OF
THE
CITY
AND
Republick
of
Venice
.
PART
II.
Of
the
Foundation
of
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
and
their
Form
of
Government
.
The
First
Rise
of
Venice
.
THE
Manner
of
Peopling
the
Isles
of
the
Lagunes
,
and
the
Qualities
of
their
first
Inhabitants
are
variously
represented
;
Some
bring
them
from
the
City
of
Vannes
in
Britany
,
by
reason
they
were
called
Veneti
in
Caesar's
Commentaries
;
others
will
have
it
that
they
were
Originally
only
Fishers
:
As
if
the
best
Provinces
of
Italy
,
such
as
those
are
in
the
State
of
Venice
,
could
probably
want
Inhabitants
;
and
that
the
Advantagious
Situation
of
these
Islands
was
not
likely
to
draw
to
them
some
considerable
Persons
,
as
well
as
so
many
Poor
Eugitives
in
that
Calamitous
time
,
which
furnish'd
this
Countrey
with
Inhabitants
.
For
my
own
part
,
I
shall
not
detain
my self
here
to
assert
my
Opinion
,
as
being
contented
to
follow
the
most
probable
Conjectures
,
and
such
which
best
shew
us
the
true
beginnings
of
the
City
and
Republick
of
Venice
.
After
the
Emperour
Constantine
the
Great
had
remov'd
the
Seat
of
the
Empire
to
Constantinople
,
Italy
was
afflicted
with
a
long
continuance
of
mis-fortunes
,
and
frequently
harrass'd
with
the
Invasions
of
the
Barbarians
.
In
the
Year
407
,
the
Goths
under
their
King
Radagaisius
,
over-run
Italy
,
putting
all
to
Fire
and
Sword
.
The
Neighbouring
People
to
the
Lagunes
,
found
their
safest
Protection
in
those
Maritime
Islands
,
in
the
most
part
of
which
Isles
were
only
a
few
Fisher's
Cottages
.
But
after
the
Army
commanded
by
two
Generals
of
the
Emperour
Honorius
,
had
defeated
their
enemy
Radagaisius
,
these
Refugees
return
to
their
habitations
upon
Terra
firma
,
as
not
having
made
any
considerable
Establishment
in
the
little
time
they
remained
in
those
Islands
of
the
Lagunes
.
In
the
Year
413
,
the
Incursions
of
the
Westgoths
under
Alaric
,
and
the
horrible
ravages
they
committed
all
over
Italy
,
made
these
People
betake
themselves
to
the
Sanctuary
that
Protected
them
Six
Years
before
;
insomuch
these
Islands
of
the
Lagunes
was
this
Second
time
the
Ark
that
saved
them
from
the
Inundation
of
those
Barbarians
.
But
Alarick
remaining
longer
in
Italy
than
Radagaisius
,
these
People
begun
to
build
Houses
of
Wood
and
Reed
in
order
to
Accommodate
themselves
with
some
sort
of
conveniencies
.
The
Paduans
who
were
Lords
of
these
Islands
of
the
Lagunes
had
a
Port
at
that
of
Rialto
,
where
their
River
then
Terminated
.
They
resolv'd
upon
making
this
a
considerable
place
,
not
only
as
an
Asylum
,
but
likewise
to
Protect
their
Commerce
at
Sea
;
To
which
purpose
in
the
Year
421.
The
Senate
of
Padua
sent
thither
three
Consuls
and
declar'd
Rialto
a
place
of
Refuge
to
all
sorts
of
People
;
which
occasioned
it
to
be
Peopled
in
a
very
little
time
,
as
well
by
Persons
of
all
conditions
that
retired
thither
from
the
Terra
firma
,
as
by
those
that
were
dispers'd
in
the
other
several
Islands
of
the
Lagunes
.
The
third
Irruption
of
the
Barbarians
under
Attila
King
of
the
Huns
,
reduced
Italy
to
a
most
miserable
condition
.
This
scourge
of
the
Almighty
having
ravag'd
Germany
,
Italy
and
France
,
return'd
again
hither
in
the
Year
453.
adding
to
the
Destruction
of
Pavia
,
Milan
,
Padua
,
and
several
other
great
Towns
,
the
Famous
City
of
Aquileia
,
which
after
a
siege
of
three
Years
was
at
length
constrain'd
to
fall
under
the
mercyless
hand
of
this
cruel
Enemy
.
The
miserable
remainders
of
so
many
Cities
,
compleated
the
inhabiting
with
all
sorts
of
People
not
only
the
Islands
of
Rialto
,
but
likewise
all
those
in
the
Lagunes
and
near
the
sides
of
the
Sea
,
particularly
the
Lido
of
Malamoco
;
there
being
no
hopes
left
to
these
People
of
returning
to
their
former
habitations
,
they
now
begun
to
lay
the
foundations
of
what
were
to
be
their
future
abodes
,
fetching
away
the
stones
and
Marble
of
the
Demolished
Palaces
upon
Terra
firma
;
to
build
themselves
others
more
safe
in
these
Islands
;
so
in
about
Fifty
Years
time
both
the
People
of
Quality
and
those
of
the
lower
Ranks
were
conveniently
accommodated
according
to
their
Respective
Conditions
.
Padua
having
in
the
mean
time
Established
her self
,
and
that
the
Senat
perceiving
the
Rialto
to
become
considerable
through
the
Multitude
of
Inhabitants
,
send
down
Tribunes
to
govern
these
People
with
more
dignity
:
Yet
in
some
Histories
of
these
beginnings
,
it
is
observed
,
that
such
who
were
most
Powerful
and
Rich
in
these
Islands
,
were
in
process
of
time
acknowledg'd
as
Protectors
of
the
People
,
by
Reason
of
the
occasion
they
had
for
their
Assistance
:
in
this
manner
each
Island
had
their
particular
Tribunes
,
who
continuing
to
increase
their
Authority
either
by
Force
or
the
Voluntary
Submissions
of
the
People
,
they
came
in
time
to
be
the
little
Potentates
of
these
very
mutinous
Bodies
.
There
are
yet
to
be
seen
near
the
Rialto
some
Fragments
belonging
to
the
ancient
Family
of
the
Badouaire's
,
which
is
yet
in
being
at
Venice
,
who
from
those
times
unto
the
Election
of
the
first
Doge
,
that
is
to
say
,
for
300
Years
,
continued
themselves
Successive
Tribunes
at
the
Rialto
.
In
the
Year
709
the
Tribunes
of
the
twelve
Principal
Islands
of
the
Lagunes
,
Judging
it
Necessary
to
enter
into
a
better
Method
of
governing
these
Islands
that
were
so
Extreamly
Populous
,
thought
fit
to
compose
a
Republick
and
choose
one
amongst
them
for
chief
:
But
as
they
perceiv'd
they
could
not
proceed
in
this
manner
,
without
prejudicing
the
Rights
the
City
of
Padua
had
in
these
places
to
which
they
had
resorted
for
safety
,
so
they
sent
Deputy's
to
the
Emperour
who
was
Sovereign
Lord
of
the
Countrey
,
as
likewise
to
Pope
John
the
fifth
,
to
obtain
Permission
of
choosing
a
Prince
,
to
whom
they
gave
the
Name
of
Duke
or
Doge
.
This
Circumstance
is
observed
by
their
own
Historians
,
who
have
it
,
that
after
the
Tribunes
had
obtain'd
this
grant
,
they
met
in
Heraclea
a
City
of
the
Lagunes
,
of
which
there
remains
only
some
Ruines
near
the
place
where
the
River
Piave
discharges
it self
into
the
Lagunes
;
there
they
Elected
Paul
Lucio
Anafeste
for
their
first
Doge
,
in
the
Year
709
being
two
hundred
eighty
eight
years
after
the
proclaiming
of
the
Rialto
by
the
Paduans
for
a
City
of
Refuge
▪
Yet
although
it
seems
that
the
Republick
of
Venice
should
denie
her
beginning
from
the
day
of
this
Election
,
The
Venetians
do
nevertheless
compute
it
from
the
Proclamation
made
at
the
Rialto
the
25th
of
March
in
the
Year
four
hundred
twenty
and
one
,
as
we
have
already
observed
;
and
accordingly
upon
that
day
do
Solemnize
the
Nativity
of
the
Republick
,
pretending
their's
hath
three
singular
advantages
over
all
other
State
,
being
founded
in
Freedom
,
with
the
Benefit
of
Christianity
,
and
at
the
same
time
with
that
of
France
.
Until
this
very
time
there
was
no
Mention
made
of
Venice
,
for
as
then
there
was
no
City
of
that
Name
;
Heraclea
was
the
first
Seat
of
the
Republick
,
and
so
continued
until
the
Death
of
the
third
Doge
,
whom
the
People
murthered
for
his
cruelty
,
resolving
to
have
no
more
Princes
,
whose
absolute
powers
easily
degenerated
into
Tyranny
;
This
occasioned
an
Interregnum
of
Five
Years
,
during
which
the
Republick
was
governed
by
the
Eldest
Knights
annually
Elected
.
But
the
People
growing
weary
of
this
sort
of
Government
,
desire
for
the
future
a
Doge
;
who
was
Elected
at
the
Lido
of
the
old
Malamoco
,
being
half
a
League
farther
into
the
Sea
than
the
present
Malamoco
,
which
former
was
totally
swallowed
up
without
leaving
the
least
Appearances
where
it
had
been
.
The
Doges
continued
to
reside
at
Malamoco
until
Obelerio
the
eleventh
Prince
of
this
Republick
found
himself
oblig'd
to
abandon
the
Dogal
Dignity
,
retiring
to
Pepin
then
Established
King
of
Lombardy
by
his
Father
Charles
the
great
,
who
had
destroyed
the
Kingdom
of
the
Lombards
.
You
find
in
the
Annals
of
Venice
that
Pepin
was
the
Sovereign
of
all
these
provinces
,
in
which
quality
the
Republick
payed
him
an
Annual
Tribute
;
who
then
resolving
to
visit
the
Maritime
Islands
within
the
Jurisdiction
of
his
Demesne
,
but
being
refus'd
entrance
by
the
Doge
Elected
in
the
Room
of
Obelerio
,
by
reason
of
those
suspicions
he
had
of
the
Kings
being
Instigated
,
by
the
Counsel
of
Obelerio
to
disturb
the
quiet
of
the
Republick
.
Pepin
irritated
upon
the
refusal
,
took
Arms
against
these
People
,
ruin'd
Heraclea
,
and
went
on
the
other
side
to
Attack
Malamoco
,
then
the
Capital
Island
;
But
finding
it
abandon'd
by
the
Doge
and
all
the
Inhabitants
who
had
saved
themselves
at
the
Rialto
,
he
resolv'd
to
go
through
with
what
he
had
begun
,
which
was
to
Attack
them
by
Sea
.
The
same
Annals
add
,
That
Pepin
having
embarqu'd
his
Forces
upon
Floats
,
to
transport
them
by
Night
to
the
Rialto
,
there
rose
so
great
a
Tempest
,
that
it
broke
his
Floats
,
and
drown'd
most
part
of
his
Soldiers
;
which
bad
success
so
alter'd
the
Courage
of
the
King
,
that
he
resolv'd
to
leave
those
people
in
quiet
:
but
desiring
to
see
the
Rialto
,
was
receiv'd
there
with
such
Demonstrations
of
Joy
,
and
so
many
Marks
of
Honour
,
that
in
a
pure
Sentiment
of
Affection
for
those
People
,
he
threw
his
Scepter
into
the
Sea
,
with
this
Imprecation
,
Thus
may
they
perish
who
attempt
the
Peace
of
this
Republick
.
Nevertheless
,
the
following
matter
of
these
Annals
,
and
the
Testimony
of
several
Creditable
Authors
,
do
plainly
prove
that
Pepin
was
received
at
the
Rialto
,
rather
as
a
generous
Conquerour
,
than
a
Prince
ill
treated
by
bad
fortune
,
to
whom
the
Republick
would
not
have
consented
after
the
loss
of
his
Army
,
what
they
had
obstinately
refused
when
he
was
in
a
condition
of
getting
it
by
force
:
In
short
,
the
King
Exercis'd
all
Acts
of
Sovereignty
,
leaving
several
marks
of
liberality
to
the
Doge
and
Publick
,
as
likewise
discharging
the
Republick
of
the
Tribute
they
annually
payed
him
,
and
presented
them
with
five
Miles
of
extent
on
Terra
firma
against
the
Lagunes
,
with
ample
liberty
of
Trafficking
both
by
Sea
and
by
Land
.
It
is
moreover
said
that
Pepin
observing
the
Doge
to
wear
no
External
mark
of
dignity
,
took
off
one
of
the
Sleeves
of
his
Vest
,
and
put
it
upon
the
Doge's
Head
in
the
form
of
a
Bonnet
;
from
whence
comes
the
Original
of
the
Ducal
Horn
,
so
Named
from
the
pointed
end
of
this
Sleeve
upon
his
head
;
It
was
then
that
Venice
received
the
first
time
,
this
appellation
,
for
Pepin
would
have
the
Isle
of
Rialto
,
with
the
other
Neighbouring
Islands
,
to
bear
the
Name
of
Venice
,
which
was
then
that
of
the
whole
Neighbouring
province
to
the
Lagunes
,
and
that
the
Rialto
should
be
from
thence
forwards
the
residence
of
the
Doges
and
Senate
of
the
Republick
.
These
were
the
beginnings
and
first
Progresses
of
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
who
acknowledgeth
her
Principal
Establishment
and
first
Grandeur
,
to
be
owing
to
the
magnanimity
and
generous
Conduct
of
a
French
King
.
Of
the
several
forms
of
Government
that
were
at
Venice
.
BY
what
hath
been
said
,
it
may
be
observed
that
this
Republick
was
subject
during
her
Infancy
to
many
changes
,
and
several
methods
of
Government
;
for
if
we
reckon
from
the
beginning
of
the
Year
421
,
they
were
the
Cousuls
of
Padua
who
Govern'd
this
State
:
The
Power
of
the
Tribunes
continued
without
Interruption
near
upon
300
Years
:
The
Doges
Reign'd
after
them
with
an
absolute
Power
for
several
Ages
:
Yet
before
the
Government
arrived
to
that
Degree
of
Perfection
in
Policy
they
now
have
,
there
happen'd
under
the
Doges
several
considerable
changes
,
which
I
shall
observe
in
this
Relation
.
From
the
first
Election
made
in
the
Year
709
,
at
Heraclea
of
Paul
Lucio
Anafeste
,
until
that
of
Sebastian
Ziani
,
the
Doges
reign'd
with
an
absolute
Authority
,
the
People
electing
him
by
their
Acclamations
whom
they
Judg'd
most
worthy
of
the
Dogal
dignity
,
who
Acted
as
Monarch
,
for
he
was
Master
of
his
own
Council
,
nor
accountable
to
any
body
for
his
Administration
;
in
short
,
he
had
a
despotick
Power
both
in
Peace
and
War
:
The
History
of
Venice
gives
us
the
Examples
of
several
Doges
that
made
their
Brothers
,
or
their
Children
,
to
be
elected
for
their
Collegues
and
Successours
.
But
the
Sovereign
Authority
of
the
Prince
having
oftentimes
expos'd
the
State
to
many
dangerous
accidents
,
and
the
Tumultuary
Elections
of
the
People
frequently
ending
with
the
greatest
Inconveniencies
;
The
Principal
Citizens
met
together
upon
the
Death
of
their
Prince
Vital
Micheli
,
to
consult
how
they
might
prevent
those
disorders
before
they
proceeded
to
the
election
of
a
new
Doge
,
and
accordingly
chose
eleven
Persons
of
Probity
,
who
retiring
into
the
Church
of
Saint
Mark
,
elected
Sebastian
Ziani
;
And
to
take
for
the
future
from
the
People
the
right
they
had
of
choosing
the
Doge
;
as
likewise
at
the
same
time
to
moderate
the
great
Authority
of
the
Prince
,
they
established
an
Independant
Council
,
from
which
should
be
drawn
by
Election
the
Electors
of
the
Doge
.
An
alteration
of
this
consequence
that
established
an
intire
new
method
of
Government
,
would
without
dispute
have
caus'd
a
Revolution
in
the
State
,
but
they
found
an
expedient
that
pleas'd
the
People
,
which
was
to
allow
them
in
exchange
the
liberty
of
Nominating
Twelve
Tribunes
,
who
should
have
Power
of
opposing
the
Ordinances
of
the
Prince
,
which
should
be
of
no
validity
if
they
were
not
approv'd
by
them
;
resolving
in
this
to
follow
the
Example
of
the
Ancient
Government
of
Rome
.
Their
Tribunes
,
who
were
two
in
each
of
the
Six
Wards
of
the
City
,
had
moreover
a
right
of
choosing
every
Year
upon
the
Feast
of
Saint
Michael
,
Forty
such
Persons
as
they
judg'd
proper
in
each
Ward
or
Quarter
,
to
Compose
the
great
Council
they
then
establish'd
,
consisting
of
Two
Hundred
and
Forty
Citizens
impartially
chosen
,
and
without
distinction
in
all
the
different
Estates
,
to
wit
,
the
Nobility
,
Citizens
and
Tradesmen
;
as
this
Council
was
to
be
renewed
every
Year
,
so
every
one
was
to
be
of
it
in
his
turn
,
or
at
least
had
the
right
of
pretending
to
it
.
This
method
of
Government
continued
a
Hundred
and
Seventeen
Years
unto
the
Year
1289
;
At
which
time
the
Doge
Peter
Gradenigue
,
took
upon
him
the
intire
alteration
of
the
form
of
this
Republick
,
and
to
establish
a
perfect
Aristocracy
,
in
fixing
the
great
Council
for
ever
to
a
certain
Number
and
their
Descendants
,
who
taking
upon
themselves
for
the
future
the
whole
Cognizance
of
all
matters
of
State
,
were
to
have
the
Sovereign
Administration
exclusive
to
all
the
other
Families
.
Whether
this
Doge
was
desirous
to
abolish
Democratical
government
,
out
of
a
good
Intention
to
the
welfare
of
his
Country
,
or
by
a
more
secret
passion
of
being
reveng'd
on
these
Families
that
opposed
his
Election
,
is
uncertain
;
but
he
pass'd
a
Decree
in
the
Council
of
[
*
](A48578-e67910-b)
*
A
Soveraign
Court
of
Forty
Judges
.
Forty
,
which
Ordered
,
That
all
such
who
had
compos'd
the
Great
Council
for
the
Four
preceeding
Years
,
should
be
ballotted
in
this
Chamber
;
and
those
who
had
Twelve
Favourable
Balls
,
should
be
,
with
their
Descendants
,
admitted
to
the
Great
Council
for
ever
.
He
caused
this
Decree
to
be
Registred
,
and
took
his
Measures
so
well
that
he
excluded
all
such
as
were
disaffected
to
him
.
However
,
unjust
and
unequal
this
proceeding
seems
to
be
in
regard
of
several
considerable
Families
,
yet
the
Republick
owes
to
it
the
establishment
of
the
perfectest
Government
that
ever
was
,
and
which
happily
continues
to
this
very
time
:
It
is
Nevertheless
to
be
supposed
that
such
a
change
was
not
made
without
occasioning
great
troubles
in
the
Republick
;
but
they
were
soon
quash'd
by
punishing
of
the
Weak
,
and
Satisfying
of
the
more
Powerful
,
with
such
Privileges
as
exempted
them
from
the
Number
of
the
excluded
.
Several
Noble
Families
that
did
not
then
foresee
the
mighty
consequence
of
this
exclusion
,
yet
irritated
to
see
such
preferr'd
before
them
as
were
their
Inferiors
,
did
however
detain
themselves
from
discovering
their
Resentments
,
as
possibly
not
thinking
that
by
this
Establishment
,
which
is
called
,
Il
serrar
del
Consiglio
,
the
Families
which
Compos'd
it
should
mount
to
those
high
Degrees
of
Preferment
as
for
ever
to
remain
Masters
,
and
they
the
Subjects
to
be
absolutely
govern'd
by
them
for
the
future
,
who
were
only
to
have
for
their
share
a
passive
and
blind
obedience
.
But
Bagamonte
Trepolo
,
Chief
of
one
of
the
first
and
Ancientest
Families
of
the
Republick
,
Joyn'd
by
the
Quirini
,
and
some
other
Illustrious
Families
,
animated
by
the
hatred
they
had
to
the
person
of
the
Doge
Gradenica
,
as
likewise
incensed
against
those
Novelties
he
made
in
the
State
,
entered
into
a
Bloody
Confederacy
,
to
free
themselves
by
Assassinating
the
[
*
](A48578-e68000-b)
*
The
Establishment
of
the
Council
of
Ten.
Doge
and
all
his
Party
;
but
this
Chief
,
with
several
of
his
Confederates
,
perished
in
the
attempt
,
which
gave
occasion
to
those
New
Regulations
,
that
have
maintain'd
and
will
preserve
this
Government
for
the
future
,
in
that
Vigour
and
Union
we
behold
it
at
present
.
Before
we
enter
into
the
particulars
of
the
Government
of
this
Republick
,
it
will
be
proper
to
say
something
of
those
who
are
the
Masters
;
That
is
,
of
the
Venetian
Gentry
,
afterwards
of
the
Citizens
of
Venice
,
and
the
Nobility
of
terra
firma
;
for
through
an
admirable
Subordination
,
they
have
all
of
them
some
part
in
the
Government
of
the
State
.
Of
the
Antiquity
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
.
THE
Venetian
Gentry
pretend
themselves
to
be
of
a
more
ancient
descent
,
than
any
other
Nobility
in
Europe
;
Some
of
these
Nobles
that
were
never
beyond
their
Lagunes
,
do
imagine
there
is
no
difference
between
a
Noble
Venetian
and
a
Sovereign
Prince
:
But
not
to
engage
my self
with
these
Ridiculous
fancies
,
I
ought
to
say
before
I
enter
into
the
Particulars
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
,
that
it
is
true
according
to
the
sentiments
of
the
most
experienc'd
Genealogists
,
that
it
is
very
difficult
,
not
to
say
impossible
,
for
particular
families
to
produce
Authentick
Acts
of
their
Nobility
for
above
Six
Hundred
Years
,
especially
to
prove
exactly
a
higher
line
of
descendance
.
Whether
this
difficulty
proceeds
from
the
little
care
of
those
who
preceeded
us
,
or
that
the
great
Revolutions
to
which
all
States
are
liable
,
by
confounding
the
order
of
things
,
may
not
have
been
the
occasion
of
it
,
or
lastly
,
that
our
Families
not
being
distinguish'd
by
Names
,
above
those
times
,
are
the
real
cause
of
disabling
us
from
penetrating
into
the
obscurity
it
hath
brought
into
this
part
of
History
.
I
do
mantain
that
none
of
these
Reasons
are
valid
,
in
regard
of
the
ancient
Families
of
Venice
;
there
being
those
that
have
indubitable
proofs
of
an
Antiquity
not
only
equal
,
but
likewise
which
are
before
the
time
of
the
first
Foundation
of
this
Republick
.
The
truth
of
this
will
admit
of
no
Objection
,
if
we
observe
that
the
Faliers
and
Candians
with
several
other
Noble
Paduans
that
were
sent
by
the
Senat
as
the
first
Consuls
to
the
Rialto
;
and
that
the
Tribunes
who
govern'd
afterwards
these
Islands
for
three
Centurys
together
,
were
Persons
of
quality
Powerful
both
in
Effects
and
Credit
,
as
the
Badouaire's
at
the
Rialto
;
so
if
the
Families
that
bear
these
Names
at
present
in
Venice
,
are
really
descended
from
those
who
were
formerly
there
distinguish'd
by
them
;
it
must
be
granted
that
the
antiquity
of
this
Nobility
,
goes
much
beyond
those
Limits
the
Genealogists
prescribe
.
The
proofs
that
may
be
deduc'd
for
the
continuation
of
these
Families
without
any
Interruption
,
appear
so
much
more
Authentick
,
as
they
are
Establish'd
upon
such
acts
that
are
no
ways
liable
to
any
manner
of
Falsification
:
They
being
taken
partly
from
the
History
of
Venice
,
which
is
the
less
to
be
Suspected
of
Corruption
in
regard
to
the
Antiquity
of
the
Nobility
,
by
Reason
the
Historian
had
no
design
in
promoting
it
.
The
first
of
these
proofs
is
,
that
there
never
happen'd
at
Venice
any
of
those
Revolutions
that
by
Wars
,
Seiges
and
Burnings
destroyed
the
Memory
of
things
,
or
that
at
least
have
troubled
the
order
and
confounded
the
knowledge
of
matters
;
neither
hath
there
been
those
sorts
of
Interruptions
and
Suppositions
,
which
have
in
other
Countries
insensibly
disjointed
the
descents
of
Families
which
even
hinder
us
at
present
from
attaining
the
True
Knowledge
of
them
.
The
Second
and
strongest
of
all
the
proofs
to
be
alledg'd
,
is
taken
from
the
same
History
,
where
we
find
the
Names
of
the
Noble
Venetians
to
be
always
certain
,
as
never
assuming
the
Names
of
either
Titles
or
Dignities
,
which
they
usually
do
in
France
.
The
same
Custom
is
yet
inviolably
observed
at
Venice
,
and
as
one
of
the
Fundamental
Laws
of
the
State
.
So
their
Proper
Names
have
remain'd
the
same
at
all
times
,
of
which
may
be
made
several
Instances
beyond
all
manner
of
Contradiction
.
The
Family
of
the
Badouaires
having
given
Tribunes
to
the
Isle
of
Rialto
,
for
Three
Hundred
Years
together
,
as
hath
been
already
said
,
the
last
of
those
Tribunes
was
one
of
the
Twelve
Electors
of
the
first
Doge
;
and
the
first
Doge
Elected
at
Venice
,
was
one
of
that
Family
,
who
afterwards
continued
Doges
from
Father
to
Son
for
six
or
seven
Descents
,
insomuch
that
they
miss'd
but
little
of
continuing
that
Dignity
down
to
their
Posterity
.
Since
which
time
we
may
see
for
Eight
Hundred
Years
,
several
long
Descendancys
in
the
History
of
Venice
,
where
the
Sons
are
never
otherwise
called
than
by
the
Names
of
their
Fathers
.
I
might
alledg
for
the
last
Instance
,
as
not
being
of
small
Importance
,
to
prove
the
Verity
of
this
Assertion
,
That
their
Ancient
Houses
having
been
always
within
the
City
of
Venice
,
so
they
have
in
all
times
been
acknowledg'd
for
what
they
are
at
present
,
notwithstanding
that
Lowness
to
which
some
are
reduc'd
;
yet
it
never
did
deprive
them
of
that
Consideration
their
Antiquity
gives
them
.
The
other
Illustrious
Families
,
whose
Glory
is
not
less
interested
to
prevent
the
usurpations
of
a
false
Nobility
,
than
to
see
those
extinguish
that
have
the
right
of
antiquity
,
always
give
place
,
and
still
continue
to
shew
them
that
honour
.
Of
the
first
Order
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
.
THE
first
Order
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
,
consists
in
those
twelve
Families
that
were
the
twelve
Electors
of
the
first
Doge
of
this
Republick
,
which
have
wonderfully
preserv'd
themselves
unto
this
instant
;
in
which
length
of
time
,
many
other
great
Houses
are
intirely
extinguish'd
:
Those
twelve
Families
which
they
called
Electoral
are
Contarini
,
Morosini
,
Badouari
,
Tripoli
,
Micheli
,
Sanudi
,
Gradenighi
,
Memmi
,
Falieri
,
Dandoli
,
Polani
,
&
Barozzi
.
Nevertheless
,
this
antiquity
is
of
no
advantage
to
them
,
excepting
a
general
consideration
,
which
may
occasion
them
to
be
preferr'd
before
others
in
either
Employments
or
Alliances
,
provided
that
their
merits
be
answerable
to
their
birth
;
through
which
means
several
of
these
Ancient
Families
have
particularly
rais'd
themselves
of
late
,
for
the
new
Nobility
created
by
Money
,
have
not
been
able
to
find
a
shorter
way
,
or
a
more
Honourable
method
of
establishing
themselves
,
as
likewise
to
come
into
Reputation
,
than
by
purchasing
the
Alliance
of
the
Ancient
Nobles
.
Those
of
these
great
Houses
which
have
preserv'd
themselves
in
the
highest
consideration
,
upon
the
account
of
their
great
Riches
and
Alliances
,
are
the
Contarini
and
the
Morosini
;
It
is
the
common
Opinion
that
the
first
were
Counts
of
the
Rhine
,
before
they
settled
here
,
which
is
now
something
more
than
Twelve
Hundred
Years
;
Yet
they
have
no
other
Proofs
of
this
Original
,
than
the
pretended
Etymology
of
their
Name
:
This
House
increas'd
to
such
a
degree
,
that
it
is
divided
at
least
into
Fifty
several
Branches
;
neither
is
there
any
in
the
Republick
that
Counts
a
greater
Number
of
Heads
in
the
Great
Council
,
and
consequently
can
make
a
more
Powerful
Faction
.
That
of
Morosini
is
likewise
one
of
the
most
numerous
,
and
most
considerable
for
the
same
Reasons
;
after
these
two
Families
follow
the
Badouari
,
the
Tripoli
,
Micheli
,
Gradenighi
and
the
Sanudi
,
which
yet
continue
to
be
of
great
consideration
in
this
State
;
The
Memmi
,
Falieri
&
Dandoli
,
are
neither
Rich
in
Effects
,
or
Powerful
by
their
Parties
;
the
Polani
&
Barozzi
,
live
in
obscurity
,
rather
through
the
defect
of
their
merits
,
than
by
the
want
of
Riches
,
which
they
might
sufficiently
find
in
the
more
Powerful
Families
of
the
New
Nobility
,
if
they
could
but
distinguish
themselves
fit
to
be
rais'd
by
such
Alliances
.
Next
to
these
Twelve
Electoral
Houses
,
there
are
four
Families
that
do
not
yield
much
in
antiquity
to
them
,
for
they
are
established
upon
the
most
Authentick
Records
,
which
were
signed
in
the
Year
800
,
upon
a
Contract
made
between
the
Abbey
of
St.
George
Major
,
and
the
before-mention'd
Twelve
Houses
,
for
which
Reason
the
first
are
called
the
Twelve
Apostles
,
and
the
others
the
four
Evangelists
;
They
are
the
Justiniani
,
Cornari
,
Bragadini
,
and
the
Bembi
.
The
Cornari
and
Justiniani
,
have
maintain'd
themselves
in
a
much
greater
Figure
than
the
others
;
the
first
hath
had
Alliances
with
Crown'd
Heads
;
it
was
moreover
a
Daughter
of
this
House
Married
to
the
last
King
of
Cyprus
,
that
brought
this
Kingdom
to
the
Republick
,
which
they
possess'd
until
the
conquest
of
it
,
by
Mustapha
Bassa
,
General
to
the
Emperor
Zelim
.
The
Justiniani
are
reckon'd
at
Venice
to
be
of
the
Blood
of
the
Emperors
of
Constantinople
,
for
which
Reason
they
bear
the
Spread
Eagle
as
their
Arms.
The
Annals
of
Venice
do
mention
a
very
advantageous
Passage
to
this
House
.
The
Republick
having
just
Reasons
of
resentments
against
the
Emperour
,
who
did
ill
by
the
Venetian
Merchants
Trading
into
the
Levant
,
they
made
War
with
him
at
Constantinople
,
under
the
Doge
Nidal
Micheli
,
about
the
Year
1156
,
All
of
the
Family
of
Justiniani
,
embark'd
upon
this
Fleet
of
a
Hundred
Ships
,
which
the
Republick
fitted
out
to
Sea
in
so
many
Days
,
to
go
and
revenge
themselves
for
the
wrongs
they
pretended
were
done
them
by
the
Greeks
,
in
depriving
them
of
their
goods
,
as
likewise
of
their
Right
to
the
succession
of
the
Empire
.
After
the
conquest
of
the
Kingdom
of
Negepont
,
this
Army
was
ruin'd
before
Constantinople
through
Misery
and
Sickness
,
but
more
especially
by
reason
of
the
Waters
which
the
Emperour
Emmanuel
caus'd
to
be
Poisoned
.
All
the
Justiniani
dyed
in
this
expedition
,
but
the
Doge
Micheli
,
being
desirous
to
re-establish
so
Noble
a
Family
,
obtained
to
this
Purpose
a
Commission
from
the
Pope
to
take
from
a
Convent
,
Brother
Nicolas
Justiniani
,
of
the
order
of
Saint
Benedict
,
to
whom
he
gave
his
Daughter
in
Marriage
;
from
whence
are
issued
all
those
of
this
House
,
who
continue
to
make
a
very
considerable
Figure
in
this
Republick
;
But
the
good
Monk
having
had
several
Children
return'd
to
his
Monastery
to
follow
the
course
of
life
he
was
in
before
his
Marriage
.
They
do
likewise
comprehend
with
in
the
first
order
of
Nobility
,
eight
more
Houses
,
which
with
the
other
four
make
twelve
,
whose
Antiquity
is
in
a
manner
Parallel
to
those
of
the
first
twelve
,
in
that
long
before
the
Serrar
del
Consiglio
,
they
were
considerable
,
and
particularly
the
Quirini
,
Delfini
,
Soransi
,
the
Zorzi
and
the
Marcelli
,
which
do
yet
distinguish
themselves
in
the
Republick
;
the
others
are
fallen
from
their
former
lustre
,
through
extream
Poverty
,
to
which
they
are
reduced
.
After
the
General
Tiepolo
,
had
intirely
destroyed
the
City
of
Acria
in
Syria
,
for
having
several
times
revolted
against
the
Republick
who
conquered
it
;
Several
Illustrious
Houses
of
that
City
retired
to
Venice
,
where
they
maintain'd
themselves
in
a
more
than
ordinary
Reputation
,
before
the
establishment
of
the
great
Council
,
in
which
they
had
Session
,
and
are
received
at
present
among
the
Nobility
of
the
first
Extraction
.
Of
the
Second
Order
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
.
THE
Serrar
del
Consiglio
,
of
the
Doge
Gradenigo
,
by
Perpetuating
the
Government
of
the
Republick
,
in
those
Families
only
that
have
since
Compos'd
it
,
did
at
the
same
time
render
them
all
Noble
who
were
of
it
;
the
second
order
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
is
Compos'd
out
of
those
Nobles
,
as
have
no
Ancienter
Title
than
the
Establishment
of
the
Great
Council
,
and
who
are
inserted
from
that
time
in
the
Golden
Book
,
that
is
,
the
Catalogue
they
then
began
to
make
of
all
the
Families
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
;
which
being
now
four
Hundred
Years
since
the
first
settlement
of
the
Catalogue
,
occasions
this
Nobility
to
be
much
esteemed
,
more
especially
since
the
urgencies
of
the
State
have
obliged
them
to
a
farther
augmentation
upon
two
several
occasions
.
