
,
and
by
reason
of
his
old
Age
not
fit
to
endure
labour
,
so
that
all
these
whom
last
of
all
I
have
named
,
being
destroyed
some
one
way
,
and
some
another
,
the
Imperial
Rights
descended
to
Constantinus
and
Licinius
.
Constantinus
.
COnstantinus
the
Son
of
the
Emperor
Constantius
,
&
of
Helena
,
raigned
thirty
years
:
He
being
but
a
youth
,
the
more
religiously
to
observe
the
agreement
made
,
was
a
pledge
to
Galerius
in
the
City
of
Rome
,
from
whence
he
made
an
escape
,
and
to
save
himself
from
those
who
did
pursue
him
,
he
killed
all
the
horses
and
the
beasts
he
did
meet
with
,
to
block
up
the
way
,
and
came
safe
to
his
Father
in
Brittany
,
who
at
that
time
was
a
dying
man
.
After
his
death
by
the
consent
of
all
his
friends
that
were
present
,
and
especially
of
Erocus
King
of
the
Alemans
who
with
Auxiliarie
Souldiers
did
assist
his
Father
Constantius
,
and
accompany
him
in
his
wars
,
he
did
possess
himself
of
the
Empire
at
Millain
,
and
married
his
Sister
Constantia
to
Licinius
,
and
made
his
Sons
,
Crispus
born
of
his
Concubine
Minervina
,
and
his
Son
Constantius
born
much
at
the
same
time
,
and
Licinius
the
Son
of
Licinius
,
being
but
twenty
Moneths
of
age
,
Caesars
.
But
as
Empires
do
hardly
continue
in
concord
,
so
there
arose
dissentions
betwixt
Constantine
and
Licinius
,
and
first
of
all
Constantine
did
fall
upon
the
Army
of
Licinius
at
Cibalae
near
to
the
Lake
Hiulca
,
taking
the
advantage
of
the
time
of
night
,
whereupon
Licinius
did
flie
unto
Bizantium
where
he
created
Martianus
Caesar
.
Constantine
having
reinforced
his
Army
,
constrained
Licinius
at
Bythinia
to
surrender
to
him
by
the
hands
of
his
wife
,
the
Imperial
Robes
,
upon
condition
to
have
only
his
own
life
saved
.
Not
long
afterwards
he
was
sent
to
Thessalonica
,
where
both
he
and
Martinianus
were
strangled
▪
Licinius
was
threescoce
years
of
Age
,
and
raigned
fourteen
years
,
he
was
extreamly
covetous
,
much
addicted
unto
lust
,
sharp
of
apprehension
,
and
not
a
little
impatient
;
he
was
a
great
Enemy
to
learning
,
especially
to
the
pleadings
at
the
Bar
,
calling
learning
,
through
his
ignorance
,
a
poyson
,
and
a
publick
plague
;
he
was
well
affected
to
husbandry
,
and
to
the
silly
people
in
the
Country
,
because
among
such
he
had
his
Education
;
he
was
a
great
observer
of
Martial
Discipline
and
most
supestitious
in
the
Institution
of
former
Ages
.
A
great
suppressor
he
was
of
Eunuchs
and
Courtiers
,
calling
them
the
Moths
and
Rats
of
the
Palace
.
Constantine
having
possessed
himself
of
the
whole
Empire
,
being
as
successful
in
his
Government
at
home
as
in
he
wars
abroad
,
did
(
as
it
is
thought
)
by
the
●nstigation
of
his
wife
Fausta
,
put
his
Son
Crispus
to
death
;
And
afterwards
being
much
condemned
for
it
by
his
Mother
,
he
caused
his
wife
Fausta
to
be
thrown
into
a
Bath
of
scalding
water
,
where
she
miserably
dyed
;
He
was
himself
most
immoderately
desirous
of
prayse
,
and
finding
the
name
of
Trajan
to
be
written
upon
the
Walls
of
many
of
the
Palaces
,
he
called
him
a
Wall-flower
;
he
builded
a
Bridge
over
the
River
of
Danubius
.
He
adorned
the
Imperial
Robes
with
Pearls
and
pretious
Stones
,
and
perpetually
did
wear
a
Diadem
on
his
head
;
he
was
qualified
and
enabled
for
many
things
,
as
to
suppress
calumniations
and
tumults
,
and
to
nourish
all
good
Arts
,
especially
Learning
;
he
himself
would
reade
,
write
,
meditate
,
hear
the
Ambassies
and
the
Complaints
of
the
Provinces
;
He
made
his
own
Son
and
Dalmatius
his
Brothers
Son
,
Caesars
;
he
lived
threescore
and
three
years
,
and
governed
the
Empire
almost
half
of
them
alone
;
He
dyed
of
a
disease
,
being
addicted
more
in
his
life
time
to
derision
then
affability
,
whereupon
he
commonly
was
called
Tracalla
.
In
his
first
ten
years
of
his
Government
,
he
was
called
Excellent
;
In
his
next
twelve
years
a
Robber
;
and
in
his
ten
last
,
an
ungoverned
Pupil
,
by
reason
of
his
immoderate
Expences
;
his
body
was
buryed
in
Byzantium
,
which
after
his
name
was
called
Constantinople
;
after
his
death
the
Souldiers
did
kill
Dalmatius
,
and
the
Roman
Empire
was
divided
into
three
parts
,
betwixt
his
three
Sons
,
Constans
,
Constantius
,
and
Constantinus
:
Constans
ruled
over
all
Italy
,
Illyricum
,
Africa
,
Dalmatia
,
Thracia
,
Macedonia
and
Achaia
;
the
command
of
Constantius
did
begin
at
the
Propontick
Sea
,
and
reached
over
all
Asia
and
the
East
;
And
Constantinus
did
govern
all
beyond
the
Alpes
.
Annibalianus
,
Constantius
,
and
Constans
.
ANnibalianus
the
kinsman
of
Dalmatius
Caesar
,
did
govern
Armenia
,
and
the
Nations
adjoyning
to
it
;
In
the
mean
time
Constantius
and
Constans
fell
at
variance
about
the
Dominions
of
Italy
and
Africa
.
Constantius
a
rash
man
,
and
living
like
a
Plunderer
,
being
filthily
drunk
,
whiles
he
endeavoured
to
intrench
upon
his
Brothers
possessions
,
did
lose
his
own
,
and
being
taken
,
was
killed
and
thrown
into
the
River
of
Alsa
,
not
far
from
Aquileia
.
Constans
given
much
to
hunting
,
whiles
he
followed
the
game
in
the
Forrest
,
Chrestius
,
Marcellinus
,
and
Magnentius
,
with
some
others
of
the
Souldiery
did
conspire
his
death
,
and
having
agreed
upon
the
day
;
Marcellinus
amongst
many
others
did
invite
him
to
Supper
in
pretence
of
celebrating
the
birth
day
of
his
Son
;
The
Feast
continuing
late
in
the
night
,
Magnentius
arising
(
as
he
said
)
to
ease
his
belly
,
did
put
on
the
venerable
habit
of
the
Emperor
;
which
when
Constans
understood
,
he
made
means
to
flie
away
,
but
was
over-taken
and
slain
by
Gaiso
who
with
a
select
band
of
the
Cavalry
was
sent
after
him
.
This
was
done
at
Helena
a
Town
not
far
from
Peirene
in
the
thirteenth
year
of
his
Raign
;
he
was
made
Caesar
three
years
before
,
and
he
lived
seven
and
twenty
years
;
He
was
lame
in
his
feet
,
and
had
the
Gout
also
in
the
joynts
of
his
fingers
.
In
the
Division
of
his
Dominion
,
he
was
fortunate
in
the
temperature
of
the
Ayr
,
in
the
abundance
of
fruits
,
and
for
not
being
annoyed
by
the
Barbarians
,
which
benefits
had
indeed
been
greater
,
if
he
had
advanced
his
Lieutenants
into
the
Government
of
the
Provinces
,
not
by
money
but
by
merit
:
His
death
being
understood
,
Vetranius
the
General
of
the
Army
did
take
upon
him
the
Empire
in
Pannonia
,
of
which
he
was
not
long
afterwards
dispossed
by
Constantius
;
he
lived
to
a
great
age
,
and
in
a
voluptuous
life
,
being
foolish
almost
to
Idotism
it self
.
Constantius
.
COnstantius
made
Gallus
his
Uncles
son
Caesar
,
and
marryed
him
to
his
Sister
Constantina
.
Magnentius
also
at
that
time
beyond
the
Alpes
did
create
his
kinsman
Decentius
,
Caesar
:
And
Nepotianus
the
Son
of
Eutrophia
who
was
Constantines
sister
,
did
assume
the
Government
of
the
Empire
at
Rome
,
whom
Magnentius
in
the
eight
and
twentyeth
day
afterwards
did
suppress
.
