My
Lord
,
THE
Wishes
and
Desires
of
all
good
Men
,
which
have
attended
your
Lordship
from
your
First
appearance
in
the
World
,
are
at
length
accomplish'd
in
your
obtaining
those
Honours
and
Dignities
,
which
you
have
so
long
deserv'd
.
There
are
no
Factions
,
tho
irreconcilable
to
one
another
,
that
are
not
united
in
their
Affection
to
you
,
and
the
Respect
they
pay
you
.
They
are
equally
pleas'd
in
your
Prosperity
,
and
wou'd
be
equally
concern'd
in
your
Afflictions
.
Titus
Vespasian
was
not
more
the
Delight
of
Human-kind
.
The
Universal
Empire
made
him
only
more
known
,
and
more
Powerful
,
but
cou'd
not
make
him
more
belov'd
.
He
had
greater
Ability
of
doing
Good
,
but
your
Inclination
to
it
,
is
not
less
;
And
tho'
you
could
not
extend
your
Beneficence
to
so
many
Persons
,
yet
you
have
lost
as
few
days
as
that
Excellent
Emperour
;
and
never
had
his
Complaint
to
make
when
you
went
to
Bed
,
that
the
Sun
had
shone
upon
you
in
vain
,
when
you
had
the
Opportunity
of
relieving
some
unhappy
man
.
This
,
My
Lord
,
has
justly
acquir'd
you
as
many
Friends
,
as
there
are
Persons
who
have
the
Honour
to
be
known
to
you
:
Meer
Acquaintance
you
have
none
:
You
have
drawn
them
all
into
a
nearer
Line
:
And
they
who
have
Convers'd
with
you
,
are
for
ever
after
inviolably
yours
.
This
is
a
Truth
so
generally
acknowedg'd
,
that
it
needs
no
Proof
:
'T
is
of
the
Nature
of
a
first
Principle
,
which
is
receiv'd
as
soon
as
it
is
propos'd
;
and
needs
not
the
Reformation
which
Descartes
us'd
to
his
:
For
we
doubt
not
,
neither
can
we
properly
say
,
we
think
we
admire
and
love
you
,
above
all
other
men
:
There
is
a
certainty
in
the
Proposition
,
and
we
know
it
.
With
the
same
Assurance
I
can
say
,
you
neither
have
Enemies
,
nor
can
scarce
have
any
;
for
they
who
have
never
heard
of
you
,
can
neither
Love
or
Hate
you
:
And
they
who
have
,
can
have
no
other
notion
of
you
,
than
that
which
they
receive
from
the
Publick
,
that
you
are
the
best
of
Men.
After
this
,
my
Testimony
can
be
of
no
farther
use
,
than
to
declare
it
to
be
Day-light
at
High-Noon
:
And
all
who
have
the
benefit
of
sight
,
can
look
up
,
as
well
,
and
see
the
Sun
.
'T
is
true
,
I
have
one
Priviledge
which
is
almost
particular
to
my self
,
that
I
saw
you
in
the
East
at
your
first
arising
above
the
Hemisphere
:
I
was
as
soon
Sensible
as
any
Man
of
that
Light
,
when
it
was
but
just
shooting
out
,
and
beginning
to
Travel
upwards
to
the
Meridian
.
I
made
my
early
Addresses
to
your
Lordship
,
in
my
Essay
of
Dramatick
Poetry
;
and
therein
bespoke
you
to
the
World
:
Wherein
,
I
have
the
right
of
a
First
Discoverer
.
When
I
was
my self
,
in
the
Rudiments
of
my
Poetry
,
without
Name
,
or
Reputation
in
the
World
,
having
rather
the
Ambition
of
a
Writer
,
than
the
skill
;
when
I
was
Drawing
the
Out-Lines
of
an
Art
without
any
Living
Master
to
Instruct
me
in
it
;
an
Art
which
had
been
better
Prais'd
than
Study'd
here
in
England
,
wherein
Shakespear
who
Created
the
Stage
among
us
,
had
rather
Written
happily
,
than
knowingly
and
justly
;
and
Iohnson
,
who
by
studying
Horace
,
had
been
acquainted
with
the
Rules
,
yet
seem'd
to
envy
to
Posterity
that
Knowledge
,
and
like
an
Inventer
of
some
useful
Art
,
to
make
a
Monopoly
of
his
Learning
:
When
thus
,
as
I
may
say
,
before
the
use
of
the
Loadstone
,
or
knowledge
of
the
Compass
,
I
was
sailing
in
a
vast
Ocean
,
without
other
help
,
than
the
Pole-Star
of
the
Ancients
,
and
the
Rules
of
the
French
Stage
amongst
the
Moderns
,
which
are
extreamly
different
from
ours
,
by
reason
of
their
opposite
taste
;
yet
even
then
,
I
had
the
presumption
to
Dedicate
to
your
Lordship
:
A
very
unfinish'd
Piece
,
I
must
Confess
,
and
which
only
can
be
excus'd
,
by
the
little
Experience
of
the
Author
,
and
the
Modesty
of
the
Title
,
An
Essay
.
Yet
I
was
stronger
in
Prophecy
than
I
was
in
Criticism
:
I
was
Inspir'd
to
foretell
you
to
Mankind
,
as
the
Restorer
of
Poetry
,
the
greatest
Genius
,
the
truest
Judge
,
and
the
best
Patron
.
Good
Sence
and
good
Nature
,
are
never
separated
,
tho'
the
Ignorant
World
has
thought
otherwise
.
Good
Nature
,
by
which
I
mean
Beneficence
and
Candor
,
is
the
Product
of
right
Reason
:
Which
of
necessity
will
give
Allowance
to
the
Failings
of
others
,
by
considering
that
there
is
nothing
perfect
in
Mankind
;
and
by
distinguishing
that
which
comes
nearest
to
Excellency
,
tho
not
absolutely
free
from
Faults
,
will
certainly
produce
a
Candor
in
the
Judge
.
'T
is
incident
to
an
Elevated
Understanding
,
like
your
Lordships
,
to
find
out
the
Errors
of
other
men
:
But
't
is
your
Prerogative
to
pardon
them
;
to
look
with
Pleasure
on
those
things
,
which
are
somewhat
Congenial
,
and
of
a
remote
Kindred
to
your
own
Conceptions
:
And
to
forgive
the
many
Failings
of
those
,
who
with
their
wretched
Art
,
cannot
arrive
to
those
Heights
that
you
possess
,
from
a
happy
,
abundant
,
and
Native
Genius
.
Which
are
as
inborn
to
you
,
as
they
were
to
Shakespear
;
and
for
ought
I
know
to
Homer
;
in
either
of
whom
we
find
all
Arts
and
Sciences
,
all
Moral
and
Natural
Philosophy
,
without
knowing
that
they
ever
Study'd
them
.
There
is
not
an
English
Writer
this
day
living
,
who
is
not
perfectly
convinc'd
,
that
your
Lordship
excels
all
others
,
in
all
the
several
parts
of
Poetry
which
you
have
undertaken
to
adorn
.
The
most
Vain
,
and
the
most
Ambitious
of
our
Age
have
not
dar'd
to
assume
so
much
,
as
the
Competitours
of
Themistocles
:
They
have
yielded
the
first
place
,
without
dispute
;
and
have
been
arrogantly
content
,
to
be
esteem'd
as
second
to
your
Lordship
;
and
even
that
also
,
with
a
Longo
,
sed
proximi
Intervallo
.
If
there
have
been
,
or
are
any
,
who
go
farther
in
their
Self-conceipt
,
they
must
be
very
singular
in
their
Opinion
:
They
must
be
like
the
Officer
,
in
a
Play
,
who
was
call'd
Captain
,
Lieutenant
,
and
Company
.
The
World
will
easily
conclude
,
whether
such
unattended
Generals
can
ever
be
capable
of
making
a
Revolution
in
Parnassus
.
I
will
not
attempt
in
this
place
,
to
say
any
thing
particular
of
your
Lyrick-Poems
,
though
they
are
the
Delight
and
Wonder
of
this
Age
,
and
will
be
the
Envy
of
the
next
.
The
Subject
of
this
Book
confines
me
to
Satire
:
And
in
that
,
an
Author
of
your
own
Quality
,
(
whose
Ashes
I
will
not
disturb
,
)
has
given
you
all
the
Commendation
,
which
his
self-sufficiency
cou'd
afford
to
any
Man
:
The
best
Good
Man
,
with
the
worst-Natur'd
Muse.
In
that
Character
,
methinks
I
am
reading
Iohnson's
Verses
to
the
Memory
of
Shakespear
:
An
Insolent
,
Sparing
,
and
Invidious
Panegyrick
:
Where
good
Nature
,
the
most
God-like
Commendation
of
a
Man
,
is
only
attributed
to
your
Person
,
and
deny'd
to
your
Writings
:
for
they
are
every
where
so
full
of
Candour
,
that
like
Horace
,
you
only
expose
the
Follies
of
Men
,
without
Arraigning
their
Vices
;
and
in
this
excel
him
,
That
You
add
that
pointedness
of
Thought
,
which
is
visibly
wanting
in
our
Great
Roman
.
There
is
more
of
Salt
in
all
your
Verses
,
than
I
have
seen
in
any
of
the
Moderns
,
or
even
of
the
Ancients
:
But
you
have
been
sparing
of
the
Gaul
;
by
which
means
you
have
pleas'd
all
Readers
,
and
offended
none
.
Donn
alone
,
of
all
our
Countrymen
,
had
your
Talent
;
but
was
not
happy
enough
to
arrive
at
your
Versification
.
And
were
he
Translated
into
Numbers
,
and
English
,
he
wou'd
yet
be
wanting
in
the
Dignity
of
Expression
.
That
which
is
the
prime
Vertue
,
and
chief
Ornament
of
Virgil
,
which
distinguishes
him
from
the
rest
of
Writers
,
is
so
conspicuous
in
your
Verses
,
that
it
casts
a
shadow
on
all
your
Contemporaries
;
we
cannot
be
seen
,
or
but
obscurely
,
while
you
are
present
.
You
equal
Donn
,
in
the
Variety
,
Multipicity
,
and
Choice
of
Thoughts
;
you
excel
him
in
the
Manner
,
and
the
Words
.
I
Read
you
both
,
with
the
same
Admiration
,
but
not
with
the
same
Delight
.
He
affects
the
Metaphysicks
,
not
only
in
his
Satires
,
but
in
his
Amorous
Verses
,
where
Nature
only
shou'd
reign
;
and
perplexes
the
Minds
of
the
Fair
Sex
with
nice
Speculations
of
Philosophy
,
when
he
shou'd
ingage
their
hearts
,
and
entertain
them
with
the
softnesses
of
Love
.
In
this
(
if
I
may
be
pardon'd
for
so
bold
a
truth
)
Mr.
Cowley
has
Copy'd
him
to
a
fault
:
so
great
a
one
,
in
my
Opinion
,
that
it
throws
his
Mistress
infinitely
below
his
Pindariques
,
and
his
latter
Compositions
;
which
are
undoubtedly
the
best
of
his
Poems
,
and
the
most
Correct
.
For
my
own
part
,
I
must
avow
it
freely
to
the
World
,
that
I
never
attempted
any
thing
in
Satier
,
wherein
I
have
not
study'd
your
Writings
as
the
most
perfect
Model
.
I
have
continually
laid
them
before
me
;
and
the
greatest
Commendation
,
which
my
own
partiality
can
give
to
my
Productions
,
is
that
they
are
Copies
,
and
no
farther
to
be
allow'd
,
than
as
they
have
True
it
is
,
that
some
bad
Poems
,
though
not
all
,
carry
their
Owners
Marks
about
'em
.
There
is
some
peculiar
aukardness
,
false
Grammar
,
imperfect
Sense
,
or
at
the
least
Obscurity
;
some
Brand
or
other
on
this
Buttock
,
or
that
Ear
,
that
't
is
notorious
who
are
the
Owners
of
the
Cattel
,
though
they
shou'd
not
Sign
it
with
their
Names
.
But
your
Lordship
,
on
the
contrary
,
is
distinguish'd
,
not
only
by
the
Excellency
of
your
Thoughts
▪
but
by
your
Stile
,
and
Manner
of
expressing
them
.
A
Painter
judging
of
some
Admirable
Pi●●e
,
may
affirm
with
certainty
,
that
it
was
of
Holben
,
or
Vandyke
:
But
Vulgar
Designs
,
and
Common
Draughts
,
are
easily
mistaken
,
and
misapply'd
.
Thus
,
by
my
long
Study
of
your
Lordship
,
I
am
arriv'd
at
the
knowledge
of
your
particular
manner
.
In
the
Good
Poems
of
other
Men
,
like
those
Artists
,
I
can
only
say
,
this
is
like
the
Draught
of
such
a
one
,
or
like
the
Colouring
of
another
.
In
short
,
I
can
only
be
sure
,
that
't
is
the
Hand
of
a
good
Master
:
But
in
your
Performances
't
is
scarcely
possible
for
me
to
be
deceiv'd
.
If
you
write
in
your
strength
,
you
stand
reveal'd
at
the
first
view
;
and
shou'd
you
write
under
it
,
you
cannot
avoid
some
Peculiar
Graces
,
which
only
cost
me
a
second
Consideration
to
discover
you
:
For
I
may
say
in
,
with
all
the
severity
of
Truth
,
that
every
Line
of
yours
is
precious
.
Your
Lordship
's
only
fault
is
,
that
you
have
not
written
more
:
Unless
I
cou'd
add
another
,
and
that
yet
greater
,
but
I
fear
for
the
Publick
,
the
Accusation
wou'd
not
be
true
,
that
you
have
written
,
and
out
of
a
vicious
Modesty
will
not
Publish
.
Virgil
has
confin'd
his
Works
within
the
compass
of
Eighteen
Thousand
Lines
,
and
has
not
treaced
many
Subjects
;
yet
he
ever
had
,
and
ever
will
have
the
Reputation
of
the
best
Poet.
Martial
says
of
him
,
that
he
cou'd
have
excell'd
Vasius
in
Tragedy
,
and
Horace
in
Lyrick
Poetry
,
but
out
of
deference
to
his
Friends
he
attempted
neither
.
The
same
p●evalence
of
Genius
is
in
your
Lordship
,
but
the
World
cannot
pardon
your
concealing
it
on
the
same
consideration
;
because
we
have
neither
a
Living
Varius
,
nor
a
Horace
,
in
whose
Excellencies
both
of
Poems
,
Odes
and
Satires
,
you
had
equall'd
them
,
if
our
Language
had
not
yielded
to
the
Roman
Majesty
,
and
length
of
time
had
not
added
a
Reverence
to
the
Works
of
Horace
.
For
good
Sense
is
the
same
in
all
or
most
Ages
;
and
course
of
Time
rather
improves
Nature
,
than
impairs
her
.
What
has
been
,
may
be
again
:
Another
Homer
,
and
another
Virgil
may
possibly
arise
from
those
very
Causes
which
produc'd
the
first
:
Though
it
wou'd
be
impudence
to
affirm
that
any
such
have
yet
appear'd
.
'T
is
manifest
,
that
some
particular
Ages
have
been
more
happy
than
others
in
the
production
of
Great
Men
▪
in
all
sorts
of
Arts
and
Sciences
:
As
that
of
Eurypides
,
Sophocles
,
Aristophanes
,
and
the
rest
for
Stage-Poetry
amongst
the
Greeks
:
That
of
Augustus
,
for
Heroick
,
Lyrick
,
Dramatick
,
Elegiaque
,
and
indeed
all
sorts
of
Poetry
;
in
the
Persons
of
Virgil
,
Horace
,
Varius
,
Ovid
,
and
many
others
;
especially
if
we
take
into
that
Century
the
latter
end
of
the
Commonwealth
;
wherein
we
find
Varro
,
Lucr●tius
,
and
Catullus
:
And
at
the
same
time
liv'd
Cicero
and
Salust
,
and
Caesar.
A
Famous
Age
in
Modern
Times
,
for
Learning
in
every
kind
,
was
that
of
Lorenzo
de
Medici
,
and
his
Son
Lee
the
Tenth
.
Wherein
Painting
was
reviv'd
,
and
Poetry
flourish'd
,
and
the
Greek
Language
was
restor'd
.
Examples
in
all
these
are
obvious
:
But
what
I
wou'd
infer
,
is
this
;
That
in
such
an
Age
't
is
possible
some
Great
Genius
may
arise
,
to
equal
any
of
the
Antients
;
abating
only
for
the
Language
.
For
great
Contemporaries
whet
and
cultivate
each
other
:
And
mutual
Borrowing
▪
and
Commerce
,
makes
the
Common
Riches
of
Learning
,
as
it
does
of
the
Civil
Government
.
But
suppose
that
Homer
and
Virgil
were
the
only
of
their
Species
,
and
that
Nature
was
so
much
worn
out
in
producing
them
,
that
she
is
never
able
to
bear
the
like
again
;
yet
the
Example
only
holds
in
Heroick
Poetry
:
In
Tragedy
and
Satire
I
offer
my self
to
maintain
against
some
of
our
Modern
Criticks
,
that
this
Age
and
the
last
,
particularly
in
England
,
have
excell'd
the
Ancients
in
both
those
kinds
;
and
I
wou'd
instance
in
Shakespear
of
the
former
,
of
your
Lordship
in
the
latter
sort
.
Thus
I
might
safely
confine
my self
to
my
Native
Country
:
But
if
I
wou'd
only
cross
the
Seas
,
I
might
find
in
France
a
living
Horace
and
a
Iuvenal
,
in
the
Person
of
the
admirable
Boileau
:
Whose
Numbers
are
Excellent
,
whose
Expressions
are
Noble
,
whose
Thoughts
are
Just
,
whose
Language
is
Pure
,
whose
Satire
is
pointed
,
and
whose
Sense
is
close
;
What
he
borrows
from
the
Ancients
,
he
repays
with
Usury
of
his
own
:
in
Coin
as
good
,
and
almost
as
Universally
valuable
:
For
setting
prejudice
and
Partiality
apart
,
though
he
is
our
Enemy
,
the
Stamp
of
a
Louis
,
the
Patron
of
all
Arts
,
is
not
much
inferiour
to
the
Medal
of
an
Augustus
Caesar.
Let
this
be
said
without
entring
into
the
interests
of
Factions
and
Parties
;
and
relating
only
to
the
Bounty
of
that
King
to
Men
of
Learning
and
Merit
:
A
Praise
so
just
,
that
even
we
who
are
his
Enemies
,
cannot
refuse
it
to
him
.
Now
if
it
may
be
permitted
me
to
go
back
again
,
to
the
Consideration
of
Epique
Poetry
,
I
have
confess'd
,
that
no
Man
hitherto
has
reach'd
,
or
so
much
as
approach'd
to
the
Excellencies
of
Homer
or
of
Virgil
;
I
must
farther
add
,
that
Statius
,
the
best
Vers●ficator
next
to
Virgil
,
knew
not
how
to
Design
after
him
,
though
he
had
the
Model
in
his
Eye
;
that
Lucan
is
wanting
both
in
Design
and
Subject
,
and
is
besides
too
full
of
Heat
,
and
Affectation
;
that
amongst
the
Moderns
,
Ariosto
neither
Design'd
Justly
,
nor
observ'd
any
Unity
of
Action
,
or
Compass
of
Time
,
or
Moderation
in
the
Vastness
of
his
Draught
;
his
Style
is
Luxurious
,
without
Majesty
,
or
Decency
;
and
his
Adventures
,
without
the
compass
of
Nature
and
Possibility
:
Tasso
,
whose
Design
was
Regular
,
and
who
observ'd
the
Rules
of
Unity
in
Time
and
Place
,
more
clos●ly
than
Virgil
▪
yet
was
not
so
happy
in
his
Action
;
he
confesses
himself
to
have
been
too
Lyrical
,
that
is
▪
to
have
written
beneath
the
Dignity
of
Heroick
Verse
,
in
his
Episodes
of
Sophr●nia
,
Erminia
,
and
Armida
;
his
Story
is
not
so
pleasing
as
Ariostos
;
he
is
too
flatu●●nt
sometimes
▪
and
sometimes
too
dry
;
many
times
unequal
,
and
almost
always
forc'd
;
and
besides
,
is
full
of
Conceipts
,
points
of
Epigram
and
〈◊〉
;
all
which
are
not
only
below
the
Dignity
of
Heroick
Verse
,
but
contrary
to
its
Nature
:
Virgil
and
Homer
have
not
one
of
them
.
And
those
who
are
guilty
of
so
boyish
an
Ambition
in
so
grave
a
Subject
,
are
so
far
from
being
consider'd
as
Heroique
Poets
▪
that
they
ought
to
be
turn'd
down
from
Homer
to
the
Anthologia
,
from
Virgil
to
Martial
and
Owen's
Epigrams
,
and
from
Spencer
to
Fleck●●
that
is
,
from
the
top
to
the
bottom
of
all
Poetry
.
But
to
return
to
Tasso
,
he
borrows
from
the
Invention
of
Boyard●
,
and
in
his
Alteration
of
his
Poem
,
which
is
infinitely
for
the
worse
,
imitates
Homer
so
very
〈◊〉
,
that
(
for
Example
)
he
gives
the
King
of
Ierusalem
Fifty
Sons
,
only
because
Homer
had
bestow'd
the
like
number
on
King
Priam
;
he
kills
the
youngest
in
the
same
manner
,
and
has
provided
his
Hero
with
a
Patroclus
,
under
another
Name
,
only
to
bring
him
back
to
the
Wars
,
when
his
Friend
was
kill'd
.
The
French
have
perform'd
nothing
in
this
kind
,
which
is
not
far
below
those
two
Italians
,
and
subject
to
a
thousand
more
Reflections
,
without
examining
their
Saint
Lewis
,
their
Pucelle
,
or
their
Alarique
:
The
English
have
only
to
boast
of
Spencer
and
Milton
,
who
neither
of
them
wanted
either
Genius
,
or
Learning
,
to
have
been
perfect
Poets
;
and
yet
both
of
them
are
liable
to
many
Censures
.
For
there
is
no
Uniformity
in
the
Design
of
Spencer
:
He
aims
at
the
Accomplishment
of
no
one
Action
:
He
raises
up
a
Hero
for
every
one
of
his
Adventures
;
and
endows
each
of
them
with
some
particular
Moral
Virtue
,
which
renders
them
all
equal
,
without
Subordination
or
Preference
.
Every
one
is
mot
Valiant
in
his
own
Legend
;
only
we
must
do
him
that
Justice
to
observe
,
that
Magnanimity
,
which
is
the
Character
of
Prince
Arthur
,
shines
throughout
the
whole
Poem
;
and
Succours
the
rest
,
when
they
are
in
Distress
.
The
Original
of
every
Knight
,
was
then
living
in
the
Court
of
Queen
Elizabeth
:
And
he
attributed
to
each
of
them
that
Virtue
,
which
he
thought
was
most
conspicuous
in
them
:
An
Ingenious
piece
of
Flattery
,
tho'
it
turn'd
not
much
to
his
Account
.
Had
he
liv'd
to
finish
his
Poem
,
in
the
six
remaining
Legends
,
it
had
certainly
been
more
of
a
piece
;
but
cou'd
not
have
been
perfect
,
because
the
Model
was
not
true
.
But
Prince
Arthur
,
or
his
chief
Patron
,
Sir
Philip
Sidney
,
whom
he
intended
to
make
happy
,
by
the
Marriage
of
his
Gloriana
,
dying
before
him
,
depriv'd
the
Poet
,
both
of
Means
and
Spirit
,
to
accomplish
his
Design
:
For
the
rest
,
his
Obsolete
Language
,
and
the
ill
choice
of
his
Stanza
,
are
faults
but
of
the
Second
Magnitude
:
For
notwithstanding
the
first
he
is
still
Intelligible
,
at
least
,
after
a
little
practice
;
and
for
the
last
,
he
is
the
more
to
be
admir'd
;
that
labouring
under
such
a
difficulty
,
his
Verses
are
so
Numerous
,
so
Various
,
and
so
Harmonious
,
that
only
Virgil
,
whom
he
profestly
imitated
,
has
surpass'd
him
,
among
the
Romans
;
and
only
Mr.
Waller
among
the
English
.
As
for
Mr.
Milton
,
whom
we
all
admire
with
so
much
Justice
,
his
Subject
is
not
that
of
an
Heroique
Poem
;
properly
so
call'd
:
His
Design
is
the
Losing
of
our
Happiness
;
his
Event
is
not
prosperous
,
like
that
of
all
other
Epique
Works
:
His
Heavenly
Machines
are
many
,
and
his
Humane
Persons
are
but
two
.
But
I
will
not
take
Mr.
Rymer's
Work
out
of
his
Hands
.
He
has
promis'd
the
World
a
Critique
on
that
Author
;
wherein
,
tho'
he
will
not
allow
his
Poem
for
Heroick
,
I
hope
he
will
grant
us
,
that
his
Thoughts
are
elevated
,
his
Words
Sounding
,
and
that
no
Man
has
so
happily
Copy'd
the
Manner
of
Homer
;
or
so
copiously
translated
his
Grecisms
,
and
the
Latin
Elegancies
of
Virgil.
'T
is
true
,
he
runs
into
a
flat
of
Thought
,
sometimes
for
a
Hundred
Lines
together
,
but
't
is
when
he
is
got
into
a
Track
of
Scripture
:
His
Antiquated
words
were
his
Choice
,
not
his
Necessity
;
for
therein
he
imitated
Spencer
,
as
Spencer
did
Chawcer
.
And
tho'
,
perhaps
,
the
love
of
their
Masters
,
may
have
transported
both
too
far
▪
in
the
frequent
use
of
them
;
yet
in
my
Opinion
,
Obsolete
Words
may
then
be
laudably
reviv'd
,
when
either
they
are
more
Sounding
,
or
more
Significant
than
those
in
practice
:
And
when
their
Obscurity
is
taken
away
,
by
joining
other
Words
to
them
which
clear
the
Sense
;
according
to
the
Rule
of
Horace
,
for
the
admission
of
new
Words
.
But
in
both
cases
,
a
Moderation
is
to
be
observ'd
,
in
the
use
of
them
:
For
unnecessary
Coynage
,
as
well
as
unnecessary
Revival
,
runs
into
Affectation
;
a
fault
to
be
avoided
on
either
hand
.
Neither
will
I
Justifie
Milton
for
his
Blank
Verse
,
tho'
I
may
excuse
him
,
by
the
Example
of
Hannibal
Caro
,
and
other
Italians
,
who
have
us'd
it
:
For
whatever
Causes
he
alledges
for
the
abolishing
of
Rhyme
(
which
I
have
not
now
the
leisure
to
examine
)
his
own
particular
Reason
is
plainly
this
,
that
Rhyme
was
not
his
Talent
;
he
had
neither
the
Ease
of
doing
it
,
nor
the
Graces
of
it
;
which
is
manifest
in
his
Iuvenilia
,
or
Verses
written
in
his
Youth
:
Where
his
Rhyme
is
always
constrain'd
and
forc'd
,
and
comes
hardly
from
him
at
an
Age
when
the
Soul
is
most
pliant
;
and
the
Passion
of
Love
,
makes
almost
every
Man
a
Rhymer
,
tho'
not
a
Poet.
By
this
time
,
My
Lord
,
I
doubt
not
but
that
you
wonder
,
why
I
have
run
off
from
my
Biass
so
long
together
,
and
made
so
tedious
a
Digression
from
Satire
to
Heroique
Poetry
.
But
if
You
will
not
excuse
it
,
by
the
tattling
Quality
of
Age
,
which
,
as
Sir
William
Davenant
says
,
is
always
Narrative
;
yet
I
hope
the
usefulness
of
what
I
have
to
say
on
this
Subject
,
will
qualifie
the
remoteness
of
it
;
and
this
is
the
last
time
I
will
commit
the
Crime
of
Prefaces
;
or
trouble
the
World
with
my
Notions
of
any
thing
that
relates
to
Verse
.
I
have
then
,
as
You
see
,
observ'd
the
Failings
of
many
great
Wits
amongst
the
Moderns
,
who
have
attempted
to
write
as
Epique
Poem
:
Besides
these
,
or
the
like
Animadversions
of
them
by
other
Men
,
there
is
yet
a
farther
Reason
given
,
why
they
cannot
possibly
succeed
,
so
well
as
the
Ancients
,
even
tho'
we
cou'd
allow
them
not
to
be
Inferiour
,
either
in
Genius
or
Learning
,
or
the
Tongue
in
which
they
write
;
or
all
those
other
wonderful
Qualifications
which
are
necessary
to
the
forming
of
a
true
Accomplish'd
Heroique
Poet.
The
fault
is
laid
on
our
Religion
:
They
say
that
Christianity
is
not
capable
of
those
Embellishments
which
are
afforded
in
the
Belief
of
those
Ancient
Heathens
.
And
't
is
true
,
that
in
the
severe
notions
of
our
Faith
;
the
Fortitude
of
a
Christian
consists
in
Patience
,
and
Suffering
for
the
Love
of
God
,
what
ever
hardships
can
befall
him
in
the
World
;
not
in
any
great
Attempt
;
or
in
performance
of
those
Enterprises
which
the
Poets
call
Heroique
;
and
which
are
commonly
the
Effects
of
Interest
,
Ostentation
,
Pride
and
Worldly
Honour
.
That
Humility
and
Resignation
are
our
prime
Vertues
;
and
that
these
include
no
Action
,
but
that
of
the
Soul
:
When
as
,
on
the
Contrary
,
an
Heroique
Poem
requires
,
to
its
necessary
Design
,
and
as
its
last
Perfection
,
some
great
Action
of
War
,
the
Accomplishment
of
some
Extraordinary
Undertaking
;
which
requires
the
Strength
and
Vigour
of
the
Body
,
the
Duty
of
a
Souldier
,
the
Capacity
and
Prudence
of
a
General
;
and
,
in
short
,
as
much
,
or
more
of
the
Active
Virtue
,
than
the
Suffering
.