Of
the
great
Number
of
Families
that
were
upon
this
change
united
to
the
Body
of
the
Nobility
,
there
are
yet
above
Fourscore
in
Being
,
of
which
the
most
considerable
are
the
Mocenighi
,
a
Family
that
is
Rich
,
Numerous
and
Illustrious
for
the
great
Men
she
hath
given
to
the
State
,
the
Capeli
,
Foscarini
,
Foscari
,
Grimani
,
Gritti
,
Goussoni
,
Loredani
,
Donati
,
Malipierri
,
Nani
,
Pisari
,
Pisani
,
Priuli
,
Ruzzini
,
Sagredi
,
Valieri
,
Venieri
,
the
Basadonna
and
some
others
,
most
of
which
have
given
Doge's
to
the
Republick
,
and
have
yet
very
considerable
Interests
through
the
great
Number
of
Votes
they
make
in
the
Council
.
In
this
second
degree
of
Nobility
,
are
reckoned
Thirty
Families
that
were
admitted
in
1380
,
Ninety
one
Years
after
the
Serrar
del
Consiglio
;
they
were
received
at
the
ending
of
the
War
with
the
Genoueses
,
during
which
these
Thirty
Families
of
Citizens
and
Burgers
,
of
sundry
Professions
,
did
assist
the
Republick
with
such
considerable
Summs
,
that
the
Senate
Judg'd
them
worthy
of
an
equal
Acknowledgment
.
There
are
now
Eleven
of
these
Thirty
Families
extinct
,
and
of
those
which
remain
only
the
Trevisani
,
Vendramini
,
Reniere
,
the
Justi
&
Pasquilighi
,
do
distinguish
themselves
in
this
great
Body
of
Nobility
.
Of
the
Third
Order
of
Venetian
Nobility
.
IN
this
Order
is
comprehended
Fourscore
Families
,
that
purchas'd
their
Nobility
at
one
Hundred
Thousand
Ducats
each
,
after
the
Republick
had
Exhausted
her
Coffers
in
the
late
War
of
Candia
;
at
this
juncture
the
Senate
made
no
distinction
among
the
Persons
that
offered
themselves
,
that
is
,
from
the
Gentleman
of
Terra
firma
to
the
Handicraftsman
,
all
were
admitted
who
bid
with
ready
Money
;
Notwithstanding
those
Memorials
that
were
upon
this
occasion
presented
to
the
Pregadi
,
were
justly
worthy
of
some
consideration
.
Some
of
these
Families
maintain
the
dignity
as
it
ought
to
be
,
others
have
brought
themselves
into
Inconveniencies
and
almost
ruin'd
to
get
to
this
Greatness
;
Here
follows
some
that
are
at
present
most
considerable
for
their
Riches
and
Alliances
.
The
Labbia's
Gentlemen
of
Florence
followed
Merchandizing
at
Venice
,
without
any
Derogation
to
their
Quality
;
according
to
the
Privileges
of
the
Florentine
Nobility
.
They
make
themselves
to
be
Originally
come
from
Avignion
;
They
are
vastly
Rich
,
and
have
built
a
very
Noble
Palace
at
Venice
,
where
they
have
contracted
the
Alliances
of
the
most
powerful
Houses
.
The
Videmans
are
Originally
Germans
:
Their
Father
was
so
Rich
that
he
bought
the
Nobility
,
made
his
Brother
Cardinal
,
and
several
considerable
Purchases
in
the
State
of
the
Republick
,
as
likewise
of
several
Baronys
and
Lordships
in
the
Hereditary
Provinces
of
the
Emperor
.
The
common
Opinion
is
,
that
he
got
all
he
had
out
of
the
Quick-silver
Mines
he
was
concerned
in
:
but
such
as
have
more
narrowly
Examined
from
whence
those
mighty
Treasures
,
came
,
do
say
,
that
he
inherited
them
of
his
Father
,
who
being
Warehouse-Keeper
in
the
German
Warehouse
at
Venice
,
and
coming
afterwards
to
be
the
Housekeeper
in
the
time
of
the
Plague
,
that
swept
away
most
of
the
Richest
Merchants
of
this
Nation
,
he
then
took
the
Advantage
of
the
Opportunity
,
made
the
most
of
their
Goods
,
and
became
Rich
in
a
small
time
.
The
Ottoboni
,
a
Family
of
a
great
Chancellor
of
the
Republick
,
are
in
consideration
here
,
upon
the
Account
of
the
Cardinal
of
that
Name
,
and
Brother
to
him
who
purchased
the
Nobility
.
The
Zanabis
Merchants
of
Verona
,
but
Originally
of
Avignion
,
are
esteem'd
to
be
worth
above
an
Hundred
Thousand
Ducats
per
annum
.
The
Fini
have
very
Considerable
Riches
:
he
that
purchas'd
his
Nobility
,
made
himself
by
the
same
means
,
Procurator
of
St.
Mark
.
He
was
so
Able
a
Lawyer
,
that
in
all
Debates
he
even
brought
the
Senate
to
his
Opinion
:
and
if
he
had
Lived
,
he
would
have
stood
fair
to
be
Doge
,
which
had
been
what
was
never
before
known
.
The
Family
of
the
Manins
are
Gentlemen
of
Trivoli
,
who
do
in
this
come
even
with
the
Fini
:
for
their
Chief
is
yet
alive
,
made
himself
by
his
Money
,
Procurator
of
St.
Mark
,
which
Evidently
shew
the
Mighty
Riches
of
these
Families
,
who
have
reserved
very
Considerable
Revenues
,
and
yet
purchased
Two
great
Dignities
at
the
most
Excessive
Rates
,
and
that
bring
them
in
nothing
.
The
Gambara
Gentlemen
of
Broscia
,
are
consider'd
and
well
Allied
at
Venice
.
The
Young
Cornaro
,
Son
of
the
Procurator
of
that
Name
and
Branch
from
which
descended
the
last
Queen
of
Cyprus
,
is
only
a
Gentleman
of
Venice
,
by
dint
of
Money
;
his
Father
being
oblig'd
to
purchase
the
Nobility
for
him
and
his
Sisters
,
because
he
had
them
by
a
Daughter
of
a
Gondolier
;
for
Notwithstanding
he
Married
her
afterwards
,
yet
the
Laws
of
the
State
do
not
esteem
such
issue
to
be
Noble
,
as
shall
be
observed
in
the
proper
place
.
From
the
same
Marriage
came
Helen
Cornaro
,
who
was
regarded
as
a
Prodigy
at
Venice
,
for
her
great
knowledge
of
Languages
,
and
her
Intimacy
with
the
Sciences
,
she
was
moreover
esteem'd
to
be
a
most
admirable
Example
of
Solid
Vertue
.
The
Marquis
Fonseca
,
was
a
Rich
Portugeese
Merchant
,
who
lent
very
great
Summs
to
the
King
of
Spain
,
during
the
late
Revolutions
of
Naples
,
and
was
afterwards
recompenc'd
with
a
Marquisat
in
that
Kingdom
;
He
was
a
Banquier
at
Venice
,
when
he
bought
the
Nobility
;
his
Admission
was
much
opposed
,
not
only
for
his
being
too
openly
in
the
Interests
of
Spain
,
but
likewise
because
he
could
not
produce
the
Copy
of
the
Register
of
his
Baptism
,
but
being
Marquis
de
Fonseca
,
Rich
and
a
very
Honest
Man
,
he
pass'd
at
last
;
he
since
Contracted
the
Alliances
of
the
best
Families
in
the
Republick
,
and
continues
to
make
the
Remittances
of
such
Summs
as
are
sent
from
Spain
to
Germany
,
and
from
Naples
to
Milan
,
for
the
Service
of
that
Crown
.
This
third
order
of
Nobility
,
are
not
as
yet
employed
in
the
great
Charges
of
the
Republick
;
for
the
Nobility
of
Ancient
Extraction
have
in
all
occasions
the
preference
to
them
;
but
seeing
the
urgencies
of
the
State
do
not
afford
them
an
opportunity
of
getting
those
great
Summs
of
Money
they
usually
acquir'd
before
the
end
of
the
last
War
,
those
of
merit
in
these
Families
,
will
not
be
long
before
they
aspire
to
the
Dignities
of
State
.
Of
such
as
have
been
made
Noble
by
their
merits
.
IF
the
Republick
hath
sullied
in
some
manner
the
Body
of
Venetian
Nobility
,
by
admitting
into
this
Illustrious
Society
,
such
improper
Members
as
some
of
those
are
which
Compose
the
third
degree
,
yet
they
have
very
much
advanc'd
that
Dignity
in
Associating
with
them
some
Crown'd
Heads
,
a
great
many
Sovereign
Princes
,
and
several
very
Illustrious
Families
,
both
of
France
and
Italy
.
One
may
almost
say
,
the
Republick
hath
acquir'd
as
much
Glory
as
they
could
desire
,
that
is
,
by
making
several
great
Princes
,
Citizens
of
Venice
,
as
likewise
that
they
have
engag'd
into
their
Interests
the
most
Powerful
Houses
,
recompencing
some
of
them
as
were
Subject
to
the
Republick
,
and
that
render'd
them
the
most
Important
Services
;
or
who
lying
upon
their
Frontiers
have
enlarg'd
the
Limits
of
the
State
,
by
the
gifts
they
made
them
of
the
places
they
possest
.
They
are
this
sort
of
Nobility
which
I
design
to
comprehend
in
the
fourth
order
,
at
the
head
whereof
Marches
the
House
of
Valois
,
in
the
Person
of
Henry
the
third
King
of
France
and
Poland
,
who
was
present
at
the
Great
Council
,
where
he
was
received
by
the
Vnanimous
consent
of
all
the
Voices
:
The
House
of
Bourbon
hath
done
the
Republick
the
same
Honour
;
Henry
the
great
being
pleas'd
to
give
the
Senat
of
Venice
this
mark
of
his
particular
Affection
,
in
acknowledgment
that
they
were
the
first
who
declared
in
his
Favour
,
and
that
Supplied
him
with
very
considerable
Summs
in
his
pressing
Necessities
;
Notwithstanding
the
Honour
this
Great
Prince
shew'd
to
the
Venetian
Nobility
,
yet
there
were
some
balls
found
in
Opposition
to
his
Admission
.
Almost
all
the
Houses
of
the
Princes
of
Italy
,
have
been
desirous
of
being
Members
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
.
Those
of
all
the
Nephews
of
the
Popes
from
Innocent
the
VIIIth
,
have
been
received
out
of
a
particular
mark
of
esteem
,
that
the
Republick
hath
been
pleas'd
to
give
the
kindred
of
the
Soveraign
Pontife
;
those
of
Jogeuse
,
Richelieu
,
Mazarin
and
all
those
that
have
arriv'd
to
great
Eminences
have
courted
and
obtained
this
Honour
either
by
Favour
or
the
Summes
they
gave
:
Notwithstanding
that
by
particular
Law
,
the
Children
of
the
Nobility
are
esteem'd
to
be
fallen
from
their
Privileges
,
when
they
are
not
inserted
into
the
Golden
Book
,
in
the
Term
prescribed
by
that
Law
;
yet
this
sort
of
Nobility
are
not
Subject
to
that
Rigour
,
by
Reason
their
Residence
is
not
within
the
State
;
so
all
such
as
are
of
it
,
may
when
they
are
at
Venice
,
take
the
Vest
,
enter
and
ballot
in
the
great
Council
.
The
Pio's
,
Malateste's
and
Bentivoglio's
are
the
Principal
private
Families
of
Italy
,
to
which
the
Republick
hath
presented
the
Venetian
Nohility
:
The
Martininguo's
and
the
Colalte's
both
Powerful
Lords
,
one
in
the
Country
of
Brescia
,
and
the
other
in
the
Marches
of
Trevisano
,
are
two
Houses
which
the
Republick
have
for
their
Merits
jointed
to
the
Body
of
the
Nobility
,
by
Reason
of
the
great
Credit
they
have
in
these
Provinces
,
which
are
Subjects
of
the
State
;
but
these
Lords
live
at
home
without
concerning
themselves
with
the
Affairs
of
the
Republick
,
The
Bennoni
and
Savorniani
who
for
their
Merits
were
received
into
the
order
of
Nobility
live
at
Venice
,
they
wear
the
Vest
,
enter
into
the
Council
and
are
engaged
in
the
interests
of
the
Republick
;
the
first
gave
them
formerly
the
City
of
Crema
,
of
which
they
were
Lords
;
the
latter
were
very
Powerful
in
Frivoli
;
they
gave
the
state
divers
Forteresses
,
which
are
at
present
Garrison'd
Frontiers
against
the
Emperour
.
Of
the
Venetian
Citizens
.
THey
mean
by
the
word
Citizen
,
at
Venice
,
all
the
good
Families
of
Venetian
Citizens
,
composing
the
Second
State
between
the
Nobility
and
People
.
I
do
place
here
the
Citizens
before
the
Nobilty
of
Terra
Firma
,
because
this
Body
hath
a
greater
Affinity
with
the
Government
of
the
Republick
,
than
the
Nobility
of
the
Country
and
City
's
of
the
State
;
yet
among
this
Gentry
there
is
a
considerable
Number
that
would
not
yield
in
either
Birth
or
Riches
to
the
best
Houses
of
Venice
,
if
they
lived
without
the
dominions
of
the
Republick
.
There
are
two
distinctions
in
the
Venetian
Citizens
;
the
first
are
originally
Citizens
by
Birth
,
being
descended
from
these
Families
,
which
before
the
Establishment
of
the
Great
Council
,
had
the
same
share
in
the
Government
that
the
Venetian
Nobility
now
have
alone
,
who
did
remain
in
the
order
of
Citizens
by
their
misfortune
of
being
excluded
the
Great
Council
upon
the
new
Institution
of
the
Doge
Gradenigo
:
In
another
form
of
Government
,
several
Families
of
these
ancient
Citizens
,
may
value
themselves
as
the
better
sort
of
Gentry
;
for
there
are
several
of
them
,
which
have
the
same
name
and
bear
the
same
Arms
,
with
the
Noble
Venetians
of
the
first
Order
.
The
second
Order
of
Citizens
is
compos'd
of
such
as
have
either
by
their
Merits
or
Money
obtain'd
this
place
in
the
Republick
;
both
of
them
enjoy
the
same
Privileges
;
they
may
wear
the
Vest
as
well
as
the
Noble
,
enter
into
the
charges
and
Employs
that
the
Republick
hath
design'd
to
the
Citizens
;
who
being
upon
Terra
Firma
are
by
their
quality
of
Venetian
Citizens
equal
to
the
Nobility
of
the
Country
,
enabling
them
to
enter
with
this
Nobility
into
the
Councils
of
Cities
;
These
in
return
enjoy
at
Venice
the
same
Privileges
of
Citizens
;
but
the
greatest
part
of
them
do
not
esteem
themselves
much
Inferior
to
the
Noble
Venetians
,
Infinitely
counting
below
their
quality
all
the
privileges
of
that
Order
in
the
City
,
in
which
are
likewise
comprehended
the
Physicians
,
Lawyers
,
Merchants
,
the
Manufacturers
of
Gold
and
Silver
Silks
,
and
the
makers
of
Glass
at
Mouran
,
who
pretend
themselves
to
be
elevated
to
the
degree
of
Nobility
by
Henry
the
third
.
The
Republick
doth
much
honour
or
at
least
seemeth
to
respect
the
true
Citizens
;
either
to
render
their
Subjection
more
tolerable
,
or
because
they
being
Modester
than
the
Venetian
Gentry
,
are
much
more
beloved
of
the
People
.
They
confer
upon
the
Citizens
of
Merit
,
and
such
as
engage
themselves
to
the
Service
of
the
Republick
,
the
charges
of
Secretaries
to
the
Senat
,
and
of
all
Tribunals
that
take
Cognisance
of
the
Affairs
of
State
;
They
are
likewise
made
Secretaries
of
Embassies
,
and
Residents
with
forreign
Princes
;
in
short
they
give
them
all
those
Employs
which
are
thought
below
a
Noble
Venetian
.
The
aim
of
all
the
Citizens
,
and
the
highest
of
what
they
can
attain
unto
in
the
Service
of
their
Several
Employs
and
charges
,
is
the
dignity
of
great
Chancelour
of
the
Republick
;
the
Rank
and
seeming
greatness
of
him
that
Possesseth
this
place
,
would
render
the
execution
of
it
worthy
the
most
principal
Senatour
,
if
the
Republick
,
Jealous
of
their
Authority
,
had
not
Confin'd
this
Great
Employ
to
the
bare
Execution
of
the
Office
,
not
allowing
him
either
Voice
or
Credit
in
the
Courts
of
Justice
,
as
shall
be
observ'd
in
the
proper
Pace
.
Nevertheless
this
being
the
highest
place
a
Citizen
can
pretend
to
,
so
they
limit
their
Ambition
to
it
,
boasting
with
Justice
that
as
the
Republick
does
oftentimes
find
Taitours
among
the
Body
of
the
Nobility
,
so
they
have
always
been
exempt
of
these
Reproaches
;
for
the
Citizens
have
ever
been
inviolaby
Attach'd
to
the
interests
of
the
State
.
Of
the
Venetian
Gentry
upon
the
Continent
.
ALl
the
Gentry
out
of
Venice
and
within
the
dominions
of
the
Republick
are
comprehended
under
the
name
of
Noble's
of
Terra
Firma
,
excepting
some
Families
of
the
third
or
fourth
Class
of
Venetian
Gentry
:
However
antient
that
the
Nobility
of
the
Gentry
of
Terra
Firma
is
,
yet
the
Venetian
Nobles
will
admit
of
no
Comparison
with
them
,
pretending
there
is
the
same
difference
between
them
,
as
between
the
Sovereign
and
Subject
:
This
uncouth
and
haughty
usage
does
intirely
Alienate
the
Affections
of
the
Nobility
upon
Terra
firma
,
and
is
frequently
attended
with
dangerous
disputes
between
them
and
the
young
Noble's
of
Venice
,
who
being
sometimes
in
the
Cities
of
the
States
,
do
find
themselves
opposed
as
to
point
of
place
by
the
first
,
when
they
are
from
Venice
without
any
Publick
Imploys
.
The
Gentry
of
Terra
Firma
do
compose
the
Council
of
the
Cities
where
they
live
;
They
can
regulate
several
things
in
regard
of
the
Government
and
Publick
interest
,
which
are
no
ways
relating
to
the
Political
part
of
Government
,
for
such
the
Republick
confides
intirely
to
the
Management
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
.
Yet
when
ever
these
Gentlemen
do
engage
themselves
in
the
Service
and
Armies
of
the
Republick
,
they
are
consider'd
with
very
good
Employs
,
and
Governments
of
Places
and
Citadels
in
their
Provinces
;
however
they
are
not
in
this
matter
us'd
more
kindly
than
the
Forreign
Officers
.
Least
this
Nobility
should
become
too
considerable
,
the
Republick
is
never
backward
in
taking
all
occasions
of
reducing
their
Power
;
their
smallest
Faults
are
Capital
Crimes
,
for
which
they
are
proscrib'd
,
and
their
Effects
Confiscated
;
if
a
Gentleman
of
Terra
Firma
hath
the
boldness
to
make
or
Sustain
a
Quarrel
with
a
Noble
Venetian
,
the
Severity
of
the
Punishment
does
soon
discover
the
difference
which
the
Republick
will
have
between
a
Noble
Venetian
who
is
believ'd
born
to
command
,
and
another
whose
Merits
lye
in
Obedience
.
The
Senat
knows
very
well
,
that
the
Land
Nobility
cannot
bear
without
Resentments
the
great
Elevating
of
that
Nobility
,
and
that
they
are
very
uneasy
at
the
thoughts
of
the
Sovereign
Power
's
being
lodg'd
only
with
them
,
to
whom
they
esteem
themselves
no
ways
inferior
;
for
which
Reasons
upon
the
least
troubles
that
might
happen
to
rise
,
the
Senat
could
not
but
have
very
great
Apprehensions
of
this
Nobility
,
if
they
lived
in
a
Perfect
good
understanding
with
each
other
,
but
they
endeavour
to
keep
them
at
variance
,
by
sowing
Jealousies
among
them
,
when
more
proper
Occasions
are
wanting
to
enervate
their
Forces
.
There
was
a
manifest
proof
of
this
Policy
in
the
time
of
Francis
Erizzo's
being
General
of
the
Forces
in
Frivoli
,
who
was
afterwards
Elected
Doge
.
He
observed
that
the
Nobility
of
this
Province
living
in
a
very
good
Intelligence
,
might
possibly
join
themselves
at
the
first
Opportunity
and
declare
in
Favour
of
the
Emperour
,
to
which
province
he
makes
great
pretensions
,
and
so
deprive
the
Republick
of
a
very
Advantageous
Frontire
to
their
States
;
he
acquainted
the
Senate
with
his
sentiments
,
who
much
approv'd
the
foresight
of
their
General
,
and
the
expedient
proposed
against
those
dangerous
consequences
.
The
Project
was
for
to
send
him
several
Letters
Patents
with
a
blank
space
for
the
Names
of
such
he
should
think
fit
to
honour
with
the
title
of
Marquis
or
Count
;
so
these
marks
of
Favour
being
distributed
by
the
General
contrary
to
what
in
Justice
they
ought
to
have
been
,
did
not
miss
of
being
attended
with
the
proposed
Effects
,
in
strowing
among
that
Gentry
those
seeds
of
implacable
discord
,
which
dividing
the
Families
arm'd
Brother
against
Brother
,
causing
an
Infinite
Number
of
Murthers
,
and
the
Treasury
to
be
fill'd
with
the
confiscated
Estates
of
this
Nobility
:
Which
for
a
long
time
freed
the
Republick
of
that
fear
they
had
conceiv'd
from
the
good
correspendence
which
was
formerly
among
the
Gentry
of
that
Province
.
Of
the
Procurator
of
Saint
Mark.
AFter
having
shewn
what
the
qualities
are
of
those
Persons
invested
with
the
Management
of
the
Sovereign
Power
;
I
think
it
will
not
be
improper
to
speak
of
the
dignity
of
the
Procurator
of
Saint
Mark
;
as
also
of
that
of
the
Great
Chancellor
;
for
as
they
acquire
those
in
possession
of
them
very
Eminent
places
in
the
Republick
,
by
introducing
them
into
a
great
share
of
the
Management
of
the
State
;
so
it
is
Necessary
to
know
what
these
dignities
are
before
we
enter
upon
the
description
of
the
Councils
of
the
Republick
;
as
well
to
Facilitate
the
Intelligence
of
the
matters
I
shall
engage
in
,
as
to
avoid
sending
the
Reader
to
other
places
for
what
he
may
more
properly
find
here
.
These
Two
great
Dignities
,
with
that
of
Doge
,
are
the
only
Preferments
that
are
conferr'd
for
Life
,
they
being
bestow'd
upon
services
Done
to
the
State
.
The
great
Priviledges
,
and
Extraordinary
Prerogatives
attending
the
Dignity
of
Procurator
of
St.
Mark
,
do
render
it
the
utmost
Point
of
the
Ambition
of
the
Venetian
Nobility
,
Especially
seeing
that
of
Doge
,
as
shall
be
observed
,
is
upon
such
hard
Conditions
,
as
make
it
only
sought
for
by
a
few
of
the
Senators
:
A
Venetian
Gentleman
cannot
pretend
to
the
Honour
of
a
Procurator's
Vest
,
but
through
the
important
Services
he
hath
render'd
to
the
State
in
the
discharge
of
several
Embassies
,
by
the
command
of
the
Naval
Forces
,
or
through
the
long
Exercise
of
the
most
considerable
Employs
of
the
State
:
This
dignity
hath
the
precedence
in
the
Senate
,
as
likewise
the
place
of
all
the
Venetian
Nobility
;
for
the
Procurators
are
esteem'd
the
first
Senators
,
and
by
this
Quality
are
exempted
of
all
the
Expensive
Publick
Employs
,
excepting
that
of
Embassador
extraordinary
,
and
other
Important
Commissions
,
as
was
the
adjusting
of
the
limits
between
the
Port
and
the
Republick
,
which
the
Procurator
Nani
successfully
Executed
after
the
Peace
of
Candia
.
We
see
by
the
Annals
of
Venice
,
that
it
is
above
Six
Hundred
Years
,
since
there
was
a
Procurator
who
undertook
the
care
of
building
this
Church
,
he
manag'd
the
revenue
and
was
a
sort
of
an
Ecclesiastical
Intendant
:
The
Republick
made
a
Second
Procurator
about
Fourscore
Years
afterwards
;
but
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
mightily
encreasing
,
the
Republick
created
three
Procurators
,
to
each
of
which
was
assign'd
at
several
times
two
Associates
,
so
that
about
two
Hundred
and
Thirty
Years
ago
the
Number
was
settled
at
Nine
,
who
are
divided
into
three
Procuratories
or
Chambers
,
the
first
is
called
the
Procuratory
above
Stairs
,
this
takes
Cognisance
of
whatever
regards
the
Church
:
The
Second
and
Third
have
the
direction
of
whatsoever
is
bequeath'd
to
the
Poor
,
Inhabiting
this
side
of
the
Great
Canal
,
as
likewise
those
of
the
other
side
that
Canal
;
for
which
reason
these
Chambers
are
distinguish'd
by
these
several
Terms
,
Di
Procuratie
di
Sopra
,
di
Citra
&
di
Vltra
.
The
Republick
was
not
only
oblig'd
to
create
Nine
Procurators
of
Saint
Marks
,
for
to
dispose
of
the
great
Riches
bequeath'd
to
the
Church
of
Saint
Mark
,
and
the
Poor
,
especially
after
they
were
much
augmented
by
the
great
Gifts
of
the
Rich
Doge
Sebastian
Ziani
;
but
they
were
likewise
willing
to
encrease
the
Number
of
this
Dignity
,
that
they
might
be
more
able
to
recompence
the
Services
of
the
Nobility
,
particularly
observing
that
there
is
nothing
so
satisfactory
,
or
so
much
sought
for
by
the
Venetian
Nobles
.
These
Nobles
are
the
Executors
of
all
Charitable
and
Pious
Legacies
,
Tutors
of
Orphans
,
and
the
Protectors
of
Widows
:
They
Annually
apply
considerable
Sums
to
the
marrying
of
poor
Young
Women
,
and
permit
several
Families
to
live
Rent-free
in
the
Houses
that
belong
to
their
Procuratories
.
The
Place
which
this
Dignity
possesses
in
this
Republick
,
hath
Ever
render'd
it
so
much
desir'd
by
the
Venetian
Nobility
,
that
the
Senate
hath
in
all
the
troublesome
Wars
of
the
State
,
been
able
to
raise
considerable
Treasures
by
selling
the
Vest
of
Procurator
;
but
so
many
have
never
been
known
at
once
,
as
in
the
last
War
of
Candia
,
for
in
the
Year
1672
,
there
were
five
and
thirty
living
.
They
that
Execute
the
Nine
places
of
the
Ancient
Procuratories
,
are
called
Procurators
by
merits
,
to
distinguish
them
from
such
as
have
bought
this
dignity
;
Nevertheless
,
they
all
enjoy
the
same
Privileges
,
there
being
no
difference
between
them
;
excepting
that
when
a
Procurator
by
merit
dies
,
the
great
Council
do
proceed
always
to
the
choice
of
another
before
the
deceased
is
Interred
;
besides
,
they
do
not
fill
up
those
that
have
acquired
it
by
their
Money
,
but
endeavour
to
reduce
them
to
the
Number
established
;
the
Nobility
that
purchas'd
the
Vests
of
Procurators
,
pay'd
for
them
Thirty
Thousand
Ducats
,
but
those
that
I
mentioned
,
who
after
they
had
bought
their
Nobility
,
would
ascend
to
this
dignity
by
a
ladder
of
Gold
,
payed
down
double
that
Sum
;
as
not
being
just
that
the
most
Junior
Nobility
should
be
used
on
this
occasion
with
the
same
consideration
of
that
of
the
more
Ancient
Order
.
All
the
Procurators
wear
the
Ducal
Vest
,
that
is
with
long
Sleeves
hanging
to
the
ground
;
and
according
to
their
degree
of
Seniority
,
have
habitations
in
the
stately
new
Procuratories
.
But
the
Library
of
which
they
are
the
Keepers
,
and
the
Chamber
of
the
Archives
of
the
Republick
,
to
which
they
are
Guardians
,
as
likewise
the
apartment
where
the
Council
commonly
assembles
three
times
a
Week
,
do
take
up
the
third
part
of
this
Building
;
so
there
is
sufficient
Lodging
only
for
Six
Procurators
,
for
which
Reason
the
Republick
allows
the
other
three
reasonable
Pensions
,
until
such
time
as
they
have
the
Accommodation
of
the
Procuratories
.
Although
the
sale
of
this
dignity
is
of
very
great
Advantage
to
the
Republick
,
by
Reason
of
the
considerable
Summs
it
raises
in
the
pressing
Necessities
of
the
State
;
yet
the
Inconveniencies
of
it
are
very
Prejudicial
to
both
the
Republick
and
Particulars
;
for
by
these
means
,
those
who
ought
to
maintain
the
Glory
of
the
Republick
,
in
the
Extraordinary
Expences
of
Embassies
,
exempt
themselves
upon
the
account
of
this
Dignity
,
through
which
Misfortune
the
Republick
is
frequently
oblig'd
to
make
use
of
such
Gentlemen
,
who
being
not
able
to
support
the
Grandeur
as
it
ought
to
be
,
bring
themselves
into
Inconveniencies
,
and
prejudices
the
Reputation
of
the
Republick
.
Of
the
Great
Chancellor
.
AS
it
hath
been
observed
,
the
Republick
cannot
be
without
the
Ministry
of
the
Citizens
;
therefore
to
excite
their
Zeal
,
and
to
secure
the
State
of
the
principal
Members
of
this
powerful
Body
,
they
are
pleased
to
honour
it
with
the
Illustrious
Dignity
of
Great
Chancellor
,
the
Council
of
Ten
,
who
are
allowed
the
Precedency
to
all
others
.
The
Advantages
that
are
annex'd
to
this
great
Dignity
,
do
in
appearance
seem
to
render
him
equal
with
the
first
Senators
of
the
Republick
,
and
seem
to
elevate
him
several
Degrees
above
the
other
:
for
excepting
the
Councellors
of
the
Seignory
,
and
the
Procurators
of
St.
Mark
,
he
takes
place
of
all
the
other
Magistrates
;
He
wears
the
Ducal
Vest
of
Purple
,
hath
the
Title
of
Excellency
allowed
him
;
the
Entrance
into
all
the
Councils
is
open
to
him
;
he
keeps
the
Seals
of
the
Republick
;
he
knows
the
secret
of
all
Transactions
;
is
present
at
the
opening
of
Embassadour's
Letters
,
as
likewise
at
all
Dispatches
made
to
them
,
and
whatsoever
is
treated
upon
in
the
Senate
;
He
reads
in
the
Great
Council
what
is
to
be
ballotted
,
and
is
the
Head
of
the
Citizens
,
as
the
Doge
is
of
the
Nobility
.
The
Election
of
a
Great
Chancellor
is
made
by
the
Great
Council
;
that
is
,
by
a
General
Assembly
of
all
the
Nobility
;
and
when
he
takes
possession
of
his
Office
,
he
makes
his
Entrance
into
the
College
with
the
same
Pomp
and
State
as
the
Procurators
of
Saint
Mark
;
the
particulars
of
which
shall
be
described
in
the
Third
Part
of
this
Treatise
:
He
goes
in
the
Ducal
Garment
of
Purple
,
attended
by
several
Procurators
,
a
great
Number
of
Senators
and
Nobles
;
and
for
the
more
Honour
on
this
occasion
to
the
order
of
Citizens
,
they
do
not
only
accompany
the
Relations
and
Friends
of
the
Chancellour
,
but
likewise
give
them
the
upper
hand
;
moreover
,
all
the
Citizens
assisting
in
this
Ceremony
do
wear
without
any
manner
of
Distinction
the
Ducal
Garment
of
Purple
:
with
this
Pompous
attendance
which
is
always
very
great
by
Reason
of
the
Honour
which
the
Citizens
receive
,
the
Chancellour
comes
to
the
College
,
where
he
makes
a
Speech
to
the
Seignory
,
receives
the
Seals
,
and
takes
possession
of
his
Employ
.
To
this
great
Employ
is
allowed
a
Pension
of
Three
Thousand
Ducats
,
without
including
the
Expeditions
of
the
Chancery
,
and
several
other
casual
perquisites
which
amount
unto
Three
Times
that
Sum
,
which
Joyned
to
the
great
Privileges
of
his
Office
,
raises
his
condition
even
above
that
of
the
Doge's
,
as
not
being
oblig'd
to
live
in
that
degree
of
Servitude
;
And
to
the
end
that
nothing
may
be
wanting
to
the
External
greatness
of
the
Chancellour
,
the
Republick
is
pleas'd
to
take
upon
them
the
Charge
and
Performance
of
his
Funeral
Obsequies
,
which
are
observ'd
in
the
same
Magnificence
with
that
of
the
Doges
;
at
least
if
there
is
any
difference
,
it
is
only
in
that
the
Seignory
is
assistant
at
his
Funerals
in
black
,
to
shew
their
grief
for
the
loss
of
their
Chancellor
,
whereas
they
appear
in
Purple
at
the
Funerals
of
the
Doge
,
as
shall
be
observ'd
in
its
Proper
Place
.
If
the
Doge
of
the
Republick
is
in
Effect
only
the
Idea
and
shadow
of
a
Prince
;
the
Chancellor
is
no
more
than
an
Honourable
Servant
,
that
is
admitted
to
the
confidence
of
his
Superiors
,
who
pay
him
well
for
his
Services
;
yet
after
all
he
hath
no
deliberative
Vote
in
the
Councils
;
all
the
Privileges
and
Marks
of
Honour
that
are
allowed
him
,
do
not
really
raise
him
to
any
one
of
the
Nobles
;
insomuch
this
great
dignity
is
but
an
Honourable
Servitude
,
that
acknowledges
it self
inferior
to
the
Nobility
;
for
he
never
makes
use
of
his
Right
of
Precedence
in
the
Administration
of
his
Employ
,
and
in
particular
renders
the
Nobles
that
Respect
which
is
due
from
a
private
Citizen
.
Of
the
Government
of
the
Republick
in
General
.
THE
Government
of
the
Republick
of
Venice
may
be
compar'd
to
a
great
and
Ingenious
Engine
,
whose
many
secret
Springs
have
an
exact
agreement
with
the
least
of
it's
External
Motions
;
in
which
may
be
seen
so
Just
a
temperament
,
such
an
admirable
Superiority
and
Dependance
,
between
the
Old
and
Young
Nobility
;
between
the
Rich
and
the
Poor
;
between
those
Possessing
the
Principal
Dignities
and
the
more
private
Particulars
of
the
Nobility
;
that
from
this
Incomparable
and
Reciprocal
Subordination
must
of
course
Result
a
Perfect
Union
,
and
a
Fervent
Zeal
for
the
Common
Welfare
,
which
are
the
basis
of
the
Power
and
the
Lasting
Foundations
of
this
Republick
.