In
his
time
there
was
a
great
Battel
fought
at
Marsia
in
which
Constantius
overcame
Magnentius
;
The
strength
of
Rome
did
never
more
suffer
then
in
this
War
,
and
the
Fortunes
of
the
whole
Empire
were
desperately
shaken
.
Magnentius
after
this
,
having
retreated
into
Italy
,
did
kill
at
Thicanum
many
of
his
pursuing
Enemies
,
who
too
improvidently
did
follow
the
chase
,
as
it
oftentimes
falls
out
in
Victories
.
Not
long
afterwards
being
shut
up
in
Lions
,
with
a
prepared
sword
(
the
pommel
of
it
being
set
to
the
Wall
level
to
his
breast
,
)
with
all
his
strength
and
the
whole
weight
of
his
body
he
received
the
point
,
which
running
through
him
(
being
a
man
of
a
great
bulk
,
pouring
forth
his
blood
not
onely
at
his
wound
,
but
as
his
mouth
and
his
nose
also
)
he
expired
,
in
the
thirteenth
Moneth
of
his
Government
,
and
the
fiftyeth
year
of
his
Age
;
His
Parents
were
of
Gallia
;
he
was
a
great
Reader
,
acute
in
his
Discourse
,
of
a
proud
spirit
,
and
yet
immoderately
fearful
,
but
a
great
Artist
to
conceal
his
fear
under
bold
pretences
.
Decentius
no
sooner
heard
of
his
death
,
but
strangling
himself
with
his
own
Garter
he
ended
his
life
.
Much
about
this
time
Gallus
Caesar
was
slain
by
Constantius
;
he
ruled
four
years
.
Silvanus
.
SIlvanus
being
made
Emperor
,
was
slain
in
the
eight
and
twentyeth
day
of
his
Government
;
he
was
of
a
most
pleasing
and
courtly
wit
,
although
begotten
by
a
barbarous
Father
;
he
was
sufficiently
instructed
in
and
prone
enough
to
learn
the
Roman
civilities
.
Constantius
.
COnstantius
did
honour
Claudius
Julianus
the
Brother
of
Gallus
with
the
name
of
Caesar
,
being
about
three
and
twenty
years
of
Age.
He
in
the
Feilds
of
Argentoratum
in
France
did
slay
an
innumerable
company
of
his
Enemies
.
The
bodies
of
the
slain
being
piled
up
,
did
seem
like
so
many
Hills
,
and
the
blood
that
flowed
from
them
did
seem
like
so
many
Rivers
;
Their
famous
King
Nodonarius
was
taken
,
all
the
Nobility
were
utterly
overthrown
,
and
the
limits
of
the
Roman
Power
were
restored
:
At
the
last
fighting
with
the
Almains
,
he
took
their
most
puissant
King
Badomarius
Prisoner
:
By
the
Souldiers
of
Gallia
he
was
proclaimed
Augustus
,
but
Constantius
did
urge
him
by
his
Ambassadors
to
abandon
that
honour
,
and
to
discend
into
his
former
name
and
condition
.
Julianus
.
IVlian
by
softer
Mandates
did
make
Answer
,
that
he
more
officiously
would
obey
,
if
the
injunction
laid
upon
him
were
confirmed
by
the
Authority
of
the
high
Empire
,
whereat
Constantius
being
greatly
offended
,
being
more
and
more
inflamed
with
grief
and
choler
,
did
contract
a
violent
Feaver
at
Mopsocrene
being
situated
at
the
foot
of
the
Mountain
Taurus
;
His
indignation
and
want
of
sleep
did
increase
the
malignancy
of
his
disease
,
so
that
he
dyed
in
the
four
&
fortyeth
years
of
his
age
,
and
the
nine
&
thirtyeth
of
his
Raign
,
having
been
Augustus
four
and
twenty
years
,
and
raigned
with
Magnentius
and
his
own
brothers
sixteen
years
,
and
eight
years
alone
;
He
was
fortunate
in
all
his
Civil
Wars
,
but
most
unhappy
in
Forraign
Wars
;
He
was
admirably
expert
in
Archery
,
and
much
given
to
meat
,
wine
and
to
sleep
,
very
patient
of
labour
,
and
desirous
of
eloquence
,
which
not
being
able
to
obtain
he
envyed
others
;
He
was
much
given
to
the
love
of
his
Attendants
and
Eunuchs
,
and
to
the
love
of
his
Wives
,
with
whom
he
lived
very
contented
,
not
turning
his
lawful
affections
to
any
unnatural
or
filthy
lusts
.
Amongst
all
his
wives
he
loved
Eus●lia
best
,
who
indeed
was
very
beautiful
,
but
by
her
Amantiae
and
Gordoniae
,
and
other
importunate
services
,
she
much
blemished
the
Emperors
reputation
,
contrary
to
the
custome
of
modest
Ladies
,
whose
saving
Counsels
do
oftentimes
much
assist
their
Husbands
.
To
omit
other
Examples
,
it
is
almost
incredible
how
much
Pompeia
Plotina
encreased
the
glory
of
Trajan
,
whose
procurators
did
so
oppress
the
Provinces
,
that
one
of
them
is
said
in
these
words
to
salute
every
rich
man
he
did
meet
,
with
,
What
hast
thou
on
thy
Table
?
From
whence
hast
thou
it
?
Deliver
what
thou
hast
.
She
understanding
of
it
,
did
reprove
her
Husband
,
that
he
was
so
unmindful
of
his
Honour
,
and
caused
him
so
much
to
detest
such
exactions
,
that
he
afterwards
called
his
Exchequer
the
Milt
,
because
that
the
Milt
swelling
too
much
,
all
the
rest
of
the
members
do
consume
.
Julianus
having
invested
himself
in
the
Government
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
being
desirous
of
glory
,
did
make
War
upon
the
Persians
;
where
being
deceived
by
a
Fugitive
sent
by
the
Parthians
for
that
purpose
,
who
had
round
about
inclosed
him
,
and
begun
to
fall
upon
his
Camp
,
he
armed
onely
with
his
shield
did
run
out
of
his
Tent
,
and
in
too
rash
valour
leading
forth
his
Forces
to
the
battel
,
he
was
run
through
with
a
Spear
by
one
of
his
Enemies
rising
from
the
ground
;
being
mortally
wounded
,
he
was
carried
into
his
Tent
,
and
coming
forth
again
to
encourage
his
Souldiers
to
the
fight
,
his
blood
so
issued
forth
that
he
dyed
about
midnight
,
having
first
said
that
he
would
not
(
as
the
custom
then
was
)
give
any
order
for
the
succession
in
the
Empire
,
least
in
the
multitude
of
his
friends
present
,
who
with
different
Counsels
did
seek
that
dignity
,
the
envy
or
emulation
of
any
of
them
through
civil
discord
should
procure
any
danger
to
the
Army
.
There
was
in
him
a
vaste
knowledge
of
Letters
and
of
great
affairs
,
which
made
him
to
give
such
a
countetenance
to
Philosophers
and
the
wisest
men
of
Greece
;
He
was
but
short
of
stature
,
and
not
strong
,
yet
able
through
exercise
.
There
were
in
him
some
things
which
did
diminish
the
glory
of
his
vertues
,
as
his
immoderate
desire
of
praise
,
his
superstitious
worship
of
the
gods
,
and
a
valor
more
rash
and
daring
then
became
an
Emperour
,
whose
safety
being
the
common
good
of
all
men
,
is
diligently
to
be
provided
at
all
times
,
but
especially
in
War
.
The
ardent
desire
of
glory
did
so
much
overcome
him
,
that
he
could
not
be
disswaded
by
an
Earthquake
nor
many
other
presages
from
his
Expedition
into
Persia
,
no
nor
by
seeing
in
the
night
a
great
Globe
to
fall
down
as
if
Heaven
fell
with
it
,
could
he
be
induced
to
appoint
a
more
happy
time
for
that
War
.
Jovinian
.
IOvinian
the
Son
of
Varronianus
in
the
I
le
of
Singidona
in
the
Province
of
Pannonia
,
did
raign
eight
Moneths
:
His
Father
having
lost
many
children
,
was
admonished
in
a
dream
to
call
that
childe
of
which
his
Mother
was
ready
to
be
delivered
,
Jovinian
;
he
was
a
man
of
a
most
gallant
personage
,
pleasant
of
wit
,
and
studious
of
Letters
.
In
the
midst
of
a
sharp
winter
,
travelling
from
Persia
to
Constantinople
,
he
fell
into
a
crudity
of
his
stomack
,
and
being
oppressed
by
the
management
of
new
his
dignity
,
he
dyed
suddenly
,
being
almost
forty
years
of
age
.
Valentinian
.