But
to
this
,
the
Answer
is
very
Obvious
.
God
has
plac'd
us
in
our
several
Stations
;
the
Virtues
of
a
private
Christian
are
Patience
,
Obedience
,
Submission
,
and
the
like
;
but
those
of
a
Magistrate
,
or
General
,
or
a
King
,
are
Prudence
,
Counsel
,
active
Fortitude
,
coercive
Power
,
awful
Command
,
and
the
Exercise
of
Magnanimity
,
as
well
as
Justice
.
So
that
this
Objection
hinders
not
,
but
that
an
Epique
Poem
,
or
the
Heroique
Action
of
some
Great
Commander
,
Enterpris'd
for
the
Common
Good
,
and
Honour
of
the
Christian
Cause
,
and
Executed
happily
,
may
be
as
well
Written
now
,
as
it
was
of
old
by
the
Heathens
;
provided
the
Poet
be
endu'd
with
the
same
Talents
;
and
the
Language
,
though
not
of
equal
Dignity
,
yet
as
near
approaching
to
it
,
as
our
Modern
Barbarism
will
allow
,
which
is
all
that
can
be
expected
from
our
own
or
any
other
now
extant
,
though
more
Refin'd
,
and
therefore
we
are
to
rest
contented
with
that
only
Inferiority
,
which
is
not
possibly
to
be
Remedy'd
.
I
wish
.
I
cou'd
as
easily
remove
that
other
difficulty
which
yet
remains
.
'T
is
Objected
by
a
great
French
Critique
,
as
well
as
an
Admirable
Poet
,
yet
living
,
and
whom
I
have
mention'd
with
that
Honour
,
which
his
Merit
exacts
from
me
,
I
mean
Boileau
,
that
the
Machines
of
our
Christian
Religion
in
Heroique
Poetry
,
are
much
more
feeble
to
Support
that
weight
than
those
of
Heathenism
.
Their
Doctrine
,
grounded
as
it
was
on
Ridiculous
Fables
,
was
yet
the
Belief
of
the
Two
Victorious
Monarchies
,
the
Grecian
,
and
Roman
.
Their
Gods
did
not
only
interest
themselves
in
the
Event
of
Wars
(
which
is
the
Effect
of
a
Superiour
Providence
)
but
also
espous'd
the
several
Parties
,
in
a
Visible
Corporeal
Descent
,
mannag'd
their
Intrigues
,
and
Fought
their
Battels
sometimes
in
Opposition
to
each
other
:
Tho'
Virgil
(
more
discreet
than
Homer
in
that
last
Particular
)
has
contented
himself
with
the
Partiality
of
his
Deities
,
their
Favours
,
their
Counsels
or
Commands
,
to
those
whose
Cause
they
had
espous'd
,
without
bringing
them
to
the
Outrageousness
of
Blows
.
Now
,
our
Religion
(
says
he
)
is
depriv'd
of
the
greatest
part
of
those
Machines
;
at
least
the
most
Shining
in
Epique
Poetry
.
Tho'
St.
Michael
in
Ariosto
seeks
out
Discord
,
to
send
her
amongst
the
Pagans
,
and
finds
her
in
a
Convent
of
Friars
,
where
Peace
should
Reign
,
which
indeed
is
fine
Satire
;
and
Satan
,
in
Tasso
,
excites
Solyman
,
to
an
Attempt
by
Night
on
the
Christian
Camp
,
and
brings
an
Host
of
Devils
to
his
Assistance
;
yet
the
Arch-Angel
,
in
the
former
Example
,
when
Discord
was
restive
,
and
would
not
be
drawn
from
her
belov'd
Monastery
with
fair
Words
,
has
the
Whip-hand
of
her
,
Drags
her
out
with
many
stripes
,
sets
her
,
on
Gods-name
,
about
her
business
;
and
makes
her
know
the
difference
of
Strength
betwixt
a
Nuncio
of
Heaven
,
and
a
Minister
of
Hell
:
The
same
Angel
,
in
the
latter
Instance
from
Tasso
(
as
if
God
had
never
another
Messenger
,
belonging
to
the
Court
,
but
was
confin'd
like
Iupiter
to
Mercury
,
and
Iuno
to
Iris
,
)
when
he
sees
his
time
,
that
is
,
when
half
of
the
Christians
are
already
kill'd
,
and
all
the
rest
are
in
a
fair
way
to
be
Routed
,
stickles
betwixt
the
Remainders
of
God's
Host
,
and
the
Race
of
Fiends
;
Pulls
the
Devils
backward
by
their
Tails
,
and
drives
them
from
their
quarry
;
or
otherwise
the
whole
business
had
miscarri'd
,
and
Ierusalem
remain'd
untaken
.
This
,
says
Boileau
,
is
a
very
unequal
Match
for
the
Poor
Devils
;
who
are
sure
to
come
by
the
worst
of
it
in
the
Combat
;
for
nothing
is
more
easie
,
than
for
an
Almighty
Power
to
bring
his
old
Rebels
to
Reason
,
when
he
Pleases
.
Consequently
,
what
pleasure
,
what
Entertainment
can
be
rais'd
from
so
pitiful
a
Machine
?
Where
we
see
the
Success
of
the
Battel
,
from
the
very
beginning
of
it
?
Unless
that
,
as
we
are
Christians
,
we
are
glad
that
we
have
gotten
God
on
our
side
,
to
maul
our
Enemies
,
when
we
cannot
do
the
work
our selves
.
For
if
the
Poet
had
given
the
Faithful
more
Courage
,
which
had
cost
him
nothing
,
or
at
least
have
made
them
exceed
the
Turks
in
Number
,
he
might
have
gain'd
the
Victory
for
us
Christians
,
without
interessing
Heaven
in
the
quarrel
;
and
that
with
as
much
ease
,
and
as
little
Credit
to
the
Conqueror
,
as
when
a
Party
of
a
Hundred
Souldiers
defeats
another
which
consists
only
of
Fifty
.
This
,
my
Lord
,
I
confess
is
such
an
Argument
against
our
Modern
Poetry
,
as
cannot
be
answer'd
by
those
Mediums
,
which
have
been
us'd
.
We
cannot
hitherto
boast
,
that
our
Religion
has
furnish'd
us
with
any
such
Machines
,
as
have
made
the
Strength
and
Beauty
of
the
Ancient
Buildings
.
But
,
what
if
I
venture
to
advance
an
Invention
of
my
own
,
to
supply
the
manifest
defect
of
our
new
Writers
:
I
am
sufficiently
sensible
of
my
weakness
,
and
't
is
not
very
probable
,
that
I
shou'd
succeed
in
such
a
Project
,
whereof
I
have
not
had
the
least
hint
from
any
of
my
Predecessors
,
the
Poets
,
or
any
of
their
Seconds
,
and
Coadjutors
,
the
Critiques
.
Yet
we
see
the
Art
of
War
is
improv'd
in
Sieges
,
and
new
Instruments
of
Death
are
invented
daily
.
Something
new
in
Philosophy
and
the
Mechanicks
is
discover'd
almost
every
Year
:
And
the
Science
of
Former
Ages
is
improv'd
by
the
Succeeding
.
I
will
not
detain
you
with
a
long
Preamble
to
that
,
which
better
Judges
will
,
perhaps
,
conclude
to
be
little
worth
.
'T
is
this
,
in
short
,
That
Christian
Poets
have
not
hitherto
been
acquainted
with
their
own
Strength
.
If
they
had
search'd
the
Old
Testament
as
they
ought
,
they
might
there
have
found
the
Machines
which
are
proper
for
their
Work
;
and
those
more
certain
in
their
effect
,
than
it
may
be
the
New-Testament
is
,
in
the
Rules
sufficient
for
Salvation
.
The
perusing
of
one
Chapter
in
the
Prophecy
of
Daniel
,
and
Accommodating
what
there
they
find
,
with
the
Principles
of
Platonique
Philosophy
,
as
it
is
now
Christianis'd
,
wou'd
have
made
the
Ministry
of
Angels
as
strong
an
Engine
,
for
the
Working
up
Heroique
Poetry
,
in
our
Religion
,
as
that
of
the
Ancients
has
been
to
raise
theirs
by
all
the
Fables
of
their
Gods
,
which
were
only
receiv'd
for
Tuths
by
the
most
ignorant
,
and
weakest
of
the
People
.
'T
is
a
Doctrine
almost
Universally
receiv'd
by
Christians
,
as
well
Protestants
as
Catholicks
,
that
there
are
Guardian
Angels
appointed
by
God
Almighty
,
as
his
Vicegerents
,
for
the
Protection
and
Government
of
Cities
,
Provinces
,
Kingdoms
,
and
Monarchies
;
and
those
as
well
of
Heathens
,
as
of
true
Believers
.
All
this
is
so
plainly
prov'd
from
those
Texts
of
Daniel
,
that
it
admits
of
no
farther
Controversie
.
The
Prince
of
the
Persians
,
and
that
other
of
the
Grecians
,
are
granted
to
be
the
Guardians
and
Protecting
Ministers
of
those
Empires
.
It
cannot
be
deny'd
,
that
they
were
opposite
,
and
resisted
one
another
.
St.
Michael
is
mention'd
by
his
Name
,
as
the
Patron
of
the
Iews
,
and
is
now
taken
by
the
Christians
,
as
the
Protector
General
of
our
Religion
.
These
Tutelar
Genij
,
who
presided
over
the
several
People
and
Regions
committed
to
their
Charge
,
were
watchful
over
them
for
good
,
as
far
as
their
Commissions
cou'd
possibly
extend
.
The
General
Purpose
,
and
Design
of
all
,
was
certainly
the
Service
of
their
Great
Creatour
.
But
't
is
an
undoubted
Truth
,
that
for
Ends
best
known
to
the
Almighty
Majesty
of
Heaven
,
his
Providential
Designs
for
the
benefit
of
his
Creatures
,
for
the
Debasing
and
Punishing
of
some
Nations
,
and
the
Exaltation
and
Temporal
Reward
of
others
,
were
not
wholly
known
to
these
his
Ministers
;
else
why
those
Factious
Quarrels
,
Controversies
,
and
Battels
amongst
themselves
,
when
they
were
all
United
in
the
same
Design
,
the
Service
and
Honour
of
their
common
Master
?
But
being
instructed
only
in
the
General
,
and
zealous
of
the
main
Design
;
and
as
Finite
Beings
,
not
admitted
into
the
Secrets
of
Government
,
the
last
resorts
of
Providence
,
or
capable
of
discovering
the
final
Purposes
of
God
,
who
can
work
Good
out
of
Evil
,
as
he
pleases
;
and
irresistably
sways
all
manner
of
Events
on
Earth
,
directing
them
finally
for
the
best
,
to
his
Creation
in
General
,
and
to
the
Ultimate
End
of
his
own
Glory
in
Particular
:
They
must
of
necessity
be
sometimes
ignorant
of
the
Means
conducing
to
those
Ends
,
in
which
alone
they
can
jarr
,
and
oppose
each
other
.
One
Angel
,
as
we
may
suppose
the
Prince
of
Persia
,
as
he
is
call'd
,
judging
,
that
it
would
be
more
for
God's
Honour
,
and
the
Benefit
of
his
People
,
that
the
Median
and
Persian
Monarchy
,
which
deliver'd
them
from
the
Babylonish
Captivity
,
shou'd
still
be
uppermost
:
And
the
Patron
of
the
Grecians
,
to
whom
the
Will
of
God
might
be
more
particularly
Reveal'd
,
contending
on
the
other
side
,
for
the
Rise
of
Alexander
and
his
Successors
,
who
were
appointed
to
punish
the
Backsliding
Iews
,
and
thereby
to
put
them
in
mind
of
their
Offences
,
that
they
might
Repent
,
and
become
more
Virtuous
,
and
more
Observant
of
the
Law
Reveal'd
.
But
how
far
these
Controversies
and
appearing
Enmities
of
those
glorious
Creatures
may
be
carri'd
;
how
these
Oppositions
may
best
be
manag'd
,
and
by
what
Means
conducted
,
is
not
my
business
to
shew
or
determine
:
These
things
must
be
left
to
the
Invention
and
Judgment
of
the
Poet
:
If
any
of
so
happy
a
Genius
be
now
living
,
or
any
future
Age
can
produce
a
Man
,
who
being
Conversant
in
the
Philosophy
of
Plato
,
as
it
is
now
accommodated
to
Christian
use
;
for
(
as
Virgil
gives
us
to
understand
by
his
Example
)
that
is
the
only
proper
of
all
others
for
an
Epique
Poem
,
who
to
his
Natural
Endowments
,
of
a
large
Invention
,
a
ripe
Judgment
,
and
a
strong
Memory
,
has
join'd
the
knowledge
of
the
Liberal
Arts
and
Sciences
,
and
particularly
,
Moral
Philosophy
,
the
Mathematicks
,
Geography
and
History
,
and
with
all
these
Qualifications
is
born
a
Poet
;
knows
,
and
can
practice
the
variety
of
Numbers
,
and
is
Master
of
the
Language
in
which
he
Writes
;
if
such
a
Man
,
I
say
,
be
now
arisen
,
or
shall
arise
,
I
am
vain
enough
to
think
,
that
I
have
propos'd
a
Model
to
him
,
by
which
he
may
build
a
Nobler
,
a
more
Beautiful
and
more
Perfect
Poem
,
than
any
yet
extant
since
the
Ancients
.
There
is
another
part
of
these
Machines
yet
wanting
;
but
by
what
I
have
said
,
it
wou'd
have
been
easily
supply'd
by
a
Judicious
Writer
.
He
cou'd
not
have
fail'd
,
to
add
the
opposition
of
ill
Spirits
to
the
good
;
they
have
also
their
Design
,
ever
opposite
to
that
of
Heaven
;
and
this
alone
,
has
hitherto
been
the
practice
of
the
Moderns
:
But
this
imperfect
System
,
if
I
may
call
it
such
,
which
I
have
given
,
will
infinitely
advance
and
carry
farther
that
Hypothesis
of
the
Evil
Spirits
contending
with
the
Good
.
For
being
so
much
weaker
since
their
Fall
,
than
those
blessed
Beings
,
they
are
yet
suppos'd
to
have
a
permitted
Power
from
God
,
of
acting
ill
,
as
from
their
own
deprav'd
Nature
they
have
always
the
Will
of
designing
it
.
A
great
Testimony
of
which
we
find
in
Holy
Writ
,
when
God
Almighty
suffer'd
Satan
to
appear
in
the
Holy
Synod
of
the
Angels
,
(
a
thing
not
hitherto
drawn
into
Example
by
any
of
the
Poets
,
)
and
also
gave
him
Power
over
all
things
belonging
to
his
Servant
Iob
,
excepting
only
Life
.
Now
what
these
Wicked
Spirits
cannot
compass
,
by
the
vast
disproportion
of
their
Forces
,
to
those
of
the
Superiour
Beings
:
They
may
by
their
Fraud
and
Cunning
carry
farther
,
in
a
seeming
League
,
Confederacy
or
Subserviency
to
the
Designs
of
some
good
Angel
,
as
far
as
consists
with
his
purity
,
to
suffer
such
an
aid
,
the
end
of
which
may
possibly
be
disguis'd
,
and
conceal'd
from
his
finite
Knowledge
.
This
is
indeed
to
suppose
a
great
Errour
in
such
a
Being
:
Yet
since
a
Devil
can
appear
like
an
Angel
of
Light
;
since
Craft
and
Malice
may
sometimes
blind
for
a
while
a
more
perfect
Understanding
;
and
lastly
,
since
Milton
has
given
us
an
Example
of
the
like
nature
,
when
Satan
appearing
like
a
Cherub
,
to
Vriel
,
the
Intelligence
of
the
Sun
,
Circumvented
him
even
in
his
own
Province
,
and
pass'd
only
for
a
Curious
Traveller
through
those
new
Created
Regions
,
that
he
might
observe
therein
the
Workmanship
of
God
,
and
praise
him
in
his
Works
.
I
know
not
why
,
upon
the
same
supposition
,
or
some
other
,
a
Fiend
may
not
deceive
a
Creature
of
more
Excellency
than
himself
,
but
yet
a
Creature
;
at
least
by
the
connivance
,
or
tacit
permission
of
the
Omniscient
Being
.
Thus
,
my
Lord
,
I
have
as
briefly
as
I
cou'd
,
given
your
Lordship
,
and
by
you
the
World
a
rude
draught
of
what
I
have
been
long
labouring
in
my
Imagination
.
And
what
I
had
intended
to
have
put
in
practice
,
(
though
far
unable
for
the
attempt
of
such
a
Poem
)
and
to
have
left
the
Stage
,
to
which
my
Genius
never
much
inclin'd
me
,
for
a
Work
which
wou'd
have
taken
up
my
Life
in
the
performance
of
it
.
This
too
,
I
had
intended
chiefly
for
the
Honour
of
my
Native
Country
,
to
which
a
Poet
is
parcicularly
oblig'd
:
Of
two
Subjects
,
both
relating
to
it
,
I
was
doubtful
,
whether
I
shou'd
chuse
that
of
King
Arthur
,
Conquering
the
Saxons
;
which
being
farther
distant
in
Time
,
gives
the
greater
Scope
to
my
Invention
:
Or
that
of
Edward
the
Black
Prince
in
subduing
Spain
,
and
Restoring
it
to
the
Lawful
Prince
,
though
a
Great
Tyrant
,
Don
Pedro
the
Cruel
:
Which
for
the
compass
of
Time
,
including
only
the
Expedition
of
one
Year
:
For
the
greatness
of
the
Action
,
and
its
answearable
Event
;
for
the
Magnanimity
of
the
English
Hero
,
oppos'd
to
the
Ingratitude
of
the
person
whom
he
restor'd
;
and
for
the
many
Beautiful
Episodes
,
which
I
had
interwoven
with
the
principal
Design
,
together
with
the
Characters
of
the
chiefest
English
Persons
;
wherein
,
after
Virgil
and
Spencer
,
I
wou'd
have
taken
occasion
to
represent
my
living
Friends
and
Patrons
of
the
Noblest
Families
,
and
also
shadow'd
the
Events
of
future
Ages
,
in
the
Succession
of
our
Imperial
Line
.
With
these
helps
,
and
those
of
the
Machines
,
which
I
have
mention'd
;
I
might
perhaps
have
done
as
well
as
some
of
my
Predecessors
;
or
at
least
chalk'd
out
a
way
,
for
others
to
amend
my
Errors
in
a
like
Design
.
But
being
encourag'd
only
with
fair
Words
,
by
King
Charles
II
,
my
little
Sallary
ill
paid
,
and
no
prospect
of
a
future
Subsistance
,
I
was
then
Discourag'd
in
the
beginning
of
my
Attempt
;
and
now
Age
has
overtaken
me
;
and
Want
,
a
more
insufferable
Evil
,
through
the
Change
of
the
Times
,
has
wholly
disenabl'd
me
.
Tho'
I
must
ever
acknowledge
,
to
the
Honour
of
your
Lordship
,
and
the
Eternal
Memory
of
your
Charity
,
that
since
this
Revolution
,
wherein
I
have
patiently
suffer'd
the
Ruin
of
my
small
Fortune
,
and
the
loss
of
that
poor
Subsistance
which
I
had
from
two
Kings
,
whom
I
had
serv'd
more
Faithfully
than
Profitably
to
my self
;
then
your
Lordship
was
pleas'd
,
out
of
no
other
Motive
,
but
your
own
Nobleness
,
without
any
Desert
of
mine
,
or
the
least
Sollicitation
from
me
,
to
make
me
a
most
bountiful
Present
,
which
at
that
time
,
when
I
was
most
in
want
of
it
,
came
most
seasonably
and
unexpectedly
to
my
Relief
.
That
Favour
,
my
Lord
,
is
of
it self
sufficient
to
bind
any
Grateful
Man
,
to
a
perpetual
Acknowledgment
,
and
to
all
the
future
Service
,
which
one
of
my
mean
Condition
,
can
be
ever
able
to
perform
.
May
the
Almighty
God
return
it
for
me
,
both
in
Blessing
you
here
,
and
Rewarding
you
hereafter
.
I
must
not
presume
to
defend
the
Cause
for
which
I
now
suffer
,
because
your
Lordship
is
engag'd
against
it
:
But
the
more
you
are
so
,
the
greater
is
my
Obligation
to
you
:
For
your
laying
aside
all
the
Considerations
of
Factions
and
Parties
,
to
do
an
Action
of
pure
disinteress'd
Charity
.
This
is
one
amongst
many
of
your
shining
Qualities
,
which
distinguish
you
from
others
of
your
Rank
:
But
let
me
add
a
farther
Truth
,
That
without
these
Ties
of
Gratitude
,
and
abstracting
from
them
all
,
I
have
a
most
particular
Inclination
to
Honour
you
;
and
if
it
were
not
too
bold
an
Expression
,
to
say
,
I
Love
you
.
'T
is
no
shame
to
be
a
Poet
,
tho'
't
is
to
be
a
bad
one
.
Augustus
Caesar
of
old
,
and
Cardinal
Richlieu
of
late
,
wou'd
willingly
have
been
such
;
and
David
and
Solomon
were
such
.
You
,
who
without
Flattery
,
are
the
best
of
the
present
Age
in
England
,
and
wou'd
have
been
so
,
had
you
been
born
in
any
other
Country
,
will
receive
more
Honour
in
future
Ages
,
by
that
one
Excellency
,
than
by
all
those
Honours
to
which
your
Birth
has
intitl'd
you
,
or
your
Merits
have
acquir'd
you
.
Ne
,
forte
,
pudori
,
Sit
tibi
Musa
Lyrae
solers
,
&
Cantor
Apollo
.
I
have
formerly
said
in
this
Epistle
,
that
I
cou'd
distinguish
your
Writings
from
those
of
any
others
:
'T
is
now
time
to
clear
my self
from
any
imputation
of
Self-conceipt
on
that
Subject
.
I
assume
not
to
my self
any
particular
lights
in
this
Discovery
;
they
are
such
only
as
are
obvious
to
every
Man
of
Sense
and
Judgment
,
who
loves
Poetry
,
and
understands
it
.
Your
Thoughts
are
always
so
remote
from
the
common
way
of
thinking
,
that
they
are
,
as
I
may
say
,
of
another
Species
,
than
the
Conceptions
of
other
Poets
;
yet
you
go
not
out
of
Nature
for
any
of
them
:
Gold
is
never
bred
upon
the
Surface
of
the
Ground
;
but
lies
so
hidden
,
and
so
deep
,
that
the
Mines
of
it
are
seldom
found
;
but
the
force
of
Waters
casts
it
out
from
the
Bowels
of
Mountains
,
and
exposes
it
amongst
the
Sands
of
Rivers
;
giving
us
of
her
Bounty
,
what
we
cou'd
not
hope
for
by
our
search
.
This
Success
attends
your
Lordship's
Thoughts
,
which
wou'd
look
like
Chance
,
if
it
were
not
perpetual
,
and
always
of
the
same
tenour
.
If
I
grant
that
there
is
Care
in
it
,
't
is
such
a
Care
as
wou'd
be
ineffectual
,
and
fruitless
in
other
Men.
'T
is
the
Cariosa
felicitas
which
Petronius
ascribes
to
Horace
in
his
Odes
.
We
have
not
wherewithal
to
imagine
so
strongly
,
so
justly
,
and
so
pleasantly
:
In
short
,
if
we
have
the
same
Knowledge
,
we
cannot
draw
out
of
it
the
same
Quintessence
;
we
cannot
give
it
such
a
Turn
,
such
a
Propriety
,
and
such
a
Beauty
.
Something
is
deficient
in
the
Manner
,
or
the
Words
,
but
more
in
the
Nobleness
of
our
Conception
.
Yet
when
you
have
finish'd
all
,
and
it
appears
in
its
full
Lustre
,
when
the
Diamond
is
not
only
found
,
but
the
Roughness
smooth'd
,
when
it
is
cut
into
a
Form
,
and
set
in
Gold
,
then
we
cannot
but
acknowledge
,
that
it
is
the
Perfect
Work
of
Art
and
Nature
:
And
every
one
will
be
so
vain
,
to
think
he
himself
cou'd
have
perform'd
the
like
,
till
he
attempts
it
.
'T
is
just
the
Description
that
Horace
makes
of
such
a
Finish'd
Piece
:
It
appears
so
easie
,
Vt
sibi
quivis
speret
idem
,
sudet
multum
,
frustraque
laboret
,
ausus
idem
.
And
besides
all
this
,
't
is
Your
Lordships
particular
Talent
to
lay
your
Thoughts
so
close
together
,
that
were
they
closer
,
they
wou'd
be
crouded
,
and
even
a
due
connexion
wou'd
be
wanting
.
We
are
not
kept
in
expectation
of
two
good
lines
,
which
are
to
come
after
a
long
Parenthesis
of
twenty
bad
;
which
is
the
April
Poetry
of
other
Writers
,
a
mixture
of
Rain
and
Sun-shine
by
fits
:
You
are
always
bright
,
even
almost
to
a
fault
,
by
reason
of
the
excess
.
There
is
continual
abundance
,
a
Magazine
of
Thought
,
and
yet
a
perpetual
Variety
of
Entertainment
;
which
creates
such
an
Appetite
in
your
Reader
,
that
he
is
not
cloy'd
with
any
thing
,
but
satisfy'd
with
all
.
'T
is
that
which
the
Romans
call
Coena
dubia
;
where
there
is
such
plenty
,
yet
withall
so
much
Diversity
,
and
so
good
Order
,
that
the
choice
is
difficult
betwixt
one
Excellency
and
another
;
and
yet
the
Conclusion
,
by
a
due
Climax
,
is
evermore
the
best
;
that
is
,
as
a
Conclusion
ought
to
be
,
ever
the
most
proper
for
its
place
.
See
,
my
Lord
,
whether
I
have
not
studi'd
Your
Lordship
with
some
Application
:
And
since
You
are
so
Modest
,
that
You
will
not
be
Judge
and
Party
,
I
appeal
to
the
whole
World
,
if
I
have
not
drawn
Your
Picture
to
a
great
degree
of
likeness
,
tho'
't
is
but
in
Meniature
:
And
that
some
of
the
best
Features
are
yet
wanting
.
Yet
what
I
have
done
is
enough
to
distinguish
You
from
any
other
,
which
is
the
Proposition
that
I
took
upon
me
to
demonstrate
.
And
now
,
my
Lord
,
to
apply
what
I
have
said
,
to
my
present
Business
;
the
Satires
of
Iuvenal
and
Persius
,
appearing
in
this
New
English
Dress
,
cannot
so
properly
be
Inscrib'd
to
any
Man
as
to
Your
Lordship
,
who
are
the
First
of
the
Age
in
that
way
of
Writing
.
Your
Lordship
,
amongst
many
other
Favours
,
has
given
me
Your
Permission
for
this
Address
;
and
You
have
particularly
Encourag'd
me
by
Your
Perusal
and
Approbation
of
the
Sixth
and
Tenth
Satires
of
Iuvenal
,
as
I
have
Translated
them
.
My
fellow
Labourers
,
have
likewise
Commission'd
me
,
to
perform
in
their
behalf
this
Office
of
a
Dedication
to
you
;
and
will
acknowledge
with
all
possible
Respect
and
Gratitude
,
your
Acceptance
of
their
Work
.
Some
of
them
have
the
Honour
to
be
known
to
your
Lordship
already
;
and
they
who
have
not
yet
that
happiness
,
desire
it
now
.
Be
pleas'd
to
receive
our
common
Endeavours
with
your
wonted
Candor
,
without
Intitleing
you
to
the
Protection
of
our
common
Failings
,
in
so
difficult
an
Undertakeing
.
And
allow
me
your
Patience
,
if
it
be
not
already
tir'd
with
this
long
Epistle
,
to
give
you
from
the
Best
Authors
,
the
Origine
,
the
Antiquity
,
the
Growth
,
the
Change
,
and
the
Compleatment
of
Satire
among
the
Romans
.
To
Describe
,
if
not
Define
,
the
Nature
of
that
Poem
,
with
it's
several
Qualifications
and
Virtues
,
together
with
the
several
sorts
of
it
.
To
compare
the
Excellencies
of
Horace
,
Persius
and
Iuvenal
,
and
shew
the
particular
Manners
of
their
Satires
.
And
lastly
,
to
give
an
Account
of
this
New
Way
of
Version
which
is
attempted
in
our
Performance
.
All
which
,
according
to
the
weakness
of
my
Ability
,
and
the
best
Lights
which
I
can
get
from
others
,
shall
be
the
Subject
of
my
following
Discourse
.
The
most
Perfect
Work
of
Poetry
,
says
our
Master
Aristotle
,
is
Tragedy
.
His
Reason
is
,
because
it
is
the
most
United
;
being
more
severely
confin'd
within
the
Rules
of
Action
,
Time
and
Place
.
The
Action
is
entire
of
a
Piece
,
and
one
,
without
Episodes
:
The
Time
limited
to
a
Natural
Day
:
And
the
Place
Circumbscrib'd
at
least
within
the
Compass
of
one
Town
,
or
City
.
Being
exactly
Proportion'd
thus
,
and
Uniform
in
all
it's
Parts
,
The
Mind
is
more
Capable
of
Comprehending
the
whole
Beauty
of
it
without
distraction
.
But
after
,
all
these
Advantages
,
an
Heroique
Poem
is
certainly
the
greatest
Work
of
Human
Nature
.
The
Beauties
and
Perfections
of
the
other
are
but
Mechanical
;
those
of
the
Epique
are
more
Noble
.
Tho'
Homer
has
limited
his
Place
to
Troy
,
and
the
Fields
about
it
;
his
Actions
to
Forty
Eight
Natural
Days
,
whereof
Twelve
are
Holy-days
,
or
Cessation
from
business
,
during
the
Funerals
of
Patroclus
.
To
proceed
,
the
Action
of
the
Epique
is
greater
:
The
Extention
of
Time
enlarges
the
Pleasure
of
the
Reader
,
and
the
Episodes
give
it
more
Ornament
,
and
more
Variety
.