Yet
it
is
not
to
be
expected
that
from
this
Common
Dependance
which
so
divides
the
Authority
of
those
that
are
frequently
of
a
quite
different
Character
,
that
there
may
not
possibly
happen
in
several
Accidents
between
the
bad
and
the
good
,
many
Inconveniencies
to
the
Disadvantage
of
the
Subjects
:
For
as
art
can
Extract
Poison
from
what
Nature
hath
produc'd
most
Sweet
and
Agreeable
;
so
to
the
contrary
she
can
Procure
the
most
Salutary
remedies
from
the
most
Pernicious
Poisons
;
must
it
therefore
be
thought
strange
that
the
wise
Laws
of
Policy
,
should
be
sometimes
attended
with
Troublesome
Consequences
?
However
it
is
,
the
most
unjust
Regulations
do
oftentimes
procure
the
most
Advantageous
Effects
.
The
Republick
is
desirous
of
preserving
in
the
External
order
of
Government
,
a
Perfect
Appearance
of
Monarchy
,
Aristocracy
and
Democracy
;
and
hath
Effectually
found
the
way
of
Enjoying
all
the
real
Advantages
of
these
three
different
form's
of
Government
:
For
by
the
Person
of
the
Doge
in
whose
name
are
made
all
Ordinances
,
Dispatches
and
Negotiations
,
she
perfectly
represents
the
Majesty
of
a
Sovereign
Prince
.
The
Pregadi
,
which
is
the
Senat
,
represents
a
real
Aristocracy
,
where
the
wisest
heads
of
the
Republick
do
Regulate
,
with
an
absolute
Power
,
the
most
Important
Affairs
of
State
;
and
the
Great
Council
which
is
the
Assembly
of
all
the
Nobility
,
by
distributing
the
greatest
part
of
all
the
Dignities
to
such
as
are
worthy
of
them
,
is
a
most
lively
image
of
Democracy
,
for
the
Greatest
are
oblig'd
to
sue
for
their
Suffrages
,
having
no
more
Authority
than
what
is
allowed
them
by
this
great
Body
,
the
gaining
of
which
by
Corruption
is
Impracticable
:
But
before
we
enter
into
the
particulars
of
the
Government
,
I
think
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
divide
it
into
Ecclesiastical
and
Political
,
for
the
Republick
is
no
ways
less
absolute
in
the
first
,
than
Sovereign
of
the
other
.
Of
the
Ecclesiastical
Government
.
ONe
of
the
things
which
the
Senate
hath
pursued
with
the
greatest
Application
since
the
Establishment
of
Aristocratical
Government
,
hath
been
to
prevent
by
all
manner
of
means
forreign
Princes
from
penetrating
into
the
Knowledge
of
their
deliberations
,
and
particular
Maximes
;
as
it
would
have
been
easier
for
the
court
of
Rome
to
accomplish
that
matter
,
than
any
other
,
and
even
to
form
a
considerable
Party
with
the
help
of
the
Ecclesiasticks
;
so
the
Republick
does
not
only
endeavour
to
exclude
from
them
all
manner
of
Entrance
;
but
moreover
they
would
never
permit
the
Common
Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction
to
be
Established
in
their
States
,
with
the
same
Authority
that
most
of
all
other
Christian
Princes
allow
it
.
Of
all
the
States
of
Christendom
,
the
Ecclesiasticks
of
the
Republick
of
Venice
only
are
excluded
the
Councils
and
all
Publick
Employ's
,
altho'
they
are
Noble
Venetians
:
The
Senate
hath
so
well
found
their
account
by
this
Maxim
,
and
in
remaining
absolute
Masters
of
their
Subjects
of
whatsoever
Condition
or
Profession
they
are
of
,
that
they
have
never
shewed
more
Resolution
,
than
when
this
custom
hath
been
disputed
with
them
.
The
History
of
the
Interdiction
of
Pope
Paul
the
5th
is
a
notable
example
,
in
which
occasion
the
Learned
Francis●o
Paulo
render'd
his
Country
the
most
important
Services
,
in
sustaining
by
his
Learned
writings
the
Liberties
of
the
Republick
.
With
this
Maxim
the
Senat
keeps
the
Ecclesiasticks
in
dependance
,
and
by
that
toleration
which
they
have
for
them
in
respect
of
their
particular
conduct
,
they
do
entirely
engage
them
to
their
Devotion
;
insomuch
,
they
are
not
less
absolute
in
the
Ecclesiastical
Government
,
than
they
are
in
that
of
the
State
;
for
which
Reason
it
will
not
be
improper
to
observe
here
,
after
what
manner
the
Clergy
of
Venice
are
govern'd
before
we
enter
into
the
particulars
of
the
Political
Government
.
Of
the
Patriarch
of
Venice
.
THE
Church
of
Venice
by
which
I
comprehend
that
of
the
whole
State
of
the
Republick
,
acknowledges
two
Patriarchs
,
which
are
the
Patriarchs
of
Aquilea
and
Venice
.
The
last
was
formerly
but
a
Bishop
,
whose
Revenue
was
very
inconsiderable
;
he
had
the
Title
of
Bishop
of
Castel
,
being
that
quarter
of
Venice
in
which
this
Church
stands
;
But
there
having
happened
since
the
mighty
increase
of
Venice
,
several
Disputes
about
Jurisdiction
,
between
this
Bishop
and
the
Patriarch
of
Grade
who
was
Primate
of
Dalmatia
and
Venice
;
The
Senote
desired
of
the
Pope
that
the
Patriarchy
and
Bishop-rick
,
might
be
united
in
the
Person
of
him
that
surviv'd
the
other
;
by
which
means
the
Patriarchy
of
Grade
devolv'd
in
the
Year
1450
upon
the
Bishop-rick
of
Castel
,
by
the
surviving
of
Laurens
Justiniani
,
who
was
afterwards
canonis'd
for
his
Holy
Life
and
Miracles
that
happened
after
his
Death
.
The
Patriarch
of
Venice
is
Primat
of
Dalmatia
,
as
likewise
of
some
part
of
the
Republick's
dominions
upon
Tirma
firma
;
The
Bishops
of
Candia
,
Corfu
and
some
Neighbouring
Isles
of
Venice
are
his
Suffragants
;
They
must
be
Noble
who
have
this
eminent
dignity
,
for
which
reason
the
Republick
reserves
to
themselves
the
Nomination
of
him
:
It
is
however
very
strange
that
a
Prelate
of
this
Character
should
be
so
limited
in
his
Authority
over
the
Clergy
;
the
Priests
and
Religious
do
equally
decline
his
Jurisdiction
in
Favour
of
two
or
three
Magistracies
;
in
which
the
chief
Senators
of
the
Republick
do
assume
to
themselves
the
Cognisance
of
all
matters
relating
to
the
Priests
and
Religious
,
whereby
the
Authority
of
this
Patriarch
is
reduc'd
to
a
very
small
compass
:
As
this
Prelate
is
not
permitted
to
have
the
Nomination
of
the
Cures
of
Venice
,
nor
any
other
Benefices
in
the
Church
,
excepting
two
dignities
;
so
his
Credit
is
no
ways
larger
than
his
Authority
.
Although
the
Power
that
the
Pope's
Nuncio's
have
among
all
the
Princes
of
Italy
,
as
well
in
Spiritual
as
Temporal
matters
,
is
not
very
considerable
at
Venice
,
yet
it
does
very
much
diminish
both
the
Dignity
and
Power
of
the
Patriarch
;
for
when
this
Prelate
solemnly
Officiates
as
high
Priest
in
his
own
Church
and
in
the
presence
of
the
Seignory
,
yet
he
cannot
give
Benediction
to
the
People
without
the
Permission
of
the
Apostolical
Nuncio
,
who
assists
at
all
these
Publick
Ceremonies
:
For
which
Reason
the
Master
of
the
Ceremonies
desires
it
of
him
in
these
Terms
:
Placet
ut
Celebrans
Benedicat
?
and
he
answers
,
Placet
.
Of
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilea
.
THE
Republick
did
ever
support
the
Patriarch
of
Grade
,
against
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilea
,
endeavouring
to
enlarge
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
first
,
to
the
detriment
and
loss
of
the
other
;
but
since
the
Patriarchy
of
Grade
is
Transferr'd
to
Venice
,
his
Dignity
hath
been
in
a
much
greater
consideration
;
nevertheless
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilea
is
the
first
and
the
Eldest
;
his
Jurisdiction
does
not
only
extend
over
Frivoli
,
Istria
,
and
some
other
Hereditary
Provinces
of
the
Emperour
;
but
likewise
over
most
part
of
the
Provinces
which
the
Republick
possesses
in
Lombardy
.
Since
the
Republick
had
first
the
Nomination
of
this
Patriarch
,
they
have
found
an
expedient
to
perpetuate
this
right
,
by
giving
the
Patriarch
power
to
choose
a
Coadjutor
,
as
soon
as
he
is
arrived
to
the
dignity
,
by
which
means
the
Nomination
of
this
Prelacy
will
never
go
from
the
Republick
,
who
are
certain
to
confer
it
upon
one
of
the
first
Families
of
the
Noble
Venetians
They
are
oblig'd
to
follow
this
method
,
least
the
Nomination
of
the
Patriarch
should
return
to
the
Emperour
;
for
as
the
greatest
part
of
the
Clergy
of
the
State
of
Venice
are
under
his
care
,
it
might
happen
that
by
the
Patriarch's
not
being
their
Subject
,
he
might
observe
a
different
conduct
from
their
Maxims
of
Government
,
which
would
undoubtedly
be
the
occasion
of
many
Inconveniencies
,
drawing
the
Ecclesiasticks
from
that
affection
and
dependance
in
which
they
now
live
under
the
Laws
of
the
Senate
.
The
Emperour
hath
preserv'd
to
himself
the
Sovereignty
of
Aquilea
,
and
is
very
sensible
of
the
great
consequence
of
losing
the
Right
of
Nomination
to
the
Patriarchy
;
therefore
he
does
not
only
hinder
the
Patriarch
from
residing
at
Aquilea
,
but
hath
likewise
taken
from
him
that
Temporal
Revenue
,
which
he
received
out
of
all
Estates
that
were
subject
to
him
:
We
even
see
by
the
new
Declarations
lately
publish'd
,
whereby
he
forbids
all
his
Ecclesiastical
and
Secular
Subjects
from
having
any
recourse
to
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilea
,
upon
whatsoever
Pretexts
they
may
be
.
This
Prelate
,
who
is
at
present
Cardinal
Delfin
,
hath
his
Brother
for
Coadjutor
,
and
keeps
his
Residence
at
Vdine
,
the
Capital
of
Frivoli
.
Of
the
Election
of
the
Curates
,
or
Parish-Priests
of
Venice
.
EITHER
the
Republick
design'd
to
prevent
the
Ecclesiasticks
from
owing
of
Obligations
to
any
other
Power
than
that
of
the
Senates
or
else
to
maintain
only
the
Ancient
Customs
of
the
Church
,
by
leaving
the
Election
of
the
Curate
to
the
Liberty
of
the
Parishioners
,
who
are
to
choose
a
Priest
out
of
their
own
Parish
,
and
that
seems
most
worthy
of
it
,
for
his
Capacity
and
Seniority
of
Service
;
but
to
evade
the
great
Factions
that
were
formerly
made
upon
these
Occasions
,
both
by
the
Priests
and
the
Parishioners
,
the
Senate
hath
ordered
that
the
Election
shall
be
made
within
the
Term
of
three
Days
after
the
Death
of
a
Curate
,
in
defect
whereof
the
Republick
hath
the
Nomination
.
All
Proprietors
of
Houses
within
the
Limits
of
the
Parish
,
Noble
Venetians
,
Citizens
and
Tradesmen
,
do
meet
in
the
Church
to
proceed
to
an
Election
by
plurality
of
Voices
;
but
as
it
behoves
them
to
examine
into
the
Merits
of
all
the
qualified
Priests
,
they
compare
one
with
the
other
according
to
their
degree
of
Seniority
;
where
in
a
studied
Harangue
,
and
the
Youngest
speaking
first
,
they
magnifie
to
you
all
the
Services
they
have
done
to
the
Parish
and
Parishioners
;
after
which
they
are
ballotted
to
see
who
hath
the
Majority
of
the
Suffrages
;
or
else
they
choose
by
Acclamation
he
that
hath
the
most
Merit
,
or
the
greatest
Party
.
The
Ecclesiasticks
of
Venice
,
are
generally
of
mean
Extraction
;
besides
,
their
Learning
is
not
more
eminent
than
their
Vertue
;
so
it
is
no
wonder
if
there
happen
at
these
Elections
such
particular
things
as
are
hardly
to
be
believ'd
by
those
that
are
not
acquainted
with
Venice
:
You
see
several
of
these
Priests
,
who
the
better
to
perswade
the
Assembly
of
the
Merit
they
have
acquired
in
their
Parishes
,
summon
before
them
several
poor
Women
,
where
they
Interrogate
them
:
Who
was
it
Assisted
you
in
your
Necessity
?
Who
Maintain'd
you
in
your
Sickness
?
Who
Protected
you
in
your
Persecution
?
Was
it
not
I
that
did
these
things
for
you
?
It
is
no
difficult
matter
to
imagine
what
sort
of
Answers
are
made
to
these
Interrogations
:
But
what
is
incomparably
beyond
all
the
rest
,
is
to
hear
the
Harangue
of
a
Pretending
Curate
,
who
endeavouring
to
exalt
his
own
Merits
,
makes
no
scruple
of
exposing
the
greatest
Infamies
of
his
Concurrents
,
assuring
them
he
is
not
a
Drunkard
as
such
a
one
is
,
nor
a
Libertine
like
another
;
and
that
he
gives
no
Scandal
in
keeping
Women
,
as
the
third
doth
:
In
short
,
he
sticks
not
at
exposing
the
most
secret
things
,
provided
he
can
make
any
advantage
of
them
to
the
prejudice
of
his
Adversaries
.
The
Address
of
him
that
was
lately
Elected
in
one
of
the
best
Parishes
of
Venice
,
seems
to
me
the
more
Ingenious
by
being
covered
under
the
Vail
of
the
highest
Simplicity
;
this
Man
,
who
was
the
Ancientest
of
the
Qualified
Priests
,
and
who
probably
had
formerly
miss'd
of
his
Aim
,
by
too
much
enlarging
upon
the
Chapter
of
his
own
Merits
,
appear'd
now
the
last
of
the
Assembly
,
and
follow'd
a
new
Method
;
he
came
into
the
middle
of
the
Company
,
leaning
upon
his
Staff
,
and
Coughing
very
much
,
where
he
utter'd
these
few
words
according
to
the
Venetian
Expression
:
These
Gentlemen
have
obliged
me
to
appear
before
you
,
I
can
say
nothing
more
for
my self
,
than
that
I
am
an
Honest
Man
;
you
may
make
me
Curate
if
you
please
,
but
if
you
believe
me
not
,
you
may
let
it
alone
.
This
new
way
made
so
great
an
Impression
upon
them
,
that
without
examining
any
further
into
his
Merits
,
he
was
immediately
declar'd
Curate
by
the
common
Consent
of
all
the
Assembly
.
The
Rejoycings
that
follow
these
Elections
,
are
no
ways
less
particular
,
they
make
a
great
many
Bonfires
and
Illuminations
for
three
Nights
together
,
before
the
House
of
the
Curate
;
at
which
times
they
honour
him
with
the
Discharge
of
their
Muskets
;
and
others
Write
in
great
Characters
his
Commendations
upon
the
Walls
of
all
the
Squares
,
and
other
open
Places
of
the
Parish
,
which
express
all
his
Merits
,
and
mentioning
the
Number
of
Years
he
hath
pass'd
in
the
Service
of
that
Church
.
Of
the
Dependance
in
which
the
Ecclesiasticks
and
Religious
live
in
regard
of
the
Government
.
AS
the
Republick
is
very
sensible
,
by
their
frequent
Experience
,
that
it
is
of
the
greatest
Importance
to
have
both
the
Secular
Priests
,
and
the
Religious
intirely
engag'd
to
their
Interests
;
so
they
are
willing
to
wink
at
several
sorts
of
Disorders
,
which
might
be
easily
rectified
;
but
they
think
it
the
surest
way
to
engage
both
of
them
to
their
Interests
,
by
that
Indulgence
they
shew
them
,
in
regard
of
their
Conduct
:
However
the
Senate
never
fails
of
obtaining
that
through
fear
and
severity
of
Punishment
,
which
they
cannot
effect
by
more
moderate
Methods
;
for
they
do
not
only
severely
punish
such
as
oppose
the
Execution
of
their
Orders
,
but
they
likewise
take
notice
of
them
that
were
not
submit
with
a
perfect
and
blind
Obedience
.
The
Jesuits
are
a
late
Instance
of
this
Severity
;
for
notwithstanding
they
were
not
less
useful
at
Venice
,
than
they
are
in
other
places
,
to
whose
College
most
of
the
Noble
Venetians
send
their
Children
,
yet
that
does
not
any
ways
diminish
the
Caution
which
the
Republick
hath
of
them
,
for
they
have
a
continual
Eye
over
them
,
observe
all
their
Motions
,
not
pardoning
the
least
appearance
of
things
contrary
to
their
Interests
,
or
Intentions
;
especially
since
their
Re-establishment
at
Venice
.
When
Pope
Paul
V.
interdicted
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
the
Jesuits
,
Capouchins
,
and
Theatins
were
the
only
Orders
that
obeyed
the
Censures
of
Rome
;
for
which
reason
they
were
Expell'd
both
the
City
and
State
of
Venice
;
but
after
that
Difference
between
the
Pope
and
the
Venetians
was
adjusted
,
the
Capouchins
and
Theatins
were
receiv'd
,
and
admitted
to
the
Possessions
of
their
Houses
;
yet
the
Senate
resolv'd
to
adhere
to
their
Resolutions
of
Excluding
the
Jesuits
,
who
were
not
comprehended
in
this
Agreement
,
but
were
afterwards
Re-established
at
Venice
,
as
likewise
throughout
the
whole
State
of
the
Republick
;
upon
the
pressing
Instances
of
Pope
Alexander
VII
.
to
the
Senate
,
in
that
Juncture
of
time
when
they
expected
from
him
very
powerful
Succours
for
the
Relief
of
Candia
.
Besides
the
Sollicitations
of
the
Pope
,
the
Jesuits
mightily
wanted
the
good
Opinions
of
some
of
the
principal
Senators
;
but
the
Eloquent
Harangue
for
their
Establishment
of
the
Procurator
Pezzaro
,
who
was
afterwards
Doge
,
determin'd
the
Senate
to
consent
to
their
Return
:
The
Republick
however
had
received
the
Advantages
of
the
Sale
of
their
Effects
,
yet
that
was
not
sufficient
;
for
they
made
them
purchase
very
dearly
the
Convent
they
live
in
at
present
,
which
formerly
belong'd
to
the
Religious
of
the
Crusado
;
which
Order
being
abolished
,
their
Effects
were
given
to
the
Republick
,
to
carry
on
the
War
of
Candia
;
but
since
this
Re-establishment
,
the
Senate
shews
a
greater
Exactness
than
formerly
,
to
make
these
Fathers
observe
a
quite
different
Conduct
from
what
they
do
in
all
other
Countries
.
It
is
not
long
since
a
Father
of
Wit
and
Merit
among
the
Jesuits
,
undertook
to
erect
a
Congregation
of
Gondaliers
,
in
which
this
sort
o●
People
,
who
are
not
indeed
very
well
instructed
in
the
Necessary
Points
of
Religion
,
Assembled
every
Sunday
,
to
learn
the
Duty
of
Christians
,
and
the
most
important
Truths
of
our
Faith
:
So
this
Congregation
became
in
a
little
time
very
numerous
,
and
there
was
much
reason
to
believe
it
would
have
been
attended
with
the
best
Effects
;
but
some
of
the
Noble
Venetians
knowing
very
well
that
their
Gondaliers
were
not
ignorant
of
what
passed
in
their
Families
(
nor
even
their
more
publick
and
private
Designs
,
of
which
they
discourse
in
their
Gondalo's
)
occasioned
them
to
suspect
that
the
Jesuits
intended
to
penetrate
into
these
Matters
,
informing
themselves
of
their
Affairs
and
secretest
Intrigues
by
the
means
of
this
Congregation
.
Upon
this
bare
Conjecture
the
Matter
was
made
known
to
the
Senate
,
where
it
was
adjudg'd
to
be
of
greater
consequence
than
it
appeared
;
so
it
was
resolved
at
that
instant
to
send
an
Order
of
the
Senate
,
requiring
them
to
desist
the
continuance
of
that
Congregation
,
as
likewise
their
Orders
to
the
Father
that
undertook
the
Business
to
leave
Venice
and
not
return
before
such
a
time
.
There
hath
been
lately
another
Instance
of
Severity
upon
the
Jesuits
,
that
was
equally
surprizing
to
every
Body
:
A
Young
Man
of
Padua
,
after
the
Dea●h
of
his
Father
,
retired
to
their
Order
,
as
designing
to
receive
the
Habit
;
he
being
left
in
full
Possession
of
the
Estate
his
Father
gave
him
,
pass'd
a
Procuration
to
the
Father
Rector
at
Padua
,
enabling
him
to
sell
his
Effects
,
and
dispose
of
them
as
should
be
thought
convenient
,
while
he
perform'd
his
Noviceship
at
Boulogna
,
to
which
place
he
was
sent
:
The
Mother
of
the
Young
Man
perceiving
the
Injury
done
her
,
made
her
Complaint
to
the
College
of
the
Republick
,
who
referr'd
the
Matter
to
the
Tribunal
of
the
Council
of
Ten
;
they
immediately
summon'd
the
Father
that
received
the
Procuration
,
with
Orders
to
deliver
it
up
to
them
.
The
Rector
at
Padua
,
by
reason
of
his
great
Age
,
and
his
Indisposition
of
the
Gout
,
sent
a
Father
of
their
Order
to
appear
for
him
,
but
omitted
sending
the
Procuration
:
The
Order
was
immediately
repeated
,
whereupon
the
Father
took
Boat
,
from
whence
he
was
brought
to
their
Presence
in
a
Chair
;
but
these
Judges
making
his
Disobedience
an
Affair
of
State
,
delivered
him
to
the
Inquisitors
of
the
Republick
,
who
sent
him
to
the
Leads
,
which
is
a
very
dismal
Prison
,
where
he
continued
a
Fortnight
;
the
Procuration
was
retain'●
,
and
the
Young
Man
appearing
,
declar'd
he
would
not
be
a
Jesuite
.
The
Senate
hath
lately
thought
fit
to
lay
the
greatest
Infliction
imaginable
upon
them
,
by
obliging
th●m
to
go
several
times
a
Year
in
Procession
,
like
the
other
Communities
,
with
the
Surplice
and
Candles
in
their
Hands
,
so
to
pass
over
the
Place
of
St.
Mark
in
the
presence
of
the
Seignory
,
then
accompanied
b●
the
Nuncio
and
other
Ambassadors
residing
at
Venice
.
But
the
Parte
,
or
Decree
that
the
Senate
lately
made
,
which
forbids
any
of
that
Order
to
remain
above
three
Years
within
the
States
of
the
Republick
,
is
the
most
sensible
Blow
that
could
have
been
given
them
;
for
it
seems
to
overthrow
the
most
Essential
Maxims
of
their
Society
.
I
shall
leave
it
to
any
ones
Judgment
,
if
these
Examples
of
severity
towards
one
of
the
most
powerful
Societies
,
and
which
〈◊〉
the
best
received
by
m●st
Courts
of
Europe
,
are
not
sufficiently
perswasive
to
retain
all
the
other
Religious
and
Ecclesiasticks
in
that
absolute
Dependance
which
the
Republick
requires
from
them
in
respect
of
the
Governm●nt
;
especially
seeing
they
do
not
permit
the
Ecclesiastical
Superiours
to
regulate
their
Conduct
,
or
trouble
them
for
their
disorderly
ways
of
Living
.
Of
the
Inquisition
of
Venice
.
WHEN
it
is
known
with
what
Spirit
this
Republick
governs
,
and
the
Jealousie
they
have
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Authority
,
one
cannot
at
first
but
wonder
to
see
the
Inquisition
established
in
the
City
and
Dominions
of
this
Republick
;
yet
when
the
Circumstances
of
the
Admission
are
known
,
and
how
that
Jurisdiction
is
limited
,
we
must
cease
wondring
,
to
admire
on
the
contrary
the
Wisdom
of
the
Senate
,
who
perfectly
knowing
all
the
Consequences
of
that
Formidable
Authority
,
have
been
no
ways
less
careful
from
the
very
beginning
to
prevent
the
Estab●ishment
of
it
with
that
ample
power
which
this
Tribunal
hath
in
other
Countries
,
than
they
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
on
the
other
hand
,
have
us'd
Skill
and
Authority
for
the
gaining
of
this
important
Advantage
,
but
the
Consent
of
the
Senate
being
necessary
to
the
Establishing
of
this
Matter
,
the
Pope
was
forc'd
to
agree
to
such
Conditions
as
render
this
Tribunal
of
the
Inquisition
little
less
dependant
upon
the
Political
Government
,
than
of
the
Secular
Courts
.
The
Holy
Office
,
is
Compos'd
of
the
Pope's
Nuncio
Residing
at
Venice
;
of
the
Patriarch
of
Venice
,
who
,
as
a
Noble
Venetian
,
is
a
Religious
Observer
of
the
Laws
of
the
Republick
;
of
the
Father
Inquisitor
,
who
is
ever
of
the
Order
of
St.
Francis
;
and
of
two
Principal
Senators
as
Assistants
;
without
whose
Presence
and
Approbation
all
other
Proceedings
are
invalid
,
and
their
Decrees
of
no
effect
;
by
which
means
,
and
through
the
Pretences
that
the
matter
in
question
will
be
contrary
to
the
Interest
and
Laws
of
the
State
:
The
mighty
business
of
this
Tribunal
is
reduced
to
a
narrower
compass
than
one
would
easily
believe
.
Manifest
Heresie
is
almost
the
only
thing
to
which
the
Inquisition
hath
Right
of
Cognizance
;
it
is
said
manifest
,
because
the
greatest
part
of
those
things
that
attend
,
or
may
proceed
from
it
,
and
support
it
,
belong
to
the
Secular
Judges
,
who
having
the
care
of
the
Publick
Tranquillity
committed
to
them
,
do
both
cause
an
exact
Observance
to
all
Orders
,
and
particular
Inspection
to
be
made
into
these
Matters
.
Besides
,
the
Inquisition
is
not
to
concern
themselves
with
such
as
do
not
profess
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
;
and
since
the
compiling
of
the
Catalogue
of
Forbidden
Books
,
which
the
Republick
caus'd
to
be
made
upon
the
Setting
up
of
the
Inquisi●ion
,
about
one
hundred
Years
past
;
the
Holy
Office
is
not
permitted
to
censure
any
others
than
what
are
Condemn'd
by
the
Republick
.
Nevertheless
,
that
the
Senate
may
be
the
more
assur'd
of
their
own
Conduct
,
as
well
in
relation
to
Matters
of
Religion
,
as
in
regard
of
the
just
Rights
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
they
have
thought
fit
to
maintain
two
Doctors
,
which
are
called
Counsellors
of
State
,
one
is
Religious
,
the
other
is
a
Secular
;
according
to
whose
Opinions
they
take
their
necessary
Measures
in
these
Occasions
;
insomuch
,
that
the
Senate
doth
never
receive
either
Bulls
,
Briefs
,
or
Excommunications
,
until
such
time
as
these
Doctors
have
throughly
examined
them
,
and
reported
them
to
contain
nothing
contrary
to
the
Laws
and
Liberty
of
the
State
.
The
Republick
doth
permit
the
Greeks
and
Armenians
the
free
Exercise
of
their
Religion
,
which
they
enjoy
in
their
several
Churches
:
altho
the
Greeks
have
so
much
moderation
as
not
to
declare
themselves
to
be
Schismaticks
;
yet
they
sufficiently
own
,
that
they
depend
on
the
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
;
and
that
they
differ
from
the
Romanists
in
the
five
Points
in
which
consists
the
Schism
of
the
Oriental
Church
:
However
,
when
the
Greeks
and
Armenians
celebrate
any
Festivals
,
the
People
flock
in
Multitudes
to
them
,
to
partake
of
their
Indulgences
,
and
they
likewise
the
same
to
the
Catholick
Churches
.
As
to
the
Hugenots
and
Lutherans
,
who
are
no
where
tolerated
by
the
Inquisition
,
there
are
but
very
few
of
them
at
Venice
,
the
Republick
does
not
permit
to
them
an
open
and
free
Exercise
of
their
Religion
;
yet
the
Toleration
is
such
,
that
the
Republick
seems
not
to
observe
what
they
do
in
that
matter
;
neither
have
they
much
trouble
upon
the
Decease
of
any
one
of
them
,
to
have
the
Person
publickly
interr'd
in
the
Church
,
for
these
Curates
are
not
very
inquisitive
,
whether
the
Party
died
in
the
Catholick
,
or
Lutheran
Faith
.
The
Inquisition
draws
no
Advantages
from
the
Sentence
of
the
Condemnation
pass'd
upon
Hereticks
,
the
Republick
having
granted
,
That
all
such
Effects
shall
go
to
their
Lawful
Heirs
:
This
Custom
is
very
different
to
what
is
practi●'d
in
Spain
,
where
the
Inquisition
hath
not
only
all
the
Effects
of
the
Condemn'd
Jews
,
but
likewise
whatsoever
they
possess
that
are
Converted
from
their
Errours
,
as
being
ill
gotten
,
and
which
consequently
changes
the
purity
of
such
Effects
.
There
is
no
place
in
Italy
where
the
Jews
are
so
well
used
,
as
they
are
at
Venice
,
excepting
the
Dominions
of
the
Great
Duke
of
Tuscany
;
where
this
People
may
be
said
to
be
in
favour
,
by
reason
of
the
mighty
Trade
they
draw
to
Leghorn
:
But
yet
at
Venice
every
Noble
Family
hath
an
Intimate
and
Confident
Jew
;
for
as
they
are
esteem'd
to
be
Men
of
Secrecy
,
so
this
good
Quality
gets
them
many
Protectors
among
the
Nobility
,
who
have
divers
ways
of
employing
them
:
As
they
cannot
be
troubled
upon
the
account
of
Religion
;
so
the
Crimes
they
commit
upon
this
Chapter
,
as
Blasphemies
,
Sacrileges
and
many
others
,
are
reserv'd
to
the
Examinations
of
the
Secular
Courts
:
To
distinguish
themselves
they
are
obliged
to
wear
Red
Hats
,
which
are
of
the
very
finest
Scarlet
Cloath
,
lined
with
Black
Silk
;
this
Fashion
seems
at
first
very
particular
to
the
Eyes
of
all
Strangers
.
The
Jews
are
not
only
tolerated
at
Venice
,
by
reason
the
richest
of
them
that
are
engag'd
in
Trade
with
these
Merchants
,
do
occasion
a
mighty
Commerce
between
the
Levant
and
this
City
,
but
likewise
because
they
afford
the
Republick
very
considerable
Sums
in
any
times
of
Necessity
,
besides
the
usual
Impositions
that
are
laid
upon
them
.
They
have
a
particular
Hollanders
,
Spaniards
,
Portuguese
,
Germans
and
Italians
,
who
have
their
particular
Synagogues
.
But
of
all
these
different
Nations
,
the
Portuguese
are
counted
the
richest
,
who
likewise
esteem
themselves
to
be
in
the
highest
degree
above
all
the
rest
.
As
a
greater
Liberty
in
favour
of
these
before
mentioned
Religious
,
the
Republick
hath
established
a
particular
Chamber
in
the
University
of
Padua
,
where
several
Professors
to
this
purpose
,
have
the
Power
of
conferring
Doctor
's
Degrees
upon
all
sorts
of
Persons
,
without
any
distinction
of
Religion
,
as
have
pass'd
the
usual
Courses
of
Study
;
insomuch
,
that
being
by
this
means
excus'd
from
making
Profession
of
Faith
,
required
by
the
Bulls
of
the
Popes
,
the
Schismaticks
,
Hereticks
,
and
Jews
,
do
without
any
farther
trouble
commence
Doctors
of
Law
and
Physick
.
After
this
manner
the
Republick
permits
her
Subjects
to
taste
the
Sweets
of
Liberty
,
without
being
oblig'd
to
cover
by
other
Pretensions
the
Interest
she
hath
to
let
every
one
live
quietly
in
their
States
,
and
exempt
of
that
Fear
which
the
Inquisition
occasions
in
all
other
places
.
Of
the
Political
Government
of
the
Republick
.
THE
College
,
the
Pregadi
,
and
the
Great
Council
,
are
the
three
principal
Springs
that
act
in
the
great
Body
of
this
State
;
but
as
the
Regularity
of
this
Motion
which
composeth
the
Perfection
of
this
Government
,
does
depend
upon
the
coherence
there
is
in
the
Councils
,
so
it
is
absolutely
necessary
to
know
the
reciprocal
Subordination
,
the
Order
that
attends
the
Management
of
the
most
important
Affairs
,
and
the
Authority
they
have
each
in
particular
;
yet
being
it
would
be
contrary
to
the
Natural
Order
of
things
,
to
begin
the
description
of
an
extraordinary
Noble
Palace
,
rather
by
the
Foundations
than
the
Front
that
appears
first
to
the
Eye
,
so
I
should
occasion
more
confusion
than
clearness
in
the
Matter
treated
of
,
by
passing
on
to
the
innermost
parts
of
the
Government
,
without
stopping
at
the
place
which
is
the
magnificent
Entrance
of
this
Superbous
Edifice
,
where
the
Learned
Architects
that
drew
the
Scheme
,
have
placed
the
greatest
Ornaments
of
their
Art
.
Of
the
College
.
THE
College
is
the
Tribunal
in
which
resides
all
the
Majesty
of
the
Prince
;
Embassadours
have
Audience
there
;
the
Letters
of
all
foreign
Affairs
are
there
read
;
all
Petitions
are
presented
to
this
Court
of
Justice
,
to
whom
belong
the
hearing
of
all
Priviledge
Causes
,
which
are
those
of
the
Prelates
and
Benefic'd
Clergy
;
all
Suits
between
Relations
,
and
the
Competitions
of
the
Judges
are
there
decided
;
in
short
the
College
is
the
gate
through
which
all
Affairs
must
pass
;
for
the
College
prepares
the
Things
that
are
to
be
debated
and
Regulated
by
the
Pregadi
,
which
is
the
Senate
of
the
Republick
.
The
College
is
compos'd
of
the
Doge
,
of
his
six
Councellours
,
the
three
Triumvirs
of
the
Council
of
Forty
,
the
six
Great
Sages
of
Terra
firma
,
and
the
five
Sages
of
the
orders
,
which
make
in
all
Twenty
Six
Persons
;
which
being
of
different
Ages
and
Dignities
forms
a
Body
that
represents
the
whole
State
.