VAlentinian
ruled
twelve
years
and
about
nine
moneths
;
His
Father
Gratianus
was
meanly
born
,
and
among
the
Cibalae
was
called
Funarius
,
because
that
carying
C●rds
up
and
down
to
be
sold
,
five
Souldiers
could
not
take
one
of
them
from
him
;
for
this
he
was
called
to
be
a
Souldier
,
where
by
degrees
he
did
ascend
to
the
power
of
a
Praetor
.
The
Souldiers
for
his
sake
did
bestow
the
Empire
upon
Valentinian
his
Son
,
who
at
the
first
did
refuse
to
accept
it
;
He
made
his
cousin
Valens
Companion
with
him
in
the
Empire
,
and
afterwards
his
Son
Gratianus
,
whom
(
by
the
perswasions
of
his
Mother-in-law
and
his
wife
)
being
but
a
childe
,
he
created
Augustus
.
This
Valentinian
was
of
a
comely
presence
,
of
a
sharp
apprehension
,
and
most
eloquent
in
Speech
,
although
he
was
not
forward
to
express
himself
;
He
was
severe
,
vehement
,
and
an
enemy
to
vices
,
especially
to
covetousness
,
of
which
he
was
a
great
punisher
;
and
in
all
things
which
I
have
spoken
of
him
,
he
was
most
like
to
Adrian
;
He
was
well
versed
in
Antiquities
,
and
invented
new
Arms
and
Utensils
of
War
;
He
could
draw
the
figures
of
men
exactly
in
Earth
or
Clay
;
He
wisely
knew
how
to
make
use
of
place
,
time
,
and
words
.
To
conclude
,
he
had
been
an
absolute
Prince
,
if
he
had
not
given
too
much
credence
unto
Flatterers
,
or
had
followed
the
advice
of
his
most
approved
&
learned
Counsellors
.
In
his
time
Firmius
was
slain
attempting
the
Empire
in
Mauritania
.
At
the
last
,
giving
Audience
to
an
Embassie
of
the
Guardians
at
Bergentium
,
by
a
disease
in
the
blood
,
he
was
struck
speechless
in
the
five
and
fiftieth
year
of
his
Age
,
and
being
of
perfect
sense
and
memory
he
expired
:
Some
affirm
that
this
disease
fell
upon
him
through
intemperance
of
diet
,
his
sinews
being
over-stretched
by
too
much
saturity
.
He
being
dead
,
Valentinian
his
Son
being
but
four
years
of
Age
,
was
with
his
Mother
brought
to
Rome
,
and
created
Emperor
by
the
procurement
of
Aequitius
and
Merobaudus
.
Valens
.
VAlens
with
his
young
Cousin
Valentian
raigned
ten
years
,
and
five
moneths
.
Valens
making
an
unfortunate
War
with
the
Gothes
was
wounded
with
arrows
,
and
being
brought
into
a
most
sordid
Cottage
,
the
Gothes
following
the
pursute
set
fire
on
it
,
where
he
perished
in
the
Flame
;
He
was
to
be
commended
for
these
things
.
He
was
a
good
Counseller
,
just
in
altering
of
judgements
,
trusty
to
his
friends
,
not
angry
to
any
mans
prejudice
,
and
fearful
enough
when
he
saw
cause
for
it
.
In
his
time
Procopius
the
Tyrant
was
put
to
death
.
Gratianus
.
GRatianus
was
born
at
Syrmium
,
and
raigned
with
his
Father
Valentinian
eight
years
,
with
his
Uncle
and
his
brother
three
years
,
with
the
same
Brother
and
Theodosius
four
years
,
and
with
them
all
,
Arcadius
also
being
inserted
six
moneths
.
He
overthrew
thirty
thousand
Alemans
at
Argentoratum
in
Gallia
:
Having
understood
that
the
Gothes
and
Triballians
,
and
the
Huns
and
Alans
,
Nations
more
ruinous
then
destruction
it self
,
had
possessed
Thrace
and
Dacia
,
as
if
those
Countreys
had
been
theirs
by
Inheritance
,
finding
that
the
Roman
Name
and
State
were
in
great
danger
to
be
utterly
extinct
,
did
send
for
Theodosius
out
of
Spain
,
and
in
the
three
and
thirtieth
year
of
his
Age
he
did
resign
the
Government
of
the
Empire
to
him
.
This
Gratian
was
not
meanely
Learned
;
he
could
make
a
Verse
,
speak
eloquently
,
and
lay
open
a
Cause
like
a
perfect
Orator
.
Night
and
day
he
made
it
his
business
to
meditate
on
Archery
,
and
the
hurling
of
Darts
,
thinking
it
a
faculty
of
the
greatest
pleasure
,
and
which
carryed
in
it
some
divinity
with
it
in
it
,
with
a
stedfast
dexterity
to
hit
the
mark
assigned
him
;
he
was
a
conqueror
of
his
lusts
,
wine
,
and
luxury
▪
And
he
had
been
good
to
all
if
he
had
addicted
his
minde
to
manage
the
Government
of
the
Commonwealth
,
in
which
he
was
defective
both
in
knowledge
to
rule
,
and
in
inclination
to
learn
;
for
having
neglected
the
Army
,
and
preferred
the
Alani
(
whom
with
a
vast
sum
of
money
he
had
drawn
unto
▪
him
)
and
being
become
such
a
friend
and
companion
of
the
Barbarians
,
that
he
would
be
seen
in
publick
with
them
,
and
walk
in
their
habit
,
he
drew
upon
him
the
hatred
of
the
Roman
Souldiery
.
In
his
time
Maximius
who
rebelled
in
Britanie
came
into
France
,
and
being
received
by
those
Legions
who
were
discontented
with
Gratian
,
they
did
put
him
to
flight
,
and
immediately
afterwards
he
dyed
,
having
lived
eight
and
twenty
years
.
Theodosius
.
THeodosius
was
the
Son
of
Honorius
,
his
Mothers
name
was
Th●rmantia
,
he
was
a
Spaniard
by
his
birth
,
but
deriving
his
original
from
the
Emperor
Trajan
;
He
was
made
Emperor
by
Gratian
at
Syrmium
▪
and
ruled
seven
and
twenty
years
;
It
is
reported
that
his
Parents
were
admonished
in
a
dream
to
give
him
this
Name
whereby
we
might
understand
in
Latin
,
that
he
was
given
us
by
God
;
There
was
an
Oracle
also
famous
over
all
Asia
,
that
one
should
succeed
Valens
in
the
Empire
,
whose
name
should
begin
with
the
Greek
letters
,
θ
,
ε
,
and
ο
,
with
a
presumption
whereof
Theodorus
being
deceived
,
he
was
justly
put
to
death
for
his
ambitious
and
immoderate
desire
of
Soveraignty
.
Theodosius
was
an
illustrious
Defender
and
an
enlarger
of
the
Commonwealth
;
for
in
divers
memorable
Battels
he
overthrew
the
Goths
and
the
Huns
who
laid
wast
the
Empire
;
and
having
invaded
the
Persians
,
he
compelled
them
to
seek
for
peace
of
him
;
he
slew
at
Aquileia
Maximius
the
Tyrant
;
who
had
killed
Gratian
,
and
challenged
all
France
to
himself
;
He
caused
also
Victor
his
Son
to
be
killed
,
whom
his
Father
Maximius
had
proclaimed
Augustus
,
when
he
was
in
the
years
of
his
Infancy
;
He
overcame
also
Eugenius
the
Tyrant
,
and
Arbogastes
,
ten
thousand
of
their
Army
being
cut
in
pieces
;
This
Eugenius
trusting
to
the
forces
of
Arbogastes
,
after
he
had
slain
Valentinian
at
Vienna
,
called
himself
Emperor
;
but
not
long
after
he
lost
his
life
and
Empire
both
togegether
.