The
Instruction
is
equal
;
but
the
first
is
only
Instructive
,
the
latter
Forms
a
Hero
,
and
a
Prince
.
If
it
signifies
any
thing
which
of
them
is
of
the
more
Ancient
Family
,
the
best
and
most
absolute
Heroique
Poem
was
written
by
Homer
,
long
before
Tragedy
was
Invented
:
But
,
if
we
consider
the
Natural
Endowments
,
and
acquir'd
Parts
which
are
necessary
to
make
an
accomplish'd
Writer
in
either
Kind
,
Tragedy
requires
a
less
and
more
confin'd
Knowledge
:
moderate
Learning
,
and
Observation
of
the
Rules
is
sufficient
,
if
a
Genius
be
not
wanting
.
But
in
an
Epique
Poet
,
one
who
is
worthy
of
that
Name
,
besides
an
Universal
Genius
,
is
requir'd
Universal
Learning
,
together
with
all
those
Qualities
and
Acquisitions
which
I
have
nam'd
above
,
and
as
many
more
as
I
have
through
haste
or
negligence
omitted
.
And
after
all
,
he
must
have
exactly
Study'd
Homer
and
Virgil
,
as
his
Patterns
,
Aristotle
and
Horace
as
his
Guides
,
and
Vida
and
Bossu
,
as
their
Commentators
,
with
many
others
both
Italian
and
French
Critiques
,
which
I
want
leisure
here
to
R●commend
.
In
a
Word
,
what
I
have
to
say
,
in
Relation
to
This
Subject
,
which
does
not
Particularly
concern
Satire
,
is
,
That
the
greatness
of
an
Heroique
Poem
,
beyond
that
of
a
Tragedy
,
may
easily
be
discover'd
by
observing
,
how
few
have
attempted
that
Work
,
in
comparison
of
those
who
have
Written
Drama's
;
and
of
those
few
,
how
small
a
number
have
Succeeded
.
But
leaving
the
Critiques
on
either
side
to
contend
about
the
preference
due
to
this
or
that
sort
of
Poetry
;
I
will
hasten
to
my
present
business
,
which
is
the
Antiquity
and
Origine
of
Satire
,
according
to
those
Informations
which
I
have
receiv'd
from
the
Learned
Casaubon
,
Heinsius
,
Rigaltius
,
Dacier
and
the
Dauphin's
Iuvenal
;
to
which
I
shall
add
some
Observations
of
my
own
.
There
has
been
a
long
Dispute
amongst
the
Modern
Critiques
,
whether
the
Romans
deriv'd
their
Satire
from
the
Grecians
,
or
first
Invented
it
themselves
.
Iulius
Scaliger
and
Heinsius
,
are
of
the
first
Opinion
;
Casaubon
,
Rigaltius
,
Dacier
,
and
the
Publisher
of
the
Dauphin's
Iuvenal
maintain
the
Latter
.
If
we
take
Satire
in
the
general
signification
of
the
Word
,
as
it
is
us'd
in
all
Modern
Languages
,
for
an
Invective
,
't
is
certain
that
it
is
almost
as
old
as
Verse
;
and
tho'
Hymns
,
which
are
praises
of
God
,
may
be
allow'd
to
have
been
before
it
,
yet
the
defamation
of
others
was
not
long
after
it
.
After
God
had
Curs'd
Adam
and
Eve
in
Paradise
,
the
Husband
and
Wife
excus'd
themselves
,
by
laying
the
blame
on
one
another
;
and
gave
a
beginning
to
those
Conjugal
Dialogues
in
Prose
;
which
the
Poets
have
perfected
in
Verse
.
The
Third
Chapter
of
Iob
is
one
of
the
first
Instances
of
this
Poem
in
Holy
Scripture
:
Unless
we
will
take
it
higher
,
from
the
latter
end
of
the
second
;
where
his
Wife
advises
him
to
curse
his
Maker
.
This
Original
,
I
confess
,
is
not
much
to
the
Honour
of
Satire
;
but
here
it
was
Nature
,
and
that
deprav'd
:
When
it
became
an
Art
,
it
bore
better
Fruit.
Only
we
have
learnt
thus
much
already
,
that
Scoffs
and
Revilings
are
of
the
growth
of
all
Nations
;
and
consequently
that
neither
the
Greek
Poets
borrow'd
from
other
People
their
Art
of
Railing
,
neither
needed
the
Romans
to
take
it
from
them
.
But
considering
Satire
as
a
Species
of
Poetry
;
here
the
War
begins
amongst
the
Criticks
.
Scaliger
the
Father
will
have
it
descend
from
Greece
to
Rome
;
and
derives
the
word
Satyre
,
from
Satyrus
,
that
mixt
kind
of
Animal
,
or
,
as
the
Ancients
thought
him
,
Rural
God
,
made
up
betwixt
a
Man
and
a
Goat
;
with
a
Humane
Head
,
Hook'd
Nose
,
Powting
Lips
,
a
Bunch
,
or
Struma
under
the
Chin
,
prick'd
Ears
,
and
upright
Horns
;
the
Body
shagg'd
with
hair
,
especially
from
the
waste
,
and
ending
in
a
Goat
,
with
the
legs
and
feet
of
that
Creature
.
But
Casaubon
,
and
his
Followers
,
with
Reason
,
condemn
this
derivation
;
and
prove
that
from
Satyrus
,
the
word
Satira
,
as
it
signifies
a
Poem
,
cannot
possibly
descend
.
For
Satira
is
not
properly
a
Substantive
,
but
an
Adjective
;
to
which
,
the
word
Lanx
,
in
English
a
Charger
,
or
large
Platter
,
is
understood
:
So
that
the
Greek
Poem
made
according
to
the
Manners
of
a
Satyr
,
and
expressing
his
Qualities
,
must
properly
be
call'd
Satyrical
,
and
not
Satire
:
And
thus
far
't
is
allow'd
,
that
the
Grecians
had
such
Poems
;
but
that
they
where
wholly
different
in
Specie
,
from
that
to
which
the
Romans
gave
the
Name
of
Satire
.
Aristotle
divides
all
Poetry
,
in
relation
to
the
Progress
of
it
,
into
Nature
without
Art
:
Art
begun
,
and
Art
Compleated
.
Mankind
,
even
the
most
Barbarous
have
the
Seeds
of
Poetry
implanted
in
them
.
The
first
Specimen
of
it
was
certainly
shewn
in
the
Praises
of
the
Deity
,
and
Prayers
to
him
:
And
as
they
are
of
Natural
Obligation
,
so
they
are
likewise
of
Divine
Institution
.
Which
Milton
observing
,
introduces
Adam
and
Eve
,
every
Morning
adoring
God
in
Hymns
and
Prayers
.
The
first
Poetry
was
thus
begun
,
in
the
wild
Notes
of
Nature
,
before
the
invention
of
Feet
,
and
Measures
.
The
Grecians
and
Romans
had
no
other
Original
of
their
Poetry
.
Festivals
and
Holydays
soon
succeeded
to
Private
Worship
,
and
we
need
not
doubt
but
they
were
enjoyn'd
by
the
true
God
to
his
own
People
;
as
they
were
afterwards
imitated
by
the
Heathens
;
who
by
the
light
of
Reason
knew
they
were
to
invoke
some
Superiour
Being
in
their
Necessities
,
and
to
thank
him
for
his
Benefits
.
Thus
the
Grecian
Holydays
were
Celebrated
with
Offerings
to
Bacchus
and
Ceres
,
and
other
Deities
,
to
whose
Bounty
they
suppos'd
they
were
owing
for
their
Corn
and
Wine
,
and
other
helps
of
Life
.
And
the
Ancient
Romans
,
as
Horace
tells
us
,
paid
their
thanks
to
Mother
Earth
,
or
Vesta
,
to
Silvanus
,
and
their
Genius
,
in
the
same
manner
.
But
as
all
Festivals
have
a
double
Reason
of
their
Institution
;
the
first
of
Religion
,
the
other
of
Recreation
,
for
the
unbending
of
our
Minds
:
So
both
the
Grecians
and
Romans
agreed
,
after
their
Sacrifices
were
perform'd
,
to
spend
the
remainder
of
the
day
in
Sports
and
Merriments
;
amongst
which
,
Songs
and
Dances
,
and
that
which
they
call'd
Wit
,
(
for
want
of
knowing
better
,
)
were
the
chiefest
Entertainments
.
The
Grecians
had
a
notion
of
Satyres
,
whom
I
have
already
describ'd
;
and
taking
them
,
and
the
Sileni
,
that
is
the
young
Satyrs
and
the
old
,
for
the
Tutors
,
Attendants
,
and
Humble
Companions
of
their
Bacchus
,
habited
themselves
like
those
Rural
Deities
,
and
imitated
them
in
their
Rustick
Dances
,
to
which
they
join'd
Songs
,
with
some
sort
of
rude
Harmony
,
but
without
certain
Numbers
;
and
to
these
they
added
a
kind
of
Chorus
.
The
Romans
also
(
as
Nature
is
the
same
in
all
places
)
though
they
knew
nothing
of
those
Grecian
Demi-Gods
,
nor
had
any
Communication
with
Greece
,
yet
had
certain
Young
Men
,
who
at
their
Festivals
,
Danc'd
and
Sung
after
their
uncouth
manner
,
to
a
certain
kind
of
Verse
,
which
they
call'd
Saturnian
;
what
it
was
,
we
have
no
very
certain
light
from
Antiquity
to
discover
;
but
we
may
conclude
,
that
,
like
the
Grecian
,
it
was
void
of
Art
,
or
at
least
with
very
feeble
beginnings
of
it
.
Those
Ancient
Romans
,
at
these
Holydays
,
which
were
a
mixture
of
Devotion
and
Debauchery
,
had
a
Custom
of
reproaching
each
other
with
their
Faults
,
in
a
sort
of
Extempore
Poetry
,
or
rather
of
tunable
hobling
Verse
;
and
they
answer'd
in
the
same
kind
of
gross
Raillery
;
their
Wit
and
their
Musick
being
of
a
piece
.
The
Grecians
,
says
Casaubon
,
had
formerly
done
the
same
,
in
the
Persons
of
their
petulant
Satyrs
:
But
I
am
afraid
he
mistakes
the
matter
,
and
confounds
the
Singing
and
Dancing
of
the
Satyrs
,
with
the
Rustical
Entertainments
of
the
first
Romans
.
The
Reason
of
my
Opinion
is
this
;
that
Casaubon
finding
little
light
from
Antiquity
,
of
these
beginnings
of
Poetry
,
amongst
the
Grecians
,
but
only
these
Representations
of
Satyrs
,
who
carry'd
Canisters
and
Cornucopias
full
of
several
Fruits
in
their
hands
,
and
danc'd
with
them
at
their
Publick
Feasts
:
And
afterwards
reading
Horace
,
who
makes
mention
of
his
homely
Romans
,
jesting
at
one
another
in
the
same
kind
of
Solemnities
,
might
suppose
those
wanton
Satyrs
did
the
same
.
And
especially
because
Horace
possibly
might
seem
to
him
,
to
have
shewn
the
Original
of
all
Poetry
in
general
,
including
the
Grecians
,
as
well
as
Romans
:
Though
't
is
plainly
otherwise
,
that
he
only
describ'd
the
beginning
,
and
first
Rudiments
of
Poetry
in
his
own
Country
.
The
Verses
are
these
,
which
he
cites
from
the
First
Epistle
of
the
Second
Book
,
which
was
Written
to
Augustus
.
Agricolae
prisci
,
fortes
,
parvoque
beati
,
Condita
post
frumenta
,
levantes
tempore
festo
Corpus
&
ipsum
animum
spe
fini●
dura
ferentem
,
Cum
sociis
operum
,
&
pueris
,
&
conjuge
fidâ
,
Tellurem
Porco
,
Silvanum
lacte
piabant
;
Floribus
&
vino
Genium
memorem
brevis
aevi
:
Fescennina
per
hunc
inventa
licentia
morem
Versibus
alternis
,
opprobria
rustica
fudit
.
Our
Brawny
Clowns
of
Old
,
who
turn'd
the
soyl
,
Content
with
little
,
and
inur'd
to
toyl
,
At
Harvest
home
,
with
Mirth
and
Country
Cheer
Restor'd
their
Bodies
for
another
year
:
Refresh'd
their
Spirits
,
and
renew'd
their
Hope
,
Of
such
a
future
Feast
,
and
future
Crop
.
Then
with
their
Fellow-joggers
of
the
Ploughs
,
Their
little
Children
,
and
their
faithful
Spouse
;
A
Sow
they
slew
to
Vesta's
Deity
;
And
kindly
Milk
,
Silvanus
,
pour'd
to
thee
.
With
Flow'rs
,
and
Wine
,
their
Genius
they
ador'd
;
A
short
Life
,
and
a
merry
,
was
the
word
.
From
flowing
Cups
defaming
Rhymes
ensue
,
And
at
each
other
homely
Taunts
they
threw
.
Yet
since
it
is
a
hard
Conjecture
,
that
so
Great
a
Man
as
Casaubon
shou'd
misapply
what
Horace
writ
concerning
Ancient
Rome
,
to
the
Ceremonies
and
Manners
of
Ancient
Greece
,
I
will
not
insist
on
this
Opinion
,
but
rather
judge
in
general
,
that
since
all
Poetry
had
its
Original
from
Religion
,
that
of
the
Grecians
and
Rome
had
the
same
beginning
:
Both
were
invented
at
Festivals
of
Thanksgiving
:
And
both
were
prosecuted
with
Mirth
and
Raillery
,
and
Rudiments
of
Verses
:
Amongst
the
Greeks
,
by
those
who
Represented
Satyrs
;
and
amongst
the
Romans
by
real
Clowns
.
For
,
Indeed
,
when
I
am
Reading
Casauban
,
on
these
two
Subjects
,
methinks
I
hear
the
same
Story
told
twice
over
with
very
little
alteration
.
Of
which
Dacier
takeing
notice
,
in
his
Interpretation
of
the
Latine
Verses
which
I
have
Translated
,
says
plainly
,
that
the
begining
of
Poetry
was
the
same
,
with
a
small
variety
in
both
Countries
:
And
that
the
Mother
of
it
in
all
Nations
,
was
Devotion
.
But
what
is
yet
more
wonderful
,
that
most
Learned
Critique
takes
notice
also
,
in
his
Illustrations
on
the
First
Epistle
of
the
Second
Book
,
that
as
the
Poetry
of
the
Romans
,
and
that
of
the
Grecians
,
had
the
same
beginning
at
Feasts
of
Thanksgiving
,
as
it
has
been
Observ'd
;
and
the
old
Comedy
of
the
Greeks
which
was
Invective
,
and
the
Satire
of
the
Romans
which
was
of
the
same
Nature
,
were
begun
on
the
very
same
Occasion
,
so
the
Fortune
of
both
in
process
of
time
was
just
the
same
;
the
old
Comedy
of
the
Grecians
was
forbidden
,
for
it
s
too
much
License
in
exposing
of
particular
Persons
,
and
the
Rude
Satire
of
the
Romans
was
also
Punish'd
by
a
Law
of
the
Decemviri
,
as
Horace
tells
us
,
in
these
Words
,
Libertasque
recurrentes
accepta
per
Annos
Lusit
amabiliter
,
donec
jam
saevus
apertam
In
rabiem
verti
caepit
jocus
;
&
per
honestas
Ire
domos
impune
minax
:
Doluere
cruento
Dente
lacessiti
;
fuit
intactis
quoque
cura
Conditione
super
communi
:
Quinetiam
Lex
,
Paenaque
lata
,
malo
quae
nollet
carmine
quemquam
Describi
,
vertere
modum
formidine
fustis
;
Ad
benedicendum
delectandumque
redacti
.
The
Law
of
the
Decemviri
,
was
this
.
Siquis
Occentassit
malum
Carmen
,
sive
Condidisit
,
quod
Infamiam
faxit
,
Flagitiumve
alteri
,
Capital
esto
.
A
strange
likeness
,
and
barely
possible
:
But
the
Critiques
being
all
of
the
same
Opinion
,
it
becomes
me
to
be
silent
,
and
submit
to
better
Judgments
than
my
own
.
But
to
return
to
the
Grecians
,
from
whose
Satyrick
Drama's
,
the
Elder
Scaliger
and
Heinsius
,
will
have
the
Roman
Satire
to
proceed
,
I
am
to
take
a
View
of
them
first
,
and
see
if
there
be
any
such
Descent
from
them
as
those
Authors
have
pretended
.
Thespis
,
or
whosoever
he
were
that
Invented
Tragedy
,
(
for
Authors
differ
)
mingl'd
with
them
a
Chorus
and
Dances
of
Satyres
,
which
had
before
been
us'd
,
in
the
Celebration
of
their
Festivals
;
and
there
they
were
ever
afterwards
retain'd
.
The
Character
of
them
was
also
kept
,
which
was
Mirth
and
Wantonness
:
And
this
was
given
,
I
suppose
,
to
the
folly
of
the
Common
Audience
▪
who
soon
grow
weary
of
good
Sense
;
and
as
we
daily
see
,
in
our
own
Age
and
Country
,
are
apt
to
forsake
Poetry
,
and
still
ready
to
return
,
to
Buffoonry
and
Farce
.
From
hence
it
came
,
that
in
the
Olympique-Games
,
where
the
Poets
contended
for
Four
Prizes
,
the
Satyrique
Tragedy
was
the
last
of
them
:
for
in
the
rest
,
the
Satyrs
were
excluded
from
the
Chorus
.
Amongst
the
Plays
of
Eurypides
,
which
are
yet
remaining
,
there
is
one
of
these
Satyriques
,
which
is
call'd
the
Cyclops
;
in
which
we
may
see
the
nature
of
those
Poems
;
and
from
thence
conclude
,
what
likeness
they
have
to
the
Roman
Satire
.
The
Story
of
this
Cyclops
,
whose
Name
was
Polyphemus
,
so
famous
in
the
Grecian
Fables
,
was
,
That
Vlysses
,
who
with
his
Company
was
driven
on
that
Coast
of
Sicily
,
where
those
Cyclops
Inhabited
,
coming
to
ask
Relief
from
Silenus
,
and
the
Satyres
,
who
were
Herdsmen
to
that
One-ey'd
Gyant
,
was
kindly
receiv'd
by
them
,
and
entertain'd
;
till
being
perceiv'd
by
Polyphemus
,
they
were
made
Prisoners
,
against
the
Rites
of
Hospitality
,
for
which
Vlysses
Eloquently
pleaded
,
were
afterwards
put
down
into
the
Den
,
and
some
of
them
devour'd
:
After
which
,
Vlysses
having
made
him
Drunk
,
when
he
was
asleep
,
thrust
a
great
Firebrand
into
his
Eye
,
and
so
Revenging
his
Dead
Followers
,
escap'd
with
the
remaining
Party
of
the
Living
:
And
Silenus
and
the
Satyrs
,
were
freed
from
their
Servitude
under
Polyphemus
,
and
remitted
to
their
first
Liberty
,
of
attending
and
accompanying
their
Patron
Bacchus
.
This
was
the
Subject
of
the
Tragedy
,
which
being
one
of
those
that
end
with
a
happy
Event
,
is
therefore
by
Aristotle
,
judg'd
below
the
other
sort
,
whose
Success
is
unfortunate
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
the
Satyrs
,
who
were
part
of
the
Dramatis
Personae
,
as
well
as
the
whole
Chorus
,
were
properly
introduc'd
into
the
Nature
of
the
Poem
,
which
is
mix'd
of
Farce
and
Tragedy
.
The
Adventure
of
Vlysses
was
to
entertain
the
Judging
part
of
the
Audience
,
and
the
uncouth
Persons
of
Silenus
,
and
the
Satyrs
,
to
divert
the
Common
People
,
with
their
gross
Railleries
.
Your
Lordship
has
perceiv'd
,
by
this
time
,
that
this
Satyrique
Tragedy
,
and
the
Roman
Satire
have
little
Resemblance
in
any
of
their
Features
.
The
very
Kinds
are
different
:
For
what
has
a
Pastoral
Tragedy
to
do
with
a
Paper
of
Verses
Satirically
written
?
The
Character
and
Raillery
of
the
Satyres
is
the
only
thing
that
cou'd
pretend
to
a
likeness
:
Were
Scaliger
and
Heinsius
alive
to
maintain
their
Opinion
.
And
the
first
Farces
of
the
Romans
,
which
were
the
Rudiments
of
their
Poetry
,
were
written
before
they
had
any
Communication
with
the
Greeks
;
or
,
indeed
,
any
Knowledge
of
that
People
.
And
here
it
will
be
proper
to
give
the
Definition
of
the
Greek
Satyrique
Poem
from
Casaubon
,
before
I
leave
this
Subject
.
The
Satyrique
,
says
he
,
is
a
Dramatick
Poem
,
annex'd
to
a
Tragedy
;
having
a
Chorus
,
which
consists
of
Satyrs
:
The
Persons
Represented
in
it
,
are
Illustrio●s
Men
:
The
Action
of
it
is
great
;
the
Stile
is
partly
Serious
,
and
partly
Jocular
;
and
the
Event
of
the
Action
most
commonly
is
Happy
.
The
Grecians
,
besides
these
Satyrique
Tragedies
,
had
another
kind
of
Poem
,
which
they
call'd
Silli
;
which
were
more
of
kin
to
the
Roman
Satire
:
Those
Silli
were
indeed
Invective
Poems
,
but
of
a
different
Species
from
the
Roman
Poems
of
Ennius
,
Pacuvi●s
,
Lucilius
,
Horace
,
and
the
rest
of
their
Successors
.
They
were
so
call'd
,
says
Casaubon
in
one
place
,
from
Silenus
,
the
Foster-Father
of
Bacchus
;
but
in
another
place
,
bethinking
himself
better
,
he
derives
their
Name
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
their
Scoffing
and
Petulancy
.
From
some
Fragments
of
the
Silli
,
written
by
Timon
,
we
may
find
,
that
they
were
Satyrique
Poems
,
full
of
Parodies
;
that
is
,
of
Verses
patch'd
up
from
great
Poets
,
and
turn'd
into
another
Sence
than
their
Author
intended
them
.
Such
amongst
the
Romans
is
the
Famous
Cento
of
Ausonius
;
where
the
words
are
Virgil's
:
But
by
applying
them
to
another
Sense
,
they
are
made
a
Relation
of
a
Wedding-Night
;
and
the
Act
of
Consummation
fulsomly
describ'd
in
the
very
words
of
the
most
Modest
amongst
all
Poets
.
Of
the
same
manner
are
our
Songs
,
which
are
turn'd
into
Burlesque
;
and
the
serious
words
of
the
Author
perverted
into
a
ridiculous
meaning
.
Thus
in
Timon's
Silli
the
words
are
generally
those
of
Homer
,
and
the
Tragick
Poets
;
but
he
applies
them
Satyrically
,
to
some
Customs
and
Kinds
of
Philosophy
,
which
he
arraigns
.
But
the
Romans
not
using
any
of
these
Parodies
in
their
Satyres
▪
sometimes
,
indeed
,
repeating
Verses
of
other
Men
,
as
Persius
cites
some
of
Nero's
;
but
not
turning
them
into
another
meaning
,
the
Silli
cannot
be
suppos'd
to
be
the
Original
of
Roman
Satire
.
To
these
Silli
consisting
of
Parodies
,
we
may
properly
add
,
the
Satires
which
were
written
against
particular
Persons
;
such
as
were
the
lambiques
of
Archil●cus
against
Lycambes
,
which
Horace
undoubtedly
imitated
in
some
of
his
Odes
and
Epodes
,
whose
Titles
bear
sufficient
witness
of
it
:
I
might
also
name
the
Invective
of
Ovid
against
Ibis
;
and
many
others
:
But
these
are
the
Under-wood
of
Satire
,
rather
than
the
Timber-Trees
:
They
are
not
of
General
Extension
,
as
reaching
only
to
some
Individual
Person
.
And
Horace
seems
to
have
purg'd
himself
from
those
Sple●etick
Reflections
in
those
Odes
and
Epodes
,
before
he
undertook
the
Noble
Work
of
Satires
;
which
were
properly
so
call'd
.
Thus
,
my
Lord
,
I
have
at
length
disengag'd
my self
from
those
Antiquities
of
Greece
;
and
have
prov'd
,
I
hope
,
from
the
best
Critiques
,
that
the
Roman
Satire
was
not
borrow'd
from
thence
,
but
of
their
own
Manufacture
:
I
am
now
almost
gotten
into
my
depth
;
at
least
by
the
help
of
Dacier
,
I
am
swimming
towards
it
.
Not
that
I
will
promise
always
to
follow
him
,
any
more
than
be
follows
Casaubon
;
but
to
keep
him
in
my
Eye
,
as
my
best
and
truest
Guide
;
and
where
I
think
he
may
possibly
mislead
me
,
there
to
have
recourse
to
my
own
lights
,
as
I
expect
that
others
should
do
by
me
.
Quintilian
says
,
in
plain
words
,
Satira
quidem
tota
,
nostra
est
:
And
Horace
had
said
the
same
thing
before
him
,
speaking
of
his
Predecessor
in
that
sort
of
Poetry
,
Et
Gra●cis
intacti
Carminis
Author
.
Nothing
can
be
clearer
than
the
Opinion
of
the
Poet
,
and
the
Orator
,
both
the
best
Criticks
of
the
two
best
Ages
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
than
that
Satire
was
wholly
of
Latin
growth
,
and
not
transplanted
to
Rome
from
Athens
.
Yet
,
as
I
have
said
,
Scaliger
,
the
Father
,
according
to
his
Custom
,
that
is
,
insolently
enough
,
contradict●
them
both
▪
and
gives
no
better
Reason
,
than
the
derivation
of
Satyrus
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Salacitas
;
and
so
from
the
Lechery
of
those
Fauns
,
thinks
he
has
sufficiently
pro●'d
,
that
Satyre
is
deriv'd
from
them
.
As
if
Wantonness
and
lubrici●y
,
were
Essential
to
that
sort
of
Poem
,
which
ought
to
be
avoided
in
it
.
His
other
Allegation
,
which
I
have
already
mention'd
,
is
as
pitiful
:
That
the
Satyres
carried
Platters
and
Canisters
full
of
Fruit
,
in
their
〈◊〉
.
If
they
had
enter'd
empty-handed
,
had
they
been
ever
the
less
Satyres
?
Or
were
the
Fruits
and
Flowers
,
which
they
offer'd
,
any
thing
of
kin
to
Satyre
?
Or
any
Argument
that
this
Poem
was
Originally
Gr●cian
▪
Causaubon
judg'd
better
,
and
his
Opinion
is
grounded
on
sure
Authority
;
that
Satyre
was
deriv'd
from
Satura
▪
a
Roman
word
,
which
signifies
Full
,
and
Abundant
;
and
full
also
of
Variety
,
in
which
nothing
is
w●nting
to
its
due
Perfection
.
'T
is
thus
,
says
Dacier
,
that
we
lay
a
full
Colour
,
when
the
Wool
has
taken
the
whole
Tincture
,
and
〈◊〉
in
as
much
of
the
Dye
as
it
can
receive
.
According
to
this
Derivation
,
from
Sa●●
comes
Satura
,
or
Satira
:
According
to
the
n●w
spelling
;
as
〈◊〉
and
max●mus
are
now
spell'd
optimus
and
〈◊〉
.
Satura
▪
as
I
hav●
formerly
noted
,
is
an
Adjective
,
and
relates
to
the
word
Lanx
▪
which
is
understood
.
And
this
Lanx
,
in
English
a
Charger
,
or
large
Platter
,
was
yearly
fill'd
with
all
sorts
of
Fruits
,
which
were
offer'd
to
the
Gods
at
their
Festivals
,
as
the
Premices
,
or
First
Gatherings
.
These
Offerings
of
several
sorts
thus
mingl'd
,
't
is
true
,
were
not
unknown
to
the
Grecians
,
who
call'd
them
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Sacrifice
of
all
sorts
of
Fruits
;
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
when
they
offer'd
all
kinds
of
Grain
.
Virgil
has
mention'd
these
Sacrifices
in
his
Georgiques
.
Lancibus
&
pandis
,
fumantia
reddimus
Exta
:
And
in
another
place
,
Lancesque
&
liba
feremus
.
That
is
,
we
offer
the
smoaking
Entrails
in
great
Platters
;
and
we
will
offer
the
Chargers
,
and
the
Cakes
.
This
word
Satura
has
been
afterward
apply'd
to
many
other
sorts
of
Mixtures
;
as
Festus
calls
it
a
kind
of
Olla
,
or
hotch-potch
,
made
of
several
sorts
of
Meats
.
Laws
were
also
call'd
Leges
Saturae
;
when
they
were
of
several
Heads
and
Titles
;
like
our
tack'd
Bills
of
Parliament
.
And
per
Saturam
legem
ferre
,
in
the
Roman
Senate
,
was
to
carry
a
Law
without
telling
the
Senatours
,
or
counting
Voices
when
they
were
in
haste
.
Salust
uses
the
word
per
Saturam
Sententias
exquirere
;
when
the
Majority
was
visibly
on
one
side
.
From
hence
it
might
probably
be
conjectur'd
,
that
the
Discourses
or
Satyres
of
Ennius
,
L●cilius
,
and
Horace
,
as
we
now
call
them
,
took
their
Name
;
because
they
are
full
of
various
Matters
,
and
are
also
Written
on
various
Subjects
,
as
Porphyrius
says
.
But
Dacier
affirms
,
that
it
is
not
immediately
from
thence
that
these
Satyres
are
so
call'd
:
For
that
Name
had
been
us'd
formerly
for
other
things
,
which
bore
a
nearer
resemblance
to
those
Discourses
of
Horace
.