There
is
in
the
Hall
where
this
Council
is
kept
,
a
sort
of
Throne
that
takes
up
the
lowermost
part
of
the
Room
,
to
which
you
ascend
by
foursteps
;
here
the
Doge
sits
upon
a
wrought
Wooden
Chair
after
the
ancient
Fashion
,
which
is
rais'd
six
inches
higher
than
the
benches
on
each
side
,
a
Piece
of
Flower'd
fastened
to
the
back
of
this
Chair
,
with
a
Carpent
and
Foot-cloath
of
the
same
,
are
all
the
Ornaments
of
the
Dogal
Seat
;
It
is
nevertheless
to
be
admired
that
the
Republick
hath
not
covered
the
Majesty
of
their
Prince
with
a
Cannopy
,
and
that
they
should
not
have
the
use
of
them
,
in
the
Palace
of
the
Doge
;
It
may
possibly
be
because
Alexander
the
Third
thought
not
of
it
at
the
time
he
presented
Prince
Zebastian
Ziani
with
all
the
Mark
of
Pomp
and
Splendour
that
now
render
the
Dogal
Dignity
Majestical
in
the
Eyes
of
the
People
.
The
six
Councellours
of
the
Doge
with
the
Three
Presidents
of
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
are
Seated
on
the
right
hand
of
the
Prince
,
and
take
up
all
the
End
of
that
side
of
this
State
;
On
the
other
side
of
the
Prince
and
upon
his
left
hand
are
plac'd
the
six
great
Sages
and
the
five
Sages
of
Terra
firma
:
There
is
for
each
place
a
little
Seat
of
gilt
Leather
,
with
little
moving
desks
both
high
and
Flat
to
Separate
them
from
each
other
▪
which
by
drawing
to
them
when
they
please
,
makes
Room
for
such
as
are
to
have
place
in
their
Audience
according
to
the
different
Characters
they
appear
in
.
The
five
Sages
of
the
order
are
set
upon
a
bench
with
a
back
to
it
,
which
is
plac'd
below
on
the
left
hand
without
the
Estrade
;
and
underneath
the
Sages
of
Terra
firma
,
the
Secretaries
of
the
College
,
some
of
whom
are
Interpreters
at
the
Audiences
of
Embassadours
and
other
forreign
Ministers
,
who
have
their
places
upon
a
bench
on
the
other
side
,
but
at
a
much
greater
distance
from
the
Throne
of
the
Prince
.
Of
the
Doge
.
IT
may
be
observed
by
what
is
said
that
since
the
Republick
hath
been
govern'd
by
Doges
,
there
hath
happen'd
no
alteration
in
their
Method
of
Government
,
which
hath
not
tended
to
the
Diminution
of
the
Princes
Authority
;
insomuch
that
the
last
reform
at
the
Serrar
del
Consiglio
in
the
Year
1289
,
depriv'd
the
Doges
of
the
Credit
then
remaining
to
them
upon
the
Creation
of
that
Council
,
which
was
one
Hundred
and
Seventeen
Years
before
this
reform
:
The
Senat
knows
perfectly
well
that
the
Liberty
of
the
Republick
is
Incompatible
with
the
Interests
of
a
Prince
that
shall
pretend
himself
to
be
above
the
Laws
;
therefore
they
have
not
only
Subjected
the
Doge
without
any
manner
of
Reservation
;
but
they
have
likewise
added
some
as
to
his
particular
,
which
do
in
many
cases
render
his
condition
Inferiour
to
that
of
a
private
Senatour
;
thus
from
being
formerly
Prince
of
the
Republick
he
is
now
become
a
meer
Image
and
the
Real
shadow
of
that
Majesty
,
which
the
Senate
truely
preserves
within
the
Limits
of
her
own
Power
only
.
Nevertheless
they
raise
to
the
Dogal
Dignity
such
Senatours
as
have
most
distinguish'd
themselves
by
their
particular
Services
,
and
they
are
usually
taken
from
being
Procurators
of
Saint
Mark
,
or
that
have
honourably
supported
the
Dignity
of
Embassadours
,
the
Supreme
command
of
their
Fleets
,
or
that
have
exercis'd
the
Principal
Functions
of
the
State
;
But
as
the
Senate
Introduces
them
into
this
high
place
to
make
use
of
their
Names
only
in
the
Government
,
so
the
ablest
Senatours
are
not
always
the
most
fit
Persons
for
that
Station
.
The
advanc'd
Age
,
easy
temper
and
the
Illustrious
Birth
are
the
three
principal
and
most
essential
qualities
that
promote
them
to
the
dignity
:
Reason
of
State
requires
their
Princes
to
be
particularly
mild
and
peaceable
;
that
so
they
may
yield
and
submit
the
easier
to
their
sentiments
,
as
have
a
greater
share
than
he
in
the
Government
.
Dominico
Contarini
,
lately
Doge
,
did
not
pass
through
all
the
degrees
that
usually
raise
the
Noble
Venetian
to
this
Dignity
,
for
he
was
at
the
time
of
his
being
Elected
Doge
improving
the
Pleasures
of
his
Country
Seat
,
but
he
being
of
one
of
the
most
Illustrious
Families
,
and
which
hath
at
several
times
afforded
Eight
Doges
to
this
Republick
,
to
which
may
be
added
an
evenness
of
Temper
,
an
Affability
so
charming
,
and
his
Person
so
Noble
and
Majestical
,
that
he
equally
gained
both
the
Love
and
Veneration
of
the
Nobility
and
People
.
The
Young
Gentlemen
especially
were
so
taken
with
his
Merit
,
that
I
have
oftentimes
hear'd
them
say
aloud
upon
observing
of
him
in
the
Administration
of
the
publick
Functions
.
Le
adorabile
quel
vectio
.
Nicolas
Sagredo
who
succeeded
him
is
the
first
Doge
of
this
Family
,
which
is
of
the
Second
class
or
order
of
Nobility
;
he
was
made
for
his
great
Merits
Procurator
of
Saint
Mark
,
having
been
a
great
while
in
the
most
considerable
Employs
of
the
Republick
,
and
actually
had
the
greatest
share
in
the
Government
of
the
State
:
Insomuch
that
his
Elevation
must
be
rather
ascrib'd
to
his
own
perticular
Merits
than
to
the
Factions
of
his
Friends
.
Notwithstanding
the
severity
of
the
Conditions
that
attend
the
Dogal
Dignity
,
yet
there
were
never
so
many
known
to
stand
for
it
as
upon
this
Election
,
or
so
many
Persons
capable
to
discharge
the
Duties
of
this
great
Place
.
This
Dignity
is
no
ways
less
burthensome
to
the
Family
than
it
is
to
the
Person
of
the
Doge
;
for
his
Brothers
,
Sons
and
Grandsons
can
have
no
considerable
Employs
in
the
Republick
,
which
have
any
Affinity
with
the
Government
;
if
they
have
any
or
chance
to
be
Embassadours
,
they
are
oblig'd
to
quit
those
Affairs
upon
his
Election
.
If
the
Doge
is
a
Married
Man
,
his
Wife
is
not
Treated
with
the
Title
of
Princesse
,
neither
hath
the
Senate
thought
fit
to
Crown
them
this
last
Age
,
as
being
desirous
either
to
Moderate
the
Ambition
of
the
Women
,
or
to
save
those
great
Sums
that
were
expended
upon
the
Coronation
of
the
last
Princess
,
Wife
to
the
Doge
Martin
Crimani
.
The
particular
restraint
that
is
laid
upon
the
persons
of
the
Doges
,
as
likewise
their
ways
of
living
,
and
all
these
other
Circumstances
of
that
condition
together
,
are
not
sufficient
to
deter
such
Families
as
have
given
no
Doges
to
the
Republick
from
making
their
utmost
Efforts
to
attain
this
Honour
;
by
which
they
do
not
only
hope
to
bring
themselves
into
a
much
greater
consideration
,
but
likewise
to
Establish
their
Fortunes
by
the
Sums
they
may
acquire
if
the
Doge
happens
to
live
many
Years
after
his
Election
;
which
is
one
of
the
Reasons
why
the
Doge
is
Created
for
Life
:
besides
,
if
it
was
for
a
certain
space
of
time
only
,
he
would
not
be
so
much
consider'd
in
all
other
Courts
,
neither
would
the
Senate
be
able
to
keep
him
in
the
great
restraint
that
is
now
imposed
upon
him
,
through
the
Fear
of
being
depos'd
or
of
a
retrospection
into
his
conduct
after
Death
,
to
the
mighty
Prejudice
of
his
whole
Family
.
As
the
Republick
hath
sometimes
forc'd
their
Princes
to
assume
and
continue
this
Dignity
,
so
they
have
likewise
depos'd
others
whose
Age
or
Infirmities
have
rendred
them
useless
to
the
State
;
yet
in
reality
the
Republick
makes
a
greater
use
of
their
name
than
their
presence
,
upon
which
Apprehensions
the
Doge
never
desists
from
going
to
the
Colledge
and
all
other
Courts
of
Justice
,
to
which
the
Duties
of
his
Station
oblige
him
,
unless
he
finds
himself
altogether
uncapable
of
doing
it
;
therefore
I
do
not
in
the
least
doubt
but
that
Dominico
Contarini
did
expect
some
such
Resolution
,
upon
his
long
Indisposition
of
the
Palsy
that
deprived
him
for
Eighteen
Months
of
the
use
of
one
side
of
his
Body
.
For
when
any
Embassadour
sent
to
compliment
him
,
he
always
concluded
his
thanks
,
with
his
being
much
better
;
and
that
he
was
in
hopes
to
see
the
Embassadour
in
a
little
time
at
the
College
.
The
Doge
presides
in
all
the
Councils
,
but
he
is
esteem'd
Prince
of
the
Republick
only
at
the
head
of
the
Senate
,
at
the
Tribunals
where
he
assists
,
and
in
the
Ducal
Palace
of
Saint
Mark
;
out
of
which
places
he
hath
much
less
Authority
than
some
other
particular
Persons
;
for
he
dares
not
engage
in
any
business
whatever
.
There
are
some
who
have
reported
in
their
writings
that
it
is
Lawful
to
affront
or
kill
him
upon
finding
him
out
of
the
City
,
and
that
he
hath
not
the
Liberty
to
go
out
of
his
Palace
,
It
is
true
that
there
hath
been
formerly
very
severe
Regulations
as
to
this
matter
,
but
things
are
not
carried
to
that
Exiremity
at
present
;
however
he
goes
not
out
of
the
City
without
asking
in
a
manner
leave
of
his
Councellors
:
Dominico
Contarini
went
frequently
to
see
his
Daughters
and
Nieces
that
were
in
several
Nunneries
,
as
likewise
very
often
every
Year
to
his
Country
House
to
enjoy
the
Air
of
the
Continent
.
When
the
Doge
goes
out
of
the
City
he
is
not
attended
with
any
External
Marks
that
may
distinguish
him
from
any
other
Venetian
Gentleman
;
his
apparel
is
then
a
gray
close
Bodied
Coat
and
his
sword
by
his
side
;
if
any
Noble
happens
to
meet
him
,
he
seems
not
to
know
him
to
avoid
rendring
those
respects
that
are
due
to
him
,
when
he
is
with
the
Republick
;
who
are
the
same
thing
in
his
absence
as
when
he
is
present
;
upon
any
particular
Visits
that
the
Doge
makes
in
the
City
,
he
is
only
attended
like
another
Noble
,
with
a
Valet
de
Chambre
and
two
Gondalo's
;
neither
is
that
discernable
from
another
but
by
a
Carpet
,
and
two
flower'd
Sattin
Cushions
against
the
Back-board
,
which
small
marks
of
Dignity
are
so
far
from
being
exposed
,
that
the
Gondaliers
most
an
end
cover
them
all
with
the
black
Curtains
of
the
Gondalo
.
His
Dress
is
,
on
these
occasions
,
like
those
of
the
Counsellors
,
which
is
Purple
,
but
he
wears
a
General
's
Cap
of
the
same
Colour
,
with
his
Vest
;
it
is
round
made
of
Paste-board
,
only
four
Fingers
high
,
the
Crown
flat
,
and
the
circumference
of
the
whole
,
double
to
what
the
Entrance
of
the
Head
is
.
They
give
the
Doge
the
Title
of
your
Screnity
,
and
Most
Screne
Prince
;
and
that
he
may
be
sensible
that
these
Titles
do
not
belong
to
his
Person
,
all
Embassadors
take
care
to
use
the
same
Expressions
when
they
speak
to
the
College
,
seldom
saying
your
Screnity
,
without
adding
your
Excellency's
;
being
confus'd
Titles
;
among
which
no
difference
ought
to
be
made
in
this
Assembly
,
where
the
Majesty
of
the
Republick
is
dilated
upon
all
the
Members
that
compose
the
College
.
Altho
all
Dispatches
are
made
in
the
Name
of
the
Prince
,
as
likewise
the
Answers
of
Embassadors
are
address'd
to
him
,
yet
he
cannot
open
them
,
which
may
be
done
and
answer'd
without
him
;
and
that
he
may
continually
remember
that
he
only
lends
his
Name
to
the
Senate
,
they
forbear
the
Examination
of
all
Propositions
made
to
the
College
by
Embassadors
,
or
other
Ministers
,
until
such
time
as
he
and
his
Councellors
are
withdrawn
;
then
the
Business
is
examin'd
,
the
Opinions
of
the
Sages
are
taken
,
upon
which
they
draw
the
Deliberation
into
Writing
,
which
is
delivered
at
the
next
Assembly
of
the
Senate
,
in
the
Presence
of
the
Doge
and
his
Counsellors
,
where
he
hath
only
a
single
Vote
with
the
other
Senators
,
to
confirm
or
reject
what
was
done
in
his
Absence
.
The
Money
of
Venice
bears
the
Name
of
the
Doge
,
but
it
is
not
made
with
his
Impression
upon
the
Coin
,
as
it
was
formerly
in
the
time
when
the
Doge
had
the
absolute
Power
of
the
Government
,
there
being
now
,
instead
of
his
Effigies
,
a
Doge
in
his
Ducal
Habits
upon
his
Knees
to
St.
Mark
,
to
shew
that
the
Prince
is
the
Subject
of
the
Republick
,
of
which
the
Picture
of
St.
Mark
is
the
Hieroglyphick
:
Yet
in
the
Mint
where
the
Money
is
Coin'd
all
private
Persons
upon
paying
the
Duties
to
the
Prince
,
have
the
Liberty
of
Coining
what
Sums
they
please
;
the
Doge
gives
the
Permission
,
and
enjoys
the
Advantages
proceeding
from
it
.
The
Doge
is
allowed
by
the
Republick
fourteen
thousand
Ducats
per
Annum
,
to
defray
his
Houshold
Expences
,
and
the
Charges
of
treating
four
times
in
a
Year
all
Embassadors
,
the
Seignory
,
and
such
of
the
Senators
as
are
assistant
at
those
Festivals
:
The
ordinary
Retinue
of
the
Doge
consists
of
two
Valets
de
Chambre
,
four
Gondaliers
,
and
some
other
Servants
;
the
Republick
discharges
all
other
Officers
that
only
wait
upon
him
at
publick
Ceremonies
:
He
hath
the
Sellings
of
the
Offices
of
Commanders
of
the
Palace
,
who
are
a
sort
of
Serjeants
,
as
also
the
Ecuyers
,
or
Squires
of
the
Doge
,
which
are
25
in
number
;
from
these
Profits
and
the
Gifts
of
all
Benefices
belonging
to
St.
Mark's
,
arise
the
principal
Advantages
of
his
Dignity
.
The
Republick
hath
not
only
invested
the
Prince
with
all
the
apparent
marks
of
Sovereign
Dignity
,
but
they
have
also
obtain'd
for
him
from
the
Popes
and
Kings
,
the
real
Prerogatives
of
Royal
Majesty
,
and
the
preference
next
to
Crown'd
Heads
of
all
other
Princes
in
general
:
It
is
to
be
admired
that
they
should
as
it
seems
,
go
contrary
to
these
Advantages
of
Pre-eminency
,
by
reducing
of
him
to
the
degree
of
all
other
Princes
,
in
respect
of
the
Cardinals
;
for
when
a
Cardinal
hath
Audience
,
he
sits
on
the
Right
of
the
Doge
,
in
his
own
Chair
,
that
is
made
larger
upon
these
Occasions
;
and
upon
any
particular
Visit
,
the
Doge
goes
to
receive
him
at
his
Gondalo
.
These
particular
Visits
,
as
also
those
of
Embassadors
upon
extraordinary
Occasions
,
are
made
with
the
Permission
of
the
Senate
,
which
is
desired
at
the
College
;
for
the
Doge
hath
it
not
in
his
Power
to
see
whom
he
pleases
,
and
he
lives
so
retired
that
one
may
say
,
Solitude
and
Dependance
are
the
most
Essential
Qualities
of
his
Condition
;
neither
are
these
Visits
very
agreeable
to
the
Senate
,
who
never
give
their
Permissions
,
but
for
want
of
a
civil
Excuse
to
avoid
it
:
The
Count
D'
Avaux
was
the
first
that
undertook
to
visit
the
Doge
Dominico
Contarini
,
in
his
Sickness
,
to
which
the
Senate
consented
:
In
this
Occasion
the
Gentleman
of
the
Doge
,
and
some
other
Officers
,
are
at
the
Landing-place
of
the
Palace
to
conduct
the
Ambassadour
to
the
Doge
:
The
Senate
are
sure
in
these
Junctures
to
be
punctually
informed
of
the
most
insignificant
Words
that
pass
in
the
Discourse
.
Altho
the
Marquis
de
la
Fuente
,
Ambassador
of
Spain
,
was
vex'd
for
being
preceded
in
the
Visit
by
Monsieur
D'
Avaux
,
yet
he
demanded
leave
of
the
Senate
to
see
the
Doge
,
esteeming
that
an
Advantage
which
few
Ambassadors
receive
in
the
whole
Course
of
their
Employs
.
The
Doge
can
only
give
general
Answers
to
Embassadors
upon
the
Propositions
they
intend
to
exhibit
to
the
College
;
for
if
he
should
word
it
so
as
to
bring
the
Senate
into
the
least
Engagement
;
he
would
not
only
meet
with
the
Confusion
of
having
it
disown'd
,
but
would
likewise
expose
himself
to
the
most
sensible
Mortifications
:
However
if
the
Propositions
of
an
Embassador
are
prejudicial
to
the
Dignity
of
the
Republick
,
the
Doge
is
not
only
supported
in
such
a
Juncture
,
by
answering
in
the
Name
of
the
Republick
,
with
all
the
Rigour
of
an
incens'd
Prince
,
but
he
is
moreover
oblig'd
to
act
in
that
Nature
,
if
he
would
not
be
esteem'd
unworthy
of
the
Place
he
possesses
.
Upon
the
Audience
of
an
Ambassador
to
acquaint
the
College
with
any
Success
of
his
Masters
,
or
to
congratulate
the
Republick
upon
the
happy
issue
of
their
Affairs
,
the
Doge
hath
at
those
times
the
Liberty
to
answer
more
amply
,
but
without
ever
entring
into
a
particular
.
The
continual
occasion
which
the
Doge
Dominico
Contarini
had
of
expressing
himself
upon
these
Matters
,
had
acquir'd
him
a
mighty
Facility
of
making
such
adequate
Replies
,
and
so
proportion'd
to
the
Subject
,
that
no
Prince
was
ever
known
to
exceed
him
;
nevertheless
for
having
made
some
that
did
not
seem
to
be
sufficiently
laid
upon
general
terms
,
he
was
forc'd
to
sustain
in
these
Occasions
the
most
sensible
Reprimands
.
It
is
not
in
these
Audiences
only
that
the
Doge
is
oblig'd
to
have
a
care
of
exceeding
the
limits
prescrib'd
him
,
but
it
likewise
behoves
him
to
proportion
the
Steps
of
his
Conduct
:
The
Affair
of
Monseignior
Altoviti
,
Predecessour
to
Monseignior
Varese
Nuncio
to
the
Pope
,
seem'd
a
thing
of
no
importance
in
regard
of
the
Doge
,
yet
it
nevertheless
made
his
Serenity
extreamly
sensible
of
the
Misery
of
his
Condition
.
This
Nuncio
had
demanded
satisfaction
of
the
College
,
for
that
contrary
to
the
Privileege
of
Embassadors
,
the
Grand
Captain
,
or
Provost
,
had
seized
one
of
his
Retinue
for
carrying
of
Pistols
;
the
Person
was
Releas'd
upon
their
being
assur'd
that
he
belong'd
to
the
Nuncio
;
yet
the
Prelate
was
not
contented
with
this
satisfaction
,
but
demanded
something
more
publick
;
and
seeing
the
Senate
was
not
dispos'd
to
humour
his
Niceties
,
he
publickly
shew'd
his
Resentments
,
by
refusing
to
assist
at
the
Ceremonies
of
the
Chappels
,
which
the
Doge
very
frequently
holds
,
which
is
the
only
means
that
Embassadors
have
of
discovering
their
Discontents
to
the
People
,
when
they
pretend
not
to
have
Justice
done
them
,
as
they
ought
in
reason
to
expect
:
And
as
the
Senate
does
usually
receive
this
proceeding
for
a
Mark
of
Contempt
,
and
not
being
willing
upon
such
frivolous
Occasions
to
let
the
People
perceive
the
Misunderstanding
,
so
they
become
more
tractable
and
easier
inclin'd
to
give
satisfaction
to
the
Ministers
,
who
ought
to
be
assistant
with
the
Seignory
upon
those
Ceremonies
.
The
great
Feast
of
Easter
was
then
approaching
,
at
which
time
the
Seignory
goes
for
several
Days
together
to
the
Church
of
St.
Mark
,
both
in
the
Morning
and
Afternoon
,
which
made
the
Senate
unwilling
to
defer
giving
satisfaction
to
the
Nuncio
,
that
so
obstinately
adhear'd
to
his
Pretensions
:
However
all
the
Return
was
,
That
the
Grand
Captain
who
seiz'd
the
Person
,
was
not
to
be
assistant
in
attending
the
Doge
upon
three
of
those
Solemn
Functions
;
accordingly
he
appeared
not
at
the
first
Ceremony
of
Tenebres
,
Holy
Wednesday
and
Thursday
,
but
he
came
upon
Good-Friday
in
the
Morning
to
the
Court
of
the
Palace
to
march
in
his
place
:
The
Nuncio
being
in
the
Apartment
where
they
assemble
upon
these
Occasions
,
was
inform'd
of
it
by
such
as
were
to
observe
in
what
manner
the
Satisfaction
was
made
;
he
complain'd
at
that
very
instant
to
the
Doge
,
that
they
had
contraven'd
to
the
Assurances
given
him
,
protesting
that
he
would
proceed
no
farther
,
if
that
Officer
was
not
ordered
to
go
out
of
the
Palace
;
insomuch
that
the
Prince
believing
in
good
earnest
,
that
they
had
forgot
the
Promise
,
sent
his
Orders
for
the
Grand
Captain
to
withdraw
.
The
Senate
however
explain'd
the
Terms
of
this
Satisfaction
quite
otherwise
to
what
the
Doge
and
Nuncio
did
;
for
they
pretended
that
three
different
Functions
at
the
Church
of
St.
Mark
,
were
what
the
Nuncio
had
taken
for
the
officiating
of
three
distinct
Solemn
Feasts
;
for
which
reason
they
equally
resented
the
matter
against
the
Doge
,
and
the
Captain
,
the
one
for
Commanding
,
and
the
latter
for
having
Obeyed
contrary
to
his
Duty
:
The
Officer
was
thrown
into
a
Prison
and
severely
us'd
,
to
give
him
the
Knowledge
of
his
Superiors
:
And
one
of
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
who
have
as
ample
a
Power
of
Life
and
Death
over
the
Prince
,
as
over
the
least
Gentleman
of
the
Republick
,
made
him
so
severe
a
Reprimand
in
minding
of
him
that
his
Life
was
in
their
Hands
,
upon
commanding
any
one
to
exceed
his
Duty
;
that
the
poor
Prince
burst
into
Tears
,
regreating
without
doubt
the
Delights
of
the
private
Condition
he
enjoyed
at
his
Country
Seat
before
the
Election
.
How
the
Doge
goes
Attended
upon
Solemn
Ceremonies
.
WHEN
the
Doge
marches
in
any
Publick
Functions
,
assisted
by
the
Embassadors
and
Seignory
,
the
first
that
begin
the
Procession
,
are
the
Clergy
of
Saint
Mark
;
after
whom
follow
the
Serjeants
of
the
Palace
,
who
are
called
Commanders
;
they
wear
Cloaks
of
Blue
Cloath
,
which
come
to
their
very
Heels
;
they
have
red
Caps
of
the
same
Form
with
those
of
the
Nobility
,
upon
which
are
two
Sequins
,
little
differing
from
Crown-pieces
of
Gold
,
one
before
and
the
other
behind
:
Eight
of
these
Serjeants
have
each
of
them
a
Standard
of
painted
and
gilt
Taffeta
,
upon
which
is
the
Lion
of
Saint
Mark
;
two
of
these
are
Blue
,
two
Red
,
two
Violet
,
and
two
White
;
which
signifie
Peace
,
War
,
Truce
and
Confederacy
:
In
the
Order
of
their
March
the
two
Standards
which
represent
the
present
Condition
of
the
Republick
,
are
carried
first
.
Six
more
of
these
Serjeants
follow
with
Silver
Trumpets
all
streight
,
and
six
Foot
long
:
After
them
go
five
Hautboys
in
Vests
of
Red
Serge
,
who
always
play
to
one
Tune
by
Intervals
,
so
long
as
the
March
continues
:
The
Ecuyers
or
Squires
of
the
Doge
,
march
by
couples
after
them
.
These
Ecuyers
are
of
an
inferiour
Condition
to
the
Citizens
;
they
wear
short
Cloaks
,
are
plainly
drest
in
Black
,
their
principal
Business
is
to
Carve
and
Attend
the
Table
at
such
times
as
the
Doge
entertains
the
Ambassadors
and
Seignory
.
The
Grand
Captain
,
and
the
Gentleman
of
the
Doge
,
who
is
his
Master
of
the
Ceremonies
,
that
Invites
and
receives
the
Ministers
when
they
come
to
the
Doge
,
follow
the
Ecuyers
;
they
are
both
in
long
Robes
and
Vests
of
Satin
and
Flower'd
Damask
:
The
first
of
these
Offices
was
formerly
executed
by
a
Noble
Venetian
,
afterwards
by
the
Citizens
;
but
is
since
so
diminished
in
Credit
,
that
a
Captain
of
the
Sbirris
may
pretend
to
it
;
seven
or
eight
of
those
Captains
follow
these
two
Officers
;
one
would
not
imagine
them
to
be
what
they
are
,
seeing
them
in
Vests
of
Satin
,
and
Flower'd
Damask
,
which
come
down
half
way
their
Legs
,
they
have
no
other
Arms
than
a
Silver-hafted
Dagger
stuck
at
their
Girdles
,
which
are
adorn'd
with
Plates
of
the
same
.
The
Secretaries
of
the
Republick
follow
them
in
their
usual
Vests
of
Violet
Cloath
,
and
Caps
of
Velvet
:
The
Great
Chancellour
comes
next
,
Cloath'd
in
Purple
;
as
likewise
all
Senators
assisting
at
this
Ceremony
:
Then
two
Ecuyers
of
the
Doge
,
one
of
which
carries
the
Gold
foulding
Chair
,
that
is
of
Wood
gilt
,
adorn'd
with
a
Broccard
of
Gold
;
the
other
a
Cushion
of
the
same
Broccard
;
a
Clerk
of
the
Chappel
then
marches
before
the
Doge
,
carrying
the
Candlestick
and
White
Taper
of
his
Serenity
.
Pope
Alexander
the
III
in
acknowledgment
of
the
Protection
which
the
Republick
shew'd
him
,
and
of
the
Singular
Services
of
Prince
Sebastian
Ziani
,
presented
the
Doge
with
the
Golden
Chair
,
the
Cushion
,
and
the
Ombrelle
of
the
same
;
as
likewise
the
Tapers
,
the
Standards
and
Trumpets
,
which
are
at
present
the
chief
part
of
the
Pomp
of
these
Ceremonies
.
Then
the
Doge
comes
between
the
Pope's
Nuncio
and
the
Embassador
of
France
;
If
there
were
any
Embassadors
at
Venice
,
as
formerly
there
was
and
are
now
at
Rome
,
they
would
march
a
Breast
according
to
their
places
on
each
side
of
the
Nuncio
and
Embassador
of
France
:
But
since
the
Republick
according
to
the
example
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
decided
the
preseance
of
place
in
Favour
of
France
against
the
Crown
of
Spain
(
Messire
Francis
de
Nouailes
being
at
that
time
Embassador
to
the
Republick
from
Charles
the
IXth
.
)
the
Embassador
of
Spain
hath
not
appear'd
at
any
of
these
Publick
Functions
,
which
is
the
Reason
that
he
is
less
known
and
beloved
at
Venice
than
the
Embassador
of
France
,
who
is
commonly
called
by
the
People
the
Embassador
,
as
if
there
was
no
other
of
that
Character
.
Upon
these
Ceremonies
the
Doge
wears
a
Vest
with
straight
Sleeves
,
that
reaches
to
the
Ground
,
this
is
fastned
before
by
about
a
dozen
large
Vermillion
Buttons
that
come
to
his
Girdle
,
which
clasps
together
with
Buckles
of
Gold
;
over
these
is
the
long
Ducal
Cloak
all
which
are
of
a
Gold
brouard
,
or
Silver
mix'd
with
Red
or
White
according
to
the
day
of
the
Solemnity
;
the
Ducal
Cap
is
of
the
same
Silk
with
a
large
border
of
Gold
tishue
,
which
represents
the
Diademe
;
his
two
Valets
de
Chambre
hold
the
train
of
his
Cloak
and
the
eldest
Ecuyer
carrys
the
Ombrelle
over
his
Head
;
which
is
very
large
rais'd
like
a
Pavilion
covered
with
Rich
Gold
brouard
,
round
about
it
is
a
Campage
,
like
that
of
the
Popes
.
The
Councellors
of
the
Doge
follow
two
and
two
together
,
but
the
first
is
accompanied
by
the
Noble
that
is
elected
for
the
first
Podasty
or
Government
that
comes
vacant
within
the
States
of
the
Republick
;
he
marches
on
the
right
hand
of
the
Councellor
carrying
with
both
hands
a
large
Sword
in
a
Scabbard
of
Flowered
Velvet
covered
with
Vermillion
Filagreen
:
This
Sword
is
like
that
which
the
Pope
Consecrates
every
Christmas
Day
;
with
a
Hat
of
Black
Velvet
lined
with
Ermin
,
and
the
Holy
Ghost
embroider'd
in
Pearls
upon
the
Head
,
which
is
sent
to
that
Christian
Prince
who
fights
against
the
Enemies
of
the
Church
.
That
behind
the
Doge
is
the
mark
of
the
Dignity
of
great
Ecuyer
of
the
Eastern
Empire
,
which
was
conferr'd
upon
the
Doge
Peter
Gradenigo
by
the
Emperor
Michael
,
which
several
other
Doges
possest
after
him
;
for
if
this
Sword
was
carried
after
the
Prince
,
and
at
the
Head
of
the
Seignory
,
it
would
represent
the
Senate
to
have
the
whole
Authority
,
of
which
the
Doge
hath
only
for
himself
the
shadow
of
that
Greatness
,
whose
Pomp
and
Trophies
that
precede
him
,
are
no
more
than
a
vain
,
and
an
imaginary
appearance
of
Dignity
.
The
six
Councellors
of
the
Doge
,
are
follow'd
by
the
three
Presidents
of
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
,
the
two
Avogadors
,
the
three
Chiefs
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
the
two
Censors
,
and
several
Senators
marching
two
and
two
in
the
Ducal
Vest
of
Purple
,
very
large
,
and
the
Sleeves
as
wide
as
the
Vest
is
long
.
The
Doge
attracts
with
this
Train
both
the
Admiration
and
Veneration
of
the
People
,
who
are
much
delighted
in
these
Ceremonies
,
where
they
all
continually
implore
the
Benediction
of
the
Almighty
upon
his
Person
,
knowing
well
that
although
they
have
sometimes
reason
to
exclaim
against
the
Rigours
of
the
Government
,
yet
it
is
not
the
*
Prince
who
is
the
occasion
of
them
,
notwithstanding
that
such
Publications
are
made
in
his
Name
.
When
the
Procession
is
in
this
manner
come
to
the
Church
of
St.
Mark
,
the
Doge
places
himself
in
the
first
Seat
at
the
Right
Hand
of
the
Entrance
into
the
Church
;
the
Nuncio
,
and
Ambassadour
of
France
,
are
on
his
side
,
without
observing
any
void
space
of
Respect
from
him
;
the
Counsellors
sit
on
the
same
side
,
and
in
the
same
Row
,
but
at
some
distance
from
them
:
All
the
chief
Persons
assisting
in
these
Ceremonies
with
the
Doge
and
Counsellors
,
are
seated
on
the
same
side
upon
two
rows
of
Benches
;
the
Senators
,
who
here
represent
the
Pregadi
,
are
on
the
other
hand
;
however
they
equally
share
in
this
Honour
with
the
Doge
,
by
receiving
the
same
Ceremony
of
the
Pax
and
Incense
,
which
is
to
inform
the
Publick
,
that
they
do
not
appear
at
these
Functions
to
augment
and
grace
the
Train
of
their
Prince
,
but
that
they
are
equally
with
him
the
Essential
Members
of
the
Body
of
the
Republick
.
After
the
Ceremonies
are
over
,
the
Doge
goes
back
attended
in
the
same
manner
to
the
Palace
:
The
Nuncio
and
the
Ambassadour
bring
him
to
the
bottom
of
the
Stairs
,
where
they
take
leave
of
his
Serenity
:
But
instead
of
retiring
at
that
instant
,
they
fall
off
to
the
right
Hand
,
where
they
stand
until
the
last
Senator
is
past
by
them
.
This
Custom
which
seems
so
very
repugnant
to
the
Dignity
of
Embassadors
,
was
first
introduced
by
the
Nuncio
of
a
Pope
,
who
soliciting
the
Senate
upon
some
important
Affair
,
was
pleas'd
to
compliment
these
Gentlemen
with
this
mark
of
Civility
:
But
the
Republick
,
who
is
so
well
vers'd
in
drawing
Advantages
from
all
Accidents
,
will
never
admit
of
any
Overtures
to
abolish
a
Custom
so
very
acceptable
to
them
;
for
according
to
their
real
Maxims
,
the
Senators
are
thereby
as
much
honour'd
as
the
Doge
,
by
the
Ministers
of
the
greatest
Princes
of
Christendom
.
These
publick
Ceremonies
are
chiefly
occasion'd
by
the
happy
Discoveries
of
some
Conspiracy
,
or
upon
some
Sedition
appeas'd
,
the
gaining
of
a
Victory
,
or
some
other
Advantage
to
the
State
,
in
which
Accidents
the
Republick
does
much
affect
to
shew
their
Piety
and
Acknowledgments
by
these
Publick
Thanksgivings
they
offer
up
to
the
Almighty
;
which
Functions
are
become
so
frequent
,
that
with
those
of
the
Solemn
Festivals
,
they
chiefly
compose
the
Business
of
the
Embassadors
residing
here
.