Theodosius
in
body
and
conditions
did
much
resemble
the
Emperor
Trajan
,
as
the
writings
of
the
Historians
in
those
daye●
and
his
Picture
do
declare
;
so
tall
he
wa●
in
stature
,
such
was
the
proportion
of
his
limbs
,
such
was
the
colour
of
his
hair
,
the
same
face
,
unless
his
cheeks
were
a
little
more
thin
by
often
plucking
out
the
hair
by
the
roots
;
neither
had
he
so
great
eyes
;
and
I
know
not
whether
he
had
altogether
so
great
a
flourish
of
beauty
in
his
face
,
and
such
a
gracefulness
in
his
gate
;
but
I
am
sure
their
minds
were
most
alike
,
so
that
nothing
can
be
said
or
read
in
books
of
the
one
,
which
may
not
properly
be
translated
to
the
other
;
He
was
gentle
,
merciful
,
and
affable
to
all
,
&
thought
that
only
in
his
habit
he
did
differ
from
other
men
;
he
was
munificent
to
all
,
but
magnificent
to
the
good
;
he
loved
ordinary
wits
,
and
admired
the
great
ones
(
provided
they
were
harmless
;
with
a
great
mind
he
gave
great
largesses
,
he
loved
the
Citizens
,
and
those
most
known
unto
him
him
by
private
acquaintance
,
&
enriched
them
with
honours
,
money
,
and
other
benefits
,
especially
those
whose
good
offices
to
him
as
towards
a
Father
in
the
time
of
his
adversity
he
had
approved
;
but
for
loving
of
Wine
,
and
the
desire
of
triumphs
,
with
which
Trajan
was
aspersed
,
he
so
much
detested
them
that
he
found
Wars
,
but
did
make
none
;
and
by
a
Law
did
prohibit
all
wanton
meetings
,
and
to
have
Songs
at
Banquets
,
so
much
he
did
contribute
to
continence
and
modesty
,
that
he
did
forbid
the
marriage
of
Cousin
▪
germans
as
an
unlawful
thing
:
For
learning
,
being
compared
to
those
who
are
absolute
,
he
was
not
extraordinary
,
but
wise
and
prudent
he
was
,
and
very
diligent
to
read
men
in
their
manners
.
He
would
hastily
condemn
the
cruel
deeds
of
the
Ancients
,
and
those
Enemies
to
publick
liberty
,
Cinna
,
Marius
,
and
Sylla
,
and
he
did
bear
an
especial
hatred
to
perfidious
and
ungrateful
persons
;
He
would
suddenly
be
angry
,
but
he
was
apt
to
return
to
his
first
temper
,
and
after
a
little
pause
he
would
of
himself
be
quickly
appeased
.
Sometimes
he
would
propound
unto
himself
the
severe
precepts
out
of
Livy
,
or
what
Augustus
was
taught
by
him
who
did
read
Philosophy
unto
him
,
that
if
he
were
angry
at
any
time
,
before
he
attempted
to
revenge
the
displeasure
,
he
should
repeat
the
four
and
twenty
Greek
Letters
,
by
means
whereof
the
concitation
of
the
spirit
,
which
in
a
moment
was
raised
(
the
minde
being
otherwise
imployed
)
might
in
a
little
respite
of
time
be
appeased
.
A
brave
man
undoubtedly
he
was
thus
to
exercise
his
patience
,
and
which
is
a
proof
of
a
singular
vertue
,
after
the
regal
power
confirmed
by
years
,
and
much
more
after
a
civil
Victory
.
What
shall
I
speak
of
his
sollicitous
care
in
providing
of
Corn
,
and
to
restore
out
of
his
own
treasure
the
vast
sums
of
gold
&
silver
taken
away
by
force
&
consumed
by
Tyrants
,
even
when
bountiful
Princes
do
hardly
give
unto
their
Followers
the
reversion
of
a
few
unfruitful
fields
,
or
of
a
plundred
Farm
?
Neither
can
those
less
things
be
forgotten
,
which
being
practised
within
the
Court
,
do
more
attract
the
eyes
and
ears
of
all
curious
natures
to
behold
them
,
as
to
reverence
the
Uncle
like
the
Father
,
to
bring
up
the
children
either
of
the
dead
Brother
or
Sister
as
his
own
,
to
embrace
kindred
and
allyance
with
the
affection
of
a
Parent
,
to
make
a
neat
and
a
merry
Feast
,
but
not
a
sumptuous
one
,
to
frame
the
discourse
to
the
quality
of
the
persons
,
and
observances
to
Dignities
,
to
have
a
discourse
pleasant
with
gravity
,
a
tender
Father
and
a
loving
Husband
;
He
so
exercised
himself
in
sports
,
as
to
be
neither
thereby
engaged
or
wearied
,
and
when
he
had
leisure
,
he
refreshed
his
spirits
with
walking
;
He
governed
his
bodily
health
with
a
good
diet
;
And
thus
in
the
fiftyeth
year
of
his
Age
he
dyed
in
peace
at
Millain
,
leaving
in
a
peaceable
condition
the
two
Commonwealths
to
his
two
Sons
,
Arcadius
and
Honorius
;
his
body
was
the
same
year
in
which
he
dyed
,
conveyed
to
Constantinople
,
and
there
interred
.
FINIS
.
An
Alphabetical
TABLE
,
of
those
things
which
are
most
remarkable
in
this
HISTORY
.
-
THe
Abderits
forced
from
their
own
Country
by
multitudes
of
Frogs
and
Mice
,
to
seek
new
habitations
,
page
237
-
Aborigines
the
first
Inhabitants
of
Italy
,
p.
501
-
The
abrogation
of
the
Custome
for
the
sacrifizing
of
men
alive
,
p.
281
-
Abydus
,
p.
52
-
The
Acarnanians
alone
ayded
not
the
Graecians
against
the
Trojans
,
p.
364
-
The
Achaians
fight
with
Nabis
,
p.
389
-
Their
combination
,
fidelity
,
and
power
,
ibid.
-
Adrian
the
Emperor
,
p.
555
-
The
Adriatick
Sea
,
and
why
so
called
,
p.
287
-
Adultery
most
severely
punished
amongst
the
Parthians
,
p.
481
-
Aeacides
King
of
the
Molossi
,
p.
232
-
The
greatest
part
of
that
Name
dying
about
thirty
years
of
Age
,
p.
202
-
Their
Original
from
Hercules
,
p.
157
-
Aegeades
from
whence
so
called
,
p.
114
-
Aegeus
King
of
the
Athenians
,
Father
of
Theseus
,
p.
137
-
Aegypt
fortified
at
the
vast
expence
of
her
King
,
p.
26
-
Aegypt
the
Granary
of
the
Roman
people
,
p.
526
-
The
Aegyptians
superstitious
,
p.
17
-
The
fruitfulness
and
temper
of
Aegypt
,
p.
24
-
Aemilius
gave
Law
to
the
Macedons
,
p.
414
-
Aeneas
came
into
Italy
,
p.
502
-
Aeneas
dyed
in
the
wars
against
Mezensius
,
ibid.
-
Aeolus
heretofore
governed
Sicily
,
p.
75
-
The
Aeolian
Ilands
,
p.
73
-
Aetna
Hill
,
and
the
perpetual
burning
of
it
,
p.
74
-
The
Aetolians
lost
their
liberty
,
p.
401
-
The
Africans
send
back
their
tribute
to
the
Carthaginians
,
p.
282
-
The
excellent
words
of
Africanus
,
p.
400
-
His
moderation
in
the
receiving
of
his
Son
,
p.
397
,
398
-
Agathocles
twice
a
banished
man
,
p.
306
-
Agathocles
of
a
base
original
,
become
tyrant
of
Sicily
,
ibid.
-
Agathocles
took
away
all
hope
of
flight
by
burning
the
ships
,
p.
313
-
Agathocles
his
death
,
p.
322
-
Agesilaus
lame
in
one
foot
,
p.
101
-
Agis
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
p.
179
-
Alcibiades
of
his
own
accord
goes
to
banishment
to
Elis
,
p.
82
-
Alcibiades
his
gallant
courage
,
wit
,
and
personage
,
p.
83
-
Alcibiades
called
back
from
his
command
,
to
answer
for
his
prophaness
,
p.
81
-
Alcibiades
knew
the
wife
of
Agis
,
p.
83
-
Alcibiades
goes
again
into
banishment
,
p.
88
-
Alcibiades
burned
alive
in
his
Chamber
,
p.
93
-
Alexander
demands
of
the
Athenians
their
Orators
and
Captains
,
p.
158
-
Alexander
in
many
battels
having
overthrown
the
Persians
,
doth
put
upon
them
the
yoak
of
servitude
,
p.
274
-
Alexander
marryeth
Statyra
the
daughter
of
Darius
,
p.
196
-
Alexander
would
be
worshipped
as
a
God
,
and
be
called
the
Son
of
Jupiter
Hammon
,
p.
169
-
Alexander
the
Great
,
conspired
against
by
Alexander
Lyncestes
,
p.
161
-
Alexander
the
revenger
of
his
Fathers
death
,
p.
153
-
Alexander
determined
to
die
of
hunger
,
p.
188
-
Alexander
given
to
Wine
and
Choler
,
p.
146
-
Alexander
grievously
wounded
,
p.
195
-
Alexander
his
dangerous
feaver
at
the
River
Cydnus
,
p.
171
-
Alexanders
dead
body
to
be
convayed
to
Hammon
,
by
his
own
command
,
p.
202
-
Alexander
King
of
Epirus
was
dis-invested
by
Antigonus
of
his
Kingdom
,
p.
354
-
Alexander
Caesar
,
p.
586
-
Alexandria
on
Tanais
builded
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
p.
140
-
Alexandria
in
Aegypt
builded
by
him
,
p.