In
explaining
of
which
,
(
continues
Dacier
)
a
Method
is
to
be
pursu'd
,
of
which
Casaubon
himself
has
never
thought
,
and
which
will
put
all
things
into
so
clear
a
light
,
that
no
farther
room
will
be
left
for
the
least
Dispute
.
During
the
space
of
almost
four
hundred
years
,
since
the
Building
of
their
City
,
the
Romans
had
never
known
any
Entertainments
of
the
Stage
:
Chance
and
Jollity
first
found
out
those
Verses
which
they
call'd
Saturnian
,
and
Fescennine
:
Or
rather
Humane
Nature
,
which
is
inclin'd
to
Poetry
,
first
produc'd
them
,
rude
and
barbarous
,
and
unpolish'd
,
as
all
other
Operations
of
the
Soul
are
in
their
beginnings
,
before
they
are
Cultivated
with
Art
and
Study
.
However
,
in
occasions
of
Merriment
they
were
first
practis'd
;
and
this
rough-cast
unhewn
Poetry
,
was
instead
of
Stage-Plays
for
the
space
of
an
hundred
and
twenty
years
together
.
They
were
made
extempore
,
and
were
,
as
the
French
call
them
,
Impromptus
:
For
which
the
Tars●ans
of
Old
were
much
Renown'd
;
and
we
see
the
daily
Examples
of
them
in
the
Italian
Farces
of
Harlequin
,
and
Scaramucha
.
Such
was
the
Poetry
of
that
Salvage
People
,
before
it
was
tu●'d
into
Numbers
,
and
the
Harmony
of
Verse
.
Little
of
the
Saturnian
Verses
is
now
remaining
;
we
only
know
from
Authors
,
that
they
were
nearer
Prose
than
Poetry
,
without
feet
,
or
measure
.
They
were
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
but
not
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
Perhaps
they
might
be
us'd
in
the
solemn
part
of
their
Ceremonies
,
and
the
Fescennine
,
which
were
invented
after
them
,
in
their
Afternoons
Debauchery
,
because
they
were
scoffing
,
and
obscence
.
The
Fescennine
and
Saturnian
were
the
same
;
for
as
they
were
call'd
Saturnian
from
their
Ancientness
,
when
Saturn
Reign'd
in
Italy
;
they
were
also
call'd
Fescennine
,
from
Fescenina
,
a
Town
in
the
same
Country
,
where
they
were
first
practis'd
.
The
Actors
with
a
Gross
and
Rustick
kind
of
●aillery
,
reproach'd
each
other
with
their
Failings
;
and
at
the
same
time
were
nothing
sparing
of
it
to
their
Audience
.
Somewhat
of
this
Custom
was
afterwards
retain'd
in
their
Saturnalia
,
or
Feasts
of
Saturn
,
Celebrated
in
December
;
at
least
all
kind
of
freedom
in
Speech
was
then
allow'd
to
Slaves
,
even
against
their
Masters
;
and
we
are
not
without
some
imitation
of
it
in
our
Christmas
Gambols
.
Souldiers
also
us'd
those
Fescennine
Verses
,
after
Measure
and
Numbers
had
been
added
to
them
,
at
the
Triumph
of
their
Generals
:
Of
which
we
have
an
Example
,
in
the
Triumph
of
Iulius
Caesar
over
Gaul
,
in
these
Expressions
.
Caesar
Gallias
subegit
,
Nicomedes
Caesarem
:
Ecce
Caesar
nunc
triumphat
,
qui
subegit
Gallias
;
Nicomedes
non
triumphat
,
qui
subegit
Caesarem
.
The
vapours
of
Wine
made
those
first
Satyrical
Poets
amongst
the
Romans
;
which
,
says
Dacier
,
we
cannot
better
represent
,
than
by
imagining
a
Company
of
Clowns
on
a
Holyday
,
dancing
Lubberly
,
and
upbraiding
one
another
in
Extempore
Doggrel
,
with
their
Defects
and
Vices
,
and
the
Stories
that
were
told
of
them
in
Bake-houses
,
and
Barbers
Shops
.
When
they
began
to
be
somewhat
better
bred
,
and
were
entring
,
as
I
may
say
,
into
the
first
Rudiments
of
Civil
Conversation
,
they
left
these
Hedge
Notes
,
for
another
sort
of
Poem
,
somewhat
polish'd
,
which
was
also
full
of
pleasant
Raillery
,
but
without
any
mixture
of
obscenity
.
This
sort
of
Poetry
appear'd
under
the
name
of
Satire
,
because
of
its
variety
:
And
this
Satire
was
adorn'd
with
Compositions
of
Musick
,
and
with
Dances
:
but
Lascivious
Postures
were
banish'd
from
it
.
In
the
Tuscan
Language
,
says
Livy
,
the
word
Hister
signifies
a
Player
:
And
therefore
those
Actors
,
which
were
first
brought
from
Etruria
to
Rome
,
on
occasion
of
a
Pestilence
;
when
the
Romans
were
admonish'd
to
avert
the
Anger
of
the
Gods
by
Plays
,
in
the
Year
ab
Vrbe
Condita
,
cccxc
.
Those
Actors
,
I
say
,
were
therefore
call'd
Histriones
:
And
that
Name
has
since
remain'd
,
not
only
to
Actors
Roman
born
,
but
to
all
others
of
every
Nation
.
They
Play'd
not
the
former
extempore
stuff
of
Fescennine
Verses
,
or
Clownish
Jests
;
but
what
they
Acted
,
was
a
kind
of
civil
cleanly
Farce
,
with
Musick
and
Dances
,
and
Motions
that
were
proper
to
the
Subject
.
In
this
Condition
Livius
Andronicus
found
the
Stage
,
when
he
attempted
first
,
instead
of
Farces
,
to
supply
it
with
a
Nobler
Entertainment
of
Tragedies
and
Comedies
.
This
Man
was
a
Grecian
born
,
and
being
made
a
Slave
by
Livius
Salinator
,
and
brought
to
Rome
,
had
the
Education
of
his
Patron
's
Children
committed
to
him
.
Which
trust
he
discharg'd
,
so
much
to
the
satisfaction
of
his
Master
,
that
he
gave
him
his
Liberty
.
Andronicus
thus
become
a
Freeman
of
Rome
,
added
to
his
own
Name
that
of
Livius
his
Master
;
and
,
as
I
observ'd
,
was
the
first
Author
of
a
Regular
Play
in
that
Commonwealth
.
Being
already
instructed
in
his
Native
Country
,
in
the
Manners
and
Decencies
of
the
Athenian
Theater
,
and
Conversant
in
the
Archaea
Comaedia
,
or
old
Comedy
of
Aristophanes
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Grecian
Poets
;
he
took
from
that
Model
his
own
designing
of
Plays
for
the
Roman
Stage
.
The
first
of
which
was
represented
in
the
Year
514.
since
the
building
of
Rome
,
as
Tully
,
from
the
Commentaries
of
Atticus
,
has
assur'd
us
;
it
was
after
the
end
of
the
first
Punick
War
,
the
year
before
Ennius
was
born
.
Dacier
has
not
carry'd
the
matter
altogether
thus
far
;
he
only
says
,
that
one
Livius
Andronicus
was
the
first
Stage-Poet
at
Rome
:
But
I
will
adventure
on
this
hint
,
to
advance
another
Proposition
,
which
I
hope
the
Learned
will
approve
.
And
though
we
have
not
any
thing
of
Andronicus
remaining
to
justifie
my
Conjecture
,
yet
't
is
exceeding
probable
,
that
having
read
the
Works
of
those
Grecian
Wits
,
his
Countrymen
,
he
imitated
not
only
the
ground-work
,
but
also
the
manner
of
their
Writing
.
And
how
grave
soever
his
Tragedies
might
be
,
yet
in
his
Comedies
he
express'd
the
way
of
Aristophanes
,
Eupolis
,
and
the
rest
,
which
was
to
call
some
Persons
by
their
own
Names
,
and
to
expose
their
Defects
to
the
laughter
of
the
People
.
The
Examples
of
which
we
have
in
the
foremention'd
Aristophanes
,
who
turn'd
the
wise
Socrates
into
Ridicule
;
and
is
also
very
free
with
the
management
of
Cleon
,
Alcibiades
,
and
other
Ministers
of
the
Athenian
Government
.
Now
if
this
be
granted
,
we
may
easily
suppose
,
that
the
first
hint
of
Satirical
Plays
on
the
Roman
Stage
,
was
given
by
the
Greeks
.
Not
from
their
Satyrica
,
for
that
has
been
reasonably
exploded
in
the
former
part
of
this
Discourse
:
But
from
their
old
Comedy
,
which
was
imitated
first
by
Livius
Andronicus
.
And
then
Quintilian
and
Horace
must
be
cautiously
Interpreted
,
where
they
affirm
,
that
Satire
is
wholly
Roman
;
and
a
sort
of
Verse
,
which
was
not
touch'd
on
by
the
Grecians
.
The
reconcilement
of
my
Opinion
to
the
Standard
of
their
Judgment
,
is
not
however
very
difficult
,
since
they
spoke
of
Satire
,
not
as
in
its
first
Elements
,
but
as
it
was
form'd
into
a
separate
Work
;
begun
by
Ennius
,
pursu'd
by
Lucilius
,
and
compleated
afterwards
by
Horace
.
The
Proof
depends
only
on
this
Postulatum
,
that
the
Comedies
of
Andronicus
,
which
were
imitations
of
the
Greek
,
were
also
imitations
of
their
Railleries
,
and
Reflections
on
particular
Persons
.
For
if
this
be
granted
me
,
which
is
a
most
probable
Supposition
,
't
is
easie
to
infer
,
that
the
first
light
which
was
given
to
the
Roman
Theatrical
Satire
,
was
from
the
Plays
of
Livius
Andronicus
.
Which
will
be
more
manifestly
discover'd
,
when
I
come
to
speak
of
Ennius
:
In
the
mean
time
I
will
return
to
Dacier
.
The
People
,
says
he
,
ran
in
Crowds
to
these
New
Entertainments
of
Andronicus
,
as
to
Pieces
which
were
more
Noble
in
their
kind
,
and
more
perfect
than
their
former
Satires
,
which
for
some
time
they
neglected
and
abandon'd
.
But
not
long
after
,
they
took
them
up
again
,
and
then
they
joyn'd
them
to
their
Comedies
:
Playing
them
at
the
end
of
every
Drama
;
as
the
French
continue
at
this
Day
to
Act
their
Farces
;
in
the
nature
of
a
separate
Entertainment
,
from
their
Tragedies
.
But
more
particularly
they
were
joyn'd
to
the
Atellane
Fables
,
says
Casaubon
;
which
were
Plays
invented
by
the
Osci
.
Those
Fables
,
says
Valerius
Maximus
,
out
of
Livy
,
were
temper'd
with
the
Italian
severity
,
and
free
from
any
note
of
Infamy
,
or
Obsceneness
;
and
as
an
old
Commentator
on
Iuvenal
affirms
,
the
Exodiarii
,
which
were
Singers
and
Dancers
,
enter'd
to
entertain
the
People
with
light
Songs
,
and
Mimical
Gestures
,
that
they
might
not
go
away
oppress'd
with
Melancholly
,
from
those
serious
Pieces
of
the
Theater
.
So
that
the
Ancient
Satire
of
the
Romans
was
in
Extemporary
Reproaches
:
The
next
was
Farce
,
which
was
brought
from
Tuscany
:
To
that
Succeeded
the
Plays
of
Andronicus
,
from
the
old
Comedy
of
the
Grecians
:
And
out
of
all
these
,
sprung
two
several
Branches
of
new
Roman
Satire
;
like
different
Cyens
from
the
same
Root
.
Which
I
shall
prove
with
as
much
Brevity
as
the
Subject
will
allow
.
A
Year
after
Andronicus
had
open'd
the
Roman
Stage
,
with
his
new
Drama's
,
Ennius
was
Born
:
who
,
when
he
was
grown
to
Mans
Estate
,
haveing
seriously
consider'd
the
Genius
of
the
People
,
and
how
eagerly
they
follow'd
the
first
Satires
,
thought
it
wou'd
be
worth
his
Pains
,
to
refine
upon
the
Project
,
and
to
write
Satires
not
to
be
Acted
on
the
Theater
,
but
Read
.
He
preserv'd
the
Ground-work
of
their
Pleasantry
,
their
Venom
,
and
their
Raillery
on
particular
Persons
,
and
general
Vices
:
And
by
this
means
,
avoiding
the
danger
of
any
ill
Success
,
in
a
Publick
Representation
,
he
hop'd
to
be
as
well
receiv'd
in
the
Cabinet
,
as
Andronicus
had
been
upon
the
Stage
.
The
Event
was
answerable
to
his
Expectation
.
He
made
Discourses
in
several
sorts
of
Verse
,
vari'd
often
in
the
same
Paper
;
Retaining
still
in
the
Title
,
their
Original
Name
of
Satire
.
Both
in
relation
to
the
Subjects
and
the
variety
of
Matters
contain'd
in
them
,
the
Satires
of
Horace
are
entirely
like
them
;
only
Ennius
,
as
I
said
,
con●ines
not
himself
to
one
sort
of
Verse
,
as
Horace
does
;
but
takeing
Example
from
the
Greeks
,
and
even
from
Homer
himself
,
in
his
Margites
,
which
is
a
kind
of
Satire
,
as
Scaliger
observes
,
gives
himself
the
License
,
when
one
sort
of
Numbers
comes
not
easily
,
to
run
into
another
,
as
his
Fancy
Dictates
.
For
he
makes
no
difficulty
,
to
mingle
Hexameters
with
●ambique
Trimeters
;
or
with
Trochaique
Tetrameters
;
as
appears
by
those
Fragments
which
are
yet
remaining
of
him
:
Horace
has
thought
him
worthy
to
be
Copy'd
;
inserting
many
things
of
his
into
his
own
Satires
,
as
Virgil
has
done
into
his
Aeneids
.
Here
we
have
Dacier
making
out
that
Ennius
was
the
first
Satyrist
in
that
way
of
Writing
,
which
was
of
his
Invention
;
that
is
,
Satire
abstracted
from
the
Stage
,
and
new
modell'd
into
Papers
of
Verses
,
on
several
Subjects
.
But
he
will
have
Ennius
take
the
Ground-work
of
Satire
from
the
first
Farces
of
the
Romans
;
rather
than
from
the
form'd
Plays
of
Livius
Andronicus
,
which
were
Copy'd
from
the
Grecian
Comedies
.
It
may
possibly
be
so
;
but
Dacier
knows
no
more
of
it
than
I
do
.
And
it
seems
to
me
the
more
probable
Opinion
,
that
he
rather
imitated
the
●ine
Railleries
of
the
Greeks
,
which
he
saw
in
the
Pieces
of
Andronicus
,
than
the
Coursness
of
his
old
Country
men
,
in
their
Clownish
Extemporary
way
of
jee●ing
.
But
besides
this
,
't
is
Universally
Granted
,
that
Ennius
though
an
Italian
,
was
excellently
Learn'd
in
the
Greek
Language
.
His
Verses
were
stuff'd
with
Fragments
of
it
,
even
to
a
fault
:
And
he
himself
believ'd
,
according
to
the
Pith●gor●●●
Opinion
,
that
the
Soul
of
Homer
was
transfus'd
into
him
:
Which
Persius
observes
,
in
his
Sixth
Satire
:
Postquam
destertuit
esse
M●o●ides
.
But
this
being
only
the
private
Opinion
of
so
inconsiderable
a
Man
as
I
am
,
I
leave
it
to
the
farther
Disquisition
of
the
Critiques
,
if
they
think
it
worth
their
notice
.
Most
e●ident
it
is
,
that
whether
he
imitated
the
Roman
Farce
,
or
the
Greek
Co●●●dies
,
he
is
to
be
acknowledg'd
for
the
first
Author
of
Roman
Satire
;
as
it
is
properly
so
call'd
;
and
distinguish'd
from
any
sort
of
Stage-Play
.
Of
Pac●vi●s
,
who
succeeded
him
,
there
is
little
to
be
said
,
because
there
is
so
little
remaining
of
him
:
Only
that
●e
is
taken
to
be
the
Nephew
of
Ennius
,
his
Sisters
Son
;
that
in
probability
he
was
instructed
by
his
Uncle
,
in
his
way
of
Sati●●
,
which
we
are
told
he
had
Copy'd
;
but
what
Advances
he
made
we
know
not
.
Lucilius
came
into
the
World
,
when
Pacuvius
flourish'd
most
;
he
also
made
Satires
after
the
manner
of
Ennius
,
but
he
gave
them
a
more
gra●eful
turn
;
and
endeavour'd
to
imitate
more
closely
the
vetu●
Comaedia
of
the
Greeks
:
Of
the
which
the
old
Original
Roman
Satire
had
no
Idea
,
till
the
time
of
Livius
Andronicus
.
And
though
Horace
seems
to
have
made
Luciliu●
the
first
Author
of
Satire
in
Verse
,
amongst
the
Romans
;
in
these
Words
,
Quid
cum
est
Lucilius
ausus
Primus
in
hun●
operis
componere
carmina
morem
:
He
is
only
thus
to
be
understood
,
That
Lucilius
had
given
a
more
graceful
turn
to
the
Satire
of
Ennius
and
Pacuvius
;
not
that
he
invented
a
new
Satire
of
his
own
:
And
Quintilian
seems
to
Explain
this
Passage
of
Horace
in
these
words
;
Satira
quidem
tota
nostra
est
,
in
qua
primus
insignem
laudem
adeptus
est
Lucilius
.
Thus
,
both
Horace
and
Quintilian
,
give
a
kind
of
Primacy
of
Honour
to
Lucilius
,
amongst
the
Latin
Satirists
.
For
as
the
Roman
Language
grew
more
Refin'd
,
so
much
more
capable
it
was
of
receiving
the
Grecian
Beauties
in
his
time
:
Horace
and
Quintilian
cou'd
mean
no
more
,
than
that
Lucilius
writ
better
than
Ennius
and
Pacuvius
:
And
on
the
same
account
we
prefer
Horace
to
Lucilius
:
Both
of
them
imitated
the
old
Greek
Comedy
;
and
so
did
Ennius
and
Pacuvius
before
them
.
The
polishing
of
the
Latin
Tongue
,
in
the
Succession
of
Times
,
made
the
only
difference
.
And
Horace
himself
,
in
two
of
his
Satires
,
written
purposely
on
this
Subject
,
thinks
the
Romans
of
his
Age
,
were
too
Partial
in
their
Commendations
of
Lucilius
;
who
writ
not
only
loosely
,
and
muddily
,
with
little
Art
,
and
much
less
Care
,
but
also
in
a
time
when
the
Latin
Tongue
was
not
yet
sufficiently
purg'd
from
the
Dregs
of
Barbarism
;
and
many
significant
and
sounding
Words
,
which
the
Romans
wanted
,
were
not
admitted
even
in
the
times
of
Lucretius
and
Cicero
;
of
which
both
complain
.
But
to
proceed
,
Dacier
justly
taxes
Casaubon
,
for
saying
.
That
the
Satires
of
Lucilius
were
wholly
different
in
Specie
,
from
those
of
Ennius
and
Pacuvius
.
Casaubon
was
led
into
that
mistake
,
by
Diomedes
the
Grammarian
,
who
in
effect
says
this
.
Satire
amongst
the
Romans
,
but
not
amongst
the
Greeks
,
was
a
biteing
invective
Poem
,
made
after
the
Model
of
the
Ancient
Comedy
;
for
the
Reprehension
of
Vices
:
Such
as
were
the
Poems
of
Lucilius
,
of
Horace
,
and
of
Persius
.
But
in
former
times
,
the
Name
of
Satire
was
given
to
Poems
,
which
were
compos'd
of
several
sorts
of
Verses
;
such
as
were
made
by
Ennius
,
and
Pacuvius
;
more
fully
expressing
the
Etymology
of
the
word
Satire
,
from
Satura
,
which
we
have
observ'd
.
Here
't
is
manifest
,
that
Diomedes
makes
a
Specifical
Distinction
betwixt
the
Satires
of
Ennius
,
and
those
of
Lucilius
.
But
this
,
as
we
say
in
English
,
is
only
a
Distinction
without
a
Difference
;
for
the
Reason
of
it
,
is
ridiculous
,
and
absolutely
false
.
This
was
that
which
cozen'd
honest
Casaubon
,
who
relying
on
Diomedes
,
had
not
sufficiently
examin'd
the
Origine
and
Nature
of
those
two
Satires
;
which
were
entirely
the
same
,
both
in
the
Matter
and
the
Form
.
For
all
that
Lucilius
perform'd
beyond
his
Predecessors
,
Ennius
and
Pacuvius
,
was
only
the
adding
of
more
Politeness
,
and
more
Salt
;
without
any
change
in
the
Substance
of
the
Poem
:
And
tho'
Lucilius
put
not
together
in
the
same
Satire
several
sorts
of
Verses
,
as
Ennius
did
;
yet
he
compos'd
several
Satires
,
of
several
sorts
of
Verses
;
and
mingl'd
them
with
Greek
Verses
:
One
Poem
consisted
only
of
Hexameters
;
and
another
was
entirely
of
lambiques
;
a
third
of
Trochaiques
;
as
is
visible
by
the
Fragments
yet
remaining
of
his
Works
.
In
short
,
if
the
Satires
of
Lucilius
are
therefore
said
to
be
wholly
different
from
those
of
Ennius
because
he
added
much
more
of
Beauty
and
Polishing
to
his
own
'
Poems
,
than
are
to
be
found
in
those
before
him
;
it
will
follow
from
hence
,
that
the
Satires
of
Horace
are
wholly
different
from
those
of
Lucilius
,
because
Horace
has
not
less
surpass'd
Lucilius
in
the
Elegancy
of
his
Writing
,
than
Lucilius
surpass'd
Ennius
in
the
turn
and
Ornament
of
his
.
This
Passage
of
Diomedes
has
also
drawn
Do●sa
,
the
Son
,
into
the
same
Error
of
Casaubon
,
which
,
I
say
,
not
to
expose
the
little
Failings
of
those
Judicious
Men
,
but
only
to
make
it
appear
,
with
how
much
Diffidence
and
Caution
we
are
to
Read
their
Works
;
when
they
treat
a
Subject
of
so
much
Obscurity
,
and
so
very
ancient
,
as
is
this
of
Satire
.
Having
thus
brought
down
the
History
of
Satire
from
its
Original
,
to
the
times
of
Horace
,
and
shewn
the
several
changes
of
it
.
I
shou'd
here
discover
some
of
those
Graces
which
Horace
added
to
it
,
but
that
I
think
it
will
be
more
proper
to
defer
that
Undertaking
,
till
I
make
the
Comparison
betwixt
him
and
Iuvenal
.
In
the
mean
while
,
following
the
Order
of
Time
,
it
will
be
necessary
to
say
somewhat
of
another
kind
of
Satire
,
which
also
was
descended
from
the
Ancient
:
'T
is
that
which
we
call
the
Varronian
Satire
,
but
which
Varro
himself
calls
the
Menippean
;
because
Varro
,
the
most
Learn'd
of
the
Romans
,
was
the
first
Author
of
it
,
who
imitated
,
in
his
Works
,
the
Manners
of
Menippus
the
Gadarenian
,
who
profess'd
the
Philosophy
of
the
Cyniques
.
This
sort
of
Satire
was
not
only
compos'd
of
several
sorts
of
Verse
,
like
those
of
Ennius
,
but
was
also
mix'd
with
Prose
;
and
Greek
was
sprinkl'd
amongst
the
Latin
.
Quintilian
,
after
he
had
spoken
of
the
Satire
of
Lucilius
,
adds
what
follows
.
There
is
another
and
former
kind
of
Satire
,
Compos'd
by
Terentius
Varro
,
the
most
Learn'd
of
the
Romans
:
In
which
he
was
not
satisfy'd
alone
,
with
mingling
in
it
several
sorts
of
Verse
.
The
only
difficulty
of
this
Passage
,
is
,
that
Quintilian
tells
us
,
that
this
Satire
of
Varro
was
of
a
former
kind
.
For
how
can
we
possibly
imagine
this
to
be
,
since
Varro
,
who
was
contemporary
to
Cicero
,
must
consequently
be
after
Lucilius
?
But
Quintilian
meant
not
,
that
the
Satire
of
Varro
was
in
order
of
Time
before
Lucilius
;
he
wou'd
only
give
us
to
understand
,
that
the
Varronian
Satire
,
with
mixture
of
several
sorts
of
Verses
,
was
more
after
the
manner
of
Ennius
and
Pacuvius
,
than
that
of
Lucilius
,
who
was
more
severe
,
and
more
correct
;
and
gave
himself
less
liberty
in
the
mixture
of
his
Verses
,
in
the
same
Poem
.
We
have
nothing
remaining
of
those
Varronian
Satires
,
excepting
some
inconsiderable
Fragments
;
and
those
for
the
most
part
much
corrupted
.
The
Titles
of
many
of
them
are
indeed
preserv'd
,
and
they
are
generally
double
:
From
whence
,
at
least
,
we
may
understand
,
how
many
various
Subjects
were
treated
by
that
Author
.
Tully
,
in
his
Academicks
,
introduces
Varro
himself
giving
us
some
light
concerning
the
Scope
and
Design
of
these
Works
.
Wherein
,
after
he
had
shewn
his
Reasons
why
he
did
not
ex
professo
write
of
Philosophy
,
he
adds
what
follows
.
Notwithstanding
,
says
he
,
that
those
Pieces
of
mine
,
wherein
I
have
imitated
Menippus
,
though
I
have
not
Translated
him
,
are
sprinkled
with
a
kind
of
mirth
,
and
gayety
:
Yet
many
things
are
there
inserted
,
which
are
drawn
from
the
very
intrails
of
Philosophy
,
and
many
things
severely
argu'd
:
Which
I
have
mingl'd
with
Pleasantries
on
purpose
,
that
they
may
more
easily
go
down
with
the
Common
sort
of
Unlearn'd
Readers
.
The
rest
of
the
Sentence
is
so
lame
,
that
we
can
only
make
thus
much
out
of
it
;
that
in
the
Composition
of
his
Satires
,
he
so
temper'd
Philology
with
Philosophy
,
that
his
Work
was
a
mixture
of
them
both
.
And
Tully
himself
confirms
us
in
this
Opinion
;
when
a
little
after
he
addresses
himself
to
Varro
in
these
words
.
And
you
your self
have
compos'd
a
most
Elegant
and
Compleat
Poem
;
you
have
begun
Philosophy
in
many
Places
:
Sufficient
to
incite
us
,
though
too
little
to
Instruct
us
.
Thus
it
appears
,
that
Varro
was
one
of
those
Writers
whom
they
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
studious
of
laughter
;
and
that
,
as
Learned
as
he
was
,
his
business
was
more
to
divert
his
Reader
,
than
to
teach
him
.
And
he
Entitled
his
own
Satires
Menippean
:
Not
that
Menippus
had
written
any
Satires
,
(
for
his
were
either
Dialogues
or
Epistles
)
but
that
Varro
imitated
his
Style
,
his
Manner
,
and
his
Facetiousness
.
All
that
we
know
farther
of
Menippus
,
and
his
Writings
,
which
are
wholly
lost
;
is
,
that
by
some
he
is
esteem'd
,
as
,
amongst
the
rest
,
by
Varro
:
By
others
he
is
noted
of
Cynical
Impudence
,
and
Obsc●nity
:
That
he
was
much
given
to
those
Parodies
,
which
I
have
already
mention'd
;
that
is
,
he
often
quoted
the
Verses
of
Homer
and
the
Tragick
Poets
,
and
turn'd
their
serious
meaning
into
something
that
was
Ridiculous
;
whereas
Varro's
Satires
are
by
Tully
call'd
Absolute
,
and
most
Elegant
,
and
Various
Poems
.
Lucian
,
who
was
emulous
of
this
Menippus
,
seems
to
have
imitated
both
his
Manners
and
his
Style
in
many
of
his
Dialogues
;
where
Menippus
himself
is
often
introduc'd
as
a
Speaker
in
them
,
and
as
a
perpetual
B●assoon
:
Particularly
his
Character
is
express'd
in
the
●●ginning
of
that
Dialogue
which
is
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
But
Varro
,
in
imitating
him
,
avoids
his
impudence
and
●ilthine●s
,
and
only
expresses
his
witty
Pleasantry
.
This
we
may
believe
for
certain
,
That
as
his
Subjects
were
various
,
so
most
of
them
were
Tales
or
Stories
of
his
own
invention
.
Which
is
also
manifest
from
Antiquity
,
by
those
Authors
who
are
acknowledg'd
to
have
written
Varro●ian
Satires
,
in
imitation
of
his
:
Of
whom
the
Chief
is
Pe●ronius
Arbiter
,
whose
Satire
,
they
say
,
is
now
Printing
in
●olland
,
wholly
recover'd
,
and
made
compleat
:
When
't
is
made
publick
,
it
will
easily
be
seen
by
any
one
Sentence
,
whether
it
be
supposititious
,
or
genuine
.
Many
of
L●cian's
Dialogues
may
also
properly
be
call'd
Varronian
Satires
;
particularly
his
True
History
:
And
consequently
the
G●lde●
Ass
of
Apuleius
,
which
is
taken
from
him
.
Of
the
same
stamp
is
the
Mock
Deification
of
Claudius
,
by
Se●eca
:
And
the
Symposium
or
Caesars
of
Iulian
the
Emperour
.
Amongst
the
Moderns
we
may
reckon
the
Eucomium
Moriae
of
Erasmus
,
Barclay's
Euphormi●
,
and
a
Volume
of
German
Authors
,
which
my
ingenious
Friend
Mr.
Charles
Killigrew
once
lent
me
.
In
the
English
I
remember
none
,
which
are
mix'd
with
Prose
,
as
Varro's
were
:
But
of
the
same
kind
is
Mother
Hubbard's
Tale
in
Spencer
;
and
(
if
it
be
not
too
vain
,
to
mention
any
thing
of
my
own
)
the
Poems
of
Abs●lo●
,
and
Mac
Fleckno
.