Of
the
Election
of
a
Doge
.
BEFORE
they
proceed
to
the
Choice
of
a
New
Doge
,
they
perform
the
last
Duties
to
the
Deceas'd
with
all
the
Magnificence
due
to
the
Condition
of
his
Station
;
his
Body
is
Embalm'd
,
which
lies
in
State
for
three
Days
together
,
in
a
great
Room
,
upon
a
Bed
of
Cloath
of
Gold
,
where
the
Sword
,
and
Spurs
are
by
a
very
particular
Custom
laid
the
wrong
way
.
However
the
occasion
of
the
Body's
lying
in
this
manner
,
is
not
only
to
give
the
People
an
opportunity
of
rendring
their
last
Respects
to
the
Prince
,
but
it
is
particularly
to
receive
such
Complaints
as
may
be
made
against
his
Conduct
and
Administration
of
Affairs
,
as
also
time
for
the
Creditors
to
call
for
their
Demands
,
which
his
Heirs
are
oblig'd
to
pay
immediatly
,
or
to
have
the
Deceas'd
depriv'd
of
the
Funeral
Honours
,
the
Charges
whereof
the
Republick
defrays
.
For
which
reason
,
the
first
thing
entred
upon
after
the
Death
of
the
Doge
,
is
to
choose
three
Inquisitors
to
examine
into
his
Conduct
,
to
hear
such
Complaints
as
may
be
made
against
his
way
of
Living
,
and
to
do
Justice
to
the
meanest
Demands
at
the
Expence
of
the
Inheritance
,
whereby
the
Misery
of
the
Subjection
in
which
he
lived
,
appears
not
to
cease
with
his
Life
.
It
even
looks
as
if
the
Republick
would
moderate
the
satisfaction
which
the
Doge
might
possibly
have
by
dying
,
in
hopes
of
being
regreated
by
the
Publick
,
for
the
Senate
assists
at
this
Funeral
Pomp
in
Vests
of
Scarlet
,
to
shew
the
People
by
the
Singularity
of
this
Ceremony
,
that
it
is
not
the
Government
of
the
Prince
which
composes
the
Happiness
of
the
State
;
as
likewise
that
the
Republick
being
free
,
ought
not
to
shew
any
Marks
of
Affliction
at
his
Death
.
The
Obsequies
of
the
Doge
are
no
sooner
over
,
but
a
Great
Council
of
all
the
Nobility
above
Thirty
is
held
,
where
they
choose
five
Persons
who
are
to
draw
up
the
Heads
of
the
Inaugural
Oath
;
that
is
,
the
Laws
which
he
solemnly
swears
to
observe
upon
his
Election
:
These
Nobles
are
empowered
to
add
,
or
retrench
from
them
as
they
shall
judge
necessary
for
the
good
of
the
State
,
by
which
means
the
Republick
deprives
the
Doge
of
explaining
to
their
disadvantage
the
terms
of
these
Obligations
,
which
compose
an
in
the
Volume
.
The
Prudence
of
the
Republick
is
much
to
be
admired
in
her
choice
of
the
one
and
forty
Electors
of
the
Doge
,
by
making
Merit
and
Fortune
equally
to
concur
to
such
an
important
Action
;
for
a
long
circuit
of
Ballotations
and
reciprocal
Elections
,
has
render'd
of
no
effect
the
designs
of
all
Parties
,
leaving
the
Families
the
satisfaction
which
almost
every
one
of
them
finds
in
contributing
to
the
Election
of
a
Prince
;
for
all
the
Nobility
that
are
at
the
G●eat
Council
,
draw
each
of
them
one
Ball
out
of
an
Urn
,
in
which
are
Thirty
gilt
ones
:
Such
as
have
the
gilt
Balls
are
by
Lot
reduced
to
the
Number
of
Nine
;
these
Nine
choose
Forty
,
which
are
by
Lot
reduced
to
Twelve
,
who
have
the
nominating
of
five
and
twenty
that
are
afterwards
reduc'd
again
to
Nine
,
who
choose
Five
and
forty
Gentlemen
,
out
of
which
Number
Eleven
are
taken
by
Lot
,
and
these
have
the
Nomination
of
the
one
and
Forty
real
Electors
of
the
Doge
.
After
the
Approbation
of
these
Electors
by
the
Great
Council
,
they
retire
into
the
Palace
of
St.
Mark
,
out
of
which
they
cannot
stir
,
until
they
have
Elected
a
Doge
.
Altho
these
Elections
are
seldom
made
very
tedious
,
yet
the
Electors
have
been
five
or
six
Months
before
they
could
determine
the
Matter
,
for
the
one
and
forty
Votes
,
there
must
be
twenty
five
of
Accord
to
choose
the
Doge
:
All
the
time
the
Electors
are
thus
shut
up
,
they
are
very
carefully
kept
,
and
treated
almost
in
the
same
manner
as
the
Cardinals
in
the
Conclave
.
The
first
thing
the
Doge
does
upon
his
Election
,
after
the
usual
Oaths
of
observing
the
Statutes
,
is
to
shew
himself
to
the
People
:
But
as
the
Republick
does
not
permit
him
the
Taste
of
pure
Joys
,
without
the
Relish
of
some
Bitterness
,
which
may
make
him
,
sensible
of
the
Restraint
and
Servitude
to
which
his
Condition
engages
him
,
so
they
bring
him
down
through
the
Hall
,
where
his
Body
is
to
be
expos'd
after
his
Death
:
Here
he
is
complimented
upon
his
Exaltation
by
the
Great
Chancellour
,
to
the
end
he
may
remember
that
in
this
place
he
shall
be
Examin'd
when
he
is
Dead
,
if
he
hath
quadrated
all
his
Actions
according
to
the
Rules
of
Justice
.
The
Doge
after
this
goes
into
a
sort
of
an
Engine
,
which
they
call
a
Well
,
that
is
purposely
kept
in
the
Arcenal
for
the
use
of
this
Ceremony
.
It
really
hath
the
external
resemblance
of
a
Well
Supported
by
a
wooden
frame
like
a
Litter
,
but
of
an
Extraordinary
length
;
the
two
sides
of
whose
ends
are
joyn'd
together
.
About
two
hundred
men
belonging
to
the
Arcenal
carry
this
Engine
upon
their
Shoulders
,
the
Doge
sitting
in
this
Well
,
with
one
of
his
Children
or
nearest
Relations
,
standing
upright
behind
him
,
who
hath
two
Basons
full
of
Gold
and
Silver
medals
,
purposely
coin'd
for
this
occasion
,
with
such
figures
and
Inscriptions
as
he
thinks
fit
,
which
he
throws
among
the
People
,
whilst
the
Doge
is
carrying
round
about
the
place
of
Saint
Mark.
The
custom
of
bestowing
these
Liberalities
upon
the
People
was
first
Introduced
in
the
Year
1172
,
by
the
Famous
Doge
Sebastian
Ziani
that
Triumph'd
over
the
Emperor
Frederick
the
second
,
by
taking
Otho
,
Son
of
this
Emperor
Prisoner
,
in
the
Naval
Victory
he
obtain'd
over
him
in
the
defence
of
Pope
Alexander
the
Third
.
The
Doge
thought
it
Necessary
to
shew
this
Liberality
to
the
People
,
as
the
sweetest
charm
and
the
most
proper
remedy
to
allay
their
indignation
for
being
depriv'd
of
their
Right
of
Electing
the
Prince
,
which
they
had
alone
enjoyed
for
several
Ages
.
This
Doge
was
moreover
so
Rich
that
he
built
at
his
own
proper
charge
all
the
old
Procuratories
,
leaving
besides
very
immense
Riches
to
the
Church
of
Saint
Mark
:
Insomuch
,
as
it
was
commonly
believed
among
the
People
,
that
he
had
found
some
mighty
Treasure
.
Of
the
Six
Councellors
of
the
Doge
,
the
three
Presidents
of
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
,
and
of
the
Vice
Doge
.
AS
the
Dignity
of
Councellor
to
the
Prince
is
usually
thought
more
Honoura●le
,
than
judg'd
necessary
for
them
to
be
converiant
in
the
important
affairs
of
State
;
so
they
are
not
generally
the
best
Heads
of
the
Republick
who
officiate
in
this
Employ
;
for
they
always
bestow
these
promotions
upon
the
eldest
Senatours
of
the
first
Nobility
;
They
are
Councellors
for
a
Year
,
yet
they
assist
at
the
College
no
more
than
Eight
Months
,
the
other
four
they
preside
in
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
,
as
the
three
Presidents
of
that
Chamber
have
likewise
two
Months
Session
in
the
College
.
The
Doge
,
the
Six
Counsellours
,
and
the
three
Presidents
of
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
,
who
are
called
Vice
Councellors
,
represent
the
Seignory
,
and
give
Judgment
in
all
Priviledge
causes
that
are
pleaded
at
the
College
.
There
are
so
many
Councellors
as
there
are
Quarters
in
the
City
,
but
a
Noble
that
lives
in
one
Ward
or
quarter
cannot
be
Councellor
for
another
;
for
every
Councellor
is
the
chief
man
of
the
Ward
:
Although
they
are
call'd
Councellors
of
the
Doge
yet
they
are
in
reality
Councellors
of
the
Seignory
;
For
which
Reason
they
have
a
greater
Power
than
the
Doge
himself
,
seeing
they
can
do
that
without
him
,
which
he
can
only
do
by
their
presence
:
They
are
cloath'd
in
Red
and
wear
the
Ducal
Vest
with
great
wide
Sleeves
all
the
while
they
are
in
Office
;
whereas
the
Presidents
of
the
Criminal
of
Forty
,
wear
the
violet
vest
according
to
the
common
custom
with
narrow
Sleeves
.
They
advise
together
upon
the
heads
they
are
to
propose
to
the
Great
Council
;
yet
a
Councellor
of
the
Seignory
may
alone
make
a
proposition
to
the
Senate
,
and
the
Great
Council
;
which
the
Presidents
of
the
Criminal
of
Forty
cannot
do
unless
they
all
three
agree
in
Opinion
.
These
Presidents
are
however
Treated
with
the
Tittle
of
excellency
,
as
likewise
all
other
Nobles
who
enter
into
the
great
Employs
.
Nevertheless
the
rank
of
President
of
the
Criminal
of
Forty
,
is
only
considerable
for
the
entrance
it
gives
them
into
the
College
and
Pregadi
.
Therefore
these
Employs
are
usually
possess'd
by
the
Nobles
of
the
Families
,
the
narrowness
of
whose
affairs
oblige
them
to
seek
these
Offices
attended
with
Salaries
,
for
the
more
convenient
support
of
their
Quality
.
The
Councellors
of
the
Seignory
can
assemble
a
Great
Council
Extraordinary
;
for
out
of
the
College
they
exercise
in
that
Council
the
greatest
part
of
their
Functions
:
although
the
Pregadi
hath
a
nomination
to
this
Dignity
,
and
the
great
Council
the
same
;
yet
the
first
have
ever
the
Preference
in
the
Great
Council
,
who
in
this
matter
respect
the
Elections
of
the
Senate
;
not
but
that
they
can
depose
them
from
their
places
;
which
lately
happened
to
one
of
the
worthiest
Senators
of
the
Republick
;
however
by
the
Laws
of
the
Goverment
a
Noble
cannot
be
depriv'd
of
his
Charge
witout
trying
of
him
,
or
providing
for
him
with
another
Employ
;
so
one
of
his
ill
affected
Brethren
nominated
him
for
one
of
the
most
inconsiderable
Governments
of
the
State
,
which
are
given
only
among
the
poorest
of
the
Nobility
.
Thus
the
faction
of
his
Enemies
exposed
him
to
the
most
sensible
Mortification
that
a
Gentleman
of
his
condition
was
capable
of
receiving
.
As
the
Republick
is
never
without
the
Doge
,
nor
the
Seignory
without
their
President
,
so
the
ancientest
Councellor
assumes
the
business
when
he
is
sick
,
or
the
place
vacant
;
whom
he
represents
in
the
Administrations
of
all
affairs
;
he
marches
among
the
Ambassadors
in
publick
Ceremonies
,
and
answers
to
their
Audiences
in
the
College
;
yet
he
never
sits
in
the
Ducal
Seat
,
neither
doth
he
assume
the
habit
of
Doge
,
distinguishing
himself
only
by
the
Cap
which
he
never
takes
from
his
head
,
but
keeps
it
on
as
the
Doge
doth
the
Ducal
Horn.
Of
the
Six
Great
Sages
.
They
advise
upon
all
things
that
are
to
be
debated
in
the
Pregadi
;
They
Summon
the
Senate
upon
any
urgent
affair
that
will
not
permit
them
to
attend
the
usual
Session
:
It
is
the
Senate
also
that
hath
the
choice
of
them
,
who
observe
the
same
method
with
them
,
as
with
the
six
Councellors
of
the
Doge
,
three
whereof
are
only
chang'd
at
a
time
,
that
so
they
may
avoid
bringing
in
at
once
into
an
Office
six
new
and
unexperienced
Persons
:
They
wear
the
Ducal
Vest
of
violet
Cloth
,
and
as
a
farther
mark
of
Honour
,
the
Republick
never
sends
an
Embassador
to
the
Emperor
,
to
the
Pope
or
the
Grand
Seignior
,
who
hath
not
been
or
that
is
not
upon
this
occasion
advanc'd
to
the
quality
of
Great
Sage
.
The
six
great
Sages
take
their
turns
by
week
throughout
the
course
of
their
whole
six
Months
,
whereby
the
Sage
for
the
week
is
at
that
time
the
chief
of
the
Republick
;
for
unto
him
are
exhibited
all
Memorials
and
Petitions
,
he
hath
the
proposing
of
affairs
to
the
Pregadi
,
where
his
Sentiment
usually
Determines
the
resolution
of
the
Senate
;
for
he
Sums
up
the
Deliberations
of
the
Sages
,
and
draws
such
answers
as
are
to
be
given
to
the
Letters
of
the
Embassadors
from
the
Republick
,
as
likewise
to
those
of
foreign
Princes
and
Officers
,
that
fall
before
the
Senate
,
Of
the
five
Sages
of
Terra
firma
THE
Sages
of
Terra
firma
have
not
much
less
Authority
in
the
College
than
the
six
Great
Sages
;
for
they
consult
with
them
upon
all
matters
there
debated
,
and
that
are
to
be
presented
to
the
Senate
.
They
wear
the
Ducal
Vest
of
Violet
,
they
are
treated
with
the
Title
of
Excellence
;
the
Republick
confers
the
quality
of
Sage
of
Terra
firma
upon
all
Embassadors
they
send
to
Kings
and
Sovereign
Princes
.
Those
Sages
are
only
six
Months
in
office
,
they
are
chosen
out
of
the
Gentlemen
of
a
middle
age
who
in
the
several
Offices
they
have
executed
,
have
shew'd
the
requisite
ability
and
application
for
the
performing
of
these
places
,
The
first
is
the
writing
Sage
,
who
is
properly
the
Secretary
of
War
;
all
Officers
and
Souldiers
depend
absolutely
on
him
,
he
can
both
break
and
pass
Sentence
of
Death
upon
them
without
appeal
,
as
being
sovereign
Judge
through
all
the
Dominions
of
the
State
of
this
Republick
,
The
second
Sage
is
the
Cashier
or
Treasurer
of
War
,
he
orders
the
pay
of
the
Troops
,
the
Officers
and
Pensioners
of
the
State
.
The
third
is
the
Sage
of
the
Ordonnances
,
who
hath
the
direction
of
the
Militia
upon
the
Terra
firma
.
The
two
other
Sages
are
for
to
supply
the
places
of
the
former
in
case
of
indisposition
any
other
occasion
of
absence
.
The
Pregadi
hath
likewise
the
Elections
of
these
Sages
of
Terra
firma
;
who
Nothwithstanding
their
Dignity
and
the
considerable
Augmentation
of
their
Authority
,
through
the
large
acquisitions
of
those
Inland
Provinces
which
the
Republick
hath
made
within
those
last
three
hundred
years
,
having
moreover
a
deliberative
Voice
with
the
six
Great
Sages
in
the
Debates
of
all
the
important
affairs
that
are
argued
at
the
College
:
yet
Nothwithstanding
all
these
advantages
,
by
a
particular
maxim
of
this
Goverment
,
which
tolerates
no
equality
of
power
in
Different
Employs
;
these
Sages
lose
their
Deliberative
Voices
in
the
Assembly
of
the
Senate
,
to
which
they
must
be
Assisting
,
although
those
things
are
there
debated
which
they
have
already
examin'd
and
digested
in
their
Debates
at
the
College
.
Of
the
five
Petty
Sages
or
Sages
of
the
Orders
.
One
cannot
admire
the
wisdom
of
the
Republick
that
hath
found
the
means
to
have
a
lasting
Nursery
of
Great
men
by
the
Establishment
of
these
five
Sages
of
the
Orders
;
as
this
Magistracy
is
without
Jurisdiction
,
so
it
proves
an
excellent
School
for
the
improvement
of
the
young
Nobility
,
both
to
instruct
them
in
publick
affairs
and
to
render
them
capable
of
exercising
the
Principal
Offices
of
the
State
.
The
five
places
of
Petty
Sages
are
intended
for
the
young
Nobility
of
Ancient
Extraction
,
who
being
desirous
to
enter
into
the
Employs
of
the
Republick
,
may
begin
to
distinguish
themselves
here
by
their
prudence
and
good
conduct
,
or
at
least
less
irregular
than
most
of
the
Youth
whose
actions
are
not
much
conformable
to
their
qualities
.
The
quality
of
Sage
of
the
Orders
does
mightily
distinguish
these
Gentlemen
for
the
six
Months
they
are
in
Office
,
they
being
by
their
entrance
into
the
Senate
,
and
by
assisting
at
the
Debates
of
the
College
,
made
partakers
in
the
Secret
of
the
State
.
It
is
true
,
they
have
not
a
deliberative
Voice
in
either
of
the
Assemblies
,
yet
they
may
communicate
their
Opinions
to
the
Consultation
of
the
Sages
,
and
are
then
to
speak
standing
,
and
bare
headed
;
and
that
nothing
may
be
wanting
to
their
instruction
,
the
[
*
](A48578-e81650-b)
*
La
Secret●
.
Secret
Chamber
is
ever
open
to
them
;
wherein
are
preserv'd
all
the
important
Letters
of
Embassadors
,
and
the
Records
of
the
State
.
It
is
from
this
Fountain
that
the
Young
Nobility
extract
a
perfect
Knowledge
of
the
Interests
of
the
Republick
;
and
from
the
Example
of
the
Ancient
Sages
,
whom
they
regard
as
their
Masters
,
they
learn
the
Art
of
governing
the
State
.
This
Employ
is
on
the
other
side
the
Touchstone
of
their
Wit
,
Capacity
,
their
Genius
and
Character
.
An
Affability
,
Modesty
,
and
Prudence
in
their
Behaviour
,
are
the
principal
Vertues
requisite
to
the
Sages
of
the
Orders
.
But
what
is
most
particularly
observed
in
these
Commencements
,
is
the
Strength
of
the
Parties
they
form
to
obtain
these
Employs
;
for
the
Old
Cunning
Senators
behold
with
pleasure
their
Tacks
and
Turnings
to
wind
up
their
Credit
,
and
establish
their
Interests
,
and
judge
of
the
Power
they
will
have
for
the
future
in
the
Republick
,
by
the
success
of
their
first
Address
and
Pretensions
.
This
Magistracy
is
both
the
Entrance
and
shortest
way
of
attaining
the
greatest
Eminencies
in
the
State
;
for
the
Petty
Sages
have
all
the
desirable
Opportunities
of
shewing
what
they
are
,
as
likewise
the
amplest
occasion
of
improving
the
several
Talents
they
have
received
from
Nature
,
or
acquired
Study
;
particularly
by
the
Discourses
they
are
oblig'd
to
make
at
their
entring
into
the
College
upon
the
Marine
Affairs
;
as
also
whenever
they
shall
think
to
communicate
their
Thoughts
upon
the
Matters
debated
in
the
Consultations
of
the
Sages
.
These
Nobles
were
formerly
called
Sages
of
the
Sea
,
they
wear
the
Purple
Vest
with
strait
Sleeves
,
like
the
three
Presidents
of
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
;
yet
they
have
not
the
Privilege
of
the
other
Sages
,
the
Councellours
of
the
Seignory
,
and
the
Procurators
,
who
wear
in
Summer
Purple
Camlet
instead
of
Cloth
.
Of
the
Audiences
of
Embassadors
.
THE
first
Audience
of
an
Embassador
is
quite
different
from
all
others
;
the
Sixty
Senators
which
the
Senate
sends
the
Day
before
to
meet
him
at
the
Isle
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
a
Monastery
in
the
Lagunes
,
about
two
Miles
from
the
City
,
to
accompany
him
in
his
Entrance
,
and
to
conduct
him
to
his
Palace
,
do
afterwards
receive
him
there
in
the
same
manner
,
and
conduct
him
to
his
Audience
:
The
Senator
that
upon
his
Arrival
complimented
him
from
the
Republick
,
who
is
always
a
Knight
of
the
Golden
Star
,
and
one
that
hath
passed
the
greatest
Embassades
,
conducts
him
again
into
his
Gondalo
;
those
of
the
Embassador
follow
empty
,
but
very
richly
adorn'd
;
each
Senator
observes
the
same
Custom
of
the
Day
before
,
in
taking
one
of
his
Gentlemen
,
or
Officers
of
his
Houshold
,
to
whom
he
gives
the
upper
Hand
,
excepting
at
the
Embassadors
;
he
is
brought
to
the
Palace
of
St.
Mark
with
this
great
Attendance
,
where
he
goes
up
the
Steps
of
the
College
extream
slowly
,
least
the
height
of
the
Stairs
should
take
away
his
Breath
,
and
hinder
him
at
his
Arrival
from
making
the
Harangue
prepared
for
this
Occasion
.
He
finds
the
Doors
of
the
Hall
open
,
the
Doge
and
College
standing
to
receive
him
,
and
all
uncovered
excepting
the
Doge
.
The
Embassador
salutes
three
times
this
August
Assembly
,
with
three
Reverences
each
time
,
to
wit
,
the
Doge
and
the
Counsellors
,
who
are
directly
opposite
to
him
,
the
Great
Sages
on
the
Right
Hand
,
and
the
other
Sages
on
the
Left
;
the
first
time
is
presently
after
he
comes
into
the
Door
,
the
second
in
the
middle
of
the
Hall
,
and
the
third
time
before
he
ascends
the
Estrade
of
the
Seignory
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Hall
of
the
College
is
fill'd
with
all
sorts
of
People
,
most
of
them
in
Masks
,
especially
the
Inquisitive
of
the
Fair
Sex
,
and
many
of
the
Gentry
that
come
early
to
avoid
the
Crowd
;
who
to
satisfie
their
Curiosities
,
get
as
near
the
Seignory
as
they
can
.
The
Embassador
takes
his
place
on
the
Right
of
the
Doge
,
to
whom
he
presents
his
Credentials
,
which
is
interpreted
and
read
aloud
by
one
of
the
Secretaries
of
the
College
,
standing
an
●nd
over
against
the
Embassador
,
who
after●ards
makes
his
Discourse
,
to
which
the
Senate
with
much
silence
gives
an
extraordinary
Attention
,
altho
very
few
among
them
understand
Foreign
Languages
,
of
which
French
is
the
most
known
of
all
.
If
an
Embassador
was
not
pre-inform'd
of
the
particulars
of
this
Ceremony
,
he
would
be
much
surpriz'd
to
see
such
a
Number
of
Masks
in
such
a
Majestical
and
Serious
Assembly
,
and
would
have
much
trouble
without
doubt
to
acquit
himself
with
Honour
from
this
Action
,
upon
the
success
of
which
both
Private
and
Publick
pretend
to
discern
into
the
Genius
and
Merits
of
the
Embassadour
.
The
Secretary
that
took
the
Substance
of
the
Embassador's
Speech
,
repeats
it
aloud
in
Italian
to
the
Seignory
;
to
which
the
Doge
answers
with
the
accustomary
Compliment
,
so
the
Ambassadour
retires
by
making
the
same
Reverences
to
the
Seignory
,
who
keep
standing
and
uncovered
until
such
time
as
he
is
out
of
the
Hall
,
from
whence
he
is
in
the
same
Ceremony
reconducted
to
his
Palace
,
even
unto
his
Audience
Chamber
;
after
the
Compliments
which
the
Knight
makes
him
in
the
Name
of
the
Senate
,
all
the
Company
withdraws
,
the
Embassador
brings
the
Senator
to
his
Gondalo
,
in
which
occasion
he
gives
him
the
Right
Hand
,
and
all
the
Gentlemen
of
his
Retinue
do
the
same
to
the
Senators
that
accompanied
them
.
At
all
other
Audiences
the
Embassador
finds
the
Doors
of
the
College
shut
,
and
a
Carpet
spread
upon
a
Bench
for
him
to
sit
upon
,
until
such
time
as
the
College
is
acquainted
of
his
being
there
by
the
Door-keeper
,
whereupon
they
put
themselves
into
a
posture
of
receiving
him
,
sending
for
all
of
this
Body
that
are
in
the
adjoining
Apartments
,
who
come
in
another
way
;
after
which
the
Door
is
opened
,
the
Embassador
presents
himself
;
upon
which
the
College
rises
,
and
uncover
themselves
,
where
the
same
is
observ'd
with
what
was
before
at
his
first
Audience
,
excepting
the
leaving
open
the
Doors
.
If
the
Affair
which
the
Embassador
represents
to
the
College
,
is
of
any
Importance
;
he
is
invited
by
a
Secretary
after
it
hath
been
Balloted
in
the
Pregadi
,
to
come
and
receive
the
Answer
of
the
College
;
but
if
it
is
of
no
great
moment
,
they
send
a
Secretary
to
him
with
the
Answer
in
Writing
,
a
Copy
whereof
is
left
with
the
Embassadour
.
The
Senate
finds
their
account
by
treating
in
this
manner
the
Ministers
of
Princes
;
for
they
avoid
entring
into
the
particular
Reasons
of
the
Debates
,
and
likewise
evade
the
Difficulties
which
the
Arguments
of
an
Embassador
might
alledge
against
the
Motives
that
induc'd
the
Senate
to
take
such
a
different
Resolution
from
what
was
in
reason
expected
of
them
.
Insomuch
that
an
Embassador
is
here
engag'd
with
the
Deaf
and
the
Dumb
,
he
is
oblig'd
to
take
his
Answer
without
ever
confering
with
the
Sages
,
wherein
he
might
probably
make
use
of
such
Arguments
as
might
engage
them
to
alter
their
Sentiments
;
for
which
reason
Venice
may
be
said
to
be
the
School
of
Embassadors
;
yet
nevertheless
where
the
Opportunities
of
acquiring
much
Experience
and
Perfection
in
things
of
this
Nature
,
are
infinitely
more
rare
,
than
the
Occasions
of
shewing
the
extraordinary
Merits
of
the
Persons
employed
in
this
Embassy
.
A
Penetration
of
Judgment
to
discern
the
real
Sentiments
of
the
Senate
,
which
must
regulate
his
dexterity
and
delicacy
in
the
management
of
his
Business
,
to
give
it
a
proper
Representation
,
and
to
get
it
regarded
on
the
most
advantageous
side
,
are
the
essential
and
requisite
Qualities
of
an
Embassadour
in
Negotiation
at
Venice
;
all
his
Audiences
are
no
more
than
so
many
studied
Speeches
,
which
he
repeats
and
gives
in
Writing
to
the
College
,
for
the
Sages
to
examine
,
to
which
the
Senate
afterwards
answer
according
to
what
they
think
convenient
.
The
late
Count
D'Avaux
shew'd
his
great
Ability
and
consummate
Prudence
in
the
time
of
his
Embassy
,
that
continued
five
Years
;
during
which
the
Affairs
of
Mantua
,
and
the
Siege
of
Casal
,
gave
frequent
Opportunities
to
several
very
delicate
and
important
Treaties
:
to
the
Dexterity
and
frequent
Good
Offices
of
that
Able
Minister
,
are
owing
the
greatest
part
of
those
Vigorous
Resolutions
which
the
Republick
took
in
favour
of
the
Duke
of
Nevers
,
and
to
support
him
in
the
Possession
and
Dutchy
of
Mantua
.
It
was
in
managing
the
Sentiments
of
the
Venetians
,
that
he
shewed
himself
capable
of
the
greatest
Negotiations
,
as
likewise
of
the
Principal
Offices
in
the
Kingdom
,
of
which
he
so
worthily
acquited
himself
afterwards
.
The
Senate
does
always
affect
to
avoid
saying
NO
,
in
her
Negative
Answers
,
this
Expression
being
thought
too
hard
,
and
too
much
disobliging
;
for
which
reason
,
when
they
do
not
concur
to
the
demands
of
an
Embassador
,
they
use
such
a
Circumference
of
fine
words
,
that
one
would
almost
imagine
they
frequently
grant
the
thing
that
is
denied
in
Effect
.
But
when
they
admit
of
the
demand
,
they
elevate
the
Favour
to
all
its
Degrees
and
Circumstances
;
insomuch
,
that
what
seem'd
a
Trifle
,
and
not
worth
the
Trouble
of
Asking
,
appears
then
a
Favour
of
the
greatest
importance
.
It
is
certain
,
there
is
no
people
in
the
world
that
do
express
themselves
with
more
Address
in
these
Junctures
;
in
which
manner
of
writing
lies
the
great
Ability
of
the
Secretaries
to
the
Senate
.
The
College
receives
the
Ministers
of
all
Princes
,
according
to
the
Degrees
of
their
Masters
,
and
the
Characters
they
bring
:
The
Ambassadors
of
the
Dukes
of
Savoy
and
Tuscany
,
are
received
at
their
first
Audience
with
open
Doors
,
and
have
the
same
place
with
those
from
Crowned
Heads
;
but
the
College
does
not
rise
and
uncover
themselves
,
until
they
come
to
the
middle
of
the
Hall
,
where
they
make
the
Second
Reverence
.
Envoys
Extraordinary
,
and
the
Receiver
of
Malta
,
who
is
Minister
of
the
Order
,
are
received
also
with
open
Doors
;
they
are
placed
next
to
the
Sages
of
Terra
firma
,
and
speak
covered
.
Residents
are
treated
without
any
Ceremony
;
they
speak
standing
and
uncovered
,
at
the
bottom
of
the
steps
where
the
Seats
of
the
Seignory
are
raised
.
When
an
Ambassador
goes
to
his
Audience
no
Body
comes
from
the
College
to
receive
him
at
his
Gondalo
,
nor
to
the
stairs
to
Introduce
him
,
which
is
contrary
to
the
custom
of
all
other
Courts
:
But
when
an
Embassador
comes
to
the
Palace
to
assist
in
some
Publick
Function
,
the
Gentleman
of
the
Doge
,
goes
to
receive
him
and
conducts
him
to
the
Doge
,
or
into
the
Hall
of
the
College
where
they
usually
assemble
before
they
go
to
the
Ceremony
.
Notwithstanding
that
the
Affairs
which
an
Embassador
Treats
of
in
his
Audience
,
are
in
themselves
more
important
,
consequently
regard
more
the
Glory
of
the
Prince
;
than
the
presence
of
a
Minister
is
necessary
at
some
solemnities
of
devotion
;
yet
he
is
here
in
these
last
occasions
treated
with
more
honour
.
Although
an
Embassador
demands
Audience
of
the
College
the
day
before
his
coming
,
and
the
hour
is
appointed
;
yet
the
College
is
usually
so
far
from
being
ready
to
receive
him
;
that
the
Embassador
is
sometimes
oblig'd
to
wait
a
quarter
of
an
hour
at
the
door
.
This
custom
was
introduc'd
(
as
these
Gentlemen
say
)
to
the
end
such
Ministers
may
have
time
to
repose
themselves
,
after
coming
up
the
steps
,
and
to
repass
in
their
thoughts
the
business
they
are
to
speak
upon
in
the
College
;
this
being
so
necessary
that
an
Embassador
of
Spain
complained
of
the
doors
being
opened
at
his
coming
,
for
he
was
so
out
of
Breath
and
embarrass'd
that
he
was
not
able
to
express
a
word
of
what
he
had
to
say
.
For
which
Reason
the
Embassadors
expecting
it
upon
the
day
of
their
first
Audience
,
take
the
necessary
Measures
by
ascending
very
slowly
up
to
the
College
.
The
Doge
does
not
uncover
himself
upon
the
Publick
Audiences
of
Embassadors
:
The
Reason
they
give
for
it
,
is
because
the
Horn
is
the
Crown
of
the
Doge
who
takes
it
not
off
at
Mass
but
at
the
Elevation
:
Nevertheless
the
Councellor
that
acts
as
Vice
Doge
observes
the
same
thing
upon
the
absence
of
the
Prince
,
neither
doth
he
so
much
as
make
a
sign
of
putting
his
hand
to
his
Cap
,
when
an
Embassador
makes
him
at
three
several
times
three
profound
Reverences
.
However
the
Doge
takes
off
his
Horn
to
the
Cardinals
that
come
to
their
Audience
,
the
same
to
the
Princes
of
Royal
Blood
,
as
was
observ'd
when
the
late
Prince
of
Conde
was
at
Venice
.
At
the
beginning
of
this
Embassy
Monsieur
D'avaux
.
perceiving
at
the
moment
he
came
to
the
door
,
that
the
College
did
not
rise
soon
enough
to
receive
him
,
stopp'd
short
at
the
entrance
.
Whereby
these
Gentlemen
seeing
that
the
Embassador
observ'd
them
so
exactly
,
they
rose
and
uncovered
themselves
with
some
sort
of
Precipitation
,
which
evidently
condemn'd
the
backwardness
they
had
shewn
in
rendring
what
was
due
to
the
Minister
of
so
great
a
Monarch
.
Of
the
Pregadi
.
THE
Pregadi
is
the
Senate
in
which
resides
the
Authority
of
the
Republick
;
the
Resolutions
upon
Peace
and
War
are
made
there
,
as
likewise
all
Leagues
and
Alliances
;
The
Captains
general
,
the
Proveditors
of
the
Armies
,
and
all
other
officers
that
have
Eminent
Posts
are
there
chosen
:
They
have
the
Nomination
of
Embassadors
,
they
regulate
the
Impositions
according
to
the
Necessities
of
Publick
Affairs
;
The
Elections
of
all
such
as
compose
the
College
are
made
in
this
Place
;
They
examin
the
Resolutions
which
the
Sages
made
in
the
Consultations
of
the
College
,
which
the
Senate
determines
by
their
plurality
of
Voices
,
who
have
right
of
voting
in
this
assembly
;
it
is
the
Soul
of
the
State
and
consequently
the
Foundation
of
all
the
Actions
in
the
Body
of
the
Republick
.