169
-
The
Original
of
the
Amazones
,
p.
30
-
The
coming
of
their
Queen
Thalestris
to
Alexander
the
Great
,
p.
33
-
Amilco
succeeded
Hamilcar
,
p.
282
-
Amilco
killed
himself
,
p.
285
-
Amphitryo
dedicated
Athens
to
Minerva
,
p.
36
-
The
justice
of
Anaxilaus
,
p.
75
-
Annabal
made
Captain
before
he
was
at
mans
estate
,
p.
372.
-
Annibal
sixteen
years
a
Conqueror
in
Italy
,
p.
447
-
Annibals
policy
to
avoyd
the
envie
and
the
danger
that
might
attend
his
great
wealth
,
p.
408.
-
Annibals
stratagem
to
overcome
by
Serpents
,
p.
409
-
Annibals
death
by
poyson
,
ibid.
-
Annibalianus
Caesar
,
p.
590
-
Antigonus
killed
by
Sandrocottus
,
p.
243
-
Antigonus
threw
the
Diadem
from
him
,
p.
367
-
Antigonus
War
with
Perdiccas
,
p.
217
-
Antiochus
killed
by
the
Parthians
,
p.
461
,
462
-
Antiochus
overcome
and
slain
in
banishment
,
p.
362
-
Antiochus
overcome
by
the
Romans
,
p.
401
-
Antiochus
suspected
Hannibal
,
p.
392
-
Antiochus
restored
his
Son
to
Africanus
,
p.
397
-
Antiochia
builded
by
Seleucus
,
p.
242
-
Antipater
killeth
his
Mother
Thessalonice
,
p.
245
-
All
the
Family
of
Antipater
extinguished
,
p.
248
-
Antoninus
Caesar
the
Pious
,
p.
558
-
Appollo
revenging
himself
against
Brennus
,
p.
341
-
Appius
Claudius
breaking
the
Peace
with
Pyrrhus
,
p.
266
-
The
use
of
Honey
and
Runnet
found
out
by
Aristaeus
,
p
220
-
The
Arabians
weak
and
impotent
,
473
-
Abdolominus
made
King
of
Sidon
from
the
lowest
degree
of
Fortune
,
167
-
Archidamus
Commander
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
wounded
,
p.
108
-
The
Argonauts
,
p.
407
,
492
-
The
Argyraspides
overcome
by
Antigonus
,
p.
227
-
Aridaeus
the
Son
of
Philip
raigneth
in
Macedonia
,
p.
156
-
Aristides
,
p.
57
-
Aristotimus
the
Tyrant
of
the
Epirots
,
his
cruelty
,
p.
351
-
Aristonicus
overcome
by
the
Consul
Perpenna
,
p.
433
-
Aristotle
Tutor
to
Alexander
the
Great
,
p.
204
-
The
greatness
of
Armenia
,
and
description
of
it
,
p.
490
-
Armenius
the
companion
of
Jason
,
491
-
Ascanius
succeeded
his
Father
Aeneas
,
p.
503
-
Arsaces
the
common
name
of
the
Parthian
Kings
,
p
484
-
Arsacides
his
mercy
to
conquered
Demetrius
,
p.
458
-
Arsinoës
departure
into
banishment
,
p.
332
-
Artabanus
killed
Xerxes
,
and
he
himself
slain
by
Artaxerxes
,
p
▪
52
,
53
-
Artaxerxes
had
one
hundred
and
fifteen
Sons
,
p.
148
-
Artemisia
that
memorable
and
gallant
Queen
,
p.
51
-
Arymbas
made
Laws
for
the
Epirots
,
p.
260
-
Asia
the
cause
of
many
Wars
,
reduced
into
the
power
of
the
people
of
Rome
,
p.
433
-
Assyrians
afterwards
called
Syrians
,
how
long
they
held
the
Empire
,
p.
6
-
Astyages
of
a
King
made
Governor
of
the
Hyrcanians
,
p.
13
-
Athens
one
of
the
eyes
of
Greece
,
p.
92
-
Athis
the
daughter
of
Cranaus
gave
a
name
unto
it
,
p.
36
-
The
Athenians
hated
by
all
men
,
p.
82
-
The
great
wars
of
the
Athenians
with
the
Lacedemonians
,
p.
88
-
The
Athenians
the
inventors
of
Oyl
,
Wine
,
and
the
manufactures
of
Wooll
,
p.
36
-
Attalus
his
Parricides
,
and
death
,
p.
431
-
Attilius
his
war
against
Antiochus
,
p.
403
-
Augustus
Caesar
his
life
and
death
,
p.
526
,
&c.
-
Aurelian
Caesar
,
and
his
gorgeous
habiliments
,
p.
578
B
-
BAbylon
builded
by
Semiramis
,
p.
5
-
Bactrians
lose
their
liberty
,
and
all
things
,
p.
485
-
Barce
builded
by
Alexander
,
p.
196
-
Butti
who
so
called
,
p.
219
-
Belgius
Commander
of
the
Gauls
,
p.
334
-
Beronice
having
revenged
the
wrong
offered
to
her
,
was
killed
by
deceit
,
p.
358
-
Bessus
delivered
by
Alexander
to
the
brother
of
Darius
,
p.
186
-
The
River
Bilbilis
in
which
the
Spaniards
dip
their
sleel
,
p.
518
-
Bomilcar
fastned
to
the
Cross
,
p.
316
-
Brennus
Captain
of
the
Gauls
killed
himself
at
Delphos
,
p.
341
-
Brundusium
builded
by
the
Aetolians
,
p.
180
-
The
Brutians
overthrew
Alexander
of
Epirus
,
p.
181
-
Bucephala
builded
by
Alexander
in
the
memory
of
his
Horse
so
called
,
p.
192
-
Byrsa
the
City
of
Carthage
so
called
from
the
Hide
of
an
Ox
,
p.
273
-
Byzantium
besieged
by
Pyrrhus
,
p.
134
C
-
CAepio
the
Roman
Consul
took
away
the
Gold
at
Tholouzi
,
p.
406
-
Caligula
,
why
so
called
,
p.
533
-
Calimander
his
faithfulness
to
Demetrius
,
p.
459
-
Calisthenes
the
Philosopher
his
lamentable
end
,
because
he
would
not
adore
Alexander
the
great
,
p.
190
-
Cambyses
demolished
the
Temple
of
Apis
,
and
his
Army
overwhelmed
afterwards
at
the
Temple
of
Hammon
,
p.
17
-
Candaules
King
of
the
Lydians
,
p.
14
-
The
Cappadocians
overcome
by
Perdiccas
,
burns
all
their
moveables
,
with
themselves
,
p.
216
-
Caracalla
Caesar
,
p.
567
-
Caranus
the
first
King
of
Macedonia
,
by
the
Conduct
and
direction
of
Goats
buildeth
the
City
of
Edyssa
,
p.
114
-
Carthage
builded
before
Rome
seventy
two
years
,
p.
276
-
The
Carthaginians
forbid
to
speak
or
write
in
Grerk
,
p.
295
-
The
Carthaginians
war
with
the
Sicilians
,
p.
75
-
Carus
Caesar
,
p.
580
-
Cassander
killeth
Alexander
with
his
Mother
Arsinoe
,
p.
237
-
Castor
and
Pollux
propitious
and
present
to
the
Locrensians
,
p.
289
-
Cecrops
King
of
the
Athenians
,
p.
36
-
Ceres
her
holy
Mysteries
,
p.
81
-
Caribdis
that
dangerous
gulf
,
p.
74
-
Chrestos
killed
by
Mithridates
,
p.
450
-
Chion
and
Leonides
conspire
against
Clearchus
,
p.
254
-
Cimon
overcometh
Xerxes
by
Sea
and
Land
,
and
his
piety
to
his
Father
,
p.
57
,
58
-
Civil
war
betwixt
Caesar
and
Pompey
,
p.
494
-
Claudius
Tiberius
,
p.
531
-
Claudius
Caesar
,
ibid.
-
Clearchus
banished
amongst
the
Heraclians
,
and
his
cruelty
towards
them
,
p.
255
-
Cleopatra
the
daughter
of
Philip
marrieth
Alexander
King
of
the
Epirots
,
p.
141
-
Cleopatra
marryed
her
own
brother
Ptolomy
,
and
the
execrable
murders
committed
by
him
,
p.
455
-
Cleophis
redeemed
her
Kingdom
by
yielding
to
the
lust
of
Alexander
,
p.
191
-
Clytus
killed
by
Alexander
,
p.
187
-
Cocceius
Nerva
,
p.
550
-
Codoman
made
Governor
of
the
Armenians
,
p.
151
-
Codrus
the
last
King
of
the
Athenians
,
and
his
noble
death
,
p.
37
-
Commodus
Caesar
,
p.