This
is
what
I
have
to
say
in
General
of
Satire
:
Only
as
Dacier
has
observ'd
before
me
,
we
may
take
notice
,
That
the
word
Satire
is
of
a
more
general
signification
in
Latin
,
than
in
French
,
or
English
.
For
amongst
the
Romans
it
was
not
only
us'd
for
those
Discourses
which
decry'd
Vice
,
or
expos'd
Folly
;
but
for
others
also
,
where
Virtue
was
recommended
.
But
in
our
Modern
Languages
we
apply
it
only
to
invective
Poems
,
where
the
very
Name
of
Satire
is
formidable
to
those
Persons
▪
who
wou'd
appear
to
the
World
,
what
they
are
not
in
themselves
.
For
in
English
,
to
say
Satire
,
is
to
mean
Reflection
,
as
we
use
that
word
in
the
worst
Sense
;
or
as
the
French
call
it
,
more
properly
,
Medisance
.
In
the
Criticism
of
Spelling
,
it
ought
to
be
with
i
and
not
with
y
;
to
distinguish
its
true
derivation
from
Sat●ra
,
not
from
Satyrus
.
And
if
this
be
so
,
then
't
is
false
spell'd
throughout
this
Book
:
For
here
't
is
written
Satyr
.
Which
having
not
consider'd
at
the
first
,
I
thought
it
not
worth
Correcting
afterwards
.
But
the
French
are
more
nice
,
and
never
spell
it
any
other
ways
than
Satire
.
I
am
now
arriv'd
at
the
most
difficult
part
of
my
Undertaking
,
which
is
,
to
compare
Horace
with
Iuvenal
and
Persius
:
'T
is
observ'd
by
Rigaltius
,
in
his
Preface
before
Iuvenal
,
written
to
Thuanus
,
that
these
three
Poets
have
all
their
particular
Partisans
,
and
Favourers
:
Every
Commentator
,
as
he
has
taken
pains
with
any
of
them
,
thinks
himself
oblig'd
to
perfer
his
Author
to
the
other
two
:
To
find
out
their
Failings
,
and
decry
them
,
that
he
may
make
room
for
his
own
Darling
.
Such
is
the
partiality
of
Mankind
,
to
set
up
that
Interest
which
they
have
once
espous'd
,
though
it
be
to
the
prejudice
of
Truth
,
Morality
,
and
common
Justice
.
And
especially
in
the
productions
of
the
Brain
.
As
Authors
generally
think
themselves
the
best
Poets
,
because
they
cannot
go
out
of
themselves
,
to
judge
sincerely
of
their
Betters
:
So
it
is
with
Critiques
,
who
,
having
first
taken
a
liking
to
one
of
these
Poets
,
proceed
to
Comment
on
him
,
and
to
Illustrate
him
;
after
which
they
fall
in
love
with
their
own
Labours
,
to
that
degree
of
blind
fondness
,
that
at
length
they
defend
and
exalt
their
Author
,
not
so
much
for
his
sake
as
for
their
own
.
'T
is
a
folly
of
the
same
Nature
,
with
that
of
the
Romans
themselves
,
in
their
Games
of
the
Circus
;
the
Spectators
were
divided
in
their
Factions
,
betwixt
the
Veneti
and
the
Prasini
:
Some
were
for
the
Charioteer
in
Blue
,
and
some
for
him
in
Green
.
The
Colours
themselves
were
but
a
Fancy
;
but
when
once
a
Man
had
taken
pains
to
set
out
those
of
his
Party
,
and
had
been
at
the
trouble
of
procuring
Voices
for
them
,
the
Case
was
alter'd
:
He
was
concern'd
for
his
own
Labour
:
And
that
so
earnestly
,
that
Disputes
and
Quarrels
,
Animosities
,
Commotions
,
and
Bloodshed
,
often
happen'd
:
And
in
the
Declension
of
the
Grecian
Empire
,
●the
very
Soveraigns
themselves
ingag'd
in
it
,
even
when
the
Barbarians
were
at
their
doors
;
and
stickled
for
the
pre●erence
of
Colours
,
when
the
safety
of
their
People
was
in
question
.
I
am
now
,
my self
,
on
the
brink
of
the
same
Precipice
;
I
have
spent
some
time
on
the
Translation
of
Iuvenal
,
and
Persius
:
And
it
behoves
me
to
be
wary
,
lest
,
for
that
Reason
,
I
shou'd
be
partial
to
them
,
or
take
a
prejudice
against
Horace
.
Yet
,
on
the
other
side
,
I
woul'd
not
be
like
some
of
our
Judges
,
who
wou'd
give
the
Cause
for
a
Poor
Man
,
right
or
wrong
:
For
though
that
be
an
Errour
on
the
better
hand
,
yet
it
is
still
a
partiality
:
And
a
Rich
Man
,
unhear'd
,
cannot
be
concluded
an
Oppressor
.
I
remember
a
saying
of
K.
Charles
the
Second
,
on
Sir
Matthew
Hales
,
(
who
was
doubtless
an
Uncorrupt
and
Upright
Man
)
That
his
Servants
were
sure
to
be
Cast
on
any
Trial
,
which
was
heard
before
him
:
Not
that
he
thought
the
Judge
was
possibly
to
be
brib'd
;
but
that
his
Integrity
might
be
too
scrupulous
:
And
that
the
Causes
of
the
Crown
were
always
suspicious
,
when
the
Priviledges
of
Subjects
were
concern'd
.
It
had
been
much
fairer
,
if
the
Modern
Critiques
,
who
have
imbark'd
in
the
Quarrels
of
their
favourite
Authors
,
had
rather
given
to
each
his
proper
due
;
without
taking
from
another's
heap
,
to
raise
their
own
.
There
is
Praise
enough
for
each
of
them
in
particular
,
without
encroaching
on
his
Fellows
,
and
detracting
from
them
,
or
Enriching
themselves
with
the
Spoils
of
others
.
But
to
come
to
particulars
:
Heinsius
and
Dacier
,
are
the
most
principal
of
those
,
who
raise
Horace
above
Iuvenal
and
Persius
.
Scaliger
the
Father
,
Rigaltius
,
and
many
others
,
debase
Horace
,
that
they
may
set
up
Iuvenal
:
And
Casaubon
,
who
is
almost
single
,
throws
Dirt
on
Iuvenal
and
Horace
,
that
he
may
exalt
Persius
,
whom
he
understood
particularly
well
,
and
better
than
any
of
his
former
Commentators
;
even
Stelluti
who
succeeded
him
.
I
will
begin
with
him
,
who
in
my
Opinion
defends
the
weakest
Cause
,
which
is
that
of
Persius
;
and
labouring
,
as
Tacitus
professes
of
his
own
Writing
,
to
divest
my self
of
partiality
,
or
prejudice
,
consider
Persius
,
not
as
a
Poet
,
whom
I
have
wholly
Translated
,
and
who
has
cost
me
more
labour
and
time
,
than
Iuvenal
;
but
according
to
what
I
judge
to
be
his
own
Merit
;
which
I
think
not
equal
in
the
main
,
to
that
of
Iuvenal
or
Horace
;
and
yet
in
some
things
to
be
preferr'd
to
both
of
them
.
First
,
then
,
for
the
Verse
,
neither
Casaubon
himself
,
nor
any
for
him
,
can
defend
either
his
Numbers
,
or
the
Purity
of
his
Latin
.
Casaubon
gives
this
point
for
lost
;
and
pretends
not
to
justifie
either
the
Measures
,
or
the
Words
of
Persius
:
He
is
evidently
beneath
Horace
and
Iuvenal
,
in
both
.
Then
,
as
his
Verse
is
scabrous
,
and
hobbling
,
and
his
Words
not
every
where
well
chosen
,
the
purity
of
Latin
being
more
corrupted
,
than
in
the
time
of
Iuvenal
,
and
consequently
of
Horace
,
who
writ
when
the
Language
was
in
the
heighth
of
its
perfection
;
so
his
diction
is
hard
;
his
Figures
are
generally
too
bold
and
daring
;
and
his
Tropes
,
particularly
his
Metaphors
,
insufferably
strain'd
.
In
the
third
place
,
notwithstanding
all
the
diligence
of
Casaubon
,
Stelluti
,
and
a
Scotch
Gentleman
(
whom
I
have
hear'd
extreamly
commended
for
his
Illustrations
of
him
:
)
yet
he
is
still
obscure
:
Whether
he
affected
not
to
be
understood
,
but
with
difficulty
;
or
whether
the
fear
of
his
safety
under
Nero
,
compell'd
him
to
this
darkness
in
some
places
;
or
that
it
was
occasion'd
by
his
close
way
of
thinking
,
and
the
brevity
of
his
Style
,
and
crowding
of
his
Figures
;
or
lastly
,
whether
after
so
long
a
time
,
many
of
his
Words
have
been
corrupted
,
and
many
Customs
,
and
Stories
relating
to
them
,
lost
to
us
;
whether
some
of
these
Reasons
,
or
all
,
concurr'd
to
render
him
so
cloudy
;
we
may
be
bold
to
affirm
,
that
the
best
of
Commentators
can
but
guess
at
his
Meaning
,
in
many
passages
:
And
none
can
be
certain
that
he
has
divin'd
rightly
.
After
all
,
he
was
a
Young
Man
,
like
his
Friend
and
Contemporary
Lucan
:
Both
of
them
Men
of
extraordinary
Parts
,
and
great
acquir'd
Knowledge
,
considering
their
Youth
.
But
neither
of
them
had
arriv'd
to
that
Maturity
of
Judgment
,
which
is
necessary
to
the
accomplishing
of
a
form'd
Poet.
And
this
Consideration
,
as
on
the
one
hand
it
lays
some
Imperfections
to
their
charge
,
so
on
the
other
side
't
is
a
candid
excuse
for
those
Failings
,
which
are
incident
to
Youth
and
Inexperience
;
and
we
have
more
Reason
to
wonder
,
how
they
,
who
Dyed
before
th●
Thirtieth
Year
of
their
Age
,
cou'd
write
so
well
,
and
think
so
strongly
;
than
to
accuse
them
of
those
Faults
,
from
which
Humane
Nature
,
and
more
especially
in
Youth
,
can
never
possibly
be
exempted
.
To
consider
Persius
yet
more
closely
:
He
rather
insulted
over
Vice
and
Folly
,
than
expos'd
them
,
like
I●venal
and
Horace
.
And
as
Chaste
,
and
Modest
as
he
is
esteem'd
,
it
cannot
be
deny'd
,
but
that
in
some
places
,
he
is
broad
and
fulsom
,
as
the
latter
Verses
of
the
Fourth
Satire
,
and
of
the
Sixth
,
sufficiently
witness
.
And
't
is
to
be
believ'd
,
that
he
who
commits
the
same
Crime
often
,
and
without
Necessity
,
cannot
but
do
it
with
some
kind
of
Pleasure
.
To
come
to
a
conclusion
,
He
is
manifestly
below
Horace
;
because
●e
borrows
most
of
his
greatest
Beauties
from
him
:
And
Casaubon
is
so
far
from
denying
this
;
that
he
has
written
a
Treatise
purposely
concerning
it
;
wherein
he
shews
a
multitude
of
his
Translations
from
Horace
,
and
his
imitations
of
him
,
for
the
Credit
of
his
Author
;
which
he
calls
Imitatio
Horatiana
.
To
these
defects
,
which
I
casually
observ'd
,
while
I
was
Translating
this
Author
,
Scaliger
had
added
others
:
He
calls
him
,
in
plain
terms
,
a
silly
Writer
,
and
a
trifler
;
full
of
Ostentation
of
his
Learning
;
and
after
all
,
unworthy
to
come
into
Competition
with
Iuvenal
and
Horace
.
After
such
terrible
Accusations
,
't
is
time
to
hear
what
his
Patron
Casaubon
can
alledge
in
his
Defence
.
Instead
of
answering
,
he
excuses
for
the
most
part
;
and
when
he
cannot
,
accuses
others
of
the
same
Crimes
.
He
deals
with
Scaliger
,
as
a
Modest
Scholar
with
a
Master
.
He
Compliments
him
with
so
much
Reverence
,
that
one
wou'd
swear
he
Fear'd
him
as
much
at
least
as
he
Respected
him
.
Scaliger
will
not
allow
Persius
to
have
any
Wit
:
Casaubon
Interprets
this
in
the
mildest
Sense
;
and
confesses
his
Author
was
not
good
at
turning
things
into
a
pleasant
Ridicule
;
or
in
other
words
,
that
he
was
not
a
laughable
Writer
.
That
he
was
ineptus
,
indeed
,
but
that
was
,
non
aptissimus
ad
jocandum
.
But
that
he
was
Ostentatious
of
his
Learning
,
that
,
by
Scaliger's
good
Favour
,
he
denies
.
Persius
shew'd
his
Learning
,
but
was
no
Boaster
of
it
;
he
did
ostendere
,
but
not
ostentare
;
and
so
,
he
says
,
did
Scaliger
:
Where
,
methinks
,
Casaubon
turns
it
handsomly
,
upon
that
supercilious
Critick
,
and
silently
insinuates
,
that
he
himself
was
sufficiently
vain-glorious
;
and
a
boaster
of
his
own
Knowledge
.
All
the
Writings
of
this
Venerable
Censor
,
continues
Casaubon
,
which
are
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
more
golden
,
than
Gold
it self
,
are
every
where
smelling
of
that
Thyme
,
which
,
like
a
Bee
,
he
has
gather'd
from
Ancient
Authors
:
But
far
be
Ostentation
and
Vain-Glory
from
a
Gentleman
,
so
well
Born
,
and
so
Nobly
Educated
as
Scaliger
:
But
,
says
Scaliger
,
he
is
so
obscure
,
that
he
has
got
himself
the
Name
of
Scotinus
,
a
dark
Writer
.
Now
,
says
Casaubon
,
't
is
a
wonder
to
me
,
that
any
thing
cou'd
be
obscure
to
the
Divine
Wit
of
Scaliger
;
from
which
nothing
cou'd
be
hidden
.
This
is
indeed
a
strong
Compliment
,
but
no
Defence
.
And
Casaubon
,
who
cou'd
not
but
be
sensible
of
his
Author
's
blind
side
,
thinks
it
time
to
abandon
a
Post
that
was
untenable
.
He
acknowledges
that
Persius
is
obscure
in
some
places
;
but
so
is
Plato
,
so
is
Thucydides
;
so
are
Pindar
,
Theocritus
,
and
Aristophanes
amongst
the
Greek
Poets
;
and
even
Horace
and
Iuvenal
,
he
might
have
added
,
amongst
the
Romans
.
The
Truth
is
,
Persius
is
not
sometimes
,
but
generally
obscure
:
And
therefore
Casaubon
,
at
last
,
is
forc'd
to
excuse
him
,
by
alledging
that
it
was
se
defende●do
,
for
fear
of
Nero
;
and
that
he
was
commanded
to
Write
so
cloudily
by
Cornutus
,
in
virtue
of
Holy
Obedience
to
his
Master
.
I
cannot
help
my
own
Opinion
;
I
think
Cornutus
needed
not
to
have
Read
many
Lectures
to
him
on
that
Subject
.
Persius
was
an
apt
Scholar
;
and
when
he
was
bidden
to
be
obscure
,
in
some
places
,
where
his
Life
and
Safety
were
in
question
,
took
the
same
Counsel
for
all
his
Book
;
and
never
afterwards
Wrote
ten
Lines
together
clearly
.
Casaubon
,
being
upon
this
Chapter
,
has
not
fail'd
,
we
may
be
sure
,
of
making
a
Compliment
to
his
own
dear
Comment.
If
Persiu●
,
says
he
,
be
in
himself
obscure
,
yet
my
Interpretation
has
made
him
intelligible
.
There
is
no
question
,
but
he
deserves
that
Praise
,
which
he
has
given
to
himself
:
But
the
Nature
of
the
thing
,
as
Lucretius
says
,
will
not
admit
of
a
perfect
Explanation
.
Besides
many
Examples
which
I
cou'd
urge
;
the
very
last
Verse
of
his
last
Satire
,
upon
which
he
particularly
values
himselfe
in
his
Preface
,
is
not
yet
sufficiently
explicated
.
'T
is
true
,
Holiday
has
endeavour'd
to
justifie
his
Construction
;
but
Stelluti
is
against
it
:
And
,
for
my
part
,
I
can
have
but
a
very
dark
Notion
of
it
.
As
for
the
Chastity
of
his
Thoughts
,
Casaubon
denies
not
,
but
that
one
particular
passage
,
in
the
Fourth
Satire
,
At
,
si
unctus
cesses
,
&c.
is
not
only
the
most
obscure
,
but
the
most
obscene
of
all
his
Works
:
I
understood
it
;
but
for
that
Reason
turn'd
it
over
.
In
defence
of
his
boistrous
Metaphors
,
he
quotes
Longinus
,
who
accounts
them
as
instruments
of
the
Sublime
:
Fit
to
move
and
stir
up
the
Affections
,
particularly
in
Narration
.
To
which
it
may
be
reply'd
,
That
where
the
Trope
is
far
fetch'd
,
and
hard
,
't
is
fit
for
nothing
but
to
puzzle
the
Understanding
:
And
may
be
reckon'd
amongst
those
things
of
Demosthenes
,
which
Aeschines
,
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
not
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
is
Prodigies
,
not
Words
.
It
must
be
granted
to
Casaubon
,
that
the
Knowledge
of
many
things
is
lost
in
our
Modern
Ages
,
which
were
of
familiar
notice
to
the
Ancients
:
And
that
Satire
is
a
Poem
of
a
difficult
Nature
in
it self
,
and
is
not
written
to
Vulgar
Readers
.
And
through
the
Relation
which
it
has
to
Comedy
,
the
frequent
change
of
Persons
,
makes
the
Sense
perplex'd
;
when
we
can
but
Divine
,
who
it
is
that
speaks
:
Whether
Persius
himself
,
or
his
Friend
and
Monitor
;
or
,
in
some
places
,
a
third
Person
.
But
Casaubon
comes
back
always
to
himself
,
and
concludes
,
that
if
Persius
had
not
been
obscure
,
there
had
been
no
need
of
him
for
an
Interpreter
.
Yet
when
he
had
once
enjoyn'd
himself
so
hard
a
Task
,
he
then
consider'd
the
Greek
Proverb
,
that
he
must
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
either
eat
the
whole
Snail
,
or
let
it
quite
alone
;
and
so
,
he
went
through
with
his
laborious
Task
,
as
I
have
done
with
my
difficult
Translation
.
Thus
far
,
my
Lord
,
you
see
it
has
gone
very
hard
with
Persius
:
I
think
he
cannot
be
allow'd
to
stand
in
competition
,
either
with
Iuvenal
or
Horace
.
Yet
,
for
once
,
I
will
venture
to
be
so
vain
,
as
to
affirm
,
That
none
of
his
hard
Metaphors
,
or
forc'd
Expressions
,
are
in
my
Translation
:
But
more
of
this
in
its
proper
place
,
where
I
shall
say
somewhat
in
particular
,
of
our
general
performance
,
in
making
these
two
Authors
English
.
In
the
mean
time
I
think
my self
oblig'd
,
to
give
Persius
his
undoubted
due
;
and
to
acquaint
the
World
,
with
Casaubon
,
in
what
he
has
equall'd
,
and
in
what
excell'd
his
two
Competitors
.
A
Man
who
is
resolv'd
to
praise
an
Author
,
with
any
appearance
of
Justice
,
must
be
sure
to
take
him
on
the
strongest
side
;
and
where
he
is
least
liable
to
Exceptions
.
He
is
therefore
oblig'd
to
chuse
his
Mediums
accordingly
:
Casaubon
,
who
saw
that
Persius
cou'd
not
laugh
with
a
becomeing
Grace
,
that
he
was
not
made
for
jeasting
,
and
that
a
merry
Conceit
was
not
his
Talent
,
turn'd
his
Feather
,
like
an
Indian
,
to
another
light
,
that
he
might
give
it
the
better
Gloss.
Moral
Doctrine
,
says
he
,
and
Urbanity
,
or
well-manner'd
Wit
,
are
the
two
things
which
constitute
the
Roman
Satire
.
But
of
the
two
,
that
which
is
most
Essential
to
this
Poem
,
and
is
as
it
were
the
very
Soul
which
animates
it
,
is
the
scourging
of
Vice
,
and
Exhortation
to
Virtue
.
Thus
Wit
,
for
a
good
Reason
,
is
already
almost
out
of
Doors
:
And
allow'd
only
for
an
Instrument
,
a
kind
of
Tool
,
or
a
Weapon
,
as
he
calls
it
,
of
which
the
Satyrist
makes
use
,
in
the
compassing
of
his
Design
.
The
End
and
Aim
of
our
three
Rivals
,
is
consequently
the
same
.
But
by
what
Methods
they
have
prosecuted
their
intention
,
is
farther
to
be
consider'd
.
Satire
is
of
the
nature
of
Moral
Philosophy
;
as
being
instructive
:
He
therefore
,
who
instructs
most
Usefully
,
will
carry
the
Palm
from
his
two
Antagonists
.
The
Philosophy
in
which
Persius
was
Educated
,
and
which
he
professes
through
his
whole
Book
,
is
the
Stoick
:
The
most
noble
,
most
generous
,
most
beneficial
to
Humane
Kind
,
amongst
all
the
Sects
,
who
have
given
us
the
Rules
of
Ethiques
,
thereby
to
form
a
severe
Virtue
in
the
Soul
;
to
raise
in
us
an
undaunted
Courage
,
against
the
assaults
of
Fortune
;
to
esteem
as
nothing
the
things
that
are
without
us
,
because
they
are
not
in
our
Power
;
not
to
value
Riches
,
Beauty
,
Honours
,
Fame
,
or
Health
,
any
farther
than
as
conveniences
,
and
so
many
helps
to
living
as
we
ought
,
and
doing
good
in
our
Generation
.
In
short
,
to
be
always
Happy
,
while
we
possess
our
Minds
,
with
a
good
Conscience
,
are
free
from
the
slavery
of
Vices
,
and
conform
our
Actions
and
Conversation
to
the
Rules
of
right
Reason
.
See
here
,
my
Lord
,
an
Epitome
of
Epictetus
;
the
Doctrine
of
Zeno
,
and
the
Education
of
our
Persius
.
And
this
he
express'd
,
not
only
in
all
his
Satires
,
but
in
the
manner
of
his
Life
.
I
will
not
lessen
this
Commendation
of
the
Stoick
Philosophy
,
by
giving
you
an
account
of
some
Absurdities
in
their
Doctrine
,
and
some
perhaps
Impieties
,
if
we
consider
them
by
the
Standard
of
Christian
Faith
:
Persius
has
●aln
into
none
of
them
:
And
therefore
is
free
from
those
imputations
.
What
he
teaches
,
might
be
taught
from
Pulpits
,
with
more
profit
to
the
Audience
,
than
all
the
nice
Speculations
of
Divinity
,
and
Controversies
concerning
Faith
;
which
are
more
for
the
Profit
of
the
Shepherd
,
than
for
the
Edification
of
the
Flock
.
Passion
,
Interest
,
Ambition
,
and
all
their
Bloody
Consequences
of
Discord
and
of
War
,
are
banish'd
from
this
Doctrine
.
Here
is
nothing
propos'd
but
the
quiet
and
tranquility
of
Mind
;
Virtue
lodg'd
at
home
,
and
afterwards
diffus'd
in
her
general
Effects
,
to
the
improvement
,
and
good
of
Humane
Kind
.
And
therefore
I
wonder
not
,
that
the
present
Bishop
of
Salisbury
,
has
recommended
this
our
Author
,
and
the
Tenth
Satyr
of
Iuvenal
,
in
his
Pastoral
Letter
,
to
the
serious
perusal
and
Practice
of
the
Divines
in
his
Diocese
,
as
the
best
Common
Places
for
their
Sermons
,
as
the
Store-Houses
and
Magazines
of
Moral
Virtues
,
from
whence
they
may
draw
out
,
as
they
have
occasion
,
all
manner
of
Assistance
,
for
the
accomplishment
of
a
Virtuous
Life
,
which
the
Stoicks
have
assign'd
for
the
great
End
and
Perfection
of
Mankind
.
Hererin
,
then
it
is
,
that
Persius
has
excell'd
both
Iuvenal
and
Horace
.
He
sticks
to
his
one
Philosophy
:
He
shifts
not
sides
,
like
Horace
,
who
is
sometimes
an
Epicuraean
,
sometimes
a
Stoick
,
sometimes
an
Eclectick
;
as
his
present
Humour
leads
him
:
Nor
declaims
like
Iuvenal
against
Vices
,
more
like
an
Orator
,
than
a
Philosopher
.
Persius
is
every
where
the
same
:
True
to
the
Dogma's
of
his
Master
:
What
he
has
learnt
,
he
teaches
vehemently
;
and
what
he
teaches
,
that
he
Practices
himself
.
There
is
a
Spirit
of
sincerity
in
all
he
says
:
You
may
easily
discern
that
he
is
in
earnest
,
and
is
perswaded
of
that
Truth
which
he
inculcates
.
In
this
I
am
of
opinion
,
that
he
excels
Horace
,
who
is
commonly
in
jeast
,
and
laughs
while
he
instructs
:
And
is
equal
to
Iuvenal
,
who
was
as
honest
and
serious
as
Persius
,
and
more
he
cou'd
not
be
.
Hitherto
I
have
follow'd
Casaubon
,
and
enlarg'd
upon
him
;
because
I
am
satisfi'd
that
he
says
no
more
than
Truth
;
the
rest
is
almost
all
frivolous
.
For
he
says
that
Horace
being
the
Son
of
a
Tax-gatherer
,
or
a
Collector
,
as
we
call
it
,
smells
every
where
of
the
meanness
of
his
Birth
,
and
Education
:
His
conceipts
are
vulgar
,
like
the
Subjects
of
his
Satires
;
that
he
does
Plebeium
sapere
;
and
Writes
not
with
that
Elevation
,
which
becomes
a
Satyrist
:
That
Persius
being
nobly
born
,
and
of
an
opulent
Family
,
had
likewise
the
advantage
of
a
better
Master
;
Cornutus
being
the
most
Learned
of
his
time
,
a
Man
of
a
most
Holy
Life
;
the
chief
of
the
Stoick
Sect
at
Rome
;
and
not
only
a
great
Philosopher
,
but
a
Poet
himself
;
and
in
probability
a
Coadjutor
of
Persius
.
That
,
as
for
Iuvenal
,
he
was
long
a
Declaimer
,
came
late
to
Poetry
;
and
had
not
been
much
conversant
in
Philosophy
.
'T
is
granted
that
the
Father
of
Horace
was
Libertinus
,
that
is
one
degree
remov'd
from
his
Grandfather
,
who
had
been
once
a
Slave
:
But
Horace
,
speaking
of
him
,
gives
him
the
best
Character
of
a
Father
,
which
I
ever
read
in
History
:
And
I
wish
a
witty
Friend
of
mine
now
living
had
such
another
.
He
bred
him
in
the
best
School
,
and
with
the
best
Company
of
young
Noblemen
.
And
Horace
,
by
his
gratitude
to
his
Memory
,
gives
a
certain
Testimony
that
his
Education
was
ingenuous
.
After
this
,
he
form'd
himself
abroad
,
by
the
Conversation
of
Great
Men.
Brutus
found
him
at
Athens
,
and
was
so
pleas'd
with
him
,
that
he
took
him
thence
into
the
Army
,
and
made
him
Tribunus
Militum
,
a
Colonel
in
a
Legion
,
which
was
the
Preferment
of
an
Old
Souldier
.
All
this
was
before
his
Acquaintance
with
Mecenas
,
and
his
introduction
into
the
Court
of
Augustus
,
and
the
familiarity
of
that
great
Emperour
:
Which
,
had
he
not
been
well-bred
before
,
had
been
enough
to
civilise
his
Conversation
,
and
render
him
accomplish'd
,
and
knowing
in
all
the
Arts
of
Complacency
and
good
behaviour
;
and
,
in
short
,
an
agreeable
Companion
for
the
retir'd
hours
and
privacies
of
a
Favourite
,
who
was
first
Minister
.
So
that
,
upon
the
whole
matter
,
Persius
may
be
acknowledg'd
to
be
equal
with
him
,
in
those
respects
,
tho'
better
born
,
and
Iuvenal
inferiour
to
both
.
If
the
Advantage
be
any
where
,
't
is
on
the
side
of
Horace
;
as
much
as
the
Court
of
Augustus
Caesar
,
was
superiour
to
that
of
Nero.
As
for
the
Subjects
which
they
treated
,
it
will
appear
hereafter
,
that
Horace
writ
not
vulgarly
on
vulgar
Subjects
:
Nor
always
chose
them
.
His
Stile
is
constantly
accommodated
to
his
Subject
,
either
high
or
low
:
If
his
fault
be
too
much
lowness
,
that
of
Persius
is
the
fault
of
the
hardness
of
his
Metaphors
,
and
obscurity
:
And
so
they
are
equal
in
the
failings
of
their
Stile
;
where
Iuvenal
manefestly
Triumphs
over
both
of
them
.
The
Comparison
betwixt
Horace
and
Iuvenal
is
more
difficult
;
because
their
Forces
were
more
equal
:
A
Dispute
has
always
been
,
and
ever
will
contin●e
,
betwixt
the
Favourers
of
the
two
Poets
.
Non
nostrum
est
tantas
componere
lites
.
I
shall
only
venture
to
give
my
own
Opinion
,
and
leave
it
for
better
Judges
to
determine
.
If
it
be
only
argu'd
in
general
,
which
of
them
was
the
better
Poet
;
the
Victory
is
already
gain'd
on
the
side
of
Horace
.
Virgil
himself
must
yield
to
him
in
the
delicacy
of
his
Turns
,
his
choice
of
Words
,
and
perhaps
the
Purity
of
his
Latin
.