The
Name
of
Pregadi
is
given
to
the
Senate
,
because
formerly
it
was
assembled
but
upon
extraordinary
occasions
,
as
when
any
affair
of
importance
required
the
advice
of
the
Principal
Citizens
,
they
were
then
desired
to
be
there
.
At
present
the
Senate
assembles
every
Wednesday
and
Saturday
:
But
the
Sage
for
the
week
can
Summon
an
extraordinary
Pregadi
,
when
the
affairs
that
are
to
be
brought
thither
,
require
the
speedy
deliberation
of
the
Senate
.
According
to
the
first
Institution
the
Pregadi
was
compos'd
of
Sixty
Senators
which
was
called
the
ordinary
Pregadi
:
But
as
they
have
been
oblig'd
to
add
several
others
,
according
to
the
urgency
of
affairs
,
so
they
created
sixty
more
which
is
called
la
Guinta
:
These
Sixcore
are
always
possess'd
by
Persons
of
an
advanc'd
Age
,
and
known
Merits
,
and
of
the
first
Nobility
.
All
the
Members
of
the
College
,
those
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
the
Forty
Judges
of
the
Council
Criminal
and
all
the
Procurators
of
Saint
Mark
have
entrance
into
the
Pregadi
,
as
likewise
the
greatest
part
of
the
Magistrates
of
the
City
:
whereby
this
assembly
of
the
Senate
may
amount
unto
about
Two
Hundred
and
Fourscore
Gentlemen
,
part
of
them
having
deliberative
voices
;
others
are
only
there
to
observe
and
form
themselves
to
business
.
The
Doge
,
the
Councellors
of
the
Seignory
and
the
Great
Sages
,
are
the
only
Persons
whose
Opinions
can
be
Ballotted
,
which
is
to
avoid
the
confusion
that
would
proceed
from
the
diversity
of
sentiments
in
so
great
an
assembly
;
where
the
Opinions
cannot
pass
if
they
have
not
one
half
of
the
voices
.
Yet
those
who
have
not
the
right
of
voting
,
may
harangue
in
the
defence
or
against
the
Opinions
proposed
.
As
the
Sixscore
ordinary
and
extraordinary
Senators
are
every
year
Ballotted
in
the
great
Council
,
to
be
chang'd
or
continu'd
as
this
assembly
thinks
necessary
;
so
the
desire
which
every
one
of
them
have
to
be
continued
in
the
condition
that
is
so
very
honourable
,
and
the
fear
of
being
deprived
of
it
by
the
great
Council
that
never
spares
any
Body
;
inviolably
engages
them
to
the
Duty
of
their
Employs
,
and
prevents
them
from
making
any
ill
use
of
their
Authority
.
No
body
can
imagine
but
that
there
must
be
great
Inconvenience's
to
be
feared
,
seeing
all
affairs
are
regulated
by
the
plurality
of
Voices
;
more
especially
because
they
are
made
by
balls
that
are
thrown
into
boxes
which
the
Secretaries
carry
about
the
Hall
;
some
of
which
are
mark'd
with
the
word
YES
,
and
the
other
NO
,
the
last
are
designed
for
the
balls
of
such
that
equally
reject
both
pro
and
the
contra
,
which
are
called
the
Non
Suceres
;
for
as
these
Votes
are
given
so
,
as
it
shall
not
be
distinguish'd
what
any
one
hath
done
,
so
such
a
person
is
oftentimes
of
an
Opinion
that
he
durst
not
own
if
he
was
to
declare
himself
publickly
.
Amongst
the
multitude
of
Senators
in
the
Pregadi
,
there
are
some
very
Ignorant
,
who
are
only
introduc'd
hither
in
honour
of
their
Age
and
Family
;
There
are
others
very
poor
,
who
may
be
liable
to
err
from
the
Right
way
;
Neither
is
there
any
want
of
those
Old
fellows
,
who
have
any
other
knowledge
than
that
of
their
Ancient
Customes
,
these
are
the
Opiniators
that
never
acommodate
their
Judgments
to
the
various
Junctures
of
time
,
and
who
regard
Novelty
as
a
Crime
against
the
State
.
Insomuch
that
the
Senate
must
be
often
Subject
to
fall
upon
those
Resolutions
which
would
not
be
ever
conformable
to
the
real
Interests
of
the
Republick
,
if
the
most
able
heads
of
this
Body
who
are
Sensible
of
the
defects
,
did
not
prevent
these
inconveniency's
by
another
,
that
some
times
ruines
their
affairs
;
which
is
by
temporizing
,
that
so
in
time
and
by
the
force
of
their
Speeches
,
they
may
prevail
upon
their
Sentiments
,
to
give
the
true
motion
to
these
important
affairs
.
Secrecy
is
rarely
to
be
found
in
a
multitude
that
abounds
with
Youth
and
Poverty
;
it
is
therefore
much
to
be
admir'd
how
it
becomes
inviolable
at
Venice
;
seeing
the
Examples
of
such
who
have
sold
it
to
the
Ministers
of
Great
Princes
,
are
not
at
all
considerable
in
Number
:
but
the
Republick
hath
provided
against
it
by
the
power
she
hath
given
the
Inquisitors
of
State
to
punish
the
Guilty
,
as
shall
be
observ'd
hereafter
;
and
by
the
oaths
that
are
renewed
so
often
as
they
enter
upon
any
matter
of
the
last
importance
,
as
likewise
by
the
exclusion
of
all
such
as
have
any
relation
with
the
Court
of
Rome
,
when
the
affairs
lyes
that
way
,
however
far
the
affinity
or
dependance
is
distant
;
for
the
Senate
is
not
Satisfied
with
excluding
all
Ecclesiasticks
from
the
Government
,
but
they
even
distrust
their
Fathers
and
nearest
Allied
,
insomuch
that
when
any
thing
is
there
agitated
which
may
any
ways
concern
the
Court
of
Rome
,
it
is
Publickly
cried
in
the
Pregadi
,
Fuora
Papalini
,
that
is
for
all
such
as
have
Children
,
or
Brothers
provided
with
benefices
,
or
other
Ecclesiastical
dignities
,
to
withdraw
themselves
,
at
that
instant
,
least
the
Secret
of
the
State
should
be
made
known
to
foreign
Princes
,
Of
the
Great
Council
.
THE
whole
Authority
of
the
Republick
is
divided
between
the
Senate
and
the
Great
Council
,
and
as
the
first
regulates
without
controul
the
affairs
of
State
,
so
the
second
disposes
absolutely
of
all
Magistracy's
upon
which
depend
the
Order
of
Government
.
This
Council
,
hath
power
to
Erect
new
Laws
,
choose
Senators
,
confirm
the
Elections
of
the
Senate
,
Nominate
to
all
Employs
,
to
Create
the
Procurators
of
St.
Mark
,
the
Podestats
,
Governors
and
Commanders
that
are
sent
in
to
the
several
Provinces
;
in
short
the
Great
Council
hath
the
rectifying
of
all
publick
●rrors
,
as
also
to
reform
the
methods
of
such
who
use
not
their
Authority
to
the
Satisfaction
of
the
Nobles
;
consequently
as
the
Great
Council
is
the
assembly
General
of
the
Nobility
,
so
it
is
also
the
first
Tribunal
,
the
basis
and
support
of
the
Government
.
All
the
Venetian
Gentlemen
of
five
and
twenty
and
that
have
assum'd
the
Vest
may
enter
into
the
Great
Council
and
claim
the
Right
of
balloting
,
that
is
,
of
Voting
:
To
gratifie
moreover
the
young
Nobility
of
twenty
,
thirty
of
them
are
drawn
by
lot
who
have
the
same
priviledge
with
those
of
five
and
twenty
:
This
ceremony
is
observ'd
upon
the
day
of
St.
Barbara
,
so
the
thirty
which
Fortune
hath
particularly
favour'd
from
the
Names
of
all
the
rest
in
the
Urne
,
are
called
Barbarini
.
The
Republick
hath
often
times
bestowed
this
privilege
upon
the
Children
of
such
Nobles
as
have
very
eminently
served
the
State
in
any
perticular
juncture
;
during
the
War
dispensations
of
Age
were
sold
at
two
hundred
Ducates
:
this
Sum
is
no
ways
considerable
,
in
regard
of
the
advantages
,
that
are
acquired
by
the
entrance
into
the
Great
Council
;
which
renders
these
Nobles
of
the
Body
of
the
Republick
,
who
by
the
right
of
Balloting
,
are
received
into
the
same
consideration
,
with
the
other
more
ancient
Members
of
the
State
.
The
Great
Council
assembles
all
Sundays
and
Holidays
excepting
that
of
St.
Mark
,
and
those
of
the
Virgin
:
This
Council
is
not
to
continue
their
sitting
after
it
is
dark
;
in
Summer
they
begin
at
Eight
in
the
Morning
and
sit
until
twelve
;
in
the
Winter
they
sit
from
twelve
to
Sun-set
;
after
which
time
no
propositions
can
be
made
in
that
place
,
insomuch
that
such
as
are
begun
and
cannot
be
expedited
before
these
Limits
elapse
,
are
balloted
again
in
the
next
Session
as
if
they
ha●●
never
been
mentioned
.
This
Assembly
is
held
in
the
Largest
Hall
of
the
Palace
,
there
is
at
the
bottom
of
it
a
sort
of
a
Throne
like
to
that
in
the
College
,
upon
which
the
Doge
and
the
Councellors
of
the
Seignory
take
their
places
.
The
Presidents
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
the
Avogadors
and
the
Censors
sit
upon
rais'd
benches
in
the
Hall
,
they
being
to
take
care
that
the
Nobles
may
do
nothing
contrary
to
the
order
of
the
Statutes
.
The
greatest
Assemblies
of
the
Great
Council
are
rarely
above
six
hundred
Gentlemen
,
who
sit
upon
benches
plac'd
in
rows
along
the
Hall
;
but
there
are
as
many
more
that
have
right
of
entrance
,
who
are
either
employed
in
the
Provinces
,
or
upon
some
other
occasions
of
absence
do
not
appear
at
the
Council
.
As
the
Great
Sages
may
Summon
an
Extraordinary
Senate
,
so
the
Councellors
of
the
Signory
have
power
of
Assembling
the
Great
Council
,
so
often
as
the
multitude
of
Employs
to
distribute
,
or
the
urgency
of
business
shall
require
it
.
To
which
purpose
a
bell
is
rung
which
they
call
the
Trotiere
;
this
is
answered
by
the
five
principal
bells
in
the
five
other
Wards
of
the
City
,
at
which
Signal
the
Nobility
never
fail
of
appearing
at
the
Council
,
where
the
wearing
of
Arms
is
forbidden
upon
pain
of
Death
,
and
to
be
immediately
thrown
out
of
the
Windows
,
least
the
heats
in
Balloting
might
Chance
to
occasion
some
disorders
.
For
which
reason
they
leave
their
Stiletto's
in
their
Gondalo's
,
as
likewise
such
other
Arms
as
they
usually
wear
in
all
other
places
.
For
the
security
of
this
Assembly
,
against
which
,
the
History
of
Venice
mention
several
Conspiracies
,
that
were
formely
laid
,
with
the
Intention
of
destroying
the
whole
Body
of
Nobility
at
once
;
they
place
guards
at
all
the
chief
entrances
into
the
Palace
and
the
others
are
kept
shut
.
In
which
occasions
they
make
use
of
the
Artificers
and
Workmen
of
the
Arcenal
,
who
are
the
faithfullest
Subjects
of
the
Republick
.
And
as
this
Council
is
only
held
upon
Holydays
,
to
the
end
that
all
the
Magistrates
may
be
present
,
so
the
Works
of
the
Arcenal
are
thereby
no
ways
retarded
.
This
Militi
a
is
under
the
Command
of
the
Procurators
of
St.
Mark
;
not
only
by
Reason
they
are
Persons
of
the
greatest
Authority
;
but
likewise
because
they
do
not
go
to
the
Great
Council
,
as
being
above
all
Magistracy's
there
distributed
;
or
possibly
being
they
are
exempt
of
the
passive
suffrage
,
so
they
ought
not
to
pretend
to
the
active
.
They
never
propose
distribution
of
above
nine
Employs
in
a
Session
,
by
reason
of
the
Custom
of
having
the
Names
of
the
Electors
that
Nominate
the
Parties
to
be
decided
by
Chance
;
leaving
it
to
either
merit
or
faction
to
dispose
of
it
afterwards
,
in
favour
of
one
of
the
four
Nobles
which
the
Electors
have
chosen
for
the
Execution
of
each
Office
.
Yet
that
there
may
only
be
Six
and
Thirty
Electors
among
all
the
Nobility
then
present
,
this
method
is
observed
in
the
manner
of
drawing
the
Lots
.
There
is
placed
on
each
side
the
Throne
of
the
Seignory
,
over
against
the
two
last
Councellors
,
two
high
and
deep
Cups
,
into
which
they
may
reach
their
hands
but
cannot
see
which
to
choose
;
the
Secretaries
count
so
many
balls
as
there
are
Nobles
in
the
Assembly
,
which
number
is
divided
into
the
two
Cups
,
in
each
whereof
there
are
moreover
thirty
gilt
balls
;
the
others
are
white
.
At
the
feet
of
the
Doge
there
stands
a
third
Cup
,
in
which
there
is
the
same
Number
of
balls
as
there
are
Gilt
ones
in
the
other
two
,
that
is
Sixty
,
of
which
thirty
six
only
are
Gilt.
After
this
the
Nobles
being
call'd
by
a
Secretary
according
to
the
Benches
they
sit
on
,
come
two
and
two
together
to
draw
each
of
them
a
ball
,
out
of
the
Cup
on
the
side
they
are
of
;
if
it
is
white
they
throw
it
away
,
if
a
gilt
one
the
Gentleman
shews
it
and
gives
it
the
Councellor
next
the
Cup
,
then
advancing
to
the
Doge
draws
one
of
the
sixty
balls
,
if
he
Pitches
upon
a
gilt
one
,
he
is
of
the
Number
of
Electors
,
that
have
the
distribution
of
the
Charge
,
but
if
it
is
white
he
retires
to
his
place
.
After
there
are
Nine
Electors
made
in
this
manner
,
they
withdraw
with
a
Secretary
into
a
separated
Room
from
the
Council
,
where
after
they
have
drawn
Lots
for
their
places
,
he
that
is
the
first
,
Nominates
a
Noble
for
the
first
of
the
Employs
that
is
to
be
given
,
the
others
do
the
same
according
to
the
places
of
their
Lots
;
These
Nine
Electors
do
then
ballot
one
after
another
the
Nine
Nobles
elected
,
he
that
hath
not
six
Balls
is
excluded
;
and
he
that
is
Nominated
continues
until
there
is
one
that
hath
six
of
the
Suffrages
.
When
Nine
other
Electors
are
by
Lot
drawn
in
the
Great
Council
,
they
are
to
proceed
in
the
same
method
,
by
Nominating
and
Balloting
Nine
several
Nobles
for
the
same
Nine
Employs
,
which
is
thus
observed
until
the
Six
and
Thirty
Electors
drawn
into
four
several
Bodys
of
Nine
each
,
have
elected
Thirty
Six
Gentlemen
,
that
is
four
to
each
Employ
,
upon
which
they
are
Balloted
one
after
another
by
the
Great
Council
;
he
of
the
four
having
most
Balls
,
stands
provided
with
the
Employ
to
which
he
was
Named
.
To
accomplish
these
Ballotations
with
the
less
loss
of
time
,
there
are
a
great
many
Children
of
the
Hospital
of
Foundlings
,
who
carry
in
a
Bag
little
Balls
of
stuff
about
the
bigness
of
a
Hasil
Nut
;
they
have
likewise
in
their
hands
a
Box
,
somewhat
resembling
to
that
which
collects
the
Suffrages
of
the
Senate
,
excepting
in
these
there
are
only
two
distinct
places
,
one
for
the
YEA's
the
other
for
the
NO's
,
there
being
no
doubtful
or
indifferent
voices
in
the
distribution
of
the
Employs
,
as
there
are
for
the
uncertain
ones
of
the
Various
Opinions
upon
the
affairs
of
State
.
These
Children
go
up
and
down
the
Hall
,
crying
alloud
the
Name
of
the
Noble
balloted
.
But
this
way
of
balloting
is
manag'd
with
so
much
confusion
by
the
Children
,
that
carry
the
boxes
Tumultuously
to
and
again
,
as
likewise
with
so
little
dignity
by
the
Nobles
who
some
times
unheedingly
drop
their
Balls
in
walking
unconcernedly
about
the
Hall
;
in
the
whole
this
want
of
order
is
highly
undecent
and
altogether
opposite
to
the
Gravity
,
that
ought
to
be
inseparable
to
such
an
Illustrious
Assembly
.
There
are
several
Senators
dispers'd
about
the
Hall
,
to
take
care
that
no
abuses
may
be
committed
in
the
Ballotations
,
yet
it
is
impossible
for
them
to
be
sure
that
a
Noble
shall
not
take
two
Balls
,
being
the
long
entrance
of
the
box
intirely
hides
the
hand
,
yet
it
is
purposely
so
contrived
,
to
the
end
they
may
throw
the
ball
into
which
side
they
please
,
without
being
discerned
:
therefore
to
give
several
balls
to
serve
a
friend
,
or
to
injure
an
Enemy
,
is
forbidden
upon
the
penalty
of
being
for
ever
excluded
the
Council
,
which
is
the
same
thing
with
being
deprived
of
Nobility
,
as
hath
sometimes
happened
.
In
these
Ballotations
the
party
's
of
the
Young-men
are
almost
ever
the
strongest
,
especially
when
the
matter
in
debate
is
for
the
mortification
of
a
Senator
,
either
by
not
continuing
him
in
his
Dignity
at
the
end
of
the
year
,
or
by
fetching
a
Noble
out
of
the
great
Employs
of
the
Seignory
,
to
execute
one
of
the
least
considerable
Offices
in
the
State
,
as
I
have
already
observed
,
for
not
having
regulated
his
conduct
according
to
their
sentiments
.
In
the
Great
Council
hatred
and
Enmity
put
in
Practice
all
the
Artifices
of
revenge
:
it
is
there
that
Dissimulation
reigns
in
the
full
height
,
where
not
being
Liable
to
be
detected
of
falsehood
,
they
usually
protest
to
the
Excluded
all
the
good
offices
of
sincere
Friendship
.
Notwithstanding
that
these
secret
ways
of
satisfying
their
passions
,
are
attended
with
no
other
effect
than
that
of
preventing
the
Nobility
from
carrying
their
resentments
higher
;
yet
this
advantage
is
very
considerable
to
a
Republick
;
which
can
apprehend
nothing
so
much
as
the
division
of
her
principal
Members
;
but
the
reciprocal
dependance
in
which
the
Great
Council
keeps
the
Nobles
,
and
the
continual
fear
of
seeing
themselves
Balloted
to
the
prejudice
,
of
their
Interest
and
Honours
,
does
not
only
oblige
them
to
observe
the
necessary
measures
of
living
well
with
each
other
,
at
least
,
apparently
in
a
perfect
good
understanding
;
but
these
considerations
do
moreover
inspire
them
with
a
real
Zeal
and
an
intire
attachement
to
the
good
of
the
Publick
,
which
are
the
most
assured
meanes
for
a
Nobleman
to
attain
the
principal
Employs
of
the
Republick
,
as
likewise
to
acquire
the
esteem
and
affection
of
his
equals
,
if
he
any
ways
studies
their
good
Opinions
.
All
the
Ballotations
of
the
great
Council
are
perform'd
in
a
manner
before
the
eyes
of
the
Publick
,
for
the
doors
are
not
only
open
,
but
there
is
likewise
an
elevated
bench
for
such
Strangers
who
come
out
of
curiosity
to
see
these
Gentlemen
pass
their
Suffrages
;
but
as
the
Nobles
that
come
to
the
Great
Council
are
permitted
to
speak
their
sentiments
upon
the
things
proposed
by
the
Councellor
for
the
week
(
according
to
the
custom
of
the
Sage
for
the
week
in
the
Senate
,
)
or
to
give
his
Opinion
upon
any
other
important
matter
of
State
;
so
in
these
occasions
all
strangers
are
oblig'd
to
go
out
,
that
they
may
not
enter
into
the
Cognisance
of
those
things
that
belong
to
the
Nobility
only
.
There
is
in
the
Hall
of
the
Great
Council
a
sort
of
a
chair
which
is
design'd
for
the
use
of
such
as
harangue
in
the
assembly
;
it
was
there
that
Marc
Attonio
Cornaro
,
more
than
a
Year
after
the
loss
of
Candia
,
made
an
unexpected
Speech
upon
the
Surrender
of
that
place
,
where
by
the
strength
of
his
Arguments
he
brought
the
Senate
at
that
instant
to
resolve
upon
the
Trial
of
Francis
Morosini
Captain
General
,
who
delivered
it
to
the
Turks
;
and
he
made
Avogador
,
to
give
the
Instructions
and
prosecute
the
matter
,
that
was
the
Person
who
made
the
accusation
.
Nevertheless
this
General
who
got
himself
promoted
to
the
Dignity
of
Procurator
of
Saint
Mark
,
for
the
assurances
he
gave
to
the
Republick
that
he
would
be
buried
in
the
ruines
of
Candia
before
he
would
yield
up
the
place
,
even
at
that
very
time
when
he
was
forc'd
in
Necessity
to
capitulate
;
shewed
here
no
less
address
to
extricate
himself
out
of
the
Danger
.
He
endeavour'd
at
first
to
gain
time
,
and
to
assure
himself
of
what
votes
he
could
in
the
Great
Council
,
by
distributing
large
Summs
of
Money
among
the
Poor
Nobility
,
who
are
at
Venice
called
Barnaboti
,
being
most
of
them
live
in
the
Ward
or
Quarter
of
Saint
Barnaby
;
he
likewise
contriv'd
it
so
that
the
Chevalier
Johannes
Sagredo
made
there
an
excellent
Speech
in
his
behalf
,
wherein
he
shewed
the
weakness
of
the
Accuser
,
who
could
not
answer
the
force
of
his
Reasons
,
and
consequently
was
thought
not
to
be
the
Author
of
that
harangue
he
pronounc'd
against
this
General
.
Yet
this
did
not
hinder
them
from
suspecting
that
the
Chevelier
Sagredo
was
well
rewarded
for
the
trouble
;
as
likewise
his
Son
afterwards
in
another
case
,
for
having
maintain'd
a
bad
cause
in
the
Senate
in
consideration
of
two
hundred
Pistols
presented
him
:
The
Son
was
banish'd
both
the
City
and
State
of
Venice
,
and
the
Father
upon
the
Point
to
succeed
the
Doge
of
the
same
Name
,
who
did
not
so
long
enjoy
that
Dignity
as
his
merits
deserved
,
bad
the
Mortification
of
seeing
his
exclusion
Publickly
pass'd
both
by
the
Nobility
and
People
.
The
Nobility
sufficiently
demonstrate
the
distrust
they
live
in
,
by
all
the
precautions
they
take
〈◊〉
the
safety
of
the
Great
Council
,
and
the
〈◊〉
which
the
smallest
occasions
are
capable
of
causing
to
them
.
Not
long
since
there
was
near
the
Place
of
Saint
Mark
a
lit●●e
Galiot
of
people
from
the
Coast
of
Greece
whom
they
call
Maignotes
,
Greeks
both
by
Religion
and
Nationa
,
but
resembling
the
Turks
by
whom
they
are
Subdued
,
yet
their
Upland
Countrymen
continue
to
defend
themselves
by
the
means
of
their
Mountains
;
the
poet
Wretches
Selling
their
Cheeses
about
the
City
were
insulted
by
a
Venetian
;
according
to
the
custom
of
their
Country
they
went
to
his
House
,
took
him
by
force
without
doing
him
any
harm
,
to
carry
him
before
the
Judges
of
the
Palace
,
in
order
to
have
Justice
done
them
.
The
Great
Council
being
Assembled
that
day
;
the
Guards
at
the
doors
seeing
these
people
make
to
them
,
stopp'd
and
drove
them
away
by
force
:
but
they
not
understanding
the
venetian
Language
,
took
this
proceeding
for
a
new
affront
,
went
back
to
their
Galiot
,
from
whence
they
return'd
with
the
rest
of
their
Countrymen
,
and
Seymiters
in
hand
resolutely
going
to
attack
the
Guards
,
who
immediately
made
a
discharge
upon
them
.
Which
join'd
with
the
noise
upon
the
place
,
and
the
sight
of
naked
Arms
before
the
Door
of
the
Great
Council
,
Struck
such
a
Terrour
upon
the
Assembly
,
that
it
was
judg'd
to
be
a
Conspiracy
against
the
Nobility
.
Some
stood
neither
able
to
stir
or
speak
,
others
endeavour'd
to
save
themselves
by
the
Top
of
the
Palace
;
but
the
more
couragious
betook
themselves
to
the
Armes
in
the
little
Arcenal
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
which
is
for
that
purpose
near
the
Hall
.
But
the
tumult
being
appeased
by
the
presence
of
the
Procurators
of
the
Guard
,
the
Ignorance
of
these
strangers
was
excused
,
and
the
Nobility
got
clear
of
their
dreadful
apprehensions
.
I
shall
not
stop
here
to
enter
into
the
description
of
all
the
Magistracies
of
Venice
,
which
particulars
would
not
be
less
Tedious
than
they
are
unnecessary
to
the
understanding
the
form
of
Government
in
this
Republick
;
I
shall
only
add
that
there
are
above
Three
Score
several
Tribunals
or
Courts
of
Justice
,
which
advantageously
employ
a
great
part
of
the
Nobility
,
as
well
in
the
Administration
of
Justice
in
both
Civil
and
Criminal
matters
,
as
likewise
in
the
Magistracy's
established
for
the
more
exact
observation
of
the
Laws
of
the
Republick
;
besides
the
great
Number
of
other
Employs
that
take
up
the
Nobility
in
the
Provinces
of
the
Republick
.
I
will
only
speak
here
of
some
Tribunals
,
which
for
the
greatness
of
the
Authority
they
have
in
the
Republick
,
and
for
the
Nature
of
Affairs
that
are
brought
to
their
bars
,
as
Masters
of
the
Government
of
the
State
,
are
worthy
of
being
known
both
for
the
ampleness
of
their
Power
,
and
the
design
of
their
first
Institution
.
Of
the
Council
of
Ten.
THere
is
not
at
Venice
a
more
grave
or
formidable
Tribunal
than
that
of
the
Council
of
Ten
;
To
this
Court
appertains
the
Cognisance
of
all
Criminal
Matters
happening
among
the
Nobility
both
in
the
City
and
State
of
the
Republick
;
This
Tribunal
gives
Judgment
in
cases
of
Publick
Treason
;
For
so
are
called
those
at
Venice
against
the
Majesty
of
the
Prince
,
It
hath
Power
to
examin
into
the
conduct
of
the
Prodestats
,
Commanders
and
Officers
that
govern
the
Provinces
;
as
likewise
to
receive
the
complaints
of
the
People
against
them
;
the
care
of
the
Publick
Tranquillity
is
committed
to
them
,
consequently
this
Council
is
the
Master
of
all
holy
days
by
permitting
or
prohibiting
of
them
as
they
think
convenient
;
They
are
to
Prosecute
such
as
profess
any
particular
Sect
,
Sodomites
,
Clippers
and
Coyners
;
in
short
this
Tribunal
hath
so
large
a
Jurisdiction
,
as
that
it
is
equally
Terrible
both
to
the
Nobles
and
People
which
are
Subjects
of
the
Republick
.
It
was
first
of
all
erected
in
the
Year
1310
;
to
restore
the
lost
quiet
and
safety
of
the
City
,
after
the
Famous
enterprise
of
Bajamonte
Tiepolo
in
opposition
to
those
alterations
which
the
Doge
Peter
Gradenigo
had
made
in
the
Government
;
but
as
they
perceived
this
Tribunal
was
of
an
extraordinary
good
effect
towards
the
setling
of
this
new
method
of
Government
;
so
it
was
restablish'd
upon
several
different
occasions
,
until
at
length
it
was
confirmed
for
ever
,
being
then
five
and
twenty
Years
after
the
first
Establishing
of
it
.
The
Doge
comes
with
his
six
Councellors
to
this
Council
where
he
presides
;
yet
the
Senators
that
compose
it
have
not
a
less
power
in
the
absence
of
the
Doge
,
than
if
he
was
present
with
his
Six
Councellors
.
These
Dignities
are
executed
by
Nobles
of
the
first
order
,
who
are
to
be
all
Ten
of
so
many
different
families
;
They
are
every
year
chosen
by
the
Great
Council
;
these
elect
three
from
among
themselves
to
be
Presidents
,
who
are
chang'd
every
three
Months
,
during
which
these
Presidents
take
their
turns
by
Weeks
.
He
that
is
for
the
week
receives
all
Memorials
,
Accusations
and
the
Reports
of
Spyes
,
which
he
communicates
to
his
Collegues
,
who
upon
the
depositions
of
Witnesses
and
the
answers
of
the
Accused
that
are
kept
in
dismal
Prisons
,
proceed
to
the
Trials
of
the
Guilty
;
they
are
the
Accusers
before
the
Council
,
but
the
Accused
are
neither
permitted
by
Council
or
in
their
own
persons
to
defend
themselves
;
this
method
is
not
only
something
Barbarous
,
but
likewise
severity
is
inseparable
to
this
Tribunal
,
whereby
the
Nobility
are
the
more
uneasy
under
this
dreadful
Authorty
,
as
they
are
directly
Subjected
to
it
.
The
Council
of
Ten
is
held
only
once
a
week
,
but
the
Presidents
may
assemble
it
upon
any
urgency
of
affairs
.
It
is
to
be
seen
in
the
Histories
of
the
Republick
that
the
Council
of
Ten
hath
in
several
occasions
made
Treaties
of
peace
and
alliance
,
Independently
from
the
Senate
,
but
this
power
does
not
now
extend
so
far
.
As
it
belongs
to
this
Council
to
provide
for
all
things
necessary
to
the
safety
of
the
Republick
,
so
there
are
in
the
Arcenal
both
Cannon
and
Gallies
to
be
dispos'd
of
by
this
Tribunal
;
that
which
lyes
always
ready
Arm'd
over
against
the
Place
of
St.
Mark
is
under
their
command
.
And
the
better
to
oppose
any
Sudden
attempt
or
Conspiracy
,
the
Council
of
Ten
hath
a
little
Arcenal
in
the
Palace
,
as
hath
been
observ'd
,
near
the
Hall
of
the
Great
Council
.
One
sees
in
this
Arcenal
a
considerable
quanty
of
Arms
of
all
sorts
,
some
small
Cannon
that
may
be
discharg'd
several
times
,
as
likewise
a
great
many
other
curious
pieces
of
this
Nature
;
the
fire
Arms
are
in
a
Chamber
over
the
others
,
among
which
there
are
always
Six
Hundred
Musquets
ready
charg'd
,
and
a
Hundred
Matches
placed
about
a
round
Engine
,
which
in
an
instant
by
the
means
of
a
Spring
can
be
lighted
all
at
once
.
Of
the
Inquisitors
of
State
.
THE
Tribunal
of
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
is
more
formidable
than
can
well
be
imagined
;
for
as
the
business
which
is
brought
before
these
Lords
,
is
the
nicest
of
all
Criminal
matters
,
even
so
is
their
severity
as
much
the
more
terrible
;
and
their
rigour
inexorable
,
as
their
method
of
proceeding
is
extraordinary
.
The
three
places
of
Inquisitors
of
the
State
are
Executed
by
two
Senators
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
and
one
of
the
Councellors
of
the
Doge
:
These
three
Lords
have
an
absolute
Power
of
Life
or
Death
over
the
Doge
,
the
Nobles
,
Strangers
,
and
even
all
the
Subjects
of
the
Republick
;
without
being
oblig'd
to
shew
any
reasons
for
what
they
do
,
or
to
Consult
with
the
Council
of
Ten
,
in
case
they
are
all
three
of
an
Opinion
.
The
Orders
and
Executions
of
this
Tribunal
are
not
less
secret
than
their
Judgments
,
excepting
it
is
upon
a
Publick
offence
;
but
otherwise
to
avoid
giving
occasion
of
exclaiming
against
so
much
severity
,
that
punishes
with
Death
a
word
accidentally
spoken
by
a
miserable
wretch
against
their
Rigorous
Government
;
The
Party
offending
is
by
Night
sent
to
the
bottom
of
the
Sea
,
without
any
other
formality
than
confronting
him
with
the
two
Witnesses
,
if
there
are
any
,
or
else
upon
the
report
of
their
Spyes
,
of
which
the
City
abounds
.
And
by
the
help
of
these
Pensionary
Informers
,
those
merciless
Judges
have
Eyes
and
Ears
in
all
places
,
for
which
reason
a
Man
accus'd
to
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
is
esteem'd
beyond
Redemption
,
if
his
Innocency
is
not
more
clear
than
the
Day
.
As
this
way
of
proceeding
with
so
little
Regularity
and
Justice
,
hath
been
sometimes
attended
by
mighty
Inconveniencies
,
so
it
is
now
enacted
that
the
Inquisitors
of
State
shall
not
for
the
future
put
to
Death
a
Noble
Venetian
,
without
hearing
what
he
can
say
in
his
Justification
.
It
may
be
Judg'd
by
this
,
what
dangers
such
Persons
incur
as
have
no
support
,
and
who
happen
to
fall
into
such
terrible
hands
;
Seeing
bare
suspicions
in
matters
of
State
are
punished
with
more
severity
at
Venice
,
than
the
Crime
it self
would
be
in
any
other
place
;
especially
,
when
such
trifling
things
as
carrying
of
Fire
Arms
,
and
an
Hundred
several
others
,
of
but
equal
moment
to
it
,
are
made
Crimes
of
State
,
which
every
where
else
could
only
be
Contraventions
to
the
Orders
of
the
Civil
Government
.
The
least
Infliction
that
a
Stranger
of
any
Consideration
hath
to
fear
,
upon
any
occasion
of
being
suspected
by
the
Inquisitors
,
is
an
Order
signed
by
one
of
the
Magistrates
,
Strictly
requiring
him
,
upon
pain
of
Death
,
to
go
out
of
the
City
and
State
within
the
space
of
Twenty
Four
Hours
.
But
as
the
Commands
that
are
laid
upon
the
Nobles
,
Not
to
have
any
Correspondence
with
Embassadours
,
or
other
Ministers
of
Princes
,
but
likewise
,
upon
pain
of
Death
,
are
forbidden
such
Commerces
even
with
the
most
inconsiderable
persons
of
their
Families
;
so
this
is
in
relation
of
the
nicest
and
most
suspicious
matters
;
for
which
reason
,
upon
this
Article
,
the
Informers
are
most
to
be
feared
,
as
being
the
chiefest
in
their
Instructions
,
and
which
they
are
most
Vigilant
in
observing
.