563
-
Conon
banished
to
Cyprus
,
p.
100
-
Constans
Caesar
,
p.
590
-
Constantinus
Caesar
,
p.
587
-
Constantius
Caesar
,
ibid.
-
Corcyra
taken
by
Ptolomy
,
p.
347
-
Corinth
demolished
,
p.
417
-
Crassus
with
all
his
Army
overthrown
by
Horodes
,
p.
432
-
Critias
and
Hippolochus
their
just
deaths
,
p.
95
-
Craesus
King
of
the
Lydians
taken
,
p.
13
-
Cyclops
heretofore
Inhabiting
Sicily
,
p.
75
-
Cynegyrus
his
great
fortitude
,
p.
42
-
The
Cyprian
Virgins
provide
them
dowries
by
the
prostitution
of
their
bodies
,
p.
272
-
Cyrini
builded
by
Aristaeus
,
p.
219
-
Cyricaenus
killeth
Gryphina
,
p.
470
-
Cyrus
maketh
war
on
the
Medes
,
p.
11
-
Cyrus
maketh
war
on
the
Sythians
,
p.
16
-
Cyrus
suckled
by
a
Bitch
,
p.
8
-
Cyrus
destroyed
by
the
Scythians
with
all
his
Army
,
p.
17
D
-
DAcians
their
Original
from
the
Goths
,
p.
407
-
Damascus
a
City
of
Syria
,
p.
427
-
Darius
his
march
against
Lanthinus
the
Scythian
,
and
against
the
Athenians
,
p.
35
-
Darius
in
a
great
overthrow
flying
from
Alexander
,
p.
161
-
Darius
offers
his
daughter
in
marriage
to
him
,
p.
170
-
Darius
bound
by
his
own
men
in
golden
chains
,
p.
274
-
Darius
Mother
,
Wife
and
Daughters
taken
Captive
,
p.
166
-
Darius
(
another
of
that
name
)
made
King
by
the
neighing
of
his
Horse
,
p.
20
-
Decius
Caesar
,
p.
573
-
Diadamia
the
daughter
of
Aeacides
,
p.
233
-
Delphos
Temple
,
the
description
of
it
,
p.
337
-
Delos
the
Treasury
of
Greece
,
p.
68
-
Demaratus
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
p.
44
-
Demetrius
is
slain
,
p.
356
-
Demetrius
King
of
Epirus
dyeth
,
p.
367
-
Demetrius
delivereth
himself
to
Seleucus
,
p.
248
-
Demetrius
fighting
against
the
Parthians
,
is
taken
,
p.
426
-
Demetrius
unsuccess
of
all
war
against
the
Jews
,
p.
427
-
Demophoon
the
Son
of
Thesius
,
p.
37
-
Demosthenes
kills
himself
,
p.
80
-
Demosthenes
corrupted
by
the
Persians
,
p.
154
-
Deucalion
wherefore
believed
to
have
restored
mankinde
,
p.
36
-
Diadumenus
Caesar
,
p.
568
-
Didius
Julian
Caesar
,
p.
565
-
Dido
worshipped
for
a
Goddess
,
p.
275
-
The
deluge
in
the
time
of
Amphitryo
,
p.
36
-
Dindimean
Jupiter
plundred
by
Antiochus
,
p.
403
-
Dioclesian
Caesar
refused
at
first
the
Empire
,
p.
581
-
Dionysius
teaching
a
School
at
Corinth
,
p.
302
-
Dionysius
the
Tyrant
killed
by
Treachery
,
p.
295
-
Dionysius
his
parricides
and
perfidiousness
,
p.
297
-
Domitian
,
p.
548
-
Domitius
Nero
defiles
his
own
mother
,
p.
538
E
-
EPaminondas
his
moderation
,
learning
,
valour
and
death
,
p.
110
,
111
-
Ephesus
builded
by
the
Amazons
,
p.
31
-
Ephestion
most
dear
to
Alexander
,
p.
199
-
Epigoni
their
original
,
p.
185
-
Epirus
the
original
of
it
,
&c.
p.
199
-
Evagorus
King
of
Cyprus
,
p.
90
-
Evander
his
coming
into
Italy
,
p.
501
-
Eviratedes
slain
by
his
own
Son
,
p.
486
-
Eumenes
overcome
by
Antigonus
,
p.
225
-
Europus
raigned
in
Europia
,
p.
114
-
Eurydice
her
parricide
,
p.
119
-
Eurymedon
Captain
of
the
Athenians
,
p.
79
F
-
Fabricius
Lacinus
makes
peace
with
Pyrrhus
,
p.
266
-
Fatua
the
wife
of
Faunus
,
p.
502
-
Faunus
King
of
Italy
,
p.
81
-
Faustulus
the
Kings
shepheard
,
p.
504
-
Florianus
Caesar
,
p.
579
-
Flaminius
overcame
the
Macedons
,
p.
384
-
Flaminius
in
two
battels
overcame
Nabis
,
p.
389
G
-
GAlerius
Maximinian
Caesar
,
p.
583
-
Galerius
Armentarius
Caesar
,
p.
585
-
Galerius
Maximinus
,
p.
586
-
Gallienus
Caesar
,
p.
575
-
Gallus
Caesar
,
p.
573
-
The
Gauls
,
deriving
their
humanity
from
whom
,
p.
507
-
Gyptis
her
strange
marriage
,
p.
506
-
The
Gauls
invade
Italy
,
and
possess
themselves
of
Rome
,
p.
332
-
The
Gauls
overcome
the
Macedons
,
p.
334
-
The
Gauls
Army
utterly
destroyed
,
p.
341
-
Gallo-graecia
from
whence
so
called
,
p.
345
-
Gargoris
the
most
antient
King
of
the
Spaniards
,
first
found
out
the
use
of
Honey
,
p.
518
-
Geryon
wherefore
reported
to
have
three
bodies
,
p.
521
-
Gobrias
his
gallant
Atchievement
,
p.
19
-
Gordianus
Caesar
,
p.
571
-
Gordius
made
King
,
p.
162
,
his
plough
,
p.
163
,
and
the
ends
of
his
Cord
discovered
by
the
sword
of
Alexander
,
ibid.
-
Gratianus
Caesar
,
p.
601
-
Gryphus
so
called
by
reason
of
his
nose
,
p.
469
his
forcing
his
mother
to
drink
that
poyson
which
was
prepared
for
him
,
p.
467
-
Gryphina
her
cruelty
470
,
her
death
,
ibid.
and
the
just
death
of
Cleopatra
by
her
youngest
Son
Alexander
,
p.
471
-
Gyges
,
p.
15
-
Gylippus
his
Victories
in
Sicily
,
p.
78
H
-
HAbis
first
taught
the
Spaniards
the
use
of
the
plough
,
p.
520
-
Hamilcar
wickedly
killed
by
the
Carthaginians
,
p.
304
-
Hamilcar
(
another
of
that
name
)
killed
in
Sicily
,
p.
282
-
Hanno
his
great
treachery
and
grievous
punishment
,
p.
301
-
Harpagus
,
p.
8
-
Helenus
the
Son
of
Priamus
,
p.
260
-
Helvius
Pertinax
,
p.
564
-
Heliogabulus
Caesar
,
p.
569
-
Heraclea
the
Seat
of
Tyrants
,
p.
255
-
Hercules
overthrew
the
Amazons
,
p.
32
-
Hercules
and
Bacohus
the
first
Conquerors
of
the
East
,
p.
492
-
Hercylides
,
p.
99
-
Hiarbas
King
of
Mauritania
,
p.
274
-
Hierotimus
had
six
hundred
Sons
,
p.
473
-
The
description
of
Hiericho
,
commonly
called
Jericho
,
p.
430
-
Hiero
nourished
by
Bees
,
afterwards
made
King
,
p.
325
-
Hippias
the
Tyrant
of
Athens
killed
,
p.
42
-
Hippolyte
marryed
by
Theseus
,
p.
32
I
-
IAson
in
the
East
worshipped
as
a
God
,
p.
492
-
His
expeditions
with
the
Argonauts
into
Colchos
,
p.
491
-
Iberia
called
Spain
from
the
River
Iberus
,
p.
513
-
Joseph
preserved
Aegypt
from
Famine
,
p.
428
-
Joseph
sold
by
his
Brethren
,
ibid.
-
Joseph
an
infallible
Interpreter
of
Dreams
,
ibid.
-
Jovinian
the
Emperor
,
p.
598
-
Israel
had
ten
Sons
,
p.
427
-
Istrians
their
Original
,
p.
407
-
Italy
called
Saturnia
,
p.
501
-
Julian
Caesaer
,
p.
595
-
The
Jews
their
Original
,
p.
428
L
-
LAcedemonians
overcome
by
the
Athenians
,
p.