He
who
says
that
Pindar
is
inimitable
,
is
himself
inimitable
in
his
Odes
.
But
the
Contention
betwixt
these
two
great
Masters
,
is
for
the
Prize
of
Satire
.
In
which
Controversie
,
all
the
Odes
,
and
Epodes
of
Horace
are
to
stand
excluded
.
I
say
this
,
because
Horace
has
written
many
of
them
Satirically
,
against
his
private
Enemies
:
Yet
these
,
if
justly
consider'd
,
are
somewhat
of
the
Nature
of
he
Greek
Silli
,
which
were
Invectives
against
particular
Sects
and
Persons
.
But
Horace
had
purg'd
himself
of
this
Choler
,
before
he
enter'd
on
those
Discourses
,
which
are
more
properly
call'd
the
Roman
Satire
:
He
has
not
now
to
do
with
a
Lyce
,
a
Canidi●
,
a
Cassius
Severus
,
or
a
Menas
;
but
is
to
correct
the
Vices
and
the
Follies
of
his
Time
,
and
to
give
the
Rules
of
a
Happy
and
Virtuous
Life
.
In
a
word
,
that
former
sort
of
Satire
,
which
is
known
in
England
by
the
Name
of
Lampoon
,
is
a
dangerous
sort
of
Weapon
,
and
for
the
most
part
Unlawful
.
We
have
no
Moral
right
on
the
Reputation
of
other
Men.
'T
is
taking
from
them
,
what
we
cannot●
restore
to
them
.
There
are
only
two
Reasons
,
for
which
we
may
be
permitted
to
write
Lampoons
;
and
I
will
not
promise
that
they
can
always
justifie
us
:
The
first
is
Revenge
,
when
we
have
been
affronted
in
the
same
Nature
,
or
have
been
any
ways
notoriously
abus'd
,
and
can
make
our selves
no
other
Reparation
.
And
yet
we
know
,
that
,
in
Christian
Charity
,
all
Offences
are
to
be
forgiven
;
as
we
expect
the
like
Pardon
for
those
which
we
daily
commit
against
Almighty
God
.
And
this
Consideration
has
often
made
me
tremble
when
I
was
saying
our
Saviour's
Prayer
;
for
the
plain
Condition
of
the
forgiveness
which
we
beg
,
is
the
pardoning
of
others
the
Offences
which
they
have
done
to
us
:
For
which
Reason
I
have
many
times
avoided
the
Commission
of
that
Fault
;
ev'n
when
I
have
been
notoriously
provok'd
.
Let
not
this
,
my
Lord
,
pass
for
Vanity
in
me
:
For
't
is
truth
.
More
Libels
have
been
written
against
me
,
than
almost
any
Man
now
living
:
And
I
had
Reason
on
my
side
,
to
have
defended
my
own
Innocence
:
I
speak
not
of
my
Poetry
,
which
I
have
wholly
given
up
to
the
Criticks
;
let
them
use
it
,
as
they
please
;
Posterity
,
perhaps
,
may
be
more
favourable
to
me
:
For
Interest
and
Passion
,
will
lye
bury'd
in
another
Age
:
And
Partiality
and
Prejudice
be
forgotten
.
I
speak
of
my
Morals
,
which
have
been
sufficiently
aspers'd
:
That
only
sort
of
Reputation
ought
to
be
dear
to
every
honest
Man
,
and
is
to
me
.
But
let
the
World
witness
for
me
,
that
I
have
been
often
wanting
to
my self
in
that
particular
;
I
have
seldom
answer'd
any
scurrilous
Lampoon
:
When
it
was
in
my
power
to
have
expos'd
my
Enemies
:
And
being
naturally
vindicative
,
have
suffer'd
in
silence
;
and
possess'd
my
Soul
in
quiet
.
Any
thing
,
tho'
never
so
little
,
which
a
Man
speaks
of
himself
,
in
my
Opinion
,
is
still
too
much
,
and
therefore
I
will
wave
this
Subject
;
and
proceed
to
give
the
second
Reason
,
which
may
justifie
a
Poet
,
when
he
writes
against
a
particular
Person
;
and
that
is
,
when
he
is
become
a
Publick
Nuisance
.
All
those
,
whom
Horace
in
his
Satires
,
and
Persius
and
Iuvenal
have
mention'd
in
theirs
,
with
a
Brand
of
infamy
,
are
wholly
such
.
'T
is
an
Action
of
Virtue
to
make
Examples
of
vicious
Men.
They
may
and
ought
to
be
upbraided
with
their
Crimes
and
Follies
:
Both
for
their
own
amendment
,
if
they
are
not
yet
incorrigible
;
and
for
the
Terrour
of
others
,
to
hinder
them
from
falling
into
those
Enormities
,
which
they
see
are
so
severely
punish'd
,
in
the
Persons
of
others
:
The
first
Reason
was
only
an
Excuse
for
Revenge
:
But
this
second
is
absolutely
of
a
Poet's
Office
to
perform
:
But
how
few
Lampooners
are
there
now
living
,
who
are
capable
of
this
Duty
!
When
they
come
in
my
way
,
't
is
impossible
sometimes
to
avoid
reading
them
.
But
,
good
God
,
how
remote
they
are
in
common
Justice
,
from
the
choice
of
such
Persons
as
are
the
proper
Subject
of
Satire
!
And
how
little
Wit
they
bring
,
for
the
support
of
their
injustice
!
The
weaker
Sex
is
their
most
ordinary
Theme
:
And
the
best
and
fairest
are
sure
to
be
the
most
severely
handled
.
Amongst
Men
,
those
who
are
prosperously
unjust
,
are
Intitled
to
a
Panegyrick
.
But
afflicted
Virtue
is
insolently
stabb'd
with
all
manner
of
Reproaches
.
No
Decency
is
consider'd
,
no
fulsomness
omitted
;
no
Venom
is
wanting
,
as
far
as
dullness
can
supply
it
.
For
there
is
a
perpetual
Dearth
of
Wit
;
a
Barrenness
of
good
Sense
,
and
Entertainment
.
The
neglect
of
the
Readers
,
will
soon
put
an
end
to
this
sort
of
scribling
.
There
can
be
no
pleasantry
where
there
is
no
Wit
:
No
Impression
can
be
made
,
where
there
is
no
Truth
for
the
Foundation
.
To
conclude
,
they
are
like
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
in
this
unnatural
Season
:
The
Corn
which
held
up
its
Head
,
is
spoil'd
with
rankness
:
But
the
greater
part
of
the
Harvest
is
laid
along
,
and
little
of
good
Income
,
and
wholesom
Nourishment
is
receiv'd
into
the
Barns
.
This
is
almost
a
digression
,
I
confess
to
your
Lordship
;
but
a
just
indignation
forc'd
it
from
me
.
Now
I
have
remov'd
this
Rubbish
,
I
will
return
to
the
Comparison
of
Iuvenal
and
Horace
.
I
wou'd
willingly
divide
the
Palm
betwixt
them
;
upon
the
two
Heads
of
Profit
and
Delight
,
which
are
the
two
Ends
of
Poetry
in
general
.
It
must
be
granted
by
the
Favourers
of
Iuvenal
,
that
Horace
is
the
more
Copious
,
and
Profitable
in
his
Instructions
of
Humane
Life
.
But
in
my
particular
Opinion
,
which
I
set
not
up
for
a
Standard
to
better
Judgments
,
Iuvenal
is
the
more
delightful
Author
.
I
am
profited
by
both
,
I
am
pleas'd
with
both
;
but
I
owe
more
to
Horace
for
my
Instruction
;
and
more
to
Iuvenal
,
for
my
Pleasure
.
This
,
as
I
said
,
is
my
particular
Taste
of
these
two
Authors
:
They
who
will
have
either
of
them
to
excel
the
other
in
both
qualities
,
can
scarce
give
better
Reasons
for
their
Opinion
,
than
I
for
mine
:
But
all
unbiass'd
Readers
,
will
conclude
,
that
my
Moderation
is
not
to
be
Condemn'd
:
To
such
Impartial
Men
I
must
appeal
:
For
they
who
have
already
form'd
their
Judgment
,
may
justly
stand
suspected
of
prejudice
;
and
tho
all
who
are
my
Readers
,
will
set
up
to
be
my
Judges
,
I
enter
my
Caveat
against
them
,
that
they
ought
not
so
much
as
to
be
of
my
Jury
.
Or
,
if
they
be
admitted
,
't
is
but
Reason
,
that
they
shou'd
first
hear
,
what
I
have
to
urge
in
the
Defence
of
my
Opinion
.
That
Horace
is
somewhat
the
better
Instructor
of
the
two
,
is
prov'd
from
hence
,
that
his
Instructions
are
more
general
:
Iuvenals's
more
limited
.
So
that
granting
,
that
the
Counsels
which
they
give
,
are
equally
good
for
Moral
Use
;
Horace
,
who
gives
the
most
various
Advice
,
and
most
applicable
to
all
Occasions
,
which
can
occurr
to
us
,
in
the
course
of
our
Lives
;
as
including
in
his
Discourses
,
not
only
all
the
Rules
of
Morality
,
but
also
of
Civil
Conversation
;
is
,
undoubtedly
,
to
be
preferr'd
to
him
,
who
is
more
circumscrib'd
in
his
Instructions
,
makes
them
to
fewer
People
,
and
on
fewer
Occasions
,
than
the
other
.
I
may
be
pardon'd
for
using
an
Old
Saying
,
since
't
is
true
,
and
to
the
purpose
,
Bonum
quo
communius
,
eo
melius
.
Iuvenal
,
excepting
only
his
first
Satire
,
is
in
all
the
rest
confin'd
,
to
the
exposing
of
some
particuler
Vice
;
that
he
lashes
,
and
there
he
sticks
.
His
Sentences
are
truly
shining
and
instructive
:
But
they
are
sprinkl'd
here
and
there
.
Horace
is
teaching
us
in
every
Line
,
and
is
perpetually
Moral
;
he
had
found
out
the
Skill
of
Virgil
,
to
hide
his
Sentences
:
To
give
you
the
Virtue
of
them
,
without
shewing
them
in
their
full
extent
:
Which
is
the
Ostentation
of
a
Poet
,
and
not
his
Art
:
And
this
Petronius
charges
on
the
Authors
of
his
Time
,
as
a
Vice
of
Writing
,
which
was
then
growing
on
the
Age.
Ne
Sententiae
extra
Corpus
Orationis
emineant
:
He
wou'd
have
them
weav'd
into
the
Body
of
the
Work
,
and
not
appear
emboss'd
upon
it
,
and
striking
directly
on
the
Reader
's
view
.
Folly
was
the
proper
Quarry
of
Horace
,
and
not
Vice
:
And
,
as
there
are
but
few
Notoriously
Wicked
Men
,
in
comparison
with
a
Shoal
of
Fools
,
and
Fops
;
so
't
is
a
harder
thing
to
make
a
Man
Wise
,
than
to
make
him
Honest
:
For
the
Will
is
only
to
be
reclaim'd
in
the
one
;
but
the
Understanding
is
to
be
inform'd
in
the
other
.
There
are
Blind-sides
and
Follies
,
even
in
the
Prosessors
of
Moral
Philosophy
;
and
there
is
not
any
one
Sect
of
them
that
Horace
has
not
expos'd
.
Which
,
as
it
was
not
the
Design
of
Iuvenal
,
who
was
wholly
employ'd
in
lashing
Vices
,
some
of
them
the
most
enormous
that
can
be
imagin'd
;
so
perhaps
,
it
was
not
so
much
his
Talent
.
Omne
vafer
vitium
ridenti
Flaccus
amico
,
tangit
,
&
admissus
circum
praecordia
ludit
.
This
was
●he
Commendation
which
Persius
gave
him
:
Where
by
Vitium
,
he
means
those
little
Vices
,
which
we
call
Follies
,
the
defects
of
Humane
Understanding
,
or
at
most
the
Peccadillos
of
Life
,
rather
than
the
Tragical
Vices
,
to
which
Men
are
hurri'd
by
their
unruly
Passions
and
exorbitant
Desires
.
But
in
the
word
omne
,
which
is
universal
,
he
concludes
,
with
me
,
that
the
Divine
Wit
of
Horace
,
left
nothing
untouch'd
;
that
he
enter'd
into
the
inmost
Recesles
of
Nature
;
found
out
the
Imperfections
even
of
the
most
Wise
and
Grave
,
as
well
as
of
the
Common
People
:
Discovering
,
even
in
the
great
Trebatius
,
to
whom
he
addresses
the
first
Satire
,
his
hunting
after
Business
,
and
following
the
Court
,
as
well
as
in
the
Persecutor
Crispinus
,
his
impertinence
and
importunity
.
'T
is
true
,
he
exposes
Crispinus
openly
,
as
a
common
Nuisance
:
But
he
rallies
the
other
,
as
a
Friend
,
more
finely
.
The
Exhortations
of
Persius
are
confin'd
to
Noblemen
:
And
the
Stoick
Philosophy
,
is
that
alone
,
which
he
recommends
to
them
:
Iuvenal
Exhorts
to
particular
Virtues
,
as
they
are
oppos'd
to
those
Vices
against
which
he
declaims
:
But
Horace
laughs
to
shame
,
all
Follies
,
and
insinuates
Virtue
,
rather
by
familiar
Examples
,
than
by
the
severity
of
Precepts
.
This
last
Consideration
seems
to
incline
the
Ballance
on
the
side
of
Horace
,
and
to
give
him
the
preference
to
Iuvenal
,
not
only
in
Profit
,
but
in
Pleasure
.
But
,
after
all
,
I
must
confess
,
that
the
Delight
which
Horace
gives
me
,
is
but
languishing
.
Be
pleas'd
still
to
understand
,
that
I
speak
of
my
own
Taste
only
:
He
may
Ravish
other
Men
;
but
I
am
too
stupid
and
insensible
,
to
be
tickl'd
.
Where
he
barely
grins
himself
,
and
,
as
Scaliger
says
,
only
shews
his
white
Teeth
,
he
cannot
provoke
me
to
any
Laughter
.
His
Urbanity
,
that
is
,
his
Good
Manners
,
are
to
be
commended
,
but
his
Wit
is
faint
;
and
his
Salt
,
if
I
may
dare
to
say
so
,
almost
insipid
.
Iuvenal
is
of
a
more
vigorous
and
Masculine
Wit
,
he
gives
me
as
much
Pleasure
as
I
can
bear
:
He
fully
satisfies
my
Expectation
,
he
Treats
his
Subject
home
:
His
Spleen
is
rais'd
,
and
he
raises
mine
:
I
have
the
Pleasure
of
Concernment
in
all
he
says
;
He
drives
his
Reader
along
with
him
;
and
when
he
is
at
the
end
of
his
way
▪
I
willingly
stop
with
him
:
If
he
went
another
Stage
,
it
wou'd
be
too
far
,
it
wou'd
make
a
Journey
of
a
Progress
,
and
turn
Delight
into
Fatigue
.
When
he
gives
over
,
't
is
a
sign
the
Subject
is
exhausted
;
and
the
Wit
of
Man
can
carry
it
no
farther
.
If
a
Fault
can
be
justly
found
in
him
;
't
is
that
he
is
sometimes
too
luxuriant
,
too
redundant
;
says
more
than
he
needs
,
like
my
Friend
the
Plain
Dealer
,
but
never
more
than
pleases
.
Add
to
this
,
that
his
Thoughts
are
as
just
as
those
of
Horace
,
and
much
more
Elevated
.
His
Expressions
are
Sonorous
and
more
Noble
;
his
Verse
more
numerous
,
and
his
Words
are
suitable
to
his
Thoughts
;
sublime
and
lofty
.
All
these
contribute
to
the
Pleasure
of
the
Reader
,
and
the
greater
the
Soul
of
him
who
Reads
,
his
Transports
are
the
greater
.
Horace
is
always
on
the
Amble
,
Iuvenal
on
the
Gallop
:
But
his
way
is
perpetually
on
Carpet
Ground
.
He
goes
with
more
impetuosity
than
Horace
;
but
as
securely
;
and
the
swiftness
adds
a
more
lively
agitation
to
the
Spirits
.
The
low
Style
of
Horace
,
is
according
to
his
Subject
;
that
is
generally
groveling
.
I
question
not
but
he
cou'd
have
rais'd
it
.
For
the
First
Epistle
of
the
Second
Book
,
which
he
writes
to
Augustus
,
(
a
most
instructive
Satire
concerning
Poetry
,
)
is
of
so
much
Dignity
in
the
Words
,
and
of
so
much
Elegancy
in
the
Numbers
,
that
the
Author
plainly
shews
,
the
Sermo
Pedestris
,
in
his
other
Satires
,
was
rather
his
Choice
than
his
Necessity
.
He
was
a
Rival
to
Lucilius
his
Predecessor
;
and
was
resolv'd
to
surpass
him
in
his
own
Manner
.
Lucilius
,
as
we
see
by
his
remaining
Fragments
,
minded
neither
his
Style
nor
his
Numbers
,
nor
his
purity
of
words
,
nor
his
run
of
Verse
.
Horace
therefore
copes
with
him
in
that
humble
way
of
Satire
.
Writes
under
his
own
force
,
and
carries
a
dead
Weight
,
that
he
may
match
his
Competitor
in
the
Race
.
This
I
imagine
was
the
chief
Reason
,
why
he
minded
only
the
clearness
of
his
Satire
,
and
the
cleanness
of
Expression
,
without
ascending
to
those
heights
,
to
which
his
own
vigour
might
have
carri'd
him
.
But
limiting
his
desires
only
to
the
Conquest
of
Lucilius
,
he
had
his
Ends
of
his
Rival
,
who
liv'd
before
him
;
but
made
way
for
a
new
Conquest
over
himself
,
by
Iuvenal
his
Successor
.
He
cou'd
not
give
an
equal
pleasure
to
his
Reader
,
because
he
us'd
not
equal
Instruments
.
The
fault
was
in
the
Tools
,
and
not
in
the
Workman
.
But
Versification
,
and
Numbers
,
are
the
greatest
Pleasures
of
Poetry
:
Virgil
knew
it
,
and
practis'd
both
so
happily
;
that
for
ought
I
know
,
his
greatest
Excellency
is
in
his
Diction
.
In
all
other
parts
of
Poetry
,
he
is
faultless
;
but
in
this
he
plac'd
his
chief
perfection
.
And
give
me
leave
,
my
Lord
,
since
I
have
here
an
apt
occasion
,
to
say
,
that
Virgil
,
cou'd
have
written
sharper
Satires
,
than
either
Horace
or
Iuvenal
,
if
he
wou'd
have
employ'd
his
Talent
,
that
way
.
I
will
produce
a
Verse
and
half
of
his
,
in
one
of
his
Eclogues
,
to
justifie
my
Opinion
:
And
with
Comma's
after
every
Word
,
to
shew
,
that
he
has
given
almost
as
many
lashes
,
as
he
has
written
Syllables
.
'T
is
against
a
bad
Poet
;
whose
ill
Verses
he
describes
.
Non
tu
,
in
triviis
,
indocte
,
solebas
,
stridenti
,
miserum
,
stipula
,
disperdere
carmen
?
But
to
return
to
my
purpose
,
when
there
is
any
thing
deficient
in
Numbers
,
and
Sound
,
the
Reader
is
uneasie
,
and
unsatisfi'd
;
he
wants
something
of
his
Complement
,
desires
somewhat
which
he
finds
not
:
And
this
being
the
manifest
defect
of
Horace
,
't
is
no
wonder
,
that
finding
it
supply'd
in
Iuvenal
,
we
are
more
Delighted
with
him
.
And
besides
this
,
the
Sauce
of
Iuvenal
is
more
poignant
,
to
create
in
us
an
Appetite
of
Reading
him
.
The
Meat
of
Horace
is
more
nourshing
;
but
the
Cookery
of
Iuvenal
more
exquisite
;
so
that
,
granting
Horace
to
be
the
more
general
Philosopher
;
we
cannot
deny
,
that
Iuvenal
was
the
greater
Poet
,
I
mean
in
Satire
.
His
Thoughts
are
sharper
,
his
Indignation
against
Vice
is
more
vehement
;
his
Spirit
has
more
of
the
Commonwealth
Genius
;
he
treats
Tyranny
,
and
all
the
Vic●s
attending
it
,
as
they
deserve
,
with
the
utmost
rigour
:
And
consequently
,
a
Noble
Soul
is
better
pleas'd
with
a
Zealous
Vindicator
of
Roman
Liberty
;
than
with
a
T●mporizing
Poet
,
a
well
Manner'd
Court
Slave
,
and
a
Man
who
is
often
afraid
of
Laughing
in
the
right
place
:
Who
is
ever
decent
,
because
he
is
naturally
servile
.
After
all
,
Horace
had
the
disadvantage
of
the
Times
in
which
he
liv'd
;
they
were
better
for
the
Man
,
but
worse
for
the
Satirist
.
'T
is
generally
said
,
that
those
Enormous
Vices
,
which
were
practis'd
under
the
Reign
of
Domitian
,
were
unknown
in
the
Time
of
Augustus
Caesar.
That
therefore
Iuvenal
had
a
larger
Field
,
than
Horace
.
Little
Follies
were
out
of
doors
,
when
Oppression
was
to
be
scourg'd
instead
of
Avarice
:
It
was
no
longer
time
to
turn
into
Ridicule
,
the
false
Opinions
of
Philosophers
;
when
the
Roman
Liberty
was
to
be
asserted
.
There
was
more
need
of
a
Brutus
in
Domitian's
Days
,
to
redeem
or
mend
,
than
of
a
Horace
,
if
he
had
then
been
Living
,
to
Laugh
at
a
Fly-Catcher
.
This
Reflection
at
the
same
time
excuses
Horace
,
but
exalts
Iuvenal
.
I
have
ended
,
before
I
was
aware
,
the
Comparison
of
Horace
and
Iuvenal
,
upon
the
Topiques
of
Instruction
and
Delight
;
and
indeed
I
may
safely
here
conclude
that
common-place
:
For
if
we
make
Horace
our
Minister
of
State
in
Satire
,
and
Iuvenal
of
our
private
Pleasures
:
I
think
the
latter
has
no
ill
bargain
of
it
.
Let
Profit
have
the
preheminence
of
Honour
,
in
the
End
of
Poetry
.
Pleasure
,
though
but
the
second
in
degree
,
is
the
first
in
favour
.
And
who
wou'd
not
chuse
to
be
lov'd
better
,
rather
than
to
be
more
esteem'd
?
But
I
am
enter'd
already
upon
another
Topique
;
which
concerns
the
particular
Merits
of
these
two
Satirists
.
However
,
I
will
pursue
my
business
where
I
left
it
:
And
carry
it
farther
than
that
common
observation
of
the
several
Ages
,
in
which
these
Authors
Flourish'd
.
When
Horace
writ
his
Satires
,
the
Monarchy
of
his
Caesar
was
in
its
newness
;
and
the
Government
but
just
made
easie
to
the
Conquer'd
People
.
They
cou'd
not
possibly
have
forgotten
the
Usurpation
of
that
Prince
upon
their
Freedom
,
nor
the
violent
Methods
which
he
had
us'd
,
in
the
compassing
of
that
vast
Design
:
They
yet
remember'd
his
Proscriptions
,
and
the
Slaughter
of
so
many
Noble
Romans
,
their
Defendors
.
Amongst
the
rest
,
that
horrible
Action
of
his
,
when
he
forc'd
Livia
from
the
Arms
of
her
Husband
,
who
was
constrain'd
to
see
her
Marry'd
,
as
Dion
relates
the
Story
;
and
,
big
with
Child
as
she
was
,
convey'd
to
the
Bed
of
his
insulting
Rival
.
The
same
Dion
Cassius
gives
us
another
instance
of
the
Crime
before
mention'd
:
That
Cornelius
Sisenna
,
being
reproach'd
in
full
Senate
,
with
the
Licentious
Conduct
of
his
Wife
,
return'd
this
Answer
;
That
he
had
Marry'd
her
by
the
Counsel
of
Augustus
:
Intimating
,
says
my
Author
,
that
Augustus
had
oblig'd
him
to
that
Marriage
,
that
he
might
,
under
that
covert
,
have
the
more
free
access
to
her
.
His
Adulteries
were
still
before
their
Eyes
,
but
they
must
be
patient
,
where
they
had
not
power
.
In
other
things
that
Emperor
was
Moderate
enough
:
Propriety
was
generally
secur'd
;
and
the
People
entertain'd
with
publick
Shows
,
and
Donatives
,
to
make
them
more
easily
digest
their
lost
Liberty
.
But
Augustus
,
who
was
conscious
to
himself
,
of
so
many
Crimes
which
he
had
committed
,
thought
in
the
first
place
to
provide
for
his
own
Reputation
,
by
making
an
Edict
against
Lampoons
and
Satires
,
and
the
Authors
of
those
defamatory
Writings
,
which
my
Author
Tacitus
,
from
the
Law-Term
,
calls
famosos
libellos
.
In
the
first
Book
of
his
An●als
,
he
gives
the
following
Account
of
it
,
in
these
Words
.
Primus
Augustus
cogniti●●em
de
famosis
libellis
specie
legis
ejus
,
tractavit
;
commotus
Cass●i
Severi
libidine
,
quâ
viros
faeminasque
inlustres
,
procacibus
scriptis
diffamaverat
.
Thus
in
English
▪
Augustus
was
the
first
,
who
under
the
colour
of
that
Law
took
Cognisance
of
Lamp●ons
;
being
provok'd
to
it
,
by
the
pe●ulancy
of
Cossius
Severus
,
who
had
defam'd
many
Illu●●rious
Persons
of
both
Sexes
,
in
his
Writings
.
The
Law
to
which
Tacitus
refers
,
was
Lex
laesae
Majestatis
;
commonly
call'd
,
for
the
sake
of
brevity
▪
Maje●●as
;
or
as
we
say
,
High
Treason
:
He
means
not
that
this
Law
had
not
been
Enacted
formerly
:
For
it
had
been
made
by
the
Decemviri
,
and
was
inscrib'd
amongst
the
rest
in
the
Twelve
Tables
:
To
prevent
the
aspersion
of
the
Roman
Majesty
;
either
of
the
People
themselves
,
or
their
Religion
,
or
their
Magistrates
:
And
the
in●ringement
of
it
was
Capital
:
That
is
,
the
Offender
was
Whipt
to
Death
,
with
the
Fasces
,
which
were
born
before
their
Chief
Officers
of
Rome
.
But
Augustus
was
the
first
,
who
restor'd
that
intermitted
Law
.
By
the
words
▪
under
col●ur
of
that
Law
,
He
insinuates
that
Augustus
caus'd
it
to
be
Ex●cut●d
,
on
pretence
of
those
Libels
,
which
were
written
by
Cassius
Severus
,
against
the
Nobility
:
But
in
Truth
,
to
save
himself
,
from
such
ce●●at●ry
Verses
.
Suetonius
likewise
makes
mention
of
it
thus
.
Sparsos
de
〈◊〉
in
Curiâ
●amosos
libellos
,
nec
expavit
,
&
magna
curâ
redarguit
:
A●
〈◊〉
requisitis
quidem
Auctoribus
,
id
modo
censuit
,
cognoscendum
post
〈◊〉
de
iis
qui
libellos
aut
carmina
ad
infamiam
cujuspi●●
s●b
alieno
nomine
●dant
.
Agustus
was
not
afraid
of
Libels
,
says
that
Author
:
Yet
he
took
all
care
imaginable
to
have
them
answer'd
;
and
the●
decr●●●
that
for
the
time
to
come
,
the
Authors
of
them
shou'd
be
punish'd
.
But
〈…〉
it
yet
more
clear
,
according
to
my
Sense
,
that
this
〈◊〉
for
his
own
sake
durst
not
permit
them
▪
Fecit
id
〈…〉
;
&
quasi
gratificaretur
Populo
Romano
,
&
Primoribus
urbis
;
sed
revera
ut
sibi
consuleret
:
Nam
●abuit
in
animo
,
comprimere
nimiam
qu●rundam
procacitatem
in
loquendo
,
à
quâ
nec
ipse
exemptus
suit
.
Nam
suo
nomine
compescere
erat
invidiosum
,
sub
alieno
facile
&
utile
.
Ergò
specie
legis
tractavit
,
quast
Populi
Romani
Majestas
inf●maretur
.
This
,
I
think
is
a
sufficient
Comment
on
that
Passage
of
Tacitus
.
I
will
●dd
only
by
the
way
,
that
the
whole
Family
of
the
Caesars
,
and
all
their
Relations
were
included
in
the
Law
;
because
the
Majesty
of
the
Romans
in
the
time
of
the
Empire
was
wholly
in
that
House
:
Omnia
Caesar
erat
:
They
were
all
accounted
sacred
,
who
belong'd
to
him
.
As
for
Cassius
Severus
.
he
was
contemporary
with
Horace
;
and
was
the
same
Poet
against
whom
he
Writes
in
his
Epods
,
under
this
Title
,
In
Cassium
Severum
Maledicum
Poetam
:
Perhaps
intending
to
kill
two
Crows
,
according
to
our
Proverb
,
with
one
Stone
;
and
Revenge
both
himself
and
his
Emperor
together
.
From
hence
I
may
reasonably
conclude
,
That
Ag●stus
,
who
was
not
altogether
so
Good
as
he
was
Wise
,
had
some
by
respect
,
in
the
Enacting
of
this
Law
:
For
to
do
any
thing
for
nothing
,
was
not
his
Maxim
,
Horace
,
as
he
was
a
Courtier
,
comply'd
with
the
Interest
of
his
Master
,
and
avoiding
the
Lashing
of
greater
Crimes
,
confin'd
himself
to
the
ridiculing
of
Petty
Vices
,
and
common
Follies
:
Excepting
only
some
reserv'd
Cases
,
in
his
Odes
and
Epods
,
of
his
own
particular
Quarrels
;
which
either
with
permission
of
the
Magistrate
or
without
it
,
every
Man
will
Revenge
,
tho'
I
say
not
that
he
shou'd
;
for
prior
laesit
,
is
a
good
excuse
in
the
Civil
Law
,
if
Christianity
had
not
taught
us
to
forgive
.