It
is
not
much
above
Fifty
Years
that
they
first
begun
to
observe
this
Severity
in
regard
of
the
Nobility
,
to
the
end
they
might
prevent
all
Embassadors
from
penetrating
into
the
Secrets
of
the
State
;
but
the
terror
which
this
dreadful
Tribunal
occasions
to
the
Venetian
Nobility
is
so
excessive
,
that
the
Nobles
themselves
have
carried
this
order
farther
than
it
first
was
intended
,
least
they
might
be
deem'd
faulty
by
not
sufficiently
clearing
themselves
from
all
manner
of
Suspicion
,
in
things
where
the
State
is
so
Jealous
;
insomuch
that
if
a
Venetian
Gentleman
,
whatever
his
condition
may
be
in
the
Republick
,
should
happen
to
speak
to
a
Gentleman
or
Servant
of
an
Embassador
,
in
any
Church
or
any
other
Publick
Place
by
imagining
him
to
be
a
stranger
;
and
he
afterwards
coming
to
know
whom
it
was
he
spoke
to
,
he
immediately
runs
and
makes
his
confession
to
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
who
are
certain
to
admonish
him
to
be
more
circumspect
,
and
to
know
whom
it
is
he
speaks
to
for
the
future
.
This
order
does
not
only
regard
the
Nobility
but
likewise
those
Citizens
that
wear
the
Vest
,
and
all
Publick
Officers
are
therein
comprehended
;
consequently
all
such
People
of
Fashion
as
have
any
intimacy
with
the
Nobility
,
think
themselves
oblig'd
neither
to
Visit
Embassadors
or
converse
with
any
of
their
Domesticks
,
least
they
might
become
suspected
,
and
occasion
the
like
to
the
Nobles
they
frequent
;
the
Lawyers
and
particularly
the
Physicians
are
the
only
people
wearing
the
Vest
,
that
are
excepted
in
this
Rigorous
Law
,
by
Reason
of
the
absolute
necessity
of
their
Functions
;
However
this
exception
does
not
prevent
them
from
using
of
the
Liberty
with
a
mighty
Precaution
.
The
Abbee
Moro
a
Noble
Venetian
,
but
excluded
from
coming
into
the
Great
Council
,
as
being
a
Benefic'd
Person
,
was
strangled
by
order
of
the
Inquisitors
for
his
secret
Correspondence
with
the
Embassador
of
Spain
.
Nicolas
Cornaro
was
taken
sometime
afterwards
masqu'd
in
a
Gondalo
,
where
he
was
in
conference
with
a
Secretary
of
another
Embassador
of
Spain
,
he
was
Treated
in
the
same
Method
:
But
the
unfortunate
Antonio
Foscarini
a
Gentleman
of
Singular
Merits
,
is
a
most
tragical
example
of
the
terrible
severity
of
the
Inquisitors
upon
these
matters
.
This
Poor
Gentleman
was
us'd
to
go
every
evening
to
a
Courtisane
that
lived
near
the
house
of
the
Spanish
Embassador
;
one
of
his
Enemies
took
the
advantage
of
this
opportunity
to
ruin
him
,
which
was
so
much
the
more
easy
,
as
he
was
sure
to
be
believed
,
by
informing
of
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
that
this
Noble
man
kept
a
strict
correspendence
with
the
Embassador
of
a
Nation
,
who
for
their
divers
attempts
against
the
Republick
,
are
become
much
suspected
to
the
Venetians
.
The
informer
desired
he
might
have
Witnesses
assigned
him
for
the
proof
of
what
he
said
,
and
men
to
apprehend
the
accused
upon
his
returning
from
the
Embassadors
House
;
but
to
make
his
detestable
enterprise
succeed
,
he
posted
a
Man
cloath'd
in
a
Vest
that
resembled
this
Gentleman
,
and
when
he
knew
the
Noble
was
at
the
Courtisane's
,
he
placed
his
Spies
,
and
by
the
Glimmering
Light
of
the
Night
shewed
them
the
pretended
Noble
who
effectually
went
into
the
Embassadors
House
and
came
out
at
another
door
.
The
Spies
immediately
made
their
report
of
what
they
had
seen
;
and
the
Inquisitors
to
be
better
assur'd
of
the
matter
,
order'd
Foscarini
to
be
search'd
for
at
his
House
,
or
where
ever
he
was
supposed
to
be
;
but
not
finding
him
,
Orders
were
given
to
the
accuser
to
cause
him
to
be
seised
upon
,
wheresoever
he
thought
he
might
find
him
:
So
this
unhappy
Gentleman
was
apprehended
in
the
Night
about
five
and
twenty
steps
from
the
Courtisane's
,
the
Sbirri's
not
daring
to
approach
by
day
the
Houses
of
Embassadors
,
or
to
pass
through
the
Limits
of
their
Jursdiction
without
exposing
themselves
to
the
worst
of
Treatments
.
This
innocent
man
was
immediately
hurried
to
the
prisons
of
the
Inquisitors
,
who
without
any
other
formality
sent
him
a
Confessor
and
a
Hangman
;
the
Gentleman
cried
,
Tormented
himself
and
Protested
himself
Innocent
to
the
last
degree
,
of
all
that
could
be
alledg'd
against
him
;
the
Confessor
fully
perswaded
of
his
Innocence
,
thought
himself
oblig'd
in
Conscience
to
report
his
Opinion
to
the
Inquisitors
;
but
they
were
deaf
to
his
remonstrances
and
their
sentence
was
executed
without
Remission
;
whereby
this
poor
Gentleman
became
desperate
in
his
misfortune
,
Rejected
his
Confessor
,
and
was
strangled
,
dying
perfectly
mad
upon
such
inhuman
usage
.
The
execrable
malice
of
the
Informer
lay
hid
until
it
was
discovered
by
himself
upon
his
death
bed
,
who
being
forc'd
through
his
anguish
of
conscience
declared
the
artifice
he
had
used
to
ruin
this
Gentleman
;
but
the
Guilty
could
not
be
Punish'd
in
this
Life
,
nor
the
Innocent
Noble
Justified
but
after
his
Death
:
Publick
honours
were
made
him
,
as
likewise
atonement
to
his
Family
,
and
his
Son
created
Procurator
of
Saint
Mark
by
Merit
;
to
avoid
falling
for
the
future
into
the
like
Errors
,
it
was
enacted
that
the
Inquisitors
should
not
upon
such
accusations
put
to
Death
any
Noble
,
without
hearing
what
they
had
to
say
for
themselves
.
This
Tribunal
never
abates
of
her
severity
,
but
alwayes
punishes
probable
Suspicions
as
the
crime
self
;
these
Rigorous
Judges
are
pleas'd
to
order
secret
executions
in
those
Junctures
,
to
avoid
all
clamours
against
an
Authority
that
is
already
so
odious
to
the
Nobility
;
whereby
such
a
Person
is
ever
reputed
to
have
died
by
some
chance
or
accident
,
who
fell
by
the
hands
of
the
Executioners
of
their
sentences
.
It
was
for
some
time
believed
that
the
late
Leonardo
Loridan
,
unfortunately
fell
from
the
bridge
of
a
Canal
in
the
night
,
and
knock'd
out
his
brains
against
a
boat
that
lay'd
underneath
it
;
but
such
as
knew
that
he
was
become
Suspected
to
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
for
frequenting
the
House
of
a
Courtisane
where
the
Spanish
Embassador
sometimes
went
,
even
after
he
had
caution
given
him
of
it
;
do
no
ways
doubt
from
whence
came
the
blow
,
that
deprived
the
Republick
of
one
of
the
most
Worthy
and
most
esteem'd
Gentleman
of
Venice
.
Of
the
two
Avogadors
.
SO
are
called
at
Venice
these
two
Magistrates
,
whose
Functions
do
something
resemble
those
of
the
Attorney
and
Solicitor
General
.
As
they
are
to
find
the
subject
matters
of
Trials
,
and
to
plead
the
observation
of
the
the
Laws
against
Criminals
,
so
they
are
called
advocates
of
the
Common
good
,
Avogadors
del
Commun
,
but
they
have
moreover
a
particular
jurisdiction
,
which
is
the
judging
in
all
cases
of
Assault
and
Battery
,
stealing
of
Young
Women
,
as
likewise
upon
cases
of
Calumny
and
detraction
;
yet
all
important
affairs
are
by
them
carried
to
the
Tribunals
which
ought
to
have
cognisance
of
them
according
to
the
matter
in
question
.
The
greatest
Authority
of
these
two
Magistrates
is
that
Power
which
they
have
of
suspending
for
three
days
the
sentences
of
all
Tribunals
,
of
the
Colledge
,
Great
Council
,
the
Council
of
Ten
as
likewise
the
Inquisitors
of
State
,
when
the
matter
of
fact
is
not
a
positive
crime
;
but
only
the
execution
of
the
Ordinances
which
they
can
make
in
affairs
of
the
State
;
insomuch
that
they
represent
the
ancient
Tribunes
of
the
Republick
;
their
Authority
is
the
same
with
those
of
the
Roman
Tribunes
,
for
by
interposing
they
suspend
all
manner
of
Execution
;
yet
they
are
obliged
in
three
Days
to
produce
their
Reasons
for
such
Interpositions
,
which
ought
to
be
so
valid
as
to
to
cause
another
Deliberation
upon
those
Affairs
.
The
Senate
chooses
the
two
Avogadors
,
who
are
to
be
afterwards
approved
of
by
the
Great
Council
;
they
usually
give
the
Execution
of
these
Offices
to
Persons
of
known
Integrity
,
and
of
the
first
Families
.
They
are
not
always
the
Richest
of
the
Nobles
,
but
are
ever
such
as
are
sufficiently
able
to
speak
in
publick
,
which
they
have
commonly
acquir'd
by
their
professions
of
Barristers
at
Law
,
which
they
have
actualy
followed
,
as
do
every
day
many
of
the
Nobility
,
rather
choosing
to
support
themselves
by
these
honourable
means
,
which
is
thought
no
derogation
,
than
by
a
thousand
base
shifts
that
their
quality
gets
off
unpunished
.
The
Avogadors
wear
the
Ducal
Vest
of
Violet
,
with
the
red
Star
,
upon
their
usual
Functions
,
but
they
wear
the
purple
Vest
without
the
badge
in
the
great
in-be
invalid
if
one
of
the
two
Avogadors
were
not
assistant
.
Upon
the
prohibition
in
the
year
1672
that
was
made
at
Venice
against
wearing
of
Perukes
,
there
happened
an
accident
which
for
the
Singularity
of
it
,
in
regard
of
the
two
Avogadors
,
ought
not
to
pass
here
unmentioned
:
One
of
the
most
Ancient
and
principal
Senators
of
the
Republick
,
who
was
lately
made
Procurator
by
merit
,
was
at
that
time
Inquisitor
of
the
State
,
who
having
a
Lady
of
much
merit
for
wife
,
and
in
humour
very
different
from
the
other
Venetian
Ladies
,
as
being
mightily
delighted
with
the
Liberty's
of
civil
conversation
,
he
observed
that
there
came
to
his
House
,
some
Gentlemen
in
great
ligh●
colour'd
Heads
of
hair
,
which
at
other
tim●s
seemed
to
be
black
;
he
grew
suspicious
upon
the
matter
,
inferring
consequences
from
it
that
were
not
less
dangerous
to
the
Publick
,
than
inconvenient
to
particular
persons
This
Inquisitor
had
Credit
sufficient
,
with
his
Two
Collegues
,
to
get
his
Project
approv'd
of
;
for
which
Reason
,
from
that
very
day
,
all
the
Nobility
were
,
upon
great
Penalties
,
forbidden
the
use
of
Perukes
,
with
Orders
to
all
such
who
had
begun
to
wear
them
,
to
forbear
the
continuance
.
It
is
no
very
difficult
matter
to
imagine
what
a
perplexity
this
Order
occasion'd
to
all
the
Young
Nobility
,
who
were
then
so
very
curious
in
their
Wiggs
,
that
even
such
as
had
very
fine
heads
of
Hair
,
preferr'd
the
acquired
to
their
own
;
sparing
no
Costs
to
get
those
that
were
best
made
;
but
the
indispensable
necessity
of
obeying
this
Order
of
the
Inquisitors
,
oblig'd
the
greatest
part
of
the
Nobility
to
retire
into
the
Country
,
as
not
daring
to
appear
in
the
City
in
the
Conditions
they
were
in
.
The
Avogador
Laurence
Donat
,
being
of
the
Number
of
them
that
wore
Wigs
,
did
easily
believe
that
they
would
not
have
less
regard
to
the
rank
which
his
dignity
gave
him
,
than
to
the
necessity
which
obliged
him
to
it
;
he
went
to
the
Inquisitor
and
uncovering
his
Head
shewed
him
the
condition
he
was
in
,
representing
at
the
same
time
that
the
duty
of
his
Employ
engag'd
him
without
any
respite
to
the
service
of
the
Republick
,
which
made
him
hope
he
might
be
permitted
to
wear
his
Peruke
;
but
seeing
all
the
answers
he
could
get
were
positively
to
the
Negative
of
what
he
desired
;
he
then
intimated
to
the
Inquisitor
that
by
Vertue
of
the
Red
Srar
which
he
wore
on
his
Shoulder
,
he
had
power
to
Suspend
the
execution
of
the
Decree
:
this
remonstrance
being
express'd
with
some
heat
,
procur'd
him
an
answer
that
intirely
stopp'd
his
proceeding
any
farther
in
that
matter
;
for
the
Inquisitor
made
him
remember
,
that
by
Vertue
of
his
Office
,
he
could
have
him
thrust
into
a
Sack
and
sent
that
night
to
repose
in
the
Sea
.
Of
the
Council
Criminal
of
Forty
.
ALthough
there
are
three
Councils
of
Forty
,
that
is
Three
Chambers
compos'd
each
of
fourty
Judges
,
yet
I
shall
only
speak
of
the
Criminal
,
as
being
,
next
to
those
that
have
cognisance
of
affairs
of
State
,
the
most
considerable
Tribunal
in
the
Republick
;
It
is
the
ancientest
of
them
all
,
for
the
first
use
of
it
was
unknown
before
the
Creation
of
either
the
New
or
Old
Forty
.
This
Chamber
did
Judge
both
in
Civil
and
Criminal
matters
;
and
before
the
Establishment
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
Crimes
of
State
and
all
others
of
the
Nobility
were
brought
hither
:
Notwithstanding
the
Jurisdiction
of
this
Tribunal
,
hath
suffer'd
great
Diminutions
;
and
the
daily
disputes
between
this
Chamber
and
the
Council
of
Ten
,
which
draws
from
hence
all
important
affairs
;
yet
this
does
not
hinder
it
from
continuing
in
much
reputation
;
being
the
Forty
Judges
that
compose
the
Court
,
have
entrance
into
the
Great
Council
with
right
of
debating
,
and
the
three
Chiefs
,
who
are
the
Presidents
,
have
session
at
the
College
in
the
two
last
Months
of
their
Employs
.
The
Doge
and
his
six
Councellors
of
the
Seignory
did
formerly
preside
in
the
Criminal
of
Forty
;
but
at
present
three
only
of
these
Councellors
do
preside
here
for
the
four
last
Months
of
their
year
,
which
is
to
shew
the
affinity
that
there
is
between
the
College
and
the
Council
criminal
of
Forty
,
who
reciprocally
know
what
passeth
in
these
Tribunals
,
by
the
means
of
their
principal
Members
.
The
Avogodors
do
often
by
their
interposition
send
back
to
this
Chamber
,
the
decisions
of
the
College
,
Senate
and
other
Sovereign
Courts
,
which
decisions
are
in
regard
of
cases
civil
and
criminal
of
private
persons
,
to
be
there
re-examined
,
whose
Sentences
are
sometimes
broke
and
made
void
:
The
Doge
Peter
Gradenigo
got
this
Tribunal
to
pass
the
La
Parte
,
that
is
the
Decree
,
which
was
the
draught
or
Instrument
of
the
Serrar
del
Consiglio
,
that
brought
about
the
greatest
change
of
Government
that
ever
happened
in
this
State
.
The
rich
Nobility
of
the
first
Order
would
be
glad
to
be
Judges
of
the
criminal
of
Forty
,
by
reason
of
the
great
prerogatives
belonging
to
them
,
but
the
strict
attendance
which
they
are
oblig'd
to
give
for
Eight
Months
to
the
Service
of
the
Publick
,
is
more
than
sufficient
to
make
most
of
them
forbear
the
thoughts
of
it
.
Therefore
these
places
are
usually
possess'd
by
Nobles
of
the
first
and
Second
Orders
,
that
Scruple
not
to
attain
unto
these
Employs
,
by
others
that
are
inferior
to
them
,
and
the
less
being
there
are
,
besides
the
advantage
of
Thirty
Ducates
a
Month
Salary
,
many
opportunities
of
bringing
themselves
into
consideration
among
the
rest
of
the
Nobility
,
by
the
means
of
their
entrance
into
the
Senate
,
and
several
other
advantages
which
their
Offices
give
them
of
attaining
the
principal
Employs
.
The
Nobles
of
rich
families
that
are
desirous
of
the
merits
that
are
acquir'd
in
this
Office
,
make
use
of
their
utmost
endeavors
and
deepest
intrigues
to
attain
unto
this
Magistacy
,
without
passing
the
other
two
Councils
of
Forty
,
which
are
the
usual
steps
to
that
of
the
Criminal
;
but
these
Offices
the
rich
Nobles
infinitely
esteem
beneath
them
.
Of
the
method
of
proceeding
in
Criminal
Cases
.
UPon
the
committing
of
a
Crime
at
Venice
,
i●
looks
as
if
they
applied
themselves
more
to
procure
the
necessary
proofs
of
the
fact
,
than
to
secure
the
offenders
;
And
after
they
have
got
those
proofs
,
they
send
the
Captain
Grand
to
force
open
the
door
of
his
House
which
is
searohd
in
much
order
;
and
upon
this
Officers
reporting
that
he
could
not
find
him
,
he
is
Summon'd
to
appear
at
such
a
time
more
or
less
ample
,
according
to
the
enormity
of
the
crime
,
during
which
time
the
Criminal
is
safe
provided
he
appears
not
at
the
publick
places
of
St.
Mark
and
Rialto
;
he
may
likewise
desire
three
farther
Prolongations
of
time
;
and
if
he
sees
it
will
not
be
easy
to
prove
his
innocency
,
or
to
extricate
himself
out
of
the
affair
by
the
favour
of
a
Protector
,
he
provides
for
his
sasety
by
the
lightness
of
his
heels
,
which
is
no
very
difficult
matter
if
he
hath
the
assistance
of
a
Noble
,
whose
Gondalo
will
Transport
him
out
of
the
State
,
setting
him
upon
the
Coast
of
Ferrara
,
or
else
the
first
Gondalo
Lands
him
upon
Terra
firma
,
from
whence
he
can
easily
get
out
of
the
State
of
the
Republick
.
From
whence
it
proceeds
that
the
Major
part
of
Criminals
are
at
Venice
condemn'd
by
contempt
,
this
being
what
they
call
Bandire
;
but
the
sentence
of
Judgment
is
accompanied
with
these
or
other
circumstances
proportionable
to
the
crime
.
That
the
condemn'd
can
never
purchase
his
favour
,
as
it
is
practis'd
at
Venice
,
that
he
who
kills
him
within
the
States
of
the
Republick
,
shall
have
such
a
Summ
,
which
shall
be
payed
double
if
he
kills
him
in
another
Country
,
And
if
the
crime
does
any
ways
sensibly
touch
the
Republick
,
they
add
to
this
reward
the
power
of
pardon
to
another
Criminal
,
that
so
they
may
deprive
the
Offender
of
all
means
of
Security
;
Yet
it
happened
,
notwithstanding
the
Sentence
of
the
Council
of
Ten
against
the
young
Mocenigo
for
shooting
of
Foscarini
,
as
before
observed
,
was
accompanied
with
all
the
rigour
that
is
usual
in
the
greatest
offences
against
the
State
,
the
Betrayers
of
their
Country
and
the
intacco
di
cassa
,
which
is
the
Embezelling
of
the
Publick
Treasure
,
that
this
Noble
had
his
pardon
and
was
re-establish'd
in
his
Estate
and
Nobility
.
When
the
Offender
is
in
prison
,
and
his
case
ready
to
be
heard
,
the
Avogador
orders
it
upon
what
day
he
pleases
,
at
which
time
the
Criminal
is
brought
to
the
feet
of
the
Judges
,
where
he
alledges
all
he
can
against
him
,
exaggerating
the
crime
with
all
the
Circumstances
that
can
render
it
odious
;
always
concluding
with
the
merits
of
a
very
vigorous
punishment
.
In
all
these
publick
Actions
,
as
likewise
in
the
Speeches
that
are
made
in
the
Senate
and
in
the
Great
Council
,
the
Nobility
and
Lawyers
are
to
speak
no
other
than
the
Venetian
Language
,
excepting
in
the
Introductions
of
their
discourses
,
where
they
may
make
use
of
the
pure
Italian
if
they
can
,
or
otherwise
this
affectation
would
undoubtedly
cause
a
ridiculous
Emulation
,
which
must
at
length
render
them
unintelligible
to
the
Publick
.
Besides
,
the
natural
Language
is
most
consistent
with
the
dignity
of
the
Nation
,
which
of
late
times
is
much
improved
in
regard
to
what
it
was
;
for
I
have
observed
that
in
their
Pleadings
they
affect
a
masculine
stile
,
which
words
and
expressions
have
much
of
the
Latin
Tongue
,
and
likewise
seem
to
have
a
greater
force
and
Energy
than
those
of
the
Tuscan
.
The
Counsel
for
the
Party
replies
to
all
the
heads
of
the
accusation
,
in
short
he
Employs
his
whole
force
and
runs
through
all
the
figures
of
Retorick
in
his
pleading
,
to
move
the
Judges
to
pity
,
he
even
descends
from
the
chair
where
he
speaks
,
throws
himself
at
their
feet
with
the
Offender
,
his
wife
and
his
Children
,
all
in
tears
,
to
implore
the
mercy
of
the
Bench.
This
Melancholly
Spectacle
which
resembles
the
custom
of
the
ancient
Romans
,
inspires
so
much
pity
to
the
Assenbly
that
it
even
causes
tears
from
the
most
obdurate
Natures
.
There
is
always
a
great
Number
of
People
at
these
Criminal
causes
,
who
sit
on
each
side
and
upon
the
steps
of
the
Tribunal
,
that
is
very
much
raised
from
the
Floor
;
but
it
is
very
Surprising
to
see
the
most
part
of
them
that
come
hither
out
of
curiosity
,
sitting
in
masks
between
the
Judge
and
the
Criminal
.
It
is
one
of
the
Privileges
of
that
Venetian
Liberty
,
which
this
Republick
so
mightily
boasts
of
.
After
the
Council
hath
spoke
every
body
retires
,
and
then
they
ballot
the
Opinion
of
the
Avogadors
,
against
that
proposed
by
the
Judges
,
which
is
the
most
moderate
,
so
the
plurality
of
balls
decides
it
;
they
do
moreover
determine
by
ballotation
all
the
Circumstances
of
the
Punishment
,
and
in
this
manner
these
Judges
pass
Sentence
of
Life
and
Death
,
without
being
oblig'd
to
express
the
Reason
of
their
Opinions
,
or
without
knowing
who
is
either
for
,
or
against
the
Criminal
;
as
they
are
the
Masters
and
Sovereigns
,
so
no
Body
examines
if
they
have
the
Necessary
knowledge
,
or
taken
their
degrees
in
the
Faculties
of
the
Law
,
to
render
them
Capable
of
these
Judicatures
.
But
they
Judge
according
to
their
Laws
,
as
do
the
Officers
in
an
Army
according
to
the
Military
Statutes
;
their
conscience
and
their
Natural
Lights
are
the
Principal
Rules
of
their
Judgment
.
The
greatest
Inconveniency
in
the
Justice
of
Venice
,
is
the
great
length
of
time
before
they
proceed
to
the
Trials
of
Criminal
Matters
,
usually
letting
the
offender
Lie
and
Rot
in
their
Miserable
Prisons
,
for
to
Expiate
,
as
they
say
,
some
part
of
their
Crime
by
this
long
Punishment
:
Yet
what
seems
to
me
more
Rigorous
,
are
the
frequent
condmnations
to
dark
Prisons
,
for
Eight
,
Ten
or
more
Years
and
often
for
Life
;
for
the
Hideousness
of
their
Prisons
which
are
almost
under
Water
,
is
certainly
something
more
Terrible
than
Death
it self
.
Moreover
the
Republick
having
great
occasions
for
Slaves
,
Sentence
of
Condemnation
to
the
Galleys
is
pass'd
for
very
small
Crimes
:
But
the
abuse
that
reigneth
at
Venice
of
shewing
Favour
for
Money
,
must
certainly
be
a
very
Dangerous
Maxim
;
Notwithstanding
the
considerable
Profit
of
the
invention
,
which
brings
Great
Treasures
to
the
Republick
;
yet
it
is
an
Encouragement
to
Crime
,
especially
to
such
as
may
hope
to
get
themselves
off
through
the
strength
of
their
Purses
.
Of
the
Magistrates
that
have
the
Regulation
of
Pomp
and
all
things
of
that
Nature
.
Sopra
Proveditori
alle
Pompe
,
out
of
the
first
order
of
Senators
,
who
by
very
severe
Ordinances
have
Regulated
the
Tables
,
Equipages
and
Habits
of
the
Noble
Venetians
.
The
Nobility
are
forbid
to
serve
up
both
Fish
and
Flesh
at
one
meal
;
but
this
Prohibition
of
Luxury
in
eating
can
only
regards
some
few
Powerful
Gentlemen
,
that
have
learn'd
the
way
of
living
splendidly
among
strangers
,
especially
such
as
have
been
in
France
,
who
cannot
afterwards
be
without
their
French
Cooks
:
Moreover
the
Venetians
are
not
permitted
to
Ring
a
Bell
at
the
hour
of
Dinner
Time
,
unless
in
the
Houses
of
Embassadors
in
the
Service
of
the
Republick
.
The
Procurators
of
Saint
Mark
only
are
permitted
to
go
attended
in
the
Streets
,
by
one
or
two
Valets
de
Chambre
,
who
wear
black
cloaks
but
no
Swords
.
All
the
other
Nobility
go
without
either
Footmen
or
Pages
:
And
as
to
the
habit
the
great
black
Vest
makes
them
all
alike
,
being
they
are
obliged
to
have
it
of
one
sort
of
Cloath
:
By
this
means
a
Poor
Gentleman
may
in
some
Measure
be
satisfied
by
seeing
the
first
of
the
Senators
walk
in
the
Streets
of
the
City
,
without
either
Equipage
or
Garments
different
from
his
own
.
Notwithstanding
the
Orders
of
the
Tribunal
of
Pomp
,
the
Rich
Young
Nobility
know
how
to
distinguish
themselves
in
the
City
,
both
by
Neatness
of
their
Vests
which
they
often
change
,
and
the
Magnificence
of
the
Cloaths
they
wear
underneath
;
but
they
shew
it
much
more
in
the
Country
by
the
Number
of
Footmen
in
Liveries
,
the
Dogs
and
Equipages
,
that
the
Rich
Gentry
have
at
their
Country
Houses
,
the
Pleasantest
of
them
are
upon
the
Canal
of
the
Brente
that
goes
to
Padua
.
One
may
see
there
a
great
many
Stately
Palaces
,
the
most
part
of
which
are
according
to
the
Architecture
of
Palladio
,
some
are
painted
en
fresco
on
the
out
sides
by
Paul
Veronese
:
Insomuch
these
Palaces
their
Gardens
and
walks
which
join
together
almost
the
length
of
the
Canal
,
are
the
most
agreable
and
Magnificent
sights
one
can
see
.
The
Ordinances
of
these
Magistrates
in
Relation
to
the
Superfluous
dresses
of
the
Women
,
are
more
exactly
observed
.
The
wearing
of
Precious
Stones
,
Gold
and
Silver
are
all
Prohibited
upon
the
same
penalties
;
neither
are
the
Venetians
Ladies
permitted
to
wear
Necklaces
of
pearl
any
longer
than
the
first
two
years
of
their
Marriage
,
which
is
called
the
Noviciate
;
by
which
one
may
distinguish
the
new
Married
People
,
as
also
by
their
Gondaliers
,
who
wear
their
Liveries
during
the
said
term
of
two
Years
.
The
most
part
of
these
Ladies
have
nevertheless
great
store
of
Jewels
,
some
of
them
being
furnish'd
with
three
or
four
several
sets
,
of
Diamonds
,
Amethists
and
Emerauds
,
all
compleat
;
as
consisting
in
Roses
,
Bodkins
for
the
hair
,
Pendants
,
Crosiers
,
Rings
,
Bracelets
and
Chains
:
Yet
they
are
not
to
dress
themselves
with
these
things
,
but
at
the
time
of
some
Publick
rejoicing
and
during
the
last
days
of
Carnaval
.
A
Lady
of
great
quality
,
was
not
long
since
accus'd
before
these
Sumptuary
Magistrates
of
having
worn
Diamonds
,
and
was
immediately
condemn'd
in
a
Forfeiture
of
two
thousand
Ducats
,
which
she
was
oblig'd
to
pay
without
any
remittance
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Interest
she
could
make
.
Yet
we
see
at
present
the
Buttons
of
Diamonds
that
are
so
much
worn
in
the
Women's
dresses
,
are
Tollerated
,
by
these
Magistrates
of
the
Pomp
,
who
having
suffered
this
Age
to
follow
the
French
mode
to
avoid
other
abuses
,
have
likewise
had
the
complaisance
to
let
them
satisfie
their
passions
of
following
it
according
to
the
variety
of
the
Fashion
.
Although
these
Judges
are
very
severe
,
by
renewing
their
orders
from
time
,
to
time
and
maintaining
a
great
many
Spies
to
inform
against
such
as
act
contrary
to
them
;
yet
it
almost
ever
happens
that
the
Courtisanes
are
the
only
People
that
pay
Forfeitures
;
for
these
Magistrates
have
a
particular
Jurisdiction
over
them
:
It
being
almost
Impossible
,
considering
the
desire
they
have
of
adorning
themselves
,
that
they
can
be
able
to
forbear
wearing
of
Gold
,
Silver
and
Prohibited
things
,
whereby
the
Tribunal
of
Pomp
draws
very
considerable
Summs
.
Such
as
have
High
and
Mighty
keepers
,
but
here
Protectors
of
Authority
,
do
mightily
endeavor
to
distinguish
themselves
in
their
dresses
,
who
escape
for
some
small
contribution
,
especially
by
shutting
the
Mouths
and
Eyes
of
the
Spies
,
which
is
easily
done
for
a
Piece
of
Money
.
For
these
secret
Sparks
know
how
to
behave
themselves
,
when
they
are
sure
to
be
payed
for
their
Silence
.
Of
the
Magistrates
over
the
Monasteries
.
THE
Republick
does
by
the
means
of
their
Principal
Senators
enter
into
an
intire
knowledge
of
the
General
and
particular
affairs
of
the
Religious
,
both
Men
and
Women
:
To
which
purpose
there
are
three
Magistrates
established
,
who
are
informed
of
all
things
in
Relation
to
the
conduct
and
Interests
of
both
the
one
and
the
other
.
Insomuch
that
this
Tribunal
is
of
a
great
importance
,
and
hath
a
very
ample
Authority
,
maintaining
order
and
Peace
in
the
Convents
of
the
Religious
;
they
are
also
to
prevent
the
Religious
from
having
too
great
an
Intimacy
with
the
Seculars
;
being
able
to
order
in
this
matter
whatsoever
may
be
thought
Necessary
,
and
to
remove
such
Inconveniencies
as
might
become
dangerous
;
if
these
Magistrates
did
not
apply
their
utmost
endeavours
,
to
have
some
sort
of
discipline
observed
in
the
Monasteries
.
The
Religious
and
other
Ecclesiasticks
are
forbid
to
converse
with
the
Nuns
,
unless
they
have
the
particular
Permission
of
these
grave
Senators
:
One
may
truly
give
various
Interpretations
to
the
Motives
of
this
order
;
but
it
is
possibly
by
Reason
of
the
special
Interests
which
the
Nobles
have
there
,
or
may
be
they
fear
least
the
Ecclesiasticks
,
who
are
in
other
things
much
Suspected
by
the
Republick
,
should
possess
those
Women
with
Sentiments
directly
opposite
to
what
they
desire
;
or
in
short
because
the
Senate
really
fears
that
disorder
which
in
regard
of
their
manners
is
already
too
abundant
in
those
Monasteries
,
might
not
become
more
encreas'd
by
the
great
Frequentation
of
the
Religious
and
Ecclesiasticks
,
whose
commerce
is
oftentimes
more
dangerous
in
this
Country
,
than
even
that
of
the
Seculars
.
The
Authority
of
these
Magistrates
does
much
exceed
that
of
the
Patriarch
;
for
when
this
Prelate
hath
given
Permission
to
a
Priest
to
say
Mass
in
the
Church
of
a
convent
of
Nuns
,
this
Permission
must
be
supervis'd
by
one
of
these
three
Senators
,
who
terminates
it
to
what
time
he
pleases
;
and
all
lay
Sisters
or
Women
without
doors
executing
the
Commissions
of
the
Nuns
,
are
oblig'd
upon
pain
of
Corporal
Punishment
,
to
have
a
written
Permission
sign'd
by
one
of
these
Magistrates
.
To
take
care
of
the
execution
of
all
Ordinances
relating
to
the
external
discipline
of
the
Convents
of
Nuns
,
these
Magistrates
have
a
Captain
of
the
Sbirris
who
often
Visits
their
Parloirs
;
as
likewise
a
great
many
hired
Spies
,
that
inform
them
of
the
Persons
that
most
frequent
the
Convents
:
But
the
Young
Venetian
Nobility
esteeming
the
commerce
they
have
with
these
Nuns
as
one
of
the
greatest
of
their
diversions
,
contemn
the
orders
,
keeping
both
Captain
and
Spies
in
such
fears
,
that
their
informations
only
fall
upon
those
of
the
lower
degrees
;
besides
,
this
seeming
Rigor
is
only
in
Ostentation
of
a
very
,
exact
Government
,
and
to
prevent
the
Ecclesiastical
Superiours
from
medling
any
further
than
meerly
to
endeavour
the
cure
of
an
evil
,
which
seems
not
less
necessary
to
them
,
than
it
is
little
Capable
of
a
remedy
.
Of
the
Spies
and
secret
Informations
.
INformers
have
ever
been
esteemed
as
the
most
Infamous
Instruments
of
Tyranny
;
but
the
Republick
hath
found
the
means
to
conceal
the
shame
of
so
much
baseness
,
by
receiving
Informations
from
Mouths
of
Stone
.
The
places
into
which
they
throw
these
Informations
,
are
certain
hollow
Trunks
or
Conveyances
in
the
thickness
of
the
Wall
,
the
mouths
of
these
extorted
Faces
swallow
down
all
letters
brought
hither
,
which
they
convey
to
an
unknown
place
.