70
,
71
-
The
Ledemonians
Commonwealth
,
What
?
p.
62
,
63
-
Lamachus
slain
by
Gylippus
,
p.
78
-
Lampedo
and
Marthesia
Queens
of
the
Amazons
,
p.
31
-
Laodice
killed
five
of
her
Sons
,
p.
435
-
The
Latins
founded
by
Aeneas
,
p.
287
-
Leonidas
his
death
and
fortitude
,
p
47
,
48
-
Leosthenes
General
of
the
Athenians
is
slain
,
p.
215
-
The
Law
being
the
Act
of
Oblivion
for
facts
committed
in
the
time
of
War
,
first
instituted
by
the
Athenians
,
p.
96
-
Litterature
had
her
Temple
at
Athens
,
p.
36
-
Lucanians
their
Original
,
p.
319
-
Lupercus
the
same
with
Pan
and
Lycaus
,
p.
501
-
Lycurgus
King
of
the
Spartans
,
p.
371
-
Lycurgus
Laws
,
p.
62
-
Lysander
General
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
p.
88
-
Lysimachus
poysoneth
his
Son
Agathocles
,
p.
257
-
Lysimachus
,
another
of
that
name
,
killed
his
Son-in-law
Antipater
,
p.
248
-
Lysimachus
,
the
best
of
that
name
,
objected
to
a
Lyon
rampant
with
rage
and
hunger
,
p.
240
M
-
MAcedonia
subjected
to
the
Roman
Empire
,
p.
415
-
Machaeus
crucified
by
his
own
Father
,
p.
278
-
Mago
made
General
of
the
Carthaginians
,
p.
279
-
The
Magi
put
to
death
,
p.
19
-
The
Marathonian
field
,
p.
41
-
Marchus
Antonius
Caesar
,
p.
561
-
Marcus
Cato
his
undanted
gallantry
,
p.
413
-
Mardonius
overcome
,
p.
54
-
Massilea
builded
by
the
Phocensians
,
p.
505
-
Their
Institutions
,
507.
Their
love
to
the
Romans
,
p.
511
-
Matrimonies
true
Ornaments
is
modesty
and
shamefac'dness
,
and
not
gorgeous
apparel
,
p.
292
-
Matheus
King
of
the
Scythians
his
policy
,
p.
135
-
Maxentius
made
Emperor
,
p.
583
-
The
City
Medaea
builded
by
Medaea
,
the
wife
of
Jason
,
p.
493
-
Millain
builded
by
the
Gauls
,
p.
294
-
The
Empire
of
the
Medes
continued
,
350
years
,
p.
13
-
Mergis
slain
by
Magus
,
p.
18
-
The
Messenians
overcome
by
treachery
,
p.
66
-
Midas
instructed
by
Orpheus
,
filled
all
Phrygia
with
superstition
and
Ceremonies
,
p.
163
-
Miltiades
general
of
the
Athenians
,
p.
41
-
Mithridates
war
against
the
Romans
for
the
space
of
six
and
forty
years
,
435.
His
parricides
,
440.
His
excellent
Speech
to
encourage
the
Romans
to
the
war
,
p.
446
-
Moses
possessed
himself
of
Mount
Sinai
,
p.
429
-
Mummius
the
Roman
General
overthroweth
the
Achaians
,
p.
417
N
-
NEoptolomur
killed
by
Eumenes
,
p.
221
-
Niceas
taken
by
the
Lecedemonians
,
p.
80
-
Ninus
first
made
war
on
his
neighbours
,
p.
4
-
He
overcame
all
the
East
,
ibid.
-
Nisa
the
place
where
Bacchus
was
worshipped
,
p.
190
-
Numitor
and
Amulius
,
p.
503
O
-
OCtavius
takes
Perseus
with
his
two
sons
,
p.
413
-
Olympias
guilty
of
her
husband
Philips
death
,
144.
Her
great
fortitude
at
her
death
,
p.
234
-
Olinthus
sacked
by
Mardonius
,
p.
53
-
Orthanes
,
p.
18
-
Otho
Salvius
,
p.
540
-
Ovid
banished
by
Augustus
Caesar
,
p.
529
P
-
PArmenio
and
Philotas
killed
by
Alexander
,
p.
185
-
Parnassus
Hill
,
p.
336
-
The
Parthians
took
Pompeys
part
.
p.
497
-
The
Parthians
war
with
the
Romans
,
p.
495
-
The
Parthian
Kings
commonly
parricides
,
p.
496
-
Pacorus
slain
by
the
Romans
,
and
his
Fathers
immoderate
lamentation
for
him
,
ibid.
-
The
Parthians
Original
and
Name
,
p.
477
-
Pausanias
affecting
the
Kingdom
,
was
condemned
,
p.
57
-
Pausanias
,
another
of
that
name
,
killed
King
Philip
,
p.
142
-
Perdiccas
his
undaunted
courage
,
p.
211
-
Pericles
gives
his
Fields
to
the
Common-wealth
,
p.
70
-
The
Persians
adore
their
Kings
,
p.
102
-
The
Persians
God
is
the
Sun
,
p.
20
-
The
end
of
the
Persian
Empire
under
Codeman
,
p.
151
-
Pertinax
Caesar
called
the
Tennis
Ball
of
Fortune
,
p.
564
-
Phalantus
love
to
his
own
people
,
p.
66
-
Philip
of
Macedonia
marryeth
Olympias
,
p.
122
-
Philips
perfidiousness
and
sacriledge
,
p.
127
-
Philomenes
overcame
the
Thebans
,
p.
125
-
Ptolomy
called
Philopater
,
and
wherefore
,
p.
371
-
Philopaemenes
general
of
the
Achaians
taken
,
p.
402
-
The
Phocensians
seise
upon
the
Temple
at
Delphos
,
p.
124
-
A
Phoenix
seen
in
Aegypt
,
p.
537
-
Phrahartes
his
parricides
,
p.
496
,
497
-
Phrahartes
driven
into
banishment
by
the
the
people
,
p.
497
-
Pisistratus
ruleth
at
Athens
,
p.
40
-
Polipercon
slain
▪
p.
221
-
Popilius
with
a
rod
in
his
hand
doth
circumscribe
Antiochus
,
418
-
Porus
King
of
the
Indians
taken
,
p.
192
-
Probus
Caesar
,
p.
580
-
Philip
Caesar
,
p.
572
-
Prusias
attempting
to
kill
his
Son
,
was
killed
killed
by
him
,
p.
420
-
Ptolomy
the
Son
of
Pyrhus
utterly
overthroweth
Antigonus
,
p.
346
-
Antigonus
slain
,
p.
348
-
The
great
Praise
of
Pyrhus
Father
to
Antigonus
,
ibid.
-
Ptolomy
the
elder
flyeth
from
his
Kingdom
of
Aegypt
to
Alexandria
,
to
his
brother
Ptolomy
the
younger
,
p.
418
-
Promptalus
out
of
a
sordid
stock
and
fortune
chosen
King
▪
p.
422
-
The
great
luxury
of
Ptolomy
of
Egypt
,
p.
379
-
The
parricide
of
the
Ptolomies
,
p.
331
,
455
-
Pigmalion
killeth
his
Uncle
Sichaeus
,
p.
270
-
The
Pyrenaean
Mountains
,
p.
514
-
Pyrhus
first
of
all
brought
Elephants
into
Italy
,
264.
His
overthrowing
the
Roman
Army
,
ibid.
-
Pyrhus
the
Son
of
Achilles
killed
by
Orestes
,
p.
269
-
Pyrhus
slain
by
a
stone
from
the
wall
of
his
Enemies
,
p.
348
-
Pythagoras
bred
up
in
the
learning
of
the
Egyptians
,
291.
Pythagoras
house
esteemed
as
a
Temple
,
p.
293
Q
-
QVintilius
Caesar
,
p.
557
R
-
REligion
protecteth
better
then
Arms
,
p.
164
-
Rhea
a
Vestal
Virgin
,
p.
503
-
Romulus
and
Remus
nourished
by
a
shee
Wolf
,
ibid.
-
Rome
builded
by
Romulus
,
p.
505
-
The
Romans
would
destroy
Annibal
by
treachery
,
388.
The
Arts
of
the
Romans
,
and
how
they
did
arise
unto
the
Soveraignty
of
the
world
,
is
excellently
described
in
that
speech
of
Mtthridates
in
the
eight
and
thirtieth
Book
of
this
History
.
-
Roxane
with
her
Son
killed
by
Cassander
,
p.
237
S
-
THe
Sabbath
,
and
the
Religion
of
the
Day
amongst
the
Jews
,
429.
Sandracottus
from
a
mean
Original
advanced
to
the
height
of
regal
Majesty
,
p.
242
-
Sardanapalus
his
effeminate
life
,
and
manly
death
,
p.