However
he
was
not
the
proper
Man
to
arraign
great
Vices
,
at
least
if
the
Stories
which
we
hear
of
him
are
true
,
that
he
Practis'd
some
,
which
I
will
not
here
mention
,
out
of
honour
to
him
.
It
was
not
for
a
Clodius
to
accuse
Adulterers
,
especially
when
Augustus
was
of
that
number
:
So
that
though
his
Age
was
not
exempted
from
the
worst
of
Villanies
,
there
was
no
freedom
left
to
reprehend
them
,
by
reason
of
the
Edict
.
And
our
Poet
was
not
fit
to
represent
them
in
an
odious
Character
,
because
himself
was
dipt
in
the
same
Actions
.
Upon
this
account
,
without
farther
insisting
on
the
different
tempers
of
Iuvenal
and
Horace
,
I
conclude
,
that
the
Subjects
which
Horace
chose
for
Satire
,
are
of
a
lower
nature
than
those
of
which
Iuvenal
has
written
.
Thus
I
have
treated
in
a
new
Method
,
the
Comparison
betwixt
Horace
,
Iuvenal
,
and
Persius
;
somewhat
of
their
particular
manner
belonging
to
all
of
them
is
yet
remaining
to
be
consider'd
.
Persius
was
Grave
,
and
particularly
oppos'd
his
Gravity
to
Lewdness
,
which
was
the
Predominant
,
Vice
in
Nero's
Court
,
at
the
time
when
he
publish'd
his
Satires
,
which
was
before
that
Emperour
fell
into
the
excess
of
Cruelty
.
Horace
was
a
Mild
Admonisher
,
a
Court
Satirist
,
fi●
for
the
gentle
Times
of
Augustus
,
and
more
fit
,
for
the
Reasons
which
I
have
already
given
.
Iuvenal
was
as
proper
for
his
Times
,
as
they
for
theirs
.
His
was
an
Age
that
deserv'd
a
more
severe
Chastisement
.
Vices
were
more
gross
and
open
,
more
flagitious
,
more
encourag'd
by
the
Example
of
a
Tyrant
;
and
more
protected
by
his
Authority
.
Therefore
,
wheresoever
Iuvenal
mentions
Nero
,
he
means
Domitian
,
whom
he
dares
not
attack
in
his
own
Person
,
but
Scourges
him
by
Proxy
.
Heinsius
urges
in
praise
of
Horace
,
that
according
to
the
Ancient
Art
and
Law
of
Satire
,
it
shou'd
be
nearer
to
Comedy
,
than
to
Tragedy
;
Not
declaiming
against
Vice
,
but
only
laughing
at
it
.
Neither
Per●ius
,
nor
Iuvenal
were
ignorant
of
this
,
for
they
had
both
study'd
Horace
.
And
the
thing
it self
is
plainly
true
.
But
as
they
had
read
Horace
,
they
had
likewise
read
Lucilius
,
of
whom
Per●ius
says
secuit
Vrbem
;
&
genuinum
fregit
in
illis
;
meaning
Mutius
and
Lupus
:
And
Iuvenal
also
mentions
him
in
these
words
,
Ense
velut
stricto
,
quoties
Lucilius
ardens
I●fremuit
,
&c.
So
that
they
thought
the
imitation
of
Lucilius
was
more
proper
to
their
purpose
than
that
of
Horace
.
They
chang'd
Satire
,
says
Holiday
;
but
they
chang'd
it
for
the
better
:
For
the
business
being
to
Reform
great
Vices
,
Chastisement
goes
farther
than
Admonition
;
whereas
a
perpetual
Grinn
,
like
that
of
Horace
,
does
rather
anger
than
amend
a
Man
.
Thus
far
that
Learned
Critick
,
Bart●n
Holiday
,
whose
Interpretation
,
and
Illustrations
of
Iuvenal
are
as
Excellent
,
as
the
Verse
of
his
Translation
and
his
English
are
lame
and
pitiful
.
For
't
is
not
enough
to
give
us
the
meaning
of
a
Poet
,
which
I
acknowledge
him
to
have
perform'd
most
faithfully
;
but
he
must
also
imitate
his
Genius
,
and
his
Numbers
:
as
far
a
the
English
will
come
up
to
the
Elegance
of
the
Original
.
In
few
words
,
't
is
only
for
a
Poet
to
Translate
a
Poet.
Holiday
and
Stapylt●●
had
not
enough
consider'd
this
,
when
they
attempted
Iuvenal
:
But
I
forbear
Reflections
;
only
I
beg
leave
to
take
notice
of
this
Sentence
,
where
Holiday
says
,
A
perpetual
Grinn
,
like
that
of
Horace
,
rather
angers
than
amends
a
Man
.
I
cannot
give
him
up
the
Manner
of
Horace
in
low
Satire
so
easily
:
Let
the
Chastisements
of
Iuvenal
be
never
so
necessary
for
his
new
kind
of
Satire
;
let
him
declaim
as
wittily
and
sharply
as
he
pleases
,
yet
still
the
nicest
and
most
delicate
touches
of
Satire
consist
in
fine
Raillery
.
This
,
my
Lord
,
is
your
particular
Talent
,
to
which
even
Iuvenal
could
not
arrive
.
'T
is
not
Reading
,
't
is
not
imitation
of
an
Author
,
which
can
produce
this
fineness
:
It
must
be
inborn
,
it
must
proceed
from
a
Genius
,
and
particular
way
of
thinking
,
which
is
not
to
be
taught
;
and
therefore
not
to
be
imitated
by
him
who
has
it
not
from
Nature
:
How
easie
it
is
to
call
Rogue
and
Villain
,
and
that
wittily
?
But
how
hard
to
make
a
Man
appear
a
Fool
,
a
Blockhead
,
or
a
Knave
,
without
using
any
of
those
opprobrious
terms
?
To
spare
the
grossness
of
the
Names
,
and
to
do
the
thing
yet
more
severely
,
is
to
draw
a
full
Face
,
and
to
make
the
Nose
and
Cheeks
stand
out
,
and
yet
not
to
employ
any
depth
of
Shadowing
.
This
is
the
Mystery
of
that
Noble
Trade
;
which
yet
no
Master
can
teach
to
his
Apprentice
:
He
may
give
the
Rules
,
but
the
Scholar
is
never
the
nearer
in
his
practice
.
Neither
is
it
true
,
that
this
fineness
of
Raillery
is
offensive
.
A
witty
Man
is
tickl'd
while
he
is
hurt
in
this
manner
▪
and
a
Fool
feels
it
not
.
The
occasion
of
an
Offence
may
possibly
be
given
,
but
he
cannot
take
it
.
If
it
be
granted
that
in
effect
this
way
does
more
Mischief
;
that
a
Man
is
secretly
wounded
,
and
though
he
be
not
sensible
himself
,
yet
the
malicious
World
will
find
it
for
him
:
Yet
there
is
still
a
vast
difference
betwixt
the
slovenly
Butchering
of
a
Man
,
and
the
fineness
of
a
stroak
that
separates
the
Head
from
the
Body
,
and
leaves
it
standing
in
its
place
.
A
man
may
be
capable
,
as
Iack
Ketche's
Wife
said
of
his
Servant
,
of
a
plain
piece
of
Work
,
a
bare
Hanging
;
but
to
make
a
Malefactor
die
sweetly
,
was
only
belonging
to
her
Husband
.
I
wish
I
cou'd
apply
it
to
my self
,
if
the
Reader
wou'd
be
kind
enough
to
think
it
belongs
to
me
.
The
Character
of
Zimri
in
my
Absalom
,
is
,
in
my
Opinion
,
worth
the
whole
Poem
:
'T
is
not
bloody
,
but
't
is
ridiculous
enough
.
And
he
for
whom
it
was
intended
,
was
too
witty
to
resent
it
as
an
injury
.
If
I
had
rail'd
,
I
might
have
suffer'd
for
it
justly
:
But
I
manag'd
my
own
Work
more
happily
,
perhaps
more
dextrously
.
I
avoided
the
mention
of
great
Crimes
,
and
apply'd
my self
to
the
representing
of
Blind-sides
,
and
little
Extravagancies
:
To
which
,
the
wittier
a
Man
is
,
he
is
generally
the
more
obnoxious
.
It
succeeded
as
I
wish'd
;
the
Jest
went
round
,
and
he
was
laught
at
in
his
turn
who
began
the
Frolick
.
And
thus
,
My
Lord
,
you
see
I
have
preferr'd
the
Manner
of
Horace
,
and
of
your
Lordship
,
in
this
kind
of
Satire
,
to
that
of
Iuvenal
;
and
I
think
,
reasonably
.
Holiday
ought
not
to
have
Arraign'd
so
Great
an
Author
,
for
that
which
was
his
Excellency
and
his
Merit
:
Or
if
he
did
,
on
such
a
palpable
mistake
,
he
might
expect
,
that
some
one
might
possibly
arise
,
either
in
his
own
Time
,
or
after
him
,
to
rectifie
his
Error
,
and
restore
to
Horace
,
that
Commendation
,
of
which
he
has
so
unjustly
robb'd
him
.
And
let
the
Manes
of
Iuvenal
forgive
me
,
if
I
say
,
that
this
way
of
Horace
was
the
best
,
for
amending
Manners
,
as
it
is
the
most
difficult
.
His
was
,
an
Ense
rescindendum
;
but
that
of
Horace
was
a
Pleasant
Cure
,
with
all
the
Limbs
preserv'd
entire
:
And
as
our
Mountebanks
tell
us
in
their
Bills
,
without
keeping
the
Patient
within
Doors
for
a
Day
.
What
they
promise
only
,
Horace
has
effectually
Perform'd
:
Yet
I
contradict
not
the
Proposition
which
I
formerly
advanc'd
:
Iuvenal's
Times
requir'd
a
more
painful
kind
of
Operation
:
But
if
he
had
liv'd
in
the
Age
of
Horace
,
I
must
needs
affirm
,
that
he
had
it
not
about
him
.
He
took
the
Method
which
was
prescrib'd
him
by
his
own
Genius
▪
which
was
sharp
and
eager
;
he
cou'd
not
Rally
,
but
he
cou'd
Declame
:
And
as
his
provocations
were
great
,
he
has
reveng'd
them
Tragically
.
This
notwithstanding
,
I
am
to
say
another
Word
,
which
,
as
true
as
it
is
,
will
yet
displease
the
partial
Admirers
of
our
Horace
.
I
have
hinted
it
before
;
but
t
is
time
for
me
now
to
speak
more
plainly
.
This
Manner
of
Horace
is
indeed
the
best
;
but
Horace
has
not
executed
it
,
altogether
so
happily
,
at
least
not
often
.
The
Manner
of
Iuvenal
is
confess'd
to
be
Inferior
to
the
former
;
but
Iuvenal
,
has
excell'd
him
in
his
Performance
.
Iuvenal
has
rail'd
more
wittily
than
Horace
has
rally'd
.
Horace
means
to
make
his
Reader
Laugh
;
but
he
is
not
sure
of
his
Experiment
.
Iuvenal
always
intends
to
move
your
Indignation
;
and
he
always
brings
about
his
purpose
.
Horace
,
for
ought
I
know
,
might
have
tickl'd
the
People
of
his
Age
;
but
amongst
the
Moderns
he
is
not
so
Successfull
.
They
who
say
he
Entertains
so
Pleasantly
,
may
perhaps
value
themselves
on
the
quickness
of
their
own
Understandings
,
that
they
can
see
a
Jest
farther
off
than
other
men
.
They
may
find
occasion
of
Laughter
,
in
the
Wit-battel
of
the
Two
Buffoons
,
Sarmentus
and
Cicerrus
:
And
hold
their
sides
for
fear
of
bursting
,
when
Rupilius
and
Per●ius
are
Scolding
.
For
my
own
part
,
I
can
only
like
the
Characters
of
all
Four
,
which
are
judiciously
given
:
But
for
my
heart
I
cannot
so
much
as
smile
at
their
Insipid
Raillery
.
I
see
not
why
Per●ius
shou'd
call
upon
Brutus
,
to
revenge
him
on
his
Adversary
:
And
that
because
he
had
kill'd
Iulius
Cesar
,
for
endeavouring
to
be
a
King
,
therefore
he
shou'd
be
desir'd
to
Murther
Rupilius
,
only
because
his
Name
was
Mr.
King
.
A
miserable
Clench
,
in
my
Opinion
,
for
Horace
to
Record
:
I
have
heard
honest
Mr.
Swan
make
many
a
better
,
and
yet
have
had
the
Grace
to
hold
my
Countenance
.
But
it
may
be
Puns
were
then
in
Fashion
,
as
they
were
Wit
in
the
Sermons
of
the
last
Age
,
and
in
the
Court
of
King
Charles
the
Second
.
I
am
sorry
to
say
it
,
for
the
sake
of
Horace
;
but
certain
it
is
,
he
has
no
fine
Palate
who
can
feed
so
heartily
on
Garbidge
.
But
I
have
already
wearied
my self
,
and
doubt
not
but
I
have
tir'd
your
Lordships
Patience
,
with
this
long
rambling
,
and
I
fear
,
trivial
Discourse
.
Upon
the
one
half
of
the
Merits
,
that
is
,
Pleasure
,
I
cannot
but
conclude
that
Iuvenal
was
the
better
Satirist
:
They
who
will
descend
into
his
particular
Praises
,
may
find
them
at
large
,
in
the
Dissertation
of
the
Learned
Rigaltius
to
Thuanus
.
As
for
Per●ius
,
I
have
given
the
Reasons
,
why
I
think
him
Inferior
to
both
of
them
.
Yet
I
have
one
thing
to
add
on
that
Subject
.
Barten
Holiday
,
who
Translated
both
Iuvenal
and
Per●ius
;
has
made
this
distinction
betwixt
them
,
which
is
no
less
true
than
Witty
;
that
,
in
Per●ius
the
difficulty
is
to
find
a
Meaning
;
in
Iuvenal
,
to
chuse
a
Meaning
:
So
Crabbed
is
Persius
,
and
so
Copious
is
Iuvenal
:
So
much
the
Understanding
is
employ'd
in
one
;
and
so
much
the
Judgment
in
the
other
.
So
difficult
it
is
,
to
find
any
Sense
in
the
former
,
and
the
best
Sense
of
the
latter
.
If
,
on
the
other
side
,
any
one
suppose
I
have
commended
Horace
below
his
Merit
,
when
I
have
allow'd
him
but
the
Second
Place
,
I
desir●
him
to
consider
,
if
Iuvenal
,
a
Man
of
Excellent
Natural
Endowments
,
besides
the
advantages
of
Diligence
and
Study
,
and
coming
after
him
,
and
Building
upon
his
Foundations
might
not
probably
,
with
all
these
helps
,
surpass
him
?
And
whether
it
be
any
dishonour
to
Horace
,
to
be
thus
surpass'd
;
since
no
Art
,
or
Science
,
is
at
once
begun
and
perfected
,
but
that
it
must
pass
first
through
many
hands
,
and
even
through
several
Ages
?
If
Lucilius
cou'd
add
to
Ennius
,
and
Horace
to
Lucilius
,
why
,
without
any
diminution
to
the
Fame
of
Horace
,
might
not
Iuvenal
give
the
last
perfection
to
that
Work
?
Or
rather
,
what
disreputation
is
it
to
Horace
,
that
Iuvenal
Excels
in
the
Tragical
Satyre
,
as
Horace
does
in
the
Comical
?
I
have
read
over
attentively
,
both
Heinsius
and
Dacier
,
in
their
Commendations
of
Horace
:
But
I
can
find
no
more
in
either
of
them
,
for
the
preference
of
him
to
Iuvenal
,
than
the
Instructive
Part
;
the
Part
of
Wisdom
,
and
not
that
of
Pleasure
;
which
therefore
is
here
allow'd
him
,
notwithstanding
what
Scaliger
and
Rigaltius
have
pleaded
to
the
contrary
for
Iuvenal
.
And
to
shew
I
am
Impartial
,
I
will
here
Translate
what
Dacier
has
said
on
that
Subject
.
I
cannot
give
a
more
just
Idea
of
the
Two
Books
of
Satires
,
made
by
Horace
▪
than
by
compairing
them
to
the
Statues
of
the
Sileni
,
to
which
Al●ibiades
compares
Socrates
,
in
the
Symposium
.
They
were
Figures
,
which
had
nothing
of
agreeable
,
nothing
of
Beauty
on
their
out-side
:
But
when
any
one
took
the
Pains
to
open
them
,
and
search
into
them
,
he
there
found
the
Figures
of
all
the
Deities
So
,
in
the
Shape
that
Horace
Presents
himself
to
us
,
in
his
Satires
,
we
see
nothing
at
the
first
View
,
which
deserves
our
Attention
.
It
seems
that
he
is
rather
an
Amusement
for
Children
,
than
for
the
serious
consideration
of
Men.
But
when
we
take
away
his
Crust
,
and
that
which
hides
him
from
our
sight
;
when
we
discover
him
to
the
bottom
,
then
we
find
all
the
Divinities
in
a
full
Assembly
:
That
is
to
say
,
all
the
Virtues
,
which
ought
to
be
the
continual
exercise
of
those
,
who
seriously
endeavour
to
Correct
their
Vices
.
'T
is
easy
to
Observe
,
that
Dacier
,
in
this
Noble
Similitude
,
has
confin'd
the
Praise
of
his
Author
,
wholly
to
the
Instructive
Part
:
The
commendation
turns
on
this
,
and
so
does
that
which
follows
.
In
these
Two
Books
of
Satire
,
't
is
the
business
of
Horace
to
instruct
us
how
to
combat
our
Vices
,
to
regulate
our
Passions
,
to
follow
Nature
,
to
give
Bounds
to
our
desires
,
to
Distinguish
betwixt
Truth
and
Falshood
,
and
betwixt
our
Conceptions
of
Things
,
and
Things
themselves
.
To
come
back
from
our
prejudicate
Opinions
,
to
understand
exactly
the
Principles
and
Motives
of
all
our
Actions
;
and
to
avoid
the
Ridicule
,
into
which
all
men
necessarily
fall
,
who
are
Intoxicated
with
those
Notions
,
which
they
have
received
from
their
Masters
;
and
which
they
obstinately
retain
,
without
examining
whether
or
no
they
are
founded
on
right
Reason
.
In
a
Word
,
he
labours
to
render
us
happy
in
relation
to
our selves
,
agreeable
and
faithful
to
our
Friends
,
and
discreet
,
serviceable
,
and
well
bred
in
relation
to
those
with
whom
we
are
oblig'd
to
live
,
and
to
converse
.
To
make
his
Figures
Intelligible
,
to
conduct
his
Readers
through
the
Labyrinth
of
some
perplex'd
Sentence
,
or
obscure
Parenthesis
,
is
no
great
matter
.
And
as
Epictetus
says
,
there
is
nothing
of
Beauty
in
all
this
,
or
what
is
worthy
of
a
Prudent
Man
.
The
Principal
business
,
and
which
is
of
most
Importance
to
us
,
is
to
shew
the
Use
,
the
Reason
,
and
the
Proof
of
his
Precepts
.
They
who
endeavour
not
to
correct
themselves
,
according
to
so
exact
a
Model
;
are
just
like
the
Patients
,
who
have
open
before
them
a
Book
of
Admirable
Receipts
,
for
their
Diseases
,
and
please
themselves
with
reading
it
,
without
Comprehending
the
Nature
of
the
Remedies
;
or
how
to
apply
them
to
their
Cure
.
Let
Horace
go
off
with
these
Enco●iums
,
which
he
has
so
well
deserv'd
.
To
conclude
the
contention
betwixt
our
Three
Poets
,
I
will
use
the
Words
of
Virgil
,
in
his
Fifth
Aeneid
,
where
Aeneas
proposes
the
Rewards
of
the
Foot-Race
,
to
the
Three
first
,
who
shou'd
reach
the
Goal
.
Tres
praemia
primi
,
accipient
;
flavaque
Caput
nectentur
Olivâ
:
Let
these
Three
Ancients
be
preferr'd
to
all
the
Moderns
;
as
first
arriving
at
the
Goal
:
Let
them
all
be
Crown'd
as
Victours
;
with
the
Wreath
that
properly
belongs
to
Satire
.
But
,
after
that
,
with
this
distinction
amongst
themselves
,
Primus
equum
phaleris
in●ignem
,
Victor
habeto
.
Let
Iuvenal
Ride
first
in
Triumph
.
Alter
Amazoniam
,
pharetram
;
plenamque
Sagittis
Threiciis
,
lato
quam
circumplectitur
auro
Balteus
,
&
tereti
subnectit
Fibula
gemmâ
.
Let
Horace
who
is
the
Second
,
and
but
just
the
Second
,
carry
off
the
Quivers
,
and
the
Arrows
;
as
the
Badges
of
his
Satire
,
and
the
Golden
Belt
,
and
the
Diamond
Button
.
Tertius
,
Argolico
hoc
Clypeo
contentus
abito
.
And
let
Per●ius
,
the
last
of
the
first
Three
Worthies
,
be
contented
with
this
Grecian
Shield
,
and
with
Victory
not
only
over
all
the
Grecians
,
who
were
Ignorant
of
the
Roman
Satire
,
but
over
all
the
Moderns
in
Succeeding
Ages
;
excepting
Boileau
and
your
Lordship
.
And
thus
,
I
have
given
the
History
of
Satire
,
and
deriv'd
it
as
far
as
from
Ennius
,
to
your
Lordship
;
that
is
,
from
its
first
Rudiments
of
Barbarity
,
to
its
last
Polishing
and
Perfection
:
Which
is
,
with
Virgil
,
in
his
Address
to
Augustus
;
—
nomen
famâ
tot
ferre
per
annos
,
Tithoni
primâ
quot
abest
ab
origine
Caesar.
I
said
only
from
Ennius
;
but
I
may
safely
carry
it
higher
,
as
far
as
Livius
Andronicus
;
who
,
as
I
have
said
formerly
,
taught
the
first
Play
at
Rome
in
the
Year
ab
urbe
conditâ
,
514.
I
have
since
desir'd
my
Learn'd
Friend
,
Mr.
Maidwell
,
to
compute
the
difference
of
Times
,
betwixt
Aristophanes
,
and
Livius
Andronicus
;
and
he
assures
me
,
from
the
best
Chronologers
,
that
Plutus
,
the
last
of
Aristophanes's
his
Plays
,
was
Represented
at
Athens
,
in
the
Year
of
the
97th
Olympiad
;
which
agrees
with
the
Year
Vrbis
Conditae
364
:
So
that
the
difference
of
Years
betwixt
Aristophanes
and
Andronicus
is
150
;
from
whence
I
have
probably
deduc'd
,
that
Livius
Andronicus
,
who
was
a
Grecian
,
had
read
the
Plays
of
the
Old
Comedy
,
which
were
Satyrical
,
and
also
of
the
New
;
for
Menander
was
fifty
Years
before
him
,
which
must
needs
be
a
great
light
to
him
,
in
his
own
Plays
;
that
were
of
the
Satirical
Nature
.
That
the
Romans
had
Farces
before
this
,
't
is
true
;
but
then
they
had
no
Communication
with
Greece
:
So
that
Andronicus
was
the
first
,
who
wrote
after
the
manner
of
the
Old
Comedy
,
in
his
Plays
;
he
was
imitated
by
Ennius
,
about
Thirty
Years
afterwards
.
Though
the
former
writ
Fables
;
the
latter
,
speaking
properly
,
began
the
Roman
Satire
.
According
to
that
Description
,
which
Iuvenal
gives
of
it
in
his
First
;
Quicquid
ag●●t
homines
votum
,
timor
,
i●a
,
voluptas
,
gaudia
,
discursus
,
nostri
est
farrage
libelli
.
This
is
that
in
which
I
have
made
bold
to
differ
from
Casaubon
,
Rigaltius
,
Dacier
,
and
indeed
,
from
all
the
Modern
Critiques
,
that
not
Ennius
,
but
Andronicus
was
the
First
;
who
by
the
Archaea
Comedia
of
the
Greeks
,
added
many
Beauties
to
the
first
Rude
and
Barbarous
Roman
Satire
:
Which
sort
of
Poem
,
tho'
we
had
not
deriv'd
from
Rome
,
yet
Nature
teaches
it
Mankind
,
in
all
Ages
,
and
in
every
Country
.
'T
is
but
necessary
,
that
after
so
much
has
been
said
of
Satire
,
some
Definition
of
it
should
be
given
.
Heinsius
,
in
his
Dissertations
on
Horace
,
makes
it
for
me
,
in
these
words
;
Satire
is
a
kind
of
Poetry
,
without
a
Series
of
Action
,
invented
for
the
purging
of
our
Minds
;
in
which
Humane
Vices
,
Ignorance
,
and
Errors
,
and
all
things
besides
,
which
are
produc'd
from
them
,
in
every
Man
,
are
severely
Reprehended
;
partly
Dramatically
,
partly
Simply
,
and
sometimes
in
both
kinds
of
speaking
;
but
for
the
most
part
Figuratively
,
and
Occultly
;
consisting
in
a
low
familiar
way
,
chiefly
in
a
sharp
and
pungent
manner
of
Speech
;
but
partly
,
also
,
in
a
Facetious
and
Civil
way
of
Iesting
;
by
which
,
either
Hatred
,
or
Laughter
,
or
Indignation
is
mov'd
.
—
Where
I
cannot
but
observe
,
that
this
obscure
and
perplex'd
Definition
,
or
rather
Description
of
Satire
,
is
wholly
accommodated
to
the
Horatian
way
;
and
excluding
the
Works
of
Iuvenal
and
Per●ius
,
as
foreign
from
that
kind
of
Poem
:
The
Clause
in
the
beginning
of
it
(
without
a
Series
of
Action
)
distinguishes
Satire
properly
from
Stage-Plays
,
which
are
all
of
one
Action
,
and
one
continu'd
Series
of
Action
.
The
End
or
Scope
of
Satire
is
to
purge
the
Passions
;
so
far
it
is
common
to
the
Satires
of
Iuvenal
and
Persius
:
The
rest
which
follows
,
is
also
generally
belonging
to
all
three
;
till
he
comes
upon
us
,
with
the
Excluding
Clause
(
consisting
in
a
low
familiar
way
of
Speech
)
which
is
the
proper
Character
of
Horace
;
and
from
which
,
the
other
two
,
for
their
Honour
be
it
spoken
,
are
far
distant
.
But
how
come
Lowness
of
Style
,
and
the
Familiarity
of
Words
to
be
so
much
the
Propriety
of
Satire
,
that
without
them
,
a
Poet
can
be
no
more
a
Satirist
,
than
without
Risibility
he
can
be
a
Man
?
Is
the
fault
of
Horace
to
be
made
the
Virtue
,
and
Standing
Rule
of
this
Poem
?
Is
the
Grande
Sophos
of
Persius
,
and
the
Sublimity
of
Iuvenal
to
be
circumscrib'd
,
with
the
meanness
of
Words
and
vulgarity
of
Expression
?
If
Horace
refus'd
the
pains
of
Numbers
,
and
the
loftiness
of
Figures
,
are
they
bound
to
follow
so
ill
a
Precedent
?
Let
him
walk
a
Foot
with
his
Pad
in
his
Hand
,
for
his
own
pleasure
;
but
let
not
them
be
accounted
no
Poets
,
who
choose
to
mount
,
and
shew
their
Horsmanship
,
Holiday
is
not
afraid
to
say
,
that
there
was
never
such
a
fall
,
as
from
his
Odes
to
his
Satires
,
and
that
he
,
injuriously
to
himself
,
untun'd
his
Harp
.
The
Majestique
way
of
Per●ius
and
Iuvenal
was
new
when
they
began
it
;
but
't
is
old
to
us
;
and
what
Poems
have
not
,
with
Time
,
receiv'd
an
Alteration
in
their
Fashion
?
Which
Alteration
,
says
Holiday
,
is
to
after-times
,
as
good
a
Warrant
as
the
first
.
Has
not
Virgil
chang'd
the
Manners
of
Homer's
Hero's
in
his
Aeneis
?
certainly
he
has
,
and
for
the
better
.
For
Virgil's
Age
was
more
Civiliz'd
,
and
better
Bred
;
and
he
writ
according
to
the
Politeness
of
Rome
,
under
the
Reign
of
Augustus
Caesar
;
not
to
the
Rudeness
of
Agamemnon's
Age
,
or
the
Times
of
Homer
.
Why
shou'd
we
offer
to
confine
free
Spirits
to
one
Form
,
when
we
cannot
so
much
as
confine
our
Bodies
to
one
Fashion
of
Apparel
?
Wou'd
not
Donn's
Satires
,
which
abound
with
so
much
Wit
,
appear
more
Charming
,
if
he
had
taken
care
of
his
Words
,
and
of
his
Numbers
?
But
he
follow'd
Horace
so
very
close
,
that
of
necessity
he
must
fall
with
him
:
And
I
may
safely
say
it
of
this
present
Age
,
That
if
we
are
not
so
great
Wits
as
Donn
,
yet
,
certainly
,
we
are
better
Poets
.
But
I
have
said
enough
,
and
it
may
be
,
too
much
on
this
Subject
.
Will
your
Lordship
be
pleas'd
to
prolong
my
Audience
,
only
so
far
,
till
I
tell
you
my
own
trivial
Thoughts
,
how
a
Modern
Satire
shou'd
be
made
.
I
will
not
deviate
in
the
least
from
the
Precepts
and
Examples
of
the
Ancients
,
who
were
always
our
best
Masters
.
I
will
only
illustrate
them
,
and
discover
some
of
the
hidden
Beauties
in
their
Designs
,
that
we
thereby
may
form
our
own
in
imitation
of
them
.