The
Palace
of
Saint
Mark
,
and
all
other
Places
of
the
City
,
that
have
any
Courts
of
Justice
,
are
full
of
these
Dangerous
Mouths
,
with
the
Inscription
of
what
Informations
belong
to
the
Cognisance
of
that
Magistracy
;
if
the
Informer
does
not
scruple
at
shewing
himself
,
he
receives
in
Person
the
reward
mentioned
by
the
Ordinance
;
or
if
he
is
,
he
need
only
send
the
other
part
of
the
Torn
Piece
of
Paper
upon
which
was
the
Information
,
whereupon
the
Tally
is
compar'd
with
the
letter
,
and
the
Money
paid
without
any
further
Trouble
.
As
the
Republick
is
perswaded
that
the
safety
of
the
State
depends
upon
the
intire
knowledge
of
what
is
said
and
done
against
their
Authority
in
both
City
and
Country
;
so
they
have
laid
a
Trap
that
is
very
difficult
to
be
avoided
,
however
little
one
passes
the
bounds
of
their
Duty
.
For
by
the
means
of
these
secret
Informations
,
he
that
is
asham'd
to
play
the
Spie
,
or
that
dares
not
be
a
Publick
Informer
against
his
Enemy
,
that
he
knows
guilty
of
any
Crime
,
need
only
to
acquaint
them
by
a
letter
in
which
he
is
not
oblig'd
to
Name
himself
;
but
mentions
two
Witnesses
of
the
revealed
fact
,
and
he
may
be
assured
the
Information
will
have
the
expected
Effect
,
the
rather
by
Reason
of
those
Witnesses
being
separately
examined
,
dare
not
deny
the
Truth
,
least
they
should
be
made
partakers
in
the
Punishment
:
Whereby
if
one
does
escape
the
Reports
of
the
Spies
,
yet
it
is
very
rare
to
avoid
the
Informations
of
these
Mouths
,
where
even
the
worthiest
People
,
if
they
have
the
Misfortune
of
being
accused
by
them
,
although
in
things
of
little
or
no
Moment
,
can
expect
at
best
but
to
get
off
for
a
pecuniary
Punishment
.
The
Republick
does
not
only
openly
maintain
a
great
Number
of
Spies
,
who
are
all
distributed
under
several
heads
of
business
,
which
they
are
exactly
to
observe
and
Report
;
but
they
have
likewise
a
great
many
of
the
secreter
sort
in
the
Houses
of
particular
Persons
,
especially
in
those
of
Embassadors
,
of
whom
she
is
perpetually
Jealous
:
So
by
the
means
of
these
People
which
the
Republick
Caresses
,
and
Punctually
pays
,
she
is
sure
to
be
inform'd
of
even
the
very
meanest
words
that
regard
her
Interests
.
Of
all
the
Pensionary
Spies
none
of
them
are
better
us'd
than
those
of
the
Inquisitors
of
State
;
although
this
Profession
is
esteem'd
as
the
greatest
indignity
a
man
is
able
to
resolve
upon
,
for
the
greatest
affront
you
can
offer
any
one
at
Venice
is
to
call
him
Spia
,
di
Inquisitori
;
yet
it
is
most
certain
that
there
are
Spies
of
all
qualities
,
as
likewise
of
all
sorts
of
Nations
,
Professions
,
Citisens
,
Officers
of
the
Army
;
but
what
is
more
surprising
,
even
the
Nobility
themselves
are
not
asham'd
to
be
payed
for
services
of
this
Nattre
.
I
shall
not
go
on
with
a
Repetition
of
the
many
Tragical
examples
occasioned
by
the
Reports
of
the
Spies
to
the
less
Prudent
sort
of
People
,
and
such
strangers
as
have
inconsiderately
taken
the
liberty
of
speaking
ill
of
the
Government
,
or
of
Persons
who
are
in
Authority
there
:
For
whoever
goes
to
Venice
may
be
sure
to
return
with
his
head
full
of
these
Tragical
Accounts
.
I
shall
only
Mention
an
accident
that
I
know
to
be
True
,
and
although
the
Consequences
were
not
Prejudicial
,
yet
they
do
not
less
demonstrate
the
Diligence
of
the
Spies
than
the
small
Likelihood
there
is
of
escaping
such
Informations
.
Two
Citisens
and
intimate
Freinds
being
alone
with
their
Wives
out
of
Venice
,
and
having
sent
a
shore
the
men
belonging
to
the
Gondalo
;
one
of
the
two
who
had
a
few
days
before
received
some
reprimand
from
the
Magistrates
of
the
Pomp
,
for
having
lately
made
a
Vest
with
the
Sleeves
shorter
than
they
usually
are
,
thought
he
might
safely
open
his
mind
in
that
place
,
by
expressing
his
Resentment
and
his
sensible
displeasure
against
such
an
unjust
proceeding
.
But
the
next
day
one
of
the
first
of
the
Council
of
Ten
,
took
of
one
side
the
Person
,
to
whom
this
discourse
was
address'd
,
and
said
;
admonish
your
Friend
to
speak
hereafter
in
other
Terms
of
his
Superiors
,
for
if
I
had
not
that
esteem
for
you
which
I
have
,
or
if
the
business
had
been
reported
to
any
body
else
;
your
Friend
would
have
had
but
an
indifferent
bargain
of
those
improper
expressions
he
Yesterday
used
at
such
a
place
.
Of
the
Podestats
,
Captains
of
Arms
and
other
Officers
that
the
Republick
sends
into
the
several
Provinces
.
After
having
taken
a
view
of
the
inside
of
the
Government
of
this
Republick
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
observe
how
it
is
manag'd
without
,
for
the
Preservation
of
the
Provinces
,
and
to
keep
the
People
to
their
Duty
and
Obedience
.
I
do
not
design
to
give
an
account
of
all
the
particulars
relating
to
this
part
of
the
Government
,
but
succinctly
to
Mention
what
the
Persons
are
to
whom
the
Republick
confides
the
Administration
of
the
States
upon
Terra
Firma
,
as
likewise
those
she
Possesseth
on
the
other
side
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
.
She
sends
into
all
the
considerable
Towns
upon
Terra
Firma
two
Nobles
,
one
in
the
quality
of
Podestate
,
the
other
with
the
Title
of
Captain
of
Arms
;
these
two
Officers
who
do
equally
represent
the
Majesty
of
the
Publick
,
the
first
by
Administring
Justice
to
the
People
,
the
Second
to
command
the
Souldery
and
to
keep
them
to
their
Duty
,
are
ever
Gentlemen
of
the
first
or
Second
order
at
least
.
As
there
are
frequent
disputes
between
the
Podestate
and
the
Captain
about
the
matter
of
Jurisdiction
,
so
they
are
oblig'd
to
give
the
Senate
an
account
of
it
before
they
proceed
further
;
the
Podestate
hath
the
precedency
in
all
Publick
Functions
where
they
appear
together
;
so
it
is
he
who
hath
the
burden
of
the
most
important
affairs
;
for
the
Cognisance
of
Causes
Civil
and
Criminal
,
and
whatsoever
regards
the
Government
,
the
Peace
and
Quiet
of
the
People
,
belong
to
him
.
The
Captain
of
Arms
hath
the
command
of
the
Souldiers
and
all
Military
People
within
the
Limits
of
his
Jurisdiction
;
he
hath
the
Cognisance
of
Crimes
committed
in
the
night
,
and
the
care
of
paying
the
Publick
charges
by
the
means
of
the
Receivers
,
who
are
accountable
to
him
.
The
Cities
of
Padua
,
Vicenza
,
Verona
,
Bressia
,
Bergamo
,
Crema
and
Treviso
,
as
the
head
Cities
of
Provinces
and
the
most
considerable
upon
Terra
Firma
,
have
each
of
them
a
Podestate
and
a
Captain
of
Arms.
In
the
other
●ess
considerable
Cities
,
these
two
Employs
are
united
in
the
Person
of
the
Podestate
;
they
are
both
of
them
for
Sixteen
Months
;
and
the
Salaries
the
Republick
allows
these
Officers
,
are
from
Ten
to
Forty
Ducats
a
Month
;
for
which
Reason
the
Nobles
which
she
deputes
into
the
Great
Cities
,
are
usually
very
considerable
for
their
Riches
,
to
the
end
they
may
live
handsomly
and
honour
the
dignity
;
the
poor
Nobles
do
sufficiently
find
their
accounts
in
the
small
Podestary's
,
by
not
being
obliged
to
any
manner
of
expence
.
As
most
of
the
Great
Podestaries
are
very
burthensome
,
so
the
Gentlemen
Nominated
to
them
,
do
sometimes
rather
choose
to
pay
two
thousand
Ducats
and
to
be
debarr'd
coming
into
the
Great
Council
for
two
years
,
than
to
accept
those
Employs
which
are
more
Prejudicial
to
them
than
these
Penalties
,
which
the
Laws
impose
upon
such
as
refuse
them
;
yet
is
is
a
very
Surprising
thing
how
some
of
these
Podestats
,
as
those
commonly
sent
to
Vicenza
,
who
are
scarce
Thirty
Years
of
Age
,
and
who
rarely
have
perform'd
any
other
study
or
acquir'd
further
experience
than
what
they
have
gained
in
the
Intrigues
and
Ballotations
of
the
Great
Council
,
should
Judge
and
decide
with
so
Singular
a
Prudence
,
the
most
important
affairs
relating
to
the
Subjects
of
the
Republick
;
It
is
true
they
always
call
to
their
Assistance
Doctors
of
Civil
Law
in
the
Cities
of
their
residence
,
by
whose
advice
they
Regulate
the
decisions
of
the
more
difficult
cases
.
The
Republick
always
sends
a
Noble
of
the
first
order
into
the
Province
of
Frivoli
,
with
the
title
of
Proveditor
General
of
Nova
Palma
,
which
is
the
handsomest
and
most
regular
Place
in
all
their
Diminions
upon
Terra
Firma
,
it
is
a
Frontier
Town
to
the
Emperor
,
and
a
mighty
check
against
those
Incursions
that
the
Turks
have
frequently
attempted
on
this
side
.
At
Dine
which
is
the
residence
of
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilea
there
is
a
Lieutenant
and
some
Subaltern
Officers
.
In
Istria
of
which
Capo'd
Istria
is
the
Capital
,
there
are
four
Episcopal
Cities
,
and
five
less
considerable
,
who
have
all
Podestats
.
The
Magistracies
of
Frivoli
and
Istria
are
for
two
years
,
as
likewise
those
of
Dalmatia
and
the
Isles
of
the
Levant
,
by
being
too
far
to
be
oftner
removed
.
The
Republick
confers
the
titles
of
Proveditors
,
Counts
,
Governours
,
Captains
or
Castellans
,
upon
such
Nobles
as
she
sends
into
the
Cities
of
Dalmatia
for
the
Administration
of
Justice
;
the
Magistrates
of
the
two
principal
places
,
the
Counties
of
Zara
and
Spalatro
,
being
two
Archbishopbricks
,
are
assisted
by
a
Council
of
three
Noble
Venetians
,
without
whom
they
are
not
to
come
to
any
Resolution
;
yet
all
these
Officers
obey
the
Proveditor
of
the
Province
,
who
hath
an
absolute
command
in
these
affairs
,
as
likewise
in
those
of
the
Military
concern
.
The
Troupes
maintain'd
by
the
Republick
in
this
Province
,
which
borders
upon
the
territories
of
the
Grand
Seignior
,
are
however
commanded
by
a
foreign
General
;
who
is
in
all
occasions
to
follow
the
orders
of
the
Proveditor
General
.
The
Isles
of
Corfu
,
Zante
and
Cafalonia
,
are
each
of
them
Governed
by
a
Proveditor
,
assisted
by
a
Council
of
three
Noble
Venetians
.
Corfu
is
the
most
considerable
not
only
for
being
an
Archbishopbrick
,
but
likewise
because
it
commands
the
entrance
of
the
Gulph
;
therefore
the
Venetians
provide
for
the
Security
of
this
place
with
so
much
more
Application
,
as
it
is
the
Preservation
of
their
Levant
Trade
,
and
observed
with
the
Greatest
Jealousie
by
the
Turks
.
The
Four
Thousand
Janisaries
that
appear'd
not
long
since
upon
the
Coast
over
against
Corfu
,
occasioned
to
the
Senate
a
mighty
uneasiness
Notwithstanding
the
strength
and
good
condition
of
the
Fortress
of
this
Important
place
.
There
is
a
General
of
the
three
Islands
to
whom
the
particular
Proveditors
owe
the
same
obedience
,
which
the
Magistrates
of
the
Cities
of
Dalmatia
do
to
the
Proveditor
General
of
this
Province
.
These
are
the
Officers
to
whom
is
confided
the
Authority
of
the
Prince
in
the
several
States
of
the
Republick
.
Yet
as
there
is
no
part
in
the
Body
of
the
strongest
and
Healthfullest
Man
,
that
is
not
liable
to
be
abus'd
by
ill
Management
;
so
there
are
no
Laws
in
the
best
ordered
State
that
can
prevent
the
Corruption
of
some
Members
that
compose
it
.
The
Republick
therefore
hath
thought
sit
to
make
use
of
the
Inquisitors
,
to
prevent
and
cure
at
the
same
time
both
these
Distempers
.
Of
the
Inquisitors
of
Terra
Firma
.
THE
Republick
commonly
holds
every
five
years
in
all
the
Provinces
an
Extrordinary
Court
or
Session
;
and
for
this
purpose
chooses
out
three
of
the
first
Senators
,
to
whom
is
given
the
Name
of
Inquisitors
of
Terra
firma
,
to
distinguish
them
from
those
of
the
State
:
but
as
this
Commission
is
in
no
manner
agreeable
to
them
,
by
reason
of
the
Severity
they
are
oblig'd
to
shew
against
such
as
are
complained
of
,
so
they
only
accept
of
it
as
not
daring
to
refuse
it
;
they
are
to
examine
into
the
administration
of
the
Podestats
,
the
behaviour
of
the
Captains
and
other
Publick
Officers
,
as
likewise
to
receive
the
People's
complaints
against
their
behavour
,
and
to
do
them
Justice
in
the
wrongs
received
;
but
,
excepting
of
Extortion
and
the
ill
application
of
the
publick
revenues
,
the
Noble
Venetians
need
not
much
fear
the
Punishments
that
are
due
to
an
irregular
Administration
.
These
severe
Magistrates
go
attended
with
a
Troop
of
Horse
,
Officers
and
an
Executioner
;
that
so
they
may
(
seeing
they
have
sufficient
power
and
Authority
)
render
a
quick
and
rigorous
Justice
,
upon
the
Lawful
complaints
of
the
People
;
yet
Notwithstanding
the
great
noise
of
these
examining
Inquisitors
,
the
Tempest
Lights
commonly
upon
some
Miserable
Wretch
,
or
Gentleman
of
Terra
firma
;
their
Gentry
having
more
cause
of
apprehension
than
any
others
whatever
,
as
being
the
People
that
are
most
Liable
to
be
made
Examples
.
This
Severity
keeps
the
Magistrates
to
their
Duty
,
the
Country
Nobility
in
fear
and
Submission
,
and
insinuates
to
the
People
the
Mildness
and
equity
of
the
Goverment
under
which
they
live
.
As
the
Provinces
of
Terra
firma
are
in
a
manner
under
the
eyes
of
the
Republick
;
so
the
abuses
of
Officers
in
administration
of
Justice
are
neither
so
great
nor
so
frequent
,
but
the
inquiries
are
more
easy
and
the
Punishment
less
rarely
avoided
.
On
the
other
side
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
in
the
Goverments
of
Dalmatia
,
and
the
Isles
of
the
Levant
,
an
exactness
of
these
inquiries
would
be
of
an
extraordinary
good
effect
to
their
Subjects
,
for
when
they
have
sent
thither
these
Inquisitors
,
they
have
not
only
met
with
many
difficulties
in
proceeding
according
to
their
methods
upon
Terra
firma
,
against
Magistrates
at
such
a
distance
and
Separated
from
them
by
the
Sea
:
but
the
Inquisitors
themselves
have
not
Judg'd
it
safe
for
their
Persons
,
if
they
should
attempt
to
execute
their
Commissions
with
the
usual
rigour
;
insomuch
that
there
are
none
of
the
Senate
to
be
prevail'd
upon
to
execute
these
Employs
beyond
Sea
.
Of
the
Forces
of
the
Republick
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
THE
Republick
of
Venice
is
rather
preserv'd
through
the
reputation
she
hath
acquired
,
than
by
the
great
Number
of
Troops
that
she
hath
in
her
Service
;
insomch
that
in
time
of
Peace
,
she
hath
scarce
Forces
sufficient
for
the
Garrisons
she
is
oblig'd
to
have
for
the
Security
of
the
State
.
The
whole
Number
of
regular
Troops
that
are
kept
on
foot
,
since
the
conclusion
of
the
Peace
after
the
taking
of
Candia
,
does
not
amount
unto
six
thousand
Men
,
including
both
the
Cavalry
and
Infantry
,
part
whereof
is
distributed
into
the
Fortified
Places
of
Dalmatia
,
under
the
command
of
the
Proveditor
General
of
this
Province
,
and
the
foreign
General
before
mentioned
;
the
remainder
is
under
the
Captains
of
Arms
in
the
City
's
upon
Terra
firma
,
especially
in
those
that
border
upon
the
Millanese
The
Infantery
of
the
Republick
in
time
of
peace
is
chiefly
composed
of
Capelets
,
that
is
Slavonians
,
Morlaques
;
and
Albanians
,
which
People
come
from
the
other
side
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
;
they
border
upon
the
Turks
;
they
are
their
irreconcilable
Enemys
,
and
never
in
Peace
with
them
;
and
to
such
a
degree
that
it
hath
been
observed
in
Candia
,
when
any
one
of
those
Infidels
have
happened
to
be
blown
into
the
Town
upon
the
Springing
of
a
mine
,
he
hath
no
sooner
been
upon
the
Ground
,
but
these
Slavonians
have
cut
him
in
pieces
to
satisfie
their
revenge
by
eating
him
almost
quick
.
Their
Arms
are
long
Sabres
and
Carbines
,
they
are
good
Souldiers
and
Affectionately
faithful
to
the
Republick
.
The
Cavalry
is
partly
composed
of
the
same
Capelets
,
of
Italians
and
Vltramontains
,
for
so
they
call
the
French
and
Germans
;
as
the
pay
and
the
Companies
of
these
are
larger
,
than
those
of
the
Capelets
,
so
they
are
usually
conferred
as
rewards
upon
those
Officers
that
have
Signaliz'd
themselves
in
the
service
of
the
Republick
;
besides
these
there
are
about
Forty
or
Fifty
of
them
they
call
Condotti
,
or
Pensioners
;
whereby
they
are
ever
assured
of
having
ready
a
certain
Number
of
experienc'd
and
faithful
Officers
,
against
any
sudden
occasion
that
may
oblige
them
to
raise
new
Troops
;
for
which
reason
these
Officers
are
well
payed
,
enjoying
those
Privileges
,
which
intitle
them
to
much
consideration
in
this
State
;
moreover
,
when
they
have
any
business
at
the
College
,
they
are
allowed
to
speak
Sitting
.
The
Republick
hath
in
their
Service
upon
Terra
firma
,
only
Fifteen
Troops
of
Horse
;
however
besides
them
there
are
Eight
or
ten
thousand
foot
for
shew
,
these
do
not
cost
them
much
,
neither
are
they
very
Serviceable
to
them
.
They
are
the
Militia
of
Terra
Firma
,
commonly
called
Cernide
,
that
is
Men
Selected
to
carry
Arms
;
whose
chief
business
is
to
be
frequently
excercis'd
and
pass
the
review
;
that
so
Foreigners
and
neighbouring
Princes
may
believe
that
the
Republick
is
ever
stongly
provided
;
The
Captains
and
Serjeants
are
only
payed
,
as
for
the
Souldiers
they
are
contented
with
some
Exemptions
;
however
upon
any
sudden
occasion
this
Militia
might
be
made
very
Serviceable
to
the
Republick
,
by
joyning
them
to
the
Body
of
their
other
standing
forces
.
Although
the
Republick
is
of
the
Opinion
that
a
War
is
much
more
chargeable
to
them
than
to
all
other
Princes
,
by
reason
they
Employ
only
foreign
Troops
,
yet
they
rather
choose
to
be
at
that
charge
,
as
likewise
the
uncertainty
of
being
Well
Serv'd
by
them
,
which
is
but
Seldom
;
than
to
train
up
their
own
Subjects
to
discipline
,
and
render
them
capable
of
being
feared
for
the
future
.
Therefore
when
they
are
engag'd
in
a
Land
War
,
the
Republick
does
not
only
raise
their
Troops
out
of
their
Dominions
,
but
they
likewise
give
the
command
of
them
to
some
Prince
,
or
Person
of
consideration
whom
she
engages
to
her
Interest
by
the
large
Allowances
that
are
given
him
.
This
General
hath
under
him
Generals
of
the
Cavalry
and
infantry
;
but
the
two
Nobles
which
the
Senate
gives
him
for
Assistants
,
with
the
Titles
of
Proveditors
General
,
do
in
effect
only
leave
him
the
Name
of
Generalissimo
,
for
they
are
to
confirm
all
Resolutions
and
order
the
designs
of
the
Campaign
;
they
rarely
permit
of
any
Opinions
that
proceed
not
from
themselves
,
frequently
obliging
the
experience
of
the
Principal
Officers
,
to
give
way
to
the
Jealousie
they
have
of
their
own
Authority
.
The
Senate
gives
their
Principal
Application
to
the
Marine
Affairs
;
the
Genius
of
these
People
is
very
Inclinable
to
all
Naval
attempts
;
they
support
the
weight
of
these
Wars
with
much
less
difficulty
,
than
those
upon
Land
;
this
Republick
hath
raised
it self
from
the
Sea
,
and
to
her
she
is
indebted
for
her
great
increase
;
It
is
through
her
Maritime
forces
that
she
is
become
formidable
to
the
Turks
,
and
which
formerly
gained
her
those
very
large
Conquests
.
As
the
Venetians
are
born
in
the
Sea
,
so
they
are
not
less
Skilful
upon
this
Element
than
they
are
happy
;
insomuch
that
for
one
Disadvantage
received
,
they
may
reckon
a
Hundred
Times
Success
;
their
valour
render'd
them
Masters
of
the
Adriatick
Gulf
,
and
there
is
no
question
but
they
will
as
Vigorously
assert
that
possession
,
as
they
Judge
the
consequences
of
it
to
be
very
Important
.
In
times
of
Peace
the
Republick
does
not
maintain
a
certain
Regulated
Naval
force
,
however
they
are
always
able
to
set
out
in
a
very
little
time
five
and
twenty
Gallies
;
She
keeps
in
the
Gulf
only
a
Squadron
of
Six
Gallies
,
several
Galiots
and
Brigantins
;
which
are
continually
cruising
at
the
entrance
of
this
Sea
,
for
the
security
of
their
Trade
against
the
Corsaires
,
but
especially
to
Collect
the
Duties
upon
all
Merchants
.
Yet
this
does
not
prevent
the
Pyrates
of
Dulcigno
,
who
are
Subjects
to
the
Turk
,
from
sometimes
making
their
Incursions
into
Romagnia
,
and
the
Marches
of
Ancona
near
Loretto
this
is
very
uneasy
to
the
Pope
who
hath
caus'd
his
Nuncio
to
make
great
complaints
to
the
Senate
;
for
he
permits
the
Republick
to
receive
the
Tenths
of
the
Clergy
,
upon
condition
that
they
shall
defend
the
Coasts
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
from
the
Insults
of
these
Infidels
.
This
Squadron
is
commanded
by
a
Noble
of
the
first
order
,
to
whom
is
given
the
Title
of
General
of
the
Gulf
;
this
Commission
is
for
Three
Years
;
the
Galliasses
and
Men
of
War
have
likewise
their
distinct
Generals
in
time
of
War
;
at
present
the
Republick
hath
only
two
Galliasses
at
Sea
,
whose
Station
is
at
Corfu
,
there
are
likewise
some
Men
of
War
for
the
Convoys
of
Merchants
,
who
attribute
their
frequent
losses
in
the
Levant
,
to
the
want
of
the
Necessary
Number
of
Men
of
War
,
which
the
Republick
ought
to
have
at
Sea
for
the
Security
of
their
Commerce
.
Whether
the
Republick
hath
a
Naval
Army
for
the
execution
of
some
design
;
or
that
she
hath
only
the
usual
forces
which
she
maintains
in
times
of
Peace
,
and
the
Squadron
of
the
Gulf
;
Yet
she
always
Creates
a
Proveditor
General
of
the
Sea
,
who
hath
the
command
of
the
Fleet.
This
Employ
is
executed
by
one
of
first
Senators
,
he
hath
an
absolute
Power
over
the
Officers
,
Souldiers
and
Seamen
,
being
enabled
to
put
to
Death
any
of
them
,
as
likewise
to
dispose
of
all
the
Offices
of
the
Fleet.
The
Proveditor
General
of
the
Sea
commonly
resides
at
Corfu
,
his
Employ
continues
two
Years
,
at
the
end
of
which
he
gives
the
Senate
an
account
of
the
administration
of
his
Office
.
When
the
Republick
enters
into
a
War
by
Sea
,
she
does
not
give
the
command
of
her
forces
to
a
foreign
General
,
as
is
practis'd
in
those
a-shoar
:
but
in
these
important
junctures
,
upon
which
seems
to
depend
the
intire
safety
of
the
State
,
the
Republick
constitutes
some
Noble
Venetian
General
by
Sea
,
who
does
not
only
command
the
other
before
mentioned
General
Officers
;
but
likewise
all
Governours
of
Maritime
Places
,
to
whom
he
sends
his
orders
according
to
the
various
circumstances
of
the
time
and
War
;
he
moreover
disposes
and
orders
without
controul
all
Offices
,
and
Revenues
appointed
for
the
support
of
the
Army
.
Yet
the
apprehensions
of
an
Inquiry
,
and
the
indispensable
necesity
of
giving
the
Senate
an
exact
report
of
what
he
had
done
;
makes
the
General
very
assiduous
in
finding
out
plausible
pretences
to
all
the
miscarriages
for
which
he
is
accountable
at
the
expiration
of
this
almost
Sovereign
Authority
;
which
always
ceases
before
he
returns
to
Venice
to
appear
befor
the
College
,
This
most
eminent
Dignity
in
the
State
,
is
only
while
the
War
continues
.
The
Procurator
Francis
Morosini
was
the
last
that
executed
it
,
who
defended
the
City
of
Candia
in
the
late
Wars
;
it
is
thought
the
Republick
had
not
a
more
proper
Person
for
the
execution
of
this
considerable
post
,
and
the
examination
which
was
made
into
his
conduct
for
the
Surrendring
of
that
Place
,
and
the
inquiries
into
his
Administration
of
the
Revenues
,
which
made
him
twice
a
Prisoner
and
both
times
in
danger
,
is
an
evident
proof
how
difficult
it
is
to
Serve
a
Republick
;
where
a
General
is
in
a
manner
oblig'd
to
satisfie
the
the
smallest
Scruples
of
his
greatest
Enimies
.
When
the
Republick
creates
a
Generalissimo
by
Sea
,
She
sends
into
the
Fleet
a
foreign
General
,
who
hath
the
command
of
all
the
Forces
that
are
to
be
Employed
in
their
descents
on
shoar
;
yet
he
is
not
to
undertake
any
thing
upon
his
own
bottom
,
but
this
General
receives
his
orders
from
the
Generalissimo
;
The
Marquess
de
St.
Andrè
commanded
in
that
quality
at
Candia
,
whose
acceptable
Services
were
acknowled'd
by
a
considerable
Pension
from
the
Senate
until
such
time
as
he
died
.
Of
the
Revenues
and
Expence
of
the
Republick
.
IT
would
be
very
Tedious
to
give
a
long
account
of
the
Revenues
of
the
Republick
,
and
to
make
a
particular
Calculation
of
what
each
City
and
Province
amounts
to
.
I
shall
content
my self
with
observing
in
General
how
much
the
usual
account
is
,
that
by
the
knowledge
of
the
Revenues
of
the
State
one
may
be
able
to
Judge
of
the
greatness
of
their
strength
.
I
shall
at
the
same
time
endeavour
to
shew
what
ways
and
means
the
Republick
hath
taken
,
to
oppose
all
the
attempts
of
the
Turks
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
as
likewise
to
maintain
a
War
for
five
and
twenty
years
together
against
so
Powerful
an
Empire
.
It
is
a
difficult
matter
to
know
the
exact
value
of
these
Revenues
,
being
the
Republick
is
always
Augmenting
and
Diminishing
of
them
,
according
to
the
Necessities
of
the
War
and
occasions
in
Peace
.
However
according
to
Computation
of
the
Rigister
of
Receipts
,
before
the
pressing
Necessities
of
the
last
War
of
Candia
,
it
appeared
that
the
established
Revenue
did
amount
to
no
more
than
Fourteen
Millions
of
Livers
French
Money
.
One
half
of
this
Revenue
proceeded
from
the
Duties
at
Venice
upon
the
Importation
and
Exportation
of
goods
,
in
the
excise
upon
Provisions
,
and
all
other
Merchandises
sold
at
the
tenth
penny
Duty
,
and
duties
arising
from
the
Islands
of
the
Lagunes
,
as
likewise
upon
all
goods
in
the
Limits
of
the
Country
near
Venice
,
which
is
called
the
Dutchy
or
Dogate
.
The
other
part
of
this
Revenue
rises
from
the
Cities
and
Provinces
of
Terra
Firma
,
in
impositions
upon
Goods
,
Provisions
,
custom
of
Merchandise
,
in
Tithes
and
the
Tenth
Penny
,
as
likewise
from
what
is
raised
in
Istria
,
Dalmatia
and
the
three
Islands
of
Corfu
,
Zant
and
Chefalnia
.
To
this
Revenue
must
be
added
the
Casual
Emoluments
of
the
Palace
,
Sale
of
Offices
,
Confiscations
,
and
several
other
Duties
that
amount
to
considerable
Summs
.
The
Salt
Works
at
Corfu
produc'd
two
Millions
;
that
at
Chiosa
,
one
;
by
which
it
appears
that
the
Republick
received
above
Eighteen
Millions
.
In
War
the
Republick
Augments
the
old
impositions
and
establishes
new
ones
,
Taxes
the
easy
,
and
the
Ecclesiasticks
,
from
whom
by
the
Pope's
consent
she
draws
very
considerable
Summs
,
in
all
her
Wars
against
the
Turks
;
They
likewise
obtained
the
Abolition
of
several
Orders
as
those
of
the
Holy
Ghost
and
the
Croisade
,
the
Sale
of
whose
effects
amounted
to
very
considerable
Summs
,
The
Republick
doubles
the
Contributions
of
all
the
City
Companies
,
as
likewise
those
of
the
Gondaliers
,
the
Six
Great
Confraternities
of
the
City
who
are
very
Rich
;
she
draws
besides
great
Summs
from
the
Jews
,
who
were
oblig'd
in
the
late
Necessities
of
the
State
to
a
Loan
of
Three
Millions
at
three
per
Cent.
Besides
the
particular
Taxes
of
the
Richer
Jews
,
which
amounted
also
to
three
Millions
of
Livers
.
At
the
opening
of
the
entrance
into
the
Great
Council
by
the
Creation
of
new
Nobles
,
the
Republick
hath
in
a
manner
always
acquired
Inexhaustible
Treasures
;
the
great
Number
of
Supernumerary
Procurators
of
Saint
Mark
,
who
Purchase
their
Dignities
at
Thirty
Thousand
Ducats
each
;
have
been
very
Powerful
Supplies
to
the
Exigencies
of
this
State
:
insomuch
that
these
extraordinary
ways
of
raising
Money
,
the
most
important
of
which
are
here
only
mentioned
,
have
been
these
Rich
Mines
from
which
the
Republick
have
found
the
means
of
making
that
Resistance
,
which
hath
been
the
Admiration
of
all
Europe
.
The
established
expences
of
the
Republick
do
not
annually
exceed
Ten
Millions
of
Livers
,
which
are
partly
employed
to
defray
the
charges
of
the
Doge
,
of
Ambassadors
,
the
Salaries
of
Officers
,
the
pay
of
both
Horse
and
Foot
upon
Terra
Firma
and
in
the
Levant
,
as
likewise
to
defray
the
charges
of
the
Navy
,
Arcenal
and
Fortifications
of
the
State
.
As
to
the
other
expences
which
the
Republick
is
oblig'd
to
,
in
cleaning
the
Canals
of
Venice
,
and
for
the
maintenance
of
such
as
Lie
Commodious
and
useful
to
the
City
,
there
are
certain
Summs
arising
from
several
Impositions
that
are
to
this
purpose
given
,
and
particularly
applied
to
these
matters
;
Be●ides
,
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Country
are
all
oblig'd
by
some
Light
consideration
to
so
many
Days
Work
each
man
.
The
Summs
which
the
Republick
pays
for
interest
of
money
upon
the
Zecque
,
or
Treasury
Chamber
,
are
comprehended
within
the
Calculation
of
Ten
Millions
;
but
since
the
Peace
of
Candia
the
Republick
hath
discharg'd
her self
of
the
great
Interest
she
payed
for
Sums
lent
upon
the
Bank
of
Venice
,
by
Incorporating
them
into
the
Constitution
at
three
per
cent
;
but
as
they
only
payed
the
half
of
that
Interest
,
by
Reason
of
the
great
Necessities
of
the
State
during
the
late
War
,
so
they
have
turn'd
the
Arrears
into
Principal
,
for
which
is
allowed
two
per
cent
.
The
Republick
hath
moreover
reduc'd
to
five
all
other
Summs
that
were
formerly
at
six
,
seven
and
eight
per
cent
.
There
being
a
great
deal
due
to
the
Officers
that
had
served
the
Republick
in
the
late
Wars
,
they
thought
fit
to
Publish
a
declaration
importing
that
no
Officers
should
be
payed
,
but
those
whose
accounts
were
admitted
,
and
even
they
were
only
to
receive
the
half
of
what
appeared
in
their
accounts
;
the
Republick
did
not
only
thus
avoid
taking
notice
of
the
damage
she
did
to
particulars
by
these
sorts
of
Retrenchments
,
that
so
much
Augmented
her
Treasure
,
by
considerably
diminishing
her
charge
,
but
they
likewise
order
no
payment
that
is
not
ballotted
in
the
College
and
Senate
;
so
they
are
sure
to
be
oppress'd
with
charges
that
prosecute
their
debts
,
for
her
custom
is
to
pay
no
more
than
a
very
moderate
part
at
a
time
.
By
these
means
the
Republick
in
times
of
Peace
does
every
year
bring
several
Millions
,
into
the
Coffers
of
the
Treasury
.
Which
is
the
more
easy
by
reason
their
Treasury
is
not
only
manag'd
with
an
exact
fidelity
,
but
likewise
because
there
can
be
no
new
Employ
made
without
having
a
General
consent
;
By
this
it
appears
that
it
will
be
do
difficult
matter
for
the
Republick
to
acquit
her self
in
a
very
small
time
of
all
the
debts
she
contracted
in
the
late
War
,
although
they
were
esteem'd
at
above
fourscore
Millions
of
Livers
.
End
of
the
Second
Part.