6.
7
-
The
Scipioes
accustomed
to
overcome
the
Carthaginians
,
p.
396
-
Scylla
and
Charibdis
,
p.
74
-
The
Scythians
the
most
antient
of
all
Nations
,
26.
They
founded
the
Parthian
and
Bactrian
Kingdoms
,
28.
They
subdued
Asia
,
31.
And
were
subdued
themselves
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
p.
186
-
Seleucus
and
his
Posterity
after
him
had
all
the
sign
of
an
Anchor
on
their
thighs
,
p.
241
-
Seleucus
slain
by
the
treachery
of
Ptolomy
,
p.
258
-
Seleucus
(
another
of
that
name
)
slain
by
his
own
mother
,
p.
465
-
Seleucus
(
another
of
that
Name
)
killed
by
a
fall
from
his
horse
,
p.
362
-
Semiramis
killed
by
her
own
Son
,
p.
6
-
Severus
Caesar
,
p.
570
-
Sergius
Galba
,
p.
539
-
Septimius
Severus
,
p.
566
-
Sicily
,
the
Description
of
it
,
73.
No
Land
more
fruitful
of
Tyrants
,
p.
75
-
Sidon
so
called
,
from
the
abundance
of
fish
,
p.
267
-
Silvanus
Caesar
,
p.
593
-
Solons
Laws
,
p.
38
-
Sophocles
a
Writer
of
Tragedies
,
the
General
of
the
Athenians
,
p.
69
-
Sosthenes
defends
the
Macedons
against
the
Gauls
,
p.
335
-
The
courage
of
the
women
of
Sparta
,
p.
347
-
Strato
King
of
the
Tyrians
,
p.
268
-
Sulpitius
fights
against
Perseus
,
p.
412
-
Sybares
is
by
Cyrus
made
Governour
of
the
Persians
,
p.
13
-
The
Syrian
Kings
derive
their
Original
from
Semiramis
,
p.
427
T
-
TAcitus
Caesar
,
p.
579
-
Tanais
King
of
the
Scythians
,
p.
4
-
The
Tarentins
descended
from
the
Lacedemonians
,
p.
288
-
Theodosius
Caesar
,
p.
602
-
Thrasibulus
overcame
the
Tyrants
,
p.
95
-
Tigranes
overcome
by
Lucullus
,
p.
475
-
Tygris
a
River
in
Armenia
,
p.
493
-
In
what
place
the
Gyants
made
their
war
against
Heaven
,
p.
518
-
Titus
Vespasian
,
p.
545
-
Trajan
the
Emperor
,
p.
553
-
Titus
Vespasian
,
the
Father
of
Titus
Vespasian
,
p.
542
-
The
Drum
called
in
Latin
Tympanum
,
the
sign
of
fight
amongst
the
Parthians
,
p.
480
-
The
Athenian
Tyrants
slain
,
p.
96
-
Tyrus
a
City
famous
before
the
destruction
of
Troy
,
267.
Tyrus
being
taken
by
Alexander
,
the
Citizens
were
all
fastned
to
the
Cross
,
and
the
reason
of
it
,
p.
269
-
Triptolemus
found
out
the
use
of
corn
,
p.
36
-
Tyrtaeus
the
lame
Poet
,
with
his
Verses
,
incenseth
the
Lacedemonians
to
the
war
,
p.
67
-
Tyssaphernes
the
Leiutenant
of
Darius
,
p.
83
-
Theramenes
killed
,
p.
93
-
Turnus
slain
by
Aeneas
,
p.
502
-
Thomyris
Queen
of
the
Scythians
overthrew
Cyrus
,
p.
16
V
-
VAlentinian
Caesar
,
p.
598
-
Valens
Caesar
,
p.
600
-
Valerius
Levinus
overcome
by
Pyrhus
,
p.
264
-
The
Venetians
descended
of
the
Trojans
,
p.
287
-
Ventidius
his
two
first
happy
encounters
against
the
Parthians
,
p.
495
-
Virgil
beloved
by
Augustus
,
p.
528
-
Verona
builded
by
the
Gauls
,
294.
So
was
also
Vincentia
,
ibid.
-
Virus
Gallus
Caesar
,
p.
573
-
Vexores
King
of
Aegypt
,
p.
4
-
Virgins
to
marry
without
portions
by
Licurgus
Law
,
p.
63
X
-
XErxes
made
King
,
p.
44
-
Xerxes
beaten
at
Thermopylae
by
Leonidas
,
p.
48
-
Xerxes
burned
Athens
,
p.
49
-
Xerxes
makes
war
with
the
Gods
,
p.
49
-
Xerxes
first
of
all
subdued
the
Jews
,
p.
430
431
-
Xerxes
flying
from
Greece
in
a
Fishers-boat
,
p.
52
Z
-
ZOpyrus
,
his
memorable
Act
,
p.
21
-
Zopyron
the
Lieuteant
of
Alexander
the
great
,
utterly
overthrown
by
the
Scythians
,
p.
182
-
Zoroastres
found
out
the
Art
of
Magick
,
p.
4.
He
was
King
of
the
Bactrians
,
and
overcome
and
slain
by
Ninus
,
ibid.
The
End
of
the
Table
.
Errata
.
THe
Errors
committed
in
the
Press
may
be
thus
corrected
,
p.
13
,
l.
21
,
r.
back
into
,
p.
15
,
l.
3
,
r.
he
shewed
,
p.
26
,
l.
11
,
blot
out
either
,
p.
30
,
l.
6
,
r.
the
,
p.
31
,
l.
2
,
r.
whence
,
p.
38
,
l.
28
,
r.
nightly
,
p.
41
,
l.
19
,
r.
Author
of
not
,
p.
47
,
l.
13
,
r.
stood
to
it
,
p.
51
,
l.
15
,
r.
taken
,
p.
65
,
l.
1
,
blot
out
they
,
p.
78
,
l.
8
,
r.
that
,
p.
88
,
l.
25
,
r.
that
,
p.
91
,
l.
16
,
r.
houses
,
p.
115
,
l.
12
,
r.
in
the
same
,
l.
17
,
r.
Sepulture
,
p.
122
,
l.
14
,
blot
out
now
,
p.
145
,
r.
him
,
p.
46
,
l.
4
,
r.
joyed
in
,
p.
148
,
l.
2
,
r.
one
hundred
and
fifteen
,
p.
162
,
l.
25
,
blot
out
and
,
p.
165
,
l.
24
,
blot
out
of
it
,
p.
166
,
l.
9
,
r.
whom
,
p.
174
,
l.
25
,
r.
gave
him
his
,
p.
180
,
l.
20
,
r.
home
,
p.
193
,
l.
9
,
blot
out
their
bodies
,
p.
200
,
l.
15
,
r.
Bouze
.
p.
207
,
l.
2
,
r.
lament
,
l.
6
,
r.
lived
until
that
,
p.
220
,
l.
13
,
r.
big
,
p.
252
,
l.
25
,
blot
out
in
,
p.
292
,
l.
16
,
blot
out
both
,
p.
318
,
l.
19
,
r.
pursued
,
p.
321
,
l.
28
,
r.
least
,
p.
322
,
l.
24
,
r.
standers
by
,
p.
329
,
l.
10
,
r.
Court
,
p.
331
,
l.
26
,
blot
out
and
,
p.
339
,
l.
22
,
r.
begin
,
p.
340
,
l.
8
,
blot
out
laughing
,
p.
345
,
l.
7
,
r.
Kings
,
p.
351
,
l.
28
,
r.
of
his
age
,
p.
353
,
l.
19
,
r.
this
,
p.
358
,
l.
25
,
r.
so
much
,
p.
359
,
l.
17
,
r.
vanquished
,
p.
360
,
l.
30
,
r.
and
,
p.
365
,
l.
19
,
r.
they
proceeded
,
p.
365
,
l.
26
,
r.
mortar
,
p.
372
,
l.
22
,
r.
round
about
,
p.
375
,
l.
6
,
blot
out
howsoever
,
p.
397
,
l.
15
,
r.
benefits
,
p.
409
,
l.
5
,
r.
stowed
,
p.
414
,
l.
8
,
blot
out
hardly
,
p.
445
,
l.
4
,
blot
out
both
,
p.
447
,
l.
1
,
blot
out
that
,
ibid.
r.
for
they
,
p.
447
,
l.
2
,
blot
out
who
,
p.
448
,
l.
6
,
r.
then
those
who
have
,
p.
455
,
l.
13
,
r.
but
he
,
p.
459
,
l.
3
,
r.
way
,
p.
513
,
l.
1
,
blot
out
it
is
,
p.
558
,
l.
1
,
r.
Antoninus
Pius
,
p.
514
,
l.
19
,
r.
vermilion
,
ibid.
l.
17
,
r.
lead
.