Will
you
please
but
to
observe
,
that
Persius
,
the
least
in
Dignity
of
all
the
Three
,
has
,
notwithstanding
,
been
the
first
,
who
has
discover'd
to
us
this
important
Secret
,
in
the
designing
of
a
perfect
Satire
;
that
it
ought
only
to
treat
of
one
Subject
;
to
be
confin'd
to
one
particular
Theme
;
or
,
at
least
,
to
one
principally
.
If
other
Vices
occur
in
the
management
of
the
Chief
,
they
shou'd
only
be
transiently
lash'd
,
and
not
be
insisted
on
,
so
as
to
make
the
Design
double
.
As
in
a
Play
of
the
English
Fashion
,
which
we
call
a
Tragecomedy
,
there
is
to
be
but
one
main
Design
:
And
tho'
there
be
an
Under-plot
,
or
Second
Walk
of
Comical
Characters
and
Adventures
,
yet
they
are
subservient
to
the
Chief
Fable
,
carry'd
along
under
it
,
and
helping
to
it
;
so
that
the
Drama
may
not
seem
a
Monster
with
two
Heads
.
Thus
the
Copernican
Systeme
of
the
Planets
makes
the
Moon
to
be
mov'd
by
the
motion
of
the
Earth
,
and
carry'd
about
her
Orb
,
as
a
Dependant
of
hers
:
Mascardi
in
his
Discourse
of
the
Doppia
favola
,
or
Double-tale
in
Plays
,
gives
an
Instance
of
it
,
in
the
famous
Pastoral
of
Guarini
,
call'd
Il
Pastor
Fido
;
where
Corisca
and
the
Satyre
are
the
Under-parts
:
Yet
we
may
observe
,
that
Corisca
is
brought
into
the
Body
of
the
Plot
,
and
made
subservient
to
it
.
'T
is
certain
,
that
the
Divine
Wit
of
Horace
,
was
not
ignorant
of
this
Rule
,
that
a
Play
,
though
it
consists
of
many
parts
,
must
yet
be
one
in
the
Action
,
and
must
drive
on
the
Accomplishment
of
one
Design
;
for
he
gives
this
very
Precept
,
Sit
quodvis
simplex
duntaxat
&
unum
;
yet
he
seems
not
much
to
mind
it
in
his
Satires
,
many
of
them
consisting
of
more
Arguments
than
one
;
and
the
second
without
dependance
on
the
first
.
Casaubon
has
observ'd
this
before
me
,
in
his
Preference
of
Persius
to
Horace
:
And
will
have
his
own
belov'd
Author
to
be
the
first
,
who
found
out
,
and
introduc'd
this
Method
of
confining
himself
to
one
Subject
.
I
know
it
may
be
urg'd
in
defence
of
Horace
,
that
this
Unity
is
not
necessary
;
because
the
very
word
Satura
signifies
a
Dish
plentifully
stor'd
with
all
variety
of
Fruits
and
Grains
.
Yet
Iuvenal
,
who
calls
his
Poems
a
Farrago
,
which
is
a
word
of
the
same
signification
with
Satura
;
has
chosen
to
follow
the
same
Method
of
Per●ius
,
and
not
of
Horace
:
And
Boileau
,
whose
Example
alone
is
a
sufficient
Authority
,
has
wholly
confin'd
himself
,
in
all
his
Satires
,
to
this
Unity
of
Design
.
That
variety
which
is
not
to
be
found
in
any
one
Satire
,
is
,
at
least
,
in
many
,
written
on
several
occasions
.
And
if
Variety
be
of
absolute
necessity
in
every
one
of
them
,
according
to
the
Etymology
of
the
word
;
yet
it
may
arise
naturally
from
one
Subject
,
as
it
is
diversly
treated
,
in
the
several
Subordinate
Branches
of
it
;
all
relating
to
the
Chief
.
It
may
be
illustrated
accordingly
with
variety
of
Examples
in
the
Subdivisions
of
it
;
and
with
as
many
Precepts
as
there
are
Members
of
it
;
which
altogether
may
compleat
that
Olla
,
or
Hotch-potch
,
which
is
properly
a
Satire
.
Under
this
Unity
of
Theme
,
or
Subject
,
is
comprehended
another
Rule
for
perfecting
the
Design
of
true
Satire
.
The
Poet
is
bound
,
and
that
ex
Officio
,
to
give
his
Reader
some
one
Precept
of
Moral
Virtue
;
and
to
caution
him
against
some
one
particular
Vice
or
Folly
▪
Other
Virtues
,
subordinate
to
the
first
,
may
be
recommended
,
under
that
Chief
Head
;
and
other
Vices
or
Follies
may
be
scourg'd
,
besides
that
which
he
principally
intends
.
But
he
is
chiefly
to
inculcate
one
Virtue
,
and
insist
on
that
.
Thus
Iuvenal
in
every
Satire
,
excepting
the
first
,
tyes
himself
to
one
principal
Instructive
Point
,
or
to
the
shunning
of
Moral
Evil.
Even
in
the
Sixth
,
which
seems
only
an
Arraignment
of
the
whole
Sex
of
Womankind
;
there
is
a
latent
Admonition
to
avoid
Ill
Women
,
by
shewing
how
very
few
,
who
are
Virtuous
and
Good
,
are
to
be
found
amongst
them
.
But
this
,
tho'
the
Wittiest
of
all
his
Satires
,
has
yet
the
least
of
Truth
or
Instruction
in
it
.
He
has
run
himself
into
his
old
declamatory
way
,
and
almost
forgotten
,
that
he
was
now
setting
up
for
a
Moral
Poet.
Persius
is
never
wanting
to
us
in
some
profitable
Doctrine
,
and
in
exposing
the
opposite
Vices
to
it
.
His
kind
of
Philosphy
is
one
,
which
is
the
Stoique
;
and
every
Satire
is
a
Comment
on
one
particular
Dogma
of
that
Sect
;
unless
we
will
except
the
first
,
which
is
against
bad
Writers
;
and
yet
ev'n
there
he
forgets
not
the
Precepts
of
the
Porch
.
In
general
,
all
Virtues
are
every
where
to
be
prais'd
,
and
recommended
to
Practice
;
and
all
Vices
to
be
reprehended
,
and
made
either
Odious
or
Ridiculous
;
or
else
there
is
a
Fundamental
Error
in
the
whole
Design
.
I
have
already
declar'd
,
who
are
the
only
Persons
that
are
the
Adequate
Object
of
Private
Satire
,
and
who
they
are
that
may
properly
be
expos'd
by
Name
for
publick
Examples
of
Vices
and
〈◊〉
;
and
therefore
I
will
trouble
your
Lordship
no
farther
with
them
.
Of
the
best
and
finest
manner
of
Satire
,
I
have
said
enough
in
the
Comparison
betwixt
Iuvenal
and
Horace
:
'T
is
that
sharp
,
well-manner'd
way
,
of
laughing
a
Folly
out
of
Countenance
,
of
which
your
Lordship
is
the
best
Master
in
this
Age.
I
will
proceed
to
the
Versification
,
which
is
most
proper
for
it
,
and
add
somewhat
to
what
I
have
said
already
on
that
Subject
.
The
sort
of
Verse
which
is
call'd
Burlesque
,
consisting
of
Eight
Syllables
,
or
Four
Feet
,
is
that
which
our
Excellent
Hudibras
has
chosen
.
I
ought
to
have
mention'd
him
before
,
when
I
spoke
of
Donn
;
but
by
a
slip
of
an
Old
Man's
Memory
he
was
forgotten
.
The
Worth
of
his
Poem
is
too
well
known
to
need
my
Commendation
,
and
he
is
above
my
Censure
:
His
Satire
is
of
the
Varronian
kind
,
though
unmix'd
with
Prose
.
The
choice
of
his
Numbers
is
suitable
enough
to
his
Design
,
as
he
has
manag'd
it
.
But
in
any
other
Hand
,
the
shortness
of
his
Verse
,
and
the
quick
returns
of
Rhyme
,
had
debas'd
the
Dignity
of
Style
.
And
besides
,
the
double
Rhyme
,
(
a
necessary
Companion
of
Burlesque
Writing
)
is
not
so
proper
for
Manly
Satire
,
for
it
turns
Earnest
too
much
to
Jest
,
and
gives
us
a
Boyish
kind
of
Pleasure
.
It
tickles
aukwardly
with
a
kind
of
pain
,
to
the
best
sort
of
Readers
;
we
are
pleas'd
ungratefully
,
and
,
if
I
may
say
so
,
against
our
liking
.
We
thank
him
not
for
giving
us
that
unseasonable
Delight
,
when
we
know
he
cou'd
have
given
us
a
better
,
and
more
solid
.
He
might
have
left
that
Task
to
others
,
who
not
being
able
to
put
in
Thought
,
can
only
make
us
grin
with
the
Excrescence
of
a
Word
of
two
or
three
Syllables
in
the
Close
.
'T
is
,
indeed
,
below
so
great
a
Master
to
make
use
of
such
a
little
Instrument
.
But
his
good
Sense
is
perpetually
shining
through
all
he
writes
;
it
affords
us
not
the
time
of
finding
Faults
:
We
pass
through
the
Levity
of
his
Rhyme
,
and
are
immediately
carri'd
into
some
admirable
useful
Thought
.
After
all
,
he
has
chosen
this
kind
of
Verse
;
and
has
written
the
best
in
it
:
And
had
he
taken
another
,
he
wou'd
always
have
excell'd
.
As
we
say
of
a
Court-Favourite
,
that
whatsoever
his
Office
be
,
he
still
makes
it
uppermost
,
and
most
beneficial
to
himself
.
The
quickness
of
your
Imagination
,
my
Lord
,
has
already
prevented
me
;
and
you
know
before-hand
,
that
I
wou'd
prefer
the
Verse
of
ten
Syllables
,
which
we
call
the
English
Heroique
,
to
that
of
Eight
.
This
is
truly
my
Opinion
.
For
this
sort
of
Number
is
more
Roomy
.
The
Thought
can
turn
it self
with
greater
ease
,
in
a
larger
compass
.
When
the
Rhyme
comes
too
thick
upon
us
;
it
streightens
the
Expression
;
we
are
thinking
of
the
Close
,
when
we
shou'd
be
employ'd
in
adorning
the
Thought
.
It
makes
a
Poet
giddy
with
turning
in
a
Space
too
narrow
for
his
Imagination
.
He
loses
many
Beauties
without
gaining
one
Advantage
.
For
a
Burlesque
Rhyme
,
I
have
already
concluded
to
be
none
;
or
if
it
were
,
't
is
more
easily
purchas'd
in
Ten
Syllables
than
in
Eight
:
In
both
occasions
't
is
as
in
a
Tennis-Court
,
when
the
Strokes
of
greater
force
,
are
given
,
when
we
strike
out
,
and
play
at
length
.
Tassone
and
Boileau
have
left
us
the
best
Examples
of
this
way
,
in
the
Secchia
Rapita
,
and
the
Lutrin
.
And
next
them
Merlin
Coccajus
in
his
Baldus
.
I
will
speak
only
of
the
two
former
,
because
the
last
is
written
in
Latin
Verse
.
The
Secchia
Rapita
,
is
an
Italian
Poem
;
a
Satire
of
the
Varronian
kind
.
'T
is
written
in
the
Stanza
of
Eight
,
which
is
their
Measure
for
Heroique
Verse
.
The
Words
are
stately
,
the
Numbers
smooth
,
the
Turn
both
of
Thoughts
and
Words
is
happy
.
The
first
●ix
lines
of
the
Stanza
seem
Majestical
and
Severe
:
but
the
two
last
turn
them
all
,
into
a
pleasant
Ridicule
.
Boileau
,
if
I
am
not
much
deceiv'd
,
has
model'd
from
hence
,
his
famous
Lutrin
.
He
had
read
the
Burlesque
Poetry
of
Scarron
,
with
some
kind
of
Indignation
,
as
witty
as
it
was
,
and
found
nothing
in
France
that
was
worthy
of
his
Imitation
.
But
he
Copy'd
the
Italian
so
well
,
that
his
own
may
pass
for
an
Original
.
He
writes
it
in
the
French
Heroique
Verse
,
and
calls
it
an
Heroique
Poem
:
His
Subject
is
Trivial
,
but
his
Verse
is
Noble
.
I
doubt
not
but
he
had
Virgil
in
his
Eye
,
for
we
find
many
admirable
Imitations
of
him
,
and
some
Parodies
;
as
particularly
this
Passage
in
the
Fourth
of
the
En●ids
.
Nec
tibi
Diva
Parens
;
generis
nec
Dardanus
Auctor
,
Per●ide
;
sed
duris
genuit
te
cautibus
horrens
▪
Caucasus
;
Hyrcanaeque
admôrunt
ubera
tigres
.
Which
he
thus
Translates
,
keeping
to
the
Words
,
but
altering
the
Sense
.
Non
,
ton
Pere
a
Paris
,
ne
fut
point
Boulanger
:
Et
tu
n'es
point
du
sang
de
Gervais
Horloger
:
Ta
Mere
ne
fut
point
la
Maitresse
d'un
Coche
;
Caucase
dans
ses
flancs
,
te
forma
d'une
Roché
:
Vne
Tigresse
affre●se
,
en
quelque
Antre
écarté
Te
fit
,
avec
son
laict
,
succer
sa
Cruauté
.
And
,
as
Virgil
in
his
Fourth
Georgique
of
the
Bees
,
perpetually
raises
the
Lowness
of
his
Subject
by
the
Loftiness
of
his
Words
;
and
ennobles
it
by
Comparisons
drawn
from
Empires
,
and
from
Monarchs
.
Admiranda
tibi
levium
spectacula
rerum
,
Magnanimosque
Duces
,
totiusque
ordine
gentis
Mores
&
studia
,
&
populos
,
&
praelia
dica●
.
And
again
,
Sed
Genus
immortale
manet
;
multosque
per
annos
Stat
fortuna
domûs
,
&
avi
numerantur
avorum
.
We
see
Boileau
pursuing
him
in
the
same
flights
;
and
scarcely
yielding
to
his
Master
.
This
,
I
think
,
my
Lord
,
to
be
the
most
Beautiful
,
and
most
Noble
kind
of
Satire
.
Here
is
the
Majesty
of
the
Heroique
,
finely
mix'd
with
the
Venom
of
the
other
;
and
raising
the
Delight
which
otherwise
wou'd
be
flat
and
vulgar
,
by
the
Sublimity
of
the
Expression
.
I
cou'd
say
somewhat
more
of
the
Delicacy
of
this
and
some
other
of
his
Satires
;
but
it
might
turn
to
his
Prejudice
,
if
't
were
carry'd
back
to
France
.
I
have
given
Your
Lordship
,
but
this
bare
hint
,
in
what
Verse
,
and
in
what
manner
this
sort
of
Satire
may
best
be
manag'd
.
Had
I
time
,
I
cou'd
enlarge
on
the
Beautiful
Turns
of
Words
and
Thoughts
;
which
are
as
requisite
in
this
,
as
in
Heroique
Poetry
it self
;
of
which
this
Satire
is
undoubtedly
a
Species
.
With
these
Beautiful
Turns
I
confess
my self
to
have
been
unacquainted
,
till
about
Twenty
Years
ago
,
in
a
Conversation
which
I
had
with
that
Noble
Wit
of
Scotland
,
Sir
George
Mackenzy
:
He
asked
me
why
I
did
not
imitate
in
my
Verses
,
the
turns
of
Mr.
Waller
,
and
Sir
Iohn
Denham
;
of
which
,
he
repeated
many
to
me
:
I
had
often
read
with
pleasure
,
and
with
some
profit
,
those
two
Fathers
of
our
English
Poetry
;
but
had
not
seriously
enough
consider'd
those
Beauties
which
give
the
last
perfection
to
their
Works
.
Some
sprinklings
of
this
kind
,
I
had
also
formerly
in
my
Plays
,
but
they
were
casual
,
and
not
design'd
.
But
this
hint
,
thus
seasonably
given
me
,
first
made
me
sensible
of
my
own
wants
,
and
brought
me
afterwards
to
seek
for
the
supply
of
them
in
other
English
Authors
.
I
look'd
over
the
Darling
of
my
youth
,
the
Famous
Cowley
;
there
I
found
instead
of
them
,
the
Points
of
Wit
,
and
Quirks
of
Epigram
,
even
in
the
Davideis
,
a
Heroick
Poem
,
which
is
of
an
opposite
nature
to
those
Puerilities
;
but
no
Elegant
turns
,
either
on
the
word
,
or
on
the
thought
.
Then
I
consulted
a
Greater
Genius
,
(
without
offence
to
the
Manes
of
that
Noble
Author
)
I
mean
Milton
.
But
as
he
endeavours
every
where
to
express
Homer
,
whose
Age
had
not
arriv'd
to
that
fineness
,
I
found
in
him
a
true
sublimity
,
lofty
thoughts
,
which
were
cloath'd
with
admirable
Grecisms
,
and
ancient
words
,
which
he
had
been
digging
from
the
Mines
of
Chaucer
,
and
of
Spencer
,
and
which
,
with
all
their
rusticity
,
had
somewhat
of
Venerable
in
them
.
But
I
found
not
there
neither
that
for
which
I
look'd
.
At
last
I
had
recourse
to
his
Master
,
Spencer
,
the
Author
of
that
immortal
Poem
,
call'd
the
Fairy-Queen
;
and
there
I
met
with
that
which
I
had
been
looking
for
so
long
in
vain
.
Spencer
had
studi'd
Virgil
to
as
much
advantage
as
Milton
had
done
Homer
.
And
amongst
the
rest
of
his
Excellencies
had
Copy'd
that
.
Looking
farther
into
the
Italian
,
I
found
Tasso
had
done
the
same
;
nay
more
,
that
all
the
Sonne●s
in
that
Language
are
on
the
turn
of
the
first
thought
;
which
Mr.
Walsh
,
in
his
late
ingenious
Preface
to
his
Poems
has
ob●erv'd
.
In
short
,
Virgil
,
and
Ovid
are
the
two
Principal
Fountains
of
them
in
〈◊〉
Poetry
.
And
the
French
at
this
day
are
so
fond
of
them
,
that
they
judge
them
to
be
the
first
Beauties
.
Delicate
,
&
bien
tourné
,
are
the
highest
Commendations
,
which
they
bestow
,
on
somewhat
which
they
think
a
Master-Piece
.
An
Example
of
the
turn
on
Words
amongst
a
thousand
others
,
is
that
,
in
the
last
Book
of
Ovid's
Metamorphoses
.
He●
quantum
seelus
est
,
in
viscera
,
viscera
condi
!
Congestoque●vidum
pinguescere
corpore
corpus
;
Alteri●sque
Animantem
,
Animantis
vivere
●●to
.
An
Example
on
the
turn
both
of
Thoughts
and
Words
,
is
to
be
found
in
〈◊〉
;
in
the
Complaint
of
Ariadne
,
when
she
was
left
by
Theseus
.
T●m
jam
nulla
viro
juranti
faemina
credat
;
N●lla
viri
speret
Sermones
esse
●ideles
:
Qui
dum
aliquid
cupiens
animus
pr●egestit
apisci
,
Nil
metuunt
jurare
;
nihil
promittere
par●●nt
.
Sed
●imul
●c
cupidae
mentis
s●tiata
libido
est
,
Dicta
nihil
metuere
;
nihil
perjuria
curant
.
An
extraordinary
turn
upon
the
words
,
is
that
in
Ovid's
Epistolae
Her●●d●m
,
of
〈◊〉
to
Pha●●
.
〈…〉
,
〈…〉
.
Lastly
,
a
turn
which
I
cannot
say
is
absolutely
on
Words
,
for
the
Thought
turns
with
them
,
is
in
the
Fourth
〈◊〉
of
Virgil
;
where
〈◊〉
is
to
receive
his
Wife
from
Hell
,
on
express
Condition
not
to
〈◊〉
her
●●ll
she
was
come
on
Earth
.
〈…〉
Ignoscenda
quidem
,
scirent
si
ignoscere
Manes
.
I
will
not
burthen
your
Lordship
with
more
of
them
;
for
I
write
to
a
Master
,
who
understands
them
better
than
my
〈◊〉
.
But
I
may
〈…〉
them
to
be
great
Beauties
:
I
might
descend
also
to
the
●●●●nick
Beauties
of
Heroiok
V●rse
;
but
we
have
yet
no
English
Prof●●●
,
not
so
much
as
a
〈◊〉
Dictionary
,
or
a
Grammar
;
so
that
our
Language
is
in
a
manner
Barbarous
;
and
what
Government
will
〈◊〉
any
one
,
or
more
,
who
are
capable
or
Resining
it
,
I
know
not
▪
But
nothing
under
a
Publick
Expence
can
go
through
with
it
.
And
I
rather
fear
a
declination
of
the
Language
,
than
hope
an
advancement
of
〈…〉
I
am
〈◊〉
speaking
to
you
,
my
Lord
;
though
in
all
probability
,
you
are
already
out
of
hearing
.
Nothing
which
my
〈◊〉
can
produce
,
is
worthy
of
this
long
attention
.
But
I
am
come
to
the
last
Petition
of
Abraham
;
If
there
be
〈…〉
Lines
,
in
this
〈◊〉
Preface
,
spare
it
for
their
sake
;
and
also
spare
the
next
City
,
because
it
is
but
a
little
one
.
〈…〉
some
Gentlemen
who
have
succeeded
very
happily
in
their
Undertaking
;
let
their
Excellencies
attone
for
my
Imperfections
,
and
those
of
my
Sons
.
I
have
perus'd
some
of
the
Satires
,
which
are
done
by
other
Hands
:
And
they
seem
to
me
as
perfect
in
their
kind
,
as
any
thing
I
have
seen
in
English
Verse
.
The
common
way
which
we
have
taken
,
is
not
a
Literal
Translation
,
but
a
kind
of
Paraphrase
;
or
somewhat
which
is
yet
more
loose
,
betwixt
a
Paraphrase
and
Imitation
.
It
was
not
possible
for
us
,
or
any
Men
,
to
have
made
it
pleasant
,
any
other
way
.
If
rendring
the
exact
Sense
of
these
Authors
,
almost
line
for
line
▪
had
been
our
business
,
Barten
Holiday
had
done
it
already
to
our
hands
:
And
,
by
the
help
of
his
Learned
Notes
and
Illustrations
,
not
only
of
Iuvenal
,
and
Persius
,
but
what
yet
is
more
obscure
,
his
own
Verses
might
be
understood
.
But
he
wrote
for
Fame
,
and
wrote
to
Scholars
:
We
write
only
for
the
Pleasure
and
Entertainment
,
of
those
Gentlemen
and
Ladies
,
who
tho
they
are
not
Scholars
are
not
Ignorant
:
Persons
of
Understanding
and
good
Sense
;
who
not
having
been
conversant
in
the
Original
,
or
at
least
not
having
made
Latine
Verse
so
much
their
business
,
as
to
be
Critiques
in
it
,
wou'd
be
glad
to
find
,
if
the
Wit
of
our
Two
great
Authors
,
be
answerable
to
their
Fame
,
and
Reputation
in
the
World
.
We
have
therefore
endeavour'd
to
give
the
Publick
all
the
Satisfaction
we
are
able
in
this
kind
.
And
if
we
are
not
altogether
so
faithful
to
our
Author
,
as
our
Predecessours
Holiday
and
Stapylton
,
yet
we
may
Challenge
to
our selves
this
praise
,
that
we
shall
be
far
more
pleasing
to
our
Readers
.
We
have
follow'd
our
Authors
,
at
greater
distance
;
tho'
not
Step
by
Step
,
as
they
have
done
.
For
oftentimes
they
have
gone
so
close
,
that
they
have
trod
on
the
Heels
of
Iuvenal
and
Persius
;
and
hurt
them
by
their
too
near
approach
.
A
Noble
Authour
wou'd
not
be
persu'd
too
close
by
a
Translator
.
We
lose
his
Spirit
,
when
we
think
to
take
his
Body
.
The
grosser
Part
remains
with
us
,
but
the
Soul
is
flown
away
,
in
some
Noble
Expression
or
some
delicate
turn
of
Words
,
or
Thought
.
Thus
Holiday
,
who
made
this
way
his
choice
,
seiz'd
the
meaning
of
Iuvenal
;
but
the
Poetry
has
always
scap'd
him
.
They
who
will
not
grant
me
,
that
Pleasure
is
one
of
the
Ends
of
Poetry
,
but
that
it
is
only
a
means
of
compassing
the
only
end
,
which
is
Instruction
;
must
yet
allow
that
without
the
means
of
Pleasure
,
the
Instruction
is
but
a
bare
and
dry
Philosophy
.
A
crude
preparation
of
Morals
,
which
we
may
have
from
Aristotle
and
Epictetus
,
with
more
profit
than
from
any
Poet
▪
Neither
Holiday
nor
Stapylton
,
have
imitated
Iuvenal
,
in
the
Poetical
part
of
him
,
his
Diction
and
his
Elocution
.
Nor
had
they
been
Poets
,
as
neither
of
them
were
;
yet
in
the
way
they
took
,
it
was
impossible
for
them
to
have
Succeeded
in
the
Poetique
part
.
The
English
Verse
,
which
we
call
Heroique
,
consists
of
no
more
than
Ten
Syllables
;
the
Latine
Hexameter
sometimes
rises
to
Seventeen
;
as
for
example
,
this
Verse
in
Virgil
,
Pulverulenta
putrem
sonitu
quatit
ungula
Campum
.
Here
is
the
difference
,
of
no
less
than
Seven
Syllables
in
a
line
,
betwixt
the
English
and
the
Latine
.
Now
the
Medium
of
these
,
is
about
Fourteen
Syllables
;
because
the
Dactyle
is
a
more
frequent
foot
in
Hexameters
than
the
Spondee
.
But
Holiday
,
without
considering
that
he
Writ
with
the
disadvantage
of
Four
Syllables
less
in
every
Verse
,
endeavours
to
make
one
of
his
Lines
,
to
comprehend
the
Sense
of
one
of
Iuvenal's
.
According
to
the
falsity
of
the
Proposition
,
was
the
Success
.
He
was
forc'd
to
crowd
his
Verse
with
ill
sounding
Monosyllables
,
of
which
our
Barbarous
Language
affords
him
a
wild
plenty
:
And
by
that
means
he
arriv'd
at
his
Pedantick
end
,
which
was
to
make
a
literal
Translation
:
His
Verses
have
nothing
of
Verse
in
them
,
but
only
the
worst
part
of
it
▪
the
Rhyme
:
And
that
,
into
the
bargain
,
is
far
from
good
.
But
which
is
more
Intollerable
▪
by
cramming
his
ill
chosen
,
and
worse
sounding
Monosyllables
so
close
together
;
the
very
Sense
which
he
endeavours
to
explain
,
is
become
more
obscure
,
than
that
of
his
Author
.
So
that
Holiday
himself
cannot
be
understood
,
without
as
large
a
Commentary
,
as
that
which
he
makes
on
his
Two
Authours
.
For
my
own
part
,
I
can
make
a
shift
to
find
the
meaning
of
Iuvenal
without
his
Notes
:
but
his
Translation
is
more
difficult
than
his
Authour
.
And
I
find
Beauties
in
the
Latine
to
recompence
my
Pains
;
but
in
Holiday
and
Stapylton
,
my
Ears
,
in
the
First
Place
,
are
mortally
o●●ended
;
and
then
their
Sense
is
so
perplex'd
,
that
I
return
to
the
Original
,
as
the
more
pleasing
task
,
as
well
as
the
more
easy
.
This
must
be
said
for
our
Translation
,
that
if
we
give
not
the
whole
Sense
of
Iuvenal
,
yet
we
give
the
most
considerable
Part
of
it
:
We
give
it
,
in
General
,
so
clearly
,
that
few
Notes
are
sufficient
to
make
us
Intelligible
:
We
make
our
Authour
at
least
appear
in
a
Poetique
Dress
.
We
have
actually
made
him
more
Sounding
,
and
more
Elegant
,
than
he
was
before
in
English
:
And
have
endeavour'd
to
make
him
speak
that
kind
of
English
,
which
he
wou'd
have
spoken
had
he
liv'd
in
England
,
and
had
Written
to
this
Age.
If
sometimes
any
of
us
(
and
't
is
but
seldome
)
make
him
express
the
Customs
and
Manners
of
our
Native
Country
,
rather
than
of
Rome
;
't
is
,
either
when
there
was
some
kind
of
Analogy
,
betwixt
their
Customes
and
ours
;
or
when
,
to
make
him
more
easy
to
Vulgar
Understandings
,
we
gave
him
those
Manners
which
are
familiar
to
us
.
But
I
defend
not
this
Innovation
,
't
is
enough
if
I
can
excuse
it
.
For
to
speak
sincerely
,
the
Manners
of
Nations
and
Ages
,
are
not
to
be
confounded
:
We
shou'd
either
make
them
English
,
or
leave
them
Roman
.
If
this
can
neither
be
defended
,
nor
excus'd
,
let
it
be
pardon'd
,
at
least
,
because
it
is
acknowledg'd
;
and
so
much
the
more
easily
,
as
being
a
fault
which
is
never
committed
without
some
Pleasure
to
the
Reader
.
Thus
,
my
Lord
,
having
troubl'd
You
with
a
tedious
Visit
,
the
best
Manners
will
be
shewn
in
the
least
Ceremony
.
I
will
slip
away
while
Your
Back
is
turn'd
,
and
while
You
are
otherwise
employ'd
:
with
great
Confusion
,
for
having
entertain'd
You
so
long
with
this
Discourse
;
and
for
having
no
other
Recompence
to
make
You
,
than
the
Worthy
Labours
of
my
Fellow-Undertakers
in
this
Work
;
and
the
Thankful
Acknowledgments
,
Prayers
,
and
perpetual
good
Wishes
of
,
My
Lord
,
Your
Lordships
,
Most
Obliged
,
Most
Humble
,
and
Most
Obedient
Servant
.
JOHN
DRYDEN
.
Aug.
18.
1692.